LIST

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

ALEXANDER, THOMAS, Esq. age

Presentation of nineteen specimens of Stuffed Birds from

Weenies Pande. ee ae © ew tye ce OF

Batt, R., Esq.

On the Bradypus didactylus . . . «© »« « « + © « 9

Baut, R., Esq.

hee cles elaRuT ieee he mot oe ee 128

CavELL, —, Esq.

Donation of Skin of Bradypus tridactylus . . . . . 167

Dersy, Right Hon. the Earl of.

Extract of a Letter from . . Siar. 129

Letter from, on the Parturition of Bettongia . Pemba aril | 85

Dickson, E. D., Esq., and Ross, H. J., Esq.

Letter from, accompanied by a donation of Birds’ Skins . 64

Dickson, E. D., Esq.

BEMCE ATOM SAE el os sie ee oe ts ene? LO

Dopp, GeorcE, Esq., M.P.

Exhibition of a fine ee of the iat Wolf or

Deer-hound .. . gees 4 - 122

Exuiorr, Watrer, Esq.

Letter from, accompanied by a number of Skins of Ani-

mals from the Neilgherry Hills and the Carnatic . . . . 81

’ Fatconer, Dr., and Capt. CAuTLEy.

Communication on the Colossochelys Atlas . . . . . 54

Conclusion of paper on the Colossochelys Atlas. . . . 84

Fayrer, Capt., R.N. _ page

Letter from, accompanied a two ee of Strix

Nyctea PRIS) is Oe Cie ere ee 19

ForreEsTER, JOSEPH JAMES, Esq.

Letter from, with donation of specimens of Insects, Echini,.

CY Ce Pe ot Pes es ieee - 164

Letter from . ~ 67

Fraser, Mr. L.

Description of three New Species of Birds 37

Exhibition of Birds’ Skins presented by E. D. Dickson,

Esq., H. J. Ross, Esq., and by Capt. Thomas Graves, R.N. . 64

Description of Lophyrus. Victoria . . - 136

On Birds from nebies and ens of Leptopus Mit.

chellit LST

GILBERT, Mr.

Letter from, describing the habits of some Mammalia and

Aves of Western Australia : 33

GouLp, Joun, Esq.

Description of Atrichia clamosa . : 1

On New Species of Western Australian Birds 5

Descriptions of three New Species of Halmaturus and

Lagorchestes ; . : 31

Exhibition of a series 5k Bisds oni ‘Australias callected

by Mr. Gilbert and himself Zee 55

Exhibition and character of a anlar oF Wirabn: ‘ke.

transmitted from Australia by Mr. Gilbert 103

Description of Podiceps Australis 135

Gututver, Grorer, Esq., F.R.S.

Additional Measurements of Blood-Corpuscles of Mam-

malia and Aves, &e. . vi

On the Blood- Corpuscles of the Bradypus didactylus, &e. 95

Additional Measurements of the Blood- tie of Mam-

malia and Aves : tthe Yuet 145

Hantey, Sytvanus, Esq.

Descriptions of New et of Mytilacea, ee

and Odostomia 14

Descriptions of New ‘Species of Ti Teltina collected by H.

(Cuming, Beg. i. ss cs 5) 2) : i]

Continued . . SVbe 68, 140, 146, 164

Descriptions of New Species of Cytherea ‘ . - 109

Descriptions of New Species of Cyrena, Venus, and Am-

phidesma See eae ce es 9% « './ 159

Harris, Major.

Communication on the Natural eeca and ey of

Abyssinia So metars ‘

;

‘

_ Henov, Sir Roserr. page

Letters on the Jerboas which have produced young in his

collection . .- + « = 123

Hit, Ricuarp, Esq.

Letter, accompanied by a donation of Birds’ Skins from

Pel yr re ata atic in gamer eas ok

Hinps, Ricuarp Brinstey, Esq,, R.N.

Descriptions of New Species of Triton, Solarium, and

TY cts chin Sak aes hehe Pe ey sae Pd

Descriptions of Marginelle collected during the voyage of

H.M.S. Sulphur, and by H. Cuming, Hagyicl ta aoidinnd 72

Descriptions of New Species of Ringicula and Neera,

from the cabinets of Sir E. Belcher and Hugh Cuming, Esq. 96

Description of anew Solarium - + + + + * + * * 158

Lowe, Rev. R. T.

Letter from, with specimens of Fish from Jamaica. . . 95

Percy, Professor.

On the Management of various Species of Monkeys in

SA MEMTIAEE COUP iN WII LO. SCRE Rye bie o's! Une Eee 81

PricHArpD, —, Esq.

On the Crania of the Laplanders and Finlanders . . - 129

Reeve, Lovett, Esq.

Descriptions of seven New Species of Glauconome. . - 19

Descriptions of thirty-three New Species of Arca . . + 39

Monograph of the genus Myadora . . - + + +

Descriptions of New Species of Triton, collected chiefly

by Hugh Cuming, Esq. - - +s st ° Se egerstet o's

Descriptions of New Species of Arca, from the cabinet of

Heh Cuming, Beg. sabes ee eet tt 123

Descriptions of New Species of Ranella ..». ++ +136

Descriptions of New Species of Mitra and Cardium . - 167

110

Sowersy, G. B., Jun., Esq.

Descriptions of New Species of Scalaria collected by

Riieh Catng, Hs, iii vices ceri eerie Soo

Continuation of descriptions of Scalaria . - + + + + 26

Sowersy, G. B., Esq.

Descriptions of New Species of Columbella, from the col-

lection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. - - + + + s+ st 4° 48

Descriptions of six New Species of Voluta ... - . 149

SrricKLAND, H. E., Esq., M.A.

On the evidence of the former existence of Struthious

Birds distinct from the Dodo, in the Islands near the Mauri-

Petiicon inet sire eaapemmnys MS I es slide ee a ETE

Descriptions of New Species of Birds brought from West-

pi Atvica by Wir Ee, Peaser 20505 6 eee ees 99

TremP_eEToN, Dr., Roy. “Art.

Communication, accompanied with drawings of Semnopi-

page

thecus Leucoprymnus Nestor, Benn. . 1

On some Varieties of the Monkeys of Ceylon, Cercopithe

cus pileatus and Loris gracilis . . « she 3

Description of Megascolex ceruleus. . 89

WaTERHOUSE, Mr.

On various Skins of Mammalia from Chile, with notes re-

lating to them by Mr. Thomas Bridges . . . . . . .« 158

Weaver, Mr.

Exhibition and donation of Rare Insects . . . 163

Waite, AnTHony, Esq.

Letter from, on the Dissection of Felis Leo . 54

WIvisHire, WiLL1AM, Esq.

Letter, accompanying a donation of an Aoudad, Ovis Tra-

gelphus eis ea ayn eg he >. ew. ye oe

YAuRELL, WILLIAM, Esq.

Exhibition of three specimens of Rana esculenta, from

Foulmire, eee ai ea to the poe es F.

Bond, Esq. . : - 109

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

oe.

January 9, 1844.

Rev. John Barlow, M.A., F.R.S., Sec. R.I., in the Chair.

A letter was read from Richard Hill, Esq., Spanish Town, Jamaica

(Corr. Memb.), accompanied by two Birds’ Skins, which he presented

to the Society, one of which Mr. Gould pronounced to be the Euro-

pean Shoveller, Rhynchaspis, in a peculiar state of plumage, which

it only assumes for about two months in the year; the other was the

Fringilla Canariensis.

A communication was read from Dr. Templeton, Royal Artillery,

Colombo, Ceylon, Corr. Mem., accompanied by drawings of a species

of Monkey which he conceived to be new. Mr. Waterhouse recog-

nized it as the Semnopithecus Leucoprymnus Cephalopterus, described

already by Mr. Bennet in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’

as Semnopithecus Nestor.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould called the attention

of the Meeting to a new species of Bird from Western Australia, the

habits of which he described thus :—The bird is an inhabitant of the

close underwood of the country, never making its appearance in the

open plains or woods, thus rendering it a matter of difficulty to pro-

cure a specimen ; the only means of securing it being to lie concealed

in the thicket until it hops in sight, within two or three yards of the

observer. ;

The great peculiarity which distinguishes it from all others of the

Sylviade, and marks it at once as a new genus and species, is the

total absence of the vibrissz or bristles at the base of the mandibles.

From this fact, and its note being the loudest of all the inhabitants

of the grove, Mr. Gould proposed the name of Atrichia clamosa.

Genus ATRICHIA.

Gen. Char.—Rictus omnind vibrissis carens. Rostrum equé longum

atque caput, ad latera compressum, mandibule superioris apice

distincté denticulato, gonyde a rictu acclivi exinde rostri lineam

Nos. CXXXI. & CX XXII.—Procerepines or THE Zoot. Soc.

“x

“i

sequente; culmine alté in frontem ascendente; naribus permag-

nis operculo tectis, et sulco, ad basim mandibule superioris,

positis. Ale breves, rotundate, concave, primariis primis tribus

gradatis, quarta, quinta, sexta et septima inter se feré zqualibus.

Cauda longiuscula, rotundata, rachibus rigidis, pogoniis laxis,

decompositis. Tursi sic et pedes robusti, halluce cum ungue valido ;

digitis externis feré cozqualibus.

ATRICHIA CLAMOSA. Afr. corpore superiore, alis, cauddque fuscis ;

singulis plumis, lunulis obscure nigrescentibus, transversim notatis :

remigum primorum pogoniis internis saturate fuscis ; caudd guttatd,

non fasciatd ; guld pectoreque rufescenti-albis, notd magnd ad

gule partem inferiorem ; abdomine:crissoque rufis.

All the upper surface, wings and tail brown, each feather crossed

by several obscure crescent-shaped bars of dark brown; the inner

webs of the primaries very dark brown, without markings, and the

tail freckled instead of barred; throat and chest reddish white, with

a large irregular patch of black on the lower part of the throat ;

flanks brown; abdomen and under tail-coverts rufous; bill horn-

colour ; irides dark brown; feet dark brown.

Total length, 7? inches; bill, 7; wing, 3; tail, 4; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Western Australia.

+=:

i se

January 23, 1844.

William Horton Lloyd, Esgq., in the Chair.

A communication was read from Major Harris, lately on an em-

bassy to Shoa, in Southern Abyssinia, containing his observations

on the natural history and zoology of that country, accompanied

with an extended list of its Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, &c., with their

native names.

Dr. Templeton’s memoir on some varieties of the Monkeys of

Ceylon was then read :—

«The Cercopithecus pileatus (‘ Menageries,’ M. sinicus, F. Cuy.)

is the common small monkey of every part of the western and south-

ern maritime provinces of Ceylon. It is readily distinguished from

the Toque by the light tan hue of the face and the black margin of

the lower lip. The male is more robust and not so playful as the

female ; both are easily tamed, and retain their gentleness and fami-

liarity in old age. ‘The figure in the ‘ Histoire des Mammiféres’

represents the animal much too stout, the tail rather short, the di-

stinction of colour of the back and abdomen marked by a too well-

defined line, and the hairs on the crown of the head nct sufficiently

copious, long or divergent. In other respects the figure is good. In

that excellent little work the ‘ Menageries,’ page 308, are these words :

‘ with the long hair of the head standing erect, like an upright crest.’

This, applied to our animal, I have difficulty in comprehending ; the

hair on the head of the adult males and females being flattened down,

strikingly divergent from a small central part, and in some instances

slightly separated down the middle; but anything like an upright

crest I have never yet seen. There are some slight distinctions of

sex and age which it may be proper to note, remarking at the same

time that the peculiarities, though obvious enough in the majority,

are by no means constant, but shade into each other, especially in

the domesticated animals. The adult male, as I have above remarked,

has the hair of the crown flattened down, equally divergent in all

directions, of the same colour and appearance as that of the back;

that is, rather long, mouse-coloured close to the skin, yellowish

brown, or in strong sunlight golden with a shade of chestnut, at the

tips. The face is light tan-coloured, with scattered black hairs :

along the eyebrows a few stiff black hairs projecting straightfor-

wards, and above these, and beneath the crowning tuft, a dark band

of hair; the space about the ears whitish, ears fuliginous; lower lip

with a broad black margin ; conjunctiva black. Iris reddish brown,

pupil black. Anterior surface of the trunk and inner side of the

limbs pale. The hands are strong, fuliginous; the dorsum thinly

covered with hairs, like those of the back. ‘Tail thickish at the root,

mouse-coloured, not diminishing to a point; apex light brown or

grey; callosities tan-coloured, with the hair for about an inch sur-

rounding them fuliginous; penis trilobed. The female has the legs

and arms of a redder tint, the inside of the upper arms and broad

patches of the chest and belly indigo-blue, and the band across the

forehead not usually dark, but of an orange-yellow. In the imma-

ture the hair of the crown is not much flattened down or so diver-

ging, the face more old-fashioned and exquisitely comical, the tail

nearly naked, and the cheeks, palms, soles and callosities, pale pink-

ish. I have nothing to add to the admirable description of the habits

of the genus given in ‘ Menageries.’ This and the Toque should

unquestionably be separated from all other ‘ Macaques.’

“The Loris gracilis is very common in the lower country of the

south and east of Ceylon. Mr. Baird’s account leaves little to be

said about it, as its timorousness and nocturnal habits afford little

opportunity for watching it. I have had them several times, but

have never been able to keep them for more than a few months ; they

soon’ begin to pine away and die. Their food consisted of very

ripe plantains, rice, and such insects as abounded in the apartment.

The last [ had slept nearly all day with the nose resting against the

lower part of the belly, as represented in the sketch; about dusk, if

the room was perfectly quiet, it ventured about, crawling along the

rails of the chairs with a very gentle movement, occupying nearly

one-third of a minute in closing its hands on the parts of the furni-

ture it grasped in succession, and moving its head from side to side

with much grave deliberation; but when a spider or other insect

came within its reach, its clutch at it was quick as lightning, and

with equal rapidity it was conveyed to the mouth, so that I could

only guess at what it had seized from knowing that insects abounded

in the room. It was perfectly conscious of being watched, as I have

occasionally detected it moving with considerable rapidity, but in-

stantly assuming its ordinary slow movement when my eyes were

directed towards it. It would not tolerate the familiarities which

are mentioned by Mr. Baird; and Capt. Geale, 90th Light Infantry,

remarked to me that it seemed particularly anxious to avoid having

its hinder extremities touched, which is certainly the case. I never

saw it search for ‘ Pediculi’ among its hair, nor could ever detect any

on its body after death. When approached it retired along the stick

placed slantingly in the corner for its use, or along the back of the

chairs with the usual deliberate movement, its great goggle eyes

fixed immoveably on your face, or hands if held towards it, and with

every expression of extreme fear. Its mouth appears so small and

so little distensible, at least when alive, that I cannot imagine it ca-

pable of biting anything except it be of very small size; yet the na-

tives universally assert that it destroys peacocks in the jungle, seizing

them by the neck, which it clutches with such tenacity that the bird

soon falls exhausted to the ground off its perch, or in its sudden

flight attempting to escape its persecutor; and further, that having

devoured the brains it leaves the rest of the body untouched. The

ae Ss a eee

a ee ee Sa ae CUT

ine i

sketch* is a good one, taken from life ; but it must be remarked that

the white streak between the eyes often extends a little backwards,

gradually disappearing about the level of the ears. The hair is very

singular when the animal is alive ; it resembles very soft close-packed

wool, somewhat curled and arranged in little tufts, as the hair on

the scalp of the negro, but extremely delicate; it soon loses this

appearance after death if much handled, as is always the case in re-

moving the skin.

*“« There are no other species of Stenopide in Ceylon.”

Mr. Mitchell, on the part of Mr. Gould, communicated to the So-

ciety a new species of Psophodes, which he described as Psophodes

nigrogularis.

Also an additional example of the genus Amadina, perhaps the

loveliest of the tribe yet discovered, remarkable for the great beauty

and singularity of the hues with which it is adorned, the breast being

crossed by a broad band of lilac, a colour so rarely found in birds,

that he does not recollect any example of the same tint. Mr. Gould

has hitherto seldom adopted the practice of many naturalists, of

naming new species from individuals connected with science ; in this

instance he has been induced to depart from his usual course, in

order to pay a tribute of respect to the memory of the late Mrs. Gould,

who assisted him so zealously and with such talent in his ornitho-

logical pursuits. For this bird, of most graceful form and delicate

colour, he proposes the name of Amadina Gouldie.

PsoPHODES NiGROGULARIS. Psoph. corpore superiore olivaceo ; in-

Feriore cinereo apud latera fuscescente, abdomine medio albo ; caudd

pallid? olivaceo-fused, rectricibus quatuor externis apicem versus

nigro vittatis, apicibus albis ; guld nigerrimd, strigd albd ab an-

gulo mandibule inferioris tendente modo nigro inclusd.

Plumage of the upper surface olive; under surface ashy, passing

into brown on the flanks and white on the centre of the abdomen;

primaries brown; tail light olive-brown, the four lateral feathers.

crossed near the extremity with a band of black, and tipped with

white ; throat deep black, with a stripe of white from the angle of the

lower mandible, just within the black ; bill dark horn-colour ; irides.

dark brown; feet dark horn-colour.

Total length, 6} inches; bill, 3; wing, 32; tail, 43 ; tarsi, 1}.

Hab. Western Australia.

This bird has all the characters of the Psophodes crepitans in the

short and concave form of its wings and the rounded form of the tail,

but differs in the absence or very slight development of the crest.

Amapina Goutpiz. Am. fronte, loris plumis auricularibus, et.

guld splendide nigris ; notd ab oculis circum occiput et per latera

colli tendente, ex erugine viridi, gradatim cum flavido-viridi cor-

poris superioris se commiscente; fascia per pectus latd, lucideé

lilacino-purpured ; corpore inferiore cerino.

* The published figures give no idea of the animal; they all represent

the snout much too long, the eyes too small, and the face not sufficiently

broad and flat.

Male.—Forehead, lores, ear-coverts and throat deep velvety-black;

from behind the eye, round the occiput, and down the’ sides of the

neck, a mark of verdigris-green, gradually blending into the yellow-

ish green of the upper surface and wings; across the breast a broad

band of shining lilac-purple, below which all the under surface is

shining wax-yellow ; bill flesh-white at the base, tipped with blood-

red at the point; feet fleshy.

Young Female.—Head grey ; upper surface hight olive ; under sur-

face pale buff; chin white; primaries and tail brown; irides dark

brown.

Total length, 33 inches; bill, 2; wing, 23; tail, 14; tarsi, %.

Hab. North-eastern portion of Australia.

Remarks.—The young of this species killed by Mr. Gilbert had

the gape on each side ornamented with three excrescences about

the size of the head of a moderate-sized pin, the upper and lower of

which were of a bright indigo-blue, and the middle one of a very pale

yellow, and on the roof of the mouth five small spots of purple, form-

ing a crescent across to each angle of the gape.

February 13, 1844.

George Gulliver, Esq., in the Chair.

*«« Additional Measurements of Blood-corpuscles or Red Particles

of Mammalia and Birds,” by George Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., No. 2*.

The measurements are expressed in vulgar fractions of an English

inch, according to the practice which I have always adopted. As

the numerator is invariably 1, it is omitted throughout, the denomi-

nators only being printed.

In each instance the measurements of the common-sized discs are

first set down; a space is then left; the small- and large-sized discs

are next noted; and lastly, the average deduced from the preceding

numbers is placed beneath the line. Of the oval blood-discs, the

long diameter is denoted by the letters L.D., and the short diameter

by S.D. The blood was taken from adult living animals, unless

stated to the contrary.

MAMMALIA.

RuMINANTIA.

Stanley Musk Deer (Moschus

Stanleyanus, Gray).

Frerz.

Tricoloured Fox (Canis cinereo-

argenteus, Schreb.).

pikes Measurements detailed in the

4000 : ;

Proceedings of the Zoological So-

5333 ciety, May 9, 1843, page 66. I

2900 have since made another obser-

pan vation, which agrees with the

former one in showing that the

Blood from a prick of the tail. | pJood-discs of this animal resem-

Indian Fox (Canis Bengalensis,

Shaw).

Same as the preceding.

Indian Tiger-cat (Felis Benga-

lensis, Desm.).

4600

4570

6400

3200

4419

Blood from a prick of the upper

lip.

ble in minuteness those of the

Napu Musk Deer.

Virginian Deer (Cervus Virgini-

anus, Ray).

5450

5335

5000

7110

3555

5036

Blood from a prick of the lip.

* No. 1 will be found in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society,

No. CXIX., Dec. 13, 1842, page 190.

No. CXXXII.—ProceEpineés oF THE Zoot. Soc.

Male Ibex (Capra Caucasica,

Guld).

6858

7110

10666

5333

7045

The average is almost exactly

the same as in my first measure-

ments of the blood-discs of this

animal.

Blood from a prick of the ear.

Female Cashmere Goat (Capra

Hircus, var.).

6400

6665

8000

5333

6466

The average is very nearly the

same as in my first measurement

of the blood-discs of this animal.

See Appendix to Gerber’s Ana-

tomy, p. 46.

Blood from a prick of the ear.

Female Kid, twelve days old, bred

between the Ibex and Goat just

mentioned.

8000

7275

6000

5333

4500

10666

4000

5918

Blood from a prick of the ear.

The preceding measurements

confirm my former observations, |

published in the Proceedings of

the Zoological Society, Aug. 9,

1842, p. 107,—that the blood-

dises of the Ibex are slightly

smaller than those of the Goat.

The Kid between these animals

appears to have generally larger

and more variously-sized blood-

discs than either of the parents.

The observations were favour-

ably made for comparison, because

the blood of the three animals

was taken and examined from the

same part, on the same day and

hour, and under the same circum-

stances.

RopEnNTIA.

Hackee Squirrel (Sciurus Listeri,

Ray).

4000

3800

5333

3200

3948

Blood from a vein of the ear.

Quebec Marmot (Arctomys Em-

petra, Schreb.).

3600

3336

4570

2900

3503

Blood from a prick of the lip.

Harvest Mouse (Mus messorius,

Shaw).

4000

4570

6400

3200

4268

Thus this little animal, the

smallest of the British Mammalia,

has blood-corpuscles larger than

those of the horse, as may be seen

by comparing the measurements

now given with those of the blood-

corpuscles of the horse, published

in my Appendix to Gerber’s Ana-

tomy, p. 43; and a reference to

the dimensions of the blood-cor-

puscles of numerous Rodentia de-

tailed in the same work, p. 47-50, |

will show that the corpuscles of |

the Harvest Mouse are rather

smaller than those of any animal

yet examined of this order.

The blood of the Harvest Mouse

was obtained from the heart, in

one case about twelve, and in

another twenty-six hours after

death, in cool weather.

For opportunities of examining

these animals, I am indebted to

the kindness of Mr. Griffith and |

Mr. Prince. :

Canada Porcupine (Erethizon |

dorsatum, F. Cuv.).

3555

3428

3200

4572

2666

3380

Blood from a prick of the skin

of the nose.

Beaver (Castor Fiber, Linn.).

3200

3000

5000

2666

3325

Blood from a prick of the nose

of a female about half-grown.

MarsuPIATA.

Kangaroo Rat (Hypsiprymnus

setosus, Ogilby).

4000

5333

3200

4000

Blood from a prick of the tail.

The corpuscles are slightly

smaller than those of many other

animals of the same order, and

resemble in size the corpuscles of

the Viverrine and Mauge’s Dasy-

ure. See my measurements of

the blood of discs.of Marsupiata,

Dublin Medical Press, Nov. 27,

1840; London and Edin. Phil.

| Magazine, Dec. Ist, 1840; and

8555 | Proc. Zool. Soc., June 8, 1841,

3303 p. 49.

AVES.

Omnivorz. 2900 4800

Blue Jay (Garrulus cristatus, 1777 3000

Vieill.). aaa See

LD. D. 2231 3646

2000 3200 Blood from a vein of the wing.

2900 4800 GRANIVOR4,

1600 3000 Great Titmouse (Parus major,

eee cannes Linn.).

2041 3512 | L.D. 8.D.

Blood from a vein of the pinion, 2133 4000

2000

INSECTIVORA. 2900 4800

Rufous Mocking-bird (Orpheus 1777 3200

rufus). ——- —

L.D. S.D. 2132 3892

2286 8555 Blood from a vein of the wing.

Blue Grosbeak (Lovia cerulea, 2900 4800

Linn.). 1714 3000

L.D. §.D. ji no bicarn

2286 3555 alle tion ene o>

2900 5333 ood from a vein of the pinion.

1895 3000 GaLLinz.

Bonham’s Partridge (Perdix Bon-

2290 ‘ 3740 ‘ hami, Fraser).

Blood from a vein of the thigh | tidy S.D.

of a female. | 2000 3200

1895 3555

Whidah Bird (Vidua paradisea, 2400 4000

Cuv.). |

L.D. S.D. ae a

2000 3555 | 1933 3282

se | Nuclei.

2900 5333 4570 10666

1684 3000 Blood from a vein of the thigh

—_— — | of a female.

1998 3740

Nuclei GRALLATORES.

: Scarlet Ibis (Ibis ruber, Lacep.).

3555 10666 LD. Sp.

Blood from a vein in the wing. |

2000 3200

r 1777

RES: 2666 4500

Crowned Pigeon (Columba leuco- 1600 2400

cephala, Ray). a Peete

L.D. S.D. | 1948 3153

2000 3555 Blood from a vein of the wing.

2900 4800 Lesser Bittern (Ardea minuta,

1777 3000 Linn.).

pan nes L.D. S.D.

2132 3646 2000 4000

Blood from a vein of the pinion. | 1895

2400 5000

Moustache Pigeon (Columba | 1777 3000

mystacea, ‘Temm.). CSS ie

L.D. S.D. 1993 3827

2000 3200 Blood from a vein of the wing.

‘Descriptions of new species of Scalaria, collected by Mr. H. Cu-

ming, to be figured in the fourth part of Thesaurus Conchyliorum,”

by G. B. Sowerby, Jun., Esq.

Scauarra ALATA, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 32. f.10, 11. Scal. testd

subventricosd, levi, umbilicatd ; anfractibus separatis ; varicibus 8

(anfractu ultimo 7), latis, distantibus, laminatis, extantibus, postice

prope medium, obtuse angulatis ; aperturd ovali, margine subqua-

drato ; colore inter varices, in medio anfractuum, fulvo vel castaneo.

Long. 0°95; lat. 0°50; ex. var: poll.

Hab. Catanauan, pr.'Tayabas, ins. Luzon. H.Cuming legit. Found

in sandy mud at eight to ten fathoms.

Scauarra Fasciata, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 32. f. 12,13. Scal.

testd subventricosd, levi, umbilicatd ; anfractibus separatis ; vari-

cibus 7, sublatis, distantibus, laminatis, extantibus, postic? prope

suturam acute angulatis ; aperturd parvd ; colore albo, fascid fuscd

latd inter varices in medio anfractuum. Long. 0°80; lat. 0:40

poll. -

Hab. Catanauan, pr. Tayabas, ins. Luzon. H, Cuming legit.

Differing from Sc. alata in being a somewhat more elongated shell,

in having the varices narrower, and their angle more elevated and

more acute. ‘The colour is lighter and the band more distinct.

Found in sandy mud at eight to ten fathoms.

ScaLarnia MARMORATA, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 32. f. 9. Scal.

testd pyramidali, subventricosd, levi, umbilicaté; anfractibus

separatis, varicibus distantibus, laminatis, extantibus, continuis,

prope medium obtusissime angulatis ; colore albo, fusco marmorato.

Long. 0°85 ; lat. 0°40 poll.

Hab. India.

We have no information as to the locality of this species, which

differs from Sc. alata in having the angle of the varices very obtuse

and nearer the centre of the whorl. The specimens are beautifully

marbled with dull brown. Mr. Cuming’s collection.

Scauaria REpLicaTa, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 32. f. 28,24. Scal.

testd brevi, subventricosd, levi, umbilicatd, anfractibus separatis ;

varicibus 7 distantibus, laminatis, extantibus, continuis, validé re-

plicatis, prope suturam angulatis ; colore albo. Long. 0°60; lat.

0°32 poll.

Hab. Ins. “ Lord Hood’s.” H. Cuming legit.

Found on coral reefs ; shorter than the preceding and having the

varices folded backwards. ;

Scararra uyauina, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 32. f. 21,22. Scal, BHT:

testd tenui, glabrd ; anfractibus late separatis, angustis ; varicibus

distantibus, laqueatis, extantibus ; colore albo. Long. 0°40; lat.

0°21 poll.

Hab. Ins. Catanauan et Batangas, ins. Luzon, Philippinarum.

H. Cuming legit.

This small species has the whorls widely separated from each other

and the varices few, distant, and beautifully fluted. Found in sandy

mud at eight to ten fathoms.

~ Scararia taxata, Thes, Conch. part 4. pl. 32. f.8. Scal. testa

tenui, levi; anfractibus late separatis, varicibus numerosis, sub-

_ regularibus, laminatis, simplicibus ; aperturd ovali ; colore albo.

Long. 0°76; lat. 0°37 poll.

Hab. Ins. Catanauan, pr. Tayabas, ins. Luzon, Philippinarum. H.

Cuming legit.

The whorls are separated, as in Sc. hyalina, but the varices are

numerous and simple. Found in sandy mud at eight to ten fathoms.

Scauarra pyramipauis, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 32. f.4. Scat.

testd pyramidali, acuminatd, levi ; anfractibus separatis ; varicibus

extantibus 9 subcrenulatis, prope suturam in angulum acutum

productis, ad suturam junctis ; aperturd ovali ; labio interno crasso ;

colore albo. Long. 1°20; lat. 0°50 poll.

Hab. Ins. Caminguing, Philippinarum. H. Cuming legit.

Taken in sandy mud at thirty fathoms.

Resembling Sc. communis, but more pyramidal in form, more ta-

pering towards the apex, and the somewhat more laminated and

projecting varices have a sharp angle near the centre. The most

perfect specimen is in the collection of the Rev. J. F. Stainforth.

Scavaria Puiuippinarum, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 32. f. 1, 2,3.

Scal. testd elongatd, acuminatd, levi ; anfractibus numerosis, pau-

lulim separatis ; varicibus distantibus, tenuibus, obliquis, superné

vie angulatis, ad suturam junctis ; colore inter varices pallide fulvo,

vel castaneo-nigricante. Variat colore albo. Long.0°95 ; lat. 0°27

poll.

Hab. Catanauan, pr. Tayabas, ins. Luzon, Philippinarum ; H, Cu-

ming legit: et Amboyna, legit R. B. Hinds.

An elongated shell, the principal variety of which is of a chestnut

colour between the varices. Found in sandy mud at eight to ten

fathoms.

Scaztaria acutEata, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 32. f. 35, 36, 37.

Scal. testd pyramidali, levi, acuminatd ; anfractibus viz separatis ;

varicibus laminatis, reflevis, antic? subrotundatis, prope suturam

in dentem acutum productis, ad suturam plicatim junctis. Variat

varicibus crassis, colore albo, vel pallide fulvo. Long. 0°56;

lat. 0°22 poll.

Hab. Hong Kong, China, et Macassar, Malacca, Amboyna; R. B.

Hinds legit: ad Bais, ins. Negros, et ad Catanauan, ins. Luzon; H.

Cuming legit.

Some specimens were taken at Bais, isle of Negros, in coarse sand

at six fathoms.

Scaxaria Graciis, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 32. f. 33, 34. Seal.

testd aculeatd simili, sed multim graciliori.

Hab. Dumaguete, ins. Negros, Philippinarum, H. Cuming legit.

So much narrower in proportion to its length than the preceding

species as to justify the distinction, which has not been made with-

out hesitation. Found in coarse black sand at seven fathoms.

Scavaria Mirrzrormis, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 32. f.30. Scal.

testd pyramidali, levi, tenui, acuminatd ; anfractibus viz separatis ;

varicibus distantibus, laminatis, extantibus, angulatis, ad angulum

in dentem acutum elevatis ; colore albo.

: Hab. Guacomayo, Amer. Merid. H. Cuming legit.

The only specimen we have seen is in Mr. Cuming’s collection ;

it bears a very near resemblance to the common West Indian spe-

cies named Sc. muricata by Kiener, from which it differs in having

the angle of the varices elevated into a tooth or point. It is also a

thinner shell, with the laminated varices narrower. Found in sandy

mud at a depth of eleven fathoms.

Scataria venosa, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 33. f. 72, 73. Seal.

testd pyramidali, levi, acuminatd, imperforatd ; anfractibus pro-

minentibus vix contiguis ; varicibus 12, proximis, crassis, in medio

valide reflexis, tumidis, postice angulatis, prope suturam sub-

angustatis ; aperturd rotundatd, colore inter varices pallidé fulvo.

Hab. Nevis, India occidentali.

Remarkable for the shape of the varices, which are turned back-

ward and rounded, giving the appearance of tumid veins; the inter-

stices, which are narrow, are of a delicate fawn-colour.

Scararia Lyra, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 33. f. 38, 39; pl. 34.

f. 81, 82. Scal. testd ventricosd, acuminatd ; anfractibus promi-

nentibus, rapide crescentibus, prope suturam elevatis, suturd pro-

Sunda distinctis ; varicibus tenuibus, numerosissimis, obliquis ; aper-

turd magnd, ovali; labio interno tenui, obliquo ; umbilico parvo ;

colore pallidé fulvo, fasciis duabus fuscis plus minusve distinctis.

Hab. Ins. Masbate, Philippinarum. H. Cuming legit.

A beautiful species, with ventricose whorls, which are distin-

guished by a very deep suture. The varices are thin, close, regular

and oblique. The colour is pale brown or dull white, with two bands

of deeper or paler brown. Found in sandy mud at five fathoms.

Scatanria pupia, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 33. f.41. Scal. testd

ventricosd, acuminatd, minute striatd ; anfractibus subprominen-

tibus, suturd profundd distinctis, rapide crescentibus ; varicibus

numerosis, paululiim expansis ; aperturd magnd, subovali; labio

externo tenui, labio interno subexpanso ; umbilico parvo ; colore

albo.

Hab. Ticao, Philippinarum. H. Cuming legit.

The imperfect specimen in Mr. Cuming’s collection is the only one

which we have seen. Taken on reefs.

Scavaria rrrEcutaris, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 33. f.40, 60. Scal.

testa ventricosd, acuminatd, levi ; anfractibus contiguis, rotundatis,

gradatim crescentibus ; suturd distinctd ; varicibus tenuibus, nume-

rosis, inequalibus, nonnullis magnis ; apertura oblique ovali ; um-

bilico mediocri ; colore albo.

? Hab. Catanauan, pr. Tayabas, ins. Luzon, Philippinarum. H. Cu-

: ming legit.

} The varices of this species are rather thin and numerous, with

sharp edges; some are much thicker than others. Found in sandy

mud at eight to ten fathoms.

ScaLaRIA IMPERIALIS, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 33. f. 56, 57.

Scal. testa pyramidali, ventricosd, acuminata, levi; anfractibus

magnis, rotundatis, contiguis, prope suturam elevatis, gradatim

crescentibus, suturd profunda; varicibus numerosis, simplicibus,

versis apicem tenuibus, gradatim crescentibus, in ultimo anfractu

crassis, nonnullis duplicatis et triplicatis ; aperturd magnd, ovali ;

umbilico magno ; colore inter varices pallidé fulvo, fasciis binis

fuscis in medio anfractis ultimi purpureo confusis.

Hab. Swan River.

A beautiful pyramidal shell, with numerous regular varices, which

in the upper whorls are thin, but in the last whorl are thicker, some

of the last being doubled. The colour between the varices is dull

fawn, with two bands, which in the last whorl are blended with purple.

«Description of new species of Mytilacea, &c.,” by Sylvanus

Hanley, Esq.

Moptora Mereatre1. Mod. testd subtriangulari, oblonga, ventricosd,

postice albo-cerulescente, antice purpured, obsolete barbatd, epider-

mide flavo-fuscescente indutd ; epidermide, prope marginem dorsa

lem, subelongatum, valde elevatum, et ad extremitatem posticam

brevem, angustam, sursitmque prominentem, nitoris experte ; costd

umbonali, prope ad nates purpureas, acutas, obtuse subcarinatd ;

angulo dorsali distincto, elevato ; margine antico subrecto, nunquam

incurvato ; extremitate anticd sublinguiformi, rotundatd ; margine

ventrali in medio incurvato, postice valdé obliquo ; superficie in-

ternd antic? purpureo tinctd. Long. 1°70; lat. 3-0 poll.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

The more prominent characters are the compressed and very di-

stinct dorsal angle, the purple beaks, the elevated umbonal ridge,

and the absence of all glossiness from the narrow strip of epidermis

which adjoins the ligamental edge, and from that lunule-shaped por-

tion which forms the posterior extremity and curves upwards to the

beaks. I have named it in honour of one of our most scientific

collectors, W. Metcalfe, Esq., of Lincoln’s Inn.

Moproxa striatuLa. Mod. testd elongato-oblongd, angustd, sub-

arcuatd, subcylindraced, epidermide olivaced indutd ; latere postico

brevi radiatim costulato, costis paucis, distantibus ; latere antico

producto, tenuissime radiatim striato, striis ad extremitatem anti-

cam elevatis, divaricatis; ared intermedid levigatd ; margine

dorsali subrecto, vix elevato, marginis antici convexi longitudinem

e@quante ; margine ventrali incurvato ; angulo dorsali inconspicuo ;

umbonibus planulatis ; superficie internd purpurea ; cardine, ad

extremitatem ligamenti, crenato. Long. 0°60; lat. 1.40 poll.

Hab. Batangas, insularum Philippinarum. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

Closely similar to plicata in shape, sculpture, and the colour of its

epidermis ; the rich purple of its interior, its smaller size, and the

greater delicacy of its markings, at once proclaim its distinctness.

It is usually rayed anteriorly with narrow interrupted black streaks.

Moproxia supramosa. Mod. testd oblongo-angustatd, subventri-

cosd, postic? levi, antic? costatd, epidermide flavo-rufescente indutd ;

costis planulatis, radiantibus, furcatis, subramosis, distantibus ;

margine cardinali brevissimo, subrecto; margine antico primum

incurvato et vix declivi, deindé convexo et abrupte declivi ; ventrali

incurvato ; extremitate anticd subbiangulatd, vald2 compressd ; ca-

rind umbonali conspicud, in junioribus acutd ; superficie internd,

antice purpureo tinctd; cardinis extremitatibus crenatis ; angulo

dorsali pariim elevato. Long. 0°55; lat. 1°30.

Hab. Cagayan, pr. Misamis, insule Mindanao.

Mus. Cuming, Hanley. ;

Closely allied to M. sulcata of Lamarck, but in that species the

rib-like striz are crowded and numerous. The beaks are all but ter-

minal, acute, and incurved.

Moprota Puiuiprinarum. Mod. testd ovato-oblongd, tumidd, levi,

antice barbatd ; epidermide nitidd, fulvo-castaned, in medio palles-

cente, indutd ; angulo dorsali distincto, rotundato ; margine dor-

sali elevato, subelongato, convexiusculo ; antico breviore, subrecto,

subincurvato ; extremitate anticd latd, rotundatd ; posticd brevi,

prominuld, nitore epidermidis orbatd ; natibus angustis, conspicuis ;

carind umbonali prominente; superficie internd, anticé atropur-

pured. Long. 2°20; lat. 4 poll.

Hab. Zebu, Philippinarum. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

Possessing a sort of general resemblance to M. Modiolus, its more

elongated hinge-margin, and the greater projection of its hinder ex-

tremity, suffice to distinguish it from that species. The rich internal

colouring of its anterior slope, and the peculiarity of the lunule-like

posterior space, which is destitute of lustre, form the principal fea-

tures of its characteristics.

Moptora BrrapiatTa. Mod. testd oblongo-trigond, levigatd, ven-

tricosd ; sub epidermide sordidé fulvd, antice purpureo tinctd, deinde

radio albido ornatd, aredque posticd pallid brunned et radio pal-

lidiore ad extremitatem ejus prominulam notatd ; margine cardinali

elevato, subrecto, elongato ; angulo dorsali distincto ; margine ven-

trali medio incurvato ; antico subrecto, elongato, paululim retuso ;

extremitate anticd productd, rotundatd ; carind wmbonali promi-

nente ; superficie internd antic? purpured. Long. 1°25; lat. 2°50.

Hab. ? Mus. Metcalfe.

The glossy epidermis, which is apparently destitute of any distinct

beard, although sufficiently rough on the anterior slope to render its

occasional presence not improbable, ceases entirely just before reach-

ing the hinge-margin, leaving a long narrow strip of dull dusky

purple. Its general shape closely resembles albicosta of Lamarck,

with which briefly-described species it has doubtless been confused

by the majority of collectors. ‘That species, however (whose original

type I carefully examined at Paris), differs both in other respects and

by the clear fawn-colour of its epidermis.

Moprora srricata. Mod. testd parvd, tenuissimd, subdepressd,

oblongd, virescente, strigis undulatis fusco-purpureis, irregulariter

pictd ; latere antico radiatim striato, dilatato, anguli dorsalis ex-

perte; latere postico brevissimo, longitudinaliter costulato ; mar-

gine cardinali elongato, convexo ; antico arcuato; ventrali medio

convexiusculo. Long. 0°25; lat. 0°50 poll.

Hab. Sibango, isle of Zebu ; in ten fathoms, sandy mud. Mus. Cu-

ming, Hanley.

For this and the succeeding species we are indebted to the re-

searches of H. Cuming, Esq., in the Philippine Islands. The shell,

though small, is far from inelegant, and unites the contour of the

British discrepans with the zigzag markings of the African Owenii.

Moprota arcuatuLa. Mod. testd elongatd, angustd, subarcuatd,

compressd, levigatd, tenuissimd, anguli dorsalis experte ; sub epi-

dermide fulvo-viridescente, strigis undulatis, purpureo-brunneis,

antic transversim ornatd; costd umbonali pallidd, prominente ;

margine cardinali elongato, antico brevi, valde arcuato ; ventrali

incurvato ; extremitate anticd dilatatd, rotundatd ; posticd rotun-

datd, prominente, valde attenuatd, costellis paucis radiatd ; super-

ficie internd, antic? purpureo tinctd. Long. 0°50; lat. 1°50.

Hab. Singapore, at low water. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

Belonging to that division of Modiole which is destitute of any

dorsal angle, it is remarkable for its narrow sickle-shaped contour,

and the few narrow ribs of its posterior extremity.

Mopiota sorpipa. Mod. testd oblongd, ventricosd, epidermide

olivaced indutd; ared anticd lamellis concentricis, membranaceis,

cinereo-fulvis, vestitd ; lamellarum margine barbato ; costd umbo-

nali prominente ; angulo dorsali obtusissimo ; margine cardinali

breviusculo, pariim elevato ; antico elongato, in adultis retuso ; ven-

trali incurvato ; extremitate posticd brevissimd, obtusissimd ; super-

ficie internd, antice purpureo tinctd. Long. 1°25; lat. 2°65.

Hab. ? Mus. Metcalfe.

The shape of this ugly species closely resembles that of M. Mo-

diolus, but the colour of its epidermis and its peculiar beard will easily

distinguish it. This latter appendage is composed of a dull-looking,

membranaceous, ashy-coloured substance, formed of lamellz, which

near the ventral edge curl upwards towards the beaks; the edges

are here and there fringed with elongated lanceolate filaments. The

umbonal ridge is edged posteriorly by a paler streak, which is not

sufficiently distinct however to be termed a ray.

Lituopomus cANALIFERUS. Lit. testd elongato-oblongd, subcy-

lindraced, rectd, levigatd, epidermide castaned sub tegmine calcareo

indutd ; tegmine in lines elevatis, crassis, radiantibus, superneque

opertis, antice ordinato ; sulco obliquo ex umbonibus ad marginem

ventralem subrectum et leviter convexiusculum, antice decurrente ;

margine cardinali subincurvato, elongato, leviter elevato ; antico

dorsali, subrecto ; extremitate anticd obtusissimd, posticd vix an-

gustatd. Long. 0°65; lat. 2.

Hab. Found in rocks, isle of Zebu. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

At once recognisable by the extraordinary arrangement of its

ee aah

calcareous coating over the umbonal slope, on which are placed three

oblique covered canals, formed by four radiating ridges, with another

coating of calcareous matter spread above them, leaving the aper-

tures distinctly visible at the anterior extremity.

Lituopomus pitumuta. Lit. testd L. canalifero simillimd, sed ex-

tremitate anticd minus obtusd ; tegmine calcareo antico, crassiore,

atque in parietibus confertis, subparallelis ordinato; parietibus

corrugatis et (plumule haud dissimilibus) versus marginem ven-

tralem et marginem anticum utrogue latere radiantibus. Long.

0°75; lat. 2°35.

Hab. Panama, in Spondyli. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

Were it not for the calcareous coating of the umbonal ridge, this

curious shell could scarcely be discriminated from the preceding

species. ‘This coating is of a cellular structure, and is composed of

numerous rather elevated narrow ridges, which slope forward, and

so radiate on either side from the middle as to remind us of a ruffled

feather.

Myrizvs cranuratus. Myt. testd parvd, ovali-triangulari, tumidd,

crassd, radiatim costulatd ; costis distinctis, angustioribus, rotun-

datis, granulatis, plerumque bifurcatis; epidermide ochraceo-

flavescente ; margine cardinali brevi, convexo; antico valde ar-

cuato, dilatato ; ventrali subincurvato ; natibus maxime incumben-

- tibus divaricatis ; angulo dorsali rotundato ; latere postico planulato,

valde tumido ; superficie internd albd, submargaritaced ; margine

interno crenulis dentato. Long. 0°50; lat. 0°75.

Hab. Valparaiso, under stones at low water. Mus. Cuming, Met-

calfe, Hanley.

A species easily to be distinguished by its narrow granulated ribs

(which become still narrower on the flattened posterior slope) and

by the peculiarity of its beaks, which slope so greatly back as to

cause the shell to appear blunt and almost truncated at that part.

The hinge, as in most of this genus, is provided with two teeth in

one valve, and one in the other.

« A description of new species of recent Shells,” chiefly from the

collection of W. Metcalfe, Esq.

AMPHIDESMA scaBRuM. Amph. testd obovatd, converd, solidd, sub-

@quilaterali, albd, lineis rubro-castaneis radiatd, concentricé lamel-

liferd ; lamellis brevibus, tenuibus confertis, interstitiis minutis-

sime longitudinaliter striatis ; latere antico subangulato, postico

rotundato ; margine ventrali arcuato, anticé sinuato ; intis pallide

aurantid, lunuld, fovedque ligamentali rubro-purpured. Long. 0°2 ;

lat. 24 poll.

Hab. Bolioon, insula Zebu. Mus. Cuming, Metcalfe.

AMPHIDESMA ZEBUENSE. Amph. testd oblique ovatd, solidd, valde

inequilaterali, convexiusculd, albidd, radiis pallide rubris ornatd,

concentrice lamelliferd; lamellis brevibus confertis, interstitiis

strid elevatd concentricd, plerumque notatd ; latere antico brevi,

rotundato ; margine postico incurvato, ventrali valde arcuato ; intis

albd. ad umbones rubro biradiatd. Long. 13; lat. 2.

Hab. Zebu, Philippinarum. Mus. Metcalfe, Cuming.

This elegant shell bears some resemblance to the preceding, but

its shape alone would be sufficient to distinguish it. The colouring

matter seems to be deposited only on the lamellae. The lunule is

rather large for this genus.

GLAUCONOME VIRENS; SoueNn virens, Linn. Syst., p.1115. Gi.

testd oblongo-elongatd, subtenui, valde inequilaterali, ad umbones

tumidd, albidd ; epidermide tenui, viridi, vir nitidd, obsolete longi-

tudinaliter rugosd, vestitd ; latere postico rotundato ; antico pro-

ducto, acuminato, subrostrato, transversim rugoso ; margine ven-

trali vix arcuato, leviter in medio incurvo ; intis albidd. Long. 1 ;

lat. 23 poll.

Hab. Java and China ?

‘This extremely rare shell, concerning which Mr. Dillwyn remarks

that no subsequent author has recognized it, still exists in Linnzeus’

cabinet, and with the exception of a few young shells in the collec-

tion at the Chinese Exhibition, I have never met with any specimens

elsewhere.

Opostom1a EuLImorpEs. Od. testd oblongo-turritd, nived, levi,

politd, subpellucidd ; anfractibus quinque, conveziusculis, ultimo

spiram equante ; suturd distinctd ; apertura oblongd, levi, plicd

dentiformi labii interioris in medio ; labio exteriore ad basim sub-

effuso, margine vix convero. Long. 0°18; lat. 0-08 poll.

Hab. Guernsey.

Oposromi1a RissoimsEs. Od. testd oblongo-conicd, albd, levi, nitidd ;

anfractibus quinque, conveviusculis, ultimo spiram equante ; suturd

distinctd ; aperturd duplicem quintam partem totius longitudinis

equante, plicd columellari pen? obsoletd; labio exteriore intis

levi. Long. 0°18; lat. 0°09 poll.

Hab. Guernsey.

Allied to the last, but the mouth is far smaller in proportion to

the length of the spire. The plait lies so far back on the columella

as not to be discerned by the careless observer.

Opostomia TuRRITA. Od. testd turritd, nived, levi, nitidd ; an-

fractibus quinque, convexiusculis ; suturd obliqud ; apertura sub-

reniformi, quariam partem totius longitudinis equante ; plicd den-

tiformi e parte superiore columelle prominente. Long. 0°12;

lat. 0-04.

Hab. Guernsey.

The delineations of these last three species will appear in the

‘ British Marine Conchology.’ The shells are from the cabinet of

W. Metcalfe, Esq., and were procured by him on one of the islets

near the coast of Guernsey.

February 27, 1844.

Professor Owen in the Chair.

The Secretary read communications from G. W. A. Drummond

Hay, Her. Majesty’s Consul-General at Tangier, and Capt. Fayrer,

H.M.S. ‘Tenedos,’ Bermuda (both Corresponding Members) ; the

latter was accompanied by two specimens of the Striz Nyctea, which

Capt. Fayrer presented to the Society.

Mr. Lovell Reeve described seven new species of Glauconome, a

genus of fluvio-marine Mollusks of the family Solenacea.

The genus Glauconome was introduced some years since by Mr. J.

E. Gray in his ‘ Spicielegia Zoologica,’ with the description ofa single

species collected by John Reeves, Esq. in China. Another species

appears to have been described by the great author of the ‘Systema

Nature’ under the title of Solen virens, the original examples of

which are still preserved in the collection of the Linnean Society ;

and I have now the pleasure of exhibiting seven new species, which

by their characters and habits add materially to the generic import-

ance of the group.

The Glauconomes are of a light semi-perlaceous structure, covered

with a thin light green horny epidermis, which in some species is

very peculiarly wrinkled or shrivelled, and inflected over the margin,

and their hinge is composed of three irregular forked teeth in each

valve, some of which are generally bifid. They live in brackish

water (in the mud) in the mouths of rivers at their confluence with

the Sea, and have only been found as yet in the Eastern hemisphere.

Out of nine species with which we are now acquainted, the localities

of eight are known to be as follows : one inhabits the rivers of China ;

one the Ganges and probably other rivers of India; three inhabit

certain rivers running into the bay of Manila; and three, certain

small rivers in the islands of Zebu, Negros and Luzon, of the Phi-

lippines ; the last six having been collected in those particular locali-

ties by H. Cuming, Esq.

The place selected by Mr. Gray for the genus Glauconome in the

natural system was in his family of the Veneride; it appears to me,

however, to exhibit a much stronger affinity with the Solenacea; in

my arrangement in the ‘Conchologia Systematica,’ I referred it to

that family, and I am happy to say that the propriety of this re-

moval has been subsequently confirmed.

The following are descriptions of the seven new species :—

1. GuauconomE ruGosa. Glauc. testd elongato-oblongd, rugosd,

circiter umbones plus minusve erosd, lateribus rotundatis ; epider-

mide peculiariter corrugatd, latere postico subobsoleté angulato.

Conch. Icon. pl. 1. f. 4. a and 5.

c 2

Hab. The mouths of rivers running into the bay of Manila.

This species, which is by far the largest of the genus, presents a

very peculiar arrangement of the epidermis. Over about one-third

of the length of the shell from the posterior extremity, the epidermis

lies in narrow ridges parallel with the lines of growth ; these ridges are

then suddenly directed towards the umbones, and become dispersed

over the remaining portion of the shell in the form of shrivelled

wrinkles scattered in the contrary direction.

2. GLAUCONOME sTRAMINEA. Glauc. testd subelongato-ovatd, cir-

citer umbones erosd, latere antico rotundato, postico subattenuato,

leviter angulato, rotundato ; epidermide nitidd, viridescente-stra-

mined, angulum super corrugatd.

Conch. Icon. pl. 1. f. 2.

Hab. Mouths of rivers running into the bay of Manila.

A light delicate straw-coloured shell, slightly angulated on the

posterior side, with the epidermis lying on the angle in wrinkles.

3. GLauconomeE RADIATA. Glauc. testd oblongo-ovatd, compres-

siusculd, corned ; purpureo-radiatd ; epidermide viridescente prope

marginem indutd, lateribus rotundatis, postico subacuminato.

Conch. Icon. pl. 1. f. 3.

Hab. Mouth of a small river at San Nicolas, island of Zebu, Phi-

lippines.

This is a very pretty species, vividly rayed inside and outside with

violet-purple.

4. GuauconomE corrucatTa. Glauc. testd elongato-ovatd, subti-

lissim2 striatd, circiter umbones erosd, lateribus rotundatis, postico

acuminato-angulato ; epidermide angulum super corrugatd, intiis

vivide purpureo-radiatd.

Conch. Icon. pl. 1. f. 6.

Hab. Mouths of rivers running into the bay of Manila.

The posterior side of this species is more elongately angled than

that of any other; the epidermis is wrinkled over the posterior half

of the shell, and the interior is vividly rayed with purple.

5. GuauconomE ancutata. Glauc. testd elongato-oblongd, striatd,

circiter umbones plus minusve erosd, latere antico rotundato, pos-

tico angulato, carind obtusd ab umbonibus ad marginem decurrente.

Conch. Icon. pl. 1. f. 5.

Hab. Mouth of a small river at Jinigaran, island of Negros, Philip-

pines. Rather a dingy, short, angulated species.

6. GuauconomeE curta. Glauc. testd ovatd, curtd, tenui, subti-

lissimé striatd, ad umbones paululim erosd, lateribus rotundatis,

intis ceruleo-carneo tinctd.

Conch. Icon. pl. 1. f. 7.

Hab. Mouth of a river in Agoo, province of Pangasinan, island of

Luzon, Philippines.

A very delicate species, with a fine smooth silken epidermis, short,

and but very faintly angulated on the posterior side. Interior rich

purple.

7. GuauconomE ceREA. Glauc. testd oblongo-ovatd, pallide stra-

mined, subtilissimé striatd, lateribus rotundatis, postico subangu-

lato-attenuato.

Conch. Icon. pl. 1. f. 8.

Hab. Mouth of the Ganges.

A very delicate pale straw-coloured shell, with a smooth silken

epidermis.

«Description of new species of Shells, by Mr. Hinds.”

Six species of Triton, from the collection of Sir Edward Bel-

cher, C.B.

Triton, Montfort.

1, Trrron vestitus. Tr. testd ovatd, solidd, fused ; anfractibus

rotundatis, transversim striatis, linets longitudinalibus decussanti-

bus precipue spire nodulosis, ultimo albo fasciato ; aperturd elon-

gate ovali ; labro incrassato, intas dentibus geminis albis, undique

purpurascentibus ; columelld purpurascente vel nigra, plicis albis

varicosd ; fauce alba ; epidermide valde lamellosd, pilis nigris nu-

merosis indutd. Axis 27 lin.

Hab. Realejo, gulf of Nicoya, and bay of Honda, west coast of

America.

9. Trrron sracteatus. Tr. testd ovatd, elongatd, longitrorsum

costatd, transversim striatd, maculis parvis nigris seriatim dispo-

sitis ornatd ; spird aperturam superante ; aperturd pared, albd,

denticulatd ; canali breviusculo. Axis 8 lin.

Hab. Marquesas ; New Ireland ; Straits of Malacca: on the shores

‘and in seventeen fathoms, mud.

3. Trrron truncatus. Tr. testd solidd, fulvd, fusco nebulosa,

truncata, longitrorsum costatd, striis decussantibus ; costis rotun-

datis, confertis, anfractu ultimo pallide fasciato ; aperturd albd,

denticulatd ; canali breviusculo. Axis 6 lin.

Hab. New Ireland; among the coarse sand of the shore.

4. Triton antiquatus. Tr. testd elongatd, turritd, subcylindraced,

lineis decussantibus textili, costis prope suturam evanidis ; spird

aperturam dupld vel triplo superante ; apice eroso ; apertura parvd,

subquadratd, pallida ; labio interno antic? valde producto. Axis

10 lin.

Hab. New Ireland; with the preceding.

5. Triron rictitis. Tr. testd ovatd, soliduld, cinered ; anfractibus

senis rotundatis, longitrorsum oblique plico-costatis, transversim

ienuiter striatis ; spird aperturam vir superante ; aperturd callosd,

contractatd, politd, intas levigatd. Axis 7 lin.

Hab. Lagulhas Bank, Cape of Good Hope; in between fifty and

sixty fathoms.

6. Triton anomatus. Tr. testd ovatd, fused, longitrorsum costatd,

lineis transversis elevatis cancellatd ; spird aperturam equante ;

suturd validd ; evaricosd ; aperturd ovali, pallidd ; canali brevius-

culo. Axis 7 lin.

Hab. Island of Quibo, Veragua; on the sandy shore at low water.

Sorarium, Lamarck.

At the sale of the collection of shells of Mr. Imwooad, several lots of

Solarium came into my possession ; and as it was a favourite group

with this gentleman, he, as might naturally be supposed, had assem-

bled together many very interesting specimens. ‘The full suites of

some of the species have enabled me better to draw a line of distinc-

tion between them, and has afforded grounds for regarding several of

the following as perfectly distinct and hitherto undescribed species.

In addition to the above, I have had before me the collections of Sir

Edward Belcher and Mr. Cuming, both rich in novelty, but more

particularly in the careful and accurate detail of localities and cir-

cumstances of habitation. The whole permits me to record fourteen

new species in a genus which previously seemed to contain about

fifteen recent and forty-nine fossil species.

1. Sotarrum rormosum. Sol. testé orbiculato-conicd, politd, fas-

ciatd ; anfractibus subtumidis, superné sulco unico divisis, infe-

rioribus levigatis, spire plico-striatis, superne fusco, albo, et atro-

Jusco deinceps fasciatis, medid subcorneis; ad basin planulatd,

aperturd quadratd ; umbilico patulo, crenis rectis, subacutis, fus-

catis ; ared umbilicali latd, sublevigatd. Diam.18, umbilic. 3} lin.

Chemnitz, vol. v. t. 172. f. 1693.

Hab. Amboina. Cab. Hinds.

This fine shell has hitherto, most probably, been considered only

as a variety of the well-known species S. perspectivum ; it is how-

ever sufficiently distinct. In shape it is considerably more elevated

-and conical, and it is ornamented with rich fasciations of brown and

-white. Near the upper part of each whorl a narrow sulcus separates

a narrow portion. The base is flattened and polished; umbilicus

moderately dilated, being less so than in S. perspectivum, and armed

on the margin with a row of straight sharp crenules, on their right

faces of a darker brown colour. The umbilical area, or the space

between the spirally twisted row of crenules, is smooth, except for

the arched striz of growth.

2. SoLarium PLacenTALE. Sol. testd discoided, pallide fulvd, le-

vigatd ; spird valde depressd ; anfractibus planulatis, ordinate

spiraliter striatis ; ad peripheriam obtuse unicarinatd, subtis stri-

atd ; carina crenulatd ; ad basin subtumida ; aperturd triangulari ;

umbilico valde patulo, crenis tuberculatis subdistantibus armato.

Hab. Bay of Magdalena, California; in seven fathoms, sand.

Cab. Belcher.

3. Sozarrum Perpix. Sol. testd conoided, tenui, levigatd, pallidd ;

anfractibus subtumidis, superné cingulo unico divisis, spire minute

plico-striatis ; ad peripheriam angulatd tricarinatd, carind medid

prominente, majore, creniferd ; cingulo et carinis maculis rufis

subquadratis ornatis ; umbilico patulo, crenulis parvis albis cincto.

Alt. 6, diam. 14 lin.

Hab. Ceylon ; north-west coast of Australia.

Cab. Cuming and Hinds.

Possesses the general contour of S. perspectivum, but is thinner ;

the whorls are slightly tumid, and furnished above with a flat smooth

girdle, ornamented with somewhat distant rufous spots. The most

prominent keel is characteristically covered with small tubercular

crenulations. When placed on its base the apex is much inclined,

and the general direction oblique. The umbilicus is somewhat less

patulous than in S. perspectivum, and neatly encircled with numerous

white and smaller crenations. The umbilical space is destitute of

ribs, folds, or keels, bearing aloue the marks of the strie of growth

and a thin horny epidermis.

4. Sonarrum quapriceps. Sol. testd orbiculato-discoided ; an-

Sractibus quadriseriatim cingulatis ; cingulis tuberculis quadratis,

planulatis, approximatis instructis, inferiore majore, et cum supe-

riore rufo picto ; ad basin tumidd, ared mediand radiatim plicatd ;

umbilico patulo, crenis magnis fuscis cincto ; ared umbilicali levi.

Alt. 5, diam. 11 lin.

Hab. Bay of Panama; in five fathoms, among mud.

Cab. Belcher.

Very closely allied to S. granulatum, from which it will be found

to differ in the character and relative proportion of the granular gir-

dles. A single and perhaps rather small specimen was alone obtained,

which is somewhat more discoid than the above species ; four girdles

traverse each whorl, of which the inferior is the largest, and the

tubercles closely set, flattened, and obliquely square; the umbilicus

is rather more expanded, and the marginal tubercles are of a similar

size, but coloured of a reddish brown. S. quadriceps is an American

shell, and S. granulatum an Asiatic.

5. Sonarrum asperuM. Sol. testd discoided ; spird retusa ; anfrac-

tibus supern? planulatis, inferné rotundatis, ubiqué cingulis parvis

numerosis instructis ; cingulis tuberculis parvis asperatis ; umbilico

valde patulo ; ared angustd, levi. Alt. 13, diam. 43 lin.

Hab. Straits of Macassar ; in eleven fathoms, coarse sand.

Cab. Belcher.

A single dead specimen only was obtained, destitute of colour and

‘choked with sand. It is remarkable from its rounded base and its

very expanded umbilicus, which is proportionately larger than in any

other species. In S. perspectivum the umbilicus is equal to a third

of the diameter, but in the present species it is two-fifths.

6. Sotarium porsuosum. Sol. testd conoided, levigatd, solidd,

Fuscd, albo confuse nebulosd ; anfractibus planulatis, spiraliter seri-

' atim sulcatis, spire leviier striatis ; ad peripheriam sulcis geminis

instructd ; basi sulcatd, versis centrum subtuberculata ; umbilico

patulo, crenis magnis cincto ; ared umbilicali unicostatd ; apertura

subrotundatd, interne bisulcatd. Alt. 4, diam. 6$ lin.

Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, Philippines; in seven fa-

thoms, sandy mud.

Cab. Cuming.

7. Sotarium pDEALBATUM. Sol. testd conico-trochiformi, albd ;

anfractibus planulatis, quadriseriatim granulato-costatis ; cingulo

ultimo pauld majore, prominulo ; umbilico coarctato, crenis parvis

instructo ; ared umbilicali mullicostatd; aperturd rotundatd.

Alt. 7, diam. 6 lin.

Hab. Manila. Cab. Hinds.

This species may be readily distinguished from S. variegatum by

its uniform colour and by the several ribs which cross the umbilical

space, all of which are of equal:size; from S. cylindraceum by its

decided conical shape, and the characters detailed above observable

in the infericr girdle.

It is unquestionable that a sound division of the genus may be

effected, by taking S. variegatum as the type of a new group; and

this opinion rests on the conformation of the foot of the animal, de-

cidedly sessile eyes, and very peculiar operculum of this species.

But in trying to effect this I have met with the following genera, all

of which have been advanced for sections of the genus as left by

Lamarck :—Omalazis, Deshayes; Bifrontia, Deshayes; Helicites,

Schlotheim ; Cirrus, Sowerby ; Euomphalus, Sowerby ; Schizostoma,

Bronn; Solariella, Searles Wood; Torinia, Gray; and not having

before me the materials for deciding their respective merits, and being

averse to treating the difficulty as a gordian knot by the erection of

another genus, I am compelled to leave the subject as I found it.

8. Sorvarrum FRAGILE. Sol. testd orbiculato-discoided ; anfractibus

quadriseriatim tuberculato-cingulatis ; cingulo supremo et ultimo

Susco pictis, medianis margaritaceis ; ad peripheriam angulatd,

crenulatd ; basi tumido ; umbilico patulo, crenis parvis albis acutis

cincto ; ared umbilicali levi ; aperturd triangulari. Alt. 1, diam.

3 lin.

Hab. North coast of New Guinea ; in seven fathoms, sand.

Cab. Belcher.

9. Sotartium Frutvum. Sol. testd orbiculato-discoided, soliduld,

Sulvd ; spird retusd, anfractibus multiseriatim granuloso-cingulatis,

medianis minoribus ; ad peripheriam obtusd, carinis duabus, tertid

minore intermedid ; basi rotundatd, seriatim granulatd ; umbilico

mediocri, crenis concoloribus cincto; ared umbilicali leviter uni-

costatd ; aperturd subquadratd. Alt. 14, diam. 33 lin.

Hab. New Guinea. Cab. Belcher and Hinds.

10. Sorartum vireatum. Sol. testd orbiculato-discoided, spird

retusd ; anfractibus quadriseriatim granulatis, cingulo supremo et

ultimo rufis, medianis albis ; ad peripheriam obtusis, duabus carinis

crenulatis ; basi rotundatd, seriatim granulatd ; umbilico mediocri,

crenis albis cincto, extiis cingulo rufo tuberculato ; aperturd an-

gulatd. Alt. 1, diam. 2 lin.

Hab. New Guinea. Cab. Belcher.

11. Sorarium Fenestratum. Sol. testd orbiculato-discoided,

spird retusd ; anfractibus multiseriatim granulatis, longitrorsum

striatis ; suturd canaliculatd ; ad peripheriam rotundatd, carinis

tribus subequalibus ; basi rotundata, seriatim granulatd ; umbilico

subpatulo, crenis parvis numerosis cincto ; ared umbilicali carinis

duabus parvis ; aperturd rotundatd. Alt. 13, diam. 34 lin.

Hab. New Guinea. Cab. Belcher.

As the only specimen obtained was without the animal, deprived

of colour, and had evidently been some time lying in the mud, the

cancellation is perhaps considerably more distinct than in the recent

state. Itis one of those which approach very closely to the unarmed

species of Delphinula.

12. Sonarrum cxzLatum. Sol. testd parvd, valde discoided, nitidd,

fused; spird nulla ; anfractibus prope suturam uniseriatim tuber-

culatis, medio eleganter radiatim plico-striatis ; ad peripheriam

carinis duabus obtusis tuberculatis ; ad basin rotundatd ; aperturd

subrotundd ; umbilico valde patulo, crenis parvis numerosis armato.

Diam. 2, umbilic. 1 lin.

Hab. Straits of Macassar ; in ten fathoms, among coarse sand.

Cab. Belcher.

13. Sorarrum TROCHLEARE. Sol. testd orbiculato-conoided, depres-

siusculd ; anfractibus subtumidis, spire longitudinaliter plicatis,

ultimo levigato, supern? sulco unico divisis, ared supremd atro-

fusco fasciatd, infra maculis quadratis atro-fuscis cinctd ; ad peri-

pheriam carinatd, maculis albis et atro-fuscis articulate ornatd ;

ad basin paulisper tumidd ; umbilico magno, patulo ; crenis subacutis

fuscis. Diam. 29, umbilic. 8 lin.

Hab. Indian Seas. Cab. Cuming and Hinds.

In general appearance it very closely resembles S. perspectivum,

with which it has no doubt been long associated. In comparing the

adult shells of both species, this will be found somewhat smaller,

thinner, and more depressed ; the whorls are somewhat more tumid,

those of the spire obliquely longitudinally folded, but the last and

penultimate are smooth, or very nearly so ; above they are divided by

a single groove, between which and the suture is a continuous dark

~ band, beneath a series of square approximating spots, which towards

the spire usually become continuous; the base is also somewhat

tumid; the umbilicus is large, expanded, and perspective, and sur-

rounded by chestnut-brown angular crenations ; and the aperture is

rhomboidal. It is no doubt an Indian species, but the locality is

not known.

14. Sonarrum purruratum. Sol. testd conico-orbiculatd ; anfrac-

tibus subtumidis, spire longitudinaliter oblique plicatis, superne

sulcis duabus cinctis, maculis rufo-fuscis subgeminis ornatis, ared

L :

mediand pallide cinered ; ad peripheriam carinatd articulate macu-

lata; ad basin strigis rufo-fuscis radiatim dispositis ; umbilico

subpatulo, crenis parvis albidis. Diam. 15, umbilic. 4 lin.

Hab. ? Cab. Hinds.

The base is distinctively ornamented with reddish-brown rays,

and the square spots on the whorls are somewhat twin in their dis-

tribution, since they occupy corresponding situations in the two

upper narrow areas. :

Corsuta, Bruguiéred.

1. Corsuxa crispa. Corb. testd ovatd, solidd, albidd, antic? rotun-

datd, postice truncatd, ab umbonibus obtuse carinatd ; valvis ro-

tundatis, dextrd eburned sulcatd, sinistrd fere levigatd ; umbonibus

politis, eburneis. Long. 42; lat. 24; alt. 3 lin.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines. Cab. Cuming.

2. CorzpuLa apusta. Corb. testd suboblique trigond, levigatd, fused,

subtumidd, antice rotundatd, postice subacuminatd, ab umbonibus

angulatd ; valvarum marginibus ventralibus acutis, productis ; um-

bonibus erosis. Long. 6; lat. 22; alt. 5 lin.

Hab. New Zealand. Cab. Cuming.

8. CorpuLa procera. Corb. testd ovatd, levigatd, fuscd, antic?

rotundatd, postice elongatd, subnasutd ; valvarum marginibus ven-

tralibus acutis, productis ; umbonibus erosis. Long. 7; lat. 3;

alt. 5 lin.

Hab. ? Cab. Cuming.

These two species closely resemble each other, and both are pro-

bably estuary shells.

4. Corsuta carnosa. Corb. testd ovatd, solidd, subequilaterali,

pallida, carnoso-roseo radiatd ; valvis ambabus sulcatis, marginibus

ventralibus inclausis ; antice rotundatd, postice subnasute breviter

attenuatd ; umbonibus levigatis, ad angulos albidis. Long. 44;

lat. 2; alt. 3 lin.

Hab. ? Cab. Cuming.

«« Continuation of Mr. G. B. Sowerby’s| description of Scalaria.”

Scauaria aurita, Thes. Conch. part 4. 33. f.62. Scal. testd

elongatd, levi, umbilicatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, contiguis ; va-

ricibus levibus, decumbentibus, subnumerosis, prope suturam sub-

arcuatis, nonnullis crassis, pluribus tenuibus ; aperturd magnd, au-

riformi ; colore inter varices fulvo, fasciis tribus fuscis.

In general form resembling Sc. lineatu of Say, but wanting the

keel on the lower whorl, and having a large open umbilicus. In

Mr. Cuming’s collection ; from the coast of Coromandel.

Scavaria imMAcuLata, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 33. £58. Scal.

testd pyramidali, acuminatd, transverse minutissim striatd ; anfrac-

tibus numerosis, rotundatis, suturd distinctd ; varicibus simplicibus,

plerumque tenuissimis, nonnullis crassiusculis ; aperturd ovali, pos-

tice acuminatd, labio interno antic subincrassato ; umbilico medi-

ocri; colore albo.

Very much like Se. vestalis of Hinds, lately described in the ‘ Zoo-

logical Proceedings,’ but more elongated, with a larger umbilicus and

with the varices near the suture simple, whereas in Sc. vestalis they

are acuminated.

Collected by Mr. Cuming in sandy mud at eight or ten fathoms,

at Catanauan, province of Tayabas, isle of Luzon.

Scazarta Catanavensis, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. f. 98 & 94.

Scal. testd pyramidali, acuminatd,-minutissime striatd ; anfracti-

bus rotundatis, rapide crescentibus, varicibus plerumque obsoletis,

nonnullis rarits crassis; aperturd ovali, subauriformi ; umbilico

parvo; colore valide griseo, in medio anfractuum fascid fuscd,

latd, obscurd. :

It is much shorter than Sc. Martinii, with the thickened costz

still more rare; the aperture is less oval and less auriform. There

is a broad band of pale brown in the centre of the whorls.

Brought from Catanauan, isle of Luzon, Philippines, by Mr. Cu-

ming, and found in sandy mud at a depth of eight or ten fathoms.

Scatarra smmints, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. f. 90. Scal. testa

subovali, spiraliter minutissime striatd; anfractibus paucis, vari-

cibus tenuissimis, plerumque numerosis, nonnullis crassiusculis ;

aperturd ovali, postice subangulatd, labio interno vie incrassato et

expanso ; umbilico parvo ; colore pallidissime fulvo.

The whorls are much less prominent, the minute varices more

numerous, and the umbilicus considerably smaller than in Sc. Cata-

nauensis.

Collected by Mr. Cuming in Puerto Galero, isle of Mindoro, in

sandy mud at four or five fathoms.

Scataria BuLLATA, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. f. 87. Scal,

testd ventricosissimd, brevi, levi, anfractibus paucis, rapide cres-

centibus, varicibus subnumerosis, irregularibus, decumbentibus, ple-

rumque tenuissimis, nonnullis crassioribus, ad suturam paululim

elevatis et reflexis ; aperturd magnd ; umbilico parvo ; colore albo.

We have only one specimen of this extremely ventricose shell, in

a very imperfect state, from the island of Capul, Philippines, taken

on the coral reefs by Mr. Cuming.

ScALARIA FRIABILIS, Thes. Conch. part 4, pl. 33. f. 74. Scal: testd

pyramidali, acuminatd, tenui, imperforatd ; varicibus tenuissimis,

valde numerosis, laminatis, extantibus, prope suturam acute angu-

latis ; apertura magnd, labio interno subincrassato ; colore albo.

A thin pyramidal species, with extremely numerous thin laminar

varices, which project in an acute angle close to the suture.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection; brought from Swan River by Lieut.

Collie, R.N.

Scanaria npistincTA, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 35. f.141. Scal.

testd elongatd, imperforatd, minute spiraliter striatd ; anfractibus

numerosis, gradatim crescentibus, suturd distinctd ; varicibus nu-

merosis, inequalibus, rotundatis, decumbentibus, simplicibus ; aper-

turd parvd, labio interno antice subincrassato ; colore albo.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection; brought from St. Blas, Gulf of Cali-

fornia, by the Hon. Mr. Harris.

ScaLariA suBTILIs, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 35. f. 137. Scal. testd

elongatd, angustatd, spiraliter minuté striatd ; anfractibus nume-

rosis, gradatim crescentibus, prope suturam elevatis ; varicibus

numerosissimis, laminatis, crenulatis, superne angulatis ; aperturd

parva ; colore inter varices obscure fusco.

A small elongated turreted shell, to the beauty of which neither

the description nor the figure can do justice: the varices are nume-

rous, laminated, and regularly crenulated.

Collected by Mr. Cuming at the isle of Camiguing, in coarse

sand at thirty fathoms; and at the isle of Corregidor, in sandy mud

at thirty fathoms.

ScaLaria concrnna, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 33. p. 63. Scal. testa

subovali, levi, imperforatd, obtusd ; anfractibus subprominentibus ;

varicibus numerosis, regularibus, obliqué in spiram continuis, sub-

rotundatis ; apertura ovali, labio interno tenui ; colore pallidissimé

fulvo.

The whorls in this species are more prominent, the ribs more nu-

merous, and the inner edge of the aperture thinner than in Sc. mul-

ticostata.

Found by Mr. Cuming in sandy mud at sixty fethaned at Loay,

isle of Bohol, Philippines.

Scataria MuLrTicostata, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. f. 96. Scal.

testd subovali, levi, imperforatd, obtusd ; varicibus subnumerosis,

regularibus, oblique in spiram continuis, subrotundatis ; aperturd

ovali ; labio interno anticé expanso et incrassato ; colore pallidis-

sime fulvo.

Rather oval and obtuse, with numerous regular, prominent, rounded

varices; the anterior part of the inner lip is thickened and spread

over the columella.

Brought by Mr. Cuming from Corregidor, Philippines.

ScaLarta connexa, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. f.98. Scal. testd

ovali, subelongatd, levi, imperforatd ; suturd profundd ; varicibus

numerosis, laminatis, prominentibus, in spiram oblique continuis ;

apertura ovali ; colore inter varices obscure fulvo.

The numerous varices of this small species are laminar, prominent,

and continued from whorl to whorl on the spire, as in the Sc. Clathrus

of Linneus, from which it differs essentially in not having the spiral

rib at the lower part of the last whorl.

Brought from Sual, province of Pangasinan, isle of Luzon, by Mr.

Cuming ; found in sandy mud at seven fathoms.

ScALARIA PULCHERRIMA, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. £.92. Scal.

testd pyramidali, subventricosd, spiraliter minuté striatd, imper-

foratd ; anfractibus rotundatis, suturd profundd ; varicibus sub-

numerosis, laminatis, ertantibus, prominentibus, superne in angu-

lum acutum productis ; apertura ovali, postice acutangulatd, antice

subquadratd, labio interno subexpanso ; colore inter varices fusco-

purpurascente.

Pyramidal, acute, rather ventricose, spirally striated, with a deep

suture and with rather broad laminar varices, which are expanded

into an acute angle near the suture.

Found by Mr. Cuming in black sand at a depth of four fathoms,

at Dumaguete, isle of Negros.

Scararra ovatis, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl: 34. f. 104. Seal. testa

subovali, levi ; anfractibus paucis, ultimd magnd ; varicibus novem,

crassis, rotundatis ; aperturd ovali, margine incrassato, labio in-

terno incrassato, expanso ; colore inter varices pallide ceruleo.

The whorls of this very small shell are few in number, the last dis-

proportionately large, with about nine very thick rounded varices ;

the aperture is oval, with a very thick edge, and the inner lip ex-

panded.

Collected by Mr. Cuming in sandy mud at twenty to thirty

fathoms, at Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindinao,

ScaLARIA HEXAGONA, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 33. £.67. Scal. testa

brevi, levi, imperforatd ; anfractibus contiguis, varicibus sex,

crassis, prominentibus, ad apicem oblique continuis ; aperturd ro-

tundatd ; colore albo.

A short, imperforate, white species, with whorls closely united

and strong varices, forming about six oblique continuous lines along

the spire.

In the cabinet of Mr. Cuming : brought by Col. Moffat from Aca-

pulco ; found in the sands. ”

Scanania Exenensts, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. f. 102. Scal.

testd pyramidali, levi, imperforata ; anfractibus contiguis ; vari-

cibus sez ; ad suturam subplicatis, irregulariter continuis ; aperturd

ovali ; colore albo.

Resembling Sc. unifasciata, but without any band, and having the

varices straighter and not so regularly continuous.

Collected by Mr. Cuming at Punta St. Elena, West Columbia; in

sandy mud at six fathoms.

ScALarta opTusa, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 33. f.54. Scal. testd

ventricosd, pyramidali, imperforatd, levi ; anfractibus contiguis ;

varicibus numerosis, crassis, rotundatis, continuis, superne sub-

angulatis ; apertura rotundatd, antice subemarginatd ; labio interno

spiraliter recurvo ; colore albo.

Rather short and thick, white, with numerous varices, which con-

tinue on the spire from whorl to whorl, and are slightly angular

above ; the inner lip of the aperture is spirally twisted, and forms an

undulated notch at its juncture with the outer lip.

Collected by Mr. Cuming at-Punta St. Elena, West Columbia; in

sandy mud at six fathoms.

Scararra Mrnporoensis, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. f.91. Seal.

testé pyramidali, levi, imperforatd, tenui; anfractibus vix sepa-

ratis ; varicibus numerosis, simplicibus, ad suturam subirregulari-

ter junctis ; colore albo.

A small, white, thin shell, slightly resembling Sc. obliqua, but less

oblique, and with more numerous and prominent varices ; the whorls

are contingent.

Found by Mr. Cuming on the sands at Puerto Galero, island of

Mindoro.

Scataria pourra, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 34. f.99. Seal. testd

tenui, elongatd, levi, imperforatd ; anfractibus numerosis, vir pro-

minentibus ; varicibus subnumerosis, tenuibus, in medio anfractuum

obsoletis ; colore pallide griseo.

The whorls are numerous and not very prominent; the varices

appear as if worn away in the middle of the whorls.

Collected by Mr. Cuming at Xipixapi, West Columbia; in sandy

mud at ten fathoms.

Scabaria staTuminaTa, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 35. f.127. Seal.

testd parvd, crassd, brevi, levigatd, imperforatd ; anfractibus con-

tiguis, vix prominentibus, antice lined elevatd cinctis ; varicibus

quingue, prominentibus, ad apicem continuis ; anticé crassis, posticé

in angulum elevatum expansis ; aperturd subrotundd, labio externo

antice tenui ; colore inter varices ceruleo.

A small, short, thick species, with very prominent ribs, which are

elevated and expanded into a broad angle at the upper part of the

whorls and very thick at the lower; they are united with each other

so as to form five oblique prominent ridges up the spire.

Collected by Mr. Cuming at Payti, Peru; in black sand at seven

fathoms. :

ScaLaria BrcantnatTa, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 35. f. 113, 114.

Scal. testd subcylindricd, elongatd, imperforatd, minute cancellatd ;

anfractibus sex, latis, ad laterd planis, ad suturam crenulatis, ul-

timo carinis binis in medio cincto ; apertura ovali, margine crasso,

minute crenulato ; cocore feré albo.

A very curious little shell, with crenulated suture and two promi-

nent keels in the centre of the last whorl; the edge of the aperture

is much thickened.

Found by Mr. Cuming in coarse black sand at seven fathoms, at

Dumaguete, isle of Negros.

Scaxaria Fusca, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 35. f.138. Seal. testd

elongata, imperforatd, spiraliter minutissime striatd ; anfractibus

12, subprominentibus, ultimo carind lineari anticé cinctd ; varicibus

tenuissimis, obliquis, ad suturam flexuosis ; aperturd subovali, mar-

gine tenui ; colore obscure fulvo, flammulis fuscis obliquis inter va-

rices serialim picto. -

An elongated species, with a very narrow but distinct keel on the

lower part of the last whorl: the varices are very thin, and bent in

near the suture. The shell is finely striated and prettily marked

NN =

with flame-like patches of dark colour between the varices. There

are two specimens in Mr. Cuming’s collection, which were found on

sand at Sierra Leone.

ScaLarra acuminata, Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 35. f. 130. Seal.

testd elongata, imperforatd, acuminatd ; anfractibus 15, vie pro-

minentibus, antic? carind tenui cinctis; varicibus creberrimis,

numerosis, tenuibus, curvilineatis ; aperturd ovali, margine tenui,

labio interno tortuoso ; colore pallid Sulvo, fasciis duabus, und

prope suturam pallid, und in medio anfractuum latd, distinctd.

Elongated, keeled, with numerous whorls, and very numerous

close-set curvilinear varices.

Found by Mr, Cuming in sandy mud at seven fathoms at Malacca.

Mr. Gould laid before the Meeting specimens of three new spe-

cies of Mammalia, which he deseribed ; as

Hatmarturus Hovurmannit. Hal. Mas facie canescenti-cinered,

Fronte rufescente, spatio inter aures auribusque extern? nigrescenti-

cinereis ; lined nuchali nigrescenti -fused ; dorso saturate fusco

griseo irrorato, colli corporisque lateribus, artubus anticis et pos-

ticis rufis, gutture et pectore fulvescenti-albis, abdomine cinereo ;

_ caudd canescente, superneé et ad apicem nigrescente.

Foemina mari assimilis, coloribus pallidioribus. Juniores nigrescenti-

cineret, colore apud dorsum saturatiore.

Adult Male.—Face dark grizled grey, stained with rufous on the

forehead ; external surface of the ear and the space between the ears

dark blackish grey; sides of the neck, shoulders, fore-arms, flanks

and hind-legs rufous, which colour is palest on the flanks; a line

of obscure blackish brown passes down the back of the neck, and

spreads into the dark grizled brown of the back; throat and chest

buffy white; under surface of body grey; tail grizled grey, deepen-

ing into black on the upper side and the extremity ; the fur is some-

what short, coarse and adpressed; the base bluish grey, succeeded

by rufous, then white, and the extreme tip black. Weight 123 lbs.

Adult Female.—Is similar in colour to the male, but of a more

uniform tint, in consequence of the rufous colouring of the shoulders

and flanks being paler, and the grizled appearance of the back not

so bright. Weight 8 lbs.

The young is dark grizled grey, approaching to black, particu-

larly along the back. Weight 5 lbs.

Adult Male. Female.

Ft. In. Ft. In.

Length from the nose to the tip of the tail

Ob Cale sicird cise kia einis +) ha) 0,¢ "hopes I

of tarsus and toes, including ‘the nail . 0

—-~-— of arm and hand, including the nails.. 0

— of face from the tip of the nose to the

or)

alot

em oP Orb

Soko

base of the ears: 2... ee ee).

ORedm ia ay ae AA Hi ae Va 0

wo em DOD

Sle

oo oO

Hatmaturus Dama. Hal. vellere fusco, canescente, rubescente ad

nucham, ad dorsum imum, et per artus anticos ; facie cinered rufo

lavatd ; fronte spatio inter aures, auribusque extern nigrescenti-

cinereis ; artubus posticis pallidé fuscis ; caudd canescente, corpore

inferiore pallidé cinereo.

General colour of the fur grizled brown, becoming of a reddish

tint on the back of the neck, arms and rump; face grey, washed with

rufous on the forehead; outside of the ears and the space between

blackish grey; hinder legs light brown; tail grizled grey; under

surface of the body pale grey. Ft. In’

Length from the nose to the extremity of the tail.... 2 11

OF tall 5 bs ib we eal'vaes oes, BAS aes 1 2

— of tarsus and toes, including the nail ...... 0 53

— of arm and hand, including the nails ...... 0 4

— of face from the tip of the nose to baseofear. 0 4

Of COT). ova wide eRe aT es 7 eee 0 24

This animal is closely allied to and is nearly the same size as 1.

Thetidis, but has much larger ears, and the fur much more dense and

lengthened; the base of the fur is bluish grey, to which succeeds

reddish brown, then silvery white, the extreme tips being black.

The above is the description of a female; the male will doubtless

prove to be of larger size.

It is very numerous on the islands of the Houtmann’s Abrolhos,

and also inhabits Western Australia, where it is called ‘ Dama’ by

the aborigines.

LacorcuesteEs HirsutTus. Lag. arenaceo-fulvus, dorso griseo irro-

rato ; spatio circumoculari conspicue rubescenti-fulvo ; auribus

mediocribus, extern? cinereo-fuscis, intis pilis albidis obsitis, pedi-

bus flavescenti-fulvis.

General colour of the fur, particularly on the hind quarters and

under surface, rich sandy buff; that of the head and back having a

grizled appearance, occasioned by each hair having a mark of grey-

ish white near the tip; the fur, which is exceedingly soft, is blackish

brown at the base, then rufous, the whole beset with numerous hairs,

which gradually increase in length towards the lower part of the

body, where they exceed the general length of the fur by nearly two

inches, and being of a rich rufous tint, give the animal a very con-

spicuous appearance; broad space round the eye reddish buff; ears

moderately large, greyish brown externally, and clothed with whitish

hairs within ; feet nearly uniform yellowish buff. es as)

Length from tip of nose to tip of tail.............. 2 33

ar LO te eae | en teeta bon eae 0 104

of tarsus and toes, including nail .......... O 54

— of arm and hand, including nails .......... O 23

—— of face from tip of nose to base of ear ...... 0 33

GE CBE ogo cp ea sie ee bees de saa Uisisets sO AZ

The above is the description of a male, from the York district of

Western Australia, where it is called by the aborigines ‘ Woo-rup.’

it is a very beautiful and well-marked species, distinguished from

every other member of its genus by the long reddish hairs of the

rump. The extreme tip of the tail is white, but whether this cha-

racter is constant or not is at present unknown.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould read the following ex-

tracts from a letter he had received from Mr. Gilbert, describing the

habits, &c. of some Mammalia and Aves of Western Australia:—

«« With respect to the Kangaroos, I have heard of the little silver-

haired Lagorchestes (Lagorchestes albipilis), and have tried hard to

procure a specimen ; it is a species well known to the natives of

Moore’s river, by whom it is called Nar-nine,’ and is only to be found

in densely thick scrub on flats, and on the edges of swamps where

the small brush Melaleuca grows so thickly that it is almost impos-

sible for a man to force his way through; its runs being under this,

the animal escapes even the quick eye of anative. The only possible

means of obtaining it is by having a number of natives to clear the

spot, and two or three with guns and dogs to watch for it.

«This beautiful little animal makes no nest, but squats precisely

like a hare, as I have been assured by Mr. Johnson Drummond. Of

the other species with white behind the ears I can learn very little :

are you satisfied it is not a variety? I have seen many with white

spots about different parts of the head, which is said by all the

hunters to be a common occurrence ; the only character which ap-

pears to me to approach a specific difference is the redness of colour-

ing, which has been often observed by hunters ; the woolly nature of

the fur is only the winter covering common to all of them.

“The grey kangaroo, Macropus Ocydromus, Gould, of which I

have a very interesting series, has very thin hair in summer, while

in winter the coat is thick and woolly.

«The male is called Yoon-gur and the female Work by the abori-

gines. This large kangaroo is tolerably abundant over the whole

colony of Western Australia, from King George’s Sound, south, to

forty miles north of Moore’s river, the farthest point I have reached ;

it does not appear to confine itself to any peculiar description of

country, being as often seen in the gum-forests, among hills, as on

the open plains and clear grassy hillocks ; it is however more nume-

rous in the open parts of the country, where it is not so liable to sur-

prise. In travelling from Guilford to York, from two to four or five

may occasionally be met with; but farther in the interior, particularly

at Gwangum plains, herds of thirty to fifty may often be met with:

further south, beyond Kojenup, they are still more numerous ; in fact,

[have never seen in any part of Australia so large a herd as the one

I met with on the Gordon plains in 1840; at the most moderate cal-

culation there could not have been less than five hundred kangaroos ;

several of the party, in their astonishment, considered there were

even a greater number than I have stated.

«The large full-grown male is termed a Buck or Boomer, and

attains a great size, when he becomes a most formidable opponent

to the best dogs in the country, few of which will ever run a large

Boomer; this may in some degree account for the few instances of

very large ones being killed. It is not by their greater speed that

they are enabled to escape; on the contrary, their great weight

in some measure incapacitates them for running fast, or to any great

distance, so that almost any dog may overtake them ; instead, there-

fore, of running away, the Boomer invariably turns round and faces

his pursuers, erecting himself to his full height, if possible with his

back against a tree, and thus awaits the rush of the dogs, endeavour

ing to strike them with his powerful hind-toe, or catching them in

his fore-arms, and while thus holding them, inflicting dreadful and

often fatal wounds with his foot. Old dogs well broken in, and ac-

customed to hunting the Boomer, will keep him at bay by their

barking till the hunter comes up, who is generally furnished with a

short heavy stick, and with a blow or two on the head brings the

animal down. Even the hunter often runs a hazard, for a Boomer

will frequently, on the approach of man, leave the dogs and attack

his new opponent most fiercely ; and at times it is no easy matter to

avoid being severely cut in attempting to ki!l it. When closely pur-

sued it takes to the water, and as the dogs approach, catches them

in its arms and holds them under him till drowned. If the water be

too shallow for drowning them, it has been known to catch one dog

and place it beneath its feet, while courageously waiting the ap-

proach of a second. The swiftest runner is the female of the first

year before having young, and of the second year with her first

young; at this age her speed is so great that she is termed the

‘Flying Doe’: if she obtains anything like a fair start, she will give

the fleetest dogs a long and severe run, and will frequently succeed

in outstripping them; upon finding herself too closely pressed she

attempts to evade the dogs by making a sudden leap, almost at a

right angle with her course, and the dogs, not unfrequently when

very close to her, and at full speed, bound past her to such a distance,

that by the time they regain the track the kangaroo has gained so

much ground as to get fairly away ; but this stratagem often accele-

rates her death, for in turning off so suddenly the whole weight is

thrown upon one limb; the leg is consequently broken, the animal

falls, and the next moment becomes an easy prey. Even large bucks

are sometimes taken in this way : in their flight and anxiety to escape

the dogs, they often run against a stump or a tree with such violence

as to be killed on the spot.

‘It would scarcely be supposed, from seeing this animal in con-

finement, where it appears so quiet and harmless, that it can be

excited to rage and ferocity; yet such is the case in a state of

nature. Upon finding itself without a chance of escape, it summons

up all its energies for a last struggle, and would often come off victor

if it had dogs alone to-contend with: the moment it sees the ap-

proach of man, it appears to know instinctively that he is its most

formidable opponent; its lips are then curved and contracted; its

eyes sparkle with rage, and seem ready to start from their sockets ;

its ears are in rapid and constant motion, and it utters its peculiar

though not loud yoice—a sort of smothered grunt, half hiss or hard

breathing ; its attention is totally withdrawn from the dogs to its

new enemy; regardless of their rush, it loses its former advantage ;

and the dogs having once fairly got hold, the animal is easily brought

down.

“If a female with a tolerably large young one in the pouch be

pursued, she will often, by a sudden jerk, throw the little creature

out: whether this is done for her own protection, or for the purpose

of misleading the dogs, has been debated by hunters; I am inclined

to think the former is the case, for I have observed that the dogs

pass on without noticing the young one, which in general crouches

in a tuft of grass, or hides itself among the scrub without attempting

to run or make its escape: the mother, if she eludes her pursuers,

doubtless returns for her offspring.

“ The kangaroos inhabiting the forests are invariably much darker

and have a thicker coat than those of the plains; the young are at

first of a very light fawn-colour, and get darker until two years old;

from this age they again become lighter in colour, and the old males

become of a very light grey; the coat, as already mentioned, being

in the summer thin and hairy, and in the winter of a more woolly

character. It is no unusual occurrence to find them with white

marks on the head, particularly a white spot between the eyes or on

the forehead; in one instance I observed the whole of the throat,

cheeks, and upper part of the head spotted with yellowish white.

Albinoes have been frequently met with. The largest and heaviest

kangaroo of this species, of which I have any authentic account, was.

killed at the Murray, and weighed 160 lbs.*”

_ “ Halmaturus manicatus :—Brush and Blue Kangaroo of colonists ;

Goorh-a, aborigines of Perth; Quarra, aborigines of the interior.

This is by far the swiftest and most difficult kangaroo to pro-

cure with dogs, not only from its fleetness, but also from the zigzag

manner of its successive leaps and the thick brush which it inhabits ;

it is very rarely seen in the open country, dwelling in scrubby dis-

tricts, and the facility with which it bounds off and rounds the

clumps of bushes, enables it to make its escape with comparative

ease: during the heat of the day it may be seen under the shade of

a tree or thick clump of bushes, and may be often approached within

a few yards before it bounds from its cover, thus affording a tolerably

easy shot. Weight from 17 to 21 lbs.”

_ ** Anous stolidus.—The Noddy and its allied species are the most nu-

merous of all the inhabitants of the Houtmann’s Abrolhos, breeding in

prodigious numbers; the bird lays in November and December, form-

ing a nest of sea-weed about six inches in diameter, and varying in

height from four to eight inches, but without anything like regularity

of form; the top is nearly flat, there being but a very slight hollow

to prevent the egg rolling off; for, like others of the Sternide, they

never lay but a single egg. ‘I'he nests are so completely plastered

with their excrement, that at first sight it appears to be almost the

only material ; they are either placed on the ground, in a clear open

* The head, feet and fore-arms were exhibited.

space, or on the tops of the thick scrub, over the Sterna fuliginosa :

these two species incubate together in the utmost harmony, the

bushes to an immense extent wearing a mottled appearance, from

the great mass of birds of both species perched on the top; the male

Sterna fuliginosa sitting quite close to the nest of the Noddy, while

its mate is beneath, performing her arduous duties of incubation. On

walking among these birds’ nests, I was surprised to observe the ex-

treme tenacity with which they kept their post; in fact they would

not remove off the egg or young, but suffered themselves to be fairly

trod upon, or taken off by the hand; and so thickly were these nests

placed, that it was no easy matter to avoid crushing either birds or

eggs at every step. Inthe middle of January I found the eggs very

nearly ready to hatch, and but few young birds; in numerous in-

stances the bird would suffer me to take it by the wing and throw it

off the nest, but would immediately return, although I was still

standing close to the spot. There would be an overwhelming increase

of this species yearly but for one check which nature has provided

against it in the presence of a lizard, which is extremely abundant

about their breeding-places, and which finds an easy prey in this and

S. fuliginosa. 1 am satisfied, from constant observation, that on an

average, not more than one out of every twenty birds hatched ever

reach maturity, or live long enough to take wing; besides this,

great numbers of the old birds are constantly killed: these lizards

do not eat the whole bird, but merely extract the brains and ver-

tebral marrow; the remainder however is soon cleared off by the

Dermestes lardarius, which is here in amazing numbers, and gave

me a great deal of uneasiness and constant trouble to preserve my

collection from their repeated attacks. I did not observe the Noddy

inhabiting any other but South Island; they do not appear to go far

out to sea to feed, finding an abundance of food immediately outside

the outer reef; nor did I in any one instance observe it feeding in

the smooth quiet water between the outer reef and the islands. Their

food consists of small fish, small mollusca, medusz, cuttle-fish, &c.

Irides brown, bill and legs blackish grey ; flight somewhat heavy and

very irregular.”

«« Anous ? (Lesser Noddy).—This, although an allied species

to the Noddy, is totally different in its habits of incubation, and is

even much more numerous than the former; it builds a nest of sea-

weed on the branches of the mangrove, from four to ten feet above

the ground ; like the Noddy, however, it is truly gregarious, arranging

their nests as closely as possible; the sea-weed is merely thrown

across the branch without any regard to form, till they have a heap

varying from two to four inches in height, the long pieces of sea-

weed in many instances hanging beneath the branch, which makes

it appear a much larger structure: their nests and the branches

of the trees are completely white from their excrement, throwing

out a most disagreeable and sickly odour, which is perceptible at a

considerable distance. Although there are large groves of man-

groves on other islands, this bird only inhabits those of South

Island. I have seen many vast flocks of birds, but I must con-

—- so

fess I was not at all prepared for the surprise I experienced in wit-

nessing the amazing clouds (literally speaking) which these birds

present when congregating in the evening; while they had their

young to feed, their departure and return with food during the day

in one direction had a most singular appearance. From their breed-

ing-place, across the smooth water to seaward, beyond the outer

reef, is a distance of about four miles, and this entire distance, in

their one and regular track, wore the appearance of one continuous

dark line, from their prodigious numbers: after the young were en-

abled to accompany the parent birds, I observed they all left the

breeding or roosting-place in the morning and did not again return

till evening, apparently the first comers waiting the arrival of the

last before finally roosting for the night ; it is when thus assembling

that the amazing number is seen to perfection: even Audubon, who

has been so accustomed to see such vast flocks of the passenger pigeon,

could hardly avoid expressing surprise if he had an opportunity of

seeing these birds at sunset, moving in one immense mass over and

around their roosting-place; while the noise of the old birds’ quack

and the piping whistle of the young ones is almost deafening. This

bird, like its congener, lays but a single egg; it commences incu-

bating in December, and appears to be the exclusive inhabitant of

the mangroves; and while sitting on its egg or tending its young is

as easily caught as the Noddy, suffering itself to be taken off its nest

rather than leave it. As an article of food it was the favourite,

several hundreds being killed almost daily during our stay on the

island. From the circumstance of this bird inhabiting the upper

branches may be attributed its numbers being greater than any

other of the numerous birds which inhabit the islands, the lizards

being unable to climb the branches with the facility necessary for

capturing their prey, and it thus escapes their repeated attacks, to

which the others must at all times be subject on the ground.”

Mr. L. Fraser laid upon the table three new species of Birds, which

he described as

Lacorus FERRUGINEUS. Lag. dorso, humeris, et uropygio, nitide

Serrugineis ; singulis plumis in medio fusco notatis ; capite et collo

Suscis ; plumarum radicibus albis ; primariis cinereis ; caudd su-

perne cinered, ferrugineo marginatd et ad apicem alba ; femoribus

tarsisque ferrugineis nigro atque albo, vix distincté fasciatis ;

rostro et unguibus nigris, ceromate et digitis flavis.

Upper surface dark brown, mottled slightly with white on the head

and neck; tail above the basal half white, terminal brown, totally

white beneath, the feathers on the breast having brown quills and

those on the sides and thighs spotted with brown.

Total length 235 in.; wings, 17; tail, 10; gape, 14; tarsi, 3.

Hab. Mexico.

Mus. Zool. Soc. Lond.

There are three specimens of this bird in different stages of plu-

mage in the Society’s collection, all from Mexico ; one was presented

by John Taylor, Esq., another by N. A. Vigors, Esq.

Psirracus Timnen. Ps. saturate cinereus, uropygio, abdomine imo,

crisso, et femoribus pallidé cinereis, caudd saturate ferrugineo-

rubrd, rectricibus singulis acutis.

Hab. Timneh country, Sierra Leone.

Le Perroquet cendre noir; Le Vaillant, Hist. Nat. des Perroquets,

pl. 102.

Mus. Zool. Soc. Lond.

This bird is confined to that part of Western Africa near Sierra

Leone; it is never seen so low down as Cape Coast, which is the

locality of the Psittacus erithacus, from which it differs in its much

darker tints of colouring, and the tail-feathers terminating in a point.

PiycToLopuus citrino-cristatus. Pl. albus, cristd citrind, plu-

mis auricularibus sulphureo leviter tinctis.

In vivario, Zool. Soc. Lond.

About the size of Pl. sulphureus.

A letter from George Roberts, Esq., of Lyme Regis, was com-

municated by Mr. Yarrell. It announced the appearance of large

shoals of Sprats off Lyme Regis, from the 14th to the 20th of De-

cember last. So numerous were these shoals, that at the distance

of only fifty yards from the shore, at high water, the fishermen

dipped the sprats out with their shrimp-nets; and so great was the

quantity taken, that the price at one time was as low as 3d. per

bushel. The oldest fishermen do not remember any such occurrence

at Lyme. After a short cessation shoals again made their appear-

ance about the 23rd of January, the fish being even more numerous

than before, giving full employment to about seventy-five fishermen.

Many of the sprats were observed to be infested with the long

slender parasite figured by Mr. Sowerby in his ‘ British Miscellany,’

plate 68. It is also described by Pennant in the fourth volume of

his ‘ British Zoology,’ page 113, edition 1812, under the name of

Lernea spratte. It is the Lerneonema monillaris of M. Milne Ed-

wards, ‘ Hist. Nat. des Crustacés,’ tome iii. p. 525, planche 41, fig. 5,

and is generally found adhering by its arrow-shaped head to the soft

parts about the eye of the fish, or along the line of the abdomen.

A specimen and a drawing of the fish and its parasite were exhibited

in illustration.

;

March 12, 1844.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. Lovell Reeve described thirty-three new species of Arca :—

Arca Pituta. Arca testd orbiculari, valde gibbosd, subinequivalvi,

vir inequilaterali, lateribus superné angulatis, infra rotundatis ;

albidd, fuscescente pallid? tinctd, epidermide fuscd, inter costas

setosd, indutd ; radiatim costata, costis quinque vel sex et viginti,

angustis, valve sinistralis omnibus, valve dectralis anticis tantum,

subtiliter nodulosis ; umbonibus subremotis, ligamenti ared elongato-

rhomboided.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 2. f. 8.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippimes (found in sandy mud at the

depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.

This species is so exceedingly gibbous that the shell is as wide as

it is high, and it is the same in all stages and varieties of growth.

Arca ANOMALA. Arca testd quadrato-ovatd, subcompressd, inequi-

valvi, latere antico rotundato, postico subangulato-rotundato ; albd,

viridescente pallidé tinctd, epidermide corned inter costas sparsim

indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis octo et viginti, valve deztralis

levibus, planulatis, sinistralis convezis, nodulosis ; ligamenti ared

angustd.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 2. f. 9.

Hab. ?

It seems rather anomalous that the ribs in one valve of this shell

should be convex and nodulous, whilst in the other they are flat and

smooth; but it is an interesting fact that the larger valve of the in-

equivalve species of Arca exhibits a much more elaborate style of

sculpture than the smaller. The Arca pilula just described shows

this remarkable peculiarity very distinctly, but not so prominently

as the species under consideration ; and it now remains to be deter-

mined whether this difference arises from any superiority of organi-

zation in the left lobe of the mantle of the animal inhabitant.

- Arca HoLosERica. Arca testd oblique quadratd, equivalvi, lateribus

superne angulatis, antico infra rotundato, postico angulato-extenso ;

albidd, epidermide holosericd obtectd ; radiatim costatd, costis

duabus vel tribus et triginta, creberrimis, planulatis, umbones ver-

sus minutissime pertuso-cancellatis ; umbonibus subobliquis ; liga-

menti ared latiusculd.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 2. f. 11.

Hab. island of Samar, Philippines (found in coarse sand and gra-

vel at the depth of four fathoms) ; Cuming.

This is a very fine species, remarkable not only on account of its

Nos. CXXXIII. & CXXXIV.—Proceepines or tuE Zoot. Soc.

general form and velvety epidermis, but for the minute cancellated

sculpture of the umbones.

ARCA GUBERNACULUM. Arca testd subelongato-ovatd, compressius-

culd, inequivalvi, lateribus superné angulatis, latere antico valdé

breviore, postico compresso-expanso ; viridescente, epidermide inter

costas squamosd indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis duabus vel tribus

et triginta, planulatis, leviter noduloso-serratis ; ligamenti ared

angustd.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 3. f. 11.

Hab. Basey, island of Samar, Philippines (found in coarse sand

and amongst shells at the depth of four fathoms) ; Cuming.

This shell may be recognised by the compressly expanded charac-

ter of the posterior side.

Arca corngEa. Arca testd subquadratd, gibbosiusculd, inequivalvi,

lateribus superné angulatis, infra rotundatis, latere antico breviore ;

albd, corio tenui, corneo, viridescente, epidermide inter costas squa-

mosd indutd; radiatim costatd, costis ad novem et viginti, valve

dextralis planis, sinistralis noduloso-crenatis ; ligamenti ared me-

diocri.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl 3. f. 16.

Hab. Basey, island of Samar, Philippines (found in sandy mud at

low water) ; Cuming.

The horny covering of this species is of an unusually transparent

character.

Arca eipsosa. Arca testd rotundato-ovatd, gibbosissimd, equivalvi,

lateribus subangulatis, infra rotundatis, latere antico breviore ;

albidd, epidermide fuscd indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis sex vel

septem et viginti, rotundatis, angustis, leviter nodulosis ; ligamenti

ared mediocri.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 4. f. 20.

Hab. ?

This shell is almost as round as the Arca pilula, from which it

differs however essentially in having the umbones obliquely turned

to the anterior, and the ribs rounded.

Arca macuLosa. Arca testd oblique ovatd, equivalvi, lateribus

supern? subattenuato-angulatis, infra rotundatis, antico brevissimo,

postico oblique extenso; albidd, fuscescente tinctd, latere postico

maculis perpaucis fuscis ornato, epidermide tenui, corned, inter

costas setosd, obtectd ; radiatim costatd, costis ad sex et triginta,

planulatis, confertis, marginibus serratis, posticis leviter nodulosis,

anticis prope marginem sulco divisis ; umbonibus pallide rufescen-

tidus ; ligamenti ared mediocri, declivi.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 4. f. 24.

Hab. North coast of New Holland.

It is scarcely possible to conceive two species more immediately

allied than this and the Arca scapha, though perfectly distinguished

by the number and arrangement of the ribs, which in the former are

———-

divided by a narrow cut rather than a groove; the scattered brown

spots, though few in number, are also peculiar to the Arca maculosa.

Arca compacta. Arca testd subelongato-quadratd, inequivalvi,

gibbosd, lateribus superné angulatis, antico breviore, postico leviter

angulato-extenso ; albidd, epidermide fuscd partim induta ; radiatim

costatd, costis tricenis, valve dextralis subangustis, planulatis,

sinistralis latioribus, rotundatis, interstitiis cancellatis ; ligamenti

area subangustd, declivi.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 5. f. 27.

Hab. ?

This is a short compact shell of rather solid growth.

Arca pErtusa. Arca testd suboblique quadratd, vir equivalvi,

lateribus supern? angulatis, infra rotundatis ; albidd, viridescente

tinctd, epidermide fuscd spursim indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis

duabus vel tribus et triginta, confertis, plano-convezis, subtilissime

pertusis ; ligamenti ared latiusculd, umbonibus subcentralibus.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 5. f. 28.

Hab. Mouth of the Gambia, Africa.

The ribs of this shell are very finely pricked or indented, a charac-

ter which I do not remember to have observed in any other species.

Arca cistuta. Arca testd subquadratd, inequivalvi, lateribus su-

perne angulatis, antico infra rotundato, postico quadraio ; albd,

epidermide tenui fuscescente, inter costas squamosd, indutd ; radi-

atim costatd, costis angustis, numerosis, septem vel octo et triginta,

valve sinistralis umbones versus subtilissimé nodulosis ; ligamenti

ared mediocri; umbonibus subacutis, prope extremitatem anticam

dispositis.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 5. f. 29.

Hab. ?

An interesting species, remarkable for the neatness and regularity

of the ribs, as well as for the very anterior situation of the umbones.

Arca 1nFuata. Arca testd oblique ovatd, tenui, inflatd, vir equi-

valvi, lateribus superné leviter angulatis, infra rotundatis ; albidd,

epidermide corned fuscd, inter costas squamosd, indutd ; radiatim

costatd, costis numerosis, quadragenis, planulatis, levibus ; liga-

menti ared subangustd, declivi ; umbonibus tumidis, paululiim ap-

proximatis.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 5. f. 30.

Hab. Uo No, isle of Panay, Philippines (found in soft mud at the

depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.

This is a light inflated shell of rather large size, at present unique

in the collection of Mr, Cuming.

Arca cymBzrorMis. Arca testd elongato-ovatd, tumidiusculd, in-

equivalvi, postice attenuatd ; albidd, epidermide corned viridescente,

inter costas squamosd, indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis duabus et

triginta, valve sinistralis rotundatis, tuberculato-crenatis, valve

dezxtralis planulatis, anticis tantum crenatis ; ligamenti ared parvd,

declivi.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 5. f.31.

Hab. ?

This is a shell of very peculiar growth, inasmuch as the posterior

side is smaller and more attenuated than the anterior, a condition

reverse to that usually presented.

Arca Japonica. Arca testd elongato-ovatd, tenuiculd, valde inequi-

valvi, lateribus rotundatis, postico latiore, antico brevissimo ; albd,

epidermide corned fuscescente, inter costas squamosd, indutd ; radi-

atim costatd, costis quinque et triginta, angustis, levibus, planu-

latis, anticis subobsolete nodulosis ; ligamenti ared angustissimd.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 5. f. 32.

Hab. Coast of Japan (found in sandy mud) ; Dr. Siebald.

The lateral extremities of this shell are peculiarly rounded.

Arca vELLIcaTa. Arca testd trapeziformi, subcompressd, in medio

leviter contractd, vir equivalvi, lateribus superne angulatis, an-

tico infra rotundato, postico angulato-expanso ; albidd, epidermide,

inter costas squamosd, partim indutd; radiatim costatd, costis

angustis, numerosissimis, quinquagenis aut pluribus, anticis sulco

divisis ; ligamenti ared angustd ; umbonibus latis, peculiariter de-

presso-vellicatis.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 5. f. 33.

Hab.

This is a very remarkable shell, both on account of the large

number of ribs, and of the peculiar compression of the umbones.

“

Arca Gampbiensis. Arca testd elongato-quadratd, tenuiculd, valde

compressd, in medio coarctatd, equivalvi, lateribus rotundatis,

postico subangulato extenso; albidd, epidermide tenui olivaced,

sparsim setigerd, indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis duabus vel tribus

et viginti, levigatis, plano-expansis, lird exili intercurrente ; liga-

menti ared parvd, angustd ; umbonibus angulato-mucronatis.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 6. f. 36.

Hab. Mouth of the Gambia, Africa (found in sandy mud in deep

water).

The ribs of this shell become peculiarly flattened and spread out

towards the margin, and there is a fine ridge running down the cen-

tre of the intermediate grooves. This is the only species in which I

have as yet observed any kind of fine interribbing.

Arca cunEATA. Arca testd oblique ovatd, equivalvi, marginem

versus coarctatd, lateribus superne angulatis, infra oblique rotun-

datis ; albidd, radiatim costatd, costis ad vicenas, rotundatis, irre-

gulariter nodosis ; ligamenti ared latissimd, declivi; umbonibus

parvis, distantibus.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 6. f. 37.

Hab. Zanzibar.

The great width of the ligamentary area, separating the umbones

asunder to a considerable extent, imparts a wedge-like form to this

shell, by which it may be easily recognised,

Arca secricostaTa. Arca tes/a elongato-ovatd, gibbosissimd, tenui-

culd, lateribus supern® angulatis, infra suboblique rotundatis ; al-

bidd, fuscescente partim tinctd ; radiatim costatd, costis numerosis,

angustis, ad quadragenas, quamplurimis sulco subprofundo divisis ;

ligamenti ared elongatd, latiusculd ; umbontbus tumidis.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 6. f. 38.

Hab. ?

This shell is probably one of those that have been confounded

with the Arca antiquata; it differs in having a much greater number

of ribs, and a larger proportion of them more distinctly grooved.

Anca rerrucinea. Arca testd ovato-oblongd, equivalvi, lateribus

rotundatis ; albidd, epidermide ferrugineo-fuscd indutd ; radiatim

costatd, costis ad septem et viginti, angustis, compressis, subtilis-

sim? nodulosis ; ligamenti ared subangustd ; umbonibus oblique in-

curvis.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 6. f. 39.

Hab. ?

The ribs of this species are unusually narrow, and being finely

nodulous, present a kind of beaded appearance.

Arca rapiaTa. Arca testd ovato-oblongd, equivalvi, lateribus ro-

tundatis ; albidd, fuscescente ad umbones tincté, epidermide spar-

sim indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis ad tricenas, angustissimis,

obsolete nodulosis, interstitiis clathratis ; ligamenti ared mediocri.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 6. f. 40.

Hab. ?

The ribs are much less prominently developed than in the prece-

ding species; they are also narrower, more numerous, and less

strongly noduled.

Anca optieua. Arca testd ovatd, valde obliqua, equivalvi, lateri-

bus superné angulatis, infra rotundatis, antico brevissimo, postico

oblique expanso ; albd, epidermide Suscescente sericd, inter costas

setosd, indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis quinque vel sex et triginia,

planulutis, confertis, interstitiis subtilissimé striatis, anticis pos-

ticisque leviter crenatis, anticis sulco divisis ; ligamenti ared sub-

angustd, declivi ; umbonibus approximatis.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 6. f. 41.

Hab. West coast of Africa.

‘This is a very interesting species, and altogether one of very di-

stinct character.

Arca myristica. Arca testd subgquadrato-ovatd, gibbosiusculi,

inequivalvi, lateribus angulato-rotundatis ; albd, epidermide tenui

rubido-fuscescente indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis tribus vel qua-

tuor et viginti, valve sinistralis omnibus nodulosis, dextralis anticis

_ tantum ; ligamenti ared subangustd.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 7. f. 42.

Hab. Jimamailan, island of Negros, Philippines (found in sandy

mud at the depth of three fathoms) ; Cuming.

In this species there is no trace of that peculiar green colour which

is so prominent in the foliowing.

ARCA CHALCANTHUM. Area testd oblongo-quadratd, subcompressa,

inequivalvi, lateribus superne angulatis, latere antico brevissimo,

postico latiore, compressd ; albidd, corio corneo viridi, epidermide

fuscd, indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis octo et viginti, angustis,

valve sinistralis leviter nodulosis ; ligamenti ared subangusta.

Conch. Icon, Arca, pl. 7. f. 43.

Hai. San Nicolas, island of Zebu, Philippines (found in sandy

mud at the depth of six fathoms); Cuming.

The peculiar colour of this shell gives it the appearance of having

been stained with green copperas.

Arca Luzonica. Arca testa elongato-quadratd, gibbosiusculd, equi-

valvi, lateribus superné angulatis, infra rotundatis, latere antico

brevi ; albidd, corio corneo viridescente, epidermide fusca, indutd ;

radiatim costatd, costis octo et viginti, latiusculis, valve sinistralis

subobsoleté nodulosis ; ligamenti ared subangustd, declivi.

Conch. Icon. Area, pl. 7. f. 44.

Hab. Island of Luzon, Philippines (found in sandy mud at low

water) ; Cuming.

This is a stouter shell than the preceding species ; it is more gib-

bous, and the ribs are broader.

Arca rotunpicostaTa. Arca testd cvatd, gibbosd, equivalvi, la-

teribus superné angulatis, antico brevi, rotundato, postico suban-

gulato-extenso ; alba, umbones versus fuscescente tinctd ; radiatim

costatd, costis ad vicenas, subdistantibus, elevatis, rotundatis, cre-

natis, valve sinistralis potiis latioribus ; ligamenti ared latd, pau-

lulim concavo-declivi.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 7. f. 46.

Hab. ?

A species in which the ribs are peculiarly rounded.

Arca cLaTHRATA. Arca testd subquadrato-ovatd, equivalvi, late-

ribus leviter compressis, superne angulatis, infrd rotundatis ;

albidd, epidermide tenui fuscescente, inter costas exilissimé setosd,

indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis leviter crenatis, interstitiis pro-

Sundis, lineis elevatis clathratis ; ligamenti ared subelongatd.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 7. f. 48.

Hab. Islands of Burias and Ticao, Philippines (found at the depth

of about six fathoms) ; Cuming.

A small species, in which the interstices between the ribs, which

are very deeply engraved, are distinctly latticed with raised lines.

Arca ovata. Arca testa subelongato-ovatd, tenui, valde inequivalvi,

lateribus superné angulato-rotundatis, postico breviore, subtis an-

gulato-extenso, antico attenuato-rotundato ; albidd, rufescente-fusco

tinctd, epidermide tenuissimd ; radiatim costatd, costis ad tricenas,

anticis nodulosis, posticis minus distinctioribus, planulatis, levibus,

costis valve sinistralis valde latioribus ; ligamenti ared parva,

latiusculd.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 8. f. 49. .

Hab. St. Elena, South America (found in sandy mud at the depth

of from six to eight fathoms) ; Cuming.

This shell partakes of the characters of the Arce Brasiliana and

‘incongrua ; it is however more elongated than either, and the ribs are

narrower and more in number.

Arca crenata. Arca testd subelongato-quadratd, subcompressd,

solidiusculd, vix equivalvi, lateribus angulato-rotundatis ; albidd,

epidermide tenui fusca indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis septem vel

octo et triginta, valvarum ambarum omnibus noduloso-crenatis ;

ligamenti ared subangustd, declivi, umbonibus depresso-approzi-

matis.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 8. f. 51.

Hab. ?

This species may be distinguished by its multiplicity of ribs,

coupled with the manner in which the whole of them in both valves

are crenated.

Arca cuososa. Arca testd globosd, tumidd, subequivalvi, lateribus

superne subangulatis, antico breviore; albidd, epidermide corned

fusca indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis duabus vel tribus et triginta,

levibus, planulatis ; ligamenti ared mediocri, umbonibus latiusculis,

subapproximatis.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 8. f. 52.

Hab. Catbalonga, island of Samar, Philippines (found .in coarse

sand and gravel at the depth of four fathoms) ;, Cuming.

Chiefly characterized by its globular form and the smooth horny

nature of the epidermis.

Arca rurescens. Arca testd elongato-ovatd, valdé inequivalvi, la-

teribus supern? leviter angulatis, infra rotundaiis, postico subelon-

gato-extenso ; albidd, rufescente tinctd, epidermide inter costas

partim indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis numerosis, quadragenis,

confertis, levibus ; ligamenti ared mediocri, umbonibus subtrun-

catis.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 8. f. 53.

Hab. ?

This shell is of a more solid structure than the Arca inequivalvis ;

the ribs are much more numerous and close-set, and independent of

the difference of colour, there is a truncated peculiarity in the um-

bones.

Arca conrraria. Arca testd oblique ovatd, solidd, turgidd, equi-

valvi, lateribus rotundatis, postico brevi, antico elongato-extenso ;

albidd, epidermide sericd fuscd crassa partim indutd ; radiatim

costatd, costis tricenis, levibus ; ligamenti ared latiusculd, declivi ;

umbonibus contrarié contortis.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 8. f. 55.

Hab. ——?

This is another contrary or reversed species, and a very remark-

able one, the shell being completely reversed, whilst the position of

the ligamentary area remains the same. This and the Arca reversa,

Gray, are the only species of the genus I have as yet seen exhibit-

ing this peculiarity of growth.

Arca ancicostata. Arca testd subquadrato-ovatd, subequivalvi,

lateribus superne angulatis, infra rotundatis, antico brevi ; albidd,

fuscescente partim tinctd, epidermide fuscd, inter costas squamosd,

indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis ad tricenas, anticis angustis, sub-

distantibus, leviter crenulatis, posticis latioribus, expansioribus ;

ligamenti ared latiusculd.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 9. f. 57.

Hab. ?

There is a very unusual disproportion in the width of the ribs of

this species, the anterior ribs being exceedingly narrow, whilst the

posterior are wider and spread out as it were.

Arca EoricaTs. Arca testa subquadratd, gibbosd, lateribus superne

attenuato-angulatis, antico brevi, rotundato, postico angulato-

extenso ; albidd, corio corneo ceruleo-viridescente loricatd, epider-

mide tenui, fuscd, inter costas squamoséd, induta ; radiatim costata

costis septem vel octo et viginti, planiusculis, acutangulis ; -umbo-

nibus subapproximatis ; ligamenti ared leviter declivi.

Conch. Icon. Area, pl. 9. f. 58.

Hab. .

This shell is covered with a peculiarly strong horny cuticle, and

differs from any previously described species in the arrangement and

formation of the ribs.

Arca DispaRiLis. Arca testd ovatd, tenui, subcompressd, valde in-

equivalvi, lateribus angulato-rotundatis, latere postico subcom-

presso-expanso ; albidd, corio corneo tenui caeruleo-viridescente,

cpidermide fuscd indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis sex vel septem et

triginta, planiusculis, umbones versus obsolete crenulatis ; umboni-

bus subapproximatis ; ligamenti ared angustd, declivi.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 9. f. 59.

Hab. ?

The nearest approach to the Arca inequivalvis, but a shell of more

compressed growth ; the valves exhibit a still greater disparity of size,

and the ribs are rather more numercus.

Arca cREBRIcostTaTA. Arca testd elongato-quadratd, acquivalvi, la-

teribus superne angulatis, antico infra rotundato, postico elongato-

extenso, subattenuato ; albd, epidermide fuscd holosericd indutd ;

radiatim costatd, costis numerosissimis, tribus vel quatuor et qua-

draginta, planis, latiusculis, creberrimis, anterioribus sulco divisis,

subtilissimé crenulatis ; umbonibus latis, subapproximatis ; liga-

menti ared angustd, declivi.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 9. f. 61.

Hab. ?

‘The ribs of this species are very characteristic, being comparatively

broad, flat, very close-set, and more in number than in any other of

the genus.

—_———

Arca urans. Arca testd elongato-ovati, aquivalvi, antice hiante,

lateribus rotundatis, postico altenuato-extenso ; albidd, fuscescente

pallide tinctd, epidermide fuscd, inter costas squamosd, indutd ;

radiatim costatd, costis duabus vel tribus et triginta, latiusculis,

planulatis, anticis subobsolete crenulatis, sulco latissimo divisis ;

umbonibus subapproximatis ; ligamenti ared angusid, profunde de-

clivi.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 9. f. 62.

Hab. ?

The shape of the Arca hians approaches somewhat to that of the

Arca cymbeformis, but the species differ most essentiaily from each

other on examination. In the Arca hians the valves are equal, the

anterior ribs are divided by an unusually broad groove, and the shell

gapes at the anterior end to the extent of about three-sixteenths of

an inch, a peculiarity of which I have not observed the slightest in-

dication in any other species of this division of the Arce.

Anca occiusa. Arca testd subquadratd, valde gibbesd, inequivalvi,

lateribus superneé attenuato-angulatis ; albd; radiatim costatd,

costis septem vel octo et viginti, subdistantibus, valve dextralis

levibus, sinistralis nodulosis ; umbonibus prominentibus, peculiari-

ter approximatis ; ligamenti ared subdeclivi.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 10. f. 64.

Hab. ?

The umbones of this shell are so closely approximated over the

ligamentary area, as to prevent the valves from opening beyond the

extent of about a quarter of an inch.

Arca ampicua. Arca testd subquadratd, tenuiculd, inequivalvi, la-

teribus subatlenuato-angulatis, antico infra rotundato, postico an-

gulato ; albida, epidermide fused, inter costas squamosd, indutd ;

radiatim costatd, costis tribus vel quatuor et triyinta, anguslis,

rotundatis, anticis subtilissime rotundatis ; ligamenti arcd suban-

gustd.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 10. f. 65.

Hab. ?

The Arca cistula is the nearest allied species to this.

ARCA CEPOIDES. Arca tesid subquadrato-ovatd, tenui, ventricosa,

inequivalvi, lateribus angulato-rotundatis ; albidd, fuscescente pal-

lid tinctd, corio corneo carulescente, epidermide Jusca, inter

costas squamosda, indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis duabus et tri-

ginta, levibus, planulatis, costis valve sinistralis sublatioribus ;

umbonibus tumidis ; ligamenti ared latiusculd, valde declivi.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 10. f. 66.

Hab. San Miguel, South America (found in sandy mud) ; Cuming.

‘This is a fine bold species, but it does not exhibit any very striking

peculiarity of character.

Arca Hanxsyana. Area testd oblique ovata, crassiusculd, valde

gibbosd, tumidd, equivalvi, lateribus rotundalis, superne attenuatis,

latere antice brevissimo, postico oblique eatenso ; alad, epidermide

tenut, inter costas hirsutd, sparsim indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis

duabus vel tribus et triginta, planulatis, confertis, quadriliratis ;

umbonibus parvis, distantibus ; ligamenti ared brevi, latd, declivi.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 10. f. 68.

Hab. Harbour of Mozambique (found in a mass of white coral on

the reefs at low water, spring tide) ; Hankey.

I close this division of the genus with a new species, which ex-

hibits a peculiarity in the structure of the ribs of great novelty and

interest, each of them being composed of four distinctly separated

ridges.

I have great pleasure in naming this important species after the

gentleman to whom I am indebted for it, Lieut. Hankey, R.N., a

zealous conchologist, whose researches on the coast of Africa have

greatly contributed to science.

The following description of some new species of Columbella, in

the collection of H. Cuming, Esq., by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, was then

read :—

CoLumBELxLa Ductosrana, nob., Thes. Conch. part 4. pl. 36. f. 15,

16. Col. testd ovatd, utringué acuminatd, longitudinaliter costel-

latd, saturaté fuscd, zonis binis pallidioribus ; spird acuminatd,

anfractibus 5, costatis, ultima magnd parte ventrali longitudinaliter

costatd, interstitiis costarum transversim striatis, dorsali levigatd,

anticé transversim striatd ; aperturd latiusculd, flecuosd, nigri-

cante ; labio externo crasso, intis denticulis 8-9, posticis majori-

bus ; interno posticé callifero; canali breviter acuminato, subre-

flexo ; epidermide crassiusculd.

Epidermis coarse and rough. Found under stones on the coast of

Malacca by H. Cuming; also from Java.

CoLuMBELLA CHLOROsTOMA, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 36. f. 17, 18.

Col. testa ovatd, longitudinaliter costatd, levi, albd, nigro-macu-

lata ; spird mediocri, anfractibus 5, subventricosis, costatis, ultimo

antice transversim striato, parte dorsali anticd costis obsoletis ;

aperturd oblongd, latiusculd, peritremate fulvescente ; labio externo

postice angulato.

A single specimen is in the collection of M. Petit de la Saussaye,

which he has obligingly communicated. It is not Buccinum chloro-

stoma of Wood.

CoLuMBELLA RuUDIS, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 36. f. 33, 34,35. Col.

testd oblonga, rudi, plerumque albidd, punctis strigisque irregu-

lariter ornatd ; spird longiusculd, acutiusculd, anfractibus 7, trans-

versim crasse granuloso striatis, postice anguliferis, ultimo magno ;

aperturd subflecuosd, albd, peritremate postice angulifero ; canali

subreflexd.

From Nevis: in Mr. Cuming’s and other collections.

CoLuMBELLA Pa@ciua, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 37. f.51, 52. Col.

testd ovatd, utrinque subacuminatd, transversim striata, fulvd,

linets 2-3 transversis castaneis, maculisque albis variegatd ; an-

Sractibus 5-6, postice subcoronatis, ultimo magno, subtrigonali ;

aperturd latiusculd, flecuosd, labii externo medio subcoarctato.

Two specimens only were brought from Matnog by H. Cuming.

CotuMBELLA vENusTA, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 37. f.53, 54. Col.

testd oblongd, levigatd, pallescente, strigis maculisque castaneis, ,

undatis, punctisve albis ornatd ; spire apice nigricante ; anfracti-

bus 6, ultimo magno, anticé transversim striato ; apertura latius-

culd, labio externo extis striato, interno denticulis externis 8-9,

internis 2—3 ; canali latiusculo.

A very graceful species, brought lately from the Swan River Set-

tlement.

_ CoLUMBELLA SPLENDIDULA, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 37. f. 65, 66.

Col. testaé oblonga, levi, aurantiacd, maculis albis castaneisque

variegatd ; spird breviusculd, subacuminatd ; anfractibus 7-8, bre-

vibus, ultimo magno, antice transversim striato ; aperturd subflex-

uosa, alba ; labio externo extis varicoso, margine tenuiusculo ; labio

interno anticé lamind levatd columellari instructo ; canali brevi,

subreflexo.

Found in coarse sand at a depth of seven fathoms, near the island

of Corregidor, bay of Manila, by H. Cuming.

CoLuMBELLA oxpscurA, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 37. f.70, 71. Col.

testd oblongd, levi, obscure fulvd, strigis longitudinalibus nigris ;

spird subacuminatd, anfractibus 7, posticé albo nigroque articula-

tis, ultimo anticé transversim sulcato ; labio interno subincrassato,

margine acutiusculo, intis medianeé dentibus 3-4 obsoletis ; interno

antice laminam levatam columellarem efformante ; canali brevi,

subreflexo.

North-west coast of New Holland; Mr. Cuming’s collection.

CotuMBELLA coniFormis, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 37. f. 77, 78.

Col. testa ovato-turbinatd, levi, pallidd, coloribus variis pictd ;

spird breviter conicd, anfractibus 7, primis sex medio obtusé an-

gulato, marginibus prope suturam levatiusculis ; ultimo anfractu

magno, elongato-conico, antice transversim striato ; labio externo

tenuiusculo, intus denticulis plurimis ; canali subreflexo.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection.

CoLuMBELLA AsPERsA, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 37. f. 79, 80. Col.

testd oblongo-ovatd, levi, albd, castaneo-reticulatdé et maculatd ;

spird subacuminatd, apice obtuso, anfractibus 6, postice rotundatis,

ultimo anticé transverse obsolete striato ; aperturéd latiusculd, flex-

uosd, labio externo intiis mediané tuberculato denticulis obsoletis,

margine levigato ; canali latiusculo, brevi.

Two specimens are in Mr. Cuming’s and one in Lady Harvey’s

collection : locality unknown.

CotumsBetta Licuxta, Ducl., Thes. Conch. pl. 38. f. 83, 84, 85.

Col. testd oblonad, acuminatd, levi, albidd, coloribus variis fascia-

tim pictd ; spird elongatd, turritd, anfractibus 8-9, subventricosis,

nitidis_ ultimo magno ; labio externo extis crassiusculo, variciformi,

intis denticulato; labio interno anticé laminam levatam columel-

larem efformante, intis denticulis, rugosiusculo.

Found by Mr. Cuming at Ticao.

CotumBe.ia Fasuta, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 38. f. 86,87; C. Sa-

donosta, Ducl. Col. testd ovatd, levi, pallidd, coloribus obscuris

variis picta ; spird acuminatd, conicd, apice acuto ; unfractibus 6-7,

margine suturarum levatiusculo ; ultimo magno, antice transversim

striato ; aperturd latd, labio externo tenuiusculo, postice subemar-

ginato, intuis in mediam subtumido, denticulato ; canaliculato.

A variety has been found under stones in the bay of Muerte,

island of Corregidor, by Mr. Cuming.

CoLUMBELLA VULPECULA, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 38. f. 98. Col.

testd ovatd, crassd, levi, albidd, ferrugineo-marmoratd ; spira

subacuminatd, anfractibus 6~7, ultimo magno, leviter transversim

striato, antice striis validioribus ; labio externo crasso, extis trans-

versim striato, intts in mediam tumido, denticulato ; apertura

flexuosd ; canali lato, brevi.

CoLuMBELLA misER, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 38. f. 111. | Col. testd

ovato-oblonga, albicante vel lutescente ; spird pyramidali, anfrac-

tibus 6, convewiusculis, antice castaneo-maculatis, posticis quinque

longitudinaliter costatis, antico costato, sed costis dorsalibus antice

evanidis ; aperturd latiusculd, subrhomboidali, dentibus internis

labii externi paucis, parvulis.

There is a variety with nearly obsolete ribs. Locality unknown.

In Mr. Bean’s collection and in my own.

CoLuMBELLA picHRoA, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 40. f. 168, 169.

Col. testd oblongo-subpyramidali, levigatd, albd, castaneo-sphace-

latd ; apice obtuso ; anfractibus quinque ; aperturé lata,

St. Vincent’s; Rev. L. Guilding.. In my own collection.

CotumBELLA GuTrata, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 39. f. 124. Col.

testd oblonga, levi, castaned, albo-guttatd, apice obtuso, violaceo ;

spird longiusculd, anfractibus 5, subplanulatis, ultimo magno ;

aperturd magna, latd, dentibus internis labii externi irregularibus,

labio columellari dente unico postico.

In Mr. Norris’s and Mr. Stainforth’s collections.

CoLuMBELLA sasPiDEA, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 39. f. 125. Col.

testd oblonga, pyramidali, levigatd, albicante, fulvo-marmoratd,

apice acuminato, roseo ; anfractibus 7, costellatis, tenuissim? decus-

satim striatis, costellis ultimi anfractis anticé obsoletis ; aperturd

latiusculd ; labio externo extis incrassato, intis denticulis nonnullis

munito, dente unico anticé prope canalem admoto, labio columellari

antice tubercularum oblongé instructo.

Found under stones at low water on the island of Ticao, by Mr.

Cuming.

CoLUMBELLA ACHATINA, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 39. f. 126. Col.

testd oblongo-turritd, levi, pallidé brunneo-marmoratd, apice de-

collato ; anfractibus 6, convewiusculis, ultimo majori, antic? sul-

cato, sulcis paucis, inconspicuis ; aperturd brevi, latiusculd, intis

violascente, labio externo anticé effuso.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection ; from Swan River.

CoLuMBELLA ImpouiTa, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 39. f.127. Col.

testa oblongd, subturritd, levi, obscurd, fulvescente, fascid spirali

unica albidd ; anfractibus 7, subplanulatis ; aperturd breviusculd,

sinuosd, denticulis internis labii externi puucis, prominentibus, labio

columellari anticé paululim levato.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection.

CoLuMBELLA RuUGULOSA, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 39. f.131. Col.

testd obovatd, rugulosd, crassa, violaceo-nigricante, fascid anticd

maculisque parvis albidis ornatd; anfractibus 5, longitudinaliter

costatis, tenuiter decussatim striatis, striis unticis fortioribus ;

aperturd latiusculd, dentibus internis labii externi paucis majus-

culis.

Gallapagos Islands ; H. Cuming.

CoLuMBELLA ATRAMENTARIA, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 40. f. 174.

Col. testd ovato-acuminatd, crassd, medio ventricoso, transversim

striata, nigrd ; anfractibus 5—6, tenuiter longitudinaliter costatis ;

apertura latd, labio externo incrassato, interne denticulis subin-

conspicuis.

Chatham Island, Gallapagos ; G. B. Sowerby’s collection.

Cotumsetta Ticaonts, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 39. f.142. Col.

testd oblongd, utrdque acuminatd, medio turgido, pallescente, cas-

taneo-sphacelatd ; anfractibus 6, transversim striatis, suturis leva-

tiusculis ; aperturd oblongd, labio externo extiis incrassato, margine

tenui, denticulis internis paucis, parvulis.

Found at a depth of seven fathoms in sandy mud, at the island of

Ticao, by H. Cuming.

CoLuMBELLA DeEcussaTA, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 39. f.133. Col.

testd oblonga, crassd, albd, fusco-marmoratd ; anfractibus 5, tur-

gidiusculis, decussatim costatd ; aperturd oblonga, subsinuosd, labio

externo albo, crasso, postice extis obtuse angulato, margine externo

crenato.

Australia; G. Humphrey.

CoLuMBELLA BLANDA, Sol., Thes. Conch. pl. 39. f. 145,146. Col.

testd ovato-pyramidali, pallida, apice acuto ; anfractibus 8, levibus,

longitudinaliter undulatim fusco-lineatis, lineis prope suturam dor-

salem ultimi anfractis fortioribus ; apertura latd, postice acumi-

natd, labio externo tenuiusculo, extis turgido, intis denticulis

parvis instructo ; canali latiusculo.

Africa; on the shore. Solander.

CotuMBELLA NIVEA, nob., Thes Conch. pl.39.f:151. Col. testd

ovato-pyramidali, crassiusculd, levi, nived, apice acuminato ; an-

Sractibus 8, primis 6 levigatis, penultimo longitudinaliter costellato,

ultimo costato, ad partem dorsalem anticam levi ; aperturd suban-

gustd, subsinuosd, labio externo crasso, intis subdenticulato, labio

columellari anticé levato.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection.

CoLtuMBELLA suBULATA, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 40. f. 158, 159.

Col. testd turrito-pyramidali, levigatd, albidd, epidermide tenui,

corned, pallescente indutd ; spird subulatd, anfractibus decem, con-

veviusculis, primis octo levibus, tribus ultimis postice transversim

striatis, ultimo striato, postice tumido; aperturd sinuosd, albd,

labio externo extis incrassato, intis mediané incrassato, denticulato ;

labio interno incrassato, levato ; canali brevi, reflexo.

In Mr. Norris’s collection : locality unknown.

CotumsBetia Puetta, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 40. f. 160,161. Col.

testd ovato-pyramidali, spird acuminatd, acutd, pallide castaned

vel brunned variegatd, anfractibus 9, longitudinaliter costellatis,

levibus, ultimo anlice transversim striato ; suturd crenulatd, albd ;

canali distincto, extis transversim sulcato ; aperturd oblongd, sub-

rhomboided, labio columellari uniplicato.

From Burias; H. Cuming. A variety nearly free from the longi-

tudinal ribs occurs at Catbalonga.

CoLumMBELLA suFFusA, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 40. f. 166, 167.

Col. testd oblongd, crassiusculd, albicante, maculis lturisque

Suscis ornatd ; spird acuminatd, conoidali ; anfractibus 6-7, longi-

tudinaliter costatis, interstitiis costarum tenuiter transversim stri-

atis ; aperturd latiusculd.

Pacific Ocean ; Cuming.

CotumBe.a parva, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 40.f.170. Col. testd

oblongd, pallidd, fascid spirali castaned unicd ornatd, apice acumi-

nato ; anfractibus 6, longitudinaliter costatis, decussatim striatis,

ultimo antice prope labium externum variciformatum levigato,

supra canalem transversim strialo; aperturd breviusculd, sub-

sinuosd, labio columellari levato.

Found under stones at Monte Christi, West Columbia ; H. Cuming.

CoLuMBELLA CATENATA, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 40. f.171. Col.

testd oblonga, crassa, pallidd, undulatim castaneo-marmoratd, apice

acuminato, obtusiusculo ; anfractibus 6, longitudinaliter costatis,

interstitiis levibus, ultimo antice transversim striato; aperturd

latiusculd, denticulis parvis 4, labii columellaris obtusis.

Locality unkaown; Mr. Cuming’s collection.

CoLuMBELLA NIGRICANS, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 40. f. 172. Col.

testd oblongd, nigricante, apice acuminato, anfractibus 6, longitu-

dinaliter costatis, interstitiis costarum tenuiter transversim striatis ;

suturd distinctd, crenulatd, albicante, margine labii externi pallido.

Gallapagos Islands ; Mr. Cuming’s collection.

CotumsBetia Dormitor, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 40. f.173. Col.

testd ovato-conoided, pallescente, spird conicd, breviusculd ; anfrac- |

tibus 6, transversim sulcatis ; aperlurd levigatd, margine interno

labii externi crenulato.

St. Vincent's; Rev. L. Guilding. In Mr. Gray’s collection.

Cotumpetia Guitprinet, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 40. f. 175, 176.

Col. testa oblongo-pyramidali, pallescente, brunneo-variegatd, apice

acuminato-subturritd ; anfractibus 6, longitudinaliter costatis et

transversim striatis ; aperturd longiusculd, sinuosd, canali subelon-

gato, extis transversim sulcato.

‘In the British Museum; found at St. Vincent’s by the late Rev.

Lansdowne Guilding.

Cotumpetta Broprriri, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 40. f. 178, 179.

Col. testd oblongo-turritd, levi, castaned, varie albo-maculatd et

guttatd ; anfractibus 5, subventricosis, oblongd, latiusculd, labio

externo ints denticulis 2-3 obsoletis instructo ; anfractu ultimo

anticé transversim striato.

Alboran Island; W. J. Broderip, Esq. In the British Museum.

Corumpetta Krauss, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 40. f. 180, 181.

Col. testd ovato-oblongd, levi, albicante, lineis castaneis undulatis

signatd ; anfractibus 5—6, subventricosis, longitudinaliter costel-

latis, costellis distantibus, interstitiis levibus ; apertura latd ;

canali brevissimo.

In the British Museum ; found at Natal by Dr. Krauss.

CotumBeLLa MoniLiFEeRa, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 40.f.177. Col.

testd turritd, albd, maculis irregularibus brunneis pictd, spird

acuminata ; anfractibus 7, longitudinaliter costatis et transversim

sulcatis, series tres posticas et seriem unicam costellarum granuli-

ferarum anticam efformantibus ; aperturd brevi, latiuscula.

From the West Indies ; the late G. Humphrey.

CotumsBELta Pustuta, nob., Thes. Conch. pl. 40. f. 182, 183.

Col. testé ovatd, levi, albicante, lineis pallidé brunneis pictd ; spird

subacuminatd ; anfractibus 5-6, subventricosis ; aperturd latiusculd,

labio externo crassiusculo, intiis obsolete denticulato ; labio interno

intiis tuberculo obtuso instructo ; canali brevi.

St. Vincent’s; the late Rev. L. Guilding.

Cotumpetia atometta, Ducl., Thes. Conch. pl. 40. f. 184, 185.

Col. testd oblongd, albicante, nonnunquam pallide castaneo-unifas-

ciatd, spird acuminatd ; anfractibus 6, longitudinaliter costatis ;

suturd crenata’; ultimo anfractu antice levi, supra canalem trans-

versim sulcato ; aperturd angustd.

West Indies ; Rey. L. Guilding.

March 26, 1844.

The Right Hon. William Sturges Bourne in the Chair.

A letter was read from Anthony White, Esq., describing the mor-

bid appearances which presented themselves on examining the body

of the Lion (Felis Leo) which died in the Society’s Gardens on the

15th inst.

A communication was made by Dr. Falconer, conveying the sub-

stance of a paper by Capt. Cautley and himself on the osteological

characters and paleontological history of the Colossochelys Atlas, a

fossil tortoise of enormous size, from the tertiary strata of the Se-

walik hills in the north of India—a tertiary chain apparently formed

by the detritus of the Himalaya mountains.

A great number of huge fragments, derived from all parts of the

skeleton except the neck and tail, were exhibited on the table, illus-

trative of a diagram by Mr. Scharf of the animal restored to the

natural size.

The communication opened with a reference to the reptilian forms

discovered in the fossil slate, among which colossal representatives

have been found of all the known tribes, such as the Iguanodon, Me-

galosaurus, Labyrinthodon, &c., besides numerous forms of which no

living analogues exist, such as the Enaliosaurian reptiles and Ptero-

dactyles. No fossil Testudinata remarkable either for size or devia-

tion from existing forms, have hitherto been found in the fossil state.

The Colossochelys supplies the blank in the first respect, while it

differs so little from the land-tortoises in the general construction

of its osseous frame, as hardly to constitute more than a subgenus

of Testudo.

The plastron or sternal portion of the shell affords the chief di-

stinctive character. The episternal portion in the adult is six anda

half inches thick, and contracted into a diameter of eight inches, bifid

at the apex, and supplied with a thick cuneiform keel on its inferior

side: this keel constitutes one of the principal features in the fossil.

The entosternal portion exhibits exactly the form of Testudo, the

same being the case with the xiphiosternal or posterior portion. The

plastron in the adult animal was estimated to be nine feet four

inches long.

The carapace or buckler of the shell coincides exactly with the

general form of the large land-tortoises, of which it exhibits only a

magnified representation, flattened at the top and vertical at the sides,

with the same outline and recurved margin. The shell was estimated

to have been twelve feet three inches long, eight feet in diameter,

and six feet high.

The extremities were described as constructed exactly as in the

land-tortoises, in which the form of the femur and humerus is marked

by peculiar characters. These bones in the fossil were of a huge

size, corresponding to the dimensions of the shell. The ungueal

bones indicated a foot as large as that of the largest Rhinoceros. The

humerus was more curved, and the articulating head more globular

and deeper in the fossil, from which it was inferred that it had a

stronger articulation, greater rotation, and that the Colossochelys

was enabled to bring its anterior extremities more under its weight

than is the case with existing tortoises.

The affinities with Testudo shown in the shell and extremities were

found to hold equally good in the construction of the head, of which

a comparatively small-sized specimen, inferred to have belonged to

a young or half-grown Colossochelys, was exhibited. The head of

the adult to correspond with the dimensions of the shell, and accord-

ing to the proportions furnished by a large Testudo Indica, was de-

duced to have been two feet long.

There were no ascertained cervical vertebre to afford direct evi-

dence as to the length of the neck, which was constructed in the

diagram relatively to the proportions of Testudo Indica. The entire

length of the Colossochelys Atlas was inferred to have been about —

eighteen feet, and that it stood upwards of seven feet high.

The generic name given by the discoverers has reference to the

colossal size of the fossil (kuAocods et yédus), and the specific one to

its fitting representation of the mythological tortoise that sustained

the world, according to the systems of Indian cosmogony.

The anatomical details occupied so much of the evening, that space

was not left for Dr. Falconer to enter on general points connected

with the fossil, such as its possible connexion with the mythological

fables of the Hindoos and the era of its extinction, which will form

the subject of another communication.

The results of a chemical analysis of the bones by Mr. Middleton

were communicated, showing that they contained a very large quan-

tity of fluorine. Some rough sketches of the Colossochelys were

exhibited, etched on glass by means of the fluorine yielded by its

own bones. The analysis indicated the presence of 11 per cent. of

fluoride of calcium. j

Mr. Gould exhibited a series of Birds from Australia, collected

partly by himself and partly by Mr. Gilbert, viz, :—

Fam. CoLuMBIDz.

GxopeLia PLaciDA. Geop. facie et gutture cinereis ; occipite, dorso

alisque e cinereo-fuscis ; singulis plumis ad apicem nigerrimo fas-

ciatis, alulis spuriis primariisque saturate fuscis, humeris subtis

castaneis, pectore, lateribus, et nuchd cinereis lineis angustis nigris

crebre fasciatis, et lateribus vinaceis.

Face and throat grey ; occiput, back and wings ashy brown; each

feather with a band of deep velvety black at the extremity ; spurious

wings and primaries dark brown; under surface of the shoulders

chestnut; chest, sides and back of the neck grey, crossed by nume-

rous narrow bands of black ; abdomen and flanks vinous ; four centre

tail-feathers ashy brown, the remainder black, largely tipped with

white; irides light ash-grey; bill and orbits bright greyish blue,

becoming much paler before and behind the eye; frontal scales of

tarsi and feet dark greenish grey; remainder of the legs and feet

reddish flesh-colour.

Total length, 72 inches; bill, $; wing, 37; tail, 33; tarsi, 4.

Hab. Port Essington.

This and the next species are very nearly allied, but on comparison

of numerous individuals I find that size invariably points out the

locality from which they have been procured; the larger birds (G.

tranquilla) being an inhabitant of the interior of New South Wales,

and the smaller (G. placida) of the north coast; besides which, the

bands crossing the chest are broader and more distinct in the latter

than in the former.

GEOPELIA TRANQUILLA. Geop. facie et gutture pallide cinereis, oc-

cipite dorso alisque e cinereo-fuscis, singulis plumis ad apicem

anguste nigerrimo fasciatis ; alulis spuriis, primariisque saturate

Suscis, pectore, lateribus, et nuchd pallide cinereis, lineis angustis

nigris crebre notatis, abdomine et lateribus pallid vinaceis, ab-

domine medio crissoque albis ; humeris subtiis castaneis.

Face and throat pale grey; occiput, back and wings ashy brown,

each feather bounded at the end with a narrow band of deep velvety

black; spurious wing and primaries dark brown; chest, sides and

back of the neck pale grey, crossed by numerous narrow, irregular

bands of black ; abdomen and flanks pale vinous ; centre of the abdo-

men and under tail-coverts white; under surface of the shoulder

deep chestnut; four centre tail-feathers greyish brown, passing into

black at the tip; the lateral tail-feathers black, largely tipped with

white ; irides transparent bluish white ; base of bill and nostrils light

blue; tip of the bill bluish black; naked skin of the orbits deeply

wrinkled and of a beautiful light greenish blue ; frontal scales of the

tarsi and toes dark purple ; hind part of the legs flesh-colour.

Total length, 83 inches ; bill, 3; wing, 4; tail, 43 ; tarsi, 3:

Hab. Liverpool plains and banks of the Namoi, interior of New

South Wales.

Family Rariipz.

Genus EvLaBeEornis.

Gen. char.—Rostrum capite longius, fere rectum, et leviter incurvum,

lateraliter compressum ; naribus elongatis, apertis, singulis in sinu

per mandibule tres feré partes a basi excurrente positis. Ale

pauld breves atque debiles, valdé rotundate; tertiariis elongatis,

fer ad apicem ale. Tursi pauld longi, et robustiores quam in

genere ‘ Rallus;’ digitis attamen brevioribus. Cauda longa, cu-

neiformis, pogoniis laxis et effusis.

EULABEORNIS CASTANEOVENTRIS. ul. capite et collo cinereis;

corpore superiore in toto olivaceo; pectore et corpore inferiore e

cinereo-castaneis.

Head and neck ash-grey; all the upper surface, wings and tail

olive ; breast and all the under surface greyish chestnut ; bill yellow

at the base, horn-colour at the tip; legs and feet brown.

Total length, 19 inches; bill, 2}; wing, 94; tail, 6; tarsi, 23.

Hab. North coast of Australia.

The “‘ Morduggera”’ of the aborigines at Port Essington.

Family ProceLiarip2.

PurFinus carRNEIPES. Puff. castaneo-niger ; rostro e carneo albo,

culmine apiceque fuscis ; pedibus flavescenti-carneis.

All the plumage chocolate-black ; bill fleshy white; culmen and

tips of the mandibles brown; legs, feet and membranes yellowish

flesh-colour.

Total length, 15 inches ; bill, 13; wing, 12; tail, 5; tarsi, 2; mid-

dle toe and nail, 23.

ProceLttaria Soxanpri. Proc. capite, nuchd, humeris, primariis

et caudd saturate fuscis ; dorso,alarum caudeque tectricibus e plum-

beo-cinereis, plumis fusco marginatis ; facie, corporeque subtis

Suscis, abdomine cinereo lavato.

Head, back of the neck, shoulders, primaries and tail dark brown ;

back, wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts slate-grey, each feather

margined with dark brown; face and all the under surface brown,

washed with grey on the abdomen ; bill, tarsi and membranes black.

Total length, 16 inches; bill, 12; wing, 12; tail, 53; tarsi, 3;

middle toe and nail, 23.

ProcELLaRIA LEUCOPTERA. Proc. vertice, corpore superiore, alisque

e plumbeo nigris ; caudé e plumbeo-cinered ; facie, gutture, corpore

inferiore, rectricum pogoniis internis ad basim, linedque humerali

albis ; tarsis, et membranis interdigitalibus per dimidium basale e

carneo-albis.

Crown of the head, all the upper surface and wings dark slaty

black; tail slate-grey; greater wing-coverts slightly fringed with

white ; face, throat, all the under surface, the base of the inner webs

of the primaries and secondaries, and a line along the inner edge of

the shoulder, pure white ; bill black ; tarsi and basal half of the inter-

digital membrane fleshy white ; remainder of the toes and interdigital

membrane black.

Total length, 13 inches; bill, 1; wing, 8£; tail, 4; tarsi, 12;

middle toe and nail, 132.

APTENODYTES UNDINA. Apt. corpore superiore, lateribus, alisque

supern® nitide cerulescentibus, per plumas singulas lined nigrd

longitudinali (Jatiore in plumis dorsalibus); corpore inferiore alisque

subtiis et ad marginem, rectricumque pogoniis internis albis.

The whole of the upper surface, flanks and upper surface of the

wings glossy light blue, with a narrow stripe of black down the

centre of each feather, the black mark being broadest and most con-

spicuous on the back; all the under surface of the body, under side,

and the inner margin of the upper side of the wing and inner webs

of the tail-feathers silky white; bill reddish brown beneath, black

above ; feet yellowish white.

Total length, 133 inches ; bill, 14; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.

This is less than Ap. minor, to which it is nearly allied.

For the fine specimen here described I am indebted to Ronald C.

Gunn, Esq., who procured it at Circular Head, Van Diemen’s Land.

April 9, 1844.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

A paper by Mr. Sylvanus Hanley was read, containing the follow-

ing descriptions of new species of the genus Tellina, chiefly collected

by H. Cuming, Esq. in the Philippine Islands and Central America :—

Teviina Cumineu*. Tel. testd elongato-oblongd, subequilaterali,

solidd, compressiusculd, vix nitidd, albidd aut flavescente, maculis

aut strigis lineisve brunneis aut fusco-purpurascentibus radiata,

concentrice sulcatd ; sulcis anticé confertis, subimbricatis, postice

sublamellosis remotiusculis ; margine ventrali convexo, utrinque

sursim acclinante ; dorsali utrinque subdeclivi, antice convevius-

culo, postice subrecto, subincurvato, subdentato; latere postico

attenuato, rostrato, paululim breviore, ad extremitatem biangulato ;

costd umbonali valde prominente ; ligamento inconspicuo ; super-

ficie internd albidd aut flavidd ; dentibus lateralibus validis, sub-

equidistantibus. Long. 0°95; lat. 2°40 poll.

Hab. Guacomayo, Central America; in coral sand.

Intermediate between Spengleri and Mezicana.

Tetiina Rastettum. Tel. testa elongata, convexiusculd, equilate-

rali, solidd, flavidd, pallidé roseo radiatd, anticé sulcatd, posticé

squamosd ; squamis erectis, lamellosis, in tisdem seriebus cum sulcis

concentricis, ordinatis ; margine ventrali vix convexiusculo; dor-

sali utrinque paululiim dechvi, antice vix convexiusculo, postice

recto aut subincurvato ; latere postico attenuato, subrostrato, ad

extremitatem oblique biangulato ; extremitate anticd rotundatd ; l-

gamento, et costa umbonali, conspicuis ; superficie internd albidd,

umbones versus aurantio utringue fucatd; dentibus lateralibus

validis, subequidistantibus. Long. 1°61; lat. 3°61 poll.

Hab. Zanzibar. Mus. Cuming, Stainforth, &c.

A species frequently confused with pulcherrima, but much more

elongated, the sulci stronger, and the scales entirely absent from the

anterior side.

Tevirna Asperrima. Tel. testd oblongo-ellipticd, convexiusculd,

solidiusculd, flavidd aut incarnatd, roseo-radiatd, totd superficie

externd, squamis asperrimd ; squamis anticé semilunatis, postice (et

presertim supra costam umbonalem distinctam) spinosis ; margine

ventrali medio subrecto flexurd distinctd ; dorsali utrinque subde-

* In my former papers I have used the terms posterior and anterior in

the Lamarckian sense of the words; but as I find this is contrary to the

practice of the other writers in these Proceedings, for the sake of uniformity

I now conform to their phraseology.

No. CXXXIV.—Procrepines or THE Zoou. Soc.

clivi et paululiim convewiusculo ; latere antico breviore ; extremitate

posticd subbiangulatd, attenuatd ; dentibus lateralibus magnis, an-

tico approzimato. Long. 1°0; lat. 1°85 poll.

An unique specimen, in the cabinet of Mr. Cuming; found by him

at Sual, province of Pangasinan, isle of Luzon (sandy mud, six

fathoms). Allied to pulcherrima.

Texiina Jupar. Tel. testd T. virgate affnis, sed magis trian-

gulari, altiore, minus elongatd ; rubro-purpured, radiis albis aut

albidis ornatd ; margine ventrali subarcuato ; dorsali utringue de-

cliviore ; superficie internd albidd, aut coloribus externis fucatd.

Long. 1°65 ; lat. 2°50 poll.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming, Sowerby, &c.

Teiiina verrucosa. Tel. testd oblongo-elongatd, solidd, com-

pressd; aut flavidd, rubro-purpureo radiata, aut pallide rosed,

radiis subalbidis angustis, zonisque saturatioribus, ornatd ; valvuld

alterd, undique (natibus excipiendis) verrucosd ; alterd, medid con»

centricé sulcatd, lateribus solim verrucosd ; verrucis ellipticis, aut

semilunatis, in seriebus vix interruptis, concentricé ordinatis ; mar- _

gine ventrali antic? subarcuato, posticé sursiim acclinante ; dorsali

antice convexiusculo et vix subdeclivi, postice subrecto, subdeclivi ;

latere antico longiore, rotundato; extremitate posticd attenuatd,

subrostratd, oblique subbiangulatd ; ligamento haud prominente ;

flexurd ventrali costdque umbonali, conspicuis ; dentibus lateralibus

magnis, equidistantibus. Long. 0°75; lat. 1°50 poll.

Hab. Corregidor, bay of Manila.

General shape of 7. crucigera, but in sculpture quite distinct.

Two specimens only of this rare Tellen are as yet known, and both

of them in the cabinet of H. Cuming, Esq.

Texiuina Guitpine. Tel. testd oblongd, tenui, compressd, sub-

equilaterali, albidd, radiis aurantio-roseis, zonisque albido-roseis,

ornatd ; sulcis exilibus, confertis, concentrice exaratd ; margine

ventrali subrecto, medid subretuso; dorsali utringue declivi, et

vix convexiusculo ; latere postico paululim breviore, attenuato ;

extremitate posticd inferne angulatd, anticd rotundatd ; natibus

acutis ; costd umbonali et flexurd ventrali inconspicuis ; ligamento

prominente ; dentibus lateralibus magnis, equidistantibus. Long.

0°70 ; lat. 1°30 poll.

Hab. West Indies. Mus. Metcalfe, Walton.

Possesses the general appearance of a Psammobia, and belongs to

that section of Tellin of which virgata is the type.

TELLINA RUBESCENS. Tel. testd T. striate et T. punicez simil-

limd ; ab hdc autem differt, testd tenuiore antice emarginationis

experte ; ab illd, natibus obtusioribus, et extremitate posticd minus

attenuatd ; ab utroque, superficie nitidissimd, ligamento infosso,

margineque ventrali convexiore et utringue subequaliter declivi ;

sulcis in utrdque valvuld postice obsoletis ; dentibus ut in T. pu-

nicea, sed minimis, inconspicuis. Long. 1°25 ; lat. 1°75.

Hab. Panama and Tumbez; in sandy mud.

Tewuina recta, Tel. testd oblongd, tenui, compressiusculd, sub-

inequivalvi, subequilaterali, nitidissimd, pellucidd, intus extusque

roseo-purpurascente, concentricé sulcatd ; sulcis remotis, alterd in

valvuld postic? evanescentibus ; margine ventrali subrecto, medid

subretuso ; dorsali utrinque subequaliter declivi, postict subrecto ;

latere antico paululim breviore, ad extremitatem obtuse rotundato ;

extremitate posticd superne angulatd, attenuatd ; costd umbonali

et flecurd ventrali obsoletis ; ligamento prominulo ; dentibus ut in

T. punicea. Long. 1:0; lat. 1°80 poll.

Hab. Real Liejos, Central America; in coarse sandy mud, seven

fathoms. =

This species forms one of that group of which punicea is the

type. Though closely allied to that species, its transparency, the

more distant sulci, and its deep purplish-red colouring suffice to

distinguish it.

TELLINA EBURNEA. Tel. testd oblongd, opacd, solidd, inequivalvi,

convexd, nitidd, albidd, inequilaterali, concentricé sulcatd ; sulcis

profundis, remotis (alterd in valvuld, nonnunquam postice evanes-

centibus) ; margine ventrali convewiusculo, anticé sursim accli-

nante; dorsali antice subrecto, leviterque declivi, postice recto

subitogue declivi; latere postico multiim breviore, subcuneiformi ;

lineis erectis obliquis, aream nymphalem et analem rugantibus ;

ligamento brevi, prominente ; flexurd ventrali costdque umbonali

subobsoletis ; superficie internd candidd ; dentibus lateralibus, ut

in T. puniced. Long. 0°90; lat. 1°50 poll.

Hab. Tumbez, Peru ; in soft sandy mud, five fathoms.

Allied to punicea, but easily distinguished from that and any other

allied species by the peculiar elevated sulci on the dorsal areas.

Teiiina Prora. Tel. testd subtrigond, ovali, solidd, convexiusculd,

subequilaterali, nitidd, extus intusque pallid? rosed, aut sublevi-

gatd, aut concentricé et tenuissime striatd ; margine ventrali con-

vero; dorsali utringue valde et subequaliter declivi, subrecto ;

extremitate posticd acuminatd ; flerurd ventrali costdque umbonali

subobsoletis ; ligamento prominulo ; dentibus lateralibus magnis,

antico approximato. Long. 1:20; lat. 1°80 poll.

Hab. Porto St. Elena, West Columbia; sandy mud, six fathoms ;

and Salango, West Columbia, sandy mud, nine fathoms.

Its extremely delicate concentric striz and acuminated extremity

separate it from most of the allied species. It belongs to that group

which contains punicea.

TeLuina LAcERIDENS. Tel. testd oblongo-subtrigond, solidd, opacd,

subequilaterali, nitidissimd, convexiusculd, albd (intus candidd),

superne levigatd, inferné concentrice et confertim striatd ; margine

ventrali convexiusculo ; dorsali utrinque convewiusculo, et subequa-

liter declivi; extremitate anticd rotundatd (plerumque subattenu-

ata), posticd rotundato-acuminatd ; costa umbonali et flecurd ven-

trali inconspicuis ; ligamento magno, elongato, prominente ; dentibus

primariis laceratis, antico laterali subapproximato, postico laterali,

minore, remoto. Long. 1°50; lat. 2°50 poll.

Hab. Tumbez, Peru; soft sandy mud, five fathoms.

Var. Testd magis trigond, sulcis confertis, undique exaratd. Long.

1°20; lat. 1°80 poll.

Hab. Chiriqui, West Columbia ; sandy mud, three fathoms.

The ragged primary teeth, the large and elongated ligament, and

the either smooth or closely sulcated surface, distinguish it from any

of the allied species.

Texuina princers. Tel. testd oblongo-ellipticd, equilaterali, solidd,

compressd, nitidiusculd, intus extusque roseo-purpurascente, con-

centrice sulcatd; striis evilibus, profundis, radiantibus, sulcos

confertos utrinque (et alterd in valvuld undique) decussantibus ;

margine ventrali subrecto, dorsali utringue leviter et equaliter

subdeclivi ; extremitate posticd, obtusissimé angulatd ; flecurd ven-

trali costdque umbonali obsoletis ; ligamento prominente ; dente

laterali antico approximato, postico parvo, remoto, inconspicuo.

Long. 2; lat. 3°50 poll.

Hab. Tumbez, Peru; soft sandy mud, five fathoms.

Although not easily confused with any of that section (with two

lateral teeth) to which it belongs, it closely resembles Tellinides pur-

purascens.

Teviina Sowers. Tel. testa subellipticd, subinequivalvi, tenui,

compressd, levigatd, politd, candidd ; margine ventrali arcuato,

postice sursiim acclinante ; dorsali antice vir paululiim declivi,

convexiusculo, postice paululim declivi, prope nates subincurvato,

deindé convexo ; latere antico longiore, subproducto, postico rotun-

dato-acuminato ; ligamento parvo, angustissimo, infosso ; flexurd

ventrali costdque umbonali subinconspicuis ; superficie internd

albidd, plerumque aurantio tinctd ; dentibus lateralibus tenuibus,

subequidistantibus. Long. 2; lat. 3°30.

Hab. ? Mus. Sowerby, Hanley.

Bears a slight resemblance to the acuta of Wood.

Tevurmna pupica. Tel. tesid parvd, solidd, ovato-subtrigond, sub-

equilaterali, nitidd, candidd, sublevigatd, tenuissime concentrice

striatd ; margine ventrali antic? arcuato, postic? subitd sursim

acclinante ; dorsali utringue valde declivi, antice convexo, postice

elongato, subrecto ; latere antico paululim breviore, subventricoso,

rotundato ; postico compresso, rostrato ; extremitate posticd sub-

acuminatd ; natibus prominentibus ; flerurd ventrali costdque um-

bonali subinconspicuis ; ligamento minimo, infosso ; superficie in-

ternd politd ; dentibus lateralibus distinctis, subapproximatis,

subequidistantibus. Long. 0°30; lat. 0°40 poll.

Hab. Catbalonga, isle of Samar ; ten fathoms, soft mud.

A stout little shell, possessing the general contour of a Neera, and

not easily to be confused with any species of this genus.

Tevuina nux. Tel. testd obovali, subinequivalvi, subequilaterali,

tenui, converd aut subventricosd, nitidd, sublevigatd aut inferne

concentricé substriatd, intus extusque albidd, umbonibus hyalinis et

Sulvis ; margine ventrali subarcuato, dorsali utrinque convexo, satis

et equaliter declivi ; extremitate posticd obtusd, attenuatd ; liga-

mento angustissimo, infosso ; natibus obtusis ; ‘flecurd distinctd ;

costd umbonali inconspicud ; dentibus lateralibus distinctis, antico

paululim propinquiore. Long. 0°50; lat. 0°75 poll.

Hab. St. Nicholas, Zebu; sandy mud, four fathoms.

More oval than the three succeeding closely allied species.

Texuina pineuts. Tel. testd parvd, rotundato-ovali, tenui, subinequi-

valvi, subequilaterali, nitidd, convead aut subventricosd, intus ex-

tusque albidd (rarius incarnatd), levigatd (nonnunquam concentrice

substriatd) ; margine ventrali arcuato, dorsali utringue convexo

et subequaliter declivi; extremitate posticd obtusd ; flecurd di-

stinctd ; natibus minimis ; costd umbonali fere obsoletd ; ligamento

angustissimo, infosso ; dentibus ut in T. nuce. Long. 0°50;

lat. 0°60 poll.

Hab. St. Nicholas, Zebu.

By its more orbicular outline it may be distinguished from nux

and casta. It is still more closely allied to robusta, but its tenuity,

more obtuse hinder extremity, and the greater convexity and less

sudden slope of the dorsal edges, suffice for its separation.

Trruina rosusta. Tel. testd parvd, rotundato-subtrigond, solidd,

subinequivalvi, subequilaterali, ventricosd, nitidd, aut albo-flaves-

cente, aut pallide rosaced, sublevigatd (plerumque inferius remote

substriatd) ; margine ventrali valde arcuato, dorsali utrinque sub-

recto et valde declivi; latere postico attenuato, fer’ subrostrato,

ad extremitatem acuminato ; ligamento angustissimo, infosso ; na-

tibus distinctis, prominentibus, et recté incurvatis ; umbonibus

tumidis ; flecurd distinctd ; costd umbonali fere obsoletd ; lunuld

pared ; superficie internd, plerumque sub umbonibus, flavidd aut

rosed ; dentibus ut in'T. nuce. Long. 0°70; lat. 0°80 poll.

Hab. Isle of Annaa, South Seas, and isle of Burias, Philippines ;

sandy mud, low water. é

Is closely allied to nua, pinguis and casta, but of a stouter tex-

ture even in the youngest individuals. The ligamental edge being

nearly straight, easily separates it from pinguis, where it is decidedly

convex.

Terura casta. Tel. testd obovali, tenuissimd, subinequivalvi,

subaquilateral., pellucida, convexd, nitidd, extus intusque candidd,

levigatd ; margine ventrali maxim? arcuato ; dorsali utrinque sub-

recto, subequaliter satisque declivi ; extremitate posticd angustd,

biangulatd ; ligamento angustissimo, subinfosso ; natibus acutis ;

flecurd ventrali costdque umbonali distinctis ; dentibus ut in T.

nuce. Long. 0°36; lat. 0°48 poll.

Hab. Singapore ; sandy mud.

Bears some resemblance to 7. nua, but the shape is less broad,

the ventral edge decidedly arcuated, the dorsal edges less convex and

shorter, and the umbones colourless.

Tetumna Discus. Tel. testd T. Remiei simillimd, sed subobliqud et

sulcis concentricis vald? irregularibus, viaque continuis ; natibus

haud recte incurvatis ; margine postico dorsali elevatiore, antico

dorsali, prope nates prominulas subincurvato; umbonibus laevi-

gatis ; eatremitate posticd angulatd. Long. 2°75; lat. 3 poll.

Hab. Isle of Mindanao; on reefs, in coarse sand.

Texuina cyrenorpEA. Tel. testd suborbiculari, solidiusculd, in-

aquivalvi, valde inequilaterali, subventricosd, sordide albd (intus,

sub umbonibus, purpured), concentrice costellatd ; striis minutis

oblique radiantibus, costellas confertas postice decussantibus ;

margine ventrali arcuato ; dorsali utrinque valde et subrecte declivi,

antice brevi, postice longiore ; latere antico breviore, obtuse rotun-

dato; extremitate posticd obtusd, paululim attenuatd; natibus

prominentibus ; lunuld distinctd ; ligamento infosso ; flexurd cos-

tdque umbonali obsoletissimis ; dentibus lateralibus parvis, distinc-

tis, subequidistantibus. Long. 0°60; lat. 0°70.

Hab. St. Nicholas, isle of Zebu; sandy mud, low water.

In external appearance bears much resemblance to a Cyrena.

Nineteen specimens of Stuffed Birds, from Van Diemen’s Land,

presented by Thomas Alexander, Esq., F.Z.S., were exhibited.

Letters were read from E. D. Dickson and H. J. Ross, Esqrs., Corr.

Memb., which were accompanied by a donation of Mammals, Birds,

Reptiles, Insects, &c. Also seven Birds’ Skins, from the island of

Cerigo, presented by Capt. Thomas Graves, R.N., Corr. Memb.

The birds, which were in an excellent state of preservation, were

named by Mr. Fraser, and the following notes by Messrs. Dickson

and Ross were read :—

Circus rufus, Briss.

“ Shot near Lake Tajoora, December 1, 1842. Female. Had an

immense quantity of eggs in its ovarium; I never before met with

so astonishing a number in any bird. Its brain was large, and, ex-

cepting the tubercular masses on its base, consisted of almost entirely

cineritious matter. Cranium strongly marked with protuberances

on its upper surface.”

Alcedo ispida, Linn.

“Female. Shot on the sea-shore 18th of November 1842. Said

to be a rare bird at Tripoli. This specimen, together with others

I found at Trebizond, were a good deal smaller than those birds I

procured at Erzeroom.”

Muscicapa grisola, Linn.

‘«* Very common about the trees on the Jebel mountains, May a

June 1843.”

Muscicapa albicollis, Temm.

“Male. Killed at Tripoli June or July 1843. Female. Common

in the Owaniyeh valley on Jebel mountains, May 1843. Flies ex-

actly like a swallow.”

Lanius Excubitor? Linn.

“Male. Sent by Mr. Gagliufi, H.M.B. Vice-Consul at the capi-

tal of Fezzan, March 1843.”

Lanius rufus, Briss.

“Male. Shot on the Jebel mountains June 1843. Female. Food

small beetles: disposition shy. Total length from bill to tail 7°6

inches. Common on Jebel mountains: shot 5th of May 1843.”

Oriolus galbula, Linn.

From the island of Cerigo, Mediterranean. ’ Presented by Capt.

Thomas Graves, R.N.

Sazicola rubetra, Bechst.

“Male. Shot in a garden on the 9th of November 1843. Fe-

male. Shot on the Jebel mountains May 1843.”

- Savicola Deserti, Riipp.

“« Shot at Sokna by G. B. Gagliuffi, Esq., March 1843. Food, ants

and other small insects.”

Savicola CEnanthe, Gould.

Two specimens. Shot by G. B. Gagliuffi, Esq. at Sokna, March

1843, and one in the autumn of 1843.

Sazicola ?

This is apparently a new species, nearly allied to S. cachinnans,

Temm., but I defer describing it until more specimens are received.

- “Male. Shot in the Wadi Belkashim. Sent from Fezzan in the

autumn of 1843 by G. B. Gagliuffi, Esq.”

Savxicola -?

“ A young bird, shot upon the Jebel mountains June 1843. Ap-

; pears to belong to an undescribed species.”

Phenicura ruticilla, Swains.

“Male. Shot by G. B. Gagliuffi, Esq. at Sokna, March 1843.”

Curruca cinerea, Bechst.

“ Sent from Fezzan during the autumn of 1843 by G. B. Gagliufi,

Esq.”

Curruca melanocephala, Lath.

“Male. Shot in a garden on the 9th of November 1848. Eye-

lids orange-red.”

Curruca orphea, Gould.

“Shot in Owaniyeh valley on the Jebel mountains 5th of May

1843. Male. Total length 6°7 inches: food beetles: eyes pale

straw-yellow, with dilated black pupils : lives among rushes. It had

the largest testes I ever observed in any bird of its size ; they were

0°7 of an inch long, and equal in magnitude to its gizzard.”

Salicaria Phragmitis, Selb.

“ Shot on the Jebel mountains May 1843.”

Salicaria galactotes, Gould.

“Male. Songster. Food, minute grasshoppers, insects, &c. Total

length 7 inches ; bill dusky brown, legs light brown ; testicles white

and very large, each being nearly equal in size to its gizzard. Habits

shy. ‘This lovely bird, whenever it perches upon a branch, wags its

tail like a Motacilla.”

Malurus Acacie ? Riipp.

«Female. Shot by G. B. Gagliuffi, Esq., between Tarhona and

Benoleed. Food, ants.”

Motacilla neglecta, Gould. Budytes neglecta, Cuv.

«« Sent from Fezzan during the autumn of 1843 by G. B. Gagliufii,

Esq.”

Anthus pratensis, Bechst.

“Male. Shot on the 30th of October 1843.”

Alauda arvensis, Linn.

“Shot on the 30th of November 18438, in the vicinity of Lake

Tajoora, where they were collected into large flocks in the stubble-

fields, apparently migrating. They were very shy.”

Alauda brachydactyla, Temm.

**Male and female. Shot by G. B. Gagliuffi, Esq. at Sokna in

March 1843.”

Alauda cristata ? Linn.

«*Samsoon Lark. Very common at times. Shot in May ? 1842.”

Pyrgita domestica? Cuv.

Two very pretty varieties; one nearly white, but retaining the

black throat. ‘‘ Male. Sent by G. B. Gagliuffi, Esq., March 1843.”

The other pale cinnamon. “ Sent from Fezzan during the autumn

of 1843 by G. B. Gagliuffi, Esq.”

Cuculus canorus, Linn.

«* Shot either in June or July 1843.”

Perdiz petrosa, Lath.

«« Killed in December 1842. Very common all over the country,

frequenting ravines, hills, and all places where they can find cover,

and often met with even in our gardens: flies in coveys: a shy bird:

used as food by the natives, though its flesh is dry and without fla-

vour. Its heart is so small that it does not exceed that of a sparrow.”

Otis Houbara, Linn.

«Male. Houbara. Caught by falcons on the 23rd of March 1843.

Total length 283 inches; stomach capacious, but thin; distended

with bits of vegetable matter, like portions of green dates.”

Cursorius Isabellinus, Meyer.

“Male. Shot at Tripoli. This is probably an inhabitant of the

inland lakes of Africa, for it makes its first appearance with us during

the months of July and August, and quits us again for the winter.

It frequents pools and other moist situations, where it occasionally

is seen in astonishing numbers. A shy bird, and reckoned good

eating.”

Ardea cinerea, Linn.

“« Brought by an Arab 14th of March 1843. Male. Total length

534 inches : eyes of a sulphur-yellow colour ; bill bright yellow ; legs

light brown with dusky claws.”

Ardea garzetta, Linn.

From Cerigo. Presented by Capt. Thomas Graves, R.N.

Ardea comata, Pall.

From Cerigo. Presented by Capt. Thomas Graves, R.N.

Ibis Falcinellus, Temm.

From Cerigo. Presented by Capt. Thomas Graves, R.N.

Gallinula chloropus, Lath.

« Sent from Fezzan during the autumn of 1843 by G. B. Gag-

liuff, Esq.”

Botaurus stellaris, Steph.

« Sent from Fezzan during the autumn of 1843 by G. B. Gagliuff,

Esq.”

Limosa melanura, Leisl.

“ Tripoli, June or July 1843.”

Himantopus melanopterus, Meyer.

‘Tripoli, June or July 1843,” and an apparently young bird.

«¢ Shot at Tajoora Lake 1st of December 1843.” And two specimens

from Cerigo, presented by Capt. ‘Thomas Graves, R.N.

Charadrius pluvialis, Linn.

“Young female? Total length 13°3 inches. Contents of its

gizzard insects, grass and pebbles. Shot on the 17th of Noyember

1843. Said to be common on the shore to the westward of the town.”

Charadrius hiaticula, Linn.

“Female. Shot on the 5th of December 1848. Legs pale orange-

red. Common along the sea-beach in December.”

Tringa variabilis, Meyer.

« Shot 24th of December 1842, on the sea-side.”

A beautiful specimen of Siliquaria anguina formed a part of this

donation.

April 23, 1844.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

A continuation of Mr, Sylvanus Hanley’s paper on new Telling was

read, containing the following descriptions :—

Trina sincera. Tel. testd T. carnarie simillimd, sed majore,

latiore, compressd et albidd ; striis tenuioribus ; ligamento valde

angusto ; natibus paululim ad latus anticum spectantibus ; margine

ventrali tantiim subarcuato ; dentibus lateralibus conspicuis, sub-

aquidistantibus. Long. 1°20; lat, 1°40 poll.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming, Metcalfe.

Extremely like T. carnaria, but larger, broader, and more flattened.

The oblique striz are minute, and almost entirely disappear in aged

specimens.

Tevuina Senecauensis. Tel. testd T. splendidz simillimd, sed

striis sulcisque exilioribus magisque confertis ; extremitate etiam

posticd, striis arcuatis obliquis in utrdque valvuld, ornatd ; super-

ficie internd purpured, albo postic? biradiatd. Long. 0°80; lat. 1

poll. °

Hab. Senegal.

An extremely common shell, bearing some slight resemblance to

carnaria, and has probably been hitherto neglected, from its close

approximation to the splendida of Anton.

Tevirna 1ncarnata, Tel, testd obovatd, subobliqud, inequilaterali,

ventricosd, solidd, incarnatd aut albido-rosed, impolitd ; striis ele-

vatis concentricis tenuissimis, strias radiantes elevatas confertis-

sime decussantibus ; margine ventrali arcuato, postic® sursim

accliviore ; dorsali anticé declivi et prope nates paululim incurvato,

postice elevatiore subarcuato et subitd declinante ; ligamento infosso ;

superficie internd flavescente, margines versus subrosed ; dentibus

lateralibus maximis. Long. 0°70; lat. 0°95 poll.

Hab. San Nicholas, Zebu; sandy mud, low water.

This graceful species is allied in sculpture to the decussata of

Lamarck, but the shape and colouring easily distinguish it. In

almost every adult specimen the tips of the beaks are chalky white,

the umbones yellow, and the ligamental edge rosy.

Triuina Lyra. Tel. testd ovali, tenui, compressd, nitidiusculd,

albd, striis concentricis elevatis ornatd, interstitiis levigatis ; mar-

gine ventrali ad utramque extremitatem arcuato, medid convexius-

culo; dorsali postice altiore, convexo satisque declinante, antice

prope lunulam excavatam, aut horizontali aut leviter acclivi ; latere

antico paululim longiore, rotundato ; extremitate posticd obtusd ;

oe ae

natibus acutis, prominentibus ; flerurd obsoletd ; dentibus latera-

libus distinctis, antico approximato, postico parvo, remotiore.

Long. 1°80; lat. 2°60 poll.

Hab. Tumbez, Peru,”

This most exquisite shell will probably prove inequivalve, but as I

have never met with any but left valves, I can only judge so from

analogy. Although very different in shape, its texture and the ex-

cavated dorsal areas remind us of Burnetti. The ventral fold is obso-

lete, and the situation of the umbonal ridge is indicated by a linear

carina, which is only separated from the dorsal edge by a narrow

concavity.

Texirna Puriiprinarum. Tel. testd ovatd aut subovatd, tenui,

subequilaterali, intus extusque candidd, nitidd, concentric? et tenu-

issime striatd ; margine ventrali arcuato, postic? sursim acclivi ;

dorsali antico brevi, recto, subdeclivi; latere postico subcunei-

Sormi ; ligamento prominulo ; extremitate anticd obtusd ; cardine

dente laterali (in junioribus subobsoleto) antico subapproximato.

Long. 0°70; lat, 1 poll.

Hab. St. Nicholas, isle of Zebu, and Jimmamailan, isle of Negros.

This shell, which appears to be common throughout the Philippine

Islands, reminds us by its shape of the 7. solidula. It is rather yari-

able in its proportions, and but rarely attains the assigned dimen-

sions, In aged specimens the vicinity of the umbones is usually of

a flesh-colour or tawny orange,

Terria Lister. Tel, testd obovatd, solidd, ventricosd aut sub-

ventricosd, equilaterali, glabrd, extus intusque candidd ; margine

ventrali medid subrecio ; dorsali antic? arcuato paululimque de-

clivi, postice recto, declivi ; latere antico dilatato, obtuse rotundato ;

postico obtusissime biangulato ; ligamento magno, infosso ; natibus

obtusis ; umbonibus plerumque subplanulatis ; cardine dente late-

rali antico subapproximato. Long. 2°3; lat. 3° poll,

Hab. Senegal. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

This species appears to be represented in Lister’s ‘ Historia Con-

chyliorum,’ plate 288. fig. 235. Although in general shape it is

approached by many of its section (Telling with a single lateral tooth),

its superior size and solidity render it remarkable.

Texiuina pumita. Tel. testé T. Philippinarum simillimd, sed an-

gustiore ; margine ventrali medio subrecto ; dorsali utringue recto

aut subconcavo, antic? paululim declivi, latere postico cuneiformi ;

margine antico reeto, verticali. Long. 0°60; lat. 0°90 poll.

Hab. Valparaiso ; sandy mud, from seven to thirty fathoms.

Easily to be confused with 7. Philippinarum, but is decidedly nar-

rower and the margins less convex. The front dorsal edge, which

is longer and less sloping than in that species, forms an angle with

the straight and direct anterior margin.

Tewiina Cutter. Tel. testd parvd, ovatd, inequilaterali, tenuius-

culd, converd, nitidd, intus extusque aurantio-rosed, levigatd ;

margine ventrali antice arcuato, postice sursim acclivi; dorsali

antic? magis minusve convexo satisque declivi, postice recto et valde

declivi ; latere antico producto, ad extremitatem obtuse rotundato ;

postico acuminato ; natibus acutis ; ligamento vie prominulo ; flecurd

ventrali obsoleta ; cardine dente laterali antico parvo, approxi-

mato. Long. 0°35; lat. 0°55 poll.

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, Mindanao; twenty-five fa-

thoms, sandy mud.

This species is closely allied to the tenuis of our own shores, but

may be distinguished by its acuminated extremity. In young speci-

mens there are indications of concentric strie near the front of the

ventral margin.

Trruina Corsutorpes. Tel. tesid subovali, inequivalvi, solidd, sub-

ventricosd, sublevigatd, roseo-incarnatd (intus plerumque aurantio-

rubrd) ; margine ventrali sinistre valvule, ultra marginem convex-

iusculum alterius, prominente ; latere antico breviore, obtuse acumi-

nato; extremitate posticd rotundatd; ared dorsali posticd in

adultis subplanulatd ; natibus obtusis ; flexurd ventrali distinctd ;

cardine dente laterali, parvo, approximato, antico.

Var. Testd extus intusque candidd. Long. 0°80; lat. 1:20 poll.

Hab. Catbalonga, isle of Samar; ten fathoms, soft mud.

The general appearance of this shell gives us the idea of a Corbula.

It is covered when fresh with a thin fugacious epidermis, which re-

flects the most brilliant prismatic colours.

Tectina Cycrapirormis. Tel. testd parvd, rotundato-subtrigond,

tenui, ventricosd, intus extusque incarnatd aut pallide rosed, sub- ;

levigatd ; margine ventrali convexo ; dorsali utrinque declivi, con-

veriusculo ; latere antico rotundato et paulld breviore ; extremitate

posticd obtuse subangulatd ; ligamento prominulo ; flecurd costdque

umbonali obsoletis ; cardine dente laterali parvo, approximato, an-

tico. Long. 0°20; lat. 0°25.

Hab. St. Nicholas, Zebu.

Not unlike pisiformis, but destitute of oblique striz.

TrLuina rnscutpta. Tel. testd oblongo-elongatd, solidiusculd, com-

pressd, equilaterali, extus intusque candidd ; sulcis confertis con-

centrice exaratd, striisque tenuissimis radiantibus (presertim pos-

tice) decussatd; margine ventrali elongato, subrecto ; dorsali

utrinque subrecto, subdeclivi ; extremitate posticd subbiangulatd ;

flexurd ventrali distinctd ; cardine dente laterali quamplurimum

approximato, antico. Long. 1; lat. 2 poll.

Hab. Chiriqui, West Columbia; sandy mud, three fathoms.

This unique and elegant shell possesses the shape and general ap-

pearance of a Psammobia. The single anterior lateral tooth is so

close to the primary ones, that the hinge appears to be composed of

three cardinal teeth in the left valve. Beyond the almost obsolete

umbonal ridge the concentric sulci become broken into small scales.

The delicate radiating striz are quite obsolete in front. The shell

seems slightly inequivalve.

JTELLINA IN#QuaLis. Tel, testd subovatd, valde ineequilaterali,

solidd, convexd, candidd, tenuiter striatd ; striis superneé obliquis,

inferne concentricis, fleruosis ; supra costam umbonalem inconspi-

cuam, rugis erectis flexuosis, asperatd ; margine ventrali convex-

issimo ; dorsali antic? subincurvato et valde declivi, postice brevi,

recto, subdeclivi ; latere antico producto, ad extremitatem attenuato,

rotundato ; extremitate posticd obtusd ; natibus acutis ; lunuld di-

stinctd ; superficie internd candidd, aut flavescente ; cardine dente

_ _ laterali magno, subremoto, antico. Long. 0°90; lat. 1°20 poll.

Hab, Ceylon. Mus. Cuming.

An unique specimen of this curious shell is in the museum of Mr.

Cuming, and reminds us in many particulars of the Tellina Gargadia ;

but that species is neither so narrow nor so greatly inequilateral, its

oblique striz do not extend over the posterior portion of the shell,

and its hinge is clearly provided with two lateral teeth. The elevated

flexuous wrinkles radiate down the umbonal slope in three distinct

lines.

Tevurma Fenix. Tel. tesid subovalt, solidiusculd, valde inequilate.-

rali, convexiusculd, nitidd, levigatd, intus extusque rosed ; margine

ventrali vix convexiusculo; dorsali anatice vix declivi, convexo,

postice valde declivi ; latere postico brevissimo, obtuse subtruncato,

inferneé subangulato ; extremitate anticd rotundatd ; costé umbonali

et flerurd ventrali subobsoletis; cardine dente laterali magno,

approximato, antico. Long. 0°38; lat. 0-80 poil.

Hab. Panama; sandy mud, six to ten fathoms.

This elegant little shell approximates in form to the British Dona-

cina, but differs as well in colouring as in sculpture and teeth.

Texiuina Cotumsrensis. Tel. testd ellipticd aut oblongo-ellipticd,

compressiusculd, subtenut, levigatd, intus extusque albidd, epider-

mide tenuissimd, fulvo-cinered indutd ; margine ventrali medid

conveviusculo, ulrinque arcuato; dorsali utrinque convexo, antice

paulld, postice satis declivi; latere antico longiore, rotundato ;

extremitate posticd acuminatd ; flexurd subobsoletd ; dentibus pri-

mariis minimis, lateralibus nullis. Long. 1°70; iat. 3 poll.

Hab. Monte Christi, West Columbia ; sandy mud, twelve fathoms.

; Its more compressed valves and minute teeth will distinguish it

from the few species which are allied to it in outline.- The hinge-

margin is very short and rather broad. The general shape is that of

T. Soverbii.

Texuina Sovuteyeti. Tel. testd oblongd, tenuiusculd, convexo-

depressd, intus extusque albidd, levigatd ; margine ventrali magis

minusve convexo ; dorsali antice convexiusculo et subdeclivi, pos-

tice subrecto aut subretuso et valdé declivi; flerurd costdque um-

bonali distinctis ; ligamento infosso ; natibus acutis ; latere antico

longiore, rotundato; extremitate posticd subrostratd ; dentibus

lateralibus nullis. Long. 0°75 ; lat. 1-25 poll.

Hab. St. Nicholas, Zebu; sandy mud at low water.

IT have named this species in honour of my friend M. Souleyet,

whose investigation of the Pteropoda promises to be of high interest

to natural science.

Textiina unputatTa. Tel. testd oblongd, tenuissimd, compressd,

impolitd, intus extusque albidd, suboblique et concentrict undulata ;

margine ventrali convezo ; dorsali antice subrecto et vix declivi,

postice incurvato, satisque declivi; latere postico brevi, attenuato,

rostrato; flecurd costdque umbonali distinctis ; natibus acutis ;

dentibus lateralibus nullis. Long. 0°40; lat. 0°80 poll.

Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia; sandy mud, six fathoms.

The oblique waves are chiefly conspicuous in front of the shell,

and become concentric posteriorly. ‘This character is so distinct

that the species cannot possibly be confounded with any of this genus.

The general shape is that of crucigera; the fold is very distinct and

the ligament sunken.

Tetiina micans. Tel. testd subovali, tenui, nitidissimd, compressd,

nived, levigatd ; margine ventrali convexo ; dorsali antice convex-

iusculo, subhorizontali; latere antico longiore, ad extremitatem

rotundato aut obtuso ; postico cuneiformi ; flecurd costdque umbo- |

nali obsoletis ; natibus obtusis ; dentibus lateralibus nullis. Long.

0°50; lat. 1 poll.

Hab. Catbalonga, isle of Samar, and Bias, isle of Negros.

Bears a close resemblance to the margaritacea of Lamarck, but

that species is not devoid of lateral teeth. It is a glassy-looking

shell and highly polished ; the surface too is sometimes slightly opa-

lescent.

Treiurna cusris. Tel. testd ovatd, solidiusculd, convead, nitidius-

culd, rosed, antict et infernt substriatd ; margine ventrali arcuato ;

dorsali utrinque subdeclivi, antice convexo, postice recto aut subre-

tuso ; flecurd costdque umbonali distinctis ; latere antico paululim

longiore, rotundato ; postico subacuminato, subrostrato ; dentibus

lateralibus nullis. Long. 1°20; lat. 1°§5 poll.

Hab. 2? Mus. Cuming, Walton, Metcalfe.

A beautiful shell, whose general appearance is that of an abbre-

viated specimen of the 7. depressa of Lamarck, which latter must

resume its prior appellation of incarnata, being decidedly the species

so designated by Linneus.

*« Descriptions of Marginelle collected during the voyage of H.M.S.

Sulphur, and from the collection of Mr. Cuming,” by Mr. Hinds.

Mareine.ia, Lamarck.

Section I. Phenospira.

MarGInELLa PIPERATA. Mar. testd obovatd, maculis parvis nigris

et albidis, interdum longitudinaliter coalitis, confertim ornatd ;

spird retuso-conicd, obtusa ; anfractu ultimo rotundaté angulato ;

spird lined unicd comitatd ; labro incrassato, extis nigro maculato,

intts levi ; columelld quadriplicatd. Axis 9 lin.

Hab. i

Cab. Cuming.

~ See eee

MarGINELLA scripTa. Mar. testd parvd, retuse ovatd, cinered,

lineis nigris longitudinalibus valde angulatis (zic-zac) sparsim

maculatis ; spird retusissimd ; labro intits denticulato ; columella

quinqueplicatd, duabus superioribus transversis. Axis 3+ lin.

Hab. Straits of Macassar ; in eleven to fifteen fathoms, coarse sand.

Cab. Belcher.

MarGINnELLA Livipa. Mar. testd ovata, pallid? cerulescente, ob-

solete trifasciatd ; spird retusd; labro albido, valde incrassato,

ints levi ; columelld late callosd, supra spiram ascendente, quadri-

plicaid, Axis 6} lin,

Hab. Cuba.

Cab. Grier.

Shell ovate, dull pale blue, indistinctly banded by a darker colour ;

the face covered by a white callosity spreading over the columella,

ascending along the spire, and running into the labrum, which is

thus thickened even beyond what is usual; the back shouldered and

slightly angular.

It is to the liberality of M. Griiner that I am indebted for the op-

portunity of including this shell in these descriptions.

MarcingLia Nopata. Mar. testa elongate ovatd vel subfusiformi,

luteo-olivaced, lineis nigris subfleruosis longitrorsum ornatd, punc-

tis concoloribus conspersis ; spird elongatd, inconspicue plico-

costatd ; labro incrassato, intis denticulato ; columella quadripli-

catd. Axis 10 lin.

Hab. Cape Blanco, west coast of Africa; in from twelve to fifteen

fathoms, among sand.

Cab. Belcher.

With the general aspect and character of M. Cleryii, but somewhat

larger, more broadly shouldered, the longitudinal lines studded at

intervals with dark spots, and which are somewhat regularly disposed

in the transverse direction ; and lastly, the spire is less elongated and

furnished with rather indistinct pliciform ribs.

Marcinetta musica. Mar. testdé ovatd, cinereo-olivaced, lineis

nigris transversim ornatd ; spird retuso-conicd ; labro paululim

incrassato, intits levi ; columella quadriplicatd. Axis 8 lin.

Hab. Cape Blanco, west coast of Africa; in thirty-five fathoms,

sand.

Cab. Belcher.

Readily distinguished from any species hitherto recorded by the

transverse, somewhat distant, and regularly disposed dark lines.

Marernetita Betcuerit. Mar. testd concinné ovatd, albd, lineis

eleganter punctatis raris, frequentioribus, vel confertis transversim

dispositis, interdum albo fasciatd ; spird mediocri, conicd ; labro

incrassato, albo, prope medium subdilatato, intits levi; columelld

quadriplicatd. Axis 9 lin.

Hab. Cape Blanco, west coast of Africa; in from twelve to fifteen

fathoms.

_ Cab: Belcher.

This very beautiful species displays considerable variation in the

character of its markings. In some individuals the exterior is nearly

white, with a few scattered transverse lines, composed of elegant

minute dottings, and these are perhaps the older shells; from this

they gradually become more and more covered with them, till in some

the whole. surface is quite darkened. In this latter case irregular

lines become conspicuous in the longitudinal direction. In many

specimens the transverse lines are separated by intervals, which per-

mit the ground-colour of the shell to show through like milk-white

bands. The outer lip seems in all cases to retain its uniform white

colour, and at its upper part is slightly emarginate, but becomes

thickened at and a little beneath the centre.

MarGINELLA SapoTiLLA. Mar. testd elongaté ovatd, fer? subcy-

lindraceo-ovatd ; cinered vel glaucescente, concolore ; spird retuso-

conicd ; aperturd intis fusca ; labro incrassato, recto, albo, postice

Fulvo, intis levi ; columelld quadriplicatd. Axis 11 lin.

Hab. Panama; in from five to thirteen fathoms, sandy mud,

Cab. Belcher et Cuming.

The American analogue of M. cerulescens, or more correctly M.

prunum, than which it is of smaller size, more cylindrical in shape,

whence result its straight outer lip, less fullness and roundness of the

shoulders, but without any disposition to that obscure banding which

. is visible in some specimens of M.prunum. Both species present a

rich brown colour within the aperture, and in general appearance

they are remarkably alike.

MarGineEtia consrricra. Mar. testd albidd, obscure trifasciatd ;

spird retuse conicd ; anfractu ultimo prope medium coarctato ; labro

incrassato, medio incurvato, intis levi, superne ad spiram adscen-

dente ; eres quadriplicatd, Axis § lin.

Hab.

Cab. tks

MAnrGINELLA Nivosa. Mar. testd ovatd, cinereo-fuscd ; maculis

lacteis laceratis super lineas longitudinales dispositis ; spird retusd ;

labro subrecto, incrassalo, albo, ad spiram adscendente, ints infra

medium leviter denticulato ; columelld quadriplicatd. Axis 9 lin.

Hab. !

Cab. Cuming.

A full-shaped oval shell of a fawn colour, with longitudinal lines,

as if marking the periods of growth, on which are aggregated small

irregular milk-white spots ; these are generally clustered on the lines,

but a few occupy the intervals between them. The outer lip is of

an uniform white, and beneath its middle are a few rather indistinct

denticulations ; above it ascends to the spire, which it renders cal-

lous on that side. Within it is of a pale fawn-colour.

MarGINELLA PRUINOSA. Mar. testd ovatd, coarctatd, albidd, obso-

let trifasciatd, maculis parvis lacteis conspersd; spird conico-

retusd, subcallosd ; labro incrassato, paululiim incurvato, intits

Phos,

’

‘

leviter denticulato; aperturd angustd; columelld quadriplicatd.

Axis. 6 lin.

Hab. West Indies.

Cab. Cuming.

In some respects similar to the foregoing, but, in the place of its

full rounded form, this is contracted towards the middle of the body-

whorl. The fasciation is constant cn all the specimens, but always

very faint and indistinct, and the small milk-white spots are scattered

with little regularity over the surface.

Manrcinexia austrais. Mar. testd retus? ovatd, albidd vel pal-

lidé corned ; spird conico-retusd ; labro incrassato, pone albido,

intiis levi; columelld quadriplicatd, versus basin albo fasciatd.

Axis 32 lin.

Hab. North-west coast of Australia; in coral sand at low water.

Mr. Dring, R.N.

Cab. Cuming.

The characters of this little shell are quite unobtrusive, if we ex-

cept the white base of the columella; and this may serve to distinguish

it from any species hitherto on record.

MarcineLya virrea. Mar. testd coniformi, hyalind, nitidd ; spird

valde retusd; labro paululim incrassato et reflexo, intis levi ;

columelld plicis quatuor gracilibus, Axis 3 lin.

. Hab. West coast of Africa.

Cab. Belcher.

Mareinexua Fusirormis. Mar. testd fusiformi, albidd vel pallide

corned ; spird elatd, obtusd ; anfractu ultimo gradatim attenuato ;

- labro paululim incrassato, intits levi ; aperturd lineari ; columella

quadriplicatd, Axis 3 lin.

Hab. Straits of Malacca; in seventeen fathoms, mud.

Cab. Belcher.

This species departs so far from the usual outline of the genus as

to become decidedly fusiform. The recent shell is most probably of

a delicate horn-colour, though the prevailing number of our speci-

mens are white, shining and glossy, and, there seems little doubt,

have lost their original colour.

‘The following species belongs to a section of this genus, which

might with much propriety be separated as a subgeneric group, under

the name of Volvarina. They are all delicate and rather thin shells,

with an apparent spire, the labrum never varixed, and usually not

even thickened, with a sharp edge, always bent in on the aperture.

The columellar folds are nearly constantly four in number, slender,

and more or less oblique. . avena, Valenciennes, is a typical spe-

cies.

Marcineia nitipa (Vonvarina). Mar. testd elongate ovata,

fusca, politd, nitidd, concolore ; spird conicd, obtusd ; labro tenui,

acuto, inflexo, pallido ; columelld quadriplicatd. Axis 4 lin.

_ Hab. ?

_ Cab. Cuming.

Section II. Cryptospira.

MareinELua TRicincTA. Mar. testd obeso-ovatd, cinereo-cerules-

cente, fusco trifasciatd, labro incrassato, luteo, intis levi; colu-

melld sexplicatd, ad basin alba ; plicis tribus superioribus trans-

versis, supremd paululim obsoletéd. Axis 11 lin.

Hab. Straits of Macassar ; in eleven fathoms, coarse sand.

Cab. Belcher.

MarGINELLA BLANDA. Mar. testd ovatd, tenui, sardonychid, obso-

lete fasciatd ; spird vix occultd, pallidd ; labro subincrassato et

subreflexo, intiis levi; columella albidd, sexplicatd, plicis superi-

oribus evanidis. Axis 9 lin.

Hab. Cape Blanco, west coast of Africa; in twelve to fifteen

fathoms.

MareinELua imBricata. Mar. testd ovatd, albidd, maculis rufis

quadratis prope medium unifasciatd, aliter punctis transversis or-

dinate vestitd ; apice puncticulato ; labro reflexzo medio et cum basi

columelle ustulato ; columella subcallosd, quadriplicatd. Axis 5 lin.

Hab. Acapulco. Col. Moffat.

Cab. Cuming.

In one specimen the tessellated band which encircles the body-

whorl is broken up iuto a number of small spots and punctations, so

that though these markings present usually a nearly square shape,

they are most probably disposed to vary. The shell in some respects

approaches M. interrupta.

MarecineELia MuRALIS. Mar. testd elongate ovatd, fere subcylin-

draced, lacted, nitidd ; maculis pallide rufis quadratis transversis

ornatd, interdum albo marginatis, majoribus per series tres dispo-

sitis; labro vie incrassato, subinflexo, intis sulcato; columelld

plicis tribus inferioribus distinctis, obliquis, alteris superioribus

obsoletis transversis. Axis 54 lin.

Hab. ?

Cab. Cuming.

This is a remarkably pretty glittering species, and the specific

‘mame seems justified by the appearance of the pale red regularly-

disposed square markings, which resemble the extremities of the.

bricks in a wall. The labrum is not merely toothed within, but di-

stinctly suleate. It approaches M. Kiener’s M. maculosa, but the

ornation is quite of a different character, and it has no angular ele-

vation on the body-whorl.

Mareinetya sacitrata. Mar. testd retuso-ovatd, pallidd, lineis

rufis sagittatis transversis, alteris longitudinalibus confluentibus,

ornatd ; apice puncticulato ; labro subinflexo, intis levi ; columelld

vie quadriplicatd. Axis 5 lin.

Hab. Brazils: Humphreys.

Cab. Cuming.

Shell shortened, ovate, the ornation consisting of reddish brown,

transverse, arrow-headed markings, disposed in regular series and

connected by waved longitudinal lines. ‘The labrum is not the least

thickened, and slightly inflexed, and the superior fold of the columella

is scarcely distinguishable.

“On the evidence of the former existence of Struthious Birds

distinct from the Dodo in the islands near Mauritius,” by H. E.

‘Strickland, Esq., M.A.

It is well known that Leguat, a French Protestant refugee, who

for more than two years (from 1691 to 1693) resided in the island of

Rodriguez, near Mauritius, described a bird under the name of /e

Solitaire, which Latham considered to be allied to, but distinct from,

the Dodo, and which Gmelin denominated Didus solitarius. Later

authors have supposed Leguat’s bird to be either altogether fictitious,

or to be founded on an imperfect description of the true Dodo, Didus

ineptus, Linn., of whose former existence in the island of Mauritius

there is now no dispute. Considering, however, that Leguat was a

man of education, and that the rest of his narrative bears intrinsic

proofs of veracity, there is no reason to doubt the general accuracy

of his description of the Solitaire; and if this be admitted, it follows

that his bird was distinct, generically as well as specifically, from the

Dodo.

The Solitaire, as described and figured by Leguat, must have dif.

fered from the Dodo in the following respects :—

1. The beak is stated to resemble that of a turkey, except in

being rather more curved. Leguat’s figure corresponds with this

description, and exhibits a moderate-sized gallinaceous-formed beak,

totally unlike that which we know the Dodo to have possessed.

2. The Solitaire is said to have had hardly any tail, whereas the

Dodo was depicted with an arched tail, like that of the ostrich.

3. The Solitaire is said to be longer in the leg (“* plus haut mon-

tée”) than a turkey, while the Dodo was a very short-legged bird,

as shown by the specimens in the British and Oxford Museums.

4. The Solitaire carried its neck erect, and this member was said

to be longer in proportion than that of a turkey. But the Dodo is

depicted with a short, thick and curved neck, corresponding with the

massive proportions of its head.

5. Though unable to fly, the wings of the Solitaire appear to have

been more developed than in the Dodo, as they were enlarged at the

end into a knob the size of a musket-ball, with which the bird at-

tacked its enemies.

6. The female Solitaire is stated to have a kind of band (probably

composed of feathers) at the upper part of the beak, resembling a

widow’s cap; but in the Dodo the whole face was naked.

_ It seems then sufficiently evident, that as late as the year 1693 the

island of Rodriguez was inhabited by a large species of bird distinct

from the Dodo of Mauritius, and now exterminated. This bird was

_unable to fly; and Leguat, who gives a minute description of its

habits, mentions the remarkable circumstance that it lays one egg

on a heap of palm-leaves a foot and a half high, a character which

possibly indicates an affinity to Tulegalla and the Megapodiine of

Australia.

The Solitaire of Rodriguez seems not to have been mentioned by

any other author than Leguat, and we may presume that the species

was exterminated within a few years after his visit.

There is evidence however that other apterous birds of this ano-

malous class formerly existed in the adjacent island of Bourbon. In

the library of the Zoological Society is a manuscript presented by

that active naturalist the late C. Telfair, Esq., who during his resi-

dence in Mauritius collected many valuable scientific and historical

documents. This MS. is entitled ‘ Journal et Relation des Voyages

faits par le S' D. B. aux iles Dauphine ou Madagascar et de Bour-

bon ou Mascarenne.’ 1669. ‘The author, who seems to have been

a very intelligent observer, speaking of the birds of the island of

Bourbon, has the following passage :—

«* Oiseaux de terre et leurs noms.

«* Solitaires : ces oiseaux sont nommés ainsi, parce qu’ils vont tou-

jours seuls. Ils sont gros comme une grosse Oye, et ont le plumage

blanc, noir a l’extrémité des ailes et de la queue. A la queue ily a

des plumes approchantes de celles d’Autruche, ils ont le col long, et

le bec fait comme celui des bécasses, mais plus gros, les jambes et

pieds comme poulets d’Inde. Cet oiseau se prend a la course, ne

volant que bien peu.

** Oiseaux bleus, gros comme les Solitaires, ont le plumage tout

bleu, le bec et les pieds rouges, faits comme pieds de poules, ils ne

volent point, mais ils courent extrémement vite, tellement qu’un

chien a peine d’en attraper a la course ; ils sont trés bons.”

The author then proceeds to describe the wild pigeons and other

birds of Bourbon.

It appears then that about the year 1670 the island of Bourbon was

inhabited by two species of Struthious birds, one of which was called

Solitaire, and the other Oiseau bleu. The Solitaire of Bourbon seems

however to have been distinct from, though probably allied to, the

bird of that name in Rodriguez. Its plumage is stated to have been

white, with the wings and tail terminated with black, whereas Leguat

describes the Rodriguez bird as greyish and brown. The Bourbon

species further differed in having « tail similar to that of an ostrich,

and in the beak being lengthened, “like that of a woodcock, but

stouter,” in which respect it must have resembled the Apteryx of New

Zealand. The phrase ‘‘ne volant que bien peu”? would seem to im-

ply that the bird possessed some powers of flight, though possibly it

may only mean that when hard pressed the bird aided its progress

by flapping the wings, or by springing into the air for a short distance.

The Oiseaux bleus seem to have been a distinct species both from

the Dodo and from the Solitaires of Bourbon and of Rodriguez, and

to have been wholly unable to fly, but possessed, like the Anteryx,

of great cursorial powers.

We are then justified in believing, from the relations of authors

apparently deserving of credit, that the three contiguous islands of

Mauritius, Bourbon and Rodriguez were formerly inhabited by at

least four distinct species of birds, deprived, or nearly so, of the power

of flight, and more nearly allied in structure to the Apteryx of New

Zealand than to any other existing genus of birds. And if the ac-

count given by Cauche of a tridactylous and apterous bird in Mau-

ritius, called Oiseau de Nazarette, be correct, we must believe in the

former existence of a fifth species of the same anomalous family.

Nor need we be surprised at the supposition that the species allied

to the Dodo may have been thus numerous, when we recollect that

Prof. Owen has already shown that no less than five species of that

ornithic wonder, the Dinornis, inhabited New Zealand at a very

recent date, and were doubtless contemporaries of the still surviving

Apteryx. Still less should we wonder at the speedy extinction of

these birds after man took possession of the Mauritian archipelago.

Confined to very small islands, unable to escape from their enemies

by flight, and highly esteemed for food, they soon experienced the

same fate as that of the Dinornis, a fate which will shortly overtake

the unprotected Apteryx*.

Having thus shown that there is good historical evidence of the

former existence of several Struthious or Didiform birds in the Mau-

ritian group of islands, we may inquire whether any actual remains -

of these deceased species are still attainable. On this point I must

be content rather to excite inquiry than to supply information. Of

the Dodo, as is well known, we possess an entire head, and the feet

of two individuals ; but of the other birds above referred to, no relics

have yet been identified. M. Quoy, however, assured M. de Blain-

ville that the bones in the Paris Museum which Cuvier supposed to

belong to the Dodo, were brought, not from Mauritius, but from

Rodriguez ; and it is therefore probable, as supposed by M. de Blain-

ville, that they may have belonged to the Solitaire of Leguat. There

are, too, certain bones from Rodriguez presented by Mr. Telfair to

this Society (Zool. Proceedings, Part I. p. 31); and in the Ander-

sonian Museum at Glasgow there are also some so-called “‘ Dodo’s

bones from Mauritius.” All these materials should be submitted to

careful examination ; and we may feel confident that if Prof. Owen,

who has so skilfully demonstrated the affinities of the Dinornis from

a few fragments of the skeleton, were to take these materials in hand,

he would soon deduce some valuable results, whether positive or

negative, from the investigation.

Much light also might probably be thrown on the subject if natu-

ralists residing in Mauritius, Bourbon and Rodriguez would endea-

vour to obtain further evidence. The alluvia of streams, the soil on

the floors of caverns, and even the ancient mounds of rubbish near

towns and villages, should be carefully searched, and every fragment

of bone preserved, We may hope that the success which has at-

tended such researches in New Zealand will stimulate the naturalists

of Mauritius to similar efforts, and that the Solitaires and Oiseaux

bleus will ere long, like the Dodo and the Dinornis, take their just

rank in our systems of ornithology.

* It is probable that in 1693, when Leguat visited Mauritius, the Dodo

had been extinct a considerable time. He makes no mention of any such

bicd, but remarks “ L’fle était autrefois toute remplie d’Oyes et de Canards

sauvages, de Poules d’eau, de Gelinottes, de Tortues de mer et de terre ;

mais tout cela est devenu fort rare;” showing that at that period, when the

Dutch had occupied Mauritius for nearly a century, civilization had made

great inroads on the fauna of the island.

May 14, 1844.

Rey. John Kirby in the Chair.

A letter was read from Walter Elliott, Esq. of Madras to Col.

Sykes, which was accompanied by a number of skins of animals from

the Neilgherry Hills and the Carnatic.

At the request of the Chairman, Professor Percy called the atten-

tion of the Meeting to the following remarks on the management of

various species of Monkeys in confinement :—

“ Having during the last five years paid considerable attention to

the habits and management of various species of Monkeys, I have

pleasure in complying with the request of Mr. Frazer, and presenting

the results of my experience concerning these animals ; apologizing,

however, for the crude and unconnected style of this communication.

“1. Character of the locality.—I fitted up a capacious hay-loft for

these animals, arranging the cages on each side. The roof at first

consisted merely of slates without mortar. The cages were con-

structed of an iron grating in front, of wood partitions and roof, and

of a brick wall at the back. The boards composing the roof were

not rabbeted, so that warm air could freely escape from the cage

through the roof. At the upper part of each cage was a close box,

with an aperture large enough for a monkey to pass through, and a

door opening externally and fixed on a slide. By this arrangement

it was easy thoroughly to scrape and cleanse the floor of the box;

every night, for a considerable period, fresh sawdust and straw were

introduced into each box through the sliding-doors, and the animals

regularly at.the hour of dusk resorted to them, and remained in them

during the night. Some of them, however, invariably threw out the

straw. Great care was required to keep the bottom of the box clean.

I would recommend, that in the event of such an arrangement being

adopted, the bottom of the box should be made to slide out, and

that it should be always removed during the day; and further, that

a wire door should also be attached to the entrance from within,

with a view to keep the animals out during the day and to secure

them within during the night. I think that this arrangement of

boxes is most applicable for the more delicate species, as those of

the genus Cebus; and that for the large monkeys, as Cynocephalus,

Papio, etc., it is quite superfluous.

“The great objection to the preceding plan is the trouble which

it imposes upon the keeper. I am satisfied, however, that for the

delicate monkeys above mentioned it is well adapted during the

winter months; it has the advantage of keeping them warm without

the aid of much artificial heat, which is at all times in a greater or

less degree injurious. Of late, not having had any of the delicate

Nos. CXXXV & CXXXVI.—Procrepines or THE Zoou. Soc.

species, but only some individuals of the two genera Papio and Cer-

copithecus, I have found, as before remarked, that where two or three

individuals are kept in each cage the arrangement of sleeping-boxes

is not required.

«2. Mode of heating.—For two years during the winter months,

from November to the beginning of April, I employed an Olmsted

stove, which was kept constantly burning; since that time I have

used, with much more convenience and greater economy, an Arnott

stove. I have not observed any unpleasant or injurious effects to

arise from this mode of warming, in consequence I believe of the free

ventilation through the roof. Frequently during the winter nights

the thermometer has sunk to the freezing-point. Of one thing I am

convinced, namely, that a constant temperature is not only not bene-

ficial, but is highly injurious to animal life. If we search through

nature we do not find on any spot of the globe a uniform tempera-

ture, and in many regions where monkeys abound the extremes of

heat and cold are very considerable. We are led then to the con-

clusion, from a-priori reasoning as well as from practical experience,

that a condition of uniform temperature, as has been supposed by

some persons, is not the condition adapted to promote the health of

monkeys. The object in the construction of a menagerie for mon-

keys should be to enable these animals as much as possible to keep

themselves warm, in precisely the same way as they do in nature;

and this may in great measure be effected by adopting the arrange-

ment of sleeping-boxes, in the manner previously described. During

the winter nights I have not found it necessary to maintain the tem-

perature higher than 45° or 50° Fahr., and, during the day, than 56°

or 60°.

«3, Food.—I have always given as much variety as I could obtain

in the season; I allow them daily bread and milk, potatoes roasted

and occasionally raw, onions roasted as well as raw, lettuce, carrots,

and any scraps of food which the house may furnish. In order to

amuse their minds, if I may be allowed the expression, I direct rice

or wheat to be thrown down amongst the sawdust; by this means

they amuse themselves in picking up the grains, Great care is

always to be taken that the feeble animals obtain their proper pro-

portion of food: as is well known to those accustomed to the ma-

nagement of monkeys, the strong tyrannise greatly over the weak,

and appropriate an undue measure of food to themselves. Keepers

then should be particularly careful in ensuring to the weak monkeys

their proper allowance ; I have occasionally known some to become

much emaciated in consequence of the tyranny exerted over them.

I may remark concerning the Marmozet ( Hapale Jacchus), that spiders

appear to be beneficial; the animal eats them with great avidity.

«©4, Exercise and amusement.—It is desirable as much as possible

to induce the monkey to take exercise which is amusing to himself;

various expedients may be suggested in the case of different species.

Small trees which turn vertically are well adapted to many of the

Cebus tribe. I am satisfied that amusement is an element of essen-

tial importance in the successful treatment of monkeys. We shall

be convinced of the truth of this statement when we reflect upon the

excitable temperament of the monkey and upon his natural habits :

in the forest or on the rocks, roaming and jumping about, whether

in pursuit of food or in the way of frolic and gambols, his mind is

ever employed and amused, If amusement be withheld from the

monkey he becomes desponding, and his health declines in conse-

quence, just as in the case of man. In the summer there is no diffi-

culty in providing the required amusements in the open air: I have

one monkey, a female Cercopithecus radiatus, who for two years

during the summer consecutively was accustomed to roam at large

over all the surrounding premises; she became a favourite with

neighbours, who used to encourage her visits. She returned to her

domicile with as much regularity as a common household animal.

“5. Catamenia.—I have a Papio leucopheus, which I have had four

years, which regularly, so far as I have observed, menstruates at in-

tervals of about six weeks. The labia become enormously swelled

and protuberant, and during the subsidence of the swelling a san-

guineous discharge appears. I have also a female Cercopithecus

radiatus which has occasionally exhibited a discharge of the same

character. I have noticed that two individuals of Cercopithecus ra-

diatus are habitually affected with a copious mucous discharge from

the vagina. I have sometimes seen large, transparent, colourless

clots of mucus evacuated.

“6, Lice.—I have occasionally observed small lice, especially about

the shoulders. I have found the best remedies in cleanliness and

sulphur ointment.

“<7. Diseases.—Although I have had seventeen living monkeys

at one time I have only lost one, of phthisis pulmonalis; and in the

case of that one (Papio Rhesus) I am satisfied that the disease had

far advanced before he came into my possession. I lost one, which

had previously belonged to an itinerant showman (Cercopithecus

Mona), of tubercular ulceration of the mucous membrane of the intes-

tines ; the liver, and, what is rare in man, the spleen also contained

_ tubercular deposit. I have lost some from acute diarrhea. Ina

Barbary Ape (Inuus sylvanus) which I lost I found only congestion

of the vessels of the pia mater and a small hydated cyst at the base

of the brain ; he had just arrived at the period of cutting the canine

teeth. A Cercopithecus ruber (Patas or Senegal monkey) died con-

vulsed ; it was examined by my friend Mr. Goodsir of Edinburgh,

who found no appreciable lesion. A brown Cebus, which I kept

during two years, died of mollities ossium. Several of the bones

were broken, and, what is remarkable, the large canine teeth con-

tinued to be developed long after the bone of the head. Accordingly,

they remained in situ, and formed beneath each eye a curious tuber-

cle. No appearance of disease existed in any of the viscera. The

first approach of the disease was indicated by slight dragging of the

hinder extremities, a symptom which, so far as I have hitherto ob-

served, has uniformly terminated after several months in death. The

animal before death had a depraved appetite, occasionally eating his

own ordure, He was much in the habit of masturbation, which he

practised by drawing the hairs of his fore-arm over the glans. I

castrated him some time before death, but not until the ravages of

mollities had very far advanced.

‘In conclusion, I beg again to apologize for these unconnected

remarks, which I have put together hastily and without being en-

abled to refer to any notes.”

The conclusion of the paper by Dr. Falconer and Captain Cautley

on the Gigantic Fossil Tortoise of India was then read :—

“On a former meeting we went through the anatomical characters

presented by the remains of the Colossochelys Atlas. Commencing

with the plastron, we traced the modifieations of form through the

costal elements of the carapace and the dorsal vertebre, all of which

bear the closest resemblance to the ordinary type of the Chersite Che-

lonians, or true land tortoises. A like result followed the examina-

tion of the extremities, which, as exhibited in the remains of the

humerus, femur and ungueal phalanges, were seen to be constructed

exactly on the plan of Testudo, with columnar legs and truncated

club-shaped feet, as in the proboscidean Pachydermata. The same

direction of affinity was observed throughout the conformation of

the head. The only portions of the skeleton from which more or less

direct evidence was not derived, were the neck and tail vertebrze, of

which there were no specimens in the collection. The general re-

sult of the examination showed that the Colossochelys Atlas was

strictly a land tortoise in every part of its bony frame; and the im-

pressions of the horny scutes proved the like in regard to the arrange-

ment of its dermal integument.

“The principal distinctive characters were found in the sternum,

which is enormously thickened at its anterior extremity, along the

united portion of the episternal bones, and contracted into a narrow

neck, so that the width of the combined episternals does not much

exceed their thickness : this thickened portion bears on its under side

a deep massive cuneiform keel, which terminates upon the commence-

ment of the entosternal piece. There is more or less thickening of

this part in all the species of Testudo, and the amount of it is very

variable in different individuals of the same species; but there is

nothing approaching the same degree of contraction in reference to

the thickness, nor aught like a developed keel, in any of the existing

land tortoises which we have either had an opportunity of examining,

or seen described in systematic works on the tribe. The keel in the

fossil is feebly shown in the young animal, but strongly marked in

the adult. Conceiving that generic distinctions are only legitimate

in the case of well-defined modifications affecting some of the leading

characters in the organization of an animal, we do not consider our-

selves warranted in attaching a higher systematic importance to the

Colossochelys than as a subgenus of Testudo, which may technically

be defined thus (the distinction resting mainly on the form of the

sternum) :—

Subgen. CoLossocHELys.

Testa solida, immobilis, sterno antic? in collum valde incrassatum,

Eee

ee eer

subtis carind crassé cuneiformi instructum, angustato. 'Testudo

terrestris, statura et mole ingenti (inde nomen xodogods et yédvs)

sui tribus prodigium! Olim in Indiz orientalis provinciis sep-

tentrionalibus degebat.

“ Colossochelys Atlas.—The first fossil remains of this colossal tor-

toise were discovered by us in 1835 in the tertiary strata of the Se-

walik Hills, or Sub-Himalayahs skirting the southern foot of the great

Himalayah chain. They were found associated with the remains of

four extinct species of Mastodon and Elephant, species of Rhinoceros,

Hippopotamus, Horse, Anoplotherium, Camel, Giraffe, Sivatherium,

and a vast number of other Mammalia, including four or five species of

Quadrumana. The Sewalik fauna included also a great number of

reptilian forms, such as crocodiles and land and freshwater tortoises.

Some of the crocodiles belong to extinct species, but others appear

to be absolutely identical with species now living in the rivers of

India: we allude in particular to the Crocodilus longirostris, from

the existing forms of which we have been unable to detect any dif-

ference in heads dug out of the Sewalik Hills. The same result

applies to the existing Hmys tectum, now a common species found

in all parts of India. A very perfect fossil specimen, presenting

the greater part of the evidence of the dermal scutes, is undistin-

guishable from the living forms, not varying more from these than

they do among each other. Prof. Thomas Bell, the highest living

authority on the family, after a rigid examination, confirms the result

at which we had arrived, that there are no characters shown by the

fossil to justify its separation from the living Emys tectum. There

are other cases which appear to yield similar results, but the evidence

has not yet been sufficiently examined to justify a confident affir-

mation of the identity at present.

*« The remains of the Colossochelys were collected during a period

of eight or nine years along a range of eighty miles of hilly country :

they belong in consequence to a great number of different animals,

varying in size and age. From the circumstances under which they

are met with, in crushed fragments, contained in elevated strata

which have undergone great disturbance, there is little room for hope

that a perfect shell, or anything approaching a complete skeleton, will

ever be found in the Sewalik Hills. It is to be mentioned, however,

that remains of many of the animals associated with the Colossochelys

in the Sewalik Hills have been discovered along the banks of the

Trrawaddi in Ava, and in Perim Island in the Gulf of Cambay, show-

ing that the same extinct fauna was formerly spread over the whole

continent of India.

“This is not the place to enter upon the geological question of

the age of the Sewalik strata ; suffice it to say, that the general bear-

ing of the evidence is that they belong to the newer tertiary period.

But another question arises: ‘ Are there any indications as to when

this gigantic tortoise became extinct? or are there grounds for

entertaining the opinion that it may have descended to the human

period?’ Any d-priori improbability, that an animal so hugely

disproportionate to existing species should have lived down to be a

contemporary with man, is destroyed by the fact that other species

of Chelonians which were coeyval with the Colossochelys in the same

fauna, have reached to the present time; and what is true in this

respect of one species in a tribe, may be equally true of every

other placed under the same circumstances. We have as yet no di-

rect evidence to the point, from remains dug out of recent alluvial

deposits; nor is there any historical testimony confirming it; but

there are traditions connected with the cosmogonic speculations of

almost all Eastern nations having reference to a tortoise of such gi-

gantic size, as to be associated in their fabulous accounts with the

elephant. Was this tortoise a mere creature of the imagination, or

was the idea of it drawn from a reality, like the Colossochelys ?

“‘ Without attempting to follow the tortoise tradition through all

its ramifications, we may allude to the interesting fact of its exist-

ence even among the natives of America. The Iroquois Indians

believed that there were originally, before the creation of the globe,

six male beings in the air, but subject to mortality. There was no

female among them to perpetuate their race ; but learning that there

was a being of this sort in heaven, one of them undertook the dan-

gerous task of carrying her away. A bird (like the Gariida of Vishnoo

or the Eagle of Jupiter) became the vehicle. He seduced the female

by flattery and presents : she was turned out of heaven by the supreme

deity, but was fortunately received upon the back of a tortoise, when

the otter (an important agent in all the traditions of the American

Indians) and the fishes disturbed the mud at the bottom of the ocean,

and drawing it up round the tortoise formed a small island, which

increasing gradually became the earth. We may trace this tradition

to an Eastern source, from the circumstance that the female is said

to have had two sons, one of whom slew the other; after which she

had several children, from whom sprung the human race.

‘In this fable we have no comparative data as to the size of the

tortoise, but in the Pythagorean cosmogony the infant world is repre-

sented as having been placed on the back of an elephant, which was

sustained on a huge tortoise. It is in the Hindoo accounts, however,

that we find the fable most circumstantially told, and especially in

what relates to the second Avatar of Vishnoo, when the ocean was

churned by means of the mountain Mundar placed on the back of the

king of the tortoises, and the serpent Asokee used for the churning-

rope. Vishnoo was made to assume the form of the tortoise and

sustain the created world on his back to make it stable. So com-

pletely has this fable been impressed on the faith of the country, that

the Hindoos to this day even believe that the world rests on the back

of a tortoise. Sir William Jones gives the following as a translation

from the great lyric poet Jyadeva: ‘The earth stands firm on thy

immensely broad back, which grows larger from the callus occasioned

by bearing that vast burden. O Cesava! assuming the body of a tor-

toise, be victorious! Oh! Hurry, Lord of the Universe!’

«* The next occasion in Indian mythology where the tortoise figures

prominently is in the narratives of the feats of the bird-demigod

* Gariida,’ the carrier of Vishnoo. After stating the circumstances of

——— =.

his birth, and the disputes between his mother Vinita and ‘ Kudroo,’

the mother of the serpent, it is mentioned that he was sent on an

expedition to bring ‘Chundra’ the moon, from whom the serpents

were to derive the water of immortality. While pursuing his journey,

amidst strange adventures, Gariida met his father Kiishgifa, who

directed him to ‘ appease his hunger at a certain lake, where an ele-

phant and tortoise were fighting. The body of the tortoise was eighty

miles long—the elephant’s 160. Gariida with one claw seized the

elephant—with the other the tortoise, and perched with them on a

tree 800 miles high.’ He is then, after sundry adventures, stated to

have fled to a mountain on an uninhabited country, and finished his

repast on the tortoise and elephant.

“In these three instances, taken from Pythagoras and the Hindoo

mythology, we have reference to a gigantic form of tortoise, com-

parable in size with the elephant. Hence the question arises, are

we to consider the idea as a mere fiction of the imagination, like the

Minotaur and the chimera, the griffin, the dragon, and the cartazo-

non, &c., or as founded on some justifying reality? The Greek and

Persian monsters are composed of fanciful and wild combinations of

different portions of known animals into impossible forms, and, as

Cuvier fitly remarks, they are merely the progeny of uncurbed imagi-

nation ; but in the Indian cosmogonic forms we may trace an image of

congruity through the cloud of exaggeration with which they are

invested. We have the elephant, then as at present, the largest of

land animals, a fit supporter of the infant world; in the serpent

Asokee, used at the churning of the ocean, we may trace a represen-

tative of the gigantic Indian python; and in the bird-god Garida,

with all his attributes, we may detect the gigantic crane of India

(Ciconia gigantea) as supplying the origin. In like manner, the

Colossochelys would supply a consistent representative of the tortoise

that sustained the elephant and the world together. But if we are

to suppose that the mythological notion of the tortoise was derived,

as a symbol of strength, from some one of those small species which

are now known to exist in India, this congruity of ideas, this har-

mony of representation would be at once violated ; it would be as legi-

timate to talk of a rat or a mouse contending with an elephant, as of

any known Indian tortoise to do the same in the case of the fable of

Garida. The fancy would scout the image as incongruous, and the

weight even of mythology would not be strong enough to enforce it

on the faith of the most superstitious epoch of the human race,

«« But the indications of mythological tradition are in every case

vague and uncertain, and in the present instance we would not lay

undue weight on the tendencies of such as concern the tortoise. We

have entered so much at length on them on this occasion, from the

important bearing which the point has on a very remarkable matter

of early belief entertained by a large portion of the human race. The

result at which we have arrived is, that there are fair grounds for

entertaining the belief as probable that the Colossochelys Atlas may

have lived down to an early period of the human epoch and become

extinct since :—1st, from the fact that other Chelonian species and

crocodiles, contemporaries of the Colossochelys in the Sewalik fauna,

have survived; 2nd, from the indications of mythology in regard to

a gigantic species of tortoise in India.

“Some of the bones were analysed with great care by Mr. Mid-

dleton, and yielded a large proportion of fluorine, the constituents

being,—

Phosphate of lime .......... 64:95

Carbonate of lime ....-..... 22°36

Fluoride of calcium ..,..... 11°68

Omidevatviron,.1 21.8 40 we 1-00

A trace of chloride of soda. —_—-

99:99

‘ Other Sewalik fossil bones were at the same time subjected to

analysis, such as the Mastodon elephantoides, Camelus sivalensis, Horse,

Ruminants, &c., and the whole of them yielded similar results, with

a proportion of fluoride of calcium varying from 9 to 11 per cent.

This is much above the usual quantity found in fossil bones; the

utmost that has been met with having been in bones of the Anoplo-

therium from the Paris basin, 14 per cent.”

May 28, 1844,

William Horton Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

The following extracts were read from a letter from Robert Tem-

pleton, Esq., M.D., Corr. Mem., Royal Artillery, Colombo, Ceylon :—

“ You will be glad to learn that I yesterday heard of a new mon-

key, which I imagine, from the description, must belong to the same

genus as the Wanderoo. Every day brings some novelty to my no-

tice, but I regret to say that although I have many promises from

officers at out-stations, I do not receive specimens as fast as I could

wish.

** You may announce to the Society that I had an accouchement

in my house of a Loris, the affair occupying about half an hour, at

the end of which a little naked object was fully in the world, about

two inches long, like a young mouse, perfectly without covering, a

large head, attenuate body, and excessively slender legs; the face

and eyes were proportionally much smaller than in the older animal.

It clung to the mother so tenaciously, that I believe it would have

almost parted with its legs rather than let go its hold. The mother

died on the following night and the young one immediately after, so

that I had little time for observing them. You will perceive from

the half-finished sketch I enclose that it is not at all entitled to the

usual appellation of dog-like, which has been derived I presume from

the drawings having hitherto been made from stuffed specimens.

“« The loss of the ‘ Memnon’ has been a matter of serious concern

to me, as she carried a paper which cost much trouble, and of which

I foolishly destroyed the copy; unfortunately, since that time I have

had neither leisure nor specimens from which to work out another.

In the meantime I wish you to inform the Society that there is found

in the alpine regions of Ceylon during the rainy season enormous

worms, reaching from twenty to forty inches in length, and about

an inch or 14 inch in thickness. From the size and colour I have

adopted the name of MreGascoLEx cHRULEUS.

«The body is composed of 270 rings, the sexual organs occupying

the 16th, 17th and 18th; between this part and the head it is some-

what ventricose, but at the 17th ring there is a decided narrowing.

Each ring is dilated in the middle of its length into a ridge, which

carries on it, except in the mesial line of the back, minute conical

mammillz, 100 in number, each surmounted with a minute bristle,

arched backwards; the dermoid covering is striated in opposite di-

rections diagonally, to admit of the contractions of the muscles be-

neath ; dorsally the depressed parts of the rings are deep bright blue,

which becomes gradually narrowed as it descends the sides, and ter-

minates abruptly, leaving the inferior parts orange-yellow, but the

absolute ventral part is pure yellow.

“‘ The intestinal canal is very large, extending to within an eighth

of an inch of the surface, and supported on all sides by a series of

membranous partitions, attached externally to the edge of each ring.

The walls of the intestine are composed of strong but fine membrane,

which is separable into layers, but is without any distinct appearance

of fibres; exterior to this are the muscular bundles, which serve for

the progressive movements of the animal ; they are compound,

whitish, shining fibres, collected into longitudinal fasciculi, separated

by tolerably strong cellular membrane, and are deficient, as far as I

am aware, only in one position.

‘Tn all works which I have examined it is stated (I think origi-

nally by Sir Everard Home) that the respiration of this tribe is car-

ried on through a system of pores on the sides of the animal, as in

the leech. This is a complete mistake; the facts are as follows :—

Along the middle line of the back, as I have before noticed, the

mammillary projections are deficient for a space about one-tenth of an

inch broad, and in the interval between each ring in this situation

is a small transverse narrow ridge, in the centre of which, and occu-

pying its whole breadth, is the orifice of the respiratory apparatus,

a narrow oval; they are first visible in the interval between the 14th

and 15th ring, and terminate between the 17th and 18th from the

tail, being most developed at half the length of the animal, or rather

a little nearer the tail. The artery runs along the whole back of the

worm, sending off lateral branches at the position of the septa, and

at the place where the respiratory orifices open externally it forms

the inferior boundary of a little quadrangular space, shut up on all

sides by cellular membrane, so as to present the appearance of a

little sac like a reticule, with a rectangular bottom ; the sides of this

space are formed as follows: the muscle becomes deficient there,

taking a new attachment, and having a new origin beyond the orifice,

the profile being arched rather abruptly, and thus we have an ante-

rior and posterior wall; the lateral are formed by the muscular bun-

dles of either side, and the shape must necessarily be more or less

quadrangular, in fact nearly square: the membrane forming the im-

mediate walls of the sac is so fine and so loose that I failed in all

attempts to trace its form inside, but I satisfied myself of there being

a distinct cavity, by introducing from the outside a small blunted

wire, with which I gently pressed the sides; it seemed however not

so extensive anteriorly, posteriorly, and at the angles, as I should

have supposed from the form of the more solid supports outside.

“The rest of the anatomy of this animal I must leave until I can

procure more specimens and have more leisure.

“When I first got the Megascolex I was sure I had obtained an

animal which would break down the old division of Abranches seti-

geres and A. sans soies, for the bristles are so minute that I did not

in the first instance perceive them. As to its being a true Lumbricus

there could be no doubt. I was much gratified when I discovered

that the separation of the tribes, founded on a character which in-

dicates their respective terrestrial and aquatic habits, was correct,

and gave due credit to its proposer.”

“‘ Monograph of the genus Myadora, a small group of Acephalous

Mollusks of the family Myaria,” by Lovell Reeve, Esq.

Genus Myapora, Gray.

Testa trigono-ovata, inequivalvis, valvd sinistrd plus minusve con-

cavd, dextrd pland, rard concaviusculd ; inequilateralis, latere

postico rotundato, antico leviter fleruoso, coarctato, infern? ple-

rumque truncato, depressione plano-concavd sub umbones. Cardo:

dentibus in valvd dextrd duobus lateralibus, elongatis, rudibus, ab

umbone divergentibus, quorum posticus planus, subobsoletus ; in valud

sinistrd projecturis sulcatis duabus lateralibus, dentes recipientibus.

Ligamentum iniernum in foved trigond centrali inter dentes inser-

tum, appendice testaced concavd sepe interne protectum. Valve

intus margaritacee, pallii impressione musculari antice sinuatd.

The genus Myadora, introduced by Mr. Gray in his account of the

‘Shells of Molluscous Animals,’ in the ‘ Synopsis of the Contents of

the British Museum,’ is one that cannot fail to be appreciated ;

nothing indeed can more fully demonstrate the necessity for a new

generic allotment of certain species, than the circumstance of their

having been transported at different times from one genus to another

by the same author*. .

The Myadore partake of the characters of Anatina and Pandora,

and as they have been referred at times to both of those genera, it

is important to describe with some minuteness the differences which

entitle them to generic distinction. In Anatina the hinge is com-

posed of two hollow spoon-shaped processes, containing the liga-

ment, protected in some species by a moveable testaceous clavicle,

which crosses the dorsal axis of the shell on the posterior side, as in

the Anatina truncata, for example, a species now commonly obtained

with the accessory hinge-piece complete.

In Pandora, which is too flat and compressed a shell to admit any

structure like the spoon-shaped processes of Anatina, the ligament

is lodged in a cicatrix, protected on the posterior side by a single

central oblong tooth in the right valve only ; the clavicle is dispensed

with, but the loss is in a degree supplied by a thickening and folding

over of the dorsal margin.

In Myadora, which being a thicker shell requires a hinge of more

* “In an Appendix to a Catalogue of Shells collected in the Australian

and Polynesian group, by Mr. §. Stutchbury,” says Sowerby, in his account

of the genus Pandora, ‘Species Conchyliorum,’ Part 1, “1 have described,

under the name of Pandora brevis, a sheil (Myadora brevis, nobis) which I am

now convinced is rather an Anatina, inasmuch as its flat valve is destitute

of the blunt tooth which characterizes the Pandor@; it differs also from

them in having a sinus in the muscular impression of the mantle, and in

being possessed of a sinall testacéous appendage attached to the ligament.”

This shell it will be seen however has not the spoon-shaped processes of

Anatina.

solid structure, the peculiarities above noted in Anatina and Pandora,

the clavicle of the former, the folded margin of the latter, are united

in the following modified condition. The dorsal margin of the right

valve of Myadora becomes consolidated into a tooth-like ledge or

projection, diverging from, on each side, the umbo, fitting into grooved

projections of similar construction in the left valve; and by the di-

verging of these tooth-like projections a compact triangular cavity

is obtained for the insertion of the ligament, which in some species

is walled in, as it were, internally, not laterally as in Anatina, by a

moveable testaceous clavicle forming an angle with the diverging

ledges.

The clavicles of Anatina and Myadora, it may be observed, are

very differently situated with respect to the ligament, the one being

a side appendage, extending across the dorsal axis of the shell; the

other an internal appendage, parallel as it were to the dorsal axis.

Of the following ten species, which I propose to refer to this genus,

the grand type, Myadora striata, is an inhabitant of Port Nicholson,

New Zealand, and the remainder are for the most part collected by

Mr. Cuming in the Philippine Islands.

1. Myapora crassa. Anatina crassa, Stutchbury, Zool. Journ.

vol. v. p. 100; Tab. Supp. xliii. f. 5 and 6.

Conch. Iconica, Myadora, pl. 1. f. 1.

Hab. ?

This short rounded species is the only one at present known in

which the right valve is concave.

2. Myapora rricona. Myad. testd trigond, valdé plano-depressd,

usque marginem concentricé striatd, striis prominentibus, quasi

carinulatis, prope marginem anticam undatis ; umbonibus acutis-

simé mucronato-elevatis.

Conch. Iconica, Myadora, pl. 1. f. 2.

Hab. Catanauan, province of Tayabas, island of Luzon.

Four odd valves only of this interesting little species were collected

by Mr. Cuming at the above-mentioned locality.

3. Myapora prana. Myad. testd trigono-oblongd, antic? subtrun.-

catd, planissimd, concentricé striatd, striis subdistantibus, valve

sinistre prominentioribus.

Conch. Iconica, Myadora, pl. 1. f. 3. a and 0.

Hab. Baclayon, island of Bohol, Philippines (found in sandy mud

at the depth of seventeen fathoms) ; Cuming.

This species is chiefly distinguished from its congeners, the Mya-

dore tincta and trigona, by its more oblong shape.

4, Myapora ovata. Myad. testd ovatd, subtriangulari, valvd

sinistrd ventricoso-concavd, dextrd leviter convexd, concentrice

striatd, striis elevatis, prope marginem anticam subobsoletis, valve

dextreé numerosts, confertis, sinistre prominentibus, subdistantibus,

umbonibus depresso-incurvis.

Conch, Iconica, Myadora, pl. 1. f. 4.

Hab. San Nicolas, island of Zebu, Philippines (found in sandy

mud at the depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.

This species exhibits a greater disparity in the sculpture of the

valves than any other, the strize of the right valve being very fine and

close-set, whilst those of the left are almost keel-like and compara-

tively distant.

5. Myapora tincta. Myad. testd trigond, antic? subtruncatd,

usque marginem concentrice striatd, striis elevatis, prominentibus ;

Suscescente tinctd.

Conch. Iconica, Myadora, pl. 1. f. 5.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found in coral sand at the depth

of six fathoms) ; Cuming.

The Myadora tincta scarcely differs from the Myadora plana, ex-

cept in being of a less oblong and more triangular form.

6. Myapora striata, Gray, MSS. British Museum; Pandora

striata, Deshayes.

Conch. Iconica, Myadora, pl. 1. f. 6. a, 6, and c.

Hab. Port Nicholson, New Zealand ; Swainson.

This is the grand type of the genus, and of much larger size than

any other species.

7. Myapora Brevis. Anatina brevis, Stutchbury, Zool. Journ.

vol. v. p. 99; Tab. Supp. xliii. f. 1 and 2.

Conch. Iconica, Myadora, pl. 1. f. 7.

This is a very interesting form, and the striz of the left valve are

peculiarly wrinkled.

8. Myapora ostonea. Myad. testa trigono-oblonga, antice latis«

sim? truncatd, concentric? striatd, striis elevatis, regularibus, prope

marginem anticam angulatis.

Conch, Iconica, Myadora, pl. 1. f. 8.

Hab. Island of Mindoro, Philippines ; Cuming.

The anterior side of this species is the most broadly truncated of

any.

9. Myapora curvata. Myad. testd curvato-oblongd, valvd dextrd

converiusculd, antic? subindistinct? fleruoso-costatd, concentrice

striatd, striis elevatis, angustis, regularibus.

Conch. Iconica, Myadora, pl. 1. f. 9.

Hab. Island of Corrigidor, Philippines ; Cuming.

This species differs also in form rather than in variety of sculpture.

10. Myapora Panvorzrormis. Anatina Pandoreformis, Stutch-

bury, Zool. Journ. vol. v. p. 99; Tab. Supp. xliii. f. 3 and 4.

Conch. Iconica, Myadora, pl. 1. f. 10.

The Myadore striata, brevis, and Pandoreformis are the only spe-

cies of the genus at present known to have the clavicle.

The Secretary called the attention of the Meeting to a specimen

of the Two-toed Sloth, Bradypus didactylus, which was now in the

Gardens, and requested Mr. Ball, Secretary to the Royal Zoological

Society of Ireland, to communicate such particulars connected with

the habits and manners of this curious animal as had fallen under

his observation.

Mr, Ball regretted that it was out of his power to state the exact

locality from which the animal had been obtained; however, he had

reason to believe that it was brought from Demerara.

Its general food was sea-biscuit and water; of fruit it partook

sparingly, but he had observed it pick the young buds of the haw-

thorn flowers and eat them with great avidity.

While in the Zoological Gardens at Dublin its favourite position

was where it was supported partly by the branch to which it clung,

and partly by an adjoining branch on which its back could rest.

In lapping water, the great length to which its tongue was pro-

truded was very remarkable, thereby showing its affinity to the other

Edentata of South America,

June 11, 1844.

George Gulliver, Esq., in the Chair,

Letters were read from William Willshire, Esq., Corr. Mem., ac-

companying a specimen of the Aoudad, Ovis Tragelaphus, from Moga-

dore, which he presented to the Society; and from the Rey, R, T.

Lowe, Corr. Mem., presenting specimens of Fish from Jamaica.

Also a communication from H. Bourchier, Esq., Corr. Mem., Malta,

relating to two Ostriches presented to the Society by Colonel War-

rington.

“On the Blood-corpuscles of the Two-toed Sloth, Bradypus didac-

tylus, Linn.,” by George Gulliver, F.R.S,

From an observation which I have lately made, it results that the

Two-toed Sloth is one of the very few animals that has blood-discs

considerably larger than those of Man,

The following measurements of the blood-dises of the Sloth are

given in vulgar fractions of an English inch :—

1-3200

1-3000

1-2888

1-2823 }Common sizes.

1-2769

1-2664

1-2583

1-4266

1.2986 } Extremes.

1-2865 Average.

M. Mandl* discovered that the blood-corpuscles of the Elephant

are the largest at present known belonging to the Mammalia, and I

subsequently found that those of the Capybara were, as far as we

then knew, next in size, as noticed in my Appendix to Gerber’s

Anatomy, pages 5, 8, and 50.

But it now appears that the blood-corpuscles of the Sloth are

larger than those of the Capybara, and, among mammiferous animals,

second only in magnitude to the corpuscles of the Elephant,

For the sake of comparison, some of my measurements of the

average size of the largest blood-discs of Mammalia are here set

down in the order of the magnitude of the discs, and in vulgar frac-

tions of an English-inch,

* Anatomie Microscopique, Paris 1838, Prem. Liv. p.17.. M. Mandl’s

observation refers to the blood-corpuscles of the African elephant; it was

those of the Asiatic species that I examined.

No, CXXXVI,—Procerepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society,

Elephas Indicus, Cuv. .......+.: 1-2745

Bradypus didactylus, Linn. ...... 1-2865

Balena Boops, Auct. .......... 1-3099

Hydrocherus Capybara, Erxl. .... 1-8216

Phoca vitulina, Linn. .......... 1-3281

Dasypus villosus, Desm. ........ 1-3315

Myopotamus Coypus, Desm,...... 1-3355

Pithecus Satyrus, Geoff. ........ 1-3383

Dasypus sex-cinctus, Auct. ...... 1-3457

Numerous other measureménts are appended to the English ver-

sion of Gerber’s Anatomy.

It has been said that the blood-corpuscles are larger in omnivorous

than in herbivorous and carnivorous animals. ‘To the facts which I

have elsewhere* shown to be at variance with this opinion, it may be

added that the oviparous Vertebrata, whatever may be the nature of

their food, have larger blood-corpuscles than Mammalia, and that

the size of the blood-corpuscles of many carnivorous birds exceeds

that of the corpuscles of several of the omnivorous species.

Finally, the Two-toed Sloth, which is a purely vegetable feeder,

has, excepting the Elephant, the largest blood-corpuscles hitherto

observed in any mammiferous animal.

«* Mr. Hinds’ resumed description of new Shells, from the cabinets.

of Sir E. Belcher and H. Cuming, Esq.”

Rineicuta, Deshayes.

RINGICULA GRANDINOSA. Rin. testd ovatd, retusa, levigatd, politd ;

anfractibus rotundatis, ultimo magno, subquadrato, rotundato ;

columelld superne valde callosd, denticulatd. Axis 12 lin.

Hab. Bais, island of Negros; in six fathoms, coarse sand: Caga-

yan, island of Mindanao; in twenty-five fathoms, sandy mud: Cat-

balonga, island of Samar; in ten to thirty fathoms, mud: Sorsogon,

island of Luzon :—all in the Philippines.

Cab. Cuming.

These little shells resemble each other very closely, and it is only

by close attention to minute characters and the proportion and

form of the last whorl that they can be satisfactorily discriminated.

The present species is perfectly smooth, and the last whorl is large,

of a squarish form, and full and rounded. The upper portion of the

aperture is strongly denticulated.

RINGICULA PROPINQUANS. Rin. testd ovatd, retusd, striatd, nitidd ;

anfractibus rotundatis, ultimo magno valde rotundato, concinne

striato. Axis 14 lin. 3

Hab. Sual, Philippines ; in five to seven fathoms, sandy mud.

Cab. Cuming.

Here the last whorl is not so square in shape, but very full and

rounded, and is neatly striated in a very regular manner, and the

spire is short. Till the light is thrown properly on them, these striz

* Appendix to Gerber’s Anatomy, p. 4-5.

are not very evideut, but once discovered they will be found con-

stant.

Rinercuta canon. Rin. testd ovatd, acuminatd, striatd, nitidd ;

anfractibus rotundatis, ultimo subtransverso, rotundato, distanter

striato ; spird exsertd ; aperturd subabbreviatd ; labro corrugato.

Axis 12 lin.

Hab. Straits of Malacca; in seventeen fathoms, mud.

Cab. Belcher.

The greatest breadth of the last whorl is probably in the transverse

direction, and it is grooved with strie placed at regular distances

from each other. The spire also is proportionately lengthened.

Rineicuna exserta. Rin. testé ovatd, acuminatd, levigatd, politd ;

anfractibus rotundatis, levigatis ; spird elongata ; Jabro pone valde

incrassato. Axis 12 lin. tf

Hab. Camiguing ; in forty fathoms, sandy mud : Sorsogon, island

of Luzon ; in six fathoms, coarse sand ;—both in the Philippines.

Cab. Cuming.

Compared with R. grandinosa, the last whorl is small, but agrees

in being quite smooth and round; the spire is elongated, as in R.

caron, and the labrum is even rather more reflected than is usual.

Rincicuta australis. Rin. testd ovatd, acuminata, levigatd, po-

litd ; anfractibus rotundatis, penultimo sensim minore ; spird elon-

gatd, infra suturam fascid subalbidd cinctad. Axis 14 lin.

Hab. Port Lincoln, Australia.

Cab. Metcalfe.

The only specimen before me has not attained its full adult age.

In its characters it is rather intermediate ; the spire is not so promi-

-nently produced, and the penultimate whorl is more than usually

developed, so as to be more intermediate in size between the others.

All these species are of one uniform glassy semiopake colour, in

some individuals being more glassy, in others more opake.

Nezra, Gray.

Nezra tyrata. N. testd suborbiculari, tenui, fragili, ‘dip hind.

liris transversis sulcataé, antice rotundatd; rostro retusissimo ;

margine ventrali converd. Long. 4}; lat. 2; alt. 34 lin.

Hab. Basay, island of Samar, Philippines; in from five to seven

fathoms, sandy mud.

Cab. Cuming.

This species is to Neera exactly what Mactra elegans is among

that group, the sculpture and outline of the shells being so very

similar. This is of course comparatively a very miniature shell.

Nezra tenuis. N. testd ovali, fragili, diaphand, striis concentricis

incrementis rugosd, antice rotundatd, postice retuse rostratd ; mar-

gine ventrali antice subemarginatd. Long. 43; lat. 2; alt. 32 lin.

Hab. Bais, island of Negros, Philippines ; in seven fathoms, jel

sand.

Cab. Cuming.

Less ventricose than is usual with the species of this group, poste-

riorly gradually attenuated into a short blunt beak, and on the ven-

tral margin slightly emarginate.

Ne#zra cocuiearis. NN. testd majusculd, oblongd, albidd, striatd,

prope umbones elevatiusculd, antice rotundatd, posticé attenuate

nasutd, liris angustis, versus umbones respectantibus ; margine

ventrali valdé rotundato, postice emarginato. Long. 114; alt. 8

lin.

Hab. Bais, island of Negros, Philippines; in seven fathoms, coral

sand,

Cab. Cuming. :

The description is drawn up from a single valve, but this is so

large, and the characters so marked, as to render its future identity

comparatively easy.

inp EP

June 25, 1844.

William Horton Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

«Description of some new species of Birds brought by Mr. L.

Fraser from Western Africa,”” by H. E. Strickland, Esq., M.A.

Mr, Fraser has placed in my hands for examination and description

a portion of the ornithological collection made by him during the

Niger expedition, and I now present the names and characters of the

new species. Mr. Fraser’s researches in Western Africa have made

us acquainted with several new and interesting species of birds, and

as he was only able to bring home very few, and in some cases only

one specimen of each species, it would be very desirable that full

descriptions, illustrated by figures, of these ornithological rarities

should be made public, especially as it may be long before the pesti-

lential shores of Western Africa are again explored by naturalists.

Hirvunpinip%, CyPsELinz,

Cypselus parvus, Licht., Verz. Doubl. p. 58.

A specimen of this bird was brought by Mr. Fraser from Acra; it

is probably the smallest species of the genus, the total length being

only 6 inches, wing 43 inches, medial rectrices 13 inch, external

$i inches. Plumage uniform mouse-colour, chin whitish.

Acanthylis bicolor (Gray) ; Chetura bicolor, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 7.

A specimen of this elegant little species was obtained in May 1842

at Fernando Po, where it was very common.

Turpipz, Maurine.

Prinia oxivacea, Strickl. P. supra viridi-olivacea, remigibus

fuscis, olivaceo limbatis, caudd cuneatd, rectricibus duobus inter-

mediis fuscis, lateralibus albis, extiis fusco marginatis, extimo toto

albo; mento corporeque toto inferno albido, pallide flavo lavato.

Rostrum pedesque fuscescentes.

The aspect of this bird is that of a, Phylloscopuss but the beak is

longer, more depressed at the base, the culmen carinated, the wings

short and rounded, the first quill subspurious, the fourth longest ;

tail much graduated, rectrices narrow ; tarsi moderately long, acro-

tarsia scutate, toes slender, the outer longer than the inner. These

characters induce me to class the bird provisionally in the genus

Prinia.

Total length 44 inches; beak to gape 6 lines, to front 53 lines,

breadth 2 lines, height 1} line ; wing 13 inch ; medial rectrices 1 inch

10 lines, external | inch | line; tarsus 74 lines, middle toe 5} lines,

hind ditto 5 lines.

Hab, Fernando Po; June 1842.

100

Prrnia icTertca, Strickl. P. supra flavo-olivacea, loris, superciliis,

genis, margine alarum, tibiis, caudeque tectricibus infernis lete

flavis, mento, guld, pectore et abdomine albidis, pallidé isabellino

lavatis, hypochondriis flavo-olivaceis, rostro nigro, pedibus rubris.

This bird appears to belong to the same group as the last, but the

beak is rather more depressed, the tail shorter and less cuneate, and

the tarsi rather longer. In all other respects their structures corre-

spond. ‘They both have short rictal bristles and the nostrils are

large, oblong, and situated in a large membranous depression of the

beak. Possibly they may hereafter form a distinct genus of Malu-

rine, distinguished chiefly by the depressed form of the beak.

Total length 32 inches; beak to gape 7 lines, to front 6 lines,

breadth 21 lines, height 13 line; wing 1 inch 11 lines; medial rec-

trices 1} inch, external 1 inch; tarsus 93 lines, middle toe 6} lines,

hind ditto 54 lines.

Hab. Fernando Po; June.

Mr. Fraser adds : “‘ Irides light hazel; note tweet, tweet, tweet, hop-

ping about the topmost branches of a small tree like a wren.” Ina

sketch of this bird by Mr. Fraser the tail is erect, as in Troglodytes.

Turpin.

CossyrpHa pornsis, Strickl. C. corpore supra fuliginoso-fusco,

remigibus fuscis, omnibus (14 et 24 eeeptis) basin versiis rufo-

ferrugineis, sed scapis fuscis ; rectricibus fuscis, tribus externis

utrinque albo terminatis (qui color in rectricis extime pogonio

externo oblique versus basin producitur), corpore toto inferno fer-

rugineo, guld obscuriore. Rostrum atrum, pedes flavescentes..

Seems to be a typical Cossypha, allied to C. reclamator (Vieill.),

with which it agrees in all essential characters. The specimen above

described is a male, and was procured at Clarence, Fernando Po.

Total length 73 inches; beak to gape 10 lines, to front 7 lines,

breadth 4 lines, height 24 lines; wing 4 inches 2 lines; medial rec-

trices 33 inches, external 3 inches 4 lines; tarsus 1 inch, middle toe

and claw | inch, hind ditto 8 lines, lateral toes equal.

Mr. Fraser adds that this bird ‘‘ feeds on the ground; when sitting

quiet in a naked bush it is with difficulty to be discovered. Irides

hazel.”

PycnonoTINz.

AnpROPADUS LATIROSTRIS, Strickl. A. corpore supra olivaceo, re-

migibus fuscis, extis viridi-olivascente, intis albido, marginatis,

rectricibus fusco-brunneis, olivaceo limbatis ; corpore subtis olivas-

cente, lateribus menti, ale tectricibus infernis, et abdomine medio

stramineis. Rostrum corneum, marginibus pallidis, pedes ungues-

que pallescentes. Rostrum depressum, tomiorum dentibus obii-

quis 6 vel 7 utrinque ; illis mazille distinctis, mandibule subob-

soletis.

In this species the beak is considerably depressed and formed like

that of a Muscicapa ; the teeth of the upper mandible are distinct and

regular, but disappear about the middle of the beak. The lower

101

mandible is also furnished with five or six serrations, but very low

and indistinct. ‘The wing is much rounded, the fifth quill being

longest and the rest graduated. The colour and texture of plumage

are much like that of the East Indian Pycnonotus flavirictus, Strickl.

(Ann. Nat. Hist., June 1844.)

Total length 62 inches; beak to gape 11 lines, to front 7 lines;

breadth 4 lines, height 2} lines; wing 3 inches; medial rectrices

3 inches; external 2? inches; tarsus $ inch, middle toe and claw 8

lines, hind ditto 6 lines.

The above description is taken from a specimen marked ‘‘ female.”

In two other specimens in which the sex is not indicated the dimen-

sions and plumage are the same, but the yellow streak on each side

of the chin is wanting, and the lower mandible wants the serrations,

and exhibits only a small subterminal notch. ‘These are probably

younger individuals.

Hab. Fernando Po; June.

ANDROPADUS GRACILIROSTRIS, Strickl. 4. corpore toto supra oli-

vaceo, remigibus primariis fuscis, extis olivascente, intis pallide

ochraceo limbatis, corpore subtis pallidé olivaceo-cinerascente,

mento guldque albidis, abdomine medio crissoque pallidé flavescen-

tibus, alarum tectricibus infernis pallidé ochraceis. Rostrum

pedesque corneo-fusci ; rostrum longiusculum, turdinum, dentibus

mazille duobus, mandibule nullis.

This species differs from the former one in several points of struc-

ture ; the beak is considerably narrower at the base and more slender,

the upper mandible has only two dentations, with a faint trace of a

third, and the lower mandible exhibits only a slight subterminal

emargination. The wings also differ, being more pointed; the first

quill is subspurious, and the second, third and fourth nearly equal,

the third longest. These two species, however, agree in the struc-

ture of the tail and feet, and in the texture and almost the colour of

the plumage, the rump-feathers being dense, long and downy, as in

the true Pycnonoti. ‘The specimen before me is a male; it exhibits

two or three slender nuchal bristles, like those of Pycnonotus and

Criniger, which are not traceable in A. Jatirostris.

~ Total length 7 inches; beak to gape 10 lines, to front 7 lines,

breadth 3 lines, height 24 lines; wing 31 inches; medial rectrices

3 inches 1 line, external 2 inches 11 lines; tarsus 94 lines, middle

toe and claw 9 lines, hind ditto 6 lines.

Hab. Fernando Po; June. “ Irides white; a pretty songster.”

Moscicapip2, Moscicarinez.

Moscicapa Frasent, Strickl. M. capite, dorso alisque fuscis, fer-

rugineo tinctis, remigibus fuscis, primariis ertis basin versus ob-

scure ferrugineis, omnibus, 14 et 24 exceptis, pogoniis internis ad

basin pallidé rufis, wropygio, caud@ tectricibus, corporeque toto

inferno rufo-ferrugineis, guld pallidiore, rectricibus fuscis, 6 in-

termediis strictissimé, lateralibus large, rufo terminatis, externo

Sere omnind rufo. Rostrum latum, nigrum, pedes pallide brunnei.

102

The rufous colouring of the plumage reminds us of Tchitrea, Less.

(Muscipeta, Auct.), but the beak is much shorter and more trian-

gular than in that genus. In its general structure and proportions

this bird appears to approach the restricted genus Muscicapa more

closely than any other group. The form of the beak is almost ex-

actly that of the Muscicapa latirostris, Sw., of India, and the legs

are much shorter than is usual in terrestrial birds. Notwithstanding

these characters, Mr. Fraser’s notes state that this bird ‘‘ feeds on the

ground; has the motions and plump appearance of a robin.” He

adds that the irides are hazel, and ‘that it is a beautiful songster.

The beak is strong, depressed, very broad, the sides straight when

viewed from above, and the base furnished with bristles of moderate

length. The first quill is subspurious, | inch long ; the second is half

an inch shorter than the third; the fourth is the longest. Tarsi

short, acrotarsia and paratarsia entire ; outer toe slightly longer than

the inner one, its first phalanx attached to the middle toe; claws

curved, compressed, sharp; tail rounded. The male and female are

alike, except that in the specimen before me of the female the narrow

rufous tip of the medial rectrices is wanting, and the dimensions are

rather less than in the male.

Total length 74 inches; beak to gape 9 lines, to front 6 lines,

height 24 lines, breadth at gape 6 lines; wing 3 inches 10 lines;

medial rectrices 35 inches, external 3 inches 1 line; tarsus 10 lines,

middle toe and claw 9 lines, hind ditto 7 lines.

Hab. Fernando Po. ‘

I dedicate this species to Mr. Louis Fraser, naturalist to the Niger

expedition, who succeeded in bringing home many interesting addi-

tions to zoological science, notwithstanding the difficulties and dan-

gers by which he was surrounded.

Laniip2, LANIInz.

TEPHRODORNIS OcREATUS, Strickl. T. capite supra genisque fusco-

atris, dorso toto alisque obscure fusco-plumbeis, remigibus rectri-

cibusque fusco-atris, extis plumbeo limbatis, corpore toto inferno

albo, gutturis pectorisque plumis cinereo stricté marginatis, alarum

tectricibus infernis cinereis albo marginatis. Rostrum pedesque

atri, acrotarsiis integris.

This bird approaches sufficiently near to the Indian genus Tephro-

dornis to be classed with it, the only important structural differences

being that the acrotarsia are entire and that the tail is slightly rounded.

The beak resembles that of T. Indica (Gray), but is a trifle shorter ;

the nostrils are concealed by incumbent bristly feathers ; the fourth,

fifth and sixth quills are nearly equal, the first three graduated, and

the outer toe longer than the inner.

Total length 62 inches; beak to gape 11 lines, to front 7 lines,

breadth 3 lines, height 24 lines; wing 3 inches 7 lines; medial rec-

trices 3 inches, external 2 inches 8 lines; tarsus 10 lines, middle toe

9 lines, hind ditto 7 lines.

Hab. Fernando Po; June. ‘“ Irides hazel, legs blue.”

103

Mr. Gould laid upon the table a number of Skins of Animals and

Birds, being part of a large collection which Mr. Gilbert had lately

forwarded to him from Australia. Mr. Gould characterized the fol-

lowing species :—

MAMMALIA,

Macrorus cracitis. MM. infra incanescens et saturate fuscus ;

colli lateribus rufescenti-fusco lavatis ; genis, mento et guld ful-

vescente-albis, vellere molli, ad basin cinereo, exinde fusco, dein

albo, apice nigro ; pilis longis nigris crebré interspersis.

feet in.

Length from tip of nose to the tip of the tail.. 2

RI Nas Wet na Tela ee cs i pregnsn aan 1

of tarsi and toes, including nails 0

of arm and hand, including nails .... 0 34

of face from tip of nose to base of ear. .

Ce in eee apart ane rteaeneg 3

Face and all the upper surface of the body grizzled grey and dark

brown, the grizzled appearance produced by each hair being greyish

white near its tip; sides of the neck and the outer side of the limbs

washed with reddish brown; margin of the anterior edge and the

base of the posterior edge of the ear buffy white; line from the

angle of the mouth dark brown; line along the side of the face, chin

and throat buffy white; under surface buffy grey ; tail clothed with

short grizzled hairs, similar to the upper surface of the body, and

with a line of black on the upper side at the apex for about one-third

_of its length; the fur, which is somewhat soft to the touch, is grey

at the base, then brown, to which succeeds white, the points of the

hairs being black ; there are also numerous long black hairs dispersed

over the surface of the body ; feet grizzled grey and rufous.

This is a very elegantly formed little animal, and is intermediate

in size between Macropus lunatus and Macropus frenatus.

Hyrsrprymnus puatyors. H. facie magnopere latd; hdc, corpo-

risque lateribus, fuscescente-cinereis ; dorso rufescenti-fusco ; facie,

partibusque superioribus pilis longis, et flavido-albis inter vellus

crebre adspersis ; corpore inferiore fulvescente-cinereo.

feet in.

Length from tip of the nose to the extremity of the tail., 1 7

sia Sas latte ery een enoPrseiar Foe oF

of tarsi and toes, including nails ............ 0 28

—-— of arm and hand, including the nails.......... 0 25

—— of face from tip of nose to base of ear ........ 0 3

Pe RE Nope ARES elem nein ow Siaccgn wie aye old 0 O27

Face extremely broad, and, with the sides of the body, brownish

grey; back reddish brown; the whole of the face and upper surface

beset with numerous long yellowish white hairs, offering a strong

contrast to the darker colouring of the fur ; all the under surface and

limbs buffy grey ; tail brown above, paler beneath.

‘ Mor-da,’ aborigines of Western Australia.

The above is the description of a female received from adi River.

104

PERAMELES ARENARIA. P. vellere rigido et cinerascente-fusco,

pilis longis nigris intermizto, his fasciam lateralem viz distinctam,

notamque instar ephippii ad dorsum medium efficientibus ; auribus

ferrugineis ad basin, in medio saturate fuscis, ad apicem cineras-

cente-fuscis ; corpore inferiore fulvescente-albo.

inches.

Length from tip of nose to extremity of tail .... 143

GEGEN oy Slower a, «tein ee ee Sor Peete ;

from tip of nose to base of ear ........ 3}

of hind-leg, tarsi and toes ............ 2

a Of IPTEMER oon oie n.s ee ons one ene eeim 25

ORGHE Suits: say... < datee ah Soteapeg See ~i

The fur is harsh to the touch and of a greyish brown hue, inter-

spersed with numerous long black hairs, which form a broad indi-

stinct band down the flanks, immediately before the hind-legs, and a

kind of saddle-like mark on the centre of the back ; ears rather length-

ened and of three colours—rusty red near the NIA then dark brown,

and the apex of a light greyish brown; sides of the muzzle and all

the under surface buffy white; line along the upper surface of the

tail dark brown, the remainder buffy white; outside of the fore-legs

dark brownish grey ; feet and claws buffy white.

Hapatotis tonercaupaTa. H. superne pallide arenaced, pilis

longis, nigris, ad caput et dorsum cum vellere intermiztis ; rostri

lateribus, et abdomine albis; caudd pilis brevibus nigris ad basin

indutd, apicem versis nigris et elongatis ; apice extremo albo vel-

lere molli, adpresso et juxta cutem plumbeo.

inches.

Length from tip of nose to serie ie of tail .... 16

of tail . Sr SA Ce eee ee

from tip ‘of nose to base of ear .......- 13

of hind-leg, tarsi and toes ............

——— of fore-leg ......-....2-- 2c eeeeee ‘auiiconin

C1 RE ee RN RPE SY eel Oz

All the upper surface and the outside of the limbs pale sandy, in-

terspersed on the head and over the back with numerous fine black

hairs, which, becoming longer on the lower part of the back and ruinp,

give that part a dark or brown hue; ears naked and of a dark brown;

sides of the muzzle, all the under surface and the inner surface of

the limbs white ; tail clothed with short dark brown hairs at the base,

with lengthened black hairs tipped with white on the apical half of

its length, the extreme tip being white; tarsi white; whiskers very

long, fine, and black; the fur is close, very soft, and of a dark slaty

grey at the base, both on the upper and under surface.

This species is considerably smaller than Hapalotis albipes, but has

a much longer tail and longer hind-legs in proportion to the size of

the body.

‘Kor-tung’ and ‘ Goota-was,’ aborigines of Moore’s River, Western

Australia.

PHASCOGALE cALuRus. Phasc. cinerea; subttis pedibusque albis,

105

indistinctissim? flavo-tinctis ; caudd corpore longiore, dimidio ba-

sali pilis brevibus, rufis, apicali pilis longis nigris obsitd ; auribus

magnis ad basin pilis flavescentibus obsitis.

inch. lin.

Length from tip of nose to extremity of tail.. 10 6

aot tam, Oye cits bets: Gals ads 2s 5: 16

from tip of nose to base of ear...... 1 3

of tarsi and toes ................ 0 11

OP Cari Tie. Salsa OL. PP. sahts. 2 8. 0 7

This beautiful species was procured in the interior of Western

Australia.

It is nearly allied to P. penicillata, but is of smaller size and has

the tail less bushy ; the portion covered with short hair is extended

from the base nearly to the middle of the tail, and is remarkable for

its brilliant rusty-red colour; on the apical half of the tail the hairs

are long, being on an average about half an inch ir length; all the

under side is black, very nearly to the root. The fur is soft and

moderately long, and its general colour is ashy grey externally, but

grey next the skin; the under parts of the body are white, tinted

with cream-colour, and this last-mentioned tint is very distinct on

the sides of the body; the eye is encircled by a narrow black line,

and there is a blackish patch in front of the eye. The ears are large

and very sparingly clothed for the most part with very minute dusky

hairs, but at the base, both externally and internally, are some long-

ish yellow hairs.

PuascoGaLE crassicaunaTa. Phasc. supra cinerea flavo-tincta ;

corpore subtis, pedibusque albis ; auribus mediocris, externé maculd

nigrd ornatis ; caudd brevi crassa.

inch. lin.

Length from tip of nose to extremity of tail .. 5 7

mon CUE REE a cates Boulet o's ¢ Sin leigicin' se tic)s; ain ae

MEMO Met Wad. cieis dedi nme cya sobs oe 0 54

PEGE BDC ag cine aie laet s, «.9- o.6 hn 8s Os

Hab. Western Australia.

This species is about the size of the common mouse, and is not

unlike the Mus sylvaticus in its colouring; above grey with a wash

of yellow, and on the sides of the body distinctly tinted with yellow ;

under parts and feet pure white ; tail much swollen, especially in the

middle, and clothed throughout with very minute pale hairs; ears

clothed with pale hairs, but with a largish black spot externally ;

eyes encircled with black hairs ; fur moderately long and soft.

AVES.

TERACIDEA OCCIDENTALIS. Jer. vertice et corpore superiore ferru-

gineo-fuscis ; singulis plumis strigd centrali nigrd angusté notatis ;

caudd fusco multi-fasciatd ; corpore subtis albo plumis lined fuscd

angustd notatis.

Crown of the head, back and scapularies rusty brown, with a nar-

row stripe of black down the centre ; rump deep rusty brown, crossed

106

by broad bands of dark brown, the tip of each feather buffy white ;

wings very dark brown; the inner webs of the primaries with a series

of large spots, assuming the form of bars, of a deep rusty brown near

the shaft and fading into buffy white on the margin; wing-coverts

tipped with rusty red; spurious wing with a row of rusty red spots

on either side of the shaft; tail dark brown, crossed by numerous

broad irregular bars of rusty red, and tipped with pale buff; ear-

coverts and a stripe running down from the angle of the lower man-

dible dark brown; chin, all the under surface, and a broad band

which nearly encircles the neck, white, with a fine line of dark brown

down the centre; thighs deep rust-red, each feather with a line of

black down the centre and tipped with buffy white; cere very light

greenish flesh-colour; irides wood-brown ; space round the eye pale

yellow, becoming brighter near the eye; base of the upper mandible,

the under mandible and gape, very light horn-colour; tip of the

upper mandible black.

Total length, 16 inches; bill, 14; wing, 124 ; tail, 73 ; tarsi, 25,

Hab. Western Australia.

/EGOTHELES LEUCOGASTER. 4%. guoad colorem A®. Nov. Hollan-

diz consimilis, at grandior, rostro longiore, et abdomine albo.

Head black ; crown, lunar-shaped mark at the back of the head, and

a collar surrounding the neck, black, freckled with grey in the centre

of each feather ; back freckled black and white ; wings brown, crossed

by numerous bands of lighter brown, freckled with dark brown; pri-

maries margined externally with buff, interrupted with blotchings of

dark brown; tail dark brown, crossed by numerous broad irregular

bands of reddish buff, freckled with dark brown; ear-coverts straw-

white ; chin, abdomen and under tail-coverts white ; breast, sides of

the neck, and a narrow collar surrounding the back of the neck,

white, crossed by numerous narrow freckled bars of black; irides

dark brown; upper mandible dark olive-brown, lower white, with a

black tip; legs pale yellow, claws black.

Total length, 94 inches; bill, 1; wing, 53; tail, 5; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Port Essington.

Ma.urvus putcnerrimus. Mal. Mas: vertice, et fascid dorsali

splendidé violaceo-ceruleis ; orbitis et plumis auricularibus ex

erugine ceruleis; guld indico-ceruled, nigro subtis indistincte

marginatd ; plumis scapularibus castaneis ; loris, nuchd, et dorso

imo holoserico-nigris. Foem.: fusca, subtis pallidior, orbitis ru-

bide fuscis.

Crown of the head and a broad band across the centre of the back

rich glossy violet-blue ; space surrounding the eye and the ear-coverts

verditer-blue; throat intense indigo-blue, bounded below by an in-

distinct band of black ; lores, collar surrounding the back of the neck,

and the lower part of the back, deep velvety black ; scapularies chest-

nut; wings brown; tail dull greenish blue, indistinctly barred with a

darker tint and slightly tipped with white ; abdomen and under tail-

coverts white ; bill and feet black ; irides dark brown.

107

Female dull brown, paler beneath; tail-feathers like those of the

male, but less bright; bill and space round the eye reddish brown.

Remarks.—Very similar in its markings and general contour to

M. Lamberti; it may however be always distinguished from that

species by its larger size and by the deep indigo-blue colour of the

throat and chest, which parts are black in M. Lamberti.

Total length, 5} inches; bill, ;% ; wing, 2; tail, 34; tarsi, +4.

Hab. Western Australia.

PacuycrerHaLa Giuperti1. Pach. Mas: colore saturate olivaceo-

fusco; capite plumbeo; loris nigris; gula ferrugined ; humeris

subtis, abdomine medio, crissoque arenaceis. Feem. differt, loris

non nigris, neque guid ferrugined.

The plumage dark greyish olive-brown ; the head dark slate-grey,

and the breast of a lighter grey; the lores black; throat rust-red ;

under surface of the shoulder, centre of the abdomen. and under tail-

coverts sandy buff; irides light brown; bill and feet black. The

female is similar in colour, but is destitute of the black on the lores

and. the red on the throat.

Total length, 6% inches; bill, 44; wing, 33; tail, 33; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Western Australia.

, — ‘7 BAG” ee Re ng 7, ee ae

109

July 9th, 1844.

William Horton Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Yarrell laid upon the table three specimens of the Rana escu-

lenta, of different stages of growth, from Foulmire, Cambridgeshire,

presented to the Society by F. Bond, Esq.

“ Descriptions of a number of new species of Shells belonging to

the genus Cytherea,” by Sylvanus Hanley, Esq.

Cyruerea varians. C. testd ovato-cordatd, inequilaterali, subven-

tricosd, tenuiusculd, albd, maculis et lineis angulatim flexuosis cas-

taneis variegatd, concentrice (et antic? presertim) sulcato-striata ;

lunuld magnd, cordatd, lined impressd circumscriptd, alba, maculd

castaned aut livido-purpurascente basi ornatd ; pube castaneo venu-

latd ; superficie internd omnind albidd ; margine integro ; cardine

ut in C, leta. Long. 1; lat. 1°45 poll.

Index Test. Sup. t. 15. f. 33.

Hab. Brazil.

Easily distinguished from Jeta and obliquata by its lunule, and

from pellucida (to which in colouring and general contour it approxi-

mates) by its close and irregular groove-like striz.

CyTHErEA opiiquata. C. testd ovato-cordatd (interdum oblongo-

cordatd), tumidd aut ventricosd, solidiusculd, sublevigatd, albidd,

lineis angularibus minutissimis brunneis aspersd ; margine liga-

mentali convexiusculo, subdeclivi; ventrali subarcuato; lunuld

magnd, indistinctd, colorum experte ; natibus valde obliquis, candidis ;

ligamento angusto ; extremitate posticd obtusd ; superficie internd

albd aut albido-rosed ; margine integro. Long. 1°75 ; lat. 2°50 poll.

Index Test. Sup. t. 15. f. 24.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming, Hanley, &c.

A species which for a long time has been confounded with /eta,

whose dentition, lunule and general shape it possesses. It is how-

ever a broader shell, with the beaks still more oblique, and its surface

invariably speckled with minute scattered linear zigzags, which are

more closely congregated near the swollen umbones.

CyTHEREA PLEBEIA. C. testd suborbiculari, subquadratd, valde

inequilaterali, solidd, compressiusculd, squalidé albidd, fulvo varie-

gata (intus lividd), concentrice et confertissime sulcatd ; margine

ligamentali convexo et subdeclivi ; postico dorsali paululim subre-

tuso et vald2 declivi; ventrali arcuato ; umbonibus haud compla-

natis et minim? striis divaricatis instructis ; lunuld lanceolatd,

albé ; margine interno subcrenulato. Long. 1; lat. 1:20 poll.

Index Test. Sup. t. 15. f. 37.

Hab. Catbalonga, Philippines. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

This species is allied to the type of its subgenus, the Circe scripta,

but the compressed umbones of that shell at once distinguish it.

Nos. CXXXVII. CXXXVIII. & CXXXIX.—Proc. or Zoot. Soc.

ee a —_

110

Minute tawny zigzags adorn the whitish ground of the anterior sur-

face, whilst the fulvous hue predominates posteriorly.

CyTHEREA PuritippinaRuM. C., testa cordatd, inequilaterali, ven-

tricosd, crassiusculd, pallidé lividd, radiis et lineis angulatim

flexuosis saturatioribus variegatd, concentric? costellatd ; costellis

convexis, confertis ; interstitits levigatis ; lunuld brevi, cordiformi,

albd ; rimé livido purpurascente ; margine venirali integro, arcuato ;

superficie internd albidd, maculd lividd sub umbonibus notatd.

Long. 0°80; lat. 1 poll.

Index Test. Sup. t. 15. f. 36.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

Very distinctly characterized by its crowded narrow ribs. The

dentition is that of its subgenus Chione, and the short white lunule,

equally with the narrow ligament, is bordered with livid purple.

CyTuerea DieMENeNsis. C.testd oblongo-cordatd, convend, nitidi-

usculd, concentricé et obsolet? sulcatd, carneo-fulvd ; radiis angustis

lunuldque lanceolata, colore tinctis saturatiore ; pube albd, strigis

flexuosis litteratd ; superficie internd albidd, radio fusco-purpureo

obliquo, sub umbonibus ornatd ; margine integro. Long. 0°80;

lat. 1°20 poll.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land. Mus. Metcalfe.

Easily to be distinguished from those allied to it in form by its

internal ray. The hinge is that of the section Chione.

CyTHEREA cor. C. testd cordato-trigond, intus extusque albd, con-

veaiusculd, undique concentric? striata ; striis exilibus, regularibus,

confertissimis ; latere postico majore, subcuneiformi ; margine

ligamentali valde declivi, convexiusculo ; ventrali subarcuato ; nati-

bus acutis ; lunuld oblongdé, impressd ; margine interno integro.

Long. 0°80; lat. 1 poll. :

Index Test. Sup. t. 15. f. 7. '

Hab. Africa. Mus. Metcalfe.

Not unlike the Venus variabilis of Sowerby in shape and general

appearance. The epidermis is of that white velvety texture which

we meet with in argentea.

CytuHereA Hinpsu. C. testd trigond, ventricosd, solidiusculd, le-

vigatd, nitidd, subequilaterali, albidd, brunneo nebulosd, utrinque

obtusa ; latere antico paululim majore ; natibus incurvatis, pallidis ;

lunuld magnd, subinconspicud, omnind pallidd; pube fusco stri-

gatd ; superficie internd albidd ; margine integro. Long. 1; lat.

1 poll.

Index Test. Sup. t. 15. f. 35.

Hab. Guayaquil. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

This and the succeeding species belong to the subgenus Trigona,

and are easily distinguished from the Mactroides of Born and Chem-

nitz by the absence of a purple stain upon the umbones.

‘ Descriptions of new species of Tritons, collected chiefly by H.

Cuming, Esq. in the Philippine Islands,” by Lovell Reeve, Esq.

Triton Gatuinaco. Trit, testd abbreviato-claveformi, varicibus

PUL

duobus, rotundis, solidis ; spird breviusculd, acuminatd ; anfracti-

bus superne angulatis, tuberculorum serie unicd ad angulum armatis,

tuberculis peculiariter plano-vellicatis, acutis, anfractds ultimi

valde irregularibus ; anfractibus infra costatis, costis crenulatis,

sub tuberculis flecuose nodulosis, costarum interstitiis elevato-

striatis ; albd, varicibus aurantio-fusco vivid? tinctis ; columelld

rugoso-plicatd, aperture fauce albd, labro intus fortiter denticu-

lato ; canali subelongato, ascendente.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 2. f. 5.

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, Philip-

pines (found in sandy mud at the depth of twenty fathoms) ; Cuming.

The ribs of this delicate species are noduled, and more strongly

developed on the varices than on the body of the shell; and the cen-

tral dorsal tubercle of the last whorl is unusually prominent, with all

the appearance of a double tubercle. The canal is much shorter

than that of most of the club-shaped Tritons, and is particularly

curved or bent upwards.

Triton Ranetroipes. Trit. tesid Ranelleformi, varicibus decem

nodiferis ; spird elevatd; anfractibus, superficie totd subtilissime

reticulatd, superné depressis, infra nodis grandibus biseriatim, an-

Fractu ultimo triseriatim, cinctis, nodis inferioribus minoribus ;

luteo-albidd, fuscescente varid, teniis subtilissimis fuscescente

alboque articulatis, lineis fuscis fortioribus inter nodos, cinctd ;

columelld maculdé purpured albirugosd superné tinctd; aperture

Sauce albd, labro intus leviter denticulato ; canali brevissimo.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 3. f. 10.

Hab. Matnog, province of Albay, island of Luzon, Philippines

(found on the reefs) ; Cuming.

Partaking as this shell does in almost equal proportion of the

characters of both Triton and Ranella, it has been a matter of some

difficulty to decide to which of the two genera it might with the

greater propriety be referred.

Triton exis. Trit. testd claveformi, varice unico parvo; spird

breviusculd ; anfractibus superne angulatis, inferne coarctatis,

transversim subirregulariter costatis, costis liris parvis longitudi-

nalibus decussatis, tuberculatis, tuberculis grandibus, prominenti-

bus, subcompressis ; albd, aurantio-fusco sparsim tinctd ; columelld

plicatd, plicis superioribus valde majoribus, aperture fauce albd,

labro intus rugoso-denticulato ; canali longissimo, supern? peculi-

ariter contorto. :

- Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 4. f. 11.

Hab. San Nicolas, island of Zebu, Philippines (found in sandy mud

at the depth of ten fathoms) ; Cuming.

This highly interesting species has been erroneously published by

Mr. Sowerby in his ‘ Genera of Shells,’ and by myself in my ‘ Con-

chologia Systematica,’ vol. ii. plate 243. fig. 3, for the Triton clavator,

and demonstrates how necessary is the examination of an entire

genus by comparison for the proper discrimination of the species.

No question as to the specific difference of these two shells could

112

however be urged, for they vary materially both in form and detail

of sculpture. The Triton clavator is comparatively full and ventri-

cose, with the upper ribs only moderately tubercled; the Triton ea-

ilis is small, peculiarly contracted round the lower part, with the

tubercles very prominently developed entirely across the whorls: in

the former species there is a varix on the penultimate whorl as well

as upon the last whorl; in the latter species, as in the Triton cana-

liferus, there is no varix upon the penultimate whorl; lastly, the

mouth of the former species is either yellowish or yellowish scarlet,

whilst that of the latter exhibits not the slightest indication of colour,

and the stains of orange-brown with which it is marked externally

are of a character not to be misunderstood.

Triton Preirrerianvus. Trit. testd fusiformi, varicibus septem

prominentibus, acutangularibus ; spird elatd ; anfractibus subirre~

gulariter convolutis, convexis, supern® plano-depressis, leviter

canaliculatis, transversim costulatis, costulis irregularibus, nunc

angustis, nunc latioribus, striis elevatis longitudinalibus noduloso-

decussatis, anfractuum parte mediand nodosa, nodis distantibus,

longitudinaliter subplicatis ; fuscescente, fusco pallid? varia ; colu-

melld rugulosd, labro intus rugoso-denticulato ; canali subelongato.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 4. f. 14.

Reeve, Pro. Zool. Soc., 1844.

Hab. ?

This species may probably be recognised as one of not uncommon

occurrence, though not hitherto described; its leading features are

the rude manner in which one whorl is deposited on the other, the

prominent sharp-angled structure of the varices, and the delicate

granulated sculpture of the ribs where they are crossed by the raised

striz ; and its general appearance is altogether peculiar.

I take the liberty of dedicating this characteristic species to Dr.

Pfeiffer of Cassel, Germany, on account of the diligence that gentle-

man has exercised in arranging the synonyms of the genera Triton

and Ranella in his ‘‘ Memoir of the genus Tritonium,’”’ Revue Zoolo-

gique de la Société Cuviérienne.

Triron Savi. Trit. testd elongato-conicd, tubeformi, paululim

contortd, basim versus subangulato-attenuatd, varicibus novem

decemve plano-depressis ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus subangu-

latis, nodorum prominentium seriebus duabus infra angulum arma-

tis, subtilissime liratis, liris apicem versus minutissime crenulatis ;

albido aut lutescente, rubido-fusco variegatd et maculata ; epider-

mide tenui; columella levi, obsolete plicatd, plicd albd unica su-

perne munitd ; labro intus denticulato ; aperturd angulato-ovatd,

fauce carulescente-albd.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 5. f. 17.

Hab. Matnog, island of Luzon, Philippines ; Cuming.

I was about to figure a somewhat discoloured specimen of this

shell, collected by Mr. Cuming at the above-mentioned locality, when

a smaller but very richly painted example presented itself for com-

parison from the collection of Miss Saul. It is unquestionably di-

113

stinct from any of the trumpet-shaped species, though curiously in-

termediate between the Triton variegatus and australis. I now de-

dicate it with great pleasure to a much-esteemed collector, whose

cabinet bears interesting testimony of her excellent discrimination of

species.

Trrron Srvensis. Trit. testd elongato-claveformi, varicibus duobus

rotundis ; spird subelatd ; anfractibus costis duplicibus subdistan-

tibus undique cinctis, strid unicd elevatd interveniente, costis supe-

ris leviter nodosis, costis interstitiisque subtilissime crenulatis ;

albidd, lutescente tincta, varicibus inter costas lutescentibus ; colu-

melld multirugosd ; labro denticulato ; aperture fauce albd ; canali

elongato, subcontorto.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 6. f. 18.

Hab. China.

This shell is not uncommon in collections, though it appears to

have been singularly neglected by naturalists. It presents a most

remarkable modification of the Triton canaliferus : the entire sculpture

of, the two species—such as, for example, the double rib, the inter-

vening raised line, the two only varices, the profusely wrinkled colu-

melia, the long slightly twisted canal, &c.—is the same in both; but

the canaliculated structure of the sutures, which forms so very im-

portant a specific character in the Triton canaliferus, is wanting.

The Triton Sinensis might therefore be recognised as an example of

the Triton canaliferus with the spire pushed out as it were; or one

in which the whorls have not been subject to that peculiar depression

which forms so deep and characteristic a channel round the suture.

Triton GRANDIMAcULATUS. Trit. testd ovato-turritd, crassd, in-

ferne coarctatd, varicibus tribus ; spird subobtusd ; anfractibus

superne angulatis, transversim ewiliter striatis et liratis, liris su-

peris tuberculato-nodosis ; fuscescente-fulvd, varicibus et columella

parte superiori maculis grandibus nigerrimo-fuscis ornatis ; colu-

melld levi vel obsolete plicata ; labro intus dentato, dentibus niger-

rimo-fuscis ; aperture fauce albd; canali breviusculo, subascen-

dente.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 6. f. 20.

Hab. Matnog, province of Albay, island of Luzon (found on the

reefs) ; Cuming.

This shell appears at first sight to be nothing more than a casual

variety of the Triton lotorium ; it will be found, however, upon. ex-

amination to differ materially. The large tuberculated humps of the

Triton lotorium are here represented by regular series of small rounded

knobs, which impart a kind of cancellated structure to the earlier

whorls which is very characteristic ; the lower part of the shell is not

distorted, and the varices, especially at the back, are vividly painted

with large distinct brown blotches.

Triton sarcostoma. Trit. testd subabbreviato-claveformi, varici-

bus duobus, rotundis, solidiusculis ; spird brevi, apice subdepresso ;

anfractibus superne angulatis, transversim costatis, costis noduloso-

114

crenatis, costarum interstitiis subtiliter crenato-liratis, costis su-

peris tuberculatis, tuberculis grandibus, prominentibus, subcom-

pressis ; spadiceo-fuscescente, costis inter tubercula albimaculatis ;

columella superne et infern leviter corrugatd, labro intus fortiter

rugoso-denticulato ; columelldé labroque carneo eximié tinctis.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 7. f. 21.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs) ; Cuming.

This shell has somewhat the aspect of the Triton cynocephalus ; it

differs in being much less ventricose, and in having very prominent

tubercles round the upper part of the whorls. The mouth is stained

with a pale flesh-tint without any indication of dark colour on the

columella.

Triton aquatitis. Trit. testd fusiformi-turritd, varicibus septem

octove rotundis, prominentibus ; spird elata ; anfractibus convevis,

transversim costatis, costis duplicibus, subdistantibus, liris undatis

tuberculiferis longitudinaliter decussatis ; pallidé rufescente-fuscd,

fusco maculata et variegatd ; columelld et aperture fauce carneo-

tinctis, albirugosis, labro intus albidenticulato ; canali brevi, ascen-

dente. ;

Conch, Icon., Triton, pl. 7. f. 24.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs at low water) ;

Cuming.

The longitudinal waved ridges which adorn the surface of this

interesting species have, in the fine specimen before me, a beautiful

ripple-like appearance which is very characteristic. The columella

and interior are covered with enamel of a bright uniform flesh-tint,

and the varices are very round and prominent. I have seen several

examples of this species in different stages of growth, all exhibiting

the above peculiarities with remarkable specific distinctness.

.Trivon TRILINEATUS. Trit. testd clavato-fusiformi, varicibus tri-

bus ; spird breviusculd ; anfractibus superné angulatis, ad angulum

compresso-tuberculatis, transversim plano-liratis, liris subtilissime

crenulatis, interstitiis lincis tribus elevatis sculptis ; albida, fusco

variegatd, varicibus fusco-maculatis ; columella lutescente-alba,

costatd ; canali subelongato, leviter ascendente ; labro fortiter den-

ticulato-costato ; aperture fauce albd.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 10. f. 31.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

This is a strongly marked species, with the denticulated sculpture

of the lip extending into the aperture after the manner of ribs; and

the body of the shell is crossed by flattened ridges, between each of

which are three very characteristic raised lines.

Triton zcrotus. Trit. testd subpyriformi, varicibus validis duo-

bus ; spird acutd ; anfractibus supern? augulatis, transversim cos-

tatis, liris minutis tribus vel quatuor inter costas decurrentibus,

costis superis tuberculatis, tuberculis inferne evanidis ; albidd,

Suscescente maculatd ; columelld plicatd ; canali subelongato, sub-

ascendente ; aperture fauce albd ; labro intus denticulato.

115

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 12. f. 42.

Hab. China.

Care must be taken not to confound this shell with the Triton tri-

lineatus, in which the dorsal tubercles are more strongly developed,

and which has no varix on the back of the penultimate whorl.

Triton Encausticus. Trit. testd pyriformi, varice unico depres-

siusculo ; spird rotundato-depressd ; anfractibus transversim cos-

tatis, tuberculorum seriebus plurimis longitudinalibus armatis,

inferioribus minoribus ; albidd, fusco varie tinctd ; columellé levi,

crassissime encausticd, aurantio-lutescente ; canali elongato, ascen-

dente ; labro aurantio-lutescente, intus denticulato.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 12. f. 43.

_ Hab, Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs); Cuming.

The enamelled character of the mouth of this shell is somewhat

like that of the Triton tuberosus ; the form is that of the Triton re-

tusus.

Triton R1ipEns. Trit. testa elongato-ovatd, subfusiformi, solidius-

culd, distoritd, varicibus quingue sexve subindistinctis ; spird acu-

minatd ; anfractibus liris angustis elevatis prominentibus distantibus

eleganter clathratis, liris transversis duplicatis ; cerulescente-albd,

epidermide sericd induta; columella fortiter rugosd, aurantio

tinctd ; canali breviusculo, viv ascendente ; aperturd parvd, coarc-

tatd ; labro intus fortiter dentato, albo, aurantio marginato.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 12. f. 46.

* Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

Although this species exhibits little more than a modification of the

characters of the Triton cancellinus, the difference is of good specific

importance. The cancellated sculpture is wider and more prominent,

whilst the ridges are more sharply noduled in crossing over each

other. The wrinkles and denticulations which surround the aper-

ture are much more strongly developed, and the orange-stained co-

louring of the enamelled disc is peculiarly characteristic.

Triton Tuersites. Trit. testd subfusiformi, varicibus quatuor ;

spird exsertd ; anfractibus transversim granoso-liratis, angulatis,

ad angulum tuberculatis, tuberculis validis, valde prominentibus,

anfractuum totd superficie subtilissimé granulosa ; columella alba,

subexcavatd, leviter rugosd, callositate superné armatd; canali

longiusculo, subascendente ; labro intus leviter denticulato.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 13. f. 48.

Hab. ?

Several shells have been named after the rude enemy of Achilles

as significant of their deformity. The Triton under consideration,

though it has quite a hump-backed appearance from the prominence

of the dorsal tubercles, is however beautifully granulated, the granu-

lated ridges being especially neatly sculptured in passing over the

tubercles and varices.

Triton Moritinetus. Tit. testd ovato-oblongd, ventricosd, varice

unico elevato ; spird depressd ; anfractibus superne plano-angulatis,

116

transversim crenulato-costatis, ad angulum fortiter tuberculatis,

tuberculis acutis, inferne evanidis, transversim subtiliter sulcatis ;

rubidd, varicibus albimaculatis ; epidermide subsetosd ; columelld

rufo-aurantid, maculd grandi, nigricante-purpured, albirugosd,

tinctd ; canali subelongato, subcontorto; aperture fauce rufo-

aurantid ; labro intus fortiter dentato.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 13. f. 49.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

This shell, which is not uncommon in collections, approximates

very closely to the Triton cynocephalus ; it is however specifically di-

stinct. ‘The whorls of the Triton moritinctus are very strongly tu-

bereled, the tubercles being disposed in waved longitudinal rows,

whilst in the Triton cynocephalus the tubercles have more the appear-

ance of regular nodules.

Triton Exaratus. Trit. testd subtrigono-fusiformi, varicibus

duobus ; spird elevato-turritd ; anfractibus superné planissimo-

angulatis, ad angulum subnodosis, transversim liratis, liris com-

pressis, duplicatis, crenulatis, interstitiis excavato-sulcatis ; albidd,

fuscescente ceruleoque varie tinctd ; columelld alba, subrugosa ;

canali longiusculo ; apertura rotundd ; labro intus dentato.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 13. f. 50. a and 6.

Var. 3. Testd nigricante-fuscd, albibalteatd.

Hab. North coast of New Holland.

This is a very characteristic species, with the transverse ridges

standing out in bold relief, and the upper part of the whorls pecu-

liarly flat and indented at the sutures.

Triton Ficoipes. Trit. testa trigono-ficiformi, varicibus quinque ;

spird brevi, obtusd ; anfractibus dorsim tumidiusculis, transversim

liratis, liris nodosis, super varices duplicatis ; columelld nodosa et

rugosd, inferne luteo-sanguineo tinctd ; canali brevi ; labro intus

fortiter dentato.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 13. f. 51.

Hab. Africa.

M. Kiener should have been sure of this shell being the Ranella

caudata of Say, before he ventured to question the generic appropri-

ation of that species. It is quite another thing, and I much doubt

if a shell of such bright and vivid colour were ever found within the

latitude of New York. The Ranella caudata belongs to a small group

of Ranelle, of which the R. Muriciformis is the type.

Triron acumrnatus. Trit. testd subfusiformi, varice nullo ; spird

acutissime acuminata ; anfractibus numerosis, transversim elevato-

striatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis subobliquis, crebriusculis ;

columella subtilissime rugosd; canali breviusculo, ascendente ;

aperturd parvd, rotunda ; labro intus denticulato.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 14. f. 54.

Hab. China.

The Triton acuminatus is another very aberrant form, though be-

longing to that interesting section of the genus of which the Triton

niveus is the type.

117

Triton craciuis. Trit. testé gracili-fusiformi, varicibus tribus ;

spird subelata ; anfractibus tuberculato-nodosis, liris parvis subti-

liter decussatis ; lutescente-albd, vel fuscd, albibalteatd, epidermide

tenui subsetosd indutd; columella fortiter rugosd, albd; canali

subelongato, ascendente ; aperture fauce albd ; labro intus peculi-

ariter rugoso-denticulato.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 15. f. 58.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

A delicate little species, in which the outer lip is peculiarly fully

wrinkled within.

Triton eLoneatus. Trit. testd elongato-fusiformi, varice unico

subindistincto ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus superne leviter angu-

latis, transversim liratis et striatis, liris striisque granuloso-

crenatis, equidistanter nodulosis ; cinered, liris livido-purpureis ;

columella excavatd, rugosd, callositate superné armatd; canalit

elongato, subcontorto ; labro intus dentato, dentibus binis.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 15. f.59.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

This shell approximates very closely to the Triton vespaceus; so

closely indeed, that I may be thought rather venturous to describe

it as anew species. The differences however are as follows: the

canal is much more elongated, the whorls are not tubercled, and the

beaded ridges are of a peculiar livid-purple colour.

Triton cemMatus. Trit. testd elongato-oblongd, varicibus quatuor-

vel quingue ; spird subobtusd ; anfractibus liris, pulcherrime gem-

matis, cingulatis, interstitiis strits elevatis longitudinalibus et trans-

versis eximie clathratis ; aurantio-lutescente ; columella rugosd,

callositate supernt armatd ; canali breviusculo ; labro intus dentato,

dentibus binis.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 15. f. 60.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at low water) ;

Cuming.

Var. B. Testd albd, varicibus duobus ad sex ; liris subnodosis.

Hab. Island of Annaa (Chain island), South Pacific Ocean, and

island of Burias, Philippines (found under stones in both localities at

low water) ; Cuming.

The sculpture of this shell is very similar to that of the Triton

rubecula; the beaded ridges are however wider apart, and on the

varices have three smaller ridges between them. ;

Triton opscurus. Trit. testd elongato-turritd, varicibus unde-

cim ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus transversim granulosis, longi-

tudinaliter subobsoleté sulcatis, sulcis creberrimis ; fuscescente,

Fusco pallide balteatd, maculis fuscis quadratis perpaucis seriatim

pictd, varicibus fusco maculatis ; columella levi, crassissimé en-

causticd ; canali brevissimo, labro intus denticulato.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 16. f. 63.

Hab. East. Indies; Lieut. Babb.

This shell may have been probably confounded with the Triton

118

maculosus ; it differs however in not being transversely grooved, in

having a different arrangement of the varices, and in other minor

particulars.

Triton crispus. Trit. testd ovatd, subfusiformi, varicibus duobus

vel tribus ; spird breviusculd ; anfractibus liris crispis prominen-

tibus, subdistantibus, decussatis, liris ad decussationem nodulosis,

interstitiis striis crispis elevatis subtilissime cancellatis ; cinereo-

cerulescente, varicibus lirisque albidis ; columelld excavata, rugosd,

callositate superné armatda ; canali breviusculo ; labro intus fortiter

denticulato.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 17. f. 68.

Hab, ?

Quite distinct from any hitherto described species.

Triton EBuRNEUs. Trit. testd ovato-oblongd, varicibus tribus vel

quatuor remotiusculis ; spird brevi; anfractibus liris parvis ob-

tusis creberrime decussatis ; intus extusque albd; columelld exca-

vatd, inferné subrugosd ; canali brevissimo ; labro intus denticulato.

Conch, Icon., Triton, pl. 17. f. 69.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

This shell has somewhat the form of the Tritun Quoyi, an inter-

esting little New Holland species, which M. Kiener thought to be

the recent analogue of Lamarck’s fossil Triton viperinum.

Triton verrucosus. Trit. testd subpyramidali-oblongd, varicibus

quatuor vel quinque ; spird mediocri ; anfractibus supernt impressis,

transversim striatis et liratis, liris longitudinalibus prominentiori-

bus decussatis, ad decussationem nodosis; aurantio-fuscescente,

anfractuum parte inferiori fusco inter nodos articulata ; columelld

excavatd, vie rugosd ; canali brevissimo.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 17. f. 71.

Hab. ?

Care must be taken not to confound this shell with the lesser New

Holland species, Triton Quoyi.

Triton Tortuosus. Trit. testd oblongo-turritd, subangustd, vari-

cibus octo oblique invicem subsequentibus ; spird tortuosd ; anfrac-

tibus granulis parvis subtiliter reticulutis ; lutescente, maculis

fuscis grandibus, longitudinaliter undatis, eleganter pictd; colu-

melld excavatd, subgranulosd ; canali brevissimo, recurvo.

Conch, Icon., Triton, pl. 17. f. 74.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

This interesting species approximates very closely to the Triton

distortus; it differs in being of a more delicate and slender form, in

the granules being less prominent, and in the peculiar waved style

of the painting.

Triton scuupritis. Trit. testd oblongo-turritd, varice nullo ; spird

exsertd ; anfractibus longitudinaliter costellatis, costellis angustis,

119

interstitiis striis elevatis cancellatis, anfractds ultimi parte infe-

riori conopeo carineformi prominente peculiariter ornatd ; albida,

suturis fuscis ; columelld levi ; canali brevissimo.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 18. f. 76.

Hab. Island of Capul, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

In addition to the above account of this beautiful species, it may

be noticed that the transverse strie are brown upon the ribs and

white in the interstices ; the sutures are brown in consequence of the

whorls being encircled with a brown line just at the point where one

whorl lodges in its spiral growth upon the other, over the basal

canopy, as if to mark out the exact plan of convolution.

Triton eximius. rit. testd oblongo-turritd, varice nullo; spird

acuminata ; anfractibus costellis minutis eximie cancellatis, longi-

tudinalibus majoribus, vald? remotioribus ; albd, fuscescente obscure

fasciatd ; canali brevissimo.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 18. f. 77.

Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, Pacific Ocean (on the reefs), and island

of Capul, Philippines (under stones at low water) ; Cuming.

A neatly cancellated, almost colourless, shell.

Triron ecrEGius. rit. testd elongato-ovatd, varice nullo; spird

acutd ; anfractibus longitudinaliter costatis, striis elevatis trans-

versis cancellatis ; albd, costis medio albis, supra et infra fuscis ;

canali brevi, recurvo.

Conch, Icon., Triton, pl. 18. f. 78.

Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

The style or arrangement of the sculpture not much unlike the

preceding species; the shell is however larger, more globose, and

has a very pretty appearance, arising from the dark brown upper and

lower portions of the ribs being crossed by white strie.

Triron stpHonatus. Trit. testd fusiformi-turritd, varicibus novem,

subindistinctis ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus creberrimé reticu-

latis, ultimo antic? quasi siphonato; roseo- aut ceruleo-albidd,

aurantio-fusco sparsim maculatd ; lamind columellari tenui, levi ;

aperturd elongato-ovatd ; labro subtilissime denticulato,

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl, 18. f. 81.

Hab. ?

Chiefly distinguished by its anterior extension.

Tarron pecapitatus. rit. testd elongato-turritd, varice nullo ;

spird decollatd ; anfractibus longitudinaliter concentricé costellatis,

costellis angustis, numerosis, confertis, transversim striatis ; lutes-

cente, fusco subindistincte maculatd ; costellis aurantio-fuscis,

lined lutescente antic? interruptis, anfractu ultimo lineis lutescen-

tibus duabus ; canali brevissimo.

Conch, Icon., Triton, pl. 18. f. 85.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

120

Care must be taken not to confound this species with the Triton

truncatus, in which the ribs are larger and wider apart, and the colour

not interrupted.

Triton pigiTtaLe. Trit. testd oblongd, varice nullo; spird acumi-

natd ; anfractibus seriatim granulosis, granulis numerosis, confertis,

obtusis ; albidd, fuscescente sparsim punctatd ; canali brevissimo.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 19. f. 86.

Hab. Island of Capul, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming,

The sculpture of the shell is much like the granular surface of a

thimble.

Triton concinnus. Trit. testé oblongd, tenuiculd, varice nullo ;

spird subacuminatd ; anfractibus longitudinaliter concentricé cos-

tellatis, transversim creberrimé striatis ; lutescente, aurantio-

Suscescente peculiariter pictd, apice roseo-purpureo ; canali bre-

vissimo.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 19. f. 87.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

The bright orange-brown painting is peculiarly festooned, as it

were, round the upper part of the whorl next the suture.

Triton ancuatus. Trit. testd oblonga, turritd, varice nullo ;

spird acuminatd ; anfractibus superne angulatis, longitudinaliter

costellatis, transversim striatis, striis prominentibus, confertis ;

luted, aut lutescente-albd, rubido-fusco alboque sparsim punctata ;

canali brevissimo.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 19. f. 88.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

Chiefly distinguished by the angular structure of the whorls next

the suture.

Triton tativaricosus. Trit. testd oblongd, solidd, subcompressd,

varicibus tribus vel quatuor latis ; spird subobtusd ; anfractibus

longitudinaliter concentricé costellatis, costellis solidis, subdistan-

tibus, transversim creberrimé striatis ; canali brevissimo.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 19. f. 90.

The varices of this shell are unusually broad, and the ribs are

wider apart on the back of the whorls than on the side.

Triton TEssELLATUS. Trrit. testd elongatd, varice nullo ; spird

acuminatd, acutd ; anfractibus striis longitudinalibus et transversis

subtilissimé reticulatis ; albidd, maculis grandibus rubido-fuscis

subirregulariter tessellatd ; canali brevi, subrecurvo.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 19. f. 91.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

This shell may be easily recognised by its rude tessellated spots.

Triton BAcILLUM. Trit. testd elongato-claveformi, solidd, varici-

a h—7et tt mee

eee eee

121

bus duobus ; spird elongata, subretusd ; anfractibus obtuso-granu-

losis ; ca@rulescente-albd ; canali brevissimo, recurvo ; aperturd

breviusculd.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 19. f. 94.

Hab. ?

This is the only species of Triton I have noticed with a single

varix on each side.

Triton carpuvus. Trit. testa globosd, ventricosd, varice nullo ;

spird brevi, acutissimd ; anfractibus longitudinaliter costatis, trans-

versim striatis, striis valde elevatis, costas super submuricato-

nodosis ; albidd, fuscescente varid; columelld excavatd ; canali

brevi.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 19. f. 95.

Hab. ?

A rather thin shell, of very sharply cancellated sculpture.

Triton pacopus. Trit. testd pyramidali-ovatd ; spird acuminato-

turritd, varice nullo ; anfractibus subventricosis, superné angulatis,

transversim creberrimé elevato-lineatis, longitudinaliter costatis,

costis compressiusculis, subdistantibus ; albidad, rubido-castaneo

multifasciatd ; canali brevi, valdé recurvo ; aperturd rotunda ; labro

intus elevato-striato.

Conch. Icen., Triton, pl. 20. f. 97.

Hab. Bay of Montija, West Columbia ; Cuming.

This species partakes more of the character of Nassa than the pre-

ceding; it might be referred indeed to that genus with almost as

much propriety as to Triton.

Triton pictus. Trit. tesid oblongo-ovatd ; spird subacuminatd,

varice nullo ; longitudinaliter creberrime costatd, transversim ele-

vato-striatd ; rubido-fusco alboque tessellatd ; canali brevi ; aper-

turd parva, fauce albd.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 20. f. 97.

Hab. Gallapagos Islands (found under stones at low water); Cu-

ming.

as interesting species tessellated with white and very rich dark

brown, in which the latter colour greatly preponderates.

Triton pecipiens. Trit. testd elongato-ovatd, subfusiformi, dis-

tortd, varicibus quingue sexve indistinctis ; anfractibus liris an-

gustis elevatis clathratis; albido-lutescente, epidermide sericd

indutd ; columelld profunde excavatd, rugosd, subobsoleté umbili-

catd, callositatibus plurimis superne armatd, rufo-aurantid ; labro

plano-concavo, rufo-aurantio radiato, intus fortiter rugoso-dentato.

Conch. Icon., Triton, pl. 20. f. 102.

Hab, Island of Mindanao, Philippines ; Cuming.

I have long hesitated to consider this shell any other than a variety

of the Triton cuncellinus: the differences, though slight, seem how-

ever to remain constant. It is uniformly of smaller size, the trans-

verse ridges are not duplicate, and the colour and wrinkled denticu-

122

lations of the columella and outer lip are of a peculiar and distinct

character.

A fine specimen of the Wiry-haired Wolf or Deer-hound was ex-

hibited to the Meeting by George Dodd, Esq., M.P. .

July 23, 1844.

No business was transacted.

128

August 13, 1844.

Professor Owen, V.P., in the Chair.

The following notes from Sir Robert Heron, on the Jerboas in his

collection, were read :—

“June 14th, 1844.—The Jerboas were received into this mena-

gerie in June 1843. They are in a box full of cotton: the box is in

a room five and a half feet by four anda half, floored with wood, and

warmed by a flue which has always been heated at night; the room

opens into a pen secured with wire, nine and a half feet by eight and

ahalf. They have been offered many kinds of food, but eat only

wheat and lettuce ; they have never been seen to drink, but from the

water diminishing and their parting with a considerable quantity of

urine, we have no doubt of the fact. On the 14th of May last they

produced two young ones; on the 12th inst. these young ones are

still blind and unable to walk, also nearly naked, but they are grown

and appear to be healthy : it is intended to make a pit in their abode

about two feet square, filled with earth, where they may burrow.

« June 29.—It was not till their fifth week that the young Jer-

boas appeared to have the use either of their eyes or limbs; they

had still little fur, but were a good deal grown. Now, being forty-six

days old, they are about three-quarters grown, are well-clothed and

active; they have been seen to eat corn, and are apparently quite

established. A second box has been put into their chamber, and last

night all four had removed into it. They have never been seen to

drink, but it is thought they do so, as the water is sometimes di-

minished.

« July 20.—The young Jerboas are now exactly like the old ones.”

The following extract was read from a communication from the

Right Honourable the President of the Society :—

“I have eight yeung Oroonoko goslings; they are well-grown

birds and nearly resemble the adults. I have also eight Tetrao Um-

bellus and two young Tetrao Cupido, and every prospect of hatching

the Stanley Cranes. The young Eland Antelope and the young

Common Zebra are going on charmingly; both the mothers have

again taken the male, and my young Antilope scripta, not yet twelve

months herself, has done the same.”

« Descriptions of new species of Arca, chiefly collected by H. Cu-

ming, Esq. in the Philippine Islands,” by Lovell Reeve, Esq.

Arca ostusa. Area testd oblonga, Modioleformi, lateribus obtuso-

rotundatis, margine ventrali bysso paululim hiante ; alba, epider-

mide nigricante subsquamosd partim indutd ; radiatim striatd, striis

No. CXXXVIII.—Procrepines or THE ZooLocicaL Society.

124

elevatis ; umbonibus depressiusculis, approximatis ; ligamenti area

parvd, angustd, profunde declivi.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 12. f. 77.

Hab. Coast of Japan (found under stones) ; Dr. Siebald.

Very like a Modiola in shape, but not the recent analogue of the

fossil A. Modioleformis of Deshayes.

ArcA cUNEALIS. Arca testd elongato-oblongd, lateribus superne

angulatis, antico brevi, rotundato, postico elongato, angulato, carind

ab umbone ad marginem decurrente, margine ventrali bysso hiante ;

pallidé fusca, epidermide molli lamellatd indutd ; radiatim striata,

striis elevatis, fortiter granulosis, ared posticd subindistincte nigri-

costatd; umbonibus subapprowximatis, ligamenti ared latiusculé,

concavd, sulcis ligamentariis anticis posticisque, subdistantibus.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 13. f. 87.

Hab. Zanzibar (found under stones at low water) ; Thorn.

The sculpture of this species corresponds precisely to that of the

Arca mutabilis ; the form of the shell is more depressly elongated, the

anterior side is shorter, and there are ligamentary grooves on the

posterior part of the cardinal area as well as on the anterior.

Arca TENELLA. Arca testd subcylindraceo-oblongd, Modioleformi,

tenui, subpellucidd, lateribus obtuso-rotundatis, margine ventrali

vix hiante ; pallide fuscescente, epidermide molli leviter indutd ;

radiatim subtilissimeé striatd, striis granulosis ; umbonibus obtusis,

antice incurvis ; ligamenti ared antice latiusculd, postice lanceolato-

acuminata.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 14. f. 91.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

A delicate light brown shell, beautifully striated, with a soft scat-

tered epidermis.

ARCA SETIGERA. Arca testd subquadrato-oblongd, lateribus rotun-

datis, postico latiore, margine ventrali bysso vix hiante ; rubido-

Suscd, epidermide fuscd setigerd indutd ; radiatim subtilissimé

striatd, striis elevatis, granulosis; umbonibus subapproximatis,

antice adjectis ; ligamenti area angustd, declivi.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 14. f. 94.

Hab. Zanzibar (found under stones at low water) ; Thorn.

This species approaches very closely to Arca lacerata; it appears,

however, to be of an uniform smaller size, the posterior side is less

expanded, and the bristles are set in single rows.

ARCA VIRESCENS. Arca testa elongata, lateribus rotundatis, postico

leviter angulato, antico subattenuato; viridescente, epidermide

, tenui, ad aream posticam setosd, indutd; striis elevatis radiatd ;

ligamenti ared angustissimd, umbonibus approximatis.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 15. f. 97.

Hab. Catbalonga, island of Samar, Philippines (found under stones

at low water) ; Cuming.

ila Sa i Ni tN ee alte el Rie ee

‘SHTts =

ila oa

125

A delicate greenish species, in which the epidermis lies on the

posterior area in rows of fine bristles.

Arca rasciata. Arca testd oblongd, tenui, compressa, lateribus

rotundatis, superne attenuatis ; albidd, fasciis cinereo-purpurascen-

tibus indistinctis concentrict tinctd ; epidermide tenui, postice se-

tosd, indutd; radiatim striatd, striis elevatis, irregularibus, striis

transversis subtilissimis fimbriato-decussatis ; ligamenti ared an-

gustd, profunde declivi ; intus purpurascente.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 15. f. 99.

Hab. ?

This is a remarkably flattened shell, banded and stained with red-

dish and ashy purple both inside and outside.

Arca uma. Arca testd elongato-ovatd, lateribus superné angulatis,

antico infra rotundato, postico angulato-rotundato, subexrtenso ;

fuscescente, fusco tinctd, postic? fusco maculatd, epidermide tenut

subtilissim® setosd indutd, radiatim liratd, liris angustis, numero-

sis, confertis, granosis, perpaucis medianis duplicatis ; lateraliter

costatd, costis rudibus, subdistantibus, crenato-nodosis ; ligamenti

ared angustd.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 15. f. 101.

Hab. Islands of Burias and Corregidor, Philippines (found under

stones at low water); Cuming.

The sculpture of this shell is very similar to that of the Arca bul-

lata; it is, however, of much finer character, although the shell is

more elongated and altogether larger.

Arca ocetiata. Arca testd elongato-quadratd, lateribus superneé

angulatis, latere antico brevissimo, infra rotundato, postico elon-

gato, infra acuminato, margine ventrali bysso latissim? hiante ;

albidd, epidermide tenui, subsetosd, indutd ; radiatim striatd, striis

subtilissime crenulatis ; umbonibus remotis ; ligamenti ared latis-

simd, rhombo ligamentario peculiariter ocellato.

Conch. Icon. Area, pl. 15. f. 102.

Hab. Singapore (found in sandy mud at the depth of seven fa-

thoms) ; Cuming.

This interesting little species exhibits a character which is quite

peculiar to the species. ‘The dark ligamentary space between the

umbones is marked with a pair of oblique white oval spots, one on

each valve.

Arca Donacirormis. Arca testd sub-Donaciformi, medio leviter

coarctatd, latere antico brevissimo, truncato, postico elongato, sub-

acuminato ; albidd, epidermide vix nulld, striis transversis et lon-

gitudinalibus elevatis fimbriato-decussatd ; ligamenti ared antice

latiusculd, postice acuminatd ; ligamento brevi, ad posticam aree

partem solum adjuncto.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 16. f. 104.

Hab. Mozambique Channel (found imbedded in madrepore) ;

Hankey.

The ligament and ligamentary area of this species present exactly

126

the same peculiar structure as those of the Arca pusilla (Byssoarca

pusilla, Sowerby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833); the shell is, however, alto-

gether larger, more acuminated posteriorly, and the sculpture is of

a smaller pattern.

Arca TeNEBRICA. Arca testd oblongo-ovatd, lateribus angulato-

rotundatis ; fuscd, epidermide tenui indutd ; radiatim striatd, striis

elevatis, numerosis, confertis ; umbonibus albidis, approximatis,

antice adjectis ; ligamenti ared angustd, postice lanceolato-acumi-

natd. ’

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 16. f. 105.

Hab. Basey, island of Samar, Philippines (found under stones at

low water) ; Cuming.

The umbones in this species are very anteriorly situated.

Arca BULLATA. Arca testd ovato-quadratd, planiusculo-compressd,

lateribus superne angulatis, antico infra rotundato, postico angu-

lato-extenso ; fuscescente, epidermide tenui, subsetosd, setis in liris

longitudinalibus adjectis, indutd ; radiatim costatd, costis nodosis,

costis lateralibus grandibus, distantibus, crenato-nodosis ; ligamenti

ared angustd, elongatd, declivi.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 16. f. 107.

Hab. 3

The nodules of the radiating ribs are arranged in longitudinal rows

with so much regularity, that the shell has all the appearance of

being cancellated, the effect of which is increased by the bristles of

the epidermis being deposited only between the nodules.

Arca votucris. Arca testd subquadratd, gibbosd, naviculari, late-

ribus supern? angulatis, antico infra rotundato, postico angulato,

carind acutd ab umbone ad marginem decurrente ; albidd, fusco

sparsim tinctd ; striis elevatis longitudinalibus et transversis decus-

satd, ared posticali costatd, costis latiusculis, crenatis ; umbonibus

mucronatis, incurvatis ; ligamenti ared latissimd, nigro unimaculatd.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 16. f. 109. ‘

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

This species belongs to that division of the genus of which the

Arca Noe is the type, and is nearest allied to the Arca imbricata.

Arca c@Lata. Arca testa ovato-quadratd, subcompressd, latere

antico brevissimo, rotundato, postico angulato, margine ventrali

bysso hiante ; alba ; radiatim costatd, costis liris angustis elevatis

eleganter clathratis, interstitiis profunde excavatis, costis medianis

duplicatis, lateralibus confertim nodulosis ; umbonibus antic? ad-

jectis ; ligamenti area angustd, profundé declivi.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 16. f. 110.

Hab. ?

The sculpture of this shell is of the most exquisite description,

and reminds one forcibly of the delicate embossed carving of the

‘Chinese.

‘tase

127

Arca cometa. Area testd elongatd, latere antico brevissimo, at-

tenuato, rotundato, postico longissimo, plano-angulato; albidd ;

radiatim striatd, striis elevatis, posticis latioribus, prominentibus,

distantioribus, subsquamosis ; umbonibus anticé adjectis ; ligamenti

ared angustd.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 16. f. 111.

Hab. Sorsogon, island of Luzon, Philippines ; Cuming.

The posterior strize acquire almost the importance of ribs.

Arca otivAcea. Arca testd ovato-quadratd, tenuiculd, subequi-

laterali, lateribus rotundatis ; albidd, epidermide olivaceo-fuscd

tenui corned indutd ; subtilissimé radiatim striatd, striis numerosis,

confertis ; ligamenti ared mediocri, umbonibus subcentralibus.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 16. f. 113.

Hab. San Nicolas, island of Zebu (found in sandy mud at the depth

of four fathoms) ; Cuming.

This shell is not much unlike the Arca lactea in general appear-

ance ; it will be found, however, on examination to be a much thinner

and more delicate shell, whilst the umbones are sharper and more

closely approximated.

Arca minuta. Arca testd orbiculari-ovatd, subequivalvi, lateribus

superne angulatis, infra rotundatis ; albidd, subpellucidd, epider-

mide tenui molli indutd ; radiatim striatd ; ligamenti ared latius-

culd, ligamento parvo, centrali.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 17. f. 112.

Hab. Philippine Islands (found in coarse sand at the depth of six

fathoms) ; Cuming.

A very minute species, which cannot be referred to any hitherto

described.

ArRcA NAVICELLA. Arca testd quadrato-elongatd, subcompressd,

lateribus superné angulatis, antico infra rotundato, postico angu-

lato, carind ab umbone ad marginem decurrente ; radiatim striatd ;

albidd, fusco postic? sparsim strigatd ; ligamenti ared elongatd.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 17. f. 114.

Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, Philippines (found in coarse sand

at the depth of ten fathoms); Cuming.

This is a little species of the Arca Noe or naviform group.

ARCA LATERALIS. Arca testd oblique trapeziformi, lateribus superne

angulatis, antico brevissimo, postico latissimo, oblique expanso ;

radiatim costatd, costis numerosis, angustis, crenatis, epidermide

subpilosd indutd ; ligamenti ared parvd.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 17. f.115.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

The peculiarly oblique growth of this species renders it extremely

interesting. The posterior side of the shell is radiated with lines of

fine dark hair rising from between the crenulations of about every

third rib.

Arca syMMETRICA. Arca testd subquadratd, gibbosd, lateribug

128

superne acut? angulatis, antico infra rotundato, postico angulato ;

viridescente ; striis longitudinalibus et radiantibus crenulato-decus-

satd ; ligamenti ared latiusculd, ligamento parvo, centrali.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 17. f. 117.

Hab. Philippine Islands, bay of Manila; Singapore (found under

stones at low water) ; Cuming.

The ligament of this species occupies only a very small diamond-

shaped space between the umbones.

Arca scuurrinis. Arca testd oblongo-quadratd, lateribus superne

angulatis, infra obtuso-rotundatis ; albd ; striis longitudinalibus et

radiantibus elevatis subtilissimé clathratd ; ligamenti ared latius-

culd.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 17. f. 118.

Hab. Baclayon, island of Bohol, Philippines (found in sandy mud

at the depth of seventeen fathoms) ; Cuming.

The engraved sculpture of this shell is of a more prominent cha-

racter than that of the preceding species.

Arca Zesuensis. Arca testd subguadratd, gibbosd, lateribus su-

perne angulatis, infra oblique rotundatis ; fuscescente, epidermide

molli indutd ; radiatim subtilissime striatd ; ligamenti ared latius-

culd, ligamento parvo, centrali.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 17. f. 120.

Hab. Island of Zebu, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

The ligament, as in the Arca symmetrica, occupies merely a small

diamond-shaped space between the umbones.

Arca striata. Arca testd subquadrato-oblongd, lateribus obtuse

rotundatis ; fuscescente, epidermide molli indutd ; radiatim striatd,

striis elevatis, confertis, posticis distantioribus ; ligamenti ared

latiusculd, declivi.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 17. f. 121.

Hab. ?

This shell approaches very nearly to the Arca lactea, but it is yet

distinct ; the posterior side is longer, it is a more compressed shell,

and the posterior striz are more widely spread.

Arca PULCHELLA. Arca testd ovatd, gibbosd, lateribus superne

attenuatis, antico brevissimo ; albd; laminis longitudinalibus pro-

minentibus, pulcherrime fimbriatis, ornatd ; ligamenti ared anticé

latiusculd ; umbonibus anticis.

Conch. Icon. Arca, pl. 17. f. 122.

Hab. Algeria.

This species is well distinguished from any yet described by the

very beautifully fimbriated longitudinal lamine.

«Description of the Felis Melanura,” by R. Ball, Esq., Secretary

to the Royal Zoological Society of Ireland.

“ Felis melanura, n. s. ?—Size larger than the Margay, but propor-

tionately slighter ; on the fore-toes are longitudinal black stripes, on

129

the hind-toes spots. Three irregular narrow stripes of white on the

sides, connected by anastomosing branches, divide the coloured part

into island-like irregular spaces, which are black on the edges,

shading into fulvous in the centre ; these island-like spaces are spotted

with black. The tail nearly touches the ground, is pointed and

black, save at the under part near the anus, where it is marked with

a little white, and shows as it were an imperfect attempt at annula-

tion. The back is black, with a bright fulvous fleur-de-lis sort of

marking on the neck; a narrow band of fulvous crosses below the

scapule, from which run at right angles down the back to the rump

two indistinct stripes of the same colour, about half an inch apart ;

the inside of the ears is fulvous, the outside black, with a white spot

on each; the belly white, beautifully but irregularly spotted with

black ; a very distinct black band crosses the chest ; a white spot on

the lower eyelid and another longer on the upper ; the cheeks are ful-

vous, striped with black; the forehead is fulvous, ornamented with

black, two stripes of which run up the forehead from the eyes, parallel

to each other ; they are connected together above : immediately over

the eyes are four longitudinal spots ; above these may be traced three

more irregular, and over these three, two, the three sets of spots

being as it were ranged in ranks. The fulvous colour is chiefly con-

fined to the fore-part of the animal. It was presented to the Royal

Zoological Society of Ireland in the beginning of 1843 by Paymaster

J. M‘Creagh, of the 32nd Regiment. The foregoing description

was taken in January 1844, and the animal was presented to the

London Zoological Society in May 1844: when first obtained its

colouring was very indistinct and confused; since the description

was written some trifling change has taken place, particularly in the

extension of the white on the tail, which makes the name not quite

so applicable as it was.”

Mr. Prichard read his paper ‘‘ On the Crania of the Laplanders

and Finlanders, with observations on the differences they presented

from other European races.”

«* Little has hitherto been done to elucidate the physical characters

of the Ugrian or Ugorian races, under which term late writers have

comprised the Finns and Lappes, the Magyars or Hungarians, and

several nations of Siberia*.

* This is owing to the fact that but few specimens of the skulls of

these nations exist in any of the collections in Europe, and few and

by no means perfect descriptions of them have been published.

Blumenbach has given in his ‘ Decades Craniorum’ a representation

of the skull of a Lappe, and he describes it as approaching altogether

to the Mongolian variety. Dr. Hueck gives an account of the ap-

pearance and general physical characters of the Esthonian Finns,

and sums up his observations by pointing out some very considerable

differences which he finds between them and the Mongolian form ;

in fact he says that he can discover nothing common to the Mongo-

* Der Ugrische Volkstamm von F. H. Miiller.

130

lian and Esthonian skulls, except a certain squareness of figure, which

is not constant.

“ From these statements we should be led to suppose that there is

a great difference between the skulls of the Finns and Lappes, and we

should be inclined to adopt the opinion maintained by Lehrberg,

that they are two separate and distinct races, his argument being

founded upon the moral as well as the physical diversities between

them*.

«On the other hand, the history of the people, and especially the

great similarity of their languages, go far to prove a near relationship

between the Finnish and Lappish nations; nor is a greater or less

degree of civilization to be looked upon as a proof of diversity of

origin, although it may be the cause of all the moral, and possibly

of the physical differences also, which exist between the Finns and

Lappes.

«From this uncertainty it becomes much more important to ascer-

tain, by the examination of their skulls, what the physical character-

istics of each nation are, and whether they exhibit any points of

resemblance which may confirm the supposition that there is affinity

between them, or whether, on the contrary, a sufficient degree of

dissimilarity can be made out, from an accurate examination, to en-

title us to set them down as separate races, and to class them with

different grand divisions of the human species; whether, in short,

these differences, if any such are found, are more than can be ac-

counted for by the diversity of climate and modes of life which are

well known long to have existed between them.

«« The examination of these skulls for the purpose of furnishing an

accurate description of their appearance is interesting in another

point of view. In Scandinavia and in Denmark there are numerous

tumuli which contain osteological remains of former inhabitants, and

it is a disputed point whether they are the remains of a Finnish ab-

original stock or of Cimbrian or some unknown race, since they differ

from the old German remains. Now if we could establish a correct

notion of the Finnish description of skull, we should have no diffi-

culty in deciding whether the remains before mentioned belonged to

this stock.

‘« Having four specimens of these skulls, two of Finns and two of

Laplanders, which my father has received through the kindness of

Dr. Ilmoni and Mr. Daniel Wheeler, of Bristol, I have an opportunity

of examining their peculiarities and of comparing them with each

other and with the skulls of other Europeans, Chinese, American

Indian, and the Esquimaux, the latter of which is a most remarkable

specimen of the pyramidal and broad-faced skull.

“Upon taking a general view of these skulls, there are no remark-

able features which strike us so forcibly as those which we see in the

conformation of the Esquimaux. In fact, the only point worthy of

* Lehrberg, iiber die Wohnsitte der Jemen, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte

Neu-Finnlands, in Untersuchungen zur Erlatiterung der alten Geschichte

Russlands.

131

notice here, before we commence the particular description, is a de-

gree of general breadth in the face superior to that which is seen in

the European generally, which gives to the whole an appearance of

squareness when the lower jaw is attached, and causes the actual

shortness of the face, which is remarkable in these skulls, to become

still more apparent. The general resemblance between the Finnish

skulls and those of the Lappes is as strong as between four average

European crania, even belonging to the same nation, and altogether

their contour decidedly approaches what Blumenbach calls the Mon-

golian form of skull, the head appearing, as it has been noticed by

an ocular observer, ‘ of the shape of a pent-house.’

“Tt will be found, however, that it is more especially in a close

and minute examination that differences are seen to exist between

the Lappes and Finns, on the one hand, and the European skulls on

the other.

“Viewed from above and behind, there is a slight difference obser-

vable between the Finn and the Lappe : the posterior part of the Lappe

is larger than the anterior, while the form of the Finn is more regu-

lar and rounded ; that is, the line between the parietal protuberances

exceeds the transverse diameter of the forehead more in the Lappe

than in the Finn. I find, however, that there is equal difference

in this respect between two European skulls even of the same nation.

Again, from the same point of view the skulls of the Lappes present

a central eminence or ridge, upon looking at the outline of the fore-

head (being the line of junction of the two halves of the frontal bone),

which is much less marked, in fact scarcely discernible in the Finn,

and altogether absent in the European, being on the contrary very

strikingly prominent in the Esquimaux. Examined anteriorly, how-

ever, a general view of these skulls gives us exactly opposite results ;

for the sagittal suture, which is now the median line, and the con-

tinuation backwards of the frontal suture of early life, upon looking

at the outline or horizon of the skull, is seen to project decidedly

more in the Finn than in the Lappe; in both more than in other

Europeans. Hence we may fairly lay down, that the skulls of the

Finns and Lappes have (as far only as the vault of the cranium, ex-

clusive of any effect produced by the width of the face, allows us to

conclude, ) more tendency to the pyramidal form than the European,

but less than the Esquimaux.

** Examining these skulls anteriorly, taking into consideration the

face, the triangular form is very evident, partly in consequence of

the fact above mentioned respecting the vault of the cranium, and

partly in consequence of the great width between the external sur-

faces of the malar bones, which in actual measurement in the two

Lappes and the two Finns exceeds the length of the same diameter

in other Europeans by at least half an inch, and in one case by nearly

an inch, being equal to the same diameter in the Esquimaux ; in the

latter, however, which exhibits the pyramidal shape in a remarkable

degree, the form is owing as much to the shape of the forehead as

to the lateral projection of the anterior roots of the zygomatic pro-

cesses. This width across the face is, as has been correctly observed

132

by Dr. Hueck, not owing to the increased breadth or altered shape

in the malar bone, so much as to the altered width and direction of

the malar process of the superior maxillary bone.

‘‘The outline of the external surface of this bone, viewed from a

point exactly in front of the skull; that is to say, the line which

runs from the furthest molar tooth that is visible from this point to

the suture connecting the malar and superior maxillary bones, is, in

the generality of European crania, either vertical, or sometimes even

inclined inwards and upwards in the first part of its course, after-

wards turning outwards to form the commencement of the zygoma.

In the Esquimaux this line runs obliquely upwards and outwards, at

an angle of 45° from its commencement; and in the skulls of the

Finns and Lappes it is intermediate to the two directions, being

however still inclined outwards. This obliquity is also decidedly

more marked in the Finns than in the Lappes.

“Upon this the anterior view, more of the lateral aspect of the

lower jaw is seen than is ordinarily observed, in consequence partly

of the greater distance between the condyles, which will be again

noticed in the examination of the base of the skull, and partly from

the fact that the angles project more in a lateral direction, the entire

bone being apparently more developed than in other Europeans.

‘ With respect to some more minute points regarding these skulls,

the superciliary ridges are well-marked, the ossa nasi, and the ascend-

ing processes of the superior maxillary bones present a flatter and

broader anterior surface than the European, and the cavities and fora-

mina are well-marked. ([In all these four skulls the supraorbital

opening for the frontal nerve and artery is a complete foramen upon

the left side, and merely a notch upon the right. ]

‘‘In consequence of the greater width of the superior maxillary

bone, the shape of the circumference of the orbit is not so round as in

the generality of European skulls, where the external inferior angle

is the lowest, but it is square, with the angles rounded ; and for the

same reason the space for the antrum is increased, while the depth

of the infraorbital or canine fossa is very materially decreased: in

one of the Finnish skulls this surface, from the inferior edge of the

orbit to the alveolar processes, is almost plane. There is nothing

remarkable in the nasal aperture. The shape of the orbit differs

materially from that of the Esquimaux, where it is almost round, and

from that in the skull of an Indian of the Sioux tribe, where it much

resembles the European.

«The distance from the inferior edge of the nasal aperture, that is,

from the anterior nasal spine to the margin of the alveolar process,

is in every specimen of these skulls of the Finns and Lappes decidedly

less than in any other European with which I have compared them.

The teeth are much ground.

‘A lateral view of these crania shows that the forehead is some-

what more receding than in the generality of Europeans, although the

difference is not great, probably not more than is frequently seen be-

tween two specimens of the same tribe.

‘The general shape of the head resembles that of the European

eS ——————E— <_<

133

anteriorly, but the posterior part does not project so much. There is

a marked difference between the posterior projection of the Finns

and Lappes and that of the Esquimaux, the latter being much more

prominent.

«« The line which represents the outline of the ossa nasi, &c., 7. e. the

profile of the face of the skull, presents much less marked irregulari-

ties than the European in general. Thus although, as I have before

observed, the superciliary ridges are weil-marked, the frontal bone

does not overhang the ossa nasi, as in the latter, where a decided

angle is formed. In the Esquimaux the line from the forehead to

the nose is nearly straight, and in the skulls of an Indian of the Sioux

tribe and a Chitamache Indian the curve is very regular and open.

The junction of the nose and forehead in the Lappes and Finns is

therefore more angular than either of the three last-mentioned crania,

but much less so than the European.

‘* Upon this the side view another remarkable fact is observed. The

occipital bone being not so much developed downwards as in other

Europeans (we observed just now that it had less posterior projection

also), and the posterior edge of the lower jaw, from the condyle to

the angle, being longer than in the latter, upon placing the skull

upon a table or any plane horizontal surface, the inferior maxilla

merely touches it by its angle, not resting upon the base of the jaw,

as we observe in the English, Irish, ancient Irish (cast), Sioux,

Italian and Mulatto skulls. The only ones which have this character

in common with the Lappes and Finns are the Negro and the skull

of a Hindu.

‘* The angle of the lower jaw is certainly more obtuse, seen upon

comparing skulls in which the molar teeth remain perfect. In the

form and direction of the coronoid process there seems to be no great

difference.

«The temporal fossz are well-marked, and in one of the Finnish

skulls the anterior inferior angles of the parietal bones are connected

to the great wings of the sphenoid by means of an os wormianum

upon either side. This is not unfrequently the case in other crania.

«« The general shortness of the face which has been observed to exist

in these skulls, is more plainly seen by viewing them from the side,

when we find that the inferior edge of the malar bone is very little

higher than the edge of the alveolar process. This is owing not so

much to the want of development downwards of these processes,

although I have already noticed the shortness of the space between

the nose and the mouth, but to the great breadth (from above down-

wards) of the malar bone, measured from its free inferior border to

its junction with the external orbital process of the frontal bone ;

and it is a remarkable fact, that this measurement, in all the speci-

mens of the skulls of Finns and Lappes, considerably exceeds that

of any of the other specimens of European nations, and is equal to

that of the Esquimaux and American skulls. The breadth of this

‘surface of the malar bone in one Finn much exceeds that of any

which I have had an opportunity of measuring.

‘* Thus the shortness of the face is more apparent upon the lateral

134

view of the cranium, in consequence of the additional width of the

malar bone.

“The general shape of the basis cranii presents nothing very stri-

king, with the exception of the zygomatic arches. The foramen

magnum is of a more oval form than usual, and there appears to be

scarcely as great a development of the occipital bone. This agrees

with what we observed when considering the lateral aspect of these

skulls, and with what has previously been noticed by Dr. Hueck re-

specting the space for the cerebellum, which, upon an examination

of the interior of the cranium, is said to be small, in consequence of

the slight concavity of the inferior occipital fossa. The condyles of

the occipital bone are remarkably large, being, in three out of four

of these skulls, an inch in the long axis, and in one of them (the Finn)

longer. They are not unusually broad. This is not the case in any

other European cranium which I have examined, but is seen in the

Hindu, Chitamache Indian, and to a certain extent in the Esquimaux.

There must doubtless have been a much greater freedom of motion

backwards and forwards in these joints than is usually the case.

“The zygomatic arches, which are best seen at the base, are much

more curved than in the other Europeans, slightly less so than in

the Esquimaux ; and the anterior projection of the alveolar processes

beyond the anterior termination of the zygoma is also intermediate

between the European and the Esquimaux.

«‘ The glenoid cavities are flatter, more widely separated, and not

so well-defined as in the European generally, and a difference corre-

sponding to this is seen in the lower jaw, where the condyles, besides

being more widely separated from one another, are also more rounded

in form, allowing of a greater degree of lateral motion. In corre-

spondence with this fact we also find that the pterygoid processes of

the sphenoid bone, especially the external plates, are widened and

enlarged, extending farther outwards, affording a greater space for

the attachment of the pterygoid muscles, whose duty it is to perform

the lateral or grinding motion in mastication. I mentioned above

the corresponding fact of the teeth being much worn down.

« The ridges for the attachment of the muscles on the palate bone

are well-marked, and viewed from below it is seen that the alveolar

processes do not project so much from the horizontal part of the

palate; that is, that the entire hard palate presents a general curve

throughout, instead of being at first plane with a sudden bend, or

almost an angle, which is seen at the point where the alveolar pro-

cesses are given off in the generality of European skulls.

«‘ These skulls of the Finns and Lappes are very solid and heavy.

« Although this description of the Finnish skulls corresponds in

very many respects with that given by Dr. Hueck, yet the examination

leads us to an exactly opposite conclusion, viz. that there are very

many points in common between the Finn and the races characterized

by the pyramidal-shaped skull, and the conclusion with regard to the

Lappe corresponds toe that which was published by Professor Blu-

menbach. Weare hence able to lay down, that there is no important

difference between the skulls of the Finns and Lappes, but that, on

135

the contrary, there is a very great resemblance between them; that

altogether they are more nearly allied to the Hyperborean form than

to the European ; and that if any difference does exist between them,

it is that the Finns approach more nearly to this conformation of

skull than the Lappes.”’

Mr. Gould exhibited a specimen of an Australian Bird, which he

described as follows :—

Popicers Austrauis. P. quoad colorem, P. cristato consimilis, at

cristd collari in medio latits et saturatits castaned, et ad apicem

latiis nigrd.

Crown of the head and occipital tufts black; frill black at the outer

edge and chestnut in the centre, gradually passing into buffy white

on the face; upper surface and wings dark brown; scapularies and

secondaries pure white; all the under surface silvery white, stained

with brown and chestnut on the flanks; irides red; bill dark horn-

colour; upper surface of the tarsi and toes dark olive-green ; under

surface pale yellow.

Total length, 24 inches; bill, 22; wing, 7; tarsi, 21.

Hab. Australia and Van Diemen’s Land.

Remark.—Nearly allied to P. cristatus, but differs in being some-

what larger in size, and in having the frill fuller and of a blacker hue

than in that species.

136

August 27, 1844.

Richard C. Griffith, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Fraser read a description of a new species of Crowned Pigeon

from New Guinea, now in the Gardens of the Society. In honour

of Her Most Gracious Majesty, the Patroness of the Society, he pro-

posed the name of

Loruyrus Victor1a*. L. ptilose saturate ceruleo-grised ; singulis

plumis criste apice barbato ceruleo, albo marginato ; pectore cas-

taneo; tectricibus alarum majoribus cinereo-ceruleis, castaneo

marginatis.

The general colour of this species is an intense blue-grey, becoming

lighter on the head; the chest is deep chestnut; the larger wing-

coverts are light blue-grey, tipped with dark chestnut; the head is

surmounted with a crest, each feather of which is of a similar con-

struction as that of Columbus coronatus, but spreading into a spatu-

late form at the extremities, of a blue colour, bordered with white ;

there is also a dark mark passing through the eye; irides vermilion.

In size it is somewhat larger than C. coronatus.

Hab. New Guinea.

This lovely species is closely allied to C. coronatus, but differs from

that bird in having terminal points to the crest-feathers, in the darker

colouring, in having chestnut on the breast instead of the back and

shoulders, and in having the larger wing-coverts pale blue-grey, ter-

minated with chestnut, in the place of white, tipped with chestnut.

“‘ Description of new species of Ranella,” by Lovell Reeve, Esq.

RAnELLA ALBivaricosa. Ran. testd oblongo-ovatd, depressiusculd,

varicibus tuberculis subspinosis prominentibus armatis ; anfractibus

leviter angulatis, tuberculis subspinosis infra angulum biseriatim

armatis, transversim elevato-striatis, inferne liratis, striis lirisque

leviter undulatis, subtilissime granulatis ; albd, rufescente-fusco

tinctd, varicibus niveis; aperturd oblongo-ovali, utrinque canali-

culatd, fauce pallidé purpurascente ; labro dentato et sulcato.

Conch. Icon., Ranella, pl. 1. f. 2.

Murex rana, Linneus ; Martini, Conch., vol. iv. pl. 133. f.1270-71.

Hab. Ceylon.

How comes it to pass that this common and peculiarly character-

istic species has escaped the notice of so many good discriminating

conchologists who have written on the genus?

* « Lophyrus, Vieill. (1816); Gowra, Steph. (1819); Megapelia, Kaup

(1836) ; Ptilophyrus, Swains. (1837).” G. R. Gray’s ‘ Genera of Birds.’

137

RanELiA Pustutosa. Ran. testd ovatd, subdepressd, ponderosd,

castaned ; anfractibus pustularum grandium seriebus duabus tri-

busve livido-castaneis cingulatis ; varicibus granuloso-liratis ; colu-

melld granuloso-rugosd, rugis albidis ; labro planissime fimbriato,

superne sinuato, fusco, radiatim albisulcato.

Conch. Icon., Ranella, pl. 3. f. 11.

Hab. Ascension Island.

This shell approximates so closely to the Ranella celata in the

style and character of its sculpture, that a specimen or two of differ-

ent ages seem all that is necessary to exhibit a complete specific

connection between them ; it has however been demonstrated by the

researches of two gentlemen of perhaps the greatest practical expe-

rience, Mr. Cuming and Mr. Hinds, that no species of shell common

to the western coast of South America has ever been discovered on

the coast of Africa.

RaNELLA PONDEROSA. Ran. testd acuminato-ovatd, crassd, pon-

derosd, varicibus valde prominentibus ; anfractibus superne leviter

angulatis, granulorum seriebus cingulatis, alternis granulis gran-

dibus, bipartitis ; rubido-fuscd, lutescente ; columellé granulatd et

rugosa; canali brevi, subrecurvo ; labro plano-incrassato, granu-

lato, superne sinuato.

Conch. Icon., Ranella, pl. 3. f. 14.

Hab. ?

The sculpture of this shell approaches very nearly to that of the

Ranella celata; it only requires however a slight examination of the

specimens before me in different stages of growth, to see that they

are specifically distinct.

RaneEtta NoBiLis. Ran. testd oblongo-ovatd, depressd, crassius-

culd ; spird acuminatd, varicibus angustis, radiatim stellatis ; an-

Fractibus granuloso-liratis, precipue super varices, in medio tuber-

culatis, anfractu ultimo tuberculorum seriebus duabus armato ;

albidd, fuscescente subtiliter maculosd ; columelld fortiter rugosd ;

apertura oblongd, utrinque canaliculatd, fauce alba ; labro fortiter

rugoso.

Conch. Icon., Ranella, pl. 4. f. 16.

Hab. ——-?

The form of this noble species is somewhat intermediate between

that of the Ranella pulchra, or ‘‘ Finned Frog,” and the ordinary type

of the genus, the varices exhibiting an indication of that peculiar

star-like radiation common to the former, whilst the aperture is of

an oblong canaliculated form, with the wrinkled lip and columella

of the latter. The sculpture most resembles that of the Ranella fo-

liata.

RANELLA cortacea. Ran. testd oblongo-ovata, depressiusculd,

spird subobtusd, varicibus rotundatis ; anfractibus undique creber-

rimé granulatis, transversim costatis, costis latis, interdum subobso-

letis,irregulariter tumido-nodosis ; aurantio-fuscescente ; columella

sparsim rugosd ; apertura ovata, utrinque leviter sinuatd ; labro

intus radiatim denticulato.

138

Conch. Icon., Ranella, pl. 6. f. 26.

Hab. ?

This interesting species, which Mr. Cuming possesses in different

stages of growth, is the shell figured by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, jun., in

the ‘ Conchological Illustrations’ as a variety of his Ranella scrobi-

culator (Triton scrobiculator, Lamarck and others); I think, how-

ever, with M. Deshayes, that it is “‘une coquille qui me parait tou-

jours différente ; j’en ai vu plusieurs evemplaires et plusieurs figures,

et j'ai observé des différences spécifiques constantes. Cette soi-disant

variété a plutot les caracteres des Ranelles que le Scrobiculator propre-

ment dit, et c’est sans doute ce qui explique pourquoi un certain nombre

de conchyliologues veulent que le Scrobiculator soit une Ranelle. Pour

nous, qui en avons vu l’animal, c'est un Triton.” Note in new edition

of Lamarck’s Anim. sans vert., vol. ix. p. 626.

Ranewya tivipa. Ran. testd ovato-turritd, spird acuminatd ; an-

fractibus supern? depressis, ad suturam granulatis, infra levibus,

transversim noduloso-liratis, in medio tuberculorum seriebus duabus

compressis armatis ; lividd, fuscescente varid ; columelld subtiliter

rugosd ; aperturd ovatd, utrinque sinuatd ; labro denticulato.

Conch. Icon., Ranella, pl. 6. f. 28.

Ranella granifera, Kiener (not of Lamarck).

Hab. Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean (found on the coral reefs) ;

Cuming.

I do not see how M. Kiener can identify this tuberculated shell

with Lamarck’s description of Ranella granifera.

Rawnexxa pricata. Ran. testd oblongd, sub-Muriciformi ; anfrac-

tibus rotundatis, scabris, longitudinaliter plicatis, in medio nodu-

losis ; livido-olivaced, zond albidd in medio cinctd ; columella levi,

canali longiusculo.

Conch. Icon., Ranella, pl. 7. f. 33.

Hab, ?

The plicated growth of this shell is developed with the neatest

regularity from the apex to the margin.

RaANELLA vENusTULA. Ran. testd ovatd, crassiusculd, varicibus

valde obliquis ; anfractibus transversim costatis, granulatis et

punctatis, superne angulatis, prope suturam corrugatis, ad angu-

lum fortiter tuberculatis ; columelld excavatd, nigricante-purpured,

albigranulosd ; aperturd rotundd, utringue canaliculatd, fauce

roseo-purpured ; labro incrassato, nigro-purpureo,

Conch. I[con., Ranella, pl. 7. f. 37.

Hab. ?

This species is remarkably characterized by its rich dark purple

columella granulated with white.

RANELLA SIPHONATA. Ran. testd ovatd, crassiusculd, varicibus

perspicue canaliculatis ; anfractibus transversim rude costatis et

tuberculatis, undique granulatis et punctatis, prope suturam cor-

rugatis ; luteold ; columelld via rugosd, roseo-purpurascente ; aper-

139

turd rotundd, fauce roseo-purpurascente, utrinque canaliculatd,

canali supero valde elato-siphonato.

Var. (3. Testd albd aut luteold, nigro-cerulescente fasciatd et punc-

tatd ; columella albd, aperture fauce albd.

Conch. Icon., Raneila, pl. 7. f. 38.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

I take this shell to be quite distinct from the dark variety of the

Ranella bufonia to which it is allied.

RaneELLA TuBERosIssimMA. Ran. testd ovatd, varicibus perspicue

canaliculatis ; anfractibus transversim rude costatis, dorsim tube-

rosissimis, undique granulatis et punctatis, prope suturam corru-

gatis ; albidd, nigro-cerulescente punctatd ; columella levi, crocea ;

aperturd rotunda, vivide croced, utrinque canaliculatd; canali

supero elato-siphonato, superne intus nigricante tincto ; labro for-

titer dentato.

Conch. Icon., Ranella, pl. 7. f. 39.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

An extraordinary humped shell with a yellow mouth.

RaneLua TRIQUETRA. Ran. testd elongato-Muriciformi, varicibus

superne mucronatis ; anfractibus angulatis, ad angulum tubercu-

latis, supra levibus, infra obsolete liratis ; livido-olivaced ; colu-

melld levi ; canali longiusculo ; aperturd parva ; labro vix denticu-

lato.

Conch. Icon., Raneila, pl. 7. f. 41.

Hab. San Diego, California; Nuttall.

Quite distinct in my opinion from the R. Muriciformis, which is a

flat pinnated shell.

Ranetza wAstuLa. Ran. testd parvuld, sublanceolatd, depressd,

ancipiti ; anfractibus transversim granoso-striatis, lamellis elevatis

indistincte diadematis; castaneo-fuscd; columella levi; canali

brevi, recurvo ; aperturd parvd.

Conch. Icon., Ranella, pl. 8. f. 42.

Hab.

This little dark granulated shell, though less pyramidal, is of simi-

lar structure to the Ranella anceps.

Ranewza rosea. Ran. testd pyramidali-ovatd, varicibus subobli-

quis ; anfractibus superne leviter angulatis, transversim striatis,

undique seriatim tuberculato-nodulosis, nodulis ad angulum bipar-

titis ; vivid? coccineo-rosed, nodulis luteis ; canali breviter recurvo,

apertura parva.

Conch. Icon., Ranedlia, pl. 8. f. 46.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines ; Cuming.

This pretty little species exhibits a very agreeable contrast of co-

lour, namely, yellow nodules upon a bright scarlet-rose ground.

Ranewtia cusprpata. Ran. testd acuminato-ovatd, crassiusculd,

solidd, varicibus obliquis ; anfractibus transversim noduloso-liratis,

tuberculis duobus obtusis inter varices ornatis; albidd, luteo-

140

aurantio plus minusve tinctd ; columelld levi ; canali breviusculo,

recurvo ; apertura parvd, ovato-rotundatd.

Conch. Icon., Ranella, pl. 8. f. 48. }

Hab. Islands of Capul and Ticao, Philippines ; Cuming.

This shell has somewhat the form and general character of the

Ranella bitubercularis, though it is of more solid growth and of a pe-

culiar orange-yellow colour.

«A continuation of a paper by Sylvanus Hanley, Esq., on new

species of the genus Tellina, chiefly collected by Hugh Cuming, Esq.

in the Philippine Islands and Central America” :—

TreLtina Ropon. Tel. testd oblonga, tenuissimd, compressiusculd,

levi, nitidissimd, rosed, pellucida, valde inequilaterali, utringue ro-

tundatd ; margine ventrali conveaiusculo ; dorsali antice vir declivi

et convexiusculo, postice subdeclivi ; latere postico brevi, subatte-

nuato ; flecurd obsoletd ; dente laterali approximato, antico. Long.

0°38 ; lat. 0°83 poll.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

Allied to coccinea, but more elongated and glossy.

Treiiina tux. Tel. testd subovali, tenui, pellucida, compressd,

nitidd, aurantid, sublevigatd, inequilaterali ; margine ventrali con-

vexiusculo ; dorsali utrinque subdeclivi, antice conveviusculo, pos-

tice brevi et incurvato ; latere postico breviore obtusissimé biangu-

lato ; extremitate anticd obtuse rotundatd; flecurd nulld ; dente

laterali antico, approximato, distincto. Long. 0°55 ; lat. 0°80 poll.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Hanley.

Two specimens of this rare shell, which possesses the general ap-

pearance of 7. psammotella, were selected by me from a large number

of T. Philippinarum.

Trevurna nitanis. Tel. testd oblongo-cuneiformi, tenui, compres-

siusculd, inequilaterali, nitidd, levi, rosed, albo biradiatd ; radiis

latis, submediis ; margine ventrali convexiusculo ; dorsali anticé

declivi, postic? subrecto et valde declivi ; extremitate lateris antici

longioris rotundatd ; extremitate posticd brevi, cuneiformi ; flex-

urd obsoletd ; dente laterali unico, parvo, subapproximato. Long.

0°37; lat. 0°62 poll.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

Possessing the general contour of 7. tenera, but more elongated

and wedge-shaped. The colouring is rich and peculiar, being deep

rose-colour, adorned with two broad white rays, one leaning forwards

and the other with a posterior inclination. I suspect it comes to us

from the Philippine Islands.

TreLLINA JuvENILIs, Tel, testd ovato-subtrigond, tenui, pellucida,

nitidd, compressiusculd, rubro-aurantid, levigata, inequilaterali ;

margine ventrali convexo aut convexiusculo; dorsali antice sub-

recto declivi, postice convexo et valde declivi ; latere antico longiore,

subattenuato, rotundato; postico brevi et obtuse subcuneiformi ;

141

costd umbonali et flerurd subobsoletis ; dente laierali parvo, an-

tico. Long. 0°45; lat. 0°60 poll.

Hab. Philippines.

Closely resembling the Mediterranean variety of T. tenuis.

Tevuina vestauis. Tel. testd oblongo-angustd, tenuissima, convex-

iusculd, nitidd, levi, intus extusque nived, inequilaterali ; margine

ventrali subrecto, paululim convexiusculo ; dorsali antice minimé

declivi et paululiim convexiusculo, postice prope ligamentum exca-

vato, deinde declivi ; extremitate lateris antici longioris rotundatd ;

eatremitate posticd subemarginatd, subattenuatd, obtuse biangulata ;

flecurd obsoletd ; dente laterali antico, approximato. Long. 0°60;

lat. 1°13 poll.

Hab. Isle of Negros; in coral sand, at seven fathoms: isle of Lu-

zon; in sandy mud, at six fathoms.

Closely allied to the Tellinides truncatulus of Sowerby.

Tevuina vernALis. Tel. testd subovali, tenuissima, compressius-

culd, pellucida, levi, nitidissimd, albido-rosed, valde inequilaterali,

utringue rotundatd ; margine ventrali convextusculo ; dorsali utrin-

que paululim convexiusculo, postice declivi, anticé vix minime de-

clivi ; latere antico producto, postico brevi ; flexurd obsoleia ; dente

laterali minimo, antico, subapproximato. Long. 0°40; lat. 0°63

poll.

Hab. Singapore ; soft sandy mud, at seven fathoms.

The outline is somewhat similar to 7. /uz, and both the texture

and colouring are most delicate.

Tevuina specraBiuis. Tel. testa ovato-trapeziformi, subtenut, ven-

tricosd, maxime inequilaterali, impolitd, inius extusque albidd,

concentrice striata ; striis rugosis, elevatis, tenuibus; margine ven-

trali paululim convexo ; dorsali antice convexo et declivi, postice

recto aut subincurvato et maximé declivi ; extremitate lateris antici

longioris obtusd ; extremitate posticd truncato-cuneiformi, obtus?

biangulatd ; costé umbonali et flerurd conspicuis; ligamento

magno, haud prominente ; dentibus primariis minimis, lateralibus

nullis. Long. 2°15; lat. 2°75 poll.

Hab. Bay of Manila and island of Siquijor; on coral sand, at low

water. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

Allied to the ephippium of Spengler, but easily distinguished by

the extreme disparity of its sides.

Trxtuina Granpis. Tel. testa ovali, subtrigond, solidd, converd,

subinequivalvi, levi, subimpolitd, intus extusque albidd, anticé ro-

tundatd ; margine ventrali convexiusculo ; dorsali utringue declivi,

postice recto aut subrecto, antice vir convexiusculo ; extremitate

lateris antici brevioris obtusd ; flexurd costdque umbonali subobso-

letis ; ligamento magno ; dentibus lateralibus nullis. Long. 2°40;

lat. 3°30 poll.

Hab. Tumbez, Peru.

A large species, which assumes the appearance of a Lutraria. An

142

extremely thin greenish ashy epidermis is perceptible near the lower

margin.

Texiuina Brueuient. Tel. testd rotundato-trigond, solidd, subequi-

laterali, convexd, impolitd, intus extusque albidd, sublevigatd,

antice obtusa, postice rotundatd; margine ventrali convexo aut

subarcuato ; dorsali postice elevatiore, vald? declivi et paululim

convexo, antice arcuato et declivi; natibus prominentibus, anticeé

incumbentibus ; flexurd costdque umbonali obsoletis; ligamento

infosso ; lunula parvd ; dentibus primariis maximis, lateralibus

nullis. Long. 1°50; lat. 1°80 poll.

Hab. Mlo-Ilo, isle of Panhay; hard sand.

This species is evidently represented at plate 231. figure 2. of the

‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique,’ but as no name accompanies the deline-

ation, I have assigned to it its present one, in honour of the illustrious

author of the letter-press to that work.

TELLINA GUBERNACULUM. Tel, testa subovatd, subinequivalvi,

tenui, compressiusculd, levi, extus iniusque albidd, valde inequi-

laterali ; margine ventrali convexiusculo, antice sursum acclinante ;

dorsali, anticé magis minusve convexo et declivi, postice recto brevi,

et subito declivi; extremitate lateris antici longioris attenuato

rotundatd ; extremitate posticd brevissimd, truncato-cuneiformi ;

flecura costdque umbonali obsoletis ; ligamento infosso ; dentibus

primariis parvis, lateralibus nullis. Long. 1°45; lat. 1°90 poll.

Hab. Real Llejos, Central America ; in sandy mud, seven fathoms.

Closely allied to the truncata of Jonas, but that species is much

thicker and its shorter extremity simply wedge-shaped.

Trevurna rormosa. Tel. testa obovatd, convexiusculd, valde ine-

quilaterali, albidd, radits interruptis roseis, striisque minutis con-

fertis obliquis, undique ornatd ; margine ventrali convexo ; dorsali

utringue convexiusculo, antice subdeclivi, postice valde declivi ;

extremitate lateris antici producti rotundatd, postici brevissimi

obtusissime angulatd; flerurd subobsoletd; dentibus lateralibus

nullis. Long. 0°43; lat. 0°55 poll.

Hab. Daleguete, Zebu; sandy mud at ten fathoms.

The absence of lateral teeth, the general shape, the brilliant colour-

ing and minute oblique striz, unite in rendering this unique shell

easily distinguishable from any species of this genus.

Tevua Sox. Tel. testd oblongo-ellipticd, solidiusculd, compressd,

nitidd, rubro-aurantid, alterd in valvuld concentricé substriatd,

alterd sublevigatd ; margine ventrali convexo, postice sursum ac-

clinante ; dorsali utrinque subdeclivi, convexiusculo ; latere antico

longiore, ad extremitatem rotundato ; extremitate posticd in juni-

oribus subacuminatd, in adultis obtusé angulatd ; natibus planulatis ;

ligamento infosso; dente laterali unico, antico, distincto. Long.

2°40; lat. 4°25 poll.

Hab. —? Mus. Cuming, Metcalfe.

This truly magnificent shell unites the aspect of the acuta of Wood

to the brilliant hues of T. foliacea. The concentric strie are ex-

143

tremely fine and regular, but become stronger and more decided

towards the lower margin, where obsolete radiating lines are likewise

perceptible. The smoother valve of Mr. Cuming’s superb specimen

is rayed with paler streaks, but this is not the case in the few other

specimens I have ever beheld of this gorgeous species. The apex is

colourless and not rosy as in acuta.

ge TELLina virco. Tel. testd ovato-oblongd, tenuissimd, planulatd,

nitidissimd, nived, pellucidd, striis obliquis flexuosis subremotis in

valvuld utrdque ornatd ; margine ventrali convexiusculo ; dorsali

antico magis minusve declivi, convexo ; latere postico een, sub-

cuneiformi; flexurd cosidque umbonali obsoletis ; ligamento satis

prominente ; dente laterali antico, parvo, subapproximato. Long.

0°55 ; lat. 0°92 poll.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

Allied to the Jris of Say, but much larger. The remote oblique

striz entirely cease before arriving at the hinder extremity. It is

the most pellucid and glassy-looking bivalve I am acquainted with.

TELLINA IMBELLIS. Tel. testd ellipticd, inequivalvi, solidiusculd,

extus intusque albidd, nitidd, valdé inequilaterali ; alterd valvuld

levi, complanatd ; alterd convexd et lineis concentricis elevatis,

postice striata ; margine ventrali convexo ; dorsali antico convex-

iusculo et paululiim declivi; extremitate lateris antici longioris

rotundatd ; extremitate posticd obtuse angulatd ; ligamento promi-

nente ; flexurd nulld ; dente laterali antico, minimo, approximato.

Long. 0°90; lat. 1°50 poil.

Hab. ?

Closely resembling a Psammobia, the, minute lateral tocth being

scarcely visible.

Texxiina Vattonis. Tel. testd ovato-oblongd, fragili, complanatd,

subinequilaterali, nitidissimd, pellucida, rosed, radiis geminis albi-

dis postice ornatd, lineisque minutis concentricé substriatd ; mar-

gine ventrali conveaiusculo; dorsali antico subdeclivi, convexo ;

extremitate posticd paululim breviore, vix rotundato-angulata ;

flexurd, costdque umbonali, obsoletis ; dente laterali antico, parvo,

subapproximato. Long. 0°53; lat. 0°72 poll.

Hab. ? Mus. Metcalfe.

I have named this shell in honour of W. Walton, Esq., whose rich

collection has proved of great service to me in my investigation of

the very numerous species of this beautiful genus. It differs from

exilis by the absence of regular suboblique striule and by the hinder

extremity not being decidedly wedge-shaped.

Texvuina Fricipa. Tel. testd ovali, solidiusculd, convexd, inequi-

laterali, nitidd, albidé (intus candidd), levigatd, utrinque rotun-

datd ; margine ventrali convexo ; dorsali antico, subdeclivi, convexo ;

latere postico plane breviore ; natibus inconspicuis ; flexurd, cos-

tdque umbonali, obsoletis ; dentibus primariis minimis, lateralibus

nullis. Long. 0°70; lat. 1 poll.

Hab. Kamtschatka. Mus. Petit, Hanley.

I am indebted to M. Petit de la Saussaye for the possessionof this

144

rare species. It is closely allied to the edentula of Sowerby, but

the beaks are more prominent in that species, and its posterior ter-

mination more angular.

Teiuina ELonGaTA. Tel. testd oblongo-angustd, subtenui, subven-

tricosd, intus extusque albd, levigata, valde inequilaterali, antice

rotundatd ; margine ventrali medio subretuso, antice sursum accli-

nante ; dorsali antice convexiusculo et vix paululiim declivi, posticé

producto, recto aut subretuso satisque declivi ; latere postico brevi,

truncato-acuminato hiante; ligamento subinfosso; flexurd sub-

obsoletd ; dentibus lateralibus nullis. Long. 1:12; lat. 2°20 poll.

Hab. Chiquiqui, West Columbia ; in sand at three fathoms.

The extremely narrow shape, and the peculiarity of its upper and

lower edges being almost parallel, separate it from the majority of

its section; it is however closely allied to the succeeding species.

Tecuina assimitis. Tel. testd T. elongate simillimd, sed magis

ventricosd, et extremitate posticd contortd, subrostratd. Long.

0°45 ; lat. 0°95 poll.

Hab. Isle of Luzon; in sandy mud, six fathoms.

Tetiina 1nornaTa. Tel. testd ovato-oblongd, subtenui, subventri-

cosd, impolitd, subequilaterali, sordide albidd, epidermide tenui et

cinerea indutd, levigatd ; marginis ventralis parte medid recta aut

subretusd ; dorsalis parte anticd convexiusculd et paululiim declivi,

parte posticd subdeclivi ; extremitate anticd rotundatd, posticd

attenuato-rotundata ; flecurd, costdque umbonali, obsoletis ; dentibus

lateralibus nullis. Long. 0°82; lat. 1°30.

Hab, Conception, Chili; soft mud, six fathoms.

A fossil-like shell, which is devoid of striking characteristics, and

much resembles an elongated Edentula.

Tevumna cyenvs. Tel. testd ovatd aut ovato-oblongd, solidiusculd,

subequilaterali, convexd, extus nitidd, intusque candidd, concentricé

substriatd ; margine ventrali convexiusculo ; dorsali anticé sub-

recto et paululiim declivi, postice recto et valde declivi ; extremi-

tate anticd rotundato-obtusd, posticd cuneiformi, subrostratd ;

flecurd ventrali distinctd ; ligamento infosso ; superficie internd

submargaritaced ; dentibus lateralibus nullis. Long. 0°40; lat.

0°63 poll.

Hab. Bias, isle of Negros; coral sand, seven fathoms.

Closely resembling corbuloides in shape, but narrower, possessing

distinct concentric striz, and devoid of lateral teeth.

Tetumna Domset. Tel. testd obovatd, inequilaterali, solidd aut

solidiusculd, convexa aut subventricosd, impolitd, levigatd, albidd,

natibus roseo tinctis; margine ventrali subrecto; dorsali antice

subdeclivi et convexo, postic? subrecto satisque declivi ; extremitate

anticd rotundatd, posticd brevi, subangulatd ; ligamento infosso ;

costd umbonali et flecurd distinctis ; disco interno aurantio-roseo ;

dentibus lateralibus nullis. Long. 1°60; lat. 2 poll.

Hab. Panama; twelve fathoms, sandy mud.

Allied to the umbonella of Lamarck, but with the fold and flexure

more distinctly marked.

September 10, 1844.

William Horton Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

A communication was read from George Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S.

&c., containing additional measurements of the Blood-corpuscles of

Mammalia and Birds. No. 3.*

The measurements, as in all my former ones of the blood-corpuscles,

refer exclusively, unless otherwise mentioned, to the red particles or

discs.

The diameters, as usual, are given in vulgar fractions of an

English inch; and as the numerator is always 1, it is left out, the

denominators only being printed.

Other particulars are explained

at the head of my former communications.

Ratel(Mellivora Capensis, F .Cuv.).

4000

3572

3600

5333

3200

3824

Blood from a prick of the nose

of a female, half-grown.

Fin-back Whale (Balena Boops).

3200

3000.

4570

2666

3099

I do not know that the blood-

dises of any whale have been

before measured. They are, like

those of the porpoise, of the com-

mon circular form. Those of the

whale are but slightly larger than

the human blood-corpuscles, and

decidedly smaller than those of

the elephant and sloth.

The measurements were made

from some rather imperfect spe-

cimens of the dried corpuscles, for

which I am indebted to that ex-

cellent anatomist Mr. J. Quekett.

Gayal (Bos Sylhetanus, F. Cuv.).

4570

4000

6000

3200

4299

Blood from a vein of the ear.

Aoudad(Ovis Tragelaphus,Desm.).

6665

6400

6000

8000

5333

6355

Blood from a prick of the lip

and from a vein of the ear of a

fine adult male. The corpuscles

are smaller than those of the

mouflon and of the common sheep,

being most nearly allied in mi-

nuteness to the corpuscles of the

* No. 2 will be found in the Proc. Zool. Soc., Feb. 13th, 1844; and

"No. 1 in the same Proceedings, Dec. 13th, 1842.

No. CXXXIX.—Proceepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Soctery.

146

goat. The present measurements

having been made from good sam-

ples of fresh blood, are probably

better than my former measure-

ments (Lond. and Edin. Phil. Mag.

Jan. 1841, p. 31) of the corpus-

cles obtained from the heart of an

Aoudad fifteen hours after death,

when the discs may have been

somewhat swollen.

Malabar Squirrel (Sciurus mazi-

mus, Schreb.).

4000

3555

3200

5333

2900

3633

Blood from a prick of the nose. |

Two-toed Sloth (Bradypus didac- |

tylus, Linn.).

Average 2865, being the largest

corpuscles, next to those of the |

elephant, yet known among mam-

mals; measurements detailed in |

the Proceedings of the Zool. Soc., |

June llth, 1844. Blood from a

prick of the nose and from the

lip.

Hairy Armadillo (Dasypus villo-

sus, Desm.).

3330

3200

4572

2666

3315

Blood from a prick of the foot

of a male.

Billardier’s Kangaroo (Halmatu-

rus Billardieri, Gould).

4000

3200

4800

3000

3623

Blood from a prick of the nose

of a male.

Swift Kangaroo (Macropus ocy-

) dromus, Gould).

| 3555

| 3200

| 4570

| 2900

) 3442

Blood from a prick of the nose

_of a female.

Trumpeter (Psophia crepitans,

Linn.).

L.D. S.D.

2000 3555

1777 3200

2286 4800

1600 2900

1883 3488

Blood from a vein of the pinion.

Crested Lapwing (Vanellus cris-

tatus, Temm.).

L.D. S.D.

1895 3200

2400 4572

1714 2666

1964 3310

| Blood from a vein of the pinion.

Continuation of a paper on the new species of the genus Tellina,

by Sylvanus Hanley, Esq. :—

Teturna mites. Tel. testd T. cuspidi affni, sed oblongd, rostratd,

et magis compressd ; margine antico dorsali vie paululim declivi ;

ventrali convexo ; valvuld alterd lineis elevatis concentricis undique

striatd. Long. 0°90; lat. 1°88 poll.

147

Hab. ? Mus. Metcalfe.

A beautiful shell, which reminds one slightly of the rosea of

Spengler, and closely resembles a produced and flattened specimen

of Tellina cuspis.

Tevuina Linrum. Tel. testd ovato-oblongd, tenuiusculd, subven-

tricosd, extus intusque albd, concentricé substriatd ; striis supra

costam umbonalem elevatis; margine ventrali subrecto; dorsal

antic? subrecto paululimque declivi ; latere antico producto, inferne

ad extremitatem oblique rotundato ; latere postico, brevi, cunei-

formi ; dentibus lateralibus nullis. Long. 0°50; lat. 0°80 poll.

Hab. Isle of Burias, sandy mud, low water; and isle of, Negros,

coral sand, seven fathoms : Cuming.

One of the many species which are destitute of any striking cha-

racteristics.

TELLINA PLEBEIA. Tel. testd subovatd, convexd, levigatd, intus

extusgue albida, umbonibus hyalinis et rubro-aurantiis ; margine

ventrali convexo aut subarcuato ; dorsali, anticé prope nates recto

et paululim declivi, postic? recto satisque declivi ; latere antico lon-

giore, rotundato ; extremitate posticd obtuse angulatd ; ligamento

infosso ; dentibus lateralibus nullis. Long. 1:15; lat. 1°70 poll.

Hab. Real Llejos, Central America; sandy mud, seven fathoms.

Very closely allied to the umbonella of Lamarck.

Tetumna Aurora. Tel.testd T. Psammotelle simillimd, convexiore

autem, et umbonibus rubro-aurantiis ; ligamento infosso ; dentibus

lateralibus nullis. Long. 0°75; lat. 1°23 poll.

Hab. Panama; soft sandy mud, ten fathoms: Cuming.

Both this and the succeeding species are not unlike Chemnitz’s

figure of T. oblonga, but the description by no means accords.

Tevumna Lucerna. Tel. lestd oblongd, subventricosd, levigatd,

albidd, umbonibus aurantiis, anticé longiore et rotundatd, posticé

obtuse cuneiformi ; margine ventrali subrecto ; dorsali, antice pau-

lulim et postice satis declivi, utrinque subrecto ; ligamento subin-

fosso ; disco interno aurantio ; dentibus lateralibus nullis. Long.

0°90; lat. 1°42 poll.

Hab. Isle of Negros and Isle of Misamis; sandy mud, low water :

Isle of Panay, hard sand: Cuming.

TELLINA scaLPELLUM. Tel. testd oblongd, tenuissimd, compressd,

nitidissimd, valde inequilaterali, rosed, pellucidd, sublevigatd ;

margine ventrali subrecto ; dorsali antico paululim declivi et sub-

recto; latere postico brevi et obtuse subcuneiformi ; extremitate

anticd rotundatd ; ligamento parvo, prominulo ; dentibus laterali-

bus nullis. Long. 0°25; lat. 0°50 poll.

Hab. Isle of Zebu; sandy mud, low water: Cuming.

More produced than in the majority of the smaller species, and of

a peculiarly deep rose-colour.

Texuina Diana. T. testd T. Galathez simillimd, subovatd autem,

148

punctisque nullis ; margine dorsali etiam utrinque magis declivi,

ventrali convexiore, et extremitate posticd magis obtusd. Long.

1°05 ; lat. 1°50 poll.

Hab. Java? Mus. Hanley, &c.

Texvuina AanciLua. Tel. testd oblongo-elongatd, convexiusculd, ni-

tidissimd, candidd, concentricé substriatd, lineisque obsoletis radi-

antibus ornatd; striolis supra costam umbonalem subobsoletam,

remotioribus, distinctis, subimbricatis ; margine ventrali subrecto ;

dorsali, antic subdeclivi et convexiusculo, postice subrecto et de-

clivi ; latere antico producto ; postico obtuse cuneiformi; dentibus

lateralibus nullis. Long. 0°45 ; lat. 1 poll.

Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, on fine coral-sand : Cuming.

Tevuina Hiserna: Tel. testd oblongd, solidd, compressiusculd,

valde inequilaterali, subnitidd, candida, levigatd ; margine ventral

subrecto ; dorsali antice convewxiusculo et paululiim declivi, postice

primim convexo deinde subincurvato ; latere antico producto ; pos-

lico brevi, cuneiformi ; ligamento prominulo ; dente laterali antico

magno, approximato. Long. 0°45; lat. 0°75 poll.

Hab. Panama and Bay of Guayaquil; six to eleven fathoms, in

sandy mud: Cuming.

Closely allied to 7. polita.

Treruina Desnayesu. Tel. testd T. Spengleri simillimd, sed al-

bido-rosed, et lamellis subremotis concentric ornatd ; margine

etiam ventrali magis convero. Long. 0°60; lat. 1°55 poll.

Hab. Red Sea? Mus. Cuming, Deshayes.

However closely resembling 7. Spengleri, it is nevertheless with

facility to be distinguished by its regular (and not oblique) concen-

tric lamellz. a

Terumna tuuipa. Tel. testd T. Donacine simillimd, sed subequi-

laterali, et margine dorsali rosei coloris experte. Long. 0°50;

lat. 0°95 poll.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming, Walton.

Extremely like 7. Donacina, but almost equilateral, and devoid of

the short vertical ray at the beaks and the rosy dorsal edges which

are characteristic of that species.

Trvuurna Poaraonts. Tel. testd T. rostrate simillimd, sed solidd,

lineisque elevatis concentrice striatd ; umbonibus aurantio-roseis ;

sinu postico distincto. Long. 1°20; lat. 3°20 poll.

Hab. Red Sea. Mus. Metcalfe.

This magnificent shell is one of the first fruits of the recent syste-

matic investigation of the fauna of the Red Sea.

Tevuina spinosa. Tel. testd ovatd, solidiusculd, impolitd, inequi-

laterali, convexiusculd, extus intusque albidd, striis minutis con-

Fertissimis elevatis, concentrice asperatd ; margine ventrali arcuato,

postice sursum acclinante ; dorsali postice elevatiore convexo et

declivi, antic prope nates acutas subincurvato deinde subrecto et

149

subdeclivi ; latere postico brevi; extremitate anticd rotundatd ;

posticd seriebus duabus vel tribus radiantibus spinarum serratd ;

lunuld parva, distinctd ; ligamento infosso ; dente laterali antico

subapprozimato, postico remoto. Long. 0°60; lat. 0°80 poll.

Hab. Isle of Ticao, six fathoms.

Mr. Cuming’s unique specimen of this curious shell possesses cha-

racters which cannot readily be confounded with any other species.

It is to Gargadia, however, that it is most allied.

Teuuina FimBriaTA. Tel. testd obovato-rotundatd, solidd, converd,

candidd, striis concentricis confertissimis lamellosis fimbriatis, et

lineis radiantibus confertis, decussatd ; margine ventrali arcuato,

postice sursum acclinante ; dorsali utrinque convewiusculo, antice

subdeclivi, postice valde declivi ; latere antico longiore, rotundato ;

extremitate posticd brevi, angulatd ; costd umbonali valde conspicud ;

ligamento infosso ; lunuld distinctd ; dentibus lateralibus subremo-

tis, subequidistantibus. Long. 1-25; lat. 1°42 poll.

Hab. ? Mus, Cuming.

In sculpture not unlike 7. decussata; in form more akin to T. os-

tracea.

| Texvurna sustruncatTa. Tel. testd obovatd, valde inequilaterali,

albidd, striis lamellosis fimbriatis confertissimé ornatd ; margine

ventrali antice arcuato, postice subrecto et sursum acclinante ;

dorsali utrinqgue magis minusve convezxo, antice declivi, postice

maxime declivi; extremitate anticd rotundatd ; latere postico bre-

vissimo, subtruncato, angulato ; ligamento infosso; dentibus late-

ralibus subequidistantibus. Long. 0°60; lat. 0°75 poll.

Hab. Isle of Bohol; on the reefs, low water.

I had almost regarded the first specimen of this rare shell in Mr.

Cuming’s collection as a monstrosity, but the examination of another

specimen in Sir Edward Belcher’s cabinet has satisfied me that the

seemingly diseased and stunted appearance is characteristic and not

accidental.

TELLINA PERPLEXA. Tel. testd 'T. ostracee affnis, subovatd autem,

striisque ejus concentricis, magis confertis et superné haud lamel-

losis; margine dorsali antico paululim declivi. Long. 1‘20;

lat. 1°65 poll.

Hab. Bay of Manila; sandy mud, six fathoms : Cuming.

Rather a solid shell, which is apparently closely allied to the lin-

tea of Conrad ; but the curvature of the ligamental margin, as repre-

sented in the figure of that shell, by no means agrees with its direc-

tion in perpleza.

“Descriptions of six new species of Voluta,’” by G. B. Sowerby,

Esq. :—

Vouvuta Mamita, Gray. Vol. testd ovato-oblongd, tenui, lutes-

cente, apice mammillari, obtusissimo, subspirali; anfractibus

duobus, ultimo magno, ovali, maculis lineisque castaneis picto ;

aperturd magnd ; columelld plicis tribus.

150

Shell ovate-oblong, thin, brownish-yellow, with a mammillary,

subspiral, very obtuse apex ; volutions two, the last of which is large,

oval, marked with chestnut-coloured spots and zigzag lines; aper-

ture large ; columella with three folds.

From New Holland; a single specimen, which appears to be only

a very young shell, is in the British Museum. This is a very re-

markable species, forming the link that unites Cymba with Melo, the

apex of this species being subspiral, while in Cymba the apex is

amorphous.

Vouura prrenita. Vol. testd obovatd, ventricosiusculd, crassius-

culd, pallescente, quinquefasciatd, fasciis posticd mediand et an-

ticd brunneo-puncticulatis, strigisque fuscis irregularibus ornatis ;

fasciis duabus intermediis pallidioribus, strigis nonnullis lividis,

cum strigis fuscis, fasciarum alternarum continuis ; anfractibus

quinque, tribus primis papillam efformantibus, papilld levi, postice

subgranosd ; ultimo maximo, ovali ; aperturd elongatd, latiori, intus

aurantiacd ; columelld plicis 4, validis, labioque columellari auran-

tiacis.

Shell obovate, rather ventricose and thickish; of a pale colour,

with five bands, the posterior, middle and anterior of which are dotted

with brown, and ornamented with irregular fuscous streaks ; the two

intermediate bands are paler, with livid streaks, which are continuous

with the brown streaks of the alternating bands ; volutions five, of

which the first three form the papillary apex, which is smooth, and

slightly granose posteriorly ; the last volution very large, oval ; aper-

ture elongated, rather wide, orange-coloured within ; columella with

-four distinct folds, orange-coloured as well as the columellar lip.

A single specimen only is known, which is in Mr. Norris's collec-

tion.

Votura Norrisu. Vol. testd ovatd, suboblongd, ventricosd, coro-

natd, levi, cinereo-fulvd, maculis parvis niveis aliisque fuscis ad-

spersd, fasciis duabus transversis fuscis, interruptis, hic illic lineis

interruptis, longitudinalibus notatis ; spird brevi, apice papillari,

granoso ; anfractibus sex, ultimis duobus spinis brevibus acutis

coronatis ; aperturd magnd, oblongd, intus fusca ; columella qua-

driplicatd, plicis duabus anticis validioribus.

Shell ovate, rather oblong, ventricose, coronated, greyish brown,

sprinkled with small snow-white and brown specks, with two trans-

verse brown interrupted bands, here and there marked with inter-

rupted longitudinal lines ; spire short, with a papillary granose apex ;

volutions six, the last two crowned with short sharp spines ; aperture

large, oblong, brown within ; columella with four folds, of which the

two anterior are prominent.

Found on the reefs at low water, on Dupuch’s Island, by J. C.

Dring, Esq., R.N. In Mr. Cuming’s collection. Wagner has figured

this species for V. nivosa.

Vorutra mecaspira. Vol. testd fusiformi, turritd, tenuiusculd,

levi, rufescente-carneolatd, strigis maculisque castaneis notatd ;

151

spire anfractibus sex, subelongatis, medio ventricosiusculis, primis

duobus apicem papillarem efformantibus, 3¢°, 4%, 5t et 6% obtuse

longitudinaliter costatis, ultimo magno, oblongo, anticé attenuato ;

apertura oblongd, labio externo subreflexo ; columelld quinquepli-

catd, plicis posticis obtusis, parvis.

Shell fusiform, turrited, rather thin, smooth, of a reddish flesh-

colour, marked with chestnut streaks and blotches; volutions of the

spire six, rather elongated and ventricose in the middle, the first

two forming the papillary apex, the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th with ob-

tuse longitudinal ribs, the last large, oblong, attenuated anteriorly ;

aperture oblong, outer lip slightly reflected ; columella with five folds,

the posterior of which are small and obtuse.

I have only seen a single specimen, which is in Mr. Cuming’s ex-

traordinary collection; it is probably the same as Kiener’s V. lyri-

formis, but it is not the same as Broderip’s, which is identical with

Swainson’s Mitra lyriformis. Its papillary apex closely resembles

that of V. fulminata.

Voxura Guitpinen. Vol. testd oblongd, crassd, fulvescente, line-

olis saturatioribus aliisque albis pictd ; spird acuminatd, apice ob-

tuso ; anfractibus 5 ad 6, subventricosis, longitudinaliter costatis,

interstitiis costarum transversim striatis, ultimo magno, leviga-

tiusculo; aperturd mediocri, labio externo extus incrassato, albi-

cante, intus dente parvo instructo ; columelld plicis quinque ad sex

parvis, anticis duabus validioribus.

Shell oblong, thick, fulvous, marked with little white lines and

others of a darker colour; spire acuminated, with an obtuse apex ;

volutions five to six, rather ventricose, longitudinally ribbed, inter-

stices of the ribs with transverse striz, the last volution large, rather

smooth ; aperture middle-sized, outer lip externally thickened, whitish,

furnished with a small tooth internally; columella with five or six

small folds, of which the two anterior are more prominent.

This is the smallest known species of Volute; it was discovered

at St. Vincent’s by the late Rev. Lansdown Guilding. In Mr. Cu-

ming’s and Mr. Metcalfe’s collections.

Voxtuta CytixeniFormis. Vol. testd parvd, ovatd, crassd, levius-

culd, albicante, maculis parvis flavicantibus sparsim ornatd ; spird

subconicd, anfractibus sex, postic? coarctatis, ad suturam gra-

nosis, antice longitudinaliter costatis, ultimo magno, anticé trans-

versim striato ; canali parvo, reflexo ; apertura oblongd, labio ex-

terno extus incrassato, margine interno intus dente parvo instructo ;

labio columellari antic? ruguloso, dentibus tribus parvulis munito.

Shell small, ovate, thick, rather smooth, whitish, sprinkled with

small yellowish specks; spire somewhat conical, with six volutions,

which are contracted posteriorly, granose at the sutures and longi-

tudinally ribbed anteriorly ; the last volution is large and anteriorly

transversely striated ; canal small, slightly reflected ; aperture oblong,

outer lip externally thickened, its internal edge furnished with a

small tooth ; columellar lip rugulose anteriorly, furnished with three

small teeth.

152

seen of this curious little shell is in

The only specimen I have

ce it nearly

the collection of W. Metcalfe, Esq. In general appearan

resembles a Cyllene.

September 24, 1844.

No business was transacted.

5 ee a ee oe

153

October 8, 1844.

Richard C. Griffith, Esq., in the Chair.

Extract of a letter from Dr. E. D. Dickson, Corr. Memb., dated

Tripoli, 23rd of July, 1844 :—

“I am at present engaged in collecting Bats for the Society, and

will endeavour to prepare a skeleton or two of the Cursorius Isabel-

linus and Otis Houbara. I may also perhaps obtain the egg of these

birds, since it has occasionally been met with by the natives.

‘« There are no lions, deer, or wild boars in this part of Barbary, nor

have I ever heard of the wild hunting-dog. ‘Lhe only species of

dog indigenous in Tripoli is the Arab shepherd dog, of which I could

easily send you specimens, if desirable. ‘Tunis is the proper place

for wild boars, where they are so plentiful that I am toid they consti-

tute the chief sport of its European residents.”

Various Skins of Mammalia from Chile were laid befere the Meet-

ing, and Mr. Waterhouse read some notes relating to them with

which he had been favoured, in a letter from Mr. Thomas Bridges,

Corr. Memb., who had formed the collection.

“The specimens,’ Mr. Waterhouse observed, “contained two

species of foxes, both of which were quite distinct from the Canis

Sulvipes from Chiloe. The one approaches most nearly to the Canis

Magellanicus, and might possibly be a variety of that animal, differ-

ing in having a more slender appearance; but this arises perhaps

entirely from its fur being shorter, a difference which would probably

arise from dissimilarity of climate, the C. Magellanicus being from a

colder, and humid part of South America. The Chile animal, in

having a more slender appearance, approaches considerably to the

Canis Azare; from this however it may be distiaguished by the

absence of the black on the chin, in having the ears of a deeper and

richer rust-colour, and there is the same difference observable in the

colouring of the legs. The hind-legs want the black patch, which

is situated considerably above the heel, and is very conspicuous in

C. Azare. The tail is longer and of a brilliant rust-colour be-

neath ; in C. Azar@ it is pale in the same part. This, according to

Mr. Bridges, is the Culpeo of the natives, and is no doubt the animal

so called by Molina.

“‘The second species of fox of the collection Mr. Waterhouse re-

gards as the Canis Azare. It is smaller, Mr. Bridges observes, than

the Culpeo, and less common and mischievous; more shy in its man-

ners, and, according to his observations, confines itself more to the

lower parts of the country, inhabiting the provinces of Valparaiso,

Aconcagua, and Colchagua, where it is abundant. It is well known

to the natives under the name of ‘ Chilla.’

Nos. CXL. CXLI. & CXLII.—Proceepines oF THE Zoot. Soc.

154

“« The following species of Rodents were also contained in the col-

lection, viz. Myopotamus coypus, Poephagomys ater, Octodon Cumingit,

Mus Darwinii, Mus megalonyz (a new species, the characters of which

Mr. Waterhouse pointed out), and the Mountain Viscacha (Lagotis

Cuvieri, Bennett). Several specimens of this last-mentioned animal

were procured by Mr. Bridges on the Chile side of the Andes, and

upon comparison they prove to be specifically identical with an indi-

vidual formerly sent by the same gentleman and which was found in

the vicinity of Mendoza. The Viscacha, Mr. Bridges’ notes state,

‘ confines itself to the elevated parts of the Andes, always inhabiting

rugged and precipitous mountains where there are natural caves or

immense stones rolled in confusion, amongst which it makes its

abode.’ It has a very extended range, he having found it in Bolivia

in south lat. 20° to 22°, whilst the specimens laid before the Meeting

were from the province of Aconcagua, near ‘ Los ojos de Agua.’

Mr. Bridges further remarks that it seldom leaves its abode during

the daytime, but comes out to feed upon the herbage either before

sunrise or late in the evening.

«Several specimens of Didelphis elegans were also sent home by

Mr. Bridges, who states that they were procured for him by the na-

tives in the province of Aconcagua, where they were caught in traps

baited with meat, and which were placed for that purpose in the

vicinity of old hedges and vineyards. Mr. Bridges also calls atten-

tion in his letter to the differences observed in the sexes of this ani-

mal, the female being considerably smaller than the male, and re-

markable for having the tail very thick and fleshy. It is known to

the natives by the names ‘Comadrejo’ and ‘ Llaca.'”

The following is Mr. Waterhouse’s description of the new species

of Mus (which he places in the section Hesperomys) contained in the

collection :—

HeEsPEROMYS MEGALONYX. Hesp, supra cinerascenti-fuscus, subtis

cinereo-albus ; auribus mediocribus ; pedibus anticis unguibus mag-

nis armatis ; caudd brevi, pilis minutis obsitd.

unc. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostriad caude basin.... 4 4

CRIME eles see cea, pie ee ee he

FINES lene carte me ee es 0 34

tarsi digitorumque ..........+4+- 0 rie

ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 1 23

Hab. Chile.

This little mouse evidently belongs to the genus Hesperomys, but

it differs from any species hitherto described in having stronger fore-

feet, and these furnished with long claws, exceeding the toes in

length. The inner toe or thumb is furnished with a distinct pointed

claw. The fur is very soft, and in the upper parts of the body nearly

of a uniform grey-brown tint, though the hairs of the ordinary fur

are annulated with pale brown; at the base these hairs are of a deep

slate-grey colour. The under parts of the body are grey-white, but

the hairs are deepish grey at the root, and on the chest there is a

brownish mark. The chin is white ; the feet are pale brown, but the

——

155

hairs on the toes are dirty white. The tail is clothed with short

brown hairs. The ears, which are rather small, are well-clothed with

moderately long hairs, and these are variegated with pale brown and

dusky ; they are much hidden by the long fur of the head.

From Mr. Bridges’ notes I learn that this little animal was found

near the margin of the Lake of Quintero.

Mr. Waterhouse also characterized a new species of Octodon con-

tained in a former collection sent home by Mr. Bridges :—

Ocropon Bripessi1. Oct. corpore supra flavescenti-fusco nigroque

penicillato; subtis flavescente; pedibus albis; auribus magnis

postice emarginatis; caudd, quoad longitudinem, corpus fere

e@quante, nigrd, subtis sordidé albd, dimidio apicali pilis longis

vestitd.

unc, lin. unc. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.. 8 O vel 8 6

COMED. Wie feed aia teletyns as Dis Gop isan ett:

tarst digitorumque ,.......06.. Ti Ge bats Bea

——auris ..... Bias aap ga yin fala’ « 0... 63s: nt 401, Be

Hab. Chile.

The general hue of this animal is brownish, a tint produced by

the admixture of brownish ochre and black: the hairs of the fur are

deep slate-grey next the skin, and on the back black externally, but

most of them broadly annulated with deep ochre towards the point ;

the last-mentioned colour prevails on the sides of the body, where

numerous long interspersed white hairs are observable, as well as on

the rump. The under parts of the body are of a cream-yellow. The

ears are rather large, deeply emarginated behind, and clothed inter-

nally with small pale hairs, excepting towards the margin, where they

assume a dusky hue; externally the ears are furnished with minute

dusky hairs, but at the base they are white. The head, in the region

of the ear, is very pale; the throat, inner side of the legs and the

tarsi are white; the tail is about equal to the body in length; the

basal half is tolerably well clothed with short hairs, W&ich are black

on the upper surface and dirty white on the under; on the apical

half the hairs are longer (averaging rather more than a quarter of an

inch in length) and almost entirely black. The fur is long and mo-

derately soft.

The Octodon Bridgesii differs from the O. Cumingii (or O. Degus,

as it should be called) in being considerably larger, of a less bright

colour, and in having the tail longer and less distinctly tufted at the

apex ; the feet moreover are white, or very nearly so.

The dimensions given are taken from two specimens, one in the

British Museum collection and the other in that of the Zoological

Society, which were brought to this country by Thomas Bridges,

Esq., a very zealous collector and good observer, after whom I have

named the species. The skulls of these two specimens agree with

each other, and differ considerably from those of the O. Cumingii.

In the first place they are about one-third larger, less arched above ;

the nasal bones are narrower in proportion, the frontal bones smaller

156

and more contracted in front, and the palate is also more contracted

in front. The molar teeth of the upper jaw have the inner fold of

enamel deeper. In the lower jaw the molar teeth have the lateral

angles more produced, and their transverse diameter is consequently

greater in proportion. The coronoid process is distinctly larger in

proportion. Other differences of size and proportion will be per-

ceived upon comparing the following dimensions :—

O. Cumingii. O. Bridgesii.

in. lin. in. lin.

Total length of cranium ..............-- beg ; 14,93

lentes Wider 3A P,P er Na. J Fae Re © 0 103 Ly 05

Length of nasal bones ...........- mee! Min 0 8}

Length of frontal bones............ 04005 O 64 0 63

Width of interorbital space ...........--. 0 5 0 43

Total length of zygomatic arch ..... oO 8} neta

Length from front of superior incisors to the] i 1

molar teeth ...... : Berea tess 8 Se, Daa Cs

Length of the four molar teeth taken together 0 424 0 54

Width of incisor teeth of upper jaw........ 0 13 0 12

Width of palate between foremost molars .. 0 14 ~ 0 3

Width of palate between hinder molars .... 0 2 O 22

Length of ramus of lower jaw ............ O 114 1 13

Height of ditto in a vertical line, ie 0 52 07

from ‘the coniyle ? area aet bee nee ee

Mr. Waterhouse observed, that the skull in the genera Octodon

and Schizodon differs from that of the nearly allied genera of Abro-

coma and Poephagomys, as well as the Echymys group, in having a

small vertical plate of bone which rises from the upper surface of

the anterior root of the zygomatic arch, and which serves to protect,

externally, the infra-orbital nerve. The superior incisor tooth enters

the superior maxillary bone, and passes beyond the intermaxillary

suture by about one-sixth of the whole length of the tooth; whilst

in Abrocoma the incisor is shorter, terminating at the suture men-

tioned, and thus approaches the genus Lagotis, as well as in several

other characters which he had before noticed. Poephagomys is re-

markable for having the superior incisor tooth extended backwards

and outwards, covered by a thin fold of bone, and terminating on

the outer surface of the palatal portion of the skull, close to the third

molar tooth.

Notwithstanding the great superficial resemblance which exists

between these animals and the Muride, it will be evident upon

examination that they belong to a different section of the Rodent

order, a section the species of which is readily distinguished, as he

had elsewhere pointed out, by the structure of the skull and lower

jaw; it is not, however, in these parts alone that differences exist

between the Octodontide and the Muride, for there is a dissimilarity

in the form of the muzzle, which he should take an early opportu-

nity of showing by means of drawings and descriptions, made either

from the living animals or from specimens preserved in spirit, and that

157

not only the Octodontide, but the whole of the great section Hystri-

cina, established by himself chiefly upon characters furnished by the

crania, possess peculiarities which will serve to distinguish them

from other groups of Rodents. In this great section, moreover, we

find the tibia and fibula invariably distinct, and net echylosed, as in

the Muride, which should, I now think, embrace the Myovide, but

not the genus Anomalurus, which Prof. Wagner is inclined to place

in the last-mentioned section, that genus having the tibia and fibula

distinct, as in the Sciurine and Hystricine groups.

Mr. Fraser brought before the Meeting the following species of

Chilian Birds, not included in the former collection. (See Proceed-

ings of Zoological Society, 1843, p. 108.)

Milvago megalopterus, Meyen; Synallaxis flavogularis, Gould ; Stur-

nella militaris, Vieill.; Attagis Gayi, Less. ; Aphriza Townsendii, Aud. ;

Calidris arenaria, Ill. ; Cyanopterus Sretensis, Eyton; Dafila pyrogas-

ter, Eyton; Dafila urophasianus, Eyton; Phalacrocorax albigula,

Brandt.

To the last-mentioned bird the following note was attached :—

“ Guanayre of the natives. A very scarce bird; found along the

shores of Chile in rocky places. T. B.”

Mr. Fraser also described a new bird from Chile, for which he pro-

posed the name of Leptopus Mitchellii*.

LeErtorvus.

Rostrum longum, tenue, rectum ; nares basales ; ale mediocres ; pri-

mariz tres feré zquales, secunda longissima; cauda subrotundata ;

tarsi mediocres; digiti longi et tenues; nullus digitus posterior ;

ptilosis junioris seniori dissimilis.

The bill of this bird is of the same formation as that of Totanus

chloropygius, Vieill., while the feet resemble those of Hiaticula tri-

collaris.

Lerrorus Mircuetitu. Lep. capite fuscescente lined albd circa

verticem ; collo ferrugineo ; corpore superné cinereo-fusco purpu-

reis metallicis coloribus ornato ; fascid albd apud pectus ; subtis

Sasciis parvis albis et nigris alternis ; rostro saturate viridi ; tarsis

flavis.

Tot. long. 7; alz, 44; cauda, 21; rostrum, 1; tarsi, Z; digito

medio, 1 poll.

Hab. Chile.

_ Another specimen, which I take to be the young of the above, has

an undefined white line passing from eye to eye round the back of

the head, the whole upper surface barred and mottled irregularly

with ferruginous and blackish brown; cheeks and throat mottled

with soot-colour, barred on the breast in a similar manner to the

adult, which barring is almost lost on the belly; vent and thighs

white.

* If the name Leptopus proves to have been previously used, I would

propose Leptodactylus in its stead. :

158

“Description of a new species of Solarium, from the collection of

Mr. Cuming,” by R. B. Hinds, Esq., R.N.

SoLaRium FuLIGINosum. Sol. testd orbiculato-conicd, levigatd,

Suligineo-fusco ornatd ; anfractibus inferioribus levibus, subtumi-

dis, superioribus longitrorsum plicatis, ared mediand pallidd, strigis

Jatis obliquis fuscis pictd; ad peripheriam carinatd, supra ared

angustd planulatd maculis fuscis quadratis articulatd ; ad basin

paulisper tumidd, pallida, levigatd ; aperturd quadratd ; umbilico

patulo, crenis rectis fuscis armato. Diam. 21; umbilic. 5} lin.

Hab.

The only specimen which is known to us is about the size of S.

formosum, and is therefore materially smaller than the finer speci-

mens of S. perspectivum or S. trochleare. ‘The character of its orna-

tion is however so very distinct from either of these, that it would

mislead to push the comparison further. The species is perhaps rather

thinner and lighter than usual, the inferior whorls and base are some-

what more tumid, and at the same time smooth; but the larger

whorls are peculiarly decorated on their middle area with broad dark-

brown flames, and are oblique as they proceed from the inferior por-

tion upwards and forwards towards the left. The crenules are solid,

straight, and of a dark-brown colour.

An extensive collection of Shells was exhibited which had been

collected principally at Singapore and Borneo, and presented to the

Society by James Brooke, Esq., Corr. Mem.

ee =e lee,

Octovoer 22, 1844.

Professor Owen, V.P., in the Chair.

A paper by Sylvanus Hanley, Esq., was read, containing descrip-

tions of new species of Cyrena, Venus, and Amphidesma.

“ Cyrena RADIATA. Cyr. testd rotundato-cordatd, crassd, solidd, in-

equilaterali, tumidd, subnitidd, concentricé et subimbricatim sulcatd ;

epidermide olivaceo-fuscescente, et marginem converum aut sub-

arcuatum versus, luteo-virescente radiisque nigrescentibus ornatd ;

margine dorsali postico declivi, convexiusculo ; lunuld nulld ; nati-

bus acutis, incurvatis, integris ; ligamento parum prominente ; su-

perficie interna purpured ; dentibus lateralibus distinctis, brevibus,

minutissime rugulosis (haud crenatis autem), antico approximato.

Long. 150; lat. 1-70 poll.

Hab. Central America. Mus. Hanley, Cuming, Sowerby.

This and the variegata of D’Orbigny are remarkable for being the

only radiated Cyrene at present known to us. The latter species is

decidedly depressed, whilst the radiata is peculiarly swollen.

Cyrena sorpipa. Cyr. testd suborbiculari, crassd, subinequilate-

rali, ventricosd aut tumidd; epidermide olivaceo-fuscescente et

marginem ventralem converum versus, luteo-virescente, concentrice

rugulosd ; margine dorsali postico, convexiusculo, declivi ; natibus

erosis, satis prominentibus ; ligamento subinfosso ; lunuld nulld ;

superficie internd albidd; dentibus lateralibus brevibus obtusis,

antico magis approximato.

Index Test. Sup. t. 14. f.51. Long. 1°50; lat. 1-60 poll.

Hab. North America. Mus. Hanley.

The link between Carolinensis and radiata, uniting the interior and

membranaceous wrinkles of the former to the general outline of the

latter.

Cyrena PuitierinaruMm. Cyr. testd mazximd, compressd, obovatd,

valde inequilaterali, ponderosa, anticé plicato-sulcatd, epidermide

olivaceo-fuscescente, indutd ; margine ventrali convexiusculo ; liga-

mentali subdeclivi, et angulum obtusum cum margine postico for-

mante ; natibus integris, approximatis, incumbentibus ; ligamento

pergrandi, valde prominente ; superficie internd postice et inferne

purpured, superné albido-cerulescente ; dentibus cardinalibus cras-

sissimis ; lateralibus supra crenatis aut denticulatis, antico valde?

approximato.

Index Test. Sup. t. 14. f.60. Long. 4; lat. 4°75 poll.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

There are a few narrow diverging folds on the posterior slope, but

this character is by no means peculiar to the species, being equally

160

possessed by Keraudreni, obesa and rotuadata. The ligament is dull

yellowish, variegated with rich green. The young are of a uniform

bright grass-green, and exhibit more decidedly than the adult the

¥estiges of an incipient lanceolate lunule.

Crrena ruacens. Cyr. testd suborbiculari, subveatricosd, megui-

latereli, sitidd, concentric? sulcato-striatd, epidermide virido-fla-

vescente indutd ; margine veatrali convexo ; dorsali, utringue declivi

et coavexiusculo; natibus erosis ; ligamento fulvo, depresso, an-

gusto ; lenuldé aulld ; superficie interad purpured ; dentibus laterali-

bus minutissim? rugulosis hawd autem crenatis, antico brevi et sub-

approrimato.

Index Test. Sup. t. 14. £.52. Long. 1°50; lat. 1-75 poll.

Hab. ? Mus. Hanley.

A beautiful and rare species. of which I have never seen but my

own specimen and that in the Jardin des Plantes at Panis. The

sulci are close and regular, and the outline of the shell, although not

very unlike that of radiaia, is convex in front of the beaks, thus

rendering the front extremity broad and somewhat obtuse.

Venvs svsxopunosa. Ver. testd ovaid, crassiusculd,

rali, satis couverd, concentric? costatd ; costis confertis, antice me-

= variegat

Var. 8. Testé fulvo-fuscescente, natibus albidis ; sulcis subremotis.

Index Test. Sup. t.16. £19. Long. 0°58; lat. 0-75 poll.

Hab. San Nicholas, Philippines. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

This species bears some resemblance in sculpture to V. Marica, but

the shape is quite different. Fhe concentric ribs are rendered sub-

nodulous by the radiating grooves. Only a few specimens of this

rare shell were procured by Mr. Cuming in the Philippine Islands.

Vewrvs Caemyurren. Ven. testd rhombeo-cordatd, crassd, ventri-

cosd, vald? inequilaterali, albidd, brunnco subradiatim maculatd et

strigatd, radiatim costellatd, concentric lamelliferd ; lamellis au-

merosis, brevissimis, undigwe crispis ; costellis aagustis confertis-

simis ; margine ventrali convere tatusque creanlato ; dorsali pos-

tico subrecto et minim? declivi; latere postico supera® angulato ;

antico brevi, attenwato, rotuadato; lunuld fused, cordatd ; liga-

mento angusto, infosso ; superficie interna albidd, immaculatd.

Index Test. Sup. t. 16. f. 20. Long. 1-75; lat. 2°50 poll.

Hab. San. Nicholas, Philippines (Cuming). Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

This beautiful species bears a strong resemblance to the shell de-

lineated in the sixth volume of the ‘ Conchylien Cabinet,” fig. 384,

which is commonly quoted for the reticulata of Linnzus equally with

the two preceding figures ; although Chemnitz, without separating it

from that species, specifies the absence of the orange tinge upon the

161

teeth, the peculiar characteristic of that well-known shell. There is

a slight shade of orange beneath the umbones internally, and the

teeth are similar to those of puerpera.

Venus vacrrata. Ven. testd V. puerperee affini, minus autem ven-

tricosd et margine ventrali posticoque magis arcuatis ; margine

ligamentali subrecto et minim? declivi; lamellis concentricis con-

Jertioribus, et postic? asperrimis ; superficie externd albidd, lineis

Serrugineis aut brunneis angulatim strigatd ; extremitate posticd

intus extusque immaculatd.

Index Test. Sup. t. 16. f. 28. Long. 2°50; lat. 2°50 poll.

Hab. Moluccas? Mus, Hanley.

The fringed lamella become so crowded at the hinder extremity

of this rare and beautiful shell as to form a kind of raised reticulation.

It is a much rounder species than the V. Listeri, to which it also

bears a considerable resemblance.

Venus scaBra. Ven, testd ovato-cordatd, inequilaterali, subven-

tricosd, pallide brunned, radiatim costellatd ; costellis confertis et

concentrice squamiferis ; margine ventrali valde arcuato 3 dorsalt

utrinque convewiusculo et antic? brevi; natibus acutis et antice

incumbentibus ; lunuld subinconspicud ; pube haud excavatd ; super-

jicie internd, lividd et postice saturatius tinctd 3 margine interno

crenato.

Index Test. Sup. t. 16. f.24. Long. 0°50; lat. 0°70 poll.

Hab. Catbalonga, Philippines. Mus. Cuming, Hanley,

A rare species, which is somewhat allied to decorata and ovata,

but distinguishable from either by the greater convexity of its lower

margin. ‘The radiating ribs are peculiarly strong upon the umbones,

from whence they separate into two or three smaller ones, which

become more densely armed with the concentric rows of scales as

they approach the lower margin.

Venus rononata. Ven. testd cordato-trigond, solidd, valid? in-

equilaterali, magis minusve ventricosd, albidd (intus purpureo

postice infectd), concentric? cingulatd ; cingulis multis, levibus,

obtusis ; interstitiis levibus ; margine ventrali arcuato (intus leviter

crenulato) ; dorsali postico convero et valde declivi; lunuld pro-

Sundd, cordatd ; pube levi, excavatd; sulco radiante obtusissimo,

lunulam alteram, ad extremitatem anticam simulante.

Index ‘Test. Sup. t.16. f.25. Long. 1; lat. 1 poll.

Hab, Van Diemen’s Land. Mus. Hanley, Metcalfe.

Not at all unlike the dysera of Chemnitz, but the concentric ribs

are in that species distant and membranaceous, whilst in ours they

are thick, obtuse, and rather crowded.

Venus Lyra. Ven. testd rotundato-cordatd, ventricosd, valde in-

equilaterali, albidd, lineis maculisque brunneis angulatim variegatd,

concentric? costellatd ; costellis confertissimis levibus, medio sub-

imbricatis, antic? et postice membranaceis ; interstitiis glabris ; mar-

gine ventrali arcuato, intusque crenato; lunuld cordatd, brunned,

profund? impressd ; pube excavatd ; superficie internd albidd.

PE-Se4

162

Index Test. Sup. t. 16. f. 21. Long. 1°20; lat. 1°40 poll.

Hab. Gulf of Guinea (Rang). Mus. Hanley, Cuming.

In contour, colouring and general sculpture this rare shell ap-

proaches the cincta of Chemnitz (f. 387), but whilst that species is

girt with but a few broad belts, ours is adorned with at least forty.

It is sometimes called V. cingulata of Lamarck, but not only is the

expression ‘‘ annulis crenatis’’ utterly at variance with its character-

istics, but an examination also of the typical specimens of the Jardin

des Plantes has proved to me its complete distinctness from that

species. Its teeth are those of the section Dosina.

Venus peciriens. Ven. testd parvd, rotundato-subtrigond, com-

pressd, inequilaterali, soliddé, pallide fulvd, radiis latis rufo-

brunneis variegatd, concentricé costatd ; costis glabris, subremotis,

depressis, postice sublamellosis, et supra pubem impressam por-

rectis ; interstitiis subconcavis, levibus ; margine ventrali subar-

cuato, intusque subcrenato ; dorsali, utringue declivi, posticé con-

vexo, antice brevi, subrecto ; lunuld lanceolatd ; ligamento angus-

tissimo, infosso.

Index Test. Sup. t. 16. f. 22. Long. 0°75; lat. 0°90.

Hab. Australia? Mus. Hanley, Cuming.

So extremely like the young of fasciata as with difficulty to be

distinguished. Its form, however, is proportionably broader between

the lateral extremities, the valves are much more compressed, and

the interstitial spaces decidedly broader. The hinder terminations

of the lamellar ribs, which project beyond the escutcheon in com-

pressed tubercles, do not appear to become obsolete by age, as in

Sasciata.

AMPHIDESMA CARNICOLOR. Amph. testd suborbiculari, converd aut

subventricosd, subtenui, subequilaterali, albido-rosed aut carned,

undique concentricé lamellata ; lamellis multis, membranaceis, ad

margines earum serratis ; interstitiis rugis radiantibus minutis,

confertissime ornatd ; margine ventrali rotundato, intusque integro ;

dorsali, utrinque brevi, subrecto et subequaliter declivi ; pube im-

pressd ; superficie interna aurantid.

Index Test. Sup. t. 12. f.28. Long. 1; lat. 1 poll.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

Exquisitely sculptured, but so minutely as to baffle the unassisted

eye.

aE Se oe ee

163

November 12, 1844.

Professor Owen, Vice-President, in the Chair.

Extract of a letter from the President, the Right Hon. the Earl of

Derby, to the Secretary :-—

*‘ Knowsley, Oct. 17.—A circumstance has just occurred here

which I cannot help flattering myself will tend to throw light upon

a matter in the history of the Macropodide which has been often

disputed. I allude to the manner in which the young animal after

birth attains its lodgement in the mother’s pouch.

“« My superintendent tells me that one of our female Bettongias

was seen to part with a young one. She was observed to place. her-

self erect in one of the angles of the place where she was confined,

backing as it were into the corner, and in this situation produced the

young one, which after its birth she took up in her fore-paws and

deposited in the pouch. This latter process the superintendent wit-

nessed himself.

“‘ She had received the male so lately as the 19th of September,

and the parturition took place on the 16th of October. We will

take particular notice when the young quits the pouch.

* Of course this is not a decisive proof that all of the tribe adopt

the same process, yet I think we may fairly conclude from analogy

that they do.”

“* Oct. 19.—It may be observed that the period of utero-gestation

is a very short one, even under a month. Something peculiar in the

manner of the animal placing herself in the corner was observed by

the person who fed her, he stopped and watched her, and thus wit-

nessed the birth, immediately after which she turned round to the

young one, and getting it up in her fore-paws, applied them to the

mouth of the pouch, opened it with them, and as soon as the little

one was deposited she put her head in after it; when her nose re-

appeared it was rather stained with blood. In five minutes she was

jumping about the place as if nothing had happened.”

A specimen of Chameleon from the Cape of Good Hope was ex-

hibited by Mr. Fraser.

Mr. Weaver, of Birmingham, exhibited and presented to the So-

ciety specimens of the following insects :—Hipparchia Melampus*,

Leucaria littoralis, Sperantia sylvaria, Cleodora

* Taken on the mountains of Perthshire, about 3000 feet above the level

of the sea.

No. CXLI.—ProcrEpines or rHE Zoot. Soc.

164

November 26, 1844.

William Horton Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

A specimen of the Phalangista gliriformis was exhibited by the

Secretary.

A communication was read from Joseph James Forrester, Esq., of

Oporto, which was accompanied by a donation of nine specimens of

Echini from the Portuguese coast, and of the following insects :—

Saturnia Pyri, Brachyglossa Atropos, Deilephila Euphorbie, D. El-

penor ; and also a group of Pollicipes Cornucopia.

Conclusion of a paper by Sylvanus Hanley, on the new species in

the genus Tellina :—

eo Tevuina vircuLata. Tel. testd T. Donacine simillimd, sed pau-

lulum angustiore, striisque exilioribus ornatd ; extus intusque al-

bidd roseo pereleganter radiatd ; radiis latis, haud interruptis ;

margine dorsali albido. Long. 0: 30; lat. 0°70 poll.

Hab. ? (Cuming.)

*@, Teruina Owenu. Tel. testd ovato-oblongd, solidiusculd, subimpo-

litd, compressd, equilaterali, albidd, concentrice et confer tissime

striatd ; margine ventrali valde arcuato ; dorsali utrinque subde-

clivi, anticé subrecto, postice incurvato et lamellis subdentato ; ex-

tremitate anticd rotundatd ; latere postico acuminato, subrostrato F

o costd umbonali conspicud ; natibus acutis ; ligamento infosso ; disco

yan interno, aurantio ; dentibus lateralibus subeequidistantibus. Long.

sume 1°25; lat. 2 poll.

Hab. Africa. Mus. Zool. Soc., Brit. Mus.

A very rare and beautiful shell, whose contour is that of squalida

and sculpture that of Pharaonis. I have named it in honour of its

discoverer, Captain Owen.

{iy 3

igh

TeLuina seEMEN. Tel. testd ovatd aut ovali, crassd, inequilaterali,

subventricosd, nitidd, albidd (intus submargaritaced), anticé rotun-

datd, postice obtusd, concentrice striatd ; striis antice subimbricatis

confertissimisque, postice remotioribus et elevatis ; margine ven-

trali convexo; dorsali utrinque magis minusve convexo, postice

declivi, antic declivi aut subdeclivi ; latere antico multo longiore ;

ligamento minimo, prominulo ; flecurd subobsoletd ; dentibus late-

ralibus conspicuis, postico magis approximato. Long. 0°25 ; lat.

0°50 poll.

Hab. Corregidor ; sandy mud, twelve fathoms. (Cuming.)

Almost a Donaz, but possessing a slight flexuosity which is not

to be met with in that genns.

ee ee ee

165

Tevuina nostris. Tel. testd ovali, solidiusculd,.converd, inequi-

laterali, nitidissimd, levigatd, intus eatusque rosed ; margine ven-

trali convexiusculo, medio plerumque subrecto ; dorsali, antic® vir

declivi et convexiusculo, postice subdeclivi et subrecto aut convex-

iusculo ; latere antico longiore, ad extremitatem obtus? rotundato ;

postico obtuse angulato ; natibus obtusis ; flecurd costdque umbo-

nali subobsoletis ; ligamento prominulo ; dentibus cardinalibus par-

vis, lateralibus nulls. Long. 1 ; lat. 1-50 poll.

Hab. Orion, province of Bataan, isle of Luzon; fine black sand, at

low water. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

- The extreme link between Tellina and Psammobia, and not readily

confounded with any of its division, owing to the general absence of

colour in those Tellens which are destitute of lateral teeth.

TELLINA PUELLA. Tel. testd obovatd, inequilaterali, tenui, ventri-

cosd, levi, nitidiusculd, extus intusque albido-rosed ; margine ven-

trali antic arcuato, postice sursum acclinante ; dorsali, antic? con-

vero, paululumque declivi, postice convexiusculo et vald? declivi ;

latere antico longiore, rotundato ; postico brevi, angustato, angu-

lato ; costd umbonali subobsoletd ; flecurd ventrali, satis conspicud ;

natibus obtusis ; ligamento prominulo ; dentibus parvis ; lateralibus

remotis, subequidistantibus. Long. 0°5 ; lat. 0°6 poll.

Hab. Senegal. Cuming, Metcalfe.

Not very unlike a thin Solidula, but provided with lateral teeth.

TELLINA CHINENSIS. Tel. testd ovali, solidiusculd, convexd, sub-

inequilaterali, impolitd, intus extusque candidd, levigatd ; margine

ventrali subrecto ; dorsali, antic? convexiusculo et paululum declivi,

postice subrecto satisque declivi ; extremitate posticd obtusd ; latere

antico longiore, rotundato; ligamento —?; costd umbonali obso-

letd ; dentibus lateralibus nullis. Long. 0°62; lat. 1 poll.

Hab. China. Mus. Britannicum.

Tevuina ata. Tel. testd ovatd, solidiusculd, subinequivalvi, sub-

equilaterali, nitidd, converiusculd, extus intusque albidd (radio

brevi pallid aurantio in adultis ornatd), concentricé substriatd ;

margine ventrali magis minusve convexo ; dorsali antic? convero et

subdeclivi, postice declivi et prope nates subretuso ; latere antico,

rotundato, longiore ; postico angulato, subrostrato ; flexurd costdque

umbonali conspicuis ; ligamento subinfosso ; cardine, dentibus pri-

mariis parvis, et nonnunguam dente laterali antico rudimeniali, in-

structo.

Var. Testd ovato-trigond, solidd, converd, levi aut sublevigatd, ne-

quaquam subrostratd ; flecurd costdque umbonali subinconspicuis.

Long. 1°20; lat. 1°75 poll. Var. long. 1-20; lat. 1-50 poll.

Hab. Ceylon? Mus. Metcalfe, Cuming, Hanley.

An extremely variable species, with somewhat the aspect of Nym-

phalis, but easily distinguished by its lesser convexity, and in general

by the presence of a pale orange streak on either side of the umbones,

or in the young by the slight rostrum and the possession of regular

concentric strie.

166

Teuiina Irvs. Tel. testd ovatd aut obovatd, crassd (in adultis),

subventricosd, subequilaterali, impolitd, extus intusque albidd, con-

centrice rugulosd ; rugis interruptis minimis, confertissimis, sub-

elevatis ; margine ventrali magis minusve arcuato; dorsali anticeé

convexo et subdeclivi, postice convexiusculo, elongato et declivi ;

latere antico paululum breviore, rotundato ; postico inferne angu-

lato; lunuld (in adultis) parvd, profundé; ligamento infosso ;

costd umbonali subobsoleté ; dentibus satis magnis. Long. 1:10;

lat. 1°40 poll.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming, Walton.

Evidently a perforating species, and allied to the Petricola ochro-

leuca of Lamarck, the true Tellina fragilis of Linnzus’s own collec-

tion.

ee te a —s ————————

167

December 10, 1844.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

A letter was read from Joseph James Forrester, Esq., of Oporto,

announcing to the Society that he, in conjunction with his friends,

the Viscount Santa Martha and Colonel Owen, was engaged in form-

ing a collection of the Skins of Mammals and Birds, from the Oporto

and Alto Douro districts. The Secretary observed that among those

already obtained was a Genet, a fact of much importance to natu-

ralists, as from the days of Buffon no information had been obtained

of its existence in the Peninsula.

— Cadell, Esq., presented to the Society a young Three-toed

Sloth, Bradypus tridactylus, preserved in spirits, and the skin of the

mother, which had died on the voyage home, within a few days’ sail

of England.

Mr. Gould exhibited specimens of Echini from Western Australia,

for the purpose of comparison with those sent from Oporto by Joseph

James Forrester, Esq., and laid upon the table on the last evening

of meeting.

Descriptions of new species of Mitra and Cardium, by Lovell

Reeve, Esq. :—

CarDIuM.

Carpium incaRNATuM. Card. testd gibboso-globosd, longitudina-

liter costatd, costis quatuor et viginti, rotundis, complanatis, mar-

gines versus medio obsoleté brevispinosis, interstitiis angustis, sub-

profundis, transversim striatis ; pallidé incarnatd, radiis roseis

transversis hic illic ornatd.

Conch. Icon., Cardium, pl. 1. f. 2.

Hab. Bay of Manila (found in sandy mud at the depth of six fa-

thoms) ; Cuming.

A warm flesh-tinted shell, of which Mr. Cuming collected a few

odd valves in the above-mentioned locality, and has lately received

several perfect pairs.

Carpium Minpanense. Card. testd suboblique cordiformi, longi-

tudinaliter costatd, costis novem et viginti, squamiferis, squamis

numerosis, confertis, postice fornicatis, costarum interstitiis sub-

profundis ; albidd, fusco hic illic nebulosd; intus postic? vivide

purpurascente.

Conch. Icon., Cardium, pl. 4. f. 19.

Hab. Cagayan, island of Mindanao, Philippines (found among

sand at low water); Cuming.

No, CXLII.—Procrepines or THE Zoot. Soc.

168

The vaulted structure of the scales in this species is about inter-

mediate in its character between that of the scales of the Cardia con-

sors and isocardia.

Carprum Avsrratiense. Card. testd transverse ovatd, Donaci-

formi, medio subcontractd, postice fleruoso-angulatd, subrostratd,

anticé compresso-attenuatd ; dimidio postico radiatim sulcato, an-

tice levigato, nitente ; albidd, ared posticd strigis brevibus fuscis

utringue ornata.

Conch. Icon., Cardium, pl. 5. f. 24.

Hab. Port Lincoln, South Australia; Harvey.

This shell may be chiefly distinguished from the Cardium Donaci-

forme, to which it is in many respects allied, by the contracted flex-

uous prolongation of the posterior portion, and by the peculiarity of

one half of the shell being conspicuously grooved, whilst the other

half is smooth and shining.

Carpium oviputaMEN. Card. testd oblique ovatd, tenui, ventricosd,

radintim tenuissim? striata ; nived, opacd, strigis lineisve rosaceo-

Suscescentibus exilibus undatis concentricé nebulosd, epidermide

pullidd margines versus indutd ; marginibus intus subtiliter crenu-

latis.

Conch. Icon., Cardium, pl. 7. f. 36.

Hab. ?

The general appearance of this and the following species is very

like that of the Cardium serratum ; both however are of a less oblique

form, and the Cardium oviputamen under consideration is more ven-

tricose.

The concentrically waved pinkish brown marks above noticed,

though faintly indicated, are nevertheless characteristic, as distin-

guished from those of a different pattern, in the following species.

CarpiumM VITELLINUM. Card. testd oblique ovatd, tenuiculd, radi-

atim striatd ; lutescente-albd, maculis parvis numerosis rosaceo-

Suscescentibus umbones versus copiosé lentiginosd, epidermide luted

indutd ; marginibus intus crenulatis.

Conch. Icon., Cardium, pl. 7. f. 37.

Hab. ?

This shell is of a less ventricose ovate structure than the preceding,

and farther distinguished by its different tinge and style of colouring.

Carpium uystrix. Card. testd subquadrato-cordatd, postice con-

cavo-angulatd, radiatim costatd, costis ad duas et triginta, an-

gustis, compressis, posticis squamulis brevibus, ceteris spinis

squameformibus erectis, umbones versus subinflezis, elegantissime

ornatis ; costarum interstitiis striis elevatis transversim subtiliter

cancellatis ; albidd, costarum interstitiis pallidé rosaceis, lined vivide

coccined utrinque piclis ; intus purpureo-rufescente.

Conch. Icon., Cardium, pl. 8. f. 40.

Var. 3. Testd extus omnind nived.

Hab. Island of Corrigidor, Philippines (found in coarse sand at the

depth of about seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

169

The exquisite delicacy and beauty of this shell is remarkable ; each

rib is surmounted with a close-set row of slender scale-like spines,

and the interstices are minutely cancellated; they are moreover

tinged with pink, and down each side of the ribs is a bright scarlet

line.

There is another very beautiful small specimen of the Cardium

hystrix in the collection of Miss Saul; and Mr. Cuming is also in

possession of two of the white variety.

Carpium rusicunpum. Card. testd oblongo-ovatd, vir obliqud,

radiatim costatd, costis acuté convevis, septem et triginta, quarum

anticd squamoso-crenatd, mediand utrinque obtuso-squamatd, posticd

tuberculatd ; rubicundd, umbones versus albicante rubido-fusco ma-

culatd ; marginibus intus vivide rubris.

Conch. Icon., Cardium, pl. 9. f. 44.

Hab. Zanzibar, east coast of Africa.

An extremely pretty species, remarkable for its vivid colouring

and for the elaborate character of its sculpture.

Carpium assimILE. Card. tesld oblongo-ovatd, oblique radiatim

costatd, costis quinque et triginta, basi latis, approximatis, summi-

tatem versus attenuatis, anticis crenatis, postremis tuberculatis,

medianis levibus, lateraliter subtilissime impresso-serratis ; pallide

purpureo-rufescente, umbones versus albicante, maculis sparsis

variegatd.

Conch. Icon., Cardium, pl. 9. f. 45.

Hab. Zanzibar, east coast of Africa.

_ This species approximates very closely to the Cardium subelonga-

et yet there are differences which cannot be overlooked; it has a

greater number of ribs and the ribs are of another structure,

; Mirra,

| ~ -Mrtra Norrisit. Mitr. testa elongato-ovatd, crassd, solidd, spird

subobtuso-acuminatd ; strits transversis et longitudinalibus, elevatis,

confertis, undique subtilissime. reticulatd aut clathratd, transversis

prominentioribus ; eburned, epidermide corned, tenui, nigerrimd ;

-columelld sexplicatd.

Conch. oes Mitra, pl. 1. f. 6.

Hab.

I have am pleasure in dedicating this fine species, so entirely

distinct from any hitherto described, to Thomas Norris, Esq., a

worthy and esteemed patron of the natural sciences, whose magnifi-

cent collection of Mitres has so greatly contributed to the complete-

ness of my monograph in the work above referred to. It is impos-

sible to convey an adequate idea of the finely reticulated sculpture

of this unique shell by a lithographed figure, it being so fine that

the interstices of the net-work resemble minute punctures,

Mirra Dennisonr. Mitr. testd fusiformi, spird attenuato-acumi-

natd, anfractibus subconcentrice costatis, transversim sulcatis,

170

sulcis angustis, costas super plus minusve obsoletis ; rubido-auran-

tid, zond unicd albidd cingulatd, cerulescente-olivaceo inter costas

peculiariter tinctd ; columelld quadriplicatd,

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 3. f. 14.

Hab. Puteao, province of Albay, island of Luzon, Philippines (found

on mud-banks at low water); Cuming.

I dedicate this fine species with much pleasure, at the particular

request of Mr. Cuming, to J. Dennison, Esq., a gentleman who has

acquired considerable fame in the conchological world on account of

the very choice and select character of his collection of shells.

Mirra FLoccata. Mitr. testd elongato-ovatd, crassiusculd, levigatd,

punctorum seriebus undique cinctd ; lutescente-spadiced, albo longi-

tudinaliter floccatd ; columelld quadriplicatd, labro prope basin

crenato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 3. f. 16.

Hab. ?

The specimen here figured, from the collection of Mr. Cuming, is

the only one of the species 1 am acquainted with.

Mirra souipa. Mitr. testd ovato-elongatd, crassd, solidd, spird

subturritd ; anfractibus numerosis, convezis, levigatis, transversim

sulcatis, sulcis angustis, striis subtilissimis prope suturas decus-

satis ; spadiceo-fulvd, albo sparsim et irregulariter floccata ; colu-

melld quingueplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 3. f. 18.

Hab. -——?

This interesting species may be recognized by its many convex,

deep-sutured whorls; and the whorls, being longitudinally striated

near the sutures, exhibit a slight cancellated appearance.

Mirra inquinaTa. Mitr. testd fusiformi-oblongd, subangustd,

spird acuminatd, transversim impresso-striatd, striis puncturatis ;

eburned, rubido-fusco longitudinaliter inquinatd ; columellé quadri-

plicata.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 5. f. 29.

Hab. ?

Though a species of very simple character, it is quite distinct from

any hitherto described.

Mirra eraciuis. Mitr. testd elongatd, spird valde productd, suturis

subprofundis ; anfractibus transversim subtilissime costatis, costis

angustis irregularibus, interstitiis liris obtusis minutissimis pul-

cherrime decussatis ; albidd, fuscescente pallide fasciatd, costis

Susco articulatis ; columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 5. f. 31.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found in sandy mud at the depth

of six fathoms) ; Cuming.

A most delicately sculptured shell, with somewhat the character

of the Mitra granatina about it.

Mirra pecuivis. Mitr. testd elongato-turritd, basi truncatd, spird

Plein tek ded tied,

171

acuminatd ; anfractibus superne angulato-declivibus, levibus, trans-

versim exilissime impressis ; cinereo-carned, epidermide nigerrimd ;

columella quadriplicata.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 6. f. 44.

Hab.

This shell appears to be quite distinct from the Mitra glabra; there

is no appearance of transverse brown lines, the whorls are angularly -

bent next the suture, and the spire is more sharply acuminated.

Mirra coccinea. Mitr. testd elongato-fusiformi, spird acuminatd ;

anfractibus longitudinaliter obtuso-costatis, interstitiis transversim

elevato-striatis, anfractds ultimi costis subevanidis ; vivide cocci-

ned aut lutescente, balteo unico albo cingulatd ; columella quadri-

plicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 7. f. 49.

Hab. Islands of Masbate and Luzon, Philippines (found on the

reefs at low water) ; Cuming.

This species may be easily recognized by its peculiarity of colour-

ing,—bright scarlet, encircled by a simple white belt.

Mirra tumipa. Mitr. testd abbreviato-fusiformi, spird brevi, apice

acuto ; anfractibus tumidis, supern? plano-angulatis, longitudinali-

ter rude costatis, costis ad angulum noduloso-tumidis ; albidd aut

virescente, anfractibus ad angulum rufo tinctis, ultimo balteo nigro

latiusculo cingulato ; columella tri- aut quadriplicatd ; aperture

Sauce nigricante-fuscd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 8. f. 51.

Hab. New Holland.

A few specimens of this peculiarly swollen shell were lately brought

from New Holland in H.M.S. Beagle.

Mirra rupicota. Mitr. testd abbreviato-fusiformi, in medio obe-

siusculd, spird attenuatd; anfractibus superné angulatis, costis

latiusculis obtusis longitudinalibus et transversis decussatis, ad de-

cussationem nodosis ; carned, epidermide fuscd, corned, crassd, ad

apicem erosd, indutd ; columelld triplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 8. f. 53.

Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia (dredged from a rocky bottom at

the depth of fourteen fathoms) ; Cuming.

A new and very distinct species, at present unique in the collec-

tion of Mr. Cuming.

Mirra satreoxata. Mitr. testd fusiformi, spird acuminato-turritd ;

anfractibus transversim elevato-striatis, longitudinaliter costatis,

costis confertis, anfractds ultimi subevanidis ; balteolis nigris duo-

bus in medio cingulatis, supra cinereo-albidd, lined unicd fused

circum-ornatd, infra aurantid, interdum cinereo-viridescente tinctd,

apice fusco ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 8. f. 54.

Hab. Mollucca and Philippine Islands (found at the islands of Zebu

and Burias, under stones at low water); Cuming.

Allied to the Mitra plicata.

172

Mirra cuHaLysBeia. Mitr. testd elongato-ovatd, basin versus: sul-

catd ; anfractibus convewis, levigatis, juxta suturas rudé subtilis-

simé crenulatis ; cinereo-cerulescente alboque longitudinaliter stri-

gata, transversim indistincte fasciatd, lineis rubido-fuscis equi-

distantibus undique cingulatd ; columella rufo-aurantid, quadripli-

catd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 9. f. 59.

Hab. ?

A new and very characteristic species, at present unique in the

collection of H. Cuming, Esq.

Mirra FutcuriTa. Mitr. testd cylindraceo-elongatd, subangustd,

transversim impresso-striatd, striis puncturatis ; pallidé spadiceo-

fulvd, strigis angustis albis longitudinalibus ornatd ; columella

quinqueplicatd, subumbilicata.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 9. f. 61.

Hab. ?

~ An interesting new species, marked with white lightning-like lon-

gitudinal streaks.

Mirra tienariA. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, crassiusculd, spird

acuminato-productd ; anfractibus superné depressis, longitudinaliter

subobliqué obtuso-costatis, transversim subtiliter liratis, liris binis ;

rubido-aurantid, epidermide fuscd indutd ; columella quadriplicatd ;

aperturd breviusculd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 9. f. 64.

Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia (dredged from rocky ground at

the depth of about fourteen fathoms) ; Cuming.

This shell has somewhat the character of the Mitra rupicola found

in the same locality ; the spire is however longer, the aperture con-

sequently shorter, and the sculpture is of a different character.

Mirra tacunosa. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, spird breviusculd,

transversim sulcatd, sulcis confertis, regularibus, profundé punc-

turatis ; longitudinaliter lacunosd, lacunis subconcentricé undatis ;

albicante, aurantio-fuscescente prope apicem maculatd, anfractu

ultimo fascid latiusculd aurantio-fuscescente cingulato ; columella

quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 10. f. 65.

Hab. ? ;

This species is characterized, independently of its peculiar style of

colouring, by numerous longitudinal waved grooves or gutters having

the appearance of sea-breaks.

Mirra PELLIS-SERPENTIS. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, crassd, solidd,

spird subacuminatd, liris plano-granulatis transversis et longitudi-

nalibus subtilissimé decussatd ; intus extusque lutescente ; columella

quadriplicatd ; labro superne contracto, intus striato-crenulato.

- Conch. Ieon., Mitra, pl. 10. f. 66.

Hab. Islands of Mindoro and Bohol, Philippines (found under stones

at low water); Cuming. :

as A

173

The granular coriaceous sculpture of this shell varies considerably

‘in different individuals.

_ Mrrra Cuminer. Mitr. testd ovatd, utrinque attenuatd, spird

acuminato-turritd ; anfractibus superne angulatis, longitudinaliter

costatis, costis numerosis, ad angulum mucronatis, liris transversis

angustis cancellatis, interstitiis impressis ; aurantio alboque pecu-

liariter maculato-variegatd, maculis aurantiis nigro-lineatis ; colu-

melld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 10. f. 67.

Hab. Matnog, province of Albay, island of Luzon (found on the

reefs) ; Cuming.

I dedicate this species to H. Cuming, Esq., as being one of the

most beautiful and characteristic of the many interesting new Mitres

collected by that indefatigable naturalist during his researches

amongst the Philippine Islands.

Mirra rusicinosa. Mitr. testd elongato-ovatd, subfusiformi, trans-

versim crebrisulcatd, sulcis puncturatis ; albd, rubiginoso-tinctd ;

columella quinqueplicatd, plicis infimis subobscuris.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 10. f. 68.

- Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs at low water) ;

‘Cuming.

The iron-mould spots on this shell exhibit rather a tessellated

style of arrangement.

Mirra rnteriirata. Mitr. testd subelongatd, spird acutd, trans-

versim liratd, liris numerosis, acutiusculis, lira minore intercur-

rente, interstitiis striis longitudinalibus. elevatis cancellatis ; albd,

maculis perpaucis distantibus. aurantio-fuscescentibus tinctd ; colu-

melld subumbilicatd, quinqueplicatd, plicis infimis subobscuris ;

basi leviter ascendente ; uperturd longiusculd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 10. f. 70.

Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (found in sandy mud at the

“depth of four fathoms); Cuming.

’ The narrow intermediate ridge forms a prominent feature in this

“species.

Mirra Zesuensis. Mitr. testd subfusiformi, nitidd, basin versus

sulcatd, liris planiusculis, confertis, subtilissimé cancellatd, liris

longitudinalibus fortioribus ; albidd, anfractuum parte superiori

« - ‘maculis grandibus perpaucis castaneo-fuscis ornutd ;. columella

quinqueplicatd. |

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 10. f. 73.

Hab. Island of Zebu, Philippines (found on the reefs at low water) ;

“Cuming.

The brown spots being situated around the upper part of the whorls

give an irregular tessellated character to the spire.

“Mrrrainrecta. Mitr. testd ovata, basi recurvd, spird acuminatd ;

- anfractibus striis impressis cinctis, ultimo tumidiusculo ; pallidé

flavd, maculis castaneo-fuscis pictd ; columelld obsolete sexplicatd.

174

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 11. f. 75.

Hab. Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean (found on the reefs at low

water); Cuming.

A solid, rather ventricose shell, with a peculiar twist at the base.

Mirra acuricta. Mitr. testé acuminato-turritd, anfractibus con-

vexis, numerosis, longitudinaliter crebriliratis, transversim im-

presso-striatis ; albidd, apice basique rosaceis, liris punctis ceruleis

et fuscis profuse variegatis ; columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 11. f. 76.

Hab. Zanzibar, east coast of Africa.

The surface of this beautiful shell has the appearance of being

curiously embroidered with small coloured beads.

Mirra opesa. Mitr. testd abbreviato-ovatd, solidd, superné valde

obesd, spird brevissimd, sulcis spiralibus et radiantibus decussatim

impressd ; anfracta ultimo basin versus sulcato, supra levigato ;

albd, lineis rubido-fuscis remotiusculis cingulatd, epidermide vivide

viridescente omnind indutd ; columelld sexplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 12. f. 87.

Hab. ?

I have no information concerning the locality of this extremely

interesting species, of which there is an example in the collection of

Thomas Norris, Esq.

Mirra ustutata. Mitr. testd elongatd, spird angusto-acuminatd,

transversim subtilissim? striatd ; albidd, lineis capillaribus fusces-

centibus remotiusculis cingulatd, maculis grandibus ustulato-fuscis

nebulosd ; columella sexplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 13. f. 89.

Hab. ?

This species is at present unique in the collection of Thomas

Norris, Esq.

Mirra cresritirata. Mitr. testd acuminato-turritd, longitudina-

liter suboblique liratd, liris angustis, crebris, interstitiis impresso-

cancellatis ; olivaced vel olivaceo-fuscd, lined unicd pallidd infra

suturas plerumque cinctd ; columella quadriplicata.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 13. f. 92.

Mitra rosea, Kiener (not of Duclos).

Hab. Ceylon.

Figured by M. Kiener for the Mitra rosea of Duclos, which is the

Voluta ignea, Wood, Mitra subulata, Lamarck.

Mirra pourra. Mitr. testd acuminato-turritd, levigatd, politd, ad

basin sulcatd, prope apicem subtilissim? plicato-costatd ; fused vel

cinereo-fuscd, lined unicd pallide flavicante cingulatd ; columella

quadriplicata.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 13. f. 94.

Hab. Islands of Zebu and Luzon, Philippines (found in mud on the

shore at low water, and at the depth of six or seven fathoms); Cu-

ming.

EE a

175

At the desire of one or two gentlemen whose opinions in concho-

logical matters cannot be lightly esteemed, I have described the Mi-

tre polita and crebrilirata as new and distinct species ; it must be

admitted, however, that I have felt strongly inclined to regard the

former as the Eastern analogue of the Mitra ebenus, smooth variety,

of the Mediterranean, and the latter as the analogue of the Mitra

ebenus, ribbed variety, of the same region.

Mirra variasiis. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, medio subobesd,

levigatd, transversim subtilissimé punctato-striatd; lutescente-

olivaced, lineis fuscis capillaribus remotiusculis cinctd, anfractu

ultimo zond unicd cerulescente-albd medio ornato ; columella qua-

driplicatd ; aperture fauce olivaceo-fusca.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 13. f. 95.

Hab. Torres Strait (found under stones at low water) ; Dring.

The variable character of this species consists in its being some-

times flaked or indistinctly streaked with bluish white.

Mirra cytinpracea. Mitr. testd cylindraceo-ovatd, utringue at-

tenuatd, sulcis capillaribus puncturatis, superne remotiusculis, cin-

gulata ; lutescente-olivaced, maculis albis irregularibus infra sutu-

ras ornatd, anfractu ultimo in medio maculato-fasciato ; columella

quadriplicatd ; aperture fauce Suscescente.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 13. f. 97.

Hab. ?

The painting of this shell is not much unlike that of the Mitra

variabilis.

Mirra putuata. Mitr. testd fusiformi, spird acuminato-turritd ;

anfractibus superné subangulatis, transversim impresso-striatis,

longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, costis superne obtuso-mucronatis ;

aurantio-lutescente, lined subtilissimd fuscd cingulatd, anfractu

ultimo fascid latd nigricante-fuscd ornatd ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 14. f. 102.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs) ; Cuming.

The Mitra pullata is exactly intermediate between the Mitre bal-

teolata and plicata, differing sufficiently from both to constitute a

distinct species.

Mirra ozveacea. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, Bucciniformi, spird

brevi ; anfractibus convezis, levigatis, epidermide corned olivaceo-

fused nitidd indutd ; columelld quadriplicatd, basi truncatd ; labro

in medio leviter contracto.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 14. f. 105.

Hab. 2

There is a peculiarity in the form of this species which distin-

guishes it from any other of the Melania-like group.

Mirra opetiscus. Mitr. testd acuminato-turritd, spird acutd ; an-

fractibus longitudinaliter costatis, costis angustis, crebris, inter-

stitiis impresso-cancellatis ; lutescente-fuscd, lined unicd albd cin-

gulatd ; columella quadriplicatd, basi contorto-recurvd.

176

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 15. f. 107.

Hab. Bais, island of Negros, Philippines (found among coarse sand

and stones at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

The whorls are numerous in this species and rather contiguous.

Mirra FunerEA. Mitr. testd abbreviato-fusifurmi, spird acutd ;

anfractibus rotundis, liris transversis et longitudinalibus creber-

_rimé decussatis, anfractu ultimo levigato, ad basin sulcato ; fuscd,

‘balteo unico angusto flavicante cingulato ; columella triplicatd, bast

recurvd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 15. f. 108.

Hab. Pasacao, South Camarinos, island of Luzon, Philippines

(found in sandy mud at the depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.

The whorls of the spire have a peculiar rounded decussated ap-

pearance, with the yellow belt just falling in the sutural depression.

Mirra varrecata. Mitr. testa suboblongo- ovatd, transversim regu-

lariter sulcatd, anfractuum limbo superiori subobsoleté crenulato ;

albidd, olivaceo-spadiceo nebulatd et variegatd ; columellé quinque-

plicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 15. f. 111.

Hab. Iedlands of Ticao and Mindanao, Philippines (found on the

reefs at low water) ; Cuming.

The whorls of this shell are very slightly angulated, and the

clouded variegated painting only appears below the angle.

Mirra cHruLeA. Mitr. testd subfusiformi-oblongd, transversim

regulariter sulcatd, sulcis angustis, puncturatis ; carulescente-

albicante, anfractu ultimo, fascia latissimd ceruled, marginibus

albimaculatis, cincto ; basi et aperture fauce aurantio-fuscescenti-

bus ; columelld quinqueplicatd, umbilicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 15. f. 113.

Hab. Islands of Ticao and Capul, Philippines (found on the reefs

at low water) ; Cuming.

The white flake-like spots which appear on the upper edge of the

blue band of the last whorl are just visible on the whorls of the spire

above the sutures.

Mirra FruLcetruM. Mitr. testd subfusiformi, solidiusculd ; an-

Sractibus superné leviter angulatis, transversim impresso-sulcatis,

sulcis angustis, subtilissime puncturatis ; rubido-castaned, strigis

albis prominentibus undatis longitudinaliter ornatd ; columelld qua-

driplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 15. f. 115. °

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

The white longitudinal waved streaks are very strikingly depicted.

Mirra pretiosa. Mitr. testd fusiformi, spird acuminato-turritd,

transversim subtiliter costatd, longitudinaliter confertim impresso-

sulcatd ; suturis subprofundis ; albidd, rubido-fusco balteatd et

puanctatd. .

—«e te" Ta ee Oe

177

~ Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 15. f. 116.

Hab. ?

In painting this shell reminds one of the Mitra crenifera; the

sculpture is however of a quite different pattern.

Mirra Gruneri. Mitr. testd abbreviato-fusiformi, subharpeformt,

spird brevi, turritd, acutd ; longitudinaliter acute costatd, costis

superne mucronato-tuberculatis, anfractuum parte superiori plano-

angulatd ; olivaceo-viridescente, lineis tribus rubido-fuscis subdi-

stantibus inter costas seriatim pictd ; columélld quinqueplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 16. f. 119.

Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (found on the reefs at low

water) ; Cuming.

It is somewhat a matter of surprise that this very characteristic

Species, which is not uncommon, has never been described. I dedi-

cate it with much pleasure to E. L. G. Gruner, Esq., of Bremen.

Mirra caticinosa. Mitr. testd ovato-fusiformi, solidiusculd, ipird

breviusculd ; anfractibus convezis, levigatis, transversim impresso-

striatis ; albd, epidermide corned nigricante undique indutd ; colu-

melld quinqueplicatd.

Conch. mari Mitra, pl. 16. f. 121.

Hab.

I have no locality for this species, which is a rather solid white

shell, closely enveloped by a dark blackish epidermis.

Mirra runicutata. Mitr. testd abbreviato-fusiformi, spird brevi-

usculd ; anfractibus superné subangulatis, liris angustis elevatis

subdistantibus undique funiculatis, interstitiis striis subtilissime

cancellatis ; roseo-albicante, epidermide fuscescente indutd, liris

fuscescente-punctatis ; columella quadriplicatd, plicis spe subs

obscuris ; aperturd longiusculd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 16. f. 122.

Hab. Isle of. Plata, West Columbia (found in coral sand at the

| depth of fourteen fathoms) ; Cuming.

A species intermediate between the Mitre circulata and sulcata.

-Mrrra concentrica. Mitr. testd acuminato-ovatd, subfusiformi,

longitudinaliter concentricé costatd, costis superné mucronatis, in-

terstitiis impresso-striatis; albidd, ferrugineo-fusco hine et hinc

maculato-tinctd, ad basinque fasciatd ; columella quinqueplicatd ;

aperture fauce striatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 17. f. 128.

Hab. Isle of Annaa, Pacific Ocean (found on the reefs at low

water) ; Cuming.

This species is very closely allied to the Mitra mucronata, from

which it only differs in the concentric disposition of the ribs, and in

their being denuded of tubercles.

Mirra Senecarensis. Mitr. testd fusiformi, spird acute acumi-

- - -natd ; anfractibus levigatis, supern? tumidiusculis ; livido-olivaced,

178

flammulis perpaucis albidis longitudinaliter ornatd ; columelld tri-

plicatd ; aperture fauce livido-castaned.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 17. f. 129.

Hab. Senegal ; Petit.

A very characteristic species, quite distinct from any hitherto de-

scribed.

Mirra impressa. Mitr. testd elongata, sub-Terebreformi, longi-

tudinaliter subtiliter costellatd, costellis levigatis, interstitiis trans-

versim peculiariter impresso-sulcatis ; fuscescente-rubidd, macula-

rum serie unicd subindistinctd-cingulatd, costellis albidis; colu-

melld quinqueplicatd, basi leviter recurvd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 17. f. 130.

Hab. ?

A truly interesting species, of which this is the only specimen I

have seen. It is of a deep brick-red colour, covered with close

whitish longitudinal ribs, each whorl being encircled round the middle

with an indistinct row of spots of a darker red.

Mirra souiputa, Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, crassd, solidd, spird

brevi, obtusd, prope apicem subtilissimé concentricé sulcatd ; an-

Sractibus convevis, levigatis, transversim eviliter striatis ; olivaceo-

Suscd, plicis albis ; columelld concavo-expansd, callositate albicante

superne armatd, quadriplicatd ; labro peculiariter planulato, su-

perne canaliculato, intus crenulato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 18. f. 133.

Hab. Island of Corrigidor, bay of Manila (found under stones at

low water); Cuming.

This is a species of an interesting group of shells, of which the

Mitra Ziervogeliana forms the type, distinguished by their solid

structure, the prominent development of the columellar plaits, the

presence of a callosity, and the peculiar flattened surface of the outer

lip.

Mirra tivipa. Mitr. testd subquadrato-ovatd, spird breviusculd,

aculd; anfractibus levigatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis tu-

midis, inferne evanidis ; livido-olivaced, balteo unico angusto cin-

gulatd, costis olivaceo-lutescentibus ; columelld quadriplicatd ; labro

leviter sinuato; aperture fauce pallide lividd, striatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 18. f. 134.

Hab. ?

I am much indebted to M. Deshayes for the loan of this very in-

teresting species, of which I know no other specimens.

Mirra cuoava. Mitr. testd ovatd, solidd, glabrd, spird brevi ; ni-

gricante-fuscd, plicis albis ; columella concavd, callositate armatd,

quadriplicatd ; labro peculiariter planulato, superné canaliculato,

tntus crenulato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 18. f. 135.

Hab. Isle of Johanna, Mozambique Channel; Hennah.

The characters of the Mitra choava are very similar to those of the

R————————— er

179

Mitre solidula and anthracina; each species may, however, be fully

distinguished by its difference of form and other minor peculiari-

ties.

Mirra anturacina. Mitr, testd acuminato-ovatd, spird acutd,

glaberrimd ; anthracind ; columellé subconcavd, quadriplicatd, cal-

lositate parvd, superne armatd ; labro peculiariter planulato, su-

perne leviter canaliculato, intus crenulato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 18. f. 137,

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs at low water);

Cuming.

Very closely allied to the Mitra solidula, but of a more elongated

form, with a smooth shining surface.

Mirra rosusta. Mitr. testd ovatd, crassd, spird brevi, subobtusd ;

anfractibus tumidiusculis, transversim sulcatis, basin versus pre-

cipue, longitudinaliter concentric? plicato-rugosis ; rubido-fuscd ;

columelld concavd, quadriplicatd, callositate armatd ; labro incras-

sato, planulato, superné canaliculato, intus crenulato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 18. f. 140.

Hab. ?

This species partakes of the characters of the Mitre Woldemarii

and Ziervogeliana in about equal proportions.

Mirra putcuetta. Mitr. testd acuminato-ovatd, spird subturritd,

longitudinaliter costellatd, costellis angustis, planis, confertiusculis,

basin versus subgranosis, transversim impresso-striatis ; aurantio-

lutescente, fascid purpurascente inter costas ornatd; columella

quinqueplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 19. f. 142.

Hab. Island of Barbadoes, West Indies ; Humphreys.

The painting of this shell has a very pretty appearance.

Mirra uistrio. Mitr. testd subovatd, spird breviusculd, longitu-

dinaliter costatd, costis subobtusis, basin versus granulosis, inter-

stitiis transversim striatis ; vivide coccined, suturis nigris, nigro

interdum nebulosd, balteo albo angusto, balteoque nigro, cingulatd ;

columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 19. f. 144.

Hab. >

__A gaily-coloured scarlet shell more or less banded and bedaubed

with black.

Mirra rvusritincta. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, crassiusculd, acute

acuminatd, transversim undique sulcatd ; albd, maculis grandibus

aurantio-rubris supra infraque seriatim nebuloso-tinctd ; columella

quadriplicaté ; labro crenulato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 19. f. 147.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at low

water); Cuming.

The surface of this shell is characteristically grooved throughout.

180

Mirra speciosa. Mitr. testd obeso-ovatd, utrinque atienuatd, trans-

versim impresso-striatd, longitudinaliter costellatd, costellis pla-

niusculis, basin versus granulosis ; rosaceo-albicante, costis fascid

latissimd fuscd aut purpurascente-fuscd tinctis, apice rosaceo ;

columelld quadriplicatd, plicd supera valde mazximd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 19. f. 148.

Hab. Island of Capul, Philippines (found on the reefs) ; Cuming.

This shell, at a glance, has very much the appearance of the Mitra

esiete but upon examination it will be observed that the dark

and which encircles the one is painted on the ribs, whilst in the

other it appears in the interstices.

Mirra caves. Mitr. testd ovatd, glabrd, longitudinaliter costellatd,

_ costellis obtusis ; cinereo-nigricante, costis macularum albicantium

serie unicd ornatis ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 19. f. 149.

Hab.

The specimen here described, from the collection of Thomas Norris,

Esq., is the only example of the species I have seen.

Mirra TeLescorium. Mitr. testd ovato-fusiformi, levigatd, nitidd,

transversim punctato-striatd ; anfractibus contiguis, ultimo basin

versus subcontracto, suturis conspicuis, profundis ; cerulescente-

albd, anfractu ultimo inferné rufo-castaneo, spire apice nigricante ; ;

columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 20. f. 80.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs at low

water); Cuming.

This new and very characteristic shell exhibits the same peculiarly

contracted structure as the Mitra abbatis, and the whorls have the

same contiguous telescope-like appearance.

Mirra 1cnositis. Mitr. testd subobeso-fusiformi, basi leviter re-

curvd, spird acuminatd, transversim undique sulcald, sulcis con-

fertis, subsuperficiariis ; albicante, maculis grandibus ustulato-

fuscis seriatim nebulosd; columelld sexplicatd, plicis infimis,

subobscuris.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 20. f. 152.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs at low

water) ; Cuming.

In order not to confound this species with one of very similar ap-

pearance, the Mitra ustulata, it is important to notice that the sur-

face of the former is grooved throughout, whilst that of the latter is

very finely striated and marked with rather distant brown hair lines.

Mirra vecurtata. Mitr. testd abbreviato-ovatd, subventricosd,

crassd, solidd, spird brevi, apicem versus acutd ; levigatd, inferne

sulcatd ; nigerrimo-fuscd, punctis albidis perpaucis prope basin,

_ linedque albd conspicud infra suturas cinctd ; columella quadripli-

catd ; aperturd ampld ; labro superné sinuato et contracto.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 20. f. 154.

- Hab. ?

Sy aie nla

181

A fine new species, of which I have seen several examples in an

excellent state of preservation.

~ Mrrra papia. Mitr. testd acuminato-ovatd, transversim subtilissim2

striatd ; undique badid ; columelld quadriplicatd, plicd infimd sub-

- obscurd ; aperturd breviusculd.

Conch. rian Mitra, pl. 20. f. 157.

Hab.

.This is Hrd an unsatisfactory species, though certainly not re-

ferable to any hitherto described.

Mirra capaAverosa. Mitr. testd ovato-turritd, spird acutd; an-

Sractibus transversim impresso-striatis, supra et infra plus minusve

angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis ad angulos exasperato-

mucronatis ; albd, balteo angusto fuscescente inter costas cingulatd ;

columella quadriplicatd ; aperture fauce striata.

. Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 21. f. 160.

Hab. Philippine and Lord Hood's Islands (found under stones at

low water); Cuming.

However closely this shell may approximate to the Mitra exaspe-

rata, it is uniformly white, and always exhibits a strong peculiarity

in the band which appears in the interstices and not upon the summit

of the ribs.

Mirra carnicotor. Mitr. testd subabbreviato-fusiformi, liris

parvis subobtusis, alternis majoribus, undique cingulatd, liris striis

impressis longitudinaliter incisis ; extus pallidé carneolo-fusces-

cente, intus rosaced; columelld quinqueplicatd, plicd infimd. sub-

obscurd. ,

Conch. ton, Mitra, pl. 21. f. 164.

Hab.

A neatly chet tes delicately tinted shell, quite distinct from any

hitherto-described species.

Mirra Hinpsi. Mitr. testa lanceolato- fusiformi, spird acutissim>

turritd ; anfractibus superné angulatis, infra angulum leviter con-

_tractis, transversim carinato-costatis, costd super angulum promi-

nentiore, interstitiis concavis, subtilissimé elevato-striatis ; lutes-

cente, costis spadiceis, epidermide tenui indutd ; columelld quadri-

plicatd, plicis duabus inferioribus feré obsoletis ; aperture fauce

_subrosaced.

» Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 21. f. 165.

Hab. Gulf of Nicoya (found in mud at the depth of about seven-

teen fathoms) ; Hinds.

This beautiful species, which I have the pleasure of dedicating to

a most zealous labourer in the field of conchological research, may

be recognised by its graceful form and by the keel-like elevation of

the ribs.

Mirra tatruncuLaria. Mitr. testd abbreviato-fusiformi, tenui-

culd, basi truncatd ; transversim undique sulcatd, sulcis-angustis,

-.. crebris, punctatis ; albidd, rubido-castaneo tessellatd et fasciatd ;

columella quadriplicatd. >

182

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 21. f. 166.

Hab. ?

A slight thin shell closely grooved throughout, the grooves being

minutely punctured and the intermediate ridges prettily tessellated

with white and reddish brown.

Mirra Desuarestt. Mitr. testd subfusiformi, spird turritd, an-

fractibus supern? angulatis, ad angulum nodosis, infra levibus ;

livido-viridescente, nodis aurantio-coccineis, strigis in medio inter-

ruptis e nodis descendentibus ; columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 22. f. 170.

Hab. ?

I have two examples of this extremely interesting species from the

collection of M. Deshayes, and two from that of Thomas Norris, Esq.

Mrrra prurnosa. Mitr. testd ovato-fusiformi, spird acuminatd,

lineis impressis longitudinalibus et transversis decussatim exsculp-

tis ; spadiceo-fuscescente, strigis niveis brevibus angustis e suturis

subirregulariter descendentibus ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 22. f. 171.

Hab. ?

This is another peculiarly characteristic species for which I have

no locality.

Mirra Soranpei. Mitr. testdé ovato-oblongd, crassiusculd, spird

elevatd, apice subobtuso ; undique sulcatd, sulcis latiusculis, con-

fertis, peculiariter subtilissime corrugatis, liris intermediis angus-

tis, carineformibus ; pallid? fusco alboque fasciatd ; columelld

quadriplicatd.

Hab. ?

An ancient species described many years since in manuscript by

Dr. Solander under a name that is occupied.

Mirra FramMicERA. Mitr. testd fusiformi, spird acute acuminatd,

suturis impressis ; anfractibus superne tumidiusculis, transversim

undique liratis, liris alternis majoribus, interstitiis lineis impressis

decussatis ; albidd, flammis latiusculis spadiceis longitudinalibus

pictd ; columella quinqueplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 22. f. 1738.

Hab. ?

The sculpture of this attractive species approaches very nearly to

that of the Mitra interlirata, from which it differs more materially in

form.

Mrrra toricata. Mitr. testa fusiformi, utrinque attenuatd, spire

anfractibus plano-convezis ; fortiter noduloso-granosis, granis

regularibus, seriatim creberrimé digestis ; albidd, maculis perpau-

cis aurantio-fuscescentibus hic illic fasciatim tinctd ; columelld

quinqueplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 22. f. 174.

Hab. ?

The entire surface of this species, from the collection of W. Met-

calfe, Esq., is very strongly closely granulated.

183

Mrrra macutosa. Mitr. testa oblongo-ovatd, spird breviusculd,

suturis impressis ; anfractibus transversim punctato-striatis, parte

superiori lutescente-albd fuscescente partim tinctd, infra castaneo-

fuscd albipunctatd ; columelld quingueplicata ; labro intus superne

sinuato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 22. f.175.

Hab. Australia and island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean (found at the

latter place on the reefs); Cuming.

This species may be recognised by its peculiarity of colouring, the

upper portion of the whorls being nearly white, stained just here and

there with brown, the lower chestnut-brown speckled with white

dots.

Mirra proscissa. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, utrinque attenuata,

spire anfractibus contiguis, suturis impressis ; transversim undique

liratis, liris latiusculis, obtuso-convevis, confertis, interstitiis an-

gustis, subtilissimé cancellatis ; albidd, maculis aurantio-fusces-

centibus bifasciatim tinctd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 22. f. 177.

Hab. ?

It may be as well to caution the reader against confounding this

shell with the Mitra ferruginea, a name which I have seen erro-

neously attached to it in one or two important collections.

Mirra rotunpitirata. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, utringue atte-

nuatd, transversim undique liratd, liris rotundis, confertis, inter-

stitiis angustis, striis elevatis decussatis ; aurantio-castaned ; colu-

melld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 23. f. 178.

Hab. ?

The ridges of this shell are peculiarly rounded, and impart a kind

of crimped appearance to the lip.

Mirra Rupretun. Mitr. testd fusiformi-ovatd, basim versus leviter

contractd, transversim undique liratd, liris subrotundis, interstitiis

levibus ; castaneo-fuscd ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 23. f. 179.

_ Hab. Red Sea; Riippell. 3

‘An interesting species, in which the ridges are almost as rounded

as in the former; they are however wider apart, and the interstices

are not crossed with raised striz.

Mirra Trcaontca. Mitr. testd ovatd, crassd, solidd, spird brevi,

suturis profundis ; anfractibus transversim undique exiliter sulcatis,

juzta suturas leviusculis ; spadiceo-brunned, aperture Sauce vivide

purpureo-fuscd ; columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 23. f. 181.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs at low water) ;

Cuming.

A very characteristic stout solid species, with a dark purple-brown

richly-enamelled mouth.

184

Mrrra PLANILIRATA. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, spird subacumi-

nati, transversim undique sulcatd, liris intermediis peculiariter

- planulatis ; fuscd ; columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 23. f. 184.

Hab. —-~?

This species may be easily distinguished from those which it so

nearly resembles in general appearance by its peculiarly flattened

ridges.

Mirra PEREGRA. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, spird suboblusd ;

transversim fortiter sulcatd, sulcis pertusis ; rubidd, liris trans-

versis profuse albimaculatis ; columelid quinqueplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 24. f. 186.

Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (found under stones at low

water); Cuming.

This species, which appears to be figured by Kiener for the Mitra

nucleola, may be connected by a series of intermediate varieties with

the Mitra cucumerina.

Mirra astricta. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, basi truncatd ; anfrac-

tibus levibus, cinereo-fuscis, fascid albidd infra suturam, lineisque

Suscescentibus parallelis crebris undique cinctis ; columelld quadri-

plicata ; labro subeffuso.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 24. f. 188.

Hab. ?

The entire surface of this shell is enlaced with fine brown lines.

Mirra Srnensis. Mitr. testd cylindraceo-oblongd, crassd, spird

brevissimd, acutd ; transversim crebriliratd, liris angustis, promi-

nentibus, granosis, lineisque longitudinalibus impressis exilibus

decussatd ; fuscd ; columelld decemplicatd, callositate conspicud

superne armatd ; intus fuscd, nitide encausticd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 24. f. 190 8.

Mitra crenulata (pars), Kiener, Icon., f. 105 a.

Hab. Coast of China.

This fine species, though one of great rarity, has been probably

confounded hitherto with the Mitra crenulata, an error into which I

had myself fallen, until the arrival of a magnificent specimen most

liberally forwarded to me for inspection by M. Gruner of Bremen,

and which has been invaluable as the means of establishing a new

and very important species. It differs entirely from the Mitra crenu-

lata, independent of colouring and size, in the character of its sculp-

ture, whilst the columella has an additional number of plaits ang i is

armed with a remarkable callosity at the summit.

Mirra cians. Mitr. testd ovatd, subcylindraced, superné obesd,

crassa, solidd, spird brevissimd, partim occultd ; longitudinaliter

obtuso-costellatd, costellis fortiter granulosis; vividé aurantio-

Suscd, granulis albidis, intus albd ; columella octoplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 24. f. 191.

Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (found on the reefs at low-

water) ; Cuming.

185

Characterized by its very distinctly granulated sculpture, and by

its short obese form.

Mirra unputosa. Mitr. testd cylindraceo-ovatd, crassd, spird

brevissimd ; leviusculd, lineis exiliter impressis undique cinctd ;

alba, lineis fuscis cingulatd, undulisque fuscis angustis longitudi-

nalibus variegatd ; columella octoplicatd.

5 Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 24. f. 192.

. Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found among coral sand on the

4 reefs at low water) ; Cuming.

The lineated character of the painting is so different from that of

; the M. crenulata, that I cannot refrain from separating it as a distinct

species.

+ Mirra wanus. Mitr. testd abbreviato-ovatd, spird brevi, acutd,

transversim undique sulcatd, sulcis basin versus profundioribus ;

rubido-fuscd, balteo angusto flavicante, peculiariter albimaculato,

cinctd ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 24. f. 193.

Hab.

Distinguished by its narrow yellow belt, which has a peculiar

white knotted appearance.

Mirra porpHyritica. Mitr. testd obeso-ovatd, basi subgranosd,

spird acute turritd ; longitudinaliter plicato-costatd, costis angu-

latis ; anfractibus supra albicantibus, infra olivaceo-cinereis, albi-

zonulatis ; columelld quadriplicatd ; aperturd brevi.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 25. f. 195.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

A short stout species, with a sharp angularly turreted spire, en-

circled with bands of a peculiarly livid olive-ash-colour.

Mirra vireata. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, spird brevi, apice acu-

minatd ; levigatd, nitidd, basin versus impresso-striatd ; niger-

rimo-fuscd, virgis albis longitudinalibus flexuosis, interdum medio

interruptis, ornatd, anfractu ultimo zonuld pallidd angustd non-

nunguam superné cingulato ; columella quadriplicatd ; labro medio

contracto, superneé sinuato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 25. f. 197 a and 8.

Mitra retusa, var., Gray ; Zool. Beechey’s Voyage.

Hab. Island of Luzon, Philippines (found under stones and in

crevices of rocks) ; Cuming.

' This species is exactly intermediate between the Mitre paupercula

‘and retusa.

_ Mirra curysaus. Mitr. testd ovatd, spird brevi, subretusd ; trans-

versim undique sulcatd ; fuscd aut fuscescente, anfractu ultimo

maculis interruptis medio uniseriatim cincto ; columelld quadripli-

catd ; labro medio contracto.

Hab.

186

May be distinguished from the young of the Mitra cucumerina by

its peculiarly contracted lip.

Mirra concinna. Mitr. testd ovatd, basi contractd, spird turritd ;

anfractibus superne angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis an-

gulum super granoso-mucronatis, liris parvis obtusis transversim

decussatis , liris transversis vivide luteis, interstitiis nigricante-

castaneis ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 26. f. 203.

Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

A bright prettily painted species, very closely approximating in

form and sculpture to the Mitra crocata.

Mirra venustuba. Mitr. testd ovatd, spird acuminatd, anfractibus

convezis, longitudinaliter granoso-costatis, vivide luteis, zonulis

angustis nigerrimo-castaneis duabus tribusve cingulatis ; columella

quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 26. f. 204.

Hab. Island of Masbate, Fhulippities (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

The whorls of this species have not the same angular structure as

those of the preceding, nor are the ribs granosely pointed at the

upper extremity.

Mirra Fuavescens. Mitr. testd ovatd, spird subacuminatd, an-

Sractibus longitudinaliter costatis, costis superne subnodosis, liris

granosis decussatis ; flavescente, zond fuscd medio albilineatd

cinctd ; columella quadriplicata.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 26. f. 207.

Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

Ailied to the preceding species by its style of sculpture, but differ-

ng in form and pattern of colouring.

Mirra variata. Mitr. testa ovatd, basi contracta, spird turritd ;

anfractibus superne angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis la-

tiusculis, obtuso-prominentibus, interstitiis transversim impresso-

striatis ; luted, ustulato-fusco varie fasciatd et lineolatd ; columella

quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 26. f. 209.

Hab.

This shell exhibits a beautiful variation of colour; the ribs are not

crossed with granose ridges, like those of the Mitre concinna, crocata,

and flavescens, but have the interstices engraved with fine impressed

strie.

Mirra arvinis. Mitr. testd ovatd, spird acuminato-turritd ; an-

Fractibus longitudinaliter obtuso-costatis, costis liris planiusculis

transversis decussatis ; aurantio-rubrd, fascid luteo-albicante cin-

gulatd ; columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 26. f. 211.

187

Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

The specific differences of this shell are not of an unimportant

character; the cross ridges are somewhat flattened, the white band

is broader, and the granules are of the same uniform colour as the

ground.

Mirra turBen. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovald, basi attenuatd, spird

obtuso-rotundatd, suturis subprofundis ; longitudinaliter creberrimz

plicato-costellatis, costellis interstitiisque transversim impresso-

striatis ; aurantio-lutescente ; columelld quinquepiicatd, plicis pro-

minentibus ; aperturd intus striatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 27. f. 213.

Hab. Philippine Islands (found under stones at low water); Cu-

ming.

It is a curious fact that the whole of the specimens of this species

collected by Mr. Cuming have the lower portion of the lip broken

away.

Mirra cirria. Mitr. testd ovato-conicd, supern? rotundatd, solidi-

usculd, spird brevi, apicem versus subtiliter sulcatd, apice elato,

acuto ; levigatd, aurantio-citrind, livido-castaneo varie tinctd ; co.

lumelld quinqueplicatd ; apertura longissimt.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 27. f. 215 a and 6.

Hab. ?

A new and very remarkable Cone-like species, in the collection of

Thomas Lombe Taylor, Esq., of Starston, Norfolk.

December 24, 1844.

No business was transacted.

INDEX.

The names of New Species and of Species newly characterized are printed in Roman

Characters: those of Species previously known, but respecting which novel information

is given, are printed in Italics:

those of Species respecting which Anatomical Obser-

vations are made, are printed in CAPITALS.

Page

j AD OCOMG. ac0-.seseeseccnrreenscsees cers 156

Acanthylis bicolor, Gray Weep reese. 99

Aigotheles leucogaster, Gould ...... 106

Alauda arvensis, Linn. .....0.+..+-+-- 66

brachydactyla, Temm. ......... 66

—— cristata? Linn, ....00.eseeeeeeees 66

Alcedo ispida, Linn. .....ceeeerees 64

. Amadina Gouldiz, Gould ....... pes aD

: Amphidesma ws..+.5+++ Fenaesadensse-e 159

] Amphidesma carnicolor, Hanley ... 162

: — scabrum, Hanley .......-+..2+++ 17

— Zebuense, Hanley .........+ dite

Anatina truncata ....ccccerceevees 91

Andropadus gracilirostris, “Strick. .. “101

— latirostris, Strick. ...... Force oe 100

AMNOUS ——? ..ccsecerccecervesecseecees 36

— stolidus ...... bts «ade Ghaatovarn . 385

Anthus pratensis, Bechst. .........+.+ 66

Antilope scripta ....01...ceeceeseees vee 123

Aphriza Townsendii, Aud.......+...«. 157

Aptenodytes MINOF ...0ee+sseseeerees . 58

— undina, Gould ......... Roeng

Arca ambigua, Reeve ......... 47

—— angicostata, Reeve.........2-. 46

— anomala, Reeve ........sseseeeee. 39

antiquata ....... abuk odes evasmeee 4c

Brasiliana ...+0+...++ odesaucaige © 45

—_ bullata woe 125

— bullata, Reeve ............ sevens 126

— celata, Reeve....... édesisatasiee et laG

— cepoides, Reeve ......... edaakes oa Vy

— chalcanthum, Reeve ............ 44

— cistula, Reeve ....... abdueestute 6 VAL

— clathrata, Reeve ‘i

— cometa, Reeve ....

— compacta, Reeve

— contraria, Reeve

— cornea, Reeve

_ —— crebricostata, Reeve ......000. 46

— crenata, Reeve ....... P

— cunealis, Reeve .. FeasReuse

—— cuneata, Reeve ...ccccscrscecseee 42

_ ——cymbeformis, Reeve ............ 4l

——$. CYDEFOLMIS ......ceeeereeceereee 47

é Page

Arca disparilis, Reeve ...... aeakeaee 46

— Donaciformis, Reeve ............ 125

— fasciata, Reeve .......... ‘enbensee LED

ferruginea, Reeve ..........s000e 43

Gambiensis, Reeve ......+06... 42

—— gibbosa, Reeve ...secseecceceoeee 40

—— globosa, Reeve ....002.-...000006 45

gubernaculum, Reeve ......... 40

—— Hankeyana, Reeve ............ 47

hians, Reeve ....cseeeeeee odeegty ae

— holoserica, Reeve ......seseseeee 39

—— imbricata ...cccrcceees a dewanesive 126

INAQUIVAIWIS «2. .0ceeeeeeeees eeee 45

ANCONGUUM, - oabeecsiaatsaasaaua\ine 45

—— inflata, Reeve ......cec..seeveeeeee 41

—— Japonica, Reeve ..........20.06 - 42

lacerata .....+...06 aneteata bo aan. a BA.

lacted .......666 aalopa/stawacenitas seen eng’

— lateralis, Reeve ........... pauatee Wg,

—— lima, Reeve .ecsecessccseeeeees +» 125

— loricata, Reeve ...........00 apn 246

— Luzonica, Reeve ....... bine he 44

— maculosa, Reeve ......csess0e - 40

—— minuta, Reeve ...cec..ccceeeeeee 127

Modioleformis, Desh. ......... 124

— mutabilis ....... sag eee cee sates be

—— myristica, Reeve ........2.008 - 43

— navicella, Reeve esabadsenieon gy

ae) NG RT vase dunpicce ceneyeaaaesasees 126

— obliqua, Reeve ............ rece 43

— obtusa, Reeve..........0. sdssecean ee

— occlusa, Reeve .....s..s2008 ase eae

—— ocellata, Reeve .........c0e00e accel

olivacea, Reeve ...... Sashbbeeweas:. Led

Ovata, Reeve ......sscceeceseves po. A

== pertusa, Reeves <s .visesehaassy- 41

—— pilula, Reeve .........-.2... -.. 39, 40

— pulchella, Reeve .......... aarp pdee

—— pusilla... vdliev eens bingeds thas 126

TACIAtG, RECUE, \cccccecsedak a eee)

TEVETSA sacccarereeee dacccexeens oe

—— rotundicostata, Reeve ......... 44

— rufescens, Reeve sesssssceveeees 45

SCODNG. nrncnscncas danas naastaanas . 40

190 INDEX.

Page | Page

Arca sculptilis, Reeve — ssreeesseeeeees 128 | Charadrius hiaticula, Linn. ......... 67

secticostata, Reeve .........66- 43 pluvialis, Linn. ».....+0+.s00 aoae, GF

setigera, Reeve .....-..seseeeenee 124 | Chione ......-....00+0 siuuveaiecireeepaanains 110

—— striata, Reeve ........0csecevereeee 128 | Circe scripta ..0.<:ssceeecsenss Renan OS

symmetrica, Reeve ........00e- 127 Circus rufus, Briss. ....++- samepann saan OS

SYMMELTICH osc..eceveenconennes 128 Cirrus, SOW. sccoesevecesece as capeeeade ae

— tenebrica, Reeve ...........004. V26 | Cleadora «1-00. ..s00..00000e sewsanendees 163

tenella Reeve © 2isPise~csesscecys 124 Colossochelys Atlas, Falconer ... 54, 84

vellicata, Reeve ........0.068 ores 42 Atlas, Falconer ......... Se « 85

virescens, Reeve ...-.-.-ceseeee 124 CoLUMBA LEUCOCEPHALA, Ray...... 10

volucris, Reeve .....+.0++ pRewiane 126 ——- MYSTACEA, Temm. ....... pare Wel

Zebuensis, Reeve .........+0+6 so A284 COLD MBA jas, -< .2-.- owen tereeeeereee te 10

Arcromys Empetra, Schreb. ....... 8 | Columbella achatina, G. B. Sow. ... 50

Ardea cinerea, LINN, sercecsereereeeees 66 aspersa, G. B. Sow. .e+.-+. 2.00. 49

COMUALG, PAM \cecyeorerseesiasue snes 67 atomella, G. B. Sow. .......0.0++ 53

garzetta, Linn. ....+.. nacvonesias 5 67 atramentaria, G. B. Sow. ...... 51

== WINUTA, Linn: {.ccccscecssseeses 10 | —— blanda, G. B. Sow. ..-...s.90 eat

Atrichia clamosa, Gould ....00--++6 2 | Broderipii, G. B. Sow. ....... . 53

Attagis Gayi, LESS. ......seseeeeeees 157 catenata, G. B. Sow. ......+. see rOn

BaLzana Boors, Auct. .....0..05- 96,145 —— chlorostoma, G. B. Sow. ...... 48

Bifrontia, Desh, ......ces.sseseeseseeees 24 | coniformis, G. B. Sow. .......4+ 49

Bos SyLHerTanus, F.Cuv. ......... 145 | —— decussata, G. B. Sow. ......... 51

Botaurus stellaris, Steph. ....++.+. we GK —— dichroa, G. B. Sow. .s.ccces-0.. 50

Brachyglossa AlropoS sseresseseeeees 164 | —— dormitor, G. B. Sow............. 53

Bradypus didactylus ....++...+00+++ 93,95 | ——- Duclosiana, G.B. Sow. ... 48

DIDACTYLUS, Linn. ...... 96, 146 fabulay(G. .BiSowsaee: keecears sn50

tridactylUus — ...s0sseeveceees Sees ay Guildingii, G. B. Sow. ......... 53

Buccinum chlorostoma ..-....sceeeeee 48 —— guttata, G. B. Sow. ....-0...00e 50

Budytes neglecta, CUv. sserersssereeee 66 impolita, G. B. Sow. ...+e...00+ 51

Byssoarca pusilla, Sow. ...+++-++e0006. 126 jaspidea, G. B. Sow. .e.-+02-... 50

Calidvis arenaria, Ul. csecereseeeeeee 157 |) === Kraussit, GB. Sow...t-<s sores OD

Camelus Sivalensis, Hors. ............ 88 | —— Ligula, GB. Sow. ....es0e... 49

CANIS AZOLE: ic aseeaesdenuve sae seeab one. 153. | —— miser, G..B. Sow. ....0: 50

BENGALENSIS, Shaw «see 7 monilifera, G. B. Sow. 53

— CINEREO-ARGENTEUS, Schreb. 7 —— nigricans, G. B. Sow. 52

—— fulvipes ..e.ceeee00 Selitbebaneeeln « 153 nivea, G. B. Sow. ......... aes cyl obl

Magellanicus ..-..+c1seecceversees 153 —— obscura, G. B. Sow. ...... vac hS

Capra Caveasica, Guld............. 8 parva, G. B. Sow. ......- ised) O2

==——. HimCUS, Val. <essesenseceteee woe §=6. 8 |)—s ——— peecila, G, B. Sow. ...ceneeree. 48

Cardium assimile, Reeve ........+ vee 169° | ———- Puella; GAB Sowscseacieveeete 52

— Australiense, Reeve ......-.+--- 168 pusilla, G. B. Sow. ...c0reee.. 53

CONSON'S Gusaddvdaevosscitovvatrnets 168 | ——vrndis, G. B. Sow. ....... ates 48

—— Donaciforme ..e.cseeveeeervernees 168 rugulosa, G. B. Sow. .......+ oe) |

—— hystrix, Reeve ...sesseeceeeres 168 splendidula, G. B. Sow.......... 49

incarnatum, Reeve — ...seceereee 167 | —— subulata, G. B. Sow. ......... eS,

BSOCALAIA ..ceeeveceoeres eeect. 168 suffusa, G. B. Sow. «22.2000. ee ee

— Mindanense, Reeve .......0+.++ 167 | —— Ticaonis, G. B. Sow. ...-.....0. 51

—— oviputamen, Reeve ...s0--++0 168 venusta, G. B. Sow. ...+0+...00 49

—— rubicundum, Reeve ............ 169 vulpecula, G.B. Sow. sseesee0e 50

SCYTALUM ...serereeee wanes dott 168 Columbus coronatus ....0.s00-eeee0ees 136

—— subelongatum ..+...1+0+0++ popuens 169 Corbula adusta, Hinds ......-+-20..++ 26

vitellinum, Reeve ..s.eceeceeeees 168 AUTIIA, ETINGS)s sack>. .Sataenetees 26

Castor Friser, Linn. .........- 2s eee 9 Corbula, Bruguiéres .........+0+00. deat 26

OCODUR rircvcrsceteuccavaresddcas sede cezevetay 81 Corbula carnosa, Hinds .......+..+.+6+ 26

Cercopithecus pileatus swiss Radaeecs Tres crispa, Hinds .........s00+0 waseas (=O

POGIGEUS ..ecacesecesevers sean tes 83 | —— procera, Hinds ..........++. rt ied

——— PUD ET verveveereees eeeuena Bente 83 | Cossypha poensis, Strick. .......+.+++ 100

Cervus VIRGINIANUS, Ray See. 7. reclamator, Vieill. ......sssse+++: 100

Chetura bicolor, Gray ......... peskee 99) | (Criniger:, d..<ss<8bagteasteeaet eee . 101

Chameleon... sielsaiss Reece .- 163 | Crocodilus longirostris .......00..0008 85

iNDEX. 19}

Page Page

ES a MS COE Sr eee 76 | Geopelia placida, Gould ............... 55

Cuculus canorus, Linn. ............065 66 | —— tranquilla, Gould ............... 56

Curruca cinerea, Bechst. ............ 65 | Glauconome angulata, Reeve......... 20

—— melanocephala, Lath. ......... 65 Ceres; Reeve si Fercssce eckses 21

orphea, Gould .............0005 Go.>) ‘= enrta, | Reeve sts. 5:51s0 sos Sees oe 20

Cursorius Isabellinus ...cccc0.00s 66,153 | ——corrugata, Reeve ............... 20

Cyanopterus fretensis, Eyton ...... 157 radiata, Reeve ..........e.0e000- 20

PUNE Wie ccd ccsocacoceadekCusssteeeis dates 152 | ——rugosa, Reeve ...ccc..ceccsceess 19

BRIGG. Suh ttv eee cteoetl acai. 150 | —— straminea, Reeve ............... 20

Wynocephalus .......i.csc00eccsdeesesess 81 virens, Hanley ............ 18

Cypselus parvus, Licht. ............... 99 Solen virens, Zinn. ......... 18, 19

PRL cect nov aces pewywe vee Secepee ese 64;-159° | -GRATRADORES, ”.:ea ee 10

Cyrena Carolinensis ......++....0.005 B59. | Grainy opie 2) cesses ieee, 9

—— Keraudreni = .........0eeceeeeeeee 160 | Hatmarorus Bitiarprerr, Gould 146

SI OVERAN iiscoh Sect aes sett colioeeds s 160 | ——dama, Gould’... Jntetctal.

— Philippinarum, Hanley ......... 159 | —— Houtmanni, Gould

—— placens, Hanley ............+.0008 160 MUBNCELUS. oo sn cast tastes ell.

— radiata, Hanley ............+ mete 159 LY TAT 0 peeaaeeer ar 3 tty kerry A

——$. PAIALA oo. .escsereceesecees 159, 160 | Hapale Jacchus ......cecccccereccceinee

rotundata .......cce0ces-.0----0-6 160 | Hapalotis albipes ......0....0.0.0.004

—— sordida, Hanley ........ Risa; 159 | —— longicaudata, Gould ..

DR NOV CO. 2icevcntadsds ceed esis iets. 109)” Heticites: Scblot:’.. satin,

Cytherea argented .......0.c.cccseeeees 110 | Hesperomys megalonyx, Waterh.... 154

Cor, Hanley. 05.6.5. tacweereaees. 110 | Himantopus melanopterus, Meyer... 67

—— Hindsii, Hanley ............... 110 | Hipparchia Melampus ......00....0 163

WEEE, i ie sdi sss cuocscas dha cewscaeuess 109 | Hirundinide ...... > eee a 99

obliquata, Hanley soene apes. « 109 | Hyprocurus Capysara,Erxl.... 96

OBUGUAG TICE. aA. 109 | Hypsiprymnus platyops, Gould...... 103

CUNCIAA, We, . cwtauws. <caletees eee , 109 SETosusS, Ogilb.

_ —— Philippinarum, Hanley Xi. PO | Elyetr tetra ooo. cease teed ey, Seooas

_—— plebeia, Hanley ....... cierA eA; 109 | Teracidea occidentalis, Gould ...... 105

varians, Hanley .........+.: delist 109 | Lbis Falcinellus, Temm. ..........0+... 67

Dajila pyrogaster, Eyton .....-...... 157 | ——.RUBER, Vacep. ....52.5,0:ce0eacs 10

: urophasianus, Eyton .........+ AS7- | | Tonanofon- 3.5... 555.5. 2s see 54

F Dasyeus SEX-cINcTUS, Auct. ...... 96>), INSECERVORAG Gales ots 51sec kk 9

— VILLOSUS, Desm. 96,146 | Labyrinthodon .......ccscccececececees 54

Lagopus ferrugineus, Fraser ......... 37

Lagorchestes albipilis .......60.0.000+4 33

hirsutus, Gould ..........0.. saree

Lagotis Cuvieri, Benn. .........006..- 154

Laniida, Lantin@ .......0e0sceeesseene 102

Lanius excubitor? Linn. .......00005 64

—— rufus, Briss. 1.1... .-sceeeeeeeeeee 65

Leptodactylus <....2..0-50228..sce.se0ns. 157°

Leptopus Mitchellii, Fraser ......... 157

Lernea Spratte, Pennant ............ 38

Lerneonema monillaris, Milne Edw. 38

Leucaria littoralis ........2....0-00000 163

HAS Inpicus, Cuv. ............ Limosa melanura, Leisl. ..........2. 67

CUMS hindus Sooetec sass 0 eee 85 | Lithodomus canaliferus, Han. ...... 16

HIZON DORSATUM, F.Cuv. ... 9 plumula, Hanl. .................. 17

abeornis castaneoventris, Gould. 56 | Lophyrus Victoria, Fraser ......... 136

phalus, Sow. ......2++ ee BORE) EOFAR (ooo schosecacscostennybeomeern. 89

s BenGatensts, Desm.......... 7 | Loris gracilis 4

Meh ddeivdes -tudtsoaetey 54 | Loxra ca@ruea, Linn. ............ 10

PS ne ee 128 | Macacus Sinicus, F.Cuy. ............5 $3

gilla Canariensis .........000000005 1 | Macropodid@ ..........0..2+ Ravcteees 163

of ree ore 10 | Macropus gracilis, Gould ............ 103

linula chloropus, Lath. ......... 67 Rinaius, |. 2sccadnct cup acdeee carne 103

RULUS CRISTATUS, Vieill 9 ocydromus, Gould ...c0e..cseeses 33

192 INDEX.

Page Page

Macropus ocypromus, Gould ... 146 Mitra crebrilirata, Reeve ...... 174, 175

Mactroides, Born, Chemn. ......... 110 crenulatd ......s+06 oid aS 184, 185

oi TT (iin DS AS TAR ae A Rae boa 100 | —— crocata .........cceceeeeeeee wasaut 186

Malurus Acacia? Riipp. ...-.....+6. 66 | —— cucumerina .........00000e 184, 186

pulcherrimus, Gould ............ 106 | —— Cumingii, Reeve ..........006+. 173

Marginella Australis, Hinds ......... 75 | ——cylindracea, Reeve ............ 175

avena, Valent... tities sSevccseds 75 | = declivis;«Reeve ‘t..2.-t2eseee 170

Belcheri, Hinds ..........-.. we. Zo | — decurtata, Reeve ......... seetes 180

Dlandn, Hrnder cccedseicorencde 76 Dennisoni, Reeve .....e.0000-.. 169

cerulescens ...4. 74 | —— Deshayesii, Reeve .........0600++ 182

Cleryitl stove a rentes eaeeaits rhe CDENUS save eves ia .scemseoehaee me kg

constricta, Hinds ............... 74 | —— evasperata...... suabese sraceeeeee 18]

fusiformis, Hinds ........000. aetie Serrugined ....++. wees Fare Se 183

imbricata, Hind§ °.....0..030.... 76 —— flammigera, Reeve ........ sata 182

PALOTTUPEE -o- 20 r st ee oe 76 —— flavescens, Reeve ...... eee. 186

=—— livida,, Hinds 22.1 toe ete 73 | floccata, Reeve .ccconcecccesesess 170

—— maculosa, Kiener ............... 76 | ——fulgetrum, Reeve ......... setes- 496

— muralis, Hinds ............-2.... 76 | —— fulgurita, Reeve ...............00. 172

—— musica, Hinds ..............000. 73 | funerea, Reeve ..........06 et. 176

—— nitida (Volvarina), Hinds ...... 75 funiculata, Reeve .........s0000e 177

— nivosa, Hinds .................. 74 | —glabra ...... dsstos daa peaeeeens 171

—— nodata, Hinds ...............4.- 73 | —— glans, Reeve ......---20....s00e - 184

—— piperata, Hinds ................4. 72 | —— gracilis, Reeve .........02cs008 wil¥O

—— pruinosa, Hinds ............... 74 GTONOUIRE | ia. cca does eeeee 170

IPTUNUNE J043<catoaevistsce-secaneee 74 | —— Gruneri, Reeve .........ce0e0028. 177

sagittata, Hinds ..............+ 76 | —— Hindsii, Reeve .................. 18}

sapotilla, Hinds ........-.....060+ 74 | —— histrio, Reeve ......ececceceseee 179

Scriptay Hands )lca.s-tessscck con 73 | —— ignobilis, Reeve ............ ptces~ 180

tricincta, Hinds ...........022.+.. 76 | —— impressa, Reeve..... Kaa 178

=—— vitres, Hinds: .\..sccucver. be -... 75 | ——imfecta, Reeve ....... it. 473

MARSUPIATR .....- Sa core seers $ | —— inquinata, Reeve ............0.- 170

Mastodon elephantoides ............+ - 88 interlirata, Reeve .........+0 -. 173

Megalosaurus ..0..0..seeereneeveeee sees 54 | —— interlirata ............ wees eeaEaat 182

Megapodiin® .....-.c0reececenseecnoeees 77 =| —— lacunosa, Reeve .......00...0000+- 172

Megascolex ceruleus, Templeton ... 89 | —— latruncularia, Reeve .......... 181

Metiivora Capensis, F. Cuy. 145 | —— lignaria, Reeve ........ ...e0000. 172

BECO’. vec awede Caoeeet ta ent eodte een oaes 150 | livida, Reeve .....sscecesssseeseee 178

Milvago megalopterus, Meyen ...... 157 | —— loricata, Reeve ......c0.s..0.... 182

WAY E, (sanwwwrwe oi aR BA tre ee 167 | lyriformis, Swains. .....0.000e+ 151

Mitra abbatis ..... 12.0002. 2.0008 SaS.023 180 | maculosa, Reeve ....eceeeseeees 183

acupicta, Reeve .......ecc00.-.00 174. | —— mucronata ....--:66.c0eceee Re aReLL |

—— affinis, Reeve ..........00.2-eeeeee 186 anus, Reeve ....esceeeee coerced KGS

ONERVQCUINE:.< 0.655. -Savo nee doeeweee 179 | —— Norrisii, Reeve. .....ccccecedasese 169

—— astricta, Reeve ....ee..ee-reee ee 184 mclegla «= as ik deteadodv dene esi S4

badia, Reeve .......... ALR 181 | ~— obeliseus, Reeve ......... Pct Ss

— balteolata, Reeve ..... Ok 171 abesa, Reeve issiscvcasncs.ceceeeey 174

Balfealata’. 28 Lee. RR 175 | —— oleacea, Reeve ......cec-..cesess 175

—— cadaverosa, Reeve .........++4... 181 Patipercula® \ccacaccatddaccuceee 185

—— caliginosa, Reeve ....s...+...005 W777 pellis-serpentis, Reeve .. ...... 172

carnicolor, Reeve .....-.......-- 181 —— peregra, Reeve ...cceeeeseeceeees 184

Caved, Reeve ..cccc.scccceevcceess 180 —— planilirata, Reeve ..............5 184

— chalybeia, Reeve ...........+... V2 | =——plieata «isc. sgecnctecsdee een 171,195

— choava, Reeve ....seeeeeeseee ee 178 | —— polita, Reeve. ......ceccecceccesees 174

—— chrysalis, Reeve ....2..:20--00000- 185 | POWEG. OIA ORI ARO 175

——— CAV CULALA ress ec iceeevereeeeecees 177 porphyritica, Reeve ......06006 185

—— Citrina, Reeve ........ceseeeeeee 187 | —— pretiosa, Reeve .......0.--s+02..- 176

coccinea, Reeve .......-sseseerees 171 | proscissa, Reeve 22... -cecsecsee 183

coerulea, Reeve ..........+++ «-.. 176 | —— pruinosa, Reeve .........000-00 0 182

—— concentrica, Reeve W7 | pulchella, Reeve ......... 179, 180

— concinna, Reeve ...sesreree-uee 186 | —— pullata, Reeve ..-....0....s00-0. 195

INDEX. 193

Page Page

— Mitra retusa ....cceeseeceveeeseeessseee 185 | Myadora Pandorformis, Reeve ... 93

— robusta, Reeve ....... ..- 179 | —— plana, Reeve ..... widaiptus) aes Bios 92

rosed, DUClOS ...see+s-eeeeeeeee 174 DUANE ovenesces paawabhe gece are. - OF

— rotundilirata, Reeve ............ 183 | —— striata, Reeve ........... wate 93

—— rubiginosa, Reeve ..........-+00+ 173 ROYALE Nonaunttesntsses Pot ors ies) 92

— rubritincta, Reeve ....... bidintes 179 | —— tincta, Reeve .............00008 92, 93

— rupicola, Reeve ..........-. 17), 172 trigona, Reeve ..s.eccee-seeeeees 92

— Ruppellii, Reeve ............45. 183 | Myororamus Coyrus, Desm. ...... 96

— Senegalensis, Reeve ...........- 177 Coypus ...... pas v¢eeaee ness Ponaae 154

—— Sinensis, Reeve .......0crereereee 184 | Myomid@ .2.:01s0ecereenes

— Solandri, Reeve ......666...00055- PDQ | Stine de wince. eas cewapadane a scntees

— solida, Reeve ..,...... secseeeeee 170 | Mytilus granulatns, Hani. ............

— solidula, Reeve ........00. 178, 179 | Nassa ...... SSeS eae j

—— speciosa, Reeve .........-4+4 Sus ek OO O) ) Wecerd xine wenn opaaaeaieccee eae

— subulata, Lam. ............ aati 174 | Neara, Gray iesce.seccssseseceasnsecee

— suleata ....... abs adi say's «.. 177 | Nezra cochlearis, Hinds

— telescopium, Reeve datam. LSO lyrata, Elida. .a4dcea sveresreatate

— Ticaonica, Reeve ........ Pe 183 tenuis, Hinds .......... oud hie, 97

—— tumida, Reeve ..ecscccssccnsenes Lb POPP OMG xiskees carn nowes cect cece 156

— turben, Reeve ..c..cccceeeeeeeee 187 | Octodon Bridgesii, Waterh. ......... 155

— undulosa, Reeve .....seecseeees 185 | —— Cumingii ..... eeNdnayieiass 154, 155

— ustulata, Reeve .....cceccereeeee. 174 DEGUR Jes cas tee=scenosnacnaateatete 155

— ustulata ......... heads a Sadsiene tate WSO | \Gotodontid@. |... iceceisaddsczeeavossieer L6G

—— variabilis, Reeve ......200..e0ee 175 | Odostomia eulimoides, Hani. ...... 18

—— Variata, Reeve cesses .saceeeee .. 186 Rissoides, Hanl. .......... aH k8

— variegata, Reeve ssecee.esseeee 176 burrita; Hanl. \jsescs0..ceaee.. 18

— venustula, Reeve ........ abate 186 Omalaxis, Deshayes ............ -cfee 24

=—— Virgata, Reeve seo...cs.careceees 185 | OMNIVORZ ..........008 dendtsnacidentnce 9

— —— Woldemarii .......00c.ceceeeeees 179 | Oriolus galbula, Linn. ............+-. 65

_ + — Zebuensis, Reeve ............4.. 173 | ORPHEUS RUFUS ..ccescececsceeecee ese |

—— Ziervogeliana .......... eves 178,179 | Otis Houbara ....0e.cec.cesceeeees 66, 153

Modiola arcuatula, Hanley ......... 16 | Ovis Tragelaphus ......... aoe sucnineds 95

— biradiata, Hanley .........+00... 15 TRAGELAPHUS, Desm. ......... 145

—— discrepans ....se.e..000 ave gaye 16 | Pachycephala Gilbertii, Gould ...... 107

a — Metecalfii, Hanley .......00...... 14 | Pandora brevis. .....0...ccseececessesee 91

—— Modiolus ...... atest oo Mi hG Ap eRapios: 22sec tone. coy taeseeenes 81, 82

RR ONOUIE cs an aS 6 as 16 | Papio Rhesus ..... ainch cchanacieaees 83

_ —— Philippinarum, Beales ete abies 15° | Parus magsor, Linn. .........000.4. 9

—— sordida, Hanley ...........0...00+ 16 | Perameles arenaria, Gould............ 104

_— striatula, Hanley ......s.000... 14 Perprx BonHAmMI, Fraser ......... 10

— strigata, Hanley............0 bane’ AE petrosa, Lath. ....... save taeenne 66

— subramosa, Hanley .:.....-:. «« 14 | Petricola ochroleuca, liam. ...... we. 166

— sulcata, Lam. .......+..... Npcaatu Mal, fo PIRMNOS MING”. sscsuscdaecasncsenannceee use

VloscHus STANLEYANUS, Gray .... 7 | Phalacrocorax albigula, Brandt ... 157

a peite neglecta, Gould ............ 66 | Phalangista gliriformis .........+ wee 164

(| EERE ener eer te | 156 Phascogale calurus, Gould............ 104

¢ Darwinii peeps henge ti padi eke DA DENACLALG, .000<-cannanaccee Pareare 105

MESSORIUvS, Shaw......... wees 8 | —— crassicaudata, Gould ..........0 105

—— 8YlWALICUS ...40000000eeeeeeeeneres 105 | Puoca viruntna, Linn. ............ 96

Muscicapa albicollis, Temm. ......... 64 | Phenicura ruticilla, Swains. ...... 65

— Fraseri, Strick. .........::00006. LOL | Phylloscopus ........ a ‘Spechaateereeats - 99

—— grisola, Linn. .................. 64 | Piraecus Satryrus, Geoff. ......... 96

_— latirostris, Swains. .,.......... 102 | Plyctolophus citrino-cristatus, Fras. 38

| Muscicapide, Muscicapin@ ......... 101 | —— sulphureus .........cececceeeeeeees 38

Myadora, Gray ......... rey 91 | Podiceps Australis, Gould ............ 185

_ Myadora brevis, Reeve .......0....04- 93 CPESEALUR | |. co othe Ora hedaees 135

~ — crassa, Reeve ....0+.22seeeeeneee «- 92 | Poephagomys ............000 Sexaacues 156

- curvata, Reeve ............e0e es 93 | Poephagomys ater .......scceecs.se00 154

oblonga, Reeve .....secceeeeeeee 93 | Pollicipes Cornucopia........ Sree |

OVata, Reeve .......-.enessseevess 92 | Prinia icterica, Sévick. ..cccocssees .. 100

194 INDEX.

Page : Page

Prinia olivacea, Strick. ....ssssssseee 99 | Scalaria concinna, G.B.Sow. ...... 28

Procellaria leucoptera, Gould ...... 57 connexa, G. B. Sow. .....+...00. 28

Solandri, Gould ....scesseee tnd dubia, G. B. Sow. .-.....0++ whee IS

Procellavid@ wescessceceseeeees jieess. F587 Elenensis, G. B. Sow. .......0. 29

PSAMIMODIA coescsseeerseeevenceeees 60, 165 | —— fasciata, G. B. Sow. ..........++ 11

Psittacus Timneh, Fraser .......- .... 88 | ——friabilis, G. B. Sow. ...... pe Ory

PsopHIA CREPITANS, Linn. .......+- 146 fusca, G. B. Sow. <s-.ccccccsceee 30

Psophodes nigrogularis, Gould ...... 5 | —— gracilis, GoB. Sows eS

Puffinus carneipes, Gould ....... we. 57 | ——hexagona, G. B. Sow. ...... ee ae

PycnOnotine® ....++0eeeerene boss sentee .. 100 | —— hyalina, G. B. Sow. ....., wae 11

Pycnonotus flavirictus, Strick. «..... 101 | ——immaculata, G. B. Sow. ...... 26

Pyrgita domestica? Cuv. «...+00+0+++ 66 | —— imperialis, G. B. Sow. ......:.. 138

RaWid@ ......<.ceese Guesuceeenes Boers 56 indistincta, G. B. Sow. ......... 27

Rana esculenta ....+0+-+++ sevsvesnwees 109 irregularis, G. B. Sow. ........- 13

Ranella albivaricosa, Reeve ...... 20 186. | — laxata,G@. Bi Sow secs ceeeeree 11

ANCEPS —ssvevesernee cevvaveceseeeee 109 | ——— Lyra, G. BiSow. ©. .cascosconcees 13

——-Vitubercularis ssecrceeeeees ..... 140 | —— marmorata, G. B. Sow. ......... 11

CHILL. wecacunptnegeieet. oetheseee 137 | —— Mindoroensis, G. B. Sow. ...... 30

caudata, Say or...ereceaseeess .. 116 | —— Mitreformis, G. B. Sow. ...... 12

—— coriacea, Reeve ...seceereeeeeeeee 137 | —— multicostata, G, B. Sow. ...... 28

cuspidata, Reeve .+....+0+s 2.2139 || = muricata, Kiener’S. eevee. 13

——$ fOlidtd .ereversesercsseereeoees .-. 1387 | —— obtusa, G. B. Sow. .......-020000 29

granifera, Kiener ...+++.+-++008 138 OvalIS; GB. SeWs.wa.csscoeeunees 29

—— hastula, Reeve ...seceeeceseees .. 1389 | —— Philippinarum, G. B.Sow....... 12

livida, Reeve ....++.++6 Sweneentass 138 polita, G. B. Sow. .......06.06+ 30

—- Muriciformis .....0.++ ..... 116, 189 | —— pulcherrima, G. B. Sow. ...... 28

—— nobilis, Reeve ......cesseseeeees 137 | —— pyramidalis, G. B. Sow.......... 12

—— plicata, Reeve seeseseereeseereee 138 replicata, G. B. Sow. ......+.0++ ll

ponderosa, Reeve ......see.s+ee0 137 | == similis,.G..B.Sow.7..seeeeee- 27

——_ UICHI A ..erveeeerersvves secceevese LOZ | —— statuminata, G. B. Sow. ...... 30

pustulosa, Reeve ...+essseeeeeee 137 | —— subtilis, G. B. Sow. <...2--5.. >. 28

TOSCA, REEVE weseeeseseceeeeeseere 139 venosa, G. B. Sow. .....0.0000. 13

scrobiculatOr vee iesceseseeeees ... 138 vestalis, Hinds ..........sse0e0e+ 27

—— siphonata, Reeve ....cssseeeree 138 | Schizodon .ereeerseeereseoeee depecaett 156

—— triquetra, Reeve ......+++ sesenees 139 | Schizostoma, Bronn .........0.10000+ 24

tuberosissima, Reeve ....+++++++% 139 Scrurus Lisvert, Ray ......0-+.s000 8

venustula, Reeve ...+seeceeeeees 138 MARIMUS !veriweeccnoensooterons 146

Rhynchaspis ...+0.00+++ awunbsteap tense 1 | Semnopithecus Leucoprymnus Cepha-

Ringicula Australis, Hinds ...+++.++ 97 Lopterus ...csecseccessssesncsesessees 1

caron, Hinds ......sereeceereeeres 97 | Semnopithecus Nestor ...++++0+...+6+ 1

—— exserta, Hinds ....e.secseseee .. 97 | Siliquaria anguind ........e1seeeeeeee 67

grandinosa, Hinds sss++++++0+ 96 | Solarium, Lam. ......02...0ccsceaceente 22

propinquans, Hinds ......++.+++ 96 | Solarium asperum, Hinds ............ 23

RODENTEA) secsencssdsteseebs Teveeeee vas celatum, Hinds ........2s0000 25

Salicaria galactotes, Gould ........- 65 | —— dealbatum, Hinds ............+++ 24

phragmitis, Selb. ....+++++ ..... 65 | —— dorsuosum, Hinds ........+...-.. 23

Saturnia Py .sreceeerseccrrerseees wee. 164 fenestratum, Hinds ....++...++ 25

SEEIC Dd ete tancae vec eos deere 65 formosum, Finds ..........0000+ 22

Saxicola Deserti, Riipp. .+-.....+00+++ 65 fragile, Hinds ...-.s+00+6 pitt 2h

Cnanthe, Gould .....e.eeeeeee- 65 | —— fuliginosum, Hinds «........++ 158

; rubetra, Bechst. ....s..2++--008 65 fulvum, Hinds .........cee-csees 24

Scalaria aculeata, G. B. Sow. ......++ 12 granulatum .....+000 ao eee eae

- acuminata, G. B. Sow. ....... gents perdix, Hinds ......+s++eeeerees 22

GGEO vn véarosdenosens~ os Siisccives. 11 PerspeclivUmM ee.ee..-0-» 22, 23, 158

alata, G. B. Sow. ...secceceesees 10 | —— placentale, Hinds ....++.+++++++ 22

aurita, G. B. Sow. ....+.ceseseeee 26 purpuratum, Hinds ....+.. sere

— bicarinata, G. B. Sow. .......+- 30 quadriceps, Hinds .........+ “Cee

bullata, G. B. Sow. ....-..00..- 27 trochleare, Hinds ....+....00-06 25

Catanauensis, G. B. Sow. .....- 27 ErOChICATE .....-ceccerscceseees fev 5S

—— COMMUNES ..+4 Sp daaiedtveceaeee es 12 | ——virgatum, Hinds ......++.s0004 24

INDEX. 195

Page Page

Solariella, Searles Wood .......04..- 24 | Tellina insculpta, Hanley vecceceecees 70

EIN Cian anu osdcavetrncisioivs 19 | —— Irus, Hanley .04....00..c00esecees 166

Ns ian a Lorca cs dons ase dustodn 165 Jubar, Hanley .........csceceees 60

Sperantia sylvaria ....cccecceceeeseseee 163 | —— juvenilis, Hanley ......c00...00. 140

ONE sn ofucsaapsessstsvevncas teen 5 laceridens, Hanley ............ 6]

Sterna fuliginosa .ecccrsseeececesseeee 36 | —— Lilium, Hanley

PUT RYCLCR socs..cossccsaucsdesesevvis 19 lintea, Conrad ...

Sturnella militaris, Vieill. ............ 157 | —— Listeri, Hanley

Synallaxis flavogularis, Gould ...... 157 lucerna, Hanley

BUMGICGOUE ..220..ccnssashesesiscvesssnnieens hoe) | ——— lox, Hankey, sis cscesark isauscet

GUE, LOSS, |, 00secsuaveccauves sve ws LOD! | Had vaaesncasecscaovsscsustccesuesecs

Tellina acuta, Wood ...........0.+ 62,142 | —— Lyra, THAN CY vecsecsecccevececseee

eee lA, FAY sis cvesssnwacssuceses 165 margaritaced, Lam. .......0.0 72

—— ancilla, Hanley ........sscccesee 148 Memi egg, 7s... stuiedesstuaeoeunces 59

—— asperrima, Hanley ............+0 59 | —— micans, Hanley .......cccccseses 72

—— assimilis, Hanley .........s0000. 144 | —— miles, Hanley ......cccsecseeees 146

—— Aurora, Hanley .........ccecee00s 147 nobilis, Hanley .........ccseeeees 165

_ —— Bruguieri, Hanley ......... ..... 142 | —— nux, Hanley ...ccc..cccsoorseseee 62

Burnett vereccccceccsccceseeeees 69 | —— nymphalis vececcccccccccccccseseee 165

— casta, Hanley ....... mAasedeae ne 63 ODIQHG AIR cncecensac cavedwentietede

CUBED. sawnns onc angcesssdore nnieue secs 63 OREN ACEO: vs tevesonsesdscdasdeaesseos

COPROTIG” \.. srpunecdeniniawscthisie3 68 | —— Owenii, Hanley ............

— Chinensis, Hanley ......... seeeee 165 | —— perplexa, Hanley

_ —— Columbiensis, Hanley ......... 71 | —— Pharaonis, Hanley

Corbuloides, Hanley .... 405.) =" PRAY MONS |. sbaasciscsdeesescelens 164

Serene CONOULA ER! | i. xensesveressiasvens 144 | —— Philippinarum, Hanley ........ 69

Bee CTUCIGET A vecosescdacas essence 60,72 | —— Philippinarum .......... adadaeee 140

—— Calter, Hanley .......0.c0cc0000 69 | —— pinguis, Hanley .........s01..0004

— Cumingii, Hanley ..........0006 59 | —— plebeia, Hanley ..........00..s008

— cuspis, Hanley ...........ecc0e0s 72 IBLE Jena wa anced ae acsaeneeeeeee

BE CU SIIS oo 0... sa undaserohsecbd sds ctods 147 | —— princeps, Hanley ...

_ — Cyeladiformis, Hanley .......... 70 | —— Prora, Hanley ........

— — cygnus, Hanley .ecccccccceccecees 144 PSAMMOECLA .ercecccsceseeseeress

= — cyrenoidea, Hanley ........06 64 pudica, Hanley ........0eceesees

— decussata, Lam. ............ 68,149 | —— puella, HHaiiley - asshterrsees

_—— depressa, Lam. ........0.005 cess 72 | —— pulcherrima eccorcccceseeee..

_—— Deshayesii, Hanley ............ 148 | —— pumila, Hanley ......ccccccc000.

_—— Diana, Hanley .......cccecc.c00e 147 WPUNZOLD (Saeco, Stow ete wactinceevaat

~—— Discus, Hanley ............cc000 63 | —— Rastellum, Hanley ........000.

Dombeyi, Hanley .......00....6. 144°)|\)———-repia, Hanley — sccscsessecacscuds

— Donacina .......0.... 148, 164 robusta, Hanley ........0...008

eburnea, Hanley ............4+ 61 | —— Rodon, Hanley ........-00s00000

— elongata, Hanley ............00. 144 | ——rubescens, Hanley ..........06..:

BtGNXS FANCY Giese sncud ssaseectin's 71 | —— scalpellum, Hanley .........004

fimbriata, Hanley ..........c.008 149 | —— Senegalensis, Hanley

_foliacea ...... a chh abeinc ave mumnadens 142 | —— sincera, Hanley

formosa, Hanley .......... “or Soli Hankey, -...-0s9s0thecsowcenat

fragilis, Linn. ...... ae SOULAMIE commas a ncteleve snesceaceaod 69

frigida, Hanley .... — Souleyeti, Hanley ..........0.... 71

EPO QUNG, ccsarinedeviedcas Seas — Sowerbii, Hanley ............00. 62

grandis, Hanley —— Sowerbit — recccccaccescecovectecs. 71

gubernaculum, Hanley ......... 142 | ——spectabilis, Hanley ..... cached 141

Guildingii, Hanley .........00. GO | —— Spengleri ...cccceccseccccscees

- Hiberna, Hanley .........00600 148 | —— spinosa, Hanley

hilaris, Hanley .........seccese0e 140 | —— splendida, Anton .......

imbellis, Hanley ......ceeesceee 143 RQUAUAG acc cecesedcavsvadaseeats

ineequalis, Hanley ............00+ 71 subtruncata, Hanley ..........0. 149

incarnata, Hanley ...........06+. Oa Seiten era! .n..nes csesscdd. leds 140

TEES Foon ssa ccnbatevd saves G2 | ——— FERUIS. .....ccceccncescecescese 70, 141

inornata, Hanley .........0066. 144 | —— truncata secsecceseescccce eausbes 142

196 INDEX.

Page Page

Tellina tulipa, Hanley «...sseeeseeees 148 | Triton Pfeifferianus, Reeve ....«.++- 112

umbonella, Lam. ..-.+.+-. 144, 147 pictus, Reeve ...cseceseeereesrrees 121

— undulata, Hanley «+.-.e0+-.++0s 72 QUOYE — ececreeneneccscnetteneeees 118

Valtonis, Hanley «..++0++ Eee 143 | —— Ranelloides, Reeve ........... U1

vernalis, Hanley ..-se++.+se000+ 14] ——= FELUSUS cecseccecceerssnecennvnces 115

verrucosa, Hanley ......--- eet «8 60 | —— ridens, Reeve .........cccseseeee Sells

vestalis, Hanley — «+.se0ese0++ ee 141 | ——rubecula ..+....00.-- isduaeeenns 117

VET YALA esceecenscenereneres seen 60 sarcostoma, Reeve .....++++++++ .. 113

virgo, Hanley .s.+++1.s+00e Steen 143 Sauliz, Reeve ......eeseeereeeee 112

virgulata, Hanley .++.+-+0000004. 164 | —— scrobiculator, Lam. «..++.++++++ 138

Tellinides purpurascens .....++ wees 62 sculptilis, Reeve sesseeeeeeeeres 118

truncatulus, SOW. ...+-+seseeeee 14] | —— Sinensis, Reeve ....0.-.-see--eeee 113

Tephrodornis Indica, Gray --++.+++ 102 siphonatus, Reeve .......++-++ . 119

ocreatus, Strick. sescessssees 4 02 tessellatus, Reeve ..-...++++0- ade, 220

Testudo Indica .csscsesecesecerseeee wea oe —— Thersites, Reeve ...sssceeeeeees

Tetrao Cupido sssssecesesersrrees ses AZT | tortuosus, Reeve ......s0e+-+0 >

umbellus trilineatus, Reeve ....cseereeeses

Torinia, Gray .sscesseceecscrenseeerceens truncatus, Hinds .......00.2-++

TYigOnd ...-eseereeeeees ——— _ FFUNCAEUS secsescecseeeteeeee aoe

Tringa variabilis tuberosus .....46 cisustbosae Bees

Triton acuminatus, Reeve ...++.+.+.++ 116 VATICGALUS «22.24.0008 fsccees epest

—— wegrotus, Reeve ...+.+++0+0+6 causes 214 Verrucosus, Reeve ...s0eeeeeeeeee

angulatus, Reeve ...e0ese+-1e+- 120 VESPACEUS ».+08 biecio a cesecseeves

— anomalus, Hinds «.....++++ Joie (22 vestitus, Hinds .........+ seiictes

— antiquatus, Hinds .......++..+++ 21 VEPETINUM serseceeessneeeeeeecces

—— aquatilis, Reeve «....+essereeerees 114 VANELLUS CRISTATUS, Temm. .....-

———_ Australis ..secegerssvseseneceeees 113 Venerid@ — ....06 suoatebseca se onepeetess

bacillum, Reeve .....+seeeeeeeeeee 120 Venus sessssecerss sadwoseeseeescckiae “oy

bracteatus, Hinds ......- wbaveses 21 Venus Chemnitzii, Hanley ............

canaliferus s+. sevceveusmuila, Als cingulata, Lam. .....+ Susteeene-2

cancellinus ...++++ Shacsutage 115, 121 — decipiens, Hanley ........-.++++

carduus, Reeve ....++.-.00s soins 121 decorata ss... dadeubusvaedensss

—— Cav atOr .....seeeeeeeeeeees Seadtars 111 dysera, Chemn. ....... selstaad

—— concinnus, Reeve «sesererersseee 120 | —— fasciata ...0cesssceceveececosoees

Crispus, Reeve ssereerereereeeees 118 lacerata, Hanley ....... SEIS

CYNOCEPHAlUS ...seeveeereeee 114, 115 | —— Listeri os ececceercsseeereceeeerees

— decapitatus, Reeve -.+.++..+++ 119 | —— Lyra, Hanley ....0..s..00000 aaeee

—— decipiens, Reeve s+-++.-seeeees 121 Maria -\sciccdtensitevdtevetse Weses

—— digitale, Reeve ......006 eva La BVAED scccacodetacaoedeesasi tee

— eburneus, Reeve ..+--+--eeeeeee 118 PUCTPETA — sarsace Rt aaizos oem So,

—— egregius, Reeve .ssscsseceeeeeeee 119 reticulata, Linn.

elongatus, Reeve ...--+seseereee 117 roborata, Hanley ...

encausticus, Reeve ....eseseeee 115 scabra, Hanley .......++.+ aetuen

exaratus, Reeve ......ceccecereres 116 subnodulosa, Hanley ......++.

—— exilis, Reeve ....0s0.s.c000- etek wariabilis, SOW. .escececsceceeeees

—— eximius, Reeve ....cc..0...00 we 1419 VIDUA PARADISEA, Cuv. ...seccessss

—— ficoides, Reeve .....+....+-s00ee+ 116 | Voluta Cylleniformis, Gray ....... we

—— fictilis, Hinds ..... hineve ot We oeete 21 PUlMINALA coe cecaecsercceecceesees

—— gallinago, Reeve 110 | —— Guildingii, Gray ............--+

—— gemmatus, Reeve —— ignea, Wood ......+04.-- wataceses

—— gracilis, Reeve ..+...+eeseeeeeeee —— lyriformis, Kiener .........+++-+»

—— grandimaculatus, Reeve ...... 113 mammilla, Gray ......6 antes

lativaricosus, Reeve ........-++- 120 megaspira, Gray ......+.. agi

—— = LOtOrxiUm ceevsvvecsssccsevceecevcnss 113 NIDOSE a <veecve-iccoseseces aedoweees

— moritinctus, Reeve «.....+++++ 115'-| —— Norrisiij-Gray, «0.:.--<.coesses+

SLL NINEUS.. verecusevosenseverterscoees 116 piperita, Gray ......... eaoacers

— obscurus, Reeve .....----+++ Sedete’ DEF) “Volvarina \tcvcievsceec.s-0cscewnacenae we

—— pagodus, Reeve ...seveerseeeeseee 121

END OF PART XII.

Printed by Richard and John E. Taylor, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

PART XIII.

1845.

Be PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

‘BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LIST

CONTRIBUTORS,

Australian Birds’ Skins, presented by .-

CxLarkK, Dr.

Letter from .

Dickson, E. D., Esq., M.D.

Letter from, containing an offer to present to the Society

five Birds of Carthage (Prerocles guttatus? Temm.) .

Fitron, Epwarp, Esq.

Note on the White-winged Crossbill (Zozia lewcoptera) .

ForresTER, J. J., Esq., K.C.V.V.

Letter from, accompanying a donation of three Specimens

of Salamandra maculosa, Bonap. . .

Donation of two Specimens of Selernaminas a Tree-Frog,

and a Scolopendra cingulata . RPP EN aa amet

Fraser, Mr. L.

Exhibition of two Birds from Chile. .«

Exhibition of Birds’ Skins, presented to ‘the Rae ey by

Lieut.-Col. Owen, K.C.A.. . md

Descriptions of three New Species of Birds in the Society's s

collection . . . + ee sa 6, “| ath we

~ Goutp, Joun, Esq.

On three new Species of Birds from China ; and on a small

Mammal and new Grallatorial Bird from Western Australia.

Descriptions of a new Trogon and seven New Birds from

Australia. ky heiatlenthe

Descriptions ‘of four New Species of Birds from Australia.

Description ofa new Tern. . + + © © e+ ee es

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Baxrour, JoHN OsBorne, Esq. page

Gou tp, Joun, Esq. page

Descriptions of five New Species of Mammals . . . . 77

Descriptions of three New Species of Birds from Australia. 80

On the genus Anous, Leach . . =: Lio.” see

Descriptions of two new Birds from New South Wales . 104

GuLuiver, GreorGE, Esq.

On the Size of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood in the

Vertebrata, with copious Tables of Measurements. . . . 93

Han.ey, Sytvanus, Esq.

Descriptions of three New Species of Shells, ia kei to

the genus Artemis . . 11

Descriptions of six New Species ‘of ‘Donaz, i in the collec-

tion of Hugh Cuming, Esq. . . . or oye) Shee, 14

Descriptions of two New Species of Donaz . 17

Descriptions of three New Species of Bivalve Shells, of the

genera Cytherea and Venus . . . 21

Descriptions of New Species of Ostrea, in the collection

of, Hugh Coming, Esq. «ss. tue 8 ie le Dae ee

Hopeson, Bryan H., Esq.

On:Nepaless Birds 2 20 et. ees a ee

INGARFIELD, —, Esq.

Donation of a Specimen of Cancer Norvegicus . . . . 13

LowE, the Rev. R. T.

Letter from, accompanying a sesso a of Zeus conchifer,

Beye at OS Pe b; early Ven Ree ees

Ocixpy, WILLIAM, Esq.

Exhibition of Tyrrhaptes paradoxus and five Mammals

from the Altai Mountains of Siberia . . . AO

OLIVE, JEREMIAH, Esq.

Donation of Birds’ Skins from Australia . . . . . . 75

Owen, Professor.

Observations on the living Echidna exhibited at the Me-

nagerie of the Society in May 1845. . 80

On the existence of two te aes of Wombat t (Phaseolo

MSPs os. 4s 82

PFEIFFER, Dr. L.

Descriptions of New Species of Helix and a new Glandina,

in the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. . . 38

Descriptions of New Species of Land-shells, from the col-

lection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. . 43

Descriptions of twenty-two New Species of Land- ‘shells,

in the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. . «/ elite AGS

Description of a New Species of Amphipeplea di hsh eis, UES

Descriptions of twenty-two New Species of Hew . . . 71

PreirFer, Dr. L. page

Remarks on the genus Achatinella, Swainson, and descrip-

tions of six New Species from the collection of Hugh Cu-

NOM Rae Stat Par. as Wo ES rae LF 2 aa eG toa a it

Descriptions of fourteen New Species of Helix, from the

collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. . . . . . ....

Descriptions of thirty-six New Species of Helix, from the

collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. . . . . . .. . . 196

Descriptions of New Species of Land-shells from Jamaica,

SUMMIT, OR NAO Se eg Ok va ae se SOT

Puiirri, Dr. 2 A -

Descriptions of a New Species of Trochus, and of eighteen

New Species of Littorina, in the collection of Hugh Cu-

RES: SONGS at CM A Ss tins Movin!) e's LWP ns Clie tes awe aS

123

PonTeT, —, Jun., Esq.

Donation of a Skin of a Boa constrictor . . . . . . 43

Réctuz, M. C. A.

Déseription de quelques nouvelles Nérites Fluviatiles, du

cabinet de H. Cuming, Esq. . . - . . . +... -

Déscription d’une nouvelle espéce de Conovulus . . . 122

Reeve, Lovett, Esq.

Descriptions of eighty-nine new species of Mitra, chiefly

from the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. . . . . . . 45

Descriptions of New Species of Murex. . . . . . . 865

Descriptions of New Species of Shells. . . . . . .

On the Growth and Re-calcification of the Shell in Cy-

prea. 133

Srark, James, Esq., M.D.

ur Delrad aera i Ab rt AW Si as ae, ot 28

TEMPLETON, Dr., Roy. Art.

Letter from hi ay

Tuompson, W, Esq.

On the Larus capistratus of Temminck . . . . . . 68

WarTERHOUSE, G. R., Esq.

On New Species of Bats collected in the Philippine

Islands, and presented to the Society by Hugh Cuming, Esq. 3

WYLLIE, James, Esq. ;

Donation of Fish from the Hot Springs of Thermopyle . 17

YARRELL, WILLIAM, Esq.

Note on the Herring (Clupea Harengus). . .» . . . 91

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 14, 1845.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read from Dr. Clark of Cambridge, describing the

morbid appearances which presented themselves on the dissection of

a young Orang Outan which died lately in the Gardens.

Mr. Fraser exhibited specimens of two species of Birds from Chile,

procured by Mr. Thoinas Bridges, Corresponding Member. One

was the Sterna Inca, Less., which, according to Mr. Bridges, is called

««Mouja”’ by the natives. The other was a specimen of a Little

Bittern, Ardeola evilis, Bonap., called by the natives ‘‘ Aspergala.”

Mr. Gould exhibited to the Meetirg a number of Birds from China,

- being the first collection forwarded from Amoy to this country.

He described the following new species :—

Corvus pastinator. Cor. plumis ptilose saturate purpurascente-

nigra; caudd virescenti ; scapulariis tectricibusque caude maculd

semilunari nigrd ad apices ornatis ; rostro tarsisque nigris.

The entire plumage deep shining purplish black or plum-colour,

glossed with a greenish hue on the tail-feathers ; the scapularies and

upper tail-coverts with an obscure crescent-shaped mark of black at

the tip; bill and feet shining black.

Total length 18 inches ; bill, 23; wing, 12; tail, 7; tarsi, 21; mid-

dle toe and claw, 22.

Hab. Chusan.

_ Remark.—This species is closely allied to the Rook of Europe, but

differs from it in the hue of the plumage, which is of a beautiful pur-

ple or plum-colour where the European bird is green; the bill is also

straighter and the face much less denuded, the fleshy base of the

nostrils being the only part destitute of feathers ; the feet and claws

are also larger.

Mereus Orientaris. Mer. (Feem.) capite cristd colloque rubi-

ginoso-rubris ; mento albo ; corpore superiore, caudéd, alis, lateri-

Nos. CXLIII. & CXLIV.—Proceepines or tue Zoot. Soc.

busque griseis; primariis ferrugineo-nigris ; secundariis albis ;

corpore inferiore pallide cervino ; tectricibus caude albidis.

Female.—Head, neck and crest dark rust-red ; chin white ; all the

upper surface, wings, tail and flanks grey; primaries brownish

black ; secondaries pure white; under surface cream-colour, fading

into white on the under tail-coverts.

Total length 23 inches ; bill, 25; wing, 92; tail, 5; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Amoy.

Remark.—Nearly allied to the Goosander of Europe, but smaller

in size and more delicate in colour than that bird. I believe a male

of this bird is in the British Museum; the female is in my own col-

lection, and is the only one I have seen. ‘The specimen in the Mu-

seum assimilates as closely to the male of the European bird as the

one here described does to the female.

Pica serica. P. capite, collo, pectore et tectricibus caude saturate

nigris ; tectricibus alarum cinereo-ceruleis, ventre et scapulariis

albis ; caudd metallice nigro-viridi ; rostro et pedibus nigris.

Head, throat, chest, upper part of the back, upper and under tail-

coverts deep black; secondaries and greater wing-coverts shining

steel-blue ; spurious wing and edges of the base of the outer webs of

the primaries shining deep green ; inner webs of the primaries white ;

the tips of the primaries and the margins of the inner webs for a

short distance from the tip black; scapularies and belly pure white ;

tail greenish black, with bronze reflexions ; bill and feet black.

Total length about 19 inches; bill, 2; wing, 8; tail about 12;

tarsi, 21.

Hab. Amoy.

Closely allied to the common Magpie, but differs in the wings being

blue instead of green, in the rather less extent of the white, and in

having a longer bill and much longer tarsi.

Mr. Gould also exhibited to the Meeting a small species of Mam-

mal, which he characterized as

Dromicia concinna. Drom. maculd nigrd ante oculos; corpore

superne et parte exteriore crurum pallidé brunneis ; crurum parte

interiore et corpore subtis distincte albis.

Before the eye a mark of black; all the upper surface, the outer

side of the limbs and the tail, pale sandy brown; all the under sur-

face and the inner side of the limbs white ; the two colours distinctly

separated, or not blending into each other.

Length of the head and body, 32 inches; of the tail, 31; of the

ear, 3.

Hab. Western Australia.

Very nearly allied to the Dromicia of Van Diemen’s Land, but

distinguished from that animal by its much smaller size, by the di-

stinct separation of the colours of the upper and under surface, and

by the absence of any enlargement at the base of the tail.

Also a new Grallatorial bird, which he named

Furiea Avustrais. Ful. capite colloque nigris ; superne griseo-

_—

nigro, subtis fuliginoso ; iridibus rubris ; rostro cinereo-ceruleo ;

vertice viridi-albo ; tarsis pedibusque griseis.

Head and neck black ; all the upper surface greyish black; under

surface sooty black ; irides bright red ; bill light bluish grey ; crown

of the head greenish white ; legs and feet French grey.

Total length 14 inches; bill, 1}; wing, 8; tail, 2}; tarsi, 2}.

Hab. Western Australia.

“Descriptions of species of Bats collected in the Philippine Islands,

and presented to the Society by H. Cuming, Esq.” By G. R. Water-

house, Esq.

The following descriptions and notices, added to those given in

the Proceedings for May 1843, include all the species of the order

Cheiroptera collected by Mr. Cuming in the Philippine Islands; and

it is necessary to state, with regard to the descriptions alluded to,

that they are all drawn up from specimens preserved in spirit; and

although every care has been taken to ascertain the true colouring

_ of the fur as nearly as possible by repeated examinations of the spe-

cimens, mounted as they were in clear spirits of wine, the colours

May not prove to be exactly as I have supposed.

The following table displays some of the more prominent charac-

ters of the species of Vespertilio (generally so difficult to determine)

about to be described :— ;

A. Wing-membrane extending to the distal end of tibia.

a. Ears moderate, or rather small, rounded ; tragus rather short,

rounded at the apex ; heel-cartilage short.

a.1. Nostrils separated by a moderately

wide space, and opening sublate- x

PLE 6 lS ae ENS i a 1. Vesp. tristis.

a. 2. Nostrils with a narrow space be-

tween them (a distinct notch, how-

ever, in that space), and opeuing

@IMOSE- AN THEME! » on - snide wn = 2-5 2. Vesp. Eschscholtzii.

6. Ears large and pointed; tragus long, narrow and pointed ;

heel-cartilage long.

6.1. Hind-foot very large -......... 3. Vesp. macrotarsus.

6. 2. Hind-foot small......-....... 4. Vesp. pellucidus.

_ B. Wing-membrane extending to base of toes.

a. Ears short, rounded at apex; tragus

short, subpointed 2.°.:...:.... 5. Vesp. Meyeni.

b. Ears large, pointed ; tragus long, at-

tenuated and pointed ........ 6. Vesp. rufo-pictus.

_ Vesrertitio tristis. Vesp. vellere molli, nigricanti-fuliginoso ;

auribus mediocribus, rotundatis ; tragis mediocribus arcuatis, apice

rotundatis ; rostro brevi obtuso ; alis angustis.

unc. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 2 5

WOME aor, Sree. Seat) was OF 2 4

unc. lin.

Longitudo antibrachtt 00 li. ca ean ee Dia

Cunis IER e ers Lisi ieee s 0 32

Alaram amiphtads Ses bos asi uch et eee 13 0

The fur is dense in this species, but not long; dense fur extends

on to the head, and leaves but a small portion of the muzzle, which

is covered with shorter hair: the general colour is sooty black, and

the hairs appear to be uniform to the root; those on the belly are

slightly tinted with greyish at the point. The incisor teeth are

>. The forehead is much arched; the muzzle short and obtusely

rounded, very broad and hairy; the lower lip has a narrow trans-

verse naked area at the tip; the nostrils are sublateral, moderately

separated, and there is a slight depression between them. ‘The

ears are moderate, rounded, but with the upper, or anterior, margin

nearly straight; the tragus is curved, and rather obtusely rounded

at the point, about 23 lines in length, and 1? line in width. The

wings are rather narrow, and have the membranes black; they ex-

tend to the heel of the hind-foot, which has the metatarsus narrow

and long, the distance from the heel to the base of the toes exceeding

the toes in length; the toes are shortish and equal, the nails are also

short and but little curved; the heel-cartilage is short, bent back,

and not easily brought in a right angle with the tibia, as in many cf

the species of the present genus. The hind-legs are rather long;

the interfemoral membrane ample, naked above and below, excepting

quite at the base; the tail is enclosed to the point in this membrane ;

the thumb is moderate.

VesperTiLio Escuscuoirzit. Vesp. vellere longo fusco-nigricante,

corpore subtis pilis apicibus cinerascentibus ; artubus fuscis ; au-

ribus brevibus ; tragis angustis, ad apicem rotundatis, antice emar-

ginatis.

une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 2 0

COLE aah Bt SOLE Totnn: See eae 2.0

—— = antibrachtt..5. lee eece sb 05 es Tigi

GUIER A, 5: dns) I RR ee 0 34

Alaruimn: ama plat udo) 2. 2) 2)-\< eyesore shou Sayed s 12 0

Incisor teeth a the outermost incisor of the upper jaw is smaller

than the inner one. The forehead is much arched, and separated,

as it were, from the muzzle by a deep transverse depression; on each

side of the head is a naked groove, which runs over the eye. The

muzzle is short and rounded, naked at the tip only, the other parts

moderately well clothed with hairs : the nostrils open almost in front,

and are more than usually approximated; their upper boundary

is prominent, and there is a deep groove between them. On the

inner side of the upper lip are two small fleshy folds, and some com-

pressed tubercles situated toward the angle of the mouth; the lower

lip has a narrow triangular naked area at the tip. The ears are

short, broad and rounded, but have the upper margin subtruncated;

on the inner side are two transverse ridges; the lower part of the

ear is extended forwards to the angle of the mouth. The tragus is

narrow, curved, rounded at the point, indistinctly emarginated on

the outer side, and about 22 lines in length. The wings are rather

narrow, and extend along the hind-leg to the distal end of the tibia

only. The hind-legs are moderate ; the metatarsus narrow and long,

the distance from the heel to the base of the toes exceeding the toes

in length; the toes are rather short and nearly equal. The inter-

femoral membrane is ample, naked, excepting at the base; the heel-

cartilage is short; the tail enclosed in the interfemoral membrane to

the point; the thumb is very small.

Of the species described in this paper, Vespertilio Eschscholtzii

approaches most nearly to the V. tristis; it is much smaller, how-

ever, than that animal, has the thumb smaller in proportion, and its

colouring is less dark. Among the species of M. Temminck’s Mo-

nograph our V. tristis most nearly resembles, in the form of its head

and ears, the V. blepotis (pl. 53. fig. 2.); the V. Eschscholtzii (of

which Mr. Cuming brought home several specimens) is at least one-

third smaller.

VESPERTILIO MACROTARSUS. Vesp. supra cinereus, subtis albicans ;

auribus longis, angustis, ad apicem acutis, postice fere rectis ;

trago elongato, attenuato, acuto; alis amplis fuscis, ad basin pal-

lidioribus.

unc. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 2 3

—— ad basin auris.... O 5

ETS 2 a I SET EE aD 1 10

——— antibrachii..............0.004. 1 92

wn OUTS, oo we naan nec ess on 0 3¢

UF ES weer tees eeeetes 0 65

— pedis postici a calce ad apicem digiti O 62

SEGRE IVEY 510 CoS a eG

The fur on the back is apparently dusky grey next the skin, and

pale ashy grey externally, and on the under parts the hairs are grey

at the base and whitish at the point. The incisors are — the

pair of incisors on either side of upper jaw nearly equal. The fore-

head is convex, and separated from the muzzle by a transverse de-

pression: the muzzle somewhat produced and pointed, the mesial

portion above and in front naked, the naked portion above extending

about two lines from the tip, and separated from the somewhat

swollen cheeks by a longitudinal groove on each side: between the

nostrils, which are widely separated and pierced almost laterally, is

a shallow groove. The lips have small scattered hairs, excepting at

the tip, where they are naked; on the chin is a naked wart some-

what removed from the apex. The ears are largish and rather nar-

row, pointed, and have the hinder margin nearly straight. The

_ tragus is narrowish, attenuated, and pointed at the apex. The wings

_ are ample, and the membranes encroach on the back so as to reduce

_ the portion covered with fur to a narrow strip of about half an inch

in width ; they extend along the hind-leg to the heel only ; the thumb

is comparatively long; the hind-foot very large, and having the toes

equal, excepting the outer one (according to the natural position of

the foot, but the toe corresponding to the inner toe in most other

animals), which is rather shorter. ‘The interfemoral membrane is

moderately ample, and does not extend quite to the tip of the tail,

a portion of about one line in length being free. The heel-cartilage

is very long.

In the large size of the hind-foot the present species approaches

the V. Hasseletii of Temminck’s Monograph, but it does not appear

that that species has the wings encroaching on the back as in V. ma-

crotarsus; the ears are much larger, the thumb also larger, tail

longer, &c. ‘The proportions, as compared with those of M. Tem-

minck’s V. macrodactylus and V. brachypterus, differ considerably,

though both these species have the hind-foot large; the larger ears,

longer thumb, and more ample wing will serve to distinguish it.

VESPERTILIO PELLUCIDUS. Vesp. vellere longo, pallidé rufo, cor-

pore subtis cinerascenti-albo ; alis fuscis, pellucidis ; auribus mag-

nis, apice acutis, postice emarginatis ; trago elongato, attenuato ;

rostro producto, depresso, subacuto.

une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 1 8

CUES as. aes. oi 34 ak ae ee

ROTI AEDIE NS ANT 7 8 iene

GOERS ATO igs 2S cee oe Ses tee ee ee

larum @mplibado s'%i 4.5 "setulae tee Joe ONG

The fur in this animal is long, of a delicate pale rufous on the upper

parts of the body, but slightly tinted with grey next the skin; the

under parts are ashy white. The incisor teeth are as usual = ; the

two innermost of the upper jaw are widely separated, long-pointed,

and resemble canine teeth; the outer pair are very small. The forehead

is considerably arched ; the muzzle produced, pointed and depressed,

and has a slight concavity above; the nostrils are widely separated,

pierced laterally, and have a slight depression between them; the tip

of the muzzle is naked. The lower lip has a small, smooth, naked

space at the tip. The ears are of a very pale brown colour, large, trans-

parent, pointed, and strongly emarginated behind ; the tragus is very

long and slender (its length being about 42 lines, and width at the

base less than 1 line), and decreases gradually in width from the

base to the point; close to its root, externally, is a slightly promi-

nent angle. The wings are large and supported by very delicate

and slender bones, very transparent, and extend slightly on to the

toe of the hind-foot. The hind-legs are long and slender; the foot

small; the metatarsus shorter than the toes, which are slender and

very nearly equal, if we except the one to which the wing is slightly

attached, which is distinctly shorter than the rest. The interfemo-

ral membrane is ample, and presents a few scattered hairs : the heel-

cartilage long. ‘The tail is long, and enclosed in the membrane to

the point ; the fourth vertebra from the base has much flesh about

it, which forms a small lump,—perhaps this is accidental. The

thumb is slender, but rather long.

This species is remarkable for having long and extremely slender

limbs, and for the transparency of its flymg-membranes. I could

read this writing through the wing-membranes, moistened as they

were with the spirit, at a distance of more than a quarter of an inch.

Vesrertitio Mryenr. Vesp. intense rufescenti-fuscus, pilis ad

basin albescentibus ; corpore subtis cinereo lavato; brachiis ru-

fescentibus ; rostro brevi, obtuso ; auribus subtriangulis, ad apicem

rotundatis, postic? emarginatis; tragis arcuatis, angustis, ad apicem

subacutis.

une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 1 7

emt « crainiLl fPoaonah iti, ea OEE

— antibrachtt........ 00565 PEE ‘ee |

US Ss Sc loves aela' sa Holes fe Pa a. weer Be

Marum amplitude. ccse wewaeiiowe es Ws 6 6

t i sy ae 2—2 ;

This species has the usual number of incisors = ; the inner-

most pair of the upper jaw are larger than the external pair, and bifid

at the apex. The forehead is moderately arched; the muzzle is

broad and but sparingly clothed with hairs, swollen at the sides;

two longitudinal grooves mark the usual external boundaries of the

nasal bones; and these grooves, at first shallow, become deeper be-

hind, where they are curved outwards towards the eyes, over which

is a small fleshy tubercle; the upper part of the nose (between the

two grooves mentioned) is almost naked, but a few minute scattered

hairs are observed at the tip, and even in front, and along the edge

of the upper lip. ‘The lower lip presents a very small triangular

naked patch at the tip. The nostrils are rather widely separated,

and open obliquely outwards. The ears are short, subtriangular,

have the extreme point rounded, and the posterior border slightly

emarginated; on the inner side are three or four transverse ruge.

The tragus is narrow, subpointed, and has a notch in the middle of

the external margin. The wings are somewhat narrow, and have

the membranes of a very dark brown colour, the limbs being of a

dusky purplish red tint; the membrane of the wing extends to the

base of the toes. The thumb is small; the hind-legs shortish; the

metatarsus short, being about equal in length to the toes, which are

very nearly equal, the outer one being but a trifle shorter than the

others. The interfemoral membrane is by no means ample, brown

above and very pale beneath, where palg scattered hairs are observa-

ble, especially near the tail; above, this membrane appears to be

naked, excepting at the base. The heel-cartilage is moderate, and

on the lower or outer side of this cartilage is an obtusely-angular

piece of membrane, about 2 lines in length and 1 line in breadth. The

tail has the extreme point free.

I have attached to this and one of the foregoing species the names

of two able naturalists who have contributed to our knowledge of the

zoological productions of the Philippine Islands.

The V. Meyeni apparently approaches most nearly to the V. trala-

titius of Temminck’s Monograph, but has the muzzle broader and

more rounded, the ears less pointed, the tail, antibrachium and tibiz

shorter, the latter considerably so ; the foot is also shorter and broader

than represented in M. Temminck’s figure of that species. The co-

louring (so far as one may judge from specimens preserved in spirit)

also differs.

VESPERTILIO RUFO-PicTUS. Vesp. supra ochraceis, pilis ad basin

cinereis ; corpore subtis flavescenti-albo ; alis nigrescentibus, ared

magnd ad basin, brachiis, membrandque interfemorali rufis ; auribus

longis, angustis, acutis, postice distincte emarginatis ; tragis at-

tenuatis, acutis.

unc. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostriad caude basin.... 2 3

SHOGUER 2 toithin ate:ahhets 4a sare ae bates <r dal

And br ACh is vigsiccp eas) tea Sein Lig ld

SOIR tints treet sysea tee les st xniekemitiie 0 52

Alarum-ampliteda i. i). LUI 13 6

Fur moderate ; on the upper parts of the body pale grey at the root,

and of a delicate yellow colour externally ; on the under parts of the

body yellowish white, scarcely tinted with grey at the root. The

wing-membranes are black, excepting in the region of the bones of

the fingers and a large area at the base, at which parts they are of

a bright red colour; a straight line drawn obliquely across the wing

from the thumb to the heel would mark the boundary of the red basal

portion. The small strip of membrane above the arm is red, clouded

with black. The limbs and interfemoral membrane are also red, and

the naked tip to the muzzle, as well as the ears, are very pale flesh-

colour. The hinder toes are dusky at the tip.

The forehead is but little arched; the muzzle is produced, but

somewhat rounded at the tip, which is the only part which is naked,

and even here a few minute scattered hairs are observable in the

middle. Above the nose are two longitudinal grooves. The lower

lip has a semicircular naked space at the tip, and a tubercle is ob-

served between this point and the throat. The nostrils are lateral,

and the space between them is slightly depressed. The ears are long,

rather narrow and pointed, and distinctly emarginated behind. The

tragus is about 4} lines long, narrow, attenuated and pointed. The

wings are very ample and extend to the base of the toes. The thumb

is long; the hind-legs moderately long ; the metatarsus shorter than

the toes (claws not included), and these are very nearly equal. The

interfemoral membrane is moderately ample, well clothed with hair at

the base, and a few longish scattered hairs are observable on other

parts, especially on the upper surface. The heel-cartilage is long,

extending to within about four and a half lines of the tail.

This species very much resembles the Vespertilio pictus of Pallas,

but is much larger, and differs in the form and proportions of its ears.

Tapnozovs Paruipprnensis. Taph. vellere brevi fuscescente vel

castaneo, corpore subtis pallidiore ; pilis ad basin albescentibus ;

auribus mediocribus.

une. lin

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 3 14

BOM RISE 25. Mele ie ds: < 0 8

— ab apice rostri ad basin auris . 0 5

GUNES TODS OS os ie Oe 0 6G

AN DTAChW 9) he FL OOS : 2 7

pe MME 3, GALL TN Her 00 Yarn ales 0 11

Alarum amplitudo ...... so a Gide. % 13 6

This species approaches most nearly to the Taphozous saccolaimus,

but differs in being considerably smaller, in having the muzzle

shorter and more pointed, the ears larger, and the feet considerably

smaller ; the colouring moreover is different. It agrees with 7. lon-

gimanus in having no throat-pouch or nakedness at that part, but

differs in its proportions, &c.

The fur is short and by no means dense, nearly white next the

skin both on the upper and under parts of the body; on the upper

parts the hairs have the visible portion tipped with reddish brown or

chestnut colour, sometimes brown. The under parts are always of

a paler hue than the upper, and sometimes almost white, merely

suffused with pale chestnut-brown : on the throat this colour is usually

more intense. The wing-membranes are brown, sometimes dusky ;

the interfemoral membrane assumes a paler hue beneath.

The head, viewed from above, presents a triangular figure, of which

the tip of the muzzle forms the apex, and is somewhat acute; the

nose is slightly prominent; the nostrils terminal, and but slightly

separated ; the upper lip terminates in a point ; the under lip is some-

what swollen at the extremity, and a largish transverse swelling or

tubercle is observed below the chin. The ears have the anterior

part running on to the forehead, but separated by a space of about

two lines, which space is occupied by the deep frontal pit; they are

of moderate size, perhaps might be called rather large; the lateral

and anterior margins meet so as to form nearly a right angle; on the

anterior margin, which is thickened, is a series of pointed tubercles ;

the lateral or outer margin is very slightly emarginated, and on the

inner side numerous transverse small folds or ridges are perceptible ;

the point of the ear is narrow, but rounded. The tragus is scarcely

2 lines in length, and about 23 lines in width, rounded at the apex

and contracted at the base. The tail is enclosed in the interfemoral

membrane rather less than one-third of its length. The interfemoral

membrane is about eleven lines in antero-posterior extent, naked

beneath, slightly hairy above to the base of the free portion of the

tail, which has a few long scattered hairs. ‘The feet are almost naked,

having only a few scattered hairs. The limbs are of a pale dirty flesh-

colour.

The teeth most nearly resemble those of skull fig. 11. pl. 60. of

Temminck’s Monograph, but the incisors are more expanded at the

apex than represented in that figure, and very deeply notched. The

tore 6 0 y 1—1 5—5

formule are the same, viz. incisors, {Z canines, [73 molars, a

the first false molar of the upper jaw is small and almost hidden by

the gum; the second distinct; both first and second false molars of

lower jaw are distinct; the latter is most elevated, but the foremost

is the largest. The palate has numerous well-developed transverse

ridges, seven in number, if we commence from between the canines,

in front of which are two others less distinct; the third, which is

between the false molars, is most developed. The tongue is thick,

but pointed at the apex, and presents a triangular transverse section,

extending in its ordinary position to the incisor teeth, which on the

inner side are covered by the gum up to their foints.

Besides these, and the Philippine Island Bats noticed or described

in the Proceedings for May 18438, I have to add, as also forming

part of Mr. Cuming’s collection, a species of Nycticejus which agrees

most closely with the N. Borbonicus; this and the Taphozous Phi-

lippinensis appear to be extremely abundant in the Philippine Islands ;

and lastly, a species of Dysopes, which I feel very little doubt is the

D. tenuis of Horsfield; it agrees most closely with the detailed de-

scription and figure given by Temminck.

January 28, 1845.

William Horton Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

A communication was read from Joseph James Forrester, Esq.,

Corr. Memb., of Oporto, which was accompanied by a donation of

three specimens of Salamandra maculosa, Bonap., and a Skin of the

Genetta vulgaris, Cuv., the latter presented to the Society by E. J.

Johnston, Esq., Her Britannic Majesty’s Consul at Oporto.

Mr. Montgomery read extracts from a letter from Dr. Templeton,

Royal Artillery, Columbo, Ceylon, and exhibited to the Meeting a

collection of land and freshwater Shells from that island, comprising

several new and rare species hitherto undescribed. Amongst others

are a new species of each of the following genera :—Achatina, Heliz,

Neritina, Ampullaria, Valvata, Planorbis, and Melania ?

‘Description of three new species of Shells belonging to the

genus Artemis,” by Sylvanus Hanley, Esq.

ARTEMIS SIMPLEX. Art. testd orbiculari-sublrigond, solidd, sub-

inequilaterali, nitidd, eburned, ventricosd, concentricé et subimbri-

catim sulcatd; sulcis haud confertis; margine ventrali arcuato ;

dorsali utringue declivi, anticé retuso, postice arcuato ; utrdque

extremitate rotundatd ; lunuld haud magnd, impressd ; ared dorsali

posticd nulld. - Long. 1°63; lat. 1°55 poll.

Index Testaceologicus, sup. t. 15. f. 41.

Hab. Panama, St. Elena. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

The general outline, owing to the abruptness of its slopes, closely

resembles that of excisa; but in that species the sulci (or rather cos-

tellz) are elevated, the hinder dorsal area is excavated, and the lunule

is large and ill-defined. The colour is ivory-white, with usually a

zone or two of very pale blue; and, contrary to the other two spe-

cies, the greatest length is from the beaks to the lower or ventral

margin.

ARTEMIS suBqUADRATA. Art. testd suborbiculari, subquadratd,

compressa, subpellucidd, valde inequilaterali, intus extusque albidd,

concentrice substriatd ; margine ventrali postice arcuato, antice

convexo et sursiim acclivi; dorsali antice convero haudque declivi,

postice subrecto et declivi; extremitate posticd latissimd, anticd

angustd ; lunuld magnd, subobsoletd. Long. 1°62; lat. 1°75 poll.

Ind. Test., sup. t. 15. f. 39.

Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

The peculiar breadth of the posterior side, whose upper or dorsal

angle is horizontal, or even ascending, the freedom from incurvation

and abrupt slope of the front dorsal line, and the scarcely defined

lunule, concur to render this rare shell strikingly different from any

known species in this genus.

ArTEMIs scuLpTa. Art. testd orbiculari-subquadratd, magis mi-

nusve ventricosd, solidiusculd, inequilaterali, subnitidd, sordid

albidd aut albido-lutescente (nonnunquam pallide livido-fuscescente

alboque marmoratd), concentricé sulcatd ; striis radiantibus, sulcos

confertissimos antice (plerumque etiam posticé) decussantibus ;

sulcis medio subimbricatis, ad utramque extremitatem lamellosis ;

margine ventrali subarcuato ; dorsali postice convexiusculo vieque

declivi, anticé retuso et pauld declivi; lunuld impressd, ovato-

cordatd; ared dorsali posticd nulld ; natibus haud prominentibus.

Long. 1°80; lat. 2 poll.

Ind, Test., sup. t. 15. f. 42.

Hab. Australia? Mus, Hanley, &c.

The radiating lines are not always perceptible on the posterior

side of the adult, and the concentric sulci in that case appear fim-

briated. It is allied to subrosea of Gray.

February 11, 1845.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read from Dr. Dickson (Corresponding Member),

dated Tripoli, January 4th, announcing that he has in his possession

five Birds of Carthage, Pterocles guttatus?, Temm.., alive and quite

tame, which he would be happy to present to the Society if a means

of conveyance to this country could be obtained.

A specimen of Cancer Norvegicus, taken by a fishing-boat at the

“Silver Pits,” eighty miles eastward of Scarborough, was presented

by Mr. Ingarfield.

A communication was read from James Stark, M.D., F.R.S.E.,

in which he advocates the hypothesis that the Tetrao medius is neither

a hybrid nor a distinct species, but merely an immature male of the

Tetrao Urogallus or Capercailzie, founding his opinion on the ap-

pearance of the Tetrao medius immediately after the re-introduction

of the Capercailzie into Scotland by the Earl of Breadalbane, and on

the fact, that no two species of a genus, however similar they may

be in appearance, pair voluntarily while in a state of nature.

Mr. Fraser laid before the Meeting a collection of Birds’ Skins

which have been presented to the Society by Lieut.-Colonel Owen,

K.C.A., of Oporto, containing the following species: viz. Buteo vul-

garis, Flem.; Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. ; Pica caudata, Flem.; Garru-

lus glandarius, Flem.; Picus major? ; Cidicnemus crepitans, Selby ;

Fulica ater, Penn.; Spatula (Anas clypeata, Linn.) ; Mareca (Anas

Penelope, Linn.), and Larus argentatus, Mont.

The Secretary called the attention of the Meeting to a specimen

of a new species of Lagomys, discovered by Bryan H. Hodgson, Esq.,

Corr. Memb., in the Nepaul district, which he describes as Lacomys

Nepatensis. The present species adds a seventh to this most in-

teresting group.

No. CXLIV.—Procrepinés oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

—*

February 25, 1845.

R. C. Griffith, Esq., in the Chair.

‘“‘ Descriptions of six new species of Donaz, in the collection of

Hugh Cuming, Esq. (Corr. Memb.),” by Sylvanus Hanley, Esq.

Donax Ticaonicus. Don. testd cuneiformi, convexd, nitidissimd,

solidd, obliqud, levigatd, maxim? inequilaterali, albidd, aut livido-

purpurascente, concolore, epidermide flavescente indutd ; margine

ventrali integro, magis minusve concexo ; dorsali, antic? declivi et

subrecto aut subretuso, postice subrecto et subitd declivi ; extre-

mitate lateris antici producti, attenuatd, rotundaid ; latere postico

brevissimo, truncato et inferne obtuse angulato ; pube concentric?

et profunde rugosd ; natibus acutis, prominentibus ; superficie in-

ternd aut violaced aut albidd violaced postice fucatd; dente late-

rali antico remoto, postico approximato. Long. 1°; lat. 1°50 poll.

Hab. Ticao, Philippines (Cuming).

Remarkable for its obliquity and the abrupt truncation of the pos-

terior side.

Donax cutter. Don. testd elongatd, angustd, convexd, satis inequi-

laterali, nitidd, striulis exilibus confertim radiatd, variis coloribus

pictd (plerumque purpurea, sed etiam flavd lineis purpureo-brun-

neis radiatd, albidd radiis violaceis aut lividis, aurantid et rosea,

sepe radiis albidis ornatd) ; margine ventrali crenulato, anticé sub- -

recto, postice convexo; dorsali antice recto et viv paululim de-

clivi, postic? convexo satisque declivi ; ‘latere antico producto, ad

extremitatem obtuse rotundato ; postico rotundato-cuneiformi ; lu-

nuld ligamentoque angustis ; pube striis simplicibus radiatd ; costd

umbonali obtusissima ; dentibus lateralibus haud remotis.

Var. a. Tesid subinequilaterali ;.margine ventrali medio subpostice

retuso; dente laterali antico, plerumque magis approximato.

Var. b. Testd minus elongatd et magis inequilaterali ; margine ven-

trali rard retuso ; dente laterali antico plerumque magis remoto.

Long. 0°50; lat. 1°50.

Hab. Var. a. Matzellan, Gulf of California (Cuming).

Var. 6. Acapulco (Cuming).

Rather a common shell, and closely allied to pulchella.

Donax asper. Don. testa trigond, ventricosd, solidd, subinequilate-

rali, albidd aut carned, antic? nitidiusculd et radiatim striatd, pos-

tice impolitd et radiatim costellatd ; strits exilibus et simplicibus;

costellis parvis, decussatis, aut subsquamosis aut subgranosis, supra

costam umbonalem angulatam confertis ; margine ventrali crenato,

arcuato ; dorsali antico, valde declivi, subrecto ; postico retuso,

inermi, subitdque declivi: extremitate lateris antici longioris, ro-

tundatd, posticd angulatd ; natibus vald? prominentibus et maxime

incurvatis ; pube pland ; dentibus lateralibus approximatis. Long.

1°30; lat. 1°60 pol.

Hab. Tumbez, Peru (Cuming).

Closely resembling dentiferus, but not provided with the charac-

teristic tooth, much stronger and more triangular, and with its ven-

tral edge more arcuated, and its front extremity more attenuated.

The front dorsal edge appears retuse (which it is not in reality), from

the lateral projection of the swollen beaks. ‘The lower margin is

Stained with violet anteriorly.

Donax navicuta. Don. testd elongato-trigond, crassa, subventri-

cosd, nitidd, subinequilaterali, sublevigatd (striis radiantibus

tantum in medio perspicuis), albd, epidermide flavd indutd, prope

marginem dorsalem utrinque brunneo-purpurascente strigatd ; mar-

gine ventrali in medio ventricoso, intus crenato; dorsali antic?

subrecto et subdeclivi, postice incurvato et declivi; area posticd

levi, subconcavd ; latere antico longiore, angustato, ad extremitatem

rotundato ; postico cuneiformi, ad extremitatem obtuso ; ligamento

minimo ; costd umbonali obtusd ; superficie internd albidd, utrinque

superne purpured ; dentibus lateralibus maxime approximatis.

Long. 0°40; lat. 0-90 poll. ;

Hab. Gulf of Nicoya, Central America (Cuming).

Allied to Californiensis, but more triangular.

Donax Gracttis. Don. testd elongatd, angustd, nitidd, valde in-

equilaterali, compressd, sublevigatd, albidd aut pallidé vivlaceo-

rufescente, epidermide lutescente indutd ; margine ventrali convexo

aut subarcuato, haud flecuoso, intus crenulato ; dorsali magis mi-

nusve livido, utrinque subrecto, antic? vix paululiim declivi, postic®

valdé declivi; latere antco producto, attenuato, ad extremitatem

rotundato, postico acuminato-cuneiformi ; ligamento minimo ; ared

posticd levi, obtusissimd ; costd umbonali obtusd ; superficie internd

purpurascente ; dentibus lateralibus perspicuis, approximatis.

Var. b. Testd albidd, radiis paucis livido-rufescentibus ornatd.

Var. c. Testd rufescente aut lividd.

Long. 0°40; lat. 1 poll.

Hab. Bay of Guayaquil. Var. 6. Chiriqui. Var. c. Bay of Carac-

cas (Cuming).

Allied to Owenii, but with the margin crenulated.

Downax sorpipus. Don. testd abbreviato-cunciformi, converd, niti-

diusculd, solidd, valdé inequilaterali, striis exilibus simplicibus

confertim radiatd, sordidé albidd ; lineis elevatis obliquis subcon-

centricis, partem superiorem et levigatam teste postice asperanti-

bus ; margine ventrali crenulato, medio arcuato ; dorsali antico,

declivi et subrecto ; postico subrecto et valde declivi ; latere antico

attenuato ; postico brevi et inferne (in adultis etiam superneé) obtusé

angulato ; pube fortiter et confertim rugis subdecussatis concentricé

exaratd ; costé umbonali subangulatd ; superficie internd albidd,

purpureo infecid ; dentibus lateralibus approvimatis, antico per-

magno. Long. 0°70; lat. 1 poll.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope. Mus. Brit., Cuming.

Intermediate between striata and semisulcata. The raised oblique

lines which roughen the posterior side near the beaks where the

striz have become entirely obsolete, are a striking character in this

rare species.

Mr. Fraser exhibited to the Meeting and characterized three new

species of Birds from the Society’s collection, viz :—

Patzornis mopestus. Pal. ptilose viridi; genis pallidé cervinis ;

vittd a naribus ad oculos viridescenti-nigrd ; mandibulis nigris.

Hab. >

This bird is nearly allied to the P. Pondicerianus, but differs in

the colour of the cheeks, breast and mandibles; it differs also from

P. Malaccensis in the paler colour of the cheeks, and that colour not

extending further back than the ears, in the colour of the beak, &c. ;

it may also be readily distinguished from Mr. Hodgson’s Nepaul spe-

cies by the colouring of the cheeks.

Lorius surersus. Lor. capite et tectricibus majoribus inferioribus

alarum nigris; genis, lateribus, pectore et uropygio rubris ;

nuchd, ventre, femore, et tectricibus caude inferioribus ceruleis ;

scapulis, tectricibus alarum inferioribus minoribus, et dimidio ter-

minali caude ceruleis ; alis externis viridibus.

Hab. ?

This bird is about the size and is closely allied to the Lorius Phi-

lippensis, Briss., but differs in having the shoulders and smaller

under wing-coverts blue, the larger ones black (in this respect it

somewhat resembles the Lorius domicellus, Auct.) ; in the absence of

the red band immediately below the black crown; and in having an

entire red band from shoulder to shoulder, whereas in L. Philip-

pensis it is only partial.

Larus Bripeesir. Lar. ptilose grised ; capite et mento pallidé ci-

nereis ; primariis et secundariis nigris, apicibus secundariarum

albis, fasciam albam trans alas formantibus ; quibusdam primariis

apicibus albidis ; vittd nigrd lat. 1 poll. prope apices remigum ;

rostro pedibusque nigris.

poll.

Potlong egy oy Pee ee Se Pie wee 18

Alen 2 Re ee ee eee ll

COMER in cnt enn eee See e Seth 2 - SER 54

MY 6 sah". Ceara aici ie Et inne 5 8 Se 24

NOE eae kate oe ASC AS. crete 2

WD CAT TERE (17217 CTE SP pe Oe ee og an 12

From Valparaiso, Chile. Collected by Mr. ‘Thomas Bridges, Corr.

Memb.

This apparently new species of Gull is closely allied to the Larus

Fuliginosus, Gould, but differs in the beak being much more slender,

in the general colour being lighter, in the head and chin being nearly

white, in having a white band across the wings, and the black band

across the tail being more decided.

March 11, 1845.

Rey. John Barlow, M.A.,-F.R.S., Sec. R.I., in the Chair.

Four specimens of Fish from the hot springs of Thermopyle were

presented to the Society by James Wyllie, Esq. Mr. Yarrell stated

them to be Cyprinoid Fishes of the genus Leuciscus, but from their

highly desiccated state and very small size it was impossible to refer

them to a definite species.

A paper by Sylvanus Hanley, Esq., was read, containing descrip-

tions of two new species of Donaz :— :

Donax asstmitis. Don. testd cuneiformi, magis minusve crassd,

anticé compressd, postice ventricosd, valde inequilaterali, lividd,

albo-violascente, aurantid aut flavidd, zonis saturatioribus aut vio-

laceis plerumque pictd, radiatim striatd; striis haud confertis,

antice simplicibus, postice elevatis et decussatis ; margine ventrali

crenulato, haud arcuato, antice sursum acclinato; dorsali, antic?

subdeclivi subrecto aut convexiusculo, postice subrecto et valde de-

clivi ; latere antico producto, ad extremitatem rotundato et atte-

nuato ; postico perbrevi et infern? angulato ; costd umbonali sub-

angulatd ; pube decussatd, et costelld ad extremitatem dentiferd,

sape radiata ; ligamento prominente.et satis magno ; superficie in-

ternd in adultis, prope marginem violaced ; dente laterali antico —

haud remoto, postico subapprozimato. Long. 1; lat. 1°55 poll.

Hab. Panama. Mus. Cuming, Hanley, &c.

Very variable in colouring, often with a short purple perpendicular

ray upon the umbones; sometimes with three or four pale rays on a

darker ground, but usually uniform and only marked when aged, with

the rib-like stria projecting at the margin like a tooth. This latter

character and the identity of its sculpture render the species liable

to be confused with dentifera, but the greater tenuity and less elon-

gated shape of that shell is preserved even in the younger specimens.

Donax Lusricus. Don. testé cuneiformi, compressd, solidiusculd,

valde inequilaterali, nitidissimd, lividd aut albo-violascente, antice

levigatd, posticé striis radiantibus ornatd ; margine ventrali ex-

iliter crenulato, convexo aut conveziusculo ; dorsali, utringue sub-

recto, anticé declivi, postice valde declivi ; latere antico attenuato,

ad extremitatem rotundato; postico perbrevi et infern? obtuse?

angulato ; vulvud rugis confertis concentricis, striisque exilibus ra-

diantibus, eleganter decussatd ; costa umbonali subobtusd ; natibus

acutis ; dentibus lateralibus obsoletis. Long. 0-6; lat.0°8 poll.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

Peculiar for uniting a smooth surface to a crenulated margin.

_ No. CXLV.—Procrepines or THE Zootocicat Socrery.

March 25, 1845.

William Horton Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

Two specimens of Salamandra; a Tree Frog, Rana arborea; and a

Scolopendra cingulata, were presented to the Society by Joseph James

Forrester, Esq., of Oporto, Corr. Memb.

Mr. Gould exhibited to the Meeting a new species of Trogon, from

South America, and seven new Birds from Australia, which he cha-

racterized as follows :—

Trocon puELLa. Frog. loris, plumis auricularibus et guld fusco-

nigris ; capite, corpore superiore, et pectore aureo-viridibus ; alis

nigris ; tectricibus alarum maculis minimis albis ornatis ; corpore

inferiore vivide coccineo, separato a viridi pectore fascia semilunart

albd; tribus remigibus exterioribus nigris vittis albis angustis

frequentibus ornatis ; femoribus nigris.

Lores, ear-coverts and throat dull black ; head, all the upper sur-

face and chest golden green ; wings black ; the coverts very minutely

freckled with white, and the primaries with a very narrow line of

white along the basal portion of their outer webs ; all the under sur-

face scarlet, separated from the green of the chest by a semilunar

mark of white ; two middle tail-feathers golden green; the two next

on each side golden green on their outer webs and black on their

inner, the whole six tipped with black; the three outer feathers on

each side black, crossed by numerous narrow bars of, and narrowly

tipped with, white; thighs black ; bill orange ; irides red; feet dark

grey.

Total length, 10 inches; bill, 1; wing, 53; tail, 53; tarsi, >

Hab. Escuintla, South America.

Remark.—Nearly allied to Trogon collaris, Vieill.

Cucutus optatus. Cuc. corpore superiore ceruleo-griseo ; pogo-

niis internis primariarum fasciis latis albis ornatis ; remigibus sa-

turaté violaceo-brunneis ; apictbus subalbidis, serie macularum ob-

longarum albarum alternatim ordinatd ; corpore subtis albo, fasciis

nigris.

The whole of the upper surface slaty grey ; inner webs of the pri-

maries broadly barred with white; tail-feathers dark violet-brown,

with a row of oblong spots of white placed alternately on either side

of the stem, and slightly tipped with white ; the lateral feathers have

also a row of white spots on the margin of their inner webs; chin

and breast light grey; all the under surface buffy white, crossed by

bands of black; irides, bill and feet orange.

Total length, 13 inches; bill, 12; wing, 72; tail, 6}; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Port Essington, Australia.

Remark.—Closely allied to the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus)

of Europe.

Cucutus insPeraTus. Cuc. capite, guld, et corpore superiore ca-

ruleo-griseis ; alis, dorsoque nitide viridescentibus ; caudd brunneo-

viridi singuld plumd apice albo, et marginibus pogoniorum inte-

riorum ordine macularum albarum triangularium ornatis ; parte

subscapulari tectricibus caude inferioribus, crissoque rufis ; corpore

subtis rufo-tincto-griseo.

Head, throat and all the upper surface dark slate-grey ; back and

wings glossed with green; tail glossy brownish green, each feather

tipped with white, and with a row of triangular-shaped white marks

on the margins of the inner webs; primaries and secondaries with a

patch of white on their inner webs near the base ; edge of the shoulder

white; under surface of the shoulder, vent and under tail-coverts

rufous ; the remainder of the under surface grey, washed with rufous ;

bill black ; feet olive.

Total length, 94 inches; bill, 1; wing, 63; tail, 5; tarsi, 2.

Hab. New South Wales.

Remark.—Nearly allied to Cuculus cineraceus of Vigors and Hors-

field.

CucuLus pumEToRuM. Cuc. capite, uropygio, colloque saturate

ceruleo-griseis ; alis, caudd dorsoque metallice brunneis ; apicibus

remigum leviter albis ; pogoniis interioribus serie macularum tri-

angularium parvarum ornatis ; pectore griseo, rufo-tincto.

Head, neck and rump dark slate-grey ; back, wings and tail bronzy

brown; tail-feathers slightly tipped with white and with a row of

small triangular-shaped spots on the margins of their inner webs ;

breast grey, washed with rufous ; under surface of the shoulder, flanks,

vent and under tail-coverts deep rufous ; irides brown.

Total length, 83 inches; bill, 2; wing, 5; tail, 43; tarsi, 4.

Hab. Port Essington, Australia.

Remark.—Nearly allied to Cuculus insperatus.

Ks ee ee

‘

SPHENGACUS GRAMINEUS. Sphen. vittd supra oculos albd ; corpore

superné brunneo; medid plumarum saturate brunned ; subtis griseo ;

lateribus crissoque cervinis ; media parte singule plume pectoris

lined minimd saturate brunned ornatd.

Stripe over the eye white; all the upper surface brown, the cen-

tres of the feathers being dark brown; secondaries brownish black,

margined with buff; tail pale reddish brown, with dark brown shafts ;

under surface grey, passing into buff on the flanks and vent; each

feather of the breast with a very minute line of dark brown down the

centre ; bill and tarsi fleshy brown.

Total length, 53 inches; bill, 3; wing, 24; tail, 23 ; tarsi, 3.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land and the southern coast of Australia ge-

nerally.

PacHYcEPHALA GLAUCURA. Pach. capite, loris, spatio infra oculos,

et laté maculé semilunari trans pectus saturate nigris ; guld, intra

_maculam nigram, alba ; nuché posteriore, lined angustd apud latera

pectoris pone semilunam nigram, et corpore inferiore flavis ; cauda

grised ; tectricibus caude inferioribus albis vel subflavis.

Head, lores, space beneath the eye and a broad crescent-shaped

mark from the latter across the breast deep black ; throat within the

black, white ; back of the neck, a narrow line down each side of the

chest, behind the black crescent, and the under surface yellow ; back

and wing-coverts yellowish olive ; wings dark slate-colour, margined

with grey; tail entirely grey; under tail-coverts white, or very

slightly washed with yellow; irides reddish brown; bill black ; feet

dark brown.

Total length, 7 inches; bill, 3; wing, 4; tail, 33; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.

Nearly allied to Pachycephala gutturalis, but distinguished by a

shorter bill and by the colouring of the tail, which is entirely grey.

Cysricota campestris. Cyst. capite ferrugineo-rubro, dorso tec-

tricibusque alarum brunneo-griseis ; singulis plumis corporis supe-

rioris fascid longitudinali saturate brunned ornatis ; caudd rufo-

brunned, plumis duabus mediis latd maculd nigrd jucta apices ;

corpore subtis pallidé cervino.

Head rusty red; back and wing-coverts brownish grey, all the

feathers of the upper surface with a broad stripe of dark brown down

the centre ; wings blackish brown, the primaries margined externally

with rusty red, and the secondaries edged all round with brownish

grey ; tail reddish brown, all but the two centre feathers with a large

spot of black near the tip; all the under surface pale buff.

Total length, 52 inches; bill, 3; wing, 23; tail, 23; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Australia.

Remark.—For the loan of this new species I am indebted to the

kindness of H. E. Strickland, Esq.

CaLAMOHERPE LonetrRostRis. Cal. vittd pallidd, supra oculos cer-

vind ; corpore superné rufo, subtits saturate cervino ; mento al-

bido.

Faint line over the eye fawn-colour ; all the upper surface reddish

brown, becoming more rufous on the upper tail-coverts; primaries

and tail dark brown, fringed with rufous ; chin whitish ; all the under

surface deep fawn-colour ; irides yellowish brown.

Total length, 64 inches; bill, +2; wing, 3; tail, 3; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Western Australia.

April 8, 1845.

q William Horton Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

A number of Australian Birds’ skins, presented to the Society by

John Osborne Balfour, Esq., were exhibited. Two of the specimens

were from Moreton Bay, the others principally from Bathurst.

Descriptions of three new species of Bivalve Shells, of the genera

Cytherea and Venus, by Sylvanus Hanley, Esq. :—

Cyrurrza Ovum. Cy. testd ovatd, solidissimd, equivalvi, ventri-

cosd, nitidd, levigatd, albidd, epidermide fulvd indutd ; margine

ventrali integro, arcuato; dorsali, utringue convewiusculo et sub-

declivi; latere antico rotundato ; postico obtuse subangulato, su-

perne glauco-cineraceo; natibus recite incurvatis, se@pe erosis ;

lunuld obsoletd ; superficie internd albidd, postice livido-purpuras-

cente infecté; dente postico leviter crenulato ; sinu. palliari vir

ullo. Long. 0°90; lat. 1:20 poll.

Index Test., sup. t. 15. f.21. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

Hab. ?

Remarkable for its peculiar solidity and the equality of its sides.

It bears a slight resemblance to the true castu of Chemnitz, but is a

more ovate shell.

Venus Brueuirri. Ven. testd oblonga, solidiusculd, subnitidd, con-

vexd, valde inequilaterali, aut pallidé brunned, radiis paucis albis

ornatd, aut fusco-cineraced, radiis saturatioribus angustis remotis

interruptim pictd ; radiatim sulcatd ; sulcis in medio subimbricatis,

utrinque subdecussatis, et postic? in costellas (plerumque subgra-

nosas) mutatis ; margine ventrali subrecto aut pauld convexiusculo ;

4 dorsali, postice vie declivi, subrecto aut convexiusculo, antice sub-

declivi et convexiusculo ; extremitate anticd rotundata ; latere pos-

tico producto, obtuse et oblique biangulato ; margine postico magis

minusve convero; natibus curvatis et’ radio brevi livido postice

ornatis ; lunuld subobsoletd ; ligamento subinfosso ; margine cardi-

nali intus purpureo ; dentibus angustis, recurvis, parallelis. Long.

0°85 ; lat. 1°40 poll.

Index Test., sup. t. 15. f.59. Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

Hab. ?

Belonging to the section Pullastra, and allied to decussata, but

easily distinguishable by its shape and peculiar sculpture. It has how-

a been figured for that species in the ‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique,’

pl. 283. f. 4.

Venus maenirica. Ven. testd suborbiculari, subcordatd, tumidd

aut ventricosd, solidissimd, valde inequilaterali ; margines versis

No. CXLVI.—Procrepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

purpureo tinctd, umbones versis albidd brunneo sparsim maculata ;

lineis concentricis, sulcisque radiantibus decussatd ; lineis, anticé

undosis et pauld elevatis, posticé obsoletis, medio planulatis et sur-

sim spectantibus ; sulcis frequentibus, profundis ; margine ven-

trali arcuato, intusque crenato ; dorsali, antice convexo et declivi,

postice convexo et vix declivi ; latere postico majore, obtuso ; nati-

bus maxime curvatis; pube, lunuldque prominente cordiformi,

livido-purpureis ; ligamento infosso ; superficie internd albidd, im-

maculatd ; dentibus ut in V. puerpera. Long. 5°; lat. 5 poll.

Hab. Ticao, on the sands; Cuming. Mus. Cuming.

This splendid shell is most closely allied to puerpera, but the ces-

sation of the concentric ridges on the posterior side, the tinge of

purple which environs the whole margin, and the absence of any

coloured rays, enable us at once to separate them. The concentric

lines gradually become less elevated and more distant towards the

lower margin, and finally (in the adult) entirely disappear. The ra-

diating sulci in aged specimens are so broad at their extremity as to

give the interstitial spaces the appearance of costelle.

Abstract of a paper on Nepalese Birds, by Bryan H. Hodgson,

Esq., Corr. Memb., late British resident at Nepal :—

BRACHYPODINA.

Genus Stachyris, mihi (olim Cilathora). Types, S. nigriceps, pyrops

et chryseus, all new.

Bill as long as head, strong and straight, elongate-conic, much

compressed; towards base much higher than broad, with its ridge

elevated and keeled between the large nareal fosses; rounded for-

wards, and the tips either straight, entire and depressed, or the upper

one suddenly inclined, with remote notch; gape smooth; frontal

plumes rigid, and concealing the base of the bill; nares placed at fore

end of the fosse, and covered by a salient arched incumbent scale,

which closes the aperture forwards ; tongue narrow, simple, with bifid

jagged tip; wings short, bowed, perfectly rounded; tail moderate,

gradated, rather cuneate than fan-shape, and either frayed or subrigid ;

feet suited to creeping and clinging; tarse elevate and strong, longer

than central toe and nail, and nearly or quite smooth; toes short,

depressed, unequal, basally connected ; hind large, and equal to outer

fore toe; nails repent and Parian. Exclusively monticolous and shy

of man; not gregarious ; feeds on tiny hard insects and the larve and

pupz of tree-haunting species—rarely on seeds ; exclusively arboreal ;

builds large globular nests, which are fixed upon and between the

crossing twigs of low thick bushes, and lays four or five eggs, of a

pale fawn-colour, either unmarked or spotted with brown.

Ist ane Bie ITER mihi.—54 inches long; bill to gape, 1;

tail, 2 216 53 tarse to sole, 15; central rae and nail, 34; hind toe |

nail, ,9;; closed wing, 22.

Colour.— Above medial red-brown, deeper and purer on wings and

tail; below sordid rusty, brightest forwards; top and sides of head

black, picked out with hoary; chin hoary, confined by a black band

Toe eer weer T.

running from the cap towards the breast; legs fleshy; bill horn-

yellow, darkened on ridge; iris pale orange.

2nd species, S. pyrops, mihi.—Olive-brown above, sordid rusty

below and on the sides of head and neck; beneath and before the eye

and under the chin a black spot; bill sordid sanguine, dusky on the

ridge; legs horn-colour; eye sanguine. 43 inches long; bill, 3;

tail, 2; tarse, 2; central toe and nail, 59; hind, 54; wing, 2.

3rd species, S. chryseus, mihi.—Above vernal green, deeply tinged

with golden; below bright golden; cap with dusky stripes; bill

dusky ; legs yellow. Length, 43 inches ; bill, ;%,; tail, 2; wing, 22;

tarse, 2; central toe and nail, 4; hind, +4.

Remark.—These singular birds belong I think to Swainson’s group

of the Brachypodine, among the creeping genera of that group; but

they show some tendency to pass to the Leiotrichanians, by means

of Pteruthius and our Heterornis; Heterornis at all évents must take

place next Pteruthius; but I think the true position of Stachyris is

among the Brachypods, near to Jéra and Icteria, with the forms

that we shall next give, and leading to the Crateropodans.

Genus Mizornis, mihi.

General structure of Jéra, but the bill quite different and Meruline ;

commissure and culmen subarched throughout; tarse lower and not

exceeding the large thumb with its nail; tail fully rounded. Type,

M. ruficeps, mihi.—Timalia gularis of Horsfield?

_ M. ruficeps.—Body vernal green, passing to yellow on the throat

and breast, where also there are dark lines down the shafts of the

plumes ; cap, wing and tail brunescent; bill bluish horn; legs fleshy

grey; iris hazel. Length 53 inches; bill, $; tail, 22; tarse, 13;

central toe and nail, 9; hind, ,8;; closed wing, 23. Sexes alike.

Genus Erpornis.

General structure of the last, but the bill very straight, compressed,

with the culmen well-raised and keeled between the nares, as in Sta-

hyris and in Iéra, but less thick and rounded and the notch more

remote than in Jéra; wings longer and more acuminate, with the

first three quills less equally gradated ; legs smaller; tail even.

Type, Erpornis zanthochlora, mihi.—Above vernal yellow, below

white; legs and bill fleshy grey ; iris brown. Five inches long; bill, 3;

tail, 2),;; closed wing, 23; tarse, 14; central toe and nail, si

hind, ,8;. Sexes alike.

_ Remarks.—The above two forms are much related to each other,

as well as to Stachyris and the other Brachypodan clinging-birds ; but

Mizornis inclines towards Timalia among the Crateropodans, while

Erpornis is nearer to Stachyris and Zosterops, which last I consider

to be a Brachypod. Both inhabit the lower and central hills, and

feed on tiny tree-insects and their larve and pupe. ‘Their tongue

is simple.

“ay Genus Jrulus.

_ General structure of Polyodon, but the bill, tongue and nares sim-

ple, and Brachypodan, not Meliphagian ; bill short and singly notched

at the tip.

Type, Polyodon flavicollis or Yuhina flavicollis, as printed.

Remark.—Polyodon is a strictly Meliphagian form. Jzulus is one

of the genera serving to connect the true Honeysuckers with the re-

pent Brachypods, such as Zosterops, Chloropsis, &c., and which are

so like the former.

CRATEROPODINZ.

Genus Pyctoris, mihi.

Bill short, strong, perfectly entire, arched throughout the culminal

and tomial lines; nareal fosse and scale obsolete; rictus with very

strong short bristles; orbits nude; wings short and feeble, the first

two quills much, the next two little gradated; third pair equal and

longest ; tail long, broad and gradated throughout ; legs and feet ty-

pically Crateropodan, with a high strong tarse; toes medial, unequal,

central not elongated, laterals unequal, hind large; nails large, but

not much curved nor acute; hind one largest.

Type, Timalia hypoleucos, Auct.

Hab. The plains only, represented in the hills by Deceira.

A. rufifrons, mihi.—Above sordid ashen olive, passing to clear

rusty brown on the alars, caudals, brows and chin, and the former

(typically) marked with frequent regular cross-bars of black; tail

longer and more gradated than in Nipalensis ; head similarly crested ;

bill and feet embrowned fleshy or horny grey; iris brown. Length,

82 inches; bill, Z; tail, 43; wing, 34; tarse, 14; central toe and

nail, 43; hind, 14.

Remarks.—These birds form one of those singular links which

unite the Crateropodan and Brachypodan thrushes with the Meli-

phagide, of which last our Alcopus is a true member, having the

brushed tongue in perfect development. Zosterops, Chloropsis,

Hypsipetes, &c. of the Brachypodan group, likewise have the brushed

tongue in more or less development, but not so perfectly as in Al-

copus. In Izops there is little trace of 1t. Izops leads from a Meli-

phagian type (A/copus) to the Crateropods, and Jzulus from another

(Polyodon) to the Brachypods.

MyorueErina&.

Genus Pnoepyga (olim Tesia), mihi.

Bill short, straight, Cinclosylvian, depressed as far as the nares,

compressed beyond, with inflexed tomia and tip faintly inclined and

notched; nares large, fossed, unplumed, furnished with a salient

membranous scale, which lunates the aperture; rictus and brows

smooth ; wings very short, bowed, and perfectly rounded; tail rudi-

mentary, consisting of only six plumes, which are hid by the puffy

rump-feathers ; legs and feet ambulatory; tarse elevate, smooth ;

lateral toes equal. Types, the following :—

lst species, albiventer (M. squamata, Gould, postea), mihi.—

Above and sides olive-brown, more or less dotted with rufous ; below

Ry eee eh

white, largely picked out with central dusky drops ; feet dusky grey ;

bill dusky horn. Length, 42 inches; bill, =, ; tail, 3; closed wing,

23; tarse, 1; central toe and nail, +3; hind, +3.

2nd species, rufiventer.—Very like last, but the ground-colour

below invariably rufescent, not white, and size rather less.

3rd species, unicolor, mihi.—Throughout of a dull brunescent

olive, like Cinclus. Length, 33 inches; bill, ;%; tail, 14; closed

wing, 2,5,; tarse, 18; central toe and nail, 4; hind, ,%. :

4th species, pusillus, mihi.—Above saturate olive; below orange

tawny, margined finely with black above and below; the colours

confused towards the vent; legs sordid fleshy ; bill dusky horn; iris

brown. Length, 33 inches; bill, 4; tail, =%; closed wing, 14;

tarse, 14; central toe and nail, 14; hind, ;%.

Genus Oligura, mihi.

General structure of Pnoepyga, but the tail more developed and

furnished with twelve plumes; the bill more depressed ; rictus less

entirely smooth; nareal tect less developed and nares consequently

ovoid ; lateral toes unequal, hind large, and nails more acute. ‘Types,

the following :—

Ist species, flaviventer, mihii—Above deep grass-green, below

rich yellow ; cap bright chestnut ; legs fleshy grey ; bill dusky above,

fleshy below; iris brown. Length, 32 inches; bill, ,%; tail, 1;.

wing, 12; tarse, 18; central toe and nail, 12; hind, plus 3.

2nd species, cyaniventer, mihi.—Above grass-green, below slaty

blue; legs and feet smoky grey; bill dusky above, horn below.

Length, 32 inches ; bill, 18; tail, 14; closed wing, less 2; tarse, 1 ;

central toe and nail, 14; hind, 5%.

Remarks.—The above genera were first discovered and described

by myself, but I failed then to note the distinction between the two.

I have now thrown all the prior and new species together. These

singular birds are peculiar to the mountains, and dwell in moist

woods where there is plenty of underwood ; they are solitary, silent,

live and breed on the ground, and feed on seeds, gravel and insects ;

their stomach is thick—almost a gizzard. They should stand with

Aipunemia and Brachypteriz, between Pitta and Cinclus. Our Horor-

nis and Monticola are analogous forms among the Sylviane, and Todus

among the Muscicaps. Gould has figured our first species of Tesia,

which he calls Micrura squamata.

SyLvraDz.

SaxIcoLinz.

Dimorpha, mihi (see ‘ Indian Review,’ Siphia).

- Bill short, cylindrico-depressed ; Muscicapan, but less wide and

less armed at the tip; base loaded with a forward soft zone, putting

forth hairs which partly conceal the nares ; rictus less wide and less

armed than in Muscicapa, but approaching thereto ; wings more or

less elongated and acuminated, with 4th, 5th, or 6th quill longest ;

the first three or four more regularly gradated than in Muscicapa;

alar and caudal plumes wedged and mucronate, and the tail itself

either slightly gradated from centre and sides, or cuneate ; legs and

feet more suited to walking than in Muscicaps; tarse smooth and

exceeding the mid toe and nail; toes medial, compressed, unequal ;

hind sometimes large, but not broad; nails large and slender, or

small and more bent.

The subgenera seem to be three, or Dimorpha, Digenea, and Syn-

ornis.

Dimorpha

proper, with long wings, having the fourth quill longest ; tail broad

and gradate from centre and sides; feet with the lateral fore-toes

nearly equal and the hind-toe small, and the nails falcate and short.

Types, D. strophiata, monileger and rubrocyanea. LD. strophiata

printed apud Indian Review, quod vide.

D.? monileger, mihi.—Above olive-brown, sordid, save on the

wings and tail; below diluted and sordid; frontal zone rusty; chin

and throat white, enclosed by a black band; bill black; legs fleshy ;

iris brown. Length, 52 inches; bill, 3; tail, 2; closed wing caret;

tarse, 13; central toe pertel nail, 14; hind, +8. Sexes alike nearly,

D.? rubrocyanea, mihi.—Above indigo- Tie, beiow deep rusty;

frontal zone, basal edges of tail and vent white; bill black; legs

ale Length, 43 inches; bill, + ;; tail, 133 ; ieee wing, 23 ;

tarse, ¢; central toe and nail, plus =, ; hind, ,§. Deviates from the

type in form of wing, which has first three quills much gradated

and fifth longest, and it has the legs, feet and nails of the next sub-

genus,

Digenea, mihi,

which differs from Dimorpha proper by having the wings shorter,

with the fifth or sixth quill longest, the legs and feet longer and

slenderer, and the nails less bent, but larger; the thumb larger and

the nail cuneate. The types are tricolor and leucomelanura.

D. tricolor.—Above olive-green, passing into ruddy olive-brown

as you recede from the head; below sordidly luteous or fulvous; bill

blackish ; legs fleshy grey. Length, 43 inches; bill, 4 ; tail, 2; closed

wing, 2,5,; tarse, less 3; central toe and nail, 3; hind, 3.

D. leucomelanura, mihi.—Above saturate slaty, passing to black on

wings and tail; tail laterally towards the base white, below albescent

slaty; throat pure white; bill and legs black. Length 5 inches;

bill, $; tail, 2.3,; wing, 23; tarse, 13; central toe and nail, 19;

hind, ;%.

Passing next to the subgenus

Synornis,

we have a medial Muscicapan wing, whereof the first quill is spurious, |

the second long, and 3-4 longest. The bill is more exposed at its

base, the rictal and nareal hairs are shorter, and the legs and feet

are more ambulant, with smaller thumb and nails, neither slenderly

elongate nor shortly falcate. The type of this form is our Joulaimus,

but it is the species whereof the male seems to be Sykes’s Sazicola

rubeculoides, and the female Gmelin’s Muscicapa leucura.

S. Joulaimus, mihi.—Above earthy brown, below diluted to luteous ;

throat and breast bright rusty ; sides of head and neck dull slaty ; tail

black, with white lateral base. Female below void of the red colour,

being throughout sordid white. Length, 52 inches ; bill, % ; tail, 23;

wing, 23; tarse, 3; central toe and nail, ,%; hind, 74. Weight,

4 oz.

* Hab. Tarai. Rarely or never the hills, to which the others are as

entirely confined.

PHILOMELINZ.

Genus Muscisylvia, mihi.

General structure as in Grillivora, but feebler; gape wider and

bristled; tip of the bill more suddenly bent; nares elongated, with

nude membranous tect and lunato-elliptic aperture, set over by tiny

hairs ; wings and tail ample, with broad webs and obtuse mucronated

terminations ; wings round, acuminate ; fifth quill longest; tail me-

dial, even, broad; legs and feet suited to walking and perching;

tarse equal to mid toe and nail; toes long and slender ; nails acute ;

hind much the largest, and equal to the digit; exclusively Montico-

lous; stomach muscular and strong; feeds on hard and soft insects,

pulpy berries and small seeds. A shy forester; not gregarious.

Type, M. leucura, mihii—Throughout deep indigo-blue, passing

to black on alars and caudals; forehead and shoulders rich cobalt

blue ; tail basally and laterally whitened ; a white spot on the side of

the neck of the male; bill and legs black; iris dark. Length, 74

inches; bill, 2; tail, 31; wing, 3}; tarse, 1,3, ; central toe and nail,

18; hind, 3. Weight 1 oz.

Genus Nemura, mihi.

General structure of Phenicura, but slighter, with slenderer legs

and feet, and bill more armed at the point, and lateral toes unequal ;

wings and tail mucronated, as in the last, but the webs less broad

and the tips narrowed wedgewise; nails long, slender and delicate,

like the digits and legs. Manners of Phenicura, but a forester and

shy. Feeds on insects, soft and hard, and on pulpy berries. Found

in central and northern regions of hills. Types, N.rujfilatus et flavo-

livacea et cyanura.

N. rufilatus, mihi.—Above and the cheeks indigo-blue; brows,

shoulders and rump soft cerulean; below white, save the flanks,

which are bright rusty; bill and legs black; iris brown. Length, 52

inches; bill, 2; tail, 23 ; wing, 33; tarse, 15; central toe and nail, 3;

hind, ;;. :

N. flavolivacea, mihi.—Possibly female of the last. Above olive-

green, with a yellowish tinge; below sordidly fulvescent ; bill and

legs fleshy grey. Length, 53 inches; bill, {5 tail, 22: wing, 3;

tarse, 13; central toe and nail, 1%; hind, 4%.

N. cyanura, mihi.—Head, neck, breast and wings olive-brown,

more diluted below ; rump and tail verditer-blue ; flanks bright rusty ;

chin, belly and vent white ; legs and feet black. Sexes alike. Length,

5% inches ; bill, 2; tail, 22; wing, 3; tarse, 1; central toe and nail, 3;

hind, less 3.

SYLVIANE.

Genus Tarsiger, mihi.

Bill equal to head, straight, subdepressed, feeble, gradually widen-

ing from the tip; the upper mandible more than half exceeded by the

nareal fosse, and much overlaid by the soft frontal plumes; nares

broad lunate, forward, apert, shaded by a nude membrane; tip of

bill obtuse, and nearly unarmed; gape rather wide and ciliated ;

wings submedial, round rather than acuminate, firm; fifth quill

longest ; 4-6 and 3~7 respectively equal; alars and caudals wedged

and mucronate; tail medial, rounded; tarse very elevate, slender

and smooth; toes ambulant, simple; laterals unequal, hind rather

large ; nails large, slender, simple; hind largest. Exclusively mon-

ticolous ; dwells in low brushwood solitarily, and is much on the

ground, feeding chiefly on small ground insects. Makes its nest on

the ground, saucer-shape, of moss, and places it under cover of some

projecting root or stone ; eggs verditer. Has much analogy with both

the last genera, which it represents among the feebler Sylviane, to

which it belongs, as they to the Philomeline. It differs from the last.

by its feebler, more depressed bill, larger and more membranous

nares, and more slender legs and feet; also by its mucronate and

wedge-tipped alars and caudals. The mucronation allies it to Mus-

cisylvia, from which it differs by its less ample wings and tail, more

elevate tarse, and feebler bill.

Type, T. chryseus, mihi.—Below the whole body with the entire

shoulders, the lower back and greatest part of tail, deep gamboge-

yellow ; superciliary line the same ; head above, neck and upper back,

yellow-tinted olive; lores, orbits and ears continuously, central

caudals and tips of the others black; alars dusky black, fringed on

the lower edges with yellow; legs fleshy brown ; bill horn-yellow

below, dusky above. Female duller-hued, devoid of the black cheek-

mark and superciliary line; her body above entirely olive-green ;

alars and caudals dusky olive. Length, 53 inches ; bill, +4 ; tail, 23;

wing, 23; tarse, 1,5, ; central toe and nail, +3; hind, +4.

Genus Orthotomus, Horsf.

lst subgenus, Orthotomus.

Bill sub-certhian, long, slender, inclining to arch, and entire, with

the base largely exceeded by the nareal fosse ; nares large, membra-

nous, free, the aperture lunate-linear and shaded above by a large

unarched membrane; rictus slightly bristled; wings short, bowed,

and feeble, but not perfectly rounded ; first four quills conspicuously

gradated in a diminishing ratio; 5-6 equal and longest; tail mode-

rate, narrow, feeble, much-rounded, with the two central plumes

frequently elongated, as in the Bee-eaters; tarse high, stout, double

that of the central toe, and strongly scaled ; toes short, unequal, the

outer fore longer and basally connected ; the hind large and strong ;

nails strong and acute, the hind largest. Nearly confined to the

hills; rare below in the cold season; solitary or in pairs; familiar ;

dwells in low bushes and hedge-rows and fences, picking up minute

insects from the leaves and decayed wood, and frequently descending

to the ground, where they move fitfully, by hops, to take minute in-

sects, and presently return to their low perch. Make beautiful pen-

sile nests, by sewing together the edges of large leaves, and hence

are called ‘ Patia’ or the ‘ Leaf-bird’ in the hills.

. Type, Sylvia putoria, v. sphenura, v. ruficapilla, Auct.—Above

vernal green, below white; the great alars and caudals dusky ; the

top of the head brown-red; bill dusky horn; legs fleshy brown; iris

brown. Female similarly coloured, but wanting almost entirely the

prolonged central tail-feathers of the male, and smaller. Length (of

male), 53 inches; bill, 3; tail, 23; closed wing, 12 ; tarse, %; cen-

tral toe and nail, .%; hind, =. Weight 2 or} oz. Has a loud

shrill monosyllable note—tee-tee-tee. I suspect there are two spe-

cies, because the eggs differ in colour in the nests brought me,

some being verditer-blue and unspotted, and others bluish white,

with fawn spots.. The latter, I think, belong to the above, and the

former to a smaller species, having the caudal appendage very little

developed. I call this

_ Orthotomus Patia, and subjoin the following measurements. Length

(of male), 43 inches; bill, 3; tail, 13; wing, 14; tarse, 13; central

toe and nail, plus 5%, ; hind, 54.

2nd subgenus, Prinia, Horsf.

Bill shorter and straighter, but still longer than the head, and not

notched ; less cut out at the base by the nareal fosse ; rictus hispid ;

nares smaller, with wider aperture ; wings yet shorter and absolutely

rounded, with the first five quills conspicuously gradated up to the

sixth and longest; tail ampler, more elongate and more gradate,

fan-shaped, feeble ; legs and feet slighter. Manners and nidification

of the last, but a lowlander, being more rarely found in the hills than

these.

Type, Prinia fusca, mihii—Length 5 inches; bill, 5%; tail, 2.

wing, less 12; tarse, 13; central toe and nail, ;, ; hind, zs. Above

lutescent brown ; laterally luteous ; below white ; tips of the caudals

with black drops, margined with white ; bill dusky; legs carneous;

iris brown.

_ 2nd species of Prinia, P. brunnifrons, mihi; ruficapilla, Auct. ?—

Above olive-brown, deeper and ruddier on the cap, wings and tail;

below sordid white; under tail-coverts sordid olive, and the thighs

the same; bill yellow horn; legs plumbeous grey; tail smaller than

in the last. Length, 4 inches; bill, plus 3; tail, 19; tarse, 3; central

toe and nail, 19; hind, 54.

Remark.— Aberrant towards Horeites by its smaller tail and more

perfect foot. This is a common species in the plains, and may pos-

sibly be the Tailor-bird of authors rather than our Patia, which is

rare there.

30 3

3rd subgenus, Horeites, mihi.

Bill shorter than the head, quite straight, cylindric, feeble, di-

stinctly notched; nares basal, ovoid, covered with a membranous

scale; legs and feet stronger than in either of the above, and more

suited to ground action; tarse high, strong, and heavily scaled, as in

Orthotomus ; toes longer, more ambulant, with the laterals equal and

central elongated; rictus quite smooth ; wings and tail as in Prinia,

or as in Orthotomus. Inhabits the northern region near the snows,

dwelling in brushwood and being much on the ground.

lst species, H. pollicaris, mihi.—Remarkable for its small wings

and tail and large hind digit, the tail being equal in length to the

closed wing, which is perfectly rounded and short, as in Prinia.

Above olive-brown; below and the eyebrow pale yellow; bill sordid

corneous grey; legs fleshy grey. Length, 33 inches; bill, 34;

tail, 13; wing the same; tarse, 13; central toe and nail, 18; hind, 4.

2nd species, H. schistilatus, mihi.—Has an ampler wing and tail

than the last and a smaller thumb; its wing is as large as in Ortho-

tomus, and its tail broad and fan-shaped, like Prinia. In colours very

like brunnifrons, but distinguished by its broader ampler tail, larger

wing, and shorter Regulus-like bill. Above uniform olive-brown ;

laterally pale slaty and below pure white; cap clear brown-red or

chestnut. Dwells near the snows, like the last-named. Length,

43 inches; bill, 4; tail, 23;; wing, 143; tarse, 3; central toe and

nail, 3; hind, 5%.

Allied to the last two species are some more Cachar birds of very

similar manners and plumage, distinguished by a compressed bill,

which is raised between the keeled nares, as in our Stachyris, and

by the inner toe and nail of their strong ambulant feet being longer

than the outer toe and nail. Some have the tarse smooth and the

tail more or less scansorial, that is, cuneate in form and rather rigid

or worn; these I call Tribura. The others have the turse scutellate

and rather longer, and the tail broad and fan-shaped, and not at all

rigid or worn; these I style Horornis, though they hardly deserve

subgeneric separation.

Genus Tribura, mihi.

Bill to gape equal to head or less, straight, cylindric, compressed ;

at base higher than broad, and having the ridge raised and keeled

between the oval apert nares ; tip of upper mandible scarcely inclined,

but distinctly notched ; rictus smooth; wings short and feeble, but

not much or equally gradated ; first two quills conspicuously gra-

dated, three next subequal and longest ; tail more or less elongated,

and gradated throughout, rather cuneate than fan-shaped, and some-

what rigid or worn ; tarse stout, smooth, longer than the mid toe and

nail; toes and nails simple, compressed, inner fore with its nail ex-

ceeding the outer fore, central elongate, hind least; nails acute.

Type, T. luteoventris, mihi.

Tribura luteoventris, mihi.—Above olive-brown, with a luteous

lustre ; below lutescent laterally and albescent centrally; a pale line

over the eye; bill dusky horn; legs carneous. Length, 53 inches ;

bill, ,°,; tail, 24; wing, 2),; tarse, +}; central toe and nail, $3;

hind, ;8;. Inhabits the Cachar, among brushwood ; manners un-

known.

Genus Horornis, mihi.

General structure of Tribura, but the rictus more or less armed ;

the tarse strongly scaled ; the wings more gradated, having the fifth

or sixth longest, and the tail broad, fan-shaped, and not worn or rigid.

Inhabits the northern hills ; manners unknown.

Types, fortipes and flaviventris.

H. fortipes, mihi.—Above olive-brown, dark and pure; below and

the brow yellowish ; bill yellow horn; legs pure fleshy. Length, 43

inches; bill, 4; tail, 2; wing, 2);; tarse, 1%; central toe and nail,

1; hind, -3.

H. flaviventris, mihi.—Very similar to the last, but a smaller bird,

with shorter tarse ; above olive-brown; below and the brow greenish

yellow and pale; bill and legs fleshy. Length, 43 inches; bill, 3;

tail, 13; wing, 2; tarse, 13; central toe and nail, +1; hind, ;%.

H. ? fuligiventer, mihi— Aberrant ; probably a Tribura, having the

wing of that form, but the tail not worn or rigid, and hence perhaps

that character may not be permanent. Above dusky olive-brown,

diluted into greenish of a dusky cast below; bill and feet dark.

Length, 5 inches ; bill, Z; tail, 2; wing, 24; tarse, 7; central toe

and nail, 14; hind, 4.

H.? fulviventris, mihi.—Above saturate olive-brown ; below sordid

luteous, shaded on the flanks with the upper hue ; bill and legs dusky

grey. Length, 43 inches ; bill, 9; tail, 12; wing, 24; tarse, 33;

central toe and nail, 14; hind, 5S.

Our singular genus

‘ Temnoris (olim Suthora),

and which name, if objected to, may give place to Hemirhynchus, is

I think a Parian form, being much allied to the small long-tailed Tits.

It seems however to group well with our Heteromorpha and Conostoma

and Gould’s Paradozornis, and the whole may perhaps fall into the

Glaucopine. There are two species of Suthora confounded by me

under the name of nipalensis ; 1 now erase that name, and substitute

atrifrons and fulvifrons, thus :

T. atrifrons, mihi.—General colour bright rusty, palest on the

belly and vent, brightest on the wings; false wing black; margins

of the prime alars albescent; caudals and alars internally blackish,

and apertly so towards their tips; head saturate slaty, margined late-

rally and in front by a darker zone, and passing into diluted slaty,

mixed with rusty on the sides of the neck; chin transversely barred

black ; cheeks albescent; bill dusky, with a bluish base; legs sordid

grey. Length, 4} inches; bill, less }; tail, 24; wing, 134; tarse, 3;

central toe and nail, 4; hind, 3.

_ T. fulvifrons, mihi.—General hue of the preceding, but the head

and neck concolorous with the back; the cheeks not whitened,

the chin unbarred, and the size larger; bill paler or fleshy, with a

dusky ridge. Length, 44 inches; bill, 7; tail, 23; wing, 2,5;

tarse, 13: central toe and nail, 9; hind, ;%.

MoscicaPinz.

Genus Chelidorynz, mihi.

General structure of Rhipidura, but the bill very short and Crypto-

lopho-hirundine, being as broad as long from the forehead and

very slightly armed at the tip; rictal bristles long, as in Rhipidura;

nares advanced, lateral, elliptic, and shaded above by a membrane ;

tail rigid, with wedged tips to the plumes, smaller and less rounded

than in Rhipidura.

Type, Ch. chrysoschistos, mihi.—Above slaty, with a greenish

smear; below bright yellow; wings and tail dusky; shafts of the

caudals whitened ; ears, lores and orbits black. Length, 42 inches ;

bill to gape, 3; tail, 22; wing less 24; tarse, +2;; central toe and

nail, 2, ; hind, 55. Weight toz. Inhabits the central hiily region

and great valley, on skirts of woods, among shrubs and low trees;

very lively and shows itself much; solitary or in pairs. Stomach

distinctly muscular ; diet small insects.

This type seems to require a place between Rhipidura and Crypto-

lopha, to which last it is allied by the bill, which however is shorter

and broader, leading to the next singular form, which is a flycatcher

in the guise of a swallow, and forms with this one a perfect passage

from the Flycatchers to the Swallows.

Genus Hemichelidon, mihi.

General structure of a swallow, with only something Muscicapan

in wings and rictus ; bill as in Hirundo exactly, but the gape hardly

so wide and slightly bristled ; nares round and vertical, as in Hirundo ;

wings long and pointed; 1st quill spurious, 2nd long, 3rd longest ;

tail moderate and subfurcate; legs and feet small and slender.

Types, H. fuliginosa and ferruginea.

H. fuliginosa, mihi.—Uniform sooty brown, darkest on the wings

and tail, and shaded with white on the belly, vent, and under tail-

coverts; the body below paler than above, Length, 4% inches;

bill, 4; tail, 2; tarse, 4,; central toe and nail, less 7; hind, +5;

wing, 23.

H. ferruginea, mihi.—Size and proportions of the last; colour

rusty brown, passing to olive on the cap; alars and caudals inter-

nally blackish, and more or less so apertly ; bill dusky carneous ;

legs pure fleshy ; tail (in both) moderate and slightly forked.

Found only in the hills, and chiefly the central region; dwell in

woods and have the general manners of the Flycatchers, but with a

bolder and more continuous flight.

Genus Hemipus, mihi.

General structure of Rhipidura, passing to Myiagra ; legs and feet

yery small; bill more or less elongated and cylindric ; rictal bristles

moderate, that is, shorter than in Rhipidura; tail gradated and

narrow.

Type, H. picecolor, mihi.—Above dusky brown, passing to black

on the wings and tail; a large oblique central bar of white down the

wing ; two bars on the croup, the margin of the black cap, and the

terminal part of the lateral alars white; below pale sooty to the

breast, thence to tail-coverts albescent ; bill and legs black. Female

wanting the black cap of the male. Length, 53 inches; bill, 14;

tail, 25; wing, 23; tarse, 4; central toe and nail, 4 ; hind, 5.

Inhabits the hills generally ; chiefly procured in the great valley.

ALAUDINE.

Genus Heterura, mihi.

Bill to gape equal to the head, to brow much less than the head ;

Anthine in the general character, but stronger, with the culmen,

commissure and gonys more or less curved; base of the upper man-

dible a good deal cut out by the nareal fosse, and its tip inclined and

notched ; tomiz trenchant and scarpt internally ; nares advanced, la-

teral, oval, shaded above by a nude scale-like membrane; rictus to

eye, and slightly bristled ; wings very short, not surpassing the base

of the tail, yet strictly Alaudine in all their details, with the primes

ungradate, the tertials equal to primes, and all the centrals notched

at the tips and emarginated on the outer web towards the tips, as in™

the Alaudines; Ist quill equal to 5th, and both rather less than 2,3, 4,

which are equal and longest ; tail ample, scansorial, that is, distinctly

rigid, and the separate plumes acutely wedged; form of the tail Pa-

rian, or slightly gradate from centre and from sides; legs and feet

strong and typically ambulant, with high scutellate tarse and medial,

compressed, full, solid toes, having the laterals equal, the central

sufficiently long, and the hind least and not depressed ; nails simple,

slender, fully curved ; hind long and nearly equal to the digit.

Exclusively monticolous ; found in the brushy uplands of the cen-

tral region ; feed and breed on the ground ; food grylli and other in-

sects and seeds; stomach strongly muscular; intestines of medial

length and furnished with tiny ceca. Nest made loosely of grass

and saucer-shaped ; eggs bluish, thickly spotted. Type, H. sylvana,

mihi.

H. sylvana.—Above clear brown, picked out marginally with clear

rufous, as in the Larks; below rufescent, with narrowing central

stripes ; chin immaculate ; a dark mustache ; superciliary line pale;

tail-feathers internally and laterally albescent ; upper coverts pro-

longed and pointed, as in the Larks; bill sordid fleshy or horn;

legs clear, carneous; iris brown; sexes alike. Length, 74 inches ;

bill to gape, 11; tail, 22; wing, 3; tarse, 1,1,; central toe and nail,

is; hind, 3.

** Remark.—This singular bird has been thus particularly described

because of the difficulty of sparing details by anything like an assured

allocation of it. It seems to be an analogous form to Praticola, and

to belong to the Alaudine, near Brachonyz. Its tail in form reminds

one of Dolichonyz.

PaRIANE ?

Genus Accentor, Auct.

These birds are found in the central and northern regions of the

hills only, and chiefly in the northern. We have four species, all of

which are I believe new.

1. Ace. Nipalensis, mihi.—Head and neck dusky olive ; body above

ferruginous, with large central dashes of black ; shoulders and all the

wing-coverts dusky, with white drops; alars and caudals blackish,

with ochreous red margins ; breast and belly ochreous ; under coverts

of the tail dusky, picked out with white; bill dusky, with a yellow

horn base ; iris golden brown ; legs sordid brown. Length, 63 inches ;

bill, 32; tail, 25; wing, 34; tarse, 1; central toe and nail, 33;

hind, 14.

2. Acc. Cacharensis, mihi.—Very similar in colours to the last,

but larger, and the wing proportionally longer; head and neck,

shoulders and wing-coverts dusky; throat white, with black bars ;

breast and belly deep clay-red; back and upper tail-coverts rusty,

with large central blotches of blackish ; alars and caudals blackish,

margined and tipt with rusty red; vent dusky, picked out with

whitish ; bill yellow horn, with dusky tip; legs fleshy. Length, 7

inches ; bill, 14; tail, less 3; wing, 32; tarse, 1);; central toe and

nail, 13; hind, 44.

3. Acc. immaculatus, mihi—Least of the three; not unlike them

in colours, but the plumage more uniform and freer from spots and

blotches; head and neck dusky olive, passing gradually into em-

browned ochreous red on the body above and below, as well as on

the whole visible part of the closed wing ; shoulders pale slaty blue

and unspotted ; alars and caudals dusky brown, and nearly void of

brighter margins or tips; bill blackish ; legs fleshy grey ; iris straw-

colour. Length, only 6 inches; bill, 5% ; tail, 14 ; wing, 2¢; tarse, $;

central toe and nail, 3; hind, 5.

4. Acc. strophiatus, mihi.—Above and laterally sordid rusty, with

black central blotches ; below white, with similar marks, but smaller

and paler; wings and tail black-brown; the alars and their coverts

margined with embrowned rusty; ears and lores margined towards

the body all round with bright rusty, and a large gorget of the same

on the top of the breast ; from nares to brow a white line, joining the

red one above spoken of; bill dusky horn; legs fleshy brown ; iris

brown; wings shorter and tail longer than in any of the others.

Length, 6 inches; bill, plus 3; tail, 28; wing, 23; tarse, {¢; central

toe and uail, 2; hind, ,%;. Weight less 1 oz. Breeds on the ground,

making a saucer-shaped nest of moss, well-compacted. ‘These birds

are much on the ground and have an ambulatory structure of legs

and feet: I should place them among the Finches, near to the next-

named, or Buntings, which also are exclusively monticolous I believe,

and are found in the central and northern regions. They are con-

stantly flushed from the ground in corn-fields and are comparatively

familiar birds to the Accentors, which avoid houses and cultivation.

Genus Emberiza.

We have four species, three of which are the erythroptera, chlo-

rocephala, and aureola of authors, and the fourth is I think new, as

follows :—Emberiza oinops, mihi.

New subgenus, Ocyris, mihi.

Bill very acute and perfectly conic, without any curve along the

culmen or gonys; mouth simply angulated, without palatal knob ;

wings with 2—3 longest and equal.

Type, E. oinops, mihi.— Above rusty red, picked out with large

blackish central dashes ; below white, with narrower dark marks, and

none on the lower belly and vent ; wings and tail black-brown ; wing

with large ruddy margins; alars internally and laterally albescent ;

head and face rusty red, with two longitudinal black marks on the

crown and another circling round the ear from the eye nearly to gape ;

bill dusky horn; legs embrowned fleshy; iris brown. Length, 52

inches ; bill, ;4 ; tail, 23 ; wing, 23; tarse, 2; central toe and nail, 4.

Weight § to20z. Sexes alike. Stomach gizzard-like; contents

seeds and gravel.

' PyrRRHULINZE.

Genus Lovia.

L. himalayana, mihi.—Structure typical and plumage very similar

to that of the European type, and indeed I believe to all the known

species ; size small, and most resembling the American bird ; most part

of the head and neck and whole body below red, of a hue between

roseate and blood, and more or less sordid; rest of the head, neck,

back, wings and tail deep dusky brown, more or less suffused, and

emarginated with the richer colour; wings long, reaching two-

thirds down the tail; 1-3 quills rather shorter than the second ; legs

and feet strong; tarse heavily scaled, less the mid-toe and nail;

lateral fore-toes equal and basally connected ; ‘hind large, equal alone

to the laterals, and, with its large nail, much exceeding them; claws

large, but not greatly curved. Female dusky brown above, slightly

suffused and margined with vernal greenish yellow; below greenish

yellow, with dusky centres to the plumes; bill and legs in both

blackish ; female smaller. Male measures 54 inches; bill, ;9,; tail,

2.3,; wing, 34; tarse, 18; central toe and nail, 11; hind, 33. In-

habits the Cachar only, near the snows, and rare there.

- To the same region are for the most part confined the other thick-

billed Finches of the genera Coccothraustes, Corythus, Pyrrhula, and

their allies; but most of these pass into the central hilly region in

spring in search of ripe fruits and berries, and in the winter some of

them proceed to the plains in search of food and warmth, or are car-

ried there by dealers. The Himalayan Siskin is almost always found

in the central region, where indeed it is commoner than in the north-

em; and one of the roseate Finches is very common below in the

winter, under the name of the Tooti or Surkha Tooti. This I believe

is the Hemorhous rosea and Coccothraustes rosea of authors : it is an

anomalous or osculant form, which cannot I think be referred to any

known genus. I call it Pyrrhulinota, because it unites a semi-

pyrrhuline bill with the wings, tail and feet of Linaria and Linota.

Genus Pyrrhulinota, mihi.

Bill Pyrrhulo-Linarian ; wings long and pointed, with the first quill

usually longest ; tail deeply forked ; tarse rather shorter than the mid-

toe and nail; toes long, laterals unequal, central long, hind least, but

with the nail equal to the inner fore; nails simple. :

Type, the common Tooti or Surkha Tooti of Hindostan; Cocco-

thraustes roseata of Vieillot? P. roseata, mihi.

The other two rosy Finches of the hills are much less known be-

low, though they also are found there, in the hands of dealers at

least, and are called without distinction Goolabi Tooti. They are

the Fringilla rhodopepla and rhodochroa of Vigors, apud Gould; but

they are not I think true Fringille, but nearer to Passer. I deno-

minate them

FRINGILLINA.

Genus Propasser.

Bill Passerine, with the culmen and gonys more or less curved or

straight, and the tip distinctly notched; wings short, first quill less

than three next, and longest; tail forked; legs and feet ambulant;

tarse longer than mid-toe ; toes compressed, laterals equal, central

long, hind least; nails simple. Types, rhodochroa and rhodopepla.

We have in the northern region chiefly two species of true Bull-

finch or Erythrocephala, Gould, and Nipalensis, mihi, to which we

must add a third species, styled epauletta by me, but which deviates

too much from the typical form to remain under Pyrrhula; I separate

it as a new type, by the name of

Pyrrhoplectes.

Bill Pyrrhuline, but longer and less tumid, with the upper mandi-

ble subterminally, and the lower subcentrally notched; the gape

angulated; wings shorter and more gradate than in Pyrrhula, with

the fourth quill commonly longest; tail even or divaricated, not

forked ; legs and feet slenderer, longer, and more suited to action on

the ground than in Pyrrhula. Type, Pyrrhula epauletta, As. Trans.

vol. xix.

Propyrrhula Rubeculoides, mihi.—Above, together with the lower

breast, belly and vent, smoky brown; face as far back as the eye,

chin, throat and _ breast,- bright red, of a sanguineous scarlet hue;

bill dusky horn, paler below ; legs dusky. Female fulvous, below

with large central dashes of dusky brown, and the croup the same.

I shall conclude this paper with the description of a new and

splendid species of Buzzard, peculiar to the Cachar and Tibet.

FaLconipz.

BuTEONINZ.

Genus Buteo ?

Buteo leucocephalus, mihi.—General structure Buteonine, but the

tarse two-thirds plumed to the front, and the nude part reticulate,

not scutellate ; acropodia half reticulate and half scutellate ; colour

medial brown, with the head and neck more or less perfectly albescent ;

chin to breast darker, and breast again paled crescent-wise ; tail with

frequent. pale buff bars ; bill blue ; its tips and the talons black ; legs

and cere greenish yellow ; iris hoary ; size extremely large. Length,

252 inches (foem.) by 585 in expanse of wing ; closed wing, 173 ;

bill to gape, 2; tail, 115; tarse (to sole), 33; central toe and nail,

22; hind, 13. Weight 35 lbs. Caught beyond the snows in Tibet.

Another species, with the tarse considerably plumed, leads to this

bird from the Moor Buzzards. This second species has the general

form and characters of the moor buzzard, but is distinguished at

once by half the tarse being plumed; the tarsi likewise are shorter,

and so are the toes; but the tarse is scutellate before and behind, as

in that species and the rest of the Buzzards. There is no sign of

the Circine facial disc in the present bird, which is I believe new,

and belongs to Buteo proper and not to Circus.

Buteo plumipes, mihi.—Throughout of a uniform dusky brown,

as in the moor buzzard; region of the lores only albescent; cere

and legs greenish yellow; bill blue, with black tips and talons; tail

very vaguely rayed with a paler shade of colour and wings inter-

nally. Of slender make, and with long and acute talons, whereas

the white head is of very robust make, and has less acute but stronger

talons. This is in make as in colours, a Circus; that, a buzzard

proper or an eagle. In plumipes the tarse is scutellate before and

behind, reticulate to the sides and at base, and two-thirds of the

acropodia likewise are reticulate. The cere is large in both, and in

both the nares are longitudinally cleft and irregularly ovoid in form.

The one passes towards Buteo from Circus, the other towards Aquila

from Buteo. Length (foem.), 193 inches; bill, 13; tail, 9; tarse, 3;

central toe and nail, 2; hind, 13. Procured in the central hilly re-

gion. Manners not noted.

April 22, 1845.

Richard C. Griffith, Esq., in the Chair.

«Descriptions of new species of Helix, in the cabinet of H. Cu-

ming, Esq.,” by Dr. L. Pfeiffer.

Hewix ponperosa, Pfr. Hel. T. imperforatd, subglobosd, tumidd,

solidd, ponderosd, leviusculd (striis incrementi et concentricis con-

fertissimis via perspicuis), albd, basi epidermide nitidd, pallide

corned indutd ; anfractibus 44 conveviusculis, ultimo subangulato,

fasciis albis hydrophanis infra angulum obsolete notato ; columella

recta, lata, perobliqud ; aperturd subauriformi, intus albd ; peri-

stomate late reflexo.

Diam. long. 23 ; transv. 17; altit. 133 lin.

From Banguey, province of North Ilocos, isle of Luzon: found on

leaves of trees. (Cuming.)

Differt ab Hel. latitante magnitudine, colore et sculptura minutis-

sima.

Hexix semicxososa, Pfr. Hel. T. subperforatd, semiglobosd, tenui,

lutescenti-corned, supra minutissime granulatd; suturd viz im-

pressd ; anfractibus 6 planis, ultimo carinato, infra carinam levi-

gato, nitido, fascia dilutd brunned notato ; umbilico angustissimo ;

aperturd lunari-ellipticd, intus fasciatd ; peristomate simplice,

acuto, margine columellari laté reflexo, umbilicum semitegente.

Diam. 22; altit. 13 lin.

From the isle of Zeyte: found on leaves of trees. (Cuming.)

f. Anfractu ultimo magis inflato, saturatius brunnescente (Catba-

longa, isle of Samar).

Hetrx ostusa, Pfr. Hel. T. imperforatd, subglobosd, tenui, striis

incrementi et lineis impressis concentricis obsoletis subdecussata,

nitidd, let castaned ; spird subelevatd, obtusd ; anfractibus 4 con-

vevis, ultimo inflato ; columella obliqud, acutd, albd ; aperturd dila-

tatd, subauriformi, intus margaritaced ; peristomate simplice, ex-

panso.

Diam. 174; altit. 13 lin. x

From Catanauan, province of Tayabos, isle of Luzon: found on

leaves of bushes. (Cuming.)

3. Alba, minor (diam. 15; altit. 10 lin.). From Zigas, province of

South Camarines, Luzon: found on leaves of trees.

Heuix rrzaris, Valenc., Mus. Paris. Hel. T. imperforatd, depresso-

globosd, tenui, striis incrementi validis notatd, albidd, epidermide

pallide corned decidud munitd ; spird pari elevatd, obtusa ; suturd

lineari, albo-marginatd ; anfractibus 4 planiusculis, ultimo obtusé

angulato ; columelld obliqud, margine granulosd ; apertura dilatatd,

lunari ; peristomate nigro, subincrassato, pariim expanso.

Diam. 194; altit. 125 lin.

From the island of Marinduque: found on leaves of trees. (Cu-

ming.)

Intermedia inter Hel. Valenciennesii et virginem.

Heurx constricra, Pfr. Hel. T. imperforatd, semiglobosd, nitidd,

concentrice minutissime striatd, flavo-albidd, fasciis 2 fuscis inter-

ruptis ad peripheriam ornatd ; anfractibus 44 convexiusculis, ul-

timo basi subplanato, ad aperturam subitd descendente, constricto ;

aperturd lunari, intus nitide flavd; peristomate acuto, albo, laté

refleco, margine basali subincrassato; ared columellari callosd,

subexcavatd.

Diam. 114; altit. 6} lin.

From Calapan, island of Mindoro: found on leaves of trees. (Cu-

ming.) Affinis sequenti.

Herrx parapoxa, Pfr. Hel. T. imperforatd, globoso-depressd,

nitidd, concentric subtilissimé et confertissimé striatd, virescentt-

flavd, apice nigro-violuceo, aredé basali saturate castaned ; anfrac-

tibus 5 planiusculis, ultimo irregulari, lateraliter subcompresso,

prope aperturam tumido; aperturd lunari-ellipticd ; peristomate

albo, acuto, late reflexo, margine superiore intus callo castaneo mu-

nito, basi in dentem horizontalem incrassato.

Diam. long. 123; transv. 10; altit. 7 lin.

From Sorsogon, province of Albay, isle of Luzon: found on leaves

of trees. (Cuming.)

Affinis H. Thersit., margine non carinato, colore et sculptura di-

versa,

Hetrx ropiens, Pfr. Hel. T. umbilicatd, subglobosd, tenui, dia-

phand, rufo-corned, oblique confertim rugosd ; anfractibus 55 con-

vexis, ultimo subangulato ; umbilico pervio ; aperturd suborbicu-

lari ; peristomate simplice, ad umbilicum late expanso.

Diam. 11; altit. 74 lin.

From Banguey, province of North Ilocos, isle of Luzon: found

partially buried in earth, uader stones. (Cuming.)

B. Minor, pallidior, anfractibus 5, diam. 94, altit. 6 lin.

From Cagayan, isle of Luzon. (Cuming.)

Differt ab H. frutico testa rugosa et apertura magis dilatata, ab

H. tourannensi rugis teste, spira non acuminata, et peristomate intus

non labiato.

Heuix succinea, Pfr. Hel. T. depressd, obsolete subperforatd,

tenui, pellucidd, nitidd, succined ; suturd mediocri ; anfractibus 5

celeriter crescentibus, vix convexiusculis ; apertura lunari; peri-

stomate simplice, acuto, margine columellart subreflexo, perfora-

tionem obsoletam tegente.

_ Diam. 5; altit. 3 lin.

From Sorsogon, province of Albay, isle of Luzon : found on leaves

of trees. (Cuming.)

Hexix cauuinuta, Pfr. Hel. T. umbilicatd, lenticulari, acuté cari-

natd, solidd, flavescenti-grised, fasciis nonnullis rufis et epidermide

hydrophand, maculas triangulares pallidas formante, ornatd ; an-

Sractibus 44 planis, ultimo ad aperturam subitd deflexo; aperturd

horizontali, ellipticd ; peristomate simplice, marginibus callo tenui

junctis, basali refleco, ad umbilicum mediocrem pervium arcuato.

Diam. 13; altit. 43 lin.

From Bongabong, province of Nueva Ecija, isle of Luzon: found

on trunks of trees. (Cuming.)

(. Minor, testd basi oblique rugulosd, apertura lateraliter minus di-

latata.

From Mt. St. Cristoval, province of Batangas, isle of Luzon. (Cu-

ming. )

- Testd utrinque lineis impressis obliquis, circa umbilicum subcon-

centricis notatd, fasciis obsoletis.

From Daleguete, isle of Zebu. (Cuming.)

Heurx norizontauis, Pfr. Hel. T. umbilicatd, depressd, solidd,

oblique striatd, carinatd, luteo-corned, rufo-fasciatd ; fasciis 2

supra, | infra carinam ; anfractibus 5 planis, ultimo superneé con-

vexo, basi planulato, ad aperturam subitd feré verticaliter deflexo ;

apertura horizontali, integrd, oblongd ; peristomate crasso, reflexo,

carneo, marginibus parallelis.

Diam. 154; altit. 7 lin.

From the island of Bantayon, Philippines: found on the trunks of

trees. (Cuming.)

Hexrx raputa, Pfr. Hel. T. umbilicatd, depressd, sublenticulari,

solidiusculd, striis incrementi confertis et lineis acute prominenti-

bus concentricis exasperatd, pallide corned, carinaté ; anfractibus

64 convewiusculis, lent? crescentibus, ultimo basi inflato, lineis con-

centricis infra carinam obsoletis ; umbilico mediocri, pervio ; aper-

turd lunari-ellipticd ; peristomate simplice, viz incrassato, margi-

nibus callo lineari junctis.

Diam. 10; altit. 5 lin.

From Sinait, province of North Hoge, isle of Luzon ; found under

stones in earth. (Cuming.)

Hexrx acutimareo, Pfr. Hel. T. umbilicatd, depressd, supra pla-

niusculd, basi convexd, tenui, pellucida, pallide corned, acute cari-

natd, supra carinam striis nonnullis confertis, concentricis notata ;

anfractibus 6 lente crescentibus ; umbilico mediocri, pervio ; aper-

turd securiformi ; peristomate simplice, acuto.

Diam. 8; altit. 3 lnn.—An adulta?

From the mountains of the isle of Negros: found on the leaves of

bushes. (Cuming.)

Heurx piancuxata, Pfr. Hel. T. subperforatd, scaleformi, tenui,

corneo-rubelld, leviter striata, nitidiusculd ; anfractibus 7 lente

: crescentibus, ultimo bicarinato ; carind inferiore filari ad periphe-

riam, superiore per omnes anfractus adscendente ; apertura lunari-

ovali; peristomate simplice, acuto, perforationem angustissimam

Sere occultante.

Diam. 8; altit. 43 lin.

From St. Frun, province of Cagayan, isle of Luzon : - found in earth

at the root of bushes. (Cuming.)

Hexix excentrica, Pfr. Hel. T. subperforatd, superne planiusculd,

basi inflatd, tenui, cered, nitidd, striis excentricis subcostulatd,

acut? carinatd ; anfractibus 4 supra planis, rapide crescentibus ;

aperturd securiformi ; peristomate simplice, acuto, ad perforatio-

nem angustissimam dilatato-reflexo.

Diam. 9; altit. 43 lin.

From the isle of Siquijor : found on the leaves of bushes. (Cuming.)

Differt ab H. smaragdind, Grat., spira minus depressa, anfractu

ultimo minus inflato, et aperture forma.

Hexrx specrasiuis, Pfr. Hel. T. subperforatd, depressd, solidd,

nitidissimd, corneo-luted, fascid 1 rufa percurrente ornatd ; spird

.. parim elevatd ; anfractibus 53 convexiusculis, ultimo infra fasciam

angulato ; aperturd late lunari ; peristomate simplice, acuto, mar-

gine columellari subreflexo, perforationem tegente.

Diam. 9; altit. 5 lin.—An adulta >—Nanine spec. ?

From Bangojon, isle of Samar: found on the leaves of bushes.

(Cuming. )

Heurx eximia, Pfr. Hel. T. umbilicatd, depresso-globosd, oblique

rugosa et confertissime granulosd, olivaceo-corned, fasciis 5 fusco-

viridibus ornatd ; anfractibus 44 convewiusculis, rapide crescenti-

bus, ultimo permagno, circa aream umbilicarem fuscam compresso-

inflato ; aperturd lunari-ovali, intus margaritaced, lilaced ; peri-

stomate simplice, anguste reflexo, umbilicum angustum semitegente.

Diam. 21; altit. 14 lin.

From Vera Cruz, province of Honduras, Central America: found

on leaves of trees. (Delatere.)

Hexix triconostoma, Pfr. Hel. T. imperforata, trochiformi, tenut,

oblique striatuld, lineis nonnullis concentricis impressis notatd,

albd, fasciis superneé linearibus, basi latioribus, fusco-violaceis

ornatd; spird late conicd; anfractibus 44 planiusculis, ultimo

spiram superante, obsolet@ angulato ; columelld brevi, callosd ;

aperturd subtriangulari; peristomate simplice, margine supero

parim expanso, columellari reflexo, adpresso.

Diam. 14; altit. 9 lin.

From Vera Cruz, province of Honduras, Central America: found

on leaves of treés. (Delatere.)

Affinis H. tenere, Sow. Differt spira minus elevata, anfractibus

planis, columella brevi et aperture forma.

Heuix tenuis, Pfr. Hel. T. imperforatd, subglobosd, tenui, fuscd,

rufo-zonatd, lineis obsoletis impressis, concentricis notatd, epider-

mide tenuissimd, sericind indutd ; spird obtusiusculd ; anfractibus

5 celeriter crescentibus, vir convexiusculis, ultimo magno, inflato,

ad columellam obliquam, subtortam excavato; aperturd lunari-

ovali ; peristomate recto, simplice, basi subincrassato.

Diam. 16; altit. 11 lin.

Patria ignota. (E collectione Cumingiana.)

Hexix pizatata, Pfr. Hel. T. imperforatd, subglobosd, solidd,

pallidé luted, lineis confertissimis brunneis, interruptis supra et

infra fasciam concolorem medii anfractis ultimi pictd, apice albida ;

spird parvd, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 4 rapide crescentibus, ul-

timo amplissimo ; columellé albo-callosd, arcuatd ; aperturd mazi-

md, oblique ovali, intus lacted ; peristomate recto, intus incrassato.

Diam. 17%, altit. 12 lin.

Patria ignota. (E collectione Cumingiana.)

Guanpina optusa, Pfr. Glan, T. ovatd, utrinque attenuata, apice

obtusd, soliduld, pellucida, pallidé carned ; anfractibus 54 viz con-

vexiusculis, ultimo spiram pauld superante; suturd crenulato-

marginata ; aperturd latiusculd ; columelld verticali, basi subitd

truncata ; peristomate simplice, marginibus callo tenuissimo junctis,

dextro medio vix dilatato.

Long. 93; diam. 5 lin.

From the Real Llejos, province of Nicaragua, Central America :

found on leaves of bushes. (Cuming.)

May 13, 1845.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

A skin of a Boa constrictor, fifteen feet in length, presented to the

Society by Mr. Pontet, jun., was exhibited to the Meeting.

“« Descriptions of new species of Land Shells, from the collection

of Hugh Cuming, Esq.,” by Dr. Louis Pfeiffer :—

1. Hexrx eranonis, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, globoso-turbinatd,

solidd, ponderosd, striatd, nigricanti-rufd, epidermide griseo-

Suscescente fasciatim obductd ; spird conicd, apice pallidd; an-

Sractibus 6 vir conveviusculis, ultimo spird breviore, basi inflato,

fortius striato ; columelld verticali, brevi, subtortd ; aperturd late

lunari, intus margaritaced ; peristomate nigricante, late expanso,

margine basali incrassato, refleco, cum columellari valde dilatato,

albido angulum obtusum formante.

Diam. 68; alt. 58 mill.

Found at Bangui, province of North Ilocos, island of Luzon, by

H. Cuming, Esq.

2. Herix Gmexiniana, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, globoso-

depressd, soliduld, irregulariter rugoso-malleatd, carinatd, nitidd,

pallide viridi, ad suturam et infra carinam ulbo-cingulata ; spird

subelevatd, apice obtusd, albidd ; anfractibus 44 vier conveziusculis,

sensim accrescentibus, ultimo non descendente, basi planiusculd ;

aperture angulato-lunari ; peristomate subincrassato, margine su-

pero breviter expanso, antrorsum arcuato, basali reflero, columel-

lari declivi, dilatato, albo-calloso.

Diam. 23; alt. 13 mill.

Found at Bayambong, island of Luzon, by H. Cuming, Esq.

3. Hexrx Linnzana, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, depressd, utrin-

que convexiusculd, acute carinatd, pallide fulvd, superné rugoso-

malleatd, basi minute et oblique rugulosd ; anfractibus 54 lenté ac-

crescentibus, planulatis, ultimo basi subinflato, anticé vir descen-

dente ; umbilico majusculo, cylindrico ; aperturd angulato-lunari,

ad carinam canaliculatd ; peristomate incrassato, carneo, margini-

bus callo junctis, supero brevi, expanso, basali arcuato, reflexo,

columellari breviter descendente, subdilatatd.

Diam. 62; alt. 28 mill.

Locality unknown. Mus. Cuming.

4. Hexix Cuemnirziana, Pfr. Hel. tesid imperforatd, depressd,

solidd, supern? radiatim plicato-malleatd, undique granulosd, sub

epidermide olivaceo-rufd, acut? carinatd ; spird subelevatd, obtusa ;

No. CXLVII.—Procrepines or raz ZootocicaL Socrery.

}

anfractibus 5 planis, ultimo basi convexo ; apertura subtriangulari,

intus nitidd, carned ; peristomate carneo, margine supero subex-

panso, basali reflexo, dente unico valido instructo, columellari

stricto, dilatato, adpresso, inequaliter pluridentato.

Diam. 57; alt. 26 mill.

Locality unknown. Mus. Cuming.

5. Heurx Barnsriver, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, depressd, sub-

discoided, solidd, striata, undique granulatd, cinnamomed, basi

pallidd ; spird vix elevatd, obtusd ; anfractibus 55 planis, ultimo

rotundato, basi vix convexo ; aperturd perobliqud, lunato-subtrian-

gulari, intus nitidd, carned ; peristomate subincrassato, carneo,

marginibus callo junctis, supero late expanso, basali reflexo, dente

unico, valido, complanato instructd, columellari perdilatato, umbi-

licum mediocrem semi-occultante.

Diam. 64; alt. 26 mill.

Found at Demerara by Mr. Bainbridge. Mus. Cuming.

6. Hetrx Marriniana, Pfr. Hel. testd obtesté perforatd, discoided,

acute carinatd, solidd, striatd et minutissime granulatd, olivaceo-

Susca ; spird depressd ; anfractibus 5 planulatis, ultimo non de-

scendente, basi inflato, antice profund? scrobiculato; aperturd

depressd, late angulato-lunari, intus lacted ; peristomate albo, in-

crassato, marginibus callo tenui junctis, supero expanso, basali

refleco, dentibus 2 conjunctis, columellari dilatato, dentibus 2 in-

equalibus armato.

Diam. 34; alt. 14 mill.

From the island of Jamaica. Mus. Cuming.

7. Hexrx Scuroeteriana, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, depressd,

lenticulari, acut2 carinatd, solidd, obsolete granulatd, luteold,

utrinque rufo-latefasciatd ; spird subelevatd ; anfractibus 5 planu-

latis, ultimo antice deflexo, basi inflato, antice profundé scrobicu-

lato ; aperturd subhorizontali, ellipticd ; peristomate incrassato,

late expanso, reflexo, fusco-carneo, marginibus callo junctis, supero

leviter arcuato, basali dilatato, umbilicum angustum semitegente,

intus 3—4-dentato ; dentibus 2 majoribus basi junctis, 1-2 minori-

bus prope columellam.

Diam. 31; alt. 14 mill.

From the island’of Jamaica; Mr. P. Gosset. Mus. Cuming.

Intermediate between H. tridentina, Fér., and H. Martiniana, Pfr.

The position of the teeth is the same, but from the former it is at

once to be distinguished by the sharp keel, from the latter by the

deflexion of the last whorl.

8. Hetrx Brucurertana, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, turbinato-

globosd, solidd, nigro-castaned, epidermide hydrophand, fused stri-

gatd, sursum pallescente obductd ; spird conoided, apice obtusd,

purpured, nitidd ; anfractibus 5 convexiusculis, ultimo non descen-

dente, basi vie convexo, denudato; columelld intrante, obliqud,

strictiusculd, planatd, albé ; apertura lunato-ovali, intus lacted ;

peristomate simplice, brevissime reflexiusculo, intus nigro-margi-

nato.

Diam. 29; alt. 24 mill.

Collected on the island of Tablas by H. Cuming, Esq.

9. Buuimus citvus, Sow. Bul. testd imperforatd, ovata, soliduld,

striatd, sub epidermide gilvd rufescens ; spird apice obtusd, nudd,

pallidd ; anfractibus 6 convewis, ultimo spird pauld breviore ; colu-

melld strictiusculd, albd, subexcavatd ; apertura obliqud, lunato-

ovali, intus lacted; peristomate subincrassato, breviter reflexo,

margine dextro arcuato, columellari adpresso.

Long. 54; diam. 38 mill.

Collected in several varieties on the island of Bohol, by H. Cu-

ming, Esq.

GEOMELANIA, nov. gen.

Testa imperforata, turrita ; apertura integra, effusa ; peristoma sim-

plex, reflecum, ad basin appendiculo porrecto instructum.

10. Gromexanta Jamarcenstis, Pfr. .Geom.testd truncatd, turritd,

arcuatim costatd, nitidd, albd; anfractibus 6 convevis, ultimo 4

longitudinis subequante; aperturd ovali, intus nitidd ; peristo-

mate simplice, margine dextro sinuoso, basi in appendiculum lingui-

Sormem porrecto, columellari adpresso.

Long. 12; diam. 4 mill.

Found at Jamaica, ‘‘ Savanah la Mar,” under stones in earth, by

M. Attanasio. Mus. Cuming.

11. TomocerEs TURBINATUS, Pfr. Tom. testd rimatd, compresso-

turbinatd, tenui, levissimé striatuld, pallidé corned, nitiduld ; spird

turbinatd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5 convexis, ultimo spiram vie

e@quante, a latere compresso, basi subangulato, antic adscendente,

_ subtis constricto, scrobiculato ; aperturd verticali, subauriformi,

Sere clausd ; peristomate late expanso, tenui, margine deztro ar-

cuato, interne lamind validd, superne bifidd, munito, basali oblique

descendente, tridentato ; pariete aperturali lamellis 3 inequalibus

armato.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 74; alt. 10 mill.

Hab. In Brasilia. Mb:

This interesting shell is nearly allied with Tomogeres clausus, Spix,

but easily to be distinguished by the substance of ‘its shell, by the

raised spire and the thin peristome, characters quite constant in all

specimens known.

“‘ Descriptions of eighty-nine new species of Mitra, chiefly from

a the collection of H. Cuming, Esq.,”” by Lovell Reeve, Esq. :—

Mirra rasticium. Mitr. testd abbreviato-ovatd, subventricosd,

solidiusculd, spird brevi, acuminatd ; levigatd, basim versus exiliter

sulcatd ; luted ; columella quadriplicatd, basi truncatd ; labro sim-

plici, superne sinuato. .

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 28. f. 221.

Hab. ?

A small, solid, compact cupola-shaped shell.

Mirra Buuimorves. Mitr. testa elongatd, basi subtruncatd, spird

acuminata ; tenuiculd, subpellucidd, quasi corned ; albido-fuscescente ;

columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 28. f. 224.

Hab. ?

A smooth transparent horny shell.

Mirra ruopia. Mitr. testd elongatd, spird acuminata ; leviusculd,

transversim subtilissime striatd ; nigerrimo-fuscd; columelld tripli-

catd, aperturd brevi.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 28. f. 225.

Hab. ?

Not much unlike the preceding species in form, but of a different

colour and texture.

Mirra caxicena. Mitr. testd ovatd, spird breviusculd, suturis

profundis ; transversim sulcatd, sulcis subpunctatis ; luteo-fusces-

cente, albipunctatd, anfractuum parte superiori balteo angusto

lutescente cingulatd ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 28. f. 226.

Hab. ?

The entire surface of this species is speckled with small white spots.

Mirra Avricutoiwes. Mitr. testd ovatd, crassd, solidd, basim

versus striatd, spird brevi, obtusd ; rubido-castaned, anfractuum

parte superiori, balteo unico albo angusto cingulatd; columelld

quinqueplicatd ; labro intus superné sinuato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 28. f. 228.

Hab. ?

A dark chestnut-brown Auricula-shaped shell, encircled with a

conspicuous narrow white belt.

Mirra pupuitieata. Mitr. testd elongatd, spird valde acuminatd,

angustd, tereti, basi tortuoso-recurvd ; transversim subtiliter du-

pliliratd, liris interstitiisque granulosis ; albidd, aurantio-fusco hic

illic concentricé flammatd ; columelld quadriplicatd, basi subcana-

liculatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 29. f. 229.

Hab. ?

This species has a peculiar tapering form, and by the aid of a lens

it may be observed that the transverse ridges are all duplicate.

Mirra piscoLoria. Mitr. testa ovatd, basi granulatd, spird acu-

minato-turritd ; anfractibus superné prominentibus, longitudinaliter

conspicue costutis, costis latiusculis, obtusis, transversim impresso-

lineatis ; fasciis roseis et albis alternatd, fasciis roseis inter costas

ustulato-nigricantibus ; columelld quadriplicatd, aperturd parvd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 29. f. 230.

Hab. »

An extremely prettily painted species.

Mirra cortacea. Mitr. testd ovata, utrinque attenuatd, spird bre-

viusculd, acute acuminatd ; anfractibus superné rotundatis, trans-

versim impresso-lineatis, interstitiis granosis ; anfractuum parte

superiori albidd, infra fuscescente ; columella quinqueplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 29. f. 231.

Hab. Island of Corrigidor, Philippmes (found among coarse sand

at the depth of five fathoms) ; Cuming.

A species of very peculiar character.

Mirra verrucosa. Mitr. testd ovatd, subventricosd, spird brevi-

usculd, acuminatd ; longitudinaliter concentricé plicatd, plicis tu-

berculis parvis prominentibus mucronatis undiqu? armatis; albd,

fuscescente pallide fasciatd ; columella quinqueplicatda.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 29. f. 232.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found in sandy mud in deep

water) ; Cuming.

The tubercles with which the entire surface of this shell is covered

are quite sharp and prickly.

Mirra evecans. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, spird acuminata, su-

turis subprofundis ; longitudinaliter subtilissime costatd, costis

angustis, interstitiis eleganter clathratis ; albicante, aut pallidis-

sime carneo-fuscescente, lined rubrd unicd aut pluribus cingulatd,

apice fusco ; columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 29. f. 233.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found among coral sand and

shells at the depth of four fathoms) ; Cuming.

This species is well characterized by the very elegant style of its

sculpture and by the sharp red lines with which it is encircled.

Mirra pecora. Mitr. testd subfusiformi, basi contractd, spird

acuminato-turritd, suturis profundis; transversim impresso-sulcatd,

liris intermediis granulosis, plicisque angustis concentricis subdi-

stantibus longitudinaliter ornatd ; albd, balteo aurantio-fusco, an-

fractu ultimo balteis duobus, cingulatd ; columella quadriplicatd,

umbilicatd, subcanaliculata.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 29. f. 234.

Hab. 5

The form, colour and sculpture of this species are each of peculiar

interest.

Mirra murasiuis. Mitr. testd abbreviato-fusiformi, spird turritd,

interdum elevatd, interdum breviusculd, suturis subprofundis ; an-

fractibus supern? depressis, longitudinaliter concentricé costatis,

costis angustis liris subtilibus transversis\ clathratis ; albidd, oli-

vaceo-viridi fasciatd, apice fusco ; columelld quadriplicata.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 29. f. 235.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at low water,

and at the depth of about ten fathoms) ; Cuming.

An extremely variable species both in form and colour.

: :

Mirra miuitaris. Mitr. testd subfusiformi, basi contractd, spird

acuminatd, suturis subprofundis ; longitudinaliter costatd, costis

_obtusiusculis, interstitiis transversim impresso-lineatis ; anfractibus

_superne luteis, ultimo zond lata coccineo-rubra cingulato ; colu-

melld quadriplicata, umbilicata.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 29. f. 236.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the sands) ; Cuming.

Distinguished in part by the rich, broad, crimson-red band which

encircles the last whorl.

Mirra tTuserosa. Mitr. testd obtuso-conicd, crassa, obesd, spird

- brevi; basi truncatd ; longitudinaliter plicato-costatd, costis rudibus,

- subdistantibus, superneé tuberculato-nodosis ; transversim lineari-

_ sulcatd, suleis pertusis; luteo-olivaced, aut fuscd, superné albd, bast

Suscd, albipunctaté ; columella quadriplicata.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 30. f. 237, a and b.

Hab, Island of Zebu, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

A small stout species, somewhat after the form of the Mitra pa-

triarchalis.

OE EE

‘

Mrrra Forticostata, Mitr. testé abbreviato-ovatd, spird sub-

turritéd ; anfractibus superné angulatis, infra angulum longitudina-

liter costatis, costis solidis fortissimis, distantibus, basim versus

subobsoleté granosis ; nigerrimo-fuscd ; columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 30. f. 238.

Hab. New Holland.

Resembling Mitra ficulina, but of a much more solid and angular

structure.

Mirra tora. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, spire suturis impressis,

transversim subtilissime impresso-striatis, longitudinaliter concen-

tricé costatd, costis basim versus granosis ; rufulo-aurantid, viridi-

Fusco variegatd ; columella triplicata..

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 30. f. 239.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at low

water); Cuming.

The painting of this species is of very irregular character.

Mirra consancuinea. Mitr. testa ovatd, solidiusculd, obesd, basim

versus contractd, spird obtuso-rotundatd ; transversim subtilissimé

punctato-striatd, longitudinaliter confertim plicato-costatd, costis

inferne granosis; rubidd, anfractibus maculis parvis rotundis in

medio uniseriatim cinctis ; columella quadriplicata.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 30. f. 241.

Hab. ———?

Allied in some measure to the Mitra pardalis.

Mirra cremans. Mitr. testd obeso-ovatd, spirad brevi, suturis

subimpressis ; levi, basim versus granosd, longitudinaliter subob-

lique plicata ; nigerrimd, flammis rufo-aurantiis hic illic variegata ;

columella triplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 30. f., 242.

Hab. St. Nicolas, island of Zebu, Philippines (found under stones

at low water); Cuming.

This species may be known by its confused flame-like painting.

Mirra teucopesma. Mitr. testd obeso-ovatd, spird brevissimd,

longitudinaliter plicato-costatd ; levi, apice crenulatd, basi granu-

latd ; nigerrimo-fuscd, anfractibus macularum albarum zond unicd

in medio cingulatd ; columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 30. f. 243.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

Painted in a manner similar in some degree to the Mitra microzo-

nias, from which it is materially distinct in form.

Mirra tauta. Mitr. testd obeso-ovatd, solidiusculd, spird obiuso-

rotundatd, longitudinaliter subobsoleté plicato-costatd, costis levi-

bus, interstitiis impresso-striatis ; costis, aurantio-rufis, interstitiis

nigerrimis, anfractuum medio albo ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 30. f. 244.

Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (found under stones at low

water); Cuming,

A stout, very prettily painted species.

Mirra tucutenta. Mitr. testd ovatd, levi, longitudinaliter sub-

obsoleté plicato-costatd, costis basim versus granosis ; anfractibus

zonis ceruleo-nigris et albis alternatim conspicue pictd, columella

triplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 30. f. 245.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

This species may be recognized by the decided character of the

painting, which consists of alternate blue-black and white zones.

‘Mirra avenacra. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, transversim undique

liratd, liris angustis, elevatiusculis ; flavescente-spadiced, juxta

suturas albicante subindistincté maculatd ; columellé quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 31. f. 246.

Hab. Islands of Burias, Ticao and Capul, Philippines (found on the

reefs and in sandy mud at the depth of about six fathoms) ; Cuming.

A solid, cylindrical, closely-ridged shell.

Mirra pica. Mitr. testd ovatd, tenuiculd, subventricosd, spird

breviusculd, acutd ; unfractibus levibus, aterrimis, superne et in-

Ferne niveis ; columella triplicatd ; aperturd subampld.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 31. f. 247.

Hab. ?

May be distinguished by the jagged white band with which its

black whorls are encircled next the sutures.

Mirra citHara. Mitr. testd ovatd, crassiusculd, suturis impressis ;

longitudinaliter creberrimé costutd, costis angustis, obtusis, inter«

stitiis transversim clathratis ; purpureo-plumbed, zonuld pallidd

angustd cingulata ; columella quadriplicata.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 31. f. 248.

Hab. ?

Of a peculiar purple lead-colour.

Mirra nympua. Mitr. testa subfusiformi, spird acuminatd ; an-

fractibus transversim punctato-striatis ; incarnato-fuscescente, albo

maculato-variegatd, anfractu ultimo fascid albidd subindistinctd

eingulato ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 31. f. 249.

Hab. ?

A solid punctured shell, of a fleshy-brown or pale salmon-colour,

variegated with white spots, particularly around the sutures.

Mirra catuosa. Mitr. testa oblongo-ovaid, spird breviusculd, su-

turis subimpressis ; levigatd, basi liratd ; plumbeo-fused, punctis

Suscis hic illic variegatd ; columelld fuscd, quinqueplicatd, callosi-

tate albd supern? armatd, plicis albis ; labro subflecuoso.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 31. f. 251.

Hab. Pasacao, island of Luzon, Philippines (found on the sands) ;

Cuming.

Distantly allied to the Mitra ebenus.

Mirra xcra. Mitr. testd fusiformi, spiraé acuminatd, transversim

undique crebriliratd, liris levibus, interstitiis puncturatis ; fusces-

cente, roseo-albicante pallidé et indistinct? fasciatd et maculata ;

columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 31. f. 252.

Hab. ?

Like the Mitra cylindracea in form, but of a different sculpture.

Mirra mopesta. Mitr. testd subfusiformi-ovatd, basi contractd,

spird turritd ; anfractibus rotundatis, longitudinaliter costatis, in--

terstitiis transversim cancellato-impressis ; nived, rosaceo basim

versus pallidissime tinctd ; columelld quadriplicatd, aperture fauce

rosaced.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 31. f. 254.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs at low water) ;

Cuming.

A chaste pink-white shell, with a highly-relieved lattice sculpture.

Mirra seMEeN. Mitr. testd ovatd, utrinque attenuatd, levigatd, po-

litd ; castaneo-fuscd lineis albidis undatis longitudinaliter pictd ;

columelld triplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 32. f. 256.

Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, Philippines (found on the

sands at low water) ; Cuming.

Covered with characteristic longitudinal waved lines.

Mirra mitium. Mitr. testd ovato-fusiformi, crassiusculd, lineis

elevatiusculis undique creberrimé decussatd ; rufescente-fuscd ; co-

lumelld quadriplicata ; apertura subangustd, labro incrassato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 32. f. 257.

Hab. ?

—_

Belonging to a small group of a peculiar narrow contracted struc-

fure, with thickened lip, of which the Mitre gratiosa, recurva, exilis

and mirifica may be quoted as examples.

—_— =. —s ss

Mirra tacurymMa. Mitr. testd ovata, utrinque attenuata, tenuiculd,

spird brevi, subobtusd ; unfractibus superne longitudinaliter subti-

lissimé costatd, transversim obsolete elevato-striatd ; albd, maculd

grandi aurantio-fuscescente dorso peculiariter pictd; columelld

bi- vel tri-plicatd, plicis fere obsoletis, labro effuso.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 32. f. 258.

Hab. ?

A small white transparent-looking shell, which may be immediately

____- recognised by the large brown stain on the back of the last whorl.

Mirra cimetium. Mitr. testd abbreviato-fusiformi, spird turritd,

q longitudinaliter costata, costis superné tuberculatis ; albd, costis

infra tuberculis lineis brevibus nigerrimo-fuscis transversim vivide

pictd ; columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 32. f. 260.

‘ Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at low

it water) ; Cuming.

: The lower portion of the ribs of this species are crossed in a very

] peculiar manner with short brown parallel lines.

Mirra turricer. Mitr. testd fusiformi, spird angulato-turrité ;

anfractibus supern? angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis an-

gustis, ad angulum muricato-tuberculatis, interstitiis transversim

impressis ; albidd, fascia castaned latiusculd inter costas picta,

columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 32. f. 262.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found in sandy mud at the depth

of six fathoms) ; Cuming.

A prickly sharply-turreted species, encircled with a brown band,

which only appears in the interstices between the ribs.

Mirra cantata. Mitr. testa cylindraceo-ovatd, basi contractd,

paululim elongatd, spire suturis subprofundis ; anfractibus longi-

tudinaliter costatis, costis angustis, crebris, interstitiis impresso-

cancellatis ; lutescente-fuscd, subindistincté albifasciatd ; columella

triplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 32. f. 265.

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, Philip-

pines (dredged from sandy mud at the depth of thirty fathoms) ;

Cuming.

The upper portion of this shell has a peculiar cylindrically short-

ened structure, whilst the base is inclined to become elongated.

Mirra tucipa. Mitr. testd fusiformi, spird turritd, basi subelon-

: gato-contractd ; anfractibus longitudinalit r costatis, costis superneé

; tumidis, transversim elegantissimé liratis ; lucido albicante ; colu-

melld quinqueplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 33. f. 266.

~ a Pee

LE ne =e

Hab. Philippine Islands; Cuming.

A delicate transparent species, of a peculiar elongated fusiform

growth.

Mirra typHa. Mitr. testd subelongatd, spird acuminatd ; transver-

sim subtilissimé striatd, corned, translucidd, fascid lata ferrugined

cingulatd ; columella triplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 33. f. 267.

Hab. Loay, island of Bohol, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

A minute horny-looking shell, encircled with a conspicuous orange-

brown band.

Mirra TornaTa. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, spird acutd, anfrac-

tibus convexis, transversim undique liratis, liris tribus supremis

minoribus ; lutescente-fuscd, epidermide fuscd indutd ; columelld

quadriplicatd. _ ;

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 33. f. 269.

Hab. Island of Guimaras, Philippines.

The ridges of this species are remarkable for their close regularity

and precision.

Mirra vuLtuosa. Mitr. testd ovatd, spird breviusculd ; anfracti-

bus convexis ad suturas depresso-planis, transversim costatis, cos-

tis crebris sulcis longitudinalibus angustis exsculptis ; aurantio-

Suscd ; columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 33. f. 270.

Hab. Island of Capul, Philippines (found on the reefs) ; Cuming.

The longitudinal grooves impart a nodulous character to the trans-

verse ribs.

Mirra cranata. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, crassd, transversim

undique liratd, liris parvis subtiliter granatis ; lutescente-fuscd,

apice albicante ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 35. f. 271.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at low

water); Cuming.

Crossed with finely-grained ridges.

Mirra Pactrica. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, crassiusculd, spird

turritd ; anfractibus superne angulatis, longitudinaliter liratd, liris

numerosis, angustis, transversim impresso-sulcatis ; albd, fascid

Fuscd inter liras solum cingulatd ; columelld quadriplicatd, plicd

supremd valde maximd, apertura breviusculd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 33. f. 272.

Hab. Lord Hood’s Island; Cuming.

Ailied in form to the Mitra erasperata.

Mirra rureipa. Mitr. testd ovoided, medio turgidd, basi contractd,

spird brevi, acuminaid ; transversim undique liratd, sulcis subir~

regularibus longitudinaliter impressd ; columelld triplicata.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 33. f. 273.

}

Hab. Island of Capul, Philippines (found under stones at low

water); Cuming.

The sculpture of this species is of a somewhat similar character to

that of the Mitra tornata.

Mirra amasitis. Mitr. testd ovatd, crassiusculd, spird obtuso-

depressd; anfractibus subrotundatis, longitudinaliter costatis,

transversim impresso-sulcatis ; cinereo-grised varie albifasciatd ;

columelld quadriplicatd ; aperturd breviusculd, intus fused.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 33. f. 274.

Hab. Islands of Ticao and Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

A pretty species, banded alternately with white and ashy grey.

Mirra purPurata. Mitr. testd ovatd, utringue atienuatd, spird

breviusculd, subturritd ; anfractibus ad suturas plano-angulatis,

longitudinaliter costatis, costis numerosis, angustis, prominentibus,

interstittis impresso-cancellatis ; fusco-purpured, zond angustd

albd cingulatd ; columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 33. f. 275.

Hab. Island of Capul, Philippines (found under stones at low

water); Cuming.

The whorls of this shell being flatly angulated at the sutures, give

a turreted character to the spire.

Mirra purtira. Mitr. testd rotundato-ovatd, spird brevi, subob-

tusd, suturis impressis ; anfractibus transversim subtilissimé stri-

atis, anfractus ultimi parte inferiori minut? nodiferd ; aterrimd,

anfractuum parte superiori maculis niveis pyriformibus, concentrice

dispositis, conspicue ornatd ; columelld triplicatd ; labro intus den-

ticulato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 34. f. 276.

Hab. Island of St. Thomas, West Indies; Gruner.

The pyriform white spots which encircle the upper portion of each

whorl exhibit a striking contrast with the jet-black ground of the

shell.

Mirra cratiosa. Mitr. testd elongatd, subcylindraced, liris pro-

minentibus minutis creberrime decussatd ; fuscd; columella quinque-

plicatd, labro subincrassato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 34. f. 277.

Hab. Gallapagos Islands (found among coral sand at a depth of

about seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

A narrow cylindrical shell, with beautifully decussated sculpture,

and of an uniform brown colour.

Mirra miririca. Mitr. testd elongatd, gracili, subcylindraced,

basi recurvd, liris minutissimis creberrim? decussatd 3 rosaced,

subpellucidd, zonuld angusta albidd cingulatd ; columella sexplicatd,

labro subincrassato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 34. f. 278.

Hab. Island of Capul, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

The general aspect of this shell is very similar to that of the pre-

ceding species; upon examination it will be found however of a

thinner and more slender structure, whilst the sculpture is of a

smaller pattern, and the colour altogether different.

Mirra inERMIs. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, longitudinaliter cre-

berrime plicata, basi sulcatd ; rufescente-fuscd, fascid albidd, fusco

subtilissime undulata, cinctd ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 34. f. 279.

Hab. Puteao, province of Albay, island of Luzon (found on the

sands) ; Cuming.

Encircled with a white band, traversed with fine brown zigzag

lines.

Mirra srumatis. Mitr. testd elongata, subcylindraced, undique

subtilissimé decussatd ; lutescente, aurantio-fusco pallidissime hic

illic tinctd ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 34. f. 280.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

A solid obtuse shell, with the lip slightly effused.

Mirra papaLta. Mitr. testd subfusiformi-ovatd, spird turritd ;

longitudinaliter costatd, costarum interstitiis fortiter clathratis ;

cinereo-viridescente, zond alba conspicud cingulatd; columelld

quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 34. f. 281. ,

Hab. Island_of 'Ticao, Philippines (found in sandy mud at the

depth of six fathoms) ; Cuming.

The colour of this shell is a peculiar livid ashy grey.

Mirra suturata. Mitr. testd elongato-ovatd, basi subrecurvd,

spire suturis profund? impressis ; transversim undique angisulcatis,

sulcis profundis, puncturatis, liris intermediis subgranosis ; pallide

stramined ; columella quadriplicata.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 34. f. 282.

Hab. Gindulman, island of Bohol, Philippines (found under stones

at low water) ; Cuming.

The entire surface of this shell is encircled with close finely granu-

lated ridges, the interstices between which are deeply grooved and

punctured.

Mirra tusa. Mitr. testd ovatd, spire suturis profunde impressis,

longitudinaliter subtiliter costatd, transversim impresso-striatd ;

anfractuum parte superiori albidd, maculis grandibus subquadratis

Suscis ornatd, parte inferiori totd fuscd ; columelld quadriplicatd,

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 34. f. 283.

Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, Philippines (found on the

sands at low water); Cuming.

Distinguished by the dark chocolate-brown spots upon the upper

part of the shell, whilst the lower part is entirely stained with the

same colour.

Mirra micans. Mitr. testd subfusiformi-ovatd, levigatd, politd,

eburned, aurantio pallidé fasciatd, columella quadriplicata.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 34. f. 285.

Hab. South Pacific Ocean.

A small white orange-banded shell, with a surface as hard and

shining as polished ivory.

Mirra armicer. Mitr. testd elongatd, subfusiformi, spird turritd ;

anfractibus superne angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis ad

angulum nodosis, inferne evanidis, transversim. impresso-striatis ;

rubidd, albizonatd, costis superné albis ; columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 35. f. 288.

Hab. ?

A pretty species, the sculpture of which is of a very decided cha-

racter.

Mirra cuetonta. Mitr. testd ovatd, spird breviusculd, acutd ;

levigatd ; nigricante-fuscd, zonuld luted unicd, cingulatd ; colu-

melld triplicatd, labro supern? sinuato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 35. f. 289.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (dredged from sandy mud at the

depth of ten fathoms) ; Cuming.

Belonging to that well-known division of the genus of which the

Mitra ebenus is the type.

Mirra scuupritis. Mitr. testd elongatd, subcylindraced, basi pau-

lulim recurvd, spire suturis subimpressis ; longitudinaliter crebri-

liratd, interstittis transversim fortiter clathratis ; albicante, fusces-

cente pallidé maculatd, -anfractus ultimi parte inferiori fuscescente

basi albicante ; columella quinqueplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 35. f. 290.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

Distinguished by its very closely latticed sculpture.

Mirra spicata. Mitr. testd fusiformi, spird acuminato-turritd ;

anfractibus longitudinaliter crebricostatis, superné acutangulis,

costis ad angulum tuberculato-nodosis, anfractu ultimo medio exi-

liter noduloso, costis feré obsoletis ; pallide fulud ; columelld qua-

driplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 35. f. 291.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the sands) ; Cuming.

The upper whorls of this species are longitudinally finely ribbed,

but there is very slight indication of ribs upon the lower.

Mirra neBes. Mitr. testa fusiformi, spird acuminatd, lineis pro-

Sunde impressis transversis et longitudinalibus undique creberrimé

decussatd, albicante, columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. [con., Mitra, pl. 35. f. 292.

Hab. ?

The entire surface of this species is decussated with narrow deeply-

cut lines. ~ ’

Mirra AnaLocica. Mitr. testd ovato-oblongd, basi contractd, sul-

catd ; spire anfractibus longitudinaliter plicato-costatis, anfractu

ultimo levigato ; nigricante fuscd, zonuld luted cingulatd ; colu-

mella triplicata.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 35. f. 293.

Hab. >

This species has very much the appearance of a gigantic Mitra

Savignii, from which it however differs in its proportions.

Mirra sitineata. Mitr. testd ovatd, solidiusculd, spird acuminatd ;

longitudinaliter subobsoleté plicatd, levigatd, politd ; nigerrimo-

Suscd, apicem versus albicante, lineis duabus luteis cingulatd ; co-

lumelld quinqueplicata.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 35. f. 294.

Hab. ?

A hard polished blackish brown shell, encircled with two distant

yellow lines.

Mirra recurva. Mitr. testd fusiformi, basi attenuatd, subrecurvd ;

longitudinaliter granoso-liratd, transversim impresso-striatd ; ro-

saceo-purpurascente, fusco minutissime hic illic punctatd ; columella

quadriplicatd ; labro incrassato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 36. f. 297.

Hab. Island of Capul, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

The minute granules with which the surface of this shell is longi-

tudinally sculptured have a semitransparent pearl-like appearance.

Mirra incarnata. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, spird breviusculd,

transversim elegantissim? crebriliratd, longitudinaliter angisulcatd ;

incarnatd ; columella sexplicatd, apertura longiusculd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 36. f. 299.

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, Philip-

pines (dredged from sandy mud at the depth of five and twenty

fathoms) ; Cuming.

The sculpture of this delicately tinted shell is very elaborate.

Mirra articutata. Mitr. testd abbreviato-fusiformi, subventri-

cosd ; anfractibus levibus, longitudinaliter subobsoleté plicatis,

medio leviter tuberculatis ; pallidé rosaceo-coccined, zonuld albd

fusco articulatd cinctd ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 36. f. 302.

Hab. ?

I have found no specimen approaching comparison with the one

above described, from the collection of Thomas Norris, Esq.

Mirra Festa. Mitr. testd pyramidali-ovatd, longitudinaliter ob-

tuso-costatd, costarum interstitiis transversim cancellatis ; eburned,

anfractu ultimo fascid lata olivaceo-cinered, fusco indistincté punc-

tatd, cingulatd ; columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon. Mitra, pl. 36. f.303.

Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, Philippines (found on the

sands) ; Cuming.

A solid ivory-white shell, encircled with a dark band, which is

concealed in the upper part of the shell by the superposition of the

whorls.

Mirra Pincus. Mitr. testd subobeso-ovatd, longitudinaliter sub-

oblique noduloso-costatd, transversim impresso-striatd, striis cre-

berrimis, anfractus ultimi parte inferiori sulcatd ; albidd, fascid

unicd fuscescente cingulatd ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 36. f. 304.

Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, Philippines ; Cuming.

The last whorl of this shell exhibits a peculiarity of structure

which is worthy of observation; above the brown band it is very

closely impressly striated across; below it, it is merely distantly

grooved. A difference between the transverse sculpture of the upper

and lower portions of the whorls is rarely met with.

Mirra recuniaris. Mitr. testd elongatd, anfractibus levibus, con-

cavis, carind unicd prominente superné ornatis ; albidd, fascid latd

luteo-fuscescente cingulatd ; columella biplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 36. f. 305.

Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, Philippines (found under

‘stones at low water) ; Cuming.

This species may be easily distinguished by the hollow character

which is imparted to the whorls by the very prominent keel round

the upper part.

Mirra rozorea. Mitr. testd pyramidali, spird acuminatd ; nigri-

cante-fuscd, liris albidis angustis undique funiculatd ; columelld

biplicatd, plicis subindistinctis ; aperturd parvd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 37. f. 306.

Hab. ?

An interesting dark pyramidal shell, encircled throughout with

white cord-like ridges.

Mirra rapius. Mitr. testd gracili-fusiformi, spird acuminatd, basi

contractd, subelongatd ; anfractibus longitudinaliter concentrice

plicato-costatis, interstitiis cancellatis ; pallideé carned, anfractu ul-

timo fascid fuscescente busim versus cingulato ; columelld biplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 37. f. 309.

Hab. Isiand of Corregidor, Philippines (found among coarse sand

at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

A light elegant shell, in which the ribs are of a peculiarly concen-

tric growth.

Mirra cranpirormis. Mitr. testd ovatd, utrinque attenuatd, spire

suturis profunde impressis ; longitudinaliter costatd, costis levibus,

interstitiis profundé clathratis ; cinereo-griseo alboque variegatd,

basi albicante ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 37. f. 310.

Hab. ?

In most examples of this species the white rather predominates.

Mirra cineRAcEA. Mitr. testd pyramidali-ovaid, spird turritd,

basi subrecurvd; anfractibus supern? angulatis, longitudinaliter

costatis, costis ad angulum subnodosis, interstitiis liris parvis

transversis cancellatis ; cinereo-grised, fascid albidd subinterrupta

cingulatd, basi albidd ; columella quadriplicatd, aperturd parvd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 37. f. 311.

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, Philip-

pines (found under stones at low water) ; Cuming.

A sharply turreted shell, in which the prominent parts of the ribs

are white upon a dark ashy ground.

Mirra timata. Mitr. testd ovatd, crassiusculd, spird mediocri ;

levigatd, politd, transversim undique sulcatd, sulcis puncturatis ;

albidd, fascid fuscescente albifloccatd cingulatd ; columella quadri-

plicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 37. f. 312.

Hab. Island of Bohol, Philippines (found under stones on the reefs

at low water); Cuming.

The grooves of this species are more deeply punctured towards

the upper part of the whorls.

Mirra exitis. Mitr. testd elongatd, basi subrecurvd, spird sub-

obtusd ; liris minutis undique granoso-decussatd ; pallide violaceo-

purpurascente, anfractu ultimo fascid latd saturatiore cingulato,

infra albicante ; columella quadriplicatd, plicis parvis ; labro in-

crassato,

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 37. f. 313.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

An interesting small species, with a decussated granular surface,

like that of a thimble.

Mirra mica. Mitr. testd elongatd, subcylindraced, basim versus

contractd ; liris granulosis undique creberrimé decussatd ; fuscd,

zond albidd cingulatd ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 37. f. 314.

Hab. Island of Guimaras, Philippines (found in coarse sand at the

depth of six fathoms); Cuming.

The colour of this shell is a dull earthy brown.

Mirra armitiata. Mitr. testd pyramidali, spird turritd ; anfrac-

tibus supern? plano-angulatis, longitudinaliter concentricé costatis,

costis angustis, numerosis, ad angulum nodosis, transversim im-

pressis ; purpureo-fuscd, zonuld lutescente cingulata; columelld

quadriplicatd, aperturd brevi.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 37. f. 315.

Hab. Island of Annaa, Pacific Ocean (found on the reefs) ; Cuming.

A prettily sculptured species, in which the ribs are disposed some-

what concentrically.

Mirra Tornatettoiwes. Mitr. testd rotundato-ovatd, spird brevi,

obtusd ; transversim undique sulcatd, sulcis subindistincte punctu-

ratis ; sanguineo-fuscescente, zonuld transversd strigisque longitu-

dinalibus undatis albis vividé notatd ; columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 38. f. 316.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

The general aspect of this shell is very like that of a well-known

species of Tornatella.

Mirra causapata. Mitr. testé ovatd, spird subacumiaatd; an-

Sractibus superne plano-compressis, tuberculato-costatis, trans-

versim undique liratis; nigerrimo-fuscd, anfractuum ared superd

luted ; columella triplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 38. f. 317.

Hab. Gallapagos Islands (dredged from the depth of about ten

fathoms) ; Cuming.

The whorls are characterized by a peculiar narrow depression

round the upper part, beneath which they are for a short distance

tubercularly ribbed.

Mirra amanpa. Mitr. testd subpyramidali, spird acuto-turritd ;

anfractibus longitudinaliter crebricostatis, transversim impressis ;

Sasciis angustis rubido-fuscis albisque undique cingulata ; columella

quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 38. f. 318.

Hab. Islands of Burias and Negros, Philippines (found among coral

sand at the depth of four fathoms) ; Cuming.

Encircled throughout with narrow white and reddish brown bands,

Mirra crocea. Mitr. testd ovatd, spire suturis impressis; an-

Sractibus superné plano-angulatis ; longitudinaliter crebricostatis,

transversim basim versus sulcatis ; pallidé croced, aperture fauce

aurantio tinctd ; columella quadriplicatd.

- Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 38. f. 320.

Hab. Island of Capul, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

Of a beautiful clear yellow colour, with orange mouth.

Mirra rosacea. Mitr. testd ovatd, spird breviusculd ; liris gra-

natis undique cingulatd ; nived, maculis grandibus pallide rosaceis

bifasciatim ornatd ; columelld quinqueplicatd ; apertura oblongo-

ovata ; labro crenulato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 38. f. 321.

Hab. Island of Corrigidor, Philippines (found among coral sand at

the depth of ten fathoms) ; Cuming.

‘An extremely delicate semitransparent pink-stained white shell.

Mirra masta. Mitr. testd oblongo-ovatd, transversim sulcatd, le-

vigatd ; fuscescente, anfractuum parte superiori pallide luted ;

columella quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 38. f. 323.

Hab. Island of Corrigidor, Philippines (dredged among coral sand

at the depth of ten fathoms) ; Cuming.

The columella and mouth of this species are brightly enamelled,

Mirra Airntorps. Mitr. testd ovatd, crassa, spird. acutd, liris

parvis transversis et longitudinalibus, concentricis, undique decus-

satd ; nigerrimd, vel olivaceo-nigrd ; columella planatd, quadri-

plicatd, callositate superné munitd ; labro planato, intus denticulato,

superne sinuato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 38. f. 324.

Hab. Islands of Ticao and Luzon, Philippine Islands (found under

stones at low water) ; Cuming.

Belonging to that interesting group of which the Mitre Ziervogel-

tana and Woldemarii form part.

Mirra zeLotypa. Mitr. testd ovatd, anfractibus superneé rotunda-

tis, longitudinaliter costatis, transversim fortiter cancellato-liratis ;

luteo alboque undique fasciatd ; columelld quadriplicatd, aperture

Sauce violascente.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 38, f. 325.

Hab. F

A very distinct species, from the collection of H. Cuming, Esq.,

concerning which he possesses no information as to its locality. —

Mirra inrausta. Mitr. testd ovatd, solidiusculd, longitudinaliter

subundato-costatd, transversim impresso-striatd ; incarnato-stra-

mined, lineis impressis rubido-fusco hic illic eviliter tinctis ; colu-

melld triplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 39. f. 326.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

The transverse impressed strie are chiefly stained with reddish

brown where they pass over the ribs,

Mirra Grara. Mitr, testd ovata, solidd, spird brevi, acuminatd ;

levigatd, albd, opacd, epidermide luted indutd ; columelld triplicatd,

» Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 39. f. 327.

Hab. Island of Paros, Grecian Archipelago ; Miller, R.N.

A stout solid shell, of a peculiar opake marble-white, covered with

a yellow epidermis.

Mirra canpipa. Mitr. testd ovatd, subfusiformi, transversim

crebriliratd, lirarum interstitiis longitudinaliter subtilissimé stri-

atis ; candidd ; columelld triplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 39. f. 328. S

Hab. La Guayra, South America.

A white closely-ridged species, in the collection of His Majesty the

king of Denmark, by whose permission it has been forwarded to me

for illustration.

Mirra rustica. Mitr. testa oblongo-ovatd, spird turritd ; anfrac-

tibus superne angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis subdistan-

tibus, ad angulum muricato-tuberculatis, transversim puncturatis ;

albidd, inferné cinered ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 39. f. 329.

Hab. ?

The upper edge of the ash-colour is slightly marked between the

ribs with one or two brown dots.

Mirra corauuina. Mitr. testd subfusiformi, politd, basi subre-

curvd ; anfractibus transversim obsolete striatis, longitudinaliter

plicato-costatis ; electro- vel corallio-rubrd, costis albicantibus ;

columelld quadriplicatd.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 39. f. 330 a and b.

Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (found on the meh Cuming.

_ This is a beautiful species, some examples having the appearance

of bright amber, whilst others resemble red coral.

Mirra tusens. Mitr. testa elongata, subfusiformi, basi con-

_. tractd, spird turritd ; anfractibus superné angulatis, liris parvis

longitudinalibus et transversis creberrime clathratis ; albidd, apice

basique rosaceis ; columella quadriplicatd.

» Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 39. f. 331.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines. (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

» The ridges of this very delicate and pretty shell are slightly nodu-

lous, and prickly on the angle.

. Mirra patuna. Mitr. testd ovatd, tenuiculd, ventricosiusculd, le-

vigatd ; cinered, fusco hic illic variegatd et nebulatd ; columelld

_ quadriplicatd ; aperturd ampld ; labro tenui, superne sinuato.

Conch. Icon., Mitra, pl. 39. f. 333.

Hab.

» Very distinct from any form of the genus I have met with.

Mirra atveouus. Mitr. testd abbreviato-ovatd, spire suturis pro-

| funde impressis ; longitudinaliter subtiliter plicato-costatd, basi

transversim sulcatd ; anfractibus inferné aterrimis, superné albis,

nigro tessellatis ; columelld quadriplicatda,

, Conch. tens Mitra, pl. 39. f. 334.

* Hab.

A fa ae tessellated species, from the collection of Thomas

Norris, ae

May 27, 1845.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. Gould exhibited to the Meeting four new species of Birds

from Australia, which he characterized as follows -—

Arpea (Heropras) picata. Ard. capite superiore, occipite, plu-

mis occipitalibus, corpore superiore, caudd, alisque ceruleo-nigris ;

mento, nuehd, pectore, et quibusdam plumis a pectore dependentibus

albis.

Upper part of the head, occiput, occipital plumes, the whole of the

plumage of the body, wings and tail bluish slaty black; chin, neck,

chest and some of the lanceolate feathers dependent therefrom white ;

some few of the lanceolate feathers on the neck and breast have one

web white and the other web bluish slaty black; the remainder of these

lanceolate feathers are the same colour as the body; irides yellow;

bill, legs and feet greenish yellow. In young specimens the whole

of the under surface is white.

Total length, 17 inches; bill, 31; wing, 10; tail, 33; tarsi, 33.

Hab. Port Essington.

CoLLURICINCLA PARVULA. Col. corpore superiore, caudd, alisque

olivaceo-brunneis ; subtis pallidé cervind ; medio plumarum gule

et pectoris vittd latd brunned ornato.

All the upper surface, wings and tail olive-brown; a faint line

over the eye and the chin white; all the under surface pale buff, the

feathers of the throat and breast with a broad stripe of brown down

the centre ; irides dark brownish red; bill blackish grey ; tarsi bluish

rey.

e Fotal length, 7 inches; bill, 1; wing, 4; tail, 34; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Port Essington.

This is the smallest species of the genus yet discovered.

MELITHREPTUS MELANOCEPHALUS. Mel. toto capite, guld, et ma-

culd semilunari apud latera pectoris saturate nigris ; corpore su-

perne flavo-olivaceo pectore albo.

The whole of the head and throat, and a semilunar mark on either

side of the chest, deep glossy black; all the upper surface yellowish

olive, becoming brighter on the rump ; wings and tail brownish grey,

with lighter margins; breast white; remainder of the under surface

greyish white ; bill black; irides reddish brown; feet brown; bare

skin over the eye pearly white, slightly tinged with green.

Total length, 54 inches; bill, ,8; wing, 3; tail, 22; tarsi, 3,

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.

Hemivopivs scintTitLans. Hem. corpore superne pallide castaneo,

‘

singulis plumis fasciis latis brunneo-nigris ornatis ; marginibus

plumarum cinereis ; intra margines lineis angustis nigris et albis

ornatis ; tectricibus alarum et. tertiariis pallide castaneo-rubris

balteis irregularibus ziczac fusciatis ; interspatiis balteorum cine-

reo-albis ; mento genisque albis macula semilunari brunned ad

apicem singule plume ; pectore et corpore inferiore pallidé cervino-

albis ; plumis pectoris ordine macularum saturate grisearum ad

marginem ornatis.

Upper surface light chestnut-red, all the feathers crossed by broad

bars of brownish black and margined with grey, within which are

two narrow lines of black and white; wing-coverts and tertiaries

light chestnut-red, crossed by irregular zigzag bars of black, the in-

terspaces margined externally with greyish white; chin and sides of

the face white, with a narrow crescent-shaped mark of brown at the

tip of each feather ; sides of the breast chestnut, each feather tipped

with white, within which is an indistinct mark of deep black; chest

and under surface pale buffy white, the feathers of the chest with a

row of dark grey spots on each margin, giving that part a speckled

appearance; primaries brown, narrowly edged with white; irides

reddish orange ; feet yellow ; bill horn-colour.

Total length, male, 5 inches; bill, 14; wing, 34; tarsi, 12. Fe-

male, 6 inches ; bill, 2; wing, 33; tarsi, 32.

Hab. Houtmann’s Abrolhos, off the western coast of Australia.

- Remark.—Like the rest of the genus, the male is much inferior in

size to the female. The species is very nearly allied to, but much

smaller than, Hemipodius varius.

. “ Description of twenty-two new species of Land-Shells, belong-

ing to the collection of Mr. H. Cuming,” by Dr. L. Pfeiffer :—

1. Hexrx Grunent, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, depressd, supern®

planiusculd, minutissime punctato-striatd, rufa; anfractibus 54

sensim crescentibus, planiusculis, ultimo rotundato, anticé vix de-

flexo ; umbilico angusto, pervio; aperturd subverticali, depressd,

late lunari ; peristomate incrassato, refleco, marginibus callo tenui,

superne dentem arcuatum, validum, callosum formante junctis.

Diam. 38, alt. 18 mill.

Locality unknown. A beautiful shell, next allied to H. unguicula,

De Férussac, differing by the strong and arcuated tooth on the body

of the penultimate whorl.

2. Herix Oxentana, Pfr. Hel. testé imperforatd, orbiculari,

utrinque convexiusculd, obtuse carinatd, undique regulariter gra-

nulatd, superne fuscd, basi pallidd; anfractibus 54 rotundato-

planatis, ultimo antice deflexo, basi profunde biscrobiculato ; aper-

turd subhorizontali, ellipticd, coarctatd ; peristomate carneo-fusco,

incrassato, marginibus callo junctis, supero expanso, basali reflexo,

tridentato ; dentibus equidistantibus, 2 minoribus prope columellam,

tertio majore superneé sulcato.

Diam. 37, alt. 17 mill.

Found on the island of Jamaica at Savannah la Mar, by M. Atta-

nasio: ‘To be distinguished from H. lucerna, Miill., by having three

teeth at the basal margin of the aperture.

3. Herrx Neoeranatensis, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, depressd,

carinatd, tenui, undique minute granulosd, saturate rufd; spiré

vie elevatd ; anfractibus 44 planiusculis, ultimo basi convexo, an-

tice deflexo, constricto ;, aperturd perobliqud, lunato-rotundatd ;

peristomate carneo, simplice, expanso, reflexiusculo, marginibus

callo tenui junctis, basali obsoletissimé unidentato, columellaré

brevi, dilatato, adpresso.

Diam. 34, alt. 15 mill.

Found in the mountain Quendeu at New Granada.

4, Heurx crverascens, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, globoso-tur-

binatd, tenuiusculd, stramined, fasciis 2 latis et ared basali nigri-

cantibus ornatd, epidermide tenui, hydrophand, cinered, obducta ;

spird breviter turbinatd, apice obtusa ; anfractibus 5} convewius-

culis, ultimo basi inflato ; columelld subarcuatd, carneo-fused ;

apertura rotundato-lunari, intus alba; peristomate breviter ex-

panso, subincrassato, castaneo-limbato.

Diam. 41, alt. 37 mill.

- Found by H. Cuming, Esq. at the island of Masbate.

5. Hexrx Turso, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, turbinatd, solidius-

culd, distincté striatd, sub epidermide tenuissimd, decidud, flaves-

cente albd, medio rufo-fasciatd ; spird brevi, conoided, obtusd ;

anfractibus 5 convezis, ultimo obsolete angulato, basi vix conveno ;

columella strictd, dilatatd, albidd ; aperturd irregulariter lunari ;

peristomate expanso, margine columellari dilatato, reflexo, rimam

Sormante, cum basali angulatim juncto.

Diam. 43, alt. 35 mill.

Hab. Isle of Mindoro.

6. Heurx unicoxor, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, depressd, acute cari-

natd, tenui, fuscd, superne subtiliter striatd, subtis lineis nonnullis

spiralibus elevatis munitd ; spird depresso-conoided ; anfractibus 5

planiusculis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo antice non descendente,

basi convexo, ad umbilicum angustum abrupte angulato ; apertura

rhomboided ; peristomate saturate fusco, marginibus callo tenuis-

simo junctis, supero dilatato, expunso, basali ascendente, stricto,

columellari brevi, dilatato, umbilicum semi-occultante, cum basali

angulatim juncto.

Diam. 32, alt. 16 mill. ;

Locality unknown. Constantly distinguished from H. Xystera,

Valenc., by its narrow umbilicus, elevated spire, and the number of

its whorls.

7. Hewix ompnatopes, Pfr. Hel. testd late umbilicatd, depressd,

solidd, leviter striatuld, sub epidermide flavescente, decidud alba,

ad peripheriam et suturam rufo-cingulatd ; spird vie convead ; an-

fractibus 5 planiusculis, ultimo antice viv descendente, basi pauld

convexiore, circa umbilicum magnum, spiralem, intus castaneum

ssubcompresso ; aperturd perobliqud, lunato-ovali ; peristomate bre-

viter reflexo, fusco, marginibus conniventibus.

Diam. 41, alt. 16 mill.

Locality unknown.

8. Hexix invorvura, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, depressd, su-

perne convexiusculd, basi planiusculd, medio impressd, tenuissimd,

striatuld, nitidissimd, corned, fusco-radiatd ; anfractibus plane in-

volutis, ultimo antice oblique depresso ; aperturd depressd, lunato-

oblongd ; peristomate simplice, recto, marginibus utrinque centro

teste insertis, dextro antrorsum arcuato-dilatato.

Diam. 18, alt. 74 mill.

Found on the mountains of Quendeu in New Granada.

9. Hexrx campanuta, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, globosd, solidd,

subtiliter et regulariter oblique striatd, castaned ; spird semiglo-

bosd, apice obtuso, pallido ; anfractibus 44 conveziusculis, ultimo

antecedente vix latiore, antice vie descendente, medio pallidé cin-

gulato ; apertura perobligud, lunato-ovali, intus livescente ; peri-

stomate fusco, subincrassato, breviter reflexo, marginibus callo

junctis, basali introrsum obsolete albo-unidentato, extrorsum dila-

tato, umbilicum angustum, profundum semi-occultante.

Diam. 27, alt. 21 mill.

Locality unknown.

10. Hexrx vasiata, Pfr. Hel. testé aperte perforatd, depressd,

tenui, striatuld, superné lineis concentricis obsolete decussatd, basi

levigatd, nitidd, fulvd ; spird planiusculd ; anfractibus 6 subpla-

nulatis, ultimo dilatato, depresso ; aperturd late lunari ; peristomate

acuto, intus calloso-labiato, margine supero antrorsum rotundato,

basali plane arcuato, columellari vix reflexiusculd.

Diam. 40, alt. 20 mill.

Locality unknown. Distinguished from H. citrina, Linn., by the

concentrical striz, the number of its whorls, and the callus within

the aperture.

11. Heuix Hanuryi, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, depressd, len-

ticulari, acuté carinatd, tenui, subtilissimé decussatd, nitidd, sul-

phured, ad suturam et carinam albo-fasciatd ; spire pari elevatd ;

anfractibus 4 subplanulatis, ultimo antice angulatim deflexo, con-

stricto ; apertura parvuld, horizontali, oblongd ; peristomate sim-

plice, undique expanso et reflero, marginibus fere contiguis.

Diam. 19, alt. 9 mill.

- PB. Testd superneé nigricanti-purpured, ad aperturam albo-fasciatd,

basi albidd, infra carinam castaneo-fasciatd.

Found by Mr. Cuming at Sinait, island of Luzon. This fine shell

is not unlike some varieties of the Hel. bifasciata, Lea, but constantly

to be distinguished from that species by the angular deflection of its

last whorl and by the shape of its small aperture.

12. Hexrx amana, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, globoso- pace

lineis longitudinalibus et spiralibus sub lente decussatd, albidd,

fascia unicd spadiced supra peripheriam et lined rufd, suturali

ornatd ; anfractibus 4 vie convewviusculis, ultimo obsolete angulato,

antice deflexo, basi parim converd ; aperturd transverse lunari-

oblongd, intus concolore ; peristomate simplice, marginibus sub-

parallelis, dextro expanso, basali antice refleco, ad columellam

dilatato, adpressé reflexo. 3

Diam. 18, alt. 103 mill.

Found by Mr. Cuming at Catanauan, island of Luzon. This spe-

cies is likewise similar to several unkeeled varieties of Hel. bifasciata,

but by examining a large number of specimens of this and the other

ones, I found the above characters to be invariably constant.

13. Hexix Mercatru, Pfr. Hel. testd late umbilicatd, depressd,

discoided, acut® carinatd, striatuld, pallide vel rufescenti-corned,

utringue juxta carinam albam castaneo-unifasciatd ; spird via ele-

vatd ; anfractibus 6 vix convexiusculis, ultimo antic® vix descen-

dente ; aperturd subtriangulari ; peristomate simpiice, margine

supero antrorsum arcuatim dilatato, depresso, basali ad columellam

leviter arcuato.

Diam. 21, alt. 7 mill.

(3. Minor, flavida, lineis angustis nigricanti-rufis jucta carinam,

Diam. 17, alt. 54 mill.

y. Unicolor, fusco-cornea. Diam. 15, alt. 5 mill.

Found by Mr. Cuming on the Philippine Islands and at Sibonga,

island of Zebu; . at Tanhay, island of Negros; y. on the island of

Siquijor. Distinguished from all species belonging to the same

group by its flattened shape.

14. Hexix trristis, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, ovato-globosd,

tenui, striatd, lineis concentricis obsolet2 decussatd, olivaceo-fuscd,

rufo 5-fasciatd ; spird parvuld, conoided ; anfractibus 4 conveai-

usculis, ultimo influto ; aperturd lunato-ovali, intus nitidd ; peri-

stomate simplice, recto, margine columellari dilatato, reflexo, ad-

presso.

Diam. 21, alt. 18 mill.

This species is said to be found in Sicily, but there may be a

mistake.

15. Hexrx Apamsu, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, orbiculato-con-

vexiusculd, leviter striatuld, nitidissimd, fulvescenti-luted, unicolore

vel fasciis saturate fulvis et castaneis multimode ornatd et radiatd ;

spird convexiusculd, obtusa ; anfractibus 34-4 vix convexiusculis,

ultimo basi planiore ; aperturd rotundato-lunari ; peristomate sim-

plice, acuto, margine columellari subobliquo, dilatato, albo.

Diam. 12, alt. 64 mill.

Hab. Pitcairn’s Island and Opara. Collected by Mr. Cuming.

The late patriarch of the island pointed out this shell to Mr. Cu-

ming, and at his request I have the pleasure to dedicate it to the

venerable man’s memory.

> 16. Hevix Banamensis, Pfr. Hel. testd anguste umbilicatd, de-

pressd, tenui, corned, costulato-striatd ; spird brevi, convewiusculd ;

anfractibus 44 vir conveviusculis, ultimo antice deflexo ; aperturd

subhorizontali, transverse ovali ; peristomate simplice, tenui, mar ~

ginibus approximatis, supero breviter expanso, basali reflexo, intus

dente triangulari, valido munito, columellari dilatato, reflexo, um-

bilicum angustum, pervium semitegente.

Diam. 17, alt. 73 mill.

Hab. Bahamas.

17. Hexix Bermupensis, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, lenticulari,

tenuiusculd, carinatd, leviter ruguloso-striatd, pallidé fulvescente,

cingulo castaneo supra et latiore infra carinam ornatd ; anfractibus

7 vix convexiusculis, lente accrescentibus ; umbilico angusto, pervio ;

aperturd subtrapezid ; peristomate simplice, recto, margine colu-

mellari verticalt, brevi, refleriusculo, cum basali angulum rectum

formante.

Diam. 19, alt. 103 miil.

Hab. Bermuda.

18. Hexrx Pennantiana, Pfr. Hel. testd angusté umbilicatd, or-

biculato-conoided, acute carinatd, tenui, striatuld, irregulariter et

leviter malleatd, unicolore carned, apice rufescente; anfractibus

54 vie conveviusculis, ultimo antice vix descendente, basi planius-

culo ; aperturd perobliqud, angulato-lunari, intus albd ; peristomate

roseo, late expanso, margine basali reflero, columellari brevi,

strictiusculo, dilatato, umbilicum feré tegente.

Diam. 37, alt. 20 mill.

Hab. Philippine Islands ?

Nearly allied to H. labium, Fér., from which it may easily be di-

stinguished by its sharp keel and sculpture.

19. Buximus Leoparpus, Pfr. Bul. testd imperforatd, ovatd, soli-

diusculd, longitudinaliter confertim costulato-striatd, fulvd, strigis

et maculis albidis epidermidis hydrophane eleganter variegatd ;

spird brevi, conoided, sursum pallescente ; anfractibus 5 convezis,

rapide accrescentibus, ultimo spiram superante ; columelld elongatd,

introrsum acutd ; aperturd amplissimd, rotundato-ovali, intus albd ;

peristomate late expanso, reflexiusculo, castaneo-limbato.

Long. 47, diam. 30 mill.

Hab. Isle of Mindanao, Philippine Islands.

20. Buuimus eerectus, Pfr. Bul. testd perforatd, fusiformi, soli-

duld, striis longitudinalibus confertis et lineis spiralibus remotio-

ribus subdecussatd, nitidd, flammis castaneis pellucidis et Sulvis,

opacis egregit pictd ; anfractibus 6 vir converiusculis, ultimo spi-

ram turritam equante, basi compresso; columelld subangulato-

arcuatd ; aperturd oblonga, utrinque acutd, intus lividd ; peristo-

mate vivide rubro, late expanso, breviter reflexo, basi canaliculato,

marginibus callo tenui junctis.

Long. 41, diam. 15 mill.

Locality unknown. Distinguished from B. goniostoma, Sow., by

its size, colouring and widely expanded peristome.

21. Bunimus canauicutatvus, Pfr. Bul. testd umbilicatd, oblique

Susiformi, ruguloso-striatd, nitidd, albido, carneo et spadiceo mar-

moratd ; spird turrito-conicd, acuta; anfractibus 7 viz conveaius-

culis, ultimo spird vir longiore, basi valdé constricto-carinato ;

columella arcuatim antrorsum elongatd ; aperturd ovali, basi cana-

liculatd ; peristomate simplice, tenui, margine dextro vie expansi-

usculo, columellari dilatato, reflexo.

Long. 37, diam. 14 mill.

Hab. Bolivia.

22. Buximus castanevs, Pfr. Bul. testd vix perforatd, ovato-

acuminatd, solidiusculd, longitudinaliter confertim striatd, lineis

spiralibus distantioribus decussatd, unicolore castaned ; spird brevi,

conicd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 44 vir conveziusculis, ultimo in-

flato, 2-3 longitudinis subequante ; columella tenui, subsimplice ;

aperturd ovali, intus saturate fuscd, nitidaé ; peristomate via in-

crassato, brevissime reflero, marginibus callo tenui junctis, colu-

mellari vix dilatato.

Long. 70, diam. 39 mill.

Hab. Nova Granada; Vegas on the river Quendeu.

Nearly allied to Bul. Gibbonius, Lea; distinguished by its trans-

verse striz, closed umbilicus, peristome, etc.

“« Description of a new species of Amphipeplea,”’ by Dr. L. Pfeiffer.

The shell I am describing belongs to the genus of freshwater

shells distinguished by Nilsson from Limneus under the name of

Amphipeplea, and sufficiently characterized by the shape and habits

of its animal, perfectly agreeing with our new species, according to

Mr. Cuming’s information, who first discovered it, and by whose

name I am pleased to illustrate the species.

AmPHIPEPLEA Cuminciana, Pfr. Amph. testd ovato-globosd, tenu-

issimd, longitudinaliter confertim striatuld, nitidissimd, pellucida,

pallide corned; spird brevissimd, mucronulatd, callo tenui semi-

obtectd; columella nulld ; margine anfractuum interno arcuato,

appendice membranaceo (deciduo) munito ; aperturd amplissimd,

semi-ovali, margine supero breviter arcuato, patente.

Long. 30, diam. 22 mill.; apertura 26 mill. longa.

Found at Naga, province of South Camerines, island of Luzon, by

H. Cuming, Esq.

Mr. Thompson of Belfast read a paper to prove that the Larus

capistratus, ‘Temm., is not a distinct species from L. ridibundus, and

exhibited a series of specimens of both forms in different states of

plumage obtained in the neighbourhood of Belfast. ‘The differences

between these supposed species are—

Ist. In size; but a female specimen of L. ridibundus, with black

hood, bill and legs arterial blood-red, was exhibited, agreeing in the

size of body, tarsi, &c. with L. capistratus.

2nd. The colour of the tarsi and toes attributed to L. capistratus,

and as distinguishing it from L. ridibundus, is a mere transition shade,

through which all individuals of the latter pass before the arterial

blood-red hue is attained.

3rd. The disposition of black or brown on the head, its taking the

form of a mask, as in L. capistratus, or as a hood, as in L. ridibundus,

is either transitional or accidental*, and the shade of colour com-

monly varies from the “ broccoli-brown” of the former to the deeper

tint of the ordinary L. ridibundus.

A specimen of the L. capistratus, purchased at the sale of Bullock’s

collection by Dr. Leach, and believed to have been one of the first

birds seen by Temminck, to which he gave this name, is now in the

British Museum. By the kindness of Mr. George R. Gray, I made a

critical comparison of this bird with the specimens now exhibited,

and, excepting in the smaller size of the toes and webs of feet, there

was no difference between it and some of them; and from the adult

female, L. ridibundus, in full summer plumage it differed in the most

trivial manner only.

* I have known it to be both transitional and accidental, i.e. for birds

to exhibit the mask the first summer of their attaining adult plumage, and

others the hood in their first assumption of the black hood.

June 10, 1845.

Rev. John Barlow in the Chair.

*“Descriptions of twenty-two new species of Helix, from the col-

lections of Miss Saul, — Walton, Esq., and H. Cuming, Esq.,” by

Dr. Louis Pfeiffer :—

1. Hexrx pacuystyta, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, globosd, solidd,

ponderosd, striatd, lineis concentricis decussatd, albd, epidermide

sordide viridi, nigricanti-radiatd indutd ; spird brevi ; anfractibus

5 celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo globoso, anticé breviter deflexo ;

columella obliqud, dilatatd, callosd, albd, obsolete et late uniden-

tatd ; apertura irregulariter lunato-rotundatd, intus lacted ; peri-

stomate recto, intus subincrassato, margine basali reflexiusculo.

Diam. 43, alt. 37 mill.

Locality, New Zealand.

Similar to H. pomum, Pfr., from which it may be distinguished by

its transverse strie, and by being quite imperforate. (Coll. Metcalfe.)

2. Hextrx EvRyompuHana, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, orbiculato-

converd, tenui, pellucida, virenti-corned, superné regulariter costu-

lato-striatd, lineis concentricis obsoleté decussatd, basi remotius

siriatd, nitidissimd ; spird pariim elevatd, obtusd ; anfractibus 6

convewiusculis, ultimo dilatato, subdepresso, anticé non descendente ;

umbilico magno, pervio; aperturd oblique lunato-ovali, intus mar-

garitaced ; peristomate recto, simplice, marginibus conniventibus.

Diam. 37, alt. 17 mill.

Locality, Cuba.

To be distinguished from H. lazata, Fér., by the number of its

whorls, forming a more elevated spire, by the last whorl not deflected

and less dilated, &c. (Coll. Cuming.)

3. Hexrx micans, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, globosd, tenui,

Sragili, striatuld, lineis confertissimis obsolete decussatd, diaphand,

albidd ; spird parvuld ; anfractibus 4 planiusculis, rapide accres-

centibus, ultimo inflato ; columelld tenui, intrante, excavatd ; aper-

turd rotundato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, recto, margine dextro

antrorsum subarcuato.

Diam. 28, alt. 19 mill.

Found at 8. Juan, province of Cagayan, island of Luzon, on bushes,

by H. Cuming, Esq.

This shell might easily be taken for an enormous species of Vitrina.

4. Heurx Forsesi, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, discoided, tenui,

oblique confertim striatd, unicolore rufa; spird planiusculd ; an-

fractibus 5 convexis, ultimo basi convewiore, antice vie descen-

Nos. CXLVIII. & CXLIX.—Procrepines oF THE Zoot. Soc.

dente, obtuse angulato, superné obsolete impresso ; umbilico magno,

spirali ; aperturd perobliqud, rotundato-lunari ; peristomate sim-

plice, acuto, albido-carneo, intus subincrassato, margine supero late

expanso, basali reflexo, columellari subdilatato.

Diam. 41, alt. 14 mill.

Locality unknown. (Coll. Walton.)

5. Hezrx rusicunpa, Pfr. Hel. testd perforatd, depressé turbi-

natd, rugoso-striatd, obsolete et minutissime granulutd, subepider-

mide corned, decidud rubicundd; anfractibus 53 subplanulatis,

ultimo medio obtuse angulato, basi convexiore ; aperturd oblique

lunari; peristomate simplice, recto, margine dextro antrorsum

subdilatato, columellari dilatato, reflexo, perforationem semi-occul-

tante.

Diam. 27, alt. 15 mill.

Locality unknown. (Coll. Walton.)

6. Hexrx Saurra, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, globoso-depressd,

solidiusculd, oblique striata, fulvidd, medio fascid unicd albd,

utrinque rufo-marginatd ornatd ; spird brevi, obtusd ; anfractibus

4 vix conveziusculis, ultimo basi subplanato, antic? subitd deflexo,

circa umbilicum angustum, pervium rufo; aperturd perobliqua,

lunato-ovali ; peristomate breviter reflexo, marginibus conniventi-

bus, callo tenui junctis, columellari castaneo, valde dilatato, umbili-

cum fere occultante.

Diam. 32, alt. 20 mill.

Locality unknown. (Coll. Cuming. et Saul.)

7. Hexrx ruompostoma, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, trochiformi,

tenuiusculd, oblique striatuld, lineis confertissimis concentricis

subdecussatd, nitiduld, albido-fulvescente, fasciis castaneis plurimis

ornatd ; spird brevi, conicd, apice acuta; anfractibus 5 planius-

culis, ultimo acute carinato, basi vix convexo, antice pariim deflexo,

a latere subcompresso ; aperturd rhombed ; peristomate violaceo,

margine supero expanso, superne impresso, columellari stricto, di-

latato, plano, adpresso.

Diam. 28, alt. 15 mill.

Locality unknown. (Coll. Saul. et Metcalf.)

8. Hexix pianissima, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, depressissimd,

lenticulari, tenui, utrinque oblique rugoso-costatd, albidd, subtis

interdum corneo-fasciatd ; anfractibus 5} convexiusculis, acute

carinatis (carind compressd, prominente, serrata), ultimo anticé vie

descendente, basi convexiore, circa umbilicum mediocrem, spiralem

subangulato ; apertura depressd, angulato-lunari ; peristomate sim-

plice, margine basali plane arcuato, reflezo.

Diam. 114, alt. 43 mill.

Locality unknown. (Coll. Walton.)

Similar to H. amanda, Rossm., from which it may be distinguished

—

by its thin and flattened shell, its umbilicus, and the peristome not

thickened.

Sf nee

9; Hexix riticosta, Pfr. Hel. testd subobtect? perforatd, depresso-

globosd, regulariter costatd (costis filiformibus), tenuiusculd, car-

neo-albidd, lineis fuscis obsoletis cinctd ; anfractibus 44 convezis,

ultimo antice deflexo; aperturd lunato-orbiculari ; peristomate

acuto, intus subincrassato, labiato, marginibus conniventibus, callo

introrsum diffuso roseo junctis, dextro vix expanso, columellari

dilatato, reflexo, roseo.

Diam. 14, alt. 9 mill.

Locality unknown. (Coll. Saul.)

10. Hexix retirera, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, obtuse trochi-

formi, striato-plicatuld, lineis nonnullis concentricis elevatis reti-

culatd, carinatd, diaphand, pallide corned ; spird elevatd, obtusd ;

anfractibus 64 planiusculis, ultimo basi subplanulato, striato ;

umbilico mediocri, pervio; aperturd depressd, securiformi ; peri-

stomate simplice, acuto, margine supero brevi, basalt plane arcuato.

Diam. 7, alt. 4 mill.

Locality unknown. (Coll. Metcalf.)

11. Buurmus Gravanus, Pfr. Bul. testd gracili, turritd, soliduld,

longitudinaliter subtilissime striatd et lineis impressis spiralibus

subdecussatd, cinnamomed; spird turritd, apice valdé attenu-

atd; anfractibus 6 via convexiusculis, ultimo 3% longitudinis sub-

@quante, antice deflexo, soluto, dorso et basi carinato, lateribus

scrobiculato ; aperturd angustd, oblongd, basi canaliculata ; peri-

stomate simplice, undique expanso, dentibus 7 marginem non attin-

gentibus armato; 3 in latere dextro, 4 in sinistro, summo tuber-

culiformi, secundo valido, lamelliformi.

Long. 35, diam. 11 mill.

Locality, Brazils.

Nearly allied to Bul. odontostoma, Sow., but quite distinct from

the two varieties figured by Férussac. (Coll. Cuming.)

12. Buurmus coarcratus, Pfr. Bul. testd rimato-perforatd, ovato-

acutd, solidd, albidd, lineis interruptis, fuscis cingulatd ; spird

conicd, acutd ; anfractibus 6} planulatis, ultimo conveviore, spiram

equante ; aperturd angustd, oblonga, coarctatd ; columella incras-

satd, tuberculatd ; peristomate lat? expanso, margine dextro in-

trorsum incrassato, acute prominente, medio sinuolato, cum colu-

mellari dilatato, reflexo, patente angulatim juncto.

Long. 34, diam. 17 mill.

Locality unknown.

Nearly allied to B. signatus, Desh.

13. Burtimus Dusuayesit, Pfr. Bul. testé umbilicatd, turritd, so-

lidd, striatuld, violascenti-albd, strigis et maculis violascenti-fuscis

irregulariter signatd ; suturd subcrenulatd ; anfractibus 9 vir

convexiusculis, ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante ; columelld sub-

rectd ; aperturd ovali, intus violaced ; peristomate simplice, recto,

margine columellari dilatato, fornicatim reflexo, rimam umbilica-

rem non occultante.

Long. 45, diam. 15 mill.

Locality unknown. (Coll. Cuming.)

14. Butrmus Tuompsonu, Pfr. Bul. testa imperforatd, ovato-

oblongd, soliduld, longitudinaliter striatd, fusco-olivaced ; spird

conicd, apice obtusd, rubrd; anfractibus 6, supremis planulatis,

purpureo-strigatis, ultimo spiram equante ; suturd albo-marginatd,

crenulatd ; columellé rectd (non tortd), leviter arcuatd ; aperturd

oblongo-ovali, intus livida ; peristomate subincrassato, recto, intus

nigro-limbalo, marginibus callo castaneo junctis, basali cum colu-

melld basin attingente subangulatim juncto,

Long. 70, diam. 31 mill.

Locality, Quito. (Coll. Cuming.)

Nearly allied to B. Taunaysii.

15. Butimus Siqurisorensis, Pfr. Bul. testd imperforatd, ovato-

oblongd, tenui, fulvd, epidermide pallide fusca elegantissimé mar-

moratd et flammatd ; spird conicd, obtusd, apice nudd, rufescente ;

anfractibus 6 via convexiusculis, ultimo spird vix breviore, sub-

angulato ; columella subtortd, longitudinaliter biangulatd, intror-

sum acutd ; aperturd oblongo-subpyriformi, intus albidd ; peristo-

mate tenui, breviter expanso, margine dextro deorsum dilatato, :

basali cum columellari angulum obsoletum formante.

Long. 52, diam. 25 mill.

Locality, island of Siquijor (Philippines). Collected by Mr..Cu-

ming.

16. AcuaTina sEMiscuLpTa, Pfr. Achat. testd tenui, ovato-elongatd,

longitudinaliter regulariter striata, fuscescenti-alb:dd, strigis ful-

gurantibus rufis pictd; spird conicd, apice obtusiusculd, lineis

confertis concentricis regulariter granulosa; anfractibus 74 con-

vexiusculis, ultimo spiram subequante, usque ad peripheriam lineis

impressis distantioribus decussato; columelld subrectd, abrupte

truncatd ; apertura ovali-acutd ; peristomate simplice, recto.

Long. 55, diam. 23 mill.

Locality, Africa, Loanda, coast of Benguela. (Coll. Cuming.)

—— ee

17. AcHaTINA RETICULATA, Pfr. Achat. testd oblongo-acutd, so-

lidd, ponderosd, longitudinaliter confertim plicatd, sulcis concen-

tricis profunde reticulatd, albidd, castaneo-marmoratd et maculata ;

spird elongatd, acutd, superne minuté granulatd ; suturd subcrenu-

latd ; anfractibus 8 parim convexis, ultimo 3 longitudinis sub-

equante ; columelld crassd, alba, arcuatd, abrupte truncatd ; aper-

turd utrinque attenuatd, oblongo-ovali.

Long. 160, diam. 70 mill.

Locality, Africa. (Coll. Cuming.)

18. Acnatina papyracea, Pfr. Achat. testd ovato-oblongd, tenui,

striis longitudinalibus et concentricis obsolete decussatd, diaphand,

Sulvd, castaneo obsolete marmoratd ; spird conicd, apice obtusd ;

suturd marginatd ; anfractibus 54 vix convexiusculis, ultimo spi-

ram vix superante ; columella subrectd, basin aperture fere attin-

gente, oblique truncatd, lined purpured ornatd ; aperturd ovali,

intus margaritaced.

Long. 66, diam. 30 mill.

Locality, banks of the river Nun in Africa. (Coll. Cuming.)

19. AcHatrina Frusirormis, Pfr. Achat. testd ovato-fusiformi, tenui,

longitudinaliter confertim costulatd, lineis transversis minute reti-

culatd, fulvidd, saturatius strigatd ; spird conicd, acutiusculd, apice

rubescente; suturd marginatd ; anfractibus 7-8 convexiusculis,

ultimo spiram pauld superante, basi attenuato; columella leviter

arcuatd, abrupte truncatd, rubelld ; aperturd angustd, oblongd ;

peristomate simplice, repando, margine rubicundo.

Long. 87, diam. 35 mill.

Locality, mountain of Coban, Vera Cruz, Central America. (Coll.

Cuming.)

This species, as well as the next following, may perhaps belong to

the genus Glandina.

20. Acnatina costuLata, Pfr. Achat. testd ovato-fusiformi, tenui,

longitudinaliter confertim et regulariter costulatd, diaphand, fulvo-

rubelld, strigis parvis saturatioribus ornatd ; spird pyramidali,

acutd ; suturd sulco parallelo crenulato-marginatd ; anfractibus 8

vix convexiusculis, ultimo Spiram vie equante ; columella subrectd,

abrupt? truncaté ; aperturd oblongd, utrinque attenuatd, intus

-margaritaced.

Long. 72, diam. 31 mill.

Locality, mountains of Quendeu, New Granada. (Coll. Cuming.)

21. Guawpina nierRicans, Pfr. Glan. testd ovato-oblongd, solidi-

usculd, minutissime striatuld, nitidissimd, nigricante, strigis remotis

angustis fulvis ornatd, basi corneo-luted ; spird conicd; suturd

virenti-marginatd ; anfractibus 7 planulatis, ultimo 3 longitudinis

equante ; columella arcuatd, callosd, oblique truncatd, basin aper-

ture non attingente ; aperturd angustd, semiovali, intus concolore.

Long. 35, diam. 16 mill.

Locality, Vera Cruz, in Central America. (Coll. Cuming.)

22. GLANDINA MonrILIFERA, Pfr. Glan. testé Susiformi-ovatd, tenui,

pellucidd, regulariter costulato-striatd, costulis in medio anfractis

ultimi evanescentibus, fulvo-rosed, lineis remotis rufis pallidé mar-

ginatis ornatd ; spird brevi, conicd; suturd eleganter et confer-

tim granulosd ; anfractibus 7 planiusculis, ultimo 3 longitudinis

subequante, ventroso ; columella viv arcuatd, basi abrupt trun-

catd ; aperturd angustd, semiovali.

Long. 29, diam. 144 mill. :

Locality, mountains of Coban, Vera Cruz, Central America. (Coll.

Cuming.)

A number of Birds’-skins from Australia were presented to the

Society by Jeremiah Olive, Esq.

The Secretary exhibited to the Meeting a specimen of Sand Grouse,

Tyrrhaptes paradorus, and five specimens of Mammals (all of which

were new to the Society’s collection), from the Altai Mountains of

Siberia, viz. :—

Meriones opimus,

+Aspalax Zokar,

Mustela Altaica,

Dipus Jaculus,

Mygale moschata.

Mr. Gould laid upon the table a series of Terns, and characterized

a new species :—

Srerna Gracizis. St. summo capite et nuchd posteriore saturate

nigris ; lateribus nuche et parte inferiore seriaceo-albis ; pectore

et abdomine leviter rosaceis ; rostro carnicolore, apice brunneo-

nigro ; pedibus aureo-fuscis.

Crown of the head, nape and back of the neck deep black; sides

of the neck and all the under surface silky white, with a blush of rosy

red on the breast and abdomen; back, wings and tail light grey,

becoming darker on the primaries; irides brownish red; bill flesh-

colour, except at the tip, where it is washed with blackish brown;

feet orange-red.

Total length, 13 inches; bill, 22; wing, 83; tail, 64; tarsi, %.

Hab. 'The Houtmann’s Abrolhos, off the western coast of Australia,

June 24, 1845.

No business was transacted.

July 8, 1845. *

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. Gould exhibited to the Meeting. five new species of Mam-

mals ;—

Mus uineoxatus. M. vellere longo, molli fusco-cinereo corpore

subtis cinerascenti-albo indistincté flavo-lavato ; auribus mediocri-

bus extus pilis nigris postice cinerascentibus vestitis ; pedibus albis ;

caudd albd supra nigrescentibus.

unc, lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 5 4

UGE! bl a2 2 Sata aig) Sigh! aiele 4 5

ab apice rostri ad basin auris 1 2

CUTE ae tact Eee TED. oe yo QO. 7%

tarsi digitorumque.............. 1 23

Hab. Open plains, Darling Downs, New South Wales.

Fur long and very soft ; the hairs of the back of a deep slate-grey,

with the exposed portion of a dirty yellowish hue, and the points

black; long interspersed black pointed hairs are abundant on the

back, and give a deep general tint to that part; sides of the body

greyish yellow, under parts grey-white, faintly suffused with yel-

lowish; the hairs on these parts of a deepish grey, excepting at the

point ; hairs of the moustaches rather small and black ; eye encircled

with black ; ears of moderate size and well-covered with minute hairs ;

those on the outer side black, excepting on the hinder part, where

they assume a greyish white tint, like those on the inner side of the

ear ; feet rather small and white ; the fore-ones greyish at the wrist,

and the tarsi indistinctly suffused with yellowish; tail about equal

in length to the head and body, well-clothed with smallish hairs,

which do not perfectly hide the scales; those on the upper surface

chiefly brownish black, slightly pencilled with whitish in parts; on

the sides and under part white.

Mus eraciticaupatus. M. vellere longo molli cinerascenti-fusco ;

corpore subtis albo, indistincte flavo-lavato ; auribus parvulis pilis

obscuris plerumque obsitis ; pedibus sordid2 albis ; caudd fusco-

nigrd, subtis sordidé albd.

unc. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 5 0

OU aeee She ios s bie ve Steal 3.5

ab apice rostri ad basin auris , 1 22

Ce a a ae 0 5

———— farsi digitorumque.............. en

Hab. Oakley Creek, Darling Downs, east coast of Australia.

This species greatly resembles the Mus lineolatus, but differs in

No. CXLIX.—Procrepincs or THE ZooLtocicaL Society.

having the ears smaller, and clothed internally with dusky hairs in-

stead of white; the incisor teeth rather broader; the tarsi smaller;

the fore-feet much smaller; the tail more sparingly clothed with

hairs, which are of a less pure white on the under side, and the darker

hairs of the upper surface extending somewhat on to the sides of

the tail, and in not presenting that strongly-marked line of separa-

tion between the colouring of the upper and under surface. The fur

is rather less soft, less tinted with yellow on the upper parts, and

more so on the sides of the body.

Mus atsocinerEvus. WM. vellere longo permolli, pallide cinereo, in

dorsum pallide fusco tincto; corpore subtis, caudd, pedibusque

albis ; caudd supra indistincté nigro penicillata ; auribus medio-

cribus pilis albescentibus vestitis.

une. lin

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 3 9

DNL cath pt et salar Sates ero a 3 6

ab apice rostri ad basin auris ee lees |

UIE S isars cakanard te poland te atoiadhs |) thetemete lags

tarsi digitorumque , ene oe 0 10

Hab. Moore’s River, in the interior of Western Australia.

This mouse is rather larger than the Mus musculus, and consider-

ably stouter in proportion; has the head large, the ears moderate ;

the tail nearly equal to the head and body in ‘length ; the tarsi very

slender; the fur very long and soft, and its general hue pale ashy

grey ; on the hinder part of the back a slight brownish tint, produced

by a very fine and indistinct pencilling of dusky or pale greyish yel-

low; the lower part of the sides of the body and the whole of the

under parts white, but not quite pure, having a faint greyish hue; the

head grey-white, pencilled with black ; the sides of the muzzle white ;

the ears well-clothed with minute greyish white hairs ; the feet white,

and if we except some scattered blackish hairs on the upper surface,

the tail also white.

Hapatoris murinus. Hap. vellere permolli, corpore supra pallide

flavo, nigroque penicillato, lateribus corporis flavis ; guld abdomi-

nis, caudd, pedibusque albis ; caudd supra indistincte nigro peni-

cillaté ; auribus magnis, subovatis, pilis minutis albis vestitis.

une. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 5 6

ATT | eee SF SENS Dud

ab apice rostri ad basin auris .... 1 38

UT AB erst a esi 0\2 SS ares tee

tarsi digitorumque . pee ey F 1 02

Hab. Plains near the Namoi, New South dice:

This animal is remarkable for the extreme softness and delicate

colouring of its fur, which on both the upper and under parts of the

body is of a slate-grey tint next the skin, but on the under parts of a

pure white colour externally, except on the mesial line of the abdo-

men, where there is a slight yellow tint; on the upper parts and

sides of the body the exposed portions of the hairs are of a delicate

ochreous yellow, but on the back there is a considerable admixture

of black, the points of the hairs being of that colour; ears rather large

and nearly of an oval form, tolerably well-clothed with small hairs,

of a white colour, excepting on the fore-part of the outer surface,

where they assume a dusky greyish hue; tail nearly equal in length

to the body, tolerably well-clothed with hairs, but not so thickly as

to hide the scales ; these hairs, though short, are longer, more nume-

rous and much less harsh than is usual in the true Rats; on the sides

and under part of the tail they are pure white, and on the upper

surface some are white and others blackish, but chiefly white on the

apical portion; sides of the muzzle white; hairs of the moustaches

moderate, black at the root, but greyish at the point.

Popasrus macrourus. Pod. cinereus nigro penicillatus ; lateribus

corporis flavescentibus, guld, abdomine pedibusque albis ; capite

supra lined nigrd longitudinali notato ; oculis nigro cinctis ; auri-

bus mediocribus intus pilis flavis, extus nigrescentibus obsitis ;

caudd crassissimd ad apicem attenuatd, pilis minutis, supra nigro

flavoque variegatis, subtis albescentibus, vestitd.

unc. lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 3 9

Ce. Hse Pg Ha defo use « 3 2

ab apice rostri ad basin auris 1 of

OARS) ene 4 oy tere eae 0 5

tarsi digitorumque.............. 0 83

Hab. Open plains, Darling Downs, New South Wales.

Fur very soft, and both on the upper and under parts of the body

of a slate-grey colour next the skin; general hue of the upper parts

of the body ashy grey, much pencilled with black; on the sides of

the body there is but little of the black pencilling, and hence the

_ general hue is paler; and on these parts, as well as on the sides of

the head, is a faint yellow tint; under parts of the body white, very

indistinctly suffused with yellow on the mesial portion of the abdo-

men; between the white of the under parts and the greyish hue of

the sides of the body is a narrowish space of an almost uniform pale

yellow hue, and the same tint is observable on the outer side of the

legs; feet white, obscurely tinted with pale yellow; on the upper

surface of the head is a mark, narrow on the muzzle, but becoming

expanded behind, which is almost entirely black, and immediately

around the eyes the hairs are also black ; ears of moderate size, their

posterior margin nearly straight, clothed internally with small pale

yellowish, and externally with black hairs, excepting on the hinder

part, where they are pale; tail very thick at the base (about 32 lines

in diameter), becoming gradually slender to the apex, and clothed

throughout with very minute hairs, between which the scaly skin is

visible ; those un its upper part and sides partly black and partly

yellow, and on the under surface dirty white. The specimen de-

scribed is a male.

July 22, 1845.

Harpur Gamble, Esq., M.D., in the Chair.

Mr. Gould exhibited to the Meeting three new species of Birds

from Australia :—

Srrix TeneBRicosus. Str. disco faciali fuliginoso-griseo, circum

oculos multo saturatiore ; corpore superiore fusco-nigro purpureo

splendente, singulis autem plumis maculd albd ad apicem ornatis ;

alis cauddque ejusdem coloris sed pallidioribus ; corpore inferiore

Jusco-nigro, stramineo lavato.

Facial disk sooty grey, becoming much deeper round the eyes;

upper surface brownish black, with purplish reflections and with a

spot of white near the tip of each feather; wings and tail of the same

hue, but paler; the feathers of a uniform tint, without bars; tail-

feathers faintly freckled with narrow bars of white; under surface

brownish black, washed with buff, and with the white marks much

less decided ; legs mottled brown and white ; irides dark brown; bill

horn-colour ; feet yellowish.

Total length, 16 inches; bill, 12; wing, 12; tail, 53; tarsi, 3.

Hab. The brushes of the river Clarence, in New South Wales.

CoLuuRIcINCLA RUFOGASTER. Col. omni corpore superiore, alis,

cauddque olivaceo-brunneis; guld pallide stramineo-albd fusco-

striatd ; corpore inferiore ferrugineo-rufo.

All the upper surface, wings and tail olive-brown, with the excep-

tion of the inner webs of the primaries, which are dark brown ; throat

pale buffy white, streaked with brown; all the under surface rusty

red; irides black; bill and feet fleshy-brown.

Total length, 7} inches; bill, 13; wing, 33; tail, 33; tarsi, 1}.

Hab. The brushes of the Clarence River, in New South Wales.

DonacoLa FLAVIPRYMNA. Don. capite cervino; dorso alisque cas-

taneo-brunneis ; corpore inferiore stramineo ; tectricibus caude

superioribus cerinis ; tectricibus caud@ inferioribus nigris.

Head pale fawn colour; back and wings light chestnut-brown ;

under surface buff ; upper tail-coverts wax-yellow ; under tail-coverts

black; tail brown.

Total length, 44 inches; bill, +; wing, 24; tail, 1}; tarsi, 3.

Hab. The north coast of Australia.

Prof. Owen communicated his observations on the living Echidna

exhibited at the Menagerie of the Society in May 1845. The animal

when received at the Gardens was active and apparently in sound

health. It was placed in a large but shallow box, with a deep layer

of sand on one half of the bottom ; the top covered with close cross-

bars. The animal manifested more vivacity than might have been

expected from a quadruped which, in the proportions of its limbs to

the body, as well as in its internal organization, makes the nearest

approach, after the Ornithorhynchus, to the Reptilia. In the act of

walking, which was a kind of waddling gait, the body was alternately

bent from one side to the other, the belly was lifted entirely off the

ground, and the legs, though not so perpendicular as in higher mam-

mals, were less bent outwards than in Lizards. The broad and short

fore-paws were turned rather inwards; the hind-feet had their claws

bent outwards and backwards, resting on the inner border of the sole.

The animal was a male, and the tarsal spur, smaller and sharper than

in the Ornithorhynchus, projected backwards and outwards, almost

hidden by the surrounding coarse and close hair. ‘The small eyes

gleamed clear and dark; the ball was sensibly retracted when the

animal winked, which it did frequently. It commenced an active ex-

ploration of its prison soon after it was encaged ; the first instinctive

action was to seek its ordinary shelter in the earth, and it turned up

the sand rapidly by throwing it aside with strong strokes of its

powerful fossorial paws, and repeating the act in many places, until

it had assured itself that the same hard impenetrable bottom every-

where opposed its progress downwards. The animal then began to

explore every fissure and cranny, poking its long and slender nose

into each crevice and hole, and through the interspaces of the cross-

bars above. To reach these it had to raise itself almost upright, and

often overbalanced itself, falling on its back, and recovering its legs

by performing a summerset. I watched these attempts of the animal

to gscape for more than an hour, and it was not until it had got ex-

perience of the strength of its prison, that the Echidna began to

notice the food which had been placed there.

This consisted of a saucer of bread and milk and some meal-

worms. The milk was sucked or rather licked in by rapid protrusion

and retraction of the long red cylindrical tongue. The tongue came

more than once in contact with the larve, which were sometimes

rolled over by it, but no attempt was made to swallow them.

The moist dark end of the nose felt cold to the touch. The tem-

perature of the animal at the cloaca was 85° Fahr., or nearly ten

degrees lower than that of the anus of a rabbit.

The Echidna offered little resistance when seized by the hind-leg

and lifted off the ground, and made not the slightest demonstration

of defending himself by striking with his hind spurs : the only action

when irritated was to roll itself into a ball, like a hedgehog—the

bristles being then erect. This was the position chosen for sleep ;

but our Echidna showed little of that sluggishness which the French

naturalists ascribe to their live specimen on ship-board (Voyage de

la Favorite, p. 159).

The blood-dises manifested the true mammalian type in their num-

ber, size and form: they were flat, circular, averaging ,,!.,th of an

inch diameter; a few large ones were rather less than ,,!,,th; the

smallest was 5,),,th.

The circular form of the blood-discs of the Echidna was noticed

by Dr. John Davy in some blood of that animal which had been

transmitted to him in brine from Van Diemen’s Land. More satis-

factory observations had been made by Dr. Hobson and Mr. E. Bed-

ford, on the recent blood of both the Ornithorhynchus and Echidna.

I have cited these observations in my article ‘ Monotremata’ (Cyclop.

of Nat. Hist.) ; they show that the blood-discs of the Ornithorhyn-

chus are likewise discoid, circular, and about 5,,,th of an inch in

diameter ; and the observations now made on both ovoviviparous

genera demonstrate that the Monotremata resemble the other Mam-

malia in the form, proportional number, and florid colour of the blood-

discs, which correspond in size with those of the Armadillo and the

Quadrumana, but are larger in proportion to the size and weight of

the body than in the larger apes and the human species.

The Echidna having died unexpectedly a short time after its ar-

rival, has afforded a favourable opportunity of investigating certain

obscure parts of its anatomy, the results of which Prof. Owen would

communicate at some future opportunity.

Prof.Owen next exhibited the skull of a Wombat ( Phascolomys Vom-

batus, Auct.) from Van Diemen’s Land, and the skull of a Wombat,

transmitted by Governor Grey, from Continental (South) Australia,

and pointed out the following differences in proof of their specific

distinction. They are of equal size, but the skull of the specimen

from South Australia is broader in proportion to its length. In the

continental species, which he proposed to call Phascolomys latifrons,

the upper incisors present a transverse semi-oval section, the convex

enamelled surface being directed forwards and outwards. This sur-

face is feebly striated longitudinally. The lower incisors are nar-

rower than in Phasc. Vombatus, and triedral, the enamelled anterior

or under surface is flat, the outer surface longitudinally impressed

and almost devoid of enamel. ‘The first lower molar (premolar) is

relatively larger, the last relatively smaller, in Phasc. latifrons: the

svmphysis of the jaw is narrower and deeper. The intermaxillary

wiurt of the skull is higher in proportion to its width, less convex

externally ; the nasal bones are relatively broader, forming the whole

upper surface of the anterior third of the skull. The inter-orbital

part of the skull is relatively much broader, and is produced on

each side into a well-marked supra-orbital ridge and post-orbital

process, both of which are almost obsolete in Phase. Vombatus.

The temporal fossz are not bounded, as in Phasc. Vombatus, by two

nearly parallel and remote longitudinal ridges, but are continued

by a convex, rather irregular tract, to near the middle of the upper

region of the cranium. A very remarkable feature in the skull

of the Phasc. latifrons is the supra-tympanic cell excavated be-

neath the base of the zygoma: this cell, in Phasc. Vombatus, is

transversely oblong, simple, one inch by half an inch in size; in

Phase. latifrons it extends inwards one inch and a quarter, and ex-

pands to an antero-posterior diameter of one inch and a half, and

a vertical diameter of one inch, haying an oblong outlet one inch

in length and half an inch in depth, slightly contracted in the middle.

This difference in the size of the supra-tympanic cell is obviously

not the effect of age, as the skull of the Phasc. Vombatus compared

is that of an old animal with strong temporal ridges. In Phasc. la-

tifrons the articular surface for the condyle of the lower jaw is

broader and less convex; the anterior boundary of the zygomatic

space is less angular; the palatal surface of the intermaxillaries is

deeper; the curve of the lower border of the lower jaw is much

deeper ; the inner angle of the condyle is less produced ; the coronoid

process is higher and narrower, and the post-symphysial depression

is almost obsolete.

The Secretary saw with much pleasure the decisive proofs which

Professor Owen had shown of the existence of two species of Wombat ;

he had many years before been himself convinced of the fact, having

observed that they differed in size and colour, and that one had a

sharp prick ear, while the ear of the other was low and elliptical.

bpT AG

ie ahah

ZNO

August 12, 1845.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

“‘ Descriptions of new species of Murex,’ by Lovell Reeve, Esq. :—

Murex sipinnatus. Mur. testd elongato-fusiformi, spird acumi-

nato-turritd ; anfractibus septenis, transversim eximieé liratis et

elevato-striatis, liris striis interstitiisque subtilissime scabroso-

crenulatis ; anfractibus primis sex tuberculato-nodosis, ultimo tri-

varicoso, varicibus ultimis duobus pulcherrimeé fimbriato-pinna-

tis ; nived, rosaceo tinctd, columelld pallidé rosed ; aperturd parvd,

labri externi limbo minute denticulato ; canali latiusculo, subelon-

gato.

Hab. ?

The Murex bipinnatus approaches the Murex clavus in general form,

but the detail of structure and sculpture is distinct throughout. The

spire exhibits a mass of prominent nodules, each whorl taking the

form of a heptagon, with as many as seven on its circumference.

The last two varices are ornamented with a handsome laminated

frill structure.

Murex Sinensis. Mur. testd elongato-ovatd, subfusiformi, tenui,

spire suturis subimpressis ; anfractibus transversim liratis et stri-

atis, inter varices nodiferis ; trifariam varicosd, varicibus fron-

dosis, frondibus regularibus, curvatis, pulcherrime floridis, inciso-

serratis ; albicante, fusco tinctd, lineis transversis fuscis ; labro

infra medium fortiter erecto-dentato.

Hab. China.

This species appears to have been confounded for some time past

with the young of the Murex ramosus or elongatus. It is uniformly

of a thin structure, and the fronds are of a delicate open flowery

growth.

Morex Sreerrz. Mur. testa abbreviato-fusiformi, crassd, trans-

Sei. versim granoso-liratd, inter varices fortiter tuberculatd ; trifa-

riam varicosd, varicibus incrassatis, frondosis, frondibus crispato-

ramosis, subcompressis, breviusculis, fronde parvd interveniente ;

JSuscd liris nigricantibus, frondibus purpureo-roseis, columella et

aperture fauce albis, labro externo incrassato, intus denticulato ;

canali breviusculo.

Hab. ?

This shell might easily be mistaken for an accidental stunted

growth of the Murex palma-rose, were it not for the constancy and ~

marked peculiarity of its characters. The fronds are short and some-

what erect, with a row of small fronds sprouting up at their base;

No. CL.—ProckEpInGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SociErTy,

Tyee im

Mus, Sfpou

1) 2GF>

they are also laterally pinched as it were, and do not spread in the

same flowery bifurcate manner as in the Murex palma-rose.

Murex rusicinosus. Mur. testd fusiformi, interdum subabbreviatd,

transversim granoso-liratd et striatd, inter varices fortiter tuber-

culatd ; trifariam varicosd, varicibus frondosis, frondibus foliaceis,

brevibus, alternis parvis, recumbentibus ; rubiginosd, liris frondi-

busque nigricante-fuscis ; columella rubiginoso-luted, aperture

Fauce albd.

Hab. Philippine Islands; Cuming.

This shell, of which I have seen several characteristic specimens,

is quite distinct from any hitherto described.

Morex crassivaricosa. Mur. testé subabbreviato-fusiformi, cras-

siusculd, transversim granoso-liratd et striata ; trifariam varicosd,

varicibus incrassatis, rotundatis, frondosis, frondibus parvis, folia-

ceis, alternis minoribus ; livido-ferrugined, aperture fauce albd.

Hab. ?

A new species, of which I have seen several examples, distinguished

amongst other characters by the stunted thickened growth of the

varices.

Morex ocunatus. Mur. testd fusiformi-oblongd, crassiusculd, un-

dique leviter scabrosd, trunsversim liratd et striatd, inter varices

bituberculatd ; trifariam varicosd, varicibus lamellis brevibus sub-

complicatis tuberculatis ; albidd, rufo-fuscescente tinctd, varicibus

maculis quadratis rubentibus alternatim pictis, columella rubente-

luted, aperture fauce alba, labro nigerrimo-fusco, superné preci-

pue, maculato, apice rubente ; canali breviusculo, compresso, re-

curvo.

Hab. ?

Although this shell has so many characters in common with the

Murex pomum, it exhibits a constant peculiarity of colour, form and

sculpture. In colour it is peculiarly tinged and spotted with red; in

form it is more graceful and slender, and in sculpture it is smoother

and presents two tubercles between each varix. I have seen nume-

rous examples of this species, and“can distinguish them at a glance

from the Murex pomum.

Murex ALaBastTER. Mur. testa trigono-fusiformi, spire teste lon-

“1974 99 gitudinem equante, anfractibus transversim liratis et striatis, liris

levibus, superné angulatis, nodulis duobus tribusve subconspicuis

ad angulum armatis ; trifariam varicosd, varicibus laminato-alatis,

tuberculo erecto profundé canaliculato ad angulum munitis ; intus

extusque eburned ; canali breviusculo.

Hab. Island of Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao,

Philippines (found on the beach) ; Cuming.

Mr. Sowerby referred this extraordinary shell with some doubt to

the Murex acanthropterus ; its proportions are however so utterly

different that I have no hesitation in describing it as a new species.

. Murex amprcuus. Mur. testa globosd, subpyriformi, transversim

Orb

liratd, liris irregularibus erectis, interruptis ; octofariam varicosd,

varicibus frondosis, frondibus alternis vel paucioribus elato-ramo-

sis, spinosis, basalibus longioribus ; albd, frondibus lirisque aterri-

mis, labri columellari parte superiori nigro tinctd; canali brevi-

usculo.

' Hab. ?

Three species appear to have been confounded hitherto under the

common title of Murex radix, which, though closely approximating,

may be separated without difficulty with a little careful discrimina-

tion. The true Murex radir is a round, particularly solid, heavy

shell, with a short though sharply acuminated spire with never less

than ten varices, in which the fronds are numerous, somewhat Jate-

rally compressed, comparatively short and sharp-pointed. The spe-

cies described by Dr. Philippi under the title of Murex nigritus has

but eight or nine varices, and the fronds are not branched ; those on

the upper angle of the whorl being tubercularly squamate, those in

the middle flat and very obscure, whilst those at the base are long

and horn-shaped. In the species under consideration the shell is of

somewhat light structure, and the fronds are large, open and flowery.

evcAfE }=0 Morex tTrirormis. Mur. testd trigono-ovatd, crassiusculd, trans-

pun versim liratd et corrugatd, tuberculis duobus aut pluribus inter

varices ; trifariam varicosd, varicibus laminato-fimbriatis, superné

excavato-sinuatis ; ferrugineo-fuscd ; aperturd ovatd, superné si-

nuatd.

Hab. New Holland.

This shell, which Mr. Sowerby thought to be a variety of the

Murex acanthropterus, is of a rude solid structure and dark rusty |

brown colour.

r _. Murex petiucipus. Mur. testd trigono-fusiformi, tenui, trans-

2S versim liratd, pulcherrim? squamatd, inter varices tuberculatd ;

trivaricosd, varicibus obliquis, latissimé et eximie alatis ; pellucido-

albd ; aperturd parva, labro intus nodoso.

Hab. Island of Bantayan, Philippines (found upon a coral bottom

at the depth of seven fathoms); Cuming.

Mr. Sowerby has rather incautiously referred this shell to the Mu-

rex trigonularis of Lamarck, which Mr. Gray considers to be merely

a worn specimen of the Murer acanthropterus, and M. Kiener one

of the Murex phyllopterus. The shell under consideration differs

essentially from both of these, and the characters which it presents

are not at all in accordance with Lamarck’s description of Murer

trigonularis.

r€ ‘© Morex osseus. Mur. testd oblongo-ovatd, subfusiformi, levius-

BSA UL culd, inter varices fortiter tuberculatd ; trivaricosd, varicibus fim-

cou. briato-laminatis, superné falcatis ; albd, castaneo-fusco hic illic

tinctd ; aperturd peculiariter parva, ovatd.

Hab. ?

Murex pinniger is perhaps the nearest allied species to this, though

of very different form.

'20642% Murex Gampiensis. Mur. tesid fusiformi, infern? attenuatd, so-

I>e7576 lidiusculd, transversim obsolete striatd, tuberculo magno prominulo

inter varices ; trivaricosd, varicibus plicato-laminatis, superne fal-

catis, ad basim alatis ; alba, fusco hic illic punctatd ; aperturd

parva, canali longiusculo.

Also allied to the Murex pinniger, but of a more elongated form

and different style of colouring.

. Murex Martinianus. Mur. testd trigono-claveformi, transversim

1674 +12" 11-20% liratd, liris nodulosis, inequalibus ; trifariam varicosd, varicibus

rarispinosis, spinis breviusculis; luteo- vel griseo-cerulescente,

canali fuscescente ; apertura ovatd, labro dente planulato, erecto,

munito ; canali longissimo, recto, superné spinoso.

Hab. ?

This shell was supposed to have been the Murez rarispina of La-

marck, but it having been satisfactorily shown by both Kiener and

Deshayes that Mr. Sowerby’s Murex formosus is that species, I pro-

‘pose to distinguish it by the above new title.

vereecee Murex runicuratus. Mur. testd claveformi, transversim liratd,

cout liris ad summitatem funiculatis, costis tribus vel quatuor plice-

Fformibus longitudinalibus inter varices ; trivaricosd, varicibus

spinosis, spinis brevibus, acutis, sursum inclinatis ; fuscescente-

| albd, funiculis transversis castaneis ; aperturd ovatd, columelld

: labroque intus noduliferis ; canali elongato.

Hab. ?

An interesting species, well-characterized by the fine dark ches-

nut-brown cords with which it is encircled throughvut at equal

distances.

7yPe i Murex nicrispinosus. Mur. testa elongato-claveformi, transver-

So Cocres sim liratd et striatd, liris inequalibus, subnodosis, spira brevius-

culd; trifariam varicosd, varicibus spinosis, spinis erecto-elon-

gatis ; canali elongato, ad extremitatem leviter recurvo, spinoso,

spinis longis, subcurvatis purpurascente-albd, fasciis tribus vel

quatuor fuscescentibus subindistinct? cingulatd, spinis purpureo-

nigricantibus.

Hab. ?

This shell approximates to the Murez tribulus, but its characters

present an agreeable modification throughout, which may be con-

sidered of specific importance. The spines are constantly tipped with

black.

BY. Murex pettus. Mur. testd claveformi, transversim liratd, liris

1974950 tuberculato-nodosis ; trivaricosd, varicibus rotundis, tuberculato-

liratis, spind brevi acutd ad basim; albicanie, castaneo-fusco

supra et infra maculatd, liris castaneo conspicue funiculatis, colu-

melld labroque rufo-aurantio tinctis ; canali subelongato.

Hab. ?

Allied to the Murex chrysostoma in respect to its rufous orange

mouth, but of a different colour and sculpture throughout.

Cyn =e

August 26, 1845.

William Horton Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

“Remarks on the genus Achatinella, Swainson, and descriptions

of six new species from Mr. Cuming’s collection.” By Dr. L. Pfeiffer.

Upon examining the long series of forms which occur in the vast

family of the Helicee, I have ascertained that there are several groups

which Nature herself seems to have characterized as genera, though

it would be very difficult to draw out such a generic definition as

would exclude all other nearly allied species. One of these natural

groups is the genus Achatinella, proposed by Swainson in Brandt’s

Journal, 1828, which appears to be peculiar to the Sandwich Islands,

and has been united to the genus Bulimus by most recent authors, as

by myself in my ‘Symbol.’ However, the greater the number of

species we become acquainted with, the more convenient it appears

to unite them together as a distinct genus. I may therefore be per-

mitted to give a short account of the species now known.

1. AcHATINELLA LucuBRIS (Turbo), Chemn. Described by La-

marck under the name of Monodonta seminigra, and figured by

Swainson in the Zool. Illustr. under the name of A. pica. Of

course the name of Chemnitz must be retained.

2. ACHATINELLA PERVERSA, Swains. Synon. Helix decora, Fér.,

t. 155. f.5—7; Bulimus decorus, Pfr. Symb.

3. ACHATINELLA acuta, Swains. Hel. spirizona, Fér., t. 155.

f. 14,15. 2

4. ACHATINELLA BULIMOIDES, Swains. Hel. lorata, Fér., t. 155.

f.9—11; Bul, loratus, Pfr. Symb.

. ACHATINELLA LivipA, Swains. Hel. vulpina, Fér., t. 155. f. 1,

2; Bul. vulpinus, Pfr. Symb.

6. AcHATINELLA ROSEA, Swains. A very distinct species, to which

none of Férussac’s figures may be referred.

7. ACHATINELLA PULCRERRIMA, Swains. This species might

perhaps be considered as a dextrous variety of 4. livida.

8. ACHATINELLA TURRITELLA (Hel.), Fer., t. 155. f.13; Bul. tur-

ritella, Pfr. Symb.

9. ACHATINELLA TRIsTIS (Hel.), Fér. Mus. ; Bul. tristis, Pfr. Symb.

10. AcHATINELLA vEeNTULUs (Hel.), Fér. Mus.; Bul. ventulus,

Pfr. Symb.

V1), ACHATINELLA RADIATAS Pfr. Ach. testd ovatd, soliduld, leviter

striatd, nitidd, viridi et luteo radiatd, strigis intercurrentibus ni-

gricantibus ; spird conicd, obtusiusculd ; suturd marginald ; an-

» ¢ ? f

AL ad PVA Ong Mma els

i“

fractibus 54 vir conveviusculis, ultimo spird pauld breviore ; colu-

melld dente brevi calloso rubello munitd ; aperturd oblongo-ovali ;

peristomate intus fusco-rubello-labiato.

Long. 19, diam. 10 mill.

Ins. Sandwich. (Mus. Cuming.)

12, AcHATINELLA PicTA, Pfr. Ach. testd sinistrorsd, ovato-elon-

gatd, striatuld, carned, maculis et flammis nigro-fuscis eleganter

pictd; spird turritd, gracili, acutiusculd ; suturd simplice ; an-

fractibus 6 convevis, ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante ; colu-

melld valde tortd, dente planulato, acute prominente, albo munitd ;

aperturd oblongd ; peristomate simplice, acuto.

Long. 124, diam. 7 mill.

Ins. Sandwich. (Mus. Cuming.)

“18. AcHATINELLA BREVIS, Pfr. Ach. testd ovatd, brevi, solidd,

oblique striatuld, nitidd, Suscd ; spird conicd, acutiusculd ; anfrac-

tibus 6 conveaiusculis, ultimo + longitudinis viv superante, sub-

globoso ; columella breviter arcuatd, acute dentatd ; aperturd ro-

tundato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, albo.

Long. 11, diam. 63 mill.

Ins. Sandwich. (Mus. Cuming.)

/14. AcuaTINELLA pyramis, Pfr. Ach. testd ovato-pyramidatd,

levissime striatd, diaphand, virenti-corned; spird pyramidatda,

apice acuto; suturd lineari, angusté marginatd ; anfractibus 8

planis, ultimo 3 longitudinis subequante ; columelld brevissime

arcuatd, plicd dentiformi complanatd, acutd, munitd ; aperturd

ovali.

Long. 12, diam. 55 mill.

Ins. Sandwich. (Mus. Cuming.)

15. AcHATINELLA cLARA, Pfr. Ach. testd oblonga, longitudinaliter

plicatulo-striatd, pellucidd, pallide corned ; spird turritd, apice

obtuso; suturd lined rufa marginatd ; anfractibus 8 planiusculis,

ultimo + longitudinis viv @quante ; columelld vix arcuatd, dente

parim prominente munitd ; aperturd ovali.

Long. 12, diam. 43 mill.

Ins. Sandwich. (Mus. Cuming.)

16. ACHATINELLA corNEOLA, Pfr. ch. testd ovato-oblongd, le-

vissime striatuld, pellucidd, nitidd, corned ; spird turrito-conicd,

apice obtusiusculo ; suturd subsimplice ; anfractibus 8 planiuscu-

lis, ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante ; columelld valde arcuatd,

dente acut® prominente, albo, complanato instructd ; aperturd ir-

regulariter ovali ; peristomate intus callo tenui, nitido, albo sub-

labiato.

Long. 15, diam. 7 mill.

Ins. Sandwich. (Mus. Cuming.)

17. AcHATINELLA GRavipa (Hel.), Fér., t. 155. f. 3, 4.

18. ACHATINELLA LUTEOLA (Hel.), Fér., t. 155. f. 12. These two

species f have not been able to find out of the great number of

varieties and species I had the opportunity of examining.

September 9, 1845.

No business was transacted.

September 23, 1845.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Edward Fitton, Esq., exhibited to the Meeting a fine male speci-

men of the White-winged Crossbill (Lovia leucoptera), in red plu-

mage, which he had picked up dead upon the shore at Exmouth on

the 17th instant. It appeared to have been injured on the back of

the head, and to have crept into a crevice of one of the loose frag-

ments of rock on the shore, where it was found by Mr. Fitton, partly

covered with wet sand.

The wind at the time was south-west, and had been blowing hard

from north-west to west and south-west for some days.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a full-grown Herring, having a lobe of fe-

male, or hard roe, on one side, and a lobe of male, or soft roe, on the

other. This degree of malformation has not hitherto been recorded

as found in the herring, but has been observed in the perch, mack-

erel, carp, cod, whiting and sole.

No. CLI.—Proczepinés or THE ZooLocicaL Society.

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October 14, 1845.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

«On the size of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood in the Vertebrata,

with copious Tables of Measurements.” By George Gulliver, Esq.,

F.R.S.

. The following Tables contain a synopsis of my former observa-

tions*, corrected when necessary and extended by many more since

made and now first published. They include altogether no less than

485 species, here systematically arranged, so as to exhibit a sum-

mary, and yet more complete view than any yet extant, of the size

of the blood-corpuscles in the different subdivisions of vertebrate

animals. In this respect I hope the Tables may be useful, as well

as for reference in connection with physiological questions now often

arising. I have introduced no measurement not made by myself.

The observations on the form and size of the corpuscles, unless other-

wise expressed, refer to the majority of them as existing in any por-

tion of the blood of the adult animal spoken of; for there may be a

few differing greatly from the average. In the blood-corpuscles of

the Oviparous Vertebrata, for example, there are often many grada-

tions of form, from the well-marked and prevailing ellipse, to the

longer or shorter oval or even circular figure; and in any mammal

some of the corpuscles are a third larger and some a third smaller

than the mean size.

MamMatia

Various sizes of the corpuscles.—The corpuscles of the Elephant

are the largest yet known ; then follow those of the Sloth and of the

* On the Corpuscles of Marsupiata, of the Camelide, and of Moschus Javanicus,

Annals Nat. Hist., Dec. 1839, Phil. Mag. same date, and Dublin Med. Press, Nov. 27,

1839; on the Blood-Corpuscles of Mammalia and Aves, in an Appendix to the

English version of Gerber’s Anatomy, 8vo. Lond. 1842 ; on the Nuclei of the Blood-

corpuscles of Vertebrata, Note to Dr. Willis’s tr. of Wagner’s Physiology, p. 240

et seg., 8vo. Lond. 1844, and Phil. Mag., Aug. 1842; on the Pus-like Globules of

the Blood, Phil. Mag., Sept. 1842, and Note to Wagner’s Physiology, p. 250-252;

on the Blood-corpuscles of the Camelide and of the Musk Deer, Med. Chir. Trans.

vy. xxiii. and Lancet, v. ii. 1840-41, p. 101; on the Corpuscles of the Snowy Owl

and Passenger Pigeon, Proc. Zool. Soc., June 9, 1840; Corpuscles of Crocodilide,

ibid. Nov. 10, 1840; Corpuscles of Paradoxures, idid. Nov. 24, 1840; Corpuscles

of Fere, ibid. May 25, 1841; Corpuscles of Marsupials, idid. June 8, 1841; Cor- ~

puscles of the Ibex and of Ophidian Reptiles, ibid. Aug. 9, 1842; Corpuscles of

Struthionide, ibid. Oct. 11, 1842; Additional Measurements of Blood-corpuscles,

ibid. Dec. 13, 1842, Feb. 13 and Sept. 10, 1844; Corpuscles of the Stanley Musk

Deer, ibid. May 9, 1843; Corpuscles of the Sloth, isd. June 11, 1844; on pe-

culiar shapes assumed by the Blood-corpuscles of Mammals, Phil. Mag., Nov. 1840;

on the Buffy Coat of the Blood, Edin. Med. and Surg. Journ., No. 165.

No. CLIJ.—Procegpines or THE ZooLocicaL Society.

Whale. The Napu Musk Deer has the most minute corpuscles ;

those of the Stanley Musk Deer are nearly as small; those of the

Ibex of Candia are larger; and the next increase of size is in those

of the Goat. Before my observations, the corpuscles of the last-

named animal were the smallest known.

Size of the corpuscles in relation to that of the animal._—The smallest

British mammal, the Harvest Mouse, has corpuscles quite as large

as those of the Horse ; in the Common Mouse they are larger than in

the Horse or Ox. But although there is no relation between the

size of the corpuscle and that of the animal in different orders, in the

same order the larger species have generally larger corpuscles than

the smallest species. Thus, in the large Ruminants the corpuscles

are distinctly larger than in the smallest Ruminants, and the same

fact is observable of the Rodents, In these examples the gradation

in the size of the corpuscles may not exactly follow that of the ani-

mals, but none of the very small species have corpuscles so large as

those of the largest species.

Size of the corpuscles in the same animal at different periods of life.

—In very young embryos the corpuscles are much larger than in the

adult, and in such embryos each corpuscle has a nucleus, which dis-

appears at a later period of intra-uterine life, when the corpuscles

are yet larger than those of the mother. At a still later period they

become so unequal in size that it is difficult to say whether they be

larger or smaller in the foetus than in the adult. In a kid twelve

days old, bred between an ibex and a goat, I found the corpuscles

larger and more variously sized than those of either of its parents.

The thickness of the corpuscles is variable; but it is commonly

somewhat more than a fourth of the diameter.

Size of the corpuscles in different Orders.—The Monkeys have cor-

puscles pretty uniform in size, generally just perceptibly smaller

than those of Man; in some of the Monkeys of the new world the

corpuscles are slightly smaller than in the Monkeys of the old world,

and in the Lemurs somewhat smaller still. In the corpuscles of the

different subdivisions of the Mere there is such a well-marked diver-

sity of size, that the fact* might be used as a help to classification.

The families, set down in the order of the size of their blood-discs,

stand as follows: Seals, Dogs, Bears, Weasels, Cats, Viverras. It

is commonly most easy to distinguish a viverra, by the comparatively

small size of its blood-corpuscles, from a seal, dog or bear. Among

genera of doubtful affinities, if regard were paid to the blood-

corpuscles, the Hyena} would be arranged with the Canida, Basaris

with the Urside, and Cercoleptes with the Viverride, It is curious

that the Fox has slightly smaller corpuscles than the Dog. In the

* It has recently been enlisted into the service of natural history by Mr. Jesse,

in his interesting Anecdotes of Dogs.

+ It is remarkable that the extent of the streaked muscular fibre of the gullet

of the Hyzena is the same as in the Viverride, which differ in this respect from

the Canide, and still more from the Urside. See Proc. Zool. Soc., Sept. 10, 1839,

and June 14, 1842. It would be interesting to examine the cesophageal muscular

sheath of the Kinkajou.

Ruminants the smallest corpuscles are found; yet some of the largest

species have corpuscles larger than those of many Carnivora, and of

the Horse. The Camelide are the only mammals with oval blood-

discs, like those of the lower Vertebrata in shape, but uniformly

smaller; and in structure the corpuscle of the Camels is exactly the

same as the corpuscle of other Mammalia, being destitute of a nu-

cleus corresponding to that which is so obyious in the corpuscle of

lower animals. Among the Rodents, the corpuscles of the Capybara

are as large or slightly larger than those of Man ; the Harvest Mouse

has smaller corpuscles than any other Rodent, and in the order

generally their size is about the same as in the Lemurs. Of the Eden-

tata, the Two-toed Sloth has the largest corpuscles, after those of the

Elephant, of any mammal ; those of the Armadillo are about the same

in size as those of the Monkeys. The corpuscles of the Marsupiata

agree generally in form and size with the corpuscles of the corre-

sponding placental mammals. In the Monotremata, according to

the observations of Dr. Davy, Dr. Hobson, and Dr. E. Bedford, the

corpuscles are of the same form and about the same size as in Man.

An examination which I made of the corpuscles of the Echidna was

to the same effect, but I had not an opportunity of applying a micro-

meter to them.

Oviparous VERTEBRATA.

In birds and reptiles, with a few exceptions, the corpuscles are

oval, the long diameter being commonly rather less than twice the

short diameter. These proportions used to be considered as univer-

sal, but they are not so; for the long diameter of the corpuscles of

birds and reptiles may either be nearly thrice or scarcely one and a

half of the short diameter ; and it is remarkable that these differences

of form are occasionally presented in the corpuscles of nearly allied

genera, as more particularly explained in the Proc. Zool. Soc, 1840,

pp. 43 and 132; and 1842, p.110. In osseous fishes, as Professor

Wagner has noticed, the corpuscles are generally not much longer

than broad; I commonly found a few among them of a circular shape,

and he observed the majority of them of this figure in the blood of

the Cyclostomes. In some species of other orders the corpuscles are

about twice the length of their breadth; in the Pike they are some-

what angular and pointed at the ends; and on the whole the corpus-

cles of fishes are extremely variable in shape. The diameter of the

circular corpuscles of mammals is very frequently about the same as

the short diameter of birds’ corpuscles. They are largest in the

Amphibia generally ; and largest of all in the Amphibia with perma-

nent gills, as discovered some years ago by Professor Wagner. My

measurements of the corpuscles of the Siren agree with his view.

Nucleus.—This exists permanently in the blood-corpuscle of the

lower Vertebrata, but only for a short time in that of mammals, not

excepting eyen the Camelide. It is only during the earlier period of

intra-uterine life that the corpuscle of mammals has a nucleus corre-

sponding to the permanent one in the corpuscle of lower animals. In

birds, the nucleus, when exposed by a weak acid, is commonly longer

in proportion to its breadth than the envelope; but there are some

exceptions, and the nucleus becomes globular or nearly so when in

contact with water. In the blood-corpuscle of mammals the central

spot, so often mistaken for a nucleus, is not visible in the best focus

and light; then if the object-glass be so slightly removed from the

corpuscles as not to destroy their clear contour, a dark spot appears

in their centre; if the glass be next so far moved towards the cor-

puscles as to place them slightly within the focus, the dark spot will

become bright; and when altogether invisible in a bright light, the

spot may be instantly brought into view simply by diminishing the

light.

Note.—The following measurements are all in vulgar fractions of

an English inch; but for the sake of convenience, the numerator is

omitted throughout, as it is invariably 1, and the denominators only

are printed. ‘The measurements of the blood-discs are given as they

lie flat, unless when a T indicates a measurement of their thickness.

By L.D. the long diameter and by S8.D. the short diameter is de-

noted. The measurements refer exclusively to average sizes. The

nuclei were measured after exposing them by the action of dilute

acetic acid on the envelopes.

MAMMALIA.

HOMO... .cseeces sovcevesconsseoes |Atelesrater ts .c.viseseasessvcss..vee 3602

os —— Belzebuth ......see...eeeees 3589

ee Ree ee Cebus Apella diaper saepe sats recs 3467

—— CAPUCINUS eee eevereeeeeeeese 3454

Simia Troglodytes ......+sssesees \Callithrix sciureus .........sse00+ 3713

Pithecus Satyrus .......0+eeseevee Jacchus vulgaris .......cceeeeeeees 3624

Hylobates Hoolock ......... seers! Midas Rosalia ....s.0s-cisesseesed 3510

— leucogenys ......+0 cessceee

Rafilesii Wass tndeseceaccenes¥e Lemurip.

Semnopithecus Maurus ......- “ 5

Cercopithecus Mona «......006+ Lemur albifrons .......+.+++4 serves] 3976

Bee ab renS i sevssedecaceeest caes | ————4 OF. 11+, reer eee eee 3892

——§ fuliginosus . ......00.-..s00e4] Anjuanensis ...seereeeeeres 4003

—— ruber ...esscseseeeee Ponerees —— grHfFONS — seesseeseseeeeenee 4440

——— pileatus i ddcedddattecaecewte Loris tardigradus Seeceeeetessseeces 3691

—— pygerythrus ......ses00 ——— BTACIIS ..saereceseecseeeeees 3461

—— Petaurista ......ssssereceees

—— griseo-viridis .... CHEIROPTERA,

—— ALthiops ......006- = ;

Macacus nits eerecstrests ececee (Wesnertilia oo ee aryaee! 4175

——-"RCSUS....sesccsesccccersaeses DOCH, = <2<nen anita 4404

EO eet j be cfc ae |—— Pipistrellus .....+..:2se+e0e0 4324

| cynomolgus ssoscssosseeoesees Plecotus auritus .....,.scceeeseeee 4465

H—— Silenus —-eeseessereeceeeseees Riuouveas,

——— NEMESYINUS — seveesereeeeeee

——— SY]VANUS «oe. eee seeeeeeeeeeee Talpa Europaxa .ceserssseeneeeees

—— melanotus ....cercesscceeees Erinaceus Europzus

Cynocephalus Anubis .......++... Sorex tetragonurus

—— leucopheeus ........-seeeeeeee

PLANTIGRADA.

eee Meles vulgaris .....0.0scsccccsecsee 3940

Ateles subpentadactylus .........

|Arctonyx Collaris ....0sseeseesereee 3609

2 ee eC

MAMMALIA—(continued).

Ursus maritimus ......ssscsesees -.| 3870

eee ANCES cube nacsinnidneescasady 3723

——— AMEYICANUS ...seeeerseveeese 3693

—— Americanus, var. «........ 3782

——— FOTOX cescecseeececerescecees 3530

—— labiatus ........seseresecees 3728

Helarctos Malayanus ............ 3562

Mellivora Capensis ...++-.....06 3824

Procyon 1Otor ...-esseeeseeeeeeeeee 3950

Nasua fusca ....... cohaommih’ geadaee 3789

—— rufa .........00 iaewasied gaveaes 3878

BaSatis aStita ..0...0sceceseesssees 4033

Cercoleptes caudivolvulus ...... 4573

CaRNIVORA.

Paradoxurus leucomystax ......| 4236

oe EOTICHY \hesvsvssnecsecccnoscus 5693

DYIGtAtUS 2... cee cceve sec. cae 4660

AR ANDN op sisnasnps0sssssecaes 5485

Canis familiaris .......00..e.s000s 3542

DINGO is xsstcwensttaacowweses 3395

AVUNIES WES re vsectceesassocctees 4117

—— fUlVUS .o.eeeesececececeseeees 3920

—— argentatus ........sscceeeees 3888

—— cinereo-argenteus ......... 3761

——— lagopus .......sseeceseeeeees

SERHUTENS ss nccancvesadsnicacees

——— MESOMEL]AS eeeeeseseeeseeere

ee PUTIDUS -. 000 ac anoveccsctnee spon

Lycaon tricolor ....e..eseeeeeeees

Hyzena vulgaris .....:.eceeesseee

crocuta ........0s Speen.

Herpestes griseus

—— Javanicus? «.......06.

SUCH, “Seeocsceces aap

Viverra Civetta ...... eaaeee ik bates

—— tigrina ........0...+6 Weeseaeeee

Felis Leo ....cssessssceseee Biscc cess

——— CONCO]OL ....eeereseceeecenens

= UNICOLOL ......0-..ceeeseecee

= Tigris ...s.ccsccesssecccsseces

—— Leopardus .........seeceeees

——— Jubata ..c.cccrccsccsesceecces

I——— pardalis .......ecsessscereees

—— domestica .........ceseseees

— Bengalensis ........+.....+ -.| 4419

—— Caracal

—— cervaria

H—=—— SETVAl .....seccccccccsensscens

Galictis vittata

Mustela Zorilla

st RUITO Sessvecvececevevescsucns

—— vulgaris

—— Putorius

Lutra vulgaris

Phoca Vitulina .....sesessseoeeseees

CETACEA.

Delphinus Phoceena «.......e +0 3829

Balzena Boops ........++ eeseseeesee| BUDD

PACHYDERMATA.

Sus Scrofa ....s...ssseeeee avacwaas 4230

—— Babyroussa .......csseseeeees 4316

Dicotyles torquatus ............4+ 4490

(Tapirus Indicus ........se0006 --.| 4000

Elephas Indicus ........se0s+ee0s 2745

Rhinoceros Indicus ..........0++«. 3765

Equus Caballus ...sse.sseneeeeeee 4706

T...|13422

samme ASINUN :asccecansvesvoosb<cteabs 4000

— Burchellii .............0000. 4360

—— Hemionus .........sceeeeees 442]

RuMINANTIA.

8: 3254

Camelus Dromedarius... < 8.D.} 5921

T...15337

L.D.| 3123

— Bactrianus ......... | 8.D.| 5876

T...|15210

tee L.D.| 3555

Auchenia Vicugna ...... { SD. 6444

-D.| 3361

IE RCO susdsdvesadzs cn S.D.| 6294

— Glama....... Foarbfioon os ibid.

Moschus Javanicus ............05- 12325

—— Stanleyanus ..........0008. 10825

Cervus Wapiti ......secscsscseeoee 4138

—— Hippelaphus .......... evens] OF7Z

HAAS cc ceevascnienscneneccmmaamy 5088

—— Dama i ..ece.ssccvceee man eae 4515

oA COR soon an secsasannechadeaae 3938

——— Barbarus .......sceccsscsseres 4800

=e ADIUS), cnsccecsssucanesancen 4324

—— MACFOULUS ? .........eeeseeee:| 5074

— Mexicanus 5175

eam MATNAL! Us cnnssrecvsesnadens 4978

POFCINUS ......-00.4. 5391

iH—— Reevesii ......... 6330

— Capreolus 5184

—— Virginianus ........0...s00+ --| 5036

Camelopardalis Giraffa_ ......... 4571

Antilope Cervicapra = ......+..... 5108

—— Dorcas

—— Sing-Sing

RITCUN to co nevesacnueatnsiedesas

MAMMALIA—(continued).

JCapra Hircus, Var. ....-scccseees+

Ovi8 Musmon ......ssssesdsseeeass

— — Aries

Tragelaphus

— = volucella ......sssecsseasseaes

Sciurus vulgaris ....0.-sseeseeeees

ence cere ete wneeeeee

Ameer eee eee m ewe e ee

ee Ree eee eneeee

Mus giganteus .......... Reeeauee ees

— decumanus

Ondatra Zibethica ..............-

Hystrix cristata ......cccccsseese 3369

Erithizon dorsatum .............+- 3380

Synetheris prehensilis .........:..

Capromys Fournier ............+..

Myopotamus Coypus ..s..s..s0+

“iy

Castot Fiber ....:.2.....cseessessee.

Cavia Cobaya ......seseeeeeseeete:

Dasyprocta aurata ..... eztestecte

—— Acouchi ......s0...sseteeeeee

Ccelogenys subniger .....+...s++++5

Hydrochzrus Capybara .........

Lepus cuniculus .....--++..sss0008

Lepus timidus .......2..s0sseseees

EDENTATA.

Bradypus didactylus

Dasypus sex-cinctus

eee e ewe ween eeeennee

see eee ween

MARSUPIATA.

Didelphis Virginiana ...........-

Dasyurus viverrinus i

—— Maugei

—— ursinus

atten eewneee

Perameles Lagotis .......ss00i-03

Hypsiprymmus setosus ............

Macropus Bennettii.....-ssssss5

—— ocydromus ......s0s00 oabeat

— Derbyanus? ......:sse000:-

Halmaturus Billardieri

Phalangista vulpina ....... sebee ise

eee Ramee meee e ee eeeee

Petaurista sciureus ......sssiss05.

Phascolomys Wombat ...... wees.| 3456

AVES.

RAPACES.

Gypaétus barbatus

Cathartes Iota ............

Nuclei...

Kolbii .ssissseeeeeess

—— leuconotus ......4..

—— Angolensis .........

Polyborus vulgaris

Buteo vulgaris ............ 1852

== Lagopus ....s...s80 1852

Aquila chrysaétos ...... 1812 | 3832

— Bonelli ..........0.| 1866 | 3598

3485

P pibb oases ans 3691

Helotarsus typicus ...... 1891 | 3461

Haliaétus albicilla ...... 1829 | 3390

— leucocephalus ...... 1909 | 33890

APIA ......ccenaseres 1806 | 3585

Falco Peregrinus ......... 1916 | 3862

Tinnunculus ...... 1891 | 3490

AVES—(continued).

—_—

| Surnia Nyctea ......... .--| 1555 | 4042 |Muscicapa grisola ...... 2179 | 4173

Nuclei ...| 3200 |10666 |Lanius excubitor ......... 1989 | 53825

Otus brachyotus ......... 1763 | 4076 |Vanga destructor......... 2019 | 3892

Bubo maximus ......... 1720 | 3566

pect Ving sty me ae 1837 | 4000 GRANIVOR.

yrnium Aluco ..:...... 1930 | 3801 : ‘

Strix flammea ............ rE WIRE CU = gas - Sgae ee a aed

Nuclei ...! 4000 ‘10666 |Pleceus teXtOr ....-..000 213 7

Cardinalis Dominicana... 2140 | 3643

| — cucullata ......... ibid. | ibid.

ig de Amadina fasciata ......... 2001 | 4364

Cracticus hypoleucus ...} 2116 | 4000 ||\—— punctularia ......... 2133 | 4133

—) Barita Tibicen ............ 2118 | 3892 |Pyrgita domestica ...... 2140 | 3500

f Garrulus pileatus” ......| 2041 | 4167 | Nuclei ...| 4864 | 9200

— glandarius ......... 2064 | 3878 |—— simplex ...........- 2273 | 4000

Nuclei ...| 4000 10666 |Fringilla Coelebs ......... 2253 | 4138

—— cristatus ............ 2041 | 83512 |—— Chloris ............ 2232 | 3600

Nucifraga Caryocatactes| 1875 | 4172 |—— amandava ......... 2243 | 4800

Corvus corax ..........0. 961 | 4000 “Opn Si ResBenads- 2144 | 3741

— frugilegus .........) 1894 | 3196 |Linaria minor ............ 2416 | 4848

Nuclei ...| 4572 | 9140 |Parus ceruleus ......... 2313 | 4128

— monedula ......... 2243 | 4167 caudatus .......++... 2136 | 4570

Nuclei ...| 4000 10665 Nuclei 4800 |10666

Pee PIC osseteecanecher 1953 | 3365 |—— major .........--.... 2133 | 3892

T. 11600 Alauda arvensis ......... 2125 | 4128

Nuclei ...| 4245 111388 | Nuclei...) 4000 |12000

Gracula religiosa ......... 2075 | 4167 ||Emberiza citrinella ...... 2286 | 4000

Fregilus graculus......... 2106 | 4505 | Nuclei ...| 4000 |12000

Pastor roseus .....-...... 2106 | 4630 |—— cristata ............ 2310 | 4167

\— cristatellus ......... 2133 | 4050 ||Plectrophanes nivalis ...) 2133 4740

— tristis ............... 1993 | 4167 |Loxia coccothraustes ...| 2042 | 3790

Sturnus vulgaris ......... 2115 | 3892 | T. 914)

Nuclei ...| 3764 11333 | Nuclei ...| 4570 |10666

—— predatorius......... 2133 | 4175 ||— curvirostra ......... 2365 | 4000

Coracias | ene 2000 | 3478 | enucleator ......... 2247 | 4083

Molothrus sericeus ...... 2133 | 4567 ||—— Javensis ........-... 2286 | 3677

Buceros Rhinoceros? ...| 1690 | 3230 Astrild .......0.... 2273 | 4740

pe PATINE. coscsicpese 2290 | 3740

INSECTIVORES. Malacca ............ 2359 Ht

Vidua paradisza ......... 1998 | 374

lodytes Europzus...) 2359 | 4133 :

Regulus cristatus....../ 2284 | 4133 Nuclei ...) 3555 [10666

SPRUE co ss50 et 2182 | 3600

Nuelei cd 4000 |l0ese || 27GODACTYLT-

Sylvia Phragmites ......) 2003 | 3550 |/Corythaix Buffonii ...... 1902 | 3764

Philomela luscinia ...... 1895 | 4400 |\Cuculus canorus ......... 2028 | 3600

Nuclei...) 4000 |12000 ||Plyctolophus Eos ...... 1981 | 3728

Curruca atricapilla ...... 2359 | 4133 |—— sulphureus ......... 2203 | 3399

Erythaca rubecula ...... 2305 | 4133 YOSACEUS ........0008 1842 | 3547

Aecentor modularis....,.) 2842 | 4000 Nuclei ...| 4000 |12000

Turdus viscivorus ......| 2247 | 4000 ||—— galeritus ............ 1880 | 3600

—— musicus ...........5 2203 | 4133 |—— Philippinorum ...| 1974 | 4041

migratorius .........{ 2848 | 4133 ||Macrocercus Aracanga...| 1902 | 4041

100

AVES—(continued).

L.D. | S.D. Caasneeas: L.D.

Macrocercus Illigeri 1924 | 4335 ||Hirundo rustica ......... 2133

Ararauna .....0000. 1961 | 4128 ||—— urbica... ............ 2170

——— "MaCa0 . 2. scosccessnee 1902 | 4762 |\Cypselus Apus ............ 1982

SEVEIUS © 5.546...0c08 2165 | 3801 Nuclei ...} 4000

Platycercus Pennantii...| 2106 | 3931

Pacificus ............ 4174 CoLumMB.

——— eximius ...... 3892

flaviventris 3892 By oe Palumbus ...... a

H—— Vasa ...eccseereaee eR | RU es pba 2005

scapulatus 4042 ud Sek sete eeeerenseee 2088

——n niger ee eeeceeeeecces 3892 eas Ph ob Pe i taa SaaS 2314

Bop eueNove-Hol- 1). a4e9 041974 chaleoplera sess... 2208

Psittacara leptorhyncha .| 2067 | 3931 ee aot eee pio

——— murina ...........- 2133 | 4031 Boies: 2193

Patachonica ...... 2115 | 3977 et Hor NNR 2429

—— viridissima .......,. 2029 | 4190 in 2239

solstitialis ......... 2133 | 4000 | ONAN see)

: uclei ...| 5333

I—— virescens ............ 2097 | 4175 Zeneiaid 2203

Trichoglossus capistratus| 2203 | 3892 |— biprilin’ ..caacd 1909

Paleornis Alexandri ...| 2115 | 3892 | CU StU mB seesreers 1954

——— torquatus ......... 2174 | 3892 || ieucned fila Wasi 2132

Bengalensis_ ...... 2278 | 4000 ane. pao rp 2100

Lorius domicellus ...... 2093 | 4133 eee es

Ceramensis ..,...... 2115 | 4000

—— Amboinensis ...... 2045 | 4133 cone l

—— COCCineUS ......04. 2165 | 4000 ||Penelope leucolophos ...| 1902

DSINGDNIB) Soa. sps acest 2115 | 3692 Nuclei...) 3555

Tanygnathus macro- CTISERUR 50 cons sed ibid.

ELYNCHUB e550 oseava 2106) 8829 \Crax globicera............ 1985

Psittacus erythacus...... 1898 | 4000 || PUDanetssoseanceee 1993

—— albifrons ...... see-.| 1931 | 3692 |\—— Yarrellii ............ 2000

Augustus ......... 2085 | 3600 | Ourax Mitu ............... 2005

——— Americanus ...... 2115 | 3600 |/Pavo cristatus ............ 1835

—— Regulus ............ 2037 | 3764 MULICUS .....2600,.. ibid.

Dufresnii .......0. 2278 | 3374 Javanicus ......... 1884

—— Amazonicus ...... 1800 | 3832 ||Phasianus pictus .........| 2213

—— leucocephalus...... 2050 | 3727 nycthemerus ...... 1887

'—— badiceps ............ 2165 | 3617 Nuclei...) 4000

I—— menstruus ......... 2115 | 3708 superbus .........04. 2128

—— melanocephalus ...| 2005 | 3892 lineatus .......... +.| 1855

—— mitratus ............ 2029 | 3892 Nuclei ...| 4570

Psittacula cana ......... 2101 | 4174 |—— Colchicus ......... 2168

—— pullaria ............ 2097 | 4174 Nuclei... 5647

PICHEMINOF Viv. sdes0senece 2170 | 3892 ||Gallus domesticus ...... 2102

Nuclei ...} 6000

ANISODACTYLI. Meleagris gallapavo ...| 2045

: Numida Rendallii_...... 2054

Sitta Europa eee rae ee ‘Francolinus vulgaris... 2106

Certhia familiaris ......| 2305 | 4000 |/Perdix longirostris ...... aa

Sep Bonhami............| 1933

Nuclei ...| 4570

ALcyoNEs. \Coturnix Argoondah ...| 2347

Dacelo gigantea ......... 2110 | 3555 |\Ortyx Virginianus ...... 2213

Alcedo Ispida ............ 2124 | 3693 NEOXYENUS «see... 2305

$.D.

4000

3850

10666

3643

3523

3369

3615

3429

4062

3692

3839

3643

3519

3692

12000

3571

4626

349]

3646

3512

3607

9166

ibid.

3425

3664

3456

3490

3589

ibid.

349]

3615

3470

8000

3587

3348

9166

3646

7111

3466

9140

3598

4415

4041

3801

3282

10666

3470

4000

3836

;

101

AVES—(continued).

L.D. | S.D. L.D. | S.D.

Tetrao urogallus .........| 2248 | 3836 ||Ciconia Argala.........++ 1728 | 3555

H———=— "Tetrix 0. .sseccesenee 2376 | 3728 Marabou .........00+ 1859 | 3460

—— Caucasica ......60+ 1928 | 3456 |\Ibis ruber................5- 1948 | 3153

Nuclei...| 4570 | 9166 ||Numenius Pheopus 1846 | 4465

Tinamus rufescens ...... 1752 | 3338 ||\Limosa melanura......... 1973 | 3764

Scolopax Gallinago ...... 2170 | 3622

ALECTORIDES. Rallus Philippinensis ...) 2997 | 3389

Dicholophus eristatus ...| 1884 | 3364 Gallinula chloropus...... 2055 | 3839

PhS La PINNATIPEDES.

Struthio Camelus......... 1649 | 3000 Podiceps minor ....+.+». 2001 | 3200

T. 9166 PALMIPEDES

Nuclei...) 3200 | 9166

Dromaius Nove-Hol- 1690 | 3031 PlectropterusGambiensis| 1866 | 3728

landize ......sesss0c0. Chenalopex Aigyptiaca .| 1866 | 3839

Rhea Americana .........| 1898 | 3273 ||\Cereopsis Nove-Hol- 1722 | 3692

Tandize tt 2... .c.caees

GRALLATORES. Bernicla Sandvicensis ...| 1866 | 3839

r 3 i Magellanica ...... ibid. | ibid.

Cdicnemus crepitans ...| 2157 | 4000 8

Vanellus cristatus ...... 1964 | 3310 td pions fat wd on ete

Hematopus Ostralegus .| 1895 | 4000 || °nCrocygna i ap 1

Nuclei ...| 3200 | 9000 ee 5) opeceacee ~~ 3764

Psophia crepitans ...... 1883 | 3488 Des Sandee i caus bo ces anes ole

Aunthropoides Virgo...... 1884 | 3740 P

T 11230 Tadorna vulpanser ...... 1925 | 3839

: Mareca Penelope......... 1873 | 4385

hidlfisioe perenne eae pe oa Querquedula crecca...... 2062 | 4592

T ae BCI, \eaemasdeceee 1993 | 3839

fans ——— CIVCIA ....sseersesers 2088 | 3839

Me et slg cey: | gary (nag gelericulata ..... 1937 | 3424

Andee aa i hes 1913 | 3491 Larus ridibundus ......... 2097 | 4000

—— Nycticorax ......... 1780 | 3555 eae sence Deis pts ee

minuta ..essessssee 1993 | 3827 eee ea oe

MiagTes leucétowa 1859 | 3600 Pelecanus Onocrotalus...| 1777 | 3369

ee, ths tee c-5 1755 | 3439 Nuclei ...| 3200 | 9600

= ES Cee 1806 | 3403 ||Phalacrocorax Carbo ...| 2005 | 3765

REPTILIA.

L.D. | 8.D. L.D. | S.D.

Chelonia Mydas ......... 1231 | 1882 ||Lacerta viridis ............ 1555 | 2743

Nuclei...) 4000 | 6000 |/Anguis fragilis ............ 1178 | 2666

Testudo Greeca ......+6. 1252 | 2216 ||Natrix torquata ......... 1371 | 2157

—— radiata ....esseeee. 1241 | 2197 T.

Alligator ——? ......... 1324 | 2122 Nuclei ...| 3835 | 6817

Crocodilus acutus ...... 1231 | 2286 ||Coluber Berus ............ 1274 | 1800

j Nuclei 3227 | 4986

—— Lucius? ............ 1124 | 2215 ||Python Tigris ............ 1440 | 2400

Champsa fissipes .........| 1259 | 2315 Nuclei ...| 3555 | 7468

Iguana Cyclura ......... 1230 | 2285

Nuclei...| 5333 | 6400

102

AMPHIBIA.

Bufo vulgaris .........0.. 1043 | 2000 ||Lissotriton punctatus ... 814 | 1246

T. 5625 Nuclei...) 1778 | 2667

Nuclei...| 2802 | 5261 ||Siren lacertina............ 435 | 800

Nuclei...) 1142 | 2007

“ Nuclei...

— Cerna ...........- —— Erythrophthalmus.| 2000 | 3200

Nuclei... —— Phoxinus ..... «s.| 2000 | 2900

Cottus Gobio ............ Esox Lucius ............ 2000 | 3555

T. 8000 8000

Cyprinus Carpio ....... os i peer 11s 2842

T. 8000 T. 8000

Nuclei... 10000

—aetoos TINCA ibsi 0000 008sen. Gymnotus electricus ...) 1745 | 2599

T. 8830,

Nuclei...

103

The following extract was read from a letter, dated Madeira,

August 18, 1845, received from the Society’s Corresponding Mem-

ber, the Rev. R. T. Lowe :—

“The Rev. R. T. Lowe has the pleasure of adding to the Society’s

collection a fine specimen of a new Zeus (Zeus conchifer, Lowe) of

the greatest rarity ; the present being the second example only which

has hitherto occurred.”

The specimen was exhibited to the Meeting.

“On the genus Anous, Leach (Megalopterus, Boie).” By John

Gould, Esq., F.R.S. &c.

There is no family of birds more generally diffused over the globe

than the Terns, and certainly no group of the Natatorial Order less

understood, or which would more amply reward the studious investi-

gation of the scientific ornithologist. ‘The present short paper is

limited to some species of the genus Anous, for the purpose of de-

scribing three or four new ones, rather than aiming at anything like

a complete monograph of even this little group. It will not, how-

ever, detract from the interest of the paper if I give a list of the spe-

cies with which I am familiar, and reserve to some future time the

completion of the subject. Upon the present occasion I shall exhibit

five well-defined species; a sixth, of which I am not aware that an

example exists in the museums of this country, is figured in the

‘Planches Coloriées’ of M. Temminck. They are—

1. Anovus stotipus: Sterna stolida, Linn.; Gavia fusca, Brehm ;

Anous niger, Steph.

2. ANowUs LEUCOCAPILLUS, nov. sp. A. vertice et nuchd albis ;

loris, et partibus circumocularibus, intens? nigris ; omni inferiore

corpore alisque fuliginosis, necnon occipite, dorso, et caudd, sed

cinereo tinctis.

Crown of the head and nape of the neck white; lores and space

surrounding the eye deep black ; near the posterior angle of the upper

and lower eyelids a small patch of white; breast, all the under sur-

face and the wings deep sooty black ; back of the neck, back and tail

the same, slightly tinged with ash ; bill black ; feet brownish black.

Total length, 14 inches ; bill, 24; wing, 9; tail, 5; tarsi, 2; middle

toe and nail, 14.

Hab. North coasts of Australia.

3. ANoUS MELANOPs, nov. sp. A. vertice et nuchd pallide ci-

nereis ; dorso saturate griseo ; maculd ante oculum, alterdque mi-

nore post oculum intense nigris.

Crown of the head and back of the neck light ash-colour, passing

into deep grey on the mantle and back ; immediately before the eyes

a large patch, and behind a smaller one, of jet-black; posterior half

of the lower and a smaller space on the upper lash snow-white ;

throat, fore-part of the neck and all the under surface deep sooty

black ; wings and all the upper surface of the same colour, but rather

browner ; bill black ; tarsi and toes brownish black.

Total length, 12 to 13 inches ; bill, 24; wing, 83; tail, 5 ; tarsi, Z;

middle toe and nail, 14.

104

Hab. Very abundant during the breeding season on the Houtman’s

Abrolhos, off the western coast of Australia.

Remark.—This species, although very nearly allied to, is distinct

from the Anous tenuirostris (Sterna tenuirostris, Temm.) of Western

Africa, from which it may at once be distinguished by the black marks

before and behind the eye, of which no trace is represented in M.

Temminck’s figure in the ‘ Planches Coloriées’; neither is this con-

spicuous mark alluded to in his description. It is just possible that

this may be the species described by M. de la Fresnaye in Guerin’s

Magazine, under the generic name of Procellosterna.

4, Anous TENUIROSTRIS: Sterna tenuirostris, Temm. Pl. Col. 202.

5. ANovs CINEREUS, noy. sp. A. capite, collo, et corpore inferiore

argentato-albis ; parva plumarum lined oculum circumeunte nigrd

ad rostrum, ad nucham albd; dorso, alis, cauddque leteé griseis ;

secondariis ad apices albis.

Head, neck and all the under surface silvery greyish white ; round

the eye a narrow ring of feathers, the anterior half of which is deep

black and the posterior half white ; back, wings and tail light grey ;

secondaries tipped with white ; bill black ; tarsi and toes brownish

black ; interdigital membrane yellowish.

Total length, 11 inches; bill, 15; wing, 8; tail, 5; tarsi, 13;

middle toe and nail, 12.

Hab. The north-eastern coasts of Australia.

Syn. Pelecanopus pelecanoides, Brit. Mus. Coll. Part iii. p. 180.

6. Anous pArvutus. A. toto corpore cinereo-griseis ; parvo plu-

marum annulo oculum cingente, parte anteriore nigrd, posteriore alba.

The whole of the plumage ashy grey, being somewhat lighter on

the head and neck than on the other parts of the plumage; round

the eye a narrow ring of feathers, the anterior half of which is black

and the posterior half white; bill black; tarsi and toes brown.

Total length, 94 inches; bill, 14; wing, 62; tail, 44; tarsi, 2;

middle toe and nail, 14.

A single specimen forms part of the collection of the Zoological

Society, to whom it was presented by F. Debell Bennett, Esq., who

procured it at Christmas Island, in the South Seas. It may be di-

stinguished from all the other species by its small size and delicately-

formed bill.

Mr. Gould then exhibited two new birds from New South Wales:

Poparcus pLumiFervs. Pod. plumis nares tegentibus, que sunt in

criste formam erecte, nigro-fusco et albo alternatim fasciatis ;

medida guld et pectore brunneo-albis, fusco minute maculatis, nec

aliter colli pectorisque lateribus, nec corpore subtis, nisi singulis

plumis lined saturate fused in medio, et duabus maculis quadratis

ad apicem, ornatis.

Feathers covering the nostrils, which are erected into a tuft, alter-

nately banded with blackish brown and white; all the upper surface

mottled brown, black and brownish white, the latter predominating

_ over each eye, where it forms a conspicuous patch ; the markings are

of a similar but of a larger kind on the wings, and on the primaries

105

and secondaries assume the form of bars; tail similar but paler, and

with the barred form of the markings still more distinct; centre of

the throat and chest brownish white, minutely freckled with brown ;

sides of the neck and breast and all the under surface similar, but

with a dark line of brown down the centre and two large nearly

square-shaped spots of brownish white near the tip of each feather ;

bill and feet horn-colour.

Total length, 20 inches; Dill, 23; wing, 94; tail, 10; tarsi, l.

In another specimen the markings are altogether of a much darker

hue, particularly on the under surface, where the light markings are

less distinct and more chestnut.

Hab. The brushes of the Clarence and MacLeay rivers of New

South Wales.

Remark.—This species differs from all its Australian allies by the

more lengthened form of the tail and the conspicuous tuft of fea-

thers which spring from the fore-part of the head, and it is from this

character the specific name has been taken.

Puatycercus sPLENDIDUs. Plat. capite, colli lateribus, et medio

pectore, coccineis ; genis albis ; dorso inferiore, et tectricibus caude

superioribus pallid viridibus ; lateribus pectoris, et abdomine

splendidé flavis ; crisso pallide viridi.

Head, sides of the neck and centre of the breast scarlet; cheeks

white, faintly tinged with blue ; feathers of the back and scapularies

black, broadly margined with gamboge-yellow ; lower part of the

back and upper tail-coverts pale green; on the shoulder a patch of

black ; wing-coverts pale blue; primaries black, with the exception

of the basal portion of the external web, which is rich deep blue;

two central tail-feathers dark green at the base, passing into deep

blue on the apical half of the external web, and tipped with black ;

the next on each side is black on the internal web, green at the base

of the external web, blue for the remainder of its length, and slightly

tipped with white; the remainder of the tail-feathers are deep blue

at the base of the external, and black at the base of the internal web,

the remaining portion of both webs being pale delicate blue, passing

into white at the tip; sides of the breast and the abdomen bright

gamboge-yellow ; vent pale green in some, in others pale bluish

green; under tail-coverts scarlet; irides dark brown; bill horn-

colour; feet mealy brown.

Total length, 12 inches; bill, $; wing, 6; tail, 7; tarsi, 2.

Another specimen, probably immature, has the general colour

similar, but has the head and breast pale yellow, interspersed with

scarlet feathers.

Hab. Darling Downs, New South Wales.

Remark.—Very nearly allied to, but a more beautiful species

than, the Platycercus eximius, from which it differs in the extent of

the scarlet on the breast, which in this species merely occupies the

centre, while in the former it forms a broad band across the breast ;

the rump also is of a paler green.

“A Description of new species of Ostree, in the collection of H.

Cuming, Esq.,” by Sylvanus Hanley, Esq., was then read :—

106

Ostrea Cuemyitzit. Ost. testd obovali, plerumque sinistrorsd,

valde compressd, solidd, nitidd, luted aut sordidé rubro-purpu-

rascente, subtuberosd, nonnunquam paululim subvesiculosd, nullis

lamellis asperata ; margine plicato, intusque persepe scabro ; plicis

plerumque parvis ; superficie internd albido-virescente ; cicatrice

satis maynd, subreniformi. Long. 3 poll.

Hab. China? Mus. Cuming, Hanley, &c,

A species which is closely allied to rosacea, with a peculiar resi-

nous gloss, and invariably attached by the entire surface of the lower

valve. The colour varies from dirty yellow to dull reddish purple.

The apices are not much attenuated, The figure 994 of Chemnitz

is a fair representation,

Osrrea LacERATA, Ost, testd elongatd, solidiusculd, valde in-

@quivalvi, haud lamellosd, ad nates acutas angustatd, ad latera

basimque laceratd ; valvuld superiore planulatd, sublevigatd, aut

lutescente radiis sordide rubro-purpureis ornatd, aut rubro-pur-

pured radiis duobus centralibus nigrescentibus aream angustam

albidam includentibus ; valvuld inferiore profundd, radiis latis

atropurpureis strigatd, costisque raris subangulatis armatd ; super-

ficie internd albidd, submargaritaced; cardine denticulis nullis

munito. Long. 2 poll.

Hab, Senegal? Mus, Petit, Cuming.

Not unlike parasitica, but distinguishable by its claw-like lateral

projections. I have never met with any valves attached by the en-

tire surface, The dull crimson specimens, adorned with two central

dusky rays, which usually enclose a narrow space of yellowish white,

are peculiarly beautiful,

Osrrea MuttistRiATa. Ost. testd suborbiculari, compressd, equi-

valvi, solidiusculd aut subtenui, vir lamellosd, brunneo-rufescente,

confertissime radiatim rugosd ; superficie internd valvule superi-

oris nived, purpureo marginatd; inferioris disco centrali rufo

pulcherrime tinctd ; cardine dentibus validis munito ; natibus haud

eminentibus ; cicatrice satis magnd. Long. 3°83 poll.

Mus. Saul, Cuming, Hanley.

The lower valves were attached by their entire surfaces to a ship

returning from the coast of Africa.

Osrrea Mecopon. Ost. testd falcatd, glabra, solidd, subequi-

valvi, pallide livido-purpurascente, margines versis plicatd ; plicis

anticis 5 aut 6, maximis, subangulatis ; posticis minimis, angulatis,

paucis, subobsoletis ; margine valde plicato, intusque magis minusve

scabro ; natibus incurvatis ; superficie internd albo-virescente, nun-

quam margaritaced ; cicatrice satis magnd, reniformi, Long. 5 poll.

Hab. Peru (Cuming). Mus. Cuming.

A rare and extraordinary species, which bears not the slightest

resemblance to any of the recent Ostree. The narrow sickle-shaped

contour and the gigantic marginal tooth-like folds form its most di-

stinctive characteristics. ‘The adult specimens are attached by their

apices only.

Osrrea Pes-tier1s. Ost. testa ovali, aut ovali-sublrigond, solidd,

ee ee eg me TS See

107

concolore, atro-purpureo aut rubro-purpurascente, undique sub-

lamellosd, ad margines dense plicatd ; lamellis imbricatis, confertis,

depressis ; plicis regularibus, rotundatis ; valvis in longitudine

paribus ; inferiore profundd, superiore planulatd atque in costas

planas sulcis latis remotis radiatim divisd; superficie internd

albidd, margine interno denticulato ; denticulis elongatis ; cicatrice

satis magnd, obovali aut suborbiculari. Long. 2 poll.

Hab. Isle of Luzon; on rocks (Cuming). Mus. Cuming, Walton.

In typical specimens the shell is subtriangular, from the anterior

side sloping in a produced and straightish line, abruptly from the

beaks. The sculpture is both elegant and peculiar, the extremely

depressed ribs being divided by rather broad grooves, and assuming

a scalloped appearance at their edges, from the crowded sublamellar

imbrications which cover the entire surface.

Ostrea Bicotor. Ost. testd obovatd, nunquam elongatd, subtenui

aut solidiusculd, subcompressd, viz lamellosd, purpureo-fuscescente

radio uno vel radiis duobus albidis ornatd; margine simplici ;

natibus subacutis ; superficie internd, albidd colore externo margi-

natd ; cardine denticulis nullis munito. Long. 23 poll,

Hab. Senegal? Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

As the few specimens I have yet examined of this elegant species

have been attached by the entire surface to the sheathing of vessels,

I am unable to describe the characteristics of the lower valve. The

lamellz, when existing, are flattened, so that the shell presents a

smooth surface, and appears inclined to expand laterally whenever

unobstructed in its growth by adjacent substances.

Osrrea Cotumsiensis. Ost. testd subinequivalvi, subtenui, lamel-

losd, albidd, purpureo radiatd, subcompressd ; valvuld inferiore

magis converd ; superficie internd albidd, submargaritaced ; car-

dine denticulis nullis munito ; cicatrice satis magnd, reniformi.

Long. 2 poll.

Hab. St. Elena, West Columbia, adhering to rocks at half-tide

(Cuming). Mus. Cuming.

All the specimens I have seen are attached by the entire surface

of the lower valve. The shape varies from oblong to suborbicular,

and the valves are of equal length, but the shelly substance of the

shallow upper valve fits into the lower one, and is only continued to

the margin by the lamellz, which, when the habitat permits, branch

nto wavy foliations.

Ostrea Catiicnroa. Ost. testd obovatd aut suborbiculari, solidius-

‘ culd, subequivalvi ; valvuld superiore purpureo alboque lutescente

radiatd, concentrice lamellosé ; lamellis depressis ; valvuld inferiore

magis minusve purpureo tinctd, costisque radiantibus subobtusis

dense armatd ; superficie internd, albd ; margine simplici ; cardine

denticulis distinctis munito. Long. 2 poll.

Hab. Island of Chiloe, adhering to stones at low-water mark

(Cuming). Mus. Cuming.

The general appearance is that of our edible oyster, but the colour-

ing is magnificent,

108

October 28, 1845.

George Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

A paper was read containing ‘ Descriptions of new species of

Shells,” by Lovell Reeve :—

Genus Murex.

Morex macutarus. Mur. testd ovatd, subpyramidali, anfractibus

brevibus, tuberculato-varicosis, varicibus interstitiisque subtiliter

liratis, liris, lirarum interstitiis quoque pulcherrimé fimbriato-

cancellatis ; albidd, maculd rubido-fuscd inter varices conspicue

tinctd; columella et aperture fauce pallidé rosaced ; canali bre-

viusculo, recurvo.

Hab. ?

The whorls of this species are strongly tubercled by the varices,

which are very delicately cancellately ridged across.

Murex rusticus. Mur. testa ovata, spird acuminato-turritd, an-

Fractibus medio tumidis, transversim subobscuré liratis, tuberculato-

varicosis, varicibus frondosis, frondibus brevibus, interstitiis mi-

nutissime squamatis ; lutescente-albd, varicibus nigricante-fuscis ;

aperturd parvd, limbo producto ; canali breviusculo.

Hab. A

A rather solid shell, with an elevated tubercled spire.

Murex turritus. Mur. testd trigono-ovatd, liris converis subno-

dosis irregularibus confertis undique cingulatd, tuberculo unico

inter varices, trifariam varicosd, varicibus peculiariter laminato-

frondosis, frondibus erectis, lateraliter convevis ; lutescente livido-

olivaceo hic illic saturatiore tinctd.

Hab. North Australia; Ince, R.N.

The entire surface of this interesting new species is encircled with

very close-set convex ridges, each terminating on the varices in an

erect frond, connected together at the side so as to form a continuous

laminated frill extending from the suture to the base. From Mr.

Cuming’s collection.

Murex crocatus. Mur. testd trigono-fusiformi, transversim li-

ratd, liris parvis, granoso-squamatis, tuberculo inter varices ; tri-

varicosd, varicibus frondosis, frondibus obtuso-ramosis ; canali

subelongato, frondoso, fuscescente, frondibus rubido-crocatis.

Hab. ?

An olive-brown shell, with varices of a bright saffron colour.

From Mr. Norris’s collection.

Morex ruporicotor. Mur. testd abbreviato-fusiformi, oblique

109

trigond, transversim liratd, liris singulis tuberculis duobus, basim

versus evanidis, inter varices, lined minutdé elevatd inter liras ;

trivaricosd, varicibus rotundatis, prominentibus, squamis Srondi-

busque prototomis basim versus precipue, pulcherrime ornatis ;

eximie rubente.

Hab. Island of St. Thomas, West Indies.

An interesting blush-coloured shell, received from M. Griiner of

Bremen, of which I have since observed specimens in the British

Museum from the island of St. Vincent.

Morex Przvuroromoipes. Mur. testd pyriformi-ovatd, anfractibus

superne depressis, transversim liratis et minutissime crispato-

squamatis, multifariam varicosis, varicibus muricato-squamatis ;

canali subelongato, patulo ; columella labroque intus dentatis, labro

superné sinuato; albidd aut flavicante.

Hab. ?

A small pyriform prickly shell, having a sinus in the upper part of

the lip, after the manner of a Pleurotoma.

Morex pistacuia. Mur. testd ovatd, subfusiformi, solidiusculd,

anfractibus rotundatis, sulco subobsoleto prope suturam cinctis,

transversim crebriliratis, longitudinaliter suboblique unduloso-va-

ricosis, varicibus obtusis ; castaneo-fuscescente, columella et aper-

ture fauce subrosaceis ; canali brevi.

Hab. ?

A small chestnut-brown shell, quite distinct from any hitherto

described.

Murex EurypTeron. Mur. testd ovato-oblongd, basim versus

contractd, spird breviusculd, acuminato-turritd, suturis subexca-

vatis ; anfractibus superné depressis, transversim obscure obtuso-

liratis et punctato-striatis, tuberculo superficiario inter varices ;

trivaricosd, varicibus tenuibus, erecto-alatis, ultimo latissimé ez-

panso, superne falcato-recurvo ; aperturd parvd, ovatd; canali

breviusculo.

Hab. Japan?

For this new and remarkable shell I am indebted to the kindness

of the Rev. W. R. Crotch, whose manuscript name eurypteron, from

eipds, widely extended, and arepdr, wing, I feel great pleasure in

adopting, as being peculiarly expressive of its curious alate growth.

It approaches nearest to the Murex falcatus, but in that species there

are five varices on a whorl, whilst in this there are but three, and the

winged expansions of the Murex falcatus are folded over at the su-

perior margin. The specimen above described, and which is, I be-

lieve, unique, was received from Holland, and is supposed to have

come from Japan.

Genus PLEUROTOMA.

Pievrotoma rosacea. Pleur, testd ovato-turritd, anfractibus ro-

tundatis, superne depresso-concavis, transversim subtiliter striatis,

110

longitudinaliter crebricostatis ; canali brevissimo ; sinu lato, sub-

amplo ; undique eximié rosaced.

Hab. ?

Prevrotoma Bztica. Pleur. testd turritd, anfractibus superne

depresso-concavis, transversim elevato-striatis, oblique costatis,

costis plicato-nodulosis ; canali brevissimo; sinu lato, amplo ;

beticd.

Hab.

PLEvuRoTOMA oBLiqui-costaTa. Pleur. testd ovato-oblongd, longi-

tudinaliter costatd, costis angustis, obliquis, subundatis, superneé

obtuse mucronatis ; canali brevissimo ; albidd, rubido-fusco parce

maculatd et variegatd,

Hab. ?

Prevrotoma Fucata. Pleur. testd ovatd, crassiusculd, anfractibus

superne depressiusculis, longitudinaliter costellatis, costellis subob-

tusis, striis transversis elevatis subobsoletis cancellutis, anfractu

ultimo tuberculo gibboso munito ; canali brevissimo ; labro superne

subsinuato ; alba, croceo-fuscescente fasciatd et variegatd.

Hab. ?

Pievroroma impiicata. Pleur. testd pyramidali-turritd, anfrac-

tibus supern? peculiariter depressis, infra seriatim nodosis, nodu-

lorum serie supremd transversim biliratd ; canali brevissimo ; aper-

turd brevi; albidd, epidermide corned olivaced undique indutd.

Hab. —--?

Prevroroma rusBrirasciaTa. Pleur. testd abbreviato-fusiformi,

anfractibus superne concavis, levibus, infra transversim striatis,

et pulcherrime crebrinodulosis, nodulis supremis, longitudinaliter

confluentibus ; canali subelongato; flavescente, rubro cinereoque

fasciatd,

Hab.

Prevroroma sacerpos. Pleur. testd subfusiformi, utringue atte-

nuatd, crassd; anfractibus superné valdé depresso-concavis, sub-

angulatis, tuberculis transversim compressis ad angulum cingulatis,

infra seriatim nodulosis ; canali breviusculo ; carneo-albidd, flam-

mis maculisque purpureo-rufis variegatd, anfractuum parte supe-

riori cinereo tinctd,

Hab. ?

PLevroTomA crocata. Pleur, testd pyramidali-oblongd, transver-

sim elevato-striatd, longitudinaliter costatd, anfractu ultimo tuber-

culo parvo gibboso munito; canali brevissimo ; aperturd brevi ;

sinu lato, amplo ; albidd, epidermide croceo-olivaced indutd.

Hab. ?

Prevroroma opetiscus. Pleur. testd pyramidali-ovatd, anfrac-

tibus superne concavis, infra nodosis, anfractis ultimi parte infe-

riori granoso-liratd ; canali brevi ; sinu amplo ; albidd, epidermide

flavescente-olivaced undique indutd.

Hab. ?

————

111

PLEUROTOMA ARMILLATA. Pleur. testd pyramidali-ovatd, subfusi-

Sormi, anfractibus spiraliter carinatis, carind mediand gemmulatd,

gemmulis transversis, canali breviusculo, sinu amplo, profundo ;

albidd, anfractibus supra carinam gemmulatam fuscescentibus.

Hab. Philippine Islands; Cuming.

Prevrotoma aquatitis. Pleur. testd ovato-turritd, solidd, spird

acuminatd, anfractibus levibus, supern2 depressis, oblique plicato-

tuberculatis ; canali brevissimo, sinu amplo; eburned, lineis plu-

rimis subtilissimis undulatis, pallidissime corneo-fuscescentibus,

Sasciatim pictd.

Hab. ?

PLEUROTOMA FLAVEScENS. Pleur. testd ovato-turritd, anfractibus

superne valde concavis, infra transversim striatis, nodosis, nodis

subirregulariter costelleforme confluentibus ; canali brevissimo ;

flavescente-olivaced.

Hab. ?

PLevroroma rracitis. Pleur. testd ovatd, ventricosd, tenui, fra-

gili, translucidd, anfractu ultimo valde maximo ; lineis subtilibus

elevatis undique creberrime reticulata quarum transverse fortiores ;

shennan ampld, sinuatd ; columelld basique truncatis, lucido-albd.

ab.

PLevRoroMa PuLcHELLA. Pleur. testd ovato-turritd, anfractibus

superné depressis, medio plicato-tuberculatis, tuberculis angustis,

confluentibus, anfractu ultimo tuberculo gibboso munito; canali

brevissimo, sinu amplo ; vivid? rosaced, fascia linedque castaneis,

spiraliter cingulatd.

Hab. ?

Prevrotoma punctata. Pleur. testd fusiformi, anfractibus su-

perné valde depressis, levigatis, carind parvd prope suturam medio

nodosis, infra granulatis; canali longiusculo; sinu latiusculo ;

albidd, rubido-fusco punctatd, precipue super carinam et inter

nodos.

Hab.

Prevrotoma LANceoLaTa. Pleur. testd lanceolatd, anfractibus

superne concavis, tuberculis obliquis plus minusve obsoletis medio

ornatis, levibus, anfractu ultimo minutissimé granulato ; canali

breviusculo ; aurantio-fuscescente, tuberculis albidis.

Hab. ?

Puevrotoma sacra. Pleur. testd ovatd, solidiusculd, basim versus

subgibbosd; anfractibus superne depressis nodulorum serie unica

prope suturam infra longitudinaliter granoso-costatis, transversim

minute liratis ; canali brevissimo, sinu lato ; albidd, anfractu ultimo

Sascid pallide fuscescente cingulatd.

ab.

PLEUROTOMA RUBINICOLOR. Pleur. testd ovatd, subventricosd, an-

112

Fractibus superne angulato-depressis, ad angulum obtuso-nodosis,

nodis subplicato-confluentibus, levibus, ultimo basim versus obso-

leté striato ; canali brevissimo ; aurantio-rufd, nodis per angulum

niveis.

Hab.

Prevrotoma nux. Pleur. testd ovatd, subpyramidali, anfractibus

convexis, superné leviter concavis, ultimo subgibboso ; canali bre-

vissimo truncato; sinu latiusculo ; rubido-castaned, columelld et

aperture fauce albis.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

Preurotoma ciara. Pleur. testd pyramidali, subelongatd, anfrac-

tibus oblique plicato-nodosis, levibus; canali brevissimo; sinu

amplo ; purpureo-fuscd, anfractuum parte superiori alba.

Hab. ?

PLEUROTOMA CASTANEA. Pleur. testd subelongato-turritd, anfrac-

tibus superne concavis, medio plicato-nodosis ; levigatd, basi sub-

tiliter sulcata ; canali brevissimo ; castaneo-fuscd.

Hab. ?

Prevurotoma vipua. Pleur. testd subobeso-ovatd, spird acuminatd,

anfractibus superne depressis, medio plicato-nodosis, nodis crebris,

longitudinaliter confluentibus, levigatd, basim versus granosd ;

canali brevissimo; anfractuum parte superiori nived, inferiori

olivaceo-nigricante, granis albis.

Hab. Island of Masbate, Philippines (under stones at low water) ;

Cuming.

PieuroToMA PALLIATA. Pleur. testd ovato-oblongd, anfractibus

convexiusculis, transversim subtilissimé crebristriatis, granulorum

serie unicd cingulatis, granulis conspicuis, elevatiusculis ; canali

brevissimo ; albidd, epidermide pallide fulvd undique indutd.

Hab. ? .

PLEUROTOMA EXARATA. Pleur. testd pyramidali, anfractibus trans-

versim granoso-striatis, medio leviter angulatis, ad angulum mi-

nuté nodulosis, inter nodulos longitudinaliter exaratos ; canali bre-

vissimo, truncato ; sinu amplo, pallide fulvo, sulcis longitudinalibus

Sfusco-punctatis.

Hab. -——?

Prevrotoma vittata. Pleur. testd abbreviato-ovatd, solidd, gib-

bosd, spird subacuminatd, anfractibus superné depressis, medio

plicato-tuberculatis, infra granulatis ; labro incrassato, sinu lati-

usculo ; albidd, vittd fascidve lutescente-fuscd conspicud supra

tubercula ornatd.

Hab. ?

Prevroroma otyra. Pleur. testd cylindraceo-ovatd, tenui, sub-

pellucidd, spird brevi; levigatd aut obsolete striatd ; aperturd

longiusculd ; canali brevissimo, truncato ; nived, apice roseo.

Hab. >

113

Pievroroma susuta. Pleur. testd acuminato-attenuatd, striis ele-

vatis transversis et longitudinalibus creberrime reticulatd, carind

plano-obtusd prope suturam ; canali breviusculo, sinu distincto ;

albidd, maculis parvis pallid? aurantio-fuscis juxta suturam.

Hab. Island of Corrigidor, Philippines (found among coarse sand

at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

Pievroroma AvuREOLA. leur. testd acuminato-elongatd, tenui,

semipellucidd, transversim liratd, liris parvis, obtusis, longitudi-

naliter subtilissim2 crebristriatd ; canali brevi, labro intus crenu-

lato, sinu parvo, distincto ; aureold.

Hab. {sland of Luzon, Philippines; Cuming.

Prevroroma sAturaTa. Pleur, testd pyramidali-acuminatd, in-

Sern? subcontractd, anfractibus striis transversis et longitudinalibus

creberrime granoso-reticulatis ; canali breviusculo ; labro subti-

liter crenulato, sinu distincto; intus extusque fuscd, fasciis albis

longitudinalibus subdistantibus, fascia unica transversd in anfractu

ultimo ornatd.

Hab. Island of Corrigidor, Philippines (found among coarse sand

at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

PievroToMA 1GNnrFLUA. Pleur. testa ovato-oblongd, transversim

creberrimé elevato-striatd, longitudinaliter costis latiusculis ap-

provimatis, apicem versus conspicuis, basim versus obsoletis ;

canali brevi; labro intus crenulato, sinu superficiario; albidd,

flammis fulvo-aurantiis undato-fluentibus ornatd.

Hab. ?

PievrotoMA PATULA. Pleur. testd ovato-oblongd, inferné ventri-

cosd, subobliqud, anfractibus tenuibus, transversim subtilissimé et

creberrim? striatis ; canali brevissimo, truncato ; labro simplici,

sinu profundo, aperturd ampld ; albidd, flammis fulvo-aurantiis,

undatis, longitudinaliter fluentibus ornatd.

Hab. Bolinao, island of Luzon, Philippines (found under stones at

low water) ; Cuming.

Prevrotroma pPuTitius. Pleur. testd ovatd, spird pyramidali-

acuminatd, anfractibus transversim subtiliter striatis, supern® con-

cavis, infra nodosis, nodis longitudinaliter oblique confluentibus ;

canali breviusculo ; labro simplici, sinu lato; flavicante-albidd,

lined undulatd fulvo-aurantid inter nodos fluente.

Hab. Calipan, island of Mindoro, Philippines (found among coarse

sand at the depth of fifteen fathoms) ; Cuming.

PLevRoToMA sPEcTRUM. Pleur. testd fusiformi, transversim elevato-

striatd, anfractibus rotundatis, longitudinaliter fortiter oblique

plicato-nodosis, nodis in anfractu ultimo evanide confluentibus ;

canali brevi ; labro simplici ; nived, nodis pallid rufescente-fuscis.

Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, Philippines (found among

coral sand at the depth of about nine fathoms); Cuming.

PLEUROTOMA BILINEATA. Pleur. tesid ovato-oblongd, subpyrami-

114

dali, anfractibus medio tumidis, uniseriatim plicato-nodosis, nodis

angustis compressiusculis, anfractis ultimi dorso callositate mu-

nito; canali brevissimo, labro simplici, sinu amplo; incarnato-

Suscescente, lineis duabus saturatioribus, quarum superior multo

subtilior inter nodos cingulata.

Hab. Islands of Capul and Mindoro, Philippines (found on the

reefs and among coarse sand at the depth of fifteen fathoms); Cu-

ming.

Pievrotoma Mercartriana. Pleur. testd ovata, crassiusculd,

transversim creberrime elevato-striatd, longitudinaliter apicem

versus subobsoleté sulcatd ; albd, maculis rufo-fuscis subquadratis

fasciatim pictd ; canali brevi.

Hab. ?

Prevrotoma Grayi. Pleur. testé ovatd, subventricosd, anfractibus

superne angulatis, longitudinaliter obtuso-costatis, transversim

creberrimé sulcatis ; canali brevi; labro incrassato, sinu amplo ;

castaneo-fuscd.

Hab. ?

PLevROTOMA LUTEO-FAscIATA. Pleur. testd subovato-oblongd, an-

Sractibus prope suturam impressis, longitudinaliter fortiter costatis,

costis crebris, obtusis ; canali brevissimo ; albd, fasciis luteis pul-

cherrimeé ornatd.

Hab. ?

Prevrotoma Pacopus. Pleur. testd pyramidali, anfractibus superné

depressis, subangulatis, ad angulum costatis, costis brevibus, con-

fertis, lineis elevatis decussatis ; cinereo-rufescente, maculis rubidis

inter costas, columella labroque rubido tinctis ; canali brevi.

Hab. ?

PievRoToma urNuLA. Pleur. testd ovatd, ventricosd, spird brevi-

usculd, longitudinaliter costatd, transversim elevato-striatd ; cas-

taneo-fuscd ; canali breviusculo, aperto.

Hab. ?

Prevroroma Forrurensis. Pleur. testd pyramidali-oblongd, an-

Sractibus superne subangulatis, longitudinaliter oblique costatis ;

basi truncata ; albidd.

Hab. Frith of Forth; Gray.

PLEUROTOMA REFLEXA. Pleur. testd ovatd, Tritoniformi, concen-

trice costatd, transversim fortiter liratd; apertura longiuseuld

sinuosd, labro reflexo, intus denticulato.

Hab. >

Prevrotoma quaprata. Pleur. testd ovatd, spird turritd, anfrac-

tibus fortiter angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis ad angulum

mucronatis, infra striis duabus elevatis cingulatis, anfractis ulti-

mi parte inferiori lird mucronatd clathratd ; flavicante, costarum

interstitiis rufo-castaneis ; sinu parvo.

Hab. ry

115

Prevroroma parvuna. leur, testd fusiformi-ovatd, anfractibus

tumidiusculis, longitudinaliter costatis, transversim creberrime li-

ratis ; canali breviusculo ; lutescente.

Hab. ?

Prevroroma psEuDo-cARrinaTA. Pleur. testd ovatd, subpyramidali,

anfractibus superne concavis, subindistinct? carinatis, infra confer-

tim plicato-costatis, transversim crebrisulcatis ; basi truncatd ; fla-

vescente.

Hab. ?

Prevroroma Lancuipa. Pleur. testd gracili-fusiformi, longitudi-

naliter noduloso-costatd, transversim elevato-striatd, costis striis-

que subdistantibus ; sinu amplo ; alba, rufescente-fusco tinctd.

Hab. ?

PLEUROTOMA PUNCTICINCTA. Pleur. testd ovatd, spird breviusculd,

longitudinaliter subobscure plicatd, interstitiis minutissime striatis ;

sinu subamplo ; albida, cinguld unicd punctatd spiraliter ornatd.

Hab. >

PieuRoTOMA PYRAMIDULA. Pleur. testé subpyramidali-elongatd,

liris minutis longitudinalibus et transversis creberrime clathratd,

suturis unicarinatis ; aperturd parvd, sinu amplo ; basi truncatd ;

albidd.

Hab, ?

Pievroroma zRvciNosa. Pleur. testd acuminato-turritd, anfrac-

‘4 tibus longitudinaliter subobsolete plicato-costatis, interstitiis minu-

tissim? impresso-striatis ; albidd, suturis livido-viridescentibus,

anfractds ultimi parte inferiori livido-viridescente, punctis nigri-

cantibus marginatd, apice rufescente-fusco.

Hab. ?

Przevrotoma optiquata. Pleur. testd ovatd, subobesd, spird acu-

minatd, anfractibus medio angulato-tumidis, oblique costatis, costis

ad angulum nodosis; intus extusque flavido-fuscd, zond pallida

angustd ad angulum cingulatd.

Hab. ?

PLEvRoToMA PELLIs-PHocE. Pleur. testd pyramidali, anfractibus

convevis, longitudinaliter fortiter et creberrime granulatis, trans-

versim subsulcatis, aperturd peculiariter parvd, sinu indistincto.

Hab. ?

Set

Re Piscaowdick vexitLum. leur. testa acuminato-elongatd, longi-

tudinaliter crebricostatd, basi transversim liratd ; aperturd parvd,

sinu amplo, albidd, suturis et anfractés ultimi parte inferiori fuscis.

Hab. ? ;

Prevroroma carpinauis. Pleur. testd pyramidali, spird acumi-

natd, anfractibus longitudinaliter subtiliter plicatis, transversim

minutissim? striatis; sinu lato, amplo; albidd, fasciis violaceo-

brunneis cingulatd.

116

Hab. Island of Negros, Philippines (found among sand at the

depth of four fathoms) ; Cuming.

Prevroroma Arata. Pleur. testd pyramidali, suturis peculiariter

excavatis, anfractibus levibus angustis granulosis creberrime cin-

gulatis ; aperturd parvd ; albd.

Hab. ?

Prevrotoma Guitpineu. Pleur. testd pyramidali-oblongd, anfrac-

tibus superne depresso-concavis, infra oblique nodoso-plicatis,

transversim undique creberrime striatis ; intus extusque piceo-nigrd.

Hab. St. Vincent’s, West Indies; Guilding.

PievroroMa HYALINA. Pleur. testd elongato-acuminatd, basi trun-

catd, tenui, hyalind, longitudinaliter undique minutissime et con-

fertissime elevato-striatd ; albidd, lineis rufo-fuscis distantibus

cingulatd ; labro simplici, sinu parvo.

Hab. ?

Prevrotoma Ticaonica. Pleur. testd oblongo-ovatd, spird tereti,

anfractibus subventricosis, transversim irregulariter liratis, lira-

rum interstitiis minutissimé clathratis ; albidé, aurantio-fusco hic

illic flammatd ; sinu parvo.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs) ; Cuming.

Prevroroma FuLva. Pleur. testd oblongo-ovatd, subturritd, an-

fractibus longitudinaliter multicostatis, costis angustis, prominen-

tibus ; fulvd.

Hab. Hy

PrevroTroMA CANTHARIS. /Pleur. testd obtuso-ovatd, crassd, solidd,

levigatd, anfractibus medio oblique nodoso-plicatis ; sinu subamplo;

nigricante-fuscd, nodis albidis.

Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, Philippines (found under stones at

low water); Cuming.

PiLevroroma vuttTuosa. Pleur. testd ovatd, anfractibus subrotun-

dis, longitudinaliter obtus? costatis, transversim creberrimée liratis ;

labro intus denticulato, sinu amplo, lato; albicante, apice pallide

rosaceo.

Hab. Baclayon, island of Bohol, Philippines (found under stones) ;

Cuming.

Prevrotoma opatus. Pleur. testd oblongo-ovatd, pentagonali,

crassd, levigatd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis oblique continuis,

subnodosis, angustis, quasi vellicatis, interstitiis plano-concavis ;

aperturd parvd, sinu amplo, profundo ; eburned, nitente, costarum

interstitiis incarnato-fuscescentibus.

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, Philip-

pines (found in sandy mud at the depth of twenty-five fathoms) ;

Cuming.

Pievroroma EBuR. Pleur. testd oblongo-ovatd, pentagonali, crassd,

117

spird acuminatd, longitudinaliter continue costatd, transversim

striatd, striis basim versus conspicuis ; sinu amplo, profundo ;

eburned.

Hab. ?

Pirvroroma xGrota. Pleur. testd oblongo-ovatd, tenuiculd, sub-

ventricosd, spire suturis profundis, striis impressis longitudinali-

bus et transversis undique decussatd ; aperturd subelongatd, ampld ;

albicante.

Hab. Singapore (found among fine sand at the depth of seven fa-

thoms) ; Cuming.

PLEUROTOMA coNcENTRIcosTaTA. Pleur. testd gracili-fusiformi,

spird acuminatd, anfractibus creberrimé concentrice costatis, sutu-

ris simplicibus ; incarnato-fuscescente.

Hab. ?

PLEUROTOMA LIRATA. Fleur. testd subfusiformi, basi contractd,

transversim undique liratd, columella excavatd, callositate superne

munitd, labro subeffuso, leviter incrassato, sinu lato, amplo, canali

paululim elongato ; albidd, labri margine intus rufescente.

Hab. Islands of Luzon and Mindanao, Philippines (found in sandy

mud at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

Pieurotoma nexa. Pleur. testd ovatd, Tritoniformi, anfractibus

subrotundatis, plicato-costatis, funiculis evilibus angustis, costas

super leviter nodulosis, cingulatis ; aperturd subampld, labro pla-

nulato, sinu lato; canali brevissimo, recurvo; albd, Susco undique

tinctd et fasciatd, funiculis suturatioribus.

Hab. Islands of Masbate and Luzon, Philippines (found under

stones at low water); Cuming.

PiEuRoToMA inquinaTA. Pleur. testé acuminato-fusiformi, an-

Sractibus transversim exiliter liratis, longitudinaliter creberrime

striatis ; sinu profundo ; albidd, aurantio-fusco hic illic inquinatd.

Hab. Gindulman, island of Bohol, Philippines (found among coral

sand at the depth of seven fathoms); Cuming.

PieuroTromA unDaATicosta. Pleur. testd fusiformi, anfractibus

superné leviter depressis, costis longitudinalibus undatis concentrice

ornatdé; albidd.

Hab. :

Prevroroma paxittus. Pleur, testd abbreviato-ovatd, spird apice

acuminatd ; anfractibus superné concavis, unicarinatis, medio cre-

berrimé plicatis, plicarum interstitiis subtilissimé striatis, inferne

liratis ; sinu amplo; nigricante-fuscd.

Hab. ?

PievRotoma sorpipA. Pleur. testd ovatd, longitudinaliter subob-

lique costatd, costarum interstitiis elevatis clathratis ; sordid? alba.

Hab.

PLEUROTOMA PLURICARINATA, Pleur. testd subfusiformi-oblongd,

118

carinis plurimis acutis cingulatd, quarum interstitia striis longi-

tudinalibus cancellata; aperturd oblonga, sinu subamplo; canali

leviter recurvo ; lutescente, aurantio-fusco pallidé strigato-tinctd.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found in sandy mud at the

depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

Pievrotoma compra. Pleur. testd ovatd, spird nodoso-turritd,

anfractibus superné concavis, infra laté costatis, liris angustis

transversim funiculatis ; labro incrassato, intus denticulato, sinu

amplo, lato ; lutescente-albd.

Hab. Baclayon, island of Bohol, Philippines (found under stones

at low water on the reefs) ; Cuming,

A ny? PLevRoToMA HEXAGONALIS. Pleur. testd pyramidali-ovatd, an-

fractibus costis sex continuis longitudinaliter ornatis ; apertura

parvd, sinu distincto ; fuscescente-albd.

Hab. Loay, island of Bohol, Philippines (found in sandy mud at

the depth of seventeen fathoms); Cuming.

Puevrotoma arcrata. leur. testd pyramidali-elongatd, anfrac-

tibus oblique costatis, costis striis elevatis funiculatis ; labro in-

crassato, peculiariter effuso, sinu amplo ; sordidé albd,

Hab. Island of Corrigidor, Philippines (found among coarse sand

at the depth of seven fathoms); Cuming.

Pievrotoma coccinaTa. Pleur. testd ovatd, apicem versus acumi-

natd, anfractibus levigatis, superne concavis, infra plicato-nodosis ;

basi truncatd ; albd, inter nodos dorsumque coccinatd,

Hab.

Prevroroma vitrEa. Pleur. testd cylindraceo-elongatd, basi le-

viter contractd, tenui, pellucidd, vitred, levigatd, anfractibus su-

perne et infern? subtilissime sulcatis ; albidd.

Hab. Singapore and island of Mindanao, Philippines (found at

depths of seven and twenty-five fathoms) ; Cuming,

PLEUROTOMA FORAMINATA. Pleur. testd fusiformi-ovatd, liris an-

gustis longitudinalibus et transversis creberrime clathratis ; lutes-

cente.

Hab.

Pievrotoma Erricta. Pleur. testd ovatd, spird breviusculd, acu-

minatd, longitudinaliter subconcentricé costatd, costis striis elevatis

cancellatis ; aperturd subampld, labro incrassato, sinu latiusculo.

Hab.

Prevrotoma cAvERNOSA. Pleur. testd oblongd, spird angulato-

turrita, anfractibus superné subangulatis, longitudinaliter costatis,

costis distantibus, liris angustis elevatiusculis transversis clathra-

tis, anfractu ultimo prope basim peculiariter cavernoso ; fuscd,

liris costas super albicantibus.

Hab. Philippine Islands; Cuming.

119

Pievroroma Ponynesiensis. Pleur. testd acuminato-turritd, an-

Jractibus parvis, rotundatis, longitudinaliter crebricostatis, trans-

versim striatis ; labro incrassato, sinu amplo ; albicante.

Hab. Lord Hood’s Island; Cuming.

The following paper, entitled ‘* Déscription de quelques nouvelles

Nérites Fluviatiles, du cabinet de H. Cuming, Esq.,” par C. A.

Récluz, was then read ;—

I. NERITA SUBHEMISPHARICA.

1. Nerrra Rossmasstertana. Ner. testd subhemisphericd, con-

vead, luteo-fulvd, nigro-irregulariter reticulatd ; anfractu unico

levissime perlongum striato; peritremate ovato-rotundato, basi

obtuse anguloso; aperturd croced ; columella planissimd, declivi,

margine acuto, in medio subarcuato et obsoletissime 3—4-denticu-

lato.

Hab. ?

Alt. 10, lat. 18, convex. 10 mill.

Cette Néritine par son extérieur rappelle trés bien la forme et la

coloration extérieure de la Nerita Sayana, Récl., et par son ouver-

ture la Nerita Bruguiereana, Récl. Ces deux circonstances peuvent

servir 4 la faire distinguer de toutes les deux; mais c’est principale-

ment par ses caractéres spécifiques qu’il est aisé de la différencier.

Nous la dédions au savant professeur et conchyliologue distingué,

Mr. Rossmassler.

2. Nerira vionacea, Gmelin; Ner. crepidularia, Lamk.

Var. B. Testd ellipticd, luteo-pallidd, violaceo-nigricante reticulatd ;

aperturd nigricante ; peritremate continuo.

Hab. ? Cabinet de Mr. H. Cuming.

Il. SerratTz.

A. Globose.

8. Nerira soprina. Ner. testd globoso-ovatd, lutescente, lineis

nigris distantibus latiusculis undatis vel angulato-fleruosis fulgu-

rantibusque pictd; anfractibus tribus, ad suturam nigro-margi-

natis ; spird semisphericd ; columella convexiusculd, superné plus

minusve callosd, inferné compresso-subcanaliculatd, margine rectd,

viv denticulatd ; labro semi-elliptico, intus incrassato.

Hab. Cayenne?

Alt. 20, lat. 23, conv. 15 mill.

Nérite si voisine de la Ner. zebra, Bruguiére, var. major, Encycl.

Méth. pl. 455. fig. 3, a. 6, que lon serait tenté de la confondre avec

cette espéce déja si variable, si elle n’était plus solide, plus grande

et & lignes colorantes plus larges, plus espacées et plus anguleuses.

Sa suture noire comme sur cette derniére, sur la Ner. lineolata,

Lamk., et sur la Ner. reclivata, Say, dont elle se rapproche aussi par

la forme extérieure et les caractéres de l’ouverture, sembleraient faire

pencher vers sa fusion avec la Ner. zebra. Cependant comme nous

120

n’en connaissons que peu d’exemplaires, nous avons pensé qu'il ne

serait pas inutile de la signaler ici. Ce sera seulement lorsqu’elle

sera plus abondante qu’on pourra décider si elle doit rester indépen-

dante de la premiére ou lui étre réunie.

B. Ovate vel ovato-oblonge.

4, Nerita Zevanpica. er. testa ovato-oblongd, ventricosd, te-

nuiusculd ; anfractibus 3-4 supremis se@piiis derosis, infimo sub-

suturd horizontaliterque compresso ; nigrd lineis ravidis longitudi-

nalibus angulato-flecuosis creberrimis pictd, interdum lutescente

superne et inferne late fasciatd ; columelld subcompressd, croced,

margine denticulatd et in medio vie arcuatd ; labro tenui, margine

sordidé rubente, intus lacteo ac pariim incrassato.

Hab. New Zealand: on stones in mountain-streams.

Alt. 19-20, lat. 18-19, conv. 12 mill.

Néritine intermédiaire entre la Nerita turrita, Chemnitz, et la Ne-

rita communis, Quoy et Gaimard (Neritina sinensis, Beck, ex fide pro-

pria). Elle est toujours d’une texture plus mince que ces dernieéres,

presque fragile, autrement colorée et constante dans ses caractéres.

III. Sprnosx (Clithon, Montfort, Leach).

C. Mutice.

5. Nerita sotium. Ner. testd ovato-ventricosd, olivaced, postice

maculis rufis triangularibus transversisque obsolete pictd ; anfrac-

tibus 14; infimo supra medium viv anguloso, superne depresso ;

apice puncto excavato notato ; aperturd albd, margine pallidé lu-

tescente sive aurantid ; columelld plano-compressd, superne callosd,

margine rugosd et in medio excavatd.

Hab. Bencoonet, isle of Sumatra; in a muddy stream.

Alt. 22, lat. 264, convex. 18 mill.

Ceile-ci a de l’affinité avec la Nerita bicolor, Récl. ; elle est néan-

moins plus transversale ou oblique, plus épaisse et pesante, et d’une

coloration tout-a-fait différente.

6. Nerira crenata. Ner. testd globoso-ovatd, olivaceo-lutescente,

postice pallidiore, striis intensioribus longitudinalibusque pictd ;

anfractibus 14; infimo supra medium subanguloso; aperturd

albido-cerulescente pallido; columelld plano-compressd, superneé

callosd, margine denticulatd, medio breviter ac recté emarginatd.

Hab. -——?

Alt. 17, lat. 203, convex. 14 mill.

Espéce intermédiaire entre la Nerit. bicolor et la Ner. olivacea,

Récl.; elle a la coloration intérieure et presque ]’extérieure de la

premiére, si ce n’est qu'elle est brillante, et l’autre a un ton de cou-

leur presque mat ; elle n’a qu’un tour et demi, formant une spire

basse: l’autre en a trois disposés en céne. Son sommet est entier

tandis que sur la Ner. bicolor, ce sommet est toujours tronqué par _

rapport a sa corrodation ; enfin léchancrure de la maize columellaire

toujours plus étroite, a un peu plus de profondeur. Sa forme géné-

rale la rapproche seulement de la Ner. olivacea.

121

7. Nertra Dorner. Ner. testd parvd, globoso-ovatd vel subglo-

bosd, puriim obliqud, tenuiusculd ; anfractibus 14-2 oblique rugu-

losis, transversim et sub lente creberrimé ac obsolete striolatis ;

aperturd viriduld ; columellé fere pland, margine denticulatd et in

medio subarcuatd ; labro tenui, semicirculari.

Var. a. Testd lineolis longitudinalibus undulatis nigris et luteis cre«

berrime pictd.

Var. 6. Testd ut in var. a, et zonis lutescentibus plus minusve nume-

rosis cinctd.

Hab. Hanover Bay, North Australia. Collected by Mr. T. E.

Doing, R.N.

Alt. 93, lat. 10, convex. 7 mill.

Les stries longitudinales sont en forme déridés dans la moitié su-

périeure du dernier tour et s’affaiblissent sur l’autre moitié au fur et

& mesure qu’elles avancent vers sa basse; les transversales sont trés

fines, pressées et ne se montrent complétement que sous la loupe.

8. Nerira Cotomparia. Ner. testd ovato-globosd, levissime stri-

atd; anfractu unico, rufescente, viridescente pallido obsolet? fas-

ciatd, maculis minimis luteis nigro seu roseo marginatis pictd ;

columella callosd, subconvexd, denticulatd, medio viv emarginatd ;

labro anticé subtruncato, basi et intus incrassato.

Operculo crasso, externe viridulo, lutescente pallido undato, medio

perlongum strid bipartito.

Var. 6. Testd viridi-olivaced, striis luteis distantibus ornatd, medio

et inferne lutescente late fasciatd ; fasciis nebulis rubris pictis.

Hab. Colombo, Ceylon. Collected by Capt. Templeton.

Alt. 9-103, lat. 103-11, convex. 7-8 mill.

Espéce bien distincte.

IV. SuBauRIcULATA.

9. Nerita Jorpant, Butler, Sowerby, Conch. Illustr.

Var. a. Major. Testd ovata vel oblongd, albidd, lineis undulatis ni-

gris, rubris, violaceisve pictd ; apertura oblique semi-ovatd ; labro

interdum superneé dilatato.

Var. 3. Strangulata. Testé minor, rotundatd, ovatd seu subconicd,

medio horizontaliter compressa, feré strangulatd, albidd lineis ro-

seis rubrisve pictd; spird sepits ohtusd, interdum acutd ; labro

superne interdum dilatato.

Var. y. Nitida. Testd major, nigerrimd, nitidissimd.

Var. 0. Limosa. Testd parva, sepissime argilld crasse obductd, sub-

tus albidd aut luteo-viridescente lineis nigris, violaceis, rubrisve

undulatis pictd, interdum omnino nigerrimd sive lutescente.—Ne-

rita lutescens, Megerle?

Hab. La var. a. Le Jourdain ; la var. 8. Smyrne ; la var. y. La Syrie;

la var. 6. Céphalonie.

Nous n’avons pu trouver des caractéres propres a différencier

toutes ces coquilles trés variables dans la forme générale et la colo-

ration ; elles sont arrondies, ovales, oblongues ou en céne aigii; leur

ouverture souvent semisphérique ou semiovale tend a s’étendre en

122

aile vers la marge supérieure du labre. Leur opercule est le méme.

Nous avons acquis, sous le nom de Ner. lutescens, Megerle, une va-

riété de cette espéce tantdt ovale transverse mince et noire, tantét

ovale selon l’axe longitudinal, plus forte et zébrée; toutes les deux

remarquables par un enduit argilleux, épais, dur, qui enveloppait leur

test dans une épaisseur de 3 45 millimétres. Cette particularité

que l’on remarque également sur la Nerita domingensis, Lamarck, et

méme sur certaines coquilles de la Nerita fluviatilis, Lamarck, vivant

dans les mares, doit-elle étre attribuée a ]’état d’apathie de l’animal,

dont le repos faciliterait les dépdts successifs du limon, ou bien

serait-il un moyen employé par ces animaux pour se préserver de

V’attaque de leurs ennemis, ou d’une trop grande chaleur ou d’un

grand froid, selon les climats dans lesquels ils vivent? Ce qu’il

y a de certain c’est que beaucoup de ces coquilles ainsi recouvertes

ont la spire généralement corrodée. Quelques observateurs ont cru

remarquer, que la corrodation de la spire des coquilles fluviatiles

habitant les eaux vives ou agitées était un fait di 4 ce mouvement

des eaux ; nous ne pensons pas gue cette raison soit la seule, et il ne

serait pas sans intérét d’en étudier la cause, sur plusieurs parties

de notre globe.

“‘ Déscription d’une nouvelle espéce de Conovulus,” par OC. A. Ré-

cluz :—

Conovutus Cumineranus. Con. testd oblongo-acutd, levigatd,

nitidd, castaned; anfractibus 10-12, planis, angustis, ultimo

supra medium obtusissime carinato, carind zond lutescente cinctd ;

spird conico-acutd ; aperturd angustatd ; columella obliqud, tri-

plicatd, plicd superiori parvuld, secundd majori, ab inferiori por-

rectd sulco profundo disjunctd ; labro acuto, fulvo, intus albo,

subcalloso et sulcato ; umbilico nullo.

Long. 16 mill, larg. 7 mill.

Hab. Isle of Negros: in a rivulet.

Rapportée par Mr. Cuming.

November 25, 1845.

William Horton Lloyd, Esq., in the Chair.

A paper was read containing ‘“‘ Descriptions of fourteen new spe-

cies of Helir, belonging to the collection of H. Cuming, Esq.,” by

Dr. L. Pfeiffer :—

1. Hexurx atsocrneta, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, orbiculato-con-

veud, tenuiusculd, supern? regulariter et confertim striatd, sericind,

lvo-corned, carinatd ; spird depresso-conicd, apice obtuso; an-

fractibus 54 convexis, carind alba cinctis, ultimo basi sublevigaio,

lineis subtilibus, concentricis notato ; umbilico mediocri, pervio ;

aperturd obliqud, angulato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, acuto.

Diam. 11, alt. 5 mill.

Collected by Mr. Cuming at Himamaylan, island of Negros.

2. Hexrx Bonorensts, Pfr. Hel. testa imperforatd, depressd, len-

ticulari, acut? carinatd, tenui, corneo-albidd ; spird convexiusculd ;

anfractibus 7 planulatis, regulariter confertim striatis, juxta ca-

rinam lineis 2 acute elevatis approximatis cinctis, ultimo basi con-

vexiusculo, striatulo, medio vie impresso, antice non descendente ;

aperturd verticali, depressissimd, late angulato-lunari; peristo-

mate simplice, acuto, margine supero brevissimo.

Diam. 14, alt. 6 mill.

Var. minor, anfractibus 65. Diam. 10, alt. 4 mill.

Collected by Mr. Cuming at Loboc, island of Bohol.

3. Hexix cyatuus, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, orbiculato-conicd,

supern? arcuatim costulato-striatd, unicolore fused ; spird elevatd,

obtuse conicd; suturd distinctd, crenulato-marginatd ; anfractibus

6 convewiusculis, ultimo carinato, basi sublevigato, planiusculo ;

umbilico magno, profundo, cyathiformi; aperturd subverticali,

angulato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, margine supero recto, basalt

arcuato, reflexiusculo, columellari breviter descendente.

Diam. 8, alt. 43 mill. "

Collected by Mr. Cuming at S. Jaun, province of Cagayan, island

of Luzon, on the leaves of trees.

4, Hexrx pusrosa, Pfr. Hel. testdé imperforatd, depresso-globosa,

tenui, obsolet2 malleatd, fulvd, fascid suturali et ared columellari

nigro-rufis, fasciis plurimis angustis epidermidis hydrophane al-

bide ornata; spird subsemiglobosd ; anfractibus 4 convexiusculis,

celeriter accrescentibus ; columelld intrante, planulatd, declivi ;

aperturd lunato-rotundatd, intus margaritaced ; peristomate tenut,

albo, late expanso, viv reflexiusculo, margine basali cum columelld

angulum obsoletum formante.

No. CLIII.—Procrepines oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

124

Diam. 35, alt. 26 mill.

{. Fasciis 2 nigricantibus ad peripheriam.

Collected by Mr. Cuming on the island of Samar. This is the

shell figured by Mr. Reeve under the name of H. decipiens, Sowerby

(Conchologia Sytematica, vol. ii. pl. 145. fig, 16); it is nearer allied

to H. mirabilis, Fér., but may be distinguished as a good species.

5. Hexrx rinocinera, Pfr. Hel. testé perforata, depressd, tenui,

pellucida, corned, striatuld, nitidd ; spird parim elevata, obtusd ;

anfractibus 53 convexiusculis, carinatis, ultimo basi convewxo; ea-

rind filiformi, in anfractibus superioribus conspicud, sed non ex-

sertd ; aperturd verticali, lunato-subauriformi ; peristomate sim-

plice, recto, margine columellari perobliquo, elongato, descendente,

ad dextram subitd ascendente.

Diam. 11, alt. 53 mill.

Collected by Mr. Cuming at Cagayan, province of Misamis, island

of Mindanao,

6, Hexix Goutni, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, orbiculato-conicd,

tenuiusculd, subtiliter striatuld, viv nitiduld, unicolore fused ;

spird elevatd, conoided ; anfractibus 6 convexiusculis, ultimo cari-

nato, antice subrotundato, basi planiore ; umbilico mediocri, pervio ;

aperturd lunato-orbiculari ; peristomate simplice, marginibus sub-

conniventibus, dextro recto, columellari subdilatato, patente, basali

reflexiusculo.

Diam. 9, alt. 6 mill.

Collected by Mr. Cuming in the province of Laguna, island of

Luzon, and on the island of Negros.

7. Hetrx ortuosroma, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, depressd, su-

perne confertim subarcuato-striatd, tenut, pellucidd, pallid? corned ;

spird via elevatd, obtusd ; anfractibus 6 angustis, convexiusculis,

ultimo basi sublevigato ; umbilico majusculo, cylindraceo ; aperturd

verticali, oblique lunari; peristomate simplice, acuto, margine

supero brevi, basali valde arcuato, columellari dilatato, sinuato.

Diam. 10, alt. 5 mill.

Collected by Mr, Cuming at Dingle, island of Panay, under de-

cayed leaves.

8. Hexrix srricriis, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, depressd, lenticu-

lari, tenui, pellucidd, pallidé corned, acute carinata; anfractibus

6 angustis, viv convexiusculis, supern® confertim costulato-striatis,

lineis elevatis concentricis reticulatis, ultimo basi convexiore, levi-

gato, nitido; umbilico mediocri, cylindrico ; aperturd subverti-

cali, angulato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, acuto, margine supero

brevi, strictiusculo, basali valde arcuato.

Diam. 12, alt. 55 mill.

Collected by Mr. Cuming at Himamaylan, island of Negros.

9. Hexrx conspersua, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, turbinatd,

striatuld, opacd, tenuiusculd, stramined vel cinnamomed, punctis

albis confertissimé conspersd ; spird conoided, apice obtusiusculo,

125

nigricante ; suturd mediocri, castaneo-marginatd ; anfractibus 6

convexiusculis, ultimo subangulato, basi planiusculo; columelld

obliqud, subarcuatd, subexcavatd, albd, castaneo-marginatd ; aper-

turd ampld, lunato-ovali ; peristomate simplice, breviter ewpanso.

Diam. 234, alt. 15 mill.

Hab. ?

10. Herx Harrmannt, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, depressd, sub-

discoided, acut® carinatd, arcuatim distinct? striatd, unicolore

Sused ; spird vix elatd; suturd lineari ; anfractibus 6 planulatis,

ultimo non descendente, basi convexiusculo ; umbilico magno, per-

spectivo ; aperturd depressd, securiformi ; peristomate recto, mar-

gine supero simplice, antrorsum arcuato, basali subincrassato.

Diam. 26, alt. 8 mill.

Hab. ?

11. Hexix wexicorpuanrtorpes, Pfr. Hel. testd perforatd, depress,

tenui, oblique et confertim costulato-striatd, stramined, rufo tes-

sellatd et strigatd ; spird planiusculd ; anfractibus 34 vie conver-

iusculis, rapide crescentibus, ultimo depresso ; aperturd perobliqud,

ampld, subovali ; peristomate simplice, acuto, marginibus approxi-

matis, callo tenuissimo junctis.

Diam. maj. 42, alt. 2 mill. (Spec. max. coll. Cuming.)

Hab. Island of Juan Fernandez.

The shape of this shell is very like that of Helicophania rufa.

Perhaps it may belong to the same genus.

12. Hex1x mMarmoretua, Pfr. Hel. testd perforata, depressd,

tenuissimd, distanter costulatd, pellucidd, stramined, strigis obliquis

et maculis rufis marmoratd ; spird pland ; anfractibus 3 vir con-

vewiusculis, rapidé accrescentibus, ultimo basi pauld conveziore ;

apertura perobligud, ampld, lunato-ovali ; peristomate simplice,

acuto, marginibus callo tenui junctis, supero antrorsum arcuato.

Diam. 7, alt. 3 mill.

Hab. Island of Juan Fernandez.

13. Hetrx Kiar, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, depressd, sub lente

confertissime striata, tenui, diaphand, stramined, rufo-flammulatd

et 1—-2-fasciatd ; spird depressd; anfractibus 51 conveziusculis,

celeriter accrescentibus ; umbilico majusculo, perspectivo ; aper-

turd lunato-ovali ; peristomate simplice, acuto, marginibus conni-

ventibus, columellari subdilatato, patente.

Diam. 7, alt. 3 mill. (Spec. max. coll. Cuming.)

Hab. Island of Juan Fernandez.—An H. pusio, King?

14. Henix rapier, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, depressd, sub-

lenticulari, tenui, utringue confertim costulatd, corned, strigis cre-

bris undatis, castaneis, ad peripheriam latioribus radiatd ; spirad

vir elevatd ; anfractibus 51 convewiusculis, ultimo subangulato,

basi planiusculo ; umbilico mediocri, pervio ; aperturd subverticali,

late lunari ; peristomate simplice, tenui.

Diam. 43, alt. 22 mill.

Collected by Mr. Cuming on the island of Opara.

126

A paper was also read containing ‘‘ Descriptions of thirty-six new

species of Helix, belonging to the collection of H. Cuming, Esq.,”

by Dr. L. Pfeiffer :—

1. Hexrx Incer, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, depresso-globosd, so-

liduld, striata, sub epidermide pallidé fulva albd, fasciis angustis

castaneis cingulatd ; spird elevatd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 7 vir

conveciusculis, ultimo circa umbilicum mediocrem, pervium sub-

compresso ; columella arcuatd ; aperturd perobliqud, lunato-ovali ;

peristomate albo, tenui, intus sublabiato, margine dextro vix ex-

panso, basali reflero, columellari in laminam triangularem dilatatd,

umbilicum semitegente.

Diam. 38, alt. 28 mill.

3. Minor, epidermide castanea, fasciis indistinctis, anfractu ultimo

basi flavo.

Diam. 32, alt. 21 miil.

From North Australia, collected by Lieut. Ince, R.N.

2. Hexrx Jonas, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, globoso-conoided,

solidiusculd, levigatd, non nitens, pallid? virescens ; spird obtuse

conicd ; anfractibus 5 convexiusculis, ultimo basi subplanato ; colu-

mella albd, obliqud ; aperturd lunari ; peristomate breviter incras-

sato, margine columellari subdilatato, adpresso.

Diam. 28, alt. 24 mill.

(. Tenuior, apice rubicundo, anfractu ultimo basi nigricante, fascia

angusta, nigra ad suturam: H. dimera, Jonas.

From the Philippine Islands, Mindoro.

3. Hexix Buscur, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, conico-globosd,

solidiusculd, tenuiter striatd, partiim nitiduld, citrind ; spird conoi-

ded, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 53 convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato;

columelld subobliqud, strictd, dilatatd, albo-callosd ; aperturd

rotundato-lunari, intus nitidd, concolore ; peristomate tenui, albo,

breviter expanso, margine basali cum columellari angulum formante.

Diam. 23, alt. 23 mill.

From the island of Mindoro.

4, Hewix petopss, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, subglobosd, tenui-

usculd, striatd et minute granulatd, rubello-fuscd ; spird brevi,

obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 6 convexiusculis, ultimo inflato, antic?

breviter descendente ; umbilico mediocri, pervio ; aperturd lunato-

orbiculari, intus margaritaced ; peristomate expanso, saturate car-

neo, margine columellari perdilatato, fornicatim reflexo.

Diam, 31, alt. 20 mill.

From the north coast of Australia: found under decayed leaves

(Lieut. Ince, R.N.).

5. Hexrx Hartweci, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, depressd, cari-

natd, soliduld, striatuld, fuscd ; spird vix elevatd; anfractibus 5

planulatis, ultimo basi pauld convexiore, antice non descendente ;

umbilico angusto, pervio; aperturd perobliqud, irregulariter sub-

quadratd ; peristomate albo, incrassato, breviter reflexo, margini-

127 i

bus callo junctis, dextro sinuoso, basali subrecto, dilatato, intror-

sum calloso, dente unico interposito.

Diam. 23, alt. 12 mill.

From El Catamaija, near Loxa, republic of the Equator (Hart-

weg).

6. Hexix teprocramMa, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, globosd, tenui,

striatd, linets impressis, concentricis, confertis, sculptd, carneo-

albidd, superné fasciis 3~4 angustis, rufis ornatd ; anfractibus 44

convexiusculis, ultimo inflato, antic? breviter descendente ; aperturd

a” vie obliqud, rotundato-lunari, intus concolore ; peristomate albo,

simplice, breviter expunso, marginibus callo tenuissimo diffuso

junctis, columellari valde dilatato, albo, nitido, refleco, umbilicum

angustum semioccultante.

Diam. 17, alt. 13 mill.

From Cygnet Bay, North Australia (Lieut. Ince, R.N.).

7. Hexix Giuperti, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, depressd, distincté

striatd, minutissime granulatd, tenui, pallidé corned, lined rufa ad

suturam ciactd ; anfractibus 4} conveziusculis, ultimo basi convexo ;

umbilico mediocri, pervio ; aperturd rotundato-lunari ; peristomate

simplice, recto, margine columellari pariim dilatato, reflexo.

Diam. 16, alt. 9 mill.

From Darling Downs, East Australia (Gilbert).

8. Hexix Zonrres, Pfr. Hel. testa umbilicatd, depressd, tenui,

diaphand, confertim costulato-striatd, lutescenti-corned ; spird vie

elatd; anfractibus 6 convewiusculis, regulariter accrescentibus,

ultimo supra medium lined rufd, ad apicem usque conspicud ornato,

basi leviore, subplanulato ; umbilico mediocri, pervio; aperturd

depressd, oblique lunato-ovali; intus margaritaced ; peristomate

simplice, recto, margine columellari breviter patente.

Diam. 25, alt. 124 mill.

Hab. Unknown.

9. Hexrx Grirrirut, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, globoso-depressd,

solidiusculd, levigatd, supern? leviter striatuld, corneo-lutescente ;

spird breviter elevatd, conoided ; anfractibus 6 conveziusculis, ul-

timo ad suturam custaneo-marginato, ventroso ; umbilico mediocri,

pervio ; apertura vix obliquad, ampld, rotundato-lunari, intus mar-

garitaced ; peristomate simplice, acuto, marginibus callo tenuissimo

junctis, columellari breviter patente.

Diam. 26, alt. 14 mill.

Locality unknown.

10. Hexix Kocut, Pfr. Hel. testa umbilicatd, globoso-depressd,

soliduld, oblique distincté striata, albidd, fasciis pluribus rufis ad

peripheriam ornatd ; spird pariim elevatd, obtusiusculd ; anfracti-

bus 6 convewis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo subcylindrico ; um-

bilico magno, pervio ; aperturé lunato-orbiculari, intus concolore,

nitidd ; peristomate simplice, acuto, marginibus conniventibus

dextro antrorsum arcuato, columellari dilatato, patente.

128

Diam. 30, alt. 16 mill.

Locality unknown.

11. Hexix varriotosa, Pfr. Hel. testd perforatd, depressd, acute

carinatd, soliduld, opacd, lutescente, supern? confertissime plicatd,

lineisque concentricis irregulariter decussatd, pustulis albis sub-

fasciatim obsitd ; spird planiusculd ; anfractibus 335 vix conveat-

usculis, rapide crescentibus, ultimo basi convexo, infra carinam

compresso ; columella brevi, verticali; aperturd late securiformi ;

peristomate simplice, acuto, margine columellari breviter reflexo.

Diam. 23, alt. 10 mill.

Locality unknown.

12. Hexrx inputs, Pfr. Hel. testd perforatd, lenticulari, acute

carinatd, solidd, superne confertim plicato-striatd, lineis confertis

concentricis decussatd, subtis striatd, spadiced, basi pallescente,

circa perforationem castaneo-areolatd, epidermide tenuissimd cor-

neo-grised undique indutd ; anfractibus 5 planis, sensim accrescen-

tibus ; aperturd subrhombed ; peristomate simplice, margine colu-

mellari vie reflexiusculo.

Diam. 21, alt. 11 mill.

Locality unknown.

18. Heuix srzineata, Pfr. Hel. testa umbilicatd, depressd, tenui,

nitidd, pellucidd, levigatd, lutescenti-corned ; spird planiusculd ;

suturd striolatd; anfractibus 5 vix convexiusculis, regulariter

crescentibus, ultimo subdepresso, lineis 2 castaneis, alterd supra

peripheriam, alterd suturali ad apicem usque conspicud ornato ;

umbilico angusto ; aperturd oblique lunari ; peristomate simplice,

acuto, margine columellari brevissime reflexo.

Diam. 15, alt. 7 mill.

Locality unknown.

14. Hewix Bexcuent, Pfr. Hel. testd late umbilicatd, depressd,

tenui, diaphand, superne confertim costulato-striatd, subttis sub-

levigatd, nitidd, concolore corneo-cered ; spird viz converd; an-

fractibus 5 vie convexiusculis, ultimo basi subplanulato’; aperturd

obliqud, lunato-ovali ; peristomate simplice.

Diam. 83, alt. 4 mill.

Locality unknown. Brought by the ‘ Sulphur,’ Capt. Belcher.

15. Hetrx ceratopes, Pfr. Hel. testd subperforatd, globoso-

depressd, tenui, minute striatd, nitiduld, pellucidd, corned ; spird

parim elevatd ; anfractibus 5 subplanulatis, celeriter crescentibus,

ultimo subdepresso ; apertura ampld, oblique lunari ; peristomate

simplice, acuto, margine columellari breviter refleviusculo, perfo-

rationem fere occultante. .

Diam. 164, alt. 9 mill.

Collected on the islands of Luzon and Mindoro, by H. Cuming,

Esq.

16. Hexrx spuenprpu, Pfr. Hel. testd lat? umbilicatd, depres-

Eee

129

sissimd, pallide olivaceo-corned, nitidd, striatuld, lineis concen-

tricis, magis minusve distinctis obsolete reticulata ; spird pland ;

suturd profundé ; anfractibus 34 subplanulatis, celeriter crescen-

tibus, ultimo lato; umbilico lato, perspéctivo ; aperturd obliqud,

lunato-ovali ; peristomate simplice, acuto, marginibus conniventi-

bus, dextro obliqué descendente, antrorsum subarcuato.

Diam. 84, alt. 34 mill.

Hab. East Australia, near Torres Strait (Lieut. Ince, R.N.).

17. Hexrx papinuata, Pfr. Heil. testd umbilicatd, depressd, sub-

discoided, solidiusculd, irregulariter striatd, opacd, albidd, spadiceo

nebulosd, saturatiusque strigatd et maculatd; spird pland, apice

papillatim prominente ; anfractibus 5 planiusculis, ultimo descen-

dente, depresso-rotundato; umbilico angusto, pervio; aperturd

obliqud, lunato-orbiculari ; peristomate simplice, acuto, margine

columellari vix dilatato.

Diam. 23, alt. 11 mill.

Locality unknown.

18. Hewix sprruuata, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, depressd, len-

ticulari, subtilissimé striatd, lineis elevatis concentricis utrinque

notatd, tenui, fulvd, carinatd ; carind compressd, subexsertd ; spird

parim elevatd ; anfractibus 5 lente crescentibus, supra carinam

convexiusculis, ultimo basi viv convexo, medio impresso ; aperturd

depressd, subrhomboided ; peristomate simplice, acuto.

Diam. 9, alt. 4 mill.

Hab. Real Llejos, Central America; found on trunks of trees

(Cuming).

19. Heuix rnscunrra, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforaid, depressd,

utrinque convexiusculd, acute carinatd, soliduld, castaned, superne

costulis confertis et lined spirali, carine paralleld, insculptd ; an-

Sractibus 5 planulatis, ultimo basi levigato, jurta carinam lined

impressd notato ; columella dente unico brevi, acuto, albo munitd ;

aperturd depressd, securiformi ; peristomate simplice.

Diam. 8, alt. 4 mill.

Locality unknown.

20. Hexrx Sryaitensis, Pfr. Hel. tesid umbilicatd, orbiculato-

conveaxd, tenui, confertim striatd, corned ; spird convead, obiusd ;

anfractibus 7 angustis, vix convewiusculis, carind filiformi cinctis,

ultimo basi convewiore ; umbilico lato, perspectivo ; aperturd rotun-

dato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, margine supero brevi, recto,

basalt valde arcuato, breviter reflexo.

Diam, 10, alt. 4 mill.

From Sinait, province of North Ilocos, isle of Luzon (Cuming).

21. Hewix anpicoza, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicaid, depressd, tenut,

undique granulatd, opaed, corneo-albidd, fasciis pluribus rufis in-

terruptis, denticulatis vel maculoso-tessellatis teniatd, interstitiis

rufo-flammulatis ; spird pland ; anfractibus 4 convevis, ultimo di-

latato, rotundato ; aperiurd rotundato-lunari; peristomaie tenui,

130

marginibus callo tenui junctis, supero breviter expanso, basali re-

fleciusculo, columellari dilatato, reflexo, umbilicum angustum semi-

tegente.

Diam. 20, alt. 11 mill.

From the Eastern Cordilleras.

22. Hexix urans, Pfr. Hel. testa subobtecté perforata, depressd,

tenui, pellucidd, nitidiusculd, undique regulariter et confertim

granulatd, pallide corned, strigis angustis, rufis, approximatis,

undulatis, interdum ramosis, et ad suluram fascid pallida, maculis

irregularibus rufis tessellatd ornatd ; spird pland ; anfractibus 44

convexis, ultimo inflato, subcompresso, antice vix descendente ;

apertura subobliqud, ampld, lunato-rotundatd, intus concolore ;

peristomate tenui, expanso, marginibus distantibus, supero expanso,

basali breviter reflexo, columellari membranaceo-dilatato, fornica-

tim reflexo, perforationem tegente.

Diam. 25, alt. 12 mill.

Locality unknown.

23. Hexrx recraneuua, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, orbiculato-

conicd, solidd, striatuld, griseo-stramined, ared basali, lined sutu-

rali et fasciis latis castaneis ornatd; spird elevatd, obtusd ; an-

fractibus 6-64 convexiusculis, ultimo subrectangulé carinato, basi

planiusculo, medio subexcavato ; aperturd depressd, subtrapezid,

margine columellari incrassato, calloso-subunidentato.

Diam. 13, alt. 10 mill.

From the Marquesas islands (M. Rohr).

24. Hexix Nystiana, Pfr. Hel. testd late umbilicatd, depressd,

subdiscoided, tenui, sub lente minutissime granulato-striatd, haud

nitente, pallide corned, fasciis angustis, rufis 3-4 circumdatd ;

spird viv elevata ; anfractibus 4 convexis, ultimo antic? subdeflexo,

basi vix latiore ; umbilico latissimo ; aperturd perobliqud, subor-

biculari ; peristomate simplice, marginibus fere contiguis, supero

recto, basali breviter reflexo.

Diam. 11, alt. 4 mill.

From Real Llejos, Central America (Cuming).

25. Hexrx nizacirica, Pfr. Hel. testd late umbilicatd, depressd,

discoided, striatd, corneo-albida, lined unicd rufa supra periphe-

riam cinctd; spird planiusculd; anfractibus 5 convewxiusculis,

lente accrescentibus, ultimo antic abrupte deflexo ; umbilico latis-

simo, anfractum penultimum lat? monstrante, medio angusto, per-

vio; aperturdé parvd, horizontali, rotundato-ovali; peristomate

albo, sublabiato, reflero, marginibus contiguis.

Diam. 144, alt. 53 mill.

From the Neelgherries, East Indies. -

26. Hexrx tumrpa, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, globosd, solidd,

rugoso-striatd, nitidiusculd, sub epidermide sordidé viridi, satura-

tius radiata alba; spird parvuld, elevatd ; anfractibus 5 tumidis,

ultimo permagno ; columelld subverticali, elongatd, basi subtortd,

131

albo-callosd ; aperturd ampld, lunato-rotundatd, intus cerulescente;

peristomate simplice, recto, margine dextro arcuato, basali cum

columella angulum formante.

Diam. 27, alt. 21 mill.

Locality unknown.

27. HexrxCavcasica, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, globoso-depressd,

tenui, subtiliter rugoso-striatd, sub lente granulatd, corneo-albidd,

pellucidd, fascid latd, subopacd ad suturam, angustiore alba ad

peripheriam ornatd ; anfractibus 6 convexiusculis, ultimo antic?

subdeflexo ; aperturd lunato-rotundatd ; peristomate acuto, expanso,

intus callo albo, acuto labiato, margine columellari dilatato, umbi-

licum angustum, pervium semitegente.

Diam. 16, alt. 10 mill.

From the Caucasus.

28. Hexix Kyyswarnsis, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, globosd,

solidiusculd, costulato-striatd, sericind, corneo-olivaced ;_ spird

brevi, obtusd ; anfractibus 4 conveviusculis, ultimo inflato, basi

sublevigato, nitidissimo ; umbilico angusto, pervio; aperturd ro-

tundato-lunari, intus margaritaced ; peristomate simplice, acuto,

margine columellari supern? dilatato, patente.

Diam. 24, alt. 16 mill.

From Knysna, Cape of Good Hope.

29. Hexix Jenywst, Pfr. Hel. testd subperforatd, turbiniformi,

striatuld, tenui, nitidd, carinatd, lacted, supra carinam fusco-

unifasciatd ; spird brevi, conicd, acuta ; anfractibus 54 vix con-

vexiusculis, ultimo basi convexiore; aperturd angulato-lunari ;

peristomate simplice, acuto, margine columellari superne reflexius-

culo, perforationem fere claudente.

Diam. 12, alt. 74 mill.

Locality unknown.

30. Hexix Brownt, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, semiglobosd, -

striatuld, sub lente punctatd, nitiduld, castaned, apice obtuso pal-

lidd ; anfractibus 5 convexiusculis, ultimo obsolete carinato, basi

planiusculo, granulato, cerulescenti-albido, infra carinam fascia 1

castaned ornato, antice deflexo, profundé scrobiculato ; aperturd

subhorizontali, elliptico-oblonga ; peristomate late incrassato, mar-

ginibus callo tenui junctis, basali dilatato, reflexo, fusco-maculato,

intus 4 dentato ; dentibus 2 anticis majoribus, compressis, & mar-

gine remotis.

Diam. 25, alt. 15 mill.

From Jamaica; sent by Mr. Adams with H. sinuata, Born, to

which it is nearly allied.

31. Hexix ventrosuza, Pfr. Hel. testd rimato-perforatd, de-

presso-globosd, tenui, subtiliter striatd, pellucida, corneo-albidd ;

spird vie elevatd ; anfractibus 54 vix conveviusculis, ultimo subitd

deflexo, superne subangulato, basi inflato, antic? gibbo et valde? con-

stricto; aperturd perobliqud, ringente; peristomate acuto, late

132

reflexo, marginibus vix conniventibus, laminas elevatas, in ventre

anfractus penuliimi angulatim junctas emittentibus, dextro lamind

subperpendiculari dilatatd, basali dentibus 2 acutis munito.

Diam. 138, alt. 74 mill.

From Mexico (Hinds), and Texas (Sowerby).

32. Hexix Hinpsi, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, depressd, subtiliter

striata, corneo-lutescente, diaphand, nitidd ; spird parim elevated ;

anfractibus 5 planiusculis, ultimo basi convewiore, antice superne

deflexo, subtits constricto; umbilico angusto, pervio; aperturd

perobliqud, lunari, ringente ; peristomate breviter reflexo, margi-

nibus conniventibus, callo triangulari, dentiformi, bicrure junctis,

dextro lamella subverticali, basali dentibus 2 acutis munito.

Diam. 8, alt. 45 mill.

From Mexico (Hinds), and Texas (Sowerby).

83. Hexix Hepensoret, Pfr. Hel. testd subperforatd, depressis-

simd, subdiscoided, acuté carinatd, tenuiusculd, confertim rugoso-

striatd, superne albido et fusco-variegatd, basi subunicolore fusces-

cente; spird vie elevaid ; anfractibus 55 planis, non exsertis, ul-

timo basi viz ventrosiore, antic? non descendente ; aperturd depress,

angulato-lunari; peristomate tenui, marginibus subparallelis, su-

pero recto, basali breviter reflexo, columellari vir dilatato, reflexo,

adpresso.

Diam. 18, alt. 6 mill.

On cliffs at the river Baher el Killo, at the Road of Mare Aurel,

Egypt (Dr. Hedenborg).

384. Herix piatyopon, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, depresso-

turbinatd, minutissime granulato-striatd, albd, fasciis fuscis, albo-

guttatis ornatd ; spird elevatd, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 6 vir

convexiusculis, ultimo basi subplanulato, antice deflexo ; aperturd

perobliqud, lunato-ovali, intus alba ; peristomate late expanso, re-

flexo, marginibus callo albo junctis, columellari perdilatato, ad-

presso, dente lato compresso munito.

Diam. 30, alt. 19 mill.

Locality unknown.

35. Hexix retusa, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, subglobosd, apice

retuso, tenui, levigato, basi concentric? striolatd, castaneo-fulvd,

albo late strigatd et flammulatd, epidermide hydrophand, albida,

decidud partim induta, sursim pallescente, castaneo-fusciatd ; spird

brevi; anfractibus 4 conveviusculis, ultimo subangulato, via de-

scendente ; columella intrante, albd, superné dentato-dilatatd ; aper-

turd rotundato-lunari, intus margaritaced ; peristomate late ex-

panso.

Diam. 28, alt. 20 mill.

From the island of Samar; found on leaves of trees (H. Cuming).

i be eed ee

36. Heurx pratensis, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, orbiculato-con-

verd, ruguloso-striatd, albidd, fasciis 2 castaneis cinctd vel sub-

unicolore ; spird subelevatd ; anfractibus 6 convexiusculis, ultimo

133

antice vie descendente ; umbilico mediocri, pervio ; apertura rotun-

dato-lunari ; peristomate expanso, intus remote albo-labiato, mar-

ginibus conniventibus, columellari subdilatato, patente.

Diam. 17, alt. 9 mill.

From the banks of the river Tortoom (As. Russ.) ; found in damp

meadows.

‘On the Growth and Re-calcification of the Shell in Cyprea, a

genus of Pectinibranchiate Mollusca” :—

The Cyprea is a mollusk of very peculiar character : first, on ac-

count of the different phases presented by its shell at different periods

of growth; and, secondly, on account of the curious property which

the animal possesses of dissolving and renewing its shell. The

original growth of the Cowry is, undoubtedly, a process of time; but

the re-calcification of a shell at maturer age appears to be the work

of a few days only.

The first stage of advancement produces a simple convolution of

shell around a columella axis in the form of a long drawn-out Bulla,

the columella being smooth, the outer lip thin, and the colour usually

diffused in bands of waves. In the second epoch of growth the shell

solidifies, the lip and columella begin to thicken, and present gradual

indications of teeth, the teeth become more and more perfectly de-

veloped, and the dorsal surface is overlaid with a strong coat of livid

colouring matter also diffused in obscure bands or waves. The cal-

cifying energies of the mantle, which, extending in two unequal lobes,

one from either side of the shell’s aperture, have been chiefly exer-

cised during the second epoch of growth upon the dorsal surface, are

now more particularly directed to the base and sides. The teeth are

strengthened, the sides become thickened with a rich coating of

enamel, and the growth of the shell is completed by a light fabric of

colouring matter deposed in lines, blotches, waves, or reticulations,

of various hues and patterns.

The re-calcification of a shell at maturer age has been a subject of

some difference of opinion amongst naturalists. Bruguiére first in-

troduced the fact, and Lamarck says, ‘“‘I possess observations which

tend to prove that the Cowry, arrived at the power of forming a

complete shell, has still the faculty of enlarging its habitation, and

is then obliged to quit the shell in order to form a new one. It re-

sults from this that the same individual has the power of forming a

successive number of sheils during both the second and third stages

of growth, and which accounts for our often meeting with so many

different sizes of the same species”’ !

M. Deshayes, after furnishing us with an excellent account of the

zoological characters of Cyprea, derived mainly from the observations

of MM. Quoy and Gaimard, argues against the possibility of any

remodelling of the shell taking place, and regards the statement

of Lamarck as a theory opposed to the common laws of organiza-

tion. To the supposition of Bruguiére that the Cowries cast their

shells after the manner of Crabs, M. Deshayes very properly replies

that there can be no analogy between them. The new shell of the

134

Crustacea is formed by a secretion of equal consistency from every

part of the body, whereas the Mollusca have a muscular attachment

to the columella, and increase the growth of their shell by an exu-

dation, not from the whole body, but from a particular organ; the

mantle being the sole agent charged with that faculty. It is further

argued by the same distinguished naturalist that the Cowry must lose

the power of forming the inner chambers of the columella anew, after

having once passed that early process of development which induces

their formation. ‘‘ How is it possible,” asks M. Deshayes, ‘that

the animal can, under the circumstances of its nature, secrete a new

shell from all parts of the body at once, and with all the different

phases of colour exhibited in the original, when it has reached to an

advanced condition of its existence?”

It is, however, certain that the Cowry is enabled to effect a very

important change in the shell during one or more periods of its

life ; and I think the fact may be fully established without prejudice

to the excellent arguments of my illustrious contemporary. From

the testimony of a gentleman who worthily employs the opportuni-

ties afforded him as a Naval Officer to the advancement of science,

whose veracity is beyond all question, and whose communication

(given verbatim )* contains nothing more than a simple narrative of

the phenomena of which he was himself an eye-witness, it may, I

think, be deduced that it is the outer wall of the shell only which is

reconstructed, the columella, with its spiral compartments, remain-

ing undisturbed. The animal does not quit the shell, as Lamarck

supposed, but dissolves the outer portion with its acetose juices.

All visible trace of the shell may be thus removed without weakening

M. Deshayes’ proposition, founded on the circumstance of the mantle

being the only organ charged with the secretive fluid. The mantle

is always capable of extension over the shell, and the same power

* Lieut. J. B. Hankey, R.N., to Lovell Reeve.

My dear Sir, H.M.S. Collingwood, August 6th, 1844.

Will you allow me to offer you a few remarks on the habits of the Cyprzea as re-

gards the fact of its making a new shell, at an advanced age, of which process I

have been myself in more than one instance an eye-witness ? { have seen the Cowry

crawl into some hollow or sheltered place, evidently for some predetermined pur-

pose. The growth of the animal appears to increase too large for its cell; it

gradually swells and cracks the shell, and [ think that some powerful solvent or

decomposing fluid is distributed over the outer surface by the mantle of the fish,

for it gets thinner in substance, and the colours duller in appearance. The shell

then entirely disappears, the Cowry becomes, to all appearance, a naked mollusk,

with no other covering than its membranous mantle, and in a short time secretes

a thin layer of glutinous matter which in a few days obtains the fragile consistency

of shell-lac. From this step its growth is more rapid, and it becomes more and

more consolidated into the adult shell. When in the first stage of renewal it has

the appearance of shell-lac it is always of the Cymba form, but I have never suc-

ceeded in preserving any specimens in this state on account of their extreme fra-

ility.

2 Trusting that you may make some use of these notes, and that (as I have a good

dredge with me) I may, like Mr. Cuming, succeed in bringing home something

worthy of notice, I shall conclude myself, my dear sir,

Yours very truly,

Joun B. Hankey.

135

which furnishes the adult with its last coating of enamel can be ex-

erted to the formation of as many superincumbent layers as may be

necessary to replace all that has been decomposed. That a disso-

lution takes place there can be no doubt: ‘‘the shell gradually

swells,” says Lieut. Hankey, ‘and cracks, becomes thinner, and

duller in colour, and finally disappears ;” a circumstance which may

be easily credited when it is remembered that the Murer possesses

the faculty of removing spines or any similar obstacles to its advance-

ment of growth, and that the Pholades and other terebrating mol-

lusks exercise a power of absorbing which enables them to penetrate

the hardest limestone rock. The microscopical structure of the

Cowry shell is, moreover, of a nature peculiarly tenacious of absorp-

tion ; it is composed of a large quantity of carbonate of lime in pro-

portion to the amount of membranous substance; and this accounts

for its surface becoming vitrified, as it were, to such a highly polished

state of enamel when in contact with the acidity of the soft parts.

There is another circumstance in Lieut. Hankey’s narrative to

which attention should be given, respecting the formation of the

new shell. The glutinous matter, which has the appearance of shell-

lac, and is so fragile that it yields to the touch, does not assume the

narrow cylindrical Bulla form ; it does not follow the original plan of

revolving round a columellar axis, but is of the wide ventricose

shape of a Cymba, and rapidly consolidates into the adult shell.

With these generalizations I think it may be assumed that the

Cowry possesses the faculty of decomposing, during one or more

periods of its existence, any portion of the shell that is liable to re-

sist its advancement of growth; that the renewal of the shell is ac-

complished within a comparatively short space of time ; and that the

columella with its internal spiral partitions remains undisturbed. It

may, however, be inferred that it is an operation of extremely rare

occurrence, and one which only happens under peculiar conditions.

December 9, 1845.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

A paper was read containing ‘‘ Descriptions, by Dr. L. Pfeiffer, of

new species of Land-Shells from Jamaica, collected by Mr. Gosse.”

1. Hetix prycuopes, Pfr. Hel. testé umbilicatd, depressissimd,

discoided, tenuissimd, arcuato-plicatd, sub epidermide tenui, fuscd,

decidua hyalind ; spird planiusculd ; anfractibus 44—5 planulatis,

ultimo basi vix conveviore ; umbilico mediocri; apertura perob-

liqud, ampld, angulato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, acuto.

Diam. 103, alt. 32 mill.

2. Buximus Gossez1, Pfr. Bul. testdé rimatd, turrito-cylindraced,

oblique costulatd, albidd, opacd, strigis semilunaribus, punctisque

pellucidis corneis ornatd ; spird cylindraced, apice attenuato, acuto ;

suturda crenulatd ; anfractibus 11 convexis, ultimo + longitudinis

vix superante, rotundato, basi subangulato ; apertura suborbiculari ;

peristomate breviter expanso, marginibus approximatis, columellari

reflexo, patente.

Long. 11, diam. 32 mill.

Nearly allied to Bul. unicarinatus and Bul. turricula.

3. CyLInDRELLA Gosse1, Pfr. Cyl. testé subcylindraced, sursum

atlenuatd, non truncatd, tenui, diaphand, oblique et arcuatim leviter

costulatd, pallidé corned vel albidd ; anfractibus 16 vix converius-

culis, ultimo basi acute carinato, non protracto ; aperturd oblongd,

basi subangulatd ; peristomate simplice, tenui, breviter expanso,

marginibus vix junctis.

Long. 21, diam. 4 mill.

4. Granpina Jamarcensis, Pir. Gland. testd fusiformi-turritd,

confertim et verticaliter costatd, nitidd, albidd, strigis raris rufis

ornatd ; spird turritd, acutiusculd; suturd crenulatd, submargi-

natd ; anfractibus 10 planiusculis, ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante,

plurwaricoso, infra medium sublevigato, attenuato ; columelld sub-

rectd, basi oblique truncatd ; apertura angustd, semiovali.

Long. 22, diam. 7 mill.

5. Granpina curvitasnis, Pfr. Gland. testd oblongo-turritd, so-

lidiusculd, confertissime costulatd, diaphand, nitidd, luteo-corned,

remote albido-strigatd ; spird turritd ; suturd marginatd ; anfrac-

tibus 8 planiusculis, ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante, antic? medio

impresso ; columella verticali, ad basin aperture abrupté truncata ;

aperturd angustd, oblongd ; peristomate albido-limbato, margine

dextro antrorsum curvato.

Long. 16, diam. 5 mill.

No. CLIV.—Procrgpines or tue Zoo.ocicaL Sociery.

138

6. Guanpina arcuata, Pfr. Gland. testd fusiformi-turritd, tenut-

usculd, nitidd, subarcuatim et confertim costulatd, succineo-flavidd,

strigis angustis, remotis, arcuatis, rufis, pallide marginatis ornata;

spird subulatd, acuta; suturd crenulatd; anfractibus 9 planis,

ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante ; columelld strictiusculd, breviter

truncatd ; aperturd oblongd ; peristomate simplice.

Long. 13, diam. 33 mill.

7. Acnatina Apamsu, Pfr. (Bul. costulatus, Adams). Ach. testd

Susiformi-turritd, longitudinaliter distincte costatd, inter costas

basi anfractds ultimi evanescentes subtilissime striata, corned,

strigis rufis irregulariter ornatd ; spird turritd, apice acuto ; an-

fractibus 8 convezis, ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante ; columella

subrectd, basi oblique truncatd ; aperturd subrhombed.

Long. 7, diam. 23 mill.

8. Acnatina Gossri, Pfr. Ach. testd subulatd, tenui, diaphand,

cered, remote costatd, inter costas in anfractibus ultimis deorsum

obsolescentes subtilissime striatd; anfractibus 9—10 convecius-

culis, ultimo 1 longitudinis vix superante ; columella obliqud, basin

aperture attingente, breviter truncatd ; apertura angustd, ob-

longa ; peristomate simplice, margine dextro deorsum dilatato.

Long. 12, diam. 22 mill.

9. AcCHATINA ABERRANS, Pfr. Ach. testd subulatd, tenui, nitidd,

lineis impressis longitudinalibus, regulariter distantibus notatd,

pallide succined, strigis rufulis, angustis, obliquis, sparsis ornatd ;

spird subulatd, apice acutiusculo ; suturd leviter crenulatd ; an-

fractibus 7 planiusculis, ultimo 4 longitudinis equante ; columelld

callosd, torto-subtruncatd ; apertura oblongd ; peristomate simplice.

Long. 7, diam. 2 mill.

This species belongs to a peculiar aberrant group of the genus

Achatina, of which the type seems to be dch. columnaris. The co-

lumella is not exactly truncated, but rather contorted, and forms a

prominent angle, which appears similar to the truncated columella

of the true Achatinas. To this same group may be referred another

very distinct and beautiful species, collected by Mr. Lattre in Cen-

tral America, and making, like all formerly described species, part

of the rich collection of Mr. Cuming.

10. Acnatina Larrret, Pfr. Ach. testd glandiformi, levissimd, ni-

tidd, fulvd, strigis castaneis leviter arcuatis irregulariter ornatd ;

spird brevi, conoided, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 7 planis, ultimo 2

longitudinis fere equante ; columella callosd, contortd, extus sub-

truncatd ; aperturd angustissimd, basi dilatatd ; peristomate sim-

plice, obtuso, margine dextro antrorsum leviter arcuato.

Long. 38, diam. 14 mill.

A paper by Dr. Philippi was then read, containing ‘‘ Descriptions

of a new species of Trochus, and of eighteen new species of Littorina,

in the collection of H. Cuming, Esq.” :—

Trocuvus Cuminem. Tr. testd lat? conicd, umbilicatd, acuta, car-

A 139

neo-cinered ; anfractibus convexiusculis, transverse striatis, et serie

triplict spinularum ornatis ; spinis supremis solidis compressis,

medianis fornicatis majoribus, infimis fornicatis confertissimis ;

aperturd suborbiculari, violaceseente ; margine umbilici acuto, pro-

minente.

Altit. 8, diam. 8, altit. aperturze 43 lin.

Hab. Guimaras, insula Philippinarum.

This very interesting species was found on rocks at high water-

mark ; its operculum is orbicular, horny, and consists of 5-6 volutions.

1. Lirrorina temniscata. Lit. testd parvd, ovato-oblongd, nigrd,

striis transversis et lined triplici, elevatd, moniliformi sculptd ;

anfractibus planiusculis; basi nodulosd; aperturd spiram non

e@quante, nigrd, basi albo-fasciatd ; columella depressd, basi sub-

effusd.

Altit. 43, diam. 3, altit. aperture 23 lin.

Hab. Cuba?

2. Lirrortna asPERA. Lit. testé oblongd, acutd, crassd, fuscescente,

lineis nigricantibus longitudinalibus obliquis pictd, ad basin sub-

angulatd ; axfractibus partm convezis, liris elevatis transversis

sculptis ; apertura ovatd, fuscd, fasciis duabus albidis ; labro intus

albido, fusco-punctato.

Altit. 8, diam. 53, altit. aperturz 41 lin.

Hab. Ad oram occidentalem Americe borealis (from Sitka, New

Albion, found on rocks at low water by Mr. Barclay ; from Mexico,

found by Hegewisch ; from Conchagua, province of San Salvador,

Central America, Cuming). By the character of its aperture, this

species belongs to the group of L. ziczac, L. zebra (Phasianella pe-

ruviana, Lamarck), and is easily distinguished from all allied species

by its sculpture.

8. Lirrorina picta. Lit. testd parvd, ovatd, acutd, basi obscure

angulatd, transversim striatd ; fascid ad partem superiorem an-

Sractuum, alidque ad basin albis, lineis fuscis longitudinalibus pic-

tis ; aperturd semiorbiculari, fuscd, basi albo-fasciatd ; columella

satis compressa feré rectilined.

Altit. 4, diam. 3, altit. aperture 25 lin.

Hab. ad insulas Sandwich.

Var. 6. Anfractibus supern? angulatis, parte mediand anfractis ul-

timi albido-marmoratd.

This species has nearly the shape and size of L. Basteroti (Turbo

petreus, Turbo cerulescens, etc.), which I believe the true Turbo neri-

toides of Linnzeus, and the colouring of the interrupted variety of L.

ziczac.

4. Lirrorina porcata. Lit. testd parvd, ovatd, obtusiusculd, um-

bilicatd, @ cerulescente-albidd, lineis elevatis distantibus porcatd ;

aperturd magnd, ovatd, semiorbiculata ; faucibus fuscis, albo-bifas-

ciatis ; limbo labri albo.

Altit. 3, diam. 24, altit. aperture 2 lin.

Hab. ad insulas Gallapagos (on high exposed rocks); Cuming.

140

5. Lirrorina Sirxana. Lit. testd transversim ovatd, obtusiusculd,

castaned, transversim grossé sulcatad ; anfractibus rotundatis, ul-

timo dilatato ; aperturd ovatd, patuld; columella albd, vix dila-

tatd, sulco umbilicari exaratd.

Altit. 6, diam. 6, altit. aperture 44.

Hab. ad Sitka, Nova Albion (on ‘rocks, half-tide) ; collected by

Mr. Barclay.

Very nearly allied to L. groenlandica, but more depressed, blunt,

the aperture more dilated. The elevated transverse lines are three

in number on the upper volutions, about twelve on the last.

6. Lirrornina Guasrata. Lit. testd ovato-oblongd, acutd, albido-

carned, strigis pallide fuscis obliquis pictd ; anfractibus parim

convexis, levibus, supremis sub lente lineis impressis 6-8 exaratis,

ultimo basi angulato ; aperturd ovatd, rufa; columelld depressd,

violaced.

Altit. 84, diam. 6, altit. aperturee 43-5 lin.

Hab. ad Payta Peru (on rocks, half-tide) ; Cuming. Ad Caput

Natale (Wahlberg).

Perhaps only a variety of L. obesa, Sow., though easily distin-

guished by the pale oblique longitudinal lines: very like L. ziczac,

D’Orb. (non Chemn.)

7. Lirrontna tavis. Lit.testd ovato-oblongd, acuta, albidd, cinereo-

marmoratd ; anfractibus pariim convezis, levissimis (sub lente

fortiori vix tenuissime striatis); ultimo basi obscure angulato ;

aperturd ovatd, fusco-violaced, basi albido-fasciatd ; columella

depressd, violaced.

Altit. 83, diam. 6, altit. aperture 5 lin.

Hab. Unknown.

This species scarcely differs, except in colouring, from L. obesa.

8. Lirrorrna pEBILIS. Lit. testdé parvd, ovato-oblongd, acuta, tenut,

cerulescente-albidd, interdum lineis obliquis pallidissime fuscis

pictd, apice obscuro ; anfractibus leviusculis (sub lente lineis con-

Sertis impressis sculptis), ultimo basi angulato; aperturd ovato-

oblongd, rufd, basi productd et subangulatd; columelld paridm

mepreesd, Suscescente.

Altit. 45, diam. 3, altit. aperture 22 lin.

Hab. Unknown.

A L. glabrata in miniature ; it differs however essentially from

that species by its aperture, which is produced into a distinct angle

at the base.

9. Lirrorina Sayr. Lit. testd ovato-oblongd, acutd, solidiusculd,

transversim multisulcatd, albd, punctis pallide rufis ornatd ; spird

violacescente ; anfractibus conveziusculis, suturd profundd divisis ;

aperturd ovato-orbiculari ; columelld rufa ; labro intus albo.

Altit. 9, diam. 64, altit. aperture 5 lin.

Hab, ad Floridam (communicated by Say).

141

Very nearly allied to L. irrorata, but thinner. more slender, the

aperture not narrowed, nor the outer lip mottled within.

10. Lirrorina mopgsta. Lit. testd ovato-oblongd, acutd, tenuius-

culd, albidd, aut obsolete rufo-punctatd, profunde transversim

sulcatd ; anfractibus convexiusculis, suturé profundd divisis, ul-

timo haud carinato ; aperturd semiorbiculari, luted vel fusco infu-

matd; columella fere rectilined, dilatatd, depressd, infuscatd ;

anfractu ultimo ad columellam eroso.

Altit. 8, diam. 6, altit. aperture 5 lin.

Hab. ad Sitka, Nova Albion (on rocks, half-tide), Mr. Barclay ;

ad insulam Mauritii, Capt. Caldwell.

This species has the sculpture of L. aspera, the shape and colour

of L. Sayi.

11. Lirrorina 1nTERMEDIA. Lit. testd oblongo-conicd, basi ventri-

cosd, tenui, varti coloris, lineis impressis circa 8 in anfractu penul-

timo exaratd, levi; anfractibus convexis, ultimo rotundato haud

carinato ; aperturd ovatd ; columelld albd vel violaced, foved exa-

ratd.

Altit. 10, diam. 7}, altit. aperture 5} lin. et minor.

Hab. Mare Rubrum, ad oram Natal; Swan Point, in Nova Hol-

landia boreali; Jimamailan, in insula Negrorum ; Tahiti; insula Eli-

sabeth in Oceano Pacifico (Cuming).

This species is intermediate between L. scabra (Helix scabra, L.

not auct.) and L. angulifera, Lamk., not Quoy and Gaim. ; it has the

shape and colouring of the latter, which is easily known by its very

numerous impressed spiral lines. With L. scabra it agrees in the

number of the impressed lines, but differs by its smoothness to feel-

ing and by the absence of the basal keel. This latter character di-

stinguishes it from L. luteola, Q. et G., a species which, however, I

have not seen in nature. It is very variable in colouring, and we

may distinguish principally the following varieties :—

1. punctata, testd lutescente aut rufescente, lineis transversis fuscis

trregulariter interruptis punctatd.

2. articulata, testd interstitiis sulcorum regulariter albido et fusco

articulatis. (From Swan Point; only 6 lin. high.)

3. strigata, testd in fundo flavescente strigis latis, irregularibus ni-

gris ornatd. (From Jimamailan ; only 6 lin. high.)

12. Lirrorina conica. Lit. testd tenuissimd, oblongd, exacté

conicd, basi carinatd, confertim et obsolete transversim striatd,

albidd, unicolore vel fusco pictd ; aperturd ovata, perobliqud ; co-

lumelld basi rectd, excavatd.

Altit. 10, diam. 7}, altit. aperture 6 lin.

Hab. Insula Java.

13. Lirrorina TeNnuIs. Lit. testd ovato-oblongd, acutd, tenuissimd,

tenuissime transversim striatd, carneo-albida, lineis angulatis rufis

pallidissimis pictd ; suturd sepius infuscatd ; anfractibus planius-

142

culis, ultimo basi rotundato, minime angulato ; aperturd ovatd,

concolore ; columellé arcuatd, vix compressd.

Altit. 7, diam. 42, altit. aperture 32.

ae Insula Ticao, Philippinarum (on rocks, high water; Cu-

ming).

14. Lirrorrna patiescens. Lit. testd oblongd, subturritd, solidd,

albidd ; anfractibus convexiusculis, superioribus lineis impressis

novem, ultimis lineis elevatis obtusis (circa quatuor in anfractu

penultimo) sculptis ; aperturd patuld, semiorbiculari ; columella

brevi, compressd.

Altit. 10, diam. 7, altit. aperture 53 lin.

Hab. Insula Mindanao (Cagayan, province of Misamis, found

on mangrove-trees ; Cuming).

This species differs from JL. filosa, Sow., in being much more

solid, in its broader and blunter elevated transverse lines and broad

compressed columella.

15. Lirrorina Sresoitpi. Lit. testd oblonga, subturritd, tenuius-

culd, flavescente, subunicolore ; anfractibus convexiusculis, supre-

mis lineis impressis, inferioribus lineis elevatis confertis, acutius-

culis (circa 9 in anfractu penultimo) sculptis; aperturd patuld,

semiorbiculari ; columelld compressd, subcanaliculatd, alba.

Altit. 13, diam. 8, altit. aperture 7 lin.

Hab. Japonia, Siebold.

Perhaps only a variety of L. scabra, from which it differs almost

only in its high raised transverse ridges and very obscurely angu-

lated base.

16. Lirrornina crneuLata. Lit. testd oblongd, acutd, tenui, pallide

grised, apice obscuro ; anfractibus convexiusculis, suturd profundd

divisis, sulcatis ; ultimis cingulis elevatis croceis ornatis; bast

haud carinatd ; apertura ovatd, patuld ; columella arcuatd, albd,

haud compressd ; faucibus albis, rufo-lineatis.

Altit. 9, diam. 63, altit. aperture 43 lin.

Hab. Ad oram borealem Nove Hollandiz (found on the mangrove-

trees by I. E. Dring, Esq.).

17. Lirrorina sutcutosa. Lit. testa oblongd, acutd, tenui, flaves-

cente, fasciis transversis pallide fuscis pictd ; anfractibus convexi-

usculis, suturd profundd divisis et sulcis 3-4 exaratis ; ultimo

subangulato ; aperturd semiorbiculari, albd ; faucibus fusco-fas-

ciatis ; columella pariim arcuatd, compressiusculd.

Altit. 83, diam. 53, altit. aperturze 43 lin.

Hab. in ora boreali Nove Hollandiz (found on the mangrove-

trees by I. E. Dring, Esq.).

The sculpture of this species is exactly like that of Trochus ros-

tratus, Gm.

18. Lirrorina? aBerrans. Lit. testd elongatd, subturritd, sub-

perforatd, tenui, obsolete striatd, albidd ; anfractibus rotundatis,

suturd profundd divisis, ultimo ventricoso ; aperlurd patuld, orbi-

—_—

143

culari-ovatd, intus nigro-marginatd ; columella brevi, tereti, extus

reflexd,

Altit. 8, diam. 5, altit. aperture 33 lin.

Hab. Panama (found on the rocks, half-tide, Cuming).

This species differs by its aperture so much from the other species

of Littorina, and so nearly resembles a Bulimus, that I am very

doubtful whether it be placed in its right genus.

December 23, 1845.

No Meeting was held.

Sao baa lived oy “Ab

Pm 'Al bay é

, eae |

ee datas 2, pitas Tine ceases

ey >i 9d}; cord duns os nyt:

in PF lackt! spilt: & callin

Bie. Iie aF:

Scar}

tad ou CAH) bi

foel4

INDEX.

The names of New Species, and of Species newly characterized, are printed in

Roman Characters: those of Species previously known in Italics: those of Species

respecting which Anatomical Observations are made, in CAPITALS.

Page

Accentor, Auct. ..-se+.-sreteenereeeeres 34

Accentor Cacharensis, Hodgson...... 34

—— immaculatus, Hodgson «.....++. 34

—— Nipalensis, Hodgson ..........-- 34

— strophiatus, Hodgson «..+++... 34

Achatina ——? ...ceccsersersseesereees 11

—— aberrans, Pfr. ...seseeererereres 138

—— Adamsii, Pfr. cecsesscaeeeeceees 138

——- COLWMNATIS oss erevererevererereres 138

— costulata, Pfr. ...+.++.++ es 75

—— fusiformis, P/1. ...+e-seeeeresrees 75

—— Gossei, Pfr. -cecesserereeeeeeees 138

—— Lattrei, Pfr. ...ce0--sseecerenee « 138

—— papyracea, Pfr. .....e--ssseeeeees 74

—— reticulata, Pfr. ..seeesssseereees 74

—— semisculpta, Pfr. .-ssssserseeeee 74

Achatinella Swainson ..s-s.eeereeees 89

Achatinella acuta, Swains. ...+++++- 89

brevis, R/T. ..cccreeeeeserseeeees 90

—— bulimoides, Swains. ...+++++00+. 89

—— clara, Pfr. ......seseeeeess ica tthe SO

—— corneola, Pfr. «s+sseeseees .. 90

QTAVIAA cssenesseeeseeeres iweetans.-- OM

—— livida, Swains. «++...++ waves 89

—— lugubris, Chemn. «+.+.++.s4+-+4 89

—— liteola reececsccerecetvoncccevens 90

—— perversda, SWains. ....0.-c0se000 89

—— pica, Swains. .....sesseeeserrereee 89

—— picta, Pfr. vrercsiercsserereerees 90

—— pulcherrima, Swains. «1.0... 89

—— pyramis, Pfr. .sssseeesessees z.. 20

—— radiata, Pfr. ....sss-ssereseceeee 89

—— rosed, SWANS. .secer-sseereeeree 89

——§$ FY iSLIS ......ccecssneencsacecnreneoes 89

—— tur ritella .....cececesececesseerts 89

VENEUIUS or .cesereceseereceserscsene 89

AMUaUdin® — vesisererececenccsecsesversves 33

Alcopus rufifrons, Hodgson ......-+. 24

ALCYONES ceceecccseceeececeerseeneee ees 100

ALECTORIDES sosessseeeeesssessenes esse 101

AMPHIBIA ...esseeeeeeees canting eagaytS 102

Amphipeplea Cumingiana, Pfr. «.. 68

Ampullaria ——? ....ceseeseseees eee |

ANISODACTYLI

Anous, Leach ......e0ecsseee Niele deanes 103

Page

Anous cinereus, Gould ......eseseeree 104

—— leucocapillus, Gould .........++ 103

—— melanops, Gould .ss...s00..008+ 103

niger, Steph. ......ceeseeeereerees 103

— parvulus, Gould ...........++00e0s 104

———. SLOMICUS ...cecereeesrercereeenseeee 103

——$ LENWITOSETIS ...reeeseeeeeresreeee 104

Ardea (Herodias) picata, Gould ... 62

Ardeola exilis, Bonap. ......+0+++++++ 1

Artemis sculpta, Hanley......+++..-++ 12

—— simplex, Hamnley......+++.++++++0 ll

—— subquadrata, Hanley .........-+» ll

Asphalax ZOkar ...+++1vsverseseesreeces 76

AVES cccccccecscscnccecscevesceessccesees 98

Boa constrictor, Auct. ...+++-<+s00-++ 43

Brachypodine, Swains. .+++++.-++++++- 22

BRADYPUS DIDACTYLUS «++...0e+ 93, 98

Bulimus .eccccssceccevececnsesecreeeenees 89

Bulimus canaliculatus, Pfr. ........- 68

—— castaneus, Pfr. .....-..00000+ eege,. G8

—— coarctatus, Pfr. .sirsececseneee 73

—— costulatus, Adams — .se..sseenee 138

———~ Mecorus, Pkr. raccecssessenennseese 89

—— Deshayesii, Pfr. ..-s.ecseveees .

—— egregius, Pfr. ..+.+. 67

— gilvus, Sow. ...... ceeeees 45

———= Gossel, PAT. ..-scrersercecersrees 137

—— Grayanus, Pfr. .......... capntac 73

—— Leopardus, Pfr. .s.sesceeereeee 67

loratus, PE. ....-seeeceesereerene 89

— Siquijorensis, Pfr. ....-++++++ 74

—— Thompsonii, Pfr. ..... Sadia te ww. 74

— tristis, Pfr. ..... vipetandons atin 89

turritella, Pfr. «....+ Seana 89

ventulus, PET. ...ceeceeseecereveeee 89

vulpinus, PEE. ...+0seeeeeees Sauna 89

Buteonin® .....eeeeeseeesees abicacnaecen eed

Buteo leucocephalus, Hodgson ...... 37

—— plumipes, Hodgson «+++++... . 37

—— vulgaris, Flem. ++: ++++++s0+00 anaes, Aap

Calamoherpe longirostris, Gould ... 20

Cancer Norvegicus ««++++++++ ved iansias, «iiNet

CARNIVORA see. seeteeneeeeeees donghasauen 97

CETACEA srevesesersesereosens eee ee!

CHEIROPTERA cccsesccessceessesteeess 96

146 INDEX.

: Page | Page

Chelidorynx, n. g., Hodgson ......+4. 32 | Glandina curvilabris, Pfr ............. _ 137

Chelidorynx chrysoschistos, Hodgson 52 | Jamaicensis, Pf? .........s0000 “137

CHERIONES cccueccchsscecdesncseessecekc 100 | monilifera, Pfr: i. -.0ces.ccsasees 75

Ghiprapsis, SVG. sicssrescsescsesosee2 24 | THETICANR, Pfr. scaovcesyesees oe da

eee Auct. (Stachyris, Hodg- obtusa, PF: a5: -cussaracenseeeee 42

MU Lh aa ccckuatanatescsbecteeares 22 | Glaucopine, Swains. .................. 31

Clithon. Montfort, Leafs. 05,% VEO" | GHAULATONES — ...occsccassteiaccn sol 101

CLUPEA HARENGUS ..cse..ssececeeese OF. | Ge awrvena vec. i;.1-0cesde eee 99

Coccothraustes rosea, Auct. ......... 36 Hemorhous rosea, Auct. ....++ese00: 36

OWOMB AR Lt eet ccrteeters seco 100 | Hapalotis murinus, Gould ............ 78

Colluricincla parvula, Gould ......... 62):)| ) Blelicede Wes. 2c. eke ens doe ar oem eer ae 89

rufogaster, Gould ...ecc.s.ceeves 80 Helix Pho peeabuweneee anegatce eieaee ll

Conovulus Cumingianus, Réci. ...... 122 | Helix acutimargo, Pfr. .............+ 40

Corvus pastinator, Gould ............ | aa AGamBI, PFp 01... cohes enone 66

CV ALEPONOMRE | assess: lovasace sess. 24 || ——- albocincta, Pfr. <..ccc.ceseares 123

Cuculus dumetorum, Gould ........ 19°), ——— amioena, ‘Pfr. 2.) 1: 2sdessecmeeeaee 65

insperatus, Gould ..........00065 19 andicola, Pfft, “c-cr-<sqraaeenaed 129

optatus, Gould ........2..ceseeee 18 | —— Bahamensis, Pfr. ........0...00+ 66

WEESOREN lies... -rgeqstaeeeeart sa aan: 101 | —— Bainbridgii, Pfr.

Cylindrella Gossei, Pfr. ......-.-...46 , 137 Belelerk “Pfr ecncees nen geserae

BRM ie oa ace icene: ace aeeaeehee ees: 133. | —— Bermudensis, Pfr.

Cysticola campestris, Gould ......... 20 | —— biangulata, Pfr.

Cytherea Ovum, Hanley.........s1000+ 21 | —— bilineata, Pfr. ..........

Digenea, Hodgson ......se0.2scsseeeeee 26 Boholensis, Pfr. bs

Digenea leucomelanura, Hodgson ... 26 | —— Bronmi, PAP. .2......csecccseeeeee

tricolor, Hodgson .....-sesssee 26 | —— Bruguieriana, Pfr.

Dimorpha, n. g., Hodgson .........++ 25 Buschi; P/r.:'..ies00s <dsseaceevese 126

Dimorpha? monileger, Hodgson 26 | ——campanula, Pfr. .......c0...06 65

? rubrocyanea, Hodgson ...... 26 | —— Caucasica, Pf7: -.......csscccesees 131

-— strophiata, Hodgson .......+.++ 26 ceratodes, Pfr. ....+.. giaecdasens 128

TEAL Le pes ees CRERCCLOEE 76 | —— Chemnitziana, Pfr. .........00 43

Donacola flaviprymna, Gould ...... 80 | ——cinerascens, Pfr. .......s.e0000 64

Donax asper, Hanley .....-se0.sseeeees 14 conspersula, Pfr. sessceseseceees 124

assimilis, Hanley .........2.+00 1G | ———eonstricta, P/F. svi. s-secsctscetet 39

culter, Hanley ......ssseecreenes 14 | —— eyathus, Pfr." ccctasesdacovaes 123

— gracilis, Hanley ..........00.00... 15 | decipiens, SOW. ..sssseeeecesseees 124

— lubricus, Hanley .........++ 17 | GeCONG; BEL? ioc cease coasereeoets 89

—— navicula, Hanley ....ecsseeseees 15 «| --—— dilatata, PPP. s....vess. yer sdennese 42

sordidus, Hanley ...sse..seee00 15 | —— dimera, Jonas ......c00.sseeesee 126

— Ticaonicus, Hanley .......0.++ 14°) —— dabioga, (Pfr. scccicccsactveccecses Mae

Dromicia concinna, Gould .........+.. 2 | ——euryomphala, Pfr. .........++ 71

EGHIDNA FLIYSTRIX «..00ccecce.ceeee 80 | —— excentrica, P/f. 50... -.ccscntee 4}

PIMANIDATA, [cocccosicscccasaccarstccsssch 98 | —— eximia, Pfr. ...cccccsceecsceseees 41

ELEPHAS INDICUS ........-seccee00e 93,97 | —— filaris, Valence. ...cce...ssceeeres 38

PA EPECIE Aas desnascnuth talegecstne cate 35 — filicosta, Pf1. .ecces.seseeeeee tise ae

Emberiza oinops, Hodyson ......... 35 | —— filocincta, Pfr. .......c.cscseeee 124

Erpornis, Hodgson ......+2:esscesseeeee 23 | —— fodiens, Pf1. .....cccscessecseesee 39

Erpornis xanthochlora, Hodgson ... 23 | —— Forbesii, Pfr. ve

aE? oes tacnssn shoot acacar ton eeeaas 37 | —— gallinula, Pf.

Fringilla rhodochrod ......++++..0008 .. 36 | —— Gilberti, Pfr.

TRodopepla .....cccsccssereregeoees 36 | —— Gmeliniana, Pfr. .........e00eee 43

FHINGiWin® coc ciaccccccecescccecevavacsas —— Gouldi, Pfr. ..c.ccsccsereersccees 124

Pulica ater, Penn. 22:0... .0+s0.coes canes —— grandis, P/V. ...cscseceeee andaraee 43

Australis, Gould GT AVIGG, VEL. ccc sedéssssesccwsees 90

CCAHLING, “sentences tacsaacansne ==—IGTiithl, fh.” s. cairo vivetasdees 127

Garrulus glandarius, Flem. mere TUNEL 1: Ff hiat a coxcdtdeeg euaatenn 63

Gavia fusca, Bre .....sceecssveeees wee MANIC YI, PY Ta osdcessseceseneaes 65

Genetta vulgaris, CUV. sereseeseeeee —— Hartmanni, Pyf. «<cccccessetepe 125

Geomelania, n.g., Pfr. .......00+-000 45 | —— Hartwegi, Pfr. ...cccecessseceeee 126

Geomelania Jamaicensis, Pfr. ...... 45 | ~— Hedenborgi, Pfr. ......:0-.00 . 132

Giandina arcuata, Pf/T. .....cceeeeenee 138 | —— helicophantoides, Pfr. ......... 125

INDEX.

Helix hians, Pfr.

Hindsi, Pfr. ....... a ee

— horizontalis, Pfr. ......:..+0+00-

Bee WCE, fT > cv cceaedccuaceh fuaceoues 126

—— induta, Pfr. ......cececesscrsreee 128

insculpta, Pfr. .......sseecceeass 129

involuta, P/V. sos... cccoeseeee 65

—— Jenynsi, Pfr. ..crsscesecerccessees 131

—— Jonas, Pfr. .sccccrresccccecseere 126

Rigi Poe conse escseoee. ccnandp 125

Knysnaensis, Pfr. ....+++0s0.0++ 131

—— Kochi, Pfr. .......sscsceeceerees 127

were LADIATAS ET's accscecersedanenesdes 65

— leptogramma, Pfr. ............ 127

Linneeana, Pf. ....00....50e0eee 43

VR GUAE TENS oo ecinsesevetue dees 89

— luteola, Fer. 0... ccceeeceseeeeee 90

—— marmorella, Pfr. ...........0068 125

— Martiniana, Pfr. ..............5 44

—— Metcalfii, Pfr. ............-.2000 66

SSG Wag ater Jee BERS et tee 71

— Neogranatensis, Pfr. ......... 64

Nilagirica, Pfr. .....1-s-ceceeseee 130

—— Nystiana, Pfr. .... a

—— obtusa, Pfr. ....... oes

— Okeniana, Pfr. ...........sceeeee

— omphalodes, Pfr. ...........+00. 64

orthostoma, Pfr. ...s.sseeceeeee 124

— pachystyla, Pfr. ....seseescseee 71

Sa PAALE, Efe, cencecnrecennsacee 129

— paradoxa, P/T. .....e.cseeveeseee 39

——— pelodes, PfP. ......0cc.ccesescenee 126

—— Pennantiana, P/r...........0.... 67

planissima, Pfr. .......-+000... 72

—— platyodon, Pfr. ......ceseceeseeee 132

—— ponderosa, Pfr. ......seseeee.eee 38

—— pratensis, Pfr. ..........cseeeeee 132

—— ptychodes, Pfr. ........... sees 137

TAQICUA, PP ovccus- cast -ivaes does 125

—— radula, Pfr. ....... maaaderdaseass 40

rectangula, Pf. ....sesereceree 130

—— retifera, P/T. .........ccececessens 73

PCUONG. E/T, eavsbeastns tans Sema 132

rhombostoma, Pfr. ........-..- 72

— rubicunda, Pfr. ........2......6+ 72

SEL DH Ol of 7 BRM BE ee Beste, 72

—— Schroeteriana, Pfr. 44

— semiglobosa, Pfr. ..... 38

— Sinaitensis, Pfr. ............005 129

—— spectabilis, Pfr. .........00000s 4]

—— spirizona, Fer. ......c0eceeeceeee 89

—— spirulata, Pfr. .......ee.ceeeee ee 129

splendidula, Pfr. .....2-.-s0000- 128

RUMIPIIN, Pf fen one .waraaguoaems seers 124

—— succinea, Pfr. .....cscececeeeees 39

TEHUIS, PJs. cose sventencgeeeueue 41

— trigonostoma, Pfr. .......0000s 4]

meen PF EGLES, MED sc! we csasnnaseecseasse=sp 89

See OLIRULN GETS. coltepes tnan tae ees 66

See TTI EPP on. cove sia cae dteoke 150

a to 2 ¢ eS 64

147

Page

Helix turritella, Fér. ............ Pere 89

=a UNICOIOL, P54) eessevedesroecseds 64

VAPLOIONHy EL fire) | etancens va s0 sane 128

ventrosula, Pfr. ...ssseccceveee 131

MENTUIES, HEN. sncssnaedsscuass 0300 89

——=—— YUNPINA; BEV. secccecssncesesceises 89

ADIGE Iie sestetence sass des ade 127

Hemichelidon, n. g., Hodgson .....- 32

Hemichelidon ferruginea, Hodgson... 32

— fuliginosa, Hodgson .......0+++. 32

Hemipodius scintillans, Gould ...... 62

Hemipus, n. g., Hodgson ....+++0+00 32

Hemipus picecolor, Hodgson .....- 33

Heterura, n. g., Hodgson ...essesees 33

Heterura sylvana, Hodgson .......++ 33

TOMO! sac ceecnnscsenues cee temte hensicadas 96

Horeites, Hodgson ...06+....sseeseeeee 30

Horeites pollicaris, Hodgson ......... 30

— schistilatus, Hodgson..........++ 30

Horornis, n. g., Hodgson .......00... 31

Horornis flaviventris, Hodgson ...... 31

— fortipes, Hodgson .........-..... 3h

? fuligiventer, Hodgson ......... 31

? fulviventris, Hodgson ......... 31

Hypsipetes, Vig. ......cecceceeesereseees 24

ENSECTLVORA a ccavassauteas-senegccp as 96

INSECTYVORES)) | sse.s0css00-<cscusesders 99

RROD San ns asienidonnnseussqehanpaesapena cae 24

Txulus, n. g., Hodgson .......2.2002+ 23

Lagomys Nepalensis, Hodgson ...... 13

Larus argentatus, Mont. .........+2- 13

Bridgesii, Fraser ........sse00es 16

capistratus, TeMmM. ......s.000e 68

ridibundus, AUCt. sse-eceeseeees 68

PEM RUD AE ncn. 2s aneeeaw ade seen n dan eee 96

Leuciscus D fons s Suauedeeae nandtaatee if

Littorima? aberrans, Phil. ..........2. 142

articulata, Phil. .....sssecesecees 141

—— aspera, Phil. ......s..... 139

cingulata, Phil. .......2. .-- 142

———— CONICA, PHith. 2 concuccno desde oa eee IAL

— debilis, Phil. .......c.seseseesnces 140

—— glabrata, Phil. ...........ses00ee 140

intermedia, Phil. .....scescerece 141

—— levis, Phil. ......2.-ccecececeees 140

— lemniscata, Phil. ...........00+- 139

— modesta, Phil. .......cccceceseee 141

— pallescens, Phil. ............... 142

Dieta, Piitlc), .<dusexuierss<atae sas 139

——— porcata, PACs) cones occareneress 139

—— punctata, Phil. .........cecceeeee 141

——— SAY, E Able, <= caalsiavibnp eed tations 140

——— Sieboldn,, Phish.) csde<deanes ste 142

—— Sitkana, Phil. ............ cece 140

—— Strigata, Phil. .........seseeeeee 141

— sulculosa, Phil. ...........ceeeeee 142

— tenuis, Phil. ..... Dee ween ote 141

Lorius superbus, Fraser .......0.... 16

EG2I0 ‘anernwenpiousunennas us dameesa oan 35

Loxia himalayana, Hodgson ......... 35

COUCOPTORE: ceri scdvcawse Seow eae $1

148 INDEX.

Page Page

MAMMALIA «ee Perea Sec deeaas .. 93, 96 Mitra luculenta, Reeve .....s.eeeeeeee 49

Mareca (Anas Penelope, Linn.) ...... 13 | —— meesta, Reeve ......... de i deneeaes 59

MARSUPIATA ....c..cccecsccccecsreveeee 98 | —— mica, Reeve ...cccscccceseraevese 58

Megalopterus, Boie «...+--- Sans ie cae 103 | ——micans, Reeve .oc....sceeeeeeees 55

Melania? es decces Maaetsspdamnas 11 | —— militaris, Reeve .. scnescs...0 0505 48

Melithreptus melanocephalus, Gould 62 | —— milium, Reeve ....ec...eeeeeeeee 50

Mergus Orientalis, Gould xcedcnsasacss 1 —— mirifica, Reeve ....cssc.eceseeeee 53

Meriones Opimus — ...ceerereeeeeeesseee 76 modesta, Reeve ....ceceseeeeetes 50

Micrura squamata, Gould ......+++++- 94 | —— mutabilis, Reeve ...........+008 47

Mitra zegra, Reeve ...eseeeseeeeecees ey | nympha, Reeve ......+++.-+» sane ee

—— Aithiops, Reeve ....--...cee.eeaee 60 Pacifica, Reeve .es..ssceeesereees 52

—— alveolus, Reeve .o.....sceorecrees 61 —— patula, Reeve ...... Gugseacsonee 61

—— amabilis, Reeve ...c0+.-+..-s0000. 53 | —— peculiaris, Reeve ...........-++ 57

—— amanda, Reeve ...s.ss00..ss0eeee 59 | —— pica, Reeve .....-.seessesseeeene 49

analogica, Reeve «+..+.+4+.++++- 56 pinguis, Reeve .....-....eeeeeees 57

—— armiger, Reeve ...--...-. “Saree TH puella, Reeve ....ssseseereceesner 53

—— armillata, Reeve ....eesee---00e 58 purpurata, Reeve .........:0060 53

—— articulata, Reeve ....0-.-.-e00es 56 | —— radius, Reeve .....-...ss.cecersees 57

Auriculoides, Reeve .....+-++... 46 recurva, Reeve ...ccecsseeeeeeres 56

avenacea, RECVE ......seesecereees 49 Thodia, Reeve — .ssceeesseceeeeeee 46

—— bilineata, Reeve ++. ..seeeeeeee 56 roborea, Reeve ......+++ SER EET 57

—— brumalis, Reeve .....seceeseeeese 54 rosacea, Reeve ........+++ sce ae

—— Bulimoides, Reeve .....+...sse00e 46 rustica, Reeve ..cseceesenevenees 60

—— celata, Reeve...... Siinnan once 51 | ——sculptilis, Reeve ......+-.s0++ 55

— callosa, Reeve ....... Be Sait a 50 semen, Reeve ......seereseeesenees 50

eee ENTUIGR, RECDE | csneceseeneneseees 60 | —— spicata, Reeve ...ss...-s:seeres+ 55

chelonia, Reeve ....-..-..-.+--++- 55 suturata, Reeve ..-...++ee-s esses 54

— cimelium, Reeve .........2.-++- 51 — tornata, Reeve ....... Saekeaaeuas 52

cineracea, Reeve .....+-+seee0es 57 Tornatelloides, Reeve ......+-» 58

—— cithara, Reeve ........-.--.++-+- 49 | ——tuberosa, Reeve .2.......ceeecsee 48

— ceeligena, Reeve ......+...0.s+005 46 turgida, Reeve ...s0...ssereeeees 52

—— consanguinea, Reeve ........... - 48 turriger, Reeve .......-.02-+008 = OM

corallina, Reeve .........-+-+-+++. GL | ——tusa, Reeve ...scccereeceeeersers 54

—— coriacea, Reeve .........sesee0+ 47 typha, Reeve ...... vaeg dnvbaeease 52

cremans, Reeve .......-..02e-0e0 48 verrucosa, Reeve ..-....se0eeees 47

crocea, Reeve ..........seeeseeeeee 59 | —— vultuosa, Reeve ......c0e-c0--+s ache

—— deedala, Reeve .........sesse000 54 zelotypa, Reeve .......e-seseeees 60

——— decora, Reeve .....2...+-e2e200 47 Mixornis, n. g., Hodgson .«..----.++ gat es

— discoloria, Reeve ......-.+..+0+ 46 Mixornis ruficeps, Hodgson ......++- 23

duplilirata, Reeve .......-...++++ 46 | Monodonta seminigra, Lamarck ... 89

elegans, Reeve ....-.1.sseeeereee 47 | Moscuus JAVANICUS 4, 97

Exilis, Reeve ..........2eeeeeeeees 58 STANLEYANUS ....ceeeseeenee

fastigium, Reeve ......+.++++++ 45 Murex alabaster, Reeve ...

—— festa, Reeve ..........20seeeeeeee 56 —— ambiguus, Reeve

forticostata, Reeve .....----++. 48 | —— bellus, Reeve .........- poktere = S . 88

gausapata, Reeve ......----++++ 59 | —— bipinnatus, Reeve ....---..+-++++ 85

—— glandiformis, Reeve .....-.....- 57 crassivaricosa, Reeve .....----+++ 86

Graia, Reeve ........-eerese eee ee 60 crocatus, Reeve ....ce.cseeeeerees 108

granata, Reeve .....-2.seseeeeees 52 eurypteron, Reeve ......--.++++ . 109

gratiosa, Reeve .......-- eRe te 53 funiculatus, Reeve ...c.c..-eeeees 88

—— hebes, Reeve ..+...seeeeeseee ae Gambiensis, Reeve ......+++00+ 88

incarnata, Reeve .es...--+eeeeee 56 | —— maculatus, Reeve ...s..eereseees 108

inermis, Reeve ...-+. accaceenes 54 —— Martinianus, Reeve .-...-.-.+-++ 88

—— infausta, Reeve ........++ aacrenay 60 nigrispinosus, Reeve ...-.-+..++- 838

lacryma, Reeve ..+...-.--.eee+008 51 oculatus, Reeve .....sceceeeeeeee 86

lauta, Reeve ......sececeees encore 49 osseus, Reeve .........eeeeeeeeeers 87

leucodesma, Reeve ..sees-e+e 0s 49 | —— pellucidus, Reeve ...+-+-+-+++-+- 87

—— limata, Reeve ....cceeeeeneeseveeee 58 pistachia, Reeve —...++++----+88+ 109

—— lota, Reeve......+ ie ee aah 2 4 48 | —— Pleurotomoides, Reeve ......-++ 109

—— lubens, Reeve..cececseserereeeeers 61 pudoricolor, Reeve -.++++++++++ 108

lucida, Reeve ......seeerereseerees 51 rubiginosus, Reeve ---.-+++++++ 86

INDEX. 149

Page Page

Murex rusticus, Reeve ........s.s06. 108 | Pelecanopus pelecanoides ...0+++.... 104

Sinensis, Reeve ......c0..ss+2..-. 85 | Phascolomys latifrons, Owen........- 82

—— Steerix, Reeve .......ceceseneeee 85 VoMBATUS, AUCt. ...ss000000000- 82

— triformis, Reeve .........ese00e 87 | Philomelin® .ccscccssscrecceceeeese wither wld

turritus, Reeve cesecscceseecesees 108 | Pica caudata, Flem. ........- ene - pee |"

Mus albocinereus, Gould ............ 78 | ——serica, Gould .......+.. pesaens inte

—— gracilicaudatus, Gould ....... va Ab | Paes major ? ..0..ccengneasrearhiendedians 13

—— lineolatus, Gould ........ aban 77 =| PINNATIPEDES ...... meee ober . 100

Muscicapa leucura, Gimel. ....0.00..+. 26 | PISCES ceesssececeseereesenenewens PR

MUscicapin® .eseerererereeeees seseeeees O2 | Planorbis ——?....... cant tigi 11

Muscisylvia, n. g., Hodgson euscgnsee 24 | PLANTIGRADA ccanasessceesnscrerersre 96

Muscisylvia leucura, Hodgson ...... 27 | Platycercus splendidus, Gould ...... 105

Mustela Altaicd ....06..c.scseveees ..... %@6 | Pleurotoma egrota, Reeve ..........+- 117

Mygale moschata ......+.+00+ cusaeoest AO weruginosa, Reeve ...see+-reeeeee 115

Myotherin® ....cscceseccevsseees aa Seat ee aquatilis, Reeve ...ceccececseeseoe 11]

Nemura, n. g., Hodgson .......00.s.00+ 27. | —— arata, Reeve wecccccsesscesceeveee LIG

Nemura cyanura, Hodgson............ 27 arctata, Reeve eesseeeecserereee 118

flavolivacea, Hodgson ......... 27 | ——armillata, Reeve .......-.s-00+- 11

rufilatus, Hodgson .....+...... cea y 2h) aureola, Reeve ........seeeeees « 113

Nerita celata, Récl. .......6-6 auchens 120 | —— betica, Reeve, ........+... eee... L1O

—— Columbaria, Réel. ............45- 121 —- bilineata, Reeve .......... aanebety 113

—— crepidularia, Lamk. ...... fhe hh) cantharis, Reeve ....... Se hives . 116

Doingii, Réel. ............. wed Wel: cardinalis, Reeve ....s.eececeeees 115

domingensis, Lamk. ............ 122 | ——castanea, Reeve .........0ceeeeeee 112

fluviatilis, Lamk. ...........006 122 cavernosa, Reeve ....-..ss1..00 118

— Jordani, Butler, Sow. ......... 121 | ——clara, Reeve .......- 5 oeralreaiee 112

—— lutescens, Megerle ............ 122 coccinata, Reeve .......... may ALR

—— sobrina, Récl. ...ccecceecccceeee 119 compta, Reeve ....+cesecsevere -. 118

—— solium, RECI. ...........00.s00esee 120 concentricostata, Reeve ...... 117

— Rossmassleriana, Réel. ......... 119 crocata, Reeve ......e.eccesee ees 110

violacea, Gmelin .......00..0005 119 ebur, Reeve ..sceseceecesceeees . 116

— Zelandica, Récl. .....6...6.. «.- 120 | —— efficta, Reeve ........0....ccseeeee 118

Nerit@ Globos@ .iscceseecesesesecscees 119 exarata, Reeve ..cccec.ecececeees 112

MRUTIO®.. sovecnaroek icisimmhonanened 120 flavescens, Reeve ..........00+ - Lil

ovate vel ovato-oblonge ...... 120 foraminata, Reeve ............0+ 118

=. SETTALR ceocencceccrccacracsesece 119 | —— Forthiensis, Reeve ............ 114

SPINOGA . <ecvee san sdesiednindde ows 120 fragilis, Reeve ...ceceee.eeseveee 111

—— subhemisph@ric® .0..........+++ 119 fucata, Reeve .........ceeceeeceeee 110

Neritina PANES: 95 eh a eee SA! 11 fulva, Reeve .........0sseeneseees 116

Nycticejus wereerceeseseree ses faa a . 10 Grayi, Reeve .......ceseeeeese... 114

Ocyris, Hodgson ......seesseseeserseenee 35 Guildingii, Reeve .........4.. . U6

Gdicnemus crepitans, Selby Ss .. 13 | —— hexagonalis, Reeve ............ 118

Oligura, n. g., Hodgson ....--....+08 -. 25 | ——hyalina, Reeve ......... seereugs 116

Oligura cyaniventer, Hodgson ...... 25 igniflua, Reeve ....0....seeseeeee 113

—— flaviventer, Hodgson ...... is sts 25 | —— implicata, Reeve ............... 110

OMNIVORZ ....... w0cneKauacate cabredencee 99 inquinata, Reeve ...........2005 117

Orthotomus, Horsf. ..........4.+2++ « 28 lanceolata, Reeve ....... sind t ep 111

Orthotomus Patia, Hodgson .......... 29 languida, Reeve ...,..... oad stati 115

Ostrea bicolor, Hanley .er.00.00-++04+ 107 lirata, Reeve ........ceeeeeeses w- 117

— callichroa, Hanley .......2....... 107 luteo-fasciata, Reeve ..+......... 114

— Chemnitzii, Hanley ............ 106 | ——— Metcalfiana, Reeve ............ 114

— Columbiensis, Hanley ......... 107 Nexa, Reeve ..csecseeecceeceveee 117

— lacerata, Hanley ........-.++.... 106 NUK, RCCVE ences ecc0ss>ssavendeas 112.

—— Megodon, Hanley ..... ee he ae 106 | —— obeliscus, Reeve ..,........000s 110

— multistriata, Hanley ............ 106 | —— obliquata, Reeve ...........2005 115

—— Pes-tigris, Hanley .........-.+00+ 106 | —— obliqui-costata, Reeve ......... 110

Pachycephala glaucura, Gould ...... 19 olyra, Reeve ..... svccnsscccericnss Ae

PACHYDERMATA eeseeeeee saesaealag 97 | —— opalus, Reeve ..sccccsessceeeeee 116

Palzornis modestus, Fraser ......... 16 | ——— pagodus, Reeve ....... ncueeeattas LAE

PALMIPEDES .......s000- i viwedsege ces 101 | —— palliata, Reeve .............0:005 112

PGriaN@ ? cecsccecesseveee reer Oe 34 | —— parvula, Reeve ..........0e0e0e-e 115

150 INDEX.

Pleurotoma patula, Reeve ...... nove 113

— paxillus, Reeve ...sccs.seeceeeees _ 117

pellis-phocz, Reeve .......++... 115

— pluricarinata, Reeve ........... . 115

— Polynesiensis, Reeve .......+...- 119

—— pseudo-carinata, Reeve ......... 115

— pulchella, Reeve ........-400.e- 111

punctata, Reeve ..seecsssceseeceee LIT

puncticincta, Reeve .......... « 115

putillus, Reeve .......00.s- SIS

—— pyramidula, Reeve «........06 115

quadrata, Reeve .....s.seeeeseee . 114

reflexa, Reeve sesesersseeeees jeehys

rosacea, Reeve .......5 erescee: 109

rubinicolor, Reeve ....sceee...00s lll

— rubrifasciata, Reeve .......2.... 110

sacerdos, Reeve ...+es...seee0ee-. LO

—— sacra, Reeve ........sevecceccccee 111

— saturata, Reeve ...... sastedecects 113

sordida, Reeve .d.....0+s Seen LF

spectrum, Reeve ...... rere 113

— subula, Reeve .....eeeeeee age TAS

— Ticaonica, Reeve .........000.-. 116

—— undaticostata, Reeve ........4+-. 117

urnula, Reeve — ...ssseseeees eee 114

— vexillum, Reeve ......00000. ‘Rois. 115

=~ \WIKUA, ECVE ccecccoccdsseussesees 112

=== vitrea;, Reeve: icc. (cccescscocesee . 118

vittata, Reeve ........+6 ee, 112

vultuosa, Reeve ...... Adee tees 116

Pnoepyga(olim Zesia),n. g., Hodgson a

Pnoepyga albiventer, ‘Hodidoon eeeeds

pusillus, Hodgson .......«.++ ace 35

rufiventer, Hodgson ........++ . 25

unicolor, Hodgson ......++++++... 25

Podabrus macrourus, Gould ......... 79

Podargus plumiferus, Gould ......... 104

Polyodon flavicollis, Hodgson ...... - 24

Pr inia MAGPsl.:<“/evescau-scteetuaseasces 29

Prinia brunnifrons, Hodgson ......... 29

—— fusca, Hodgson .........- Betas SO)

— ruficapilla, Auct.? .....+...00+ 29

Propasser, n. g., Hodgson ...++.+.+++ 36

Propyrrhula Rubeculoides, Hodgson 36

Pterocles guttatus ? Temm. ......... 13

Pyctoris, n. g., Hodgson .........s00++ 24

Pyrrhoplectes, n.g., Hodgson ...... 36

Pyrrhiila — sevvovserssecceeseetenes eye wi

Pyrrhula epauletta, Hodgson ...... 36

PYPTRUUNE .osese.sccenescceceeescceonees 35

Pyrrhulinota, n. g., Hodgson ......-+. 36

Pyrrhulinota roseata, Hodgson ...... 36

Rana arborea ....2.+++00+6 rokteoarecace 18

RRAPAGES scsceeii.sslecencectc wens eae 298

RB PTILTA Vion seen vcastederexcecter se ane 10]

RODENTIA’ 0.000. cccceecseeseeecceeeere 98

RUMINANTIA scssscsecsesscscenrernes Ree SF

Page

Salamandra wersescereeeeseees cocker vas

Salamandra maculosa, Bonap. ...... 11

Saxicola rubeculoides, Sykes ......... 26

SALICONIE “ce ancesas» enevaenewasasantede 25

Scolopendra cingulata 18

Simiz CAaTARRHINI . 96

PLATYRRHINI . 96

WEI TNE en's ott ns einaeneneeteaeeenerse tee 25

Spatula (Anas elypeata, Lim} ors 13

Sphenceacus gramineus, Gould ...... 19

Stachyris, Hodgson (olim Cilathora) 22

Stachyris chryseeus, Hodgson ..... 23

nigriceps, Hodgson ..... Ron cowg ie

pyrops, Hodgson ......4.. Benes 23

Sterna gracilis, Gould .............. . 16

Inca, Less. ....... arroce ees 1

stolida, Linn y.222). <8 eee 103

tenuirostris, Temm. ..........2. 104

Strix tenebricosus, Gould ............ 80

Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. .......-++++... 13

Sylvia putoria, AUct. coe.....ceceeeeeee 29

Ssphenura, AUCt. .--eseccseceree 29

ruficapilla, AUCt. ....e0cceeee.s 29

SylWwiad@ .....0+0000 See OD Heke 25

DYE sa sews ene taskogtdedqdaent nan 28

Synornis, Hodgson ....ercescessecereces 26

Synornis Joulaimus, Hodgson ...... 27

Taphozous Philippinensis, Waterh.. 9

Tarsiger, n. g., Hodgson .....+...+-- 28

Tarsiger chryszus, Hodgson ......... 28

Temnoris (olim Suthora), Hodgson.. 31

Temnoris atrifrons, Hodgson ......... 3l

fulvifrons, Hodgson ........+... 31

DEL a0 WieRtUs! 2. avs waseees cet enoe 13

UT OG AUB ecerkss soca ce ecea scene . 13

Timalia hypoleucos, Auct. ....+..0..4. 24

Tomogeres turbinatus, Pfr. ......... 45

Tribura, n. g., Hodgson .....0000.0.0.. 80

Tribura luteoventris, Hodgson ...... 30

Trochus Cumingii, Phil. ........2.4. 138

Trogon puella, Gould....... ro rr 18

Tyrrhaptes ae ca Lees sbaeekeee 76

Valvata ——? ........- Beste Sse s eae 11

Venus Bruguieri, Mf arley* 5. sec8 kee 21

magnifica, Ane". xeocakecuceee 21

VERTEBRATA ...00+ CA COS Es ee 93

WESPER TNNUEO <n sass s-stec se neeeaeence 3

Vespertilio Eschscholtzii, Waterh.... 4

macrotarsus, Waterh. ......... 5

Meyeni, Waterh.. ..0:--csasessce 7

pellucidus, Waterh. ........+40. 6

rufo-pictus, Waterh. ......... 8

tristis, Waterh. ........ sdaseteee 3

Yuhina flavicollis ......cccceseieeeeees 24

Zeus conchifer, LOWE — ......e0seeeeee 103

Zosterops, Vig. et Horsf. ............ 24

AVGODACT YE © sxctecdasneecene Beek 99

END OF PART XIII.

Printed by Richard and John E. Taylor, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

;

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

PART XIV.

1846.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

ee so) =

ty 34am ia

Haine

Are

leu } asian

gi nauntw ricinay aif

intial ect

Lis-t

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Bripvces, THomas, Esq. page

Letter from, addressed to G. R. Waterhouse, Esq., con-

taining notices of Bolivian Mammals and Birds. . . . .

Cumine, Hueu, Esq.

Descriptions of New i ecopt of Chama pra i Lovell Reeve,

communicated by .. . a MEATS PR SEAL:

Fayrer, R. J., Esq., Lieut. R.N.

Letter from, accompanying some pec of the Bische

de Mer, or Trepang ... . | ASPIRE bei boy)

Fry, Epwarp.

On the Osteology of the Active Gibbon (Hylobates agilis) 11

On the Relation of the Edentata to the Heres pepertally

of the Armadillos to the Tortoises . . . 72

Gaskoln, J.S., Esq.

Descriptions of three New Species of Cyprea . . . . 23

GouLp, Joun, Esq., F.R.S.

On a New Species of Nyctibius . . rahe |

Descriptions of eleven New Species of ‘Australian Birds . 18

Descriptions of three New Species of the saath of Trochi-

— ee a

HAE O's - - + 44

Descriptions of six . New ‘Species of Birds.. eid 67

Letter addressed to, detailing the circumstances of the

death of Mr. John Gilbert. . . . tr 79

—_—— .

Descriptions of two New Species of Australian Birds . a ISS

On twenty New Species of Zrochilide or Humming Birds 85

Descriptions of three New Australian Birds . . . - 106

GuLtiver, GeoreE, Esq., F.R.S.

Note on the Spermatozoa of the Polar Bear ( Ursus mari-

timus) . . 11

Note on ie ae. of the Blood: Corpuscles of Birds: wits

Measurements by Dr. Davy of the Blood-Cor hie of some

Fishes and of a Humming-Bird . . . oe 8 Tae

Heron, Sir Rozsert, Bart. page

Notevon the:Genusr@rar« Ts 2 20 6oi,- ss setae 67

Hitt, Ricwarp, Esq.

Description of a Seal found on a shoal, south of Jamaica. 80

Jonas, Dr. J. H.

Descriptions of New Species of Shells. . . . . . . 34

Descriptions of two New Shells . . . . . . . - . 120

Lowe, the Rey. R. T.

Letter from, accompanying a specimen of Lichia Vadigo,

Cuv. & Val. . . 23

On a new Genus of the Family ‘Lophide (les I Pectorales

Pédiculées, Cuv.) discovered in Madeira. . . 81

Owen, Professor.

Notes on the Dissection of a Female yegicee One.

lodytes niger) . . : : Se 2

Memoir on ie Dinara Part Il. . 46

Observations on the Skull and on the Osteology of the

Foot of the Dodo (Didus ineptus) . . . 51

PFEIFFER, Dr. L.

Descriptions of thirty New Species of Helicea, belonere

to the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. . . 28

Descriptions of twenty New Species of Helicea, in the

collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. . 37

Descriptions of nine New Species of Helicea, ‘collected by

Hugh Cuming, Esq. . be: Sih

Descriptions of thirty- “eight New Species of Land- Shells - 109

REEVE, Lovett, Esq.

On New Species of Pleurotoma . . . 14) See

Descriptions of two New Species of Cyprea. a 23

Descriptions of forty New Species of Haliotis, from ‘the

collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. 53

Descriptions of fifty-four New Species of Mangia, f from

the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. . . . . 59

Sowerby, G. B., Esq.

Descriptions of thirteen New Species of Brachiopoda. . 91

Descriptions of New Species of Marginella . . . . . 95

SrricKLAnp, H. E., Esq.

Exhibition of a New Species of Corvus, discovered by

Captain H. M. Drummond, 42nd R.H. . . . «. «. « « 48

Notes on certain Species of Birds from Malacca . . . 99

Tomes, —, Esq.

Exhibition of a Female Specimen of the Bimaculated Duck

(Anas glocitams). . «+ + 6 ee ee ew ew ew ee ADI

WarTeERuHOUvSE, G. R., Esq.

Description of a New Mammal from Bolivia ad Hang ys

TSOUUIRER ati re ta Fe! Pree aie, FY at 8

“ty araile “peer

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 13, 1846.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. Gould described a new species of Nyctibius, which he pro-

posed to name

Nycrisius practeatus. ‘Nyct. castaneo-fuscus ; scapularum api-

cibus, et abdomine, maculis albis, quasi bracteis, ornatis.

The general plumage rich chestnut-brown; the feathers of the

head, back and breast freckled with black, and with an irregular-

shaped blotch of black at the extremity of each feather ; near the tip

of each of the scapularies a spot of white encircled with black; on

the lower part of the abdomen are two lunar-shaped marks of white,

formed by a square spot of silvery white, bounded aboye and below

with a narrow line of black, occupying the extremities of the feathers ;

wings dark brown, with the exception of the outer margins of the

primaries, which are cinnamon-brown; tail chestnut, crossed with

numerous bars, composed of two irregular narrow lines of black, and

with a small spot of white at the tip; under tail-coverts buff, with a

square spot of white at the tip.

Total length, 93 inches; bill, 14; wing, 6; tail, 53; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Santa Fé de Bogota.

Remark.—This species is the least of the genus that has come under

my notice ; the description is taken from a fine specimen in the col-

lection of the Royal Institution of Liverpool. ts

Nos. CLV. CLVI. & CLVII.—Paroczepines or THE ZooL. Soc.

January 27, 1846.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

A paper by Professor Owen was read, containing the following

notes on the dissection of the Chimpanzee (Troglodytes niger) which

died in the menagerie of the Society Dec. 29, 1845:—

Chimpanzee (female) :—Weight 42 lbs.

MEASUREMENTS, ft. in.

From vertex to under-side of heel .......... ea eisekes 3 3 6

BWOUMVETICR AO MROONEE | unis p5 phish ines tls had aes eae 2 0

From trochanter major femoris to external condyle of

FOMUP), dh Stes otekick ease mbes ee thdattoltnger 0 9

From external condyle of femur to external malleolus .. 0 9}

From. heel to end of minitille toe s. 2. «+ swisies > smuten 0 8}

From distal end of first metatarsal to distal end of pha-

BRESES OF tee CORSA ows Ak « = apene een ah a = Hale QO 2%

From acromion to external condyle of humerus .... -. O 94

From external condyle of humerus to distal end of radius 0 10

From distal end of radius to extremity of middle finger.. O 10

Circumference of proximal part of arm .............- 0 8

Circumference of proximal part of forearm ..... ~ was aie veE

Circumference of distal part of fore-arm ...........- O 63

Circumference of wrist .... BiststsIsig olin sien Giirme

Circumference of proximal part of thigh Ses. Hee Ss 0 11

Circumference of distal part of thigh............+.-. 0 92

Circumference of proximal part of leg ...........-4. 0 7

Circumference of distal part of leg............0-0-5- 0 64

Circumference of metatarsus ..............-- ge. Se 07

Weight of brain (covered by arachnoid and pia mater), 13 oz. 4 dr.

Weight of liver, 2 lbs.

Weight of spleen, 23 oz.

Weight of kidneys, 3 oz. each.

All the deciduous teeth were shed, and all the permanent teeth

(on the right or healthy side of the mouth) were in place, except the

canines and last molars; these latter teeth were more advanced in

their development than the canines. This stage of dentition corre-

sponds with that of the human subject at about the twelfth year;

ut allowance must be made for the later period of development of

the canines in the Chimpanzee. Both upper and lower jaws on the

left side were enlarged by disease; the gums inflamed and sloughy ;

the bicuspides or premolars and the first and second true molars had

been pushed out, and their fangs more or less absorbed. The left

outer permanent incisor of the upper jaw was half an inch distant

from the inner or median incisor, owing to intervening swelling of

the jaw. A section of the diseased left ramus of the lower jaw

showed the matrices of the canine and last molar in a healthy state

in the closed alveolar cavities.

The irritation had extended to the left submaxillary and sublin-

gual glands, which were much enlarged. Both tonsils were ulcerated.

Both pleurz, but particularly the left, were partly closed by old ad-

hesions, which had obliterated the divisions of the lobes of the lungs.

Only one small portion of the pulmonary tissue was consolidated by

inflammation ; it was about the size of a walnut, and situated in the

lower lobe of the right lung, close to an adhesion of the pleura, but

there were no tubercles developed in any part of the lungs.

A few old adhesions bound the spleen and omentum to the walls

of the abdomen; all the other viscera of the abdominal cavity were

healthy. The most remarkable morbid appearance was found upon

the upper surface of the posterior lobe of the right hemisphere of the

brain, where a circumscribed depression of two convolutions was

formed, to which the dura mater strongly adhered, by the medium of

a yellowish firm lymph; but there was no superficial ulceration of

the cerebral substance.

With regard to the normal anatomy, I may at present add to the

full descriptions that have been published of the dissections of

younger Chimpanzees, that in this nearly adult individual the laryn-

geal pouch extended over the front of the neck, beneath the platysma

myoides, as far down as the left axilla, passing there beneath the

upper border of the great pectoral muscle.

The continuation of Mr. Lovell Reeve’s paper on new species of

Pleurotoma was then read :—

Prevrotoma peuicata. leur. testd subulatd, tenui, hyalind,

transversim minute et creberrime elevato-striatd, aperturd brevi ;

pellucido-albd, aurantio pallidissime maculata.

~ Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, Pacific Ocean ; Cuming.

Prevrotoma axis. Pleur. testd recto-acuminatd, inferné contractd,

anfractibus superne bicarinatis, infra transversim exiliter liratis,

aperturd oblongd, sinu profundo, albidd, aurantio-fusco subindi-

stincte tinctd.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

PrevroTomMa cresripticata. Pleur. testd ovatd, infern? ventri-

coso-sinuatd, anfractibus concentrice crebriplicatis, transversim

crebriliratis, aperturd patuld ; albidd, aurantio-fusco profuse va-

riegatd.

Hab. Bolinao, Island of Luzon, Philippines (found under stones at

low water); Cuming.

PrevroroMa rosarta. Pleur. testd abbreviato-subulatd, basi

truncatd, anfractibus concentricé plicatis, levibus, apertura brevi,

vivid? coccineo-rosed, anfractuum parte supremd albizonatd,

Hab. ?

Puzvroroms Dysoni. Pleur. testd ovatd, spird subturritd, an-

Sfractibus superné concavis et obtuse carinatis, infra rotundatis,

longitudinaliter costatis, liris transversis decussatis, aperturd brevi,

sinu amplo; castaneo-fuscd, anfractuum parte superiori hic illic

interrupte albifasciata.

Hab. Honduras; Dyson.

I have much pleasure in naming this shell, at the request of Mr.

Cuming, after Mr. Dyson, whose adventurous researches after objects

of natural history in a country not the most healthy for European

travellers are certainly worthy of being recorded.

Prevroroma Honpurasensis. Pleur. testd oblongo-ovatd, spird

acutd, anfractibus rotundatis, nodoso-costatis ; cinereo luteoque

alternatim fasciatd ; labro incrassato.

Hab. Honduras ; Dyson.

PLevRoTOMA FENESTRATA. Pleur. testd fusiformi-ovatd, subinflatd,

tenui, pellucidd, anfractibus rotundis, liris superficiariis subdistan-

tibus undique clathratis, labro simplici, sinu latiusculo ; pellucido-

albd, aurantio pallide tinctd.

Hab, Island of Mindoro, Philippines (found among coral).

PievrotomMa GRAnicostaTa. Pleur. testd abbreviato-ovatd, bast

truncatd, spird brevi, anfractibus pulcherrimé granoso-costatis,

liris transversis clathratis ; albidd, roseo-fuscescente tinctd, granis

saturatioribus.

Hab. ?

Pievrotoma rEGuLARIS. Pleur. testd subpyramidali-ovatd, an-

Sractibus supern® concavis, medio oblique regulariter costatis, aper-

turd parvd, sinu lato; albidd.

Hab. ?

PLevrotroma aneGicostaTA. Pleur. testd oblongo-ovatd, spird tur-

ritd, levigatd, anfractibus longitudinaliter costatis, costis subdi-

stantibus, angustis, superne angulatis, submucronatis ; nived.

Hab. ?

PLevroroma mucronata. Pleur. testd acuminato-pyramidali, an-

Ffractibus longitudinaliter subobscureé plicato-costatis, costis nodu-

losis, apertura brevi ; fuscd, nodorum serie mediand albicante.

Hab. ?

Prevrotoma Cacayanensis. Pleur. testa fusiformi-ovatd, spird

acuminatd, anfractibus superne unicarinalis, infra tuberculato-pli-

catis, transversim conspicué liratis ; sinu amplo; albd.

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, Philip-

pines (found in sandy mud at the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

PLEUROTOMA TESSELLATA. leur. testd pyramidali,. anfractibus

superne concavis, medio confertim tuberculato-plicatis, aperturd

parvd ; albd, maculis grandibus conspicuis rufo-fuscis tessellatd.

Hab, Isle of Capul, Philippines (on the reefs); Cuming.

PP - ?

PLEeuRoTOMA SEMEN. Pleur. testd oblongd, spird mucronatd, an-

Sractibus levibus, medio oblique plicatis, aperturd parvd, sinu

profundo ; castaneo-fuscd, plicis albidis.

Hab. San Nicolas, island of Zebu, Philippines (under stones at

low water); Cuming.

Pirevroroma Paria. Pleur. testd oblongd, spird acuminato-turritd,

anfractibus superné concavis, infra plicato-costatis, costis angustis,

subflecuosis ; albd, fascid pallidé aurantid indistinctd cingulatd.

Hab. ?

Pievroroma scaurta. Pleur. testd pyramidali-ovatd, levigataé aut

minutissime reticulata, aperturd brevi, sinu distincto ; albd, lineis

Fuscis brevibus tessellatim pictd.

Hab. ?

Prrvrotoma Forsesi. Pleur. testd turritd, anfractibus rotundatis,

longitudinaliter obtuse costatis, transversim liratis, aperturd parva ;

rufescente-fuscd, liris saturatioribus.

Hab. Paros, Grecian Archipelago; Forbes.

I have much pleasure in dedicating this little species to Professor

Edward Forbes, whose submarine researches among the islands of

the Grecian Archipelago have afforded matter of so much interest

and novelty.

Pievrotoma symmetrica. Pleur. testd ovatd, spird breviusculd,

anfractibus superne depressis, longitudinaliter costatis, costarum

interstitiis subtilissimé elevato-striatis ; lutescente, anfractuum

parte superiori albd.

Hab. ?

PLEUROTOMA coRNEA. Pleur. testd ovatd, spird acuminatd, corned,

subpellucidd, concentricé tenuicostatd ; fuscescente, zond angustd

pallida cingulatd.

Hab. ——?

PLEUROTOMA FOVEOLATA. Pleur. testd ovatd, liris fortibus elevatis

undique reticulatis, liris ad decussationem granosis ; albd.

Hab. :

Prevroroma pacopa. Pleur. testd pyramidali-acuminatd, anfrac-

tibus longitudinaliter crassicostatis, transversim subtilissime liratis,

aperturd brevi ; olivaceo-fuscd.

Hab. ?

PLEUROTOMA SEMIGRANOSA. Pleur. testd acuminato-turritd, an-

fractibus superne concavis, medio nodoso-costatis, infra granosis,

aperturd parvd ; albidd, fascid aurantid inferne cingulata.

Hab. ?

Prevrotoma Tincta. Pleur. testd oblongo-ovatd, anfractibus ro-

tundis, longitudinaliter crassicostatis, liris transversis fortiter

clathratis, interstitiis profundis, labro incrassato, sinu lato, canalt

subrecurvo ; albd, anfractibus supra et infra aurantio-fusco fasct-

atim maculatis.

Hab. ?

PLevroroma canaLicuLata. Pleur. testd ovato-turritd, spire su-

turd canaliculatd, anfractibus striis elevatis, subtiliter clathratis,

sinu amplo ; albicante.

_ Hab. ?

Prevrotoma Fusorves. Pleur. testd fusiformi, spird acuminatd,

anfractibus superné angulatis, striis elevatis creberrime reticulatis,

labro subincrassato, sinu lato; albicante, intus fuscescente.

Hab. Island of Mindanao, Philippines (found in sandy mud at the

depth of twenty-five fathoms) ; Cuming.

PLEvRoTOMA ALBiFuNiIcuLATA. leur. testd oblongd, anfractibus

rotundatis, longitudinaliter crebricostatis, liris subtilibus trans-

versis funiculatis, canali subrecurvo, sinu lato ; albicante, aurantio

hic illic tinctd, liris opalo-albis, apice rosaceo.

Hab. South Pacific.

Prevrotoma aLpinopaTa. Pleur. testd ovato-turritd, medio gib-

bosd, anfractibus superne angulatis, ad angulum tuberculatis,

transversim granoso-liratis ; nigricante-fuscd, tuberculis albis.

Hab. >

PLevrotoma scaraBaus. Pleur. testd obeso-ovatd, spird brevi,

apice elevato ; levigatd, spird apicem versus obsolete hexagonali ;

castaneo-fuscd, anfractu ultimo zond subobscurd lutescente cingu-

latd, apice albo.

Hab. Honduras; Dyson.

Pievroroma pxpaLa. Pleur. testd subfusiformi, anfractibus lon-

gitudinaliter tenuicostatis, interstitiis transversim creberrimé ele-

vato-striatis, labro incrassato ; albidd, fuscescente pallidissime

tinctd.

Hab.

Pievroroma ostusa. Pleur. testd oblongd, spird breviusculd, ob-

tusd, anfractibus rotundis, obtuso-costatis, transversim tenuiliratis,

labro incrassato, sinu lato ; lutescente.

Hab. ?

February 10, 1846.

R. C. Griffith, Esq., in the Chair.

The following letter was read, addressed to G. R. Waterhouse,

Esq., by the Society’s Corresponding Member Thomas Bridges,

Esq. :—

“I am much delighted to learn that several of the little Rodents

I sent from Chile previous to my departure proved new, and I thank

you sincerely for the honour you have done me by affixing my name

to the new Octodon. I now with pleasure give you its habitat.

Many years ago I found this species inhabiting holes in sandy banks

and hillocks near the borders of the river Jeno, in the province of

Colchagua, nor do I remember having found it in any other locality

in Chile. It is much less abundant than O. Cumingii, but, like that

species, it feeds on herbs and dried grass. In the winter months I

have observed it eats the bark of Mimosa Cavenia, which abounds in

that part of Chile. Of this species, on my return to Chile, I shall

endeavour to procure other specimens; also a skeleton and cranium

for your inspection. Like O. Cumingii, it makes its appearance and

feeds during the day, especially when the weather is cloudy.

*« The Lagotis Cuvieri of Bennett, of which I sent beautiful speci-

mens, were captured on the western side of the Andes, in the province

of Colchagua. This animal I have also found in great abundance in

Bolivia; you would be delighted to see it in its native country. It

abounds in bold, rocky and steep precipices, and sometimes on the

slopes amongst large stones tumbled one on the other, amongst the

crevices of which it takes shelter. I have never yet seen it make caves

or burrows. It-is highly amusing to see it bound from one huge

block to another, taking leaps equal almost to those of the squirrel ;

this it accomplishes from the structure of its hind legs and the assist-

ance of its tail. On examining several females lately, I find that

they only produce one or two at a birth. Their food is coarse grass.

It appears that this animal has an immense mountainous range from

lat. 33° to 18°, and probably is found much further north and south. I

have found it often from 10,000 to 12,000 feet of elevation in Bolivia.

If not mistaken, I have discovered in my rambles from Cobija to this

place, a distance of 900 miles, another species of Lagotis*. It is

somewhat less in size, more compact, with a shorter tail, and the

fur is of a rusty colour, especially that of the flanks and abdomen;

nor is the dark line over the vertebra so well-marked as in L. Cuviert.

When you possess the skins you will be better able to discover if it

is a distinct species.

* I did not perceive any other species of Lagotis beyond the L. Cuvieri in Mr.

Bridges’ collection.—G. R. W.

No. CLVI.—ProcEepines oF THE ZooLocicaL Society.

«The Chinchilla I have never been able to capture, although I

spent a day or two in Cobija for that purpose. It is entirely a noc-

turnal animal, never making its appearance during the day, therefore

it cannot be taken with the gun: its habits and abode are similar to

the Viscacha. .

«The native hunters of this little animal domesticate the Quique

of Molina, which they term here Huron, the Spanish for ferret* ; the

Huron enters the crevices and holes made by the Chinchilla, and

drives them out, when they are either killed with sticks by the hunt-

ers or taken by the dogs trained for that purpose.

«IT find near the coast of Bolivia, where scarcely any vegetation

exists, the Chinchilla lives on the seed-vessel of a tall long-spined

species of Cereus, which it collects in small piles, and eats during

the night. ‘These seed-vessels contain a great deal of pulpy sub-

stance surrounding the seeds, and the exterior is covered with long

hair. They are shaped like a pear, and are called by the natives

Pasas canas (hairy figs). The Canis fulvipes I am persuaded does

not exist in the northern provinces of Chile; had this been the case

I should have taken it. Molina describes the Culpeo and the Chilla,

and as I have not his work here I cannot give you his specific names ;

why not adopt them, as I consider them prior to those of other au-

thors? On my return to Chile I will consult his work and send you

them.

«During my journey in Bolivia I have paid every attention to the

Mammalia, and only a few days ago I forwarded a box of skins to

Valparaiso, requesting my friend there to forward three species which

are highly interesting, and at the same time to me quite new. They

are—

**1. Kerodon.—This animal I consider different from K. Kingjii ;

it is found in the vicinity of Chuquisaca and Cochabamba in rocky

places, and not uncommon in fields surrounded by stone walls, in

which it takes shelter and lives. It is more solitary than K. Kingit,

as that species I found near Mendoza in what may be termed large

communities. ‘This animal feeds during the day on grass and herb-

age, but, I have observed, after the dew is evaporated from the ground.

The hair of this animal appears, from what I remember, to be more

coarse and bristly ; however, comparison will decide ; I may perhaps

be mistaken. Native name, ‘ Conejitot.’

«2. A large Rat, with short tail and strong claws{. This curious

and astonishing animal I first found a few leagues south of Potosi,

at an elevation of 12,000 feet, in sandy slopes and valleys, at no

great distance from water. Large patches of land are completely

undermined by its workings, which are similar to those of Schizodon

fuscus. 1 at first concluded that it burrowed for amusement, or the

change of residence, but on deeper consideration I consider it does

so in pursuit of bulbs and the roots of grass for food, like Poéphago-

mys ater. It may be seen working in the morning, throwing out the

* This is the Galictis vittata of Bell.—G. R. W.

+ The species referred to is the Cavia cobaia of authors.—G. R. W.

$ Ctenomys Braziliensis of De Blainyille—G R. W.

sand, and now and then turns round and protrudes its head out of

the new-made burrow. It was then our only chance to shoot them,

and if not killed on the spot, there is no hope of obtaining them.

Only in one or two instances do I remember seeing them leave their

holes to feed on the grass. I think you will find this animal distinct

from all the other South American Rodents, and perhaps it will form

the type of a new genus. Its native name is ‘Tufo’ and ‘ Tojo,’

pronounced ‘ Tu-fo’ and ‘ To-ko.’

‘© 3. A large Mouse, with soft fur and large ears*. This charming

little animal we found in the same locality as the above, inhabiting

the abandoned caves of the former species. It makes its appearance

in the afternoon, when the sun is nearly on the horizon, to feed on

grass, and is often seen sitting on its hind legs ; and it then presents

its pretty white abdomen and erect ears. In this position it has the

appearance of a rabbit in miniature. The natives call it ‘ Achohalla,’

pronounced ‘ Ha-cho-ha-ya.’

“I have taken the Didelphis Azare with a litter of eight young

ones. I have not forwarded this animal with the others; it will re-

main till my return to Chile ; also several species of Mice and Bats.

- “In ornithology I have been very successful, having obtained

about 100 species differing from the birds of Chile. I have found

a considerable portion of the birds figured in D’Orbigny’s splendid

work, and before I leave Bolivia I hope to obtain the greater part,

especially as in a few days I intend leaving Cochabamba and tra-

velling down the river Mamoré towards the frontiers of Brazil,

traversing the country of the Yaracares Indians, where D’Orbigny

found an immense number of novelties.

“Amongst the Perdicare I have found a beautiful species of En-

dromia, differing from E. elegans of D’Orbigny ; also a third species

of Tinachorus, much larger than T. D’ Orbignyanus ; and in the valley

of Cochabamba and mountains in the vicinity I have of late had the

good fortune to take three distinct species of Nocthura, all of beauti-

fully marked plumage, and different from N. Perdicaria of Chile.

These have given me excellent sport. Amongst many other inter-

esting birds which I have lately taken, I have found Serrirostrum

carbonarium and sittoides. My intention is, before I leave Cocha-

bamba, to write a communication to the Zoological Society, having

now the honour to be a Corresponding Member, giving them a brief

idea of what I have accomplished since I arrived in this country.

Ihave no doubt that the Earl of Derby and the Messrs. Gray will have

much pleasure at the sight of the Bolivian birds when they arrive in

England. I have many interesting insects, amongst which there are

three species of Nyctelia and two or three of the genus Phaneus, with

others which I am sure will afford you pleasure and amusement.”

Hesreromys Bouiviensts. Hesp. pallidé ochraceus, corpore supra

Susco-penicillato, subtis albo ; pedibus albis flavo-lavatis ; caudd

quoad longitudinem corpus fer equante, albd, supra flavd: auri-

bus permagnis, extis rufescenti-flavis.

* Hesperomys Boliviensis, a new species hereafter described.—G. R. W.

unc, lin.

Longitudo ab apice rostri ad caude basin.... 5 3

CULE way aig ibs 0 ' «tees BOE obese 3.5

tarsi digitorumque .......- oe L.4

ee Ee eT ee ee 0 95

Hab. Bolivia, near Potosi.

The most striking features of this species are the large size of its

ears, combined with its delicate ochre-yellow colouring. It is ap-

parently a stout-bodied animal, and has long and soft fur, which on

all parts of the body is of a deep slate-grey colour next the skin; on

the under parts each hair has the outer half white; on the sides of

the body the visible portions of the hairs are ochreous, obscurely

tinted with rufous on the rump: the hairs on the back are similarly

coloured, but they are brown at the point, and many of them are

blackish. ‘The feet are white, but slightly suffused with yellowish ;

the tail is well-clothed for a mouse, white beneath, and of a pale

yellow colour above; the eyes are margined with brown; the ears

are clothed with small pale yellow hairs internally, and the hairs on

the outer surface, which are much longer, are of a rusty yellow hue.

The hairs of the moustaches are numerous and very long, some of

them white and some black. The incisor teeth, which are narrow

in proportion to the animal, are of a very pale orange colour. The

fore-feet are small; the tarsi moderate.

The Hesperomys Boliviensis, in the large size of its ears, must ap-

proach the Mus auritus of Desmarest; but judging from the descrip-

tion of that animal, it should differ in being of a larger size, in having

the tarsi shorter in proportion, and its colouring must be very dis-

similar, the M. auritus being described as of a grey hue.—G. W.

—S=_ a

a =

February 24, 1846.

Gecrge Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following Note on the Spermatozoa of the Polar Bear, by

George Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., was read :—

The question of the true nature of these curious bodies is as inter-

esting as it is obscure. Whether they be independent animalcules

or merely free and floating cilia has never been clearly proved.

Professor Valentin*, indeed, described an amount of organization

in the spermatozoa of a Bear, quite sufficient, if confirmed, to prove

that they are really distinct beings. Therefore I took an oppor-

tunity of obtaining them for examination from the Polar Bear which

died this morning in the Society's menagerie. The animal was a

very large adult, in good condition ; his testes well-developed, con-

taining in the seminal tubes plenty of cells and immature sperma-

tozoa, and an abundance of them perfectly formed in the vas defe-

rens, These were carefully examined. They presented none of the

marks of mouth, anus and internal vesicles depicted by Professor

Valentin. In short, the spermatozoa of the Polar Bear were similar

in all respects to those of numerous other Mammalia, as may be seen

by comparing my drawings, now exhibited to the Society, of the

spermatozoa of the following animals, viz. the Polar Bear (Ursus

maritimus, Linn.), the Stoat (Mustela Erminea, Linn.), the Indian

Badger (Arctonyz collaris, F. Cuv.), the Dromedary (Camelus Dro-

medarius, Linn.), and the Camel (Camelus Bactrianus, Auct.). I

gave a notice of the spermatozoa of the two last animals in the Proc.

of this Society, July 26, 1642, p. 101, and April 11, 1843, p. 50.

A paper by Edward Fry was then read :—

«© On the Osteology of the Active Gibbon (Hylobates agilis).”

I have never met with any detailed account of the osteology of

any species of the genus Hylobates. Professor Owen’s memoir on

that of the Orang Utan and Chimpanzee seems to make one de-

sirable, for the sake of comparison, as the Gibbons are the next group

of Simiade to the Orangs. Their skeleton too is highly interesting,

as exhibiting a striking adaptation to progression amongst the

branches of trees, well-fitting the animal to be a walker amongst

woods, a Hylobates.

The individual, whose skeleton I am about to describe, was a female,

which lived for some years in the Zoological Gardens at Bristol, having

been brought thither from Macao, where she had been kept in con-

finement. Of two young ones which were taken with their mother

in the forests of Malacca, she alone attained maturity. She was pro-

* Wagner’s Physiology, tr. by Dr. Willis, p. 228; 8vo, Lond. 1844.

bably nine or ten years of age at the time of her death. Of her

agility and her cry I shall say nothing; much has already been

written on these subjects, and no account of mine could give any

adequate impression of her wonderful manners.

This individual is the one which was exhibited in London in 1840,

and of which mention is made in Martin’s ‘ Natural History of Qua-

drupeds,’ Part 8.

Section I1.—Or tue SKULL.

The cranium of the Hylobates agilis is elongate and ovate in form,

much-contracted behind the orbits, which are very projecting and

deep and surmounted by very elevated supraciliary ridges. The

muzzle is rounded and broad, so that the face, although considerably

prominent, has not attained the lengthened shape of the Baboons or

of the adult Orang Utan. The forehead, which is narrow, is but

slightly arched above the orbits, so that the whole of the cranium is

behind the face.

A slightly elevated ridge of bone, arising from the supraorbital

ridges, which becomes contracted during its passage over the coronal

aspect of the skull, and again expands towards the occiput, marks

the boundary on either side of the temporal muscles. This elevated

medial portion is smooth, whilst the lateral portions of the skull are

roughened by muscular attachments. This development is similar

to that of the Chimpanzee, whilst in the Orang Utan the sagittal

“and temporal crests are elevated to an extraordinary extent.

The supraorbital ridges, we have before remarked, are much-de-

veloped. Such is the case in the Chimpanzee, where however they

form a junction across the face, which does not take place in the

Active Gibbon. The orbits have a very prominent margin, are very

large and deep, and are much swelled out externally, so that their

outer portion “projects very boldly from the cranium.” Sir Thomas

Stamford Raffles says of the Siamang, “The orbits of the eyes are

circular and remarkably prominent,” Linn. Trans. vol. xiii. p. 242.

Such too is the character of the skull of the adult Hoolock figured

by Dr. Harlan in the Transactions of the American Philosophical

Society, vol. iv. New Series, p. 52.

The nasal bones make a slight elevation, thus resembling Man

more than the Orang Utan or even the Chimpanzee. The osseous

opening of the nose is wide and rather large. The figure of the face

viewed in front, from between the orbits to the dental edge, resem-

bles a wedge whose point is directed downwards. This form is con-

trary to that of the Baboons, where the wedge is inverted. The

infraorbital canal opens by a single hole, as in Man and the Chim-

panzee. This foramen is smaller in the Gibbon than in those animals.

The outward curvature of the zygomatic arch is not great; it is

placed far more posteriorly than in Man, in consequence of the

lengthening of the facial portion of the skull.

The skull of this Gibbon is anchylosed, externally at least, into

one piece. Prof. Owen tells us that the cranial sutures are oblite-

rated in the adult Orang Utan, Syndactylous Ape, and frequently

in the Baboons and other Quadrumana. I have observed it in Pithe-

cia Satanus, an American species. It sometimes occurs in the adult

human cranium,

The lower jaw is rather lengthened in figure, decidedly more so

than in Man, in consequence of the production of the muzzle. It is

shallowest just below the termination of the molar series, deepening

towards the symphysis, which is not. very retreating, so that the

Gibbon has a pretty good chin for a monkey. In this respect it ap~

pears to approach Man more nearly than the higher Orangs. The

lower jaw of Man is more uniform in its depth than that of this

Gibbon: its angle too is not quite so much rounded; the external

edges of the ascending and horizontal branches do not form quite so

obtuse an angle at their meeting.

The question may be asked, What are the effects of age in altering

the form of the skull in the Gibbons? In answer I will remark,

first, that the muzzle is elongated and the cranium thrown in a

more backward position, in consequence of the necessity for length-

ening the dental edge to receive the second or permanent series of

teeth. This will be evident by a comparison of the skulls of the

young White-cheeked and Hoolock Gibbons, figured in Martin’s

Nat. Hist. Quad., Part 8, with that of the adult Agile Gibbon in the

Bristol Institution (the subject of this paper) and with Dr, Harlan’s

plate of that of the adult Hoolock, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., ubi supra.

The latter comparison is very satisfactory on this point, as the spe-

cimens compared are of the same species. A corresponding elonga-

tion of the facial parts takes place in the Orangs, as demonstrated by

Prof. Owen, Zool. Trans. vol. i. or Zool. Proc. 1835, p. 30. A similar

change is also observable in the human species; the facial angle of

the infant decreases with age until the second teeth are cut. Secondly,

with increasing age another change takes place in the greater promi-

nence of the supraciliary ridges and the margin of the orbit. I appeal,

again to the illustrations of Martin and Harlan, and to the original

sketch of the Agile Gibbon. A similar development of the cranial

ridges takes place in the Orang Utan and Chimpanzee with age;

in the former, in the temporal and sagittal crests ; in the latter, in the

orbital margin. Thirdly, in the anchylosis of the bones of the cra-

nium and the face. This would appear to have taken place in the

skull of the Hoolock figured by the late Dr. Richard Harlan (ubi supra),

whilst in the immature one figured by Martin (ubi supra) the sutures

are represented. This change is observed to take place in the adult

Orang, but not in the Chimpanzee. Fourthly, it appears probable,

from a comparison of the before-mentioned materials, that the infra-

orbital foramen, and the foramen which gives exit to the dental blood-

vessel and nerve in the lower jaw, become smaller by age.

From these observations it will be apparent that the skull of the

Gibbons, like that of the Orangs, is far more anthropoid in youth

than in mature age. ‘The prolongation of the muzzle, the retrogres-

sion of the cranium, the smallness of the facial angle, the develop-

ment of the orbital ridges, the anchylosis of the bones, and the small~

ness of the foramina, all distance the aged more than the immature

Gibbon from the human race.

Compared with the human skull, the head of this Gibbon is distin-

guished by its lengthened ovate figure; its narrowness, especially

behind the orbits ; by the large size and inflated parietes of the orbits ;

by the want of vertical elevation of the forehead, and the consequent

position of the brain behind, not above the face; by the great eleva-

tion of the supraorbital ridges; by the development of the muzzle,

necessitating the backward position of the zygomatic arches and the

elongation of the palate ; by the small proportional size of the infra-

orbital foramen; by the obliquity of the occipital plane, and by the

large size of the canine teeth; by the elongation of the lower jaws,

in consequence of the length of the muzzle and palate; by the in-

creased depth of the symphysis, and by the small size of the foramen

which gives exit to the blood-vessel nourishing the teeth and the

accompanying nerve.

This skull agrees with that of the Chimpanzee in its smallness

proportionally to the body, in its generally elongated form, in its

anterior contraction, in the marks of the attachments of the temporal

muscles, in the large supraorbital ridges, in the obliquity of the plane

of the foramen magnum, and in the slight arch of the nasal bones.

It differs from that of the Chimpanzee in the supraorbital ridges

not uniting, in the obliteration of the sutures, in the smaller size of

the infraorbital foramen and of the foramen of the dental blood-vessel.

The lower jaw is proportionally shallower. The cranium of the

young Chimpanzee is far broader, more arched and less anteriorly

compressed, and therefore far more anthropoid. These characters

however degenerate with age.

It differs yet more from the form of skull exhibited by the adult

Orang Utan, where the strongly developed cranial ridges and widely

expanded zygomatic arches give the skull a carnivorous aspect.

These peculiarities we have seen to be absent in the Gibbon. The

flatness of the bones of the nose of this Ape is an additional distinc-

tion. On the other hand, it agrees with the Orang in the oblitera-

tion of the cranial sutures of the adult.

In the large development of the supraciliary ridges this skull re-

minds us of the Baboons, which present however a more degraded

form, and may be distinguished by the greater narrowness of the

cranium, by the less circular form of the orbits, by the greater pro-

longation of the muzzle and the greater space between the zygomatic

arch and the skull.

The dentition of the Gibbon claims no especial notice; the in-

cisors and molars are moderate in size, whilst the canines are large,

their roots apparently reaching nearly to the internal corner of the

orbits.

Section li.—Or toe Trunk.

The vertebral formula of the Agile Gibbon is—cervical, 7; dorsal,

13; lumbar, 5; sacral, 4; coccygeal, 4. The comparison of these

Se a ee

numbers with those of some of its congeners and near allies will be

exhibited by the following table :—

Man ...... davartane 7 12 5 5 4 33

Chimpanzee ...... 7 13 4 5 4 33

Orang Utan ...... 7 12 4 5 3 31

Hylobates concolor . 7 14 5 5 5 36

Hylobates lar ...... 7 12 6 3 3 31

Hylobates agilis ... 7 13 5 4 4 33

Of the cervical vertebre I need only remark, that the transverse

processes of the atlas are produced long and narrow, more so than

in Man. The first dorsal vertebra is the smallest, after which they

gradually increase in size. The transverse processes of the lumbar

vertebree are less developed than in Man, and are more uniform in size.

It will be noticed that whilst the lumbar vertebre of the Chimpanzee

and Orang Utan are four, two of the Gibbons have five and one has

six ; in the extent of this region therefore they approach Man. The

sacral vertebre are perfectly anchylosed together, but not to the

coccygeal, and form about their middle an angle, the lower part

being curved backwards. The upper portion thus remains in a line

with the vertebral column, and part only is thrown backwards instead

of the whole, asin Man. The first pair of foramina are almost obli-

terated, and are therefore not so large as in Man and the Chimpanzee;

the three following are persistent. As in the Orangs, the sacrum is

narrower than in the human skeleton.. The weakness of these parts

indicates the less amount of capability of assuming the erect posture

than is granted to Man. The Gibbons are especially fitted for arbo-

real progression ; and although by the assistance of their lengthened

fore extremities, touching the ground on either side, and as it were

acting as crutches, they are perhaps more at home in the erect pos-

ture on level surfaces than either the Chimpanzee or Orang Utan,

yet their movements are awkward and constrained. The Gibbons

are the only Mammals which can assume the erect posture whilst

they walk on all four extremities.

The thorax, which is formed by seven true and six false ribs, is

larger and more conical in form than in Man. The great activity of

the Gibbons requires large respiratory organs; hence we find the

thorax proportionally large (see Prof. Owen on Orangs, ubi supra) ;

at the same time it affords increased attachments to the strong pec-

toral muscles required by the lengthened arms. One contrivance

thus answers two ends.

The last three ribs are unattached by cartilage to the sternum,

which consists of five pieces, whereof the last is free. In the num-

ber of its component pieces the sternum of the Active Gibbon agrees

with Man and the Chimpanzee, and differs from the Orang Utan,

where it is formed of seven or eight small pieces arranged in a double

row. The manubrium differs slightly from the human in being pro-

portionally broader.

Compared with the ribs of the Chimpanzee, those of the Active

Gibbon are slight in form: compared with those of a Baboon, they

are strong.

A reference to the dorsal column of the table of vertebra given

above will show that the number of ribs varies considerably in the

genus Hylobates.

Section IJ1.—Or tar Forze Extremities.

The clavicles, which from their great length throw the scapule

far backwards, and give great breadth to the shoulders, are flattened

horizontally, have but little marks of tendinous attachment, and pre-

sent neither the double curvature of Man nor the straightness of the

Orang Utan, but a simple gentle curvature outwards.

The scapule are of a more lengthened shape than in the human

subject, from which they also differ in having the aspect of the gle-

noid cavity far less laterally and more upwardly directed, in the

upper edge of the bone rather descending than ascending from this

cavity, in the convexity instead of concavity of the humeral edge,

and the far greater acuteness of the inferior angle.

The peculiarities to be remarked in the humerus are its extraordi-

nary length, reaching to just above the head of the femur, its slight-

ness of form, and the general weakness of its elevations. The tuber-

cles at the superior head are very small. Its twist occurs about

one-third from the upper extremity of the bone, asin Man. The

external apophysis can scarcely be said to exist; the internal is

present.

The fore-arm is remarkable for its length (which is yet more ex-

traordinary than that of the arm), for the slenderness of its form,

and for the extent of the interosseous space formed by the great

outward curvature of the radius: by this last character the Gibbon

is distanced from Man, but approximated to the Orangs. The greatest

distance of the radius from the ulna occurs about one-third of the

length of the fore-arm from the superior articulation ; not near the

inferior head, as in the human skeleton. The olecranon of the ulna

appears neither so broad nor so strong as in Man.

In this specimen the fore-arm is two inches longer than the arm.

In the adult Hoolock the difference is about 14 inch; in the Hylo-

bates concolor about 24 inches. These proportions correspond with

those of the Orangs, but are at variance with the human, where the

arm is about two inches longer than the fore-arm. Now it is re-

markable that in the immature Gibbons the proportion of these

parts has been found to resemble the human (see Dr. Harlan, wbi

supra). Not only then are the skulls of these monkeys more anthro-

poid in youth than maturity, but likewise the proportions of the an-

terior extremities. Retrogression with advancing age from a superior

to an inferior type of organization is not so common in nature as the

converse.

The carpus of the Agile Gibbon appears to contain the same eight

bones as in Man; not eleven, as Daubenton states that the Hylobates

lar possesses (Martin, ubi supra). The whole hand is remarkable

for its slenderness and length, by which it is beautifully adapted for

grasping the boughs of trees or any such objects: the fingers main-

tain similar proportions, one to another, to those of Man. The

thumb, longer than in the Chimpanzee, where it does not quite equal

in length the metacarpal bone of the first finger, is slender in form.

So extraordinary is the length of the fore extremity, that the hu-

merus reaches to nearly the same part of the trunk as the wrist in

Man, and that the fingers really rest on the ground when the animal

assumes the erect posture. The length of the fore-arm of this ske-

leton, whose total height is only about two feet, positively exceeds

in length that of the adult human subject, being eleven inches long.

Never have I seen a skeleton which better illustrates the law of

animal mechanics, that rapidity of movement depends on the elon-

gation of the short arm of the lever (which every bone represents)

in proportion to the long arm of the same ; or (otherwise expressed)

on the extent of the distance between the fulcrum and weight in

proportion to the distance between the fulcrum and the power.

As respects the proportions ‘of the fore-limbs, the Orang Utan

approaches the Gibbons, and retrogresses from Man more than the

Chimpanzee, since in the former the arms reach to the heel, in the

latter to about the knee-joint.

Section I1V.—Or tue Hinp Extremirtizs.

The pelvis presents us with a type far degraded from the Bimanous.

The hips are narrow ; the iliac bones long and flat, and their superior

margins do not present an arc of a circle, as in Man, and indeed to

a certain extent in the Chimpanzee. ‘The ischiatic bones, instead of

retreating far backward from the symphysis of the pubes, are nearly

on a plane with the iliac wings; their inferior margins are not cir-

cular, as in Man, but present three sides of a lengthened parallelo-

gram. ‘The symphysis of the pubic bones resembles that of Man

more than does that of the young Chimpanzee.

The bones of the lower extremities are characterized, as those of

the pectoral limbs, by the slenderness of their form and the slightness

of their elevations.

The trochanters of the femur are small; the linea aspera absent.

The ligamentum teres appears to have been present, thus agreeing

with Man and all the Simiade, excepting the Orang Utan.

The tibia and fibula have rather a larger interosseous space than

in Man, consequent on the bowing of the fibula. This space is large

in the Orang Utan (Owen, ubi supra).

The relative proportions of the leg and fore-leg are similar to the

human.

Let me here introduce a remark made on this animal by Yarrell,

viz. that both the upper and lower extremities are incapable of the

same extension as in Man, owing to the strong facial expansion of

the flexor tendons passing before the elbows and behind the knee-

joints to be attached to the upper halves of their respective bones

bélow these parts (Notes on Dissection of Active Gibbon, Zoological

Journal, vol. v. p. 14).

_. The foot is remarkable for the smallness of the os calcis, a character

common to the Orangs and the lower Monkeys, and which, giving

less basal surface to the foot, indicates less power of supporting the

frame in the erect posture. The hind-foot is formed for grasping

the branches of trees and not for walking on the ground. The meta-

tarsal bones decrease in strength (as in the hand) from the first

towards the little finger. The thumb is strongly formed, especially

its metatarsal bone. The ungueal phalanges are wanting in the

second and third finger, and the ungueal and penultimate in the little

finger of the only hind extremity mounted on the skeleton. These

defects in the hind-foot arise from the animal having been affected

some time previous to her death with a morbid state of constitution

(supposed to arise from confinement), which caused her to gnaw off

the ends of some of her fingers. The foot is thrown less on the

external edge than in the lower Quadrumana.

I am fully conscious of the imperfection of this account of the

osteclogy of the Active Gibbon, yet trust that I have called atten-

tion to some points in which the organization of the skeleton is

beautifully adapted to the habits of the creature. No part of the

studies of a naturalist is more interesting or instructive than thus to

trace, however imperfectly, the hand of an all-wise Creator in the

works of nature. Epw. Fry.

The next paper contained ‘‘ Descriptions of eleven new species of

Australian Birds,” by John Gould, Esq. :—

ATHENE MARMORATA. Ath. omni superiore corpore, alis, cauddque,

saturate fuscis, nuchd autem, alarum tectricibus, et seapularibus,

obscure albo maculatis ; pogoniis internis primariorum ad basin et

rectricum lateralium fasciis stramineis, ad extremam pogoniam

albicantibus, ornatis ; facie et mento albidis ; corpore inferiore

saturate fusco, albo et arenaceo colore maculato.

All the upper surface, wings and tail dark brown, obscurely spotted

with white round the back of the neck, on the wing-coverts and sca-

pularies ; inner webs of the primaries at their base, and the inner

webs of the lateral tail-feathers crossed by bands, which are buff next

the shaft and white towards the extremity of the webs ; face and chin

whitish ; under surface dark brown, blotched with white and sandy

brown ; legs and thighs fawn-colour ; bill horn-colour ; feet yellow.

Total length, 14 inches; bill, 13; wing, 93 ; tail, 6; tarsi, 2.

Hab. South Australia.

Remark.—Nearly allied to Athene maculata, but much exceeding

that species in size.

AtuEene ruFA. Ath. disco faciali saturate fusco ; omni corpore,

supra saturate fusco, infra arenaceo-rufo, multis autem lineis rufo-

Suscis transversim fasciato.

Facial disc dark brown; all the upper surface dark brown, crossed

‘by numerous narrow bars of reddish brown, the tints becoming paler

and the barrings larger and more distinct on the lower part of the

body, wings and tail; all the under surface sandy red, crossed by

numerous bars of reddish brown; the feathers of the throat with a

line of brown down the centre; vent, legs and thighs of a paler tint,

with the bars more numerous, but not so decided; bill horn-colour ;

toes yellowish, slightly clothed with feathers.

Total length, 20 inches; bill, 12; wing, 133; tail, 94; tarsi, 23.

Hab. Port Essington.

Remark.—A very powerful species, nearly allied to Athene strenua.

ALcYONE PuLcHRA. Ale. omni corpore superiore splendide purpu-

rascenie-cyaneo ; alis fusco-nigris ; loris, cristuld post aurem, et

guld, stramineis ; lateribus pectoris purpurascente-cyaneis, in vini

colorem ad latera mergentibus.

All the upper surface shining purplish blue ; wings brownish black ;

lores, tuft behind the ear and throat buff; under surface deep fer-

ruginous orange ; sides of the chest fine purplish blue, passing into a

rich vinous tint on the flanks; irides and bill black ; feet orange.

Total length, 6 inches; bill, 2; wing, 27; tail, 14; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Port Essington.

Remark.—This is by far the finest of the Australian Alcyones, and

is at once distinguished by the rich blue of the upper surface and the

beautiful vinous colouring of the flanks.

Aucyong DiemENnensis. Alc. omni superiore corpore intense cyaneo,

ad uropygium et tectrices caude superiores splendidius ; alis nigris

cyaneo lavatis ; guid stramined ; vertice nigro indistincté fasciato.

All the upper surface deep blue, becoming more vivid on the rump

and upper tail-coverts; wings black, washed with blue; throat buff ;

under surface of the body and wings ferruginous orange ; on each side

of the chest a patch of bluish black; lores and a small patch behind

the ears buff; crown of the head indistinctly barred with black ;

irides and bill black ; feet orange.

Total length, 64 inches; bill, 2; wing, 33; tail, 13; tarsi, 3.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.

Remark.—Rather more robust than Alcyone azurea or A. pulchra,

and differing from both in the blue of the upper surface, which is less

brilliant and of a slight greenish tinge.

EépsattTRia LEUcOGASTER. éps. parvo maculo triangulari ante

oculum nigro; vertice, corpore superiore, alis cauddque, saturate

griseis ; corpore inferiore albo.

Immediately before the eye a small triangular-shaped spot of black ;

above the eye a faint line of greyish white; crown of the head, all

the upper surface, wings and tail dark slate-grey; the lateral tail-

feathers largely tipped with white on their inner webs; all the under

surface white ; irides dark brown; bill and feet black.

Total length, 53 inches; bill, 14; wing, 3; tail, 23; tarsi, Z.

Hab. Western Australia.

The sexes are alike in plumage.

Srrerera ancuta. Strep. toto corpore nigro; remigum apicibus

fuscis ; crisso, et pogoniis internis primariorum secundariorumque

ad basin et tertie partis apicalis rectricum albis.

All the plumage black, becoming browner on the tips of the wing-

feathers; base of the inner webs of the primaries and secondaries,

the under tail-coverts and the apical third of the inner webs of the

tail-feathers white; irides yellow; bill and feet black.

Total length, 21 inches; bill, 2; wing, 113; tail, 10; tarsi, 23.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.

Remark.—This is the largest species of the genus I have yet seen.

SrREPERA PLUMBEA. Strep. corpore superiore plumbeo-griseo, ad

frontem loresque multo saturatius; alis nigris; secundariorum

marginibus griseis, apicibus, et crisso, albis.

All the upper surface leaden-grey, becoming much darker on

the forehead and lores; wings black; secondaries margined with

grey and tipped with white; basal half of the inner webs of the pri-

maries white, of the outer webs grey; the remainder of their length

black, slightly tipped with white ; tail black, margined with grey and

largely tipped with white; all the under surface greyish-brown;

under tail-coverts white; irides, bill and feet black.

Total length, 18 inches; bill, 23; wing, 11}; tail, 9; tarsi, 23.

Hab. Western Australia.

STREPERA MELANOPTERA. Strep. corpore superiore cauddque nigris ;

corpore inferiore fusco-nigro, abdomine griseo tincto ; crisso rec-

tricibusque, duabus intermediis exceptis, albis.

All the upper surface, wings and tail black; under surface brown-

ish-black, tinged with grey on the abdomen; under tail-coverts and

tips of all but the two centre tail-feathers white ; irides yellow ; bill

and feet black.

Total length, 19 inches; bill, 2; wing, 11; tail, 9; tarsi, 23.

Hab. South Australia.

Remark.—Distinguished from all other species by the total absence

of any white mark on the wings.

GALLINULA TENEBROSA. Gal. griseo-nigra ; dorso scapularibusque

nigris ; crisso medio nigro ad latera albo.

General plumage greyish-black, with the exception of the back and

scapularies, which are deep brown, and the primaries and tail, which

are nearly pure black; under tail-coverts black in the centre and

pure white on the sides; frontal plate orange ; base of the bill blood-

red; tip greenish yellow; above the knee a garter of yellow and

scarlet ; joints of the legs and feet green; under surface of the legs

and feet olive; the sides of the tarsi and frontal plates of the toes

yellow; frontal plates of the tarsi yellow; those nearest the knee

stained with scarlet ; irides olive.

Total length, 15 inches; bill, 14; wing, 8; tail, 3; tarsi, 23.

Hab, South Australia. ;

Remark.—The above is the description of a female; the male is

supposed to be larger in size, and to differ in being of a paler hue

beneath, and in having the whole of the upper surface brown.

SyLocHELipon strenuvs. Syl. fronte vertice et nuchd nitide nigris ;

dorso alis cauddque pallidé cinereo-griseis ; reliquis plumis albis.

Forehead, crown and nape deep glossy black; back, wings and tail

pale ashy grey, becoming lighter on the tail and deepening into dark

grey on the primaries, the shafts of which are white; remainder of

the plumage pure white; irides black; bill scarlet, stained with

yellow on the sides and tip, and with greenish yellow near the ex-

tremity.

Total length, 203 inches; bill, 4; wing, 163; tail, 63; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Southern coasts of Australia.

Remark.—The above is the description of the plumage of the

breeding season; at other times the head instead of being wholly

black is mottled with black and white.

Sura rersonata. Sul. alba; tectricibus alarum majoribus, secun-

dariis, tertialibus, rectricibus lateralibus, et rectricum intermedi-

arum apicibus, intense fuscis.

The whole of the plumage pure white, with the exception of the

greater wing-coverts, primaries, secondaries, tertiaries, the tips of

the two central and the whole of the lateral tail-feathers, which are

of a rich chocolate-brown ; irides yellow; naked skin of the face and

chin in dead specimen dull bluish black; legs greenish blue.

Total length, 29 inches; bill, 5; wing, 163; tail, 83; tarsi, 24.

Hab. North and north-east coasts of Australia.

Remark,—A very robust and powerful species.

Sho wie alipa

te Sine teatociy eA

Silat Sap ae g '

; Pe as ats? smo

tai

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4] inn Jb sorgthe. at

| ka Senge ui tied Bio se aoa

nh ee es sateny sae ieths “A

akan, mano nie

ie al anh Linap ¥

1 AG aS A

nid “pag canals’ tient Vins alae tata hat

‘Ri Pont) ae prs shen Pw 26 Wit pentkeai Se pia

: Cr Werte vats milesiquils Maaieene Saataribis wwe tae So

ne Ratha nisin walter sag, iatee nadir: Co kar

Ce) Maia sce ks ag Ary a eae dae ee temlceadaby aabgltw whens (Ane

Oiinw a ole Sigxil on Ot whkiterta, pale ivalone ate 8 3 “a

yon, Ka te -¥% Ke ees Pa Neher EO gk oiie't ny

WEG PEs Sher - t ® Ee ates “een : re

Al a ; é Sa

Ne abet tte SOS Paes Ce UY pe) hey vy eh spe

| y é es ee “et Ss

Ses

ne .e. “> 3 * ‘on Fa Nee

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Hue at . , y na

of Ts wy yey vet om orn, g? Dass AO et aids oe : i 5

: , Br es 3 Fe ‘ ; j é

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be ey Oma Sere , ‘ hig

NG TOE} en Se hse Peet cee

} : 4 aed . “due te « wr o- ie P ate, om i,

FI é | rd _ :

be goes Neat ep Ee? et

“eat ie bana: aie

parce agen: ee Cate) keke:

. ;

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. aay i ae | z weits us

re 4 To ©

a bres we fi <A, en Spe tae als

March 10, 1846.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following extract was read from a letter dated Madeira, Feb. 7,

1846, from the Society’s Corresponding Member, the Rev. R. T.

Lowe :—

«I have the pleasure of sending the Society a fine example of the

rare fish Lichia Vadigo, Cuv. and Val., being the first that has occurred

here, and also considered unfrequent in the Mediterranean.”

A paper was then read entitled “ Descriptions of two new species

of Cyprea,” by Lovell Reeve :-—

Cyprza Gasxoinu. Cypr. testd subabbreviato-ovatd, solidiusculd,

lateribus incrassatis, marginatis, dentibus fortiusculis; dorso

Sulvo-stramineo, ocellis albidis, fusco-annulatis, parviusculis, spar-

sim ornato, lateribus castaneo-punctatis, basi albd.

Hab. ?

This interesting species, of which I have seen two specimens, one

in the British Museum and one in the collection of J. S. Gaskoin,

Esq., partakes of the characters of the Cyprea Cumingii and esontro-

pia; the back being covered with the same kind of small clear ringed

eyes as the C. Cumingii. I dedicate it with a great deal of pleasure

to the gentleman above named, to whom I am much indebted for the

zeal with which he has worked out the small and less attractive

species of the genus.

Cypr#a puricariA. Cypr. testd subcylindraceo-oblongd, antice

subdeclivi, latere dextro marginato, leviter contracto, aperturd

angustd, dentibus minutis ; pellucido-albd, vel luted, lateribus dor-

soque punctis rubido-fuscis subconspicuis aspersis.

Hab. :

Allied to C. piperata, but perfectly distinct, though it has been

hitherto mingled with that species in collections; it is of a smaller

and more cylindrically oblong form, and is not banded, whilst the

dots are more conspicuous.

The following paper was also read :—

** Descriptions of three new species of Cyprea,” by J.S. Gaskoin,

Esq.

- Cypra#a PELLUCIDULA. Cyp. testd ovatd, nitidd, albicante subhya-

lind ; costellis continuis ad utrumque latus aperture terminatis ;

dentibus equalibus, minimis, numerosisque ; sulco columellari pro-

Fundo, lato ; lined dorsali nulld ; extremitatibus valde productis et

obtusis ; aperturd rectd, postice subsinuaté.

No. CLVII.—Proceepines oF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society

Semipetiucip Cowry.—Shell ovate, of a beautiful semipellucid

white colour, shining; the ribs—anterior, posterior and dorsal—ter-

minate in teeth on both sides and ends of the aperture, and traverse

the columellar groove to its inner edge; a few ribs do not continue

over the dorsum; the teeth, even, fine, and numerous, about thirty

on the lip; columellar groove, deep and broad ; base round ; margins

wide ; no dorsal impression ; extremities much produced, and obtuse ;

aperture straight, except a slight curve at its posterior extremity.

Size ;1$,ths of an inch.

Hab. South Pacific.

Cab. Gaskoin, &c.

Differs from exigua of Gray, the tremeza of Duclos, in being less

gibbous, ribs more numerous, finer, more even and regular, and but

two or three terminate on the sides of the shell, none on the dorsum;

they pass continuously over the shell from one side of the aperture

to the other; shell perfectly colourless, and has no dorsal line or

impression.

Cyprza Pisum. Cyp. testa spheroidali, pallescente ; costellis pro-

minentibus, ex aperturd ad lineam dorsalem decurrentibus, et in

lineam attenuatam terminantibus ; dentibus prominentibus ; sulco

columellari lato ; aperturd latiusculé posticé fleruosd ; basi rotun-

datd; margine externo incrassato, supra extremitates eztenso ;

extremitatibus crassis ; lined dorsali profundd, ex extremitatibus

posticis ad anticam teste partem continud.

Pza Cowry.—Shell spheroidal, of a very light fawn colour; ribs

large and prominent; nearly every rib extends from the aperture and

terminates generally, tapering to a point, at the dorsal depression ;

mostly the terminations on one side pass between those of the other,

especially on the anterior half of the shell; each third or fourth rib,

amounting to about seven, ends on the lip at the base of the shell ; all

the other ribs on both sides form, by continuance, the teeth, which

are strong and prominent; about twenty-three on the columellar

side of the aperture, which extend across the columellar groove and

serrate its inner edge; those on the outer side or lip about twenty-

one in number; columellar groove broad and deep; aperture rather

wide, curved, particularly at the posterior portion; base round;

margin on the outer side very thick, extending over the beaks; none

on the columellar side; extremities or beaks obtuse, thick, and

slightly produced; dorsal depression deep, extending from between

the posterior extremities to the anterior end of the shell, being more

deeply impressed beside the apex.

Long. ;45,ths of an inch.

Hab. East Indies.

Specimen unicum. Cab. Gaskoin.

The characters of this shell are so distinctive that it bears no re-

lation to any yet described Cyprea; it is nearest in form to Cyprea

formosa of Gaskoin.

Cypraza Putra. Cypr. testa ovatd, nitidd, fusco-rubescente, cos-

tellis dentibusque concoloribus ; costellis usque ad lineam dorsalem

ut plurimum continuis, et ad margines aperture terminantibus ;

sulco columellari albido, margine interno dentibus serrato; aper-

turd angustd ; labio externo extis incrassato ; extremitatibus pau-

lulum productis.

Reppisa-Brown Cowry.—Shell ovate, shining, of a dark reddish-

brown colour; ribs the colour of the shell, mostly terminate at the

dorsal depression; a very few on the sides of the shell, thence ex-

tending to form teeth on both sides of the aperture; on the outer

side or lip about eighteen, and about sixteen on the columellar side ;

columellar groove whitish, the teeth traverse it and serrate its entire

inner edge ; aperture narrow, very slightly spiral ; base round ; margin

thick, none on the columellar side; extremities slightly produced.

Differs from the fusca of Gray, in the ribs of the base, and the

teeth not being white, but of the same colour as the shell; in the

ribs being much finer, in having a dorsal line or impression, and in

being of a deeper and redder colour.

Long. ;25,ths of an inch.

Hab. ?

Cab. Gaskoin, &c.

March 24, 1846.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The first communication was the following Note from Mr. Gulliver,

on the size of the Blood-Corpuscles of Birds, with measurements by

Dr. Davy of the Blood-Corpuscles of some Fishes and of a Humming

Bird.

While my friend Dr. Davy was employed by our Government on

a special medical service at Constantinople, and afterwards as princi-

pal medical officer at Barbadoes, he communicated to me the mea-

surements, appended hereto, of the blood-corpuscles of some animals.

Medical officers residing in different parts of the world might

render a very acceptable service to physiology, by giving an account

of the blood-corpuscles not yet examined of various animals; and

doubtless some new or otherwise interesting facts would thus be ob-

tained, especially among the larger Cetacea, the smallest birds, the

cartilaginous fishes, reptiles and amphibia.

Dr. Davy shows that some-fcetal sharks, six or seven inches long,

have oval corpuscles like those of the adult; and he confirms Pro-

fessor Wagner’s observation as to their large size in this family.

Although, in a strictly natural family of Mammalia, as the Rodents

or the Ruminants, there is a relation between the size of the corpus-

cles and that of the animal, there is no such relation in Mammalia -

of different ordérs. But in the entire class of Birds the law for the

size of the corpuscles is the same as in a single family of Mammalia ;

at least among birds no example has yet been found of comparatively

large corpuscles in the smallest species and of more minute corpus-

cles in the largest species. I have elsewhere* remarked the neces-

sity of examining the blood of the Humming Birds with reference to

this view ; which is now supported by Dr. Davy’s observation, show-

ing that the corpuscles of a bird of this kind are as small as those

hitherto examined of any bird, as may be seen by reference to the

copious tables of my measurements of the blood-corpuscles of Verte-

brata, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ October 14,

184@. The long diameter of the corpuscles of Rallus Philippinensis

is 1-2097th of an inch, and not 1-2997th, as there printed. In my

observations in this class, those great birds the Ostrich and the Java-

nese Cassowary were found to have the largest blood-corpuscles ;

while the smallest corpuscles occurred in the little insectivorous and

granivorous birds. The average length of the corpuscles of the Cas-

sowary was 1-1455th and their breadth 1-2800th of an inch.

These remarks all refer to the red corpuscles; and the measure-

ments of them in the following notes by Dr. Davy are, like all my

measurements, in vulgar fractions of an English inch.—G. G.

* Gerber’s Anatomy, Appendix, p, 26. Lond. 1842.

Torpedo oculata.—Blood from heart: long diameter of the corpus-

cles about 1-800; short diameter 1-1000. Some further particulars

have been given respecting them in a paper deposited in the archives

of the Royal Society. ¢

Spigota (Perca marina).—Blood from vessels of gills: long dia-

meter of corpuscles from 1-4000 to 1-3750; short diameter 1-4000.

Pylamedes (Thynnus Pylamedes).—Long diameter of corpuscles

about 1-2000; short diameter about 1-3000.

A small species of Mackerel, corpuscles 1-2286 by 1-4000. Taken

from the heart; oil particles four times as large were mixed with the

red particles.

A small fish ; species of it I have not yet made out; corpuscles about

1-4000 to 1-3000, by about 1-6000.

Another species I have not yet made out; particles about 1-3000

by 1-4000.

Another small species, not made out; particles, most of them cir-

cular, about 1-4000; a few elliptical.

Sword-fish.—Particles, long diameter, from 1-2000 to 1-3200;

short diameter, 1-5200 to 1-5333.

Red Mullet.—Many particles circular, about 1-4000 ; some ellip-

' tical, about 1-2286 by 1-3200.

John Dory.—Corpuscles 1-1777 by 1-2666 ; some nearly circular.

A species of large Mackerel; corpuscles about 1-2000 to 1-2666,

by about 1-4000.

Small spotted Dog-fish.—Corpuscles about 1-1333 by 1-2000.

Sturgeon.—Corpuscles about 1-1600 by 1-2666.

Squalus acanthias—Corpuscles about 1-1231 by 1-1777 ; nucleus

elliptical.

Brown spotted Dog-fish.—Corpuscles from 1-1000 to 1-1148, by

1-1600 to 1-1455.

Tunny (Thynnus communis).—Corpuscles 1-1600 by 1-2666.

Eel, species I have not made out; corpuscles about 1-2000 by

1-3200; a few circular.

A species of small fish I have not yet made out; corpuscles about

1-2666 by 1-4000.

A species of Scyllium, a cartilaginous fish, probably a new species.

I have sent a specimen to Chatham. Corpuscles about 1-1000 by

1-2000.

In a female of the same kind some of the blood-particles were as

large as 1-666 by 1-888; nucleus about 1-2666 and globular.

Feetus of Squalus acanthias ; corpuscles about 1-1000 by 1-1600:

foetus about seven inches long.

Feetus of Squalus squatina, about six inches long ; corpuscles about

1-1000 by 1-1338.

Small fish ; I have not yet made out the species ; corpuscles about

1-2000 by 1-2666.

Another small fish, the kind of which is at present unknown to me;

corpuscles about 1-2666; the majority of them circular.

These are the results of the few observations I made in Constan-

tinople. Not having books to refer to, I could not at the time deter-

mine several of the fishes, nor have I yet had leisure to compare my

notes with authorities on the subject, to make out the species. The

size of the particles of a// the cartilaginous fishes is very much larger

than of the osseous; the particles were few in number, transparent,

soft, readily changing their shape from slight pressure ; nuclei distinct.

I have given the dimensions just as I noted them down. All the

fishes were fresh. J.D.

Constantinople, Jan. 8, 1842.

I have had a Humming Bird killed and instantly brought to me;

its bloud-corpuscles were beautifully definite, regular and uniform.

The disc very thin, perfectly flat, the nucleus slightly raised, and the

two corresponding in outline. The corpuscle 1-2666th by 1-4000th

of an inch; the long diameter of the nucleus very nearly 1-4000th.

The blood was small in quantity, as I apprehend is the blood of birds

generally, but not deficient in red corpuscles. I have found its tem-

perature to be about 105°. Whilst its solid food is insects, I believe

its drink is the sweet juice of flowers: I have not a book to refer to

for the species. Tail-feathers black ; head green ; rump green; wings

brownish, almost black. _ J.D.

Barbadoes, Jan. 7, 1846.

The next paper was entitled ‘‘ Descriptions of thirty new species

of Helicea, belonging to the collection of H. Cuming, Esq.,” by Dr.

L. Pfeiffer :—

1. Hexix Swarnsont, Pfr. Hel. testa umbilicatd, utrinque depres-

sissimd, tenui, pellucidd, subarcuatim ruguloso-striatd, virescenti-

fulvd, lineis 2 rufis ornatd ; anfractibus 5 depressis, medio con-

veaxiusculis, carinatis ; carind rufescente, acutd, breviter promi-

nente, subrugulosd ; umbilico mediocri, profundo; aperturd per-

obliqud, depresse securiformi ; peristomate simplice, recto, margine

columellari subincrassato.

Diam. 16, alt. 5 mill.

From Tahiti; under stones (B. W. Tucker, Esq.).

2. Heurx stenostoma, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, globuloso-

depressd, solidd, sublevigatd, nitidd, albd, fascid unicd fuscd ad

peripheriam et seriebus 2 macularum aurantiarum ornatd, punc-

tisque griseis obsoleté aspersd ; anfractibus 43 vix conveviusculis,

ultimo ventroso, antice abrupte deflexo; apertura subhorizontali,

ellipticd ; peristomate albo, labiato, marginibus approximatis, su-

pero breviter expanso, basali arcuato, appresse reflexo.

Diam. 13-15, alt. 84-9 mill.

Locality unknown.

3. Butimus noxostoma, Pfr. Bul. testd. rimato-perforatd, cylin-

draced, apice obtuso, opaco, carneo-cinereo, oblique et validé pli-

cato-costato; anfractibus 7 subplanulatis, deorsum attenuatis,

superne subangulatis, ultimo | longitudinis subequante ; apertura

verticali, oblongd, integrd ; peristomate simplice, acuto, margini-

bus subparallelis, supero breviter soluto.

_ Long. 9, diam. 22 mill.

From Cobija, Bolivia, on the hills under bushes (H. Cuming).

The same species brought from the Sandwich Islands by B. W. Tucker,

Esq.?

4. Buurmus Lear, Pfr.' Bul. testé imperforatd, ovato-conoided,

obtusd, soliduld, oblique tenuiter striatd, nitidd, fulvescenti-albd ;

anfractibus 53 convexiusculis, ultimo spird breviore, basi subglo-

boso ; columella strictiusculd, declivi, perdilatatd, subplanatd, basi

subtruncatd ; aperturd obsolete subtetragono-rotundatd, intus albé ;

peristomate breviter expanso, subincrassato.

Long. 37, diam. 24 mill.

From the Philippine Islands (H. Cuming).

Nearly allied to Bul. cincinniformis.

5. Buximus runesrratus, Pfr. Bul. testd perforatd, subfusiformi-

oblongd, soliduld, longitudinaliter profunde undulato-sulcosd, albd,

fascis infra 65, et strigis undulatis nigricanti-castaneis fenestratd ;

suturd crenulatd ; anfractibus 64 convexiusculis, ultimo spiram

conicam, acutam pauld superante ; columella subplicatd, oblique

recedente, lilaced ; aperturd oblongo-semiovali, intus lilacind } pe-

ristomate expanso, margine columellari superné angulatim reflexo,

subappresso.

Long. 45, diam.-18 mill.

From Mexico. .s

6. Burimus Darwint, Pfr. Bul. testd profund? rimatd, ovato-

conicd, soliduld, rugis nodulatis et crispis, validé sculptis, sordide

albidis ; spird conicd, apice acutiusculo, corneo; anfractibus 6

converis, 3 supremis sublevigatis, ultimo spiram subequante ;

columellaé subtortd, subverticali ; aperturd latd, subovali, intus

nitiduld, albd, tuberculo calloso, profundo in ventre anfractds pe-

nultimi coarctatd; peristomate simplice, recto, margine dextro

superne arcuato, columellari perdilatato, patente.

Long. 17, diam. 19 mill.

From the Gallapagos Islands ; found on bushes (C. Darwin, Esq.).

7. Buzimus scutpruratus, Pfr. Bul. testd perforata, ovato-tur-

ritd, tenuiusculd, longitudinaliter subremote et valid2 undulato-

rugosd, interstitiis rugarum spiraliter argut? striatd, fusculd, spird

elongato-conicd, apice acutiusculo, corneo ; anfractibus 7 convezis,

ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante ; columella strictd, basin aper-

ture attingente ; aperturd ellipticd, basi angulatd; peristomate

simplice, acuto, margine columellari fornicatim reflezo, libero.

Long. 14, diam. 63 mill.

From the Gallapagos Islands; found on bushes (Darwin).

8. Burrmus Honpurasanus, Pfr. Bul. testd apert? perforatd

ovato-conicd, levigatd, nitidd, flavescenti-albidd, fasciis 3 aredque

umbilicali fusco-roseis ornatd ; anfractibus 6 vie convexiusculis,

ultimo spird conicd, acutd pauld breviore ; columeild strictd, ver-

ticali ; aperturd ovali-oblongd, intus concolore ; peristomate sim-

plice, recto, margine columellari in laminam triangularem subfor-

nicatam expanso.

Long. 18}, diam. 10 mill.

From Honduras (Dyson).

9. Burrus sarcopss, Pfr. Bul. testd aperte perforatd, oblongo-

conicd, tenui, striatuld, lineis spiralibus sub lente obsoletissimée

decussatd, carned ; spird conicd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 6 con-

vexiusculis, ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante ; columelld leviter

arcuatd; aperturd ovali, intus nitidd ; peristomate recto, acuto,

margine dextro arcuato, columellari dilatato, fornicatim patente.

Long. 17}, diam. 8 mill.

From Honduras (Dyson).

10. Buriwus Tucker, Pfr. Bul. testd perforatd, cylindraceo-

subulatd, tenui, longitudinaliter distincté striatd, nitiduld, cered ;

spird elongata, apice acutiusculo ; anfractibus 9 convexiusculis,

ultimo 1 longitudinis vie equante ; columella oblique recedente ;

aperturd ovali-oblongd ; peristomate simplice, acuto, margine co-

lumellari superné dilatato, patente.

Long. 9, diam. 23 mill.

From Sir Charles Hardy’s Island, Pacific Ocean (B. W. Tucker,

Esq.).

11. Butimvus Grunert, Pfr. Bul. testd anguste perforatd, cylin-

draceo-turritd, levigatd, nitidd, albidd unicolore vel fusco oblique

strigaté vel macularum spadicearum seriebus nonnullis cingulata ;

spird elongatd, apice acuto; suturd albo-marginatd ; anfractibus

7-8 planis, ultimo 2 longitudinis equante ; columelld subtortd ;

apertura ovali-oblongd ; peristomate simplice, recto, margine colu-

mellari basi subexpanso, superne fornicatim reflexo.

Long. 28, diam. 10 mill.

3. Perforatione apertd, margine peristomatis fornicatim patente.

From Mexico.

12. Burrmus Vincenrinus, Pfr. Bul. testd subperforatd, fusi-

formi, tenui, levigatd, lineis concentricis leviter impressis sculptd,

nitidd, pellucidd, lutescenti-hyalind, fasciis 5 subequalibus violaceo-

fuscis ornatd ; spird conicd, apice acutiusculo, nigro ; anfractibus

6 planiusculis, ultimo spiram subequante, basi attenuato ; columelld

pauld recedente ; apertura obligud, ovali-oblongd, intus concolore ;

peristomate tenui, margine dextro breviter expanso, superne dila-

tato, columellari in laminam triangularem angulatim reflexo, per-

Forationem feré claudente.

Long. 30, diam. 113 mill.

3. unicolor citrind vel stramined, paulo gracilior.

Long. 30, diam. 103 mill.

From the Island of St. Vincents (Rev. L. Guilding): var. 8. from

Venezuela; on bushes (Linden).

——

13. Burrmus Orpienyi, Pfr. Bul. testd umbilicatd, oblongo-tur-

ritd, tenui, regulariter et confertim plicatd, albd ; spird turritd,

acutd ; anfractibus 74 convexiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis sub-

e@quante ; umbilico angusto, aperto ; columella vix arcuatd ; aper-

turd oblonga ; peristomate simplice, acuto; marginibus subparallelis

superne conniventibus, columellari subfornicato, patente.

Long. 19, diam. 8 mill.

Locality unknown.

14. Buximus Periti, Pfr. Bul. testd perforata, ovato-conicd, soli-

' duld, longitudinaliter rugoso-striatd, striis concentricis, irregula-

ribus obsoletissime subdecussatd, fuscd ; spird conicd, apice obtuso,

pallido ; suturd crenulatd, albido-marginatd ; anfractibus 6 plani-

usculis, ultimo spiram pauld superante ; columelld leviter arcuatd ;

aperturd acuto-ovali, intus nitiduld, lividd ; peristomate simplice,

recto, margine dextro acuto, columellari dilatato, albido, liberé

reflexo.

Long. 26, diam. 16 mill.

From Peru.

15. Butimus Sanpwicensis, Pfr. Bul. testd perforatd, cylindraceo-

turritd, apice acutiusculo, tenui, striatulo, corneo, strigis albis,

opacis, irregularibus, variegato ; anfractibus 10 vix conveviusculis,

ultimo + longitudinis non equante, basi circa perforationem aper-

tam subcompresso ; aperturd oblongo-ovali ; peristomate simplice,

tenui, margine dextro leviter arcuato, expansiusculo, columellari

membranaceo, fornicato, patente.

Long. 15, diam. 43 mill.

From the Sandwich Islands (B. W. Tucker, Esq.).

16. Pura pacrrica, Pfr. Pup. testd profundeé rimatd, ovato-cylin-

draced, apice obtusiusculo, solidulo, sublevigato, fusco-corneo ;

anfractibus 53 convezis, ultimo 1 longitudinis subequante ; aper-

turd semiovali, edentuld ; peristomate breviter expanso, intus albo-

labiato, margine dextro superné breviter curvato, tuberculo calloso

interdum juxtaposito, columellari latiore, patente.

Long. 44, diam. 23 mill.

From Sir Charles Hardy’s- Island, Pacific Ocean (B. W. Bese!

Esq.).

17. AcwaTina cyLinpRACEA, Pfr. Ach. testd subcylindracea utrin-

que breviter attenuatd, levigatd, nitidd, lutescenti-corned ; suturd

lineari, albo-marginatd ; spird brevi, conoided, obtusiusculd ; an-

Sractibus 5 planulatis, ultimo 2 longitudinis equante ; columellé

tortd, lamind callosd, alba, acute prominente, per longitudinem

munitd, subtruncatd ; aperturd angustd, acuminato-oblongd, basi

rotundatd ; peristomate simplice, margine dexiro medio antrorsum

dilatato.

Long. 13, diam. 5} mill.

From Tortilla, Central America; in damp places.

Belongs, by the formation of the columella, to that aberrant group

of A. columna, Lattrei, aberrans, Dysoni, anomala, splendida, &c.

18. Acuatina Dysont, Pfr. Ach. testd oblongo-conicd, tenuissimd,

glabra, pellucida, nitidd, lutescenti-corned ; spird conicd, obtusius-

culd ; suturd simplice ; anfractibus 5 convexiusculis, ultimo 2 lon-

gitudinis subequante, deorsum subdilatato ; columelld arcuatim

tortd, subcallosd, vinx truncatd; aperturd angustd, acuminato-

oblongd, basi rotundatd; perisiomate simplice, tenut, margine

dextro medio anirorsum dilatato.

Long. 94, diam. 4 mill.

From Honduras; found under decayed leaves by Mr. Dyson.

19. Acnatina Sanpwicensis, Pfr. Ach. testd ovato-conicd, ob-

lique striatd, subopacd, sordidé corned ; spird conicd, obtusiusculd ;

suturd lined impressd marginatd ; anfractibus 6} planulatis, ultimo

4 longitudinis vix superante; columelld arcuatd, plicato-tortd ;

aperturd latd, semiovali; peristomate simplice, margine dextro

obtuso, columellari subreflexo, appresso.

Long. 7, diam. 33 mill.

From the Sandwich Islands (B. W. Tucker, Esq.).

20. Acnatina (Guanpina) Sowersyana, Pfr. Ach. testd ovato-

Susiformi, tenuiusculd, diaphand, longitudinaliter confertim plicatd,

strits spiralibus, inequaliter distantibus decussato-granulatd, fulvo-

rubella, strigis remotis, fuscis ornatd; spird conicd, apice acutd ;

suturd albo-marginatd, crenulatd; anfractibus 7} planiusculis,

ultimo & longitudinis subequante ; columella arcuatd, basi abrupte

truncatd ; aperturd acuminato-oblongd ; peristomate simplice, mar-

ginibus callo tenui junctis, dextro repando.

Long. 88, diam. 38 mill.

From Totontepec, Mexico; on decayed vegetable matter.

21. Acuatina (Guanpina) IsaBELLIna, Pfr. Ach. testd fusi-

Sormi-oblongd, tenui, nitidd, sub lente spiraliter confertim striatd,

pellucida, isabellind ; suturd lined impressd marginatd ; anfracti-

éus 6 convexiusculis, ultimo spird conicd, obtusd vix breviore ;

columella obliqud, strictiusculd, supra basin aperture elliptico-

oblonge breviter truncatd ; peristomate simplice, obtuso.

Long. 26, diam. medio 10 mill.

From Mexico; found in decayed trunks of trees.

22. Acuatrna (Guanpina) Tortituana, Pfr. Ach. testd subfusi-

Sormi-ovatd, soliduld, strits longitudinalibus, confertis regulariter

sculptd, nitidd, pellucidd, pallide corned, maculis et strigis opacis,

lactescentibus irregulariter signatd ; suturd submarginatd ; anfrac-

tibus 73 convexiusculis, ultimo spiram conicam, obtusam, vir supe-

rante ; columelld fortiter arcuatd, supra basin aperture elliptico-

oblonge abrupte truncata; peristomate simplice, obtuso, margine

dextro medio subdilatato.

Long. 20, diam. medio 8 mill.

From Tortilla, Central America; in damp places.

23. Buximus auratus, Pfr. Bul. testd subobtecte perforatd, ob-

longo-turritd, tenui, longitudinaliter subtiliter striata, pellucidd,

auratd, lineis saturatioribus spiralibus obsolet? notatd ; spird tur-

ritd, obtusd ; suturd submarginatd, minute crenulatd ; anfractibus

7 viz convexiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis vix equante ; columella

strictiusculd ; aperturd ovali-oblongd ; peristomate simplice, recto,

margine columellari breviter reflexo, subappresso.

Long. 30, diam. 10 mill.

Locality unknown.

24. Buiimus Panarensis, Pfr. Bul. testd imperforatd, subulatd,

tenui, levigatd, pellucidd, cereo-hyalind ; spird elongata, apice

obtuso ; anfractibus 8 latis, vix convexiusculis, ultimo + longitu-

dinis vix equante ; columelld brevi, strictiusculd ; aperturd ovali-

oblongd, basi subangulatd ; peristomate simplice, recto, margine

columellari breviter reflexo, appresso.

Long. 11, diam. 23 mill.

From Dingle, island of Panay (Cuming).

25. Buximus perspectivus, Pfr. Bul. testd umbilicatd, oblongo-

conicd, tenut, striatuld, pellucidd, nitidd, rufo-corned ; spird elon-

gato-conicd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 7 conveviusculis, ultimo 2

longitudinis equante, basi subangulatim compresso ; umbilico an-

gusto, profunde perspectivo ; aperturd oblongd ; peristomate sim-

plice, rufo, marginibus conniventibus, callo tenui junctis, dextro

breviter expanso, columellari dilatato, patente.

Long. 16, diam, 63 mill.

Locality unknown.

26. Buuimus Merrpanvus, Pfr. Bul. testd perforatd, oblongo-

subfusiformi, striatuld, levigatd, lutescenti-albidd, fasciis angustis

ceruleo-fuscis, vel latis castaneis, strigatim interruptis ornatd ;

spird turrito-conicd, acutiusculdé ; anfractibus 6 planiusculis, ul-

timo spiram equante ; columelld leviter arcuatd ; aperturd oblongo-

ovali, intus concolore ; peristomate simplice, margine dectro bre-

viter expanso, columellari dilatato, fornicatim reflexo, albo, perfo-

rationem fere occultante.

Long. 29, diam. 11 mill.

From Merida, Andes of Bolivia.

27. Butimus Montevipensis, Pfr. Bul. testd perforatd, ovato-

conicd, subfusiformi, tenui, oblique striatuld, non nitente, albidd,

opacd, lineis longitudinalibus crebris, pellucidis, pallide corneis

strigatd ; spird conicd, apice acuto; anfractibus 7-8 planiusculis,

ultimo spird pauld breviore, interdum medio obsolete angulato ;

columelld verticali, strictd ; aperturd oblongo-ovali; peristomate

simplice, recto, margine columellari membranaceo, fornicatim re-

flexo.

Long. 28, diam. 12 mill.

From Montevideo, Buenos Ayres.

28. Buxrmus Jussrev1, Val. Mur. Bul. testd perforatd, ovato-

conicd, striis rudibus incrementi spiralibusque minutis irregulariter

decussato-granulatd, corned, oblique albido-strigatd ; spird conicd,

acutiuscula ; anfractibus 6 convexiusculis, ultimo spiram equante ;

colunelld recedente, subarcuatd ; aperturd ovali, intus nitidé albd ;

peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari albido, dilatato,

subfornicatim reflexo.

Long. 32, diam. 15 mill.

From Cusoo.

29. Buxurmus Boxivianus, Pfr. Bul. testd perforatd, oblongo-

turritd, lineis impressis sub lente minutissimé decussatd, nitidd,

albido-rubelld, fasciis latis, badiis, subinterruptis ornatd; spird

turritd, apice acuto, rubro ; anfractibus 7 planis, ultimo convex-

iusculo, 4 longitudinis subequante ; columella torto-plicatd, rosea ;

apertura ovali-oblongd, intus concolore; peristomate simplice,

margine dextro breviter expanso, columellari perdilatato, reflexo,

excavato, perforationem rimeformem fere tegente.

Long. 33, diam. 13 mill.

From Merida, Andes of Bolivia.

30. Buximus Oparanus, Pfr. Bul. tesié subimperforatd, subulatd,

longitudinaliter distincte striatd, tenui, hyalino-ceredé; spird subu-

latd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 9 vir conveviusculis, ultimo 2 longi-

tudinis subequante ; columelld vir arcuatd ; aperturd oblongo-ovali ;

peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari fornicatim brevis-

simé reflexo, adnato

Long. 11, diam. 3 mill. (Spec. max.)

From the island of Opara; found in earth at the roots of plants

(H. Cuming, Esq.).

The following paper was also read, entitled “‘ Descriptions of new

species of Shells,” by Dr. J. H. Jonas :—

CucuLLzZA GRANULOSA, Jonas. Cuc. testa quadrato-rhombed, tur-

gidd, tenuiusculd, inequivalvi, testaceo-albd, violaceo-rubro postice

presertim maculatd et flammulata ; lateribus superné attenuatis,

angulatis, antico breviore, infra rotundato, postico longiore, suban-

gulato-declivi, umbonibus acutis incurvis, carind ab umbone ad

angulum posticum et inferum decurrente; per longitudinem dense

striatd, liris striis transversalibus decussantibus subtiliter granulo-

sis ; ligamenti area mediocri, corio corneo nigro indutd ; intus alba

posticé violaceo tinctd, margine serrata, auriculd internd mediocri,

cardinis dentibus lateralibus anticis tribus, posticis quatuor.

Long. marginis ventralis, 23 poll. ; altit. 2; crassities, 1? poll.

Specimina etiam majora vidi.

Hab. In Mari Chinensi.

This shell differs from the Cucullea concamerata, Martini. (Cucul-

lea auriculifera, Lam.), as follows: 1. It is thinner and less trans-

versally prolonged; 2, the elevated longitudinal striz are not flat,

and not broader than the interstices, as with the other species, ap-

pearing subtilely granulated by transversely crossing and very close

strie ; 3, the ligamentary area is somewhat flatter; 4, the internal

auricles are smaller; and 5, there are on the anterior side three and

on the posterior four lateral teeth, whilst the other species has on

each side one tooth less. (Cardine utrinque subbicostato, Lam.)

VENERUPIS TENUISTRIATA, Jonas, Ven. testd ovatd, transversd, equi-

valvi, inequilaterali, albd, striis radiantibus tenuibus undulatis,

sulcis incrementi distantibus decussatis, concinné sculptd ; lateribus

rotundatis, marginibus dorsali et ventrali parallelis leviterque ar-

cuatis ; lanuld nulla, ligamento longo, prominente, umbonibus parvis

acutis ; cardine utriusque valve dentibus tribus compressis ; im-

pressionibus musculorum magnis, rotundis, sinu palliari lato, pro-

Sundo, semilunari.

Long. 15, altit. 9, crassit. 6 lin.

Hab. Apud Singaporen.

Exstat in museo hon. Gruner.

The umbones are situated so near the anterior end that the su-

perior margin of the shell almost forms the area.

FascroLaria cLiava, Jonas. Fasc. testd subfusiformi-clavatd, ven-

tricosissimd, crassd, ponderosa, nodosd, alba, rubro variegata, filis

fuscis transversim impresso-striatd ; anfractibus octo medio angu-

latis, tuberculis magnis compressis in angulo coronatis ; ultimo

superne angulato et coronato, infra angulum seriebus tribus nodo-

rum obtusorum armato; suturd undulatd, crispd ; caudd spire

subequali, oblique funiculatd, rectd, inferne subrecurvd ; aperturd

oblongo-ovatd, intus hepaticd, aurantio tenuissimé striatd, labro

crasso, dentato ; dentibus striis externis respondentibus ; columella

cylindraced, hepaticd, basi triplicatd.

Long. 53, lat. 34 poll.

Hab. In Oc. India.

AMPHIBOLA OBVOLUTA, Jonas. Amph. testd solidd, nitidd, superné

pland, inferné convexd, late umbilicatd ; anfractibus quatuor obvo-

lutis, suturd profundd divisis, transverse striatis, albis : ultimo zonis

duabus latis, glaucis obsolete balteato, obtuse superné angulato ;

aperturd ovatd, labro posticé subexciso, columelld rectd, callosis-

simd, callo umbilicum latum pro parte tegente ; regione umbilicali

et callo fuscis.

Altit. ab apice ad aperture basin, 8; ad ultimi anfractis basin, 6 ;

diameter major 104, minor 8; aperture long. 63, latit. 33 lin.

Patria, Australia meridionalis.

Exstat in museo hon. Gruner.

Schumacher was the first who in his ‘ Essai d’un nouveau Systéme

des habitations des vers testacés, 4 Copenhague 1817,’ elevated the

Nerita nux avellana, Chemn., to a peculiar genus, which he named

Amphibola, Lamarck ranged it among the Ampullarias, till Quoy and

Gaimard separated it, after careful examination of the animal, from

this genus, and instituted it the type of the genus Ampullacera.

It appears from this that Amphibola and Ampullacera are identical,

and that the first denomination has the priority.

Our species is very like to the Amphibola avellana, but may how-

ever be distinguished from it by the following differences :—1, it is

thicker ; 2, the whorls are lying in one plane, the spire is depressed,

not elevated, as with the other species; and the last whorl, which

almost entirely forms the whole shell, is very much drawn down;

3, it is not perforated, and although largely umbilicated, yet the

other smaller whorls are not visible in the umbilic; and 4, it distin-

guishes itself by a very callous columella, which partly propagates

over the spire, following the suture at a distance of five lines.

April 14, 1846.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

A collection of forty-six Bird-skins from India, received from Col.

Sykes, was exhibited to the Meeting. ‘The collection was of interest

from containing specimens of several species obtained further north

than it is hitherto recorded that they have been observed.

The following communications were read: “‘ Descriptions of twenty

new species of Helicea, in the collection of H. Cuming, Esq.,” by

Dr. L. Pfeiffer :—

1. Hexix sururauis, Pfr. Hel. testd-late umbilicatd, depressd,

subdiscoided, tenui, sub lente minutissimé granulosa, fusco~corned ;

spird pland, medio subimmersd ; suturd profundd ; anfractibus 4

convexissimis, ultimo antice descendente; apertura perobliqud,

subcirculari ; peristomate simplice, marginibus conniventibus, dex-

tro recto, superne fornicato, columellari subrecedente, arcuato,

basalique breviter reflexo.

Diam. 10, alt. 4 mill.

Found at Honduras under decayed leaves by Mr. Dyson.

Nearly allied to H. Nystiana.

2. Hexrx Canpauanrica, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, orbiculato-

convexiusculd, oblique striatuld, nitiduld, fuscescenti-albidd, fasciis

angustis, maculosé interruptis, nigricantibus et rufis ornatd ; spird

vie elevatd, apice nitido, corneo; anfractibus 5 conveviusculis,

ultimo antice non descendente ; umbilico infundibuliformi, anfrac-

tuum penultimum late monstrante, medio angustissimo ; aperturd

obliqud, lunato-ovali ; peristomate acuto, intus subremoté labiato,

marginibus conniventibus, columellari viz dilatato.

Diam. 16, alt. 7% mill.

From Candahar, East Indies (Benson).

3. Hetrx auzacosprra, Pfr. Hel. testd late umbilicatd, depressd,

discoided, tenui, irregulariter et leviter malleatd, lineis impressis,

concentricis, confertis regulariter sulcatd, lutescenti-corned ; spird

pland ; anfractibus 44 depressis, celeriter accrescentibus ; umbilico

lato, perspectivo ; aperturd subverticali, oblique lunato-ovali ; pe-

ristomate simplice, tenui, margine columellari non reflexo.

Diam. 12, alt. 45 mill.

Locality unknown.

4. Hexix Gosser, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, orbiculato-conoided,

tenui, irreguluriter plicatulo-striatd, non nitente, diaphand, fulvidd,

fascid unicd periphericd, angustd, castaned, alterdque superiore

Nos. CLVIII. CLIX. & CLX.—Procrepines or THE ZooL. Soc.

obsoletd ornatd; spird breviter conoided, obtusd ; anfractibus 5

planiusculis, ultimo basi subplanulato ; columelld declivi, angustd,

pland, introrsum acutd ; aperturd obliqud, elliptico-lunari, intus

concolore ; peristomate simplice, tenui, recto.

Diam. 16, alt. 9 mill.

From the Blue Mountains (Jamaica), under stones ; found by Mr.

Gosse.

5. Hexrx Monrrortiana, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, turbinatd,

crassd, ponderosd, nigricanti-rufd, epidermide fusco-cinered hy-

drophand indutd ; spird conoided, apice obtuso, nudo, nitido, vio-

laceo-purpurascente ; anfractibus 45 vix convewviusculis, ultimo

angulato ; angulo antice evanescente ; columelld declivi, callosd,

albd, basi subdentatd ; aperturd subtetragond, intus nitideé alba ;

peristomate breviter reflexo, nigro-fusco limbato.

Diam. 31, alt. 22 mill.

From the Philippine Islands.

This shell appears intermediate between Hel. Bruguiercana, Pfr.,

and carbonaria, Sow.

6. AcuatineLta Roun, Pfr. Ach. testd ovato-conicd, longitudi-

naliter striatuld, striis spiralibus, confertissimis decussatd, albido-

fulvd, fasciis angustis castaneis varie ornatd ; spird conicd, acuti-

usculd ; anfractibus 6 vix convexiusculis, ultimo spiram subequante,

medio compresso ; columelld torid, callosd, vix dentatd ; aperturd

subtetragond, intus nitide lacted ; peristomate recto, intus labiato,

marginibus subparallelis, dextro supern® breviter curvato.

Long. 24, diam. 13 mill.

From the Sandwich Islands (Capt. Rohr).

7. ACHATINELLA T2NIoLATA, Pfr. Ach. testd ovato-oblongd, solidd,

striatuld, nitidd, albd, fasciis variis fuscis, deorsum obsoletioribus

ornatd ; spird conicd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 6 conveviusculis,

ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante ; columella albd, supern® valide

dentato-plicatd ; aperturd irregulariter semiovali, intus albd, nitidd ;

peristomate extus brevissime incrassato, intus valde labiato, mar-

gine columellari dilatato, reflexo, appresso.

Long. 20, diam. medio 11 mill.

From the Sandwich Islands.

8. Burimvus (Partuta) amasitis, Pfr. Bul. testd sinistrorsd, sub-

perforata, ovato-turritd, soliduld, striatuld, nitidd, citrind, apice

acuto rubicundo ; suturd albo-marginatd ; anfractibus 5, supremis

planis, reliquis convezis, ultimo inflato, spird breviore ; columella

subsimplice, vix plicutd ; aperturd oblongo-semiovali ; peristomate

subincrassato, albo, ecpanso-reflexiusculo, margine columellari lato,

plano, patente.

Long. 23, diam. 115 mill.

{. Pauld minor, fasciis latis nigricanti-castaneis ornatus, peristomate

Susco-livido.

From Annaa or Chain Island.

9. Burimus (Parruta) Ganymepes, Pfr. Bul. testa umbilicatd,

oblongo-conicd, tenut, striis incrementi crebris lineisque undulatis,

confertissimis, impressis minute decussatd, scabriusculd, sub epi-

dermide citrind fugacissimd albicante, non nitente ; spird conicd,

acutiusculd ; anfractibus 55 conveviusculis, ultimo spiram sub-

e@quante, medio obsoletissime angulato, fascid unicd latiusculd cas-

taned ornato ; columelld strictiusculd ; aperturd oblongd, superné

oblique truncatd ; peristomate simplice, tenui, undique lat? expanso.

Long. 23, diam. 104 mill.

From the Society Islands.

10. Buximus (Partura) Hess, Pfr. Bul. testd perforatd, globoso-

conicd, tenui, sub lente minutissime decussatd, hyalind; spird

brevi, conicd, acutd; anfractibus 44 planis, ultimo spiram supe-

rante, globoso ; columelld brevi, subplicatd ; aperturd latd, subse-

micirculari, callo dentiformi profundo in ventre anfractis penulti-

mi coarctatd ; peristomate intus albo-calloso, undique breviter ex-

panso.

Long. 16, diam. 9 mill.

From the Society Islands (Mr. Mallet).

11. Buzimus (Partua) 1saBEeLLinus, Pfr. Bul. testd subperfo-

rata, oblongo-conicd, solidd, striatuld, isabellind; spird conicd

acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5 convexiusculis, supremis lineis impres-

sis, spiralibus tenuissimeé sculptis, ultimo spird pauld breviore, basi

antice rotundato ; columella alba, plicato-gibbd ; aperturd oblongo-

ovali, callo dentiformi, profundo in ventre anfractds penultimi

coarctatd ; peristomate calloso, albo, late expanso, reflexiusculo,

margine columellari dilatato, sinuato-reflexo.

Long. 22, diam. 10 mill.

Locality unknown.

12. Bunimus (Partura) rapionatus, Pfr. Bul. testd subperfo-

ratd, oblongo-attenuatd, apice obtuso, tenui, lineis spiralibus im-

pressis, distantiusculis sculptd, pallidé stramined, strigis saturatio-

ribus et linets fuscis radiolatd ; anfractibus 5 conveviusculis, ultimo

spiram subequante, antice basi tumido; columelld brevi, breviter

recedente ; aperiurd oblique ovali, intus nitidd, flavd ; peristomate

simplice, tenui, albo, expanso, margine dextro strictiusculo, colu-

mellari superné dilatato, fornicato-patente.

Long. 19, diam. 10 mill.

f. Testa carnea, radiis cinnamomeis.

From New Ireland.

13. Bunimus Dysont, Pfr. Bul. testd angusté perforata, oblongo-

ovatd, soliduld, tenuiter longitudinaliter striatd, subdiaphand,

fusco-corned ; spird conicd, apice acutiusculo; anfractibus 6-64

convexis, ultimo 3 longitudinis subequante ; columelld leviter ar-

cuatd, basin attingente ; aperturd ellipticd, basi subangulatd ; pe-

ristomate simplice, recto, marginibus callo tenui junctis, dextro

arcuato, cum columellari, superne dilatato, fornicatim reflexo,

angulum formante.

Long. 20, diam. 93 mill.

From Honduras (Mr. Dyson).

14. Bunimus canpexaris, Pfr. Bul. testd sinistrorsd, profunde

rimatd, cylindraced, apice sensim attenuato, acutiusculo, suboblique

striatulo, sordidé albo ; anfractibus 9 planiusculis, ultimo minus

oblique descendente, 4 longitudinis vir equante, basi subrotundato ;

aperturd semiovali, intus nitidd, alba ; peristomate albo, undique

expanso, marginibus calio tenui junctis, columellari dilatato, pa-

tente.

Long. 27, diam. 8 mill.

Locality unknown.

15. Burrmus Guerin1, Pir. Bul. testd imperforatd, oblongo-

ovatd, tenuiusculd, irregulariter rugoso-striatd, fulvo-fuscd ; spird

conicd, obtusd, pallidius fulvidd, strigis et maculis rufis ornatd ;

anfractibus 5 conveaiusculis, ultimo spird pauld longiore ; colu-

melld lutescente, arcuatd, supern? subtortd ; aperturd acuto-ovali,

intus nitidissimd, plumbed ; peristomate breviter reflexo, lutescente,

basi cum columelld angulum indistinctum formante.

Long. 41, diam. 18} mill.

From New Granada.

16. Buximus invicus, Pfr.—Achatina gracilis, Benson, MSS.—

Bul. testa subperforatd, subulatd, tenui, diaphand, corneo-cered,

subarcuatim confertissime striatd; spird subulatd, apice acutius-

culo ; anfractibus 8 planiusculis, ultimo 3 longitudinis subequante ;

columelld rectd, verticali ; aperturd oblongd ; peristomate simplice,

acuto, margine columellari usque ad basin breviter reflexo, perfo-

rationem fere tegente.

Long. 10, diam. 34 mill.

From East India.

17. Buuimus Kienenrt, Pfr. Bul. testd breviter rimatd, cylindraceo-

turritd, tenui, oblique confertim costatd, fusco-corneo et albido

irregulariter marmoratd ; spird turritd, apice acutiusculo nigri-

cante ; suturd profundd, crenatd ; anfractibus 13 convezis, ultimo

2 longitudinis subequante, basi obsolete unicarinato ; aperturd

lunato-circulari ; peristomate simplice, undique expanso, margini-

bus conniventibus, dextro perarcuato, columellari dilatato, patente.

Long. 18, diam. anfr. antepenult. 6 mill.

From Honduras (Mr. David Dyson).

18. Burimus Marrinicensts, Pfr. Bul. testd rimato-perforatd,

oblongo-turritd, oblique striatuld, soliduld, lutescenti-corned ; spird

turritd, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 7 convevis, ultimo 4 longitudinis

vix superante ; aperturd ovato-oblongd ; peristomate breviter ea-

panso, intus albo-labiato, labio extus pellucente, marginibus sub-

convergentibus, dextro arcuato, columellari dilatato, patente. .

Long. 20, diam. 8 mill.

From the island of Martinique (Petit).

19. Buzrmvus Nrivaerricus, Pfr. Bul. testd rimato-perforatd, ob-

longo-turritd, solidd, opacd, lineis impressis confertissimis subun-

dulatis obsolete sculptd, fuscd, albido oblique strigatd; spird

regulariter turritd, apice obtusiusculo ; anfractibus 8 vix convevi-

usculis, ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante, basi subcompresso ; aper-

turd ovali ; peristomate expanso, late albo-labiato, margine dextro

superne subangulato, columellari usque ad basin dilatato, patente.

Long. 283, diam. 8 mill.

From the Neelgherries, East Indies.

20. Bunimus zonuxatus, Pfr. Bul. testd perforatd, oblongo-

conicd, tenui, levigatd, opacd, pallide stramined, seriebus 2 macu-

larum fuscarum pellucidarum cinctd, basi lineis 2 castaneis ornatd ;

spird conicd, acutiusculd, apice corneo; anfractibus 6 convewius-

culis, ultimo spiram vix superante ; columella strictd ; aperturd

ovali-oblongd ; peristomate acuto, tenui, margine columellari a basi

dilatato, membranaceo, angulatim late reflexo, perforationem fere

occultante.

Long. 18, diam.9 mill.

From Cabanatuan, province of Nueva Ecija, island of Luzon;

found by Mr. H. Cuming.

*‘ Description of nine new species of Helicea, collected by H. Cu

ming, Esq.,” by Dr. L. Pfeiffer:— = - :

1. Hexrx tucrpexta, Pfr. Hel. testa minutd, perforata, depressd,

striatuld, nitidissimd, brunned ; spird subplanulatd ; suturad albo-

marginatd ; anfractibus 4 planis, ultimo basi vir convexiore, medio

impresso, angustissime perforato ; apertura oblique lunari ; peri-

stomate simplice, obtuso, margine columellari declivi, vie incrassato.

Diam. 32, alt. 2 mill.

Found on the island of Luzon.

2. Hexix arctisprra, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, depressd, sub-

discoided, confertim costatd, albidd, epidermide tenui fuscescente

indutd ; spird convexiusculd ; anfractibus 53 convexis, angustissi-

mis ; umbilico lato, perspectivo ; aperturd parvuld, subverticali,

lunato-orbiculari ; peristomate simplice, acutd.

Diam. 23, alt. 14 mill.

From the island of Juan Fernandez.

Intermediate between H. epidermia, Aut., and tessellata, Mihlf.

8. Hexrx cyatTuetuus, Pfr. Hel. testa umbilicata, conicd, oblique

costatd, tenuiusculd, unicolore corned ; spird pyramidatd, acutius-

culd ; anfractibus 9 angustissimis, carind filiformi cinctis, ultimo

basi planiusculo, sublevigato ; umbilico majusculo, pervio ; aper-

turd depressd, angulato-lunari; peristomate simplice, margine.

supero brevi, recto, basali leviter arcuato, brevissime reflexo.

Diam. 53, alt. 4 mill.

From the island of Panay.

4, Hexix poxiotum, Pfr. Hel. testd perforatd, turbinatd, confer-

tissime et minute costulato-striatd, pellucida, non nitente, corned ;

spird turbinatd, apice obtusiusculo ; anfractibus 8 convewiusculis,

ultimo basi subplanato ; aperturd depressd, late lunari ; peristomate

simplicissimo, recto.

Diam. 34, alt. 23 mill.

From Sibonga, island of Zebu.

5. Burimus pinatatus, Pfr. Bul. testa imperforatd, ovato-conied,

obtusiusculd, solidd, oblique striata, subtilissime punctatd, castaned,

superne fulvd ; anfractibus 6 planiusculis, ultimo ad suturam albo-

unifasciato, spird multd breviore; columelld subrectd, callosé,

albd, dilatatd; apertura obliqud, late semiovali, intus lacted ;

peristomate subincrassato, expanso, margine basali reflewo, ap-

presso.

Long. 34, diam. 22 mill.

Island of Luzon.

6. Butimus ELoncatuuus, Pfr. Bul. testd imperforatd, subulatd,

soliduld, sub epidermide tenuissime striatd (interdum obsolete de-

cussatd), alba ; spird subulatd, acutd ; anfractibus 8 planiusculis,

ultimo tertiam longitudinis partem fere equante ; columelld bre-

viter recedente, callosd, pland ; aperturd oblongo-ovali ; peristomate

simplice, margine devtro antrorsum subarcuato, columellari subin-

crassato, appresso.

Long. 24, diam. 53 mill.

Island of Luzon.

7. Burimus Grarexouri, Pfr. Bul. testd imperforatd, ovato-

oblongd, ruguloso-striatd, tenuissimd, nitidd, pellucidd, straminco-

albidd ; anfractibus 6-7 convexiusculis, ultimo spird pauld breviore ;

columella callosd, retrorsum flexuosa ; aperturd semiovali ; peri-

stomate simplice, acuto, margine dextro antrorsum arcuato.

Long. 18, diam. 8 mill.

From the islands of Luzon and Panay.

8, Buximus Paiuiprinensis, Pfr. Bul. testd imperforatd, ovato-

turbinatd, solidd, nigricante, strigis obliquis epidermidis hydro-

phane griseo-fusce ornatd ; spird conicd, obtusiusculd, nudd, pal-

lidd ; anfractibus 6 convexis, diametro celeriter accrescentibus,

ultimo spird pauid breviore ; columelldé via obliqud, subtortd, car-

ned ; aperturd lunato-orbiculari, intus lacted ; peristomate subin-

crassato, breviter reflexo, nigro-limbato, margine dextro valde

arcuato, columellari dilatato, expanso.

f. Testa epidermide fusca, saturatius strigata fer? omnind obducta,

Fasciis variis nigricantibus circumdata,

Long. 63, diam. 41 mill.

From the islands of Luzon and Marinduque.

9. Hexix Reeveana, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, subdiscoided, te-

nuiusculd, oblique striatd, albidd, zonis 3-5 rujis ornatd ; spird vie

conveaiusculd, obtusd ; anfractibus 43-5 planiusculis, ultimo antice

subitd deflevo, basi concentrice et confertim striate; umbilico me-

————

diocri, pervio ; aperturd subhorizontali, transverse ovali ; peri-

stomate subsimplice, reflevo, marginibus junctis.

Diam. 30, alt. 12 mill.

Island of Zebu.

This shell has been often mistaken for 1. Lasallii, Eydoux, and

is in many collections under that name ; but H. Lasallii is not this

species. It is quite congruent with H. meretria, Sow.

April 28, 1846.

No business was transacted.

May 12, 1846.

Richard C. Griffith, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. H. E. Strickland exhibited a species of Corvus, discovered by

Capt. H. M. Drummond, 42nd R. H., which the latter gentleman

proposes to name Corvus collaris. In size and form it is closely

allied to the Common Jackdaw, Corvus monedula, but differs in the

much lighter silvery grey of the cheeks, occiput and nape, which

passes into a well-marked patch of pure white on each side of the

neck. The black on the crown is of less extent than in Corvus mo-

nedula, and the lower parts are of a slaty grey.

Capt. Drummond states that in Macedonia and Thessaly this bird

takes the place of C. monedula, which is common in the south of

Greece, and does not there differ from the Jackdaw of Britain.

May 26, 1846.

No business was transacted.

June 9, 1846.

George Gulliver, Esq., in the Chair.

A feetal Condor, extracted from an egg laid in the menagerie, was

exhibited to the Meeting. The egg had been placed under a com-

mon hen, which remained sitting on it for six weeks and two days.

The length of the specimen is 53 inches; the extremities, particu-

larly the legs, are imperfectly developed, but the head had acquired

a specific vulturine character; a strong line of downy filaments ex-

tends along the length of each pectoral muscle ; all the other parts of

the body are quite bare.

inches

Length of the head ............... en oe ee 12

Length of bones of wing...........4-- is 2

Length of bones of leg to the end of longest toe.. 2

Mr. Gould exhibited to the Meeting three new species of the family

of Trochilide, which he thus characterized :—

Trocuitus (PerasopHora) coruscans. Troch. strigd intense ce-

ruled a mento per genas productd in aures, que erecte ut cristule

conspicantur ; plumis mediam gulam squamatim. tegentibus nitide

viridibus, ereo et coccineo colore resplendentibus ; medio abdomine

cyaneo ; tectricibus caude inferioribus sordide viridibus, ad apices

stramineis ; alis purpurascente fuscis.

Crown of the head, all the upper surface, wing-coyverts and flanks

green; tail-feathers very broad, steel-blue, with green reflections,

and crossed near the extremity with a broad band of a blackish hue,

as in the allied species Anais and serrirostris; a band of rich pure

blue commences on the chin and extends along the sides of the

cheeks and on the ear-coverts, which when erected form conspicuotts

tufts; the scale-like feathers of the centre of the throat rich shining

green, with bronze and dull crimson reflections ; centre of the abdo-

men blue; under tail-coverts dull green, broadly tipped with buff;

wings purplish brown; bill black; feet brown.

Total length, 54 inches; bill, 15; wing, 3; tail, 2.

Hab. The part of South America of which this bird is a native is

unknown.

This beautiful species is rather less in size than P. Andis, from

which and every other species it is distinguished by the beautiful

marking of the throat, the greater extent of the blue on the abdomen,

and by the greater breadth of the feathers of the tail.

In my own collection.

Trocuitus ( ?) FLABELLIFERUS. Troch. capite, collo, et pectore,

nitide saturate cyaneo ; dorso, uropygio, tectricibus caude superi-

oribus, et lateribus nitide viridibus ; lato maculo ad nucham semi-

lunari, abdomine, tectricibus caude inferioribus, et caudé albis ;

caude plumis ad extremam pogoniam fusco marginatis ; alis nigro-

Suscis purpureo splendentibus.

All the head, neck and chest rich deep shining blue; back, rump,

upper tail-coverts and flanks shining green ; a broad crescent-shaped

mark at the back of the neck, abdomen, under tail-coverts and tail

pure white, the feathers of the latter bordered at the extremity with

brown; wings blackish brown, with purple reflections.

Total length, 5 inches; bill, 11; wing, 3; tail, 2.

Hab. Mexico.

Closely allied to 7. mellivora, but distinguished from that species

by its much greater size and by the narrowness and browner colour

of the bordering of the tail-feathers.

Trocuivus ( ?) stropuianus. Troch. maculo viridi in frontem

splendenti ; lato maculo semilunari, inter violaceam gulam et ab-

dominem viridem, albo ; rectricibus nigris.

On the forehead, immediately above the bill, a luminous spot of

green; crown of the head, all the upper surface and abdomen dull

green; throat rich bluish violet, separated from the green of the

abdomen by a broad lunate gorget of white; all the tail-feathers

black; wings blackish brown, with purple reflections; under tail-

coverts white; bill black.

Total length, 41 inches; bill, 2; wing, 23; tail, 12.

Hab. Precise locality unknown.

Nearly allied to but smaller than the Ornismye Clarisse and

Parzudaki..

June 23, 1846.

Harpur Gamble, Esq., M.D., in the Chair.

Professor Owen read a Memoir (Part II.) on the Dinornis, descrip-

tive of parts of the skeleton transmitted from New Zealand since the

reading of Part I. (Proc, Zool. Soc., November 1843.)

The bones referable to species defined in that communication

were first described. Among these were the cranial portion of the

skull of Dinornis struthoides and a corresponding portion of the skull

of Dinornis dromioides, which in general form more resembled that

part of the skull of the Dodo than of any existing bird ; but they are

remarkable for the’ great breadth of a low occipital region, which

slopes from below upwards and forwards; the almost flat parietal

region is continued directly forwards into the broad sloping frontal

region ; the temporal fossz are remarkably wide and deep ; the orbits

small; the olfactory chamber expanded posteriorly, but not to so

great an extent as in the Apteryx; the plane of the foramen mag-

num is vertical, Many other characteristics in the cranial organi-

zation of the genus Dinornis were described, and the specific distinc-

tion of the two mutilated crania pointed out.

The tympanic bone of the Dinornis giganteus was described in

detail and compared with the same bone in existing birds.

Different cervical and dorsal vertebre, referable to the species

Din. giganteus, ingens, struthoides and crassus, were described. ‘These

vertebre were remarkably entire, and with some of the best-preserved

bones of the extremities, described in a subsequent part of the Me-

moir, had been obtained from a turbary formation on the coast of the

Middle Island, near Waikawaite.

One of the most interesting of the novel acquisitions from this

locality was an almost entire sternum, referred by Prof. Owen to the

Din. giganteus. It is a subquadrate, keel-less, shield-shaped bone,

broader than long, with the posterior angles and the xiphoid process

prolonged, as in the Apteryx, but without the anterior emargination.

‘The coracoid depressions very small. This bone was minutely de-

scribed and compared with the keel-less sternums of the existing

Struthious birds ; that of the Apteryx being demonstrated to be most

like the sternum of Dinornis.

The following bones of the extremities, imperfectly or not at all

known in 1843, were next described :—

The entire femur of Dinornis giganteus. Entire tibize and tarso-

metatarsi of Din. giganteus, indicating a robust variety of this stupen-

dous bird to have existed in the Middle Island.

The tarso-metatarsus of Dinornis ingens from the North Island,

distinguished by a rough depression indicative of a fourth or back-

toe, and consequently a genus (Palapteryx) distinct from Dinornis,

Femora, tibia and tarso-metatarsi of a Dinornis of the height of

the Din. ingens, but of more robust proportions, from the Middle

Island; with a feeble indication of a surface for a back-toe.

The tibiz and tarso-metatarsi of Dinornis (Palapteryx) dromioides

from the North Island, confirming by their long and slender propor-

tions the conjecture hazarded in the author’s former memoir (Zool.

Trans. vol. iii. pp. 252, 264). The tarso-metatarsus also shows the

rough elliptical surface for the attachment of the back-toe, indicating

the Din, dromioides to belong to the same generic or subgeneric sec-

tion as Din. ingens from the North Island.

Femora, tibie and tarso-metatarsi, from the Middle Island, were

next exhibited and described, which establish a new species, for

which Prof. Owen proposed the name of Din. casuarinus: a small

and feeble depression, five lines by three lines, indicates that this

species had a back-toe in the corresponding position with that in the

Apteryx, but more rudimental.

A very remarkable femur and tarso-metatarsal bone, also from

the Middle Island, were exhibited, belonging to an additional tri-

dactyle species, to which the name of Dinornis crassus was given.

Of this species the author remarks: ‘‘ With a stature nearly equal to

that of the Ostrich, the femur and tarso-metatarsus present double

the thickness in proportion to their length. It must have been the

strongest and most robust of birds, and the best representative of

the pachydermal type in the feathered class.”

The third new species is comparatively a small one, being inter-

mediate in size between the Dinornis didiformis and the Din. otidi-

formis ; it was founded on remains exclusively from the North Island,

and was called by the author Dinornis curtus.

The author expressed his grateful acknowledgments to the follow-

ing gentlemen, to whom he was indebted for the opportunity of

examining and depicting the specimens described in the present

Memoir :—Capt. Sir Everard Home, Bart., R.N.; the Hon. William

Martin, Chief Justice of New Zealand; the Rev. Archdeacon Wil-

liams, Corr. Memb. Z. 8.; William Swainson, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S.,

the distinguished naturalist ; Colonel William Wakefield; J. R.

Gowen, Esq., a Director of the New Zealand Company; the Rev.

William Cotton, M.A.; the Rev. Richard Taylor, M.A.; the Rev.

William Colenso, M.A.; Dr. Mackellar; George Bennett, Esq.,

F.L.S., and Percy Earl, Esq.

The paper (which was illustrated by numerous figures) concluded

by some general comparisons and remarks on the geographical

distribution of the different species of Dinornis, and with the fol-

lowing Table of admeasurements of the bones of the leg :—

TABLE OF ADMEASUREMENTS |

Dimensions of

Din.

crassus,

Din,

giganteus.

Din. ingens,

v.robustus. f2. |

in. kn, | in. lin. in. lin, | in. lin.

Length ...cccceeececccnsneesecscecessseereseneesesene 16 0 13-9 1340 12 0

Breadth of proximal end (in the axis of the neck) ........ 6 0 5 5 410 5 0

Breadth (transverse) of distal end .........-+-+0 e005 Bass 6 3 5 10 5 (2 5 3

Circumference of middle .........0..eseecscceeeeceeee 79 Srl fae 6 8

* Perhaps not quite enough allowed

Dimensions of

Din. giganteus. Din. ingens.

et. tE. (Ae ay al IE

in. lin. in. lin. in. lin. in, lin,

DUCA eb as told ais nlp nye mse BI eee inl n inca Sl aves) tgiets 5 sn Sino o.0/d'acotals 35 0. 35 O 29 0 28 9

Breadth of proximal end .........0-. esse cecececccesceees 7 6 7 0 623 6 6

Breadthioh distal en din nee y eae: elas eeptes of Finn's Sei alu tore cle 4 0 48 37 4 0

(CINCHINTEKENEE OF TOIGGIE > «> ore onan cf pis ov nin eain avin winls'e n/p 6 6 6 6 5°83 6 3

Fibular ridge extends down ......--.esecvcncecserceeseecs 18 0/13 10 12.0 12 0

Dimensions of

Din. giganteus. Din. ingens,

mE. Colenso.

mil. ME. v. robustus.

in. lin, in. lin. in. lin. in. lin,

MOVIE a o'avvie «plese vin ne cle lcistent WiaaveleAbe cc ce'e sec sitye.s se 18 6 18 0 14°6°"18' 9

Circumference at the middle of the shaft ............eeeees 5 6 6 0 5 6 4 6

Breadth (transverse) of distal end ............ceeeeeewenes 5 de. iD 5 6 46

Breadth of mrddle‘of shiait: 10 Ah ests de etsacdscve swears 111 2 2 110 ar |

Thickness or antero-posterior diameter of ditto ............ DAG he G Merb ark: 3

Breadth (transverse) of proximal end ........+.+-e+eeeee- 0 0 4 6 has eae BA)

* The margins being broken and water-worn, I had not allowed sufficient for the entire bone.

+ Perhaps not enough allowed for

Average Dimensions of Bones of Dinornis in

Din. nt ‘ Din.

giganteus. Din. ingens.| Ostrich. aeaaniike

in. lin in. lin in. lin, in, lin.

Length of femur......... 16 0 18.6 11 0 12 0

Circumference of ditto ... ae 7s 6 10 5 3 6 8

Tigripethy Gt tibia bah cians sranloswarstoelas cele biete-vis Shee: 28 10 1s 6 cone

Circumference of ditto .........eeeeeeeeees 6 6 6 0 43 ahs

Length of metatarsus .........+eeeeeeeeee 1s 6 14 0 16 0 8 6

Circumference of ditto .........++++ wees 5 6 5 0 8) % 48

OF THE BONES OF THE LEG.

the Femora.

Din. Din. . ae p ea. . Din. | Din. otidi-

struthoides. casuarinus. Din. dromioides. Din. didiformis. curtus, |_formis.

£12. fColenso.| f13. fE.| f6. f16. fTaylor.) £8. f7. S17. ae

in. lin. in. lin,}in, lin. in. lin./in. lin. in. lin. in. lin.| in. lin. in. lin. im. lin.| in. lin. | in. lin.

11 0O* 12 0/9 6+ 10 4] 9 4t 9 6 7! 80 8 0 8 1 0 0 00

See 23 bf 812) 8’ 6. 3 6 38 6)'210° 3 0° Ss 3! 0 0 00

43 44/3 9 4A 4)3 7 BZ $ 8/3 8 32 3 6 00 00

5 6 5 615 0 49/41 #40 3103/4 0 40 4 3/ 29 Paes |

(3 -

i for mutilated extremities. + Ib. t Ib.

| the Tibiz.

Din. Din. Din. casu- | Din. dro- iil by tone aura Din. ‘| Din. otidi-

| crassus, struthoides. arinus, mioides. Din. didiformis. curtus. formis.

| ¢3. ?8. t9. @1l.

in. lin. in, lin, | in. lin. in. lin. | in. lin. in. lin. in. lin. | in. lin, in. lin.

} tees Bert) nb 2r 19 0 21 0 15 6 15 4 15 4 ll 3 8 9

eare 5 6 5 4 5 6 4 8 45 0 0 0 0 3 3 20

eave ais ain eiakare 211 2 8 2 4 00 00 2 0 1 3

| See 50 48 49 4 0 40 00 00 29 111

{ eee 10 0 100 8 6 9 0 6 10 00 00 4 9 3 6

_ the Tarso-metatarsals.

| Din. Din. Din. casu- | Din. dro- . ea. . . Din. otidi-

| crassus. struthoides. arinus. mioides. Din. didiformis. Din. curtus. formis.

m 3. mE,

| in, lin. | in. lin. in. lin, | in, lin. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin, in. lin.

. 8 6 12 0 1l 6 8 0 10 5 7 0 6 10 5 0

| 4 8 4 3 4 2 24 2 3 9 3 3 3.3 210

| 40 4 0¢ 45 3 10 3.44 we 3 0° 25

} 110 1 6 1 6 1) 7, 1 4 eG 3 Tel

1.9 14 1 #1 0 10 0 10 0 9 0 9 0 7

Sy Shiv) (8 5 3 0 2 10 Pe POMS lll

‘ + With a ridge at the middle of inner condyle at proximal end.

water-worn margins of trochleze.

comparison with those of existing Struthionide.

Din. Din. casu- | Din. dro- | Din. didi- Din. otidi-

| Struthoides. Emeu. arinus, mioides. formis. Din. curtus. formis. Apteryx.

in, lin. in. lin, in. lin, in. lin. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin,

9 0 10 2 9 6 8 0 0 0 00 3 °9

8 7 49 40 4 0 2 9 yi | 1 0

6 10 19 0 21 0 16 3 ll 3 8 9 5 3

3°44 4 9 4 0 41 2 9 111 1 3

5 0 8 0 10 5 7 0 5 0 ceiaie 3 3

3.0 4 2 | 3 9 3 6 2 10 cigs 00

bere} :

en ae tl pt : ;

CEN TE cee Se aes a ee

. a ‘ a) ‘si Ne : ibid salt |

amt aa are

Cr en me tana recente htt entree me tm

TS) Lap aew dle a tegen, ARN 20

i “ * :

7 i

. (ole

July 14, 1846.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Prof. Owen communicated, as an ‘ Appendix to his Memoir on the

Dinornis,’ some observations on the skull and on the osteology of the

foot of the Dodo (Didus ineptus).

After a brief summary of the history of this remarkable extinct

brevipennate Bird, in which the reduced highly finished figure by

Savery, in his famous painting of ‘Orpheus charming the Beasts,’

now in the collection at the Hague, was particularly noticed; and

the recent discovery of the skull of the Dodo amongst some old spe-

cimens in the Museum of Natural History at Copenhagen was men-

tioned, he proceeded to demonstrate the peculiarities of the Dodo’s

skull, by a comparison of the cast of the head of the bird in the Ash-

molean Museum at Oxford with those of other recent and extinct

species of Birds.

The Dodo’s skull differs from that of any species of Vulturide, or

any Raptorial Bird, in the greater elevation of the frontal bones above

the cerebral hemispheres, and in the sudden sinking of the inter-

orbital and. nasal region of the forehead; in the rapid compression

of the beak anterior to the orbits ; in the elongation of the compressed

mandibles, and in the depth and direction of the sloping symphysis

of the lower jaw. ‘The eyes of the Dodo are very small compared

with those of the Vulturide or other Raptores. The nostrils, it is

true, pierce the cere, but are more advanced in position ; this how-

éver seems essentially to depend upon the excessive elongation of

the basal part of the upper mandible before the commencement of the

uncinated extremity; the nostrils are pierced near the commence-

ment of this uncinated part as in the Vulturide, but are nearer the

lower border of the mandible in the Dodo.

The resemblance between the skull of the Dodo ana that of the

Albatros is chiefly in the compression and prolongation of the curved

mandibles: there are no traces in the Dodo of the hexagonal space

on the upper surface of the cranium of the Albatros, so well de-

fined there by the two supra-occipital ridges behind, the two tem-

poral ridges at the sides, and the two converging posterior boundaries

of the supra-orbital glandular fosse in front. There is no sudden

depression of the frontal region in the skull of the Albatros; the

nostrils are near the upper surface of the basal third of the beak in

the Albatros; and the Dodo’s cranium is thrice as broad in propor-

tion to the breadth of the mid-part of the mandible as in that of the

Albatros.

' More satisfactory evidence of the affinities of the Dodo was ob-

tained from a comparison of the bones of the foot, which have recently

No. CLXI.—Procgepines or THE ZooLoGicaL Society.

been very skilfully and judiciously exposed by the able Curator of

the Ashmolean Museum.

The tarso-metatarsal bone most resembles in its thickness and

general proportions that of the Eagles, especially the great Sea-

Eagles (Haliaétus) ; it is much stronger than the tarso-metatarsus of

any of the Vulturide, or than that of the Cock, the Craz, or any of

the Galline or existing Struthionide; the stronger-footed species of

Dinornis most resemble it in the general proportions of the tarso-

metatarsus, but greatly differ in the particular configuration of the

bone, and in the absence, or feebler indication, as in the subgenus

Palapteryz, of the articulation for the metatarsal bone of the back-

toe. The relative size of this bone is greater in the Dodo than in

any other known bird. The Eagles make the nearest approach to

it in this respect; as also in the shape of the hinder supplemental

metatarsal, the breadth of its distal end, and its peculiar twist back-

wards and outwards, so as to form a bridge or pulley against which

the flexor tendon of the hind-toe plays. ‘This half-twist of the rudi-

mental hind-metatarsus is feebly repeated in the Galline, but the

bone is much less expanded at its lower articular end, especially in

the Crar; whilst the more typical Galline are further distinguished

from the Dodo by their spur.

The Apteryx is the sole existing Struthious bird which possesses

the hind-toe; but it is very much smaller than in the Dodo, and the

supporting metatarsal bone is devoid of the distal twist and expanded

trochlea. The upper end of the tarso-metatarsus of the Dodo is re-

markable for the great development of its calcaneal process, from

which a strong ridge descends, gradually subsiding, half-way down

the bone. The posterior surface of the calcaneal process is broad, tri-

angular, vertically grooved and perforated at its base. In the Eagle the

corresponding caleaneal process is a compressed, subquadrate ridge,

whose base of attachment is not much longer than the obtuse end,

and this is neither grooved nor perforated. In the Cathartes Cali-

fornianus the calcaneal process is thicker than in the Eagle, shaped

more like that of the Dodo, with a ridge descending upon the meta-

tarsus, but it has a double grocve behind.

In the Common Cock the calcaneal process more resembles that

in the Dodo than the Vulture’s does, but it is not so broad.

With regard to the first or proximal phalanx of the hind-toe, that

of the Haliaétus is larger and broader, especially at its base, stronger

in proportion to its length, but longer in proportion to the sustaining

metatarsus.

In the Vultures the proximal phalanx is not only longer in pro-

portion to the metatarsus, but is more slender than in the Dodo.

The same bone is also longer and more slender in proportion to the

small supporting metatarsal bone in the Cock, the Craz, and all other

Galline ; in fact, the Dodo is peculiar among Birds for the equality

of length of the metatarsus and proximal phalanx of the hind-toe.

With regard to the three trochlear extremities of the principal

coalesced metatarsals, the middle one in all Galline is longer in pro-

portion than in the Dodo, in which the inner one is nearly as long

as the middle one, the outer one being the shortest. In the Eagle

the inner division is of quite equal length with, or is longer than the

middle trochlea; the proportions of the three trochlez in the Vul-

tures corresponding best with those in the Dodo. Another character

by which the Dodo resembles the Vulture more than the Eagle is

manifested by the proportions of the proximal phalanx of the second

toe (innermost of the three anterior ones); this is very short, and

is often anchylosed to the second phalanx in the Eagles : it is almost

as long in the Vultures as in the Dodo.

Upon the whole, then, the Raptorial character prevails most in

the structure of the foot, as in the general form of the beak, of the

Dodo, compared with Birds generally ; and the present limited amount

of our anatomical knowledge of the extinct terrestrial Bird of the

Mauritius would lead to support the conclusion that it is an extremely

modified form of the Raptorial Order.

Devoid of the power of flight, it could have had small chance of

obtaining food by preying upon the members of its own class ; and if

it did not exclusively subsist on dead and decaying organized matter,

it most probably restricted its attacks to the class of Reptiles, and to

the littoral fishes, Crustacea, &c.

The author concluded by recommending search to be made for

bones of the Dodo in the superficial deposits, the alluvium of rivers,

and the caves in the islands of Mauritius and Rodriguez; little

doubting that an active exploration would be as richly rewarded as

similar investigations have been in the islands of New Zealand, by

the recovery of the remains of the great extinct species of terrestrial

birds which formerly inhabited them.

- Mr. Lovell Reeve then read a paper containing “ Descriptions of

forty new species of Haliotis, from the collection of H. Cuming,

Esq.”:—

The genus Haliotis affords an unusual abundance of novelty, from

the circumstance of it never having been selected for the subject of

an illustrated monograph; the species are, moreover, well-defined,

and may be easily determined by a careful examination of the varia-

tions of sculpture and arrangement of colours.

The Haliotides are interesting in form as being the most evolved

and depressed of spiral shells, and they have been arranged with the

Chitons and Limpets as exhibiting the nearest apparent affinity with

the non-spiral Gastropods. They present also a singularity of struc-

ture in great measure analogous to the orifice in the shell of Fissu-

rella or to the fissure in Emarginula. On the left side of the shell,

in a direct curve parallel to the inflexed edge, is a row of equidistant

perforations, made by the animal in its progress of growth for con-

veying the water to the breathing organs; the mantle is slit in that

direction to a certain extent, and the water passes into the respiratory

cavity through a tubular filament protruding from each hole. The

number of pallial filaments being alike in the same individual through-

out its several stages of growth, the shell mostly presents the same

number of holes at all ages, filling up the hindmost orifice as a new

one becomes formed at the margin. The Siliquaria presents a similar

modification of structure, and it has been also considered that the

slit in Pleurotoma is in some measure analogous.

The internal surface of the ‘Ear Shells’ is lined with a bright

pearly nacre, which in most species is of remarkable iridescent bril-

liancy, glowing with all the colours of the rainbow; the attention

must, however, be directed to the outer coating of the shell, for the

discrimination of species, and it is with this view that the figures in

the foregoing monograph are devoted mainly to external sculpture.

There is certainly a striking veriation,of character in the nacre of

different species, but the pattern of the inner surface is merely an

indentation of the outer. The number of perforations varies in dif-

ferent species, but may be said to correspond in different individuals

of the same species; where an exception occurs, it is that there is

sometimes one, or at most two, less in the adult than in the young

state; that is, when the animal arrives at maturity it continues to

stop up one or two of the perforations in advance of any new one.

It is a curious circumstance in the geographical distribution of the

Haliotides, that few, if any, are to be found where Chitons abound ;

as if they exchanged places to a certain extent in the two hemi-

spheres. There are a few species from California, but along the

western coast of South America, where Chitons are most abundant,

not any are found, and only one small species, the H. pulcherrima,

at any of the islands of the Pacific. They inhabit the coasts of

China, Japan, Ceylon, Mozambique, Cape of Good Hope, Borneo,

and the Philippine Islands; but the greater number of species, and

the most remarkable, are from New Zealand and the continent of

New Holland, displaying all the peculiarity of design which invariably

characterizes the fauna of those isolated regions. With the well-

known Haliotis tuberculata of the Channel Islands, all are familiar.

It is, however, a circumstance worth noting, that although such near

neighbours, and comparatively abundant, especially at the island of

Jersey, it is rarely collected on the coast of England.

The Haliotides are found at low water, attached to the under sur-

face of masses of stone, and they fix themselves with great force to

the rocks, by suction, on the least alarm.

f Hatroris spLenpens. Hal. testd ovatd, convexo-depressd, undique

5 spiraliter liratd, liris crebris regularibus subobtusis, nonnullis aliis

latioribus ; foraminibus quinis perviis, extus erugini-viridescente,

articulis albicantibus prope spiram interdum notatd, epidermide

fibroso fusco indutd, intus ceruleo viridique, nigricante nebulatd,

pulcherrimé iridescente.

Hab. California.

/ #& Haxrorts Jaronica. Hal. testd ovato-oblongd, subplanulato-con-

yead, liris tenuibus equalibus spiraliter funiculatd, concentrice

rugoso-plicatd, plicis conspicuis lamelleformibus irregularibus ;

foraminibus quinis senisve perviis ; luteo olivaceo-fusco viridique

undique pulcherrime variegatd,

Hab. Japan; Dr. Siebold.

Hauroris coccinea. Hal. testd oblongo-ovatd, spiraliter liratd,

liris creberrimis inequalibus interstitiis transversim minutissime

striatis ; foraminibus confertiusculis, quinis senisve perviis ; extus

coccineo-rufd, lutescente-albo maculatd et variegatd, intus argenteo-

albicante.

Hab. Cape de Verd Islands.

fg, eHanrotis ziczac. Hal. testd ovatd, planulato-convezd, spiraliter

48 — subtilissim? sulcatd, foraminibus parviusculis, senis perviis ; oli-

vaceo-viridi, luteo-viridescente oblique flammeo-undatd, apice luteo-

aurantio tinctd, intus argented, iridescente.

Hab. Calipan, island of Mindoro, Philippines (found on smooth

stones); Cuming.

peHaxiotis muttirerrorata. Hal. testd oblongo-ovatd, subflexuosd,

“977 anfractuum parte spirali subelevatd; spiraliter lineari-sulcatd,

sulcis subundatis irregularibus ; foraminibus parviusculis numero-

sis, decenis perviis; extus nigricante-fusco viridique variegatd,

intus albicante.

Hab. ?

Wo] Haurorts piscus. Hal. testd oblongo-ovatd, elevato-convead, hic illic

g~ — tumidd et rugosd, latere sinistro lato, peculiariter erecto ; Sora-

19 aN : 2 s ares F Ee

minibus amplis, subdistantibus, tubiferis, quaternis tantum pervus ;

castaneo-fuscd, viridi aut rufescente radiatim tinctd.

Hab. Japan; Dr. Siebold.

A. Hattorts Sresorpir. Hal. testd suboblique ovatd, subpectinatd,

6 valdé convert, apice terminali, via spiraii; radiatim liratd, liris

4 obtusis, subdistantibus ; foraminibus subamplis, quinis perviis ;

extus aurantio-rubrd, intus albicante, iridescente.

Hab. Japan; Dr. Siebold.

ral a Haniotis squamata. Jal. testd oblongo-ovatd, convexd, spiraliter

: e liratd, liris creberrimis, squamatis, alternis majoribus ; Soraminibus

octonis perviis ; fuscd et rubro-fuscd, flammulis lutescentibus un-

datis ornatd, intus vivide iridescente.

Hab. North-west coast of Australia; Dring, H.M.S. Beagle.

of Haxiorts runesris. Hal. testd ovatd, subdepresso-convead, spira-

19"| liter liratd, liris subsquamatis, hic illic majoribus, transversim

peculiariter rugoso-plicatd ; foraminibus octonis aut novenis per-

viis; rubido-castaned, interdum viridi tinctd, flammis perpaucis

indistinctis circa spiram,

Hab. New Holland.

pm Hatiotis viversicotor. Hal. testd ovatd, subplanulatd, spiraliter

ci] liratd, liris obtusis irregularibus, transversim leviter plicatd ;

9 foraminibus octonis vel novenis perviis ; castaneo-fusco coccineo-

rufo viridique radiatd, maculis undatis lutescentibus variegatd.

Hab. New Holland.

fy Haxioris coccorapDiata. Hal. testd suborbiculari, ovatd, plano-

converd, medio leviter depressd, spiraliter subtiliter liratd, liris

striis minutis elevatis decussatis, foraminibus senis perviis; flavidd,

strigis latis vivide coccineis radiatim pictd.

Hab. ?

Hauiotis viripis. Hal. testd ovatd, depresso-convead, oblique

undato-rugatd, spiraliter liratd, lirarum interstitiis striatis, fora-

minibus quinis perviis ; extus albicante, viridi pulcherrimé tinctd

et marmoratd, intus argented.

Hab. 5

/2 Haxioris astricta, Hal. testd ovatd, convexd, spiraliter liratd,

1957 liris laminis striisque elevatis irregularibus radiatim decussatis ;

19° |

foraminibus quaternis perviis; extus albidd, olivaceo viridique

marmoraid, intus tridescente.

Hab. ——-?

Hausotis Taytorrana. Hal. testd oblongo-ovatd, solidiusculd,

converd, spird subterminali, spiraliter obtuse et irregulariter

liratd ; foraminibus septenis ad novenis perviis ; extus coccineo-

fuscd, flavido, coccineo-fusco maculato, prope spiram, nebulatd ;

intus albicante.

Hab. ?

Named in honour of my worthy friend Thomas Lombe Taylor, Esq.,

of Starston, Norfolk.

Hauiotis rupicinosa. Hal. testd ovatd, subdepresso-convexd, ra-

diatim plicato-rugosd, spiraliter liratd, liris obtuse squamatis,

foraminibus subapproximatis, senis perviis; extus rubiginoso-

aurantid, spiraliter albi-strigatd, intus argented.

Hab. ?

Hatiotis rucosa. Hal. testd ovatd, convexd, medio leviter depressd,

radiatim plicato-rugosd, spiraliter liratd, liris obtusis, hie illic

majoribus ; foraminibus subamplis, quaternis perviis ; extus oli-

vaceo-fusco viridique marmoratd.

Hab. ?

Haurotis rosacea. Hal. testd ovatd, convexo-depressd, spiraliter

crebriliratd, liris striis easculptis undique decussatis ; foraminibus

peculiariter oblongo-ovatis, quaternis perviis ; extus corallo-rubro

et roseo-albicante marmoraid, rubro viridi punctato.

Hab. ?

Hauiotis pertusa. Hal. testd oblongo-ovatd, spiraliter posticé

subtilissimé sulcatd, sulcis pertusis, antice ewiliter liratd, sulcis

lirisque subirregularibus et undatis; foraminibus senis perviis ;

extus rufo-fuscd, strigis perpaucis lutescentibus undatis prope

spiram, intus vivide iridescente.

Hab. ?

Hauioris PpLANILIRATA. Hal. testd ovatd, plano-convexd, spiraliter

liratd, liris planulatis irregularibus ; foraminibus quinis perviis ;

olivaceo- et ceruleo-viridi.

Hab, ?

Hasroris scututum. Hal. testd converd, spird depressd, suboccultd,

spiraliter exiliter liratd, liris planulatis, undulatis, hic illic ma-

Joribus ; foraminibus senis perviis ; olivaceo-fuscd, viridi pulcher-

rime articulatd, punctatd et maculatd.

Hab. ?

@.# Hatiotis Zeatanpica. Hal. testd oblongo-ovatd, subdepressd,

48 spiraliter irregulariter sulcatd, liris intermediis obtusis, nunc latis,

nunc angustis, senis perviis ; rufo-castaned et albicante peculiariter

marmoratd.

Hab. New Zealand.

Haurotis speciosa. Hal. testd oblongo-ovatd, plano-convexd, medio

depressd, spiraliter elevato-striatd, striis confertis ; foraminibus

senis perviis ; coccineo-rufd albo-nigricante marginatd, pulcherrime

variegatd.

Hab. ?

f., Haxtoris reticunata. Hal. testd oblongo-ovatd, anticé subattenu-

10°") aid, plano-convexd, medio depressd, latere sinistro latiusculo,

* — erecto, spiraliter vix striatd ; foraminibus quaternis perviis ; sor-

didé fuscd, maculis albidis reticulatis subtriangularibus ornatd.

Hab, ?

ye Hauxiotis nesutata. Hal. testd oblongo-ovatd, converd, spird sub-

4°7 elevatd, spiraliter sulcatd, sulcis parvis, undatis; foraminibus

subapproximatis, septenis perviis ; fusco roseoque undique nebulatd.

Hab. ?

om Haurotis sprcunata. Hal. testé ovatd, spiraliter peculiariter

ae liratd, liris angustis, erectis, valde irregularibus, radiatim undato-

plicatd ; foraminibus amplis, senis perviis ; olivaceo-viridi, hic

illic albipunctatd.

Hab. ?

Re. Hauiotis semistriata. Hal. testd ovatd, spiraliter subtiliter k-

ail rata, radiatim undato-plicatd et plus minusve tuberculosd ; forami-

nibus subtubiferis, quinis perviis ; fuscd aut coccineo-rufd, albi-

maculatd.

Hab. Ceylon; Dr. Sibbald.

@» Hantroris crarnrata. Hal. testd semicirculari-ovatd, spiraliter

9e) crebriliratd, interstitiis striis subtilissime clathratis, radiatim

9 plicatd ; foraminibus subamplis, quinis perviis; viridi et vivide

rufo variegatd.

. Hab. Baclayon, island of Bohol, Philippines; Cuming.

4/ Hauiorts Stromatizrormis. Hal. testd oblongo-ovatd, valde con-

SH verd, spiraliter striatd, radiatim subtiliter plicatd, spird subter-

4 minali, elevatd; foraminibus quinis perviis ; olivaceo viridique

marmoratd.

Hab. New Zealand.

py Haxroris ancie. Hal. testa ovatd, regulariter convexd, spiraliter

197"

exiliter noduloso-striata, nodulis interdum subobscuris interruptis ;

foraminibus numerosis, parvis, octonis perviis ; olivaceo-viridi, no-

dulis et circa spiram cupreo-roseis,

Hab. ?

6.4. Hanrorts Drainen. Hal. testd orbiculari-ovatd, spiraliter striata,

198"! radiatim plicatd et tuberculosd ; foraminibus subtubiferis, quater-

nis perviis ; extus pallide viridescente-luted, medio conspicue cocci-

neo tinctd, intus argented.

Hab. North coast of Australia.

Hauiotis concinna. Hal. testd suboblongo-ovatd, spiraliter stri-

atd, medio leviter tuberculatd, oblique subobscure plicatd ; forami-

nibus quaternis perviis ; carneo-albicante, coccineo-roseo profuse

variegatd.

Hab. Zamboanga, island of Mindanao, Philippines ; Cuming.

yn. Harioris cemma. Hal. testd suborbiculari-ovatd, plano-converd,

latere sinistro latiusculo, spiraliter subtuberculatd, radiatim pul-

cherrime minute plicato-squamatd ; foraminibus subtubiferis, qua-

ternis quinisve perviis ; flavescente, coccineo viridique tinctd.

Hab. ?

$"}

19" t

BY Hanroris tauta. Hal. testd ovatd, antice attenuatd, undato-tumidd, ~

ae spiraliter liratd, liris subtilibus, confertis, striis minutis decussatis ;

"\— foraminibus subamplis, quinis perviis ; rubido et flavescente-albidd

irregulariter marmoratd.

Hab. Swan River Settlement, New Holland; Lieut. Preston.

»» HALIoTIS PAPULATA. Hal. testa suborbiculari-ovatd, spiraliter ob-

_» _ tuso-liratd, liris subdistantibus, conspicue tuberculatis ; foramini-

1 bus subtubiferis, quaternis perviis ; corallo-rubrd, flavescente varid.

Hab. North coast of Australia; Dring.

Hauiotis Jacnensis. Hal. testd oblongo-ovatd, spiraliter peculi-

ariter rude liratd, liris valde irregularibus, subsquamosis, prope

foramina sublevigatd ; foraminibus subtubiferis, distantibus ; ru-

Sescente-aurantid, intus argented.

Hab. Jacna, island of Bohol, Philippines.

Hauiorts pustunata. Hal. testa oblongo-ovatd, spiraliter obscure

«| liratd,tuberculis parvis pustulatd, radiatim plicatd ; foraminibus

: senis perviis ; albidd viridique marmoratd.

Hab. :

x» Hanrotts aquartiris. Hal. testd oblongo-ovatd, plano-conveed,

~» medio depressd, levigatd, prope marginem peculiariter plicatd ;

el foraminibus senis perviis; pallide viridi, albido aut flavescente

undato-variegatd, intus albicante.

Hab. Kurile Islands, south of Kamtschatka.

Hauiotis Janus. Hal. testd oblongo-ovatd, spiraliter liratd, liris

subtilibus angustis, interstitiis excavatis ; foraminibus senis per -

viis; liteo-aurantid, fascid latd albidd, fusco grandimaculatd,

prope foramina ornatd.

Hab. :

/¢Hauiotis cruenta. Hal. testd ovatd, antice subattenuatd, spird

elevatiusculd, spiraliter peculiariter undato- et corrugato-striatd ;

foraminibus subapproximatis, octonis perviis, sanguineo albipunc-

tato et albido sunguineo-punctato pulcherrime variegatd.

Hab. New Zealand.

(3-y, Haviotis INcISA, Hal. testa ovatd, medio subdepressd, spiraliter

195" incisd, subtuberculiferd ; foraminibus amplis, quaternis perviis ; al-

bidd et purpureo-viridi marmoratd, albido minutissimé rufo-punc-

tatd.

Hab.

The next paper was also communicated by Mr. Lovell Reeve, and

contained “ Descriptions of fifty-four new species of Mangelia, from

the collection of H. Cuming, Esq.’’:—

The Mangelie are nearest allied to those aberrant species of Pleu-

rotoma in which the predominant character of that genus, the fissure

in the upper extremity of the lip, becomes’ modified into a somewhat

obscure sinus. Their general aspect is that of a more or less fusiform

Marginella, without plaits or polished exterior; distinguished, on

the other hand, by a row of faint wrinkle-like denticulations on the

inner surface of the lip and columella, and a gutter-like sinus in the

lip at its junction with the body-whorl.

Manceria Sicuta. Mang. testd subfusiformi, spird acuminatd,

anfractibus rotundatis, gibbosiusculis, concentricé costatis, levibus ;

aperturd brevi, ovatd, sinu subconspicuo ; intus extusque castaneo-

fusca, labro flavicante, fusco-lineato.

Hab. Sicily.

Maneeuia vexittum. Mang. testd oblongo-ovata, anfractibus su-

perne depressis, nodosis, costis e nodis descendentibus, superficie totd

decussatim striatd, quasi subtilissime decussatd ; aurantio-luted,

fasciis albicantibus angustis undique cingulatd.

Hab. Ilo Ilo, isle of Panhay, Philippines (found under stones) ;

Cuming.

Maneceuia Lyra. Mang. testd trigono-fusiformi, anfractibus su-

perne angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis subobliquis, ad

angulum incrassatis ; castaneo-fuscd, lineis albicantibus decussatis,

labro albicante.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the sands) ; Cuming.

Manece.ia Antittarum. Mang. testd subpyriformi-ovatd, levigatd,

longitudinaliter concentrice costatd, costis fortibus, subobtusis,

distantibus; cinereo-carned, costis fascia rubidd tinctis, labro

albicante, rubido fasciatim tincto.

Hab. West Indies.

Manceria Marernetioipes. Mang. testd pyriformi-ovatd, spird

brevi, acuta ; anfractibus superné angulatis, longitudinaliter multi-

costatis, costis tenuibus, crebris, suturis descendentibus ; lacteo-

ceruled aut cinereo-fuscd, lineis rubidis cingulatd, anfractds

ultimi parte supra angulum maculd grandi nigricante conspicue

tinctd.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found in sandy mud at the

depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

Maneetia FunicuLata. Mang. testd trigono-fusiformi, subelongatd,

anfractibus superne depressis, longitudinaliter tenuicostatis, levi-

bus ; cinereo-fuscd, costis labroque albicantibus.

Hab. Islands of Ticao and Masbate, Philippines (found on the

sands); Cuming.

ae a8 Mancexia cavernosa. Mang. testd oblongo-ovatd, spird angulato-

turritd ; anfractibus superne angulatis, intra costis cavernosis,

costis fortibus, obtusis, suturis descendentibus ; albd, aurantio-fusco

hic illic sparsim maculatd.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the sands) ; Cuming.

Manceuia cytinprica. Mang. testd cylindraceo-fusiformi, apice

acutd, longitudinaliter subtiliter costatd, transversim elevato-stri-

atd ; pellucido-albd, fuscescente tinctd, aurantio-fusco infra suturas

maculata.

Hab. Cagayan, island of Mindanao, Philippines (found in sandy

mud at the depth of twenty-five fathoms); Cuming.

Manertra carituacea. Mang. testd ovato-fusiformi; spire su-

turis profundis ; anfractibus superne depressis, transversim subti-

lissimé et creberrimé elevato-striatis, longitudinaliter costatis, an-

gustis, suberectis, superne leviter mucronatis ; fuscescente, lineis

subtilibus fuscescentibus zonatd.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found among coarse sand at

the depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

Manceuia Graciuis. Mang. testd gracili-fusiformi, transversim

subtilissimé striatd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis angustis ; albd,

castaneo-fusco indistincté zonatd et maculatd.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

MANGELIA LAMELLATA. Mang. testd fusiformi-ovatd, spire suturis

profundis, subcavernosis, anfractibus transversim elevato-striatis,

striis fortibus, subdistantibus, longitudinaliter costatis, costis an-

gustis, erectis, lamelleformibus, superne leviter mucronatis ; al-

bidd, fusco pallidissime zonatd.

Hab. Isle of Burias, Philippines (found among coarse sand at the

depth of seven fathoms) ; Cuming.

Maneeria virrata. Mang. testd oblongo-ovatd, subconicd, spird

brevi, obtusa ; anfractibus longitudinaliter costatis, costarum in-

- terstitiis striis fortibus clathratis ; albidd, olivaceo-fusco latifas-

ciatd, costarum parte olivaceo-fuscd albipunctatd.

Hab, Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the sands) ; Cuming.

Maneexia zonata. Mang. testd abbreviato-fusiformi, spird brevi-

usculd, turritd suturis profundis ; anfractibus longitudinaliter cos-

tatis, costis e suturis descendentibus ; levigatd ; albd, zond conspi-

cud aurantio-fuscd cingulatd.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the sands) ; Cuming.

Mancexia inteRRuPTA. Mang. testd oblongo-ovatd, spird brevi,

anfractibus superne nodosis, costis € nodis descendentibus ; albd,

lineis nigris subtilissimis transversis interruptis, creberrime dispo-

sitis, inter costas ornatd.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the sands) ; Cuming.

Maneexia reticunata. Mang. testd fusiformi-ovatd, spird brevi-

usculd, apice acuminatd; anfractibus superne perpendiculariter

compressis, deinde tumidiusculis et longitudinaliter costatis, cos-

tarum interstitiis exiliter fusco-punctatis.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs) ; Cuming.

Manernta putcuerta. Mang. testd fusiformi-ovatd, subcylin-

draced, spird breviusculd, apice acuminatd ; anfractibus superné

rotundatis, longitudinaliter multicostatis, costis tenuibus gracilibus,

concentrice dispositis, anfractuum superficie totd exilissime reticu-

latd ; luteo-albicante, maculis quadratis parvis rufis costarum in-

terstitiis fasciatim cingulatd.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the sands) ; Cuming.

Maneexia Fustrormis. Mang. testa fusiformi, anfractibus su-

perne subangulatis, ad angulum nodosis, costis tenuibus subsuper-

ficiariis e nodis descendentibus, transversim creberrimé striatis ;

luteo-albicante, punctis perpaucis aurantio-fuscis tinctd.

Hab. Island of Corrigidor, Philippines (found among coarse sand

at the depth of ten fathoms) ; Cuming.

Manernia tyrica. Mang. testd fusiformi, utrinque acuminatd,

anfractibus longitudinaliter concentricé costatis, transversim ele-

vato-striatis ; fuscescente, aurantio-fusco pallide et indistincte

fasciata.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (found among coarse sand at the

depth of seven fathoms); Cuming.

Maneetia eisposa. Mang. testd ovato-conicd, spird brevissimd ;

anfractibus superne gibbosis et nodulosis, longitudinaliter costatis,

levigatis ; cinereo-albicante, lineis aurantio-fuscis exilibus cingu-

lata, dorso superne nigricante tincto.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs) ; Cuming.

Manerrta macutata. Mang. testd subfusiformi, basi truncata,

longitudinaliter costatd, costis tenuibus subdistantibus, concentricé

dispositis ; sinu latiusculo ; albd, maculif subquadratis aurantio-

fuscis inter costas.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found under stones at low

water); Cuming.

Maneeria TurRicuLA. Mang. testd fusiformi-turritd, suturis pro-

Sundis ; anfractibus plano-depressis, longitudinaliter concentriceé

costatis; albicante, lineis subtilissimis aurantio-fuscis obsolete

cingulatd.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the sands); Cuming.

Maneexia CotumBettoipEes. Mang. testd ovatd, spird brevi,

acutd ; anfractibus superné leviter rotundatis, transversim elevato-

striatis, longitudinaliter tenuicostatis, labro medio tumido, intus

Sortiter denticulato ; nived, costis eximié aurantio-fusco punctatis.

Hab. Baclayon, island of Bohol, Philippines (found on mud banks) ;

Cuming.

Manceia Cononericoipes. Mang. testd ovato-conicd, spird bre-

vissimd, acutd ; anfractibus transversim elevato-striatis, longitu-

dinaliter multiliratis, liris tenuibus, ante suturas evanidis ; luteo-

albicante, dorso maculd grandi aurantio-fuscd interdum tincto.

Hab. Daleguete, isle of Zebu, Philippines (found under stones) ;

Cuming.

Maneeria TENEBROSA. Mang. testd subfusiformi, spird acuminato-

turritd ; anfractibus superne plano-depressis, suturis profundis,

transversim striatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis distantibus ;

intus extusque castaneo-fuscd.

Hab. Cagayan, island of Mindanao (found in sandy mud at the

depth of twenty-five fathoms) ; Cuming.

Manceuia Novz Houianpiz. Mang. testd ovatd, inferné atte-

nuatd, subconicd, spird brevi ; anfractibus superneé rotundatis, lon-

gitudinaliter oblique costatis ; livido-cinered, apice basique nigri-

cantibus, labro albido, aperture fauce fuscd.

Hab. Swan River.

Maneeuia tivipa. Mang. testd subfusiformi-ovatd, apice acumi-

natd ; anfractibus longitudinaliter concentriceé costatis, costis tenu-

ibus ; livido-carned.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (found on the reefs) ; Cuming.

Maneetia aByssicoLta. Mang. testd oblongo-ovatd, utringue con-

spicué attenuatd, longitudinaliter costatd, lineis elevatis cingulatd ;

albidd, fusco zonatd.

Hab. Island of Mindanao, Philippines (found in sandy mud at the

depth of twenty-five fathoms); Cuming.

Mancetia Bicotor. Mang. testd oblongd, concentricé costatd,

costarum interstitiis subtilissimé striatis; supra albidd, infra

plumbed.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines; Cuming.

MancGeELia FUNEBRIS. Mang. testd oblongd, concentricé costatd,

costarum interstitiis levibus ; albidd fasciatd plumbed latd cingu-

latd.

_ Hab. Island of Ticao (found under stones at low water) ; Cuming.

Mancexra Srromsorves. Mang. testd fusiformi-ovatd, spird

subturritd ; anfractibus supern? angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis,

costis ad angulum nodosis, interstitiis subtilissim? striatis ; albidd.

Hab. Island of Bohol, Philippines.

Manceuia pattipa. Mang. testd ovata, concentrice costatd, costis

subobtusis ; albd.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines; Cuming.

Mancera pessutata. Mang. testd cylindraceo-oblongd, spird

breviusculd, longitudinaliter eximie suboblique costatd, costarum

interstitiis subtilissime striatis ; nived.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; Cuming.

Maneetra ricipa. Mang. testd ovatd, longitudinaliter fortiter

tuberculato-costatd, transversim subtilissime striatd ; fuscescente.

Hab. Egean Sea; Forbes.

Maneetra Evecans. Mang. testd oblongd, spird breviusculd, acu-

minatd, anfractibus superne angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis,

costis angustis, ad angulum mucronatis, costarum interstitiis pul-

cherrim? elevato-striatis ; lutescente-albd, exilissimé Susco-zonatd.

Hab. Island of Mindoro, Philippines; Cuming.

Maneetta tinzaTa. Mang. testd ovatd, spird acuminatd ; concen-

trice obtuso-costatd, levigatd ; carneo-fuscescente, lineis saturati-

oribus undique cingulatd.

Hab. ?

MAnGeELta PLANILABRUM. Mang. testd fusiformi, utringue acu-

minatd, levissimd, anfractibus supern? depressis, longitudinaliter

costatis ; labro planulato, supra subangulato ; cinereo-purpuras-

cente, albizonato.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines ; Cuming.

Manecetia Hornsecxrt. Mang. testd ovatd, spird breviusculd,

acutd, suturis profunds, subcavernosis, longitudinaliter costatd,

costis prominentibus, transversim subtilissime striata, alba.

Hab. Island of St. Thomas, West Indies; Dr. Hornbeck.

Maneetia castanea. Mang. testd oblongd, spird acuminatd, con-

centrice tenuicostatd, costarum interstitiis striatis ; castaneo-

uscd.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines; Cuming.

Maneetta pusitra. Mang. testd fusiformi-ovatd, levigatd, lon-

gitudinaliter costatd, costis solidiusculis obtusis ; albidd, castaneo

copiose tinctd et lineatd.

Hab. i

MancetiA mAaRMoROSA. Mang. testa ovatd, solidiusculd, spird.

breviusculd ; longitudinaliter costatd, costis obesis, striis elevatis,

decussatis ; sinu amplo ; albd, aurantio-fusco perparce maculatd.

Hab. ?

Maneetia casta. Mang. testd ovato-turritd, longitudinaliter cos-

tatd, costis tenuibus subdistantibus, levigatd; aperturd brevi,

basi truncatd ; carneo-fuscd, obscure fasciatd, costis albicantibus.

Hab. ?

Manee.ia opetiscus. Mang. testd subulatd, hevagond, basi trun-

catd, striis pulcherrimis elevatis undique creberrimé cingulatd,

longitudinaliter costatd, costis distantibus, sequentibus ; aperturd

minutd, ovatd; sordidé albd, aperture fauce lutescente.

Hab. Islands of Corrigidor, Philippines (found among coarse sand

at the depth of ten fathoms); Cuming.

Maneeria BALTEATA. Mang. testd elongatd, subfusiformi, longi-

tudinaliter costatd costis angustis, distantibus ; albd, zond fuscd

conspicud cingulatd.

Hab. ?

Maneetra astricta. Mang. testd subfusiformi-ovatd, spird bre-

viusculd, suturis profundis ; longitudinaliter costatd, costis cre-

briusculis ; albidd, zond fuscd angustd cingulatd.

Hab. ?

Maneeia papia. Mang. testd fusiformi-ovatd, concentric? plicato-

costatd, transversim fortiter striata ; castaneo-fuscd.

Hab. ?

MAnGeLiA PELLUCIDA. Mang. testd ovatd, utrinque atlenuatd,

levigatd, pellucidd, nitidd, longitudinaliter crebricostatd ; albidd,

basi fused.

Hab. >

Manceria ancutaTa. Mang. testd fusiformi-ovatd, anfractibus

medio peculiariter angulatis, suturis profundis, longitudinaliter cos-

tatis, costis angulos super mucronatis ; albidd, fuscescente lineatd.

Hab. Bay of Manila (found in sandy mud at the depth of four

fathoms); Cuming.

Maneexia pura. Mang. testd oblongo-ovatd, spird subturritd,

suturis profundis ; anfractibus concentrice costatis ; albidd, maculis

perpaucis aurantio-fuscis.

Hab. ?

Manee.ia souipa. Mang. testa cylindraceo-ovatd, utrinque atte-

nuatd, solidd, undique creberrimé granoso-clathratd ; aperturd

longiusculd ; purpurascente.

Hab. Island of Burias, Philippines (among sand at the depth of

seven fathoms); Cuming.

Maneetia pERELIcTA. Mang. testd ovata, longitudinaliter fortiter

concentricé costatd, transversim subobsolete striatd ; fuscescente.

Hab. ?

Manee.is Zesuensis, Mang. testd ovato-oblongd, spird acumi-

natd, basi subattenuatd, concentricé fortiter costatd, transversim

creberrimé striatd ; fuscescente. :

Hab. Island of Zebu, Philippines (found in sandy mud at the

depth of four fathoms); Cuming.

Manee ia cincta. Mang. testd subfusiformi-ovatd, spird turritd,

suturis subprofundis ; anfractibus superné angulatis, longitudina-

liter costatis, costis distantibus ; albidd, anfractibus fascid latd

Suscescente superné cinctis.

Hab. Island of Bohol, Philippines (found under stones at low

water) ; Cuming.

Manee.ia pieiTaLis. Mang. testd fusiformi-ovatd, solidd, undique

creberrimé granoso-clathratd ; albicante, zonis duabus purpureis

angustis cingulatd.

Hab. 2

Mancetia Nana. Mang. testd, ovatd, spird brevi, turritd, apice

acutd ; anfractibus superné angulatis, longitudinaliter oblique cos-

tatis, interstitiis cavis, subtiliter striatis.

Hab. Island of Mindanao, Philippines (found in sandy mud at the

depth of twenty-five fathoms) ; Cuming.

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- 67

August 11, 1846.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Sir Robert Heron,

Bart., M.P., and containing the following observations in reference

to the Curassows in his menagerie :—‘“ It appears to me that the dif-

ferent species of the Craz are not well-defined. I had a male black

and a female brown, which bred for three years, always producing

two, which were always a black male and a brown female. I have

now a pair black, with yellow bills, and from their eggs I have

a brown young one: there can be no doubt of the parentage, as I

have only one other Craz, which is also black, with a black bill.”

A letter from the Society’s Corresponding Member, Lieut. Fayrer,

R.N,, dated Bermuda, July 11, 1846, was also read. It accompanied

some specimens of the “ Bische de Mer” or Trepang, which Lieut.

Fayrer states is to be found on the reefs round those islands in vast

quantities, and probably of various kinds.

The next paper read contained descriptions of six new species of

birds, by John Gould, Esq. :—

Trogon asstmitis. Mas. Trog. vertice, corpore superiore, et pec-

tore aureo-viridibus ; loro, auribus, guldque nigris; rectricibus

intermediis duabus aureo-fuscis, viride tinctis; pogoniis lateralium

duarum his provimarum utrinque externis virido-fuscis aureo

splendentibus, internis autem, apicibusque, nigris ; nigris quoque

rectricibus externis, modo marginibus pogoniarum fasciis albis

tenuibus transversim ornatis ; alis nigris, tectricibus et secondariis

lineis leté griseis transverse fleruosis delicatissime pictis.

Male.—Crown of the head, all the upper surface and chest rich

golden green; lores, ear-coverts and throat black; two middle tail-

feathers golden greenish brown, tipped with black; the two next on

each side have the inner web and tip black, and the outer web golden

greenish brown; outer feathers black, crossed for a short space on

either side the web by very fine irregular bars, and largely tipped

with white; wings black, the coverts and secondaries finely penciled

with irregular zigzag markings of light grey; primaries margined

externally with light grey; abdomen and under surface fine scarlet,

separated from the green of the chest by a narrow crescent of white ;

bill orange-yellow ; feet yellowish brown.

Female.—Head, chest and upper surface brown; two middle tail-

feathers dull chestnut-brown, tipped with black; the two next on

No. CLXIJ.—Procrepines or tur Zooxocicar Society.

each side black on their inner webs and at the tip, and dull chestnut-

brown on their outer webs; the remaining feathers black on their

inner webs at the base, largely tipped with white, the intermediate

portion crossed by alternate irregular bars of black and white; wings

as in the male, but with the coverts and secondaries aki with

yellowish brown instead of grey; ear-coverts black; under surface

scarlet, separated from the brown of the chest by a crescent of white ;

bill and feet yellowish brown.

Total length, 10 inches; bill, 1; wing, 5; tail, 6; tarsi, 4.

Hab, Peru.

Remark,—Nearly allied to Trogon personata, but differing from

that species in the tail being nearly black, in the transverse markings

being very slight and in the extremities more largely tipped with

white ; the freckled markings of the wing are also much more minute.

CINCLOSOMA CINNAMOMEUS. Cinc. toto superiore corpore, scapu-

laribus, rectricibus duabus intermediis, pectore ad latera, et lateribus

cinnamomeis ; alarum tectricibus nigris, plumis singulis ad apices

albis ; lined superciliari indistincté albd ; guld loroque nitideé nigris ;

magna ovatd maculd infra oculum, et corpore inferiore albis ; pec-

tore magna maculd nitide nigrd, formd tanquam sagitte, signatd.

The whole of the upper surface, scapularies, two central tail-

feathers, sides of the breast and flanks cinnamon-brown ; wing-coverts

jet-black, each feather largely tipped with white; above the eye a

faint stripe of white; lores and throat glossy black, with a large oval

patch of white seated within the black, beneath the eye; under sur-

face white, with a large arrow-shaped patch of glossy black on the

breast ; feathers on the sides of the abdomen with a broad stripe of

black down the centre ; lateral tail-feathers jet-black, largely tipped

with pure white; under tail-coverts black for four-fifths of their

length on the outer web, their inner webs and tips white; eyes

brown; tarsi olive; toes black.

Total length, 73 inches; bill, 4; wing, 32; tail, 33; tarsi, 12.

Hab. South Australia. Shot by Capt. Sturt at the Depdt, “lat.

29° 40’, June 9, 1845.

This fine new species, discovered by the enterprising traveller Sturt,

is of peculiar interest, as being one of the few inhabitants of the

sterile and inhospitable interior of Australia, and as forming the

third species of the genus known to belong to that portion of the

globe ; it is considerably smaller than either of its congeners, and

also differs from them in the beautiful cinnamon colouring of the

upper surface. It now forms part of the national collection at the

British Museum.

Rampuastos Inca. Foem. Ramph. nigra; rostro nigro, in lateribus

sanguineo obnubilato ; culmine mandibule superioris ad apicem, et

lata fascid basali flavis, hac postice lined nigrd, anticeé lined coc-

cined cinctd ; guld et pectore albis flavitinctis, hoc torque sanguineo

infra succincio ; tectricibus caude inferioribus aurantiacis.

Bill black, clouded on the sides with blood-red, with the culmen

and point of the lower mandible yellow, and with a broad basal belt

of the same colour, bounded posteriorly with a narrow line of black,

and anteriorly with a narrow line of scarlet ; the yellow clouded with

olive on the lower mandible ; naked skin round the eye purple, passing

into yellow on its outer margin; irides brown; legs and feet bluish

lead-colour; general plumage black ; throat and chest white, tinged

with yellow, and bounded below by a band of blood-red ; upper tail-

coverts rich orange; under tail-coverts blood-red.

Total length, 20 inches; bill, 54; wing, 94; tail, 7; tarsi, 23.

Hab. Bolivia: in the elevated and dense forests at Chimorée, in

the country of the Yuracaras Indians. Brought to this country by

Mr. Bridges, and now in the collection of the Earl of Derby.

Remark.—Nearly allied to Ramphastos erythrorhynchus.

The above is the description of a female.

PreroGiossus cucunLtatus. Pter. vertice et occipite aterrimis ;

latd maculd semilunari ad nucham griseo-ceruled ; dorso, humeris,

apicibusque tectricum alarum majorum aureo-oleagineis, uropygio

autem et tectricibus caude superioribus virido-flavis infectis ; tectri-

cibus alarum superioribus, pogoniis externis primariarum, et secon-

dariis saturate viridibus ; pogoniis internis nigris ; genis guldque

ferrugineis, harum colore cum inferioris corporis ceruleo-griseo

gradatim confuso ; tectricibus caude inferioribus nitideé coccineis ;

rostro flavo-viridi obnubilato, nisi tertid parte apicali, et maculd

oblonga utringue ad basin inferioris mandibule, nigris.

Crown of the head and occiput deep shining black; at the back

of the neck a broad crescentic mark of blue-grey ; back, shoulder,

and tips of the greater wing-coverts golden olive, passing into

greenish yellow on the rump and upper tail-coverts; greater wing-

coverts, outer webs of the primaries and the secondaries dark green ;

inner webs black; sides of the face and throat sooty black, gradually

blending with the dark bluish grey of the under surface ; under tail-

coverts shining crimson; thighs light chestnut; bill yellow, clouded

with green for two-thirds of its length from the base, and black for

the remainder of its length; the under mandible with an oblong

irregularly-shaped patch of black on each side near the base; feet

greenish lead-colour.

Total length, 18 inches; bill, 4; wing, 7; tail, 74; tarsi, 2.

Hab. The forests of Cocapata, department of Cochabamba, Bolivia.

Remark.—Three specimens of this highly interesting new species

were brought home by Mr. Bridges; two of them are now in the

possession of the Earl of Derby, and the third in the collection at the

British Museum. The sexes are precisely similar in colour and

markings, but the female may be readily distinguished by her some-

what smaller size and by the much smaller size of the bill.

The whole of the plumage is very dense or thick.

Ovonroruorus Bauurviani. Odont. capite cristdque ferrugineo-

rufis; infra et pone oculum latd aterrimd maculd, supra et subter

lined rubro-cervind bet lca ; corpore inferiore castanco-fusco,

nigro minutissime maculata ; plumis singulis maculd albd ornatis.

Head and crest rich rusty red; beneath and behind the eye a broad

patch of deep black, bounded above and below by a stripe of reddish

buff ; upper surface olive, minutely freckled with black ; the feathers

of the centre of the back and scapularies with a fine line of buffy

white down the apical half of the stem, and with a small double spot

of black on their inner, and a large patch of black on thcir outer

webs, bounded above and below with rusty red; primaries and se-

condaries brown, crossed with irregular bands of rusty red, freckled

with black; under surface dark chestnut-brown or coffee-colour,

minutely freckled with black, each feather with an irregularly-shaped

patch of white, bordered with black near the centre, giving the whole

of the under surface a singularly rich and sparkling appearance ; bill

black ; feet lead-colour.

Total length, 12 inches; bill, 1; wing, 63; tail, 23; tarsi, 2;

middle toe and nail, 21.

Hab. The forests of Cocapata, department of Cochabamba, Bolivia.

Remark.—I have named this new bird Balliviani, in honour of

General Ballivian, President of the Republic of Bolivia. It is one of

the finest species of that section of the group to which the term

Odontophorus is’ now restricted, is nearly allied to the bird I have

named Odontophorus guttatus, and may be readily recognised by its

larger size and by the still more conspicuous marking of the under

surface.

We are indebted to the researches of Mr. Bridges for our know-

ledge of this beautiful bird.

CaLuipePLa venusta. Call. fronte mento guldque holoserico-nigris,

Sascid alba ab oculi posteriore angulo latd circumdatd ; nigra cristd

rectd et erectd ; occipite ferrugineo-rufo ; pectore ceruleo-griseo ;

abdomine superiore cervino, medio nigro, inferiore tectricibusque

caude inferioribus arenaceis ; plumis ad latera castaneis, mediis

sed pogoniis stramineo-albis.

Forehead, chin and throat deep velvety black, encircled from the

posterior angle of the eye with a broad line of white; across the

head and passing down behind the eye another line of white, bounded

posteriorly with black; crest straight, erect, and of a deep black ;

occiput rusty red; feathers of the sides and back of the neck lan-

ceolate in form and of a blue-grey, encircled all round with brown ;

back, wings, rump and upper tail-coverts olive-grey ; tertiaries edged

with buff narrowly on their outer webs and broadly on their inner

ones ; tail grey; chest blue-grey; upper part of the abdomen buff;

centre of the abdomen black; flank-feathers rich chestnut, with a

line of buffy white down the centre; lower part of the abdomen and

under tail-coverts sandy buff, with a broad stripe of greyish brown

down the centre of each of the latter; bill black; feet brown.

Total length, 83 inches; bill, 14; wing, 44; tail, 4; tarsi, 13;

middle toe and nail, 13.

Hab. Supposed to be California.

Remark.—I am indebted to the kindness of M. Louis Coulon,

Director of the Museum at Neufchatel, for the loan of this species,

for the purpose of figuring in my monograph : it is the only specimen

I have seen, and in all probability is the only one that has been sent

to Europe; it is a bird whose rarity is only equalled by its beauty :

it is very nearly allied to Cullipepla Californica, but is distinguished

from that bird by the straight form of the crest, the rich colouring of

the flank-feathers, by the absence of the scale-like markings of the

abdomen, and the greater length of the tail.

August 25, 1846.

R. C. Griffith, Esq., in the Chair.

The following communication was read :—‘ On the Relation of

the Edentata to the Reptiles, especially of the Armadillos to the

Tortoises.” By Edward Fry.

The dissections of two specimens of Tortoise, of which I have been

unable to recognise the species with certainty, induced me to believe

that those animals are allied to the Armadillos. Continuing this in-

vestigation, and extending it to the Edentata in general, I arrived at

the conclusion that they are allied to the Reptiles. As some points

of affinity have occurred to me which I have not seen noticed as such,

I believe that a short sketch of the subject may not be devoid of

interest; and as Professor Owen has intimated his belief that the

Edentata are allied to Birds rather than to any other class, I shall

conclude my paper with a consideration of the arguments adduced

by him hereon.

Such subjects as the one I shall attempt to investigate are of so

high an interest to the zoologist, that any one contributing in the

least degree to elucidate them may hope for indulgence.

I regret not being able to ascertain the names of the species of

Tortoise which came under my notice, but trust that this omission

will not materially deduct from the interest of the subject.

Sect. I. Of the Relation of the Genera Dasypus and Testudo.

1. In the Tortoise the esophagus is large and muscular, admitting

bodies of great size in proportion to the mouth. From the structure

of the mouth it is incapable of masticating the food, whence arises

the necessity of a large and muscular cesophagus. Professor Owen

has remarked a similar structure, and adduced the same final cause

in the Armadillo, Dasypus peba. In his paper in the Proceedings of

the Zoological Society, i. 144, he says: ‘‘ The muscular parietes of

the pharynx and cesophagus are very thick, for from the nature of the

teeth, small, conical and wide apart, the food can undergo but little

comminution in the mouth, and hence the necessity of additional

power for propelling imperfectly divided substances into the stomach.”

2. In concordance with the structure of the mouth, the stomach

of the Tortoise is strong and muscular: in the larger of the two in-

dividuals I dissected so remarkably so, as would forcibly have re-

minded a casual observer of the gizzard of birds. The stomach of

the Armadillos, though of a globular form, is similar in structure ;

so much so, that Prof. Owen speaks of it as ‘‘a structure analogous

to the gizzard of birds,” Jbid. As in the Dasypode (Zool. Proc. i,

142 & 154), so in the larger specimen of the Tortoise, the coats of

the stomach, generally thick, are especially so at the pylorus.

3. In the smaller species of Tortoise I observed that the colon is

prolonged beyond the insertion of the ileum, so as to form a short

czecum, as described by Martin in his account of the Testudo greca

(Zool. Proc. i. 63 & 74). In my larger species there was no cecum ;

such is also the case with the Testudo indica (Zool. Proc. i.47). In

the Testudo tabulata ‘‘ there is no trace of appendix czeci’’ (Holberton

in Zool. Journal, iv. 325), On the other hand, Prof. Owen has

ascertained the presence of a cecum in another species of Tortoise,

Eimys concentrica, Leconte (Zool. Proc. i. 74). From these accu-

mulated observations, it becomes evident that the presence of a

cecum is a varying character in the Tortoises. A similar variable-

ness in this structure has been remarked by Prof. Owen in the genus

Dasypus (Zool. Proce. i. 156).

4. A great tendency to anchylose parts usually distinct, and to

ossify others generally cartilaginous, is observable in the Tortoise in

the ribs, in the dorsal vertebre, in the scapulz and clavicles, in the

component parts of the pelvis, in the sternal cartilages, and in the

parts forming the plastron. In the Armadillos it may be remarked

in the cervical vertebre, in the sternal portions of the ribs, and in

the manubrium and clavicular processes (Owen in Zool. Proc. i. 134).

In the Sloths also it is especially evident in the anchylosis of the

bones of the hand.

5. Hence results a similarity of locomotion in the Tortoises and

Armadillos ; so that the following extract from Prof. Owen, referring

to the motion of the latter animals, will apply almost equally well to

that of the former: ‘‘ Every one who has seen the living Armadillo

running about the open plot of ground in the Society’s Gardens must

have been struck with the machine-like manner in which the body is

carried along. The short legs are almost concealed, and their motions

are not accompanied by any corresponding inflections of the spine,

the two extremities of the trunk not being alternately raised and de-

pressed as in the quadrupeds which move by bounds” (Zool. Proc.

ii. 135).

6. The anterior articular processes of the vertebre of the Arma-

dillo, especially of the hinder dorsal and the lumbar regions, assist as

“« strutts or braces” in the support of its heavy shell; whilst in the

Tortoise a similar object is effected by the small osseous supports

which proceed from its anchylosed spine.

7. Both in the Armadillo and Tortoise the ossa ilia appear to serve

as additional supports to the shell.

Sect. II. Of the Relation of the Edentatous Mammalia to the

Reptiles.

_ 1. In the Two-toed Anteater the ribs are so broad as to overlap

each other like tiles (Cuvier, Lectures on Comparative Anatomy,

translated by Ross, 1802, vol. i. p. 209). This is, I believe, the nearest

resemblance amongst other Vertebrata to the bony case of the Tor-

toises. In the Armadillo the first pair of ribs are broader than they

are long (Owen, Zool. Proc. ii. p. 135).

2. In the large number of the ribs of the Unau, we have what

Prof. Owen has termed a lacertine character (on Mylodon, p. 166).

3. Like the Tortoises, &c. amongst Reptiles, the Anteaters and

Pangolins are deprived of teeth; whilst those Edentata which are

furnished with them approximate to the dentition of some of the

Reptilia in the uniform character of the series; and in the subgenus

Priodontes of Fred. Cuvier in the extremely large number, namely

eighty-eight or ninety-six in all.

4, The Edentata, like the Reptiles, are remarkable for the pro-

pensity to develope coats of mail of various kinds; sometimes conti-

nuous; in other instances, of detached and separate scales; some-

times, to continue the simile, like plate-armour; sometimes like

scale-armour. The Armadillos, the Chlamyphorus, the Pangolins,

and some of the extinct Megatheroids, exhibit this amongst the

Edentates; whilst almost all the Reptiles partake in measure of this

character.

5. The Anteater and Manis are destitute of the power of emitting

sounds (Blumenbach’s Anatomy, translation by Lawrence, 1807,

p- 278). This incapacity approximates them to the Reptiles, and par-

ticularly distinguishes them from Birds and most of the Mammalia.

In this character however most of the Marsupiata partake.

6. Waterton, in his ‘ Wanderings,’ furnishes us with a highly

graphic description of the habits of the Myrmecophaga jubata. From

the extracts I shall make, the similarity of this animal to the Reptiles

will be manifest in three important points, viz. the slowness of its

movements, the tenacity with which it retains any object which it has

seized, the length of time which it can pass uninjured without food ;

and probably a fourth—the tenacity of life and muscular power. The

Tortoises exhibit these phenomena of inuscular irritability perhaps as

well as any genus amongst the Reptiles.

“He (Myrmecophaga jubata) cannot travel fast, for man is superior

to him in speed..... Whenever he seizes an animal with these for-

_ midable weapons (his claws), he hugs it close to his body and keeps

it there till it dies through pressure or through want of food. Nor

does the Antbear in the meantime suffer much from want of aliment,

for it is a well-known fact that he can go longer without food than

any other animal, excepting perhaps the Land Tortoise..... .The

Indians have a great dread of coming in contact with this animal,

and after disabling him in the chase, never think of approaching him

till he is quite dead.” (Waterton’s Wanderings in South America,

171.)

That muscular irritability exists to a similar extent in the Sloths

will be proved by the following extract :—

‘Cor motum suum valdissime retinebat postquam exemptum erat

a corpore, per semihorium; exempto corde, ceterisque visceribus,

multo post se movebat et pedes lente contrahebat sicut dormituriens

solet.” (Pison, Hist. Bras. p. 322, quoted by Buffon; translation by

Smellie, 1791, vol. vii. p. 161.)

7. In the Sloths and Weasel-headed Armadillo the absence of the

os tincee, and the consequent formation of a single tube by the uterus

and vagina, approximate these organs very nearly to the oviduct of

the Reptilia (see Owen, Zool. Proc. ii. 131, and on the Generation

of Marsupial Animals in Phil, Trans. 1834, p. 365).

In the genera Bradypus, Dasypus, Manis and Myrmecophaga,

“the utero-sexual canal,” to use the words of the last-quoted me-

moir, “is formed, as in the Tortoises, by a continuation of the urethra

or urinary bladder, into which the genital tube opens by a small

orifice.”

8. There is yet another highly important character, one indeed

which has probably a relation to the preceding, which displays the

intimate relationship of the Edentata and Reptiles, namely the ex-

treme simplicity of the brain. In the Armadillos, Manises and Ant-

eaters, the cerebral hemispheres are devoid of convolutions, whilst

in the Sloth they present a few anfractuosities (Owen, Phil. Trans.

1834, p. 361).

9. Professor Owen says, in his elaborate memoir on the Mylodon

robustus, that the presence of a persistent formative organ of the teeth

of the Megatheroids indicates a property in which they resembled the

Reptiles, viz. longevity (p. 166). And again, the intimate structure of

the soft dentine of the teeth of the Izuanodon resembles that of the

extinct Megatherium and of the recent Sloths (Owen’s Odontography,

p. 251). Is it not an idea which forcibly impresses on us the unity

of the great plan of nature, that had a comparative anatomist existed

in the days of the Megatherium and Iguanodon, he might have dis-

covered from an examination of their teeth two common characters,

and might thence perhaps have inferred those very relations which

in the present paper I have been seeking to enforce with regard to

their congeners of another age—almost another world?

10. It is well known that the blood-corpuscles of the Reptiles are

remarkably large ; the Sloths are the largest yet known amongst the

Mammalia, with the single exception of the Elephant. Perhaps

however this may be a character of little importance in elucidating

the natural affinities of groups, as we find the corpuscles of the Ar-

madillo rather smaller than Man’s, and those of the Monotremata

of about the same size as the human (Gulliver on Blood-corpuscles,

Zool. Soc., October 14, 1845),

Sect. III. Of the Arguments adduced by Professor Owen for believing

the Edentata to be allied to Birds.

I propose first to enumerate these arguments, and then to consider

them more particularly. They are to be found in Professor Owen’s

interesting papers on the anatomy of the Six-banded and Weasel-

headed Armadillos in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of

London, so often referred to and quoted in this paper, and are as

follows :—1. The presence of two czca in the Dasypus 6-cinctus and

Myrmecophaga didactyla. 2. “The gizzard-like structure exhibited

in the tendinous external appearance and thickened muscular coat of

the stomach of the Dasypode,” and a still nearer approach in the

stomach of the Manis. 3. The presence of a similar structure in the

Myrmecophagz, accompanied by the habit of swallowing small peb-

bles for the purpose of destroying the vitality of the insects which

form their food. 4. The similarity of the mucous glands about the

os hyoides of the Anteaters to those follicles in the Woodpeckers,

which represent amongst Birds the conglomerate salivary glands

of the Mammalians; and the lubrication of the extensile tongue.

5. The abnormal number of cervical vertebre in the Three-toed

Sloth. 6. Prof. Owen concludes this line of argument in the fol-

lowing words: ‘‘ The transition is indeed nearly completed by the

Monotremata, for of the two genera contained in this order, Echidna

presents us with the quills, and Ornithorhynchus with the beak of a

bird; and it is far from being proved that the mode of generation is

not the same.” 7, The form of the pubis of the Armadillo indicates

“that only a small portion of what usually constitutes the symphysis

is here joined to its fellow, viz. the anterior angle ;” and in Chlamy-

phorus and Myrmecophaga didactyla the ossa pubis remain entirely

separate, as isthe casein Birds. The pelvis likewise resembles theirs

“‘in the great breadth of the posterior part of the sacrum, the angles

of which are anchylosed to the spines of the ischia, and convert the

great ischiatic notches into complete foramina.”

1. The occurrence of double cxca is a remarkable point of affinity

to Birds ; but we have previously shown that the presence of cxca is

a variable character in the Tortoises, as in both Dasypus and Myr-

mecophaga, so that the characters furnished us by this organ seem to

approximate them equally to Birds and Reptiles.

2. We have shown the structure of the stomach in the Tortoises

to be gizzard-like. This is also the case in Crocodilus acutus (Owen

in Zool. Proc. 1830, p. 139). Hence the stomach of the Edentata

presents us with an equal analogy to Reptiles and Birds.

3. The habit of the Myrmecophaga of swallowing small pebbles

to increase the trituration of the gizzard is certainly analogous to

that of the Gallinaceous Birds. But the same has been remarked in

the Egyptian Crocodile by Professor Geoffroy St. Hilaire, and in the

sharp-nosed species by Prof. Owen (ubi supra). As the gizzard-like

structure and pebbles of the Myrmecophaga are adapted to the diges-

tion of animal food, as in the Reptilia, and not of vegetable, as in

the Gallinaceous Birds, I consider the resemblance of the Edentata

in these respects to be greater to the former than the latter

animals.

4, The salivary glands of the Chameleon, if not formed on exactly

the same type as those of the Anteaters, are at least similar in the

office they perform.

5. The abnormal number of cervical vertebre in the Ai approxi-

mates the Edentata equally to Reptiles and Birds.

6. The Monotremata, which Professor Owen in the passage I have

quoted seems to look upon as the terminal link between the Edentata

and Birds, are certainly more nearly allied to Reptiles than to Birds,

and have indeed been considered so by himself, as will be manifest

from the following extract from a letter of that gentleman quoted in

* Kirby’s Bridgewater Treatise, vol. ii. p. 432 :—‘* Dissections of most

of the genera of Marsupians have tended to confirm in my mind the

propriety of establishing them as a distinct and parallel group, be-

ginning with the Monotremes, which I believe to lead from Reptiles,

not Birds.” Again, in his paper ‘On the Young of the Ornitho-

rhynchus paradozrus,’ Zool. Trans. vol. i. p. 221, he very distinctly

states the weight of evidence to be in favour of the relation of the

Monotremates to the Reptiles rather than Birds; so thut in all pro-

bability he has altered his views on this subject since 1830.

The evidence produced above is conclusive for my purpose, and

precludes the necessity of discussing the analogies of the Monotre-

mata. But as Prof. Owen has alluded to the beak of the Ornitho-

rhynchus as that “ of a bird,” it may not be irrelevant to show in how

many important particulars the two structures differ. ‘‘ This struc-

ture,’ says Sir Everard Home, speaking of the organ in question,

“« differs materially from the bill of a Duck, and indeed from the bill

of all birds, since in them the cavities of the nostrils do not extend

beyond the root of the bill; and in their lower portions, which cor-

respond to the under jaw of quadrupeds, the edges are hard, to

answer the purpose of teeth, and the middle space is hollow, to re-

ceive the tongue” (Home on Head of Ornithorhynchus, Phil. Trans.

1800). When to this diversity of structure we add the difference

of use, we shall see that however strong may be the resemblance at

first sight, it is perhaps more imaginary than real. From the de-

scription above-quoted,we learn that the beak of the Ornithorhynchus

is incapable, from the general flexibility of its structure, of taking

firm hold of any object; but that the marginal lips being brought

together, the prey is sucked into the mouth.

Perhaps too the similarity of the spines of the Echidna to the

quills of a bird is not very close. :

7. The pelvis of some Edentata certainly resembles that of Birds

in a remarkable degree.

I have thus endeavoured to show that many of the structures in

the Edentata, adduced by Prof. Owen as offering relations to Birds,

are equally so to Reptiles; whilst those that lead us to the former

class are not of equal number or importance to those that conduct us

to the latter.

I am fully aware that the scope and conduct of my investigations

have been defective; but so far as they extend they appear to me to

prove simply this, viz. that the Edentata are allied to the Reptiles,

and that more nearly than to Birds.

It would have been absurd to expect any other result from this

investigation than such as the present: a group is never related to

one other group only: “The true affinities of organic structures

branch out irregularly in all directions.”

I cannot conclude without observing, that it is highly remarkable

and interesting that affinities should be found to prevail amongst

creatures often remotely situated one from the other in the Animal

Kingdom ; that these relations often appear subtle and irrespective

of functional similarity ; and that whilst their final cause will pro-

bably ever remain unknown to man, we cannot consider them with-

out deeply appreciating the order, the unity and dependence which

prevail:throughout all parts of nature. Epw. Fry.

Sa ee eee

September 22, 1846.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

John Gould, Esq., laid before the meeting the following letter,

detailing the circumstances of the death of Mr. John Gilbert, who

formerly had been many years in the employment of the Society.

He fell in the service of zoological science during an expedition into

the interior of Australia.

“Sydney, May 12, 1846.

“Dear Sir,—As I was one of the party that journeyed from Syd-

ney to Port Essington, and not knowing whether you had been made

acquainted with the full particulars of poor Gilbert’s death by Dr.

Leichhardt, or any other of the party, thinking the details of his

melancholy fate would be read with interest, I shall offer no apology

for addressing this to you.

‘As Mr. Gilbert’s log, which has been sent home to you, fully

narrates all particulars up to the eventful 28th of June, I shall offer

no remarks of my own. At the most northerly point we reached on

the east side of the Gulf of Carpentaria, in lat. 15° 57’, and about

fifty miles from the coast, we encamped for the night at a small shal-

low lagoon surrounded by low tea-trees, the country around beauti-

fully open. Having partaken of our usual meal of dried meat about

3 p.m., Gilbert, taking his gun, sallied forth in search of something

new—he procured a Climacteris and a Finch, which he skinned before

dinner; our scanty meal was soon despatched; poor Gilbert was

busily employed plaiting the cabbage-tree, intending to make a new

hat, which, alas! he never lived to finish. The shades of evening

closed around, and after chatting for a short time we retired to our

separate tents—Gilbert and Murphy to theirs, Mr. Calvert and my-

self to ours, and Phillips to his; the Doctor and our two black fel-

lows slept round the fire, entirely unconscious of the evil designs of

the natives; having always found those we had passed so friendly

and well-disposed, we felt in as great security as you do in the midst

of London, lying on our blankets, conversing on different topics.

Not one, I think, could have closed his eyelids, when I was sur-

prised by a noise, as if some persons were throwing sticks at our

tent; thinking it must be some trick played on us by our compa-

nions, I sat up to look out; another volley of spears was thrown; a

terrific yell, that will ring in my ears for ever, was raised, and pierced

with spears, which I found it impossible to extricate, I sunk helpless

on the ground; the whole body rushed upon us with their waddies,

and how it is it that our brains did not bespatter the ground is to

me miraculous. These rascals had crept on us under cover of the

tea-trees: the tent in which Calvert and I were being first in their

road, the whole body attacked us; poor Gilbert, hearing the noise,

No. CLXIII.—Procrrpines or tHe Zootoeican Soctrery.

was rushing from his tent with his gun, when a spear thrown at him

pierced his breast, and, penetrating to his lungs, caused internal he-

morrhage; the only words he spoke were these, ‘ Charlie, take my

gun ; they have killed me,’ when pulling the spear out with his own

hands, he immediately dropped upon the ground lifeless. Little

Murphy, who was by his side at the time he was speared, fired at the

black fellow who speared him; Brown fired at the mob beating Cal-

vert and myself, and they immediately retreated howling and la-

menting. Mr. Calvert was pierced with five spears, myself with six,

and our recovery is to be attributed to the abstemious way in which

we lived. After having the spears pulled out, you may imagine our

feelings when we heard Charlie exclaim, ‘Gilbert is dead !’—-we could

not, would not, believe it. Alas! the morning brought no better

tidings—poor Gilbert was consigned to his last and narrow home ;

the prayers of the church of England were read over him, and a large

fire made upon his grave for the purpose of misleading the blacks,

who, we thought, would probably return and search the camp on our

departure. It is impossible to describe the gloom and sorrow this

fatal accident cast upon our party. Asa companion, none was more

cheerful or more agreeable; as a man, none more indefatigable or more

persevering; but it is useless for me to eulogize one so well known

to you—one whom you will have cause to regret, and who will ever

be remembered by, <. Sirs

“Yours most truly,

“ Joun Roper.”

The skull of a Seal was exhibited to the meeting, presented by the

Society’s Corresponding Member, Richard Hill, Esq., who refers to

it in a letter, dated Spanish Town, Jamaica, July 8, 1846, as ‘‘a

skull of an undescribed Seal found on the islands and shoals called

by the seamen the Pedros, but known as the Vibora Bank on the old

Spanish charts, situated about a degree to the south of Jamaica.”

Mr. Hill’s letter proceeds: ‘‘ The most detailed account I can give

of this Seal, in addition to the facts presented by an inspection of

the cranium, which will be found to have much of the contour and

character of that of the Calocephalus of Frederick Cuvier, will com-

prise little more than the statement that it has no external auricles :

the foramina are so small that all trace of an ear to a casual observer

is imperceptible. The colour of the animal is intensely and uni-

formly black; the hair is stiff and close, and very short; the nails of

the hinder claws are rudimentary ; the eyes are large, black and full,

and the iris crimson.

‘«The measurements of the specimen from which the cranium sent

was obtained, are the following :—

ft. in.

Total length along the back from the snout to the tip of the

tient] fash Pegs tee, ain) 5 ae a= atencs ee abet Ge iiehd Avene Shee tere 4 2

Rseeth ef thee: tails: vu Geretagers's Juels aia. s% \. Oba be ae 0 3

From the snout to the insertion of the fore-paw . 1 6

From the insertion of the fore-paw to that of the hind- -paw... 2 10

ft. in.

Circumference of the body near the fore-paws,........... 3 2

Breadth of the back at the fore-paws .......-6.e0.000-- 1 0

From one fore-paw to the other, extended out ...... va noeinG

Length of the fore-paw...........--.0s0ee eines semen - 010

Eeangth of the, hind= paw, isis 0 dis sia\ein)ejedwi oe el viediela cen oe 0 11

Circumference at the hind-paws ...-....2.0-eeeeeeeeee LawG

Breadth of the head across the ears, horizontally measured.. 0 7

Length of the head ...... aude aut st ares tne sisi talk aye dG: . De

Breadth of the nose ..... Say Reads ABs MEA aie -.. O 44

“Other seals have been taken nearly, if not quite, double this

size.”

A paper was then read, ‘“‘ On a new Genus of the Family Lophide

(les Pectorales Pediculées, Cuv.) discovered in Madeira.” By the

Rey. R. T. Lowe, M.A., Corr. Memb.

The addition, Mr. Lowe observes, of an unequivocal new genus to

a family so circumscribed and so singular as Lophide is well-worthy

of remark. The present genus has, besides, further claims on the

attention of the ichthyolougist in the peculiar combination of distinc-

tive features of its own with characters exhibited by other groups in

the same family ; and this independent of the interest attaching to

the fish in which they are exemplified, from singularity of form and

aspect, brilliancy of colouring, locality, and extreme rarity, no other

instance of its capture at Madeira having occurred during the last

twenty years.

It is nearest allied amongst the groups of Lophide, in general

habit and aspect, with Cheironectes, Cuv., although in technical cha-

racters. it may seem to approach even nearer to Halieutea, Val.

The individual described was taken with an ordinary bait and line

at the Picos, a rocky shoal about a league from shore off Camera de

Lobos, a village five or six miles westward of Funchal.

CHAUNAX, nov. gen.

Char. Gen. Corpus subcubico-oblongum, sufflatabile, nudum, cute

presertim ad ilia ventremque flaccidissima laxa ; anticé obesum, pos-

tic abrupté attenuatum subcompressum. Caput osseum magnum

subtetrahedrum, superné nuchaque latum planatum, utrinque S. ad

genas declive; oculis lateralibus spatio interoculari convexo; ore

rictuque amplissimis transversis plagio-plateis S. depressis. Dentes

intermaxillares vomerinique palatinique parvi scobinati. Nares sim-

plices (nec pedicellate nec tubulosz). Spiracula (foramina branchi-

alia) postica S. ad ilia pone pinnarum pectoralium axillas.

Pinna dorsalis unica ; pectoralibus (pedicellatis) carnosis ventrali-

bus jugularibus spathulatis carnosis; analis postica; caudalis sim-

plex truncata.

Cirri, preter unicum in fossula internasali, nulli.

Chaunazx pictus, Lowe.

eh dav:

D.11; A.5; P.11; V. 4; C. >.

Species adhuc unica.

Hab. In mari Maderensi.

Shape thick and deep, subcubic, about half as deep as broad, with

a puffy flaccid appearance, and evidently capable of vast inflation ;

bulky forwards, with the head, nape and body of equal depth and

thickness, contracting suddenly on the flanks or behind the pectoral

fins into a short thickish tail. Back of head and nape as far as the

dorsal fin broad and thick, flattened and uneven or irregularly pro-

tuberant ; thence to the end of the dorsal fin the body is nearly cy-

lindric, becoming compressed towards the root of the caudal fin.

Head broad and deep; eyes lateral ; sides of the head steep, but not

flat; mouth very large and wide, but not so wide as the head, horse-

shoe or crescent-shaped. Teeth ina distinct brush-like band on the

edges of both jaws. Tongue very large, thick, hard and smooth.

The nostrils are two inconspicuous, minute, round, simple pores on

each side, one a little before the other near the edge of the muzzle.

Eyes of moderate side, roundish oval, rather prominent, but not

pedicelled.

In the middle of the front of the muzzle is a short, pedicelled, soft,

flaccid tentacle or caruncle scarcely more than a semidiameter of the

eye in height or length; the whole body destitute of any other

tentacle, ray, filament or spine whatever; the top of the head is

however irregularly knobbed, or uneven, with bony prominences and

depressions.

The breathing-holes or branchial orifices are placed far backwards,

considerably behind the hinder axils of the pectoral fins, in the mid-

dle of the flanks, which are peculiarly flaccid and flabby. They are

oval ear-shaped, and about the size or diameter of the eyes.

The dorsal fin is single, placed nearly in the middle of the whole

length, its height one-fourth of the length of its base.

The anal fin is placed far behind, opposite the end of the dorsal.

The pectoral fins are placed low down about the middle of the

length of the body, beneath the origin of the dorsal fin.

The ventral fins are close together, very forward, quite under the

throat.

Caudal fin simple, truncate, with a straight edge.

All the fins, except the dorsal and caudal, are thick and fleshy,

with the rays strong but indiscernible to the eye, except towards the

outer edges of the pectoral fins.

The whole head and body, with the maxillaries and the rays of

the dorsal and caudal fins, are finely hispid or shagreened, and rough

and scabrous to the touch, the under surface more finely shagreened

than the upper.

The whole skin is singularly loose and flaccid. The head and

body are, as it were, mapped out into compartments by remarkable

chain-like rows of pits or oblong, shining, smooth depressions in the

skin. One set or row of these begins upon the muzzle, and passing

above each eye, turns downwards behind it and runs on a level with

its lower edge straight along the sides as far as the breathing-holes,

thence downwards along the tail to the caudal fin.

Under the lower jaw is a horse-shoe-shaped space enclosed by si-

milar smooth pits, the two ends of which, connected by a transverse

chain of pits, turn off backwards towards the corners of the mouth,

and continuing low down on the sides of the belly, end underneath

the axil of the pectoral fins.

A third wavy line runs along the inner or hinder edges of the

maxillaries, and turning obliquely backwards some distance under-

neath the eye, descends till it meets and is terminated by a fourth

obliquely vertical row which crosses the nape like a head-stall, and is

terminated low down on the sides of the throat by the second lon-

gitudinal line. On the nape the edges of these pits are raised or

echinulate, and more disconnected than elsewhere.

Colour of the whole fish above bright orange, beautifully rosy at

the flanks and sides, and with the fins and lips vermilion; on the

belly it is nearly white or pale, suffused with flesh-colour or rosy,

and with the ventral or anal fins deeper vermilion.

The tentacle dull, its stalk orange.

MEASUREMENTS. inches.

We One a Ber ree. Clot ale eal wi cha ie'n op bn aes 16

From tip of upper jaw to origin of dorsal fin .......... 6

ength’ of base’ of dorsalifin 2.0. eee ee oe oe 4

Length from end of base of ditto to root of caudal fin.... 2

BM PPE AION CATINN ET go> igo cist cle ave SA'S so a eo « 0’ ohs ce 34

PrmnG OE DEAS. dh POEM aed dete ust ord sci ayete 5

Breadth, greatest at fore axil of pectoral fins, from .. 8 to 10

Depth, greatest half-way, the tip of upper jaw and origin

Gr -eoraal eee Nia ys a tele Ped dele suds ile te cate 4

Depth at root of caudal fin ©. 22.0.6 soo. ee ak 1

Length from tip of lower jaw to root of ventral fins .... 4

Rameatht Gh Vewiral Gis iti) s). Alias. Gant dere ele wie denies 24

Length from each breathing-hole to root of caudal fin.... 5

Diameter Gl Syesa sade ib Ce W i tie clits las 6 oteloms acts cae 03

Mr. Gould then exhibited to the meeting two new Australian

birds, which he characterized as follows :—

Meurpuaca Lonerrostris. Vertice et genis nigris ; plumis minutis

ad basin mandibule superioris, mystacibus ad basin inferioris man-

dibule, strigd superciliari, plumarum cristuld post aures, plumis-

“que in jugulo setosis, albis.

Top of the head and cheeks black, with minute white feathers

on the forehead round the base of the upper mandible; a super-

ciliary stripe, a moustache at the base of the lower mandible, and

a small tuft of feathers immediately behind the ear-coverts white;

feathers on the throat white and bristle-like ; upper surface brownish

black, hecoming browner on the rump; wings brownish black, the

outer edges of the quills margined at thé base with beautiful wax-

yellow, and faintly margined with white towards the extremities ;

tail brownish black, margined externally at the base with wax-yel-

low, and with a large oval spot of white on the inner web, at the tip

of all but the two centre feathers; surface white broadly striped

with black, the black predominating on the breast and the white on

the abdomen; irides white; bill and feet black.

Hab. Western Australia.

Total length, 7 inches; bill, 1; wing, 31; tail, 34; tarsi, 3.

Remark.—Nearly allied to the M. Nove-Hollandie, but differing

from that species in the stouter and more lengthened form of the

bill, and in having the white patch on the face much less defined.

Limosa MetanvuroipEs. Capite, et corpore superiore griseo-fuscis ;

primariis secondariisque ad basin et tectricibus ale majoribus ad

apicem albis, colore, expansd pennd, tanquam fascid apparente;

tectricibus caude superioribus albis ; caudd atrd, nisi rectricibus

lateralibus duabus ad basin albis.

Head and all the upper surface greyish brown, with a small streak

of black down the centre of the feathers ; wings dark brown; shafts

white ; base of the primaries and secondaries and tips of the greater

coverts white, forming a band when the wing is expanded; upper

tail-coverts white, forming a conspicuous mark; tail black, with the

exception of the two lateral feathers on each side, which are white

at the base and black at the tip; neck, breast and flanks greyish

brown; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; irides brown; bill

greenish grey, becoming paler on the sides of the upper mandible ;

legs and feet greenish grey. ,

Total length, 13 inches; bill, 33; wing, 72; tail, 34; tarsi, 23.

Hab, Port Essington.

Remark.—Nearly allied to, but differing from, the Limosa mela-

nura of Europe in its much smaller size.

October 13, 1846.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read to the Society :—

«On twenty new species of TrocuiLip# or Humming Birds.”

By J. Gould, F.R.S.

Having lately turned my attention to the Trochilide, 1 find that,

much as this beautiful group has attracted the notice of previous

writers, several species remain undescribed.

At a former meeting of the Society I characterized three, and on

the present occasion I propose to describe seventeen others, making

twenty in all. The species described are contained in my own col-

lection.

1. Trocuizus (ropaza) pyra. Troch. abdomine, lateribus, dorso,

humerisque, igneis rubro-fulgentibus ; capite, auribus, nuchd, et

fascid inferiorem collum ornante, intense atris ; guld luminose vi-

ridi, medid aurantiacd ; rectricibus intermediis duabus viridibus,

purpurascentibus, reliquis autem intense purpureis ; rectricibus

duabus intermediis prozimis valde elongatis et ad bases decussatis.

Abdomen, sides, back, and shoulders, luminous fiery-red; head,

ear-coverts, back of the neck, and a band crossing the lower part of

the neck, deep velvety black; throat luminous pale green, passing

into rich orange in the centre; two centre tail-feathers purplish

green, the remainder deep purple, the feather on each side the cen-

tre ones much-elongated and crossing each other near the base ;

upper tail-coverts luminous light green with red reflexions; under

tail-coverts luminous green; primaries purplish brown; bill black ;

feet blackish brown.

Total length from the tip of the bill to the end of the centre tail-

feather, 6 inches; to the end of the elongated feathers, 83; bill, 1};

wing, 32; tail, 23, of the elongated feathers, 45.

Hab. Rio Negro, Brazil.

Remark.—I consider this to be without exception the most gor-

geous species of the Trochilide yet discovered. It is somewhat

larger than, but of precisely the same form as, T. pella, which fine

species it far exceeds in the brilliancy of its colouring, and from

which it is at once distinguished by the fiery lustre of its body and

the purplish colouring of its tail-feathers.

2. Trocuizus (LesBra) smaracpinus. Troch. vertice fulgente vi-

ridi; guld nitente ceruled ; caudd perlongd, furcatd, fulgentissimad

metallice viridi ; pogoniis rectricum externarum utrisque ad basin

et internis reliquarum pogoniis nigris.

No. CLXIV.—Procrepines or THE ZooLocicaL Society,

Crown of the head luminous green; throat shining steel-blue;

body green, the under surface with a golden tinge; tail very long

and forked, metallic green and very luminous; basal portion of both

webs of the outer feathers and the inner webs of the remainder

black; wings brown; bill black.

Total length, 74 inches; bill, 3; wing, 23; tail, 5.

Hab. Bolivia.

Remark.—This beautiful species is nearly allied to the Ornismya

Kingii, Less.

3. Trocaitus (LEsBIA) Gracitis. Troch. guld nitente metallice

viridi ; caudd perlongd valde furcatd ; rectricibus externis eneo-

Fuscis, eneo colore ad splendentem maculam cujusque in apice

plume fulgentiore, pogoniorum externorum dimidio basali cervino ;

reliquis rectricibus aureo-viridibus ad basin fuscis.

Throat beautiful shining metallic green; the remainder of the

body golden-green; wings brown; tail very long, much-forked ;

the outer feathers bronzy brown, the bronze gradually increasing

in intensity and becoming a brilliant spot at the tip; basal half of

the outer webs buffy white; remaining feathers brown at the base

and shining golden green for the remainder of their length; bill

black.

Total length, 64 inches; bill, $; wing, 2}; tail, 43,

Hab. Peru.

Remark.—This species is very closely allied to the Trochius

Gouldii, Lodd., vide Proc. of Comm. of Sci. and Corr. of Zool. Soc.,

part 2, p. 7, which is synonymous with the Ornismyu Sylphie, Less.,

but from which it differs in several characters, which upon an exami-

nation of many specimens, are found to be constant; the bill is

shorter, the green of the body ochreous, and the lower part of

the abdomen more buffy, or not so green as in the Gouldii: the

most remarkable difference, however, is in the outer tail-feathers,

which are much narrower and not so green. By some ornitholo-

gists this might be considered as a mere local variation; but as I

have seen many of each kind, and find that the differences are con-

stant, I feel assured that the two birds are specifically distinct.

4. Trocuitus (ocrEatus) rurocaticatus. Troch. guld et collo

superiore fulgentibus metallic? viridibus ; tarsis densis plumis fer-

rugineis ocreatis ; caudd fuscd, rectricibus externis prolongatis

angustis late tamen spathule formd terminatis.

Throat and fore-part of the neck luminous metallic green; plumage

of the body bronzy green; wings brown; tarsi clothed with a thick

ruff of rusty-red feathers; tail brown, the outer feathers prolonged

and narrow, and ending in a broad spatulate tip; bill black.

Total length, 44 inches; bill, 2; wing, 13; tail, 23.

Hab. Bolivia.

Remark.—Nearly allied to the Ornismya Underwoodii, Less.

5. TrocuiLvus (OcREATUS) LiconicauDus. Troch. facie, collo supe-

riore et pectore viridibus, plumis pectoris majoribus, fulgentiori-

bus, griseo nonnunquam fimbriatis ; medio abdomine aureo-fusco ; -

uropygio fascid albo-cervind transversim ornato ; caudd purpuras-

cente fuscd, fascid latd per mediam stramined ; rectricibus latera-

libus primo diminuentibus, latis autem tanquam spathulis termi-

nantibus.

Face and forepart of the neck green, which colour is continued

on the chest, where the feathers become larger, longer, more lumi-

nous, and some of them edged with grey; centre of the abdomen

golden brown; lower part of the abdomen and under tail-coverts

buffy brown; wings purplish black; back and upper tail-coverts

green, the rump crossed by a band of buffy white; tail purplish

brown, with a broad stripe of buff down the centre; the lateral fea-

thers tapering and terminating in a large spatulate tip; bill black.

Total length, 43 inches; bill, $; wing, 14; tail, 21.

Hab. Brazil.

Remark.—Nearly allied to Trochilus platurus.

6. Trocuitus ( ?) cupricaupa. Troch. guld luminose ceru-

leo-viridi ; vertice, collo, dorso, omnique corpore superiore ful-

gentibus saturate purpureo-fuscis ; caudd infra fulgentissimd ened,

supra, ened vario lumine nunc viridi, nunc purpured, splendente.

Throat lustrous blueish green ; crown of the head, neck, back and

all the upper surface dark lustrous purplish brown ; wings the same,

but lighter; under surface of the tail rich fiery copper colour and

very luminous; upper surface in one light rich purplish copper

colour, and in another greenish ; bill black.

Total length, 5 inches; bill, 1; wing, 3; tail, 21.

Hab. Bolivia.

Remark.—This species is much larger, but belongs to the same

section as the Trochilus smaragdinicollis of D’Orbigny and the T.

Allardi of Bourcier.

7. Trocuitvs ( ?) mygocauva. Troch. guld viridi metallice

fulgente ; corpore viridi fusco supra commizto ; alis Suscis pur-

purascentibus ; caudd infra fulgente eneo-viridi, supra metallice

uscd, nonnunquam intense cyaned resplendente.

Throat luminous metallic green, under surface mingled green and

brown; upper surface green, wings purplish brown; under surface

of the tail luminous brassy green; upper surface of the tail metallic

brown, changing in some lights to deep indigo blue ; bill black.

Total length, 43 inches; bill, 1; wing, 23; tail, 2.

Hab. Bolivia.

Remark.—Belongs to the same section as the last.

8. Trocuitvus ( ?) viotrreR. Troch. vertice, nuchd, mento,

loris, pectoreque viridibus ; medid guld maculd semilunari lumi-

nos? violaced notatd ; dorso et uropygio aureo-viridibus abdomine

inferiore, tectricibus caude superioribus inferioribusque, et caudd

rufis.

Crown of the head, back of the neck, chin, ear-coverts, and breast

green; on the centre of the throat a well-defined lunate mark of

luminous violet; back and rump golden green; lower part of the

abdomen, the upper and under tail-coverts light rufous; tail light

rufous, the tips of the feathers washed with greenish reflexions ;

wings purplish brown; the external edge of the first primary rufous ;

bill black.

Total length, 52 inches; bill, 15; wing, 3; tail, 24.

Hab. Bolivia.

Remark.—This fine species is of the same form as the Ornismya

Bonapartei.

9. Trocnitus (LAMPoRNIS) cyanoPectus. Troch. guld viridi

metallicé resplendente ; medio pectore fulgente metallice cyaneo ;

capite, dorso, humeris, lateribus, et abdomine inferiore eneo-viri-

dibus ; caudd eneo-fuscd nonnunquam pogoniis internis albd ma-

culd ad apicem ornatis.

Throat lustrous metallic green; centre of the breast deep lustrous

metallic blue; head, back, shoulders, flanks, and lower part of the

abdomen bronzy green; wings purplish brown; tail in some speci-

mens entirely bronzy brown, in others bronzy brown with a spot of

white on the inner web at the tip; bill black, curved stout and

large for the size of the body.

Total length, 43 inches; bill, 12; wing, 23; tail, 13.

Hab. Venezuela.

Remark.—This bird is about the size of Trochilus mango, but is

not intimately allied to any known species.

10. Trocuitus (Lampornis) avrescens. Troch. guld fulgente

aured ; pectore lata fascid rufd, fronte vittd lucidd ceruleo-viridi

cinctd ; omni superiore corpore, rectricibus intermediis duabus,

tectricibus alarum superioribus inferioribusque, et abdomine eneo-

viridibus ; alis fuscis purpurascentibus ; rectricibus lateralibus

castaneis fuscis, infra et supra ad apices eneis ; tectricibus caude

inferioribus saturate cervinis.

Throat rich luminous gold colour; across the chest a broad band

of deep rufous ; on the forehead a narrow stripe of shining blueish

green; all the upper surface, two central tail feathers, upper and

under wing-coverts, and abdomen bronzy green; wings purplish

brown ; lateral tail feathers chestnut-brown, tipped both above and

beneath with a bronzy lustre; under tail-coverts deep fawn-colour ;

bill black.

Total length, 4 inches; bill, 1; wing, 2}; tail, 14.

Hab. Rio Negro, Brazil.

11. TrocuiLus (LAMPORNIS?) FULVIVENTRIS. Troch. capite, omni

corpore superiore, cauddque nitente viridibus ; rectricibus eaxternis

ad apices albis ; alis fuscis ; guld, pectore et abdomine cervinis ;

tectricibus caude inferioribus albis.

Head, all the upper surface and tail glossy green ; the outer feathers

of the latter largely tipped with white ; wings brown; throat, breast

and abdomen deep buff ; under tail-coverts white; upper mandible and

point of the lower black ; the remainder of the under mandible buff.

Total length, 4 inches; bill, 1; wing, 28; tail, 14.

Hab. Venezuela.

12. Trocuiuus ( ?) nrerorasciata. Troch. guld resplendente

viridi ; abdomine humerisque extremis nitide ceruleis, ab viridi

guld fascid semilunari intense atrd divisis ; caudd furcatd ceruled.

Throat lustrous green; abdomen and edge of shoulders shining-

blue, separated from the green of the throat by a lunate band of

black; back and wing-coverts brownish green; head and back of

the neck bronze; wings brown; tail, which is considerably forked,

dull steel-blue ; bill black.

Total length, 43 inches; bill, 2; wing, 23; tail, 14.

Hab. Rio Negro, Brazil.

Remark,—Nearly allied to Trochilus furcatus.

13. Trocurius ( ?) rnuricers. Troch. vertice ferrugineo ;

guld fulgente eneo-viridi ; corpore viridi, infra fusco-tincto ; caudd

magnd, furcatd, ened.

Crown deep rusty red; throat lustrous bronze green ; upper sur-

face green ; under surface brownish green ; tail large and forked, and

of a pure bronze; wings purplish brown; bill black.

Total length, 33 inches; bill, 2; wings, 28; tail, 2.

Hab. Bolivia.

Remark.—This is much smaller, but nearly allied to T. heteropogon.

14. Trocuiius ( ?) rnornatTa. Troch. corpore superiore

eneo-viridi, inferiore ad latera brunneo, eneo splendente; gule

plumis ad apices ceruleis ; alis cauddque eneis.

All the upper surface bronzy-green; under surface brown, with

bronzy reflexions on the flanks; feathers of the throat tipped with

cerulean blue ; wings and tail bronzy, all the latter tipped with buff;

bill black.

Total length, 3 inches; bill, 8; wings, 23; tail, 12.

Hab. Bolivia.

Remark.—This species is closely allied to the species called Le

Sabine by the French, Trochilus ?

Hab. Bolivia.

15. TrocuiLus (LoPHORNIS) REGULUS. Troch. plumis in vertice

castaneo-fuscis valde elongatis, acuminatis, ad apices viridibus ;

guld pectoreque luminosé viridibus, plumis ad colli latera elongatis,

minus autem quam in Trochilo magnifico ; fascid in uropygio albd ;

caudd castaneo-fuscd, plumis singulis eneo-viridibus fimbriatis.

Feathers of the crown chestnut-brown, very much lengthened,

carried to a point, aud tipped with green ; throat and breast luminous

green; the feathers on the side of the neck elongated, but not to so

great an extent as in Trochilus magnificus ; back and abdomen green,

with bronze reflexions; rump crossed by a band of white; tail

chestnut- brown, each feather margined externally with bronzy green ;

wings purplish brown ; bill light brown, darker at the tip.

Total length, 33 inches; bill, $; wing, 13; tail, 14.

Hab, Interior of Brazil.

Remark.—This beautiful species is nearly allied to the 7. ornata

and 7. magnifica, but differs from them in the lesser development of

the feathers of the sides of the neck and in the greater size of the

sie which is more largely developed than in any other species

nown.

16. Trocuitus ( ?) nypoLevucus. Troch. corpore superiore

viridi ; guld et corpore inferiore albis; rectricibus intermediis

duabus viridibus, reliquis fuscis viridi splendentibus, ad apices

albis.

All the upper surface green; throat and all the under surface

white; wings brown; two centre tail-feathers green; the remainder

brown, glossed with green and largely tipped with white ; bill black ;

base of the lower mandible paler.

Total length, 33 inches; bill, 14; wing, 24; tail, 13.

Hab. Bolivia.

Remark.—Nearly allied to T. leucogaster, Tschudi, and not far

removed from 7’. albirostris, Auct.

17. Trocuiuus ( ?) nisprpus. Troch. omni corpore superiore

@neo-fusco ; auribus saturate fuscis infra et supra lined cervind

marginatis ; corpore inferiore griseo-fusco; jugulo latis strigis

albis plumisque longioribus ornato; caudd viridi-fuscd, rectri-

cibus lateralibus vir albo ad apices pictis, centralibus attenuatis,

valde elongatis.

All the upper surface bronzy brown; ear-coverts dark brown,

bordered above and below with a line of buff; under surface brownish

grey, with broad stripes of white down the throat, where the feathers

are much elongated ; tail greenish brown, the lateral feathers slightly

tipped with white; the central feathers much elongated and attenu-

ated towards the apex, the attenuated portion white; wings brown;

upper tail-coverts very broad, much-prolonged and hair-like; bill

black, basal half of the under mandible straw-colour.

Total length, 64 inches ; bill, 1}; wing, 23; tail, 3.

Hab. Peru?

Remark.—This bird belongs to. the same section as the 7. Bour-

cieri, T. Guy, T. Eurynome, &c. of Less., and equals in size the largest

of them.

The species described by me at the meeting of June 9, 1846,

(ante, pp. 44, 45) were

18. TrocuiLus (PETASOPHORA) coRUscANS, a beautiful species al-

lied to the Anais, but whose locality is unknown to me.

19. Trocuitvs ( ?) FLABELLIFERA, which is nearly allied to,

but a much larger species than 7. mellivora, said to inhabit Mexico;

and

20. Trocuixvus ( ?) STROPHIANUS, a fine new species of the

same form as the Clarisse and the Parzudaki.

«« Descriptions of thirteen new species of Brachiopoda.” By G.B.

Sowerby, F.L.S.

TEREBRATULA NIGRICANS. Ter. testd anticé rotundatd, postice acumi-

natd, tenuiusculd, nigricante ; valvis inequalibus, radiatim costatis,

costis rotundatis ; lined marginali rectiusculd ; valvdé dorsali sub-

trigond, depressiusculd, rotundatd, lateribus posticis declivibus ;

Soramine magno, haud integro, quadrato ; ared cardinali magnd,

planiusculd, lateribus rotundatis; deltidiis angustis ad latera

foraminis coalescentibus; valvd ventrali depressd, transversim

ovatd ; dentibus cardinalibus ut in T. psittaced; margine valva-

rum crenulato.

A single specimen of this very interesting species was found in

the collection of the late G. Humphrey, without locality. This and

the T. psittacea are the only species that are not punctated.

TeEREBRATULA Japonica. Ter. testd oblongd, antice rotundatd, tenui,

albicante ; valvis subequaliter convexis, longitudinaliter radiatim

striatis, striis numerosis, subirregularibus, subbifurcatis, ad latera

prope cardinem confertiusculis ; lateribus prope cardinem subpla-

nulatis ; lined marginali rectiusculd, ad latera posticé declivi ;

valvd dorsali postice subproductd, truncatd ; forumine mediocri,

haud integro, perobliquo ; ared cardinali inconspicud, deltidiis ob-

soletis ; interno parvo, 4 longitudinis valve, ramulos duos angus-

tos, demum amentum latum flecuosum sistente ; marginibus valva-

rum minutissimeé denticulato.

Shell oblong, rounded in front, thin, whitish; valves nearly equally

convex, longitudinally radiately striated, strie numerous, rather

irregularly dichotomous and very close-set on the sides near the

hinge; the sides near the hinge rather flattened; marginal line

nearly straight, inclining to the sides near the hinge; dorsal valve

somewhat produced posteriorly and truncated, with a moderate-sized,

very oblique and incomplete perforation; cardinal area indistinct,

with obsolete deltidia; internal appendages small, one-third the

length of the valve, with two narrow little branches, and then a broad

flexuous loop; margin of the valves very minutely denticulated.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection, from Japan. Easily distinguished

from T. cancellata of Koch by its foramen not being entire.

TEREBRATULA CRENULATA. Ter. testd suborbiculari, posticé subacu-

minutd, subtruncatd, crassiusculd, albicante ; valvis inequalibus,

radiatim costatis, costis paucis, majusculis, rotundatis ; lined mar-

ginali flecuosd, antice subsinuatd ; foramine magno, subintegro ;

ared cardinali magnd, subplanulatd, margine undulato ; deltidiis

magnis, discretis; valve ventralis margine postico ad utrumque

latus declivi; ossiculo interno e spind validd obtusd anticé por-

rectd, ramulis duobus lateralibus retroversis ; margine valvarum

crenato.

Shell suborbicular, rather attenuated and subtruncate behind,

rather thick and whitish; valves unequal, with few rather large,

rounded, radiating ribs; marginal line flexuous, slightly sinuated in

front; perforation large, nearly entire; cardinal area large, flattish,

with an undulated margin; deltidia large, separate; posterior mar-

gin of the ventral valve inclined on either side ; internal appendage

consisting of a single strong spine standing forward, and with two

lateral reflected branches; margin of the valves crenated.

From Santa Cruz, in Mr. Cuming’s collection.

TEREBRATULA RosEA, Humphrey. Ter. testd oblongo-ovali, subde-

pressd, anticé subattenuatd, crassd, rosed, albicante radiatim pictd ;

valvis subequalibus, levibus ; lined marginali subfleruosd, antice

reflexd ; valvd dorsali majori, postice subproductd, truncatd; fora-

mine minimo, integro ; ared cardinali latiusculd, deltidiis coales-

centibus, sulco mediano discretis ; valvd ventrali ovalt, anticé pau-

lulim rotundato-attenuatd ; lined marginali ex umbone ad utrum-

que latus declivi; ossiculo costd elevatd, porrectd, simplici con-

stante ; margine valvarum integro.

Shell of an oblong-oval form, rather depressed, slightly attenuated

behind, thick, rose-red, painted with paler radiating marks; valves

nearly equal, smooth ; marginal line somewhat flexuous, reflected in

front; dorsal valve the larger, rather produced posteriorly and trun-

cated; perforation very small, entire; cardinal area rather wide,

with united deltidia marked by a mesial groove; ventral valve oval,

anteriorly slightly attenuated and rounded, its marginal line slanting

downwards from the apex on each side; internal appendage con-

sisting of a single elevated rib standing out; margin of the valves

entire.

From Brazil, according to the late G. Humphrey. In Mr. Cu-

ming’s and other collections.

TEREBRATULA RUBICUNDA. (T’. sanguinea, Quoy, Astr.) Ter. testd

suborbiculari, postice subacuminatd, gibbd, glabrd, rubrd, valvis in-

equalibus, subirregularibus ; lined marginali ad latera subflexuosd,

antice sinuatd ; valvd dorsali postice productd, truncatd ; foramine

magno, obliquo, subintegro; ared cardinali rotundatd; deltidiis

magnis, distinctis ; carind dorsali latd, prominente, utrinque ro-

tundato-angulatd, obtusd ; valvd ventrali subpentagonali, postice

angustiori, mediane latd, rotundato-subangulatd ; antice subtrun-

catd, sulco mediano lato, conspicuo ; ossiculo interno magno, fere

ut in T. dorsatam efformato ; margine valvarum integro.

Shell nearly orbicular, rather acuminated posteriorly, gibbous,

smooth, of a red colour; valves unequal, rather irregular ; marginal

line slightly flexuous on the sides, sinuated in front; dorsal valve

produced behind, truncated, with a large, oblique, nearly entire per-

foration; cardinal area rounded, deltidia large, separate; mesial

ridge broad, prominent, angularly rounded, and obtuse on both sides;

ventral valve somewhat pentagonal, narrow posteriorly, broad in the

middle, with rounded angles, and slightly truncated in front; mesial

groove broad and distinct; internal appendage as in T. dorsata ;

margin of the valves entire.

From the Moluccas; in Mr. Cuming’s collection and in the Bri-

tish Museum.

TEREBRATULA SANGUINEA (sanguinea, Chemn.; T. erythroleuca of

Quoy). Ter. testd suborbiculari, antic? subemarginatd, gibbosius-

culd, tenui, sanguined, radiis maculisque radiantibus albidis ornatd;

lined marginali rectd, antice subsinuatd ; valvd dorsali posticeé

subacuminatd, truncatd, Soramine mediocri, integro, ared cardinali

latiusculd, marginibus subacutis, deltidiis majusculis, coalescenti-

bus ; valvd ventrali depressiusculd, transversim obovatd, antic?

subsinuatd, ossiculo interno primum format radios duos, deindé

annulum centralem et amenta duo lateralia, demiim amentum su-

perum integrum.

Shell suborbicular, slightly notched in front, rather gibbous, thin,

of a bright light red colour, with white rays and radiating spots ;

marginal line straight, slightly sinuated in front; dorsal valve rather

acuminated behind and truncated; perforation middle-sized, com-

plete; cardinal area rather broad, with sharpish edges; deltidia

rather large and united; ventral valve somewhat depressed, trans-

versely obovate, slightly sinuated in front; the internal appendage

at first forms two rays, then a central ring and two lateral loops,

and at length a reflected dorsal loop united to the central ring;

margin of the valves entire.

From the island of Zebu, attached to coral under stones; H.

Cuming.

TEREBRATULA INconspicua. Ter. testd rotundato-subtrigonali, pos-

tice acuminato-rotundatd, antice subsinuatd, obscur? rufd; valvis in-

equalibus, glabris ; lined marginali flexuosd ; valvd dorsali rotun-

dato-subtrigond, mazimd incompletd; ared cardinaii latd,ad utrum-

que latus declivi ; deltidiis mediocribus, lat? discretis ; valvd ven-

trali transversim oblongd, subplanulatd, sulco mediano, lato, subin-

conspicuo ; margine valvarum integro.

Shell rounded, subtrigonal, acuminated and rounded behind,

slightly sinuated before, dull red; valves unequal, smooth ; marginal

line flexuous ; perforation large, incomplete ; cardinal area broad, in-

cling on each side; deltidia of moderate size, widely separated ;

ventral valve transversely oblong, somewhat flattened, with a broad,

rather indistinct mesial groove; margin of the valves entire.

From the late G. Humphrey’s collection : locality unknown.

TEREBRATULA PULCHELLA. Ter. testd subovatd, posticé acuminato-

rotundatd, levi, albidd, lineis nonnullis radiantibus rufis ; valvis

inequalibus ; lined marginali subfleruosd; valvd dorsali subpla-

nulatd, postice acuminatd, antice rotundatd, foramine magno, in-

completo ; ared marginali inconspicud, lateribus rotundatis ; delti-

diis parvis, discretis ; valud ventrali subcirculari, planulatd ; ossi-

culo interno e gnomone porrecto, antic? posito, constante ; margine

valvarum integro.

Shell subovate, acuminated and rounded behind, smooth, whitish

with a few radiating red lines; valves unequal, marginal line some-

what flexuous; dorsal valve rather flattened, acuminated posteriorly,

rounded in front; perforation large, incomplete; cardinal area in-

distinct, its sides rounded; deltidia small, separate ; ventral valve

somewhat circular, flattened; internal appendage consisting of a

single prominent gnomon near the front ; margin of the valves entire.

Found by Mr. Cuming attached to corals at Calapan, isle of

Mindoro; also from the island of Cocos, Lieut. Swainson; in the

late G. Humphrey’s collection.

TEREBRATULA CoGNaTA, Chemn. Ter. testd subtrapezoidali, antice

rotundatd, pallescente, nonnunquam rubente ; valvis inequalibus,

radiatim obsolete striatis, versus marginem obliteratis ; lined mar-

ginali lateraliter anticeque flecuosd; valvd dorsali converd, lird

mediand inconspicud ; apice subacuminato reflexo ; foramine magno,

haud integro ; ared cardinali angustd, deltidiis parvis, trigonali-

bus ; valvd ventrali planulatd, margine postico rectiusculo ; sulco

mediano subperspicuo; ossiculo interno ramulos duos centrales,

divergentes, ad apices expansos sistente ; margine interno valvarum

denticulato. s

Shell nearly trapezoidal, rounded in front, of a pale colour, some-

times reddish ; valves unequal, obsoletely radiately striated, the striz

entirely obliterated near the margin; marginal line flexuous in front

and on the sides ; dorsal valve convex, with an inconspicuous central

ridge, its apex somewhat acuminated, reflected, with a large incom-

plete perforation ; cardinal area narrow, with small triangular del-

tidia; ventral valve flattened, its posterior margin nearly straight,

with a scarcely evident central furrow; internal appendages con-

sisting of two little central diverging branches, expanded at their

apices; margin of the valves denticulated within.

There are two varieties in colour, from South Africa, according to

the late G. Humphrey.

TEREBRATULA TRANSVERSA. Ter. testd transversim subovatd, tenui,

rudi, glabrd, pallescente ; lined marginali subfleruosd, antice sub-

sinuatd ; foramine maximo, incompleto; ared cardinali magnd,

planatd ; deltidiis parvis, long® discretis ; carind dorsali incon-

spicud, rotundatd; valvd ventrali transversim oblonga, anticé

rotundald, postice in angulo obtusissimo desinente ; sulco mediano

subinconspicuo, rotundato ; margine valvarum integro.

Shell transversely subovate, thin, rugose, smooth, of a pale colour ;

marginal line somewhat flexuous, slightly sinuated in front; dorsal

valve of a somewhat tetragonal ovate form, very obtusely angular

behind and reflected; perforation very large, incomplete; cardinal

area large and flattened; deltidia small, very distant; mesial ridge

rounded, indistinct; ventral valve transversely oblong, rounded in

front, and finishing in a very obtuse angle behind; mesial groove

rounded ; indistinct margin of the valves entire.

In Mr. Norris’s collection and in that of Mr. Janelle.

TEREBRATULA RUBELLA, Sow. Ter. testd subovatd, postice sub-

acuminatd, subgibbd, antic? subsinuatd, rubrd ; valvis inequalibus,

glabris ; lined marginali rectiusculd, antice subsinuatd; valvd

dorsali postice subacuminatd, reflexd, carind mediand nulld, sulco

mediano obsoletissimo, foramine parvo ; ared cardinali angustd, ad

latera rotundatd, deltidtis majusculis, coalescentibus ; valvd ven-

trali ovatd, sulco mediano latiusculo, emarginationem anticam

efformante ; ossiculo interno ut in T. australi ; margine valvarum

levissimo.

Shell nearly oval, rather acuminated posteriorly, a little gibbous

and slightly sinuated anteriorly ; valves unequal, smooth; marginal

line nearly straight, a little sinuated in front; dorsal valve rather

acuminated posteriorly, reflected, without any mesial ridge, but with

a very obsolete mesial furrow; perforation small; cardinal area

narrow, rounded at the sides, with rather large united deltidia ; ven-

tral valve ovate, with a broad mesial groove forming a sinus in front ;

internal appendage as in 7. australis.

From Japan. In Mr. Norris’s and Mr. Cuming’s collections.

TEREBRATULA LaBraporeEnsis. Ter. testd suborbiculari, postic®

acuminatd, obtusd, crassiusculd, albidd ; valvis valde inequalibus,

radiatim obsolete costatis; lined marginali subfleruosd ; valvd

dorsali antice rotundatd, postice acuminatd, obtusd; foramine

magno, integro; ared cardinali magnd, subplanulatd ; deltidiis

majusculis, coalescentibus ; carind dorsali inconspicud ; valvd ven-

tral suborbiculari, postic? subacuminatd ; margine valvarum cre-

nulato.

Shell suborbicular, acuminated behind, obtuse, thickish, whitish ;

valves very unequal, obsoletely radiately ribbed ;, marginal line some-

what flexuous ; dorsal valve rounded in front, acuminated and obtuse

behind; perforation large, entire; cardinal area large, somewhat

flattened ; deltidia rather large, united; mesial ridge indistinct ; ven-

tral valve nearly orbicular, slightly acuminated behind; margin of

the valves crenulated.

In the British Museum. From Labrador; C. Goodsir.

TrerepraTuLa ALcornsis. Ter. testd suborbiculari, postice subacu-

minatd, antice sublobatd, albiddé ; valvis radiatim striatis ; carind

dorsali conspicud, rotundatd ; foramine magno, incompleto ;. mar-

gine valve dorsali minutissime crenulato.

Shell suborbicular, slightly acuminated behind, rather lobed in

front, whitish ; valves radiately striated ; mesial ridge distinct, round-

ish; perforation large, incomplete; margin of the dorsal valve very

minutely crenulated.

A single valve of this specimen is in the British Museum, labelled

“ Algoa Bay, Bowerbank.”

** Descriptions of new species of Marginella.” By G. B. Sowerby,

F.L.S.

Marerinexa Fusca... Marg. testd elongatd, subovali, postice suban-

gulatd, antice late marginatd,in medio paululim contractd, fusca, vel

pallide purpured, fusco-trifasciatd ; spird breviusculd, apice ob-

tuso ; aperturd angustd, columelld rectiusculd, plicis quatuor, qua-

- rum due antice albe, prominentibus, spiraliter elongatis ; labio

externo albo, intus in medio incurvo, extus fusco, lat? reflexo.

Differing from M. nitida in the colouring and the shortness of the

spire, and in the outer lip being more broadly reflected.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection. From the West Indies.

MarcinELLa CRASSILABRUM. Marg. testa subovali, in medio suban-

gulatd, pallide griseo-fulvd ; spird brevi; anfractibus distinctis,

ultimo dilatato, ad spiram elevato ; columelld plicis quatuor, qua-

rum due antice prominentes, spiraliter elongatis ; labio externo,

crasso, lat? incurvo, angulato, extus varicoso, ad apicem tumidé

elevato.

This species is remarkable for the broad angular disc formed by

the outer lip, which is much thickened at the back and raised so as

nearly to cover the spire.

In Mr. Jackson’s and Mr. Cuming’s collections. From the West

Indies.

Mareinetia Taniata. Marg. testd ovali, cylindrica, pallide fulvd,

Sasciis fuscis tribus cinctd ; spird brevi ; aperturd elongatd, postice

subangustatd ; columella plicis quatuor, quarum due antice ma-

jores ; labio externo levi, late reflexo.

Differing from M. avena in having a shorter spire and the outer

lip more broadly reflected.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection. Locality unknown.

MarerneLia aupo-cincra. Marg. testd subconicd, subangulatd,

levi; spird productd ; anfractibus angulatis, ultimo fascid albd prope

ungulum, et altero ad terminum anticum cincto inter fascias fusco

maculato et punctis nigris picto; columelld quadriplicatd.

Provisionally described from a young specimen in Mr. Cuming’s

collection. When full-grown it would probably resemble M. nube-

culata in form.

MareineLua Psrupo-rasa. (M. Faba, Lam. Anim. s. vert., vii.)

Marg. testd angulatd, antic2 attenuatd, subrecurvd, pallide fulvd,

griseo-nebulatd, punctorum irregularium seriebus 10 sparsim

cinctd ; spird prominuld ; anfractibus angulatis, ad angulum valide

crenulatis, crassis, paululim arcuatis, postic? angulatis, anticé

emarginatis, attenuatis. :

Much more angular than the true M. Fada, and has the anterior

part of the body-whorl tapering and bent upwards.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection. From the river Gambia, West Africa.

MarerineLia Fauna. Marg. testd ovali, subcylindricd, pallidissime

carned, spird brevi; columella oblique quadriplicatd ; labio prope

medium incurvo, extus subincrassato.

Slightly resembling M. pallida, but more oval; the lower part of

the aperture less open, and the outer lip thicker.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection. From the isle of Curasso.

MARGINELLA MULTILINEATA. Marg. testd ovali, stramined, lineis

rubris numerosis cinctd ; spird pene celatd, apice fascia rubra cir-

culari cincto; aperturd antic? et postice emarginatd ; columella albd,

in medio tumidd, antice callosd, plicis quatuor ad quinque inequali-

bus ; labio externo albo, intus crenulato, in medio subangulato, exrtus

tenuiter reflexo.

On the whole resembling ¢essellatus, but it is much shorter, with

the outer lip less varicose on the outside, and coloured by numerous

red lines instead of the square patches.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection. From Belieze, bay of Honduras;

Mr. Dyson.

Mareinexya varia. Marg. testd elongatd, levi, antic? expansd,

albd, vel fuscd, vel fusco vel rubro trifasciatd, vel purpureo lon-

gitudinaliter et spiraliter interruptim fasciatd ; spird plus minusve

productd ; aperturd postice angustd, antice subexpansd; colu-

melld quadriplicatd ; labio externo in medio incurvo, extus leviter

varicoso.

Differing from M. Jactea of Kiener in being wider at the anterior

termination, and in the outer lip not being so much elevated.

From the West Indies. Varieties are from Belieze, bay of Hon-

duras.

Mareinewua stmitis. Marg. testd ovali, stramined, griseo-nebulatd,

lineis creberrimis interruptim cinctd; spird pené celatdé ; aper-

turd angustd, antice et postice emarginatd; columella spird

tumidd, antic varicosd, irregulariter septemplicata ; labio externo

postice spiram paululiim superante, intus crenulato, extus nigro

maculato vir marginato.

The spire is less concealed, and the margin of reflected lip less

distinct than in M. interrupta. The colouring is more mottled.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection. From the Brazils.

October 27, 1846.

Richard C. Griffith. Esq., in the Chair. -

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November 11, 1846.

George Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

A paper was read entitled “ Notes on certain species of birds from

Malacca,” by H. E. Strickland, F.G.S.

Having lately examined a collection of Malacca birds belonging

to the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, comparing them with speci-

mens in my own cabinet, and with the descriptions given by MM.

Temminck, Blyth, Eyton and other authors, I have thrown together

such remarks as appeared necessary for the elucidation of their cha-

racters and synonymy. For some of the identifications of species I

am indebted to Mr. Blyth’s letters to myself*.

Athene scutulata (Raff.), (Strix hirsuta, Témm., Ninow nipalensis,

Hodgs.)—This is the Athene malaccensis of Mr. Eyton, Ann. Nat.

Hist., v. xvi. p. 228.

Caprimulgus macrurus, Hors.—Differs from the C. albonotatus,

Tickell, of India, in its smaller size, being only about 11 inches in

total length, wing 73, tail 53, and in its darker colour. It appears

to be the same as the C. macrurus from North Australia figured by

Mr. Gould, except in wanting the second white patch seen on the

‘breast in his figure.

Cypselus affinis, Gray.—Rather larger and of a deeper black than

Indian specimens, but I do not venture to separate them. Wing 54

inches, tail 2.

Ceyx tridactyla, (Pall.)—Much confusion has existed in the

synonyms of this and the next species. The present one is distin-

guished by the whole back and wing-covers being black, each feather

terminated with deep blue. It is well-figured by Mr. Jerdon in

plate 25 of his ‘ Illustrations of Indian Ornithology.’ It is found in

South India and the Malay Peninsula. The following synonyms

refer to it:—Ceys luzoniensis, Steph.; Alcedo purpurea, Gm.; A

erithaca, 3. Lath. ; Ceyx microsoma, Burton ; Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin.,

pl. 32; Buff. Pl. Enl., 778. f.2.; Penn. Gen. Birds, pl. 5.

Cryx ruriporsa, Strickland. C. capite, dorso, tectricibus cau-

dique totis lete rufis, splendore lilacino variantibus ; corpore

subtus aurantio-flavo, mento albo, loris et maculd aurium obscure

ceruleo-nigrd.

This species, which also occurs at Malacca, is very closely allied

to the last, but differs in having the beak larger in all its dimensions,

* Since this paper was written I have seen some rectifications of synonyms by

Dr. Hartlaub, Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 1, which nearly agree with those here arrived at.

No. CLXV.—Procrepines oF THE ZooLoGicaL Society.

100

and in having the whole back and wing-covers, as well as the crown,

rump and tail, rufous, with a brilliant lilac tint. The dark blue spot

on the front and ears is much less marked than in C. tridactyla.

Lower parts orange-yellow; chin white. This bird was supposed

by Pallas, in his ‘ Spicilegia Zoologica,’ part 6, p. 12, to be the female

of C. tridactyla. It is figured by Messrs. Jardine and Selby in the

‘ Illustrations of Zoology,’ ser. 1. pl. 55. f. 2. as C. tridaetyla. Mr.

Jerdon, in his ‘ Illustrations of Indian Zoology,’ refers this bird to

Alcedo madagascariensis, Lin. ; but as that bird is distinctly described

by the accurate Brisson as having four toes, it must be a true Alcedo,

and I have therefore given a new specific name to the present bird.

Prionochilus thoracicus, (Tem.), Pl. Col. 600. f. 1 —Temminck’s

specimens were from Borneo, an island which has but few species in

common with the peninsula of Malacca. This is closely allied to

P. percussus, which I adopted as the type of my genus Prionochilus.

This genus is very near to Diceum, and has the stoutest and shortest

beak of all the Nectariniide. Many systematists would place it near

Pipra or Pardalotus, but the finely serrated mandibles point out its

true affinities.

Diceum chrysorrheum, Tem. Pl. Col. 478.—Judging from the

similarity of plumage in the young of Prionochilus percussus, 1 sus-

pect that this bird is either the female or young of some other species

of Diceum.

Phyllornis moluccensis (Gray), Zool. Misc.—This is the P. mala-

baricus of Tem. Pl. Col. 512. f. 2. and of Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng.

1848, p. 957, but is not the true malabaricus of Sonnerat and Sco-

poli, which has been rediscovered in South India by Mr. Jerdon, and

is a larger bird, with the head green and the forehead orange. The

last is the P. cesmarhynchus of Tickell. In P. moluccensis the whole

top and sides of the head are a clear yellow, surrounding the black

of the chin and throat, and passing into golden yellow on the hind

neck. A small spot on each side of the maxilla indigo-blue. Rest

of body green; lesser wing-covers azure, primaries and lateral rec-

trices externally greenish blue. P. aurifrons of Nepal differs from

both the above in the chin being blue, &c.

Parus flavocristatus, Lafr. (Melanochlora sumatrana, Less. ; Cratai-

onyx ater, and flavus, Eyton; Parus sultaneus, Hodgs.)—One of the

Malacca specimens is fully as large and as long-crested as Mr. Hodg-

son’s Nepal ones. This is a perfectly typical Parus, and is the

largest species which I know except the so-called Oreotca cristata of

Australia, which I also consider a true Parus.

Pitta cyanura, Gm. (M. affinis, Horsf.)—An immature specimen ;

exhibits plain blue feathers in various parts of the abdomen, which

appear to be supplanting the barred black and rufous feathers com-

monly seen in this species.

Turdus modestus, Eyton.—One of the specimens before me, pro-

bably a fully adult, has the whole throat cinereous brown, and only

the tip of the chin white.

101

Criniyer guiaris (Horsf.), (Ivos pheocephalus, Hartl.; Trichopho-

rus caniceps, Lafr.; Pycnonotus rufocaudatus, Eyton).—This is a true

Criniger, though the beak is rather wider than in the type species.

Pycnonotus cyaniventris, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. (Malaco-

pteron aureum, Eyton).—The smallest species of Pycnonotus with

which I am acquainted. Mr. Blyth makes it the type of his genus

Iridia.

Pycnonotus melanocephalus (Gm.), (Ixos atriceps, Tem. Pl. Col.

147.)—This seems to be the Ixos metallicus of Mr. Eyton, in which

case the length, eight inches, assigned by him (Ann. Nat. Hist. v. xvi.

p. 228), is probably a misprint, as the specimens before me hardly

exceed six inches,

Pycnonotus crocorrhous, Strickl., Ann. Nat. Hist. v. xiii. p. 412.—

A specimen before me has the vent pale scarlet, and is evidently the

Hematornis chrysorrhoides, Lafr., Rey. Zool. 1845, p- 367, but is

otherwise identical with that formerly described, in which the vent

is ochreous-yellow. These differences may be sexual. It differs

from Pycnonotus hemorrhous of Southern India in having the ear-

covers and lower parts nearly white, and in other respects.

Myiagra pyrrhoptera (Tem.), Pl. Col. 596. f. 2. (Muscipeta plumosa,

Blyth; Philentoma castanea, Eyton.)—This bird is intermediate be-

tween Myiagra and Muscipeta, but the development of the uropygial

feathers alluded to by Mr. Eyton is hardly sufficient to form a generic

distinction. It is probable that the long downy feathers of the lower

back and rump, which admit of being expanded laterally, like an

umbrella, over the wings, and which we meet with in many distinct

groups of tropical Insessores, as the Formicariine of America, the

Laniariine of Africa, and the Pycnonotine and Timaliine of Asia, may

be a provision of nature against the violent and long-continued rains

of the torrid zone. The species of Flycatcher before us, and the one

which follows, may, from their mode of life or geographical distri-

bution, be more exposed to rain than the other species of Myiagra,

and may be provided with extra clothing accordingly.

Myjiagra pectoralis, Lord Arthur Hay in Madras Journ., March

1846.—This is another species, in which the dorsal and hypochondrial

feathers are lengthened and thickened, even to a greater degree than

in the last. The whole plumage is uniform plumbeous blue, except

the lores and chin, which are blackish ; the flanks, which are streaked

with whitish ; and the inner webs of the remiges and rectrices, which

are black. Beak and legs black, the former strong, the rictal bristles

reaching two-thirds of its length. The first three remiges graduated,

the fourth and fifth equal. Total length, 74 inches; beak to front,

7 lin. ; to gape, 11 lin.; height, 24 lin. ; breadth, 4} lin. ; wing, 3 in.

10 lin.; medial rectrices, 33 in.; external ditto, 3 in. 5 lin.; tarsus,

7 lin. A younger specimen is marked with rufous on the wing-

covers, abdomen and lower tail-covers. According to Lord A. Hay,

the above-described is the female, the male having the breast claret-

coolured, a state of plumage which I have not seen.

102

Pericrocotus mopgstus, Strickland. P. corpore supra cinereo

subtus albo, remigibus atris, primariis 5 ad 9 et secundarits om-

nibus fascid subbasali albd; rectricibus atris, albo large termi-

natis.

Above uniform cinereous; front whitish; lores black; remiges

blackish, the medial portion of their inner webs white; the fifth to

ninth primaries and all the secondaries with a sub-basal white bar

on the outer webs; rectrices blackish, largely tipped with white ;

chin and lower parts white. Length, 8 inches ; beak to front, 53 lines ;

to gape, 9 lines; breadth, 3 lines ; wing, 32 inches; medial rectrices,

33 inches ; external ditto, 1} inch; tarsus, 8 lines; middle toe and

claw, 8 lines; hind ditto, 5 lines.

This is a typical species, but is at once distinguished from all the

other known species of Pericrocotus by the absence of red or yellow

in the plumage.

Dicrurus malabaricus, Scop. (D. rangoonensis, Gould; D. retifer,

Tem.)—Racquet-tailed Dicrurus, with a very short erect frontal

crest.

Dicrurus balicassius (D. affinis, Blyth).—This seems to be the true

balicassius of Linnzus, judging from Brisson’s description, though I

have never seen a specimen from the Philippine Islands to compare

with the Malacca bird.

Lanius lucionensis, Lin.—Having now examined many specimens

from the Philippines, Malacca and British India, I find so many vari-

ations in the rufous tint of the upper parts, the amount of white on

the forehead, and the size of the beak, that I am compelled (con-

trary to my former opinion, Ann. Nat. Hist., v. xiv. p. 44) to regard

them as forming one widely-spread and variable species. The Ma-

lacca specimens exhibit a considerable amount of variation in the

size of the beak, and the Philippine ones are generally less rufous

than those from India. Ii this view of specific identity be correct,

Lanius cristatus, Lin. ; L. superciliosus, Lath. ; L. phenicurus, Pallas;

L. magnirostris, Bélanger; L. melanotis, Valenciennes; L. ferrugi-

ceps, Hodgson; and L. strigatus, Eyton, will all stand as synonyms

of Lanius lucionensis, Lin.

Eupetes macrocercus, Tem.—This form appears to belong to the

subfamily Timaliine, a group chiefly confined to the Malasian archi-

pelago and the peninsula of Malacca, and which seems to me to in-

clude the following genera: Timalia proper, Brachypteryx, Malaco-

pteron, Macronus, and one or two others. They are distinguished

by great density of plumage, especially on the rump, a more or less

shrike-like beak, well-developed legs, and a coloration in which

rufous and brown predominate. Little is known of their habits, but

they probably form a subfamily of the Luniide, and may be placed

next to Formicariine, in which most of the South American Tham-

nophili and Antcatchers should be included.

Matacopreron OLIvAcEuM, Strickland. M. supra olivaceo-brun-

neum, remigibus fuscis, extus rufo-brunneo, intus albido margi-

eo! A

103

natis; rectricibus rufo-brunneis, rufo marginatis ; loris superci-

liisque cinerascentibus, mento et guld sordide albidis, pectore

lateribusque pallide olivaceis, abdomine pallide fulvo, crisso pal-

lide rufo.

Upper parts olive-brown ; remiges fuscous, edged externally with

reddish brown and internally with whitish ; tail reddish brown, mar-

gined externally with rufous. Lores and streak over eye greyish,

chin and throat dirty white ; breast and sides pale olive-brown ; belly

pale fulvous; vent and lower tail-covers light rufous; upper man-

dible fuscous, lower yellowish; feet and claws yellowish brown.

Total length, 6 inches; beak to front, 10 lines; to gape, 1 inch;

height, 3 lines; breadth, 3} lines; wing, 2 inches 10 lines; medial

rectrices, 23 inches; external ditto, 2 inches ; tarsus, 1 inch ; middle

toe and claw, 11 lines; hind ditto, 9 lines.

Malacopteron macrodactylum, Strickland in Ann. Nat. Hist., v. xiii.

p.417.—Since described as Brachypteryz albogularis by Dr. Hartlaub,

Rey. Zool. 1844, p.401. It is however a true Malacopteron, which

genus differs from the type of Brachypteryx by its shorter legs and

by the beak, in which the shrike-like form is developed to the greatest

extent of all the Timaliine. Brachypteryx sepiaria of Horsf. is a

Malacopteron*.

Timalia pectoralis, Blyth (= Malacopteron squamatum, Eyton).

Timalia nigricollis, Tem. Pl. Col. 594. f. 2. (Brachypteryx nigrogu-

laris, Eyton ; Timalia erythronotus, Blyth).—This is a typical Timalia.

Timalia erythroptera, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. (Timala pyr-

rhophea, Hartl.; Brachypteryx acutirostris, Eyton).—A true Timalia.

Amadina acuticauda, Hodgs. in Asiatic Researches, v. xix.—A

well-marked species intermediate between A. striata, Lin., and A.

punctularia, Lin.

Agapornis ? malaccensis, Lath. sp.—In the descriptions hitherto

given of this bird no mention is made of the deep brownish red

feathers on the radial margin of the wing. Mr. Blyth makes of

this bird his genus Psittinus.

Tiga Raffesi, Vig.—The only description which I can find of this

curious bird is in the classified list given by Mr. Vigors of the ani-

mals of Java and Sumatra, published in the Appendix to the edition

of the ‘ Life of Sir Stamford Raffles.’ As few persons think of look-

ing into a biographical work for a treatise on zoology, this paper is

less known than it deserves to be, and I therefore extract the dia-

gnosis given by Mr. Vigors of the species before us :—

Picus rarrust, Vig.,l.c. p. 669. P. supra flavescenti-brunneus,

subtus brunneus; capite coccineo; gula pallide ferruginea ;

strigis, una ab oculis, secunda a rictu extendentibus maculisque

ad latera abdominis albis; strigis duabus ad latera genarum,

alterA parva superciliari; remigibus rectricibusque nigris.

* Mr. Blyth makes my M. macrodactylum the type of his genus Turdinus, but

I cannot approve of genera founded on such very slight distinctions.

104

‘The specimen before me is a female, and has the crown and elon-

gated crest-feathers wholly deep black ; the upper parts are yellowish

olive and the lower olive-brown; all the remiges have three round

white spots on the inner webs of each; the lower wing-covers are

pale yellowish, margined with brown. In all other respects the bird

agrees with the description above-quoted. Its total length is 103

inches; beak to front, 11 inch; to gape, 14 inch; wing, 54

inches ; medial rectrices, 43 inches ; external ditto, 24 inches ; tarsus,

103 lines ; middle toe and claw, 13 lines; reversed ditto, 10 lines;

hind-toe entirely wanting.

The beak is of moderate length, the culmen nearly straight, the

gonys ascending, the apex compressed, a slight but distinct ridge

running parallel to the culmen, and the nostrils are covered with

incumbent feathers. As the Tiga tridactyla resembles in its style of

plumage the orange-backed woodpeckers, Brachypternus and Chryso-

colaptes, so the more uniform coloration of this species calls to mind

the green woodpeckers which form the typical Gecini. But the beak

is stronger and more adapted for chopping wood than in the latter

group, and resembles more the structure of that organ in the red-

winged and yellow-crested Gecini, such as G. nipalensis (Gray), G.

mentalis (Tem.), &c.

Tiga tridactyla.—Identical with specimens sent by Mr. Jerdon

from Madras, except in being smaller. The wing measures only 5

inches, while in the Madras ones it is 53 inches. Mr. Blyth has

already noticed this distinction, but I cannot consider it as a spe-

cific one.

Hemicercus rubiginosus, Swains. Birds W. Af. v. 2. p. 150. (Picus

rubiginosus, Eyton.)

Hemicercus concretus (Tem.), Pl. Col. 90. (Dendrocopus sordidus,

Eyton.)

Cuculus Sonnerati, Lath.—This species, which occurs also in

Southern India, appears never to assume a typically adult plumage,

being invariably barred with brown and rufous above, and brown

and white below.

Centrorus rEcTuNGUIS, Strickland. C. corpore nitide ceruleo-

nigro, alis rufis, primariis fusco terminatis, ungue hallucis sub-

brevi, recio.

Body and tail glossy black, with a deep blue tint on the head,

neck and breast ; wings wholly rufous, the primaries slightly tipped

with fuscous ; hind-claw short and straight. Total length, 14-15

inches; beak to front, 11 inch; to gape, 14 inch; height 4 inch;

width, 4 inch ; wing, 6 inches; medial rectrices, 77 inches; external

ditto, 61 inches; tarsus, 1? inch; claw of hind-toe,} inch. Nearly

allied in size, form of beak and coloration to C. philippensis, Buff.

Pl. Enl. 824. (C. bubutus, Horsf.) of India, Java and the Philippines ;

but differs in the shorter wings and tail, and in the hind-claw being

almost perfectly straight, and only half an inch long; while in C.

philippensis (sent by Mr. Jerdon from Madras) this claw is three-

105

quarters of an inch long and considerably curved ; the wing measures

74 inches and the tail ]0 inches.

Treron Capellei (Tem.), Pl. Col. 143.—The largest of the genus,

and erroneously named mi/itaris, in many museums. I inadvertently

described this as new, under the name of magnirostris in the Ann,

Nat. Hist., v. xiv. p. 116.

Treron fulvicollis (Wagl.), (T. tenuirostre, Eyton.)

Rollulus niger.—The female of this bird has been described by Mr.

Vigors under the name of Cryptonyx ferrugineus, and by Mr. Eyton

as Perdiz eruginosus (Proc. Zool. Soc. part 7. p. 106). It departs

from the type of Rollulus in possessing a rudimentary hind claw.

Turnix pugnaz, Tem. Pl. Col. 60. f. 2.—This seems to be the He-

mipodius atrogularis of Mr. Eyton, Proc. Zool. Soc. part 7, p. 107.

Rallus striatus, Lin. (Rallus gularis, Horsf., Blyth, &c.)—I have

specimens of this species from the Philippine Islands, Malacca and

Madras, which present no specific difference, and which exactly agree

with Brisson’s description of his Rallus philippensis striatus, on

which R. striatus, Lin., is founded.

106

November 24, 1846.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. Gould. exhibited to the Meeting, named and described three

Australian Birds collected by the late Mr. Gilbert, viz :—

Perroica superciLiosa. Pet. strigd superciliari, guld, abdomine,

et humeris infra, albis ; loris, auribus, et alarum tectricibus, atris ;

primariis et secondariis, ad basin albis, ad mediam intense atris ;

alis, cauddque fuligineis ; rectricibus, intermediis duabus exceptis,

ad apices albis.

Superciliary stripe, throat, abdomen, under surface of the shoulder,

and the base of the primaries and secondaries white; lores, ear-

coverts, wing-coverts, and the primaries and secondaries for some

distance beyond the white, deep black ; all the upper surface, wings,

and tail, sooty-brown; all but the two central tail-feathers largely

tipped with white; bill and feet black; irides reddish brown.

Total length 5 inches; bill, $; wing, 3; tail, 23; tarsi, 2.

Hab. The neighbourhood of the Burdekin Lakes, in the interior

of Australia,

Potruiia teucotis. Poé. vittd in fronte, loris, guldque, et maculd

magnd quoque in latere, intense holosericis nigris ; auribus, lined

attenuata nigrum in guld colorem infra marginante, et spatio macu-

lam in latera circumdante, albis ; vertice, omni superiore corpore,

alisque, saturate cinnamomeis ; pectore, et abdomine, pallide vinosis ;

tectricibus caude superioribus inferioribusque albis.

Band crossing the forehead, lores, throat, and a large patch on

each flank, deep velvety black; ear-coverts, narrow line beneath the

black of the throat, and a space surrounding the black patch on the

flanks, white; crown of the head deep reddish chestnut ; all the upper

surface and wings dark cinnamon-brown; chest and abdomen pale

vinous brown; upper and under tail-coverts white, the former mar-

gined externally with deep black; tail black; irides dark brown;

feet red; bill yellowish horn-colour.

Total length, 43 inches; bill, 3; wing, 24; tail, 21; tarsi, 2.

The female is somewhat smaller and not quite so brightly coloured.

Hab. The neighbourhood of the river Lynd, in the interior of

Australia.

Remark.—Nearly allied to P. personata.

CuIMACTERIS MELANOTUS. Cli. strigd superciliari, guldque, albo-

cervinis ; lined ante oculum, alterd post oculum, omni superiore

corpore, alis, cauddque, saturate Susco-nigris ; primariis, secon-

dariis, tertiariisque ad basin, et humeris infra stramineis ; corpore

107

inferiore vinoso; singuld abdominis plumd lineis duabus spatium

album marginantibus nigris longitudinaliter prope caulem ornatd.

Superciliary line and throat buffy-white; line before and behind

the eye, all the upper surface, wings, and tail, dark brownish black ;

the base of the primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries, and the under

surface of the shoulder buff; under surface pale vinous brown; the

feathers of the abdomen with two stripes of black running parallel

to and near the stem, the space between dull white; at the base of

the throat several irregular spots of black; under tail-coverts buffy-

white, crossed by broad bars of black ; irides brown.

Total length, 53 inches; bill, $; wing, 34; tail, 22; tarsi, 7.

The female differs in having the markings of the abdomen larger

and more conspicuous, and in having the spots at the base of the

throat chestnut instead of black.

Hab. The neighbourhood of the river Lynd, in the interior of

Australia.

Remark.—Nearly allied to C. melanura and C. scandens.

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109

December 8, 1846.

George Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

A paper was read containing descriptions of 38 new species of

Land-shells, in the collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq., by Dr. L.

Pfeiffer :—

1, Parmacetia Cuminat, Pfr. Parm. testd depresso-semiovata,

tenuissimd, striatd, lineis spiralibus subtiliter decussatd, diaphand,

pallide virenti-corned vel (in adultis) succined ; spird vir promi-

nuld, subpapillatd ; anfractibus 2 ; columella arcuatd, acutd.

Long. 6, lat. 6, alt, 22 mill.

From the island of Juan Fernandez (H. Cuming).

2. Succrnea Paiva, Pfr. Succ. testd ovato-conicd, solidiusculd,

longitudinaliter ruguloso-striatd, diaphand, pallidé stramined ;

spird acutd ; anfractibus 4 converis ; columelld leviter arcuatd,

jilari, supra basin aperture ovalis subtruncatd ; peristomate mar-

gine subincrassato.

Long. 13, lat. 7, alt. 64 mill.; apert. 8} mill. longa.

From Tahiti (H. Cuming).

3. Succrinza sEmicLosBosa, Pfr. Succ. testd ovato-semiglobosd,

tenui, levigatd, nitidissimd, lutescenti-corned ; spird vix promi-

nuld, obtusd ; anfractibus 2, ultimo ventroso; columelld strictius-

culd, oblique recedente ; aperturd rotundato-ovali.

Long. 8, lat. 63, alt. 4 mill.; apert. 7} mill. longa.

From the island of Massafuera, Chile (H. Cuming).

4. Succrnea Tanitensis, Pfr. Succ. testa ovatd, striatuld, tenut,

vir nitidd, pellucida, pallide succined ; spird brevi, obtusiusculd ;

anfractibus 23 convexis, ultimo ovato ; columellé leviter arcuata,

medio obsolete (interdum distincté) angulatd ; apertura regulari-

ter ovali; peristomate expansiusculo.

Long. 12, lat. 7, alt. 45 mill; apert. 82 mill. longa.

From Tahiti (H. Cuming),

5. Hexrx Linpont, Pfr. Hel. testa imperforatd, semiglobosd, tenui,

irregulariter striatuld, superné opacd, albidd, punctis castaneis

conspersd et lined nigricanti-castaned ad suturam ornatd ; anfrac-

tibus 44 convexiusculis, ultimo basi planulato, pellucido, corneo-

virente, antice breviter deflexo; columelld intrante, declivi, sub-

arcuatd, dilatatd, introrsum acutd; aperturd lunato-ellipticd ;

peristomate simplice, recto.

Diam. 16, alt. 93 mill.

From the island of Cuba (Lindon).

No. CLXVI.—Proczzpines or THE ZooLoGicat Socrgry.

110

6. Hexix pempuicopes, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, subglobosd,

tenui, membranaced, oblique plicatuld, diaphand, lutescenti-corned ;

spird brevi, papillatd ; anfractibus 4 vix convexis, ultimo per-

magno, carinato, juxta suturam inflato, basi convero, antice vir

descendente; columelld simplice, acutd, subverticali ; aperturd

ampld, feré circulari; peristomate simplice, acuto, marginibus

conniventibus.

Diam. 18, alt. 12 mill.

From the island of Cuba (Lindon).

7. Heurx eravata, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, globoso-turbinatd,

striatuld, tenui, hyalind ; spird turbinatd, ad apicem acuta ; anfrac-

tibus 6 convexiusculis, gradatis, ultimo medio acuté carinato, basi

convexo, sub lente minutissimé concentricé striato ; aperturd sub-

tetragono-lunari ; peristomate simplice, acuto, margine columellari

verticaliter descendente.

Diam. 5, alt. 5 mill.

From the island of Leyte (H. Cuming).

Nearly allied to H. tongana, Quoy.

8. Hexix Barcrayana, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, depresso-tur-

binatd, confertim oblique costatd, alba, epidermide fusco-olivaced

indutd; spird conoided, apice obtuso ; suturd profundd ; anfracti-

bus 54 convezis, ultimo medio carinato (interdum obsolete bicari-

nato), basi convexiusculo; umbilico mediocri, fere cylindrico ;

apertura subverticali, quadrangulari ; peristomate simplice, acuto,

margine columellari verticaliter descendente, cum basali angulum

formante.

Diam. 18, alt. 12 mill.

From the island of France (Sir D. Barclay).

9. Hetrx arcuata, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, orbiculato-converd,

tenui, pellucidd, pallide corned, confertim et regulariter arcuato-

plicatd ; spird late conoided, apice obtusiusculo; anfractibus 6

viz convexiusculis, carind acutd, serratd marginatis, ultimo circa

umbilicum magnum, fere cylindricum subcompresso ; aperturd an-

gulato-lunari, latd ; peristomate simplice, acuto, margine columel-

lari brevi, verticali.

Diam. 54, alt. 23 mill.

From the province of Cagayan, island of Luzon (H. Cuming).

10. Hexrx Micueusiana, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, globosd, so-

lidd, valide et confertim plicatd, spiraliter obsolete striatd, rufd

vel lutescenti-fuscd ; spird conoideo-semiglobosd ; anfractibus 5

convexiusculis, ultimo ventroso, antice viz descendente, circa um-

bilicum angustum compresso; aperturd subverticali, rotundato-

lunari ; peristomate recto, intus albo-labiato, margine columellari

dilatato-patente.

Diam. 19, alt. 15 mill.

From Surigao, island of Mindanao (H. Cuming).

11. Hexrx Rissoana, Pfr. Hel. testd perforatd, globosd, tenui,

<i soa ai eal

111

striatd, diaphand, vix nitidd, rufd ; spird conoided, obtusiusculd ;

anfractibus 6 conveviusculis, ultimo subangulato, medio pallidé

cingulato, antice breviter descendente, basi ventroso; aperturd

magnd, semicirculari ; peristomate intus rubello-labiato, breviter

expanso, margine columellari in laminam brevem, perforationem

semioccultantem reflexo.

Diam. 18, alt. 13 mill.

From Greece (Lieut. Spratt, R.N.).

12. Hxtrx picryopss, Pfr. Hel. testd anguste umbilicatd, depressd,

sublenticulari, oblique plicato-striatd, tenuiusculd, diaphand, pal-

lide corned, fusco subtiliter reticulatd et maculis castaneis juata

suturam et carinam ornatd; spird late conoided ; anfractibus 7

vix convexiusculis, ultimo acute carinato ; apertura subverticali,

depressd, lunari, intus margaritaced ; peristomate simplice, mar-

gine columellari breviter dilatato-patente, basali sinuoso, refleaius-

culo.

Diam. 27, alt. 12 mill.

From New Guinea (Ince).

13. Heurx xicnaria, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, subgloboso-

depressd, solidd, levigatd, castaned, fasciis variis epidermidis

hydrophane, fusco-cineree obductd ; spird vix elevatd, obtusa ;

anfractibus 42 vir convexiusculis, celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo

ad peripheriam subangulato ; columella strictiusculd, perobliqud,

latd, planatd, fuscd ; aperturd rotundato-lunari, intus albidd ;

peristomate subincrassato, brevissime reflexo, fusco-marginato.

Diam. 45, alt. 27 mill.

From Surigao, island of Mindanao (H. Cuming).

14. Hexrx crasstzasris, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforatd, depressd,

crassd, ponderosd, irregulariter striatd et undique granulatd, al-

bidd, lineis spiralibus, undulatis, fuscis, fascidque unicd ad peri-

pheriam ornatd ; spird vie elevatd, distinct? granulatd, apice nudo,

albo; anfractibus 44 planiusculis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo

minutissim? granulato, medio subcarinato, anticé vix descendente ;

aperturd obliqud, semiellipticd, intus albd ; peristomate undique

incrassato-reflexo, margine dextro subsinuoso, columellari intus

obsolete plicato.

Diam. 42, alt. 22 mill.

From the island of Cuba (Lindon).

15. Heurx Speneertana, Pfr. Hel. testd imperforaid, depressd,

solidd, striatd, nitidd, pallidé castaned ; spird parum elevatd, ob-

tusd; anfractibus 54, supremis planis, minutissime granulatis, 2

ultimis convezis, ultimo medio obtuse carinato, basi convexiusculo ;

aperturd perobliqud, lunari, intus fusculd ; peristomate late expan-

so, breviter reflexo, marginibus callo nitido junctis, basuli sinuoso,

reflero, subappresso, columellari perdilatato, adnato, umbilicum

prorsus tegente. : :

Diam. 49, alt. 26 mill.

From the island of Jamaica (Gosse).

112

16. Hexix coponoprs, Pfr. Hel. testd umbilicatd, globoso-conoi-

ded, solidd, oblique striatuld, lineis spiralibus confertis subtilissime

sculptd, nitidd, albd, castaneo-bifasciatd ; spird campanulatd, apice

obtusiusculo ; anfractibus 54 vix conveais, ultimo antice deflexo,

basi juxta aperturam gibboso-subconstricto ; aperturd obliqud, fere

circulari ; peristomate incrassato, refleco, marginibus approxima-

tis, callo nitido junctis, columellari dilatato, patente, sinuoso.

Diam. 20, alt. 17 mill.

From the Philippine Islands (H. Cuming).

The described specimen shows a tooth-like protuberance on the

inner side of the columella, which seems not to belong to the essen-

tial characters of this species.

17. Buximus castus, Pfr. Bul. testd subperforatd, ovato-conicd,

tenuiusculd, minutim et obsoleté decussatuld, hyalino-albidd, basi

et prope aperturam erubescens ; spird conicd, acutiusculd ; anfrac-

tibus 54 convexiusculis, ultimo spiram pauld superante ; columelld

strictiusculd, filiformi; aperturd oblonga ; peristomate simplice,

roseo, marginibus subparallelis, callo tenui junctis, dextro breviter

expanso, columellari brevissimé reflexo, perforationem fere clau-

dente.

Long. 19, diam. 9 mill.

From Central America ? (Lattre).

18. Buxrmus ERuBescens, Pfr. Bul. testd subperforatd, oblongo-

turritd, leviusculd, lineis spiralibus sub lente insculptd, carneo-

luted, apice rubicundd ; spird turritd, apice acuto ; anfractibus 6

planiusculis, ultimo spird pauld breviore ; columelld superné sub-

tortd, basi pauld recedente ; aperturd oblongd, intus nitide albd ;

peristomate simplice, margine dextro expansiusculo, columellari

fornicatim breviter reflero, subappresso.

Long. 24, diam. 10 mill.

Locality unknown.

19. Butimvs riarus, Pfr. Bul. testd profunde rimatd, oblongo-

turritd, tenuiusculd, subarcuatim striatuld, pallide corned; spird

turritd, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 7 fere planis, ultimo % longitu-

dinis equante, basi rotundato ; columelld intus uniplicatd ; aperturd

oblongo-ovali; peristomate simplice, marginibus approximatis,

callo junctis, dextro vix expanso, columellari dilatato, patente.

Long. 33, diam. 11 mill.

Locality unknown.

20. Butimus Stupert, Pfr. Bul. testd perforata, oblongo-conicd,

tenuiusculd, striatuld, lineis spiralibus confertis sub lente decussatd,

nitidd, albd, cingulis angustis, roseis 3-4 ornatd ; spird conicd,

acutd ; anfractibus 6 vier conveciusculis, ultimo 4 longitudinis sub-

aguante ; columelld arcuatd ; apertura ovali-ellipticd, intus con-

colore ; peristomate simplice, marginibus subconniventibus, dextro

breviter-expanso, columellari fornicatim reflexo, roseo.

Long. 25, diam. 10 mill.

From Central America? (H. Cuming.)

113

21. Butimus Moricanon1, Pfr. Bul. testd perforatd, ovato-conica,

tenut, lineis spiralibus subconfertis insculptd, subdiaphand, citrind ;

spird conicd, acutiusculd ; suturd pallide submarginatd ; anfracti-

bus 6 viz converis, ultimo spiram equante ; columelld strictd ; aper-

turd suboblongd, truncato-ovali, intus concolore ; peristomate sim-

plice, breviter expanso, margine columellari superné breviter

patenti-reflexo.

Long. 24, diam. 12 mill.

From Mount Coban, Central America (Lattre).

22. Buximus Enrenserci, Pfr. Bul. téstd profundé rimatd, ob-

longd, solidd, oblique striatuld, albida ; spird oblongd, apice atte-

nuato, obtusiusculo ; anfractibus 7} vix convexiusculis, ultimo 2

longitudinis pauld superante ; apertura angulato-ovali ; peristomate

incrassato, breviter reflexo, marginibus callo crasso, prope inser-

tionem labri tuberculifero junctis, columellari dilatato, crasso,

patente. -

Long. 24, diam. 10 mill.

From Cerigotto, Greece (Lieut. Spratt, R.N.).

23. Butimus Rossmassueri, Pfr. Bul. testd profuxde rimatd,

oblongd, soliduld, confertim rugoso-plicata, superné fusco-corned,

basi sordidé albidd; spird oblongo-conicd, apice epee anfrac-

tibus 8 vix convexiusculis, ultimo basi rotundato, 4 longitudinis

e@quante ; columella brevi, strictiusculd ; aperturd truncato-ovali,

intus alba ; peristomate albo-labiato, breviter expanso, marginibus

callo tenui, juxta insertionem labri dentifero junctis, columellari

dilatato, patente.

Long. 19, diam. 7 mill.

Locality unknown.

24. Buuimus Draparnauni, Pfr. Bul. testd subobtecté perforata,

oblongo-subfusiformi, striatuld, opacd, nitidd, albd, cerulescenti-

nebulosd, strigis nigro-castaneis et brunneis, interdum maculosé

interruptis, ornatd ; spird turrito-conicd, ad apicem acutd ; anfrac-

tibus 7 convexiusculis, ultimo 3 longitudinis subequante ; columelld

rectd; aperturd oblongd; peristomate simplice, acuto, margine

columellari dilatato, membranaceo, angulatim reflexo, appresso.

Long. 28, diam. 11 mill.

B. Minor, interstitiis strigarum castaneo-litturatis.

From Chilon, Bolivia (Bridges).

25. Butimus Ziecuenrt, Pfr. Bul. testd subperforatd, ovato-conicd,

tenui, confertim striatuld, lineis spiralibus sub lente obsolete decus-

satd, albidd ; spird conicd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 6 vix con-

vexiusculis, ultimo medio subangulato, spird pauld breviore ; colu-

melld pauld recedente; aperturd ovali; peristomate simplice,

margine columellari breviter reflexo, ee

Long. 21, diam. 10 mill.

(. T. pellucida, lutescente, fasciis castaneis, supremis maculosé in-

terruptis, cinctd.

Locality unknown.

114

26. Buximus Savi, Pfr. Bul. testd subperforatd, ovato-oblongd,

solidiusculd, confertim rugoso-plicatd, nitidd, albd, strigis pellu-

cidis, fuscis ornatd ; spird conicd, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 6 viz

convezis, ultimo spiram subequante, basi attenuato, circa perfora-

tionem obsoletam fusco-areolato ; columelld leviter arcuatd ; aper-

turd elliptico-oblongd, intus fusco-carned ; peristomate simplice,

margine columellari breviter reflexo, subappresso.

Long. 20, diam. 9 mill.

Locality unknown.

27. Buximus conirormis, Pfr. Bul. testd subperforatd, ovato-

conicd, tenui, irregulariter striatd, fuscescenti-albidd, strigis ob-

liquis, fuscis signaté; spird conicd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5

planiusculis, ultimo spiram pauld superante, medio angulato, bast

subcompresso ; columeild leviter arcuatd ; aperturd ovali, utrinque

angustatd ; peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari superné

dilatato, breviter reflezo.

Long. 12, diam. 63 mill.

From Merida, Andes of Bolivia (T. Bridges).

28. Buximus Sowersyi, Pfr. Bul. testd perforatd, ovato-conica,

tenui, sublevigatd, albidd, strigis obliquis, castaneis, maculas

albas pyramidales et rhomboidales formantibus ornatd ; spird co-

nicd, acutd; anfractibus 63 vix convexiusculis, ultimo spiram

aquante, medio pallide, juxta basin attenuatam castaneo-unifasciato ;

columella pauld recedente; apertura oblongo-ovali ; peristomate

simplice, recto, margine columellari angulatim late reflexo, plano.

Long. 22, diam. 10 mill.

From the Columbian Andes (Lindon).

29. Buuimus porpuyrivus, Pfr. Bul. testd perforatd, oblongo-

attenuatd, solidiusculd, confertim et ruditer corrugatd, castaned,

strigis albis irregulariter marmoratd ; spird conicd, ad apicem

obtusa ; suturd submarginatd, irregulariter crenata ; anfractibus

7 planiusculis, summis subtiliter granulatis, ultimo spird pauld

breviore ; columelld subrectd ; aperturd angustd, oblongd ; peristo-

mate simplice, acuto, margine columellari dilatato, reflera, carneo-

livido, perforationem fere occultante.

Long, 51, diam. 20 mill.

From Bolivia (T. Bridges).

30. Buuimus Vorruianus, Pfr. Bul. testa perforatd, subfusiformi-

oblongd, soliduld, rugis longitudinalibus et lineis concentricis im-

pressis ruditer granulatd, sordide albd ; spird conicd, ad apicem

acutiusculd ; anfractibus 6-7 vie conveviusculis, ultimo spird pauld

breviore ; columelld subverticali, nigro-castaned ; aperturd an-

gustd, oblongd, intus castaned ; peristomate simplice, recto, mar-

ginibus callo fusco junctis, columellari dilatato, fornicatim reflexo,

perforationem profundam non tegente.

Long. 19, diam. 73 mill.

From Chile (T. Bridges).

115

31. Bunimus castrensis, Pfr. Bul. testd anguste umbilicatd, ob-

longo-conicd, levissime striatuld, opacd, albidd, strigis spadiceis

denticulatis et maculis albis pyramidalibus ornatd ; spird conicd,

acutiusculd ; anfractibus 7 vix convexiusculis, ultimo ventrosiore,

infra medium lineis nonnullis spadiceis cincto, 2 longitudinis sub-

equante ; columelld strictiusculd ; aperturd oblongd ; peristomate

simplice, recto, margine dextro supern? arcuato, columellari dila-

tato, patente.

Long. 19, diam. 9 mill.

Locality unknown.

32. Buximus anpvicota, Pfr. Bul. testd perforatd, turrito-conicd,

solidd, lineis concentricis, confertis sub lente sculptd, opacd, nitidd,

albd, strigis fuscis, linearibus irregulariter ornata ; spirda elongatd,

acutiusculd ; anfractibus 7 conveviusculis, ultimo 3 longitudinis

subequante, basi rotundato ; columelld deorsum aliquantulum rece-

dente ; apertura ovali-oblongd ; peristomate simplice, acuto, mar-

gine columellari superne fornicatim reflero, perforationem angus-

tam formante.

Long. 24, diam. 11 mill.

From the Columbian Andes (Lindon).

33. Pupa evecantTuLa, Pfr. Pup. testd breviter rimatd, subcylin-

draced, apice obtuso, levigato, nitido, hyalino ; anfractibus 7 pla-

niusculis, ultimo precedente pauld angustiore, extus medio sulcato,

intus lamellis 2 validis, suture parallelis, plicdque profundd colu-

melle paralleld munito ; aperturd subsemicirculari, lamella parietis

aperturalis intrante juxta insertionem labri coarctatd ; peristomate

expansiusculo, margine dextro flecuoso, medio subincrassato,

Long. 62, diam. 3 mill.

Locality unknown.

34. Acuatina Lamarckiana, Pfr. Ach. testd ovato-conicd, solidd,

ponderosd, ruditer plicatd, in fundo albido strigis fulminatis nigri-

cantibus et castaneis, maculisque rufis variegatd ; spird conicd,

pallidd, apice obtusiusculo ; anfractibus 8 convexiusculis, supremis

lineis spiralibus obsolete decussatis, ultimo ventroso, spiram supe-

rante; columelld arcuatd, purpureo-callosd, supra basin aperture

oblique et leviter truncatd; apertura ovali, intus margaritaced,

cerulescente, saturutius marmoratd; peristomate fusco-limbato,

marginibus callo purpureo junctis.

Long. 103, diam. 52 mill.

From the interior of the island of Madagascar.

35. Acnatina Ranoiana, Pfr. Ach. testa elongatd, turritd, solidd,

ponderosd, levissimé arcuatim substriatd, lineis spiralibus distan-

tibus notatd, stramined, apice albo, obtusiusculo ; suturd levissimd ;

anfractibus 11 planulatis, ultimo 1 longitudinis pauld superante,

basi rotunduto ; columella rectd, callosd, ad basin aperture bre-

viter et oblique truncaid ; aperturd subsemiovali, intus margari-

taced ; peristomate simplice, acuto.

116

Long. 39, diam. 11 mill.

From Mexico (Lindon).

36. ACHATINA BULIMOIDES, Pfr. Ach. testd ovato-conicd, tenui,

striata, epidermide corneo-luted, pellucidd indutd ; spird conicd,

acutd; anfractibus 55 vix convexis, ultimo ventrosiore, spiram

@quante ; columellé superné tortd, filari, supra basin aperture

obsoletissimé truncatd, callo tenui ventrem anfractis penultimi

vestiente munitd ; aperturd late semiovali ; peristomate simplice,

tenui.

Long. 11, diam. 6 mill.

From the island of Juan Fernandez (H. Cuming).

37. Acuatina (Guanpina) Linpont, Pfr. Ach. testd oblongd,

utrinque attenuatd, soliduld, levigatd, nitidd, pallide fulvd, lineis

incrementi arcuatis, vix prominentibus, saturatioribus notatd ;

spird conicd, acutiusculd; suturd submarginatd ; anfractibus 8

planiusculis, 2 ultimis oblique descendentibus, ultimo spiram

@quante, supra columellam intus gibboso; columelld brevi, ad

basin aperture oblique truncatd ; aperturd angustissimd, basi sub-

canaliculatd ; peristomate simplice, marginibus callo junctis, dextro

antrorsum arcuato-dilatato.

Long. 21, diam. 6 mill.

From the island of Cuba (Lindon).

38. Cyzinpretta Sowersyana, Pfr. Cyl. testd truncatd, cylin-

draceo-subulatd, solidiusculd, oblique subarcuatim costulato-striatd,

opacd, cinnamomeo et albo radiatd ; anfractibus (spec. trunc.) 16

angustis, convexiusculis, ultimo basi subcarinato (carind parum

prominente, fere rectanguld), antice vir protracto, subtilius striato ;

aperturd subcirculari ; peristomate undique libero, tenui, breviter

expanso, margine supero sursum dilatato.

Long. 35, diam. § mill.

From the island of Cuba (Lindon).

117

December 22, 1846.

R. C. Griffith, Esq., in the Chair.

The following descriptions of new species of Chama, by Lovell

Reeve, were communicated by Hugh Cuming, Esq.

Cuama Fimpriata. Cham. testd suborbiculari, valvis ambabus

concentricé fimbriato-lamellatis, valuarum marginibus minut cre-

nulatis ; lutescente-albd.

Hab. Point Cunningham, North Australia; Dring.

A very distinct species, though its characters are set forth in few

words; the lamellz are not isolated as in most of the genus, but

arranged in concentric continuous wavy frills.

Cuama Panamensis. Cham. testd ovatd, circiter trigond, late-

raliter affied, valvd superiore postice levi, tenuissim2 appresso-

laminata, antice rugosd, rude fimbriatd, inferiore levi, per basim

lamellatd, valvarum marginibus levibus ; albidd, ferrugineo-fusco

hic illic tinctd.

Hab. Panama (attached to stones); Cuming.

The upper valve of this shell is distinguished in a peculiar manner

by its twofold style of sculpture.

Cuama praetexta. Cham. testd ovatd, valvis ambabus concentrice

pulcherrimé fimbriatis, fimbriis tenuibus subpellucidis, grandibus,

plus minusve erectis, valvarum marginibus levibus ; pallidé croced,

fimbriis supra rufescentibus.

Hab. ?

This truly delicate and beautiful shell was received by Mr. Cuming

from a continental naturalist of some celebrity as the C. croceata of

Lamarck, but it does not answer to the description. There are

several Lamarckian species of this genus, and even the Lianzan

C. gryphoides, which it is quite impossible to identify with the least

degree of certainty.

Cuama exicua. Cham. testd parvd, tenui, subpellucidd, circuiter

trigond, lateraliter affivé, valvd superiore minutissim2 appresso-

laminatd et radiatim striatd, subasperd, inferiore divaricutim ex-

cavato-punctatd, per basim lamellatd ; albd.

Hab. Singapore (dredged from sandy mud at the depth of seven

fathoms attached to fragments of shells) ; Cuming.

A little transparent white shell, of which Mr. Cuming collected

several specimens; the lower valve is distinguished by a peculiarity

of punctured sculpture somewhat analogous to that of the C. arcinella ;

there is no trace of it, however, in the upper valve, as in that species.

Cuama Fracum. Cham. testa suborbiculari, valud superiore con-

118

centrice tenuissime fimbriato-laminatd, laminis marginem versus

subtubulosis, inferiore rudé tubuloso-squamatd, valvarum margini-

bus minute crenulatis ; albdé, rufo-punctatd, intus albidd.

Hab. Island of Mindoro, Philippines (attached to coral) ; Cuming.

The sculpture of this species somewhat approaches that of the

C. spinosa; it is of a more minute and delicate character and easily

distinguished on comparison.

Cama variecata. Cham. testd oblongo-ovatd, circiter trigond,

valvd superiore lamellatd, precipue in seriebus duabus posticis,

¥, ee lamellis latiusculis appressis, interstitiis oblique rugoso-liratis,

squamis perpaucis brevibus remotis, valvarum marginibus levibus ;

corallo-rubrd, liris lamellis squamisque albis, intus albidd, rufo-

Susco tinctd.

Hab. Honduras; Dyson.

The colouring of this shell has a very pretty effect, the oblique

ridges and other external sculpture being white upon a coral or

orange-red ground.

Cuama cistuta. Cham. testd orbiculari, postice profunde sinuatd,

valvis ambabus peculiariter rude lamellatd et squamatd, squamis

ad margines subproductis, appressis, valvarum marginibus levibus ;

albidd, roseo-fuscescente varid, intus albd.

Hab. Honduras ; Dyson.

The upper valve of this shell is rather more convex than. usual ;

the sculpture peculiarly rudely developed.

TIS

Cnama Ttumutosa. Cham. testd orbiculari, postice subprofunde

BM sinuatd, valvis ambabus valde convexis, rude tumulosis et imbri-

catis, interstitiis postice oblique liratis, liris minutissime squamatis,

valvarum marginibus levibus ; aurantio rufoque varid, liris posticis

albis, intus albd.

Hab. Honduras (attached to coral) ; Dyson.

A striking species, though of rude growth; it is doubly sinuated

on the posterior side, having round orange protuberances along the

summit, whilst the channeled interstices have a striped appearance,

from their being crossed by white ridges on a blood-red ground.

Cuama Lineua-FELis. Cham. testd orbiculari, supra depressiusculd,

valvis ambabus precipue inferiore minute retuse squamatis, supe-

riore pulcherrime fimbriato-laminatd, laminis appressis, postice

concavo-planatd, ad angulos elongato-lamellatis, valvarum margini-

bus levibus ; nived, rosaceo hic illic tinctd.

Hab. Island of Guimaras, Philippines (attached to stones); Cu-

ming.

An extremely delicate and characteristic species, in which the

upper valve is very finely laminated, whilst the ground sculpture of

both that and the lower valves is of a curious roughened character,

somewhat similar to the Telline scobinata and lingua-felis.

NA CHAMA PELLIS-PHOcEe. Cham. testd suborbiculari, valud superiore

ay: ‘ undique minutissim? squamatd, squamis umbonem versus brevissime

119

retusis, marginem versus longioribus subspiniferis, inferiore rudé

lamellatd, valvarum marginibus levibus ; albd, squamis marginem

versus rufo-fuscis, umbone roseo.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (attached to stones); Cuming.

The pink stain upon the umbone is probably a character which

may help to distinguish this species.

Cuama appressa. Cham. testé orbiculari, valvis ambabus concen-

trice laminatis, laminis tenuibus plano-appressis, inferiore postice

liris perpaucis minutis oblique exsculptd, valvarum arr

levibus ; albd, roseo-fuscescente sparsim tinctd.

Hab. Honduras ; Dyson.

Distinguished by its concentric flatly appressed lamin.

Cuama Ruppert. Cham. testd suborbiculari, valvd inferiori valde

productd, crassiusculd, levigatd, plus minusve erosd ; albidd, val-

varum marginibus internis vivide rufo-purpureis.

Hab. Red Sea.

Approximating closely to the C. iostoma, but from so remote a

locality that I venture to distinguish it as a new species.

Cuama Brassica. Cham. testd suborbiculari-ovatd, circiter tri-

gond, valvis ambabus rugosis, profuse squamatis, squamis valve

superioris subfoliaceis, inferioris brevibus, erectis ; albidd, squamis

roseis.

Hab. Island of Cabul, Philippines (under stones at low water);

Cuming.

An interesting species, curiously scaled, and of peculiarly circui-

tous growth.

Cuama Carpirzrormis. Cham. testd transversim oblongd, valvis

ambabus radiatim minutissimé squame liratis, squamis appressis,

posticis majoribus, valvarum marginibus crenulatis ; alba, lirarum

interstitiis posticé coccineo-rufis.

Hab. :

Easily distinguished by its peculiar oblong growth, which appa-

rently is not accidental.

Cuama venosa. Cham. testd circuiter trigond, lateraliter affxd,

valvis ambabus levibus, radiatim subobsoleté tricostatd, costis

asperé nodulosis; albd, lineis purpureo-roseis obliquis undique

venosd, intus albd.

Hab. ? (Attached to shells.)

The blovud-red lines with which the entire surface of this shell is

painted are not less characteristic than the three faint sharply-no-

duled ribs.

Cuama Janus. Cham. testd circiter trigond, valvd inferiore et

dimidio postici superioris levibus vel oblique obtuse liratis, squa-

marum brevium seriebus duabus radiantibus, valvd superiore un-

dique irregulariter appresso-squamatd, valvarum marginibus levi-

bus ; purpureo-rufd, liris obliquis squamisque albis.

Hab, Gallapagos Islands (attached to the large Avicule) ; Cuming,._

3.M

120

The general aspect of this shell is not much unlike that of C.

venosa, but the difference may be easily detected on examination ;

instead of being veined with fine lines of colour upon a white ground,

the oblique ridges are raised upon a red ground; besides this, the

upper valve is characterized by a double style of both colour and

sculpture, the anterior half being of a dull brick-red colour and ap-

pressly scaled, whilst the posterior half is similar to the under valve.

Mr. Broderip has figured this shell as the young C. imbricata, but it

is far removed from that species.

Cuama RUBEA. Cham. testd ovata, circiter trigond, valvis amba-

bus rudé fleruosis et appresso-laminatis, squamis perpaucis, val-

varum marginibus subtilissimé crenulatis, purpureo-rubrd, squamis

albidis, intus albd, margine purpured.

Hab. Cagayan, island of Mindanao, Philippines (attached to

stones); Cuming.

The under valve of the specimen here represented is more squa-

mate, and the scales are more erect than the upper.

Cuama Juxesi1. Cham, testd ovatd, valvis ambabus profuse et

iM confertissime brevispinosis, spinis valv@ inferioris subsquamatis ;

intus extusque nived, umbonibus apice pallide purpureis.

Hab. Cape Upstart, North Australia (on the coral reefs at low

water) ; Jukes.

I dedicate this shell with a great deal of pleasure to Mr. Jukes,

the zealous naturalist of H.M.S. The Fly, to whom this monograph

is indebted through Mr. Cuming for several interesting species.

% Cuama sarpa. Cham. testd suborbiculari, valvis ambabus peculi-

i ariter exiliter oblique striatis, squamis brevibus asperis remotis ;

intus extusque vivide corallo-rubrd.

Hab. Honduras (attached to coral) ; Dyson.

Rich in colour and very characteristic in sculpture, being crossed

in an oblique direction throughout with faint striz, and roughened

here and there with short scales, like the asperities of a coarse file.

The following paper, by Dr. J. H. Jonas, containing descriptions

of two new Shells, was also communicated by Hugh Cuming, Esq.

Pyrua 1poLEum, Jonas. Pyr. testd oblongo-fusiformi, biconicd,

umbilicatd, testaceo-albd, transversim regulariter liratd, sulcis

interjectis angustis, liris sub lente squamosis ; anfractibus sex per

longitudinem leviter plicatis, medio acute angulatis ; angulo costd

undulatd munito ; costd squamis imbricatis oculo nudo vix conspi-

cuis distinctd ; caudd spird breviore, recurvd et squamis armatd ;

aperturd pyriformi, intus striatd, columella levi, nitidiusculd, cy-

lindraced, canali recurvo, aperto.

Long. 17%, lat. 93 lin.

Patria?

(Exstat in museo Gruner.)

The form of this shell differs so much from all those known to

me, that I find it impossible to compare it with any of them ; its

121

only resemblance is to a product of art—to the roof of a Chinese

pagoda, and for this similarity’s sake I have named it Pyrula idoleum.

Starting from the supposition that in former times men took the

productions of nature which surrounded them as models for their

works of art, the peculiar form of this shell has suggested to me the

conjecture that it originates from China; in all probability we shall

yet obtain from this country many strange forms, as for example the

Pyrula Mawee, which is brought from the Chinese Sea.

AnomIA NAvirormts, Jonas. An. testd transversim elongatd, an-

gustd, tenui, pellucidd, marginibus dorsali et ventrali parallelis, rec-

tis, lateralibus brevibus, rotundatis ; valud majore ened, valde con-

cavd, minore albd, fragilissimd, concaviusculd ; foramine ovato,

integro.

Long. 16, lat. 4 lin.

Patriam ignoro.

This Anomia may perhaps be an aberrant form of the A. enigma-

tica, with which it has great resemblance in the texture of the shell,

position of the umbones and form of the foramen ; but I do not dare

to assert this, and therefore I describe it as a peculiar species till

intermediate species are found, forming the links of a chain, of which

the above two are the terminating ones.

Mr. Tomes exhibited to the Meeting a specimen of the Bimacu-

lated Duck, Anas glocitans, which he had obtained in Leadenhall-

market; the specimen is a female, and agrees in size and plumage

with that in the Society’s collection.

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INDEX.

The names of New Species, and of Species newly characterized, are printed in

Roman Characters: those of Species previously known, in Italics: those of Species

respecting which Anatomical Observations are made, in Carirats.

Page

Achatina Bulimoides, Pfr. ......... 116

Sa GVHNGrACed, fT. -.--sacnsescees 31

—— Dysoni, Pfr. .........02....000... 32

—— (Glandina) isabellina, Pfr. ... 32

—— (Glandina) Lindoni, Pfr. ...... 116

—— (Glandina) Sowerbyana, Pfr.. 32

—— (Glandina) Tortillana, Pfr. ... 32

——— Lhamarckiana, Pfr. ............ 115

RATTAN A Pfr seoacanss-cseucces 115

— Sandwicensis, Pfr. ............ 32

Achatinella Rohri, Pfr. ............06 38

— teniolata, Pfr. .......c.ececeeee 38

Acipenser Sturio, Linn. ......... 27

Agapornis? malaccensis, Lath. ...... 103

Alcedo erithaca, B. Lath. ...........- 99

—— purpured, GM. ..-.eccercesecsees 99

Alcyone Diemenensis, Gould ......... 19

pulchra, Gould ...........-.ec006 19

Amadina acuticauda, Hodgs. ...... 103

Amphibola obvoluta, Jonas ......... 35

MEIIACOV TE ior or oN ase eee eet ac ene 35

DONASGIOCILGNS « <Jasscscei.asscntes tress 121

Anomia naviformis, Jonas ............ 121

APTERYX AUSTRALIS .......-000405 49

Athene malaccensis, Eyton ......... 99

—— marmorata, Gould ............ 18

—— tufa, Gould ............ceceecees 18

sceutulata, Raff. .......2......000e 99

Brachypteryxz acutirostris, Eyton... 103

albogularis, Hartlaub ......... 103

—— nigrogularis, Eyton ............ 103

PPRUT UT, TIOYAL. ovens: tes scan stere 103

Bulimus andicola, Pfr. ............00 115

——— auratus, P/F. ........0.--.caceeees 32 |

— Bolivianus, Pfr. ............... 34

——— Canflelaris, Pfr. ........0.c000e 40

Caxtrenaie \PyF. . osteo. «s--seeeee 115 |

ame aS UNS CIN aedcanccc'e cs aotns te 112 |

—— coniformis, Pfr. ...ccececsosecs 114

e—— Darwini; Pf. 33.) Vv Be ae |

Page

Bulimus dilatatus, Pfr. ..........2.... 42

Draparnaudi, Pfr. .........+- 113

SSL SUA 2 fy) COREE BEEBSECS. “FSC 39

=——' Ehrenbergi, Pfr. ..o..-...-.<s- 113

————(ClOMPAtNIUS; E/T. sense snscebeams 42

—— erubescens, Pfr. ..........00... 112

— fenestratus, Pfr. ....0.-.....00. 29

—— Grateloupi, Pfr. .............0. 42

— Gruneri, Pfr. .....sceeeeee eee 30

—— Guerini, PfP. ...........2..0000.0- 40

— holostoma, Pfr. .......+0...04- 28

— Hondurasanus, Pfr. ............ 29

——— SGICUS, Lf 7's \siacdonsvanmnetaecnes 40

— Jussieui, Val. Mur. ............ 33

=~ RIGNEN, PITS covapetssaassendoays 40

—e— MCAL LPT: dasanacuvecsreceeaeauee 29

—— Martinicensis, Pfr. ............ 40

— Meridanus, Pfr. .....2...+0000e 33

—— Montevidensis, Pfr. ........+... 33

Morieandi Pr.” cote. -cssccaxe 113

| ———"Nilaginicus, Pfr. .-2..-....<-c00 41

—— Oparanus, Pf. ...............08- 34

== OEDIENY, hpi isp cevepcancecncse 31

=—— PANAyENSIS; | Fe) We, 1 oe eneoasene sie 33

—— (Partula) amabilis, Pfr. ...... 38

— ‘partala Ganymedes, Pfr. ... 39

—_— tPartula) LCS iW a Re 39

—— (Partula) isabellinus, Pfr. ... 39

—— (Partula) radiolatus, Pfr....... 39

perspectivas,, P7V. .......ccsscues 33

———— POlitl, (Pyro. cies nepanevosnguces 31

—— Philippinensis, Pfr. ............ 42

porphyriuslj7e, visi ssccacnsg 114

YUMACHS, ey Yoton ona spn cad pageeens 112

Rossmassleri, Pfr. .....+..000. 113

Sandwicensis, Pfr. ............ 31

Sarcodes; Pfr. s..cenves:aceengee 30

a= SAY, LJ Ts eect a savnan sash PREERE | 114

sculpturatus, Pfr. ..sceccceeeseee 29

—— Sowerbyi, Pfr. ceccescessececeees 114

124 INDEX.

Page Page

Bulimus Studeri, Pfr. ....0+.+..0000- 112 DASYPUS PEBA ...... eusand sistsoe aiid 72

— Tuckeri, Pfr. ..ccceeceseseevaes 30 | Dendrocopus sordidus, Eyton ...... 104

— Vincentinus, Pfr. ...0--...e20e. 30 | Diceum chrysorrheum, Temm. 100

— Voithianus, Pfr. ......... seoeee 114 | Dicrurus affinis, Blyth ............00 102

Aiegleri, L/P. . srocsescocserconse 113 balicassius, Linn. .......++++ sees LOS

zonulatus, Pfr. ...... Pane 41 | ——malabaricus, Scop. ....... eoeee 102

Callipepla venusta, Gould .,.......... 70 rangoonensis, Gould ............ 102

iia JULCAP ER Noe coadeeceacecsssipntas 8 retifer, Ven, seasssncs+napeeess LUG

Caprimulgus albonotatus, Tickell is 99° | Didelphis AZGra@ ssssvo.,ssncaveasnune 9

macrurus, Horsf. ...-++..seeee 99) ||" DipUs INEFPTUS ...,..dsdencerscnneseree no

CASUARIUS GALEATUS ...seeseseerees 26 | DINORNIS .........00000 he eee 46, 48

Cavia cobaia, AUct. ..+...seeceerereee 8 | Drnornis cASUARINUS, Owen...... 47

Centropus rectunguis, Strickl. ...... 104 CRASSUS,, Owen <..accucscasamsvente 47

Ceyax luzoniensis, Steph. ....+0.06... 99 | —— CURTUS, Owen ...ccceesssene wee AT

microsoma, BurtOn ....+-esees- 99 | —— DIDIFORMIS, Owen .,........ eae U

rufidorsa, Strickland ............ 99 | ——GIGANTEUS, Owen ......... nes 20

tridactyla, Pall. ......+e+.ss00e 99 | ——INGENs, Owen ....... svespataaas 46

CHAVA) icc teswcv ess waspeecwae seseeeese. LLZ | —— OTIDIFORMIS, Owen ....0..2+... 49

Chama appressa; Reeve ......++++4+ - 119 | —— (Palapteryx) pRomio1DEs,

brassica, Reeve ...seoseo<s+sss00e 119 | pen > scsiedsacdescondatens Seonaeil ceca eal

— Carditzformis, Reeve ......... 119 | STRUTHOIDES, Owen ...eee0ee 46

—— cistula, Reeve .......eceeeeeeeee 118 | DRoMIcEuS AUSTRALIS .ecvescseeee 49

—— exigua, Reeve ...seeceeceseeeees VQ. |) BeeNTATA, . os00-cscngsagseeeeeeas vevee 72

—— fimbriata, Reeve ........2..005- 117 | Eopsaltria leucogaster, Gould ...... 19

fragum, Reeve weerersereeeereees LUG | Bed roma a ce.ins omnonic ons ch smetgennee ee

SATUS, ECVE: sethos es ranean dcnéan 119 | Eupetes macrocercus, Temm. same LOS

——— SUKESH, CCEUE semen. passeen ..-- 120 | Fasciolaria clava, Jonas ...... nanan 35

lingua-felis, Reeve ......-.++..+5- 118 BOPMICATUNE . . cccvesoncounscbucrweste . 101

Panamensis, Reeve ......+++... 117 Galictis vittata, Bell so agmaataad Ser:

pellis-phocz, Reeve ....-.++4+ ae LS Gallinula tenebrosa, Gould ........ 5 eA)

—— pretexta, Reeve .r..+...+09+ «+. 117 | Hematornis chrysorrhoides, Lafr.... 101

rubea, Reeve ...se...es00s swackastes 120: || Geialtotis or. 4: chides sDabace melee ante Leelee

—— Ruppellii, Reeve ....6....2e+ 0+ 119 | Haliotis ancile, Reeve ........+.+« eevee OF

ea RATS, MCCUE hon cuas cerns an peach = 120 aquatilis, Reeve .......+. chercapeaiestel

tumulosa, Reeve ......seerereee 118 | ——astricta, Reeve ......... Pee eee)

variegata, Reeve ..-.....0000-- 118 | ——clathrata, Reeve ......s000n2s 57

venosa, Reeve ..s.sessereeeeeeee 119 Coccinea, Reeve .....-.-ssseseeee nD

Chaunax, nov. gen., Lowe .........++ 81 —— coccoradiata, Reeve. .........0. 55

Chaunax pictus, Lowe ......+0...006 81 concinna, Reeve — ...seceseeeee » 58

Chinchilla laniger, Gray ......+++..++6+ 8 cruenta, Reeve... s:aepsacapnemlie

Climacteris melanotus, Gould ...... 106 —— discus, Reeve ........ siva sp anacatiae 55

Cinclosoma cinnamomeus, Gould... 68 | diversicolor, Reeve ......s.s+.+ 55

Corvus collaris, Drummond ......... 43 | —— Dringii, Reeve ......c0s-.eseesee 58

WRONCUIG — sve.ckinee vsxheoteacaie « 43 funebris, Reeve .......0.++5+ aig any ye

MUNA. cans <asemupavantssanvensty<padsmuglts 67 | —— gemma, Reeve .....-....<0+ scan

Crataionyx ater, Eyton wae Meenaaaeee 100 INCISA, ReEVE | suc sw<cecsaemanhs oe)

Criniger gularis, Horsf. ........+..000 101 Jacnensis, Reeve ......s0eeeere 58

Cryptonyx ferrugineus, Vig. .....+++- 105 — Janus, Reeve ....... ree er ii

Ctenomys Braziliensis, De Blainville 8 Japonica, Reeve — ...s.cceererees 54

Cucullea granulosa, Jonas .......++4++ 34 | lauta, Reeve ....... qcnasaene ers

Cuculus Sonnerati, Lath. .......+++6 104 | multiperforata, Reeve ....... + 99

Cylindrella Sowerbyana, Pfr. ...... 116 —— nebulata, Meeve,....reesacauseune 57

CUNT AA ic eeveryoscvteetaseashessesnee 23 | ——- papulata, Reeve ..........0.+.--.- 58

Cyprea Gaskeis, ReCvGue. « sssatanbes 22) pertusa, Reeve .........-.seesere 56

pellucidula, Guskoin ..........+ 23 planilirata, Reeve ..,.0....seeees 56

—— Pisum, Gaskoin .....eecsereeeees 24 | pustulata, Reeve .......se00s ee) :)

—— pulicaria, Reeve ........-+0100000 23° | reticulata, Reeve ......sessseene 57

Pills; "GasKOm, jiewesczusyes cskper 24 | rosacea, Reeve. |..cccssens--svetine 56

Cypselus affinis, Gray ...see.sseeeves 99 | ——rubiginosa, Reeve .........+00+- 56

AR SPUS) oompunessaavar at isss uaeeanae 72 | ——rugosa, Reeve ....ses000 ey pe

INDEX.

Page |

Haliotis scutulum, Reeve ............ 57 | Lichia Vadigo, Cuv. & Val. .........

—— semistriata, Reeve ............... 57 | Limosa Melanuroides, Gould ..... ak

—— Sieboldii, Reeve............0..... 55 Lophid@ i... cece ccc SO Crepes re

—— speciosa, Reeve ...........s0e000e 57 | Malacopteron aureum, Eyton ......

—— spiculata, Reeve ..........5.05. 57 —— macrodactylum, Strickl. ......

—— splendens, Reeve ....... Pie 54 —— olivaceum, Strickl. ............

—— squamata, Reeve ............. e 55 squamatum, Eyton ............

—— Stomatieformis, Reeve ......... 57 | Mangelia .eccsccicceeccceeeccccscneecccces

—— Tayloriana, Reeve ..... seovssseee 56 | Mangelia abyssicola, Reeve .........

—— tuberculata ....cc.cccssceceecees 54 angulata, Reeve ........0.00...8 (fs

—— viridis, Reeve................ es IO, Antillarum, Reeve ...............

—— Zealandica, Reeve ............... 57 | ——astricta, Reeve ......0...0600000.

—— ZiC2aC, Reeve vicccccciccccecevaces 55 badia, Reeve ....0.. 0... ceeccsse He

Helicea ...... CR Wtiicsvecacoasteee 28, 37 ————halteatias Recpe ts see, As

Helix arctispira, Pfr. ..........05 «. 41 | —— bicolor, Reeve bvaseaodere

— arcuata, Pfr. ..cccccecaes Scactenes 110 — capillacea, Reeve ....,..........

—— aulacospira, Pfr. ............0.. 37 | ——easta, Reeve ...cccccececsesess

—— Barclayana, Pfr. ...... casters 110 | ——castanea, Reeve ....... SEeapooce

—— Candaharica, Pfr. ............. Sun get vf cavernosa, Reeve ...............

—— codonodes, Pfr. ............... 112 | —— Cinctay Reeve’. oO

erassilabris, Pfr. ....... Geeevane LL Columbelloides, Reeve .........

+ =—eyathellus, PAR 2: 41 | —— Conohelicoides, Reeve .........

—— dictyodes, PAP. ......eecceecceees 111 | ——eylindrica, Reeve ....... Ceseeees

——doliolim, Pfr: ieee . 41 derelicta, Reeve .......0....0060.,

——— \Gossei; PAK. cit eiiebls 37 | —— digitalis, Reeve ......000.0.......

—— gradata, P/F. . ..i..cccccocsceces 110 elegans, Reeve .....cceecce ecces

= hienarign Pfr ....0,/ ake ++» 111 | —— funebris, Reeve ..................

—— Lindoni, Pfr. ......... eunracer 109 | —— funiculata, Reeve ...............

—— lucidella, Pfr. ............ eens tad fusiformis, Reeve ............, “3

—— Mighelsiana, Pfr. ............... 110 | —— gibbosa, Reeve ............ hesas

—— Montfortiana, Pfr. ......... «. 38 | —— gracilis, Reeve ..... Ree ee Gomme

—- pemphigodes, Pfr. ............ 110 Hornbeckii, Reeve ...............

Rissoana, Pfr.. ......... Death aes 110 | interrupta, Reeve .........02....

—— Reeveana, Pfr. ....0.....000000.. 42 —— lamellata, Reeve ...............

—— Spengleriana, Pfr. ....... ss. LLL | —— lineata, Reeve ....... Pct

stenostoma, Pfr. ....... seseeses 28 | —— livida, Reeve ...., stdieetnrcterre

—— suturalis, Pfr. ...c.....cecceceee 37 | —— Lyra, Reeve oo... ceeeccceee...

—— Swainsonii, Pfr. .....cieeceeeee 28 | —— lyrica, Reeve ......ceccccceceecee

Hemicercus concretus, Temm. ...... 104 | —— maculata, Reeve ...........,. re

—— rubiginosus, Swains. ............ 104 | —— Marginelloides, Reeve .........

Hemipodius atroguiaris, Eyton ...... 105 | —— marmorosa, Reeve .............-4

Hesperomys Boliviensis, Waterh.... 9 nana, Reeve 0.0.0... cece es

Holothuria edulis, Gray 00. Hee: oe. 67 | —— Nove Hollandiz, Reeve ......

HYLOBATES ............00- boc cananAs 11 | —— obeliscus, Reeve ............ aoe

HYLoBATES AGILIS ...... PE IRLS 11 | —— pallida, Reeve ................ ~~

"SON COLOR? sees. IRR: 15 | —— pellucida, Reeve ............ EC

—— LAR a... hobs ceveaesacc cetaneecr ED —— pessulata, Reeve ............... 2

Txos atriceps, Temm. ..........00...... 101 | —— planilabrum, Reeve ..,.........

—— metallicus, Eyton ............... 101 | —— pulchella, Reeve ...... .

— pheocephalus, Hartl. ......... 101 pura, Reeve ..e..ccecccescec sees :

Lagotis Cuvieri, Bennett ........60.. 7 | —— pusilla, Reeve wo... ceeeeeese

LANIATIUNE veeeeeeccecceces eaten 101 reticulata, Reeve ....... eee

Lanius cristatus, Linn. ............... 102 rigida, Reeve ........cccceecc00, ct

—— ferrugiceps, Hodgs. ............ 102 | —— Sicula, Reeve |... :

— lucionensis, Linn. ............... 102 | —— solida, Reeve ..........ee ceccccee

—— magnirostris, Bélanger ......... 102 | —— Stromboides, Reeve .......... we

— melanotis, Val. ............. wees 102 tenebrosa, Reeve ...............

—— superciliosus, Lath. ............ 102 | —— turricula, Reeve ..................

— phenicurus, Pall. ....... So Ace 102 vexillum, Reeve ...........0000...

strigatus, Eyton ......40....... 102 | —— vittata, Reeve ...... néaneees

126

Page

Mangelia Zebuensis, Reeve ......... 65

ZONACR CORE un. Sctwnseine nde dake gicin 61

Marginella albo-cincta, Sow. ...... ae OO

— crassilabrum, Sow. .s...s000eee 96

FLUE, MAIN As saseiarbaadaiacatnas ax 0

Fauna, SOW. ..c.+--ceeeee ser 96

—— fusca, Sow. ..-...se0s PETAR 95

multilineata, Sow. ....sc.e+e.0e - 96

—— Pseudo-faba, Sow. ....eesseeves ce ree OED |

—— Similis, Sow. ...cecsecseecoeeees apaie yi

LEOMIAGH, SOUneads osgepeastliaerp ssa 96

Var ld, SOW. ....cecseceereeseseees Sp! lr

Melanochlora Sumatrana, Less. ... 100

—— affinis, Horst. ..eceeeseceeeeeeee 100 |

Meliphaga longirostris, Gould ...... 83 |

MULLUS SURMULETUS ....+0.00+ eee)

Muscipeta plumosa, Blyth — ....++... 101 |

ATAOU Oo agenc'an'n's = ceh pedi paapisonin gies 101 |

Myjiagra pectoralis, Hay ......+++... 101

pyrrhoptera, Temm,......+++++- 101

MYRMECOPHAGA JUBATA weeeseeseeee 74

Ninox nipalensis, Hodgs. ....0...+++. 99 |

DT ET To ERAS or er eee aH

UMA CTCLUL a oan cence Sustig te asg aed ap pais 9

Nyctibius bracteatus, Gould cevseceee i]

Octodon Bridgesii, W: aterhouse... 7

CUMIUYID ocean lune Raaeiien« 7

Odontophorus Balliviani, Gould Seageall

Orevica cristata — .resecsercevene ousda« 100 |

Palapteryx, n. g., Owen... ... eee 46

Parmacella Cumingi, Pfr. .....+.++... 109

Parus flavocristatus, Lafr. ......... 100 |

sultaneus, Hodgs. ......«++.00 -- 100

IPERCA MARINA! 5. coa00dt:. cnhattenne soon 2d |

Perdicar@ .......+. eS ipquidinnabpagee a 9

Perdix eruginosus, Eyton ........+..- 105

Pericrocotus modestus, Sfricki. ... 102

Petroica superciliosa, Gould ......... 106

PANN. sis 000s ss esiemansihas Nestevantien 9

Philentoma OqALaREN, Eyton dinep tae eet dh]

Phoca ——? ......... Kospexvuiawerg dee 80

Phyllornis ae oigpengyss ween sven 00

—— cesmarhynchus, Tickell ...... 100

malabaricus, Temm, u..+++...00. 100

moluccensis, Gray ....++.-.s.s00. 100

Picus Rafflesi, Vig. ...--ssevcevesees 103

rubiginosus, Eyton .....+... +. 104

PITHECIA SATANUS ..sseeseeseeeees Spee a)

Pitta cyanura, Gm. «..ceeceeeeesereee 100

Poéphila leucotis, Gould .........4+- 106

HUPUPOLOMG'” seusecsempaeca.'s aoe eeue 3

Pleurotoma albifuniculata, Reeve... 6

albinodata, Reeve ......s.00..- 6

—— angicostata, Reeve ..........e000e 4

— axis, Reeve .....- mais segs 03

— Cagayanensis, Reeve .........++ seat |

canaliculata, Reeve ......... * SPRaOANE 2)

ECOMNCA, MCCUE. waits vsucaveraveree 5

crebriplicata, Reeve .......... 3

—— deedala, Reeve wsc.cscsceceeevees 6

Page

Pleurotoma delicata, Reeve 3

—— Dysoni, Reeve ....s..000- weed 4

fenestrata, Reeve ........ sidadglie cate

Forbesii, Reeve .....-.seceseee bh oceans?

foveolata, Reeve ....... ae ek)

Fusoides, Reeve ..... nguakvdehees 6

granicostata, Reeve .....+.. pine

— Hondurasensis, Reeve «00. 4

mucronata, Reeve ......sseeeeeee 4

— obtusa, Reeve ...sccccsee eR ons On

pagoda, Reeve ...... avesedysrise saa

Paria, Reeve ....... aia tpnases et

— regularis, Reeve ........+.. waite <

rosaria, Reeve

— scalpta, Reeve

scarabeeus, Reeve .......+++ sees

——— semen, Reeve sesconssceeversere

Semigranosa, Reeve .s....s.00+:

— symmetrica, Reeve

tessellata, Reeve

—— tincta, Reeve ....ccsececesecee its

PRIODONTES, F. Cuv. seecsseseees pee f

Prionochilus thoracicus, Temm. ... 100

Pteroglossus cucullatus, Gould ...... 69

Pupa elegantula, Pfr. ..+...seeeeeeee 115

eeeeeee ee aeete ater

a eewweeeee oo

ween eee ener

Barifica, Pfr) -:.svus- abel bas Caste

PYCNONOLINE ose .eceereeeverenseneees gad}

Pyenonotus crocorrhous, Strickl. sO

cyaniventris, Blyth Baron wots LOL

—— hEMOLTHOUS seveeeisssveserereres 101

melanocephalus, Gia. «+e+++-+- 101

rufocaudatus, Eyton ...++.++++ .. 101

Pyrula idoleum, Jonas ....ssse+++0+- 120

Rallus gularis, Horsf. ......- sides tial «. 105

PHILIPPINENSIS sesseceesessose 26

striatus, Linn. ......

Ramphastos Inca, Gould

REpTILia

Rollulus niger — see.sssrocorecsenceceree

SarRcoRAMPHUS ConDOR eA

ScoMBER Peer eo eavs aaerin |

ScyLLium 25 sa cseeniuees oy tanuehene d

Serrirostrum carbonarium ..... Saethit at

SiO CS. 2rc0seacsess 37s <aeee catty 12

SQUALUS ACANTHIAS ...--seeeee ne pe

CANICULA, Linn. .esseseeesees way |

— eR oceas saesdescce tere ame

Strepera arguta, Gould ........++ ry

—— melanoptera, Gould ....... Seale

plumbea, Gould ......+0s00008. 20

Strix hirsuta, Temm. ........5 ee]

SrruTHIO CAMELUS ........ Side aiaea 48

STRUTHIONIDZ. 2.0000... .sternecreouse 48

Succinea pallida, Pfr. ......-e0eee0e. 109

semiglobosa, Pfr. ....+.seeee0e-- 109

Tahitensis, Pfr. .......6 ere

Sula personata, Gould ....s.s.se00+ eee |

Sylochelidon strenuus, Gould ...... 21

Terebratula Algoensis, Sow. ....... Seen!)

cognata, Chemn. .......secerees 94

INDEX. 127

Page Page

Terebratula crenulata, Sow. ......... 91 TrOChilid@ cocccceccceccescercceees Soper TOR

— erythroleuca, Quoy ....... wees 93 | TRocCHILUS Lorene i begieepet e 28

inconspicua, Sow. ........+ Mdees wae (lampornis) aurescens, Gould.. 88

— Japonica, Sow. ........sses.e.... 91 | —— (lampornis) cyanopectus,

— Labradorensis, Sow. ............ 95 Gould ...ceceecsesees Revs oe Teva 88

transversa, SOW. sescesseseceeee 94 (lampornis?)fulviventris, Gould 88

— nigricans, Sow. ....... ssssseseese 91 | —— (lesbia) gracilis, Gould ......... 86

— pulchella, Sow. ..........000+... 93 | —— (lesbia) smaragdinus, Gould... 85

rosea, Humphrey ...00-0..+006. 92 | —— (lophornis) regulus, Gould ... 89

—— rubella, Sow. .....sececeersseenees 94 (ocreatus) ligonicaudus, Gould 86

— rubicunda, Sow. .......... ss... 92 | —— (ocreatus) rufocaligatus, Gould 86

sanguinea, Chemn. ...+++...4+. 93 | —— (petasophora) coruscans,

—— sanguinea, Quoy, AStr. ...00... 92 OULD ed ne cisncacecareee nanan 44, 90

sanguinea, Sow. ......ee0eee001... 93 | —— (topaza) pyra, Gould ......... 85

TESTUDO .....secsceserecseesssecsssseeces 72 | ——(——‘!) eneocauda, Gould ... 87

Thinochorus ......... Roeahencseoee cece 9 | —( ?) cupricauda, Gould ... 87

THYNNUS COMMUNIS —...s-sseeseeeee 27 | —— (——) flabelliferus, Gould 45, 90

PYLAMEDES .se...eeseeseesseeeee 27 | —— (——?) hispidus, Gould ...... 90

Tiga Rafflesi, Vig. ........+ peasants 103 | ——( ?) hypoleucus, Gould... 90

4 tridactyla ...... seecssscseseseseees 104 | ——— (——?) inornata, Gould ..... . 89

Timalia erythronotus, Blyth ......... 103 | —— ae ?) nigrofasciata, Gould .. 89

3 —— erythroptera, Blyth ............ 103 | —— (——?) strophianus, Gould 45, 90

: — nigricollis, Temm. .......2+..+++ 103 | —— (—— 3 ruficeps, Gould ...... 89

pectoralis, Blyth ........se0000 103 | ——( ?) violifer, Gould ...... 87

; — pyrrhophea, Hartl. ............ 103 | TROGLODYTES NIGER ........s00000e 2,15

7 Timaltin@ ......cecceceecececcees 101, 102 | Trogon assimilis, Gould :.........000+. 67

TORPEDO OCULATA .......45 Sune aeees 27 | Turdus modestus, Eyton ............ 100

Treron Capelli, Zemm. ............00 105 | Turnix pugnax, Temm. ............08 105

— fulvicollis, Wagl. ........00- ... 105 | Ursus maritimus, Linn. ......... aay

tenuirostre, Eyton ....0...-+6- 105 | Venerupis tenuistriata, Jonas ......... 35

Trichophorus caniceps, Lafr. ...... 101 | Xrputas exapius, Linn. ............ 27

TROCHILIDE ...... eetemeee recat. «se 26 | ZEUS FABER ......... sebccetels Seseeeece

END OF PART XIV.

Printed by Richard and John E, Tayler, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

, Se? a jt

> oy

“Rar ist?

PART XV.

1847.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ;

SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE, ~

AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS,

i PATERNOSTER ROW.

LIST

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Apams, ArTHuR, Esq., R.N. page

Notes on certain Molluscous Animals . . . - +--+ - 19

: Description of a New Species of Fulgora. . - - + + 83

: Bartuett, Mr. A. D.

Description of a New Species of Fuligula . .. .- + 48

Bourcier, M. Ju.es.

On undescribed Species of Trochilide. . .*. + + + 42

Description of two New Species of Trochilide . . . + 48

Brinces, T., Esq., Corr. Memb.

Notes in addition to former papers on South American

Ornithology 3 abpadessk: 5 Ceeiernar imme ear |

Broperip, W. J., Esq., F-R.S. &c.

Description of Voluta signifer . 9. - » + + + + + 232

CANINO AND MusiGNANo, THE PRINCE oF.

Description of a New Species of Bat . . - . . - . 115

Davy, Joun, M.D., F.R.S.

Note on the Early Generative Power of the Goat . . . 71

Denny, Witt14M, Esq.

Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of Birds in the

Rese NGIES 2 EM is sows ee + Calg fs oO

Dersy, Right Hon. the Earl of.

Observations on Struthionine Birds in the Menageri ieiat!

MINHICT << iss a ey aia sytney eS

Dous.epAy, Epwarp, Esq., F.L.S., Secretary of the Ento- page

nological Society, &c. &c.

On some undescribed species of Lepidoptera in the So-

Giety 6 icolleehen. s/s je s Pe sel = yah <lael) = te

Fry, Epwarp, Esq.

Note of the Circulation of Crocodilus Lucius . . . . 116

Gosse, P. H., Esq.

Brief Notes on the Habits of Noctilio Mastivus . . . .105

Gou Lp, Joun, Esq., F.R.S.

Descriptions of New Species of Australian Birds . . 1, 31

Drafts for an arrangement of the Zrochilide, with descrip-

tions of some New Species . . . ne lies lope hep ass ae

Notes on some rare Birds of New Zealand and Australia. 50

On a New Species of Apferyr . 3s. . 5 1 1 ee 8

Gray, Georce R., Esq., F.L.S.

On two New Genera of Certhine ...... .. 6

Gray, Joun E., Esq., F.R.S.

Description of a New Rat from South Australia . . . 5

Characters of six New Genera of Bats not hitherto distin-

guished . . . . . oo a lotta. oh eee

An Account of Palolo, with a ‘dase eus histfos 47

Description of a New Species of Amphioxus from Bornes) 35

Observations on the Skull of Phascolomys Vombatus . . 41

Description of a New Genus of Emyde .... . . 55

On the Genera of the Family Chitonide . . . . 63,126

Descriptions of some New Genera and Species of Aste-

aa ae ai woes 72

On the Finner Whales, with. the inc ae of a Nay

Species... o Ne 6 (eee Nel te ae ee

Description of a a New il & Dat (of o2 St eR eur eee

Note ona Hybrid Swan . ... . sb OT

On the Porcupines of the Older or Eastern Coniinaai with

descriptions of some New Species . . . . . . + 97,128

Additional Observations on the Cetacea of the British

Uo OS a oa - 117

List of the Geeks of Hisdeiat ‘Mollusea, their Synonyae

tid: PyPeln Heft we Seite tet" 5 tee: Te See ee

GULLIVER, GEORGE, Esq., F.R.S.

Note on the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of the Meminna

GOR oi ee a OR Mate Sn 0 he + pte! “iti n oeeele gene

—E——— ——— OO

GuLLiver, GrorGE, Esq., F.R.S. page

Note on the Spermatozoa, and on the Elevator Muscles of

the Penis, of the Indian Elephant . . . . .. . . . 105

Honeson, B. H., Esq., Corr. Memb.

On a New Genus of Suide and a New Species of Taz-

a ae Pad ans Te et aa alt i lg bln See Ne I

Hunt, James, Head Keeper.

Note on the Breeding of the Otter in confinement. . . 27

Preirrer, Dr. L. :

On New Species of Helicee . . . « © « s « « « 228

ReEEvE, Lovett, Esq.

Descriptions of New Species of Shells collected in the

AARETIN APCUIPEMIEG oes. oer oe elfipn te ew tee ee

Sowersy, G. B., Jun., Esq. -

Descriptions of several New Species of Spondylus. . . 86

Tuxner, Mr. H. N., Jun. a

Observations on the Distinction between the Cervical and

Dorsal Vertebrz in the Class Mammalia. . .... .4110

Wuirte, Apam, Esq., F.L.S.

Descriptions of new Crustacea from the Eastern Seas . . 56

Descriptions of some New Species of Crustacea in the

Collection of the British Museum . ..... . 84,118

YARRELL, WiLL14M, Esq., F.L.S.

Descriptions of the Eggs of some of the Birds of Chile . 51

222

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 12, 1847.

No business was transacted.

January 26, 1847.

George Gulliver, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following communication was read :—

Descriptions or Srx New Species oF AUSTRALIAN Birps. By

Joun Govutp, F.R.S.

Cysticora tingocaritya, Gould. Cys. rufa; plumis capitis et

dorsi late conspicuéque per mediam longitudinaliter nigro-fusco

striatis ; rectricibus maculd albd infra ornatis.

General plumage pale rufous, with broad and conspicuous striz of

blackish brown, forming lines down the centre of the feathers of the

head and back, the under surface fading into white on the throat

and centre of the chest; tail-feathers with a conspicuous blackish

spot on the under surface near the tip; irides light reddish brown;

bill and feet flesh-brown.

Total length, 32 inches; bill, 7; wing, 12; tail, 12; tarsi, 3.

Hab. Port Essington. :

Remark.—Nearly allied to C. evilis.

Mrrarra Horsrrerpur, Gould. Mir. cinerea; mediis plumis,

capite, dorso inferiore, alisque, fuscis ; alis albo-marginatis ; guld

serie macularum intense fuscarum semilunari ornatd.

General plumage ashy brown, with the centre of the feathers dark

brown, the latter colour predominating on the head, lower part of

the back and tertiaries; wings brown, margined with rufous; over

the eye a stripe of buff; chin white ; under surface pale buff; throat

A Nos. CLXVII. & CLXVIII.—Procrepines or THE Zoot. Soc.

crossed by a series of dark brown spots, arranged in a crescentic

form ; under surface of the wing rufous; bill flesh-brown at the base

and dark brown at the tip; feet fleshy brown.

Total length, 55 inches; bill, 7; wing, 23; tail, 21; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Interior of New South Wales.

Remark.—Nearly allied to, but smaller than, the Mirafra Javanica

of Dr. Horsfield.

Amytis macrourus, Gould. Amy. corpore superiore fusco ; plumis

singulis lined angustd albd longitudinaliter per mediam ornatis ;

corpore inferiore nec aliter nisi pallidius picto ; scapulis infra ru-

biginosis ; caudd fusca brunneo-marginatd.

Upper surface brown, each feather with a narrow stripe of white

down the centre; under surface the same, but much paler; under

surface of the shoulder pale rusty red; tail brown, margined with

pale brown; irides hazel; base of the lower mandible horn-colour,

remainder of the bill black; feet flesh-brown.

Total length, 7 inches; bill, +; wing, 23; tail, 42; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Western Australia.

Remark.—This is a more robust species than the two previously

known, viz. A. terilis and A. striatus, from which it may also be

distinguished by the much greater length and size of the tail.

SERIcoRNIS MACULATUS, Gould. Ser. corpore superiore, alis, cau-

ddque, fuscis ; caudd ad apicem lata fascid nigro-fuscd transversim

ornatd; rectricibus externis vix albo ad apices notatis ; alis spuriis

nigris ; internis pennarum pogoniis albo-marginatis ; corpore in-

feriore griseo-albo.

Upper surface, wings and tail brown, the latter crossed near the

tip with a broad band of blackish brown, and the outer feathers

slightly tipped with white; forehead and lores deep black; stripe

above and a small patch below the eye white ; spurious wing-feathers

black, margined on their inner webs with white; under surface in

some greyish white, in others washed with yellow; the feathers of

the throat and chest spotted with black on a light ground ; irides

greenish white.

Female.—Differs in having the lores brown, and in being some-

what smaller than the male.

Total length, 43 inches; bill, $; wing, 22; tail, 2; tarsi, 3.

Hab. Western and Southern Australia.

Sericornis oscutans, Gould. Ser. (Mas) corpore superiore, alis

cauddque brunneis ; rectricibus, duobus intermediis exceptis, fascid

nigra ad extremitatem ornatis ; alis spuriis nigris albo-marginatis ;

guld et medio abdomine albis, griseo vel flavo tinctis; paucis

oblongis maculis in guld nigris.

Male.—Upper surface, wings and tail dark brown, all but the

two centre feathers of the latter crossed by a band of black near the

extremity ; spurious wing-feathers black, margined with white ; lores

black, above which on each side a patch of white continued in a fine

line over the eye; throat and centre of the abdomen greyish white

in some and yellowish white in others, marked with a few oblong

black spots on the throat.

Female.—Somewhat smaller in size, and with the lores brown in-

stead of black.

Total length, 4} inches ; bill, 3; wing, 24; tail, 2; tarsi, 7.

Hab. South Australia.

Remark.—Intermediate in size between S. frontalis and S. humilis.

Srericornis L&vicasTER, Gould. Ser. corpore superiore fusco ;

caudd, ad apicem gradatim nigricante, in apice albd; alis spuriis

brunneis, pogoniis quarum internis albo-marginalis ; corpore infe-

riore cervino lavato.

Upper surface brown ; tail deepening into black near the extremity

and tipped with white ; spurious wing-feathers dark brown, margined

with white on their inner webs; lores and mark under the eye

brownish black; above the eye an indistinct line of white; under

surface washed with yellowish buff; irides greenish white.

Female.—Smaller than the male, and with the lores pale brown.

Total length, 44 inches ; bill, 3; wing, 22; tail, 2; tarsi, J.

Hab. Interior of Australia, near the Gulf of Carpentaria, where it

was discovered by Mr. Gilbert.

Remark.—Nearly allied to S. frontalis.

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February 23, 1847.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following communications were read :—

1. OBSERVATIONS ON STRUTHIONINE Birps IN THE MENAGERIE AT

Knowstey. By Tue PReEsIpDENT.

I shall take this opportunity of noticing some of the differences

which appear to me to characterize the Struthious tribe in their breed-

ing, and which I rather think are not generally known.

I believe the general supposition to be, that no difference exists,

and that they agree at this period with most of the Rasorial birds

in being polygamous; but this is by no means the case.

What may be the truth with the head of the Family, the African

Ostrich, we have had too few opportunities or means of judging.

The Emu is strictly monogamous ; and the male, who attends to the

eggs, by no means approves of any other female than the favoured

one coming near the nest.

The Rheas, on the contrary, are clearly polygamous; and with

them the male not only selects the place for and forms the nest, but

actually collects together in it the eggs* (which are frequently laid

at random about the enclosure), in order that he may incubate them.

He shows no signs of anger when the females approach, and in one

instance two females have laid in the same nest. By analogy we

may perhaps suppose that the Ostrich follows a similar plan.

There are differences also in their modes of copulation. If my

memory does not deceive me, the Struthio Camelus does not, like

other birds, mount on the back of the female, but merely places one

foot on her back, the necks of the pair twisting about all the while

like two snakes, but without holding.

The Rhea, on the other hand, seizes hold of the back of the neck ;

and the Hmu, I think, ds the one which straddles over the female

during the operation with his legs on each side of her.

The Rhea lays from fourteen to twenty-five eggs; the Emu from

twelve to seventeen.

2. DescripTION oF A NEW Rat FROM South Australia. By J. E.

Gray, Esa., F.R.S. &ce.

Mus vELLERosus. M. brunneus, albido-varius, ad caput obscurior ;

vellere prelongo, denso ; pilis mollibus ad basin fusco-brunneis, inde

* The manner in which this operation is accomplished is by inserting the beak

between the egg and the ground, and rolling it along by the assistance of his long

neck, exactly in the way that a boy would roll a cricket-ball along by the aid of a

long stick with a hooked end to it.

No. CLXVIII.—ProveEepines oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

pallidioribus, ad apicem albis ; codario mollissimo, brunni-plumbeo ;

caudé annulatim squamatd, raris brevibus et rigidioribus setis

obsitd ; auribus mediocribus, rotundatis.

Hab. in campis Australiasianis inter fluvios Murray et Glenelg.

The skull resembles the typical Rats. The cutting teeth are yellow,

moderate, slightly rounded in front, without any regular groove.

The grinders are 3, worn; the anterior upper oblong, formed of three

transverse folds, the hinder being smallest ; the second tooth is nearly

circular, formed of two folds, the front fold largest, and having a

notch on its inner side; the third tooth small, half ovate, with two

notches on the inner side. The anterior lower grinder is formed of

three, and the others of two folds; the anterior fold of the last tooth

having a slight notch on the inside, and the posterior fold being

smaller than the rest.

in. lin.

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This rat has the dentition and somewhat the general appearance

of Mus fuscipes, Waterh., but the skull and animal are considerably

larger, and the fur is very much longer and paler.

The specimens from which this description is taken were sent to

the British Museum by His Excellency Capt. Grey, Governor of New

Zealand.

3. On Two NEW GENERA oF CEeRTHINeZ. By G. R. Gray, Esa.,

F.L.S. &c.

I beg to lay before the Meeting the following description of what

I believe to be a new genus belonging to the subfamily Certhine,

under the name of Caulodromus.

Rostrum capite longius, latum, basi subdepressum, gracile, per totam

longitudinem curvatum, lateribus a naribus usque ad apicem ob-

tusum subemarginatum fortiter compressis. Gonys longus cur-

vatus. Nares laterales, anterius in sulco brevi lato siti, apertura

magna rotundata nuda. Ale breves, basin caudz operientes, for-

titer rotundate, remige sexta omnium longissima. Cauda brevis-

sima, rectricum apicibus subacutis. Tarsi digito medio breviores,

anticé squamis latis transversis muniti. Digiti longi, graciles,

extimo quam intimo longiore basi coadunato, intimo basi vix

coadunato; postico longo, ungue longo curvato armato.

Cautopromus Gracei. Caul. rufescens, plumarum scapis strigd

rufo-albidd notatis, pogoniis interioribus in dorso nuchdque nigris ;

tectricibus caude superioribus inferioribusque lete ru%s, alis cau-

déque saturate brunneis strigis duabus nigris alterd a rictu alterd-

gue (breviusculd) a rostri basi ductis, guld pectore abdomineque

medio rufescenti-albis rufo-brunneo variegatis.

Rufous brown, streaked narrowly down the shaft of each feather

with rufous white ; the inner web of the feathers of the back of neck

and back black; the upper and under tail-coverts bright rufous ; the

wings and tail dark brown ; two streaks of black, one from the gape

and the other (rather short) from the base of the bill; the throat,

breast and middle of the abdomen rufous white, varied with rufous

brown.

Total length, 5 inches; bill, from gape, 1 inch ; wing, 2 inches 2

lines ; tarsi, 1 inch.

This proposed division differs from the typical form of Certhia by

the length and form of the bill and the position and form of the nos-

trils, while the extreme shortness of the tail at once points out a great

dissimilarity from those species that properly belong to the above-

mentioned genus.

I have also before me another bird that appears to belong to the

same subfamily, which I shall form into a distinct genus, under the

name of _ :

SALPORNIS.

Rostrum longum latum basi subdepressum, per totam longitudinem

curvatum ; lateribus 4 naribus fortiter compressis. Gonys elonga-

tus, curvatus. Nares laterales, anticé in sulco lato brevi siti,

apertura magna nuda. Ale longissime, usque ad caude apicem

fer® attingentes, acute, remige prima brevissima, secunda feré

longitudinis tertiz quarteque, que zquales et omnium longissime.

Cauda breviuscula, quadrata, rectricum apicibus rotundatis. Tarsi

medio digito breviores, squamis latis muniti. Digiti longi, fortes,

intimo quam extimo breviore basi parum coadunato, extimo lon-

gius coadunato ; postico longo, forti, ungue curvato armato.

The type of this proposed genus is already described by Major

Franklin in the Proceedings of the Society under the name of Certhia

spilonota (Proc. 1831, p. 121).

The differences exhibited between this and the former genus are

at once seen in the form of the wings, which are lengthened and

pointed, and of the tail, which has the ends of the feathers slightly

rounded. These characters are like those of Tichodroma, while the

form of the bill and feet are similar to those of the genus proposed

above.

The specimen of Caulodromus was kindly lent me by J. R. Grace,

Esq., who procured it in Darjeeling : that of Salpornis was presented

by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. to the British Museum, and forms part of a

collection from Behar.

4. DRAFTS FOR AN ARRANGEMENT OF THE TROCHILIDZ, WITH DE-

SCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES. By Joun Goutp, F.R.S.

Genus Pxrasornora, G. R. Gray (Heliothryz, Boie; Ramphodon,

Less. ; Colibri, Spix).

This is one of the best-defined groups of the family, and is distin-

guished by several peculiarities, the principal of which are the greatly

developed ear-coverts and their blue colour, and the similarity in the

colouring of the sexes, the females possessing all the brilliancy of

the males and only distinguishable from them by their smaller size

and more delicate contour: the young too assume the plumage of the

adult.

The oldest known species of this form constitutes the type; it is

the

Sp. 1. PerasopHora SERRIROSTRIS.

Trochilus serrirostris, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. tom. vii. p. 359 ;

Ency. Méth. part 2. p. 561; Ois. Dor. tom, iii. pl. 1.

ined.

Ornismya petasophora, Less. Ois. Mon. pl. 1 ; Ib. Troe.

pls. 12 & 59; Pr. Max. de Wied, sp. 10; Temm.

Pl. Col. 203. fig. 3; Jard. Nat. Lib. vol. i. p. 120.

pl. 13, male; vol. ii. p. 81. pl. 15, fem.

Petasophora serrirostris, G. R. Gray, List of Gen. of

- Birds, 2nd edit. p. 17.

Hab. Brazil.

Sp. 2. PerasorpHora cYANOTUS.

Trochilus cyanotus, Bourc. Rev. Zool. 1843, p.1; Ann.

de Lyons, tom. vi. p. 41, but not the cyanotus stated

by Lesson to be synonymous with Delphine.

This species appears to be the representative in the Cordilleras of

the P. serrirostris of the Brazils, from which it is at once distin-

guished by the blue colouring of the ear-coverts.

Hab. Bogota.

Sp. 5. PerasopHoRa THALASSINA.

Trochilus thalassinus, Swains. Syn. Birds of Mexico, in

Phil. Mag. June 1827, p. 441.

Differs from the other members of the genus by being of a smaller

size and by the greater extent of the blue on the cheeks and ear-

coverts; it has also a slight wash of blue on the chin and centre of

the abdomen.

Hab. Mexico.

Sp. 4. Perasopnora Anais.

Ornismya Anais, Less. Col. Supp. pl. 3; Less. Troc. pls.

55, 56,57; Rev. Zool. 1838, p. 315, 1839, p. 19;

Less. Velin, no. 11; Echo du Monde savante, 1843,

no. 31. ined. pl. 11.

Much confusion evidently exists with respect to this species, M.

Lesson having figured one bird and described another with the same

appellation ; under these circumstances it will be to the advantage

of science to retain the specific term Anais for the bird best known

to ornithologists by that designation, the species so common in all

collections from Bogota, the great Anais of the French, and which is

a very fine species, distinguished by the existence of a well-defined

band of blue on the throat. The female is fully as bright as the

male, but at least one-third smaller in size.

Hab. Venezuela and all the Cordilleras in the neighbourhood of

Bogota.

Sp. 5. Perasopwora rotora, sp. nov. Pet. capite, et corpore su-

periore saturate viridibus ; mento, spatio suboculari, auribus, et

medio abdomine intense, metallice, cyaneis ; corpore inferiore ni-

tense viridi ; guld quasi tessellatd, quia medie plume quam pogonie

extreme obscurius nitent ; tectricibus caude inferioribus pallidis

ad margines pallidioribus.

Head and all the upper surface deep green, in some specimens

tinged with gold; primaries and secondaries brown, tinged with

purple; chin, space beneath the eye, ear-coverts and the centre of

the abdomen rich deep metallic blue; all the under surface rich deep

glossy green, the throat presenting a tessellated appearance, occa-

sioned by the reflection from the webs throwing a darker hue on the

centre of each feather ; under tail-coverts pale, with lighter margins ;

two centre tail-feathers golden green, the remainder steel or bluish

shining green, crossed near the extremity by a broad band, which is

dull black on the upper surface and shining steel-blue on the under ;

bill and feet black.

Total length, 52 inches ; bill, 13; wing, 32; tail, 23.

The female is similar to the male in plumage, but smaller in size.

Nearly allied to the preceding, but larger and finer in every respect.

Hab. Bolivia.

Sp. 6. PerasopHora CORUSCANS.

Vide Proc. of Zool. Soc. Part 14. pp. 44 & 90.

Sp. 7. Perasopuora De.PHin2.

O. Delphine, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p.44; Echo du

Monde savante, 1843, no. 31; Less. Ill. de Zool.

tom. ii. 1832, pl. 64.

Sp. 8. PrrasopHora ? GEoFFROYI.

Trochilus Geoffroyi, Bourc. et Muls. Ann. de Lyons,

tom. vi. p. 37.

It will probably be necessary at some future period to make this

the type of a new genus.

The eight species enumerated above comprise every member of

this beautiful genus with which I am acquainted; I possess, how-

ever, some immature specimens which may be referable to a ninth

species, in which case it will prove to be most nearly allied to P. ser-

rirostris. "They differ from that bird in having the two outer tail-

feathers rather largely tipped with white, the lower part of the ab-

domen greyish white, and in the ear-coverts being very diminutive.

Although I have little doubt of their being distinct, I prefer seeing

other specimens before characterizing them.

Genus OrEOTROCHILUS, n. g.

Rostrum capite longius, subcylindricum, paulo incurvum. Ale sub-

grandes valentes. Cauda magna, rotundata, rectricibus attenuatis,

submucronatis, rigidis. Pedes fortes. Digitus et unguis postici

digito et upset mediis longitudine zquales. Tarst plumis ves-

titi. Gula Tominosa infra torquata.

Gen. Char.—Bill longer than the head, almost cylindrical, but

slightly curved downwards; wings rather large and powerful; tail

large and rounded, the feathers narrow, rather pointed-and rigid ;

feet strong, the hind-toe and nail about equal in length to the middle

toe and nail; tarsi clothed with feathers. Throat luminous, bounded

below by a distinct collar.

I propose this term as a generic appellation for a section of the

Trochilide, which has hitherto only been found immediately beneath

the line of perpetual congelation, where they feed upon the insects

which resort to the newly expanded flowers. The type is

Sp. 1. Orzorrocarius Estewia.

Orthorhynchus Estella, D’Orb. Voy. Am. Birds, pl. 6.

fig.1; D’Orb. et La Fres. in Guerin’s Mag. de

Zool. 1838, p. 31.

O. Cecilie, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 43.

Sp. 2. OrEoTROCHILUS LEUCOPLEURUS, Sp. nov. Oreot. capite, cor-

pore superiore, alisque, olivaceo-fuscis, griseo tinctis ; tectricibus

caude superioribus sordidé eneo-viridibus ; rectricibus duabus in-

termediis viridibus, eneo splendentibus; rectricibus lateralibus

sordid? albis, apicibus et marginibus exterioribus fuscis ; guld lu-

minose viridi, fascid semilunari holosericd atraé infra ornatd ;

medio abdomine lateribusque nigris ; mediis sed lateribus et pec-

tore albis. :

Head, all the upper surface and wings greyish olive-brown, passing

into dull coppery green on the upper tail-coverts ; two centre tail-

feathers green, with bronze reflections; lateral tail-feathers dull

white, margined externally and tipped, dull brown gradually blend-

ing into the white; throat rich luminous grass-green, bounded below

by a crescentic band of deep velvety black; breast and centre of the

flanks pure white; the remainder of the flanks and centre of the

abdomen bluish black; feet dark olive-brown; bill black.

Total length, 43 inches; bill, 1; wing, 33; tail, 23.

This species is nearly allied to the preceding, but differs from it

in being somewhat smaller and in having the centre of the abdomen

black instead of chestnut.

Hab. The Chilian Cordilleras.

Sp. 3. OrgEorrocnitus CuImBorazo.

T. Chimborazo, Boure. in Rev. Zool. Sept. 1846, p. 305.

Sp. 4. Orzorrocuitus ADELA.

Orthorhynchus Adela, D’Orb. Voy. Am. Birds, pl. 61.

fig. 2; D’Orb. et La Fres. Mag. de Zool. 1839.

Sp. 5. OREOTROCHILUS MELANOGASTER, Sp. nov. Oreot. omni cor-

pore supertore olivaceo-fusco aureo nitente, tectricibus caude su-

perioribus viridi lavatis ; alis yriseo-fuscis purpureo splendentibus ;

guld fulgente viridi, pectore et abdomine intense cyaneo-atris.

All the upper surface olive-brown, with a goldep lustre, and

washed with green on the upper tail-coverts; wings Seyish brown,

with purple reflections ; throat rich lustrous grass-green ; breast and

abdomen rich deep bluish black ; flanks rusty brown; tail green, with

bronze reflections; bill black; feet olive-black.

Total length, 5 inches; bill, 1; wing, 34; tail, 23.

Hab. unknown.

This fine species is in the collection of Mr. John Leadbeater, to

whom I am indebted for the loan of it for the purpose of describing.

Mr. Gould then described a fourth new species of Humming Bird,

belonging.to the genus Calothoraz, as

Trocuitus (Catornorax) Cauiiope. Cal. corpore superiore

viridi; alis cauddque griseo-fuscis ; guleé plumis elongatis, atte-

nuatis, coccineis, basibus albis in forma stelle ordinatis ; pectore,

abdomine medio, tectricibusque caude inferioribus, albis ; lateribus

cervino-albis.

Upper surface green; wings and tail greyish brown ; feathers of

the throat elongated, narrow, and of a rich pinky scarlet, with white

bases arranged in a starred form ; breast, centre of the abdomen and

under tail-coverts white; flanks buffy white ; bill and feet blackish

brown.

Total length, 24 inches; bill, 3; wing, 17; tail, 1.

This is a very diminutive species, much smaller than the C. cya-

nopogon, but of precisely the same form.

Hab. Mexico; precise locality unknown.

The Secretary, on the part of Dr. Falconer, exhibited the lower

end of the left tibia of a gigantic fossil Struthious Bird from the Se-

walik Hills. This interesting remain indicates a very close generic

representation of the existing African Struthio in the extinct fauna

of Asia. Although not altogether unexpected, this is a valuable addi-

tion to the facts previously demonstrated in relation to the genera

Camelopardalis, Camelus, Elephas, and Hippopotamus.

The Secretary also announced to the Meeting that a living speci-

men of Otocyon Lalandii, a drawing of which was exhibited, had

been recently presented to the Society by Captain Sir Edward Bel-

cher, C.B., R.N.

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March 9, 1847.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following communications were read :—

o %

1. Nore on THE Rep Corpuscies or tuz Bioop or tHe MEemMINNA

Derr (Moschus Meminna, Erx).). By Groree Guuuiver, F.R.S.

After I had made known the curious minuteness of the red cor-

puscles of the blood of that little ruminant the Napu Musk Deer

(see Dublin Medical Press, Nov. 27, 1839, and Proceedings of the

Zoological Society, No. CXV.), it was to be expected that these

corpuscles would present the same character in the rest of the genus.

Accordingly, I some time ago found this to be the case in the Stanley

Musk Deer (see Proceedings of the Zoological Society, May 9, 1843,

page 66); and it appears, from an examination which I have lately

made of the blood-corpuscles of the Meminna Deer, that these are

not distinguishable in size from those of the Napu Musk Deer.

The following measurements of the red corpuscles of the blood of

the Meminna Deer exactly agree with the measurements of the cor-

responding corpuscles of the Napu Musk Deer. They are, as usual,

given in vulgar fractions of an English inch :—

oa Common sizes

12000 ,

16000 Small size.

9600 Large size.

12325 Average of all the above sizes.

So minute are these corpuscles, that vast numbers of them measure

no more over the flat surface of the disc than the edge or thickness

of the red corpuscle of human blood, the average of which appears

from my measurements to be ;,1,,th of an inch.

The size of the blood-corpuscles in the ruminants affords a good

illustration of the law, which I have elsewhere deduced from very

numerous measurements (see Appendix to the English edition of

Gerber’s Anatomy, p.4; Proceedings of the Zoological Society,

Oct. 14, 1845, p.94, and March 24, 1846, p. 26; and the Notes

xcvili and cxviii* to my edition of Hewson’s works printed for the

Sydenham Society), that in the smallest species of a natural order

or family of mammals the blood-discs are much more minute than in

the largest species of that family; while in the entire class of Birds,

the law as to the size of the blood-corpuscles is the same as ina

single order of mammals.

Therefore, when that eminent inquirer Hewson states that these

corpuscles are not larger in the largest animals, citing in support of

his argument the Ox and Mouse, it must be understood as applicable

No, CLXIX,—Procrepines or THE Zoorocican Socigry,

only to mammals of different orders. Among the rodents which I

haye examined, the great species, as the Capybara and the Beaver,

have much larger blood-corpuscles than the smallest species, as the

Bank Vole and the Harvest Mouse.

2. CHARACTERS OF Six New GENERA OF Bats NOT HITHERTO DISTIN-

GuIsHED. By J. E. Gray, Esqa., F.R.S. erc.

The first four genera belong to the tribe of Phyllostomina, or Nose-

leafed Bats.

1. Mimon.

Ch. gen.—Membrana interfemoralis magna, truncata. Ale late,

margine anteriore lato, a summo talo extenso. Pedes elongati.

Crura nuda. Cauda mediocris, inclusa ; apice superiore, mediano.

Aures laterales, magne. Mentum tuberculo parvo utrinque sig-

natum; tuberculis stria angusta divisis. Pollex longus, attenu-

atus ; articulis equalibus. Dentes incisores $; duo medii superiores

magni; inferiores parvi, stipati.

Ch. gen.—Interfemoral membrane large, truncated. Wings broad,

with a broad front margin from the upper part of the ankle. Feet

elongated. Legs bald. Tail moderate, enclosed; apex superior,

medial. Ears lateral, large. Chin with a small tubercle on each

side, separated by a narrow groove. Thumb long, slender; joints

equal. Cutting teeth 4; two middle upper large; lower small and

crowded,

In the collection at the British Museum there are two species of

this genus, viz. 1. M. Bennettit = Phyllostoma Bennettii, Gray, Mag.

Zool. and Bot. vol. ii, p. 6; and 2. M. megalotis = Phyllophora mega-

lotis, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1842, p. 257; Voy. Sulphur, t. v.

fig. 2.

2. Tracuors.

Ch. gen.—Membrana interfemoralis magna, truncata. Ale a summo

talo extensze. Pedes osse calcis elongato insignes. Crura nuda.

Cauda mediocris, inclusa; apice superiore, mediano. Aures per-

magne, laterales. Mentum ct labia verrucosa, stria levis angusta

in medio mento. Dentes incisores 4; medii superiores magni, lati,

incist; inferiores irregulariter ordinati.

Ch. gen.—Interfemoral membrane large, truncated. Wings from

the upper part of the ankles. Feet with the heel-bone elongate. Legs

bald. ‘Tail moderate, enclosed; apex superior, medial. Ears very

large, lateral. Chin and lips covered with warts ; chin with a narrow

smooth groove in front. Cutting teeth 4; middle upper large, broad,

notched ; lower in an irregular series.

Type, T. fuliginosus.

This species is characterized by its sooty-black colour. My son-

in-law, Mr. J.P. G. Smith, collected it at Pernambuco, and sent two

females to the Brit. Mus.

Vampyris cirrhosum, Spix, Vesp. Braz. t. xxvi. f. 8, evidently be-

longs to the same genus, if indeed it is distinct from the species above

—

;

noticed. He describes his specimen as chestnut. It is to he ob-

served that his figure is only one-third of the natural size of the

animal he described, although it is not noticed on the plate.

a. _ 3 AMETRIDA.

Ch. gen.—Membiana interfemoralis sublata, truncata. Ale a digi-

torum basi extense. Cryra nuda. Capui rotundum, rostrum per-

breve, depres#am, latum§ frons rotundata. Mentum triangulari

tuberculorum Mole scabram. Pollex elongatus, articulo superiore

longo, attenuato, inferiove brevi. Denies incisores 4; superiores

medii, elongati; conici, acuti; inferiores laterales, parvi, incisi.

Ch. gen.—Interfemoral membrane rather broad, truncated. Wings

from the base of the toes. Legs bald. Feet small. Tail none.

Head round; muzzle very short, depressed, broad ; forehead rounded.

Ears moderate, lateral. . Chin with a triangular group of tubercles

in front. Thumb elongated, the upper joint long, slender ; the lower

short. Cutting teeth 4; the upper middle elongated, conical, acute ;

lateral and lower small, notched.

A. centurio, Epauletted Ametrida.

Ch. sp.—Sooty-brown ; forehead, chin, and a spot on each shoulder

at the base of the wing white. Heel-bone one-third the length of

the shin. Arm-bones 11 lines. Ears moderate, rounded at the end,

rather arched out at the sides. Tragus moderate, denticulate at the

tip and outer side. Nose-leaf ovate, lanceolate.

Hab. Brazils, Para. Collected by Mr. J. P. G. Smith.

4. Nicon,

Ch. gen.—Membrana interfemoralis distincta, brevis, angularitet inse-

cata. Ale ab summo talo tense. Pedes elongati, liberi. Os calcis

brevis. Cauda perbrevis, inclusa, in media membrana interfemo-

rali superior. Mentwm strié tuberculis parvis marginata insigne.

Pollew elongatus ; articulo superiore attenuato, inferiore incluso.

Dentes incisores 4; duo medii superiores largiores, truncati; infe-

riores seriatim fornicati. q

Ch. gen.—Interfemoral membrane distinct, short, angularly cut

out. Wings from the upper part of the ankle. Feet elongate, free.

Heel-bone short. Tail very short, enclosed, superior in the middle

of the interfemoral. ars lateral. Chin with a groove in front,

edged with small tubercles. Thumb elongate; upper joint thin,

longest ; lower enclosed. Cutting teeth 4; two middle upper larger,

truncate; lower in an arched continuous series.

N. caudifer, Leach’s Nicon = Glossophaga caudifer, Geoff. Mem.

Mus. iv. 418. t. 17 = Monophyllus Leachti, Gray, Zool. Sulph. 18.

Hab. Central America.

The two following belong to the tribe of Horse-shoe Bats, Rhino-

lophina :—

5. AQuias.

Ch. gen.—Prosthema permagnum, complicatum, parte posteriore lan-

ceolata erecta, tribus magnis cellis utrinque; processus centralis

_ 6

compressus margine anteriore lato, expanso, foliaceo, lobato, me-

dio basi convexo; ferrum equinum anterius magnum simplex ex-

pansum, centro inciso, setosum; labium inferius duabus verrucis

triangularibus in medio notatum. Mamme in pube distincte. dle

a digitorum basi.

Nose-leaf very large, complicated; hinder part lanceolate, erect,

with three large cells on each side in front; central process com-

pressed, with an expanded broad foliaceous lobed front margin, and

with a convexity in the front of its base edge, formed by a diverging

ring on each side in front. The front horse-shoe large, simple, ex-

panded, nicked in the centre, very hairy; lower lip with two trian-

gular warts in the centre. Pubal teats distinct. Wings from the

base of the toes.

This genus may be divided into two sections :—

1. ‘The interfemoral acutely produced; tail as long as the shin

and foot. Rhinolophus luctus, Temm.

2. Interfemoral truncate; tail as long as shin. R. trifoliatus,

Temm.

We have a specimen in spirit in the Brit. Mus., which differs from

Temminck’s description of Rh. luctus in several particulars, but these

diiferences may arise from his description having been taken from a

dry specimen.

6. RuINoNIcTERIs.

Ch. gen.—Prosthema breve, erectum, cella utrinque, et altera anteriore

in medio basi; processus centralis compressus, anterius planus;

ferrum equinum emarginatum, concavum ; inter nares culmen fim-

briatum. dures magne. Ale@atalo. Dentes incisores 4 incisi;

superiores distincti; labium inferius triangulari tuberculorum mole

scabrum,

Nose-leaf short, conical, erect, with a cell on each side and one

in the centre of the front of its base; the central process compressed,

flattened in front, and without any pit beneath; the horseshoe

deeply nicked, concave, with a longitudinal anterior fringed ridge,

ending in a pit behind, between the nostrils, and with a ridge over

the nostrils on each side. Ears large, separate. Tragus none. Pubes

Wings from the ankle. Cutting teeth 4, notched; upper

distinct ; lower lip with a triangular group of small warts in front.

Type, Rh. aurantius = Rhinolophus aurantius, Gray; Eyre’s Cen-

tral Australia, i. 406. t. 1. fig. 1.

Hab. Port Essington.

8. Drarrs FOR AN ARRANGEMENT OF THE TROCHILIDZ OR HUMMING-

Birps. By J. Govxp, Esa., F.R.S. (conrinvzp.)

Genus Ertopvs.

Gen. char.—Bill straight, moderately long; tail slightly forked ;

tarsi thickly clothed with downy feathers, forming a thick ruff round

the leg.

Sexes nearly alike in colour.

Type, £, vestita.

a Ta

I beg to propose the above generic appellation for a section of this

family, comprising those species distinguished by the extraordinary

ruffs of downy feathers with which their tarsi are clothed, and by the

sexes being nearly alike in the colour of their plumage. All the

species known frequent the mountain districts of the Cordillerian

Andes or the valleys immediately beneath them.

I possess five species of this form, and I have seen two others

in the collection of Mr. Loddiges, which I believe to be equally

typical.

Sp. l. Errorus vestitvus.

Ornismya vestita, Gouy de Longuemare; Less. in Rev.

Zool. 1838, p. 314; Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 18,

1840, p.8; Mag. de Zool. pl. ?

T. uropygialis, Fras. Proc. of Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 15.

O. glomata, Less. Echo du monde savant, young ?

Sp. 2. Erropus CUPREOVENTRIS.

Trochilus cupreoveniris, Fras. in Proe. of Zool. Soc. 1840,

p- 14.

Ornismya maniculata, Less. Echo du monde savant.

Ornismya vestita? , Gouy de Long. Rev. Zool. 1838,

p- 314.

Ornismya glomata, Less. Echo du monde savant, young?

Sp. 3. Errorus ALIne.

Ornismya Aline, Bourc. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 373; Ann. de

Lyons, tom. v. 1842, p. 344. pl, xix.

Sp. 4. Erropus MosquERA.

T. mosquera, Bourc. et Delatt. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 306.

Sp. 5. Ernropus Dersyr.

T. Derbyi, Bourc. et Delatt. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 306.

This group forms part of M. Lesson’s Race Vestipedes, the genera

comprised in which have not as yet I believe been defined.

4. An account oF PAaLoto, A SEA WorM EATEN IN THE NAVIGATOR

Istanps. By THe Rey. J. B. STAIR, WITH A DESCRIPTION BY

J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S. erc.

The Rev. J. B. Stair kindly presented numerous specimens of this

Sea Worm to the British Museum, but unfortunately most of the

specimens are broken into short pieces, and as yet I have not been

able to discover any specimen with a head. It appears to be a new

genus allied to Arenicola, which may be thus described :—

Patota, Gray.

Body cylindrical, separated into equal joints, each joint with a

small tuft of three or four spicula on the middle of each side. Head

? Last joint ending in a couple of tentacles. Eggs glo-

bular.

Palola viridis, n. sf

Green, with a row of round black spots down the middle of the

dorsal ? surface; one spot on the middle of each joint.

Hab. Navigator Islands.

I have found accompanying this worm a single specimen of a green

Nereis, which differs from it in being paler green above and whitish

beneath, shorter, more depressed, and furnished with white tentacles.

The following is the account which Mr. Stair kindly communi-

cated to me with the specimen from Samoa :—

«‘ Palolo.—Palolo is the native name for a species of Sea Worm

which is found in some parts of Samoa (the Navigator Islands) in the

South Pacific Ocean. ‘They come regularly in the months of October

and November, during portions of two days in each month, viz. the

day before and the day on which the moon is in her last quarter.

«They appear in much greater numbers on the second than on

the first day of their rising, and are only observed for two or three

hours in the early part of each morning of their appearance. At the

first dawn of day they may be felt by the hand swimming on the

surface of the water ; and as the day advances their numbers increase,

so that by the time the sun has risen, thousands may be observed in

a yery small space, sporting merrily during their short visit to the

surface of the ocean. On the second day they appear at the same

time and in a similar manner, but in such countless myriads that

the surface of the ocean is covered with them for a considerable ex-

tent. On each day, after sporting for an hour or two, they disap-

pear until the next season, and not one is ever observed during the

intervening time. Sometimes, when plentiful at one island in one

month, scarcely any are observed the next; but they always appear

with great regularity at the times mentioned, and these are the only

times at which they are observed throughout the whole year. They

are found only in certain parts of the islands, generally near the

openings of the reefs on portions of the coast on which much fresh

water is found, but this is not always the case.

‘In size they may be compared to a very fine straw, and are of

various colours and lengths, green, brown, white and speckled, and

in appearance and mode of swimming resemble very small snakes.

«They are exceedingly brittle, and if broken into many pieces,

each piece swims off as though it were an entire worm. No par-

ticular direction appeared to be taken by them in swimming. I ob-

served carefully to see whether they came from seaward or rose from

the reef, and feel assured they come from the latter place.

“The natives are exceedingly fond of them, and calculate with

great exactness the time cf their appearance, which is looked for-

ward to with great interest. The worms are caught in small bas-

kets, beautifully made, and when taken on shore are tied up in leaves

in small bundles, and baked, Great quantities are eaten undressed,

but either dressed or undressed are esteemed a great delicacy. Such

is the desire to eat Palolo by all classes, that immediately the fishing

parties reach the shore, messengers are despatched in all directions

with large quantities to parts of the island on which none appear,

* Joun B. Srarr.”

5. Nores on certain Mouuuscous Animas. By Antuur ADAms,

Esq., R.N., Assistant Surgeon To H.M.S. Samarane.

The following notices refer to the animals that construct the shells

of Pyrula, Calpurnus, Radius, Terebellum, Rostellaria, Eulima, Stilifer

and some others, which I believe have not before been described,

though the shells have long been known. The drawings were made

from the living mollusks on the spot.

The genus Bullina of Risso or Cylindrelia of Swainson has an ex-

ternal subcylindrical shell covered with a thin reddish-brown epi-

dermis. The mantle is enclosed ; the foot elongate, linear, truncated,

and with three conical tubercles behind. The cephalic disc is sub-

trigonal, broad, rounded in front, and produced behind on each side

into a flat tapering process, with the eyes on the outer side of its

base. They crawl very slowly, moving by an almost imperceptible

series of undulations of the foot. Dredged in fifteen fathoms, be-

tween Borneo and Billiton. Mr. Gray informs me that M. Lovén

has recently described the animal of a northern species of this genus

under the generic name of Cylichna.

The animal of Akera, Miller, Vitrella of Swainson, or the Bulle

resiliens, is pale brown, with the foot very much expanded, narrower

and rounded in front, broad and truncated behind, and with the sides

sometimes bentup. The head-disc is elongated, rather broader, and

slightly notched in front, but narrower and linear behind. Eyes

none. ‘The shell is perfectly external, and there is a fimbriated edge

projecting through the slit in the spire. From Unsang, Borneo.

This animal agrees with Lovén’s description of the northern spe-

cies. Miller figures the animal of Akera bullata, a northern species

of this genus, in the ‘ Zoologia Danica’; and M. Lovén in his re-

cent work has observed, that Muller’s species emits through the slit

in the back of the whorls a series of elongated slender beards, which

are appended to the mantle’s edge.

The mollusk that constructs the shell of Bulla smaragdina would

appear to form the type of a new genus. The shell is naked above.

The foot moderate, rounded before and behind; the side-edges re-

flexed and covering the sides of the shell. The head-disc is five-

sided, rather broader on each side in front, flattish above with two

small tubercles in front of the central eyes, and narrower and nicked

behind. It is amphibious, though entirely marine, crawling slowly

on rocks immediately above the ripple of the sea. The eyes are black

and sessile ; the tentacula short and anterior to the eyes. The ani-

mal is dark olive-green, with the margin of the foot and mantle of a

light colour, and mottled and speckled. Cagiani Islands and Disaster

Island near Japan.

In Calpurnus of De Montfort the mantle adheres to the sides, but

does not cover the shell. It is dead-white and covered with round

black spots. The foot is large, thin, flat, expanded, and marked like

the mantle. The tentacula are tapering with a broad black band

near their extremities. The eyes are large and black, and are placed

at the outer base of the tentacles. ‘The longest slope and narrowest

end is the forepart of the shell.

Taken alive at the southern extremity of Mindoro, not far from

Ylin: in shallow water and on a sandy bottom.

In Radius or Ovulum Volva the mantle is covered with nipple-

shaped tubercles, the nipples and areole of which are dark-coloured.

The tubercles extend to the extremities of the beaks of the shell.

The foot is moderate and folded longitudinally. The tentacles are

elongate and subulate. Dredged in five fathoms from a rocky coral

bottom on the shores of Basilan.

The Radius is slow and languid in its movements, sliding along

deliberately, and not more sensible to alarm than Cyprea or Cal-

purnus.

In the genus Pyrula, Lamk. (Ficula of Swainson), the siphon is

elongate, subcylindrical, and produced in front. ‘The head slender ;

the tentacles subulate, on the side of the extremity of the head, and

separate from one another at their bases. Eyes sessile on the outer

side of the base of the tentacles. The mantle is produced on each

side into a rounded lobe equally reflexed on each side of the shell.

The foot is very large and expanded; rounded in front, and rather

produced on each side of the anterior margin, and expanded and

broad with a small central point behind. ‘There is no operculum.

The head is marbled with light violet and the tentacles white. Six

white opake spots are arranged round the upper surface of the edge

of the foot. ‘There is another very beautiful species of Ficula with

a pink mantle, mottled with white and deeper pink, the under sur-

face of the foot dark chocolate-colour with sparse yellow spots. The

first-mentioned species is from the west coast of Borneo, from seven-

teen fathoms, rnuddy bottom, and the latter from thirty-five fathoms

in the sea of Mindoro.

Mr. Gray has observed that Lamarck established his genus Pyrula

on this species, Bulla ficus, Linn., therefore the generic name should

be retained for this form of animals, which he regards as an inter-

mediate link between Muricide and Cypreide.

The animals of Ancillaria crawl with a sliding motion and with

considerable celerity. ‘Che specimens we found on the east coast of

Africa were of a dirty white colour with dull brown blotches. When

alarmed, the entire animal is retracted within the shell.

The genus Marginella has an elongated slender tapering siphon,

with the tentacles also elongate and slender, bearing the eyes at

their outer side just above the base. ‘The foot is large, broad, trun-

cated in front, rather acute behind, and extends beyond the shell on

all sides. The mantle is thickened, and reflexed partly over the en-

tire circumference of the shell. The animal, when roughly handled,

retracted itself entirely into the shell. Dredged up in three fathoms

water, sandy bottom, not far from Anger in Java.

A second species from the east coast of Africa is similar to the

former, but the foot is rather more expanded and more rounded be-

hind. The left side of the mantle is rather more produced over the

back of the shell than the right. ‘The end of the tentacula and

siphon in this species is yellow and the basal part streaked with car-

mine. The foot and mantle are semi-transparent flesh-colour, streaked

with deep carmine.

These Marginelle are quicker and more lively in their movements

than Cyprea, crawling pretty briskly and moving their tentacles in

various directions.

The head of Lulima is small; the tentacles are subulate, close to-

gether at the base, rather thicker at that part, and slender beyond.

The eyes are placed on the back of the head behind the base of the

tentacles. The foot is rather expanded, rounded and somewhat pro-

duced on each side in front, and rounded in behind. Operculum

ovate, subspiral. The animal is entirely opake pearly white. The

eyes black and generally concealed under the front of the shell.

Tentacles yellow at the tip, orange in the middle, and white at the

base.

Mr. Gray states that he places this genus with the family Pyrami-

dellide in his arrangement, and it chiefly differs from Pyramidella in

having no plaits on the pillar-lip. Itis a slow and excessively timid

animal. From eight fathoms water; Philippines.

The tentacula of the more elongated species of Melania are subu-

late, close together at the base, with the eyes on short peduncles on

the outer side of the base. The trunk is oblong, expanded and an-

nulated, with a central cylindrical groove. ‘The foot is expanded,

rather produced and acute behind, with the operculum on the front

of the upper surface. Operculum orbicular and many-whorled. They

are generally found partially buried in the ooze formed by decayed

vegetable matter where weeds abound, and where the water is verging

towards stagnation.

The animal of Turritella is rather small for the size of the aperture

of the shell; the head is small and oblong ; the tentacula short and

subulate, with the eyes on the middle of their outer side. The foot

is moderate and slightly notched in front. Operculum orbicular,

horny, many-whorled, with an epidermic fimbriated margin.

This mollusk is very shy and sensitive, retiring quickly within its

shell on the slightest alarm. It is slow-moving and inactive.

The tentacula of Pleurotoma are subulate and close together at

the base, and the eyes are near the outer side of the tip, which latter

tapers off beyond them. They generally inhabit pretty deep water

and crawl tolerably fast.

Fusus, Lam., has an elongated subcylindrical siphon, with subulate

tentacles close together at the base, and becoming more slender be-

yond the eyes. Eyes placed rather above the middle of the outer

side. Foot moderate. Operculum annular, oblong.

The Cerithium truncatum has a broad suborbicular and expanded

foot, and an elongated subcylindrical annulated trunk. The tenta-

cula are short with the eyes at the tip. It is found generally in

brackish water in mangrove swamps and the mouths of rivers. Some-

times they crawl on the stones and leaves in the neighbourhood, and

sometimes they are found suspended by glutinous threads to boughs

and the roots of the mangroves. Mr. Gray (vide Proc. Z. S. 1833,

p. 112) states he has found the Rissoa similarly suspended. From

the swamps of Singapore and banks of rivers in Borneo.

The animals of Quoyia are amphibious like Conovuli, being found

in the shallow water at the roots of the mangroves or adhering to

stones not far inland, but exposed to the sun. They are fond of

those little bays where the water is shallow and the ripple gentle.

In Phorus the separation from the foot is by a large space pro-

duced into a subcylindrical annulated trunk. The tentacles are

tapering and elongate, with the eyes sessile on the outside of their

base. The foot is small and divided into two parts, the front rather

expanded, the hind part small and tapering, carrying a large oper-

culum. Operculum ovate, subannular? Penis elongate fusiform

from the right side, rather below the base of the tentacula. These

animals are small for the size of the mouth of the shell, and have

much the general appearance of the animal of Strombus, like which

they appear to walk, but their eyes are sessile. In colour they are

dull opake white, the proboscis pinkish and the eyes black. They

crawl like a tortoise by lifting and throwing forward the shell with

the tentacles stretched out, the proboscis bent down and the oper-

culum trailing behind. ‘They are numerous in the Javan and China

seas, preferring deep water, and a bottom composed of detritus of

dead shells and sand mixed with mud.

This genus has been generally placed with the Trochi, and some

have proposed to remove it to near Calyptrea ; but Mr. Gray, in his

systematic arrangement of the genera of mollusca published in the

Synopsis to the British Museum (1840), p. 119, formed for this

genus a peculiar family under the name of Phoride, having observed

that the animal, though a Phytophagous mollusk, had the annular

operculum of the zoophagous division.

The animal of Terebellum has an annulated elongate proboscis

with a central groove. The eyes are on the end of long cylindrical

peduncles, one placed on each side of the base of the trunk and un-

equal in length and origin. The body is thick and short; the foot

ovate, broad, rounded in front and tapering behind. Operculum tri-

angular, small, and serrated on the outer side with a great part free.

This genus is on the confines of the family of Strombide, where

Mr. Gray first proposed to place it (see Synopsis, British Museum,

1841, p. 84, and 1842, pp. 52 and 89), for it agrees with the animal

of that group in having the eyes placed at the ends of elongated pe-

duncles, and in having the operculum triangular and serrated on the

outer edge; but it differs from them in having no tentacula arising

from the upper part of the peduncle beneath the eyes, and in haying

a thicker body and a broader and flatter foot.

One specimen, from which I made a sketch, was taken in the

Javan sea, the other is from the Caramata Passage.

The animal is exceedingly shy and timid, retracting its body into

the shell on the slightest alarm. It will remain stationary for a long

time, moving its tentacula about cautiously in every direction, when

suddenly it will roll over its shell and continue again perfectly quiet.

With regard to Rostellaria rectirostris, or more properly recti-

rostrata, I have a few words to say before I conclude this somewhat

desultory communication.

The animal of this genus is exactly like that of Strombus. The

body is subcylindrical, marbled with rich browa on the outer side,

and white on the inner and front side. The trunk is subcylindrical,

and annulated with a central broad line of deep bronze-black. The

margins yellow with a narrow yermilion line externally. The eyes

are on long cylindrical peduncles, of a deep blue with a black pupil.

The tentacula are subulate, elongate, arising from the peduncle rather

below the eye. The foot is narrow, rather dilated in front and small

behind. The operculum is ovate, triangular, annular, semi-transpa-

rent and horny. Living in black muddy sand in thirty-one and a

half fathoms water. The specimen I figured was dredged on the

coast of Borneo.

Rostellaria has all the habits of the Strombide, progressing by

means of its powerful and elastic foot, which it places under the shell

in a bent position, when suddenly by a muscular effort it straightens

that organ and rolls and leaps over and over. It is however far more

timid and suspicious than Strombus, which has a bold disposition.

The animal of the genus Séilifer, which I found living on the body

of a starfish (Asterias) on the coast of Borneo, had two elongate

subulate tentacles, with the eyes sessile near the outer side of their

base, anda small rounded head. The mantle is entirely enclosed and

covered by the thin shell, and the foot is narrow, slender, very much

produced beyond the head in front and scarcely extended at all be-

hind.

The animal of this genus was described and figured in Mr, Sower-

by’s ‘ Genera of Shells’ from a specimen in spirits brought home by

Mr, Cuming, where the fleshy part enveloping the shell im its con-

tracted state was considered as the mantle.

Mr, Gray, in the Synopsis before referred to (ed. 1842, p. 60),

from the examination of these figures, placed the genus in the family

of Naticide, and observes that ‘‘ what has been called the enlarged

mantle appears like the foot ;” and the above description of the ani-

mul shows the accuracy of Mr. Gray’s conclusion, both as to the

proper nature of the fleshy part and the position of the genus in the

system.

te the shallow pools left by the receding tide on the shore of

Koo-Kian-San, one of the Maiacoshima group of islands, I discovered

a large species of Doridide, which appears to be the type of a new

genus, differing from all the other genera of the family in having the

vent, and the gills which are extruded from it, situated beneath the

edge of the mantle, which latter is extended beyond the cireum-

ference of the foot, while in all the other genera, as far as I am aware

of, the vent and gills are situated on the mantle itself. This genus

may be called HyposraNncHiza*.

* jo (sub), Bpayxtera (branchiis predita). The specific name might be “ de-

pressa,” from its flattened appearance.

Ch. gen.—Brachiis ano circumdatis, sub posteriore pallii margine

positis. allio lato, ultra pedem extenso; duobus tentaculis cla-

viformibus ; corpore depresso.

The animal (Hypobranchiea fusca) was of a sandy colour, the cen-

tral disc deeper, with oblong blotches of a dark brown colour. In

length about six inches, and in breadth two and a half. The under

surface was light chocolate-colour, and the tentacula reddish brown,

It crawled upon its flattened ventral disc in a slow and languid man-

ner, and when detached and thrown into deeper water floated some

time by undulating the free thin edges of the mantle, and gradually

sunk to the bottom.

6. DEscrRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS COLLECTED IN THE

Eastern ARCHIPELAGO By Capt. Sir Epwarp BELCHER AND

Mr. ApAMs DURING THE VoyaGE or H.M.S. Samarane. By

Lovett Reeve, F.L.S.

Curron Coreanicus. Chit. testd ovatd, elevatiusculd, valvis ter-

minalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus radiatim sulcatis, inter-

stitiis convexis peculiariter granatis, granis prominentibus, rotun-

datis, solitariis, valvd terminali posticd umbonatd, extremitate

radiatd parvd, brevi ; areis centralibus longitudinaliter tenuissime

granato-liratis, lirarum interstitiis excavatis ; areis lateralibus

nigricante-viridibus, granis lutescentibus, areis centralibus lutes-

centibus nigro varie maculatis et variegatis ; ligamento tenuiter

granoso-coriaceo, nigricante-viridi et virescente concinn? tessellato.

Long. 14 poll. ; lat. 1 poll.

Hab. Korean Archipelago, under stones.

The sculpture of this species is not much unlike that of the C. du-

ridus; still it is distinct, and accompanied with a very characteristic

style of painting. The central areas of the shell are of a yellowish

ground, blotched and variegated with black. The terminal and

lateral areas are very dark green, with the prominent granules con-

spicuously tinged here and there with yellow. In addition to these

peculiarities, the ligament is strikingly tessellated with dark and pale

sea-green.

Curron Funicinatus. Chit. testd oblonga, valde elevatd, valvis ter-

minalibus ceterarum areisque lateralibus subirregulariter concen-

trice striatis, prope marginem incisis, areis centralibus levibus, sub

lente minutissime reticulatis; sordidé albd, nigro plus minusve

sparsim fuliginatd ; ligamento corneo, angusto, fusco.

Long. 4 poll. ; lat. 5; poll.

Hab. Korean Archipelago.

The terminal and lateral areas, the latter of which are so slightly

raised as to be nearly on a plane with the rest of the shell, are stri-

ated concentrically, the strie next the margin being somewhat deeply

engraved. Of numerous specimens collected at the above-mentioned ~

islands, all are of an uniform dull white, more or less sparingly be-

sooted with black.

oe ee el i eee

Curron acutirostratus. Chit. testd elongatd, medio elevatd, late-

raliter subcompressd, valvis summitate obtuso-carinatis, levibus,

utringue creberrime planigranatis, umbonibus productis, acut? ros-

tratis, valvarum areis lateralibus parvis, subindistinctis, concavis ;

albidd, summitate nigro hic illic inquinatd; ligamento corneo,

spicularum cristd parvd ad latus utriusque valve munito.

Long. 1} poll.; lat. 3 poll.

Hab. Cape Rivers.

An elongated species, of somewhat angularly compressed growth,

remarkably distinguished by the sharply beaked structure of the

umbones; the flatly-grained sculpture of the valves approaches that

of C. hirudiniformis, to which it offers a singular contrast of colour.

Cuiron pvetasus. Chit. testd parvd, subabbreviato-ovatd, valvis

medio ared trigond subrostratd politd, ulrinque rugoso-granatis ;

vivide coccined ; ligamento latissimo, precipue antice, quoque vi-

vide coccineo, setis pilisve brevibus hic illic obsito.

Long. | poll. ; lat. 2 poll.

Hab. Cape Rivers.

A beautiful little bright scarlet shell enframed within a broad

swollen ligament of the same very striking colour; in the form of

the ligament it is the nearest approach I have seen to that remark-

able species the C. Blainvillit.

Cuiron rormosus. Chit. testd oblongd, subangustd, valvis un-

dique subtilissime longitudinaliter striatis ; vivid? coccined ; liga-

mento corneo, spiculis vitreis nitidé albis dens? obsito, spicularum

cristd densd erectd ad latus utriusque valve.

Long. 3 poll. ; lat. +5 poll.

Hab. Cape Rivers.

A most exquisite little species of a bright scarlet colour, surrounded

with dense tufts of white shining glassy spicule. Of this and the

two preceding species only a single specimen of each was obtained.

Carpium Becuer. Card. testd subcordato-ovatd, medio et antic?

levigatd, striis minutis superficiariis radiantibus et concentricis

sub lente decussatd, epidermide tenui corned nitente in Suniculis

fibrisve concentricis creberrime dispositd ; ared posticd, epidermide

nulld, radiatim costatd, costis tenuibus, confertis, quinque et viginti

ad triginta, spinis brevibus compressis densissime seriatim ornatis ;

undique pulcherrime rosed, intus albd.

Alt. 2 poll.; lat. 12 poll.

Hab. Sooloo Seas and Korean Archipelago.

I have much pleasure in dedicating this species, at the desire of

Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, to Sir Henry De la Beche, Director of

the Ordnance Survey and President of the Geological Society. It

forms a most interesting addition to the genus Cardium, and is with-

out exception the most striking and distinct from any hitherto known

that can well be imagined. In colour it is of a pure rose tint, with

the following singular contrast of character. The middle and ante.

rior portion of the shell is smooth, presenting a peculiar soft velvety

appearance, the effect of its being minutely decussated with concen-

tric and radiating strive, and covered with an exquisite thin shining

horny epidermis, disposed in fine concentric cords, abruptly termi-

nating at the posterior area. The posterior portion, accordingly de-

stitute of epidermis, is very thickly rayed with ribs of short com-

pressed spines, as if the delicately clad surface of the shell had been

thus far ploughed up, as it were, into fuirows.

Only two odd valves of this pre-eminently beautiful shell were ob-

tained, and, singularly, in localities very remote from each other ;

one was dredged at the depth of forty fathoms in the Sooloo Seas, be-

tween the islands of Borneo and Mindanao ; the other in the Yellow

Sea, thirty degrees north, at one of the islands of the Korean Archi-

pelago.

March 23, 1847.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following communications were read :—

1. Nore on THE BREEDING oF THE OTTER IN CONFINEMENT IN THE

Zootocican Garpens, Recenr’s Park, 1n 1846. By James

Hunt, Heap Keeper.

The female Otter was presented to the Society by Lady Rolle on

the 4th of February 1840, being apparently at that time about three

months old. She remained without a male till the 11th of March

1846, when a large male was presented to the Society by the Rev.

P. M. Brunwin, of Braintree, Essex, in whose possession it had been

for some months, and had been kept in a cellar. His weight when

first taken was 21 Ibs., but he was not above half that weight when

he arrived at the Gardens, having wasted much in confinement and

become very weak in the loins, from which he soon recovered after

his arrival. About a month after his arrival there was a continual

chattering between him and the female during the night, which lasted

for four or five nights; but they did not appear to be quarrelling.

Nothing further was observed in their manners or in the appearance

of the female to make me think she was with young, until the morn-

ing of the 13th of August, when the keeper that has the charge of

them went to give them a fresh bed, which he does once a week;

while in the act of pulling out the old bed he observed two young

ones, apparently five or six days old, and about the size of a full-

grown rat: he immediately put back the bed, with the young on it,

and left them. On the 21st the mother removed them to the second

sleeping-den, at the other end of their enclosure, and several times

after she was observed to remove them from one end of the house to

the other, by pushing them before her on a little straw ; her object in

removing them appeared to be to let them have a dry bed: on the

9th of September they were first seen out of the house; they did not

go into the water, but crawled about, and appeared very feeble.

On the 26th of September they were first seen to eat fish, and

follow the mother into the water: they did not dive into the water

like the mother, but went into it like a dog, with their head above

water; and it was not until the middle of October that they were

observed to plunge into the water like the old ones. On the 22nd

of December the water was let out of the pond for the purpose of

cleaning it, which is done once a week: the animals were shut up

in their sleeping-den, but they let themselves out when the pond was

but half-full of water, and the young ones got into it and were not

able to get out without assistance; after they had been in the water

No, CLXX.—Procrepines or tur Zootogicar Socrery.

some minutes the mother appeared very anxious to get them out,

and made several attempts to reach them from the side of the pond

where she was standing; but this she was not able to do, as they

were not within her reach. After making several attempts in this

manner without success, she plunged into the water to them, and

began to play with one of them for a short time, and put her head

close to its ears, as if she was making it understand what she meant ;

the next moment she made a spring out of the pond, with the young

one holding on by the fur at the root of the tail with its teeth;

having safely landed it, she got the other out in the same manner:

this she did several times during a quarter of an hour, as the young

ones kept going into the water as fast as she got them out. Some-

times the young held on by the fur at her sides, at others by that at

the tail. As soon as there was sufficient water for her to reach

them from the side of the pond, she took hold of them by the ears

with her mouth and drew them out of the pond, and led them round

the pond close to the fence, and kept chattering to them, as if she

was telling them not to go into the pond again.

2. NoTEs IN ADDITION TO FORMER (Zool. Proc. 1843, p. 108, and

1846, p.9) Papers on Sours American OrnitHoLocy. By

T. Bripces, Ese., Corr. Memos.

The beautiful species of Hudromia mentioned in my letter to Mr.

Waterhouse (Proc. for 1846, p. 9) proved to be the bird characterized

by Mr. Vigors under the name of Tinamotis Pentlandii (Proc. 1836,

p- 79). On September 15, 1845, I found three couple in the pass

of Tapaquilcha, between the town of Calama and the city of Potosi :

they were close to the snow, at an altitude of about 14,000 feet, with

the Pepoaze, skulking among the isolated stones which not unfre-

quently occur in grassy places in the valleys of the main chain of the

Andes. When they rise they utter a shrill and loud whistle, and fly

a mile perhaps, getting up rapidly and shooting off in a horizontal

direction.

About twenty miles further on the road I stopped at a post-house,

and there the natives brought a fresh-laid egg, which they said was

the egg of this species. There could be no doubt about it, as I was

engaged at the time in skinning one of the three specimens we had

obtained. It was light green, larger than a lapwing’s, and very ob-

tuse at each end. It had none of that polished texture which is so

characteristic in the Tinamous. I regret that it was accidentally

broken.

Although I sought for this bird in many similar situations through-

out Bolivia, I never again succeeded in finding it.

Tinamotis elegans ; Eudromia elegans, D’Orb. & Geoff. Mag. de Zool.

1832, t. 1.

I met with this species on the eastern side of the Andes—I be-

lieve it never occurs on the Chilian side—in the vicinity of the city

of Mendoza, in the Argentine Republic. It has an immense range

over the grassy plains at the base of the Andes which run southward

a ee

to Patagonia. I believe it generally is found in pairs; at least the

only two I ever saw alive were together. My men informed me that

it is abundant on the Pampas, near the forts of San Raphael and San

Carlos, between 33° and 34° south lat.* The young bird presents

no difference in plumage from the adults, having even the crest well-

developed: it seems therefore to form an exception to the generally

received rule, that where the parent birds have the same plumage

the young is different from either.

The Indians have a singular method of taking this bird. Having

attached a noose to the end of a cane four or five yards long, they

walk round and round in gradually contracting circles, until they are

near enough to slip the noose over its head, and then, with a sudden

jerk, they strangle it.

Attagis Gayii, Geoff. et Lesson, Cent. Zool. t. 47.

I believe the Chilian and Bolivian species are identical. I found

the bird on the same day as Tinamotis Pentlandii, inhabiting the

margins of frozen brooks near the post-house of Tapaquilcha. The

Indians there know it as the Puco-puco, from its call-note. Like

Thinocorus D’ Orbignianus, these birds evince great attachment to

each other, and call immediately if separated. At that season they

were in pairs and breeding, but I did not obtain the egg.

Diglossa carbonaria, D’Orb. & De Lafres.

Diglossa sittoides, D’Orb. et De Lafr.

Birds of this genus are found in the temperate region, where the

thickets commence, at an altitude of from 8000 to 10,000 feet. I

found these species among bushes of Salvia and Eupatorium, cn the

slopes which fall into the valley of Cochabamba, and most abundantly

at a place called Ticquepaya. They have precisely the habits of

flycatchers. D. carbonaria I have watched often, sitting motionless

on the highest twig of a bush until he discovered a passing insect,

on which he descended, and then returned to his post. I may men-

tion that the vicinity of Cochabamba was the only district in which

these two species occurred to me.

Diglossa mystacalis, De Lafr.; Diglossa mystacea, G. R,. Gray in

Gen. of Birds, pl. 42.

Lives entirely in the thickets, hopping from bough to bough, as if

in pursuit of insects. I have often seen this species insert its bill

into a scarlet and purple flower allied to the Arbutus, but whether

for the purpose of capturing insects or of extracting honey I was not

able to ascertain. Its habitat is the Yungas of La Paz.

I believe that the specimen described by M. le Baron De Lafres-

naye was from my collection.

Colaptes rupicola, D’Orb., is a Bolivian species, entirely terrestrial.

I found it on the elevated table-land called the Punas, which form

the departments of Potosi, Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, and

* The specimens now in the British Museum were obtained from: this locality,'

as well as those of Rhea Darwinit. ES i We

Oruro. ‘They are occasionally intersected by valleys and isolated

mountains, but the unbroken plains are sometimes several leagues in

extent. You find C. rupicola at an altitude of 12,000 to 14,000 feet,

and generally in the grass, where it feeds. On being disturbed it

takes an undulating flight towards some rock, on which it settles, for

this country is entirely destitute of trees. It most frequently occurs

in little companies of five or six.

Another species of Colaptes, which frequents the warm plains of

Moxas, near the town of Trinidad, not unfrequently resorts to the

trees which there grow in forest patches, and in this particular it

resembles C. chilensis.

The genus Dendrocolaptes, as far as I have had opportunities of

observing their habits, exactly resemble the woodpeckers, ascending

the trees and searching the bark in a similar manner, and even sup-

porting themselves by the tail. In the plains between the Indian

town of Loretto and Trinidad, about long. 62°, I found a beautiful

instance of the modification of form to a particular end, in the ap-

parently singular species

D. procurvus, D’Orb. & De Lafr.

As far as my experience goes, it only occurs in the open palm-

groves which crown the undulating elevations which here and there

rise up above the ordinary level of this district. In them I founda

palm called Mutacu, with foliage like the date-palm. The short

peduncles of the fallen leaves afford shelter to numerous coleoptera,

and they grow from the trunk in a curve exactly similar to that which

characterizes the bill of this species, so that as he runs up the trunk

he is able to search all these lurking-places to the very bottom, al-

though their form renders them impregnable to every other assailant.

In the dense forests, where this particular palm is never to be found,

I observed an abundance of the other species, but D. procurvus not

once.

38. Drarrs FoR A NEW ARRANGEMENT OF THE T'RocHILIDZ. By

Joun Goutp, F.R.S. (conrinuED—SEE ANTE, pp. 7, 16.)

The Ornism. Sappho of Lesson, and a nearly-allied species which

I shall describe in the present paper, appear to differ in so many

characters from all the genera of this family hitherto instituted, that

I propose to place them in a distinct genus or subgenus, under the

name of Comeress, with the following characters :—

CoMETES, Noy. gen.

Char. gen.—Rostrum capite longius, cylindraceum, decurvatum.

Cauda valdé furcata, plumis latis, truncatis. Tarsi nudi. Pedes

moderati. Digitus et unguis postici digito et ungue mediis bre-

viores.

Gen. char.—Bill longer than the head, cylindrical, and curving

downwards; tail much-forked, feathers broad and truncate; tarsi

bare; feet moderately large; hind-toe and claw shorter than the

middle toe and claw.

‘1. Comeres Saprno. Ornism. Sappho, Less., Ois. Mouch. t. 27,

28,

2. Comers Puaon, sp. nov. Com. (Mas) capite, collo, alarum

tectricibus, et corpore inferiore, brunni-viridibus ; dorso, caude

tectricibus, cauddque, intense fulgente coccineis; rectricibus ad

basin nigro-fuscis, ad apicem holosericis atris ; alis fuscis pur-

purascentibus ; guld luminosé metallicé viridi.

Male.—Head, neck, wing-coverts and under surface brownish

green; back, upper tail-coverts and tail rich deep lustrous crimson ;

bases of the tail-feathers blackish brown ; the tips deep velvety black ;

wings purplish brown; throat rich lustrous metallic green.

Female.—Tail of the same crimson colour as that of the male; she

also possesses the lengthened and curved bill.

Total length, 7 inches; bill, 12; wing, 23; tail, 4.

This fine species is a native of Peru, and differs from the Sappho,

which inhabits Bolivia, in having the tail rich crimson instead of

flame-colour, and in having a much longer and more curved bill.

The two specimens exhibited, which are male and female, have been

kindly lent me, for the purpose of describing, by the Earl of Derby.

4. ON EIGHT NEW SPECIES OF AUSTRALIAN Birps; AND on ANTHUS

MINIMUS, Vic. AND Hors¥., AS THE TYPE OF A NEW GENUS

Curuonicota, Goutp. By Joun Gouxp, F.R.S.

ARTAMUS ALBIVENTRIS. Art. loris, spatio infra oculum, et mento,

atris ; capite, collo, et dorso superiore, fusco-griseis ; pectore et

abdomine pallide griseis, colore griseo in tectricibus caude infe-

rioribus albo mergente ; tectricibus caude superioribus, cauddque,

nigris ; tertid parte apicali rectricum omnium, intermediis duabus

exceptis, albd.

Lores, space beneath the eye and the chin deep black ; head, neck

and upper part of the back brownish grey; lower part of the back

and the wings dark grey, becoming gradually deeper towards the tips

of the feathers ; primaries and secondaries narrowly edged with white

at the tip; under surface of the wing white; ear-coverts, chest,

and abdomen pale grey, passing into white on the under tail-coverts ;

upper tail-coverts and tail black; the apical third of all but the two

middle feathers white ; irides dark brown; bill yellowish horn-colour,

becoming black at the tip; feet blackish brown.

Total length, 7 inches; bill, 7; wing, 44; tail, 23; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Darling Downs, New South Wales, &c.

Remark.—This species differs from the A. cinereus, to which it is

most nearly allied, in the white colouring of the abdomen and under

tail-coverts. ‘Two specimens have come under my notice, both of

which were killed by Mr. Gilbert, one on the Darling Downs, in New

South Wales, and the other at Peak-range Camp, one of the stations

so named by Dr. Leichardt during his expedition from Moreton Bay

to Port Essington.

AcanTuiza aricatis. Acan. plumis in fronte cervinis, fusco mar-

ginatis ; caudd latd fascid fusco-nigrd prope apicem transversim

ornatd, apice ipso albo; tectricibus caude superioribus rufo

tinctis.

Feathers of the forehead deep buff, edged with dark brown; all

the upper surface, wings and tail light olive-brown; tail crossed near

the extremity with a broad and distinct band of brownish black, and

largely tipped with white; upper tail-coverts tinged with rufous;

throat and chest greyish white, each feather margined with black,

giving that part a mottled appearance; flanks, abdomen and under

tail-coverts pale buff ; irides light red ; bill, legs and feet dark brown.

Total length, 4 inches; bill, $; wing, 2; tail, 2; tarsi, }-

Hab. Swan River, Western Australia.

Remark.—Distinguished from A. Diemenensis, A. pusilia, and A.

Ewingii, to all of which it is nearly allied, by its large size, by its

larger and rounder tail, by the broad and distinct band of black which

crosses the tail-feathers near their extremities, and by their being

largely tipped with white.

Cysticota 1sura. Cys. colli lateribus, nuchd, et uropygio pallide

rufis ; vertice, dorso, secondariisque, saturate brunni-nigris, sin-

gulis plumis stramineo marginatis, et latd fascid atrd transversim

prope apicem infra ornatis.

Sides and back of the neck and rump pale rufous; crown of the

head, back and secondaries deep brownish black, each feather mar-

gined with buff; tail dark brown, margined with buff, and crossed

on the under side near the tip with a broad conspicuous band of

black ; under surface deep buff, becoming paler on the chin and centre

of the abdomen; bill brown; feet yellowish brown.

Total length, 4 inches; bill, 4; wing, 17; tail, 14; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Southern coasts of Australia.

Remark.—Distinguished from the other members of the genus by

the shorter and more truncated form of its tail, which has suggested

the specific term assigned to it.

Cuatcires oscutans. Chal. capite, corpore superiore, alisque, ni-

tente olivaceo-fuscis, colore eodem in humeris primariisque satura-

tiore, sed in tectricibus caude superioribus albicante ; caudd in-

tense olivaceo-fuscd, plumd qudque ad apicem alba ; pectore et abdo-

mine pallidé cinnamominis.

Head, all the upper surface and wings glossy olive-brown, becoming

darker on the shoulders and primaries, and fading into white on the

upper tail-coverts; tail dark olive-brown, each feather tipped with

white, and the lateral one on each side crossed on the inner web with

_ five bars of white; ear-coverts black, encircled with white; under

surface of the wing, throat, breast and abdomen pale cinnamon-brown,

fading into white on the under tail-coverts; bill brown; feet olive-

brown.

Total length, 73 inches; bill, 7; wing, 42; tail, 32; tarsi, 2.

Hab. New South Wales.

Remark.—I have applied the term of osculans to this species, be-

cause in it are united in a remarkable degree the characters of the

genera Cuculus and Chalcites; but as those of the latter genus pre-

dominate, I have retained it therein.

Synoicus Dizmenensis. Syn. fronte, loris, et mento griseo-albis,

stramineo tinctis ; vertice saturate brunneo, medio lined stramined

notato ; omni corpore superiore fasciis irregularibus transversis

griseis, nigrisque, castaneisque, vario ; mediis plumis lined griseo-

albd ornatis.

Forehead, lores and chin greyish white, tinged with buff; crown

of the head dark brown, with a line of buff down the centre; all the

upper surface irregularly marked with beautiful transverse bars of

grey, black and chestnut, each feather with a fine stripe of greyish

white down the centre; primaries brown, mottled on their external

‘edges with greyish brown; all the under surface greyish buff, each

feather with numerous regular somewhat arrow-head-shaped marks

of black, and many of them with a very fine line of white down the

centre; bill blue, deepening into black at the tip; irides orange;

feet dull yellow.

Total length, 83 inches; bill, 2; wing, 44; tarsi, 13.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.

Remark.—Nearly allied to S. Australis, but of a much larger size

and with the markings of the upper surface more numerous and

varied. y

Synoicus sorpipus. Syn. saturate fuscus minute nigro maculatus ;

mediis plumis corporis superioris inferiorisque lata fascid griseo-

‘ceruled longitudinaliter ornatis.

General plumage dark brown, minutely freckled with black, each

feather of the upper and under surface with a broad stripe of bluish

grey down the centre ; feathers of the head and back of the neck

_ with a spot of blackish brown at the tip, those down the centre of

the head and a few of the back feathers with white shafts; chin buff ;

flank-feathers with an arrow-head-shaped mark of black near the tip.

Total length, 7 inches; bill, ; wing, 3}; tarsi, 4.

Hab. South Australia.

Remark.—With the exception of S. Sinensis, this species is the

least of the genus yet discovered; it moreover differs from them all

in the absence of any varied markings, in lieu of which all the feathers

of the upper surface have a broad bluish grey stripe down the middle.

Porzana LEucorsrys. Por. fascia & mandibule superioris basi ad

angulum oculi posticum ductd griseo-albd ; maculd latd atrd ab

oculo ad rictum extensd; nuchd, corpore superiore, cauddque,

fusco-nigris ; capitis, colli, et pectoris, lateribus griseis ; mento, et

medio abdomine albis. +

From the base of the upper mandible to the posterior angle of the

eye a streak of greyish white; from the eye to the gape a broad patch

of deep black ; crown of the head brownish black; back of the neck,

upper surface and tail brownish black, each feather margined with

pale reddish, the latter colour becoming very conspicuous on the

wing-coverts and scapularies ; wings pale brown; sides of the head,

34+

neck and breast grey ;.chin and centre of the abdomen white; flanks

and under tail-coverts rufous ; upper mandible reddish brown ; tomia

of both mandibles tile-red; legs and feet oil-green, blotched with

light ash-colour.

Total length, 63 inches; bill, 1; wing, 34; tail, 2; tarsi, 12.

Hab. Port Essington and Northern Australia.

Remark.—This bird differs from every other species of the genus

inhabiting Australia, in having a superciliary stripe of white, in the

black colouring of the lores, and in the olivaceous tint of the plumage.

Prorus Novz-Horranpix. Plot. (Mas) guld figurd sagitte cus-

pidis alba notatd ; latd fascid albd a mandibularum basi quatuor

unciis in colli latera extensd ; scapularibus lanceolatis, lanceolatd

maculd in medio, et caulibus atris ornatis.

Male.—An arrow-head-shaped mark of white on the throat; a

broad stripe of the same colour commences at the base of the man-

dibles, extends for about four inches down the sides of the neck, and

terminates in a point; head, neck and all the upper surface of the

body greenish black, stained with brown and with a patch of deep

rusty red in the centre of the under side of the throat ; under surface

deep glossy greenish black; wings and tail shining black; all the

coverts with a broad stripe of dull white, occupying nearly the whole

of the outer and a part of the inner web, and terminating in a point ;

scapularies lanceolate in form, with a similar shaped mark of white

down the centre, and with black shafts, the scapular nearest the body

being nearly as large as the secondaries, and having the outer web

crimped and the inner web with a broad stripe of dull white close to

the stem ; the secondaries nearest the body with a similar white stripe

on the outer web, close to the stem ; centre tail-feathers strongly and

the lateral ones slightly crimped; orbits naked, fleshy, protuberant,

and of a yellowish olive, mottled over with brown specks; irides of

three colours, the ring nearest the pupil being dull orange-buff; to

this succeeds another of marbled buff and brown, and to this an

outer one of orange-buff ; naked skin at the base of the lower man-

dible wrinkled and yellow; upper mandible olive, under mandible

dull yellow, both becoming brighter at the base; feet yellowish

flesh-colour, becoming brown on the upper part of the outer toes.

Female.—Upper surface blackish brown, each feather margined

with greyish white; under surface buffy white. In other respects

similar to the male.

Total length, 36 inches; bill, 4; wing, 13}; tail, 9; tarsi, 2.

Hab. The rivers of the whole of the southern coast of Australia.

Remark.—Very nearly allied to the Plotus inhabiting Java, but

distinguished from it by the shortness of the scapularies and by its

“larger size.

Mr. Gould also exhibited to the Meeting a specimen of the Anthus

minimus of Messrs. Vigors and Horsfield, and having pointed out the

particulars in which it differs from the members of the genus Anthus,

proposed to constitute it the type of a new genus, with the following

appellation and characters :—

CuTHONICoLA, nov. gen.

Char. gen.— Rostrum breve, a basi descendens, mandibulé superiore

ad apicem levé dentata, in lateribus compressa. Tomie introrsum

curvate. Ale concave, primario primo perbrevi, tertio, quarto,

quinto et sexto longitudine equalibus. Tarsi moderati. Digit

breves, posticus medio brevior. Ungues anteriores magis quam

in “ Antho” curvati.

Gen. char.—Bill short, gradually descending from the base; the

upper mandible slightly notched at the tip, compressed laterally ;

tomia curving inwards; wings concave ; the first primary very short,

the third, fourth, fifth and sixth nearly equal and the longest; tail

slightly concave, and all the feathers of an equal length; tarsi mede-

rately long; toes short, the hinder toe somewhat longer than the

middle one; front claws more curved than in the genus Anthus.

5. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF AMPHIOXUS FROM BorNEO.

By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., ere. ETc.

Capt. Sir Edward Belcher having most kindly sent to the British

Museum the various species of reptiles, worms, &c. in spirit which

had been collected during the voyage ot H.M.S. Samarang, I hasten

to lay before the Society the description of what appears to be a new

species of Lancelet (Branchiostoma, Costa = Amphiozus, Yarrell),

premising that I have sent a second specimen to Dr. Clarke, R.N.,

of Haslar, who has kindly promised to send me some anatomical

details of it, which shall be communicated to the Society as soon as

they arrive.

I may remark that the specimen from Borneo very much resembles

in size the specimen which Mr. Couch obligingly sent to me from

_ Cornwall, and, like it, is more silvery and considerably larger than

numerous specimens I have received through the kindness of Dr.

Kolliker from Naples. This difference in colour may arise from the

Naples specimens having been placed in stronger spirits ; but it gives

the Cornish and the Borneon specimens much more the resemblance

of Annelides, which generally have this metallic iridescent silvery

hue.

The resemblance of the Borneon to the Cornish specimen is so

striking, that it is very difficult to draw a distinction between them

with neatness or brevity ; yet they appear to my eye sufficiently dif-

ferent to induce me to regard them as distinct species, which the

great geographical distance between their habitats renders probable.

Amphiozxus Belcheri.—The Borneon Lancelet appears rather thicker

and more convex on the sides than Amph. lanceolatus, and the convex

ridge which occupies the place of the dorsal fin appears higher and»

more closely divided by internal transverse septa than in that species,

and these septa appear more numerous. I have not been able to

observe any beards on the margin of the mouth, which is thickened

and rounded; but this may arise from the specimen not being in

good condition, especially in-this part where it has been injured by

the spines of a Spatangus which was in the same bottle.

No. CLXXI.—Proveepines oF THE ZooLoGicaL Society.

Hab. Borneo, at the mouth of the river Lundu.

I may remark, that the comparison of these Lancelets from Naples,

Cornwall and Borneo has induced me to think that most probably

the species from Naples may be distinct from the Cornish. All our

specimens are smaller and more opake; the beards of the mouth

appear finer; and the dorsal ridge above referred to appears compa-

ratively smaller, even making allowance for the difference in the size

of the specimens.

6. A rew REMARKS ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BIRDS

In THE West InviEs. By Witt1am Denny, Esa.

Humboldt, Vigors, Swainson and other eminent naturalists, lament

the defective state of knowledge respecting the zoology of the West

Indies. The Flora of Jamaica has been often successfully explored ;

the geology of a great portion has been investigated by De la Beche ;

the ornithology and entomology however remain nearly in the state

in which they were left one hundred years since by Sir Hans Sloane.

In all the departments of the natural history of the Antilles much

still remains to the inquirer, but in zoology he has an almost unex-

plored field for his researches. The region of Tree-ferns has been

left unexamined for the botanist, the western half of Jamaica for the

geologist ; but with the exception of about sixty species of birds no-

ticed by Sloane and Browne, the entire ornithology is unknown*,

including all the species peculiar to the mountainous districts.

About thirteen years since an attempt was made to send out a

party of naturalists to examine the animals and productions of Ja-

maica, but it failed; and had the party reached those shores, I doubt

that their researches would have thrown much additional light om

zoology. ‘The insalubrious nature of the climate in the low grounds,

the excessive heat, and many other causes, would probably have ren-

dered their exertions fruitless. The naturalist must alike be familiar

with the inhabitants of the deadly swamp and the pathless mountain ;

he must brave the tropical heat and mountain cold, and the sudden

transitions of temperature. It is only those inured to the climate by

long residence, and who have had fortitude to resist its debilitating

effects, or those born in the country whose habits are active and

pursuits congenial, that can sustain these difficulties and dangers.

Placed at nearly equal distance from North and South America,

it might be supposed that nearly an equal number of the species of

each division of that continent might be found in Cuba and Jamaica.

This supposition is not however fully borne out by observation, al-

though from our knowledge of the ornithology of Terra Firma being

extremely imperfect, it is difficult to render a conclusion free from

error. It will hereafter appear, that of the birds of Jamaica, one-half

are common to North America, while hardly one-fifth are also found

in the southern region of the New World.

Of those species common to the islands more immediately under

* This want of information has been reduced very considerably at the present

moment by the appearance of Mr. Gosse’s work ‘ On the Birds of Jamaica.’

notice, and Mexico, a great identity of genera and species might be

expected. Placed in the same degree of latitude, possessing many

similar features in scenery, elevation, temperature and productions,

with sufficient facility of communication for the feathered tribes,

they might, without actual examination, be considered as constitu-

ting the same animal kingdom or province. But Mexico is united

to the southern portion of the continent by land, while Jamaica is

separated by leagues of sea, a great natural impediment to families

possessing feeble powers of flight.

Wilson remarks that “‘in passing along the chain of the Bahamas,

towards the West Indies, no great difficulty can occur from the fre-

quency of these islands, nor even to the Bermudas, which are said

to be six hundred miles from the nearest point of the continent.”

Whether this facility of communication between the United States

and the greater Antilles may be sufficient to account for the greater

preponderance of species from this division than from the southern,

may by some be doubted ; but it may be as well to bear in mind that

the Raptores and long-winged families of the Insessores are common

both to the States and Antilles, while the short-winged families are

nearly all distinct.

There are many features of resemblance between the ornithology

of Mexico and the great Antilles. Nearly all the birds common to

the former and the United States are likewise found in Jamaica,

while the latter possesses species supposed by Mr. Swainson to be

peculiar to Mexico, and I believe that further investigation will tend

to show that the distribution of species is very similar.

I will only make one remark, that many birds supposed to belong

to the States are in reality tropical or West Indian, and merely very

transient and in numerous instances accidental visitors to North

America. For example, the Columba Zenaida is very rare in the

States, while in Jamaica it is the most abundant species in the island,

and was mentioned by Sir Hans Sloane.

I will pass over the migration of birds to and from the West In-

dies, as well as the influence that natural families of plants appearing

in distant countries may have in producing it, as being beyond the

limits which I have assigned to myself in these observations. I will

now give a catalogue of all the birds that I have met with during a

sojourn of six years in Jamaica, during which time my leisure hours

have been constantly devoted to pursuits connected with natural

history.

Birds common to Jamaica, Cuba, and the United States.

Land Birds.

1. Cathartes aura. 6. Pandion haliaétus (? carolinen-

2. Buteo borealis. sis.)

3. Circus americanus. 7. Strix flammea.

4. Haliaétus niger. 8 asio.

. Accipiter pensylvanicus. 9. Hirundo fulva.

10.

ll.

Caprimulgus carolinensis.

americanus.

. Sylvicola coronata.

maculosa.

12. Alcedo alcyon. 31. Vermivora solitaria.

13. Tyrannus intrepidus. 32. Fringilla tristis.

14. Muscicapa ruticilla. 33 Zevanna.

15. - virens. 34. Dolichonyx oryzivorus.

16. fusca. 35. Sturnella magna.

17. crinita. 36. Icterus versicolor.

18. Vireo olivacea. 37. Corvus ossifragus.

19. Merula minor. 38. Picus carolinensis.

20. mustelinus. 39. Cuculus carolinensis.

21. Orpheus polyglottus. 40. Certhia maculata,

22. Séiurus aurocapillus. 41. Columba leucocephala.

23. Trichas personatus. 42 passerina.

24. Sylvicola pusilla. 43. Ortyx marylandus.

25. americana. 44. Tyrannula Saya.

26. canadensis. 45. Columba carolinensis (Cuba

27. minuta. only).

28. pensilis.

Birds of Jamaica and Cuba observed in Terra F irma, but unknown

in North America. .

1, Sarcoramphus papa (acciden- 4. Muscicapa ferox.

5. Icterus dominicensis.

tal).

6. Trochilus furcatus.

7. Crotophaga ani.

2. Polyborus brasiliensis.

3. Circus rutilans.

Birds peculiar to the West Indies, and seldom if ever detected in the

United States or Terra Firma.

[These birds have been observed in Jamaica and Cuba. }

1. Accipiter fringilloides, Vig. 17. Fringilla Zena.

2. Falco sparveroides, Vig. 18. noctis, Linn.

38. Hirundo thalassinus, Sw. 19. —— jamaicensis, Linn.

4, Tapera, Linn. 20. bicolor, Linn.

5. ——~ albicollis, Vieil. 21. lepida, Linn.

6. melanogaster, Sw. 22. Carduelis mexicana, Sw.

7. (undetermined). 23. Icterus bonano, Linz. .

8. Caprimulgus jamaicensis, 24. cucullatus, Sw.

Bris. 25; mexicanus, Linn. .

9. Todus viridis, Linn. 26. brasiliensis, Linn.

10. Merula jamaicensis, Linn. 27. mexicanus*,

1l fusca vel leucophthalma 28. baritus, Linn.

(undescr.). 29. Leistes humeralis, Vig. )

12. dominicus, Linn. 30. Corvus jamaicensis, Linn.

13. rubripes, Temm. 31. Trogon temnurus, Temm.

. Sylvicola dominica, Linn.

15. Pyrrhula nigra, Linn.

collaris, Vig.

. Psittacus leucocephalus, Linn. .

eestivus, Linn. 7

. Psittacara nana, Vig. ‘

* Icterus xanthornis. ;

———— Orr

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

Picus carolinus, Linn.

percussus, Vig.

Colaptes auratus, Vieil.

Fernandina, Vig. (Cuba

only).

superciliaris, Temm.

(Cuba).

Cuculus vetula, Linn.

pluvialis, Gm.

Certhia flaveola, Linn.

maculata, Wils.

Cynanthus polytmus, Linn.

minimus, Linn.

Lampornis mango, Linn.

Columba Caribbxa, Gmel.

inornata, Vig.

. Columba montana, Linn.

jamaicensis, Linn.

leucoptera, Linn.

. —— minuta, Linn.

sylvestris ?

martinica, Linn,

Zenaida, Buon.

cyanocephala, Linn.

(Cuba only).

Numida meleagris, Linn.

maculipennis, Sw.

. Tanagra gularis.

. Sitta jamaicensis (not of

Sloane or Browne).

. Pipillo maculata, Sw.

Note.—Many of the above species have not been referred to mo-

dern genera on account of several of them being proposed from data

so different that it is difficult for a Transatlantic naturalist to select

from such eminent authorities as Vieillot, Swainson, Buonaparte,

Cuvier or Temminck. When no authority is given, the nomencla-

ture is that of Wilson.

Water Birds.

The following species, with one or two exceptions, seem equally

distributed over the United States, Mexico, Jamaica and ‘l'erra Firma,

so that no division of them will be necessary.

ARDEIDZ.

Ardea virescens.

ludoviciana.

cerulea.

abba.

exilis.

candidissima.

herodias.

Nycticorax violacea.

— — Gardenii.

Botaurus minor.

Platalea ajuga.

Phenicopterus ruber (Amer.).

TANTALIDZ.

Ibis rubra.

alba.

Tantalus loculator.

ScoLopacipz.

Scolopax gallinago (Amer.).

Scolopax grisea.

minor.

Totanus macularius.

chloropygius.

— — flavipes.

semipalmata.

Tringa rufescens.

pectoralis.

—— minutella.

pusilla.

Numenius longirostris.

CHARADRIADZ,

Charadrius semipalmatus.

vociferus.

apricarius.

monnellus.

pluvialis.

melodus.

Squatarola cinerea.

Himantopus melanopterus.

RALLIDs. Parra Jacana.

: : variabilis.

Rallus minutus. - Gallinula Galatea.

|e Cre ee —— Martinica.

virginianus.

Aramus scolopaceus.

NATATORES.

ANATINA. Podiceps cristatus.

— auritus.

Dendronessa sponsa.

Boschas fera.

crecca (Amer.). PELECANIDZ.

discors.

discors occident.

Dafila caudacuta.

Chauliodus streperus.

Anas clypeata.

Riatoes ai crtgea Larips.

Anas ? fistularis.

Pelecanus fuscus.

Tachypetes aquilus.

Phaéton zthereus.

Larus atricilla.

argentatus.

Rinienre ee: parasiticus.

Sterna fuliginosa.

Fuligula marita. minuta.

cristata. stolida.

Anas? jamaicensis. Thalassidroma pelagica.

Anas ? spinosa. Wilsonii.

Anas ? dominica.

Note.—I have been guilty of discourtesy to some authors by ex-

cluding species from the catalogue which are assigned to Jamaica in

their works. I have never discovered them, and I must plead that

they may still reward my more successful researches. I have not

included St. Domingo (Haiti) in my list, as I have no local know-

ledge of its ornithology, but from the writings of Vieillot it appears

more extensive than either Cuba or Jamaica.

Regarding an ornithological province as a portion of the earth con-

taining in it agreater number of land species peculiar to, and not ex-

tending beyond it, than of those common to it and adjoining coun-

tries, it may be asked—Are the greater Antilles a distinct ornitholo-

gical province, or merely a portion of that of Mexico or the United

States ?

There are however curious differences in the birds of the several

West Indian islands. ‘Trinidad has a diversified ornithology, appa-

rently identical with the South American continent. Many of the

pigeons, woodpeckers and humming-birds differ. The Columba

carolin. extends to Cuba and Haiti, but not to Jamaica. The Col.

Caribb@a appears confined to the latter. ‘The Lampornis mango of

Jamaica is represented in Haiti by gramineus. There appears in the

former island only one woodpecker, the Picus carolin., while in Cuba

and Haiti there are several. Geological researches may assist the

explanation of these anomalies. There are three mountain-ranges

of different date and vegetation. One of these constitutes the Ba-

hamas, north side of Haiti and Cuba: the Cibao range, covered with

pathless forests of Pinus occidentalis, re-appears in Cuba and the

Isle of Pines, terminating in Mexico. The precipitous mountains

of the Grand Anse are formed of limestone, which is prolonged

through Jamaica into Yucatan, covered with its peculiar production,

Myrtus Pimenta, equally remarkable for its individual beauty and

fragrance.

“ Pauca hee vidimus operum Der.”

April 13, 1847.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following communications were read :—

1. Some OBSERVATIONS ON THE SKULL OF PHASCOLOMYS VOMBATUS.

By J. E. Gray, Ese., F.R.S. ec. etc.

In the collection at the British Museum there are three skulls

which agree with Prof. Owen’s character of Phascolomys Vombatus,

as described in vol. iii. of the Zool. Soc. Transactions: that is to

say, they have only slightly curved upper cutting teeth, short noses,

&c. Two were sent from Van Diemen’s Land by Mr. Ronald

Gunn, and one from N. 8. Wales was presented by my late friend

and admirable botanist, Mr. Allan Cunningham, F.L.S.

The specimens from Van Diemen’s Land are much smaller (the

largest being 6 in. 4 lines long), and more depressed and truncated

behind, and have two moderate-sized oblong holes in the hinder part

of the palate. The specimen from N. S. Wales is one inch longer,

and has two large triangular holes in the end of the palate. All the

three specimens differ in the size of the teeth, and especially in the

size and relative position of the upper cutting teeth.

1. The least of the Van Diemen’s Land skulls has rather small

grinders, but the upper cutting teeth are small, compressed, rather

diverging from each other, forming an angle in front and only touch-

ing each other at the truncated inner edge. The crowns of these

teeth are 5 lines long and 24 lines wide. The lower cutting teeth

are small with a roundish crown.

2. The other Van Diemen’s Land skull, which is rather larger in

all its measurements, has larger grinders. The cutting teeth are

much larger: the upper large, oblong, diverging from each other,

forming together a segment of a circle in front, and only touching

each other by the inner edge. The crowns of these teeth are 54 lines

long and 34 lines wide.

3. The skull from N. S. Wales has the teeth very like those of

the small Van Diemen’s Land specimen, but rather larger: the upper

cutting teeth are considerably larger and rather more triangular, but

in the same angular position.

It is desirable that more of these skulls should be compared, to de-

termine whether these are only individual variations, or that there

are more than one species confounded under this name. I am in-

clined to the former view; but if this is the case, it shows that the

skulls and teeth do not present such good specific characters as many

zoologists are willing to believe.

2. DEscRIPTION DE QUINZE ESPECES DE TROCHILIDEES DU CABINET

pE M. Loppiecrs. Par Jutes Bourcier.

Trocu. mirapiiis (Lodd. MSS. inéd.).

Troch. admirable. Male adulte: bec noir, droit, cylindrique, em-

plumé sur ses bases; téte allongée, couverte d’une plaque ovali-

forme, bleu-clair brillant ; nuque, scapulaire, dos et sur-caudale

vert-gris doré: paré sur la gorge et devant du cou, d’un hausse-

col, vert trés brillant 4 reflete bleu au centre et terminé en

pointe sur la poitrine, continué par une bande de plumes noires

maculées de reflete d'or, se prolongeant jusqu’a la région anale,

garnie de plumes, gris-verdatre; cétés du cou et les flanes re-

vétus de plumes blanches; ailes peu courbées, gris violacé;

queue de quatre rectrices, les autres non apparentes sont rudi-

mentaires, les externes formées par de longues baguettes, en

demi-cercle, non barbulées dans leur plus grande partie et ter-

minées par de longues barbules arrondies en forme de raquette,

noir-violacé, ses rectrices se croisant 4 leur base et vers leur

centre représentant deux C suropposés, les médiaires étroites

allongées en pointe, gris-vert-pdle luisant; pattes noires, dé-

nudées.

Long. du bec 20 mm.; ailes 40 mm.; rect. ext. environ 160 mm.;

raquettes 22 mm.; médiaires 60 mm.

Hab. Chachapoyas au Pérou, rapporté en 1836 par M. Matthews.

Rem.—Cet oiseau par ses rectrices externes se rapproche du Or-

nism. Platurus, Underwoodii de Lesson ; par ses médiaires du l’ Ornism.

chrysolopha ; par sa téte du Troch. cristatus de Gmel. ; et par la parure

de sa gorge a l’Ornism. scutatus, Less.

Trocu. Aquita (Lodd. MSS. inéd.).

Troch. Aigle. Male adulte: bec trés arqué, décrivant le tiers

d’un cercle; mandibules robustes, trés dilatées 2 la base et

terminées en pointes; la supérieure noire, arrondie en dessus

et cannelée sur les cétés, l’inférieure blanche, également can-

nelée sur les cétés dépasse en longueur de 4 mm. la supérieure ;

téte gris-noir; cou, scapulaire, dos et couverture caudale vert-

glauque luisant, les plumes sur-caudales légérement frangées

de roux; gorge et toutes les parties inférieures du corps revé-

tues de plumes soyeuses gris-noir, flammées de blanc, sous-

caudales grises, blanches 4 leur centre; ailes presque droites, a

remiges larges, gris-noir ; queue, arrondie en éventail, 4 rectrices

angulaires vert-glauque pale, blanches a leur extrémité, le blanc

plus étendu sur les rectrices externes, diminuant sur chacune

d’elles jusqu’aux médiaires ot la pointe est marqué de blanc;

pattes trés fortes, noires, dénudées.

Long. Bec. 25 et 29 mm.; ailes 80 mm.; rect. 55 mm.

Hab. Nouvelle Grenade, les environs de Bogota, rapporté par

M. Wallis.

Rem.—Les caractéres de cet oiseau sont si différents des autres

Troch, qu’il y a peu d’espéces avec lesquelles on puisse le rap-

procher ; le Troch. Mazeppa de Lesson est le plus voisin.

Trocu. Mruyeri (Lodd. MSS. inéd.).

Troch. de Miller. Male adulte: bec noir, droit, cylindrique, blanc

a la base de la mandibule inférieure ; téte ronde ; couverte ainsi

que les cétés du cou de plumes soyeuses, vert-frais brillant ; sca-

pulaire, dos et couverture caudale vert doré luisant ; gorge de-

vant du cou, poitrine, abdomen, et sous-caudale blanc lacté,

flancs maculés de vert doré; ailes 4 remiges moyennement

étroites gris violacé; queue peu fourchue 4 rectrices étroites,

gris-vert pale tachées transversalement de brun dans leur der-

nier quart, les médiaires arrondies sans taches; pattes noires.

Long. Bec 16 mm.; ailes 50 mm.; rect. ext. 30 mm.; médi-

aires, 26.

Patrie. Le Brésil, Rio Négro, rapporté par M. Natterer.

Rem.—Cet oiseau peut se confondre avec |’ Ornism. brevirostris de

Lesson, mais ce dernier n’a pas le dessus de la téte brillante et la

queue différe de nuance.

Trocu. Scurerpersit (Lodd. MSS. inéd.).

Troch. de Schreibers, Male adulte: bec noir, fort, légérement

arqué a son extrémité, emplumé 4a ses bases; téte allongée,

toutes les parties supérieures du corps de la téte aux couver-

tures caudales vert-doré luisant, la commissure du bec est pro-

longée d’une bande étroite de plumes fauves; gorge 4 plumes

noires soyeuses, passant au violet glacé brillant sur le devant

du cou ; poitrine écaillée de plumes vertes trés brillantes, le reste

du dessous du corps vert foncé doré, région anale noire, sous-

caudales noires a reflete vert ; ailes falciformes gris-noir; queue

légérement fourchue a rectrices larges acuminées entiérement

noir-bleu, les médiaires plus courtes a reflete vert; pattes noires

un peu emplumées.

Long. Bec 25 mm.; ailes 70mm.; rect, ext. 40 mm.; suivantes

45 mm.; médiaires 35 mm.

Patrie. Alto Rio Négro (Brésil), rapporté en 1836 par M. Natterer.

.Trocn. Marrurwsi (Lodd. MSS, inéd.).

Troch. de Matthews. Male adulte: bec noir, droit, terminé en

pointe, téte allongée; toute la téte, gorge, et cou revétus de

plumes a base rousse écaillés de vert-olive brillant; scapulaire,

dos et couverture caudale vert-bronze, dessous du corps et des

ailes roux-cannelle, ainsi que les sous-caudales; ailes presque

droites, brun-violacé; queue légérement fourchue 4 rectrices

larges, arrondies roux-cannelle vif et marginées de vert luisant

a leur extrémité, les médiaires entiérement vertes luisantes ;

pattes blanchatres peu emplumées. :

Long. Bec17 mm.; ailes 80 mm.; rect. ext. 45 mm.; médi-

aires 35 mm.

Patrie. Le Pérou; rapporté par M. Matthews. |

Rem.—Cet oiseau a beaucoup de ressemblance avec le Ornism. pa-

radisea de Boiss. pour la taille et les formes.

Trocu. Wartertoni (Lodd. MSS. inéd.).

Troch. de Waterton. Male adulte: bec noir, presque droit, fort,

emplumé a sa base; téte allongée, couverte de plumes semi-

écailleuses vert doré; scapulaire, petites tectrices et dos bleu- :

violacé brillant, couverture caudale bleu verdoyant; gorge,

devant et cétés du cou épigastre, vert-brillant, abdomen et

flancs bleu foncé; sous-caudale noir-bleu; ailes falciformes,

noir-bleu ; queue trés fourchue a rectrices réguliérement étagées,

noir-bleu violacé ; pattes noires dénudées.

Long. Bec 26 mm.; ailes 55 mm.; rect. ext. 65; médiaires

20 mm.

Hab. Mibiri Creek, a 40 mille de la riviére Essequibo.

Rem.—Cet oiseau se rapproche de la Meriphilus de Less., du nigro-

fasciata de Gould, et du Colombicus de B.

Trocu. EvELYNE.

Troch. d Evelyn. Male adulte : bec gréle, noir, droit, cylindrique ;

téte ronde; toutes les parties supérieures du corps vert-brun-

doré luisant; gorge et devant du cou, paré de plumes écail-

leuses, d'un rouge-violet trés brillant revétu sur les cétés du

cou et la poitrine de plumes soyeuses blanchatres ; abdomen roux

fauve, flancs maculés de vert, sous-caudale blanchatre; ailes, &

remiges étroites, gris-noir-violacé ; queue a rectrices étroites,

allongées et acuminées, l’externe noire a reflete violet, la sui-

vante noire violet @ son extérieure et les barbules intérieures

d'un roux orangé vif, la 3° d’un roux orangé vif ne conserve

du noir, que dans la derniére moitié supérieure des barbules ex-

terne, la 4° presque entiérement noire 4 reflete violet, est roux

orangé a sa base externe, les médiaires sont rudimentaires;

pattes noires dénudées.

Long. Bec 16 mm.; ailes 38 mm.; rectrice ext. 30 mm., sui-

vantes 35 mm.; les submédiaires 24 mm.

Hab. Nassau, New Providence, rapporté par M. Swainson.

Rem.—Cet oiseau se rapproche par sa taille et ses couleurs 4

VOrnismya Elisa de Less.

ag tite A

Trocu. JOHANNA.

Troch. de Jeanne. Male adulte: bec noir, droit, long, comprimé

et rétréci en pointe & son extrémité; téte ronde; orné sur le

front de plumes écailleuses, de violet glacé brillant, téte, cou,

scapulaire et dos, vert-bleu cendré luisant ; couverture caudale

bleu-cendré; gorge grise passant au noir soyeux sur le devant

du cou et le reste du dessous du corps; ailes faiciforme gris-

noir violacé ; queue arrondie 4 rectrices noires, larges, acumi-

nées, les externes cendrées a leur extrémité; pattes noires dé-

nudées.

Long. Bec. 35 mm.; ailes 55 mm. ; rect. ext. 25 mm. ; médiaires

30 mm.

Patrie. Le Pérou; rapporté par M. Matthews.

Rem.—Cet oiseau a beaucoup de ressemblance avec le T. Ludoviciea

de Bour. et Muls., dont il différe par la plaque frontale verte chez

cette derniére espéce.

Trocu. ConraDil.

Troch. de Conrad. Male adulte: bec noir, droit, long emplumé

sur ses bases; téte allongée, front et vertex 4 plumes écailleuses

vertes trés brillantes, le corps en dessus et en dessous entiérement

d’un beau vert frais brillant 4 l’exception du devant du cou et de

lépigastre couverte de plumes soyeuses blanc de neige; région

anale garnie de duvete gris; sous-caudale vert-brillant ; ailes

falciformes grisatres, la premiére remige rouste sur sa céte ex-

térieure, les tectrices vertes comme le dos ; queue légérement bi-

furquée a rectrices larges acuminées, les médiaires vert-brillant

comme le corps, les autres rectrices d’un blanc de neige et mar-

ginées de vert-brillant dans le dernier quart de leur extrémité ;

pattes blanches dénudées.

Long. Bec 35 mm.; ailes 75 mm.; rect. ext. 45 mm.; médiaires

40 mm.

Patrie. Les environs de Caracas.

Rem.—Cet oiseau ressemble au Troch. torquatus de Boiss.

Trocu. YARRELLII.

Troch. de Yarrell. Male adulte: bec noir, droit, cylindrique ; téte

ronde, le dessus du corps entiérement gris a légers reflete de

vert-jaune luisant ; gorge et devant du cou orné d’un hausse-col

brillant bleu-clair verdoyant, et violacé au centre ; cétés du cou,

poitrine et abdomen garnis de plumes blanchatres, sous-caudales

longues et blanches; ailes 4 remiges courtes, gris-clair; queue

a rectrices gris-clair, les trois externes trés étroites, allongées et

courbées en forme de lame de yatagan, les submédiaires plus

courtes, angulaires, ainsi que les médiaires arrondies, sont légére-

ment dorées; pattes noires dénudées.

Long. Bec. 12 mm.; ailes 30 mm.; rect. ext. 36 mm. ; les sui-

vantes 39 mm.; les submédiaires 26 mm.; et les médiaires 15 mm.

La femelle. Sauf la parure de la gorge dont elle est privée et sa

queue a rectrices étroites grises 4 leur base, noires 4 leur centre

et blanche a l’extrémité, le reste du corps est semblable 4 celui

du male.

Hab. Montévideo.

Rem.—Cet oiseau a beaucoup de rapport avec l’Ornism. cora de

Lesson et l’Ornism. Labrador. de B.

Trocu. SPENCE.

Troch. de Spence. Male adulte : bec noir, droit, cylindrique; téte

_ ronde, front orné de plumes écailleuses d’une nuance d’acier-bruni,

toutes les parties supérieures du corps sont vert-brun doré; gorge,

devant et cétés du cou, couverte de larges plumes écaillées d’un

beau violet-immortelle éclatant bordée en dessous d’une bande

blanche lactée; flancs et abdomen vert-brun brougé ; ailes fal-

ciformes, 4 remiges larges brun violacé, queue a rectrices égales

noires bronzé-rougeAtres en dessus; pattes noires dénudées.

Long. Bec 20 mm.; ailes 55 mm.; queue 35 mm.

Hab. Merida.

Rem.—Cet oiseau ressemble au Troch. amethysticollis de D’Orbigny

et Lafresnaye, 41’ Ornis. Clarisse de Lesson, et du Troch. strophianus

de Gould.

Troc#. RuckERt.

Troch. de Rucker.. Male adulte: bec long, légérement arqué, di-

laté & sa base, mandibule supérieure noire, l’inférieure blanche ;

téte, cou, scapulaire, dos, et couverture caudale vert sombre lui-

sant ; de la commissure du bec a la nuque, une bande blanch-

atre étroite; gorge et dessous du corps gris-noir bronzé; ailes

presque droites, brun violacé ; queue arrondie en éventail, les

médiaires vert-bronzé et blanche a leur extrémité, les autres

rectrices d’un blanc lacté sont traversées dans leur derniére

moitié d’une bande noir-bleu; pattes et ongles blanchatres et

dénudées.

Long. Bec 38 mm.; ailes 60 mm.; rect. ext. 25 mm. ; médiaires

40 mm.

Patrie inconnue.

Rem.—Cet oiseau 2 du rapport avec le T. Antonia de Bour. et

Muls., et du T. ruficollis de Gmel.

Trocu. DovuBLEDAYI.

Troch. de Doubleday. Male adulte: bec droit, dilaté 4 sa base,

blanc, et noir 4 son extrémité; téte ronde; calotte verte, trés

brillante 4 reflete azurés; nuque, scapulaire, dos, couverture

caudale vert foncé luisant; gorge, devant et cotés du cou, épi-

gastre revétus de plumes écailleuses bleu vif brillant, abdomen

moins bleu et vert sur les flancs; région anale garnie de duvet

blanc ; ailes légérement recourbées gris-noir ; queue cordiforme

a rectrices larges et arrondies, noir-bleu, les 4 médiaires cendrées

a leur extrémité; pattes noires dénudées.

Long. Bec 20mm.; ailes 45 mm.; rect. ext. 30 mm. ; médiaires

24 mm.

tf) ray Présumé de Rio Négro.

Rem.—Cet oiseau a beaucoup de ressemblance avec l’ Ornis. cyanea

de Less.

Trocu. MitcHeEttir.

Troch. de Mitchell. Male adulte: bec noir, droit, cylindrique,

emplumé sur ses bases, toutes les parties supérieures du corps

vert-noir légérement bronzé ; gorge devant et cotés du cou garnis

d’un hausse-col brillant violet-immortelle foncé, poitrine blanch-

Atre, abdomen et flancs gris-noir; ailes 4 remiges étroites gris-

noir; queue trés bifurquée rectrices étroites, allongées et ter-

minées en pointe, gris-noir violacé, les médiaires trés courtes et

arrondies; pattes noires dénudées.

Long. Bec 15 mm.; ailes 33 mm.; rect. ext. 32 mm.; médiaires

14 mm.

Patrie. Zimapan.

Rem.—Cet oiseau ressemble par sa taille et ses formes & I’ Ornism.

amethystinus de Less.

Trocu. Norrisit.

Troch. de Norris. Male adulte: bec dilaté a la base, presque

droit, blanchatre et noir vers son extrémité; téte, cou, scapulaire,

dos vert doré pale, couverture caudale gris-vert pale ; gorge de-

vant et cdtés du cou, écaillés de plumes vert-doré brillant, épi-

gastre blanc de neige, abdomen et flancs fauve clair, sous-cau-

dales gris-blanc; ailes presque droites gris-pale; queue a rec-

trices égales, allongées, acuminées, toutes gris-vert pale lui-

sant; pattes blanchatres dénudées.

Long. Bec 18 mm.; ailes 55 mm.; rect. 35 mm,

Patrie. Guayaquil.

Rem.—Cet ois. ressemble par sa taille et ses formes a l’Ornism.

Amagili de Lesson et au Troch. corallirostris de Bourc. et. Mauls.

Cette méme espéce existe dans la collection de la Société Zool.

M. Bourcier remarked that he had received permission from

Mr. Conrad Loddiges to lay before the Society the preceding descrip-

tion of the species which still remained unique or uncharacterized in

the superb collection formed by the late Mr. Loddiges. He was de-

sirous also of acknowledging the kindness and courtesy with which

Mr. Loddiges’ MSS. notes had been communicated to him; and of

bearing testimony to the value of the ideas of a classification of Tro-

chilidee which had evidently existed in the mind of that collector,

although unfortunately he had never reduced them to writing. The

collection of Mr. Loddiges has been renowned among ornithologists

for many years; and there is no doubt that he was the first possessor

of almost all the most beautiful and interesting forms existing in this

family. The extent and richness of his cabinet cannot be better

shown than by the fact of its including, at the present moment, so

large a number of species which have hitherto escaped the extraor-

dinary attention of other Trochilidists and their collectors.

In the possession of Mr. Loddiges, Mr. Gould, Mr. Rucker and

Mr. Leadbeater, and in the British Museum, M. Bourcier had be-

come acquainted with thirty species not known in the collections of

France.

3. DESCRIPTION DE DEUX ESPECES NOUVELLES DE T'ROCHILIDEES.

Par Jutes BourcieEr.

Trocuixus Caron.

Troch. de Charles. Male adulte: bec noir, droit et cylindrique ;

téte ronde; dessus de la téte, scapulaire et dos revétus de

plumes vert sombre légérement bronzées, passant un vert plus

prononcé sur les couvertures caudales ; gorge et devant du cou,

pailletés de plumes grenat brillant; tache blanche sous l’eeil ;

parties inférieures du corps gris foncé, lavé de vert ; région anale

de duvet blanc a base noire; sous-caudales blanchatres, grises

& leur centre; ailes falciformes gris-violacé; queue fourchue,

les quatre médiaires étagées, vert-bronzé, les six autres noires

4 reflete violacés, les laterales & barbules fauve sur le bord ex-

terne de leur extrémité; pattes noires dénudées.

Long. Bec 22mm.; ailes 60 mm. ; rect. ext. 55 mm. ; médiaires

30 mm.

Rem.—Cet oiseau fait partie de la belle collection de Mr. Edward

Wilson.

TrocuiLus GEORGINE.

Troch. de Georgina. Male adulte: bec noir a base, large, recou-

verte de plumes ; mandibule supérieure droite, sillonnée, légére-

ment relevée et déprimée & son extrémité ; mandibule inférieure

droite dans sa premiére moitié et courbée de bas en haut en

forme d’aléne dans la seconde ; téte allongée et déprimée, toutes

les parties supérieures du corps sont couvertes de plumes soy-

euses vert-bronzé luisant; les parties inférieures du corps gris-

vert luisant et fauve sur l’abdomen, région anale garnie de duvet

fauve; ailes droites, brun-violacé; bordé de roux le long du

poignet ; queue a remiges larges et égales noir-bleu, tachées de

blanc 2 leur extrémité, les médiaires entiérement vert-bronzé ;

pattes noires et dénudées, ongles robustes.

Long. Bec 15 mm.; ailes 55 mm.; queue 40 mm.

Patrie. La Nouvelle Grenade (fait partie de la collection deT. B.)

Rem.—Cet ois. a de la ressemblance avec le Troch. eurypterus de

Loddiges.

4, DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF FULIGULA.

By A. D. Barrett.

Fuuieura rerinoipes. Fulig. ferinoides fuligule ferine similis,

sed magnitudine minori, colore saturatiori, alis speculo albo con-

spicue notatis, oculis stramineis, trached pauld longiore et angus-

tiore, et sterno multo minore, diversd; emarginationes tamen sterni

ejus iis ferine sterni magnitudine equales.

Paget's Pochard. Adult male: Upper part of head, neck and

cheeks reddish chestnut, tinged with purple; a small triangular spot

of white at the commencement of the feathers under the bill; chin,

throat, lower part of neck and breast black, darkest on the breast ;

back, scapulars, flank and side-feathers finely freckled with trans-

verse lines of black on a greyish-white ground ; greater wing-coverts

and primaries greyish-black, the latter darkest at the tips; seconda-

ries white, forming the speculum ; tips of the feathers black, edged

with white ; rump, tail, upper and under tail-coverts brownish black ;

belly mottled, the tips of the feathers being white, the remaining

portion brownish; bill and legs bluish slate; the tip of the former

and the webs and claws of the latter black ; the eyes straw-colour.

The young birds differ in having the head, neck and breast of a

lighter and brighter chestnut-red (becoming darker as the bird ad-

vances to maturity) ; the under tail-coverts greyish-white.

Entire length, 174 inches ; wing, from carpal joint, 72; dill, from

forehead, 1; middle toe and claw, 25 inches.

I have proposed the above specific name for this bird, as it appears

more closely allied to our common Pochard than to any other species.

I have called it, at Mr. Fisher’s suggestion, Paget’s Pochard, after

the late E. J. Paget, Esq., of Great Yarmouth, a gentleman well-

known as a zealous and accomplished naturalist, and one of the au-

thors of the ‘ Sketch of the Natural History of Great Yarmouth and

its Neighbourhood,’ near which place the first authenticated British

specimen was obtained. ;

Remarks.—This bird may be readily distinguished from the com-

mon Pochard (which it most resembles) by its smaller size, darker

colouring, the conspicuous white speculum on the wing, and the colour

of the eyes. The female is unknown to me, but I presume it will

much resemble the female of the Pochard, and will doubtless possess

the white speculum on the wings.

The trachea of F. ferinoides differs from that of F. ferina in being

rather longer and narrower, the tube being much narrower at the

upper part, gradually enlarging towards the middle, where it is

largest, and contracting gradually towards the end, which is its

smallest part: the labyrinth is smaller in front, but much wider and

differently formed on the left side; the enlargement at the bottom

of the tympanum is also greater than that of the corresponding part

in F. ferina: although the sternum is much smaller, the emargina-

tions are quite equal in size to these parts in ferina.

With reference to the supposition that these birds are hybrids, I

beg to remark, that I have paid some attention to the subject of hy-

brids, and have compiled a list of the different species of Water Fowl

(as far as I have been able to collect) which have produced hybrids.

On referring to this list it will be seen that nineteen different kinds

are mentioned ; five of these are referable to the Common Goose, and

five of them to the Common Duck; the remaining nine kinds are re-

ferable to species commonly kept, and which breed freely in a state

of captivity. I am unable to find one instance of any species of the

genus Fuligula (which includes no less than 15 species) having under

any circumstances crossed. ‘These birds are most difficult to breed

in a state of captivity; I have known several pairs of the Common

Pochard (Fuligula ferina) kept for years in places well-suited for

breeding (where many wild species and one of this genus annually

breed), yet these birds showed no inclination to breed, although they

were perfectly healthy, and assumed the breeding dress at the proper

season. As these birds have the power of suppressing and checking

their desires when not in a perfect state of nature, I cannot imagine

or think it probable that they would associate and breed, in a state

of nature, with species distinct from themselves, possessing as they

do the power of travelling over the globe if necessary to find a mate

of its own species. Again, the fact of three specimens having been

obtained at distant periods, agreeing in internal as well as external

characters, is I think sufficient to prevent any one entertaining such

an opinion.

List of Hybrids.

Hooper Swan.

Chinese Goose.

Common Goose............ Canada Goose.

Bernacle Goose.

White-fronted Goose.

Chinese Goose.

Egyptian Goose............ { Spennge Goose.

Common Duck.

Chinese Goose.

Canada Goose ....

” Bernacle Goose.

BennsGoose Wy 25) asic Sede Pink-footed Goose.

White-fronted Goose ...... Bernacle Goose.

Muscovy Duck.

Shelldrake.

Common Duck 2) SS Pintail Duck.

Wigeon.

Egyptian Goose.

Shoveller ................ | Garganey Teal.

LE el gs elas hae digi ae Wigeon.

5. NotTEs ON SOME RARE Birps or New ZEALAND AND AUSTRALIA.

By Mr. F. StranGE, IN A LETTER TO JoHN Goutp, Esa., F.R.S. etc.

“Srricops Haproptitus, G. R. Gray.—The Ka-ka-po, or Night

Parrot of the New Zealanders, is an inhabitant of the western side of

the Middle island, and like the Kiwi-kiwi or Apteryz is strictly noc-

turnai in its habits, and never leaves its retreat during the day; its

usual place of resort consists of burrows, formed by itself, beneath

the roots of large trees or under immense pieces of rock, whence they

cannot, even by the natives, be easily dug out. Its food consists of

fern-roots, which it digs up with its bill, and the outer covering of

the leaves of flax, which it obtains by drawing the leaves between the

mandibles and leaving the flax behind. They are not gregarious,

more than two never being found together, except a pair of young

ones, which appear to stop with the old birds until they have attained

the size of their parents. ‘This is one of the birds the natives set

great store by, the head being cut off, strung by the nostrils, and

worn in the ears on their grand feast-days. It is known to the sealers

by the name of the Green Bird of New Zealand.

« Apreryx Austratis.—Kiwi-kiwi of the New Zealanders. I am

told that a second species of Apteryx is to be found on the Middle

island, that it stands about three feet high ; itis called by the sealers

the Fireman. Aware, from your figures and description, that the

sexes differ considerably in size, I pointed this out to my informant ;

but he still persisted that there are two species, in confirmation of

which opinion he added, that he had taken the eggs of the two birds,

and found those of one species to be much larger than those of the

other. The larger kind are nearly the size of the Emu’s; they are

somewhat long in form and blunt at the ends; their colour isa dirty

white. They are deposited in a burrow on a nest formed of roots

and sticks, and a few of the bird’s own feathers.

-“ Scyrarors Nov# Hoxrtanpiz.—I send you the egg of this

species, and also the female bird out of which it was taken, after she

had received two shots.”

April 27, 1847.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following communications were read to the Meeting :—

1. Descriptions oF THE EccGs oF SOME OF THE Birps oF CHILE,

By Witiram Yarre tt, Esa., F.L.S.

From my earliest acquaintance with the eggs of our British Birds,

I was led to consider that this department of natural history had not

been studied with the attention these beautiful objects deserve; and

the examination of collections of eggs made in India, Australia, North

America, and more recently in Chile, have served to confirm my first

impression.

The history of a plant would be incomplete if it did not include a

description of the leaf, the flower, and the fruit, as these appear in

succession.

Mr. MacLeay has told us in his ‘ Hore Entom.,’ p. 448, that ‘as

the knowledge of the whole life of an insect must make us better

acquainted with its nature than a mere description of one of its forms,

in the same proportion ought metamorphosis to outweigh every other

principle of arrangement.” ;

Of two naturalists who studied the Lepidoptera of Europe, it has

been stated, that ‘‘ not satisfied with an acquaintance with the insect

in its perfect state, they examined it also in the early stages of its

No. CLXXII.—Procrepines or tue Zoot. Soc.

existence ; they compared the various caterpillars with the butterflies

which are produced from them, traced with indefatigable industry

the plan of nature in these animals, and discovered the resemblance

which was invariably preserved in the structure of species related to

each other in affinity, in the different stages of their existence.”

With these examples in view, I have been induced to consider the

egg of a bird as one stage or condition in the life of the animal :

That the colour and markings we find deposited on the external

surface of the shell afford indications by which classification may be

assisted :

That the eggs of congeneric species will resemble each other in

colour and markings, whatever may he the geographical locality in

which such species are found.

Mr. Hewitson, in the introduction to his work containing excellent

delineations of the eggs of British birds, observes, that ‘‘ much useful

and highly interesting information might be gained towards the clas-

sification of birds, by paying some attention to their eggs; and it is

gratifying to find, in thus regarding them, that, with the exception

of a few instances, were we to take the eggs of our British birds as

our only guide, we should arrive at the best and most approved ar-

rangement of the different genera.”

I am aware that exceptions and discrepancies may be pointed out.

The colour deposited on the egg-shells is an animal matter, depend-

ent on the health of the bird. Fear or confinement acting consti-

tutionaliy upon the organs of secretion are known to affect this

colouring-matter.

The greatest amount of variation is found to occur among the

Laride.

With these preliminary remarks, I proceed to the description of a

collection of eggs of some of the birds of Chile, obtained by Mr.

Bridges, and exhibited here by Mr. Cuming.

Cathartes Iota of oe Chilian name Joté.—The egg of this

Vulture measures 2 in. in length, and 1 in. ;% in breadth: the

shape is rather peculiar, vet broadest at the centre and tapering

gradually in both directions, so as to become pointed at both ends.

The ground colour is white, slightly tinged with red; blotched with

pale red; spotted and speckled with dark brownish red.

Haliaétus aguia, Temminck ; Aquila of the Spanish ; Calquin of the

Indians.—The egg is 2 in. 2 in length by 2 in. ,, in breadth;

elliptic ; white, with a few spots of dark red and numerous spots and

speckles of pale red.

Polyborus Brasiliensis, Swainson; Chilian name Traro and Taro.

—The egg of this bird is 2 in. ;4, in length by 2 in. in breadth;

blotched, spotted and speckled with dark red, on a ground of reddish

white. This egg, in its colour and markings, resembles those of our

British Osprey.

Milvago pezoporos, Bh a Chilian name Tuiqgue.—The egg mea-

sures 1 in. 58, by 1 in. 4,; white, tinged with red; blotched, spot-

ted and speckled with dark brownish red.

Strix pratincola, Bonap.; Strix flammea of Wilson; Strix Ameri-

cana of Audubon. Screech Owl.—The egg is pure white, and mea-

sures ] in. 12 in length and 1 in. ;4, in breadth.

Turdus Falklandicus of Quoy and Gaim.; Chilian name Torzal.—

This egg closely resembles those of our British Missel Thrush. The

ground colour pale bluish white, spotted and speckled with pale red.

The length 1 in. 3, the breadth three-quarters of an inch.

Geositta canicularia of Vieillot; Chilian name Caminante.—The

egg is pure white, and measures ;% of an inch in length by {/, of an

inch in breadth.

Cyanotis omnicolor, Swains.; Chilian name Pajaro.—This small

egg measures only 13 of an inch in length by half an inch in breadth ;

of a pure and spotless white, but some specimens of the eggs are

tinged with pale buff-colour.

Crithagra brevirostris, Gould; Chilian name Chirique.—The egg

is white, tinged with green, speckled with brownish red, and mea-

sures ; of an inch in length by half an inch and 54, in breadth.

Fringilla Diuca, Mol. “The Chilian name is Thiuca or Diuca.—

The egg of this bird measures 1 inch in length by ;4 of an inch in

breadth: the ground colour white, tinged with green, more or less

mottled all over with two shades of greenish brown.

Phytotoma rara, Mol. Called Rara by the natives.—The egg

measures 1 inch in length by 54 of an inch in breadth, and is of a

delicate bluish green, with a few specks of dark reddish brown at the

larger end.

Sturnella Loica, Mol. The Chilian name is Loica.—The egg of

this bird measures 1 in. ;}, in length by ;8 of an inch in breadth:

the ground colour white, spotted and speckled with pale red, dark

brownish red, and purple grey. ,

Icterus Thilius, Mol. The Chilian name Thili or Trili.—This egg

measures 1 inch in length by ;% of an inch in breadth: the ground

colour white, sometimes tinged with buff, with a few spots and

streaks of dark reddish brown deposited over the larger end.

Zenaida aurita, Temm.; Chilian name Tortola.—The egg of this

species, which is the most common of the Columbide found in

Chile, is white, and measures 1 in. ,3, in length by ,%, of an inch in

breadth.

Columbina strepitans, Spix ; Tortolita cyana of the Chilians.—The

egg of this pretty little species of Dove is also of a pure white, smooth

and shining; the length ;% of an inch, the breadth 54.

Nothura perdicaria, G. R. Gray; Perdiz of the Chilians.—This

beautiful egg, of a uniform rich purple-chocolate brown, the sur-

face smooth and polished, measures 1 in. ;%; in length and 1 in.

in breadth. ;

Two other unnamed eggs in this collection, of the same character

and colour as that of the Nothura last-described, and probably be-

longing to two species of the genus Tinochorus found in Chile, may

be here referred to; the larger one 2 in. {/, in length by 14 in. in

breadth ; the other 1 in. ,8 in length and 14 im. in breadth. EI-

liptic in shape, of a rich and uniform purple-chocolate brown; the

surface highly polished.

Another egg in this collection, not named, but apparently belong-

ing to some species of Tinamou, may be mentioned as: account of its

beauty. It measures 1 in. 53 in length, and 1 in. J, in breadth;

the shape is elliptic, and the colour a uniform delicate siskin-green.

Rhea Darwini, Gould, ‘ Voyage of the Beagle,’ Birds, page 123,

plate 47.—The egg of this fine species measures 43 in. in length

and 34 in. in breadth: elliptic in form; the colour whitish, but

tinged with very pale asparagus-green. ‘This egg is figured by Dr.

Thienemann in his new work now in course of publication on the

incubation of birds in general, part 1. page 4. tab. 2. fig. 2, with the

additional name of Rhea pennata D’ Orbignii.

Scolopax Paraguaie, Vieill. Called by the Chilians Avecasina and

Porrotero.—The egg is 14 in. long and 12 in. broad; olive-brown,

blotched and spotted with dark reddish brown and pale brown. This

egg, in colour and markings, exactly resembles the egg of our most

common British Snipe.

Vanellus Cuheuae: —The egg thus marked measures 1 in. 5% in

length and 1 in. ,% in breadth: olive-brown, spotted with black and

greyish brown ; an resembling the eggs of our British Vanellus.

Rallus sanguinolentus, Swains. ; Chilian name Piden.—This egg is

1 in. 58 long and i+ in. in breadth : the ground colour white, tinged

with red, partially spotted with yellowish red. In its ground colour

and markings very similar to the egg of our British Rallus.

Gallinula crassirestris, J. E. Gray. Called by the Chilians Taguita.

—The egg roadie white, s spotted with two shades of reddish brown;

the length 1 in. , by 1 in. 4, in breadth. *

Fulica ete G. R, Gia “7 his egg, closely resembling An of

our Common Coot in its colours and markings, measures 2 in. 54 in

length, and 14 in. in breadth: pale brownish white, or stone- colour,

speckled over with nutmeg-brown.

Cygnus nigricollis, Gmelin. Cisne is the Chilian name for this

Black-necked Swan. The egg is near 4 in. in length by 23 in. in

breadth ; white, tinged with pale buff.

Rhynchaspis maculatus. The Chilian name of this bird is Pato

Abaston.—The egg measures 2 in. ;3, in length and 13 in. in breadth;

dull, greyish white, tinged with green.

Querquedula cerulata, Eyton. ‘The Chilian name of this little Duck

(the Anas Rafflesii of Vigors) is Pato colorado.—The egg is 2 in. in

length and 1 in. ;4, in breadth: the colour a uniform pale buffy

white.

Anas Bahamensis? Linn., called Pato Jergon grande by the Chi-

lians, produces an egg ,), of an inch larger in both its dimensions

than the egg of the Pato colorado last-described, and of a richer and

more decided buff-colour.

Podiceps Chilensis, Garnot. Called by the Chilians Guala and

Gualon.—This large species of Grebe produces an egg of 2 in. 3, in

length by 14 in. in breadth, of a dull white, stained with earthy

brown.

Podiceps Kalipareus, Quoy and Gaim. The eee name Gualita

de la Mar.—The egg of this Grebe measures | in. ;8, by 1} in., of a

dull white, some of them more or less stained w ith dirty enti de-

pending on the number of days they may have been deposited in the

nest.

The egg of a third species of Podiceps, bearing the Chilian name

Gargari, is yet a little ee tee than the egg of the etn last de-

scribed, measuring only 1 in. ; in length and 1 in. {5 in breadth;

the colour as usual in the eggs 7, all the Grebes.

2. DescRIPTION OF A NEW Genus or Emyp&. By J. E. Gray, Ese.,

F.R.S., F.Z.S. rc.

In the museum of the Zoological Society is a fine specimen of a

large freshwater Tortoise, presented by Lieut. Mawe, R.N., who

found it in South America in the year 1833.

It is marked by Mr. Fraser ‘“‘ Emys Mawii, Bibron, original of M.

B.’s description, No. 6899,” but I can find no such species described

in M. Bibron’s work, nor is it an Emys as defined by that author.

It differs from all the known Emyde in being covered with very

thin membranaceous scales, and in having a broad sternum with a

series of four large distinctly defined plates placed over the sterno-

costal suture. The gular plates are very small, and there are no

axillary or inguinal plates.

My genus Platystemon has the same kind of sterno-costal plates,

but quite a differently formed shell. The head is very large and the

tail elongate.

DERMATEMYS, 0. g.

Ch. gen.—Testa ovalis, gibba, acarinata, in lateribus rotundata, mar-

gine posteriore expanso, pauld reflexo, scutellis membranaceis

tenuissimis defenso. Scutelle marginales posteriores late. Ster.

num planum anterius rotundatum posterius emarginatum. Squame

gulares parve, triangulares, teste superiori per longum symphysin

affixe. Sutura sterno-costalis squamis magnis quatuor defensa,

postremis duabus maximis squamis, minima anteriore. Scutelle

axillares et inguinales nulla. Testa vix ad aperturam contracta.

Head ? Toes webbed? Claws >

Shell oblong, convex, not keeled; sides rounded, hinder edge ex-

panded, slightly reflexed, covered with very thin membranaceous

shields. The hinder marginal shields broad. Sternum flat, rounded

in front, notched behind: the gular plates small, triangular, united

to the upper shell by a long symphysis; the sterno-costal suture

covered with four large distinctly defined plates ; the anterior smaller,

the two hinder largest. The axillary and inguinal plates none. The

cavity of the shell is scarcely contracted at the opening.

Hab. South America,

Dermatemys Mawii, n. s.—Vertebral plates: lst broad, seven-

sided ; 2nd, 3rd and 4th longer than broad. Colour pale brown ; the

upper surface covered with small, close, irregular depressions of a

darker brown colour ; the shields pale, nearly transparent, very brittle

when dry; the under surface uniform pale yellowish white, with

slightly sunken grooves.

Length of upper shell 17 inches; width 11 inches ; length of ster-

num 122 inches.

Remarks.—The specimen appears to be not quite full-grown. It

has much of the external appearance of Phrynops Geoffroyii, and the

general thinness of the scales of Chelydide; but there is no appear-

ance of any scar on the inner surface of the sternum for the attach-

ment of the pelvis; and though the gular scale is worn and nearly

obliterated, yet it is sufficiently distinct to show that it has no inter- .

gular plate.

3. DrscriIprions OF NEW CRUSTACEA FROM THE EASTERN SEAS.

By Apam Waite, F.L.S.

Family Inacuripa2.

Genus Doctza, Leach.

DociEa catciTRaPA, White, n. s., List of Specimens of Crust. in

Brit. Mus. p. 4.

Carapace with seventeen large spines on the back and sides, and

sixteen smaller tubercles on the upper surface; seven of the large

spines down the middle of carapace, six of them erect, the sixth

springing from the base of the much-elongated horizontal terminal

spine; the last of the spines of the side much longer than the other

three. The whole surface seems to have been covered with hairs,

The four hind pairs of legs are very long and slender.

Breadth of carapace 1 inch 4 lines; length 1 inch 10 lines.

A species distinguishable at first sight from the four species hitherto

described, of all of which there are specimens in the Museum Col-

lection.

Hab. Philippine Islands (Zebu) : Brit. Museum. From Mr, Cu-

ming’s collection.

Family Marana.

Hyastrenus, White.

Carapace rather oblong, rounded on the sides behind, before and

behind the eyes straight; a slight transverse groove in upper orbit ;

front with two horns as long as the carapace, at first parallel and then

diverging and directed slightly downwards ; outer antennz with all

the joints cylindrical; the insertion of the basal joint concealed by

the frontal horn.

Fore-legs slender ; second pair of legs the longest and very slender ;

terminal joint with the edge spined.

A genus allied to Hyas and Chorinus, the only species of which

was long ago figured in the large work of Seba.

—

i i ee

Hyasrenvus Sesz, White, List of Specimens of Crust. in Brit. Mus.

p. 6.

Upper surface somewhat roughish, and covered with a delicate

down.

Cancer araneus cornutus alter, Seba, Thes. iii. 45. t. 18. f. 12.

Hab. Philippine Islands. From the collection of Mr. Cuming.

Also found by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, C.B.

Family ParTHENnopPip2.

Crratocarcinus, Adams & White.

Form of the carapace somewhat pentagonal; the sides, over the

insertion of the first pair of legs, produced into a large spine directed

slightly forwards ; front wide and prominent, projecting on each side’

in the form of conical horns, widely separate from each other. Eyes

rather small, peduncles short, the eye fitting into a groove on the side

of the beak. Outer antenne considerably developed, the terminal

appendages at least half the length of the whole antenne, and pro-

jecting beyond the horns of the beak.

First pair of legs much-elongated ; the sides nearly parallel; the

wrist somewhat pear-shaped, without spines on the inside, the edges

of the pincers meeting and serrated. The second pair of legs longer,

more slender than the last three pairs; the tarsal joint slender and

elongated ; fourth and fifth pairs of equal length ; the fifth pair, as in

Eumedonus, placed so high as nearly to conceal the insertion of the

fourth pair ; the tarsal joints of these legs thick ; the claw at the end

translucent. Abdomen of male as in Humedonus; the female un-

known.

This genus is closely allied to Eumedonus of Prof. Milne Edwards

(Crust. i. 349), and, like it, comes from the Eastern Seas.

CERATOCARCINUS LONGIMANUS, N. 8., List of Specimens of Crust. in

Brit. Mus. p. 125.

Two pointed transverse tubercles, tufted with hair at the end, on

the back of the carapace, behind the eyes; the first pair of legs

covered with minute warts and with several deep longitudinal grooves;

the pincers blackish brown, except at the base.

Hab. North coast of Borneo (Balambangan); British Museum.

Presented hy Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, C.B., R.N.

When alive, according to the observations of Arthur Adams, Esq.,

who found it, the colour of this species is blood-red, with five light

bands across the carapace.

Gonatonotvus, Adams & White.

Carapace pentagonal, depressed, the iateral angles very sharp;

the front very wide, lamelliform, dilated, rounded, slightly notched

at the end. Eyes large, prominent; peduncles short, inserted in a

deepish notch on the side. Outer antenne with the terminal appen-

dage elongated.

First pair of legs thickish; the wrist rounded and spined on the

inside, the claws serrated on the edge; third and fourth pairs of

legs rather longer than the second and fifth; the tarsal joints of the

second, third, fourth and fifth pairs of equal size and thickness; the

fifth pair of legs inserted above the fourth pair. ‘

Abdomen of female seven-jointed ; three or four of the basal joints

seen from above. Male unknown.

This genus is allied to Eumedonus.

GonaTonotus PENTAGONUS, n.8s., List of Specimens of Crust. in

Brit. Mus. p. 125.

Carapace above closely verrucose, the warts depressed; a strong-

ish ridge across the back, extending from one lateral angle to the

other, with two tubercles in the middle; the front grooved down the

middle; the centre of the back with two longitudinal impressions ;

terminal joint of abdomen in female verrucose.

First pair of legs verrucose; the pincers grooved.

Mr. Adams found this species on the coast of Borneo. When

alive it is of a brick-red colour, with the chele crimson; under sur-

face rufous.

LAMBRUS LAMELLIGER, White, List of Specimens of Crust. in Bnit.

Mus. p. 12.

Front depressed, flat, thin; upper surface of carapace with three

largish protuberances behind, one in the middle and one on each side ;

carapace longer than wide; sides about the middle crenated ; fore-

legs very long.

Breadth of carapace 44 lines; length 53 lines.

Hab. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming’s collection.

LaMBRUS TURRIGER, White, List of Specimens of Crust. in Brit.

Mus. p. 12.

_ Carapace longer than wide; front small, depressed and consider-

ably grooved in the middle, the side with a small tooth on each side;

back of carapace with four elevated spines, thickened and blunt at

the end, the first about midway between front and back; behind it

another much higher, and one on each side of this; on the hind

margin of carapace, in the middle, are two spines.

Arms very long, verrucose; legs very slender and smooth.

Breadth of carapace about 4 lines; length about 4} lines.

Hab. Philippine Islands: British Museum. From Mr. Cuming’s

collection.

Also brought by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, C.B., R.N.

4, ON SOME UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA IN THE SOCIETY'S

Cottection. -By Epwarp Dovusiepay, Esa., F.L.S. &c. &c.

Genus PIErRIs.

Pieris Puaoxa. Pi. alis omnibus supra albis, anticarum margine

externo late nigro, posticarum punctis sex nigris notato, subtts

pallide flavescentibus, basi flavis, marginibus externis nigro-punc-

tatis. Exp. alar. 24 unc. vel 57 millim.

Hab. Fernando Po.

Above, all the wings white, very slightly tinted with yellowish

at the base; anterior wings with the costa narrowly black; the outer

_margin with a broad black border, dentate internally, broadest at the

apex. Posterior wings with a series of seven round black dots on

the margin.

Below, pale cream-colour or white, slightly tinged with yellow;

palest on the disc of the anterior wings; the base and costa of the

anterior and the costa of posterior wings yellow; apex and outer

margin of anterior wings with a series of nine black dots, of which

the first to the sixth are minute, the seventh larger and double, the

eighth and ninth larger than any except the seventh. Posterior wings

with a marginal series of seven black dots: the first, second and

third very minute, fourth, fifth and sixth progressively larger, seventh

small.

Head, thorax and abdomen black, sprinkled especially below with

white scales. Antenne black, annulated with white.

In the collection of the Zoological Society.

This species is closely allied to P. Eudozia, but differs in wanting

the bright orange patch at the base of the anterior wings, and in the

form and number of the dots on the posterior wings, as well as in

the colour of the under surface, which is pure white with a silvery

lustre in the males of that species.

Pieris Matuta. Pi. alis omnibus supra albis, apice anticarum nigro ;

margine posticarum nigro punctato ; subtis albidis basi anticarum

costaque posticarum luteis. Exp. alar. 23 unc. vel 63 millim.

Hab. Fernando Po.

Wings above white, the anterior with the apex and outer margin

as far as the third median nervule irregularly black; a black spot

on the margin above the first and second median nervule. Posterior

wings with a slender cuneiform dot at the extremity of each nervule.

Below, anterior white, the costa itself very narrowly black, the base

marked with a broad luteous patch. Posterior wings very pale

cream-colour, with slight pearly reflections, the costa at the base

luteous. Extremities of the nervules slightly fuscous. Head and

thorax black, clothed with white hairs. Abdomen black, covered

with white scales. Antennz black, annulated with white.

Genus ATERICA.

Aterica Barce. Af. alis omnibus supra @neo-nigris, marginibus

externis fuscis, subtis ochraceis, fascia communi transversa, plaga

discoidali anticarum, strigis undatis maculisque brunneis. Exp.

alar. 24 unc. vel 55 mill.

Hab. Sierra Leone.

Above, all the wings zneo-fuscous, with green and bluish reflec-

tions; the outer margin of the anterior broadly fuscous at the apex,

less so at the anal angle; a slight fuscous cloud at the end of the

cell and another much larger beyond it. Posterior wings with the

costal and abdominal margins and the outer angle broadly fuscous ;

outer margin, except at the angle, narrowly so. Abdominal fold

No. CLXXIII.—Procrepines or tHE Zoot. Soc.

thickly lined with long hairs. Cilia fuscous, spotted with whitish.

Below ochrey brown, the anterior wings with a minute dark brown

spot in the cell close to the base; a large, irregular, subtriangular, .

dark brown patch before the middle, divided in the cell by a spot of

the ground colour. Beyond the middle is a much-waved abbreviated

brown striga, and a similar one extends along the whole outer mar-

gin. Between these two strige is a transverse band of a vinous

brown, commencing at the apex and extending to the middle of the

inner margin, narrow at its commencement, broad at its termination,

where it occupies nearly the whole space from the middle of the

wings to the anal angle, and is divided by a faint ochrey cloud.

Posterior wings with a broad reddish brown band across the middle,

divided by a pale ochreous spot near the costa, beyond which is a

paler brown cloud. Near the margin is a much-waved brown striga,

and the outer angle is brown. Near the base is a somewhat reni-

form brown spot, paler in the centre, and below it a ring of the same

colours.

Head, thorax and abdomen fuscous above, rufescent below. An-

tenn very long, black.

In the collection of the Zoological Society.

Genus CHARAXES.

Cuaraxes Poraortes. Ch. alis omnibus supra fulvis, nigro lim-

batis maculatisque, anticis serie marginali punciorum, posticis

lunularum fulvarum ; subtis saturate fulvis, fascia media alteraque

submarginali argenteis, maculis plurimis, vittisque numerosis ni-

gris argenteo cinctis. Exp. alar. 45 unc. vel 116 mill.

Hab. Madagascar.

Above, all the wings fulvous, with a broad black border exter-

nally, broadest on the posterior wings, marked on the outer margin

of the anterior with a series of fulvous dots between the nervules,

and on the posterior just within the margin with a series of lunules

also placed between the nervules; this border is irregularly dentate

within on the anterior wings, and divided near the apex by a row of

four fulvous dots; not dentate internally on the posterior wings, but

less defined, being slightly shaded into the fulvous. The base both

of the anterior and posterior wings is slightly shaded with fuscous,

and the anterior are marked, in the cell, with two rounded spots, an

elongate subquadrate one on the disco-cellular nervules, a sub-

quadrate one immediately beyond the cell above the third median

nervule, a longer one immediately below this, and another broadly

lunate between the first and second median nervule, all black. Be-

tween these spots and the black margin is a short submacular band

extending from the costa to the second disco-cellular nervule. Outer

margin of anterior wings sinuate, dentate, of posterior dentate, cau-

date.

Below, the anterior wings are bright deep fulvous at the base and

along the costa beyond the middle of the wings; marked as above

with black spots and a short marginal black band, but all these mark-

—o

ings are broadly margined with silvery white ; and there are, in ad-

_ dition to the spots of the upper surface, a small round spot in the

cell close to the base, and an oval one above the first median ner-

vule near its origin, both black with a silvery border. Beyond the

middle is a silvery white irregular band, narrowed on the costa, where

it is marked by four black dots, the third and fourth indistinct,

broadest on the inner margin, where it becomes of a pearly hue.

Between this band and the margin the prevailing colour is a pale

fulvous. A band composed of a series of silvery grey lunules com-

menees on the costa and terminates on the submedian nervure.

These lunules have their points directed inwards, and are margined

internally with black, those nearest the costa less broadly than the

others. The terminations of the nervules are bordered with silvery

grey, and beyond this with black, and the cilia are spotted with the

same colours. The posterior wings are bright deep fulvous, paler

towards the outer margin, traversed beyond the middle by a flexuous

silvery band. At the base, before the precostal nervule, is an oval

black spot bordered with silvery white; beyond this is a macular

band composed of four black transverse vitte bordered with silvery

white, extending from the costa to the abdominal fold; the inner

vitta transverse only at its origin, extending down the abdominal to

unite with a similar fold which traverses the cell and descends ob-

liquely between the first median nervule and the submedian nervure.

The inner margin of the silvery band is marked with a series of black

spots and vittz, and the abdominal fold is beautifully marked with

alternate silvery, bright fulvous and black vitte. Near the outer

margin is a broad silvery white band sprinkled with grey and ful-

vous scales, and clouded with these colours, bordered externally with

black. On the outer margin itself is a narrow black border, mar-

gined internally with white. Cilia, except on the tail, white.

Head fulvous. Thorax fulvous above, streaked below with fulvous

and white. Legs white.

In the collection of the Zoological Society.

This beautiful insect is closely allied to Ch. Castor, but may at once

be known by the silvery markings below.

5. Descriprion oF Stricorps HABROPTILUS. By G. R. Gray, Esa.,

F.L.S. &e.

With reference to the interesting particulars about Strigops habro-

ptilus, communicated by Mr. Gould (supra p. 50), I am induced to

remark that this singular bird was first noticed under the native name

of Kakapo in the Appendix to Dr. Dieffenbach’s Travels in New

Zealand, where it was suggested to belong to the family of Cuculide,

from the supposed similarity of the few feathers brought by that

gentleman to those of the genus Centropus. This idea was at once

dispelled by the arrival of the perfect specimen now in the British

Museum, from which a figure was made by my friend Mr. Mitchell,

end published as pl. 105 in the ‘ Genera of Birds.’ The singular ap-

pearance of the feathers of the head, and especially their arrange-

ment about the bill, gives it much of the expression of the family

Strigide. It was this resemblance that induced me to give it the ,

above generic name. Dr. Dieffenbach states that its native name

implies that its habits are nocturnal: the natives catch the bird by

torchlight. He further informs us that it chiefly inhabits the South

island of New Zealand, but is very rare even in that locality, which

is in some degree the result of the destruction it meets with from the

attack of cats and dogs, to which its habit of frequenting the lower

branches only of trees the more readily exposes it.

As I have never published a specific character, I subjoin the fol-

lowing :—

Srricors naBpropritus, G. R. Gray. Str. olivaceo-viridis viridi-

griseo tinctus, plumis singulis strigd mediand flavd nigro-marginatd

extus irregulariter transverse nigro-fasciatis, tectricum majorum

remigum secundariorumque pogoniis exterioribus cauddque totd

pallidé umbrinis transverse luteo-fasciatis fasciis irregulariter

nigro-marginatis ; subtis pallidior luteo tinctus plumis singulis

strigd mediand luted piceo-marginatd extus irregulariter transverse

piceo fasciatis ; fronte, genis, regionibus auricularibus plumisque

ad rostri basin prominentibus pallide umbrinis medio luteo-notatis ;

rostro albo, pedibus plumbeis.

Upper surface sap-green, with a verdigris tinge on the wings ;

each feather marked in the middle with yellow, which is margined

on the sides with black, from which spring irregular transverse bands

of the same colour; the outer webs of the greater wing-coverts,

quills, secondaries and the entire tail, brownish buff, irregularly

banded transversely with black ; between every alternate set lemon-

yellow ; the inner webs of quills and secondaries black, more or less

transversely banded with lemon-yellow. Under surface pale green-

ish yellow, tinged with lemon-yellow, more or less marked along the

shaft with pale yellow, which is narrowly margined with brownish

black; some of the feathers have transverse bands of the same

colour.

The top of the head brownish black, margined outerly with sap-

green, tinged in some places with verdigris, and marked in the middle

with pale yellow; the front, cheeks, ear-coverts and the projecting

feathers of the face pale umber, marked in the middle with yellowish

white. Bill white; feet plumbeous-black.

Length, 2 feet 4 inches; bill, 1 inch 8 lines; wings, 113 inches ;

tail, 94 inches; tarsi, 13 inch.

itll en te staan he,

May 11, 1847.

William Spence, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following paper was communicated to the Meeting :—

On tHe Genera oF THE Famity Curronipz. By J. E. Gray,

Esa., F.R.S.; F.Z.S. ere.

This family now contains so many species, offering such varied

modifications of form and structure, that it becomes necessary to

separate it into several genera, for the purpose of more accurately

determining the species and showing their relations to each other.

Most authors have regarded the family as a single genus, and even

M. De Blainville, who formed the family into a class under the name

of Polyplakiphora, so regarded them. He forms of this class and his

Nematopodes or Barnacles a subtype of the animal kingdom, which

he called Malentozoaria or Molluscarticulata; but there is no suf-

ficient character to separate the Chitons from the other Mollusca,

and the Nematopodes are now known to be Crustacea, so that this

division or subtype of the animal kingdom has been erased from the

system by most succeeding authors.

Dr. Leach in his MSS. proposed to divide this family into genera,

according to the form of the appendages which cover the upper sur-

face of the mantle; and Risso, who was in constant correspondence

with Dr. Leach, has in his work published two of Dr. Leach’s genera.

Mr. Guilding has formed some genera on the same principles in the

Zoological Journal, and I have added two others in the Synopsis of

the British Museum for 1841.

I may remark that these appendages of the mantle form exceeding

good characters for the more minute division of the groups, but the

scales so gradually pass into spines or tubercles on the one side, and on

the other they so gradually diminish in thickness to furfuraceous

scales, which are easily deciduous that it is difficult to define when they

are quite absent ; therefore they do not afford characters of sufficient

importance to use them as Leach, Risso and Guilding have done, for

the primary divisions of the family.

Lamarck divided the family into two genera, Chiton and Chitonellus,

but he left in the former genus several species which are more natu-

rally allied to the latter.

M. De Blainville in 1825 published a monograph of the family,

under the article ‘ Oscasrion’ in the Dict. Sci. Nat. xxxvi., in which

he introduced some new characters for the division of the species into

sections. He observes: ‘‘ Les organes sur lesquels nous appellerons

successivement l’attention pour le distinction des espéces sont les

suivants :— *

‘1, L’existence ou l’absence des paires de pinceau de soies dis-

posés bien reguli¢rement de chaque cdte du limbe, qu’il soit revétu

ou non d’écailles, d’épines, ou méme de poils.

«*2. La disposition des branches commengant plus ou moins en

arriere et se terminant plus ou moins en avant.

«<3. La forme de valves de la coquille, considérée spécialement

dans l’existence plus ou moins marqué des aires latérales.

“4, La grandeur proportionnelle de ces valves et leur dégré

d’occlusion.

«5, La forme des lames d’insertion et le nombre de leur échan-

crures ou dents.

«6. Enfin la disposition des couleurs de la coquille.”—D. S. N.

xxxvi. 536.

Certainly this was a great improvement to what had been pre-

viously done, but unfortunately M. De Blainville appears to have had

the opportunity of observing only a limited number of species, and

has placed the others in the sections to which, from their external

appearance, they appeared to belong, though on examination they

have not the characters assigned to the division in which they were

placed: thus Chiton amiculatus, p. 546, is said to have the front and

hinder valves lobed and pectinated; C. niger, p. 541, the teeth of

insertion pectinated ; C. echinatus, p. 550, the anterior and posterior

valve toothed ; and C. gigas, the lobes not pectinated.

From repeated examination and comparison I am inclined to con-

sider the following as the best characters for the distinction of the

genera and species, arranged according to their permanence and im-

portance .—

1. The presence or absence of the pores, furnished with a bundle

of spicula on each side of the mantle.

2. The comparative length and position of the gills.

3. The form and modification of the plate of insertion of the valves,

especially of the posterior valve.

4. The size and form of the exposed part of the valve, and the

kind of sculpture on its surface.

5. The absence or presence of appendages on the mantle, and the

form, sculpture on the surface, disposition, and equality or inequality

of size of these appendages.

6. The colour of the valves and appendages of the mantle.

It has Been objected, that the character derived from the form of

the plates of insertion can only be seen by the destruction of the

specimens, as they are generally kept in the cabinets: this is not

always the case, for they can generally be seen from the under-side

or through the substance of the mantle; but when this is not the

case, the form of the plates of insertion can be easily discovered by

carefully paring away the under part of the mantle, so as to show part

of the edge of the valve without any injury to the specimen. And

it should be recollected too, that the separate valves are the only part

of the molluscous animals which are usually kept in cabinets.

The number of lobes into which the edge of the margin of inser-

tion is divided may be also easily seen by the porous lines which are

to be observed on the inner surface of the valves, diverging from the

apex to the margin, each of these lines going to the bottom of the

notch which separates the lobes on the inner processes of insertion.

Various authors, as Spengler, Chemnitz, De Blainville, Sowerby,

Barnes and Reeves, have described and figured many species of the

genus.

Synopsis OF THE GENERA.

I. Mantle simple, without any pores or tuft of spines on the sides.

A. The plate of insertion of the anterior and posterior valve divided

into several lobes, and of the central valves into two lobes.

a. The valves exposed, broad, with regular, equal, well-defined mar-

gin for insertion, divided into lobes more or less denticulated. The

hinder valve with the upex superior, subcentral.

1. Carron. The posteriex valve entire; margin covered with

regularly-disposed imbricate scales.

2. Tonicia. Posterior val¥e entire; margin naked.

3. ACANTHOPLEURA. Posterior valve entire; margin spinose, spi-

nulose or bristly.

4. ScuizocuiTon. Posteridr valve with a deep notch on its cen-

tral hinder margin; mantle slit behind.

b. The valves exposed, broad ; the hinder valve with a slightly raised,

smooth or slightly crenated plate of insertion (not divided into lobes

on the sides), and with the apex subterminal.

5. Coreruium. The hinder valve with a rather raised apex, and

the plate of insertion crenulated, with one small central slit.

6. PuaxrpHora. The hinder valve with a produced posterior

apex, and the plate of insertion entire, smooth, rounded ; valves thin ;

mantle with tufts of bristles.

7. OnitHocuiton. The hinder valve with a produced terminal

apex ; plate of insertion entire, rounded ; valves thick ; mantle covered

with spines, bristles, or chaff-like scales.

8. Enopzocuiton. ‘The hinder valve with a produced terminal

apex; plate of insertion entire, rounded; valves thick; mantle

covered with oblong, unequal, elongated, oblong scales.

B. The plate of insertion of all the valves with only a single notch on

each side. The valves more or less covered; the hinder valve with

expanded plates of insertion (as in the central valves), with only a

single notch on each side, and a concave sinuosity below.

‘9. Mopatia. Valves, exposed part broad, transverse; plates of

insertion moderate; mantle spinulose; front edge sometimes ex-

panded.

10. Karaartna. Valves, exposed part small, cordate, as long as

broad; mantle smooth. a

11. Cryrrocuiton. Valves entirely hidden ; mantle covered with

tufts of spicula.

Il. Mantle with a series of pores (each furnished with a tuft of spines)

_—

66 ;

on each side. The plates of insertion of all the valves with only a.

single notch on each side, which is sometimes rudimentury.

12. Cryproconcnus. Exposed part of valves very small, linea:

much longer than broad ; mantle smooth. ¥

13. Amicuta. Exposed part of valves small, subcordate, as broa'!

as long; mantle bristly.

po 14.

wrt

Acantnocuitges. Exposed part of valves moderate, broad

cordate, as long as broad; mantle spinulose.

15.

CurronELius. Exposed part of valves linear-lanceolate, elo:

gate; body vermiform; mantle spinulose.

1, Curton, Linn. (part), Guilding, Z. J. v.27; Swainson; Gray, Syn.

Lepidopleurus, “‘ Leach MSS.,” Risso, Eur. Merid. 267. Chiton,

sect. A. 1. Blainv. Lepas spec., Adanson. Corephium, Brown. Lo- -

phurus, Poli, Gymnoplax, Gray.

* Scales of the margin moderate, smooth, polished ; valves thickish.

Ch. striatus, Barnes. Ch. olivaceus, Frembly, Sow. C. Ill. f. 3,41... :

Chiloe.

Ch.

Cumingii, Frembly, Sow. C. Ill. £.32, 51. Chili.

albolineatus, Sow. C. Ill. £.39. Mexico.

Ch. squamosus, Linn. Ch. bistriatus, Wood. Ch. obscurus, Sow.

West Indies.

Ch.

sulcatus, Wood, Sow. C. Ill. f. 12.

granosus, Frembly. Chili.

Barnesii, Gray. Coquimbo.

glaucus, Gray, Spic. Zool.=Ch. viridis, Quoy.

granulosus, Frembly. Conception.

Siculus, Gray. Ch. Polii, Desh. Sicily.

lyratus, Sow. C. Iii. f. 126.

foveolatus, Sow. C. Jil. f. 60.

excavatus, Gray, Sow. C. Jil. f. 131.

fasciatus, Wood, Sow. C. Jil. f. 153.

australis, Sow. C. Jil. £. 46.

Stokesii, Brod., Sow. C. Ill. £. 24.

virgulatus, Sow. C. Jil. f. 132.

patulus, Sow. C. Ill. f. 134.

marmoratus, Gmelin, Sow. C. Til. £. 148. West Indies.

evanidus, Sow. C. Til. £.139.

articulatus, Sow. C. Ill. f.18. California.

levigatus, Sow. C. Jil. f.18*. California.

Goodallii, Sow. C. Jil. £.50. Galapagos.

** Scales of the mantle small, smooth, polished.

Bowenii, King, Sow. C. Ill. f.37. Magellan Str.

ite

**# Scales of the margin transversely grooved; valve rounded, not

keeled, thin.

This section forms a very natural group.

Ch. textilis, Gray, Spic. Zool.=Ch. longicymba, Blainv., Quoy.

Ch. Indicus, Sow. C. Til. f. 55. Ch. Solea, Sow. C. Ill. f. 61. Cape

of Good Hope.

Ch. Magdaliensis, Hinds.

**** Scales of the margin lanceolate, elongate, erect, closely pressed.

Ch. levis, Mont.=Ch. corallinus, Risso.

2. Tonicia, Gray, Syn. Chiton, Risso, E. M. 267.

* Valves broad, transverse.

T. atrata. Ch. atratus, Sow. C. Illust.f.57,58. Falkland Islands.

T. elegans. Ch. elegans, Frembly, Sow. C. Illust. f.73,74. Ch.

Chiloensis, Sow. Ch. lineolatus, Frembly. Ch. graniferus, Sow. Ch.

Sparius, Sow. Conception Bay. :

T. rubra. Ch. ruber, Linn. Ch. marmoreus, O. Fab. Ch. latus,

Lowe. Ch. fulminatus, Couth.

T. fulva. Ch. fulvus, Wood, Sow. C. Ill. f.53. Cadiz.

T. lineata. Ch. lineatus, Wood, Sow. C. Ill. f. 77.

T. Swainsonii, Sow. C. Jil. f.5. Peru.

T. cerasina.

T. levigata. Ch. levigatus, Flem.

T. lyrata. <

T. Grayii. Ch. Grayii, Sow. C. Iilust. f.8—16. Peru.

T. castanea. Ch. castaneus, Wood, Sow. C. Illust. f. 114, 115,

116. Cape of Good Hope.

T. fastigiata. Ch. fastigiatus, Gray, Sow. C. Illust.f.11. Cali-

fornia. .

** Valves moderate, subcordate, rounded, and far apart on the sides ;

lobes of insertion wide; mantle broad.

T. disjuncta. Ch. disjunctus, Frembly, Zool. Journ. t. 77. f. 5,

forms the passage to the Chitons, which have only a small part of the

valves exposed.

8. AcantHorLeurA, Guild. Z. J. v.27; Gray, Syn.

Canthapleura, Swains.

This genus gradually passes to Onithochiton.

* The plate of insertion of the hinder valve well-developed, regular ;

valves thin ; lateral area distinct ; margin bristly.

A. Peruviana. Ch. Peruvianus, Lam., Sow. C. Jil. £.44. Peru.

A. bicolor. Ch. bicolor, Adams. West Indies.

A. Hennahi. Ch. Hennahi, Gray, Sow. C. Ill. f. 1 & 33.

A. Watsonii. Ch. Watsonii, Sow. C. Jil. f. 81, 82, 130 = Ch. cas-

taneus, Quoy.

No. CLXXIV.—Proceepines oF THE ZooLoGcicaL SocieETy..

** The plate of insertion of the hinder valve narrow, rather irregular.

+ Margin bristly ; lateral area distinct.

A. nobilis, Gray. New Zealand.

++ Margin spinose or spinulose ; lateral area indistinct.

A. picea. Ch. piceus, Sow. C. Ill. f.147. West Indies.

A. spinigera. Ch. spinigerus, Sow. Conch, Il. £. 68. Peru.

A. Owenii, Gray. West coast of Africa.

A. spinosa. Ch. spinosus, Brug., Sow. C. Illust. . 151. Australia.

A. brevispinosa. Ch. brevispinosus, Sow. C. I/lust. f. 136. Island

of Johanna.

A. magnifica. Ch. magnificus, Gray, Sow. C. Illust. f.°52.

+tt Margin smooth ? ; lateral area very distinct.

A.? gigas. Ch. gigas, Gmel. Cape of Good Hope.

A.? truncata. Philippines.

4. ScHIzocHITON.

Valves elongate, subcordate, narrow ; lateral area short, distinctly

defined; the hinder valves large, with a subposterior superior apex

and a deep notch on its hinder lower edges, and the plate of insertion

small, with a few oblique notches, scarcely pectinated. Mantle

broad, covered above with small chaff-like scales, deeply notched

behind.

Schizochiton incisus. Chiton incisus, Sow. Philippines.

5. CorEPHtIum.

Valves broad; wing of insertion of the anterior valve lobed and

pectinated ; the hinder valve oblong, with a subcentral, subposterior,

not produced apex; the edge of insertion distinct, not lobed on the

sides, with a single nick behind, and slightly denticulated; mantle

spimose.

C. echinatus. Chiton echinatus, Barnes. C. tuberculiferus, Sow.

Ch. spiniferus, Frembly ; Sow. C. Iilust. £. 47, young.

6. PuaxIPHORA.

P. Carmichaelis. Chiton Carmichaelis, Gray, Spic. Zool. Ch. |

albidus, Blainv. 547. Ch. raripilosus, Blainv. 547. Ch. costatus,

Blainv. 547. Ch. biramosus, Quoy, Voy. Astrol. t. 74. f.12, 16.

Ch. setiger, King, Z. J. v. 388; Sow. Conch. Ill. f.17. Ch. Frem-

blii, Brod. P. Z. S. 1832, 28; Sow. Conch. Jil. f.2. Ch. setosus,

Sow., Beechey Voy. ‘Terra del Fuego.

See also Ch. setosus, Sow. C. Jil. £.19?

7. ONITHOCHITON.

O. Gaimardi. Chiton Gaimardi, Blainv. 546.

O. hirtosus. Chiton hirtosus, Blainv. 546.

O. undulatus. Ch. undulatus. Van Diemen’s Land.

8. ENoPLocuHIToN.

E. niger. Ch. niger, Barnes. Ch. Coquimbensis, Frembly. Co-

quimbo.

The valves become very much eroded.

9. Mopatia.

Valves broad, transverse, depressed ; margin of insertion moderate ;

the hinder valve with a rounded lobe on the hinder edge; mantle

moderately broad, bristly above, narrow behind.

* Margin moderately wide in front.

M. Hindsii. Ch. Hindsii. West coast of America.

M. Simpsonii. Ch. Simpsonii, Gray. Brit. Mus.

** Margin very wide in front.

M. Blainvillii. Ch. Blainvillii, Sow. C. il. f. 6. Inner Lobos

Island.

‘ 10. Karsarina.

K. tunicata. Chiton tunicatus, Wood, Conch. ii. t. 2. f.1; Cat.

t.1.f.10. Wood’s specimen is now in the British Museum.

K. Douglasiz. Ch. tunicatus, Sow. C. Illust.f.152. California.

11. Cryprocuiton.

The gill only occupies the hinder part of the sides.

-C. amiculatus. Ch. amiculatus, Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop. ii. 241.

t. 7. f. 26,30; Sow. Tank. Cat. (spec. Brit. Mus.) ; Wood, Cat. t. 1.

f. 12, inner side of shell; Sow. Conch. Illust. £. 80, half-grown. Chi-

ton Sitkensis, Reeve’s Conch. Icon. f.55, adult. Kurile Islands.

12. Cryproconcuus, “ Blainv.,” Swainson; Gray, Syn.

Body oblong, rather convex ; back flattish or concave in the centre,

with the tuft of spines on the upper part of the sides of the back.

The gills extend about half the length of the sides.

Cryptoconchus porosus, “ Blainv.,” Burrows, Elem. Conch. 190

(1815), spec. Brit. Mus. Chiton porosus, Burrows, H.C. t. 28;

Wood, Cat. t. 1. f.39. Ch. Leachii, Blainv. D. S. N. 554, spec. Brit.

Mus. Ch. monticularis, Quoy, Voy. Astrol. t. 73. £.30, 34, 36, and

lower fig. 7; Sow. Conch. Illust. f. 129, valves. New Zealand.

13. Amicuta, Gray, Syn. 1840.

Body ovate, convex; back convex; mantle bristly.

Amicula vestita. Chiton vestitus, Sow. Zool. Journ. iv. 368; Sow.

Conch. Illust. £.128. Ch. Emersonii, Couthoy. Atlantic Ocean.

14, AcanTuocuirtes, Leach, B.M.; Gray, Syn.

Acanthochites, “‘ Leach.” Acanthochitus, Risso. Phakellopleura,

Guild., Swainson. .Chitonellus (part.), Guild. Acanthochiton, Herrm.

Body oblong, elongate, rather depressed; mantle spinulose ; tuft

of spines generally large ; gill extending about two-thirds the length

of the sides.

M. De Blainville says, the valves of this genus are always without

any trace of lateral area (D, S. N. xxxvi. 537), but this must have

arisen from his only having examined worn specimens.

A. fascicularis. Ch. fasc., Linn. C. echinites, Blainv., Sow. Conch.

Hil. £. 87—93.

A. Garnoti. Ch. Garnoti, Blainv. D. S. N. 552?; Quoy, Voy.

Astrol. t. 73. £.9,14. Asc. Zelandica, Quoy, Voy. Astrol. t. 73. f.5.

A. Hookeri, Gray, Dieffenbach, 262.

A. polychetus. Ch. polychetus, Blainv. 553.

A. roseus. Ch. roseus, Blainv. 558.

A. Lesueurii. Ch. Lesueurii, Blainv. 553.

A. scaber. Ch. scaber, Blainv. 5538.

A. violaceus. Ch. violaceus, Quoy, Voy. Astrol. 73. f.13,16, 17, 20;

not Sow. Jil. f. 133.

A. hastatus. Ch. hastatus, Sow. C. Jil. f. 127.

A. hirundiniformis. Ch. hirundiniformis, Sow. C. Ill. f. 148.

A. strigatus. Chitonellus latus, Guild. Z. Journ. v.28. Chitonellus

strigatus, Sow. C. Il.

15, Curronetius, Lam.

Chitonella, Desh. Cryptoconchus, ‘‘ Blainv.,”” Burrows. Crypto-

plax, Blainv. Chitoniscus, Herrm.

Body elongate, compressed, convex above; mantle covered with

crowded spines ; the exposed part of the front valves oblong, square,

broad, often worn; of the hinder ones narrow, lanceolate ; the plates

of insertion large, produced in front, and scarcely notched on either

side. The gills occupy the hinder third of the sides.

M. De Blainville inserts Lamarck’s species of Chitonelli with the

spiny Chitons in section D., and in section E. he redescribes them,

from specimens in spirits in the British Museum.

Chitonellus levis, Lam. Chiton vermiformis, Blainv. D. S. .N.

xxxvi. 553. Oscab. fascie, Quoy, Voy. Astrol. t. 73. f. 21, 29.

Cryptoconchus larveeformis, ‘‘ Blainv.,” Burrows, Elem. Conch. 190.

t. 28. f.2,4; Wood, Cat. t.1.f.40. Philippines.

Chitonellus striatus, LZam.; Sow. Conch. Illust. £. 62? Oscab.

ocule, Quoy, Voy. Astrol. t. 73. f.37,38. Australia.

The fossil Chitons of the older strata described by Munster, more

lately by Ryckholt, Bull. Acad. Brux. 1845, xii. 36. t. 1—4, appear

to belong to a peculiar genus, which may be called Gryphochiton,

most nearly allied to Chitonellus.

I have described some peculiarities in the development, disposition

and structure of the valves of the Chitons in a paper which will be

read at the Royal Society on the 16th of June next.

ee ee a

May 25, 1847.

Harpur Gamble, Esq., M.D., in the Chair.

The following communications were made to the Meeting :—

1. Norg on THE EARLY GENERATIVE POWER OF THE Goat. By JoHN

Davy, M.D., F.R.S., Inspector-GenERAL or ARMY HosritTaLs.

(Communtcatep By Geo. Guuiiver, F.R.S.)

In the young salmon, the par, we have the remarkable example,

now well-authenticated, of the precocious development of the testes

with functional activity. What I have witnessed in the young male

goat in this island (Barbadoes) as regards its generative power, is

hardly, it appears to me, less remarkable. _I shall briefly notice the

few circumstances which have come to my knowledge illustrating it ;

such as I can state with certainty as facts.

On the 2nd of May, 1846, a goat which belongs to me gave birth

to two kids, a male anda female. When less than a month old, the

former exhibited strongly the sexual propensity. When about five

weeks old, the penis was protruded in his attempts to copulate. When

four months old the mother was in heat, and was then covered and

impregnated by her offspring. Five months after, viz. on the 2nd of

February, 1847, she gave birth to four kids—three females, one male,

all of the usual size and vigorous. On the 10th of February I had

the male kid castrated: each testis was about the size of a French

bean. A little transparent fluid was obtained from the vas deferens,

which under the microscope, viewed with a high power, exhibited

some granules, a few fine fibres, and one that had the appearance of

a pretty well-formed spermatozoon. The fluid procured from the in-

cised substance of the testis contained many blood-corpuscles, some

dark granules and a few small spermatozoa; these were best seen

after having been dried on the glass support.

The young female received the male shortly after the mother, but

was not then impregnated.

It is said here that the goat breeds at six months old. It is also

said that both male and female are two years in attaining their full

size.

The goat of Barbadoes appears to resemble in every respect the

common goat of Europe, from whence it is supposed to have been

originally brought.

The precocity of the young male, as I have described it, and of

the effect of which in its generative power there can be no doubt, as

the female had access to no other male, is here not considered extra-

ordinary. Whether the same function at so early an age is exer-

cised in a cooler climate, I am ignorant. Should it be found to be

‘so exercised, it may perhaps be considered a provision of nature to

secure the preservation of the species, endangered by the localities

the animal in its wild state inhabits amongst precipitous rocks, sub-

ject to the attacks of birds and beasts of prey. In accordance with

this idea | may remark, that the young pair of kids when five weeks

old, when they began to eat grass freely, kept constantly together,

and were more frequently absent from than with the mother. The

colostrum and the milk of the goat, I may add, containing an un-

usual proportion of nutritive matter, as indicated by their specific

gravity, may also be considered in accordance with this idea. The

colostrum first drawn, I have found of the high specific gravity 1088 ;

it coagulated at about 170°. ‘The milk drawn the following day was

of the specific gravity 1041 ; it formed a soft coagulum at about 182°,

and a firm one at about 190°. The milk drawn two days later

was of specific gravity 10343. After this it underwent very little

change ; some drawn a week after was of specific gravity 10333, and

some drawn three weeks later was of the same specific gravity.

Barbadoes, April 15th, 1847.

2. DescripTions oF SOME New GENERA AND SPECIES oF ASTE-

R1iaDZ. By Joun Epwarp Gray, Esa., F.R.S. erc.

In the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for November

1840 I published a monograph of the species of this group then

known to me, and divided them into five families and several genera ;

since that time the British Museum has received numerous speci-

mens further illustrative of those which we then possessed, and many

other specimens, several of which are the types of new genera. Some

of these I’ shall proceed to describe in the following communication,

intending on a future occasion to send the remainder.

I may remark, that for several years before the publication of that

paper, I had been engaged in the study of these animals, with the

intention of publishing an illustrated monograph of the order. The

preparation of the plates has occupied many years, but I hope it is

now in the course of fulfilment.

In the same year in which I published my paper, Professors J.

Miller and D. Troschel read at the Berlin Academy a paper on the

same subject, and in 1842 they published a 4to work, with the de-

scription of various species.

M. Miiller has there reduced the number of genera to eighteen,

and for these has most unnecessarily changed the generic names,

much to the confusion of the science. I do not know why the

Stellonia of Forbes is not to be used for Asterias glacialis and its

allies. If the generic name of Aséerias is to be erased from the list,

I do not see in what respect Asterocanthion is preferable to either of

these names, or why he rejects Link’s name of Pentaceros for Ore-

aster (he says Cuvier has used Pentaceros for a genus of fish, but I

do not find this name in any of Cuvier’s works; and if it had been

so used, Link has the priority over Cuvier), or why Astrogonium is

preferable to Goniaster, or Asteropsis to Gymnasteria.

The Star-fish have generally been described as having no vent.

Colonel Sabine, in figuring Asterias polaris, represented a projecting

;

tube near the middle of the back, and Professor Miiller in his ‘ Sy-

stem’ uses the presence or absence of this tube, which he regards

as a vent, as a character to separate the class into two divisions ; but

I think his table of genera shows that this division can scarcely be

considered as natural, for he has been obliged to separate species of

Astropecten from their allies, and to place them, on this single cha-

racter, in another division of the family. Secondly, itis very diffi-

cult to observe the presence or absence of this part, especially in

Astropecten, on account of the pazilli, and some species, which are

said to be without it, may have it ; for it is to be observed, that Miiller

and Troschel place the genus in which Sabine first observed the

vent, in the family characterized as not having one.

I must consider their work as a retrograde movement, after the

publication of my paper, which they quote; for though they might

not adopt the genera, yet it cannot but be allowed, that what I have

eonsidered as genera are natural groups ; and it would have facilitated

‘the making out of the species they have described, if they had used

them as sections; they have done so in a few instances (thus after

the publication of their paper they have divided the genus Goniaster

into two, adopting my sections as their genera; but as in the case of

Asterias, because they have divided it, they blot the names from the

system); thus their first section of Ophidiaster is the same as my

- genus, and their second is my genus Linkia, and the second section

of Asterocanthion appears to be my Tonia.

It has always appeared to me, that the great advantage of dividing

the species into small groups (let us call them genera or sections,

as we may) is, that it enables one more accurately to determine and

neatly describe and distinguish the species, and prevents the neces-

sity in each description of repeating what has been given as the

character of the group, as is the case in the system of Star-fish.

Lastly, I suspect that had M. Miller had the opportunity of

examining and comparing the number of specimens of this genus to

be found in English collections, he would have come to the same

conclusion as I have done with regard to the distinctness of several

species which in the work above referred to he has regarded as mere

synonyma of some well-known species. At the same time it is re-

tmarkable that it should not occur to M. Miller, that when the spe-

cimens'on which a certain number of species have been established

are contained in a single collection, and divided into minute groups,

and arranged side by side, it is not so easy to make mistakes in this

particular as when the materials are to be collected from various

scattered museums; as the differences and the similarities are then

more easily to be seen, and any errors which may have been made,

more easily discovered.

Thus I am convinced, if he had seen the series of specimens of

Asterias Helianthus and Cumingii, and A. multiradiata, which have

passed through my hands, and the selection of them in the Museum

collection, it is quite impossible that he could have confounded them

into a single species. The same may be observed with regard to

Linkia Typus, L. Brownii, L. bifasciatus and L. unifasciatus; with

Asterina gibbosa and A. Burtonii; with Pentaceros grandis, P. gibbus

and P. reticulatus; with P. turritus and P. Franklinii, &c. &c.

Cuxcira, Agassiz.

This genus chiefly differs from Randasia and Pentaceros in having

no upper series of marginal ossicules. It agrees with Randasia in the

back being nearly flat.

Cuxucita SCHMIDELIANA.

A. Schmideliana, Retz. Dis.; Schmidel’s Naturf. xvi. t. 1. good.

A. discoidea, Lam.

Body subcircular, flat above when dry (very convex subglobose

when alive). The back coriaceous, without any apparent reticula-

tions, covered with scattered, small, conical spines. The oral sur-

face rather convex (when dry), closely and minutely granular, and

with larger conical tubercles; those near the ambulacra and oral

angles much the largest and ovate.

Inhab. ?

There are distinct indications of the lower marginal ossicules in this

species, but they and the ossicules of the oral surface are not suffi-

ciently large and close to force the dry specimen to assume the pen-

tangular form of the following species.

CuLcITA PENTANGULARIS.

Body pentangular; back flat when dry, convex beneath, minutely

and closely granulated ; back with obscure reticulations, the reticu-

lations armed with small conical tubercles; the interspaces closely

and minutely porous. The oral surface protected with distinct well-

defined ossicules, defining the lower edge of the margin, covered with

close and minute granules and larger round-topped tubercles, those

near the ambulacra and the oral angles being largest and highest.

Inhab. Reef of Oomaga.

This species is very distinct from the former, and forms the pas-

sage to the genus Randasia, but there is a series of concave, minutely

porous spaces in place of the upper marginal plates.

Ranpasia, Gray.

Body pentagonal, depressed, minutely granular; back nearly flat,

minutely granular, reticulated ; reticulations rather tubercular, inter-

spaces sunken (when dry) and covered with very minute close per-

forations. Dorsal tubercles roundish, single, subcentral. Margins

furnished with an upper and lower series of oblong ossicules, the

upper one narrower internally, with a central series of tubercles, the

lower ones oblong, close together and convex. The oral surface

protected by close, regular, squarish, convex ossicules, covered with

short crowded granules. The ambulacral spines in rounded groups;

the series of tubercles nearest the ambulacra larger, crowded, and

placed in groups of three or five, and those in the oral angles largest

and flat-topped.

This genus differs from Pentaceros in the back being flat, elevated,

es.

and not angular; it is in several respects intermediate between

Culcita and Pentaceros.

RaANDASIA GRANULATA, N. 8.

Body five-sided; back minutely granular, with roundish convex

subconical tubercles in the reticulations ; the marginal plates four-

teen on each side, the upper ones with a central series of tubercles.

Inhab. Reefs of Attagor, Torres Straits.

There are two specimens of this species in the British Museum,

one in a very bad state.

RANDASIA SPINULOSA, 0. s.

Body five-sided; back and upper marginal plates covered with

numerous small, conical, acute spines, without any larger tubercles ;

the upper marginal plates indistinct.

Inhab. ?

This species is very like the former in shape, size and appearance,

but is very easily known from it by the numerous mobile acute spines

with which the back and upper part of the margin are covered, ap-

pearing to take the places of the small granulations, and by the

absence of the tubercles on the elevated ribs of the back.

ASTERODISCUS.

Body pentagonal. coriaceous, depressed, covered with numerous

close, flat-topped, unequal, small tubercles ; back convex ; dorsal wart

roundish, subcentral ; arms short, rounded, with a pair of large con-

vex kidney-shaped ossicules on each side of the tip above. Margin

simple, rounded, beneath concave; ambulacra with a series of short

linear spines, placed in groups of four or five, each group on a separate

ossicule, and with two series of larger, blunt, club-shaped spines on

the outside of the ambulacral spines. The young specimens have

indistinct inferior marginal ossicules.

ASTERODISCUS ELEGANS.

Pale brown when dry; tubercles of the back unequal, the larger

ones truncated, those nearest the mouth on the underside larger,

club-shaped, rather crowded.

Inhab. ? Brit. Mus.

PENTACEROS GRANULOSUS.

Five-rayed ; rays as long as the diameter of the disc, rounded at

the tip. Back rather convex. Ossicules convex, rounded, all covered

with close rounded granules, the two or three central ones on the

top of each ossicule being larger, those on the middle of the back

largest and subtubercular. The marginal ossicules convex, rounded.

Inhab. Western Australia.

Young? Arms more slender, and the lower marginal ossicules

near the tip of the arm each with a group of two or three spines,

the one nearest the tip largest.

* The dorsal surface of this species is furnished with abundance of

pedicellaria, one arising from each hole between the ossicules.

SreLLAsTER INCEI.

- Purplish, minutely granular ; back with scattered, conical, convex

tubercles, those down the centre of the arm largest. The lower

marginal plates are flattish.

Inhab. North Australia.

This species is very like Stedlaster Childreni, Gray, Ann. and Mag.

Nat. Hist. 1840, 278; Miller, Aster. 62. 128.t.4.f. 3; Asterias

equestris, Retzius, Diss. 12; but it is purplish when dry; the back

is tubercular; the whole surface is minutely granular; while the

Japanese species is always white, the back smooth, and the granules

of the surface are so minute and thin that they are very easily eroded,

and the lower marginal plates are more convex and the central ones

much larger than the others.

STELLASTER BELCHERI.

Back convex, with two or three large conical tubercles on the line

extending to the centre of the arms. Arms slender, tapering, rather

longer than the diameter of the disc.

Inhab. Amboina or New Guinea.

This species is intermediate between S. Childreni and S. Incei,

having the white colour and the slender arms of the former, and the

convex back and tubercles of the latter, but the tubercles are larger

and fewer, and the arms are more slender, having only a single

series of plates between the marginal ones.

‘There are two specimens in spirits and one dry, in the British

Museum collection.

CALLIDERMA.

Body flat, five-sided, rays rather elongated ; attenuated end only

formed of the marginal plates. Ossicules all minutely granulated ;

the dorsal ossicules flat-tipped, six-sided, some with a larger, globular,

central tubercle-like granule. The marginal ossicules broad, gradually

becoming smaller near the tip, short-edged, minutely granular, those

of the upper and lower series alternating; the edge of the upper

ones with some indistinct spines on the margin, the lower ones with

scattered mobile spines on the oral surface. The ossicules of the oral

surface three-, four-, or six-sided, granular, with one (rarely two)

central, compressed, acute, mobile spines. The ambulacral spines very

small, close, fourteen or sixteen on each ossicule, forming a rounder

group, with two or three series of large, scattered, mobile, acute

spines on the outer side.

This genus resembles Stellaster, but differs from it in the oral

surface being furnished with scattered spines. ;,

There is a fossil species very like the one here described found in

the chalk, and figured in Mr. Dixon’s work on the fossils of Wor-

thing, which I propose to call Calliderma Dizonii. There are pro-

bably several other fossil species from the same locality; they have

been referred to the genus Tosia, but the ossicules are granular and

the oral surface spinose.

CaLiLipERMA Emma.

Flat, pentangular, the sides concave, the arms elongated, produced,

tapering to a fine point, about two-thirds the length of the diameter

of the disc. ‘The dorsal ossicules six-sided, regular, flat-topped,

covered with minute roundish granules; the central granules of the

central ossicules and those down the centre of the arms larger,

globular, tubercular-like. The margin sharp-edged, concave in the

centre; the ossicules of the upper and lower series alternating, mi-

nutely granular, with one or two larger subspinose granules on the

middle of the upper margin. Marginal ossicules about fifty on each

surface on each side, the lower series with scattered, acute, com-

pressed spines on their oral side.

The ossicules of the oral side four- or six-sided, rather irregular,

minutely granular, each armed with a central, compressed, acute,

mobile spine.

Inhab. ?

This species most nearly resembles a fossil found in the chalk,

which has hitherto been referred to the genus Tosia, and figured in

Mr. Dixon’s forthcoming work on the fossils of Worthing.

I have named this fine species in compliment to my daughter

Mrs. J. P. G. Smith, who before her marriage commenced a series

of plates to illustrate a monograph of this genus.

ANTHENEA.

This genus may be divided into two sections, one having a very

large two-lipped pore on each ossiculus of the oral surface; the

back netted and chaffy, as in A. Chinensis and the following new

species.

ANTHENEA TUBERCULOSA.

Back obscurely netted, rather chaffy, with scattered, long, flat-

backed tubercles. Marginal ossicules with some moderate granules,

the upper ossicules with one or more large flat-topped tubercles on

their upper part.

_ Inhab. Port Essington.

This species is very like Anthenea Chinensis, Gray (Asterias pen-

tagonula, Lam. ?), but differs from it in being more convex and netted

and more distinctly tubercular, and in the upper marginal tessera

being armed with tubercles. _

Like the Chinese species, all the ossicules, both marginal and discal,

of the oral surface, are furnished with large, elongated, two-lipped

ores.

F The second section contains the following species, which have one

or more small two-lipped pores on some of the ossicules of the oral

surface ; the back subtubercular, and the ossicules all covered with

large roundish granules.

ANTHENEA GRANULIFERA.

Both surfaces covered with small roundish granules, the back with

rather convex ossicules; the arms as long as the diameter of the

body; back with one or two scattered tubercles.

Var. Back with a blunt tubercle on the centre of each of the ossi-

cules of the middle of the back.

Inhab. —— ?

This species is easily known from the former by the smaller gra-

nules on the surface, the length of the arms, and the small size of the

two-lipped pores ; those of the dorsal surface are very»minute.

HosIA SPINULOSA.

Body flat, pentagonal, sides concave ; arms not half the length of

the diameter of the body; ossicules large, subequal, six-sided, very

minutely granular. Marginal ossicules 12 on each side, convex,

deeply separated from each other with a series of two or three small,

acute, spine-like tubercles in the centre of each. The ossicules of the

oral surface flat, minutely granular, with small two-lipped pores.

Inhab. Indian Ocean; Philippines.

This species nearly resembles the shape of Tosia australis, but is at

once known from that species by the granular ossicules, the spines on

the margin, and the two-lipped pores beneath ; it differs from Hosia

flavescens in its being five-sided instead of five-armed, and in having

no spines on the middle of the back.

Astroconium (restricted).

Body pentangular, flat above and below. Back and oral surface

protected by triangular ossicules, each covered with numerous erect,

cylindrical, truncated tubercles or granules, those of the oral surface

longest. Margin strengthened with regular, oblong, four-sided ossi-

cules, covered with small regular granules, except on the most con-

vex part of their centres, those of the upper and lower series opposite

each other. Dorsal wart single. Ambulacra with cylindrical trun-

cated spines, in groups of four on each ossiculus of equal size, not

forming a rounded group, and with a series of similar, rather larger

spines on their side, and a series of small ossicules with terminal

granules on their outer sides. Bilabiate slits are on either surface.

Messrs. Miiller and Troschel have proposed a genus under this

name, which I have hererestricted to smaller limits, to more accurately

distinguish the species. I have described all we have in the Museum.

A. Body flat, five-sided; granules short ; ossicules flat-topped, not

tubercled.

ASTROGONIUM GRANULARIS. Asterias granularis, Retz. Dis. ;

Miiller, Zool. Dan. t. 92. f. 1.

Pentagonal, sides rather concave. Back bright crimson; oral sur-

face yellowish; marginal ossicules oblong, 14 on each side, rather

convex, covered, except at the most convex part of the upper and

lower surface, with very minute granules. Dorsal ossicules hexa-

gonal, flat-topped, with short flat-topped granules; ossicules of oral

surface similar, but granules longer.

Inhab. North Sea. British Museum.

This species is very like Tosia australis, but is at once known

from it by the granules covering the greater part of the surface of

the marginal ossicules.

ASTROGONIUM MILIARE.

Flat, dark red, pentangular; rays rounded at the end, about one-

third the length of the diameter of the disc. Margin rounded, ossi-

cules 22 or 2 on each side, covered with uniform, close granules.

Dorsal ossicules rather convex, covered with uniform granules.

Inhab. New Zealand.

Like A. granularis in form, but the margin is round, and the mar-

ginal plates are more numerous.

ASTROGONIUM INZQUALE.

Pentagonal, sides rather concave. Armsacute. Dorsal ossicules

rather convex, covered with small roundish granules. Marginal

ossicules £ on each side, the two central ones small, narrow; four

others large; convex, the two at the tip very small.

Inhab. New Guinea? or Amboina? Capt. Sir E. Belcher.

B. Back rather convex, the marginal and dorsal ossicules with a small

central convexity or rounded tubercle ; the granules of the oral

surface rather elongate, rounded.

ASTROGONIUM TUBERCULATUM.

Body pentangular, sides concave; arms rather produced, acute,

tapering ; the ossicules of the dorsal surface, of the upper and lower

marginal series, each furnished with a small, central, rounded tu-

bercle. Marginal ossicules 3% on each side, the dorsal tubercles

on the middle of the back and down the centre of each arm rather

larger.

Inhab. Port Natal.

C. Body flat; ossicules of the dorsal, marginal and oral surface en-

tirely covered with rather elongated uniform granules ; marginal

ossicules small, erect, rounded above.

ASTROGONIUM PAXILLOSUM.

Blackish (perhaps discoloured). Pentagonal, flat. Arm nearly as

long as diameter of disc, rounded at the end. All the ossicules of

the back, edge, and oral surface, covered with regular, uniform,

-rather long, erect granules, forming a level surface; granules of the

oral surface longest. The marginal ossicules narrow, erect, rounded

above. Ambulacral spines elongate.

Inhab. Port Essington. :

This species, from the length of the granules, passes towards the

Astropectens, the elongated tubercles having much the appearance of

those which are called pavxill in that genus.

PentaconasTER DiisEnt.

Body flat, five-rayed ; rays two-thirds the length of the diameter

of the disc, rounded at the end; ossicules all convex, rounded. Mar-

ginal ossicules 32, large, round, those near the end of the arms largest

and most convex.

Inhab. W. Australia.

This species differs from P. pulchellus in the marginal ossicules

being more equal, and in the arms being much longer and more

slender. The ossicules of the dorsal disc are unequal in size and

rather irregularly formed ; those near the margin on the middle of the

sides are oblong and narrow, those of the oral surface are more re-

gular and not so convex, those near the angles of the mouth being

the largest and subtriangular.

I have named this beautiful species in memory (I regret to say) of

M. W. Von Diiben, who has lately published a very admirable paper

on the northern species of this family.

Tosta, Gray.

The granules between the ossicules are deficient in the dead and

washed specimens. It has been thought that the fossil species found

in the chalk belonged to this genus, but the surface of the ossicules

of most of the specimens I have seen show, from the sears with which

their surface is covered, that they were covered with granules, there-

fore they rather belong to the restricted genus Astrogonium.

In some species of this genus the ossicules of the oral disc are more

or less entirely covered with crowded, flat-topped granules.

TosIA GRANDIS.

Dorsal ossicules very unequal, flat-topped. Marginal ossicules

14 or 16 on each side, rather'convex ; the ossicules of the oral sur-

face are furnished with two or three ruws of crowded granules, and

those near the ambulacra are most covered.

Inhab. Western Australia.

Link, under the name of P. regularis, t. 13. f. 22, 23, copied

(E. M.t. 96. and Seba, iii. t..8. f. 4) a species like the above, but it

has only ten marginal plates. Miller, who thought he examined

Link’s specimen at Leipsic, describes it as having seven upper and

five under marginal plates.

TosIA AURATA.

Golden yellow. Dorsal ossicules flat-topped, the five in the centre,

between the central lines of the arms, largest, and round; the mar-

ginal ossicules 12, or 12, rather convex and nearly equal (that nearest

the top not being longer than the others) ; the ossicules of tle oral

disc, all except a few in the middle of each area, entirely covered

with flat-topped granules.

Inhab. Australia. Brit. Mus., three spec.

In others, the ossicules of the oral surface are only edged with a

single series of granules, like those of the back.

TosIA TUBERCULARIS.

Yellow, edges reddish. The dorsal ossicules convex, subtubercular,

those of the centre of the arms highest, those between the arm in |

the centre largest, nearly flat. The marginal ossicules § or jon

each side, convex, subtubercular, the one near the top of the arm

largest and oblong, longitudinal, convex. The ossicules of the oral

surface small, each surrounded with a single series of granules.

Var.? or young? The ossicules of the oral surface near the edges

covered with granules.

Inhab. Swan River.

There is a specimen in the British Museum with six marginal

ossicules very like the above, but differing from it in the dorsal

ossicules being only convex and rounded ; it has the same convex and

large marginal plate.

TosIA RUBRA.

Red brown. Dorsal ossicules rather convex, rounded. Marginal

ossicules 12 on each side, rather convex, equal, that at the tip of the

arms smaller, narrow. The ossicules of the oral surface flat-topped,

with a single series of marginal granules.

Inhab. Australia.

Tosra austraLis, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist.

Yellowish or reddish. Dorsal ossicules rather convex, rounded.

Marginal ossicules § on each side, rather convex, equal ; the ossicules

of the oral surface flat-topped, with a single series of marginal gra-

nules.

Inhab. W. Australia, Swan River.

PETRICIA.- . :

Body convex, five-rayed. Skin above and below varnished and

‘spineless. Back strengthened with numerous, sunken, moderate-

_sized ossicules ; the margin with two series of larger oblong ossicules,

but spineless ; the oral surface with rather regularly disposed smaller

ossicules. Ambulacral spines subulate, placed in pairs, with a second

series of similar but rather larger spines on the outer side of them.

This genus is very like Porania, but the back does not appear to

be angular, the-margin is edged with spines, and the ambulacral

spines are in pairs, and not single as in that genus. The ossicules

of the back and oral surface are punctured, and one of them situated .

-near the edge of the back, in the middle space between the arms, is

furnished with a linear pore edged with convex lips.

Pxrricia PUNCTATA.

Orange, when dry. ~~

Inhab. the Reef of Attagor. J. B. Jukes, Esq.

There is a single species of this genus in the British Museum col-

lection.

I may here remark, that the specimen of Porania gibbosa, the Aste-

rias gibbosus of Leach, and Goniaster Templetoni of Forbes, in the

British Museum from Arran, are exactly like Asterias pulvillus of

Miiller, received from Norway, in the same collection.

PaTIRIA.

The upper side, between the angles of the arms, is covered with

small, roundish groups of spines.

This genus may be divided into three sections :

1. Body pentagonal ; the dorsal ossicules lunate, narrow ; the edge of the

arms acute.

PaTrria coccinEA, Gray.

Asteriscus coccineus, Miiller & Trosch. 43.

The roundish group of spines between the lunate ossicules are very

abundant.

2. Body five-rayed; rays thick, rounded; dorsal ossicules lunate, sub-

triangular ; arms convex above and rounded on the sides.

PaTIRIA GRANIFERA.

? Asterias granifera, Lam. n. 24?; var. @ petits grains, Oudart, t.

Brown. Back rather convex. The arms broad, rounded at the

end, nearly as long as the diameter of the disc, rounded above, flat

beneath; the Junate dorsal ossicules covered with short, crowded

spines, and with only a few small tufts of spines between them, the

ossicules of the oral surface each with a transverse line of six or eight

spines.

Inhab. ?

Variety, the arms more slender, about one-third longer than the

diameter of the disc.

Inhab. ? Brit. Mus.

The variety may be a distinct species, but the specimen is not in

sufficiently good preservation to determine this point with accuracy.

8. The body five-rayed, rays thick, rounded ; the dorsal ossicules, espe-

cially those at the end of the arms, broad, rounded, the back covered .

with two or three beaked pedicellaria nearly hiding the tubercles.

PATIRIA OCELLIFERA.

Asterias ocellifera, Lam. 45; Oudart,t. . fig. .

Body five-rayed; arms thick, rounded, as long as the diameter of

the disc, bluntish at the end; the dorsal ossicules broad, oblong or

roundish, reddish, covered with short, crowded spines ; the oral sur-

face with transverse rows of three to five mobile spines.

Inhab. ?

This species much more nearly resembles Oudart’s figure than the

species I have described under the name of Nectria oculifera.

PATIRIA OBTUSA.

Brown, depressed, five- to six-rayed; rays depressed, rounded at

the end; dorsal surface with lunate ossicules crowded with short

spines; oral surface with circular groups of crowded spines in the

middle of each ossicule.

Inhab. Panama. Sandy mud, six to ten fathoms.

PAaTIRIA ? CRASSA.

Pale yellow (dry), five-rayed; rays thick, rather tapering, about

half as long again as the diameter of the disc. Dorsal surface formed

of convex, subhemispherical ossicules, covered with crowded minute

spines. The oral surface with roundish groups of short, crowded

spines, like pazilli.

Inhab. W. Australia. Mr. Gould.

PreRAsTER CAPENSIS.

Body subpentagonal, swollen, edge very thick, rounded; back

convex, reticulated, with rounded groups of very small ossicules at

the junction of the reticulations.

Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.

The spines of the ambulacra are like those of Péeraster militaris,

but they are longer, and the series of webbed spines on their outer

margins are scarcely longer than those of the ambulacra, while in

the northern species they are much longer and thicker, and there is

no appearance of the two long glassy spines at the angle of the

mouth, so distinct and peculiar in that species.

GANERIA.

Body flat, five-rayed. Back coriaceous, strengthened with nume-

rous small, linear and curved series of very short cylindrical spines.

Margin perpendicular, with two series of narrow ossicules, each

armed with a central, erect, linear series of short cylindrical spines.

Oral surface covered with diverging spines, one being placed on each

ossicule. Ambulacra linear, with two series of tentacles, and edged

with subulate spines, two on each ossicule, and with a series of di-

verging spines at the angles near the mouth.

GaneERIA FALKLANDICA.

Body five-rayed; rays as long as the diameter of the disc, rather

blunt at the tip.

Inhab. Falkland Islands. Captain Sir James Ross.

3. DxscRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF FuLGoRA.

By Arruur Apams, Esa., R.N.

, Fuzcora (Horrnus) Surrana, Adams and White. Fulg. thorace

superiore et rostro sanguineis ; elytris ad basin nigro-fuscis lines

ochreis venosis, ad apicem ochreo-fuscis ; alis ad basim intensé

carmineis, ad angulum analem roseis, ad apicem fuscum quatuor

vel quingue maculis rotundatis albis ornatis.

Rostrum and upper surface of thorax of a rich blood-red colour.

The form of the beak intermediate between that of H. clavatus of

Westwood and H. pyrorhynchus of Donovan. Elytra’blackish brown

at the base, traversed by ochraceous veins, with the tip ochraceous

brown. ‘The wings with the base of a deep carmine fading to pale

pink towards the anal angle, the tips brown, with four or five roundish

white spots. Body above straw-coloured.

No. CLXXV.—Proceepines or THE ZootoaicaL Society.

Body covered, when alive, with a white mealy substance. Lantern

not luminous by day or night. Remains in a torpid state during the

heat of the day, and becomes more active in the evening.

Forest of Borneo near Tampasook.

4, Snort DescripTions OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF CRUSTACEA IN

THE COLLECTION OF THE British Muszum. By Apam WGITE,

F.L.S.

Family PaRTHENOPIDZ.

CryrprTopopia porsaALis, White and Adams, n.s.

Carapace narrower and wider than the same part in the Cryptopodia

Ffornicata, the greater part of the back covered with slight pustules; on

the posterior part of the carapace are two deep grooves placed longi-

tudinally and slightly bent, so as to have a lyre-shaped form; posterior

edge of the carapace with coarser and rounder crenations than in

C. fornicata ; the ridges on the chele with blunter tubercles. j

This distinct and beautiful species of a singular genus was found

by Mr. Adams in the Sooloo Sea, where the bottom was stony.

When alive, it is of a dirty flesh-colour, with brown markings and

minute black specks; on each chela there is an orange linear spot :

under surface of a dead white, on the breast reddish.

Mr. Adams informs me that the species of this genus resemble

those of Calappa in their habit of simulating death when disturbed,

folding the chele close to the front of the carapace and concealing

their legs under.the dilated sides of the carapace. They are always

found in deep water, while the Calappide are found on sandy flats,

sometimes buried under the sand.

Family Ocyropip2.

Gevasimus crassires, White, Cat. Crust. in Brit. Mus. p. 36.

Carapace very much arched, suddenly narrowed behind ; four hind

pair of legs thicker and stronger than in other species; front with a

lobe, without narrow stalk.

Hab. Philippine Islands (Siquejor). From Mr. Cuming’s collec-

tion. ;

GELASIMUS BELLATOR, White, l. c.

Carapace with the fore-part just behind the insertion of eye-pedun-

cles sinuated, the front slightly dilated into a rounded lobe. Larger

hand with the fingers very long, the moveable with the sides nearly

parallel, two or three larger tubercles on the edge near the base ; fixed

finger margined on the under side; the cutting edge with a very

wide shallow tubércular sinus at base ; at the end of sinus beyond the

middle a strong wide tooth, which gradually slopes down to the end,

which curves up.

Hab. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming’s collection.

GELAsIMUs CULTRIMANUS, White, l. c. p. 35.

Front between the eyes with a small dilated rounded lobe. Edge

of lower orbit very distinctly crenated; carapace with the upper

surface smooth; the lateral edges rounded, without any sharp keel

from the outer orbital angle. Larger hand with the fingers wide,

both at the end slightly curved outwards, the lower finger with a

very wide sinus in the middle; near the end a wide lobe serratu-

crenated on the edge ;, moveable finger with the lower edge nearly

quite straight.

Hab. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming’s collection.

GELASIMUS PORCELLANUS, White, l.c. p. 36.

Eye-pedicels very long; the frontal portion of carapace not nar-

rowed at base; the hind part of carapace much longer than the

side. Lower finger thickened at the end, the inner margins of both

fingers with four larger tubercles amongst the small crenules.

Hab. Borneo. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty.

Family Marana.

TycueE, Bell.

Tyce EMaRGINATA, White, l. c. p. 10.

Carapace with the dilated part behind, deeply notched in the mid-

dle ;- the tubercles on the sides of the depressed part with hairs.

The genus Tyche was established by Professor Bell in the Zoolo-

gical Transactions for a species from Panama, which he has described

and figured under the name of T. lamellifrons. The specimen from

which the above brief description is taken is very much mutilated,

but is clearly distinct from Mr. Bell’s.

Hab. West Indies. British Museum.

Family THeLpuusip2.

VALDIVIA, n. g.

Outer jaw-feet with second joint wider than long; third joint

longer than wide, slightly notched at the end. Carapace depressed,

rather more rounded in the outline than in Thelphusa; the latero-

anterior edge with four sharp teeth directed forwards ; legs very long,

last joint very long, smooth.

This genus is closely allied to Trichodactylus.

VaLpivia sERRATA, White, l.c. p. 31.

Front quite straight ; a strong distinct keel from last tooth on side

of carapace to hind part; the whole upper surface of carapace and

legs is covered with a brownish epidermis.

Hab. ? British Museum.

Family Grapsipz.

Urica, White, n. g.

Carapace somewhat eight-angled, tabular, the latero-anterior mar-

gin with three teeth; the latero-posterior part of the carapace ob-

lique; carapace behind very straight; behind the middle there is a

very strong transverse ridge. Outer jaw-feet with the third joint

on the outside straight, not dilated. Fore-legs small; hind-legs

very long; tarsus not particularly dilated, somewhat elongated,

fringed with hairs, as is the preceding joint.

This genus, which is shortly characterized above, belongs to the

family Grapside, being nearly allied to Trichopus, De Haan, which is

synonymous with Varuna, M. Edwards.

Urica eracizirEes, White, l. c. p. 43.

Front wide, fore-edge very straight; behind it, and extending to

the middle of the carapace, there is a considerable, wide, somewhat

three-sided elevation, separated from the transverse ridge by a deep

lunated depression, from the ends of which a slight impressed line

proceeds to the side of the ridge where it deepens; legs very slender

and fringed with hair.

This species is a native of the Philippine Islands, from which it

was first brought by Mr. Cuming. He found it in a freshwater

rivulet among the mountains of the island of Negros. Mr. Adams

found it also in the island of Mindanao, and from his journal has

given me the following description, taken from the crustacean when

alive :—

“Carapace dark liver-colour; legs reddish brown; under surface

dark brown, on the legs with a lighter tinge; abdomen also of a

lighter colour, with a yellowish line down the middle. 9. Frequents

the deep, still. muddy freshwater rivers of the island of Mindanao,

hiding under weeds and rotten wood. When caught this singular

crustacean feigns death, contracting its limbs and rendering them

rigid, as if it were in a catalepsy.”

5. DescrirrTions oF SEVERAL New Species oF Sponpytus. By

G. B. Sowrrsy, Jun.

Sponpytus unicoLor. Spond. testd solidd, oblique ovali, rubro-

violascente; costis 6 principalibus, squamis crassis, arcuatis ;

subtis concavis, paululim palmatis, prope marginem numerosis ;

costis interstitialibus spinis crassis, brevibus, arcuatis ornatis ;

inter costas sulcis nonnullis.

Hab. ? Mus. M. Griiner; G. B. Sowerby.

:. SponpyztusCuminer. Spond. testa liberd, regulari, subrotundatd,

subdepressd ; ared cardinali parvd ; costis principalibus 6 elevatis,

levibus, squamis subelongatis, levibus, arcuatis, palmatis, ad

latera palmarum undulatim fimbriatis ; interstitiis imbricatim stri-

atis ; colore fusco rubescente.

A free- ~growing: species, with short cardinal area, in some degree

resembling S. regius and S. imperialis, but most remarkable for the

beautiful manner in which the arched palmated scales are frilled and

fluted at the sides.

Hab. ? Mus. H. Cuming.

SrponpyLus truBatus. Spond. testd ovali, crassd, vir costatd,

squamis depressis, levibus, palmatis, brevibus, irregularibus, ine-

qualibus, 9 ad 11 dispositis ; interstitiis minutissime striatis, car-

dine magno; colore squamarum croceo, interstitiarum obscure

violaceo ; intus limbo purpureo.

Hab. Persian Gulf. Mus. Griiner. Brit. Mus.; G. B. Sowerby.

Sronpyuus sinensis. Spond. testd levi, elongato-ovali, ared car-

dinali plerumque elongatd ; costis 5 ad 6 principalibus, viz elevatis,

squamis levibus, depressis, palmatis ; interstitiis levibus, costis

inequalibus et squamis minoribus ; colore pallide fulvo, vel roseo,

vel albo, prope umbonem fusco variegato.

Remarkable for the smooth, depressed, palmated, spoon-shaped

scales on the five or seven principal ribs, which are repeated in mini-

ature in the interstices.

From China.

Sponpy.us tincua-FELis. Spond. testd ovali, crassd, ared cardi-

nali et auriculis magnis ; costis numerosis, vir elevatis, spinis

brevibus, equalibus, numerosis armatis ; colore fusco, subtiis croceo.

A much more solid shell than S. asperrimus, with the hinge large ;

the colour is a uniform dark brown, which is shown in the interior

by a well-defined border. The shell is covered by nearly equal ribs,

which are armed by short, thick, slightly curved prickles.

Hab. ? Mus. M. Griiner.

Aye SPONDYLUS DIGITATUS. Spond. testé subrotundatd, tenui, costatd ;

costis 6 ad 9 principalibus, viv elevatis, squamis rectiusculis,

arcuatis, ad terminos palmatis, aculeatim divisis ; interstitiis spi-

nosis ; colore fusco, vel rubro, vel purpureo, ad umbones rubro

variegato.

The peculiarity of this species consists in the beautifully branched

and digitated palmations which terminate the erect and arched

scales.

Hab. Bermudas; Belcher. Mus. H. Cuming.

Are Sponpyxus asperrimus. Spond. testd subrotundatd ; costis nume-

rosis vix elevatis, subequalibus, aculeis brevibus, erectis, creberri-

mis, subtis canaliculatis ; interstitiis scabriculis et spinosis, colore

valve superiori fusco, prope umbonem variegato ; valve inferior

croceo.

Hab. ? Mus. H. Cuming.

brs SponpYLus TENUISPINOSUS. Spond. testd ovali, tenui, costis prin-

cipalibus 8 spinis elongatis, tenuibus, erectis, numerosis, spinis in-

terstitialibus minutis ; interstitiis minute imbricatis ; laminis valve

superioris elegantissime foliaceis ; colore pallide cinereo, prope um-

bonem rubro variegato, valve inferioris albo, prope umbonem fia-

vido rubro radiato.

This species is distinguished by the thin, sharp, erect, white spines

which ornament the numerous ribs. The upper valve is of a pale

ashy colour, variegated with red near the umbo, and the under

i 88

valve is white, with beautifully foliated lamine and a few graceful

spines.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

June 8, 1847.

Harpur Gamble, Esq., M.D., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. On tHe Finner WHALES, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW

species. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S. erc.

Sibbald has described and figured two specimens of Finner Whale.

Artedi, and after him Linnzus, regarded these figures as represen-

tations of separate species, but the characters which they gave for the

species appear to depend solely on the state the specimens were

in when described and figured. ‘hese species have been generally

adopted in the Fauna of this country.

The Wuatzs appear to differ greatly from one another in the de-

gree of mobility of the neck, as is well-shown in the union or sepa-

ration of the cervical vertebre, and in the variations in the develop-

ment of their lateral and spinous processes.

The union or separation of the cervical vertebree appears to afford

good generic distinctions.

Duvernoy, in the second edition of Cuvier’s ‘Comparative Ana-

tomy,’ has observed, “In the Cetacea the seven cervical vertebre

of the genus Balena are all soldered together, and sometimes the first

dorsal is equally soldered to the cervical.

“In the genus Physeter the atlas is distinct, and the six other

vertebre are soldered.

“In the Delphinus the atlas and axis only are united, and the five

other vertebree remain separate, but they are very thin.

“Lastly, in the Rorquals (Pike Whales), Delphinus gangeticus

(the genus Platanista), the Dugong and Lamantin, they are all or

nearly all separate.” —Duvernoy in Cuv. Anat. Comp. ed. 2.1. 195.

I may further observe, that in Balenoptera rostrata, which I have

considered as the type of Balenoptera, the second and third cervical

vertebrz are united by their spinous processes, while the fourth, fifth,

_sixth and seventh vertebra are separate and well-developed ; while in

Physalus Boops, antiquorum and Sibbaldii, and in Megapteron longi-

manus they are all well-developed, and separate from one another.

In the Grampus (Orca gladiator) the first five cervical vertebre are

united together into one body, and the sixth and seventh are very thin,

i ed ee

rudimentary and separate. In Hyperoodon all the cervical vertebra

are rudimentary and united, as in Balena. In Monoceros the first

and second cervical vertebree are separate and large, and the re-

mainder are very thin, separate, and nearly rudimentary.

M. Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 378, 380) has observed that the second

and third cervical vertebrae of the Cape Megapteron are united

together by their bodies: this does not appear to be the case with

the Greenland Megapteron longimanus.

The union of the vertebre in the different genera appears to take

place at an early period in the life of the animal, for in the skeleton

of a young Balenoptera rostrata which has the epiphysis of the ver-

tebre and arm-bones quite separate, the vertebrz were firmly united.

Cuvier, in his researches on the Whales (Oss. Foss. v. i. 8378, 380.

t. 26. f. 13 and 18), observes that the two kinds of true Whale (Ba-

lena) might be distinguished by the form of the lateral processes ;

and Professor Eschricht of Copenhagen has made the same observa-

tion with respect to the Finner or Pike Whales (Balenoptera) ; and

from what I have observed, they appear to present the best character

for the distinction of the species, for there can be no doubt that the

expanded lateral processes of the Physalus antiquorum must be for

a very different purpose, and require very different muscles for their

movements than the short lateral processes of Physalus Boops and

Sibbaldii.

In my Essay on the Cetaceous animals published in the ‘ Zoology

of H.M.S. Erebus and Terror,’ from the examination of several ske-

letons and their fragments and the descriptions of different authors,

I attempted to establish that there were three distinct British spe-

cies, distinguished by good zoological and osteological characters.

Having lately had occasion to examine other specimens, and being

enabled to make more minute comparison, I am now satisfied that

there is a fourth species which inhabits our coast, and the re-examina-

tion of these specimens has enabled me to correct some inaccuracies

in my former account.

In the paper above referred to I proposed to divide the genus Ba-

lenoptera into three subgenera; but on reconsideration I think it

preferable that it should be divided into two genera, retaining the

name Balenoptera for one of the species, and using the old generic

name of Physalus for the other three, the genera being established

on both zoological and osteological characters.

Genus BALZNoPTERA, PIKED WHALES.

The pectoral fin one-third and the dorsal fin two-thirds the length

of the body from the end of the nose. The second and third cer-_

vical vertebree united by the spinous process. ‘The lateral process

of the second cervical vertebra rather expanded, united, wing-like.

Vertebre 46 to 48. The pectoral fin moderate, about one-eighth

the length of the body. Dorsal fin behind the orifice of generation.

Chest with longitudinal folds.

BaLaznoprera rostrata, Gray, Zool. Voy. H.M.S. Erebus and

Terror, 50. t. 2. .

Baleena rostrata, Miiller, Hunter, &c.

Rorquaius minor, Knox, Jardine 'N.L. 142. t. 7.

Inhabits the British coast, North Seas, Greenland.

There is a skeleton of this species in the British Museum, and a

skull in the museum of the Hull Philosophical Society.

In this species the first cervical vertebra is rather broader than —

long; the central hole is half as high again as broad. The second

and third cervical vertebre are united together by the upper edge.

The second cervical vertebra has a broad, much-expanded, lateral

process, with an oblong central hole near the body of the vertebra,

reaching rather more than half its length. The third, fourth, fifth

and sixth cervical vertebre have two (upper and lower) lateral pro-

cesses; the upper process of the third is the shortest and least de-

veloped, and these processes increase in length to the sixth. The

lower process of the third is the thickest ; the fourth and fifth rather

small, and in the sixth the basal part of the process is shorter, and

the upper part much-elongated and thinner. The seventh has only

the upper process, which resembles that of the first dorsal in form,

but is smaller.

This species is the smallest of the family, and rarely if ever ex-

ceeds twenty-five or thirty feet inlength. It is easily known by the

white spot on the base of the upper side of the pectoral fin.

Genus Puysatus, FiInnerR WHALES.

The pectoral fin one-fourth, the dorsal fin three-fourths the length

of the body from the end of the nose. The cervical vertebre all

separate and free. Vertebre 54 to 64. Pectoral fin moderate, about

one-eighth the length of the body. Dorsal fin behind the orifice of

generation. Chest with longitudinal folds.

This genus may be divided into two sections, according to the form

of the transverse apophyses of the cervical vertebre.

* The transverse apophyses of the cervical vertebre much-expanded,

united, forming a ring in the second to the sixth vertebre. Puysauus.

1. PHYsSALUS ANTIQUORUM.

Balzna Physalus, Scoresby.

Balenoptera antiquorum, Fischer, Syn. 325; Gray, Z. E. § T. 50.

Rorqual de la Mediterranée, Cuvier, Os. Foss.

Inhabits British Ocean, Mediterranean.

Skeleton at Black-Gang Chine, from Isle of Wight, and in Mr.

Patch’s show, from Plymouth.

‘The transverse apophyses are as broad as the body of the vertebra,

and the latter is oblong, half as broad again’as high. Vertebre 54,

viz. 7 cervical, 13 dorsal, 17 lumbar, and 17 caudal. The ribs are

simple.

The lateral processes of the cervical vertebre are much longer than

the width of the body of the vertebra; the lateral process of the

second cervical has a small, nearly central perforation, and this per-

foration gradually becomes larger on each succeeding vertebra, until

in the sixth it nearly occupies the whole disc of the lateral process,

the seventh being only found with a narrow elongated process from

the upper edge, the lower process being reduced into the form of a

small tubercle.

The Plymouth specimen is travelling the country, curiously

mounted in three caravans (the first containing the head, the second

the thorax, and the third the middle of the tail), so as to exhibit the

parts of the skeleton in their proper situations when the caravans

are placed one after the other with their ends removed, and the cer-

vical, lumbar, and caudal vertebre suspended between or beyond

them.

This specimen was found floating on the sea in a decomposed state

on the 20th of October, 1831, in Plymouth Sound, and is said to

have been 102 feet long and 75 feet in circumference, but most

likely the abdominal cavity was distended by internal decompo-

sition.

The lumbar vertebre are thick and large; both these characters

must render this Finner much more powerful and active in the water

than any of its allies. The lower jaw 17 feet long; the blade-bone

32 inches by 51; the upper arm-bone 20 inches long by 103 wide;

the lower arm-bone 31 inches long. The lumbar vertebre are 11

inches long and 14 inches wide; the first rib 59 inches long and 104

inches wide at the sternal end. The chest-bone is 28 inches wide and

18 inches long.

In this skeleton the proprietor has placed a blade of Greenland

whalebone (Balena mysticetus) on one side, and several of South Sea

whalebone (Balena australis) on the other side of the upper jaw, in

the place of the true baleen of Physalus.

There is a second skeleton, which most probably belongs, or is

very nearly allied to this species, exhibited at Black-Gang Chine, on

the south side of the Isle of Wight, which was caught near the

Needles. It was 75 feet long, of a greyish colour.

The skull is 16 feet 7 inches long, 5 feet wide at the orbital notch ;

the lower jaw 16 feet 9 inches long; the sternum 26 inches wide and

14 long; the upper arm-bone 24 inches long, the lower 33 inches

long.

Gi his skeleton chiefly differs from the former in the bones of the

arms being rather longer, though the body is one-third shorter;

but the length of the Plymouth specimen may be over-estimated.

** The transverse apophyses of the cervical vertebre short, of the third,

Fourth, fifth and sixth separate. Rorauatus.

2. Paysatus (Rorquatvus) Boors.

The transverse apophysis of the second cervical vertebra thick,

short, converging, but separate at the end; of the other cervical

vertebre slender, rather longer, far apart. The upper apophysis of

the sixth bent down, rather elongate, the lower cone thicker, shorter,

and bent up at the end.

Skeleton in the British Museum. Taken on the coast of Wales

and towed into Liverpool in 1846.

The length of the skeleton of the Liverpool specimen is 38 feet ;

the head is 9 feet long. The vertebre are 60 in number, and there

are 15 pairs of simple ribs.

The cervical vertebre are all separate,and nearly equally developed;

the body of the cervical vertebrz is squarish oblong, about one-fourth

broader than high. The spinal canal is oblong, depressed, twice as

wide as high. The second vertebra is twice as thick as the other,

with two large broad lateral processes scarcely as long as half the

width of the vertebra, coming together at the end, but separate, and

leaving an oblong hole between them. The third, fourth, fifth and

sixth each with superior and inferior narrower lateral processes, the

upper one of the third being the narrowest, and gradually increasing

in thickness to the sixth; the lower of the fourth rather the broadest,

and of the sixth the thickest and most tapering at the end.

The third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh have only two rather

short processes on each side, the upper process being the most slen-

der, compressed and bent down, and the lower one conical, stronger,

compressed ; the processes of the third vertebra are the thinnest, and

they gradually increase in thickness andstrength to the seventh or last.

The specimen here described was mentioned in the papers of the

day as a spermaceti whale !

3. Puysatus (RorquaLus) SIBBALDII.

The transverse apophyses of the second cervical vertebra rather

elongated, united, leaving only a small subcentral hole; of the other

cervical vertebrz slender, shorter and far apart, nearly straight, di-

rected out laterally.

Inhab. Coast of Yorkshire.

There is in the museum of the Hull Literary and Philosophical

Society a very perfect skeleton of this species, taken in the Humber,

which is fifty feet long. It has 64 vertebre, as follows: cervical 7,

thoracic 16, lumbar and caudal 41 ; and the arms and paddles are 6

feet 9 inches long; the ribs 16 pair, all simple. The baleen is black.

This specimen is said to have been eight years old, but on what

authority I cannot learn.

I have to thank my friend Mr. Pearshall, the curator of the above

museum, for his kindness in sending me a detailed drawing of the

natural size of the cervical vertebre of this interesting species.

.For the purpose of comparison with the foregoing description, I

here add the following account of the cervical vertebre of Megapteron

longimanus, or Hunchback Whale, from a fine skeleton in the col-

lection of the British Museum.

The second cervical has two very large, thick, converging, lateral

processes, as long as half the diameter of the body of the vertebra.

el, ames oe * «).) NO al

The third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh have elongated, slender,

superior lateral processes, which bend rather downwards, and the

sixth and seventh rather forwards. The fourth and fifth have a very

short, rudimentary, inferior lateral process, which is smaller on the

left side. The other vertebre are without any process. The cervical

vertebre are all free.

The upper part of the spinous process of the second vertebra is

very large and convex, covering this part of the next vertebra.

I may here remark that Professor Eschricht informed me that he

could find no difference between the Megapteron of the North Sea

and the Cape specimen in the Paris Museum. I may also observe

that Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 381) described the Cape specimen as

having the second and third cervical vertebre united by the upper

part of their body, which is not the case with our Northern specimen,

and that Cuvier’s figures of the lateral process of the Cape speci-

men are very different from the Northern one here described.

2. On a NEW species of Apreryx. By Jonn Gou_p, Esa.,

F.R.S. ere.

We have abundant evidence that at some former period New Zea-

land, and probably the Polynesian Islands, have been inhabited by a

remarkable group of Birds, of which the Dinornis, so ably described

by Professor Owen, formed a part, and of which the genus Apieryx

is the only form at present known to exist; this form, so different

from all others, has been, and will ever be, regarded with great in-

terest, as the sole remnant of a race of which every other genus is

believed to be extinct. Hitherto a single species only of this genus

has been recorded; I have therefore no ordinary degree of pleasure

in introducing to the notice of this Meeting a second, and if possible

a still more extraordinary one than that previously described, and

as I reported to the meeting held on the 13th of April, I have intel-

ligence of the existence of a third and much larger species than either

of them.

The bird I am now about to describe has just arrived from New

Zealand by way of Sydney, but unaccompanied by any information

as to the locality in which it was procured, or any particulars of its

habits and economy.

It appears to be fully adult, and is about the same size as the

Apteryx Australis, from which it is rendered conspicuously different

by the irregular transverse barring of the entire plumage, which,

with its extreme density and hair-like appearance, more closely

resembles the covering of a mammal than that of a bird; it also

differs in having a shorter, more slender, and more curved bill, and

in the structure of the feathers, which are much broader through-

out, especially at the tip, and of a loose, decomposed, and hair-like

texture. I propose to characterize this new species under the name

of Apteryx Owenii, feeling assured that it can only be considered as a

just compliment to Professor Owen, who has so ably investigated

the group to which I believe it pertains.

Arreryx Owrenu. Ap. corpus superius fusco et fulvo transversim

radiatum ; plumis singulis, ad basim argenteo-fuscis, in medio satu-

ratius fuscis, deinde fascid semilunari transversd fulud, cui macula

succedit informis nigra, ad apicem fulvis. Corpus inferius supe-

riore pallidius, pluma enim queque inferioris corporis tribus radiis

fulvis, superioris tantum duobus ornatur ; fulvus quoque color infe-

riore longius quam superiore corpore in apicibus plumarum extendit.

Face, head and neck dull yellowish brown ; throat somewhat paler ;

all the upper surface transversely rayed with blackish brown and

fulvous; each individual feather being silvery brown at the base,

darker brown in the middle, then crossed by a lunate mark of ful-

vous, to which succeeds an irregular mark of black, and terminated

with fulvous; under surface paler than the upper, caused by each

feather being crossed by three rays of fulvous instead of two, and

more largely tipped with that colour; the feathers of the thighs re-

semble those of the back; bill dull yellowish horn-colour; feet and

claws fleshy-brown.

Total length, from the tip of the bill to the extremity of the body, -

18 inches; bill, from the gape to the tip, 32; bill, Z broad at the

gape; tarsi, 21; middle toe and nail, 23.

Hab. New Zealand.

Remark.—In this species the wing is even more rudimentary than

in the Apteryx Ausiralis.

3. DRAFTS FOR A NEW ARRANGEMENT OF THE TROCHILIDZ. By

Joun Goutp, Esa., F.R.S. (conrINUED*), WITH THE CHARAC-

TERS OF TWO NEW GENERA AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW

SPECIES.

METALLURA, gen. nov.

Char. gen. — Rostrum rectum, sublongum. Plume molles sericee.

Cauda subgrandis, rotundata. Gula et rectrices infrd tanquam

metallum expolitum luminose. Ale subgrandes. Tarsi nudi.

Pedes subgrandes. Digitus et unguis postici digitum et unguem

medios longitudine zquantes vel superantes.

Gen. char.—Bill straight, moderately long ; plumage soft and silky ;

tail rather large and rounded; throat and under surface of the tail-

feathers very luminous, like shining metal; wings moderately large

and apparently adapted for an easy mode of flight; tarsi bare; feet

rather large; hind-toe and nail as long or longer than the middle

toe and nail.

Females.—Much less brilliant than the males in every respect, and

in most of the species wanting the luminous mark on the throat. —

The species are—

Trochilus cupreocauda, Gould.

Trochilus eneocauda, Gould.

Trochilus Alardi, Bourc.

Trochilus smaragdinicollis, D’Orb.

Trochilus Williami, Bource.

* See ante, pp. 7, 16, 30.

DoryFera, gen. noy.

Char. gen.—Rostrum forte, ad tertiam partem apicalem, que sursum

curvatur, rectum. A/e subgrandes. Cauda rotundata, subrigida,

rectricibus singulis mucronatis. Tuarsi aliqua parte vestiti. Pedes

magnitudine mediocri. Digitus et unguis postico digito et ungui

medio longitudine zquales.

Gen. char.—Bill long, straight for three-fourths of its length, and

inclining upwards to the extremity; wings moderately large; tail

rounded, rather rigid, each feather ending in a point; tarsi partly

clothed; feet moderate in size; hind-toe and nail as long as the

middle toe and nail.

The species are—

Trochilus (Doryfera) Louise.

Trocuitus (DoryFERA) viotirrons. Troch. fronte maculd rotundd

metallice violaced notatd ; occipite, collo, et dorso superiore eneo-

viridibus ; dorso inferiore, et tectricibus caude superioribus, sor-

didé griseo-ceruleis ; guld, et abdomine, nigris viride splendentibus ;

tectrictbus caude inferioribus intense violaceis ; caudd ipsd nigrd

violaceo subnitente.

On the forehead a round spot of beautiful metallic violet ; back of

the head, neck and upper part of the back bronzy green, passing into

purer green on the back and shoulders; lower part and upper tail-

coverts dull greyish blue; throat and abdomen black, with green

reflexions; under tail-coverts deep violet-blue; wings purplish brown;

tail black, slightly glossed with green; bill black; feet brown.

Total length, 43 inches ; bill, 1i; wing, 21; tail, 13.

Remark.—This most interesting addition to the Trochilide is pre-

cisely of the same form in every respect as T. Louise, but differs most

remarkably in the colouring of its plumage, the forehead being violet

instead of green, and the under surface black instead of golden green.

Lopnornis Reeinaz. Loph. vertice, et cristo, ferrugineo-rubris,

plumis singulis maculd viride ad apicem ornatis; loro, guld et

colli lateribus, viridibus, candentibus ; maculd plumarum lanceo-

latarum subviride alba; nuchd, et dorso superiore, fulgente

viridibus ; dorso inferiore, uropygio, et tectricibus caude superi-

oribus, eneo-fuscis ; uropygio lined albd transversim fasciaté ;

caudd castaneo-fuscd, rectricibus duabus intermediis ad apicem et

margines, rectricibus etiam duabus externis ad margines, eneo-

viridibus.

Crown of the head and crest bright rusty red, each feather with a

beautiful dark green spot at the tip; lores, throat and sides of the

neck resplendent metallic green, beneath which is a patch of white

lanceolate feathers; back of the neck and upper part of the back

lustrous green; lower part, rump and upper tail-coverts bronzy

brown; rump crossed by a distinct line of white ; tail chestnut-brown,

the tips and margins of the two middle and the margins of the ex-

ternal feathers rich bronzy green; abdomen light metallic green ;

wings purplish brown; bill reddish brown at the base, dark brown

at the tip; feet brown.

Total length, 23 inches; bill, 3; wing, 14; tail, 12.

Remark.—Nearly allied to Lophornis Regulus and ornatus, but

differing from the former in having the crest-feathers broader and

the green spots on the tips much larger. It is a very beautiful spe-

cies.

Trocuritus (Giavcis?) c#arunzocasTeR. Troch. vertice, nuchd,

uropygio, et tectricibus caude superioribus, @neo-viridibus ; mento,

colli lateribus, et dorso viridibus; guld, et abdomine, cyaneis ;

tectricibus caude inferioribus magnis, albis ; caudd nigra pallide

cyaneo nitente.

Crown of the head and back of the neck dull bronzy green; back

green, passing into bronzy green on the rump and upper tail-coverts ;

chin and sides of the neck green, gradually passing into the beautiful

blue of the throat and abdomen; under tail-coverts largely developed

and of a pure white; tail black, with steel-blue reflexions; wings

purplish brown; bill black; feet brown.

Total length, 43 inches; bill, 1}; wing, 23; tail, 2.

_ Remark.—About the same size as, and similar in every respect to,

T. Buffonii, Lesson, but differs from it in the throat and abdomen

being beautiful blue instead of green.

June 22, 1847.

Harpur Gamble, Esq., M.D., in the Chair.

The following communications were read :—

1. Description or A New Lizarp DISCOVERED BY Mr. Dyson 1N

Venezueta. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., F.Z.S.

In the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ I described a

lizard, from Columbia, which Mr. Brandt sent me under the name of

Argalia marmorata, and considered it as the type of a peculiar family.

In Mr. Dyson’s collection, just received at the Museum, there is a

second species of this genus from Venezuela, differing from the former

not only in the colouring, but in the size of the head and the com-

parative length of the tail.

This genus has much the appearance of the Barisie, but is at

once known from them and other New World Zonuride by having

femoral pores, by the position of the nostrils, and by the scales on

the side of the body not being granular, though rather smaller than

those of the back.

—

ARGALIA OLIVACEA.

Olive-green; beneath pale brown; sides of neck and body yellow

spotted ; tail rather longer than the body and head, thick at the base.

Palins of the feet bright yellow.

Inhab. Venezuela.

Mr. Dyson found a pair of these lizards on a tree in the moun-

tains, 8000 feet above the level of the sea, near the Colonia de Tova,

by a tree called Grand Cedro, the largest known in Venezuela, and

much larger than that described by Humboldt.

They now form part of the collection of the British Museum. The

sexes are quite alike in form and colour.

9. Account oF A Buack anp Wuitre Morrnep Swan, ON THE WATER

IN THE DEMESNE OF THE Haru oF SHannon, CastLe Martyr,

Country Corx. By Maurice Grencon, GAMEKEEPER TO THE

Ear, oF SHANNON. COMMUNICATED BY THE PRESIDENT.

In the year 1848 a male black swan paired with a white female

swan; she laid six eggs, and hatched four cygnets. Before they got

to the age of six months, three of them met with untimely deaths.

This bird in 1845 paired with its father, and laid four eggs, which

came'to nothing. It is very like the father about the head, but about

the body it resembles the white swan. It lives on the water with

others, black swans and white swans, and agrees with both.

The above ee may be relied on as authentic and correct,

because I have witnessed it from beginning to ending.

Upon the same island where this bird was born | have seen more

than eighty cormorants’ nests, on Scotch fir-trees not under sixty feet *

in height, in which they hatched their young. This was fourteen

years ago.

Castle Martyr, June 1847.

8. Ow THE PorcuPpINES oF THE OLDER oR EAsTERN CONTINENT,

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES. By J. E. Gray,

Esa., F.R.S., F.Z.S. ere.

This genus, on account of the similarity of the appearance of the

species, has been very imperfectly examined. M. F. Cuvier, in the

eleventh volume of the ‘Mémoires du Muséum,’ has given a paper

on the crania and teeth of the family, and divided them into genera,

forming those of the old world, which alone came within the scope

of this communication, into two: the first he calls Hystriz, and

figures as the type a skull which he considers as that of the Porcu-

pine of Italy; and formed a second genus under the name of Acan-

thion for a skull brought by Leschenault from Java, and a skeleton

described by Daubenton (Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 53) in the Paris Mu-

seum. He gives a general description and some observations on the

relative size of the face and brain-cavity, rather than a character for

these genera, and no distinctive character by which the two species

of the genus Acanthion can be recognized.

{ou

‘The Baron Cuvier does not take any notice of the genus Acanthion

in the second edition of the ‘ Régne Animal’ (i. 215), but merely

observes that the Indian and African species have their heads less

swolien ; but he formed for the fasciculated Porcupine ( H. fasciculata)

a genus under the name of Atherura, characterized by the muzzle

not being swollen, and the tail elongated and not prehensile. Some

authors, as Fischer (Synopsis Mam. i. 267, ii. 602), have considered

this animal as the one on which F. Cuvier established his genus

Acanthion. See on this subject the excellent remarks of Mr. Bennett

on the gardens and menageries of the Zoological Society, i. 176.

J. F. Brandt, in the ‘ Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sci-

ences de Saint Pétersbourg’ for 1835, on the Rodent in the mu-

seum of that Academy, has also overlooked M. F. Cuvier’s genus,

and he observes, ‘‘ The genus Acanthion of F. Cuvier I add to the

genus Hystriv, on account of the resemblance of the cranium of

Hi. hernitorostris with that of Acanthion Daubentonii. G. Cuvier,

although he proposed the new genus Atherura, does not say a word

respecting Acanthion in the new edition of the ‘ Régne Animal’ ; and

I should almost conclude from his words under the genus Hystriz

(i. 215),—* there are (in the genus Hystrix) species with the head

less swollen ;’ that he himself regarded the quotation Acanthion and

Hystriz as one and the same.’—Mém. Acad. Pétersh. 1835; 267,

note.

I may here remark, that the skull figured by M. F. Cuvier as that

of the Jtalian Porcupine does not agree with our specimen of the skull

of the European species, and belongs to what I have considered the

genus Acanthion, as I keep the name of Hystriz for the old Linnzan

species H. cristata: that the skull figured by Brandt as a new species,

under the name of Hystrix hpréitorostris, does agree with our speci-

men from Xanthus, which I regard as the European species; and

though he compares it in the note above quoted with F. Cuvier’s

figure of the genus Acanthion, it differs from that figure in most im-

portant characters; while the skull which Brandt figures for that of

Hystrix cristata very nearly resembles F. Cuvier’s figure above re-

ferred to, which represents, according to the characters pointed out

in this communication, what I regard as the genus Acanthion.

Having had the opportunity of comparing the various skulls and

skeletons of the species of this genus contained in the British Mu-

seum with the skulls of the Indian species in the collection of Colonel

Cautley, and with the three skulls in the collections of the Zoological

Society, I have been induced to make the following communication

to the Meeting, as containing the results of this examination, and

with the hope of calling the attention of the Members to the neces-

sity of further attention to this hitherto neglected genus. These

skulls form themselves into three groups, and that I may not encum-

ber science with new names, I have used the three already proposed

by the brothers Cuvier, though the characters I have given for the

genus Acanthion may not be such as M. F. Cuvier had in his mind

when he formed the division.

Synopsis of the Genera.

I. Tail short; skull convex above; the nasal and intermazxillary bones

large to (or to behind) the front edge of the orbit ; the (upper) grinders

all with a fold on the inner side.

1. Hysrrrx. The intermaxillary broad and truncated, and as wide

behind as before. The grinders oblong, longer than broad, with

one very distinct fold on the inner and three or four on the outer

side.

2. Acanraion. The intermaxillary triangular, tapering behind ;

the grinders subcylindrical, not longer than broad, with a distinct

fold on the inner and two or three on the outer side.

II. Tail elongate, tufted at the end; skull nearly flat above ; the nasal

and intermavillary bones short, not nearly reaching to the front of

the orbits. Intermazillary narrow, truncated behind; the front

(upper) grinders (and perhaps all but the last) without any fold on

the inner side.

8. ATHERURA.

1. Hystrix.

Tail short; crown and nape crested; spines subcylindrical, striated ;

the skull very wide, swollen, convex above; the nasal and intermaxilla-

ries large, reaching to the line even with the front edge of the orbit.

The intermaxillaries very large, broad, oblong, as wide behind as

before, and truncated behind ; the palate wide between the grinders ;

the grinders oblong, longer than bread. The development of the face

is produced by the dilatations of the hinder part of the intermaxillary

bones.

1. Hysrrix cristata, Linn., &c. (Crested Porcupine).

H. hirsutirostris, Brandt, Mém. Pétersb. 1835, 375, t. 8. £. 3—6.

Black ; spines of the sides greyish, softish, subcylindrical ; of the

back thick, tapering, with several black rings and a moderate white

tip. The upper part of the intermaxillary wider than the width of

the nasal. Skull very convex and wide, the palate wider than the

width of the teeth.

Inhab. South Europe and Africa.

The spines are described from a specimen from South Africa, pre-

sented to the Museum by Dr. W. Burchell, and the skull, from that

of an Italian specimen, received from a menagerie, and a young

skull with only three grinders, brought from Xanthus and presented

to the British Museum by G. Scharff, Esq.

The skull figured by Brandt, Mém. Acad. Pétersb. 1835, t. 8. f. 3,

4, 5, 6, as that of his Hystrix hirsutirostris, well represents the skull

of the young H. cristata from Xanthus.

The skull of the Italian porcupine figured by F. Cuvier, and of

H. cristata figured by Brandt, do not belong to the species above

described.

No. CLXXVI.—Proceepines or THE ZooLocicaL Society.

100

2. Hysrrix teucurus, Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc., (Indian Porcupine).

Hystrix cristata, Bennett, Gard. & Menag. Zool. Soc. 171: fig. good.

Black ; spines of the throat white-tipped (forming a half-collar) ;

of the sides rigid, angular, of the back very long, slender, with

several black rings, and a very long, slender, white tip. Skull elon-

gate, rather narrow ; the hinder part of the intermaxillary as wide as

the nasal. The palate narrow, not wider than the width of the teeth.

Inhab. Bombay. Dukhun, Colonel Sykes. Nepal, B. H. Hodgson,

Esq., N. India.

The above description is taken from two adult and one young spe-

cimens in the British Museum,—one presented by Colonel Sykes and

the others by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.,—two skulls from Mr. Hodgson’s

specimens, three skulls from Colonel Cautley’s collection, and a skull

in the museum of the Zoological Society.

The young skull, which has three well-developed and worn grind-

ers, is the same length as the young skull of H. cristata from Xan-

thus, which has the third grinder partly developed. The Nepal skull

is much less swollen, less convex above, and nearly one-third nar-

rower, and the teeth are smaller, occupying about one-fourth less

space than the three teeth in the European skull.

I may observe, that though these skulls preserve a very distinct

character, yet they vary so much amongst themselves as to show

that skulls afford no better character for the distinction of species

than any other single character, such as -colour, but can only be

depended on when taken in connexion with the rest of the organi-

zation.

In Colonel Cautley’s collection there are three adult skulls (nos. 32,

34, 35) of this species from Northern India; they agree nearly in

size and in the comparative width of the intermaxillary and nasal

bones; one differs from the other two considerably in the width be-

tween the orbits, and slightly in the convexity of the frontal line.

They are all much larger than Mr. Hodgson’s specimen from Nepal.

No. 384 is peculiar for having a fifth grinder appearing behind the

fourth on the left side above.

This species is easily known by the very elongate slender spines

of the back and by the form of the intermaxillary, though they are

subject to some variation,

The figures by Harvey published by Mr. Bennett above-quoted

well represent the elongated drooping dorsal spines of this species.

101

Measurement of the Skulls in inches and lines.

tata. tata. | curus. | curus. { curus, | curus. | curus,

“Adult. | Junior. | No. 32.| No. 34.|No. 35. | Adult. | Junior.

Length of skull above...... 5 4 0/510/5 8/511;5 0/4 0

Length of nasal ............ 2 831 9)3 O82 83211) 2 531 95

Width at middle of orbits.| 2 3|111/2 5/2 3/2 6/2 1/1 7

Width of nose in middle.... 1 10} 1 43/}110}1 9/2 0j;111]1 23

Width of lower edge of FS

BY MONA ICL S ip ates PNET Enos ha Ash 3) 8:) 2) Fp ae

Lower edge of zygoma to

centralisuture 2... .t%s J] °°" =] oe*e" 2 | 2 7) 2:10) 24

Palate to middle of crown :

POMGL NASAL sessstesee. [plas ssch| Sene =p ded Pee | ai Ia |

Length of skull beneath...|5 10/4 2/6 2/5 731}6 0/5 3]4 1

Length of palates ......... 3.2/2 21/3 3|3 033 2/210); 2,03

Length of grinder series...) 1 5 |1 5)}.1 43/1 33/1 5/1 310 103

Length of lower jaw ...... 310/211)4 2)4 22) ...... 3 8| 2.11

Width at ear-bones.......... 2 1/111}2 3/2 1/2 2/111/1 8

Width at condyles ......... 2A OS eh 2 ALS! he ee O

Height of occiput from

mae in iy. paste stall ss suas Lipa iy eal aa) be |

2. ACANTHION.

and channeled above. Skull rather elongate, convex above; the

nasal and intermaxillary reaching to the line even with the front, or

even to the middle of the orbit; the intermaxillaries triangular, nar-

rowed behind; the palate moderately wide between the grinders;

the grinders subcylindrical, not longer than broad.

F. Cuvier established his genus Acanthion on a skull and skeleton

in the Paris Museum. He gave as the character the less convexity

of the head and the smaller size of the nose; but he takes no notice

of the size and form of the intermaxillary, which appears to be the

best character of the group.

M. G. Cuvier and Brandt have not adopted M. F.Cuvier’s genus.

This genus presents two very distinct sections :—

Tail short; crown and nape not crested. Spikes short, flattened *

* The nasal very long, broad to the middle of the orbit. AcANTHION.

+ Malar bone simple. Palatine opening parallel. fa yA

1. Acanraion Hopesoniu,n.s. Lesser Indian Porcupine. f wr yl

Crown and nape without any crest. Blackish brown, neck witha a

very narrow indistinct white collar. Spines of the head and neck ye

slender, bristle-like ; of the front half of the body short, angular, je

acute, with a deep groove; of the hinder part of the back longer, with \2 J

a very small pale tip and some white ones; some of the latter are

moderately long and thick, with a black end; and others are longer

and slenderer, with a subcentral black band. Skull rather elongate,

narrowed before the orbit ; the intermaxillaries very narrow, and rather

of the upper surface cut away, which is contained in the museum of

102

acute behind. Palatine opening narrow and nearly parallel. Malar

bone moderately wide, and rather gradually narrowed behind. The

nasal holes large; the front end of the nasal over the base of the

upper cutting-teeth.

Inhab. India. Nepal; B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

The spinous process of the second cervical vertebra is very large

and recurved ; of the first dorsal is shorter than the second or others ; ]

the ribs are 15°15, very broad and large. ‘The caudal vertebre are ;

deficient.

This species is described from a half-grown specimen and its skull,

and a skeleton of an adult animal from Nepal, presented to the British

Museum by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

++ Malar bone with a deep notch behind. Palatine opening diverging.

2. Acantaion Cuvier, n,s. (A, aujpilu yam -

Porc epic d’Italie, F. Cuv. Mém. Mus. ix. t. 20*.f.1. Skull. £22

Hystrix cristata, Brandt. Mém. Pétersb. 1835, t.8.f.1,2. Skull.

Black? Spines? Skull very convex above, very wide over and

before the orbits. The hinder part of the intermaxillary rather broad,

and rounded at the end. The palatine openings wide, and diverging

from each other behind. The malar bone very broad in front, narrow

behind. The nasal hole very large; the front edge of the nasal far

back behind the base of the cutting-teeth.

Inhab. ? Mus. Zool. Soc.

This species is described from an adult skull, with the hinder part

the Zoological Society. It agrees in almost every particular with

the skull figured by Brandt and F. Cuvier as that of the European

Porcupine. Brandt’s figure is just half, and Cuvier’s rather more than

half the size of this specimen. Brandt’s figure is most characteristic,

both in the posterior position of the nasal bone and the notch in the

lower edge of the orbit produced by the sudden narrowing of the

malar bone.

** Skull narrower in front. Nasal bone moderate to the front edge

of the orbits. Malar bone with an obtuse post-orbital process.

ACANTHERIUM.

3. AcanTuion Javanicum. Short-spine Porcupine.

Acanthion Javanicum, F’. Cuvier, Mém. Mus. ix. t.1. f.3,4. From

a skull; and Mus. Leyden.

Hystrix brevispinosus, Wagner.

H. torquatus. Mus. ?

Greyish black, throat with a large square white spot. Spines of

the head elongate setaceous; of the front half of the body short,

dark, with a deep groove and a white tip; of the hinder part of the

back longer, more cylindrical, white, with a black tip and bands; of

the under-side of the tail white; the sides with a few scattered, very

slender, white spines. The palate narrowed behind. Condyles of

103

the skull small. Dorsal vertebrz thirteen, with thirteen pair of rather

elongate slender ribs; the spinous process of the first dorsal vertebra

as long as the second and following ones. The caudal vertebre

fifteen.

Inhab. India? Java?

There is a skin and skeleton of this species in the collection of the

British Museum: it is a male which lived in the Surrey Zoological

Gardens for ten or twelve years.

M. F. Cuvier established a species under the name of Acanthion

Javanicum on a skull from Java in the Paris Museum. In the Ley-

den Museum there are several specimens of this or the next species,

which they regard as M. F. Cuvier’s species. Neither M. Cuvier’s

nor my notes on the Leyden specimens enable me to distinguish to

which the names helong.

While living in the Surrey Zoological Gardens it bred with a fe-

male of the Common Crested Porcupine, and produced a hybrid spe-

cimen, which, with its skeleton, is now in the British Museum col-

lection. The animal is intermediate between the two species, having

only a short compressed crest ; and the skull is equally intermediate

in character, having the broad palate and oblong teeth of H. cristata,

and the more elongated form of the skull and the triangular inter-

maxillaries of the male parent.

4. Acantuion Freminent. Square-spined Porcupine.

The palate between the grinders narrow (24 lines), and rather

wider behind between the last grinders. Condyle of skull large.

The dorsal vertebre fourteen, with fourteen pair of rather wide

ribs ; the spinous process of the first dorsal is nearly as long as the

second and third; and of the second cervical is large and recurved.

Caudal vertebrz seventeen.

Inhab.

Measurement of Skulls in inches and lines.

Acanthion

Length of skull above

Length of nasals

Width over middle of orbits

Width of nose in middle

Width of lower edge of zygoma .| 2

Width of lower edge of zygoma

to central suture

Width of palate to middle of

crown end of nasals

Length of skull beneath ........

Length of palate

Length of lines of grinders

Length of lower jaw

Width at ear bulla

nw nw New aE

wo on Set be wien ee

? Skull in British Museum. ptt \~

had

104

We have a skeleton of this species, which was purchased of Mr,

Bartlett as “‘ the Square-spined, not Crested Porcupine,” but unfortu-

nately the skin was not preserved.

I ought in justice here to remark, that Edward Gerrard, who has

the preparation and the care of the skeletons in the British Museum

collection, and Mr. Bartlett both informed me there were osteological

distinctions between these very distinct species.

8. ATHERURA, Cuvier.

Tail elongate, tapering, ending ina tuft of peduncled, compressed

spines. Skull elongate, rather suddenly narrowed in front, rather

depressed and flattened above. The nasal moderate, not reaching

to the front edge of the orbit. The intermaxillary rather narrowed

behind, square at the hinder end. The malar bone broad in front,

subtriangular, very narrow behind, The palatine foramen rather

far apart, linear and rather diverging behind. The grinder subcy-

lindrical. The upper front one with two large folds on the outer

side, reaching nearly to the inner edge, and with a smaller fold on

middle of the outer, and three similar folds on the hinder edge; the

other upper grinder with two grooves or folds on outer edge, and one

on the middle of the inner: these grooves become isolated, oblong

rings of enamel as the teeth become more worn: the fold on the

inner side of the last grinder is most distinct. Palate truncate

behind.

1. ATHERURA FASCICULATA, Cuv.

Landak, Marsden, Hist. Sumatra. Raffles.

Hystrix macroura, Linn. From Seba.

Hystrix fasciculata, Shaw. From Buffon.

Inhab. Sumatra, Raffles; Malacca, Buffon; Celebes, Seba.

29. Arnerura Arricana. Ath. fasciculata, ‘‘ Cuv.,” Bennett, Garden

and Menag. Zool. Soc. 175.

Inhab. Fernando Po, Lieut. Vidal; Sierra Leone, Mr. Frazer.

Skull, without lower jaw, in collection of Zool. Soc.

in. lin.

Length of skull above............ 39

Length of.nagalé ly.'). 10+. 75.8250 11

Length of palate ........ 2.2.00. 2712

Length of teeth-line.............. 0 10

Wadthtat orlintiecies pct: <0 j0'(e.tie eee 1 33

Width at zygoma beneath ........ | ee |

Width, of valvage uc oes. ese eeuns oO 4

Width at ear bulla ..........:... 1 64

Width of condyles .......2.:%56. 0 11

“« The animals are found in such plenty (in the colony of Fernando

Po) as to afford a staple article of food to the inhabitants.’’—Bennett,

Ll. e. 175.

105

4. Nore on THE SPERMATOZOA, AND ON THE ELEVATOR MUSCLES oF

THE Penis, or THE INDIAN ELepuant. By GrorcE GULLIVER,

F.R.S.

In the testicle of the elephant that died on the 7th of this month

in the menagerie of the Society, there was scarcely any semen. The

seminal tubes measured from the ,2,th to the ,.th of an English

inch in diameter; they contained a brownish pulpy matter, which,

under the microscope, appeared to be composed of a liquid loaded

with a multitude of minute, shining, oil-like molecules, either free or

aggregated into roundish and shapeless corpuscles. There were also

a few objects like altered epithelial corpuscles ; but not a single sper-

matozcon, either free or in a cell, could be discovered.

Within the tube of the epididymis, however, a few distinct sper-

matozoa were found; and the drawing of them now shown is on a

scale of =,,th of an inch, the objects being magnified between 700

and 800 times, linear admeasurement.

It will be seen that there is nothing peculiar either in the form or

size of these spermatozoa of the elephant. ‘They resemble generally

those of numerous other mammalia. For the sake of comparison I

exhibit drawings, made on the same scale, of spermatozoa from the

Cervide, Camelide, Urside, Mustelide, Soricide and Sciuride, all of

which are noticed more or less in my papers in the Proceedings of

the Society, July 26, 1842, April 11, 1843, and February 24, 1846.

The elephant was supposed to be about forty years old.

I may mention, that while engaged in looking for the testicles of

the elephant, we exposed two large muscles arising from the pubes,

and inserted into the dorsum of the corpora cavernosa penis. Each

of these muscles was quite as large as the biceps muscle of the human

arm.

The use of these muscles in the elephant, to elevate, retract and

suspend his immense penis, is indicated by their attachments. Under

the microscope the fibre of these muscles of the penis was found to

possess all the characters of common voluntary muscle.

5. BrigeF NOTES ON THE HABITS OF NocTILIO MASTIVUS.

By P. H. Gossz, Ese.

The following notes are extracted from a journal kept in Jamaica

during a residence there in the years 1845 and 1846 :—

“« Being out on a shooting excursion on the 18th of October, 1845,

round Crabpond Point, on the southern coast, about the middle of

the day I looked about for a seat on which to rest while I ate some

refreshment. A gigantic cotton-tree (Hriodendron anfractuosum) in

the grass-piece of Mount Edgecumbe seemed to promise in its long

root-spurs the seat I was seeking. On arriving at it I found the

tree was hollow, the trunk forming a wide chimney of unknown

height, as being closed at the top, the darkness prevented my seeing

more than a few yards up. I remarked to my servant that it was a

likely locality for bats; but the appearance of a large Gecko drew

off my attention, and I attempted to capture it. The reptile darted

106

however within the cavity, and I then noticed that beneath the hol-

low was piled a heap, several feet in diameter, and at least a foot in

height, of a soft granular substance, which on examination I found

to be the dung of some insectivorous animals, with a very rank pe-

culiar odour. I had now no doubt of the tree being the abode of

bats, but had little expectation of being able to ascertain the fact.

While peering carefully up, however, I distinctly heard the flapping

of wings and some shrill squeakings, and this determined me to fire

my fowling-piece at random up the cavity. This I did twice, and

though I brought down nothing but a little rotten wood, yet presently,

when the smoke had a little subsided, on looking up again I dis-

cerned amidst the darkness one or two heads, which seemed those of

rats, and immediately another just above them, evidently crawling

downwards. I pointed them out to my negro lad, who saw two or

three more, and presently, as it became more clear of smoke, the

whole sides of the cavity appeared full of curious round faces. I

now fired, no longer at random, and had the pleasure of bringing

down this beautiful bat, which fell dead. ‘The smoke of this dis-

charge made the others more anxious to come down to the fresh air,

and we could see them descending fast, head downwards. As the

shot lacerated the membranes considerably, I bethought myself of

another plan: cutting a long switch with a few twigs at its extre-

mity, I stood at the bottom and whipped one down ; he came sprawl-

ing with expanded wings on the ground, apparently with but little

notion of flight, although unwounded. On being taken up by the

wings he displayed uncommon fierceness, biting savagely and power-

fully anything within his reach. Three or four more I obtained in

the same manner and brought home.

«« When thrown up into the air in a room, they would not fly, but

merely opened the volar membranes to break their fall, as with a

parachute. Two, which I kept alive, hung themselves up by the

hind-feet from the side of a cage into which I put them, and would

not move, except to shift an inch or two; nor did the approach and

arrival of night excite them to activity. One, however, which had

contrived to secrete himself in the room, when, having taken both

out of the cage, I turned my back for a moment, and which I had

vainly searched for, I found at night, by going into the room with a

candle: hearing a scrambling, I looked up to the top of the wall,

where was my lost bat, endeavouring to suspend himself. On being

touched he flew off, but immediately alighted, and so repeatedly ;

sometimes, when he failed of taking a hold of the wall, he came to

the floor, whence he readily rose, though very obliquely. I was

struck with his expanse of wing when performing his noiseless flight

around the room, and with his resemblance to a bird, aided by the

enormous interfemoral membrane, which being expanded by the hind-

legs and depressed, looked like the broad tail of a flying bird, and

appeared to guide the motion in hke manner.

« While taking some drawings of one, as it hung from the immense

hind-feet, I was amused to see how it would thrust its nose into

every part of the volar membranes, apparently searching for para-

——_

107

sites (of which several were briskly crawling among the hair); and

now and then it brought down one hind-foot, and scratched itself

with exactly the motion of a monkey; and once I observed, after

scratching its breast, it delivered something into its mouth. The

flexibility of the ankle-joint was extreme, so that the foot could reach

with ease any part of the body.

‘I presented to one a large cockroach, which he seized greedily

and munched up, moving the jaws only vertically. The eating was

attended with a loud and very harsh eranching of the teeth—not pro-

duced by crushing the horny parts of the insect, for it was equally

perceptible when munching a bit of soft flesh. The jaws moved

rapidly, but yet the mastication was a long operation, for it appeared

to me to be performed almost wholly by the canines. As the insect was

progressively masticated, portions were allowed to fall into the cheek-

pouches (the one being pretty well filled before the other was used),

which when full hung down on each side of the lower jaw, to the

depth of three or four lines, like distended bags, displaying a warted

surface. When the whole of one cockroach had been masticated,

and deposited in the pouches, it would take another, which was

gradually disposed of in the same receptacles; then, after a few

moments’ intermission, by a contortion of the jaw, aided by the mo-

tion of the muscles of the pouch, a portion was returned to the mouth,

and again masticated. This was repeated till all was swallowed, and

the pouches appeared empty and contracted up out of sight. The

whole process was much like rumination. Small portions of the

muscle of a bird, which were presented to one, he chewed up and

deposited in the pouches ; but after being regurgitated, and a second

time masticated, they were expelled instead of being swallowed.

The process of eating seemed an awkward one; it was a rapid suc-

cession of choppings with the long canines, through which the tongue

was thrust about so nimbly that it appeared a wonder it was not

impaled perpetually.

“In order to rest, like other bats they crawled upwards and back-

wards by means of the hind-feet, seeking the greatest elevation they

could attain which afforded a hold for the claws. They were social,

though both were males ; usually hanging side by side, or sometimes

with the leg of one crossing the leg of the other, or even one upon

the other. Sometimes they brought their faces together, and licked

each other’s open mouths in a singular manner; and this appeared

grateful to them. I did not hear either of them click or squeak.

“Pressed by numerous engagements, I was prevented from again

visiting the tree until about ten days after. I then went thither in

the afternoon, wishing to see the bats emerge for the night; but

though I waited till after sunset, not one appeared. ‘The next morn-

ing I smoked the cavity again, using the fumes of burning nitre and

sulphur, but entirely without success. I hence inferred that they

had deserted the tree as a dwelling on the first molestation. After

some months, however, I again found it tenanted by the same species,

if not the same individuals, and succeeded in obtaining another spe-

No. CLXXVII.—Proceepines or THE ZoouogicaL Soctery.

108

cimen, whose manners in captivity were identical with those recorded

above.

**I have never seen the species abroad (so as to identify it), but

my intelligent negro lad, Sam, observed two about noon on the 16th

of April, the sun shining vertically. It was at a provision-ground at

Belmont, where they were clinging to the limb of a young Avocada

Pear (Persea). A Banana-bird (Icterus leucopteryx) was flying to-

wards them, apparently with the intention of pecking them, on whose

approach they flew away in different directions. The lad did not

perceive them until the very moment of separation and flight, but he

noticed that they were in actual contact, though he could not tell

their position. No hole or hollow tree was near. Could they have

been tn copuld?”

I conjecture that it is the present species to which reference is

made in the following paragraph, which appeared in the Salisbury

Journal of February 6th, 1847 :—‘ Mr. Thomas Dickon, an eminent

farmer in Lincolnshire, had been induced to go to Jamaica, as ma-

nager of some extensive estates there, with the intention of intro-

ducing the best systems of farming where they had been hitherto

unknown. Accounts have been received, that there is already every

probability of a considerable increase of sugar being produced by

applying a new guano as tillage. It is the dung of large bats. The

bats are said to amount to myriads; and Mr. D. having observed

many of these singular animals entering the crevices of one of the

numerous rocks, caused an opening to be made and the place ex-

plored. The cave was found to be 250 feet long, 20 feet broad, and

from 20 to 30 feet high. The interior contained thousands of these

animals, and appeared to have been their dwelling forages. At the

bottom of the cave, bats’ dung, at least four feet in thickness, and

amounting to about 600 tons in weight, was discovered, and found

to be equal to the best Ichaboe guano.’

I sent a copy of the above notice to my esteemed friend Richard

Hill, Esq., of Spanish Town, who thus replied : ‘I know Mr. Dickon,

to whom your newspaper paragraph relates. He details his expe-

rience in the parish of Westmoreland [the same part of Jamaica as

that in which my own observations were made.—P.H.G.]; I will how-

ever endeavour to ascertain the precise locality in which he had

discovered his extraordinary colony of bats. The Council of the

Royal Agricultural Society of Jamaica, of which I am a member, had

had its attention called to the manure to be obtained from fecal de-

posits in caves frequented by bats, and they had analysed the mate-

rial, but found it so largely charged with the comminuted wing-

cases of insects, and so little acted upon by decomposition, that the

azotized ingredients combined but slowly as a fertilizer. Several

similar accounts were given to us of cave-deposits, to that furnished

by Mr. Dickon. His discovery however-being made in an unopened

cavern, into which the bats had penetrated through crevices in the

rock, has special recommendations to notice.

‘ My attention was some time ago drawn to a similar harbouring-

109

place of our Cheiroptera. One evening, as I was crossing the marshes

between Spanish Town and Kingston, by the high-road, I was sur-

prised at sundown at the sudden rushing out of a stream of bats from

the face of a cliffy hill that rises precipitously from the swamp. They

continued pouring out for some quarter of an hour or twenty minutes ;

they stretched like a string for some hundred yards, in consequence

of the one-by-one file in which they came forth from the crevice,

and then dispersed themselves up and down and all about, covering

the whole expanse of the contiguous marsh. The long highway

perspective across the swamp; the level bed of rushes bending in

wavelets to the evening wind; the distant mountains with beetling

summits and broken declivities, lighted in angular patches by the

setting sun, exhibited a wide, dilated and diversified scene, in which

no object rose to interrupt the line made by the flitting swarms as

they streamed out from the face of the cliff, and spread their myriad

numbers over the plain. I have myself noticed the great depth of

the rejectamenta of bats in these caverned recesses, but a great deal

of it consisted of undecayed down, as well as fecal mutings, and un-

devoured fragments of insects.’

In a subsequent communication my friend favoured me with a

sample of the excremental deposits from a bat-cavern on Swansea

estate in the Vale of Luidas; and I forward it, with this paper, to the

Zoological Society.

I close this article with a few particulars of description, some of

which are better observed on the living animal than on specimens

dried or in spirit. A male measured as follows :—‘‘ Muzzle to inser-

tion of tail, 44, inches ; expanse of volar membranes, 24? ; ear, from

posterior base of tragus to tip, 1,3,; ditto, from anterior base to tip,

1; tragus, longest side, ;3, ; shortest, ,3,; nose to front angle of eye,

75 nose to front of tragus, 3§. Colour varying; upper parts yellow-

brown, more or less bright; a well-defined narrow line of pale ful-

vous runs medially down the back from the head to the tail; under

parts pale fawn, bright fulvous or orange; face purplish ; the muzzle

and chin are much corrugated ; face warty ; the ears fall into elegant

curves. The volar membranes are delicately thin, transparent and

glossy ; studded with minute, white, papillary glands, which for the

most part follow the course of the blood-vessels, but are largest and

most numerous in the vicinity of the trunk. The membranes being

attached along each side of the spine, with an interval in the middle

of the back of but ,4ths of an inch, the body is, to a great extent,

free. The wing, when at rest, has but a single fold, the ultimate

joint of the second and third fingers being brought back upon the

penultimate. The reproductive organs are large and prominent. At

the base of the penis are two follicles, secreting a dark brown sub-

stance, dry and lumpy, but friable between the fingers, most insuf-

ferably musky, the odour from which is strongly diffused by the

animal during life.”

From the width of the gape, the length of the teeth, and the

power of the jaws in this species, together with the ferocious eagerness

with which my captive specimens snatched at large cockroaches, I

110

conjecture that its insect-prey is large; probably nocturnal beetles

and the larger moths and sphinges.

July 13, 1847.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE CERVICAL AND

DorsaL VERTEBRZ IN THE Crass Mammaria. By H.N. Turner,

JUN.

Doubtless it will be remembered that in many Mammalia the last

cervical vertebra has a transverse process of simple form, wanting the

perforation for the passage of the vertebral artery, so characteristic

of the remaining vertebre in this region of the spine, and which,

together with the absence of articulated ribs, has been considered as

the definite character by which such a vertebra may be distinguished.

However, it is now well known that the existence of this foramen in

the transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra is rather the

exception than the rule among the mammalian class, since it is

wanting in most of the lower Quadrumana, as the Cebi and Lemurs*,

in nearly all the Carnivora and the Rodentia (except the Hares), in

the Ruminantia, and several of the Pachydermata and Edentata; but

as its presence or absence has but little importance either in a zoo-

logical or physiological point of view, it is needless to enter minutely

into that question.

It is perhaps scarcely necessary to add, that in the six upper cer-

vicals this foramen is formed by the existence of two exogenous

processes, the diapophysis and parapophysis, and the junction of their

extremities through the intervention of a small autogenous element,

a pleurapophysis or vertebral rib, which becomes anchylosed to them,

in the warm-blooded animals, at an early period of existence. One

of the cervical vertebree of a whale, described by Mr. Gray in a paper

recently read, affords a very interesting example of the existence of

* As some of the exceptions to this generalization possess some interest, it is

perhaps as well to notice them. We need not descend lower than the Chimpanzee

to witness the disappearance of the foramen, as in this animal its existence is only

indicated by a minute process thrown out from the transverse process, and another

from the body of the vertebra, but they do not meet; this would render it most

probable that the stylet enclosing the foramen beneath is exogenous. In the ske-

leton of a half-grown Cynocephalus leucopheus in my own collection, the foramen

is wanting on one side; on the other it is very small, and the stylet enclosing it

shows no trace of separation from the other parts. But the most remarkable

peculiarity is that occurring in the Orang-Utan, whose neck is short, and usually

hangs forward. In the skeleton of this species presented by Sir Stamford Raffles

to the College of Surgeons, not only does the transverse process of the seventh

cervical vertebra show no foramen, but even that of the sixth has it very small on

one side and quite obliterated on the other. On the other hand, in the Jndri

brevicaudatus, a rather long-necked Lemur, the foramen is very distinct in the

seyenth,

111

both the processes, but without the little element which would unite

their extremities.

In the seventh cervical vertebra the upper transverse process only

exists, and the small rib is generally also absent. When the foramen

is present in this vertebra, it appears to be enclosed beneath simply

by the extension of a little osseous stylet from the under side of the

diapophysis to the body of the vertebra, just as the neck of one of

the true ribs extends between the points where its head and tubercle

-are articulated ; but whether this stylet be autogenous or exogenous,

that is, developed from a separate point of ossification or not, I have

at present no means of ascertaining.

I was led to remark on this subject through the accidental dis-

covery in the skeleton of a Polecat (Mustela putorius) of a pair of

rudimental ribs, or rather portions of ribs, moveably articulated to

the extremities of the transverse processes of the seventh cervical

vertebra; their length is exactly one-fourth of an inch of true bone,

besides a little cartilaginous appendage at the tip. In a second

specimen I searched for a similar peculiarity, but was unable to per-

ceive its existence. The two specimens were both males, of mature

age and robust dimensions, resembling each other in every particular.

This circumstance naturally led me to observe with considerable mi-

nuteness the skeleton of the Three-toed Sloth (Bradypus tridactylus),

in which the existence of nine vertebre anterior to those forming

part of the thorax has long been known ; and the discovery by Pro-

fessor Bell of rudimental ribs articulated to the eighth and ninth of

the series renders that exceptional instance additionally interesting.

I therefore attentively perused the paper contributed by that learned

naturalist to the first volume of the Society’s Transactions.

It may indeed appear presumptuous on my part to dissent from the

conclusions which so eminent a professor has drawn from his dis-

covery, but my observations led me irresistibly to the conclusion,

that if there is any essential distinction between the vertebre of the

cervical and dorsal regions, the eighth and ninth vertebra of the

Bradypus tridactylus must be classed among the former.

The skeleton upon which my notes have been made is that con-

tained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons ; it must be

perfectly mature, although the epiphyses at the distal extremities of

the ulna and radius still remain distinct, for every other epiphysis

has lost all trace of separation from the bone to which it belongs,

and the characteristic anchylosis which unites most of the bones of

the foot is completely effected. The sternal ribs are all perfectly

ossified ; the first four of them are anchylosed to their corresponding

vertebral ribs, and the first one also to the manubrium sterni ;—so

small, comparatively, is the amount of respiratory action required by

this slow-moving quadruped.

The differences existing between the eighth and ninth vertebra

and those immediately above them are most clearly and accurately

described by Professor Bell; surely it can hardly be necessary here

to quote his words ; but on comparing either the description that he

has given, or the skeletor itself, with the cervical vertebrz of almost

112

any other mammiferous quadruped, it is most easy to perceive that

the eighth and ninth vertebre of the Sloth differ from the other cer-

vical vertebre in precisely the same manner as do the siath and

seventh vertebre of other Mammalia from those preceding them in

the series. He observes, in describing the eighth vertebra, “ In the

first dorsal each transverse is completely divided into an anterior

flattened process, which is turned forwards, and a true lateral or

transverse one, which supports the little articulated rib. The trans-

verse process is smaller, but considerably longer, than those of the

true cervical, and stands more in a lateral or transverse direction.”

These characters are precisely the same, excepting that the little

articulated rib is wanting, in the sizth vertebra of nearly all Mam-

malia, and in most of them still more distinctly and strikingly ma-

nifested. But in the excellent description given by the learned

professor, one point at least has been omitted, and that is the exist-

ence of the foramen for the vertebral artery in the eighth vertebra of

the Sloth : no doubt the coexistence of the same foramen in the upper

vertebrz will account for its not being mentioned, but its presence

tells strongly in favour of the cervical nature of the vertebra.

The transverse process of the seventi cervical of the Sloth, also so

carefully described by Professor Bell, accords exactly with that of the

fifth of other Mammalia, in presenting a character intermediate

between that which precedes and that which follows it. In speaking

of the ninth vertebra of the Sloth, he proceeds, ‘‘ In the second dorsal

vertebra the anterior processes do not exist, and the body assumes

the form of the succeeding ones. ‘The transverse processes are

simple and obtuse, and the articular surface is slightly excavated.”

I have already pointed out the character presented by the seventh

cervical in most Mammalia, which will be seen to agree well with

that just cited of the ninth in the Sloth.

In the skeleton examined by myself, the upper pair of rudimental

ribs, that is, those attached to the eighth vertebra, are wanting—no

doubt accidentally lost, and therefore in no way influencing the pre-

sent argument; but the second pair, attached to the ninth vertebra

in a manner just similar to that which I have noticed as occurring

abnormally in the Polecat, have contracted a complete anchylosis

with the extremities of the transverse processes to which they are

connected, thus showing, what it seems that Professor Bell’s speci-

men did not exhibit, that this rib is not permanently moveable, but

at some period of life becomes a fixture. The figure given by Pro-

fessor Bell in illustration of his most valuable paper does not show

any indication of the existence in the transverse process of the ninth

vertebra of the foramen for the passage of the vertebral artery; but

as this foramen is but small, and the position in which the figure is

taken not a very favourable one for exhibiting it, it may nevertheless

have existed in his specimen; the minute foramen which he mentions,

“for the passage of intercostal vessels,’’ must be one pierced in the

rib itself. In the specimen which I examined however, we have the

ninth vertebra presenting the foramen for the vertebral artery, en-

closed, as I have already shown in the seventh of other Mammalia,

113

by a little osseous stylet extending between the under side of the

transverse process and the body of the vertebra, imitating the neck

of a true rib; and as this is coexisting with the rudiment discovered

by Professor Bell, but here anchylosed with the end of the transverse

process, it really presents the appearance of the upper portion of a

true rib, merely having the neck a little thinner than usual. This

circumstance may perhaps seem to weaken my position ; but when I

consider that this vertebra presents the same general characters as

the seventh cervical of most Mammalia, where, although the rib be

wanting, the foramen is generally wanting also; and also the exist-

ence of the rib together with the absence of the foramen in the

Polecat, I think the balance of evidence will still be in my favour.

‘And Professor Owen has shown to me, in the College of Surgeons’

Museum, a preparation from the human subject, showing a pair of

ribs articulated to the seventh cervical vertebra by head and tubercle,

just as are those of the true dorsal series.

But it yet remains for me to notice one point of resemblance

between the ninth vertebra of the Sloth and the seventh of other

Mammalia, which seems to have escaped the scrutiny of Professor

Bell: that is, that the body of the vertebra is not rounded beneath,

as are those of the true dorsal series, but flat and square ; this flatness

resulting from the presence of a longitudinal ridge along each side

of its under surface, and seeming to represent in a rudimental form

the anterior flattened processes of the preceding vertebrz of the series,

and whose absence, noticed by Professor Bell in the ninth vertebra of

the Sloth, is equally characteristic of the seventh throughout the rest

of the class.

At all events I think I have adduced, from the consideration of

the mammalian class alone, proofs of that truth which other depart-

ments of Comparative Anatomy have before so well established, that

Nature does not rigorously confine herself to those precise rules

which we lay down to account for her phenomena ; and also, that if

we do find it necessary to subdivide the spine into distinct regions

for convenience of description, we cannot do so by simply defining

characters taken from the peculiarities of a single species, but must

compare the characters which the yertebre present throughout the

scale of beings, to ascertain which of them are the most constant

and most truly essential in their nature. We may at the same time

perceive, that the same artificial subdivision of the spine which answers

our convenience so nicely in one class, may be only partially, or not

at all, applicable in another ; since in Birds there are no lumbar ver-

tebrae, and one vertebra partakes both of the dorsal and sacral cha-

racter, while in Fishes we find no cervicals, and as ribs are appended

to all those of the abdominal series, neither lumbar nor sacral ver-

tebra can be said to exist.

However, with regard to the distinction between cervical and dorsal

vertebrae, as we see them in the class Mammalia, it follows, from the

remarks which I have made, that we can define it neither by speci-

fying any particular number as constituting the cervical series, nor

by the presence or absence of articulated ribs, nor of a foramen in

114

the transverse process for the passage of the vertebral artery, but

must diligently compare them with those of others of the class, to

ascertain with which they really correspond in their essential charac-

ters ; and then we may draw the line of demarcation wherever suits

us best, only remembering that under whichever series we place a

vertebra in one species, the corresponding one in another must be

reckoned under the same category. This is the view I have endea-

voured to carry out in my examination of the Sloth; and being of

opinion that the eighth and ninth vertebre of that animal correspond

as essentially te the sivth and seventh in the rest of the class, as do

the atlas and the axis to those of other animals, and knowing that

the intervening vertebre differ in number by two, I feel bound to

believe, notwithstanding the interesting fact which Professor Bell

has discovered, that the cervical vertebrae of the Bradypus tridactylus

are nine in number.

Fig. 1. A view from behind of the seventh cervical vertebra of an Opossum (Didelphys Vir-

giniana), as an example of the existence of the foramen for the passage of the vertebral

artery, and showing the manner of its enclosure beneath. ’

Fig. 2. The sixth and seventh cervical, and the first two dorsal vertebrze of a Polecat, showing

the rudimental rib attached to the last cervical.

Fig. 3. The series of seven cervical vertebre of a second specimen of the Polecat, showing

the absence of the rib, and the difference of form in the transverse processes.

Fig. 4. A perspective view (from behind) of the last cervical vertebra of the same animal,

showing the absence of the foramen for the vertebral artery, and the flattened form of

the under surface of the vertebra.

115

2. DuscripTION OF A NEW SPECIES oF Bar. By Cuarues Lucien

Bonaparte, PRiINcE oF Canino anp MusiIGNnano, ETC.

Arctisius FiLoresit.

Sp. Ch.—Grey brown; beneath paler, with pale tips to the hair ;

two broad streaks on the face, and a narrow streak on the centre of

the back, white. Arm-bone rather foliated, one inch four lines in

length. Heel-bone very short. Second thumb-joint elongate, slender.

Nose-leaf with a distinct central rib.

This new species inhabits the unexplored region of the Republic of

Equatoria, which borders on the wilds of Brazil. It was collected

there in company with Anoura Geoffroyi, Phyllostoma nigrum, and

Molossus ater, by the intrepid traveller M. Delattre, from whom I re-

ceived it through M. Bourcier, the eminent Trochilidist.

I dedicate it to our common friend the high-minded General

Flores, the companion of Bolivar, and once the worthy President of

the Republic, to whose civilization his thoughts are still constantly

directed, and where he still occupies a distinguished place in the

hearts of his fellow-citizens.

8. ON A NEW GENUS OF SUIDZ AND A NEW SPECIES OF T'AXIDEA.

By B. H. Honeson, Ese., Corr. MEms. ETc.

Genus Porcuta, mihi.

Gen. Ch.—Teeth § . i 6-6 = 40. Canines small, straight, se-

verely cutting, but not exserted from the lips. Fourth toe on all the

feet small and unequal. ‘lail very short, but distinct. Type,

Porcuta SALVANIA, mihi.

Sp. Ch.—Pigmy Hog of a brown-black colour, slightly and irregu-

larly shaded with sordid amber. Iris hazel. Nude skin dirty flesh-

colour. Hoofs glossy-brown. Length from snout to vent 18 to 20

inches; height 8 to 10 in.; head 6 in.; tail 2 or less than 1 in.

Weight 8 to 10, rarely 12lbs.

Hab. Saul Forest.

Remark.—The Pigmy Hog of the Saul Forest is almost equally

allied to the true Hogs and the Peccaries, agreeing with the former

in the absence of any peculiar organs, such as the gular flaps of

larvatus and the pelvic sac of torquatus and labiatus; also in the

number and form of the incisor teeth, and in having a perfect tail

and four toes to each foot; but differing from the true Hogs and

agreeing with the Peccaries in the number of the molar teeth, in the

style of the laniaries, in the diminished elongation of the jaws, and

in the absence of the nasal cartilage, and showing yet further lean-

ing towards the same type (Dicotyles) by the extreme smallness of

the tail, and by the tendency of the fourth toe to disappearance.

Our proposed genus should have a place in a natural system be-

tween Sus and Dicotyles; its positive characters being the presence

of a tail and of a fourth toe, the limited number of molar teeth, and

116

the straightness of the unexserted laniaries. The species is most

rare ; its flesh excellent ; its manners resemble those of Sus in general,

but with some marked differences.

Genus Tax1pEA, Waterh.

Taxipea Leucurvs, mihi. Tibetan Badger.—Head laterally and

above whitish, divided by a blackish line through the eye. Body

above and laterally yellowish grey, paling towards the flanks. Below,

from chin to vent exclusive, black ; and limbs the same. Tail un-

mixed yellowish white. Ears black basally, white apically. Snout

to vent 27 in.; head 54 in.; tail 10 in.; palma and nails 32 in. ;

planta and nails 4 in.; ear, with tuft, 2 in.

Hab. Plains of Tibet.

July 27, 1847.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Nore or THE CrrcuLation or CrocopiLus Lucius. By

Epwarp Fry.

In a recent dissection of a specimen of the Crocodilus lucius,

measuring about five feet four inches, I discovered an arrangement

of the arterial system which is, as far as I am aware, anomalous, and

which may perhaps be therefore worth recording.

In all the drawings of the Saurian circulation with which I have

met, the left ventricle is represented as giving off, in addition to the

right aortic arch, a common trunk, which divides into two arteries

for the supply of the fore-part of the body, which for a short course

are to be considered as arterie innominate, when they give origin

to the subclavian arteries and pass upwards, one on either side, as

carotids, for the supply of the head and face. In the individual in

question, however, the arrangement was this: beside the right

aortic arch, two trunks are given off from the bulbus of the left ven-

tricle; of which, one passes immediately to the supply of the right

fore-limb, and the other proceeds upwards, shortly gives off a con-

siderable branch as a left subclavian, and then continues its upward

course on the mesial line lying immediately on the under side of the

bodies of the vertebrz, in a channel between the longitudinal muscles

of either side, and above the trachea, until it almost reaches the

posterior nares, where it subdivides, its branches passing over the

under side of the temporal muscles, and going to feed the lower jaw,

as well as supplying the sides of the head.

The parts which this singular artery supplies prove it to be the

117

analogue of the carotids, whilst the consideration of its origin, course

and termination induces me to believe that its homological relation

is with the inferior pharyngeal.

The absence of any such arrangement in the whole subkingdom of

the Vertebrata is to be remarked ; and in conjunction with the fact that

the figure of the Saurian circulation given in Miiller’s ‘ Physiology ’

(by Baly, vol.i. p. 174) is stated to be from an individual of the same

species, viz. Crocodilus lucius, induces me to suppose the anomaly

above recorded to have been an individual peculiarity.

2. ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE CETACEA OF THE BriTIsH

Istanps. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S. ere.

1. Since my former paper was read, I have been enabled, by the

kindness of Professor Goodsir, to examine the specimens of Cetacea

which were prepared by Dr. Knox, and which now form part of the

anatomical collection of the Edinburgh University.

The large male whale which came ashore on the 5th of October

1831, and was seventy-eight feet long, which Dr. Knox in his Cata-

logue calls Balena maximus borealis, and of which he made many

most interesting preparations of the soft parts, is one of the most

beautiful and perfect skeletons I have yet seen. The latter is for the

present exhibited in the elephant-house at the Zoological Gardens

of Edinburgh, but unfortunately it is suspended so high that I could

not take any measurements. It is a Physalus, very nearly allied to

what I have called Physalus antiquorum ; but it differs from the spe-

cimen taken at Plymouth in the lateral processes of the cervical

vertebree being higher compared with their length, and more trun-

cated at the end ; in the third and fourth cervical vertebre not being

so much expanded beyond the aperture; in the fifth being still

thinner ; and in the sixth, instead of a complete ring, having only an

elongated, arched, upper lateral process, and a very short, rather de-

pressed lower one; and the seventh only an upper one. Should

this species prove distinct, it might be distinguished as Physalus

borealis.

Dr. Spittal, who saw it when first cast ashore, informs me it was

slate or grey, and the tail white (probably beneath). The baleen

appeared at the distance black.

2. In the anatomical museum there is the skeleton and soft part

of a Dolphin or Bottle-nose, which was sent to Dr. Knox from

Orkney in May 1825. It was a female and weighed fourteen stone.

It is described in Dr. Knox’s ‘ Catalogue of the Anatomical Prepa-

rations of Whales,’ Edinburgh 1838, as No. 84, Delphinus Tursio.

It is a nearly adult specimen of Delphinus leucopleurus, lately de-

scribed by Rasch, Mag. Zool. 1843, p. 369, from a specimen taken

at Christiania in Norway, figured by me from a Norwegian specimen

in the ‘ Zoology of H.M.S. Erebus and Terror,’ under the name of

Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus.

Dr. Knox gives the following measurements: entire length 9 ft.

6 in. ; circumference 3 ft. 2in. Pectoral 10 inches long; tail 1 ft. 2 in,

wide; and the gape 9 inches.

118

It is a most interesting addition to the British fauna, being the

second of this genus added within the last year.

3. I may remark, that Balena minor borealis of Dr. Knox in the

same collection is the Balenoptera rostrata of my papers.

4. In the same collection there is a stuffed skin of a foetus of a

Northern or Right Whale (Balena Mysticetus), two feet four inches

long, showing the large flap near the edge of the lower lip, ‘‘ destined

to cover in the baleen,’’ and a most beautiful skeleton of the same

specimen. The bones of the head are distinctly ossified, but the

rest of the skeleton is only cartilaginous. There are also (No. 36)

‘the teeth of the foetal Mysticete preserved in alcohol ;’’ and Dr.

Knox observes, ‘they never cut the gums, but become gradually

reabsorbed,” which agrees with Professor Eschricht’s account of the

teeth of Megapteron; and further, Dr. Knox remarks, “‘ The integu-

mentary system furnish the baleen, which is evidently a modified

form of hair and cuticle.” (p. 22.)

5. I may here add, as determining the synonyma, that the Phoca

Leopardina of Professor Jameson in Weddel’s ‘ Voyage,’ from the spe-

' cimen preserved in the museum of the Edinburgh University, is the

same animal as I described under the name of Leptonyx Weddelit,

figured in the ‘ Zool. Ereb. and Terror.’

A foetus extracted from a specimen of the Pilot Whale (Globioce-

phalus Svieval) was six feet long.

In Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus the first, second and third cervical

vertebre are united by their spinous process, the rest free.

In Globiocephalus Svieval the second and third cervical vertebra

are united, the rest free.

In Monodon monoceros the second and third cervical vertebre are

united by the spinous process, not by the body, and the rest are free.

In Delphinus Tursio the atlas and the second cervical vertebra are

united by the body, the spinous and lateral processes, and the rest

are free and thin.

There is a perfect specimen of Hyperoodon latifrons, brought from

Greenland by Capt. Wareham, in the museum at Newcastle, rather

smaller (seven feet long) than the one from Orkney in the British

Museum. There is the skeleton of an adult Hyperoodon from the

Firth of Forth in the anatomical museum of Edinburgh University

with the skull sixty inches long; the crests are very thick, but quite

separate, and with flat perpendicular walls on the inner side.

There is another skull of the same species, from a specimen

stranded on the coast of Lancashire, in a garden near Newly Bridge.

8. DeEscriIPTIONS OF NEW OR LITTLE-KNOWN CRUSTACEA IN THE

CouLection at THE British Museum. By Apam Waitt, F.L.S.,

MemsBer or THE Ent. Soc. or STETTIN, AND ASSISTANT IN THE

Zoou. Derr. Bair. Museum.

Family Maran.

XeEnocarcinus, White, Appendix to Jukes’s Voyage of H.M.S. Fly.

Carapace long, narrow, knobbed above, with a very long thick beak;

beak cylindrical, horizontal, forming an elongated cone, truncated at

the end, with two small spines at the very extremity, one on each side.

Inner antennze thickish, inserted in a deep groove, which is triangular

in front. Eyes with a short thick pedicel. Outer antenneze spring-

ing from the under side of beak just in front of the eyes, eight- or

nine-jointed; the first joint elongated, somewhat bent, the second

not half its length; both furnished at the end with two or three

longish sete; the other joints forming a bristle. The outer pedi-

palps together occupying a square space ; first joint very narrow at

the base, the inner edge finely serrated ; second joint very long, sides

almost parallel, the end gradually pointed ; third joint somewhat

pyriform, with a tooth at the tip.

Legs cylindrical, some of the joints slightly curved ; claws long,

slightly curved, the inner edge with many closely-placed minute teeth.

Tail (of female) trapezoidal, hollowed in the middle ; the segments,

excepting the terminal, joined in one piece.

~ A genus closely allied to Acanthonyx, Latr.

XENOCARCINUS TUBERCULATUS, White.

Carapace with nine tubercles above, placed in three transverse

lines, the centre one of the first line double, one placed before the

other; the centre one of the third line also double; the two placed

transversely; the greater part of the beak covered with minute

closely-placed hairs and scales ; two short lines of longer hairs on the

upper side above and before the eyes; two or three waved longi-

tudinal red lines on the posterior half of carapace, the inner one con-

tinued to before the eye.

First pair of legs (in female) short, not reaching to the end of the

beak; the claws small, equal, and minutely toothed.

Hab. Long Island, Cumberland Group, Australia. Caught in a

seine. Presented to the Museum by J. B. Jukes, Esq., geologist

attached to the survey of H.MLS. Fly.

This very interesting form is described in the Appendix to his

Narrative of the Voyage. It will be ficured in the forthcoming

Crustacea of the South Seas, in connexion with Sir J. C. Ross’s

Voyage.

Cuorinus acantuonotus, Adams and White, List of Crust. in Brit.

Mus., Appendix, p. 1238.

Carapace armed with four long spines, the two front ones rather

close together at their bases, and directed a little forwards; the two

hinder bifid; the forks of the anterior hinder spine diverging late-

rally, and those of the posterior divaricating longitudinally ; three

spines on each branchial region, the anterior pointed forward, flat-

tened horizontally ; the middle slender, curved backwards, upwards

and outwards, with two sharp-pointed tubercles at its base directed

downwards; the posterior with two divaricating slender spines di-

rected backwards, outwards and upwards. Horns of the rostrum

120

long, flattened, close together at the base, gradually diverging, and

curved downwards. Orbital margin armed at its superior part with

a long bifid spine; on the anterior part having a short bifid spine,

and on the posterior part bounded by a short spine curved forwards.

Inferior margin of the orbit nearly wanting, and its external angle

ending in a short sharp tooth-like process. The first pair of legs

armed both above and below with a trenchant denticulated crest;

the other legs cylindrical, and furnished with two long sharp-pointed

spines, situated one on each side of the upper part of the extremity

of the third joints, and diverging upwards and outwards. Tarsi long,

curved, and smooth below. Body covered with long thin hairs.

This species differs from Chorinus aculeatus (Edwards, Hist. Nat.des

Crust. i. p. 316, and De Haan, Fauna Japonica, pl. 23. fig. 2) in the

length and position of the spines, which are not tipped with a knob,

but sharp-pointed, and in the thin joints of the posterior pairs of legs

being armed with two spines. The peculiarity of the long bifid spine

above the orbit must also be regarded as a singular characteristic ;

the front legs are more slender, the horns of the rostrum are longer

and less divaricating than in C. aculeatus.

Inhabits Eastern Seas; Borneo (Unsang).

The above description was drawn up by Mr. Arthur Adams, As-

sistant-Surgeon to H.M.S. Samarang. A figure will be published

in the forthcoming illustrated work on the zoological results of that

voyage, which in the orders Mollusca and Crustacea are particularly

striking.

I may remark that the above species enters into Chorinus of Prof.

Edwards and Dr. De Haan, but seems to me to be very different

from Chorinus of Leach, founded on a West Indian and South Ame-

rican type.

ZEBRIDA, White.

Carapace flattened, and about as broad as long. Front horizontal,

slightly bent down, and formed of two flattened spines, conical, di-

rected forwards, and slightly diverging at their tips. The orbits

circular; the peduncle of the eyes very large and thick, broader from

side to side than from above downwards; the cornea of the eyes

projecting beyond the outer margin of the front, nearly filling up the

orbital cavities, the upper margins of which are salient. The latero-

anterior borders of the carapace armed with a single, strong, flattened

process; conical, trenchant, broad at the base, their outer edges

slightly elevated, with their points curving forwards. The first joint

of the external antennz is very large, long, cylindrical, and the an-

tennz are covered by the rostrum. The epistome is very nearly

similar to that of Acanthonyx. ‘The chele, shorter than in that genus,

are armed with flattened, conical, slightly obtuse spines. The second

joint triangular, with an external and internal conical spine, the ex-

ternal very long and directed upwards and forwards; the third joint

armed with three spines; one superior posterior, and directed for-

wards; two anterior lateral, and directed outwards and rounded at

their extremities; the fourth joint is crested with a sharp flattened

121

spine. The legs are short, thick, very much compressed ; the third

joint has two large, flattened, conical spines on the front, directed

forwards; the fourth joint has but one flat spinous process on its

anterior part, and the fifth joint enlarged and furnished posteriorly

with a sharp, flat, curved spine directed backwards.

This beautiful genus is very apathetic when alive ; in that respect,

according to Mr. Adams’s observations, resembling Lambrus. In

the system it is not far removed from Acanthonyx and Huenia. The

description is from a female.

Zupripa ApAmsi1, White, List of Crust. in Brit. Mus. p. 124.

In colour this species is of a light delicate pink, with dark liver-

coloured markings. There is a central line bifurcated anteriorly,

where it is lost on the inner bases of the horns of the rostrum,

and reaching posteriorly to the last joint of the abdomen, and having

external to it a fine, double, somewhat waved line. Extending from

the apex of the rostral spines, and meeting at the last abdominal

segment, are two broad lines, narrowed in the middle of the carapace ;

external to this is a fine double line, and on the outside of this is a

broad somewhat curved stripe, ending abruptly at the postero-

external angle of the carapace ; and at the base of the antero-lateral

spines is another rather broad linear mark, of the same dark liver-

colour.

The third joint of all the legs has two broad, dark, red-brown

bands, directed somewhat diagonally across the joint ; the fourth and

fifth joints have one broad mark of the same colour. The under

surface is of a somewhat darker colour. On the outer part of the

abdominal segments is a round dark spot. ‘The entire surface of the

animal is smooth, hairless, hard, polished and porcellanous. Eyes

black.

A very distinct variety, from about twelve fathoms, in the Sooloo

Seas, had the carapace of a light green, with deep red-brown stripes,

and the legs and chelz of a pearly semi-opake white, and very

distinctly banded with deep red-brown.

The specimen from which the foregoing description is taken was

dredged from a sandy bottom at about six fathoms water, near the

mouth of the Pantsi River, on the coast of Borneo. ‘The descrip-

tion, it ought to have been remarked, was derived by Mr. Adams

from aliving specimen ; but even the dried individual in the Museum

collection is very distinctly marked.

Family Pacurip&.

PAGURUS STRIGIMANUS, White.

Red, irregularly spotted with yellow. Eye-peduncles longish, not

the length of the anterior margin of the carapace. Carapace with

the front part irregularly pitted above, very smooth in the middle,

the sides with tufts of long yellow hairs. First pair of legs not much

thickened; on the outside covered with thickly-set tubercles, many

of which end m a spine; the base of these tubercles in front furnished

122

with a tuft of longish yellow hairs; inside of the hand and of the move-

able claw with several slightly raised patches, covered with regular

parallel deepish grooves ; the claws black, and slightly hollowed at

the end; the second and third legs with the two last joints furnished

with many small black spines and tufts of long yellowish hairs.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land. From Mr. Gunn’s collection.

A species somewhat allied to Pagurus guttatus, Oliv.

Pacurvus comptus, White.

Whitish, the antennz ringed with red ; the legs with three or four

broad red bands. Carapace smooth, with a few punctures on the

side, between which and the middle is an impressed somewhat curved

line; the front edge with a very wide tooth in the middle.

First pair of legs irregular; the left hand much smaller than the

other; the palmar portion of the larger hand somewhat flattened on

the outside, and covered with small depressed warts; the claws short

and thick, the edges of the claws sharp; the second and third pairs

of legs thin, smooth, slightly punctured with a few short bristles;

the fourth and fifth legs very smooth. .

Hab. Falkland Islands (Antarctic expedition).

Pacurus cavirEs, White, List of Specimens of Crustacea in Brit.

Mus. p. 60.

Eye-peduncles short and thick; eye very large; scale at the base

large and serrated at the end. Carapace with two widish teeth in

the front edge, between the outer antennz and eyes; a transverse

groove near the front edge, the anterior angle with a few short

spines; anterior legs with the left the larger; the wrist tubercled ;

the hand behind the moveable claw tubercled ; the outer edge of the

moveable claw and lower edge of hand serrato-dentate; outside of

hand smooth, inside with a few tufts of shortish hairs; the smaller

claw with several rows of hairs in tufts. The second and third pairs

of legs somewhat serrated on the upper edge; the third leg on the

left side with the penultimate joint longitudinally grooved on the

outside ; the next joint angled and somewhat excavated above, near

the upper edge, which is sharpish and somewhat serrated.

Hab. Bramble Key, Australia. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq.

Family THaLassinip&.

GerBIA HIRTIFRONS, White.

Beak above depressed, with six or seven longitudinal rows of small

tubercles, furnished at the tip with tufts of hairs; stomachal region

smooth; false natatory appendage large and ciliated.

Hab. South Seas (Antarctic expedition).

The only specimen which I have seen appears to be very young,

as the crust seems hardly formed. It is closely allied to the Gebia

stellata.

1238

Family Asracipz£.

Astacus ZEALANDIcus, White.

Carapace smoothish; beak as long as the peduncle of the outer

antennz, wide, depressed, with a slight keel near the base ; the edges

thickened, and with five or six small denticulations. Hands some-

what compressed, the outer and inner edges spined, the spines of

the inner edge the longer; the hand with many longitudinal rows of

hairs in tufts; wrist with three spines on the inner edge, and a

deepish groove above; the caudal plates all of a crustaceous sub-

stance; the upper side with many small tufts of depressed hairs.

Hab. New Zealand.

Found by the late Mr. Percy Earl, who collected this and many

other objects of natural history now in the British Museum. The

Dendroblax Earlii, White, a very interesting Lamellicorn Beetle,

allied to Ryssonotus and Lamprima, but with much of the aspect of

an Oryctes, was named in compliment to him in the “ Insect Fauna of

New Zealand,” published in one of the numbers of the ‘ Zoology of

H.M.SS. Erebus and Terror.’ Much was expected from him ; but he

was drowned in a lamentable shipwreck off the Australian coast.

It is distinct’from any species described by Prof. Milne Edwards,

Dr. Erichson of Berlin, or Mr. Gray in the ‘ Appendix to Eyre’s

Central Australia,’ published in 1845.

Family ALPHEID2.

Axorg, White.

Carapace very wide, dilated on the sides behind, and sinuated in

the middle. Beak short, serrated above, buried in a deep groove,

which has a spine on each side in front, almost reaching to the tip

of the beak. Eyes with a thick short peduncle, situated in a hollow

spine on each side, the outer spine shorter than the inner, which,

as has been said, is on the side of the beak.

Inner antennz thick and elongated; second joint much longer

than the third, which is slightly cloven at the end and has two ter-

minal styles, the one very long and cylindrical, the other short and

compressed.

Outer antennz situated outside the inner; the lamellated appen-

dage elongated, longer than the thickened basal joints, the last of

which has a tuft of hairs at the end; the terminal fillet very long,

half as long again as the whole body. Outer pedipalps very large,

nearly equal in breadth throughout ; from the base nearly as long.

as the body; first joint the longest, nearly reaching to the end of

the lamellated appendage of the outer antenne; third joint more

than twice the length of the second, compressed, blunted at the

end.

First pair of legs two-clawed, thickish, extending a little beyond

the second joint of the outer pedipalps; the second pair of legs fili-

form didactyle; third, fourth and fifth pairs of legs thicker than the

second, monodactyle ; claws large, serrated below.

No. CLXXVIII.—Procrepines or THE ZooLoeicaL Society.

124

Abdomen largish, middle plate of tail with two pairs of small spines, *

the first pair beyond the middle.

This genus is allied to Pontonia, Latreille, but may be distinguished

at once by the foregoing characters.

ALoPE PALPALIS, White, List of Crust. in Brit. Mus. p. 75.

The tail has a pinkish hue.

Hab. New Zealand. From the collection of Mr. Earl.

Family Ericuraipz.

ALIMA APHRODITE, White.

Carapace somewhat narrowed in front, deeply sinuated behind;

the frontal horn not quite the length of the carapace; the posterior

angles of carapace not much extended. Abdomen more than twice

the length of the carapace, exclusive of frontal horn; penultimate

joint of abdomen with two spines in the middle behind ; middle lobe

of tail notched in the middle with a gentle sinuation between the

notch and the posterior angle, which is very sharp; the posterior

edge is furnished with many short regularly placed teeth, giving ita

fringed appearance; outer lobes of tail with the middle appendage

prolonged into a sharp spine. Anterior pair of legs quite simple.

Hab. South Seas. Antarctic expedition.

Order AMPHIPODA.

Family Gammarip2.

EpuIpPPIPHORA.

Head rather large; antenne distant from each other, the upper

pair with the basal joints very thick and corneous, inserted in a deep

notch in front of head; two setz at the end of each, the outer the

thicker. Lower pair of antennze with the basal joint somewhat elon-

gated and furnished with hairs.

Body much compressed. the lateral appendages on the first eight

joints very large, and nearly concealing the legs; the appendage of

the fourth joint much dilated behind at the end; eighth to eleventh

joints slightly keeled on the back ; appendages of the three last joints

of the abdomen longish, with short spines on the edge behind.

A genus allied to Orchestia and Talitrus.

EruipripHora Kroyer, White, List, p. 130.

The body is very highly polished, the edges of the segments behind

somewhat tinged with yellow; the legs and caudal appendages

slightly brownish.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.

Named as a small compliment to the very eminent Danish natu- .

ralist, whose researches among the less studied orders of Crustacez

are so well developed in his published but not easily accessible works.

1 regret that, excepting a few foliated plates of the large ‘ Voyage

125

en Islanda,’ &c., I had not seen any part of them when I prepared

the ‘ List of Crustacea in the British Museum.’

APTERA?

Family PycnoconipD&.

Nymrnon Jounsronranum, White.

Head with a distinct neck thicker than the articulations between

the leg. Eyes two, situated above the insertion of the chelicera, on

a rather elevated tubercle, which is pointed at the end. Beak spring-

ing from the under side of the head, rounded but not knobbed at the

extremity, rather thicker in the middle, with two scales on each side

at the base, the extreme apex with a triangular depression.

Chelicera longer than the beak; the two basal joints longer than

the third, which is slightly thicker and covered with short hairs ; the

end with two sharp claws meeting nearly throughout their entire

length.

Palpi filiform, 10-jointed; four basal joints small, fifth twice the

length of the fourth, and thicker than the sixth, which is equal to it

in length; sixth to tenth short, the three last somewhat hairy at

the end.

Thorax very narrow, smooth.

Legs eight, slightly hirsute; second and third pairs rather longer

than the first ; the fourth the shortest; each of the joints with some

points at the end.

Tarsi with the first joint very short, the under-side of the second

with many spines; claws two, one smaller than the other.

Abdomen somewhat elongate, most slender about the middie, ex-

tending to beyond the middle of the second joint of the leg from the

base.

In size and general appearance at first sight resembling Decolo-

poda australis, Hights. Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. i. 204. t. 7, but dif-

fering from it in the number of the legs, structure of the head and

claws, &c.

Hab. South Seas. Capt. Sir E. Belcher, R.N.

This herculean species is named after Dr. George Johnston, of

Berwick-upon-Tweed, who among his many valuable works has

monographed the British Pycnogonide. I am aware that Mr. Goodsir

has named a Nymphon Johnstonii after him, but most probably the

present species will be found to form the type of a new genus.

Nympuon Puasma, White.

Head with a longish neck, the greater part of which is as thin as

or thinner than the articulations between the legs, thickened in front.

Beak thick, blunt, and somewhat knobbed at the end.

Eyes two, situated on a sharp-pointed tubercle, placed between

the first pair of legs, somewhat in front of insertion.

Chelicera somewhat longer than the beak, thick, two-jointed ;

second joint rounded, furnished with two claws which meet through-

out.

126

Palpi elongated, filiform, 10-jointed; three basal joints small;

fourth joint very long; fifth joint shorter than the fourth, with a

slight hook at the end; sixth joint about the same length as the fifth,

but without hook at the end; four last joints short, somewhat curved.

Legs eight, somewhat hirsute, the third leg perhaps shorter than

the others.

Tarsi with one claw, the under-side furnished with many small

spines.

en South Seas. Capt. Sir Edw. Belcher, R.N.

This may possibly be the other sex of the preceding. Neither of

them have any trace of oviferous legs.

App1TIoNAL OBSERVATIONS ON Cuitongs. By J. E. Gray, Esa.,

F.R.S. Erc.

Since the publication of my former paper I have continued my

researches on these animals, and now propose to add four groups to

those which I then described: three of these genera were proposed

as sections of the genus Chifon in my former paper, but I have since

found that they each present peculiar modifications ithe structure

of the plate of insertion of the valves ; and the other is’ a genus which

I had overlooked, though founded on two of the English species of

the family. On re-examination I think that the genus Chiton should

be confined to the species which have a single-notch on the plate

of insertion of the central valves, and the edge of the plate of inser-

tion pectinately lobed, which is the case with the species marked as

belonging to the section * and ** p. 66, except Chiton Barnesii and

Ch. evanidus.

1. Rapsta.

Posterior valve entire ; margin covered with regularly-disposed im-

bricated smooth scales; margin of insertion of the central valves

pectinately divided, and each furnished with two notches.

Radsia Barnesii. Chiton Barnesii, Gray.

2. CALLocHITON.

The valves keeled, the hinder valve entire ; the plates of insertion

rather short, thick, of the terminal valves divided into many, and of

the central valves into four bifid lobes. Margin with imbricate

scales.

* Margin with lanceolate, elongate, erect, closely-pressed scales.

Callochiton levis. Chiton levis, Mont., Lowe, Z. Jour. v.t. 5, f. 1.

Ch. discors, Maton & Racket. Ch. punctulatus, Maton. Ch. septem-

valvis, Mont. Ch. corallinus, Risso.

** Margin with ovate imbricate scales.

Callochiton evanidus. Chiton evanidus, Sow. Jil. f. 139.

3. IscHNocHITON.

Valves thin; posterior valve entire; the plates of insertion very

thin, smooth-edged, of the central valves each with a single notch;

margin covered with very small imbricate scales.

127

* Scales of mantle transversely grooved.

Ischnochiton textilis. Chiton textilis, Gray = Ch. longicymba,

Blainv.

Ischnochiton limaciformis. ‘Chiton limaciformis. West Indies.

Ischnochiton Magdaliensis. Chiton Magdaliensis, Hinds.

Ischnochiton alatus. Chiton alatus, Sow. Philippines.

** Scales of mantle minute, granule-like.

Ischnochiton marginatus. Chiton marginatus, Mont. Ch. cine-

reus, Lowe, Z. J.

‘ +. tsEPTOCHITON.

The valves rounded, thin; posterior valve entire: the plates of

insertion rudimentary, thout 4 any notches on either the terminal

or central valves. Mantle covered with granular scales.

Leptochiton cinereus. Chiton ginereus, Montague = Ch. asellus,

Lowe, Zool. Jour. var. white, Chiton albus.

Leptochiton Hanleyi. Chiton Hanleyi, Bean.

Leptochiton cajetanus. Chiton cajetanus, Poli. Lepidopleurus

cajetanus, Risso.

Should the form of the plates of insertion of any specimen not be

sufficiently seen, they may be easily made visible through the inner

side of the mantle by their being soaked a few hours in a weak solu-

tion of caustic potash, but care should be taken that they are not left

too long in soak, nor the solutio too strong, otherwise the margin

will be dissolved. But should valves be wished to be kept sepa-

rate, this is the best way of sepaygting them, as the plates of insertion

are cleaned, and not broken, as itey are likely to be if taken from the

mantle. I may remark that the number of notches in the plates of

insertion is sometimes, but as far as I have observed, very rarely,

liable to variation ; in one specimen of Chiton Bowenii I have observed

that the plate of insertion of the last valve but one has two notches

on one side, but the normal single one of the genus on the other.

The Meetings of the Society were then adjourned to

November 9th.

128 .

Nov. 9, 1847.

W. Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

A communication was read from M. Dolmatoff, Master of the

Imperial Forests in the Government of Grodno, which gave an ac-

count of the capture and partial domestication of the young Aurochs

recently presented to the Society by His Majesty the Emperor of

Russia.

The Secretary informed the meeting that this paper had been

transmitted through Sir Roderick I. Murchison, to whose influence

and exertions the Society were chiefly indebted in the acquisition

of this most important addition to the collection. The first letter

addressed to the Council by Sir Roderick, announcing the intention

of His Majesty, bore date Feb. 10, 1846, and from that period to

the present he had been in communication with His Excellency Count

Kisselef on this subject. ‘The Secretary regretted, in common with

his colleagues, and he believed the whole of the Society, that the

absence of Sir Roderick on the Continent had hitherto prevented

him from witnessing the successful result of his good offices, or even

of receiving an official communication of the thanks of the President

and Council, which, it was almost needless to say, awaited his return

in the most cordial and expressive form.

The other papers read were :

1. Appirionat Norte on A PAPER ON Porcurinss (supra, p. 102).

By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S. ere. erc.

In my former paper I was unable to give the country of Acanthion

Cuvieri. Mr. Frazer has since brought a skull and two living spe-

cimens of this species from Algiers; the latter are now in the Gar-

dens of the Society, and Mr. Whitfield has brought others from the

Gambia. In the number of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of

Calcutta for August 1847 just arrived (p. 772. t. 32), I observe that

Mr. Hodgson has described a new species of Indian Porcupine under

the name of Hystrix alopeus, called Ancholia by the natives, which

is certainly an canthion, and most probably my A. Hodgsoniti ; if so,

the latter name will have the priority, as having been published in

July.

129

2. A List or THE GENERA or Recent Mouiusca, THEIR SYNONYMA

AND Tyres. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S. erc.

The generic names which have been used in Mollusca have

become so numerous that I have long thought it desirable that they

should be submitted to a rigid examination, for the purpose of re-

ducing those which are only synonyms of genera already esta-

blished; and for the purpose of doing so with justice to previous

writers, it is necessary that attention should be paid to the dates of

their original publication, which have been too much neglected by

several writers in this branch of zoology.

I have therefore sent to the Society the following list, which,

though I have paid great attention to the subject, I am aware is yet

very imperfect, as a commencement in what I consider the right di-

rection, and I hope that it may be the means of drawing the attention

of other students of this class of animals to the subject. I have been

induced to send it in its present state, as I am constantly requested

by both English and continental conchologists. to supply them with

copies of the Synopsis of the British Museum for 1838, 1840, 1842,

and 1844, which contains a list of the genera of Mollusca, and which

is now out of print, and also often to give them information with

regard to the authorities for the several genera contained in that

list, which shows that there is an evident want of some recent infor-

mation on this subject.

It is needless for me now to dilate on the importance of attending

to the law of priority, which I have always advocated, for that is

now almost universally allowed ; yet I am quite prepared for hearing

several conchologists complain of the changes which the observance

of this just law will force them to make: thus Cyclostoma and Heli-

cina, instead of being applied to land-shells, must be the names of the

Delphinula and Rotella of Lamarck’s ‘ Histoire’; Terebellum that of

Turritella of the same author; so that though these generic names

are still used, they will have a different signification to their present

one. Other names in very general use, as Oliva, &c., will have to be

erased from the system, for this genus was established and well-cha-

racterized under the name of Strephona, by Browne (along with several

other genera), between the publication of the tenth and twelfth

editions of Linnzus’s ‘ Systema Nature,’ though it has been over-

looked by Lamarck and other authors.

I may here observe that the change with respect to Cyclostoma and

Helicina is produced by Lamarck having used the same names with

very different significations in his ‘ Systéme’ and ‘ Histoire.’ In the

latter of these works he has in one or two instances altered the names

which he had previously given to a genus ; and in like manner allowed

the names before used, such as Meretriz and Donacilla, to drop out

of the system, no notice being taken of the change or its cause.

The method | have followed is to observe the first name given to

the genus and the type on which it was founded, and then to accu-

mulate the synonymaaround the genus. Wherea succeeding author

has referred to a different species as the type of the genus, I have

130

given the name in a new line, as at some future period that type

may be proved really to belong to a different genus; and when any

succeeding author has established a genus on any species which

appears to belong to the before-established genus, it is in a similar

manner placed under the proper head, with the synonyma belonging

to that type. The type on which the genus or subgenus, as it may

hereafter prove, was founded, is also given, so that if such type at

some future period prove to be distinct from the one under which I

have placed it, the synonyma of the genus will be at once seen.

But the names which occur under each head are, according to my

present views, to be regarded as synonyma of the genus under which

they are arranged.

In respect to Lamarck’s ‘ Systéme,’ De Montfort’s ‘ Conchology,’

Megerle’s ‘ Essay,’ Schumacher’s ‘ New System,’ Blainville’s ‘ Ma-

nuel,’ and other works which only give the genera, and simply men-

tion one or two examples as the types of their genus, the species

they give as types are here cited; but in works like Linnzus’s ‘ Sy-

stema Nature,’ and Lamarck’s ‘ Histoire,’ which give the species of

Mollusca, it is not so easy to determine which species the author in-

tended for the type of his genus. In these cases I have chosen either

the best known species, or, if the author has given figures, the spe-

cies which he has figured ; the latter is the course that I have adopted

with respect to Risso’s work, whose genera are so difficult to under-

stand.

In the Linnzan genera in which there is room for doubt, from the

miscellaneous character of the species referred to by the author, I

have considered the name as restricted to the type which the earliest

author after Linnzus has quoted for it: thus as Montfort quotes

Trochus niloticus as the type of Trochus, and Lamarck Chiton gigas

as the type of Chiton, I have regarded these species as the types of

the Linnean genera. This has not been done without consideration,

as I was at first inclined to regard the species figured in the plates

of the Fundamenta Testaceologie (Ameen. Acad. viii. 1785, 107) of

Linneus which are given as illustrative of the greater number of his

genera, and of the terms used in describing them, as the types; but

I do not think that he had any idea of so considering them, for he

gives two species of Arca, four of Patella, three of Cyprea, four of

Murex, five of Trochus, three of Strombus, and two of Anomia; while

the genera Conus, Mytilus and Pinna are not illustrated. Should

these figures have been regarded as the types of his genera, then

Ostrea pallium would be the type of Ostrea, Donaz scripta of Donaz,

Chama gigas of Chama, Buccinum Harpa of Buccinum, Mya pictorum

of Mya, Solen strigillatus of Solen, and Nautilus Beccaria of Nautilus ;

species which certainly are not the best that could be chosen to agree

with his characters, and to have adopted which would have greatly

confused the science.

There is a series of works which appeared between the time of

Linneus and Lamarck which added much to the progress of concho-

logy, but which have been overlooked by the conchologists of the La-

marckian school, as for example ‘ Meuschen Museum Geverianum,’

131

8vo, 1787; ‘ Humphrey’s Catalogue of the Calonne Collection,’ 8vo,

1797; and the ‘ Museum Boltenianum,’ 12mo, 1798 (which was re-

printed at Hamburg in 1819, but neither edition has occurred to me).

These catalogues foreshadow the genera which have been since formed

and generally adopted, but as they are mostly without characters, or

with only very slight ones, I have not adopted the generic names

they have given, except where their groups exactly corresponded with

those which are now used, and to which new names have been

applied, as for example Neritella for Neritina, &c.; or where the

name used by the more modern author was necessary to be changed,

because it had previously been used for some other genus of Mol-

lusca.

I have been as careful as I could to give the proper dates of the

various genera, especially where there was any doubt about the pri-

ority of a name; but where there was no doubt, as for example in

the genera named by Lamarck between the publication of his

‘ Systéme’ and his ‘ Histoire,’ I have been satisfied with giving the

dates of the volume of the latter work, without searching out the

exact date of the publication in Lamarck’s various papers ; and I have

followed the same course with regard to De Blainville’s genera which

appeared before the date of his ‘ Manuel’ in the different volumes of

the ‘ Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles’; but there are certain

works the dates of which it is very difficult to ascertain, such for

example as Ferussac’s, which have no date marked onthem. Others,

such as D’Orbigny’s ‘ South America,’ the publication of which was

spread over eleven years, from 1835 to 1846, and some other works

of this author, are in the same predicament, the plates often appear-

ing irregularly, and the text sometimes not till near the completion

of the work. The same difficulty occurs in some of our English

works, as Sowerby’s ‘ Genera’ for example; in these cases the dates

assigned can only be regarded as approximative.

I have nearly confined the list to the genera which occur in the

recent state : first, because, though I have paid considerable attention

to fossil shells, [ am not so well acquainted with them as with the

recent ones; secondly, because the genera of fossil shells, which must

depend on the study and organization of the recent ones, are not

so well understood as those which now occur. And the increase in

the knowledge of the animal gives us more and more reason to

distrust our conclusions with regard to arrangements founded on the

study of the shell alone, for it is impossible amongst the recent shells

to distinguish the following genera :—

Tectura (Lottia) from .....--- Patella ;

Ancylus ee Siphonaria; -

Scutella oy woud. 0: Patella;

Philippia Pea bears ae ss Solarium ;

Vermetus EES ov Serpula ;

Dentalium Venabenae: Boe Ditrupa;

though the four first each belong to different families of Mollusca,

and the two latter are Mollusca, and their resemblances Annelides.

The knowledge of the animals of Nautilus and Spirula now renders it

132

doubtful if Orthocera and other allied fossil genera are Decapodous,

or Dibranchiate Cephalopods.

The arrangement followed is that which was proposed in the Syn-

opsis of the Contents of the British Museum for 1838, and which

has been gradually modified in the different editions, as I have be-

come better acquainted with the animals of the different genera; and

one or two alterations have been made for the same reason in this

edition of the list. It is founded on the examination of the animals

of all the molluscans contained in the London and Paris collections,

as well as of all the drawings or engravings of the animals which I

have been enabled to see, exceeding more than five thousand species,

being at least one hundred times as many animals as were known

when Lamarck proposed his system, and fifty times as many as were

known to Cuvier when he published his system in the ‘Animal

Kingdom,’

Fam. I. STROMBID.

1. Strombus, Linn. 1754, Lam. 1801, Montf. 1810; not Strombus,

Browne, 1756. Alatee, Gevers. 1787. Alatus, Humph. 1797.

Lambis, Bolten, 1798. Strombus pugilis, Linn.

Conchilium, Browne, 1756. Strombus gigas.

Canarium, Schum. 1817. Strombidea, Swains. 1840. St. urceus.

Pterocera a, Schum.1817. St. latissimus.

Strombus 6, Schum. 1817. St. epidromis and St. auris Diane.

. Pterocera, Lam. 1801. Strombus Pterocere, Blainv. Lambis,

sp. Bolten, 1798. Pteroceras, Sow., Swains. 1840. Aporrhais,

Rondel. Strombus, Humph. 1797. St. lambis.

Pteroceres, Montf. 1810. Pterocera 3, Schum. 1817. St. scorpius.

Harpago, A/ein, 1783. St. Chiragra.

3. Fusus, Humph. 1797. Rostellaria, Lam. 1801, Schum. 1817.

Rostellum, Montf. St. clavus.

Strombus fissurellus, Linn.

Hippochrenes, Mont. 1810. Hippocrena, Schweig. 1820. Hip-

pocrenes, Brown, 1824. Hippocrene, Latr. 1825. Rostellaria f,

Blainv. 1825. St. amplus, Brander.

4, Seraphys, Montf. 1810. Terebellum, sp. Lamk. Voluta, sp. Oken,

1815. Bulla sopita, B. volutata, Brander.

Terebellum, Lam. 1801, Montf. 1810, p. 379 (not 11), not Browne,

1756. Bulla Terebellum.

Fam. Il. MURICID.

a. TRITONINA.

5. Apollon, Montf. 1810. Ranella granifera, Lamk.

Rantlla, Zam. 1812. Rana, Humph.1797. Bufo, Monéf. 1810,

not Daud. Murex gyrinus, Linn.

Buffonaria, Schum. 1817. M. spinosus.

Gyrina, Schum. 1817. Apollon, Blainv. Murex reticularis, Linn.

133

Columbaria, Sehum. 1817. M. conditus, Gmel.

Triton, sp. Quoy. Tr. leucostoma.

Biplex, Perry, 1811. Bip. perca.

. Triton, Montf. 1810, Lam. 1812. Tritonium, Cuv. 1817. Bucci-

num, sp. Browne, 1756 ; Humph.1797. Lampusia, sp. Schum.

1817. M. tritonis, Gm.

Lampusia, Schum. 1817. M. pileare.

Lotorium, Monéf. 1810. Buecinum, sp. Browne. M. lotorium.

Aquillus, Montf. 1810. M. cutaceus.

Lampas, Schum. 1817. M. lampas.

Ranularia, Schum. 1817. M. clavator.

Cumia, Bivon, 1838. Ran. lanceolata, Menke.

Monoplex, Perry, 1811. M. olearium.

. Persona, Montf. 1810. Distortio a, Bolten, 1798. Distorta,

Schum. 1817. M. anus.

. Pisania, Bivon, 1832. Pollia, sp. Gray, 1839. Tritonidea, sp.

Swains. 1840. Pusio, Gray, 1834. Bucc. maculosum, Lam.

Mitrella, sp. Risso, 1826, f. 64. Pisania, sp. Bivon. Bucc. D’Or-

bignyi, Payr. t. 8. f. 4, 6.

Tritonidea, Swains. 1840. Triton, sp. Lam. Z.M. Buce. undo-

sum, Linn.

Rapana f, Schum. 1817. Pollia, sp. Gray, 1839. Buce. tranque-

baricum.

? Lachesis, Risso, 1826, f. 65, young shell. Lechesis, Kiener.

? Nesea, Risso, 1826, f. 67, young; f. 69, adult.

Columbella, sp. (triumphalis), Duclos. Pollia, sp. Gray, 1839.

Fusus (articulatus), Lam. Pollia, sp. Gray, 1839. Pusio, sp. Gray,

1834. Buce. plumatum.

Pusio, Gray, 1834. Pusio elegans.

Enzina (zonata), Gray, 1839.

Columbella, sp. pyrostoma, Sow.

10. Murex, Linn.

Murex, Zam. 1801. Brontes, Montf. 1810. Haustellum, Schum.

1817. Haustellaria, Swains. 1833. M. haustellum.

Murex, Montf. 1810, Swains. 1833. Haustellum y, Schum. 1817.

Aranea, Perry, 1811. M. tribulus.

Haustellum 65, Schum. 1817. M. Brandaris.

Pyrella, Swains. 1840. Haustellum a, Schum. 1817. Turbinellus,

sp. Swains. 1833. Pyrula, sp. Brug. H. M. M. spirillus.

Ocenebra, Leach MSS. 1818. Tritonalia, Flem. 1828. Triton, sp.

Thomp. M. ermaceus.

Iaton, Pusch, 1837. Iaton, ddans. M. lingua.

Centronotus, Swains.1833. Muricanthus, Swains. 1840. M. radix.

Pteronotus, Swains. 1840. M. pinnatus.

Chicoreus, Montf. 1810. Phyllonotus, sp. Swains. 1840. Pur-

pura, sp. Browne, 1756; Martyn, 1764? ; Schum.1817 (not Lam.).

-Triplex, Humph: 1797. M. ramosus.

Phyllonotus, Swains. 1833. M. imperialis.

134

Purpura, Humph. 1797. M. trunculus.

Cerastoma, Conrad, 1837. Cerostoma and Ceratostoma, Herrm.

1846. M. monodon, Sow.

Vitularia, Swains. 1840. M. miliaris, Gmel.

Typhis, Montf.1810. M. pungens.

11. Trophon, Moné¢f. 1810. Muricidea, Swains. 1840. Murex a,

Schum. 1817. M. magellanicus. ‘

Tritonium b, Loven, 1846. M. lyratus.

6. ConiINA.

12. Turris, Humph. 1797. Pleurotoma, Lam. E.M. and 1801, Schum.

1817, Swains. 1840. Pleurotomus, Montf. 1810. Murex baby-

lonicus.

Pleurotoma, Sw. 1841. M. virgo.

Turricula, Schum. 1817. M. Javanus.

Perrona, Schum. 1817. M. Perron, Gmel. 167.

Tomella, Swains. 1810. Clavatula, sp. (lineata), Lam. 10.

Melatoma, Swains. 1840 (not Anthony), 342. f. 104.

Genot, ddans.1757. Pleurotoma mitreformis, Gray, Wood's

Supp. t. 5. f. 5.

13. Clavatula, Zam. 1801. Brachystoma (castanea), Swains. 1840.

M. clavatulus, Gmel., Chem. xi. f. 1831, 1832. Clavicantha,

Swains. 1840. Clav. imperialis, Lam.

Clavus, Montf. 1810. Clavatula, Blainv. 1826. Clavicantha, sp.

Swains. 1840. Strombus lividus, Gmel.

Clavatula (sulcata), Swains. 1840, Chem. xi. f.1829. “ Pl. flavi-

dula, var.,’’ Aiener.

Pleurotoma, Flem. 1828. M. sinuosus, Montag.

Drillia (umbilicata), Gray, 1838, dan. N. H.

Crassispira (fasciata), Swains. 1840, 152. f. 17 d. 313.

Brachystoma, Swains. 1840, 314. Pleur. strombiformis, Sow.

Conopleura (striata), Hinds, 1844.

Daphnella (marmorata), Hinds, 1844.

14. Bela, Leach,1817. Mangilia, Loven, 1846. Murex nebula, Montf.

Defrancia, Moller, not Millet. Tritonium * * 6, Loven. Mur. tur-

ricula, Montag.

? Mangelia, Risso, 1826, f. 130. Ishnula, Clarke. (See also Man-

gelia, Risso, f. 97, 99.)

15. Mangelia, Leach, 1817.

Mangelia (striolata), Risso, 1826, f.101. Pleur. teniatum, Desh.?

? Mangelia, ‘‘ Leach,” Hinds, 1844. M. cinnamomea.

N.B. Mangelia, Risso, fig. 102, 103, are Rissoine.

16. Defrancia, Millet, 1826 (Ann. Soc. Linn. Paris), Loven, 1846.

Mur. linearis, Montf.

Pleurotoma, sp. (purpureum), Philippi. Murex purpureus, Monty.

17. Anna (Massena), Risso, 1826, f.68. Buce. Scacchianum, Phs-

lippi, ii. 188. t. 27. f. 5.

135

Buccinum (minimum), Monéf., Philip. ii. 189. Fusus turritellatus,

Desh.

18. Conus, Linn. Voluta, Brown, 1756, not Linn. Strombus, Adans.

1757, not Linn.

Conus, Zam. 1801. C. marmoreus.

Conus, Montf. 1810, Swains. 1840. C. generalis.

Coronaxis, Swains. 1840. C. bandanus.

Puncticulis, Swains. 1840. C. arcuatus.

Rhombus, Montf. 1810. C. bandanus.

Rollus, Montf. 1810. Utriculus, Schum. 1817. C. geographicus.

Tuliparia, Swains. 1840. C. Tulipa.

Cylindrella, Swains. 1840; not Pfeiffer, 1840.° C. asper.

Conilithes, Swains. 1840. C. antediluvianus.

Dendroconus, Swains. 1840. C. betulinus.

Cylinder, Montf. 1810. Textilia, Sw. 1840. C. textilis.

Hermes, Montf. 1810. Theliconus, Sw. 1840. C. nusatella.

Leptoconus, Sw. C. grandis.

Conorbis, Sw. C. dormiter.

19. Colus, Humph. 1797. Fusus, Lam. 1801, Monétf. 1810, Schum.

1817, not Humph. Mur. colus.

Busyeon, sp. Bolten, 1798. Murex aruanus.

20. Sycotypus, Browne, 1756. Ficus, Bolten, 1793 ; Humph. 1797.

Pyrula, Lam. E. M. and 1801, Monétf. 1810, Schum. 1817.

Ficula, Swains. 1840. Bulla ficus.

21. Cassidulus, Humph. 1797. Melongena, Schum.1817. Pyrula, sp.

Lam. Myristica, sp. Swains. Mur. melongena, LZ.

Pyrula, sp. (spirata), Zam. 1822. Bulla pyrum.

Pugilina PB, Schum. 1817. Ficus, sp. Humph. 1797. Fusus, sp.

Lam. 1822. Mur. morio.

Pugilina a, Schum. 1817. Pyrula, sp. Lam. M. pyrum.

Hemifusus, Swains. 1840. Fusus colosseus, Lam.

Myristica, sp. Swains. 1840. Mur. hippocastanum, Born.

22. Fulgur, Montf. 1810. Pyrula, Swains.1840. Pyrula, sp. Lam.

M. perversus. ;

Pyrula, sp. (carica), Lam. 1822.

23. Rapana a, Schum.1817. Pyrula, sp. Zam. Purpura, sp. Ktener.

Muriciformis, Gevers. Bucc. Bezoar, Linn.

Murex, sp. (Rapa), Linn.

Latiaxis, Swains. 1840. Pyrula Mawe, Gray.

Rapella, Swains. 1840. Ficula, sp. (caudata), Swans. 1840. Bulbus,

sp. Humph.1797. Pyrula, sp. Lam. Bulla rapa.

24, Cuma, Swains. 1840. Cuma, part. Humph. C. sulcata, Swains.

1840, 87. f. 4.

25. Latirus, Monétf. 1810 (Lathirus or Lathyrus, Gray). Fusus, sp.

(filosus), Lam. 1822. Mur. gilbulus, Gmel.

Polygona, Schum. 1817. Turbinellus, sp. Lam. 1822. Plicatella,

136

sp. Swains. Fusus, sp. Lam. E. M. and Quoy. Mur. infundi-

bulum.

Plicatella, Swains. 1840. Turbinellus, sp. Zam. Fusus, sp. Quoy.

Mur. polygonus.

26. Fasciolaria, Lam. 1801, Montf. 1810. Fusus, sp. Quoy & Gaim.

Pyrula, Perry, 1811. Cuma, sp. Humph. 1797. Mur. Tulipa,

Linn.

27. Turbinellus, Zam. 1801, Montf. 1810. Voluta canaliculata, Sco-

poli, 1777. Turbinella, Lam. Z. M. and 1822. Rapum, Humph.

1797. Voluta pyrum.

28. Cynodonta, Schwm. 1817. Scolymus, part. Swains. 1840. Tur-

binella, part. Lam. Volutella, sp. Perry, 1811. Vol. ceramica.

Scolymus, sp. Swains. 1840. Vol. turbinellus.

29. Lagena, Schum. 1817. Turbinella, sp. Lam. Pilicatella, sp.

Swains. Bucce. rusticum.

Leucozonia. Fasciolaria, sp. Lam. Z.M. Turbinella 6, Blainv.

Mur. nassa.

Monoceros, sp. (cingulatum), Lam. 1822, not 1812.

30. Cancellaria, Lam. 1801. Cancellarius, Montf. 1810. Buccinella,

Perry, 1811. Murex, Humph. 1797. Vol. reticulata.

Trigona, Perry, 1811. Trigonostoma, Blainv. 1825. Cancellaria,

sp. Desh. Delphinula trigonostoma, Lam. 1818.

Cancellaria abnormis, Gray.

Admete (crispa), Moller, 1842. Tritonium, sp. (viridula), O. Fad.

Murex, sp. (costelliferus), Sow. Cancellaria, sp. Gould, Loven.

Admete crispa.

? Macromphalus (reticulatus), S. Wood, 1842.

31. Separatista. Turbo, sp. Gmelin, Chemn. x. f. 1589, 1590. Turbo

helicina, Gmel.

? Cornu, Schum. 1817, 255, Chemn. x. f. 1273. Argonauta Cornu,

O. Fab.

32. Struthiolaria, Zam. 1812. Triton e, Blainv. 1825. Mur. stra-

mineus.

33. Aporrhais, Aldrov., Da Costa, 1778. Aporrhis, Swains. 1837.

Chenopus, Philippi, 1836. Rostellaria, sp. Lam. 1822. Trito-

nidium, sp. Miiller. Strombus Pes-pelecani.

34. Chorus, n. g. Purpura, sp. Blainv. Monoceros giganteus, Lesson.

35. Gastridia. Pseudoliva, Swains. 1840. Pseudodactylus, Herrm.

1847. Eburna, sp. Sow. Buc. plumbeum.

Struthiolaria? monoceros, Gray.

Monoceros, J. Lea, 1833, not Lam. Mon. fusiformis, Lea.

Fusus, sp. J. Lea. ? Monoceros, sp. J. Lea, 1833, not Lam. Fusus

Taitii, J. Lea, young? Monoceros pyruloides, Lea.

36. Leiotomus, Swains. 1840. Fusus, sp. Lam. M. Bulbus, Brand.

137

37. Clavella, Swains. 1837. Clavellithes, Swains. 1840. Fusus, sp.

Lam. M. longevus, Brand.

38. Cyrtulus serotinus, Hinds, Zool. Sulph. 1844.

39. Chrysodomus, Swains. 1840. Murex f, Schum. Tritonium, .

Miiller, Loven, 1846, not Cuvier, 1817. Mur. antiquus.

Atractus, Agassiz, 1840. M. corneus.

40. Pusionella, Gray. Terebra (Nifat), Adans. 1757. Fusus, sp.

Lam. Mur. Pusio, Born.

Tritonidea (sp.), Swains. 1840. Fusus aculeiformis, Lam.

41.? Atractodon, Charlesworth, Mag. N. H.

Fam. Il. BUCCINID&.

CASSIDINA.

42. Cassis, Browne, 1756 ; Scopoli, 1777 ; Lam. 1801 ; Monéf. 1810.

Cassidea, Brug. Cassida, Humph., not Linn. Buc. flammeum.

Cassidea 8, Schum. 1817. Buc. cornutum.

Cassidea a, Schum. 1817. Buc. rufum.

Cypreecassis, Stutchbury, Swains. 1840. Buce. Testiculum.

43. Bezoardica a, Schum. 1817. Cassidea 3, Swains. 1840. Cassis,

sp. Scopoli. Cassidea, sp. Brug. Buec. glaucum.

Bezoardica B, Schum. Buce. areolatum.

44. Levenia, Gray, 1847. Cassis coarctatum, Gray.

44*, Morio, Montf. 1810. Cassis, sp. Martini. Cassidaria, Lam.

1812, 1822. Echinora, Schum. 1817. Cassidarea, Swains. 1840.

Cassidea, sp. Brug. Buce. echinophorum.

45. Sconsia, Gray, 1847. Oniscia (Alicia), Risso, 1826. Cassidaria

striata, Lam. 1822.

46. Oniscia, Sow. 183 ? Oniscidia, Swains. 1840. Cassidaria, sp.

Kiener. O. cancellata, Sow.

47. Morum, Bolten, 1798. Hystrix, Humph.1797. Ersina, Gray,

1840. Cassidaria, sp. Lam. 1822. Cassidea y, Schum. 1817.

Oniscia, sp. Sow. Conus, sp. Scopoli, 1777. Cassidea, sp. Brug.

Strombus oniscus, Linn.

48. Cythara, Schum. 1817. Cancellaria, sp. Lam. 1822. Strombus

jun., Deshayes. Cancellaria citharella, Lam.

49.? Mingeria bicolor, Gray, BLM.

50. Dolium, Browne, 1756; Humph. 1797 ; Montf. 1817. Cadus,

Bolten, 1798. Purpura (Mingac), ddans. Buce. galea.

Perdix, Montf. 1817, not Linn. Purpura Tesan, Adans. Dolium,

sp. Browne, 1756. Buce. Perdix.

51. Malea, Valenc. 1833. Cassidea, sp. Swains. Dolium, sp. Menke.

D. ringens, Swains. D. personatum, Menke.

Cassis labrosa, Martini. Dolium, sp. Zam. Bucc. pomum.

138

52. Harpa, Humph. 1797, Lamk. 1801, Montf. 1810. Sistrum, sp.

Oken, 1815. Buccinum, sp. Lam. Bucc. Harpa.

Buccinum, sp. (stromboides), Lamk. Scaphella, sp. Swains. 1840,

122, f. 12. a, 0.

53. Columbella, Lam. 1801, Schum. 1817, Swains. 1840. Columbus,

Montf. 1810. Voluta subemarginata, Scopoli, 1777. Buccmum

(barnet), ddans. 1757. Voluta mercatoria.

Cionella (picata), Swains. 1840, 312. 151. 153. 220.

Conidea (semipunctata), Swains. 1840, 312.151. f.17.6. Voluta

discors.

Pusiostoma (punctata), Swains. 1840, 313. 151. 153.

Nitidella, Swains. 1840, 313. 151. f.17. e. Col. nitida, Lam.

Pisania, sp. Bivon, 1832. Mitrella, sp. (flammea), Risso, 1826,

f.144. Fusus glaber, Risso, 1826, f.129. Purpura, sp. Risso,

f.88. Bucc. corniculatum, Lam.

53*, Sinusigera, D’ Orb. Amér. Mér. 429, not described.

54. ? Cominia, Brown, 1844 (Ill. Conch.). Jaminia, sp. Brown, 1827.

Voluta hyalina, Montf.

PuRPURINA.

55. Purpura, Lamk. 1801, Blainv. Buccinum, Schum. 1817. Sy-

strium, sp. Oken, 1819. Buce. persicum.

Purpura, Swains. 1840. P. coronata, Lam.

Stamonita, Schum. 1817. ?Sistrium, Oken. Bucc. heemastoma.

Microstoma, Swains.-1840. Bucc. patulum.

Vexillum, Swains. 1840. Strombus vexillum, Linz.

Trochia, Swains. 1840. Triton, sp. Lam. £.M. Buce. scala.

Polytropa, Swains. 1840. Buce. lapillus.

Ricinella 6 3, Schum. 1817. Purpura Histrix, Lam.

Nassa and Lagena, sp. Bolten, 1798.

56. Pedicularia (sicula), Swains. 1840, 357. f.44; Gray, 1846 (Ann.

N.H.). Thyreus (paradoxus), Philippi, 1844.

56*. Concholepas, Favan.; Lam. 1801, Montf. 1810. Buccinus,

sp. Brug. Purpura, sp. Blainv. Patella Lepas, Gm.

57. Acanthiza, Fischer, 1807 (Mus. Demid.). Monoceros, Lam. 1812,

1822, not Flem. Unicornus, Montf.1810. Rudolphia, Schum.

1817. Rudolphus, Chemn. Purpura a, Blainv. Thais, sp.

Bolten, 1798. Bucc. monoceros.

58. Planaxis, Lam. 1822, not Risso, 1826; Blainv. 1828. Buce.

sulcatum.

Hinea, Leach MSS.1817. Plan. mollis, Sow.

59. Quoyia, Desh. MSS. 1830; Gray, 1839. Leucostoma, Swains.

1840, 172. f. 24. Fissilabria, 7. Brown, 1836 (Edinb. Jour.

N.H.). Quoya, Desh. 1843. Planaxis decollata, Quoy and

Desh.

139

60. Sistrum, Montf. 1810. ? Mur. ricinus.

Ricinula, Lamk. 1812, 1822; Blainv. 1823. Ricinella, Schum.

1817. Purpura, sp. Kiener. Murex neritoideus.

Morula, Schum. 1817, 227. Ricin. morus, Lam.

Ricinella 8B, Schum. 1817. Ricin. digitata, Lam.

61. Campulotus. Campulote, Guet. 1759. Magillus, Montf. 1810,

Blainv. Tubulites, Davilla. Spirobranchus, Blainv, M. an-

tiquus, Monff.

Leptoconchus, Riipp. 1835. M. Peronii, Lam.

Buccinina.

62. Buccinum, Linn.?, Lam. 1801, Montf. 1810. Tritonium, O.Faé.,

Schum. 1817. Tritonium * *, Loven, 1846. Bucc. undatum.

63. Latrunculus. Nassa, Schum. 1817. Eburna, sp. Lam. 1822, not

1801. Eburna, Swains. 1840. Buce. spiratum.

Eburna zetlandica, Lam.

64. Trichotropis, Brod. § Sow. 1829. Trichopodus, Swains. 1840,

211. Trichotropus, Lesson. Trocophore, Desh. E. M. 1830.

Turbo carinatus, Sow.

Trichotropis *, Sow. Murex carinatus, Laskey.

65. Acus, Humph.1797. Terebra, Lam. 1801. Subula, Schum. 1817,

Blainv. 1825. Bucec. maculatum.

Terebrum, Monéf. 1810. Bucce. subulatum.

Subula 6, Schum. 1817. Bucc. dimidiatum.

Eburna £, Schum. 1817. Leiodomus, sp. Swains. Bucc. vittatum.

66. Dorsanum. Buce. politum, Lam.

Buce. lineolatum, Wood, Supp.

NASSINA.

67. Bullia, Gray, 1834 (A. King). “ Bulliana, Gray.” Buccinum, sp.

Lam. 1822. Bucce. semiplicatum, Wood.

Leiodomus, sp. Swains. 1840. Buccinum a Eburnes, Blainv. Te-

rebra (arvan), Adanson. Buce. digitale.

Buccianops, D’ Orb. A.M. Bucc. Cochlidium.

68. Nassa, Lam. (1799), 1801; Montf. 1810, not Schum. Buce.

arcularia. .

Monoceros, Flem., not Lam. Bucc. hepaticum, Montf.

Planaxis, Risso, 1826, f. 136, not Lam. Tritia, Risso MSS. Hinia,

Leach MSS. 1817. Nasa, Flem. Buce. reticulatum.

Alectrion, Montf. 1810. Nassa 6, Schum. 1817. Buce. papillo-

sum.

Tritonia, Turton. Ranella pygmea, Lam.

Eione, Risso, 1826, f.50. Bucc. gibbosulum.

Cyclops, Montf. 1810. Cyclope, Risso. Nana, Schum. Nanina,

Risso (Nannia, Philippi). Cyclonassa, Swains. 1840. Buce.

Neriteum.

140

69. Desmoulea, Gray, 1838, dan. N. H. D. pulehra, Gray.

70. Northia. Nassa, sp. (Northiz), Gray. Bucc. sp. (pristis), Desh.

N. pristis.

71. Ringicula, Desh. 1838 (Lam. viii. 343), S. Wood. Marginella,

Risso, 1826, not Lam. Auricula, sp. Lam. Voluta, sp. Brocchi,

Eichw. Marginella, sp. Menard, &c. Nassa, sp. Féruss. Au-

ricula ringens.

72. Phos, Montf. 1810. Rhinodomus, Swains. 1840. Murex (Phos),

Blainv. Cancellaria, sp. Lam. Buccimum, sp. Brug. Mur.

senticosus.

73. Cyllene, Gray, 1839, Swains. 1840. C. Owenii, Gray.

OLIVINA.

74. Strephona, Brown, 1756. Oliva, Lam. 1801, Montf. 1810;

D’ Orb. Cuba, 109. Porcellana, sp. (Girol), ddans. Cylindri,

sp. Gevers. 1787. Vol. porphyria.

Ancillaria, Risso, 1826, not Lam, Anc. fluminea, Risso.

Ispidula. Vol. Ispidula.

Cylindrus, Meusch, not Schum. Vol. tigrina, Sehroet.

75. Olivella, Swains. Elem. 1837, 1840 (322. t. 87. f.e). Olivina,

D Orb. A. M. 417, 184 ? Olives ancylloides, Duclos. Oliva,

sp. Lam. Vol. jaspidea, Gm.

Olivella (biplicata), Swains. 1840.

? Lamprodoma, Swains. 1840. Oliva volutella, Zam.

76. Scaphula, Swains. 1840, 132. f. 87. 6, not Benson. ? Olives vo-

lutes, Duclos. Oliva auricularia, Lam.

Utriculina. Vol. Utriculus.

Olivancillaria, D’Orb. 1846. Oliva, sp. (brasiliensis), Chemn.,

Lam. Vol. pinguis.

77. Agaronia, Gray, 1839 (Beechey’s Voy.). Porcellana, sp. (Agaron),

Adans.1757. Ancilla, Schum. 1817, not Lam. Hiatula, Swains.

Z. I. ii. t.76. Oliva, sp. Lam. Vol. hiatula.

78. Ancilla, Lam. 1801, Schum. 1817. Ancillaria, Lam. dunn. M.

§ 1822. Anaulax, Roissy. Voluta, sp. Gmelin. Bulla cyprea.

Ancillus, Mont. 1810. A. Buccinoidea, Lam.

** Anolax (obsoleta), Bronn,”’ Philippi. Buec. obsoletum, Brocchi.

Oliva (striata), Swains. Z. Ill. ii. t. 40. Oliva & Ancil. eana-

lifera, Lam.

80. Eburna, Lam. 1801. Eburna, sp. Lam. 1822. Ancillaria, sp.

Sow. Eburna a, Schum. 1817. Eburnus, Montf. Buce. gla-

bratum, ZL.

81. ? Monoptygma, sp. J. Lea, 1833. Monop. alabamensis, J. Lea.

? Monoptygma, sp. Lea. Monotigma or Monotygma, G. Sowerby.

Mon. elegans, Lea.

141

Fam. IV. VOLUTIDA.

a. YETINA.

82. Yetus, Adans.1757. Cymba, sp. Brod. Vol. Neptuni.

Cymbium, Martini; Gray, 1840. Cymbium a, Schum. 1817.

Cymbium, sp. Menke, 1830. Voluta (1), Swains. 1840. Cymba,

Brod., Sow. Melo, sp. Humph. 1797. Vol. olla, Linn.

VoLUTINA.

83. Cymbium, Adanson, 1757 ; Monétf. 1810; Menke, 1830. Cym-

bium 3, Schum. 1817. Melo, sp. Humph. 1797. Voluta (1),

Swains. 1840. Melo, Brod., Sow. Vol. zethiopica.

Melo indicus, Brod. Vol. Melo.

84. Volutella, D’ Orb. A. M. 423, not Swains. Voluta (1), Swains.

1840, 317. Vol. angulata.

85. Voluyta, Linn.? Scopoli, 1777; Lam. 1801; Montf.1810. Vo-

luta y, Schum. 1817, 238. Musica, Humph. 1797, Gray, 1840,

S.B.M. Harpula (2), Swains. 1840, 317. Vol. musica.

86. Cymbiola, Swains. 1840, 317. Vol. ancilla.

Cymbiola (4), Swains. Vol. colocynthis.

87.Scapha. Voluta a. & (3, Schum. 1817, 237. Cymbiola (2).

Vol. vespertilio.

Voluta (5), Swains. 1840. Vol. magnifica.

Aulica. Vol. aulica.

88. Fulgoraria, Sehum. 1817, 242. Harpula (3), Swains. Vol. ru-

pestris.

89. Harpula (1), Swains. 1840, 317. f.82. Vol. vexillum.

90. Scaphella (1), Swains. 1840, 318. Vol. fusiformis.

Scaphella, sp. Swains. Vol. Junonia.

91. Volutilithes, Swains. 1840, 318. Vol. spinosa.

92. Lyria. Harpula (4), Swains. Vol. nucleus.

93. Callipara Harpula (4), Swains. Vol. bullata.

Mirrina.

94. Mitra, Lam. 1801, Montf. 1810. Vol. episcopalis.

Thiarella, Sw. 1840, 319. Vol. papalis.

Scabicola, Sw. 1840. M. serpentina.

Nebularia, Sw. 1840. M. contracta.

Strigatella, Sw. 1840. M. zebra.

Mitrella, sp. Sw. 1840, not Risso, 1826. M. fissurata.

Columbella, sp. Kiener. Vol. tringa.

95. Zierliana. Buccinum, sp. (strombiformis), Burrows. Cancellaria,

sp. Lam. Mitra, sp. Kiener. Voluta ziervogelii.

96. Turris, Montf. 1810; Gray, 1840. Vulpecula, Gray, 1840 (Syn.

B. M.). Vol. vulpecula.

142

Tiara, Swains. 1840, f.84.¢,g. M. corrugata.

Costellaria, Sw. 1840, f.84.d. M. rigida.

Cancella, Sw. 1840, f.84. 6. M. Isabella.

Pusia, Sw. 1840, 320. M. microzonalis.

Mitrella (costulata), Risso, 1826, f. 56, not Swains. Mitreola,

Swains. 1833, Z.I. M. monodon.

97. Volvaria, Lam. 1801. Volvaria, sp. Lam. 1822, not Conrad.

Volvarius, Montf. 1810. V. bulloides, Lam.

98. Cylindra, Sehum. 1817, 236. Voluta crenulata, Lam.

Mitrella, sp. Swains. 1837, 1840, not Risso, 1826. Vol. dactylus.

99. Imbricaria, Schum. 1817, 236. t. 21. f.5; Gray, 1840. Coneelix,

Swains. 1840, 321. Conohelix, Swains. 1833, 1840, 318. Co-

noelix, Sow. Conalex, Jay. Vol. conus.

MARGINELLINA.

100. Porcellana, 4dans.1757. Dactylus, Humph. 1797. Marginella,

Lam. 1801. Marginellus, Montf. 1810. Cymbium, sp. and

Pterygia, sp. Bolten, 1798. Vol. glabella.

Glabella, Swains. 1840, 324. f. 91. Porcellana Narel, ddans.

Vol. faba.

Volutella, Swains. 1840, not D’Orbd. Vol. bullata.

Marginella, Swains. 1840. Vol. marginata.

Pheenospira (noduta), Hinds, 1844.

Cryptospira (tricincta), Hinds, 1844.

101. Hyalina, Schum. 1817, 234. Volvaria, sp. Lam. 1822, not 1801.

Bulla, sp. Linn. Porcellana (Talier), ddans. Voluta pallida.

102. Persicula, Schum. 1817, 235; Martini; Gray. Porcellana

(Bobi and Duchon), ddans. Persicola, Swains. 1840, 323. f. 90.

Marginella, sp. Lam. 1822. Vol. persicula.

Voluta, Flem. Vol. catenata, Mont.

Gibberula, Swains. 1840. Volvaria, Risso, 1826. Volvaria, sp.

Lam. 1822. Vol. miliaria.

Fam. V. CYPRHADZ.

103. Cypreea, Linn. ; Browne, 1756. Porcellanze, Gevers,1797. Cy-

prea evidentes, Scopoli, 1777. Cypreea (Maget), Adanson, 1757.

Cypreea stercoraria, junior. Bulla, sp. Linn.

Cypreea, Lam. 1801, Montf. 1810. Cypreea B, Schum. 1817.

C. exanthema.

Cyprea a, Schum. 1817. C. Tigris.

Pustularia, Swains. 1840, 324. C. cicercula.

Peribolus (Potan), Adans.1757, Blainv.1825. Bulla, sp. (ovata),

2. - Gmelin. C. Mauritiana, Junior.

sect i 104. Trivia, Gray, 1832, . Trivea, Swains. 1840, 325, junior.

Bulla, sp. Mont. ? Cypreea (Acton), ddans. Cyp. europea.

105. Cyprovula, Gray, 1832, Z. J. Cypreova, sp. Swains. 1840.

Cyp. capensis.

tase ‘

I Sb.

ee” eae [fren 4 Sb)

+s he

Tf! A

143

106. Luponia, Gray, 1832, Z. J. Cypreeova, sp. Swains. 1840. Cyp.

algoensis.

Cypreedia, Swains. 1840, 325. Cyp. elegans, Lam.

107. Erato, Risso, 1826; Gray. Cypreea, sp. Montag. 1803. Mar-

ginella, sp. Leach; Flem. 1828; Philippi. Voluta, sp. Don.

Vol. levis, Don.

108. Amphiceras, Gronov. 1781. Cyprea, sp. Browne, 1756. Ovula,

Brug.1789 ; Lam. 1801. Ovulus, Monéf. 1810. Ovulum, Sow.

Licium, sp. Humph.1797. Cyphonia, sp. Bolten, 1798. Cy-

preea obscura, sp. Scopoli, 1777. Bulla ovum.

Ultimus, Montf. 1810. Carinea, Swains. 1840. Bulla gibbosa.

Calpurnus, Montf.1810. Cyprella, Swains. 1840. Bulla verru-

cosa.

Radius, Montf.1810. Birostra, Swains. 1840. Bulla volva.

Radius, Schum. 1817. Bulla birostris.

Simnia, Leach ;” Risso, 1826. S. niczeensis, Risso.

Simia, Leach, 1819. Volva, Flem. Bulla patula.

Calpurna, Flem. 1828. Ovula Leathesii, Sow.

109. Lamellaria «, Montag. 1815. Lamellaria, Menke, 1830; not

Lamouroux. Marsenia, Leach MSS.1819 ; Oken Isis, 1823; S.

Wood, 1844. Bulla, sp. Montag. 1804. Sigaretus, Blainv.

1825, t.42. f.2; Flem. 1828.; Risso, 1826. Vitrina, sp. Jans.

& Christ. Coriocella, sp. Philippi, 1836, 1844. Helix perspicua.

Sigaretus’?, Moller. S. groenlandicus, M.

Oxinoé, Couthouy, 1839. O. glabra, Couth.

Sigaretus, Cuv. Bull. Sci. § Anat. Moll. 1817. Sigaret (animal, not

shell), Lam. Syn.1801. Cryptothyra, Menke, 1830. Coriocella,

Blainv. D.S.N. 1824 ; Gray ; Menke, 1830; Swains. 1840, 355.

Sigaret (de tonga), Quoy §& Gaim. Chelinotus, Swains. 1840,

355. Coriocella nigra, B/.*

Order IT. PHYTOPHAGA.

Sect. I. PODOPHTHALMI.

Fam. I. TURBINIDA.

TURBINI.

110. Turbo, Linn.; Lam. 1801. 'T. marmoratus.

Turbo, Montf. 1810. Cidaris, sp. Swains. 1840. T. petholatus.

Senectus, Swains. 1840. Turbo 3, Schum.1817. T. Spengleri.

Lanatica, Bolten, 1798. TT. olearius.

111. Sarmaticus, Gray, 1840. Turbo 6 6, Schum. 1817. Cidaris,

sp. Swains. 1840, not Lam. TT. sarmaticus.

112. Batillus a, Schum. 1817, 197. Senectus, sp. Swains. TT. cor-

nutus.

* All from the same species. The specimens of Coriocella nigra in the British

Museum, presented by Cuvier and described by Blainville, has a distinct shell.

This genus has nothing to do with Montagua, Fleming.

144

113. Marmorostoma, Swains. Z. I. & 1840. Batillus B, Schum.

1817, 197. T. versicolor.

114.? Tuba, J. Lea, 1833, t. 4. f.117, 119. Delphinula, sp. Lam.

D. marginata, Lam. Tuba striata, Lea.

IMPERATORINA.

115. Imperator, Montf. 1810, 199. Sol, sp. Humph. 1797. Can-

thorbis, Swains. 1840, 349. Turbo, sp. ddans. Trochus im-

perialis.

Calcar a, Schum. 1817, 193. Tr. solaris.

Calcar, Montf. 1810. Calcar 3, Schum. 1817, 194. Cyclocantha,

sp. Swains. 1840, 349. Turbo, sp. Quoy. Delphinula, Flem.

1828. Tr. stellaris.

Bolma, Risso, 1826. Tubicanthus, Swains. 1840. Turbo ru-

gosus.

Tubicanthus, Swains. 1840, 349. Trochus 8, Schum.1817. T.

Cookii.

EuTROPINA.

116. Eutropia, Humph. 1797. Phasianella, Lam. E.M. & 1812.

Phasianella, sp. Lam. 1822. Phasianus, Montf. 1810, 254.

Bucc. australe, Gmel.

Tricolea, Risso, 1826. Thicolea, Leach MSS. 1819; Gray, 1840.

Eutropia, sp. Humph. Phasianella, sp. Payr. Turbo pullus.

Fam. TROCHID.

PyRAMIDINA.

117. Pyramis, Chemn.; Schum. 1817, 232; Gray, 1840. Tectus,

Montf.1810. Pyramidea, sp. Swains. 1840, 350. Tr. obelis-

cus, Lam.

118. Tegula (elegans), Lesson, 1834. Tr. Emma, Gray.

119. Cardinalia, Gray, 1840, 56. Pyramidea, Swains. 1840, 350.

Tr. virgatus.

TROCHINA.

120. Trochus, Linn. ; Lam. 1801; Monéf. 1810, 179. Pyramidea,

Swains. 1820. Tr. Niloticus.

121. Infundibulum, Monéf. 1810, 167. Carinidea, Swains. 1840,

350. Tr. concavus.

122. Polydonta a, Schum. 1817, 237. Lamprostoma, Swains. 1840,

350. Tr. maculatus.

Phoreus, Risso, 1826, f. 47. Omphalius, Philippi, 1847. Tr.

cinereus, Dacosta. Tr. rusticus.

123. Clanculus, Montf. 1810, 191 (Clangulus, Gray, misprint).

Turbo vasel, 4dans. Polydonta 6, Schum. 1817. Fragella,

Swains. 1840, 332. Apiculum, sp. Humph. 1797, 26. Mono-

donta, sp. Lam. ; Brown, 1830. Tr. pharonis.

Otavia, Risso, 1826. O. corallina, Risso, f. 54-

145

ZIZIPHINA.

124. Ziziphinus, Leach MSS. 1819 ; Gray, 1840. Calliostoma, Swains.

1840. Labio, sp. Oken, 1815. Tr. Ziziphinus.

Trochilus, sp. Humph. 1797. T. annulatus.

125. Canthiridus, Montf. 1810, 251. Elenchus, sp. Humph. 1797,

25. Elenchus, Swains. 1840. Eleuchus (misprint). Phasia-

nella c, Menke, 1830, 51. Monodonta, sp. Lam. 1822. Tr. Ins.

Phasianella d, Menke, 1830. P. fasciata, Menke. Tr. badius.

126. Thalotia, Gray, Syn. 1840. Elenchus, sp. Humph. 1797? He-

lenchus, Herrm. Tr. pictus, Gray ; Wood, Sup. t. 5. f. 28.

127. Monodonta, Lam. 1801. Monodon, Schweiger, 1820 ; Sow. ; not

Linn. 1735. Monodontes, Montf. 1810. Odontis, Sow. 1825.

Trochidon, Swains. 1840, 357: Trochulus, sp. Humph. 1797,

26. Tr. labeo.

Trochidon, Swains. 1840, 351. Mon. canaliferus, Lam.

Diloma, Philippi, 1845. Troch. nigerrimus.

128. Labio, Oken, 1815. Osilinus, Philippi, 1847. Turbo osilin,

Adans. 1757. Mon. constrictus, Lam.

Trochius, Leach MSS. 1819. Gibbium, Gray, Syn. 1844. Mo-

nodonta, sp. Lam. 1822. Tr. crassus, Montf.

Melagraphia, Stentz, 1836. Tr. zthiops.

129. Chlorostoma, Swains. 1840, 350. Tr. argyrostoma, Lam. 23.

130. Helicina, Lamk. 1801 (fide syn. and character) ; not 1813 nor

1822. Globulus, Schum. 1817. Rotella, Lamk. 1822. Tro-

chus d, Blainv. Umbonicum, Mus. Berlin. 1818. Rot. lmeolata.

Helicena (dubia), Lamk.1822. Rotella (Defrancii), Basterot.

131. Otavia, Cantraine, 1837; not Risso, 1826. Monodonta, sp.

limbata, Philippi, 1844, t. 25. f.19. O. otaviana, Cant.

132. Livona, Gray, 1841. Turbo (Livon), ddans.1757. Meleagris,

Mon#f. 1810, not Linn. Turbo a, Schum. 1817. Trochus,

Swains. 1840. Apiculum, sp. Humph. 1797, 26. Tigris, Klein,

1753? ‘Trocus, sp. Browne, 1756. Turbo Pica.

Chrysostoma, Sw. 1840, 35. Turbo Nicobaricus.

133. Monilea, Swains. 1840. Talopia, Gray, Syn. 1842. Troch.

calliferum.

134. Camitia, Gray, Syn. 1840. Tr. pulcherrima, Gray.

135. Cyclostoma, Lam. 1802; not 1812 nor 1822. Delphinula,

Roissy, 1805 ; Schum. 1817 ; Lam. 1822 ; Swains. 1840. Dau-

phinule, Zam. 1812. Delphinus, Montf. 1810. Turbo Del-

phinus.

136. Liotia, Gray, Syn. 1840. Delphinula, sp. Gray, Sow. Del.

cancellata, Gray.

137. Gibbula, Leach MSS. 1819; Risso, 1826; Gray, 1840. Tro-

chus, sp. Linn. Tr. magus.

146

Steromphala, Leach MSS. 1819. Tr. cinereus.

Monodonta, sp. Lam. 1822. Tr. declivis, Forsk.

138.,Trochiscus, Sow. 1838. T. Norrisii, Sow.

139. Margarita, Leach, 1819, Ross Voy. (not Zol. Mise.1814) ; Gray,

Syn. 1840. Margarites, Leach MSS.1819. Helix margarita.

140. Adeorbis, S. Wood, 1842. Trochus, sp. Gray, Reclus. Natica?,

sp. Philippi. Cingula, sp. Flem. Helix subcarinata, Montag.

141.? Solariella, S. Wood, 1842. Sol. maculata, Wood.

142. Philippia, Gray, 1840 (Phil. Sicil. i. 174). Solarium luteum,

Lamk.

STOMATELLINA.

143. Stomatella, Lam. 1822. Stomatelle, Lam. 1812. Stomatella a,

Blainv. Stom. imbricata, Lam.

Fam. HALIOTIDA.

HALiorina.

144. Broderipia, Gray, 1847. Scutella, sp. Brod. 1834, not Lamk.

Scutella rosea.

145. Gena, Gray, 1840, 1844, 57. Stomatella 6, Blainv. 1825.

Stomatella, sp. Zam. 1822. Haliotis, sp. Burrows. Patella lutea.

146. Stomax, Montf. 1810, 110. Stomatia, Helblin, 1879? ; Lamk.

1801 ; not Browne, 1756. Haliotoidea, Humph. 1797, 20. Si-

garetus?, Schum. 1817, 188. Haliotis d, Blainv. 1825. Hiali-

otis, sp. Chemn., Dillw. Stom. phymotis, Hel.

147. Haliotis, Linn. ; Adanson, 1757 ; Lamk. 1801. Auriformes, sp.

Gevers, 1787. Hal. tuberculata.

Haliotis, Montf. 1810. H. assininus.

? Haliotis ec, Blainv. 1825. H. dubia, Blainv. Probably a mon-

strosity without pores: there is one in the cabinet of Mr. Alder.

148. Padollus, Montf. 1810, 115. Padola, Flem. 1828. Padolla,

Oken, 1815. Hal. tricostalis, Zam.

Haliotis c, Blainv. 1825. H. parva.

DERIDOBRANCHINA.

149. Deridobranchus, Zhrenbd. 1831. Derid. argus, Ehr.

SCISSURELLINA.

150. Scissurella, D’ Orb. 1823; Flem. Trochus jun., Montag. Ha-

liotis vel Fissurella jun., Sow. Sciss. leevigata, D’ Or.

151.? Anatomus, Montf. 1810, 279. Anat. Indicus, Monéf.

Fam. FISSURELLID.

152. Scutus, Montf. 1810. Parmophorus, Blainv. 1825; Swains.

147

1840, 356. Patella a, Schum. 1817, 179. Emarginula, sp.

Sow. Pat. Unguis.

152*.? Palmarium, Montf. 1810, 70. Pal. clypeatum, Montf.

153. Emarginula, Lam. 1801; Schum. 1817, 181. Emarginulus,

Mont7. 1810. Patella, sp. Linn. Patella fissura.

Subemarginula, Blainv. 1825. Hemitoma, Swains. 1840, 356.

Pat. octoradiata, Gmel.

Clypidina Gray, 1847. Pat. notata.

154. Rimularia, Defrance. Rimula, “ Defrance,” Blainv. 1825.

Emarginula d, Blainv. 1825. Rim. Blainvillii.

?Rimula, D’ Ord. R. conica, D’ Ord.

This genus is quite distinct from the following ; and we have a re-

cent species in the Brit. Mus.

155. Diadora, “ Gray, 1821;” Blainv. 1825 (Man. 501). Cemoria,

Leach, 1819 ; not Risso, 1826 (Cremoria, error of press). Sypho,

Brown, 1827; Reclus. Siphon, Brown, 1844. Puncturella, Lowe,

1828. Fissurella, sp. Flem. Fissurella B, Schum. 1817. Ri-

mula, Couthouy; Loven; not Defrance. Patella, sp. Miiller,

Linn. &e. Diodora, Gray, 1840. Pat. Noachina.

156. Fissurella, Zam. 1801, Swains. 356. Lepas (Dasan), Adans.

Larva, Humph. 1797, 4. Fissurellus, Montf. 1810. Pat. picta?

Fissurella a, Schum. 1817, 181. Pat. Barbadensis.

Fissurella ce, Blainv. 1825. Pat. greeca. Young shell.

Diadora, sp. Gray, 1821. Cemoria, sp. Leach, 1819; not Risso.

Sipho, sp. Brown, 1827 & 1844. Pat. apertura.

Fissurillea, Swains. 1840, 356. Fiss. pileus, Swazns.

Clypsidella, Swains. 1840, 356. Pat. pustula.

157. Macroschisma. Macrochisma, Swains. 1840, 356; Gray, 1840.

Larva, sp. Humph. 1897, 4. Fissurella, sp. Sow. Pat. macro-

schisma.

158. Fissurellideea, D’Orbigny, 184 ? Fissurella, sp. Lam. 1822.

Fiss. hiatula, Lam.

159. Pupillia, Gray, 1840, 114; 1844, 58. Fissurella, sp. Sow.

“ Pupillaca, Gray,” Philippi, ti. 90. Pat. apertura, Born.

160. Lucapina, Gray, 1840; 1844, 58. Fissurella aperta, Sow. Lu-

cap. elegans, Gray.

Fam. NERITID.

NERITINA.

161. Nerita, Linn. ; Adans. 1757; Lam. 1801. Peloronta, Oken,

1815. N. exuvia.

Nerita, Montf. 1810. Peloronta, sp. Oken. N. peloronta.

162. Velates, Montf. 1810, 354. Nerita, Blainv. 1825. Nerita, sp.

Chemn. Neritina perversa, Lam.

148

163. Pileolus, J. Sow., 183 ? Desh. Nerita H, Blainv. 1825. Pileolus

plicatus.

Calana, Gray, 1844. Pileolus, sp. Desh. Pileol. altevelensis.

NERITELLINA.

164. Neritella, Humph.1797. Neritina, Lam. 1822. Neritine, Lam.

1812. Nerita pulligera.

Neritina, Swains. 1840. Neritella, sp. Humph. N. Meleagris.

Theodoxus, Montf. 1810. Nereina, Christ. § Jans. 1832; not

Defrance. Neritella, sp. Humph. Neritina, sp. Lam. Ner.

fluviatilis.

Neripteron, Lesson, 1830. Neripterum, Herrm. 1847. Neritina

auriculata, Lam.

Clithon, Montf. 1810, 326 ; Swains. 347, 1840. Nerita 8, Schum.

1817. Neritella, sp. Humph. Cliton, Lesson. Ner. corona.

Dostia, Gray, Syn. 1840; 1844, 58. Cliton, sp. Lesson. N. ecre-

pidularia.

165. Catillus, Humph. 1797, 57. Cimber, Montf. 1810, 82. Navi-

cella, Lam. 1822. Navicelle, Zam. 1812. Septaria, Feruss.,

Blainv. 1825. Nerita porcellana.

Fam. AMPULLARIAD.

166. Ampullaria, Zam. 1801. Pomus, Humph. sp. 1779, 58. Po-

macea, sp. Perry. Bulimus, sp. Brug. Nerita, sp. Miller.

Ampullarius, Montf. 1810. Pachylabra, Swains. 1840. Pachy-

stoma, Guild. 1828; not Swains. Nerita urceus.

167. Marisa, Gray, 1824. Ceratodes, Guilding, 1828. Planorbis, sp.

Miiller ; Lamk. 1822. Marissa, Menke. Helix cornu arietis.

168. Pomus, Humph. 1779, 58. Ampullaria, Guild. 1828; Swains:

1840. Hel. ampullacea.

169. Lanistes, Montf. 1810, 122. Helix, sp. Linn. Cyclostoma, sp.

Olivier. Helix Bolteniana.

Lanites, Swains. 1840. Helix guinaica.

170.? Meladomus, Swains. 1840. Lanistes, sp. Troschel, 1847.

Paludina, sp. Sow. Pal. olivacea, Sow.

171. Pomella? Ampullaria, sp. D'Or. Amp. neritoides, D’ Orb.

172. Asolene, D’ Orb. 1837; Gray, 1840. Ampullaroides, D’ Ord.

1838, 379. Helix plate, Maton.

Fam. IANTHINID.

173. Ianthina, Bolten, 1798 ; Lam. 1801. Neritoidea, Humph. 1797,

20. Ianthinus, Montf.1810. Iodes, Leach MSS.1819. Helix

Tanthina. -

Fam. ATLANTIDZ.

174. Oxygyrus, Benson, 1835. Ladas, Cantraine, 1839 ; Phalippr.

149

Helicophlegma, D’ Orbigny, 1839. Atlanta, sp. Rang. Atlanta

Keraudren, Rang.

Brownia, D’Ord. 1841. Helicophlegma, sp. D’ Ord. Hel. Candei,

D Orb.

175. Atlanta, Lesweur (Journ. Phys.) ; Blainv. 1825 ; D’Orb. Corne

@ Ammon, Lamon. Atlanta Peronii, Les.

176. Steira (Lamanoni), Eschsch. ; Isis, 1825, 734. t. 5. f. 3.

177. Heterofusus, Flem. 1833. Limacina, sp. Benson. Fusus, sp.

Flem. Helicophora, Gray, 1840; 1844, 59. Atlanta Helico-

noides, sp. D’ Orb. 184 ? Peracle, Forbes, 1843. Scaea, Phi-

lippi, 1844. Fusus retroversus, lem.

178. ? Heliconoides, sp. D’ Ord.

179.? Campylonaus, Benson, 1835. Atlanta (reticula), D’ Ord.

Sect. Il. ERIOPHTHALMA.

Fam. NATICID.

Naticina, operc. shelly.

180. Natica, Lam. 1801. Naticus, Monéf. 1810; Megerle, 1811.

Natica a, Schum. 1817. Neritiformes, sp. Gevers, 1787. Lu-

natus, sp. Humph.1797. Nerita canrena.

Nacca, Risso, 1826; Gray, 1844, 60. Natica (gochet), ddans.

1757. N. fulminea.

Natica (Natice), ddans. 1757. N. ——?

Natica, Swains. 1840. N. lineata.

Natica, Leach, 1819. N. fragilis, Leach.

181. Deshayesia, Raulin, 1844. Nat. mutabilis, Desh.

Pouinicina, opere. horny.

182. Neverita, Risso, 1826, f. 43. Natica, sp. Lam. 1822. Nat.

glaucina, Lam. :

183. Lunatia. Natica, sp. Lam. 1822. Lunatus, sp. Humph. N.

ampullaria, Lam.

Natica, Risso, 1826 (not Lam. 1801) ; Gray, 1844, 60. N. glau-

cina, Risso. -

184. Cepatia, Gray, 1840; 1844, 60. N. cepacea, Lam.

185. Polinices, Montf. 1810. Natica, sp. Scopoli, 1777 ; Lam. 1822.

Uber, sp. Humph. 1797, 21. Mammilla, Gray, 1840. Nerita,

sp. Browne, 1756. Ner. mammuilla.

Naticella, Guild., Swains. 1840. N. aurantia.

Natica 6, Schum. 1817. N. albumen.

Naticina, Guild. Mammillaria, Swains. 1840. Nat. lactea, Guild.

-186. Mammilla, Schum. 1817; not Gray, 1840. Ruma, Chemn.

Naticaria, sp. Swains. 1840; Gray, Syn. 1844, 60. N. mela-

nastoma.

Ruma, sp. Chemn. Uber, sp. Humph. Nat. Maura.

150

187. Cernina, Gray, Syn. 1840; 1844, 60. Globularia, sp. Swains.

1840. Oper. ? Nat. fluctuata, Sow.

188. Globulus, J. Sowerby, 18 ? Globularia, sp. Swains. 1840.

Ampullaria, Flem. Nat. Sigaretina.

189. ? Laguncula, Benson, 1842. Bensonia, Cantor MSS. Oper. 2

L. pulchella, Benson.

190. Naticina, Gray, Syn. 1840, 90. Naticaria, sp. Swains. 1840,

346 ; Gray, 1840, 60. Nat. papilla.

191. Stomatia, Browne, 1756; Hill,17 ? not Lamk. Sigaretus,

Lam. 1801 (shell only); Montf. 1810. Haliotis (Sigaret),

Adans.1757. Auriformes * *, Gevers,1789. Sigaretus 6, Blainv.

Cryptostoma, Blainv. 1825. Auris Veneris, Humph. 1797, 20.

Velutina, sp. Flem. Helix Haliotoides.

Oxinoé, Rafin. ; Blainv. ; not Couthouy. Oxinoé olivacea,

Fam.? NERITOPSIDZ.

192. Neritopsis, Grateloup,18 ?; Gray, 1839; Swains. 1840. Ne-

rilopsis, D’ Ord. (misprint?). Nerita radula.

Radula, Gray, Syn. 1844, 60. Nerita granulata.

Animal of this family not yet known.

Fam. LITTORINID.

193. Assiminea, Leach, 1819; Fleming, 1828; Berkeley, Benson.

Syncera, Gray, 1821. Lymmea, Jeffreys. Assaminea, Gray,

1839, 141. A. Grayiana, Leach.

194. Littorina, Feruss. Trochus, ddans. 1757 ; not Linn. Litorina,

Loven. Turbo, Philippi. Turbo, sp. Linn. ? Lunella, Bolten,

1798. T. littoreus.

Neritoides, Brown, 1837. Nerita littoralis.

Phasianella, sp. Lam. 1822. Turbo y, Schum. Helix scabra.

Trochus, ddans. 1757; not Linn. Turbo punctatus.

Melaraphis, Stentz, 1836. Melarapha, Megerle, 1832. Paludina,

sp. Stentz. Rissoa, sp. Risso, 1826. Turbo petrea.

195. Risella, Gray, 1840, 1844. Littorina §, Gray, 1839. Bem-

bicium, Philippi, 1846. Tr. melanastomus.

196. Pagodus, Gray, 1839. Pagodella, Swains. 1840, 351. Litto-

rina, sp. Desh. ; Philippi, 1846. Monodonta, sp. Lam. 1822.

Turbo Pagodus.

Echinella, Swains. 1840, 35. Monodonta coronaria, Lam.

197. Modulus, Gray, 1840, 1844. Turbo, sp. (Lonier), ddans. Mo-

nodonta, sp. Lam. 1822. Trochus modulus.

Monodonta, Swains. 1840; not Lam. 1801. Tr. tectum.

198. Lithoglyphus, ‘“ Megerle,’ Hartm. 1821; Zeigler. _ Litho-

clyptus, Christ. § Jans. 1832. Paludina, sp. Menke. Paludina

fusca, Pfeiffer.

Neritina, sp. Feruss. Paludina, sp. Menke. Palud. Naticoides.

151

Paludina, sp. Say. Paludestina, sp. D’Orb. Amnicola, sp. An-

thony. Pal. lapidaria.

199. Hydrobia, Hartmann, 1821. Paludestina, sp. D’Orb. 1838 ;

Gray, 1840. Paludina, sp. Drap. Litorinella, Braun, 1843 ;

Thomas, 1845. Cyclostoma, sp. Drap. Paludina acuta.

Leachia, sp. Risso, 1826. Paludina, sp. Menke, 1830. Turbo,

sp. Martens. Cyclostoma vitreum, Drap.

Paludina, Guild. 1828; not Lam. 1801; Swains. 1840. Palud.

parvula, Guild.

Amnicola, sp. Anthony. Melania, sp. Say. Paludina, sp. Lea.

Melan. isogona.

Sabinea, Leach MSS.1819, Sow. 1842. Paludinella, Pfeiffer, 184 ?;

Loven, 1846; not Gervais. Paludina, sp. Flem., Drap.? Cin-

gula, sp. Flem. Littorina, sp. Hanley. Rissoa?, sp. Alder.

Turbo Ulva.

Paludinella, Beck; Moller, 1842.. Trochus saxatilis, O. Fad.

? Rissoa, Berkeley (not Risso?). Turbo subumbilicatus, Montag.

200. Architectoma, Bolten, 1798. Solarium, Lam. 1801, Montf.

1810, Swains. 1840. Physeter, Humph. 1797 ; not Linn. Tro-

chus perspectivus.

Solarium, sp. Lam. Sol. patulum.

201. Torinia, Gray, 1840, 1842. Heliacus, D’Orb. 1842. Physeter,

sp. Humph. Solarium, sp. Lam. 1822. Solarium f, Schum.

1817. Trochus cylindraceus.

202. ? Omalaxis, Desh. 1830. Bifrontia, Desh. 18332, Gray, 1840.

Omolaxon or Omalaxon, Agassiz. Solarium, sp. Lamk. Sola-

rium disgunetum, Lam. :

Bifrontia, sp. Desh. Sol. bifrons.

Schizostoma, Bronn, 1841? Euomphalus, sp. J. Sow. Bifrontia

Catillus, Desh.

203. ? Orbis (rotella), Lea, 1833.

Orbis (foliaceus), Philippi, 1844, t. 24. f. 26.

Bifrontia? (zanclosa), Philippi, 1844, t. 28. f.11. Pteropodes ??

204. ? Cyclogyra multiplex, S. Wood, 1842. An annelide ?

205. ? Planaria, T. Brown, 1827; not Linn. P. pellucida.

Planaria, J. Lea, 1833. PI. nitens. Pteropodes ?

206. Forsar, Gray, Syn. 1840. Natica (fosar), ddans. 1757. For-

sarus, Philippi, 1841, 1844. Maravignia, dradas, & Mag. 184 ?

Natica (animal, not shell), Zam. 1801, Rang. Delphinula, sp.

Philippi, 1836. Rissoa, sp. Seacchi. Nerita, sp. Brocchi. Pur-

pura, sp. Sow. Sigaretus, sp. Serres. ? Naticella, Munster,

1841. Turbo, sp. Michaud. Helix ambigua, Linn.

Pharianema (sulcata), S. Wood, 1842.

207. Nematura, Benson, 1836. N. Deltz.

208. Lacuna, Turton, 1828. Temana, Leach MSS. 1819. Lutea,

T. Brown, 1827. Natica, sp. Flem. Nerita pallidula, M.

152

Epheria, Leach MSS. 1819. Lacuna, sp. Turton. Phasianella, sp.

T. Brown, 1827. Turbo vincta.

Medoria, Leach MSS. 1819; Gray, 1819. Lacuna, sp. Turt.

Turbo crassior.

Fam. MELANIADZ.

RIssoaina.

209. Rissoa, Fremenville, 1814; Risso, 1826. Alvania, sp. Risso,

1826 (not 8S. Wood). Loxostoma, Bivon. Cingula, sp. Flem.

1828. Helix labiosa.

Acme (acicula), Hartm. 1821 ; Christ. § Jans. 1822. Rissoa, sp.

(acuta), Desm. Turbo auriscalpium.

Alvania, sp. Risso, 1826. Rissoa, sp. Desm. Turbonella, sp. Leach,

1819. Turbo Callathriscus.

Cyclostrema, Flem. 1828, not Marryat. Turboella, sp. Leach, 1819.

Alvania?, sp. Leach, 1817. Rissoa, sp. (clathrata), Philippi.

Turbo Zetlandica.

Turboella, sp. Leach, 1819. Rissoa, sp. Desm. Turbo parvus,

Montag.

Turbona, Leach, 1819. Turbo reticulatus, Montag.

Turbonilla, Leach MSS.1819. Turbo striatus, Montag.

210. Cingula, sp. Fiem. 1824, 1828. Rissoa 6, Philippi, 1844. Sa-

banea, sp. Leach MSS. 1819. Turbo cingillus, Montag.

211. Alvania, S. Wood, 1842 ; Leach MSS.1819. Alvania, sp. ? Risso,

1826. Anclis, Loven, 1844. Alv. supranitida.

212. Rissoina, D’Orb. 184 ? Rissoma Inca, D’ Ord.

Mangelia, sp. Risso, 1826 (f. 102, 103). Strombus, sp. Megerle.

Mang. reticulata.

Rissoa c. (Bruguieri), Philippi. Nassa, sp. Brown. Cingula, sp.

Flem. Turbo Bryeri, Montag.

213. Skenea, Flem. 1824, 1828. Delphinoidea, T. Brown, 1827.

Truncatella, sp. (?atomus), Philippi?. Helix Serpuloides,

Montag.

MELANIAINA.

214, Thiara, Megerle,18 ?; Menke,1830; Gray. Melanella, Swains.

1840, 341. Melania Holandri, Feruss.

215. Melania, Lam. 1801; Schum. 1817, 201. Melas, Montf. 1810.

Melacanthus, Swains. 1840, 341. Amarula, G. B. Sow. 1842.

Tiara, sp. Bolten, 1798 ; Gray, 1846; not Swains. Vesica, sp.

Humph. 1797. Spivilla, Humph. MSS. Buccinum, sp. Miiller.

Bulimus, sp. Brug. Helix amarula.

Potadoma, Swains. 1840, 341. Melania Freethi, Gray.

Melanoides, Olivier, 1807. Strombus, sp. Schroet. Nerita, sp.

Miiller. Mel. fasciolata.

216. Pachystoma, Gray, 1840; 1844, 61. Mel. marginata, Lam.

153

217. Pyrgula (annulata), Crist. § Jans. 1832. Melania, sp. Desh.

Mel. helvetica, Mich.

218. ? Tricula, Benson, 1842. Tri. montana, Benson.

219.? Tanalia, Gray. Paludomus, sp. Reeve. Nerita, sp. Gmel.,

Chemn. Nerita aculeata. Oper. ?

220. Hemisinus, Swains. 1840, 341. Tania, Gray, 1840; 1844, 60.

Mel. lineolata, Gray.

Melania, sp. Pfeiffer. M. Ferussacii.

221. Vibex, Oken, 1815; Gray, 1840. Ligula, sp. Humph. 1797.

Pirena, sp. Lam. 1822. Strombus, sp. Gmelin. Nerita, sp.

Miiller. Melania, sp. Feruss., Desh. Bulimus, sp. Brug. Ne-

rita aurita.

Melania, Swains. 1840. Mel. quadriseriata.

222. Melanatria, Bowdich, 1822? Pyrena, sp. Lam. Melanopsis,

sp. Desh. Helix, sp. Dillw. Buccinum flumineum.

223. Lampania, Gray, 1840; 1844, 60. Batillaria, Benson, 1842.

Cerithium zonale, Lam.

224. Anculotus, Say, 1825. Anculosa, Swains. 1840, not Conrad.

Anc. premorsa, Say.

Melanopsis, sp. Moricand. M. Crenocarina.

Anculosa, Conrad, 1834. Omphemis, sp. Chenu. Melania, sp.

Say. Anc. dissimilis.

Anculosa, sp. Anthony. Anc. rubiginosa.

Melania, sp. Say. Melan. obovata.

225. Melatoma, Anthony, 184 ?; not Swains. 1840. Melat. altilis,

Anth.

226. Io, J. Lea, 1832. Fusus, sp. Say, 1825. Melafusus, Swains.

1840, 341. Fusus fluviatilis, Say.

Melania, sp. Say. Mel. armigera, Say.

227. Ceriphasia, Swains. 1840 ; Gray, Syn. 1844. Melania, sp.? Say.

Ceriphasis sulcatus, Sw.

?Telescopella. Melania, sp. Say. Mel. undulata, Say.

228. Melanopsis, Lam. 1822. Melanopside, Lam. 1812. Nana,

Schum. 1817, 225. Buccinum, sp. Clarke. Canthidomus,

Swains.1840,342. Faunus, Megerle,18 ? Melanithes, Swains.

1840, 341. Plotia, sp. Bolten, 1798. Melania, sp. Olivier.

Melan. costata. ache”

Melanopsis, Swains. 1840, 341; M. sp. Lam. Bulimus, sp. Lam.

Buce. prerosum.

229. Faunus, Montf. 1810 (Junior). Pirena, Lam. 1822; Swains.

1840. Pyrene, Lam. 1812. Ligula, sp. Humph. 1797, not

Montag. Melanamona, Bowdich, 1820. Ebena, Schum. 1817.

Melanopsis, sp. Ferus. Nerita, sp. Miller. Cerithium, sp.

Brug. Buccinum, sp. Solander. Strombus ater.

230. Clionella. Pleurotoma, sp. Lam. Buccinum, sp. Gmel. Buce.

sinuatum.

154

231.? Potamidis, 18 ? Potamide, Brong. (Geol. Paris, dnn. Mus.

xy. t. 22. f.3). Cerithium, sp. Desh. P. Lamarckii, Brong.

232.? Potamidum, Flem. 1828 (Sow. M. C. t. 341. f. 1 & 2). P.

acutum.

233. Cerithium, Adans. 1757 ; Brug.; Lam. 1822. C.(Popel), ddans.

Murex radula.

Cerithium, Montf. 1810, 511. Rhinoclavis, sp. Swains. 1840, 315.

Mur. vertagus.

Cerithium y, Schum. 1817. Rhinoclavis, sp. Swains. 1840, 315.

Mur. aluco.

Cerithium, Lam. 1801, Swains. 1840, 316. Cerithium 6, Schum.

1817. C. nodulosum, Brug.

234. Bittium, Leach MSS.1819. Terebra, sp. Flem. Strombiformis,

sp. Da Costa. Nassa, sp. Say. Mur. reticulatus, Mont.

235. Pirenella. Cerithium, sp. Risso, 1826; Philippi. Pyrena, sp.

(nigra), Ch. §& Jans. Cerithium mammillatum, Philippi.

? Cerithium, sp. Lam., Sow. Cer. tuberculatum, Sow.

Cerithium torulosum, Brug., Lam. ii. 27, is only a monstrosity of

Cerithium vulgatum.

236. Cerithidea, Swains. 1840. Potamides, Gray, 1840. Cerithium

(sp. 16), Lam. 1822. Turbo, sp. Dillw. Murex decollatus.

Cerithium, Flem. 1828. Strombiformis, sp. Da Costa. Strom-

bus costatus.

237. Tympanotomos, Klein, 1753 ; Schum. 1817, 211. Tympanoto-

mus, Gray, 1840. Potomis, Swains. 1840. Nerita, sp. Miiller.

Ligula, sp. Humph. 1797. Potamis or Potamides, Sow. Man.

236. Murex fuscatus, Linn.

238. Telescopium, Chemn.; Montf. 1810, 439; Schum. 1817, 233.

Terebralia, sp. Swains. 1840, 315. Cerithium, sp. Brug. Tro-

chus Telescopium.

239. Glottella. Melania armigera, Say.

240. Pyrazus, Montf. 1810, 459. Terebralia, sp. Swains. 1840, 315.

Cerithium a, Schum. 1817, 224. CC. (potamide), Blainv. 1825.

Potamides, Cuvier, 1817. Strombus palustre.

TRIPHORINA.

241. Triphoris, Desh. “ 1824,” 1830. Triphore, Desh. Triphorus,

Swains. 1840, 342. Triphora, G. Sow. Triph. plicatus, Desh.

Tristoma, Blainv. (not Desh. ; see LZ. M. 1053) ; not Cuvier. Tri-

phoris, sp. Desh. Cerith. tristoma, Blainv.

Bittium, sp. Leach, 1819. Mastonia, sp. Loven. ‘Terebra, sp.

Flem. Cerithium, sp. Lam. Mur. adversum, Montag.

Mastonia, Hinds, 1842. Tri. vulpinus.

Sychar, Hinds, 1844. Triph. vitreus.

Ino, Hinds, 1844. Triph. gigas.

155

242. Terebellum, Browne, 1756, not Lam. Haustator, Montf. 1810,

182. Turbo imbricatus.

Tuwrritella, Zam. 1801; Montf. 1810, 211. Monocerotes, sp. Gevers,

1787. Terebra, sp. Humph. Turbo Terebra, Linn.

Turritella 8, Schum. 1817. Tur. striata, Schum.

243. Torcula. Haustator, Gray, 1840; 1844, 60; not Montf. Tur-

ritella, sp. (biangulata), Lam. Turbo exoletus, Linn.

244, Zaria, Gray, 1840; 1844,60. Turritella a, Schum. 1817, 199.

Turbo duplicatus.

245. Mesalia, Gray, 1840 ; 1844, 60. Cerithium Mesal, ddans.1757.

Turritella Mesal, Desh.

Turritella, sp. Lam. Tur. sulcata, Lam.

246. Proto, Defrance, 183 ? Turritella, sp. Basterot, 1825. Proto

cathedralis.

247. Kglisia, Gray, 1840; 1844, 60. Turritella, sp. Sow. Turbo

suturalis, Gray.

SCALARINA.

248. Scalaria, Lam. 1801. Scalarus, Montf.'1810, 295. Acione,

Leach,1815. Aciona, Desh. Aciona, Bowd. Scala, sp. Humph.

_ 1797. Trocus, sp. Browne, 1756. Turbo scalaris.

Clathrus, Oken, 1815. Cyclostoma, Schum. 1817, 196; not Lam.

Turbo clathrus.

Clathrus, Gray, 1840. Scal. australis.

Cyclostrema, Leach? ; Maryatt, Linn. Trans. Cycl. cancellata.

Lippistes, Montf. 1810, 127 (copied from Fichtel, t. 1), perhaps

the young of the former. Argonauta cornu, Ficht.

249.? Anatola, dudouin, 1827. Pteropode?? from Savigny, Egypt.

Moll. t. 5. f..1.

? LiTroprna.

250. Litiopa, Rang, 1829. Bombyxinus, Lesson, 1834. Litiopa

bombix, Kiener.

Fam. VIVIPARID.

_ 251. Viviparus. Vivipare, Cuvier, 1808; Lamk. 1809. Viviparus,

Montf. 1810. Paludine, Zam. 1812. Paludina, Lamk. 1822.

Neritina, sp. Miiller. Cyclostoma, sp. Drap. Bulimus, sp. Brug.

Lymnea, sp. Flem. Helix vivipara.

Paludina, sp. Menke. Helix fluviatilis.

252. ? Paludomus, Swains. 1840, 340. Melania, sp. Gray. Melania

conica.

? Hemimitra, Swains. 1840. Hem. retusa, Swains.

253. Bithinia, Prideaue MSS.; Gray, 1824; Risso, 1826; Benson.

Nerita, sp. Miiller. Cyclostoma, sp. Drap. Paludina, sp. Lam.

ead Lymnea, sp. Flem. Bulimus, sp. Poiret. Helix ten-

taculata.

156

Fam. VALVATID.

254. Valvata, Miller, 1774; Lam. 1822. Valvée, Lam. 1812. Gy-

rorbis, Fitz. 1838. Valvata cristata.

Cyclostoma, sp. Drap. Nerita, sp. Miller. Valvata, sp. Lam.

Helix piscinalis.

Fam. VELUTINID.

255. Velutina, Flem. 1822; Blainv. 1825. Galericulum, Brown, 1827,

1844. Helix, sp. Fad. Bulla, sp. Miller. Helix levigata.

Velutella. Bulla, sp. Laskey. Sigaretus?, sp. Flem. Velutina,

sp. Loven. Bulla flexilis.

Otina. Velutina, sp. Flem. Helix Otis.

Oxinoé?, Couthouy, 1839, not Rafin. O. glabra, Couth.

Fam. VANICOROID.

256. Vanicoro, Quoy & Gaim. 18 ? Velutina, sp. Quoy §& Gaim.

18 ? Merria, Gray, 1839; 1841, 124. Narica, Reclus, 1844 ;

D’ Orb. 1836 (name only). Leucotis, Swains. 1840. Leucotus,

G. B. Sow. Sigaretus, sp. Lam. 1822. Nerita, sp. Chemn.

Nioma, Gray, 1840, 124. Neritopsis, sp. Sow. Gen. Nerita

cancellata, Chem.

Reclus’ claims to this genus are not borne out by the examination

of D’Orbigny, who in 1841 (Cuba, ii. 39) states, M. Reclus “has the

intention”’ to form a genus; M. Quoy has the undoubted priority.

Fam. VERMETIDA.

257. Vermetus (Vermet), ddans. 1757, Lam. 1812. Vermicularia,

Lam. 1801. Serpula, Scopoli, 1777; not Linn. % Siphonium,

sp. Browne, 1756. Vermicularius, Montf. 1810. Serpula lum-

bricalis. ;

Vermetus, Gray, 1844, 62. Serpula, sp. Sow. Serpula maxima,

Sow.

258. Bivonia, Gray, 1840; 1844, 62, 90 (Bivine, error). Vermi-

cularia 3, Schum. 1817? Vermet. glomeratus, Bivon.

259. Serpulorbis, Sassi, 1827. Serpula, sp. Lam. Vermetus, sp.

Bivon § Philippi. Serpula arenaria.

Hatina, Gray, 1844, 62. Verm. inoperculatus.

260. Lemintina or Lementina, Risso, 1826. Lem. Cuvieri.

261. Siliquaria, Lam. 1801. Siliquarius, Monéf.1810. Anguinaria,

Schum. 1817. Serpula anguina.

Anguinaria B, Schum. 1817. Ang. sulcata.

262. Spiroglyphus, Daud. 1800 ; Gray, 1839. Vermetus, sp. D’Oré.

Spirog. ——?

157

Fam. CAPULIDZ.

263. Capulus, Montf. 1810, Sow. Le Cabochon, Lam. 1812. Pi-

leopsis a, Lam. 1822, D’ Orb., Swains. 357. Ancilla, sp. Gevers,

1787. Amalthea 2, Schum. 1817, 183. Patella ungarica.

Spiricella, Rang, 1829. Spir. unguiculus, Rang.

264. Hipponix (Hipponice), Defrance, 1819, Desh. Patella, sp. Lam.

Pileopsis 6, Lam. 1822. Pat. cornucopia.

Hipponix, sp. Defrance. Pileopsis a, sp. Lam. 1822. Patella, sp.

Gmel. Pat. mitrula.

265. Amalthea q, Schum. 1817, t. 21. f.4. Sabia, Gray, 1833;

1844, 63. Hipponix, sp. Quoy §& Gaim., Desh. Patella, sp.

Iam. Amalthea conica.

266. Brocchia, Bronn, Philippi, Gray. Pileopsis, sp. Keenig. Pa-

tella, sp. Brocchi. Patella sinuosa.

267. Amathina, Gray, Syn. 1840; 1844, 63. Pileopsis, sp. Desh.

1830. Patella tricarinata.

Fam. CALYPTRADZ.

268. Crypta, Humph. 1797. Crepidula, Lam. 1801. Crepidulus,

Montf. 1810. Sandalium, Schum. 1817, 183. Ancilla, sp.

Gevers, 1787. Lepas, sp. (garnot and sulin), ddans. Patella

fornicata.

Crepidula, Lesson, 1830. Crep. navicella. |

Crepipatella, Lesson, 1830. Calyp. Adolphei.

Crepipatella, Brod. 1834. Calyp. foliacea.

269. Galerus, Humph. 1797. Trochita a, Schum. 1817, 184. An-

cilla, sp. Gevers, 1778. Mitrula, Gray, 1821. Calyptreea, sp.

Lam. 1822. Trochilea, Swains. 1837. Trochilla, sp. Swains.

1840, 355. Patella chinensis.

? Sigapatella, Lesson, 1830. Calyp. Novee Zelandiz.

Bicatillus, Swains.1840, 35. Calyp. extinctorium, Sow.; not Lam.

270. Crucibulum, Schum. 1817. Dispotea, Say, 18 ? Calypeop-

sis, D’Orb. 184 ? Calyptra, sp. Humph.1779. Calyptrea, sp.

Lam., Sow., Menke. Biconia, Swains. 1840, 355. Bicatillus,

sp. Swains. 354. Patella auriculata.

Calypeopsis, Lesson, 1830. Calyp. tubifera.

Calypeopsis, Brod. 1824. Calyp. spinosa.

Calyptreea a, Brod. 1834. Calyp. rudis.

271. Calyptra, sp. Humph. 1797. Calyptrea, Lam. 1801, D’Oré.,

Swains. Calyptrus, Monéf. 1810. Calyptria, Lesson, 1830.

Mitrularia, Schum. 1817. Cemoria, Risso, 1826; not Leach,

1819, nor Swains. Litholepas, Owen, P.Z.S. Ancilla, sp.

Gevers, 1787. Pat. equestris.

Calyptra, sp. Humph. P. tectum chinensis.

Calyptreea B, Brod. 1834. Calyp. corrugata.

158

272. Trochita, Schum. 1817,184. Infundibulum, D’ Ord. 1846 ; not

Montf. 1810. Trochus, sp. Lam. 1822. Trochatella, Lesson,

1830. Calyptrea, sp. Sow. Gen. Lepas concamerata, Martini.

Patella Trochoides.

Infundibulum, J. Sow.; not Montf. Calyptrea, sp. Desh. Tro-

chus apertus.

Trochilla, sp. Swains. 1840, 354. Trochus pileus.

Haliotoidea, Swains. 1840, 354. Calyptrea, sp. Sow. Calyp.

dilatata, Sow.

Trochatella, Lesson, 1830. Calyp. araucaria.

Syphopatella, Lesson, 1830. ?

Syphopatella, Brod. 1834. Calyp. sordida.

Fam. PHORID.

273. Phorus, Montf. 1810, D’Orb. Xenophora, Fischer, 18 ?

Onustus, sp. Humph. 1797, 28. Xenophoris, Philippi, 1844.

Trochus, sp. Linn., Lam. Trochus 6, Blainv. 1825. Trochus

conchyliophorus.

274. Onustus, sp. Humph. 1797; Gray, 1840; Swains. 1840, 353.

Trochus, sp. Lam. 'Trochus indicus.

Onustus, sp. Swains. Trochus solaris.

Fam. TECTURIDA.

275. Tectura. Tecture, dud. § Edw. Ann. Sci. Nat. 1830. Lottia,

sp. Forbes. Patelloidea, sp. Cantraine, 1835. Patella parva.

Lottia, Gray, 1833; Sow. Acmza, Eschsch. 1833; not Acme,

nor Acmea, Hartm. Helcion, D’ Orb. 1846; not Montf. Acme

Scutum, Eschsch.

Patelloida, Quoy § Gaim. 1834; Desh. 1836. Pat. rugosa, Quoy.

Patella **, Loven. Lottia, sp. Forbes. Pat. testudinalis, Miiller.

Patelloidea, Cantraine, 1835. Ancylus, sp. Costa. Ancy. Gus-

sonii, Costa.

276.? Scurria. Acmea, sp. Eschsch. 1833. Helcion, sp. D’ Orb. 1846.

Patella, sp. Lesson, 1830. Patella Scurra, Lesson.

Cantraine refers Patella pectinata (Helcion, Mont.) to the genus

Patelloidea, and D’Orbigny has more lately considered Helcion as

synonymous with dcmea ; but the animal of Patella pectinata which

I examined in Paris in 1820 had gills on the lower edge of its mantle,

and is a true Patellida. Scurria appears by D’Orbigny’s description

to have the same ; do some Pa¢ella-like animals have gills in both situ-

ations ?

Fam. DENTALIADZ.

277. Dentalium, Linn. ; Lam. 1801; Montf. 1810. D. elephantinum.

278. Entalis, Gray, Syn. 1844, 58; not Defrance. Dentalium e,

Desh. 1825.

159

279. The Entalis (duplicatus), Defrance § Blainville, and the Den-

talium labiatum, Turton, are described from specimens with the

tip broken, and with the internal part reproduced.

280. Gadila. Dentalium, sp. Mont. Dentalium §§, Desh. Cresis,

Rang. Gadus, “ Montag.” ; Rang; not Linn. Dent. Gadus,

Montag.

281. ? Artolon, Montf.1810. Art. dactylus, Monéf.

Dentalium strangulatum, D. subulatum, Desh., belongs to Ditrupe,

Berkeley, and is an Annelide.

Sect. II]. INIOPHTHALMA.

Fam. TRUNCATELLID.

282. Truncatella, Risso, 1813, 1826; Cantraine, 1835. Choristoma,

Christ. § Jans. 1832. Cyclostoma, sp. Drap.; Flem. Rissoa,

sp. Desm., Menke. Paludina, sp. Payr. Turbo, sp. Montag.

Turritella, sp. Flem. Fidelis, Risso. Turbo truncatus and

subtruncatus, Montag. (young shell).

Fam. PYRAMIDELLID.

283. Obeliscus, Humph. 1797. Pyramidella, Lam. 1801. Pyrami-

dellus, Montf. 1810. Bulimus, sp. Brug. Helix, sp. Miiller.

Auricula, sp. Zam. 1809. Trochus dolabratus.

284. Pyramidella, sp. Lam. 1822. Voluta auris-cati, Chemn.

285. Monotygma, Gray, in Sow. Man. 183 ; not Lea. Monot. striata,

Gray, Sow. f. 371.

Auricula, sp. Lam. Auricula acicula.

I do not know Monoptigma melanoides, Lea, 185, from Calcutta.

286. Odostomia, sp. Flem. 1824. Turbonilla 8 a, Loven. Jaminea,

sp. Brown, 1827, 1844; not Risso, 1826. Pyramidella, Risso,

1826 ; not Lam. Ovatella, sp. Bivon, 1832. Auricula, sp. Lam.,

Philippi. Sabanea, sp. Leach, 1819. Rissoa, sp. Scacchi. Vo-

luta, sp. Dillw. Turbo plicatus, Montag.

Acteon, sp. J. Lea. Turbonilla, sp. Risso, 1826. Turbo gracilis,

Brocchi.

Parthenia, Lowe, 1840. Odostomia, sp. Flem. Chemnitzia, sp.

Philippi. Turbonella 6 4, Loven. Pyramis, sp. Brown. Turbo

spiralis, Montag.

Jaminea, sp. Brown, 1827. Turbo interstinctus, Montag.

Turbonilla, sp. Risso, 1826, f.63; Loven, 1846. Parthenia, sp.

Lowe. Tornatella, sp. Michoud, Philippi. Chemmitzia, sp.

Philippi. Turbonilla Humboldtii.

? Acteon, sp. Lea, 1833 ; not Monétf.1810. Acteon elevatus, Lea.

Auriculina. Turbonilla a **, Loven. Odostomia obliqua, Alder.

Rissoella. Rissoa, sp. Brown. Rissoa? glaber, Alder.

Jaminea, sp. Addams. Jaminea seminuda, Adams.

Jaminea, sp. Couthouy. Jam. exigua, Couth.

160

287. Amoura, Moller, 1842. Amoura candida.

288. Turbonilla, sp. Risso, 1826; not Leach MSS. Turbonilla a,

Lovén, 1846. Parthenia (sp.), Lowe, 1840. Pyrgiscus, Philippi,

1841. Orthostelis, drad. § May, 1841. Ebala, Leach MSS.

1819. Turritella (sp.), Leach, 1819; Flem. 1828; Risso, 1826 ;

Totten. Chemnitzia, sp. Philippi, 1844. Melania, sp. Philippi.

Rissoa, sp. Scacchi. Pyramis, sp. T. Brown. Turbo elegantis-

simus.

Chemnitzia, sp. D’ Oré. 1836?, 1841. Chemn. Turris, D’ Ord.

Ebala. Turritella, sp. Leach, 1819; Flem. 1828. Turbo nitidissi-

mus.

Pyramis, Couthouy. Pyr. striatulus, Couth.

Jaminea, sp. ddams; not Risso. Turbonilla, sp. Loven. Jaminea

producta.

Eulimella, Forbes, 1846. Eulima, sp. Philippi, 1844. Melania,

sp. Scacchi. Turbonilla, sp. Lovén. Melania Scille.

Menetho, Moller, 1842. Turbo albula, Fad.

Note.—Risso’s genus Turbonilla consists of four species, two of this and two of

the former genus; but his character best agrees with his first two species. He

notices the peculiarity of the nucleus; it is exactly synonymous with Parthenia,

Lowe, Chemnitzia, Philippi, and Turbonilla, Loven. D’Orbigny, Voy. 1841, did

not know the animal of Chemnitzia.

289. Balcis, sp. Leach MSS. 1819. Melania, sp. Payr. Eulima, sp.

Risso, 1826; Philippi. Phasianella, sp. Flem. Helix, sp.

Brocchi. Turbo, sp. Renieri § Donovan. Helix subulata.

290. Eulima, Risso, 1826; Cantraine. Balcis, sp. Leach, 1819. Pa-

rithea, J. Lea, 1833. Melania, sp. Lam., Blainv. Melania *,

Philippi. Phasianella, sp. Flem. Helix, sp. Montag., Brocchi.

? Polyphemopsis, Portlock. Helix polita.

291. Niso, Risso, 1826 ; Philippi (Nisso, error). Bonellia, Desh. 1838;

not Rolando nor Cuvier. Janella, Gratel. 1830. Bulimus, sp.

Lam. Helix, sp. Brocchi. Turbo terebellum.

Pasithea, sp. J. Lea, 1833. Pasithea claibornensis, Lea.

Fam. ACTEONIDA.

292. Acteon, Montf.1810. Tornatelle, Zam.1812. Tornatella, Lam.

1822. Speo, Risso, 1826. Auris-mustela, Humph.1797. Myo-

sota, Humph. MSS. Pedipes, A. Blainv. Bulimus, sp. Brug.

Turbo, sp. Da Costa. Voluta tornatilis.

293. Dactylus, Schum. 1817. Solidula, Fischer. Tornatella, sp.

Lam. 1822. Auricula, sp. Martini. Bulimus, sp. Brug. Helix,

sp. Gmelin. Voluta, sp. Dillw. Bulla solidula.

294.? Acteocina. Acteon, sp. J. Lea, 1833. Acteon Wetherellii, Lea.

295. Cinulia, Gray, 1840; 1844, 62. Avellana, D’ Orb. 1846. Avel-

lana globulosa, D’ Ord.

161

296. Ringinella, D’Oré. 1846. Ring. lacryma, D’ Orb.

Globioconcha, D’ Ord. 1826. Glob. rotundata, D’ Ord.

297. Acteonella, D’ Orb. 1846? Act. Renauxiana, D’ Ord.

Acteonella, sp. D’Orb. Act. leevis, D’ Ord.

Order III. PLEUROBRANCHIATA.

Fam. I. BULLIDA.

Doripi1na.

298. Doridium, Meckel, 1809 ; Chiaje; Swains. 1840. Acera, Cuv.

1817; Lam. 1822. Bulla carnosa, Cuv.? Doridium membra-

naceum.

Eidothea, Risso. Doridium, sp. Chiaje, Mechel. Acera, sp. Lam.

Dor. coriaceum.

299. Phyline, Ascanius, 1772. ‘ Phylina,” Lam. Lobaria, Miller,

1776; Gmel.; Blainv. Bullea, Lam.1801, 1822 ; Swains.1840.

Amydala, Plane. Bulla aperta.

300. Cryptophthalmus, Hhrenb. 1831. Bulla smaragdina, Leuck.

ulla, sp. Sow. Bulla viridis, Sow.

301. Scaphander, Montf. 1810; Leach, 1819. Assula, Schum. 1817.

Charta, Murlini. Bullea, Roissy. Bulla lignarius.

[Gioenia, Gioeni, Brug. ; Tricla, Retzius ; Char, Bruguiére ; is the

gizzard of this species.

302. Alicula, Ar. 1831. Alicula cylindrica.

Roxania, Leach MSS. 1819. Bulla Cranchii.

BuLuina.

303. Akera, Miller, 1776, not Cuvier. Eucampe, Leach MSS. 1819.

Vitrella, Swains. 1840, 360. Bulla, sp. Gmel., Lam. &e. Akera

bullata.

304. Bullina, Risso, 1826 ; not Férussac. Cylindrella, Swains. 1840.

Cylichna, Loven, 1846. Volvaria, Brown, 1827 and 1844; not

Lam. Tornatella, sp. Kiener. Bulla cylindrica, Montag.

305. Rhizorus, Monéf. 1810. Rhiz. adelaides, Montf.

Utriculus, sp. 1827. Utriculus 6, Brown, 1844. Amphisphyra,

Loven, 1846. Bulla pellucida, Johnst.

Diaphana, Brown, 1837. Diaph. candida, Brown.

306. ? Utriculus a, Brown, 1844. Retusa, sp. Brown, 1817. Bulla

obtusa, Montag.

307. Bulla, Lam. 1801; Schum. 1817. Bullus, Montf. 1810. Ve-

sica, Swains. 1840. ? Cymbium (gosson), 4dans. 1757. Bulla

ampulla.

Haminea, Leach MSS. 1819. Bulla hydatis.

162

308. Atys, Montf. 1810. Naucum, Schum. 1817. Vesica, sp. Swains.

1840. Bulla naucum.

AMPLUSTRINA.

309. Amplustrum, Schum. 1817, 209. Amplustra, Swains. 1840, 360-

Bullina, sp. Férussac, 1822; not Risso. Bulla amplustre.

310. Hydatina, Schum. 1817. Bullina, sp. Féruss. 1822; not Risso.

Bulla Physis.

311. Bullinula, Beck; Swains. 1840, 360. Bullea, sp. Quoy

Gaim. Bullina, sp. Féruss. 1822, Bulla, sp. Brug., Dillw.

Bulla undata, Brug.

Bullina, sp. Féruss. Bulla scabra, Chemn.

312. ?Sormetus, Féruss. 1822, Blainv. 1825. Bulla, sp. Cuv. Cym-

bium (Sormet), Adans.1757, not Brod. Sorm. Adansonii, F.

313. Gasteropteron, Meckel, 1813; Swains. 1840, 361. Gastero-

ptera, Blainv. 1825. Opiptera, Rafin. ? Sarcoptera, Rafin. Par-

thenopia, Oken, 1815 (not Parthenope, Scacchi). Clio, Chiaje,

not Pallas. Gasteroptera Meckelii, Blainv.

314. ? Atlas, Lesueur, 1810. Atlas Peronii.

Fam. II. APLYSIADZ.

315. Dolabella, Lam. 1801; Cuv. 1817. Doris,sp. Gmelin. Aplysia a,

Rang. Operculum callosum, Rumph. Dolabella callosa, Lam.

Doris verrucosa.

316. Dolabrifera. Dolabella, sp. Cuvier, 1817; Féruss. Aplysia 4,

Rang. Dolabella dolabrifera.

? Thallepus, Swains. 1840, 357. Th. ornatus, Sw.

Petalifera. Aplysia petalifera.

317. Aplysia, Gmelin, 1790; Cuv. 1817 ; Lam. 1822. Aplysia C 3,

Rang. Laplysia, Linn. ed.12; Lam.1801; Bose. Lernea, Linn.

ed. 5,6; Bohadsch. Tethys or Tethis, Linn. ed. 10. Lepus

marinus, Rondel. Esmia, Leach MSS. 1819 (young). Dola-

bella, sp. Lam. 1822, shell. Aplysia depilans.

Dolabella, Risso, 1826; not Lam. 1801. Aplysia, Swains. 1840,

359. Aplysia C a, Rang. Aplys. fasciatus.

318. Notarchus, Cuv.1817; Schum.1817; Blainv. Aclesie, Rang.

N. Cuvieri, Blainv.

Bursiris, Risso, 1826. Notarchus, sp. Philippi, 1846. Burs.

griseus.

Notarchus ocellatus, Rang.

319. Bursatella, Blainv. ; Audouin ; Swains. 1840, 359. Notarchus,

Swains. 1840, 359; not Cuv. Notarchus, sp. Rang. B. Sa-

vigniana, Rang. B. Leachii, Blainv.

Aclesie, sp. Rang. Aclesie Pleii. .

163

ICARINA.

320. ? Icarus, Forbes, 1843. Icarus Gravesii.

LEPHOCERCINA.

321. Lephocercus, Krohn, 1847. Lepho. Sieboldii.

322. Lobiger, Krohn, 1847. Lobiger Philippi.

Fam. III. PLEUROBRANCHID.

UMBRELLINA.

323. Umbella, Chemn. 1780. Acardo, Lam. 1801 ; Megerle, 1811.

L’ombrelle, Lam. 1812; Férussac. Umbrella, Lam. 1822. Um-

braculum, Schum. 1817. Gastroplax, Blainv. Ombrella, Blainv.

Patella, sp. Humph., Linn. Patella umbellata.

N.B. Acardo crustularius, Lam. 1801, Z. M. 173. f. 1, 2, is part of

the vertebra of a whale: this bone has also been described as Alcy-

onium paniceum, Lam. Hist. 11. 400. n. 31.

TYLODINANA.

324. Tylodina, Rajfinesq. ; Blainv. 1825; Philippi, 1836, Joannis.

Tylod. punctata.

PLEUROBRANCHIANA.

325. Pleurobranchus, Cuvier. Pl. Peronii.

Lamellaria 6, sp. Montag. Oscanius, Leach MSS.1819. Pleuro-

branchus, Flem. Bulla membranacea, Montag.

Discoides, Renierz.

326. Berthella, Blainv. 1825. Cleanthus, Leach.MSS. 1819. La-

mellaria 5, sp. Montag. Pleurobranchus, sp. Flem. “ Laminaria,

Gray,” Desh. Bulla plumula.

Pleurobranchus, sp. Cuv. Pl. luniceps.

327. Pleurobrancheea, Leve, 1813; Cuv. 1817. Pleurobranchus,

Oken, 1815. Cyanogaster, Rudolph. Pleurobrancheena, Swazns.

1830, 361. Pleurobranchidium, Blainv. 1825; Verany. Pleur.

Meckelii. ;

328. Posteobranchus, D’ Orb. 1837. Posteriobranchus, Gray. Post.

maculatus.

329. ? Westernia, Quoy §& Gaim. ; Rang, 1829.

330. ? Gervisia, Quoy §& Gaim.; Rang, 1829.

Fam. IV. PTEROTRACHEID&.

331. Anops, D’Oré, 1835. Anops Peronii.

332. Pterotrachea, Forsk. 1775; Brug., Cuvier. Pterot. coronata.

Firola, Peron § Lesueur, 1810; Rang, D’Orb. Fir. Quoyiana.

? Hyptere, Rafinesque.

Firoloide, Lesweur. Fir. Desmarestiana.

164

333. Cerophora, D’Oré. 1835. Cerop. Lesueurii.

334. Cardiapoda, D’Oré. 1835. Card. pedunculata.

335, Carinaria, Lam. 1801; D’ Orb. Carinarius, Montf. 1810. Ptero-

trachea, sp. Cuv. Car. vitrea.

336. Argonauta, Linn., Lam. 1801. Arg. sulcata.

337. Bellerophon, Montf. 1810.

338. Bellerophorina, D’ Ord. ; not Forées.

Fam. V. SAGITADA.

339. Sagita, Quoy §& Gaim. 1829?

Sagita triptera, D’ Ord.

Sagita diptera, D’ Ord.

Sagita exaptera, D’ Ord.

340. Sagitella, Lesueur. Pterotrachea c, Blainy. 1825. Sagit.

eequipinnis.

Order IV. GYMNOBRANCHIATA.

Fam. I. DORIDZ.

Dorip1Na.

341. Glossodoris, Ehrenb. 1831. Glos. xantholeuca.

Doris-digitata, D’Orb. 1838? Dor. verrucosa.

342. Actindoris, Ehrenb. 1831. Act. sponsa.

343. Pterodoris, Zhrenb. 1831. Peter. picturata.

344. Doris, Linn.; Lam. 1801. Doris Argo.

Dendoris, Zhrenb. 1831. Den. lugubris.

345. Brachychlanis, Ehrend. 1831 (Brachychlamys, misprint). Bra.

pantherina.

Doris-prismatica, D’ Orb. 1838. D. atromarginata.

Goniodoris, Forbes, 1840. Doris nodosa.

Doris f. prismatica, Cuv. 1817. Dor. cera.

346. Actinocyclus, Hhrend. 1831. Act. verrucosus.

347. Asteronotus, Ehrenb. 1831. Ast. Hemprichii.

348. Hexabranchus, Hhrenb. 1831. Hex. preetestus.

Doris, sp. Cuv. Dor. laciniata.

Doris * *, Alder §& Hane. D. muricata.

349. Onchidoris, Blainv. 1816. Onchidiorus, Férus. Onchidora, Cuv.,

D’ Orb. Onchidiodoris, Agass. 1847. O. Leachii.

? Peronia, Lesson, not Blainv. P. ——?

? Plocamophorus, Leuck. P.——?

350. Villiersia, D’Ord. 1837. Vill. scutigera.

351. ? Hypobranechisea, Adams, 1847. H. fusca.

165

TRIOPINA.

352. Triopa, Johnst. 1838; Alder § Hance. 1845. Liopa, Gray,

1840 (misprint). Themisto, sp. Oken, 1815. Tritonia, Lam.

1810; not Cuvier, 1787. Psiloceros, Menke. Cladophora,

Gray, 1840. Euplocamus, sp. Philippi, Thompson. Dor. cla-

vigera.

PoOLICERINA.

353. Aegires, Loven, 1846; Alder § Hance. 1845. Polycera, sp.

D Orb. 1837. Pol. punctilucens.

354. Thecacera, Flem. 1828 ; Alder § Hanc. 1845. Doris pennigera.

355. Polycera, Cuv. 1817; Risso, 1826; Alder & Hane. Themisto,

sp. Oken, 1815. Doris quadrilineata.

Triopa, sp. Johnst. Triopa Nothus.

356. Idalia, Leuck. 1828. Doris, sp. Mont. Okenia, Brown. Idalia

elegans.

Euplocamus, Philippi, 1836. Idalia, sp. Philippi, 1844. Euplo-

camus croceus.

Doris, sp. Cantraine. Eup. ramosus.

357. Ancula, Lovén, 1846. Idalia, sp. d/der § Hance. Polycera, sp.

Alder. Polyc. cristata.

358. Dimorpha, M. Edw. 1837 ; Gray, 1840.

359. Plocamoceros, Leuck., Riippell. ‘ Placamoceros,”’ D’Orb. Ploce.

ocellatus.

360. Peplidea, Lowe, 1842. Pepl. Madere.

, JANINA.

361. Janus, Verany (1844), 1846. J. spinole, t. 1. f. 9.

Fam. II. TRITONIADZ.

TRITONIANA.

362. Tritonia, Cuv. 1785, 1817, not Lamk. Spherostoma, Macgilliv.

T. Hombergii.

363. ? Duvaucelia, Leach; Risso, 1826. D. gracilis.

MELIBZINA.

364. Dendronotus, Alder § Hane. 1844. Amphitrite, Ascan. Tri-

tonia, sp. Sars, Thomp., &e. Doris, sp. Miiller. Doris arbo-

rescens.

365. Doto, Oken, 1815 (Dota, Gray, error of press). Tritonia, sp.

Cuvier. Melibza, sp. Johnst. Tergipes, sp. D’Ord. Doris

maculata.

Melibeea, sp. Johnst. Doris fragilis, Forbes.

166

366. Lomanotus, Verany, 1846. Lom. Genei.

367. Melibe, Rang, 1829. Melibsea, Fordes, 1838. Melibea, sp-

Johnst. Meliboea, Herrm. Malybe, Gray (error of press),

1840. Melibe ‘

368. Scyllea, Linn. S. pelagica.

369. Nerea, Lesson, 1830. Nerea punctata.

370. Tethys or Tethis, Linn. Tethis, Zam. 1801. Fimbria, Bohadsch,

1761; not Megerle. Tethys fimbriata.

Eoutipina.

371. Glaucus, Forster, 1800; Cuv.; Lam. 1812; not Poli, 1795.

Scyllea, sp. Bose. Doris, sp. Gmelin. Doris radiata.

372. Laniogerus, Blainv. 1825. Glaucus in a bad state? Lan.

Elfortii.

373. Eolidia, Cuv. 1797; Lam. 1812. Bolis, Oken, 1815; Loven,

1846. Limax, sp. Zinn. Doris, sp. Miiller. Eolis, sp. Alder

& Hane. Molidia, Herrm. 1846. Doris papillosa.

fKolidia, Ehrenb. 1831. Kol. habessinica.

Montagua, Flem. 1824. Eubranchus, Forbes. Doris, sp. Mont.

Doris cerulea.

Ethalion, Risso, 1826. Eolidia, sp. Otto. Eol. hystrix.

? Eolidina, Quatrefages, 1843. Lol. 2

374. Calliopzea, D’ Orb. 1837; Verany. Call. bellula.

375. Cavolina, Brug. 1792; Cuv. 1817; not Abild. Eolis ce, Alder.

Eolidia, sp. Cuv. Doris peregrina.

Montagua, sp. Flem. 1824. Doris longicornis.

Eolidia, sp. Chamisso. Kol. annulicornis.

376. Flabellina, Cuv. 1830. Flabellines, Cuv.1817. Eolis 4, Alder.

Doris affinis.

377. Tergipes, Cuvier, 1817 ; Loven, 1846. LEolisd, Alder. Limax,

sp. Forsk. Doris, sp. Gmel. Molis, sp. Johnst. Tegipes,

Ald. §& Hane. (error of press). Doris lacinulata.

Doris, sp. Mont. Doris maculata.

378. Hermea, Loven, 1846. Doris, sp. Mont. Doris bifida.

379. Cleelia, Loven, 1846. Doris, sp. Vahl. Doris fimbriata.

Tritonia, sp. Forsk. Trit. velata.

380. Alderia, Allman, 1844; Alder § Hance. 1844; Loven. Stilifer,

Lovén; not Ehrenb. Stilifer modesta.

381. Pterochilus, Alder §& Hane. 1844. Pteroc. pulcher.

382. Proctonotus, Alder §- Hane. 1844. Proct. mucroniferus.

383. Stilifer, Zhrenb. 1831, not Flem. Stiliger, Gray, 1840 (error).

Stilifer ornatus.

167

384. Phyllodesmium, Hhrené. 1831. Phyl. hyalinum.

385. ? Eumenis, Alder § Hane. 1845. Eum. marmorata.

386.? Dermatobranchus, Hasselt, 1824 ; Blainv. 1825. D. striatus.

Fam. III. PLACOBRANCHIDA.

387. Placobranchus, Hasselt, 1824; Blainv. 1825; Rang. Plac.

ocellatus.

388. Elysia, Risso, 1812, 1826; Blainv. 1825; Philippi, 1844. E.

timida, Risso. — :

Acteon, Oken, 1815. Actzeon, Rang; not Montf.1810. Aplysi-

opterus, Chiaje. Rhycobranchus, Cantraine MSS. 1827. Pla-

cobranchus, sp. Lovén. Planaria, sp. Flem. Aplysia, sp. Montag.

Aplysia C, Blainv. Elysia, sp. Philippi, Verany. Aplysia

viridis, Montag.

389.? Fucola, Quoy § Gaim. 1832. Fucicola, Menke, 184 ?; Herrm.

Fucola

Fam. IV. LIMAPONTIAD.

390. Limapontia, Johnst. 182 ?; Alder § Hanc. 1846. Pelta, sp.

Quatrefages, 1844. Planaria, sp. Miller, Lim. nigra.

Pelta, Quatrefages, 1844 ; not Beck, 1837. P. coronata.

391.? Chalidis, Quatrefages, 1844. Ch. ceerulea.

Chalidis, 4/d. § Hane. Ch, nigricans.

392. Ictis, Alder §& Hanc. 1847. Ictis Cocksii.

393.? Acteonia, Quatrefages, 1844. Act. senestra.

Acteonia, Alder § Hanc. 1847. A. corrugata.

394. Zephrina, Quatrefages, 1844. Z. pilosa.

Venilia, dider §& Hane. 1847. V. 2

Proctonotus, Alder §& Hance. 1847. P. splendidulus.

395. Amphorina, Quatrefages, 1844. Am. Aberti.

Fam. V. PHYLLIRRHOIDA.

396. Phyllirrhoé, Peron; Esch. (Isis) 1825; Philippi. Phylliroé,

Cuvier, 1817 ; Risso, Blainville. Ph. bucephala.

Eurydice, Esch. (Isis) 1825. EE. Lichtensteinii.

397. ? Appendicularia, sch. (Isis) 1825. A. 2

Tomopterus, Esch. (Isis) 1825; Tomopteris, Menke, 1844; Bri-

areea, Quoy § Gaim., 1829; Briarea, Herrm. 1846 ; Briareus, Good-

sir, 1845, is a crustaceous animal (Ann. § Mag. N. H. 1845).

168

Fam. VI. PHYLLIDIADZ.

398. Phyllidia, Cuvier; Lam. 1801; Blainv. 1825. Ph. varicosa.

Phyllidea, Swains. 1840. Ph. pustulosa.

399. Diphyllidia, Cuvier, 1817; D’Orb. Linguella, Blainv. Diph.

Brugmansii. ‘

Pleurophyllidia, Meckel. Diph. lineata.

400. ? Buchanania, Lesson, 1830. Buch. onchidioides.

401.? Arminia, Rafin. ; Blainv. 1825.

Fam. VII. PATELLIDA.

402. Patella, Linn. ; Lam. 1801. P. testudinaria.

Patellus, Montf. 1810. P. roseus.

Patella B, Schum. 1817. P. granularis.

Patella y, Schum. 1817. _P. barbara.

Patella, Swains. 1840. P. miniata.

Lepas, sp. ddanson. P. libot. ,

Lottia, sp. Gray, fide D’Orb. Pat. zebrina.

? Goniclis, Rafinesque. ?

403. Nacella, Schum. 1817. N. mytiloides.

Patina, Leach MSS. 1819. Patella a, Loven. P. cerulea.

404. Helcion, Montf. 1810, not D’ Ord. 1846. Patelloidea, sp. Can-

traine. P. pectinatus.

405. Scutellina. Scutella, sp. Brod. 1834, not Lam. Scut. crenulata.

406. Lepeta, Gray, 1844. Patella y, Loven. P. ceca.

Fam. VIII. CHITONIDA.

407. Lophurus and Lophuriderma, Poli, 1795. Lepidopleurus, sp.

Leach MSS. ; Risso, 1826. Chiton * & * *, Gray, 1847. Chi-

ton, sp. Lam. 1822. Chiton A, sp. Blainv. Ch. siculus.

Chiton, Guild. 1835. Ch. squamosus.

408. Radsia, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847. Chiton *, sp. Gray, 1847.

Ch. Barnesii.

409. Callochiton, Gray, 1847. Chiton, sp. Montag. Ch. leevis.

410. Ischnochiton, Gray, 1847. Chiton textile.

411. Leptochiton, Gray, 1847. Ch. cinereus.

Lepidopleurus, sp. Risso, 1826. Ch. Cajetanus.

412. Tonicia, Gray, 1847. Chit. elegans.

Tonicia * *, Gray, 1847. Ch. disjunctus.

413. Acanthopleura, Guild. 1835; Gray, 1847. Canthapleura, Swans.

1840. Ch. spinosa.

169

414. Chiton, Linn. ; Lam. 1801; not Guild. Acanthopleura, sp.

Gray, 1847. Ch. gigas.

415. Schizochiton, Gray, 1847. Ch. incisus.

416. Corephium, Browne?, 1756 ; Gray, 1847. Ch. echinatus.

417. Plaxiphora, Gray, 1847. Ch. Carmichaelis.

418. Onythochiton, Gray, 1847. Ch. undulatus.

419. Enoplochiton, Gray, 1847. Ch. niger.

420. Mopalia, Gray, 1847. Ch. Hindsii.

421. Katharina, Gray, 1847. Ch, tunicatus.

422. Cryptochiton, Gray, 1847. Ch. amiculatus.

423. Cryptoconchus, “‘ Blainv.,”’ Swains. 1840. Ch. porosus.

424. Amicula, Gray, 1842. Ch. vestitus.

425. Acanthochetes, Leach, 1819; Gray, 1842, 1847. Acanthochites,

“‘ Leach,” Risso, 1826. Phakellopleura, Guild. 1835; Swains.

1840. Acanthochiton, Herrm. 1846. Ch. fascicularis.

Chitonellus, sp. Guild. 1835. Ch. latus.

426. Chitonellus, Lam. 1822; Gray, 1847. Chitonella, Desh. Cry-

ptoconchus, “ Blainv.,” Burrows. Cryptoplax, Burrows. Chi-

toniscus, Herrm. 1846. Ch. leevis.

427. Gryphochiton, Gray, 1847. Ch. nervicanus.

428.? Metopoma, Phillips, 1844. M. imbricata.

Order V. PULMOBRANCHIATA.

Fam. I. ARIONIDZ.

429. Arion, Férus. 1817. Limacia, Hartm. 1821. Shell: Lima-

cella, Brard. Limacellus, Turton. Limax ater.

Limacellus, Blainv., not Brard. LL. Elfortiana.

430. Phosphorax, Webb, 183 ? P. ——?

431. Helicarion, Férussac, 1821. Helicolimax f, Blainv. Helix-

arion, Féruss. 1819. Vitrina, sp. Sow., Gray, &c. Helix

Cuvieri.

432. Platycloster, Hasselt, 1824. Helicopsis?, sp. Beck. 1837. P.

corneus.

433. Stenopus, Guild. 1828, Beck. St. cruentatus.

Ariophanta, Desmoulin, 1829. Nanina, sp. Gray, Beck. Helix

leevipes.

Nanina, Gray, 1834, not Risso. Zonites, Swains. 1840, not Montf.

Vitrina, sp. Quoy & Gaim. Hel. citrina.

Macrochlamys, Benson, 1832. Tanychlamys, Benson, 1834. Na-

nina, sp. Benson, 1834. Helicella, sp. Beck. H. vitrinoides.

170

? Helicopsis, Beck. Hel. glandula.

? Microcystis, Beck. ? Helicolimax, sp. Férus. M. pellicula.

Helicogena, sp. Férus. Hel. ligulata.

? Solarium, sp. Spiz. Helicella, sp. Beck. Sol. imperforatum.

Fam. II. HELICID.

PHILOMYCINA.

434. Philomycus, Rafinesque ; Férus. 1829. Tebenophorus, Binney,

1843. Helix, sp. Bose. Limax C, Blainv. 1825. Helix caro-

linensis.

435. Meghimatium, Hasselt, 1824. M. striatum.

Scutelligera, Spix, 1824, (Isis) 1825, 588 (S. amerlandia), and

Parmula, Heyden, (Isis) 1823, 1247. t. 18. 1825, 588 (P. cocciformis),

is the larva of Microdon mutabilis,.a dipterous insect.

LIMACINA.

436. Limax, Linn.; Lam. 1801. Shell: Limacella, Brard. Lima-

cellus, Turton. L. rufus.

Parmacella, sp. Philippi. P. nigricans.

437. Geomalacus, Allman, 1846. G. maculatus.

438.2 Oris, Risso, 1826. O. Ferussaci.

TESTACELLINA.

439. Plectrophorus, Bose, 1801; Férussac, 1819.

440. Testacella, Lam.1801; Blainv. 1825. Testacellus, Montf. 1810 ;

Féruss. TT. haliotoideus.

VITRININA.

441. Parmacella, Cuvier, 17 2; Montf. 1810; Lam. 1812. Parma-

cellus, Féruss. P. Olivieri.

442. Cryptella, M7 ebb, 1833. Testacellus, sp. Féruss. Parmacella,

sp. Sow. C. ambigua.

443.? Pectella,

444, Vitrina, Drap. Vitrine, Lam. 1812. Vitrinus, Montf. 1810.

Helicolimax, Férussac. Limacina, Hartmann, 1821. Hyalina,

Studer. Cobresia, Hiibner. V. pellucida.

Semilimax, Férus.17 ? Testacella, sp. Oken. Hyalina, Studer.

Limacina, Hartm. 1821. V. elongata.

445. Helicolimax, Férus. 1819 ; Blainv. 1825. Daudebardia, Hartm.

1821. H. rufa.

446. Omalonyx, D’ Orb. 1836. Cochlohydra, sp. Férus. Homalonyx,

Agassiz. Amphibulima, sp. Beck. Helix unguis.

171

447, Amphibulima, sp. Beck. Amphibulima, Zam. 1812. Amphi-

bulinus, Montf. 1810. Bulimus, sp. Brug. A. cucullata.

448, Helisiga, Lesson, 1829. Amphibulina, sp. Blainv. H.

449. Succinea, Drap. 1804; Risso, 1826. Cochlohydra, sp. Férus.

Tapada, Studer. Lucina, Oken, 1819. Amphibulina, Hartm.

1821. Limnea, sp. Flem. Bulimus, sp. Brug. Amphibina,

Hartm. Helix putris.

450. Simulopsis, Beck, 1837. Cochlohydra, sp. Férus. Helix sul-

cosa.

451. Pelta, Beck, 1837, not Quatrefages. P. Cumingii.

HELICINA.

452. Helix, Linn., Brug., Lam. 1801. Pomatia, Beck, 1837; Gray,

1840. Helicogena, sp. Férus.; Risso, 1826. Ccenatoria, sp.

Held. 1837. Helix Pomatia.

Cantareus, Risso, 1826. Lucena, Harém. 1821. Tapada, Gray,

1840. Pomatia, Gesner. Ccenatoria, sp. Held. 1837. Hel.

naticoides.

453. Acavus, Montf. 1810; Beck, 1837. Otala, Schum. 1817. He-

licogena, sp. Férus. Helix heemastoma.

Helicogena, sp. Risso, 1826; Beck. Tachea, sp. Leach MSS.

1819. Cepza, Held. 1837. Helix nemoralis.

Otala, sp. Schum. 1817. Helix lactea.

Helix, Risso, 1826. Ccenatoria, sp. Held. 1837. Pomatia, sp.

Beck. Tachea, sp. Gray,—Monstrosity. Cornucopia, Born,

Shaw. Serpula, sp. Gmelin. Helix adspersa.

454. Arianta, Leach MSS. 1819; Beck, 1837; Gray, 1840. Helico-

gena, sp. Férus. Cingulifera, Held. 1837. Helix arbustorum.

Galaxias, Beck, 1837, not Cuv. 1817. Helicogena, sp. Férus.

Helix lucana.

Dorcasia, Gray. D. Alexanderi.

Polymita, Beck, 1837. Helicogena & Helicella, sp. Férus. Helix

icta.

Se eitochis Swains. 1840. ? Polymita, sp. Beck. Hem. he-

mastoma.

Cochlea, ddans.1757. Otala, Beck, 1837 ; not Schum.1817. He-

licogena, sp. Férus. Helix pouchet.

Hemicycla, Swains. 1840. Otala, sp. Beck. H. plicatula.

Helicostyla, Beck, 1837. Helicostyla, sp. Férus. Helix Galactites.

Eurycratera, Beck, 1837. Leiostoma, sp. Swains. Helicogena,

sp. Férus. H. jamaicensis.

Helicophanta, sp. Gray. Eurycratera, sp. Beck. H. Falconeri.

Carocolla, sp. Lam., Schum. Discodoma, Swains. Eurycratera,

sp. Beck. Car. cingulata.

Helicogena, sp. Férus. Eurycratera, sp. Beck. H. acutangula.

455. Stylodon, Christ. § Jans. ; Beck, 1837. Helicostyla, sp. Férus.

Helix unidentata.

172

Helicophanta, Beck. Helicophanta 6, Férus. Leiostoma, sp.

Swains. Helix Cornu-gigantea.

Geotrochus, Van Hasselt, 1824. Geo. obtusus.

Geotrochus, Swains. 1840. Geotrochus, sp. Beck. 'Trochus, sp.

Chemn. Helicogena, sp. Férus. Helix pileus.

-Helicina, Spiz, not Lam. Geotrochus, sp. Beck. Trochus, sp.

Burrows. FHelicogena, sp. Férus. Carocolla, sp. Gray, Menke.

Troch. bifasciatus.

Solarium, (sp.) Spiz, not Lamk. Artemon, sp. Beck. Sol. can-

didum.

Dentellaria, Schum. 1817; Beck, 1837. Helix fuliginea.

Lucidula, Swains. 1840. Deutellaria, sp. Beck. Helix barba-

densis.

Lucernella, Swains. 1840. Dentellaria, sp. Beck. Helix hippo-

castanum,

Thelidomus, Swains. 1840. Dentellaria, sp.? Beck. Helix aspera.

456. Vallonia, Risso, 1826. Amplexus, Brown, 1827. Lucena,

Hartm. 1821. Circinaria, Beck, 1837. Zurama, Leach MSS.

1819. Corneola, sp. Held. 1837. Helix pulchella.

Mesomphyx, Rafinesque. Circinaria, sp. Beck. Helix concava.

_ Macrocyclis, Beck, 1837. Helicella, sp. Férus. H. peruviana.

Campylea, Beck, 1837. Helix hispana.

Chilostoma, Fitz. Campyleea, sp. Beck. Helix foetens.

Corneola, sp. Held. 1837. Helicogona, sp. Risso. Helix cornea.

Solarium, Spiz. Helicella, Swains. 1840. Helicella, sp. Férus.

Solaropsis, Beck, 1837. Helix pellis serpentis.

457. Iberus, Montf. 1810. Carocolla, sp. Lam. Helicogena, sp.

Férus. Helix Gaulteriana.

Chilétrema, Leach, 1819; Gray, Beck. Latomus, Fitz. Caro-

colla, sp. Lamk. Helicogona, Risso. Helicogena, sp. Férus.

Lenticula, Held. 1837. Helix lapicida.

Carocollina, Zhrenb. ; Beck, 1837. Carocolla, sp. Menke. Helix

barbata.

Trigonostoma, Fitz, Gray. Helicodonta, sp. Férus., Risso. Vor-

tex, Beck. Gonostoma, Held. 1837. Helix obvoluta.

Drepanostoma, Porro. Chloritis, sp. Beck. Helix Drepanostoma.

Chloritis, Beck. Helix ungulina.

Planospira, Beck, 1837. Lomastoma, Férus. Pusiodon, sp.

Swains. 1840. HH. zonaria.

Obba, Beck, 1837. Helicella, sp. Férus. H. planulata.

Obba, sp. Beck, 1837. Helicogena, sp. Férus. Trochus, sp.

Chemn. H. papilla.

Ampelita, Férus. H. labrella.

Discosoma, sp. Swains. 1840. Carocolla, sp. Gray, Lesson ; Beck,

1837. H. marginata.

Carocollus, Montf. 1810. Carocollus, amk. 1812. Helix Caro-

* colla.

Carocolla; Schum. 1817. Helix Lampas.

Polydontes, Montf. 1810. Helicodontes, sp. Férus. H. imperator.

173

458. Lampadion, Bolten, 1798. Lucerna, sp. Humph. 1797. La-

byrinthus, Beck, 1837. Lyrostoma, Swains. 1842. Helico-

donta, sp. Férus. Helix otis.

Caprinus, Montf. 1810. Pleurodonta, Fischer ; Beck, 1837. Ca-

rocolla, sp. Lam. Lucerna, sp. Swains. Helix lynuchus.

Cepolis, Montf. 1810. Pleurodonta, sp. Beck. Helix Cepa.

459. Tomogerus, Montf. 1810. Anostoma, Fischer, Lamk. Angy-

stoma, Schum. 1817. Anastomus, Swains. 1840. Hel. ringens.

Tomigerus, Spiv. Helix clausa.

Ringicella, Gray. Anastomus, sp. Lam. Anas globulosa.

460. Polygyra, Say, 1817; Swains. 1840. Helicodonta, sp. Férus.

Deedalochila, Beck, 1837. P. auriculata.

Petasia, Beck, 1837. Polita, sp. Held. 1837. Trochus, sp. Da

Costa. Helix trochiformis.

Conulus, Fitz. Petasia, sp. Beck. Trochiscus, Held. 1837 ; not

Sow. Helix fulva.

Tridonta. Tridopsis, sp. Beck. Helix plicata.

Tridopsis, Rafin. Helix lunula.

Isognomostoma, Fitz. Tridopsis, sp. Rajfin., Beck. Isognostoma,

Hartm. 1840. Isognomonostoma, Herrm. 1846. Helix per-

sonata.

Stenotrema, Rain. Tridopsis, sp. Beck. Helix convexa.

Mesodon, Rafin. Tridopsis, sp. Beck. Helix elevata.

Polygyra, sp. Say, Beck. Helix septemvalva.

Polygyratia. Polygyra, sp.? Beck. Hel. Polygyrata.

. 461. Theba, Leach MSS. 1817 ; Risso, 1827; Beck, 1837.

Trochidea, Brown, 1827. Trochus, sp. Da Costa. Turricula,

Beck, 1837. Carocolla, sp. Lamk. Helicomanes B, sp. Férus.

Helix elegans. ,

Theba, Risso, 1827. Helicomanes a, sp. Férus. Xerophila, sp.

Held. 1837. Helix pisana.

Cochlicella, sp. Férus. H. conoidea.

Helicopsis, Fitz. 1835; not Beck. H. striata.

Oxycheilus, Fitz. H. ericetorum.

Leucochroa, Beck, 1837. Carocolla, sp. Lamk. H. albella.

Delphinula, Bowd. H. Delphinula.

Helicogena, sp. Férus. H. candidissima.

Ochthephila, Beck, 1837. Geometra, Swains. 1840. H. bicarinata.

Bradybeena, Beck, 1837. H. similaris.

Hygromia, Risso, 1826. Fruticola, Held. 1837. Bradybzena, sp.

Beck. H. cinctella.

Monacha, Fitz. Theba, sp. Risso. Bradybeena, sp. Beck. Hel.

carthusiana.

Trochulus, Christ. Hel. hispida.

Heterostoma, Hartm. 1844. Ochthephila, sp. Beck. Hel. pau-

percula.

462. Helicella. Helicelle, Zam. 1812.

Helicella, Beck, 1837. Helicelle, Lam. 1812. Helicella, sp. Risso,

174

1826. Oxycheilus, Fitz. Helicella (hyalina), Férus. Zonites,

sp. Leach, Gray. Uyalina, Férus.; Gray, 1840. Polita, Held.

1837. Hel. cellaria.

Vitrea, Fitz. Helicella, sp. Beck. H.

Mesomphix, Rafin., Beck. Zonites, sp. Gr “ay. M. levigata.

Mesomphix, sp. Beck. Helix Olivetorum.

Zonites, Montf. 1810; Beck, 1837. Helicella (verticilli), Férus.

Helicella, sp. Risso. Tragomma, Held. 1837. Helix Algira.

fEgopis, Fitz. Zonites, sp. ‘Beck. Hel. verticillus.

Eyromphala, Beck, 1837. Patula, Held. 1837. Hel. alternata.

Discus, Fitz. Eyromphala, sp. Beck. Patula, Held. 1837. H.

ruderata.

Gonyodiscus, Fitz. Eyromphala, sp. Beck. H. solaria.

Pyramidula, Fitz. Eyromphala, sp. Beck. H. rupestris.

463. Sagda, Beck, 1837. Epistyla, Swains. 1840. Epistylium, Gray,

1840. Helicostyla, sp. Férus. Trochus alveolatus.

Helicodonta, sp. Férus. Sagda, sp.? Beck. Helix gularis.

? Pitys, Beck. Pitys aparana.

464. Streptaxis, Gray, Swains. 1840. Artemon, Beck, 1837. Helix

contusa.

BuLiMIna.

465. Orthostylus, Beck, 1837. Cochlostyla, sp. Férus. Helix viridis.

Cochlostyla a, Férus. Orthostylus, sp. Beck. Bul. metaformis.

? Pythohelis, Swains. 1840. PP. castanea.

Balea, Blainv. 1825; not Leach. Bulimus citrinus.

Helicobulimus, Brod. 1840. Orthostylus, sp. Beck, 1837. H.

sarcinosa.

466. Bulimus, Scopol. 1777; Brug. 1792; Lamk. 1801; Montf.

1810; Beck, 1837. Melania, Perry, 1811; not Lam. Bul.

heemastomus.

Strophocheilus, sp. Spiz. Bulimus,.sp. Lamk., Férus. Bul. ovatus.

Strophocheilus, Spiz. Partula, sp. Férus. Voluta, sp. Dillw.

Bulimus, sp. Brug. H. pudica.

Gonyostomus, Beck, 1837. Gonyostoma, Swains. 1840. Pupa,

sp. Gray. Cochlogena, sp. Férus. Hel. gonyostoma.

Odontostomus, Beck, 1837. Cochlodina, sp. Férus. Pupa, sp.

Menke. Hel. gargantula.

Auricula, sp. Zea. Aur. fuscagula.

Clausilia, sp. Spiz. Pupa, sp. Wagner. Claus. exesa.

Scarabus, sp. Menke. Scar. labrosa.

Stenostoma, Spiz. Pelekocheilus, sp. Beck. St. Paru.

Caprella, Guild. 1825 ; not Lamk. Plekocheilus, Guild. Peleko-

cheilus, Beck. Carychium, Leach, 1817 ; not Miiller. Auricula,

sp. Lam. Voluta auris Selini.

Auricula, Swains. 1840. Auricula, sp. Lamk. Pelekocheilus, sp.

Beck. Pupa, sp. Gray. Bulimus auris Selini.

Otostomus, Beck, 1837. Auricula, sp. Wagner. Auris, sp. Spiz.

Stomatoides, Férus. Auris signata.

175

Stenostoma, Spiz. Otostomus, sp. Beck. Auricula, sp. Lam.,

Swains. Bulimus, sp. Brug. Pupa, sp. Gray. Auricula Le-

poris.

Navicula, Spiz. Otostomus, sp. Beck. Helicogena, sp. Moried.

Nav. fasciata.

Pachyotus, Beck. Voluta, sp. Chemn. Pupa, sp. Gray. Coch-

logena, sp. Férus. Vol. auris vulpina.

Auris, Spiz. Bulimus, Swains. Bulimus, sp. Sow. Pachyotus, sp.

Beck. Bul. melanostomus.

Placostylus, Beck, 1837. Auricula, sp. Lamk. Bulimus, sp.

Brug. Cochlogena, sp. Férus. Vol. australis.

467. Partula, Férus. Limax, Martyn. Partulus, Beck, 1837. Vo-

luta, sp. Chemn. Helix, sp. Dillw., Quoy §& Gaim. Limax

faba.

468. Zua, Leach MSS. 1819; Gray, 1840. Bulimus, sp. Brug.

Achatina, sp. Menke. Cionella, sp. Jeffreys, Beck. Helix

lubrica.

Ageca, Leach MSS. 1819.; Fleming, 1828; Gray. Pupa, sp.

Menke. Cochlodonta, sp. Férus. Cionella, sp. Jeffreys. Ca-

rychium, sp. Pfeiffer, Jeffreys. Turbo tridens.

? Pegea, Risso, 1836 (jun.?). P. carnea.

? Crenea, Risso, 1826. Cr. vitrea.

469. ? Tornatellina, Beck. 1837. Torn. clausa.

Strombilus, Alton, 1839. St. turritus.

Elasmatina, Petit, 1843. E. subulatus.

470. Bulimulus, Leach MSS.; Risso, 1826. Buliminus, sp. Beck.

Bulimus, sp. Lam. Cochlogena, sp. Férus., D’Orb. Zebrina,

Held. 1837. Helix detrita.

Bulimulus, Guild., Swains. Bulimus, sp. Beck. Bul. stramineus.

Stenostoma, Spiz. Bulimus, sp. Spex. Bulimulus, sp. Beck.

St. Capueira.

Buliminus, Ehrenb., Beck. Pupa, sp. Lamk. Pupa labrosa.

Buliminus, sp. Beck. Bulimus proteus. :

Ena, Leach MSS. 1819; Gray. Mendigera, Held. 1837. Buli-

mus, sp. Lamk. Bul. montanus.

Brephulus, Beck, 1837. Pupa, sp. Lam. Bulimus, sp. Menke.

Bul. fasciolatus.

Chondrus a, Cuvier, 1817. Pupa, sp. Lamk. Brephulus, sp. Beck.

Bul. zebra.

Clausilia, sp. Blainv. Pupa, sp. Lam. Brephulus, sp. Beck, Bul.

Tournefortii.

Mastus, Beck. Pupa, sp. Menke. Helix Pupa.

Cylindrus, Fitz. Pupa, sp. Lamk. Mastus, sp.? Beck. Pupa

obtusa.

Macroceramus, Guild., Beck. Leptospira, Swains. 1840. Coch-

lodina, sp. Férus. Bul. signatus.

Elisma, Leach MSS. 1819; Longeva, Megerle; Menke, 1830.

Cochlicella, Férus. ; Risso, 1826. Cochlicellus, Beck. Turbo,

sp. Penn. Bulimus, sp. Drap. Helix acuta.

176

Peristoma, Krynicki, 184 ? P. merdueniana.

Remina, Risso, 1826. Bulimus, sp. Brug. Obeliscus, sp. Beck.

Cochlicella, sp. Férus. Orbitina, Risso, 1826; very young.

Helix decollata.

Columna, Spiz. Obeliscus, sp. Beck, 1837. Cochlicella, sp.

Férus. Helix calcarea.

Obeliscus, Beck, 1837. Helix obtusatus.

Plectostylus, Beck, 1837. Cochlostyla, sp. Férus. Achatina, sp.

Lesson. Bul. peruvianus.

Orthaliscus, Beck, 1837. Achatina, Spiz. Bulimus, sp. Brug.

Cochlostyla, sp. Férus. Helix Sultana.

Achatina, Swains. Orthaliscus, sp. Beck, 1837. Ach. melano-

stoma.

Limicolaria, Schum. 1817. Limicolarius, Beck, 1837. Bulla, sp.

Chemn. Buccinum, sp. Miiller. Cochlogena, sp. Férus. Buce.

flammeum.

471. Pupa, Lamk. 1801 ; Montf. 1810; Schum. 1817. Cochlodonta,

sp. Férus. Odostomia, sp. Flem. Bulimus, sp. Brug. Turbo uva.

Pupa, Swains.1840. Bulimus, sp. Brug. Turbo mumia.

Gibbus, Moné¢f. 1810. Bulimus, sp. Brug. Gibbulina, sp. Beck.

Hel. Lyonetiana.

Gonidomus, Swains. 1840. Gibbulina, sp. Beck, 1837. Hel.

Pagoda.

Otala 3, Schum. 1817. Plicadomus, Swains. 1840. Gibbulina,

sp. Beck, 1837. Hel. sulcata.

Gonospira, Swains. 1840. Gibbulina, sp. Beck, 1837. Hel. pa-

langa.

Gibbulina, sp. Beck, 1837. H. infundibuliformis.

Pupilla, Leach MSS. 1819. Pupilla, sp. Beck. Bulimus, sp.

Brug. Pupa, sp. Drap. Jaminia, sp. Risso, 1826. Aleea, sp.

Jeffr. 1820. Torquatella, Held. 1837. Eruca, sp. Swains.

Turbo muscorum.

Oreula, Held. 1837. Eruca, Swains. 1840. Pupilla, sp. Beek.

Pupa, sp. Drap. Pupa dolium.

Lauria, Gray, 1840. Eruca, sp. Swains. 1840. Pupilla, sp. Bees.

Pupa, sp. Drap. Jaminia, sp. Risso. Pupa umbilicata.

472. Vertigo, Miiller, 1774. Pupilla, Swains. 1840. Jaminia, sp.

Risso. Pupa, sp. Drap. Vert. pusilla.

Isthmia, Gray, 1840. Vertigo, sp. Férus. Alea, sp. Jeffreys,

1820. Vert. nitida.

Alea, sp. Jeffreys, 1820; Beck. Vertigo, Leach, 1819. Pupa,

sp. Nilsson. Aleea palustris. 5

Jaminia, sp. Risso, 1826. J. heterostropha.

?Saraphia, Risso, 1826. S. uniplicata.

473. Torquilla, Studer, Beck. Abida, Leach MSS. 1819. Bulimus,

sp. Brug. Pupa, sp. Lamk. Chondrus, sp. Hartm. Chon-

drus B, Cuv. 1817. Jaminia, sp. Risso. Vertigo, sp. Turton.

Granaria, Held. 1837. Pupilla, sp. Swains. Pupa Secale.

' Clausilia, sp. Risso, 1826; not Lamk. Pupa, sp. Lamk. Pupa

cinerea.

177

Gonodon, Held. 1837. Chondrula, Beck. Chondrus a, sp. Cuv.

1817. Jaminia, sp. Risso. Bulimus, sp. Brug. Pupa, sp.

Lamk. P. tridens.

Cyclodontina, Beck, 1837. Helix Draparnaldi.

Clausilia, Spiz; not Lamk. Cyclodontina, sp. Beck. Pupa, sp.

Wagn. Cl. pupoides.

Macrodontes, Swains. 1840. Cyclodontina, sp. Beck. H. Sow-

erbyana.

Vertigo, sp. Férus. Cyclodontina, sp. Beck. V. ovularis.

Odostomia, Say, 1817. Pupa, Guild. O. corticaria.

474. Megaspira, Lea, 1834; Jay. Pyrgelix, Beck, 1837. Pupa, sp.

Spiz. Macrospira, “ Lea,” Swains. 1840. Pupa elata.

475. Clausilia, Drap. 1805. Volvulus, sp. Oken. Odostomia, ‘sp.

Flem. Marpessa, Gray, 1821. Oxystrombus, sp. Klein. Helix,

sp. Linn. Pupa, sp. Humph. § Drap. Strombiformis, sp. Da

Costa. Bulimus, sp. Brug. Cerion, sp. Bolten. Turbo bidens.

Iphigenia, Gray, 1821, 1840; not Schum. 1817. Clausilia, sp.

Drap. Odostomia, sp. Flem. Turbo biplicatus.

Glischri, Studer, 1820.

Stomodonta, Mermet, 1840.

Clausilina, Ehrenb. 1831. C. tuba paradisea.

476. Balea, Prideaux; Gray, 1824. Balia, Swains. 1840. Eruca,

sp. Swains. 1840. Odostomia, sp. Flem. Pupa, sp. Drap.

Anomala, Férus. Fusulus, Fitz. Turbo perversa.

477. Brachypus, Guild. 1829; not Swains. Cochlodina, sp. Férus.

Brachypodella, sp. Beck, 1837. Cylindrella, sp. Pfeiffer, 1840 ;

not Swains. Siphonostoma, Swains. 1840. Pupa, sp. D’Oréd.

Tracheloides, Férus. Helix antiperversa.

Clausilia, sp. Lamk. Cochlodina, sp. Férus. Turbo, sp. Wood.

Claus. collaris.

Urocoptis, Beck. Pupa, sp. Gray. Cyclostoma, sp. Desh. Turbo

cylindrus.

Clausilia, sp. Lamk. Urocoptis, sp.. Beck. Claus. truncatula.

Tortulosa. Urocoptis, sp. Beck. Turbo tortuosus.

Apoma, Beck, 1837. Pupa, sp. Gray. Cochlodina, sp. Férus.

Turbo elongatus.

ACHATINANA.

478. Achatina, Lam. 1801. Bulla, sp. Linn. Cochlitoma 6, Férus.

Bulimus, sp. Brug. Buccinum, sp. Miller. Bulla Achatina.

Achatinus, Montf. 1810; Schum. 1817. Bulimus, sp. Perry.

Bulla zebra. -

Achatina, Swains. 1840. Ach. marginata.

479. Columna, Perry, 1811; Schum. 1817; Beck. Cochlicopa, sp.

Férus. Lymnea, sp. Lam. Buccinum, sp. Miller. Bulimus,

sp. Brug. Helix Columna.

480. Subulina, Beck, 1837. Macrospira, Guild. ; Swains. 1840, p. 335

178

(not p. 176). Bulimus, sp. Lamk. Cochlicopa, sp. Férus. Acha-

tina, sp. Turton. Cionella, sp. Jeffreys. ‘ Chionella,” Swazns.

Melania, sp. Riippell. Helix octona.

481. Acicula, Risso, 1826; Beck, Gray. ?Columna, Chr. & Jans.

Buccinum, sp. Miiller. Helix, sp. Gmel. Bulimus, sp. Brug.

Achena, sp. Lam. Cochlicopa, sp. Férus. Cionella, sp. Jeffreys.

Buce. acicula.

Columna, sp. Chr. § Jans. Col. miliaris.

482. Leptinaria, Beck, 1837. Cochlicopa, sp. Férus. Coch. uni-

lamellata.

483. Ferussacia, Risso, 1826. Vidiantius, Risso, 1826, Jun. Cio-

nella, sp. Jeffreys, Beck. Physa, sp. Drap. Cochlicopa, sp.

Férus. Achatina, sp. Michaud. Pupa, sp. Costa. Helix

foliculus.

484. Liguus, Montf. 1810. Cochlitoma a, Férus. Chersina, Beck,

1837. Chersina, sp. Humph. Bulla, sp. Linn. Buccinum,

sp. Miller. Bulimus, sp. Brug. Achatina, sp. Lam. Bulla

virginea.

485. Oleacina, Bolten, 1798. Oleac. ?

Polyphemus, Montf. 1810. Glandina, Schum. 1817. Cochly-

copa, Swains. 1840. Cochlicopa a, Férus. Buccinum, sp.

Miller. Bulla, sp. Chemn. Bulimus, sp. Brug. Bulla glans.

Strombus, sp. Gmelin. Achatina, sp. Brod. Buccinum, sp. Miller.

Buce. striatum.

Voluta, sp. Walch. Polyphemus, sp. Chr. § Jans. Vol. leuco-

zonias.

Polyphemus, Say. Glandina, Say. Cochl. rosea.

486. Halia, Risso, 1826 ; not Dupont nor Macgill. Bulla, sp. Brocchi.

Cochlicopa a, sp. Férus. Bulla helicoides.

Priamus, Beck, 1837. Ampulla, sp. Bolten. Buccinum, sp. Chemn.

Bulla, sp. Gmelin. Cochlicopa a, sp. Férus. Bulimus, sp. Brug.

Helix Priamus.

487. Helicteres, Férus. 1819; Beck, 1837; not Linn. Achatinella,

sp. Green. Helix vulpina.

Achatinella, Swains. 1828. Turbo, sp. Chemn. Monodonta, sp.

Lamk. Achatina, sp. Gray. Bulimus, sp. Menke, Helicteres,

sp. Férus., Beck. Turbo lugubris.

Fam. III. VERONICELLIDZ.

488. Veronicella, Blainv. 1817; D’Ord. Vaginulus, Férus. 1821.

Veronicellus, Férus., Menke. Onchidium H, Blainv. 1825.

Vaginula, Latr., Swains. Limax nudus, Sloane, 1725. Veron.

leevis.

Eumele, Rafinesqgue. Limax D, Blainv. 1825, Eum.nebulosus.

179

Fam. IV. ONCHIDIAD A.

489. Onchidium, Buchan, 1800 ; Lamk. 1801. Onchidium 3, Blainv.

1825. Oncidium, dgass. Onchidia, Swains. O. Typhe.

490. Buchannia, Lesson, 1830.

491. Peronia, Blainv. 1825. Onchidium, Cuvier, 1805. Onchis, sp.

Férus. 1821. Oncis, Herrm. Oncus, Agass. Onch. Peroni.

Fam. V. AURICULIDA.

492. Auricula, Lam. 1799, 1801; Schum. 1817. Otis, sp. Humph.

1797. Marsyas, Oken, 1818. Geovula, Swains. 1840. Bulimus,

sp. Brug. Ellobium, Bolten. Aur. Mide.

Auriculus, Montf. 1810. <A. Jude.

493. Melampus, Montf. 1810. Melampa, Schweiger. Conovule,

Tam.1812. Conovulus, Lamk., Beck. Conovula, Latr. Co-

novulum, Sow. Pedipes ec, Blainv. Rhodostoma, Swains. 1840.

Vol. coniformis.

Melampus, Say; Beck, 1837, not Montf. Conovulus, sp. Gray.

Mel. lineatus.

494. Cassidula, Férus.; Beck, 1837. Sidula, Gray, 1840. Limax,

sp. Martyn. V. auris felis.

Lirator, Beck, 1837. L. multisulcatus.

Tralia, Gray, 1840. Auricula, sp. Férus. Pythia, sp. Beck. Me-

lampa, Schweiger. V. pusilla.

Melampus, Lowe, not Montf. Mel. zequalis.

Detracia, Gray, 1840. Tornatella, sp. Férus. Vol. bullzeoides.

495. Pedipes, Adans. 1757 ; Blainv. 1825. -Polydonta, sp. Fischer.

Bulimus, sp. Brug. Tornatella, sp. Lamk. P. afra.

496. Marinula, King, 1835. Rhodostoma, sp. Swains. 1840. Pythia,

sp. Beck. M. pepita.

497. Ophicardelus, Beck, 1837. Aur. australis.

498. Alexia, Leach MSS. 1819. Ovatella, Gray, 1840; not Bivon.

Acteon, sp. Flem. Auricula, sp. Lamk. Pythia, Gray, 1821;

Beck, not Schum. Jaminia, Brown, not Risso. Vol. denticulata.

Carychium, sp. Michel. Aur. personata.

499. Leuconia, Gray, 1840. Volvaria, sp. Flem. Voluta alba.

Jaminea, Leach MSS. Vol. bidentata.

Ovatilla, sp. Bivon, 1832. Ovat. bidentata.

500. Scarabus, Montf. 1810. Phytia, Schum. 1817. Polydonta,

Fischer, Beck. Sc. imbrium. ;

Melanopsis, Bose. Strigula, Perry, 1811.

501. Carychium, Miiller, 1774. Bulimus, sp. Brug. Odostomia,

sp. Flem. Auricula,sp. Drap. Auricella, Jurine, Hartm, 1821.

Car. minimum.

180

502. Acmea, Hartm. 1821. Acme, Hartm. 1821. Carychium, sp.

Flem. Cyclostoma, sp. Férus. Bulimus, sp. Turton. Turbo,

sp. Montag. Auricula, sp. Drap. Acicula, Hartm. Cary-

echium, Studer. Turbo fuscus.

Fam. VI. LIMNA AD.

LIMNZINA.

503. Lymnea, Lam. 1801. Limnea, Flem. Limneus, Drap. Lim-

nzeus, Oken, Rossm. Lymnus, Montf. 1810. Lymnea, Blainv.

Limnea, Swains. 1840. Lymnia, Swains. 1837. Lymnophysa,

Fitz. Lymnula, Rafin. Bulimus, sp. Scopoli, 1771. Vesica, sp.

Humph. 1797. Buceinum, sp. Miller. Helix, sp. Linn. Bu-

limus, sp. Brug. Helix stagnalis.

Leptolimnea, Swains. 1840. L. elongata.

Radix, Montf. 1810. Lymnea 3, Schum. Gulnaria, Leach MSS.

1819; Beck, 1837. H. auricularia.

? Espiphylla, Rafin. 1819.

? Clymenis, Rafin. 1819.

? Leptoxis, Rafin. 1819.

? Lomastoma, Rajin. 1819.

? Eutrema, Rafin. 1819.

Omphiscola, Rafin., Beck. Stagnicola, sp. Leach. Bulimus, sp.

Poiret. Bucc. glabrum.

Limnophysa, Fitz., Beck. Galba, Schrank. Lymnea, sp. Lam.

Stagnicola, sp. Leach. Buce. palustre.

504. Chilina, Gray, D’Oré. Limnea, sp. D’Orb. Dombeya, D’ Ord.

Conovula, sp. Lam. Auricula, sp. Férus. Otis, sp. Humph.

Bulimus, sp. Brug. Bul. Dombeyanus.

505. Amphipeplea, Nilsson, 1822. Myxas, Leach MSS.1819. Buc-

cinum, sp. Miiller. Limneus, sp. Drap. ‘ Mixas,” Say. Lutea,

Brown, 1827. Bulimus, sp. Brug. Hel. glutinosa.

506. Bulinus, ddans. 1757. Bullinus, Oken, 1815. Bul. 2

Physa, Drap.; Lam. 1812. Planorbis, sp. Miiller. Bulimus, sp.

Brug. Phyza, Risso, 1826. Anisus, Studer. Rivicola, Fitz.

Bulla fontinalis.

507. Aplexa, Flem. 1824; Beck. Nauta, Leach MSS. 1819. Myxas,

*“ Leach,’ Guild. Physa, Fitz. Limnea, sp. Sow. Bulla

hypnorum.

Diastropha, Guild., Gray. Ph. Guildingii.

Isidora, Hhrenb. 1831; Beck. Ph. truncata.

Camptoceras, Benson, 1834. C. terebra.

CorrTINA.

508. Coretus, Adans. 1757. Planorbis, sp. Guettard?, Miiller.

Planorbis, Geof., Montf. ; not Lam. 1801. Vortex, sp. Humph.

1797. Helix cornea.

Anisus, Fitz., Studer. Spirorbis, Swains. 1840. H. spirorbis.

181

Helisoma, Swains. 1840. H. complanata.

Nautilus, sp. Linn. Turbo, sp. Linn. Turbo nautilus.

_Anisus, Beck. Pl. olivaceus.

Polygyrus, Beck, 1837. Helix contortus.

Dentatus, Beck, 1837. Plan. armatus.

509. Segmentina, Flem. 1824. Hemithalamus, Leach MSS. 1819.

Segmentaria, Swains. 1840. Nautilus, sp. Lightf. Planorbis,

sp. Miller. Naut. lacustris.

Discus, Haldemann, 1840; not Fitz. 1833, nor King, 1844.

D. 2

ANCYLINA.

510. Ancylus, Geof’. 1767 ; Miiller, 1774. Bullinus, sp. Oken, 1815.

Ansulus, Herrm. 1846. Patella, sp. Linn. Pat. fluviatilis.

Calyptra, sp. Klein. Crepidula, sp. Flem. Acroloxus, Beck, 1837.

Velletia, Gray, 1840. Ancylus, sp. Miiller, 1774. Pat. oblonga.

Ancylus, Guild. 1828. Ancy. ?

Fam. VII, AMPHIBOLIDA.

511. Amphibola, Schum. 1817. Ampullacera, Quoy §- Gaim. 1832.

Thalicera, ‘ Quoy,” Swains. 1840. Ampullarina, Sow., not

Blainv. Amph. australis.

Paludina, sp. Sow. Pal. australis.

Fam. VIII. SIPHONARIAD.

512. Siphonaria, Sow., Blainv. 1825. Lepas (Mouret), Adans. 1757.

Mouretia (Gray), Sow. 1835. Muretia, “ Sow.,” D’Orb. Pa-

tella (juniore), Rang. Liria, Gray MSS. 1824. Siph. sipho.

Fam. IX. GADINIAD.

513. Gadinia, Gray, 1824. Lepas gadin, 4dans. 1757. Gad. afra.

Mouretia, Sow. 1835. Mour. peruviana.

Pileopsis, sp. Payr. 1836. Clypeus, Scacchi, 1836; not Brod.

Patella, sp. Phelippi. Acmea, sp.? Philippi. Pat. Garnoti.

Fam. X. CYCLOPHORID.

514. Cyclostomus, Monéf. 1810. Cyclostome, Lam. 1812 (not 1801),

not Schum. 1817. .Cyclostoma, sp. Drap. Turbo elegans.

515. Licina, Browne, 1756. Cyclostoma, sp. Lam. E.M. Cyclostoma,

Swains. 1840, not Lam. 1801. Nerita, sp. Miller. Annularia 3,

Schum. 1817. Turbo labea.

Cistula, Humph. 1797. Cist. fimbriata.

516. Poteria, Gray, 1840.

517. Leonia, Gray, 1840.

Wort! u L. eob* ae

518. ? Lituus, Martyn, 1784; Humph. 1797; not Breyn. 1732. L.

* brevis.

519. Cyclophorus, Montf. 1810. Cyclophora, Swains. 1840. An-

nularia a, Schum. 1817.

520. Cyclotus, Guild., Swains. 1840. Cycl. planorbutus.

521. Myxostoma, Troschel, 1847. Cyc. Petiverianus.

522. Pterocyclos, Benson, 1835. Spiraculum, Pearson, 1835. Pt.

bilabiatus.

523. Farcimen, Troschel, 1847. Cycl. Torta.

524. Megalomastoma, Guild., Swains. 1840. Cyclos. flavulum.

525. Realia, Gray, 1840. R. ?n.s.

526. Callia, Gray, 1840; 1844, 72. C. ? ns.

527. Pupina, Vignard, 1829?; Gray, 1844. Pupina Keraudrenii.

Moulinsia, Grateloup, 1840. Pupina, sp. G. Sow. 1841. M.

Nunezii.

528. Registoma, Hasselt, 1824. Reg. vitreum.

529. Pomatias, Hartm. 1821. Cyclostoma, sp. Lam. Cy. patula.

530. ? Ferussina, Grateloup, 1826. Ferussacia, Lefroy, 1828; not

Risso, 1826. Strophostoma, Desh. 1827. Anastoma, sp. 2

F. anastomeeformis.

Fam. XI. OLIGYRADZ.

531. Oligyra, Say, 183 ? Helicina 6, Blainv. 1825. O. orbiculata.

Helicina, Lam. 1822 (not 1801); not Montf. Hel. neritella.

Pachystoma, Swains. 1840. P. occidentalis.

Trochatella, Swains. 1840. H. pulchella.

Ampullina, Blainv. 1825. A. striata.

Oligyra, Swains. 1840. H. rhodostoma.

532. Lucidella, Swains. 1840. H. aureola.

Helix, sp. Férus. Helicina, sp. Gray.

533. Alcadia, Gray, 1840. Helicina, Swazns. 1840. H. major.

Fam. XII. PROSERPINIDZ.

534. Proserpina, Gray, 1840 (Procerpena misprint). Odontostoma,

D’ Orb. 1842, P. linguifera.

183

Class II. CONCHIFERA.

Order I. PHYLLOPODA.

Fam. I. VENERID.

MERETRICINA.

535. Dosinia, Scopoli, 1771. Chama (Dosin), 4dans. Venus ?

Arthemis and Arthemiderma, Poli, 1791 (Artemis, Gray, Forbes).

Orbiculus 6, Megerle, 1811. Exoleta, Brown, 1827. Asa, Leach,

1819. Venus 6, Schum. 1817. Circompholos, Klein. Venus

exoleta.

Arctoé, Risso, 1826. Arct. nitidissima.

Lucina, sp. Lam. 1818. Cytherea, sp. Macgill. Artemis, sp.

Reclus. Mysia, sp. King. V. undata.

536. Meretrix, Lam. 1801. Cytherea, Lam. 1818; Schum. 1817;

Gray, 1838. Cytheree, Lam. 1812. Callista, sp. Poli. Venus

Meretrix.

537. Cuneus, Megerle, 1811; not Dacosta. Meroé, Schum. 1817 ;

Gray, 1838. Venus Meroé.

538. Grateloupia, Desmoul. 1828; Gray, 1838. Gratelupia, Pol. §

Mich. Donax irregularis.

539. Trigona, Megerle, 1811; Schum. 1817; Gray, 1838. Venus

mactroides.

Trigona, Megerle, 1811. Venus donacina.

540. Dione. Venus, Megerle, 1811; Schum.1817. Cytherea, sp.

Lam. 1818. Chione, sp. Gray, 1838; not Megerle. Venus

Dione.

Chione, Gray, 1838. Callista and Callistoderma, sp. Poli, 1795.

Cytherea, sp. Swains. 1840. Venus Chione.

541. Circe, Schum. 1817. Cytherea, sp. Lamk. Venus scripta.

542. Venus, Linn.; Lam. 1801. Dosina, Gray, 1838. Clausina, sp.

_ Brown, 1827; not Jeffreys. Callista and Callistoderma, sp.

Poli, 1795. Venus verrucosa.

Venus, sp. Swains. 1840, 372. V. puerpera.

VENUSINA.

543. Mercenaria, Schum. 1817. Venus, sp. Lam. Venus Mercenaria.

544, Anomalocardia, Schum. 1817. Venus m (Triquetra), Blainv.

1825. Venus flexuosa.

545. Cyprina, Lam. 1818. Cyprine, Lam. 1812. Arctica, Schum.

1817. Venus Islandica.

546. Chione, Megerle, 1811; not Gray, 1838. Venus, sp. Linn. §&

Lam. Venus Dysera.

184

Chione, Megerle, 1811. Callista and Callistoderma, sp. Polt.

Ortygia, Brown, 1827. Venus gallina.

Timoclea, Leach MSS. 1819; Brown, 1827. Venus ovata.

Antigone Schum. 1817. Venus cancellata.

547. Tapes, Megerle, 1811. Callista and Callistoderma, sp. Poli, 1795.

Venus litteratus.

Pullastra, sp. Sow. Tapes, sp. Schum. 1817. Capsa, sp. Leach,

1817; not Lam. VY. Pullastra.

548. Rupellaria, Bellev. 1802. Rupellare, Zam. 1812. Venerupis,

Lam. 1818 ; Turton, 1822. Venus 3. (Rupereile), Blainv. 1825.

Venus perforans.

Irus, Oken, 1815. Capsa, sp. Leach, 1819. Petricola, sp. Turton,

1822; D’Orb. Venerupes, Swains. 1840, Donax Irus.

Venus, sp. Olivi. Venus Lithophagus.

? Petricola, Lam.1810. Petr. sulcata.

549. Clementia, Gray, 1840. Venus papyracea, Gray in Wood Supp.

f. 8.

549*. Glauconome, Gray, 1829. G. chinensis.

550. Capsa, Lam. 1801 (not 1818). Capsula, Schum. 1817. San-

guinolaria, sp. Lam. 1818. Solen §, Megerle, 1811. Psam-

mobia, sp. Turton, 1822; Sow. Venus deflorata.

551. Petricola, Lam. 1801; sp. 1818. Venus, sp. Retzivs. Venus

Lithophagus.

Petricola, sp. Lam. 1801 & 1818. Pet. striata.

Gastrana a, Schum. 1817. ‘Tellina guinaica.

Gastrana 3, Schum. 1817. Corbula, sp. Brug. Venus monstrosa.

Psammobia, sp. Lam. 1818. Tellina fragilis.

? Choristodon, Jonas. Ch. typicum.

? Mysia, sp. Leach.

Fam. Il. CORBICULAD.

552. Corbicula, Megerle, 1811. Cyclas, sp. Zam. 1801. Cyrena a,

sp. Lam. 1818; from Chemn, vi. f.320. Corb. fluminalis.

Cyclas, Schum. 1817. ?% Cyrenaa, sp. Lam. Cye. levigata.

Cyprina, sp. Lesson, 1830; not Lam. Cyrena a, sp. Lam. 1818.

Cyrena violacea.

553. Cyrena B, Lam. 1818. Geloina, Gray, 1844, 75. Cyr. zey-

lanica.

Cyrena, Sow. Cyr. sumatrensis.

Cyclas, Bose. Cyc. carolinensis.

554. Velorita, Gray, 1844, 75. Cyrena, sp. Gray. Cyr. cyprinoides.

555. Spherium, Scopoli, 1777. Nux, Humph. 1797. Cyelas, sp.

Lam. 1801. Cyclas, Lam. 1818. Cornea, Megerle, 1811.

Tellina cornea.

556. Pisum, Megerle, 1811; not Linn. Pisidium, Pfeiffer. Pera,

185

Leach MSS.1819; Gray. Euglesia, Leach MSS. 1820. Car-

dium, sp. Poli. Tellina amnica.

Galileja, Costa, 1846. Cyclas fontinalis.

Fam. III. CARDIADA.

557. Cardium, Linn.; Lam. 1801; Megerle, 1811; Swains. 1840.

Cerastes and Cerastodermi, sp. Poli. Pectunculus, Adans. Card.

costatum. ,

Levicardium, Swains. 1840. C. levigatum.

Levicardium, sp. Swains. 1840. C. Molicum.

Hemicardium, Swains. 1840. C. unedo.

558. Cardissa, Megerle, 1811. Hemicardium, Cuvier, 1817. Hemi-

cardia, Klein, 1753. ‘ Fragrum and Corculum,” Bolten, 1778.

Isocardia, Oken, 1817. Card. Cardissa.

559. Aphrodite, Lea ; 183 ? not Linn. Serripes, Beck MSS. Acardo,

Swains. 1840; not Brug. nor Lamk. Mactra, sp. Don. Car-

dium edentulum.

Corbula, sp. Hichwald, 1838. Corb. caspia.

Cardium, sp. Hichw. 1838. Card. protractum.

Glycimeris, Hichw. 1838. Gly. leviuscula.

Hypnaxis, Pander, 1830. Monodacna and Adacna, Eichw. 1838.

' M. ?

560. Papyridea, Swans. 1840. Card. Soleniforme. |

Papyridea, sp. Swains. Card. rmgens.

561.? Cardium, sp. Lam. Hippopus, sp. Sow. Pleurorhynchus, sp.

Swains. 1840. Card. avicularia.

Fam. IV. MACTRAD.

562. Mactra, Linn. ; Lam. 1801; Gray, 1837. Callista and Callisto-

derma, sp. Poli, 1791. Trigonella, sp. Dacosta, 1778 ; not Dec.

Mact. stultorum.

563. Schizodesma, Gray, 1837. Mactra a, Schum. 1817. M. Spen-

gleri. .

564. Spisula, Gray, 1837. Mactra, sp. Lam. Trigonella, sp. Dacosta,

1778. M. solida.

Hemimactra, Swains. 1840. M. gigantea.

565. Cypricia, Gray, 1837. Anatina, Schum. 1817; not Lam. Mac-

tra, sp. Spengler. Labiosa, Schmidt MSS. ; Moller, 1832. Lu-

traria, sp. Lam., Sow. Listera, sp. Menke, 1830. M. anatina.

566. Lutraria, Lam. 1799, 1801 ; Schum. 1817; Gray, 1837. Lutri-

cola, Blainv. 1825. Cultellus, Sow. ; not Schum. Mya oblonga.

Lutraria, Megerle, 1811. Mact. Lutraria.

Lutraria, sp. Zam. Mact. rugosa.

567. Cryptodon, Conrad, 1837 ;. not Turton, 1822. Lutraria, sp.

Conrad. C. Nuttallii.

186

568. Mulinia, Gray, 1837 (Moulinea, Philippi). M. lateralis.

569. Gnathodon, Gray, 1837 ; Rang. Clathodon, Sow. Clathrodon,

Conrad. Rangia, Desmoul.18 ? Gn. cuneatus.

570. Anatinella, Sow. ; Desh. 1835. A. Sibbaldi.

571.? Mactrula, Risso, 1826. M. Trinitea.

Fam. V. PAPHIAD.

572. Paphia, Lam. 1801. Crassatella, sp. Lam. 1818. Erycina, sp.

Sow. Mesodesma, sp. Desh. 1835. Eryx, Swains. 1840; not

Daud. Paphia glabrata.

Mesodesma, sp. Desh. 1835. Mya nove zelandiz.

Donacilla, sp. D’Orb. Erycina, sp. Brod. 1832. E. solenoides.

Donacilla, Lam. 1818. Donacille, Zam. 1812. Donacina, Blainv.

Amphidesma, sp. Lam. 1818. Mactra, sp. Poli. Mesodesma,

sp. Desh. 1830. Erycina, sp. Sow. Peronzea and Peroneoderma,

sp. Poli, 1791. Mactra cornea.

Erycina, sp. Reclus, 1844. Erye. Deshayii.

573. Anapa, Gray, 1844. Erycina, sp. Reclus, D’Orb. E. Petitiana.

574. ? Ervillia, Turton, 1822. Ervillia, sp. Reclus, 1846. E. nitens.

Fam. VI. TELLINIDZ.

575. Psammobia, Lam. 1818; Sow. Tellina, sp. Linn. Gari a,

Schum. 1817. Solen, Megerle, 1811. Peronzea and Peroneo-

derma, sp. Poli. Tellina Gari.

Azor, Leach MSS.1819. Solen vespertinus.

Psammotea, Lam. 1818. Psam. zonalis.

576. Gari B, Schum. 1817, 132. Tellina, sp. Spengler § Lamk. San-

guinolaria, sp. Desh. Tellina papyracea.

? Serobicularia 3, Schum. 1817. Tel. angulata.

577. Tellina, Linn. ; Lam.1801. Peronea, sp. Poli. Tel. radiata.

Angulus, Megerle, 1811. Psammotea, Lam. 1818. Tel. lanceolata. .

Macroma, Leach, 1819. M. tenera.

Psammotea, Turton, 1822. Tel. solidula.

Tellinides, Zam. 1818. Tel. timorensis.

Tellinides, Sow. Tel. roseus.

Omala, Schum. 1817. TT. planata.

Phylloda, Schum. 1817. TT. foliacea.

578. Arcopagia, Leach, 1816; Brown, 1827. Tel. crassa.

Tellina 3, Megerle, 1811. Tel. scrobinata.

Solecurtus, sp. Gray. Psammobia, sp. Philippi. Arcopagia, sp.

D Orb. 8. solida.

579. Strigilla, sp. Turton, 1822. Lucina, sp. Lamk. Tellina carnaria.

580. Semele, Schum. 1817. Amphidesma, sp. Gray, Sow. Tel. re-

ticulata.

187

Amphidesma, sp. Lam. 1818. Tellina, sp. Brug. Amph. variegata.

Cumingia, Sow. 1833. Lavignon, sp. D’Orb. C. lamellosa.

581. Arenaria, Megerle, 1811; not Linn. Scrobicularia a, Schum.

1817. Ligula /3, sp. Montag.1808. Abra, sp. Leach MSS.1819.

Lavignon, Cuvier, 1817. Lavignonus, Férus. 1821. Listera,

Turton, 1822; Menke; not R. Brown. Lutricola, Blainv. Lu-

traria, Swains. 1840. Amphidesma, sp. Sow. Lutraria, sp.

Lam. 1818. Trigonella, Loven, 1846. Trigonella, sp. Dacoséa,

1778. Chama calcinella, ddans. Mya compressa.

582. Abra, Leach MSS. 1817 (fide Lam. 1818). Syndosmya, Reeluz,

1846 ; Loven. Amphidesma, sp. Lam. Ligula 8, Montag. 1808 ;

not Menke, 1830. Mactra tenuis.

Abra, Risso, 1826. A. fragilis.

Erycina, Lam. 1818? ; Philippi, 1846. Amphidesma, sp. Lam. ;

Turton, 1822. Mactra Boysii.

Tellina, sp. Poli. T. rubiginosa.

583. Donax, Linn. ; Lam. 1801. Tellina, Adans. 1757. Peronzea,

sp. Poli. Donax rugosa.

Donax, sp. Scopoli, 1777. Don. 2

Capisteria, Gevers, 1787. Don. 2

Hecuba, Schum. 1817. Donax, Swains. Donax, sp. Lam, Don,

scrotum.

Chion, Scopoli, 1777. Don. denticulata.

Latona, Schum. 1817. Don. cuneata.

Capsa, sp. Sow. D. complanata.

Potamomya, J. Sow. ; D’ Orb. A. M.; not Hinds.

584. Iphigenia, Schum. 1817 ; not Gray, 1821. Capsa, Lam. 1818 ;

not 1801. Donacina, Férus.; not Blainv. Donax, sp. Gmel.,

D’Orb. Don. leevigata.

?Capsa, Turton, 1822. Don. castanea.

585. Galathea, Brug. 1798; Lam. 1812; not Fab. Egeria, Roissy,

1805; not Lea, 1833, nor Leach, 1815. Potamophila, Sow. ;

not . Megadesma, Bowdich,18 %; Swains.1840. Ga-

lateola, Flem.1828. Pectunculus, sp. Humph.1797. Tellina,

sp. Dillw. Venus, sp. Born. Venus reclusa.

Order IT. CLADOPODA.

Fam. I. PHOLADID.

PHOLADINA.

586. Pholas, Linn. ; Lam. 1801. Ph. costatus.

Barnia, Leach MSS.1819. Barnea, Risso, 1826. Ph. candida.

Pholas, Adans.1757. Ph. Tulan.

Pholas, sp. Montag. Ph. parva.

587. Dactylina. Pholas, sp. Linn. ; Lam. 1818. Hypogza and Hy-

pogeoderma, Poli, 1791. Pi. Dactylus.

Thovana, Leach MSS. 1818. Ph. oblongata.

188

588. Zirfeea, Leach, 1817. Ph. crispata.

589. Pholadidea, Turton, 1819. Pholadidoidea, ‘‘ Goodall” ; Blainv.

' 1825. Pholideea, “ Leach”; Swains. 1840. Pholas, sp. Turton.

Phol. papyracea.

590. Talona, Gray, 1840. Teredo clausa.

591. Xylophaga, Turton, 1822. Pholas, sp. Desh. 1835. Xyl. dor-

salis.

592. Jouannetia, Desmoulin, 1828. Pholas, sp. Desh. 1835. Jouan.

semicaudata.

593. Martesia, “ Leach, 1818” ; Blainv. 1825; Menke, 1830. Mac-

tesia, Mactresia, Gray, Agassiz (misprint). Pholas, Megerle,

1811. Pholas D, Blainv. Ph. striatus.

Martesia, sp. Leach. Mytilus, sp. Spengler. Myt. lithophagus.

594. Teredina, Lam. 1818. Fistulana, Lam. Teredo, sp. Sow. Tered.

personata.

TEREDINA.

595. Cuphus, .Guettard, 1772. Kuphus, Gray, 1840. Kyphus,

Agassiz. Furcella, Oken, 1815. Septaria, Lam. 1816. Clau-

saria, Menke, 1828. Clossonaria, Férus. Teredo, sp. Pallas,

Home. Solen arenaria, Humph. Serpula, sp. Linn. Serpula

polythalamia.

596. Guetera, Gray, Syn. 1840. Fistulana, sp. Lam. 1818. Fist.

corniformis.

Teredo, Megerle, 1811. Teredo, sp. Spengler. Fistulana, sp.

Iam. 1818. Teredo clava.

597. Xylotrya, Leach MSS. 1817; Menke, 1830. Bankia, Gray,

1840. Teredo a, Schum. 1817. Teredo, sp. Lam. 1801 ; Turton.

Teredo 3, Blainv. Teredo bipalmulata, Lam.

598. Teredo, Linn. ; Lam. 1801. Teredo a, Blainv. Tered. nor-

vegica,

Malleolus. Tered. Malleolus.

Fam. II. GASTROCHENIDE.

599. Penicillus, Brug. 1789; Eam.1801. Aspergillum, Zam. 1818.

Adspergillum, Menke, 1830. Arrosoir, Lam. 1812. Clepsydra,

Schum. 1817. Aquaria, Perry, 1811. Aryteena, Oken, 1815.

Solen Phalloides, A7ein. Serpula, sp. Dillw. Serpula Aquaria.

600. Foegia, Gray, 1840. Aspergillum, sp. Lam. 1818. Aspergillum

novee zelandiz.

601. Bryopa, Gray, 1840. Clavagella, sp. Sow. § Brod. ; Philippi.

Clay. aperta.

602. Clavagella, Lam. 1818; Blainv. Clavagelle, Zam. 1812. Fis-

tulana, sp. Lam. Glycimeris, sp. Lam. (valve only). Clav.

echinata.

189

603. Chena a, Retz. 1788; Schum. 1817. Fistulana, Zam. 1801 ;

Megerle, 1811. Gastrocheena f, Blainv. 1825. Ch. mumia.

604. Gastrocheena, Spengler, 1780. Gastrochena, Swains. 1840.

Chena 6, Retz. 1788; Schum.1817. Fistulana, Brug. 1792;

Lam. 1801. Roxellana, Bellev. Trapezium, Megerle, 1811.

Fistulana, sp. Blainv. Pholas, sp. Chemn. ?% Quoyie, Desh.

(E. M. ii. 247), 1830. Mya dubia.

Fam. III. SOLENIDZ.

605. Solen, Linn.; Lamk. 1801; Schum. 1817. Vagina, Megerle,

1811; Desmoul. 1832. Solen @. vagina, Blainv. Hypogzea, sp.

Poli. Sol. vagina.

606. Ensis, Schum. 1817. Ensatella, Swains. 1840. Hypogeea, sp.

Poli. Sol. Ensis.

607. Pharus, Leach, 1817. Solecurtus c, Blainv. Solecurtoides,

Desmoul. Psammobia, sp. Turton, 1822. Hypogzea, sp. Poli.

Sol. legumen.

608. Macha, Oken, 1815. Solecurtus, Desh. Solecurtus 6, Blainv.

1825. Chama golar, 4dans. Hypogea and Hypogzeoderma,

sp. Poli. Psammobia, sp. Turton. Solen strigillatus.

Solen a, Blainv. Sol. cultellus.

Psammobia, sp. Turton, 1822. Psam. scopulosa.

609. Azor, Leach MSS.1819. Psammobia, sp. Turton. Solen an-

tiquatus.

610. Sanguinolaria, Lam. 1801; Sow. ‘Lobaria, Schum. 1817 ; not

Miilier. Aulus, Oken, 1817. Soletellina, Desm. 1832. Psam-

mobia, sp. Desh. Tellina and Solen, sp. Gmelin. Tellina rosea.

Sanguinolaria, sp. Lam. 1818. Sol. occidens.

Psammobia, sp. Lam. 1818. Psam. violacea.

Psammotea, sp. Lam. 1818. Psammobia, sp. Sow. Psam. sero- -

tina.

611. Tagelus. Siliquaria, Schum. 1817 ; not Brug. 1789, nor Lam.

1801. Solen (tagel), Adans. 1757. Solecurtus, sp. D’Ord.

Sol. guinensis.

Novaculina, Benson, 1830. Solecurtus, sp. D’Ord. N. gangeticus.

612. Siliqua, Megerle, 1811. Leguminaria, Schum. 1817. Solecurtus,

Blainv. ; not Desh. Solecurtoides, sp. Desmoul. Solenocurtis,

Swains. 1840. Macheera, Gould. Solen, sp. Gmelin, Say.

Solen radiatus.

613. Cultellus, Schum. 1817 ; Desmoul. 1832. Solen lacteus.

614. Soletellina, Blainy. 1825; Desmoul. 1832. Sanguinolaria, sp.

Sow. Psammobia, sp. Desh. Solen, sp. Chemn.; Lam. 1818.

Solen Diphos.

615. Glycimeris, Lam. 1799 ; not 1801 nor 1812. Panopea, Menard,

190

1807 ; Lam. 1812. Ponopia, Swains. 1840. Chama Glycimeris,

Aldrov. Mya Glycimeris. -

Glycimeris, Lam. 1812. Gl. arctica.

Pholadomya, sp. Conrad. Ph. abrupta.

616. Cyrtodaria, Daud. 1799; Oken, 1815. Glycimeris, Lam. 1801

& 1812; not 1799, nor Schum. 1817. Mya Siliqua.

Fam. IV. NUCULIDZ.

617. Nucula, Zam. 1801. Polydonta, Megerle, 1811. Glycimeris,

sp. DaCosta. Tellinaand Donax, sp. Gmelin. Areca, sp. Linn.

Arca Nucleus.

618. Nuculina, D’Orb. 1845. Nucula, sp. Desh. Nuc. miliaris.

619. Leda, Schum. 1817; Lovén, 1846. Lembulus, Leach MSS.

1819. Nucula, sp. Zam. Arca pella.

Lembulus, sp. Risso, 1826. lL. Roissianus.

620. Yoldia, Moller, 184 ? Mboldia, Gray (misprint), 1847. Arca

Nucula, sp. Moller. Yoldia, sp. Lovén, 1846. N. lenticula.

621. Solenella, Sow. 1832. Malletia, Desmoulin, 1832. Ctenoconcha,

Gray, 1840. 8S. Norrisii.

Fam. V. MYADZ.

622. Mya, Linn. ; Lam. 1801; Schum. 1817. M. truncata.

Mya, Megerle, 1811. Mya, Blainv. Spheenia, sp. Turton, 1822,

jun. M. arenaria.

623. Platyodon, Conrad, 1817. Mya cancellata.

' 624. Sphenia, sp. Leach MSS. 1819; Turton, 1822. Spheena,

Swains. 1840. Sp. Binghami.

? Arcinella, Philippi, 1844; not Oken nor Schum. Are. levis.

625, Tugonia, Gray, 1840. Pholas (Tugon), ddans. 1757. Mya,

sp. Gmelin, Basterot. Anatina, sp. Lam. 1812. Mya Anatina.

Fam. VI. ANATINID.

626. Laternula, Bolten, 1798. Auriscalpium, Megerle, 1811; Schum.

1817. Anatina, sp. Lam. 1812. Solen anatinus.

Anatina, Blainv. 1825. An. subrostrata.

Auriscalpium 8, Schum. 1817. A. globulosum.

627. Periploma, Schum. 1817. Osteodesma a, Blainv.; not Desh.

Anatina, sp. Lam. 1812. Corbula, sp. Brug. P. inzequivalvis.

628. Cochlodesma, Couthouy, 1839, Bontia, Leach MSS. 1819;

191

Brown, 1844. Ligula, sp. Montag. 1800 (Soland. MSS. ?) ; not

Humph. 1797. Anatina, sp. Turton, Conrad. Mya, sp. Montag-

Spoonhinge, Petiver. Mya pretenuis.

629. Cardilia, Desh. 1835. Hemicyclonosta, Desh. 1837 ; Michelin,

1837 (Hemicyclostoma, Gray, and Hemicyclostera, Brown, errors

of press). Isocardia, sp. Lam. I.—~?

630. Rupicola, Be/lev.; Lam. 1812. Osteodesma 3, Blainv. 1825.

Anatina ec, Schum. 1817. Thracia, sp. Brown, 1827. Ligula,

sp. Montag. Mya distorta.

631. Thracia, Leach MSS.1819; Desh. 1835. Odoncincta, Costa,

1827. Odontocincta, Agassiz. Odoucyneta, Cantr. Cineto-

donta, Herrm. 1847. Osteodesma, sp. Blainv. 1825. Tellina,

sp. Poli. Amphidesma, sp. Lam. 1812. Anatina, sp. Lam.,

Turton. Ligula, sp. Montag. 1808 ; not Humph. 1797. Mya

pubescens.

Thracia, Blainv. 1825. Th. Corbuloides.

Thracia, Conrad. Th. rugosa.

632. Magdala, Leach MSS.1819; Brown, 1827. Hiatella, Brown,

1827; not Daud. Myatella, Brown, 1833 & 1844. Lyonsia,

Turton, 1822. Mya, sp. Chemn. Amphidesma, sp. Lam. Ana-

tina, sp. Sow. Pandora? sp. Philippi, 1838. Osteodesma, sp.

Desh. 1835; not Blainv.. Tetragonostea, Desh. 1835. Mya

norvegica.

Pandorina, Scacchi, 1836. Tellina, sp. Scacchi, 1833. Pand. co-

ruscans.

Anatina, sp. Gray. Anat. cuneata.

Osteodesma, sp. Couthouy. Ost. hyalina.

633. Myodora, Gray, 1840. Myadora, “Gray,” Reeve. Anatina,

sp. Stutch. Anat. brevis. *

634. Camostrea, Roissy,18 ?; Blainv. 1825. Cleidotherus, Stutch.

1835. Chama e, Blainv. 1825. ‘Ch. hemicardium.

635. Myochama, Stutch. 1835; Sow. Myo. anomioides.

636.? Poromya, Forbes, 1843. Por. anatinoides.

Fam. VII. CORBULIDA.

637. Corbula, Brug. 1792; Lam. 1811. Aloidis, Megerle, 1811.

Corb. sulcata.

Agina, Turt. 1822. Tellina, sp. Olivi. Corbula, sp. Brug. Mya

inzequivalvis.

Lentidium, Christ. & Jans. Corb. mediterranea.

Erycina, sp. Lam. Erye. trigona.

638. Azara, D’ Orb. 1839. Potamomya, Hinds, 1843; not J. Sow.

Mya labiata. ;

639. Erodina, Daud.17 ?; Bose. Corbula, sp. Desh. Pacyodon,

Beck MSS. Mya, sp. Lam. Mya Erodina. :

? Tellina, sp. Chemn. ‘Tel. guianaca.

192

640. Harlea, Gray, 1844,78. Corbula, n. s.

641. Tomala, Gray, 1844, 78. Corbvila, n. s.

642. Raleta, Gray, 1844, 78. Corbula, n. s.

643. Neara, Gray, 1830. Anatina, sp. Lam. Mya rostrata.

Erycina cuspidata, Risso, 1826 ; not Lam. Tellina, sp. Olivi. Cor-

bula, Brown. Cuspidaria, Nardo. Thracia, sp. Brown. N.

brevirostris.

Fam. VIII. PANDORIDZ.

644. Pandora, Soland.; Brug. 1792; Lam. 1801; Schum. 1817;

not Megerle, 1811. Placuna, sp. Humph. Hypogzea, sp. Poli.

Tellina inzequivalvis.

Fam. IX. SOLENOMYADZ.

645. Solemya, Lam. 1818; Blainv. 1825. Solenomya, Menke, 1830.

Solenymia, Swains. 1840. Solenimya, Bowdich, Sow. S. me-

diterranea.

Fam. X. GALEOMMID.

646. Galeomma, Turton, 1825; Philippi. Hiatella, Costa; Chiqe ;

not Daud. Parthenope, Scacchi, 1836; not Fab. Gal. Tur-

tonii.

Psammobia, sp. Lam. 1818. Ps. aurantia.

Psammobia, sp. Quoy §- Gaim. Ps. vitrea.

Fam. XI. LASIADZ.

647. Lasea, Leach MSS. 1819; Brown, 1827. Kellia, sp. Turton,

1822. Bornia, sp. Philippi, 1836. Erycina, sp. Scacchi. Am-

phidesma, sp. Lam. 1818. Petricola, sp. Gray, 1825. Poronia,

sp. Thorpe. Cardium rubrum.

Cycladina, Cantraine, 1830. Poronia, Recluz, 1846. Chama

(poron), Adanson. Tellina Adansonii.

648. Kellia, sp. Turt. 1822. Bornia, sp. Philippi, 1836. Amphi-

desma, sp. Lam. 1818. Erycina, sp. Payr. 1826; Reeluz.

Chironia, Desh. 184 ? Petricola, sp. Gray, 1828. Tellimya,

sp. Brown. Mya suborbicularis.

649. Cyamium, Philippi, 1845. Cy. antarcticum.

Cyamium, Loven, 1846. Leszea, sp. Moller. Montacuta, sp. Bean.

Erycina, sp. Recluz. Venus, sp. O. Fab. Solen, sp. Flem.

Saxicava, sp. Brown. Mya purpurea.

650. Montacuta, (sp.) Turt. 1822; Lovén, 1846. Tellimya, sp.

Brown. Ligula, sp. Montag. Mya substriata.

Petricola, sp. Gray, 1825. Mya bidentata.

Tellimya, sp. Brown, 1827. Montacuta, sp. Turt. 1822. Poronia,

sp. Jeffreys. Mya ferruginea. .

651.

652.

653.

654.

655.

656.

657.

193

Clausina, Jeffreys, 1847 ; not Brown. Kellia, sp. Forbes, 1843.

Artemis, sp. Jeffreys. Cryptodon, sp. dider. Cl. ferruginosa.

Embla, Loven, 1846. E. Koreni.

Fam. XII. LEPTONID.

Lepton, Turton, 1822. Mactra, sp. Montag. Mactra squamosa.

Fam. XIII. SAXICAVIDA.

Saxicava, Bellev. 1802. Saxicave, Lam. 1812. Glycimeris,

Schum. 1817 ; not Lam. 1799 nor 1801. Byssomya, Cuv. 1817.

Byssonia, Blainv. 1825. Byssomia, Desh. Pholeobia, Leach,

1819. ?Clotho, Faujas. Hypogezea, sp. Poli, 1791. Mytilus,

sp. Linn., Montag. Mya, sp. Fab., Miller. Mytilus rugosus.

Hiatella, Daud. ; Bosc, 1802. Diodonta, Schum. 1817. Rhom-

boides, Blainv. 1825. Biapholus, Leach, 1819; Blainv. Car-

dita, sp. Brug. Donax, sp. Poli. Corbula, sp. Blainv. Saxi-

cava, sp. Blainv. Hyatella, D’Oré. Mya, sp. Brocchi. Solen,

sp. Linn. Solen minutus.

? Entodesma, Philippi, 1845. E. chilensis.

Order II]. GONIOPODA.

Fam. I. CHAMIDZ.

Chama, Linn. ; Lam. 1801. Jataronus, ddans.1757. Macro-

phyllum, Gevers, 1766. Psilopus, sp. Poli, 1791; Oken, 1815.

Licinia, sp. Humph. 1797. Gryphus, Humph. MSS. 1797.

Lazarus, Cuv. 1800. Cham. Lazarus.

? Diceras, Lam. (internal cast). OD, arietina.

658.

699.

660.

661.

662.

Arcinella, Schum.1817; not Philippi. Licinia, sp. Humph.1797.

Gryphus, Humph. MSS.1797. Chama (3, Blainv. 1825. Ch.

Arcinella.

Fam. Il. ETHERIADZ.

Etheria, Lam. 1808 ; Blajnv. 1825; not Raf. Astheria, Menke,

1830; Koenig. Etherea, Schw. E. semilunata.

? Mulleria, Férus. 1823; Sow. Etheria plumbea (jun.), Desh.

M. lobata.

Fam. III. CARDITID.

Venericardia, Zam. 1801. Cardita c, Blainy. Cardita, sp.

Desh. Cardissa, Oken, 1815. VV. imbricata.

Cardita, Brug. 1789; Lam. 1801. Cardita 6, Schum. 1817.

194

Chama, sp. Linn. Trapezium, sp. Humph. 1797. Chama caly-

culata.

Cardita a, Schum. 1817. Venericardia, sp. Payr. Limnea, sp.

Poli; not Lamk. Chama antiquata.

Agaria, Gray, 1840. Cardito-cardite, Blainv. Cardita, sp. Lam.

Chama Agar.

Glans, Megerle, 1811. Card. trapezia.

663. Mytilicardia, Blainy. 1825. Mytilicardita, Anton. Cardita, sp.

Lam. Jesonia, Gray, 1840. Chama Jeson.

664. Trapezium, Megerle, 1811. Trapezium, sp. Humph. 1797.

Cypricardia, sp. Lam. Cyp. angulata.

665. Libitina, Schum. 1817. Cypricardia, Lam. 1818. Cardita, sp.

Brug. Cardita D, Blainv. Cham. guinaica.

666. Coralliophaga, Blainv. 1825. Cardita, sp. Brug. Cypricardia,

sp. Lam. ; Risso. Chama Coralliophaga.

667. Byssomya, Payr. 1826; not Cuv. 1817. Saxicava, sp. Desh.

Bys. Guerini.

668. ? Opis, Defrance, 1825. Trigonia c, Blainv. Ophis, Gray,

1840. OQ. cardissoides.

669. ? Myoconcha, J. Sow. ; Blainv.

670. ? Hippopodium, Conybeare ; J. Sow. 1819.

Fam. IV. PHOLADOMYAD.

671. Pholadomya, Sow., Desh. Ph. candida.

Cardita, J. Sow. Ph. producta.

Mya, J. Sow. Ph. angulifera.

Fam. V. ASTARTID#,

672. Astarte, J. Sow. 1816. Crassina, Zam. 1818. Venus, sp.

Montag., Blainv. A. Damnoniensis.

Goodallia, Turton, 1822. Mactrina, Brown, 1827. Mactra, sp.

Montag. Mactra triangularis.

Nicania, Leach, 1819. Venus Q, Blainv. 1825. N. Banksii.

Cypricardia, sp. Lam. 1819. C. Modiolaris.

Tellina, sp. Poli. Tel. fusca.

673. ? Cardinia, Agassiz, 1846 ; not Agassiz, 1841.

674. Megalodon, J. Sow. ; not Agassiz. Megalodus, Goldf.

Fam. VI. CRASSATELLID®.

675. Crassatella, Lam. 1801, 1818. Venus, sp. Gmelin. Mactra 3,

Schum. 1817. Ven. ponderosa.

Paphia, sp. Lam. 1801. Crassatella, sp. Zam. 1818. Ven. con-

traria.

195

Crassatella, Sow. C. Kingicola.

? Ptychomya, Agassiz.

Fam. VII. GLOSSID.

676. Glossus, Poli, 1795; Oken,1815. Trapezium, sp. Humph.1797.

Bucardium, Megerle, 1811; Schum. 1817. Bucardia, Lister.

Isocardia, Lam. 1799, 1801, 1818; not Klein. Isocardium,

Blainv. 1825; Risso, 1826. Chama, sp. Linn. UCardita, sp. _

Brug.1792. Cardium, sp. Bolten. Chama Cor.

Isocardia, sp. Lam. Ch. Molkiana.

Fam. VIII. LUCINID.

677. Lucina, Brug. 1792; Lam. 1801. Venus, sp. Gmel. Phacoides,

Blainv. 1825. Ven. jamaicensis.

Lucina, Schum. 1817. V. pennsylvanica.

Triodonta, Schum. 1817. Astarte, sp. Gray, 1825. Venus, sp.

Chemn. Ven. borealis.

Thiatira, sp. Leach, 1819. Tellina, sp. Mont. Ven. spuria.

Strigella, sp. Turton, 1822. Tel. divaricata.

Cyrachea, Leach MSS.1819. Myrtea, Turt. 1822. Ortygia, sp.

Brown, 1827. Venus, sp. Montag. Lucina, sp. Philippi. Venus

spinifera.

678. Mysia, Leach MSS. 1819; T. Brown, 1827. Diplodonta, sp.

Philippi, 1836. Psammobia, sp. Flem. Lucina, sp. Turt. 1822 ;

Lam. Tellina, sp. Montag. Tel. rotundata.

Diplodonta, Bronn, 1831. Venus Lupinus.

679. Cyrenoida, Joannis, 1835. Cyrenella, Desh. 1835. Cyrenoides,

G. B. Sow. 1842. Cyr. Dupontia.

680. Thyasira, Leach MSS. 1817 ; fide Lam. 1818. Thyatira, Leach

MSS. 1819; fide Jeffreys. Thiatisa, sp. Leach Cat. 1819.

Bequania, Leach ; fide Brown. Cryptodon, Turton, 1822. Pty-

china, Philippi, 1836. Axinus, “Sow.” ; Loven, 1846. Tel-

lina, sp. Montag. Lucina, sp. Lam. 1818. Amphidesma, sp.

Lam.1818. Tellina flexuosa.

681. Fimbria, Megerle, 1811. Idothea, Schum. 1817. Corbis, Cu-

vier, 1817. Idotea, Desh. Lucina E, Blainv. 1825. Lu-

cina, sp. Brug. Trapezium, sp. Humph. Venus fimbriata.

682. Loripes (or Loripoderma), Poli, 1792. Ligula, Menke, 1830 ;

not Montag. Tellinaa, Megerle, 1811. Amphidesma, sp. Lam.

1818. Lucina, sp. Lam. 1818. Thiatisa, sp. Leach, 1819.

Venus lactea.

? Taras, Risso, 1826. T. antiquatus.

Ungulina, Daud., Roissy, Lam. 1812. U. oblonga.

683. ? Scacchia, Philippi, 1844. Loripes, Scacchi. Lucina, sp. PAt-

lippi. E. elliptica.

196

684. Codakia, Scopoli, 1777. Chama codok, Adans. 1757. Ch.

codok.

Lenticularia, Schum. 1817. Ven. punctata.

Orbiculus 8, Megerle, 1811. Cytherea, sp. Lamk. Lucina, sp.

Sow. Venus tigrinus.

Fam. IX. UNIONID.

685. Anodonta, Cuvier, 1798; Lam. 1801. Anodon, Oken, 1815.

Lymnea and Lymnoderma, sp. Poli, 1795; not Lam. Mytilus,

sp. Linn. Mytilus a, Schum. 1817. Glochidium, Rathke (very

young). Myt. anatinus.

Strophilus, Rafinesq.

Lostena, Rafinesq.

Patularia, Swains. 1840. <A. ovata.

686. Margaritana, Schum. 1817. Baphia, Gevers, 1787. Damalis,

Leach, 1819. Unio, Turt. 1822. Mya, sp. Linn. Unio, sp.

Lam.1818. Mya margaritifera.

Unio, Lam. 1810. Unio littoralis.

Potamida, Swains.1840. ‘‘ Damalis, Leach.’ Unio sinuata.

Complanaria, Swains. 1840. C. gigas.

Uniopsis, Swains. 1840. U. mytiloides.

Alasmodonta, Say ; Swains. 1840. Alasmedonta, Say. Alasmo-

don, Sow. Alasmesodonta, Blainv. 1825. Monodonta, Say,

1817; not Lamk. A. undulatus.

Symphonota, sp. Lea. Lymmadea, Swains. 1840. _L. alata.

687. Monocondylea, D’ Orb. 1835. Monocondyla, Gray, 1840. M.

paraguayana.

688. Unio, Retzius, 1788; Schum. 1817; not Lamk. 1801. Mya,

Humph.1797. Baphia, sp. Gevers, 1787. Mysia, Turton, 1822 ;

Swains. 1840. Lymnea, sp. Poli, 1795. Lymneum, Oken, 1815.

Luticola, Goldf.18 ? Mya pictorum.

Unio, Swains. 1840. U. mytiloides.

Curricula, Swains. 1840. U. planulata.

Ligumia, Swains. 1840. U. recta.

Theliderma, Swains. 1840. U. metanera.

Megadomus, Swains. 1840. U. gigas.

Aglia, Swains. 1840. _U. ovata.

Calceola, Swains. 1840. U. calceolus.

Hemiodon, Swains. 1840. U. undulatus.

Naidea, Swains. 1840. Niaa, Swains. 1837. U. ater.

Canthyria, Swains. 1840. U. spinosus.

Iridea, Swains. 1840. U. granosus.

Naia, Swains. 1840. U. corrugata.

Hyridella, Swains. 1840. U. australis.

689. Barbala, Humph. 1797; Gray, 1828. Barbata, Sow. Dipsas,

Leach, 1817. Cristaria, Schum. 1817. Symphynota, Swains.

1840. Symphonota, sp. Lea. Dipsus, Swains. 1840. Appius,

Leach MSS. B.M. Mytilus, sp. Solander. Mytilus plicatus. |

197

690. Lamproscapha, Swains. 1840. Anodoni, sp. Spiz. Anodonta,

sp. D’Orb. A. ensiformis.

691. Anodonta, sp. Lam. 1819. Anodon, sp. Spiz. A. exotica.

692. ? Byssodonta, D’Orb. 18352 184 ? B. paranensis.

Fam. X. MUTELADZ.

693. Mutela, Scopoli, 1777. Chama (Mutel), dans. 1757. Scapha,

Humph. 1797. Anadontites, Brug. Inridina, Lamk. 1818;

Blainv. 1825; Swains. “ Berpolis, Leach,’ Blainv. Mytilus

dubius.

Anodonta, sp. Lamk. Symphynota, sp. Swains. Iridina, sp.

Desh. Anod. rubens.

694. Leila, Gray, 1840. Anodonta, Jans. Iridina, sp. D’Ord.

Anodon, sp. Lea. Anod. esula.

695. Pleiodon, Conrad, 1834. Iridina, sp. Swains. Irid. ovata.

696. Paxyodon, Schum.1817. Hyria, sp. Lam.1819. Unio a, Blainv.

1825. H. corrugata.

Prisodon a, Schum. 1817. UHyria, sp. Lamk. Tellina, sp. Gmelin.

Tellina alata.

697. Prisodon 8, Schum. 1817. Castalia, Lamk. 1819. Ge Na ht

Spiz. Unio c, Blainv. Cast. ambigua.

Fam. XI. MYCETOPODID.

698. Mycetopus, D’ Orb. 1835. Mycetopoda or Mycetopus, Sow.,

Swains. 1840. M. soleniformis.

Anodon, sp. Spix, 1827. M. siliquosus.

Fam. XII. TRIGONIAD.

699. Trigonia, Lam. 1801. Tr. nodulosa.

Trigonia 3, Blainv. Trigonia, sp. Lam.1818. Tr. pectinata.

Fam. XIII. ARCADA.

700. Arca, Linn.; Lam.1801. Areaa, D’Ord. Navicula, Blainv.

1818. Byssoarca, Swains. 1835 & 1840. Daphne and Daph-

noderma, sp. Poli, 1795. Pectunculus (mesol), ddans. 1757.

Cyphoxis, Rafin. Arca Noz.

Litharca, Gray, 1844. Area Lithodomus.

701. Trisis, Oken, 1815; Alton, 1829. Arca, sp. Linn. & Lamk.

A. tortuosa.

702. Barbatia, Gray, 1840, 1844, 81. Arca, sp. Linn. § Lamk.

A. barbata.

703. Scaphula, Benson, 1835 ; not Swainson. Scaphura, Gray, 1840.

198

704. Senilia, Gray, 1840, 1844, 51. Arca, Swains. 1840. Area | d,

Alton. Pectunculus (Tagan), Adans. 1757. A. senilis.

705. Argina, Gray, 1840, 1844, 81. Arca, n.s.

706. Lunarja, Gray, 1840, 1844, 82. Arca, n.s.

707. Anadara. Arca, sp. Linn., Lamk., Swains. Pectunculus Ana-

dara, Adans. 1757. Arca rhomboides, Blainv. Arca antiquata.

708. Scapharga. Area, sp. Brug., Lam. Arca ineequivalvis.

709. Cucullzea, Lam. 1801. Arca B, D’Orb. Arca cucullus.

? Arca, sp. Philippi. Arca pectunculoides.

710. Axinea, Poli, 1795. Axinzea, Oken, 1815. Arca pilosa.

Pectunculus, Lam. 1801. Glycimeris, Humph. 1797 ; Solander.

Arca Pectunculus.

Pectunculus, Megerle, 1811. Arca Glycimeris.

711. Limopsis, Sassi, 1827 ; Cantraine, 1835. Arca, sp. Brocchi.

Pectunculus, sp. Philippi. Limnopsis, Gray, 1840. Crenella,

Herrm. 1846; not Brown. Arca aurita.

712.? Trigonoceelia, Nyst § Gal., D’Oré. Trigonoccelius, Bronn.

Trigonoceelia, Nyst.

713.? Cannabina, Gray, 1840.

Order IV. POGONOPODA.

Fam. I. TRIDACNIDZ.

714. Hippopus, Martini, 1773. Tridacna, sp. Brug. 1792. Tni-

dachna, sp. Humph.1797. Tridacna, Lam. 1801 ; Schum. 1817.

Hippopodes, Gevers, 1787. Chama gigas.

715. Tridacna, sp. Brug. 1792. Tridachna, sp. Humph.1797. Hip-

popus, Lam. 1799, 1801; Schum. 1817; not Martini, 1773.

Pelvis, Megerle, 1811. Chama Hippopus.

Fam. Il. MYTILIDA.

716. Mytilus, Linn.; Lam. 1801. Perna dotel, Adans. 1757.

Perna, Retz. 1788; Schum.1817. Callitriche and Callitricho-

derma, sp. Poli, 1795. Mytulus, Retz. 1788. Mytuli, Gevers,

1787. Myt. edulis.

Mytilus, Swains. 1840. M. achatinus.

717. Volsella, Scopolt, 1777. Modiola, Lam. 1801. Modiolus, Risso,

1826; Forbes. Mytilus 3, Schum. 1817. Mytilus a, Blainv.

Callitriche and Callitrichoderma, sp. Poli. Tamarindiformes,

Gevers, 1787. Mytilus Modiolus.

Perna lutat, ddans. 1757. M. 2

Amydalum, Megerle, 1811. Myt. arborescens.

199

718. Lithophagus, Megerle, 1811. Lithodomus, Cuv. 1817; Risso,

1826. Perna, Oken, 1815. Mytilus y, Schum. 1817. Modiola,

sp. Lam. Pholas (rapan), ddans. 1757. Tamarindiformis «,

Gevers, 1778. Callitriche and Callitrichoderma, Poli, 1795.

M. Lithophagus.

719. Brachydontes, Swains. 1840. Arca, sp. Linn. Mytilus, sp.

Schroet. Modiola, sp. Lam. Mytilus exustus.

720. Crenella, Brown, 1827. Mytilus crenatus.

Pectunculina, D’ Ord. 1844. P. 2

Herrmannsen (i. 320) erroneously unites this genus with Limopsis.

721. Lanistina. Modiola, sp. Lam. Lanistes, Swains. 1840; not

Montf. Modiolaria, “ Beck” ; Loven, 1846. Mytilus discors.

722. Modiolarca, Gray, 1840. Modiola, sp. Lam. Modiolaria,

** Beck.” Modiola trapezina.

Fam. III. PINNID.

723. Pinna, Linn. ; Lam. 1801. Chimeera, Poli, 1792. Mya, Scopoli,

1777; not Linn. Pinna rudis.

Pinna, Swains. 1840. P. serrata.

Perna (apan), Adans. 1757.

724. Atrina, Gray, 1840, 1844. P. nigra.

Fam. IV. DREISSENID.

725. Dreissena, Van Beneden, 1835. Driessena, Bronn. Mytilina

or Mytulina, Cantraine, 1835. Trichogonia, Rossmiisler, 1835.

Ceelogonia, Bronn. Mytilus, sp. Schroet. Mytilus B, Rang;

Megerle, 1811. Dythalmia, Jay. Mytilus polymorpha.

726. Enocephalus, Munst. 1833. Anocephalus, Herrmann, 1846.

727. Congeria, Partsch, 1835. Mytilomya, Cantraine, 1837.

728. Mytilimeria, Conrad, 1837.

729.? Myoconcha, D’ Ord.

Fam. V. PTERIADZ.

730. Malleus, Lam. 1799, 1801. Ostrea e, Megerle, 1811. Riparie,

sp. Gevers, 1787. Pintada, sp. Bolten, 1798. Margaritifera,

sp. Humph.1797. Tudes polonica, Klein. O. Malleus.

731. Baphia, Gevers, 1787. Vulsella, Humph. 1797; Lam. 1799,

1801; Schum. 1817; not Volsella, Scopoli, 1777. Reniella,

Swains. 1840, young. Mya Vulsella.

732. Pteria, Scopoli, 1777. Avicula, Klein, 1753; Brug. 1789 ;

Lam. 1799, 1801. Margaritifera, sp. Humph. 1797. Anonica,

200

Oken, 1815. Perna (charon), Adans. 1757. Riparise, sp.

Gevers, 1787. Mytilus Hirundo.

Perlamater 3, Schum. 1817. M. punctata.

Avicula, Swains. 1840. A. heterophylla.

733. Margaritiphora, Megerle, 1811. Meleagrina, Zam. 1819. Mar-

garita, Leach, 1814; not 1819. Perlamater, Schum. 1817.

Margaritifera, Humph. 1797. Ripariz, sp. Gevers, 1787. Avi-

cula a, Blainv. 1825. Pintada 1 a, Bolten, 1798. Myt. Mar-

garitifera.

734. Crenatula, Lamk. 1819. Crenatule, Lam. 1812. Isogonum, sp.

Bolten, 1798. Ostrea semiaurita.

Crenatula, Sow. 1840. Cren. mytiloides.

735. Dalacia, Gray, 1825. Vulsella, sp. Humph.1797. Dal. folium.

736. Melina, Retz. 1788; Schum.1817. Perna, Brug. 1792; Lam.

1801; not Retz. Sutura, Megerle, 1811. Isognomon, Klein,

1753. Isogonum, sp. Bolten, 1798. Hippocheeta, Sangiov. 1844.

Pedalion, sp. Soland. Ostrea ephippium.

Pedalion, Soland. MSS. Vulsella, sp. Humph. 1797. Ripariee, sp.

Gevers, 1787. Ost. Isognomon.

Order V. MICROPODA.

Fam. I. PECTENID.

737. Argus, sp. Poli, 1795. Pecten, Megerle, 1811. Ostrea, sp. Linn.

Ost. opercularis.

Pecten, Schum. 1817. Ost. radula.

Chlamys, sp. Bolten. 1798. Pecten B, Schum. Ost. pallium.

738. Pecten, Bolten, 1798; Lam. 1801. Pandora, Megerle, 1811;

not Brug. nor Lamk, Janira, Schum. 1817; D’Orb. Janera,

Sow. Argus, sp. Poli. Ost. maximus.

739. Amusium, Megerle, 1811. Ost. magellanicus.

Amusium, Schum. 1817. Pallium B, Blainv. Ost. japonicum.

Pleuronectia, Swains. 1840. Ost. pleuronectes.

740. Pallium, Martini, 1773; Schum. 1817. Dentipecten, Riippell,

183 ? Decadopecten, “ Riippell;’ Swains. 1840. Pecten

plica.

741. Neithea, Drouet, 1824; Blainv. 1825. Janira, D’Ord. Pecten

quinquecostatus.

742. Lima, Brug. 1797 ; Lam. 1801. Glaucus and Glaucoderma, sp.

Poli, 1795. Glaucion, Oken. Mantellum, Bolten, 1798. Pec-

tunculus, Gualt. Ostrea Lima.

743. Limatula, 8. Wood. Pecten, sp. Montag. Limula, D’Oré. Pect.

subauricula.

201

744. Limea, Bronn. 1831. Limoarca, Munster, 1832. Ostrea stri-

gillata.

Limeea, Loven, 1846. Limea Sarsii.

745. Pedum, Brug. 1797; Lam. 1801. Pecten, sp. D’ Ord. 1846.

Glaucion 8, Oken, 1815. Ostrea spondyloidea.

Fam. Il. SPONDYLIDZ.

746. Spondylus, Linn.; Lam. 1801. Gasteropoda, Belon, 1558.

Argus, sp. Poli, 1795. Spond. gaderopus.

747. Plicatula, Lam. 1801. Spondylus 6, Schum. 1817. Spondylus,

sp. Linn., Brug. Sp. plicatus.

748. Hinnites, Defrance, 1821. Hinnus, S. Wood? Hynnites,

Herrm. 1846. Pecten, sp. D’Ord. H. Corteysii.

Hinnita, Gray, 1826 ; Conrad, 1834. Hinnites, Sow. Lima, sp.

Gray, 1825. “Lima gigantea.

Hinnites, Sow. Pecten pusio.

Fam. III. OSTREIDZ.

749. Ostrea, Linn.; Lam. 1801; Megerle, 1811. ‘Peloris, sp. Poli.

Ostreum, Adans. 1757. Ost. edulis.

Dendostrea, Swains. 1840. Ostrea 6, Megerle, 1811. Ostrea D,

Blainv. Ostreum, sp. ddans. Ost. folium.

Mya, Scopoli, 1777. Alectrionide, Fischer. Amphidonta, Fischer.

Ost. cristagalli.

Peloris, sp. Poli. Ost. Cochlearis.

750. Grypheea, Lam. 1801; not Gryphus, Humph. Ostrea, sp.

D Orb. Ost. angulata.

Gryphzea, Swains. G. incurva.

751. Exogyra, Say. Ostrea, sp. D’Orb. Chama, sp. Sow. E. ——?

752. Plectronia. P. 2

753. Carolia, Cantraine, 1835. C. placunoides.

Fam. IV. PLACENTADZ.

754. Placenta, Retz. 1788; Megerle, 1811; Schum. 1817. Placuna,

Soland. ; Humph. 1797 ; Lam. 1801. Anomia, sp. Linn. An.

Placenta.

Fam. V. ANOMIADZ.

755. Anomia, Linn. ; Miller, 1776; Retz. 1788; Lam. 1801; Me-

gerle, 1811. Echion, sp. Poli. Fenestrella, Bolten, 1798.

Lampades, sp. Gevers, 1787. An. Ephippium.

Cepa, Humph. 1797. An. Cepa.

756. Placunanomia, Brod. 1832; Sow. Anomia, sp. Blainv. Pla-

cunomia, D’Oré.; Swains. 1840. P. Cumingii.

202

757. Pododesmus, Philippi, 184 ? Placunanomia, sp. Brod.? P.

Class III. BRACHIOPODA.

Fam. I. LINGULAD.

758. Lingula, Havs.; Solander; Lam. 1801 ; Megerle, 1811; Schum.

1817. Ligula, Cuv. 1797. Patella, sp. Linn. Mytilus, sp.

Dillw. Pat. unguis.

Fam. II. CRANIAD.

759. Crania, Retzius, 1788; Lam. 1801, 1812; Megerle, 1811;

Schum. 1817. Criopus and Criopiderma, Poli, 1795; Flem.

Orbicula, Lam. 1801; Schum. 1817. Discina, Turton, 1825;

not Lam. 1812. Cryopus, Desh. Patella, sp. Fab., Miiller,

Montag. Anomia, sp. Linn., Chemn. Pat. anomala.

Fam. III. DISCINID.

760. Discina, Lam. 1812; Flem. 1825. Crania (3, Schum. 1817.

Orbicula, sp. G. B. Sow., Owen, not Lam. Orbicula 6, Blainv.

1825. D. ostreoides.

Fam. IV. TEREBRATULID2.

761. Terebratula, Retz. 1788 ; Schum. 1817. Anomia (animal), Linn.

Gryphus, Megerle, 1811. T. dorsata.

Lampas, sp. Humph.1797. LL. columbina.

Lampades, Gevers, 1787. L. Terebratula.

762. Lampas, sp. Humph. 1797. Terebratula, sp. Lam. Anomia,

sp. Gmelin. Hypothyris, sp. Phillips; King, 1846. Atrypa,

sp. Menke. L. Psittacea.

See King, Ann. §& Mag. N.H. xviii. 26, 1846, for fossil genera and

their synonyma, which at least shows how imperfectly the distribu-

tion of the fossil species of this group is known.

Fam. V. THECIDEID®.

763. Thecidea, Defrance; Blainv. 1825; Risso, 1826. Th. medi-

terranea.

Fam. VI. PRODUCTID.

764. Productus, &c.

203

Class [V. PTEROPODA.

Order I. THECOSOMATA.

Fam. I. CLEODORIDZ.

765. Cavolina, Gioeni, 1783; Abild. 1791; not Brug. 1792. Tricla,

Retz. 1788. Anomia, sp. Forsk.1775. Fissurella, sp. Brug. ;

Megerle, 1811. Rheda, Humph. 1797. Hyalea, Lam. 1799,

1801. Hyalus, Froriep, Meckel. Hyaleeus, Monéf. 1810.

Hyalea, Schweiger, Herrm. Monoculus, sp. Linn. Cavol. natans.

Hyalza, sp. Peron § Lesueur. H. teeniobranchiata.

766.? Archonta, Montf. 1810. A. exploratus.

767. Diacria, Gray, 1842. Hyalea 4, Rang. Hyalea trispinosa.

768. Clio, Brown, 1756 ; not O. Miller. Cleodora, Peron § Lesueur ;

Lam. 1812. Cliodora, Schweig. Hyalza, sp. D’ Or. Clio pyra-

midata.

769. Balantium, Leach MSS. 1819; Children, 1829. Bal. re-

curvum.

770. Pleuropus, Eschsch. (Isis) 1825. Cleodora, Blainv. P. pellu-

cidus.

771. Vaginella, Daud. Vaginula, D’Orb., Sow. V. depressa.

772. Cresis (“Le Creseis”), Rang, 1828, 1829. Creseis, Eschsch.

1829. Criseis, Forbes, 1844. Crisia, Menke, 1844. Cleodora,

sp. D’Orb. Hyalea, sp. D’Orb. C. acus.

Styliola, “‘ Lesueur ;” Blainv. 1825. Cleodora c, Blainv. S. recta.

773.1 Psyche, Rang, 1825, Ann. Se. N. Psy. globulosa.

774, Euribia, Rang, 1827 ; not Hubner, &e. &e. Eurybia, Menke,

1830. Eur. hemispherica.

775.? Ceecum, Flem. 1824. Brochus, Brown, 1827. Odontidium,

Philippi, 1836. Ceecalium, Macgilliv. 1843. Orthoceras, sp.

Flem. Dentalium, sp. Montag. Creseis, sp. Cantr. Odontina,

Zhorz. 1834. Odontostoma, Cantr. Dentaliopsis, Clark MSS.

Dent. trachea.

776.? Cadulus, Philippi, 1844. Dent. ovulum.

Fam. II, LIMACINIDA.

777. Limacina, Cuv. 1817; not Hartm. 1821. Spiratella, Blainv.

1825. Argonauta, sp. O. Fab. Lim. arctica.

778. ? Spirialis, Zyd. § Soul. See Heterofusus ?

779.7 Cirropteron, Sars, 1835. Buecinum ( jun.), Allman, 1843.

C. semilunare.

204

Fam. III. CUVIERID.

780. Cuvieria, Rang, 1827; not Peron, &c. Cleodora, sp. Quoy &

Gaim. Creseis, sp. Rang. Cuv. columnella.

781. Triptera, Quoy § Gaim. 1825. Tripter, Rang. T. rosea.

Fam. IV. CYMBULIADZ.

782. Cymbulia, Peron § Lesueur, 1810; Lam. 1812. Cym. probos-

cidea.

“ Argivora, Lesueur ;’’ Blainv.1825. Cymbulia parva.

783. Tiedemannia, Chiaje, 1841; Krohn, 1844. Cymbulia, sp. Be-

neden. 'T. neapolitana.

Order II. GYMNOSOMATA.

Fam. V. PREUMODERMIDZ.

784. Pneumoderma, Peron § Lesueur, 1810. Pneumodermon, Cu-

vier, 1817. Pneum. capuchonne.

785. Spongiobranchea, D’ Orb. 1840? Spong. australis.

786. Trichocyclus, Eschsch. (Isis) 1825. T. Dumerillii.

787.? Pelagia, Quoy § Gaim. ; not Peron.

Fam. VI. CYMODOCEAD &.

788. Cymodocea, D’Orb. 184 ?; not Salisbury. Cyd. diaphana.

Fam. VII. CLIONIDZ.

789. Clione, Pallas, 1774. Clio, O. Miiller, 1776 ; Peron §& Lesueur,

1810; Lam. 1812; not Brown, 1756. Clio. boreale.

790. Cliodita, Quoy § Gaim. 1825. Clio. caduceus.

Class V. CEPHALOPODA.

Subclass I. DIBRANCHIATA.

Order I. OCTOPODA.

Fam: I. OCTOPODID.

OcyTHOINA.

791. Ocythoé, Rafin. ; Leach, 1818. Argonauta, Risso, 1826. Octo-

pus e, Blainv. 1825. O. antiquorum.

205

OcTOPODINA.

792. Octopus, Cuvier, 1797, 1817 ; Blainv. 1825. Polypus, Leach.

Octopodia, Rafinesg. Sepia Octopus.

793. Tremectopus, Chiaje. Octopus, sp. Férus. Oct. velifer.

794, Eledone, Leach, 1817; Risso, 1826. Eledona, Risso, 1826.

Eledon, Por. § Mich. Heledone, Menke, 1830. Moschites,

Schneid. Sepia octopodia.

Ozaena, Montf. ‘Ozoema, Rafin.” Eledona Aldrovandi.

795. Octopodoteuthis, Riippell, 1845. Verania, Krohn. O. ——!?

796. Cirroteuthis, Eschricht, 1836. Sciadephorus, Eschr. 1846.

Chiroteuthis, D’Ord. Cirrhoteuthis, Moller. C. Mulleri.

PHILONEXIANA.

797. Philonexis, D’Orb. 184 ?. Philonexus, D’Orb. Ph. Quoyianus.

Order II. DECAPODA.

Fam. II. SEPIAD.

SEPIOLINA.

798. Sepiola, Leach, 1817 ; Risso, 1826 ; Blainv. 1825. Loligo, sp.

Lamk. Sepia Sepiola.

SEPIANA.

799. Rossia, Owen, 1835. R. palpebrosa.

800. Sepia, Linn. ; Lam. 1801; Blainv. 1825. S. officinalis.

Beloptera, Desh. B. parisiensis.

CRANCHINA.

801. Cranchia, Leach, 1817. Loligo 3, Blainv. C. scabra.

Cranchia, Peron. C. cardioptera.

Fam. III. LOLIGID.

802. Loligo, Leach. Pteroteuthis, Blainv. 1825. Sepia Loligo.

803. Sepioteuthis, Blainv. 1825. Condrosepia, Leuch. Sepia, sp.

Lam. 1812. Loligo, sp. Blainv. 1825. Loligo Sepioidea.

Fam. IV. LOLIGOPSID.

804. Loligopsis, Lam. 1811; Blainv. 1825. Leachia, Lesson ;

Blainv. 1825. Lol. ?

805. Histioteuthis, D’Ord. Hist: nest

206

Fam. V. ONYCHOTEUTHID.

806. Onychoteuthis, Licht. 1818 ; Blainv. 1825. Onychia, Lesueur,

1821. Ony. Bergii.

Onychia, sp. Lesweur, 1821. Cranchia, sp. Férus. 1823. Loligo,

sp. Peron. Sepiola, sp. Lesweur, 1821. Sep. Cardioptera.

807. Enoploteuthis, D'Or. Onimastrephes, D’Orb. Les Calmar-

fléches, Blainv. 1825. Loligo Sagitte.

808. Belemnites, Zam. 1801. Belemnita, Flem.1828. Belemnosepia,

Agassiz, &e. Belemnitella, D’ Ord.

808*. Belemniteuthis, Pearce, 1842.

Fam. VI. LITUIDZ.

809. Lituus, Brown, 1756; Humph. MSS.1797. Pedum, Humph.

1797; not Lam. Spirula, Lam. 1801. Spirulea, Peron.

Spirula @ (not 6 §& c), Blainv. 1825. Sp. australis.

Subclass II. TETRABRANCHIATA.

Order III]. POLIPODA.

Fam. VII. NAUTILIDA.

810. Nautilus, Zam. 1801; Montf. N. Pompilius.

Oceanus, Montf. 1808. Nautilus, sp. Zinn. N. umbilicatus.

ERRATA.

No. 126, for Helenchus read Heleuchus.

No. 130, for Helicena read Helicina.

No. 206, for Forsar read Fossar.

-, for Pharianema read Phasianema.

No. 447, for Amphibulima read Amphibulina.

~__, No. 518, defore Lituus add Lituella. ~

No. 677, for Strigella read Strigilla.

No. 691, add Glabaris.

No. 706, for Lunaria read Lunarca.

No. 708, for Scapharea read Scapharca.

207

INDEX OF GENERA OF MOLLUSCA.

[The numbers refer to the numbers before the genera.]

Abida, 473.

Abra, 581, 582.

Acanthiza, 57.

Acanthochetes, 425.

Acanthochites, 425.

Acanthochiton, 425.

Acanthopleura, 413, 414.

Acardo, 323, 559.

Acavus, 453.

Acera, 298.

Achatina, 469, 471, 472,

478, 479, 481, 484, 485,

486, 488.

Achatinella, 487.

Achatinus, 478.

Achena, 482.

Acicula, 482, 502.

Aciona, 248.

Acionza, 248.

Acione, 248.

Aclesie, 318, 319.

Acmea, 275, 513.

Acme, 209, 275, 502.

Acmea, 276, 502, 514.

Acroloxus, 510.

Actzon, 388.

Acteocina, 294.

Acteon, 286, 287, 292,

294, 388, 498.

Acteonella, 297.

Acteonia, 393. ¥

Actindoris, 342.

Actinocyclus, 346.

Acus, 65.

Adacna, 559.

Adeorbis, 140.

Admete, 30.

Adspergillum, 599.

Aegires, 353.

“£nocephalus, 726.

#£olidia, 373.

olis, 373, 377.

Attheria, 659.

Agaria, 662. _

Agaronia, 77.

Agina, 637,

Aglia, 688.

Agopis, 462.

Akera, 303.

Aleza, 471, 473.

Alasmedonta, 686.

Alasmesodonta, 686.

Alasmodonta, 686.

Alatz, 1.

Alatus, 1.

Aleadia, 533.

Alderia, 380.

Alectrion, 68.

Alectrionide, 749.

Alexia, 498.

Alicula, 301.

Aloides, 637.

Alvania, 209, 219.

Amalthea, 263, 265.

Amarula, 215.

Amathina, 267.

Amicula, 424.

Amnicola, 198, 199.

Amoura, 287.

Ampelita, 457.

Amphibina, 449.

Amphibola, 511.

Amphibulima, 446, 447,

448.

Amphibulina, 447, 449.

Amphibulinus, 447.

Amphiceras, 108.

Amphidesma, 572, 580,

581, 582.

Amphidonta, 749.

Amphipeplea} 505.

Amphisphyra, 305.

Amphitrite, 364.

Amphorina, 395.

Amplexus, 456.

Amplustra, 309.

Amplustrum, 309.

Ampulla, 486.

Ampullacera, 512.

Ampullaria, 166, 188.

Ampullarina, 511.

Ampullarius, 166.

Ampullaroides, 172,

Ampullina, 531.

Amusium, 739.

Amydala, 299.

Amydalum, 717.

Anadara, 707.

Anadontites, 693.

Anapa, 573.

Anastoma, 459, 530.

Anastomus, 459.

Anatina, 565, 626, 627,

628, 633.

Anatinella, 570.

Anatola, 249.

Anatomus, 151.

Anaulax, 78.

Ancilla, 77, 78, 263, 268,

271.

Ancillaria, 74, 78.

Ancillus, 78.

Ancula, 357.

Anculosa, 224.

Anculotus, 224.

Ancylus, 275, 510.

Anguinaria, 261.

' Angulus, 577.

Angystoma, 459.

Anisus, 506, 508.

Anna, 17.

Annularia, 515, 519.

Anodon, 685.

Anodonta, 685, 691.

Anolax, 78.

Anomala, 476.

Anomalocardia, 544.

Anomia, 754, 755, 765.

Anonica, 732.

Anops, 331.

Anostoma, 460.

Ansulus, 510.

Antigone, 546.

Aphrodite, 559.

Apiculum, 123, 132.

Aplexa, 507.

Aplysia,315, 316,317,388.

Aplysiopterus, 388.

Apollon, 5. t

Apoma, 477.

Aporrhais, 2, 33.

Aporrhis, 33.

Appendicularia, 397.

Appius, 689.

Aquaria, 599.

Aqgnuillus, 6.

Aranea, 10.

Arca, 700.

Architectoma, 200.

Archonta, 766.

Arcinella, 624, 658.

Arcopagia, 578.

Arctica, 545.

Arctoé, 535.

Arenaria, 581.

Argina, 705.

Argivora, 782.

Argonauta, 31, 248, 336,

791.

Argus, 737, 746.

Arianta, 454.

Arion, 429.

Ariophanta, 433.

Arminia, 401.

Arrosoier, 599.

Artemis, 535, 651.

Artemon, 455, 464.

Arthemiderma, 535.

Arthemis, 535,

Artolon, 251.

Arytzna, 599.

Asa, 535.

Asolene, 172.

Aspergillus, 599.

Assaminea, 193.

Assiminea, 193.

Assula, 301.

Astarte, 672.

Asteronotus, 347.

Atlanta, 174, 175.

Atlas, 314.

Atractodon, 41.

Atractus, 39.

Atrina, 724.

Atrypa, 762.

Atys, 308.

Aulica, 87.

Aulus, 610.

Auricella, 501.

Auricula, 71,283, 285,287,

293, 467, 492, 499, 500,

502, 503.

Auriculina, 286.

Auriculus, 492.

Auriformes, 147, 191.

Auris, 466.

Auriscalpium, 626.

Auris mustela, 292.

Auris Veneris, 191.

Avellana, 295,

Avicula, 732.

Axinea, 710.

Axinus, 680.

Azara, 638.

Azeca, 468.

Azor, 575, 609.

Balantium, 769.

Balcis, 280, 289.

Balea, 465, 476.

Balia, 476.

208

Bankia, 597.

Baphia, 686, 688, 731.

Barbala, 689.

Barbata, 688.

Barbatia, 702.

Barnia, 586.

Batillaria, 223.

Batillus, 112.

Bela, 14.

Belemnita, 808.

Belemnitella, 808.

Belemunites, 808.

Belemnosepia, 808.

Belemnoteuthis, 808.

Bellerophon, 337.

Bellerophorina, 337.

Beloptera, 800.

Bembicium, 195.

Bensonia, 189.

Bequania, 680.

Berpolis, 693.

Berthella, 326.

Bezoardica, 43.

Biapholus, 655.

Bicatillus, 269, 270.

Biconia, 270.

Bifrontia, 202, 203.

Birostra, 108,

Bithinia, 253.

Bittium, 234, 24].

Bivine, 258.

Bivonia, 258.

Bolma, 115.

Bombyxinus, 250.

Bonellia, 291.

Bontia, 628.

Bornia, 647.

Brachychlamys, 345.

Brachychlanis, 345.

Brachydontes, 719.

Brachypodella, 478.

Brachypus, 477.

Brachystoma, 13.

Bradybena, 461.

Brephulus, 470.

Briarea, 397.

Briareus, 397.

Brocchia, 266.

Brochus, 775.

Broderipia, 144.

Brontes, 10.

Brownia, 174.

Bryopa, 601.

Bucardia, 676.

Bucardium, 676.

Buccianops, 67.

Buccinella, 30,

Buccinum, 6, 7, 17, 62,

229, 230, 472, 480, 482,

485, 486, 504.

Buchanania, 400.

Buchannia, 490.

Bufo, 5.

Bufonaria, 5.

Bulbus, 23.

Buliminus, 470, 471.

Bulimulis, 470.

Bulimulus, 471.

Bulimus, 166, 228, 251,

253, 283, 290, 291, 293,

447, 450, 466, 469, 471,

474, 480, 482, 485, 486,

488, 496, 502, 503, 504,

505, 506, 507.

Bulinus, 506, 509, 511.

Bulla, 4, 255, 298, 300,

303, 306, 307, 311, 312,

471, 485, 486, 508.

Bullea, 299, 310, 311.

Bullia, 67.

Bulliana, 67.

Bullina, 303, 304, 309,

310, 311.

Bullinula, 311.

Bullinus, 506, 510.

Bullus, 307.

Bursatella, 319.

Bursiris, 318.

Busyeon, 19.

Byssoarca, 700.

Byssodonta, 692.

Byssomia, 654.

Byssomya, 654, 667.

Byssonia, 654.

Cabochon, 263.

Cadulus, 776.

Cadus, 50.

Cecalium, 775.

Czcum, 775.

Calana, 163.

Calear, 115.

Calceola, 688.

Callia, 526.

Calliopza, 374.

Calliostoma, 124.

Callipara, 93.

Callista, 536, 540, 562.

Callistoderma, 540, 543,

546, 548, 562.

Callitriche, 716, 717.

Callitrichoderma, 716,717.

Callochiton, 409.

Calpurna, 108.

Calpurnus, 108.

Calypeopsis, 270.

Calyptra, 271, 510.

Calyptrade, 268.

Calyptrea, 269, 270, 271,

272.

Calyptria, 271.

Calyptrus, 271.

Camitia, 134.

Camostrea, 634.

Camptoceras, 507.

Campulote, 61.

Campulotus, 61.

Campylea, 456.

Campylonaus, 179.

Canarium, 1.

Cancella, 96.

Cancellaria, 30, 48, 72, 94.

Cancellarius, 30.

Cannabina, 713.

Cantareus, 452.

Canthapleura, 413.

Canthidomus, 228.

Canthiridus, 125.

Canthorbis, 115.

Canthyria, 688.

Capisteria, 583.

Caprella, 466.

Caprinus, 458.

Capsa, 547, 548, 550, 584.

Capsula, 550.

Capulus, 263.

Cardiapoda, 334,

Cardilia, 629.

Cardinalia, 119.

Cardinia, 673.

Cardissa, 558, 661.

Cardita, 661, 662.

Cardium,556,557,559,561.

Carinaria, 335.

Carinea, 108.

Carinidea, 121.

Carocolla, 455, 457, 462.

Carocollina, 457.

Carocollus, 457.

Carolia, 753.

Carychium, 468, 469, 499,

501, 502.

Cassida, 42.

Cassidarea, 44*,

Cassidaria, 44*, 45, 46, 47.

Cassidea, 42, 47, 51.

Cassidula, 494.

Cassidulus, 21.

Cassis, 42, 43, 44, 51.

Castalia, 697.

Catillus, 165.

Cavolina, 375, 765.

Cela, 472.

Cemoria, 155, 156, 271.

Centronotus, 10,

Cepa, 755.

Cepza, 453.

Cepatia, 184.

Cepolis, 458.

Cerastes, 557.

Cerastodermi, 557.

Cerastoma, 10.

Ceratodes, 167.

209

Ceratostoma, 10.

Cerion, 271, 475.

Ceriphasia, 227.

Cerithidea, 236.

Cerithium, 229, 233, 235,

240.

Cernina, 187.

Cerophora, 333.

Cerostoma, 10.

Cheena, 603, 604.

Chalidis, 391.

Chama, 581, 657.

Char, 301.

Charta, 301.

Chelinotus, 109.

Chemnitzia, 286, 288.

Chenopus, 33.

Chersina, 484.

Chicoreus, 10.

Chilina, 504.

Chilostoma, 456.

Chilotrema, 457.

Chimera, 723.

Chion, 583.

Chione, 540, 546.

Chionella, 480,

Chironia, 648.

Chiroteuthis, 796.

Chiton, 407, 408, 414.

Chitonella, 426.

Chitonellus, 425, 426.

Chitoniscus, 426.

Chlamys, 737.

Chlorostoma, 129.

Chondrula, 473.

Chondrus, 470, 473.

Choristodon, 551.

Choristoma, 282.

Choritis, 457.

Chorus, 34.

Chrysodomus, 39.

Chrysostoma, 132.

Cidaris, 110.

Cimber, 165.

Cinctodonta, 631.

Cingula, 199, 209, 210.

Cingulifera, 454.

Cinulia, 295.

Cionella, 53,419, 468, 480,

482, 483.

Circe, 541.

Circinaria, 456.

Circompholos, 535.

Cirrhoteuthis, 796.

Cirropteron, 779.

Cirroteuthis, 796.

Cistula, 515.

Cladophora, 352.

Clanculus, 123.

Clangulus, 123. ‘

Clathodon, 569.

Clathrodon, 569.

Clathrus, 248.

Clausaria, 595.

Clausilia, 467, 470, 473,

475, 476, 478.

Clausilina, 475.

Clausina, 542, 651.

Clavagella, 601, 602.

Clavagelle, 602.

Clavatula, 12, 13.

Clavella, 37.

Clavellithes, 37.

Clavicantha, 13.

Clavus, 13.

Cleanthus, 326.

Cleidothzrus, 634.

Clementia, 549.

Cleodora, 768, 770.

Clepsydra, 599.

Clio, 313, 768, 789.

Cliodita, 790.

Cliodora, 768.

Clione, 789.

Clionella, 230.

Clithon, 164.

Cliton, 164.

Cleelia, 379.

Clossonaria, 595.

Clotho, 654.

Clymenis, 503.

Clypeus, 513.

Clypidina, 153.

Clypsidella, 156.

Cobresia, 444.

Cochlea, 454.

Cochlicella, 461.

Cochlicopa, 479, 480, 482,

484,

Cochlitoma, 478, 485.

Cochlodesma, 628.

Cochlodina, 466, 477.

Cochlodonta, 471.

Cochlogena, 470, 472.

Cochlohydra, 446, 449,

450, 451.

Cochlostyla, 465.

Codakia, 684.

Ceelogonia, 725.

Ceenatoria, 452.

Columbaria, 5.

Columbella, 8, 9, 53, 94.

Columna, 470, 478, 481.

Colus, 19.

Cominia, 54.

Complanaria, 686.

Conalex, 99.

Conchilium, 1.

Concholepas, 56*.

Condrosepia, 803.

Congeria, 727.

Conidea, 53.

)

Conilithes, 18.

Concelix, 99.

Conoelix, 99.

Conohelix, 99.

Conopleura, 13.

Conorbis, 18.

Conovula, 493.

Conovyule, 493.

Conovulum, 493.

Conovulus, 493.

Conulus, 460.

Conus, 18, 47.

Coralliophaga, 666.

Corbicula, 552,

Corbis, 681.

Corbula, 559, 637.

Coreulum, 558.

Corephium, 416.

Coretus, 508.

Coriocella, 109.

Cornea, 555.

Corneola, 456.

Cornu, 31.

Cornucopia, 453.

Coronaxis, 18.

Costellaria, 96.

Cranchia, 801, 806.

Crania, 759, 760.

Crassatella, 572, 675.

Crassina, 672.

Crassispira, 13.

Cremoria, 155.

Crenatula, 734.

Crenatule, 734.

Crenea, 468.

Crenella, 711, 720.

Crepidula, 268, 511.

Crepidulus, 268.

Crepipatella, 268.

Cresis, 280, 772.

Criopiderma, 759.

Criopus, 759.

Crisia, 772,

Cristaria, 689.

Crucibulum, 270.

Cryopus, 759.

Crypta, 268.

Cryptella, 442.

Cryptochiton, 422.

Cryptoconchus, 423, 426.

Cryptodon, 567, 651, 680.

Cryptophthalmus, 300.

Cryptoplax, 426.

Cryptospira, 100,

Cryptostoima, 191.

Cryptothyra, 109.

Ctenoconcha, 621.

Cucullza, 709.

Cultellus, 566, 613.

Cuma, 24, 26.

Cumia, 6.

210

Cumingia, 580.

Cuneus, 537.

Cuphus, 595.

Curricula, 688.

Cuspidaria, 643.

Cuvieria, 780.

Cyamium, 649.

Cyanogaster, 327.

Cycladina, 647.

Cyclas, 552, 553, 556.

Cyclodontina, 473.

Cyclogyra, 204.

Cyclonassa, 68.

Cyclope, 68.

Cyclophora, 519.

Cyclophorus, 519.

Cyclops, 68.

Cyclosantha; 115.

Cyclostoma, 135, 169, 248,

251, 254, 282, 478, 303,

514, 530.

Cyclostome, 514.

Cyclostomus, 514.

Cyclostrema, 209, 248.

Cyclotus, 520.

Cylichna, 304.

Cylinder, 18.

Cylindra, 98.

Cylindrella, 18, 304, 477.

Cylindrus, 74, 470.

Cyllene, 73.

Cymba, 82.

Cymbiola, 86, 87.

Cymbium, 82, 83,100,307,

312.

Cymbulia, 782.

Cymodocea, 788.

Cynodonta, 28.

Cyphonia, 108.

Cyphoxis, 700.

Cyprza, 103, 104.

Cypreecassis, 42.

Cypredia, 106.

Cyprzova, 105, 106.

Cyprella, 108.

Cypricea, 565.

Cyprina, 545, 552.

Cyprine, 545.

Cyprovula, 105.

Cyrachea, 677.

Cyrena, 552, 553, 554.

Cyrenella, 679.

Cyrenoida, 679.

Cyrenoides, 679.

Cyrtodaria, 616.

Cyrtulus, 38.

Cythara, 48.

Cytherea, 536, 541, 542,

684.

Cytheree, 566.

Dactylina, 587.

Dactylus, 100, 293.

Dedalochila, 460.

Dalacia, 735.

Damalis, 686.

Daphne, 700.

Daphnella, 13.

Daphnoderma, 700.

Daudebardia, 445.

Dauphiaule, 135.

Decadopecten, 740.

Defrancia, 14, 16.

Delphinoidea, 213.

Delphinula, 30, 114, 135,

136, 461.

Delphinus, 138.

Dendoris, 344.

Dendostrza, 749.

Dendroconus, 18.

Dendronotus, 364.

Dentalium, 277, 278, 280,

509, 775.

Dentatus, 508.

Dentellaria, 455.

Dentipecten, 740.

Deridobranchus, 149.

Dermatobranchus, 386.

Deshayesia, 161.

Desmoulea, 69.

Detracia, 494.

Diacria, 767.

Diadora, 155, 156.

Diaphana, 305.

Diastropha, 507.

Diceras, 657.

Diloma, 127.

Dimorpha, 358.

Diodonta, 653.

Diodora, 155.

Dione, 540.

Diphyllidia, 399.

Diplodonta, 678.

Dipsas, 689.

Dipsus, 689.

Discina, 759, 760.

Discodoma, 454.

Discoides, 325.

Discosoma, 457.

Discus, 462, 508.

Dispotea, 270.

Distorta, 7.

Distortio, 7.

Ditrupe, 281.

Dolabella, 315, 316, 317.

Dolabrifera, 316.

Dolium, 59, 51.

- Dombeya, 504.

Donacelle, 572.

Donacilla, 572.

Donacina, 572, 584.

Donax, 439, 549, 583, 584.

Dorcasia, 454. :

Doridium, 298.

Doris, 315, 342, 344, 345,

373, 377.

Dorsanum, 66.

Dosina, 542.

Dosinia, 535.

Dostia, 164.

Dota, 365.

Doto, 365.

Dreissena, 725.

Drepanostoma, 457.

Drillia, 13.

Duvaucelia, 363.

Dythalmia, 725.

Ebala, 288.

Ebena, 229.

Eburna, 35, 63, 65, 80.

Eburnus, 80.

Echinella, 196.

Echinora, 44*.

Echion, 775.

Egeria, 585.

Eglisia, 247.

Eidothea, 298.

Hione, 68.

Elasmatina, 469.

Eledon, 794.

Eledone, 794.

Elenchus, 125, 126.

Eleuchus, 125,

Elisma, 470.

Ellobium, 492.

Elysia, 388.

Emarginula, 152, 153.

Emarginulus, 153.

Embla, 652.

Ena, 470.

Enocephalus, 726.

Enoplochiton, 419.

Enoploteuthis, 807.

Ensatella, 606.

Ensis, 606.

Entalis, 278, 279.

Entodesma, 656.

Enzina, 9.

Eolidia, 373, 375.

Eolidina, 373.

Eolis, 373, 375, 376.

Epheria, 208.

Epistyla, 463.

Epistylium, 463.

Erato, 107.

Erodina, 639.

Ersina, 47.

Eruea, 471, 477.

Ervillia, 574.

Erycina, 572, 582, 637.

Eryx, 572.

Esmia, 317.

Espiphylla, 503.

Ethalion, 373.

211

Etheria, 659.

Eubranchus, 373.

Eucampe, 303.

Euglesia, 556.

Eulima, 288, 289, 290.

Eulimella, 288.

Eumeles, 488.

Eumenis, 385.

Euomphalus, 202.

Euplocamus, 353, 356.

Euribia, 774.

Eurybia, 774.

Eurycratera, 454.

Eurydice, 396.

Eutrema, 503. |

Eutropia, 116.

Exogyra, 751.

Exoleta, 535.

‘Eyromphala, 462.

Farcimen, 523.

Fasciolaria, 26.

Faunus, 228, 229.

Fenestrella, 755.

Ferussacia, 483, 530.

Ferussina, 530.

Ficula, 20.

Ficus, 20, 21.

Fidelis, 282.

Fimbria, 370, 681.

Firola, 332.

Firoloide, 322.

Fissilabria, 59.

Fissurella, 155, 156, 765.

Fissurellia, 156.

Fissurellidea, 158.

Fissurellus, 156, 158.

Fistulana, 594, 603.

Flabellina, 376.

Flabellines, 376.

Foegia, 600.

Fossar, 206.

Fossarus, 206.

Fragella, 123.

Fragrum, 558.

Fruticola, 461.

Fucicola, 389.

Fucola, 389.

Fulgoraria, 38.

Fulgur, 22.

Furcella, 595.

Fusus, 3, 8,17, 19, 25,226.

Gadila, 280.

Gadinia, 513.

Gadus, 280.

Galateola, 585.

Galathea, 585.

Galaxias, 454.

Galba, 503.

Galeomma, 646.

Galericulum, 255.

Galerus, 269.

Galileja, 556.

Gari, 576.

Gasteropoda, 746.

Gasteroptera, 313.

Gasteropteron, 313.

Gastrana, 551.

Gastridia, 35. -

Gastrochena, 603, 604.

Gastrochena, 604.

Gastroplax, 323.

Geloina, 553.

Gena, 145.

Genot, 12.

Geomalacus, 437.

Geometra, 461.

Geotrochus, 455.

Geovula, 492.

Gervisia, 330.

Gibberula, 102.

Gibbium, 128.

Gibbula, 137.

Gibbulina, 471.

Gibbus, 471.

Gioenia, 301.

Glabaris, 691.

Glabella, 100.

Glandina, 485, 486.

Glans, 662.

Glaucion, 742, 745.

Glaucoderma, 742.

Glauconome, 549.

GlJaucus, 371, 742.

Glischri, 475.

Globioconcha, 296.

Globularia, 187, 188.

Globulus, 130, 188.

Glochidium, 685.

Glossodoris, 341.

Glossus, 676.

Glottella, 239.

Glycimeris, 559, 602, 615,

616, 651, 710, 711.

Gnathodon, 569.

Goniclis, 402.

Gonidomus, 471.

Goniodoris, 345.

Gonodon, 473.

Gonospira, 471.

Gonostoma, 457.

Gonyodiscus, 462.

Gonyostoma, 466.

Gonyostomus, 466.

Goodallia, 672.

Granaria, 473.

Grateloupia, 538.

Gratelupia, 538.

Gryphea, 750.

Gryphochiton, 427.

Gryphus, 657, 658, 761.

Guetera, 596.

Gulnaria, 503.

Gyrina, 5.

Gyrorbis, 254.

Halia, 486.

Haliotis, 146, 147,150,191.

Haliotoidea, 146, 272.

Haminea, 307.

Harlea, 640.

Harpa, 52.

Harpago, 2.

Harpula, 85, 88, 89,92,93.

Hatina, 259.

Haustator, 242, 243.

Haustellaria, 10.

Haustellum, 10.

Hecuba, 583.

Helcion, 275, 276,404,405.

Heledone, 794.

Heleuchus, 126.

Heliacus, 201.

Helicarion, 431.

Helicella, 433, 456, 462.

Helicelle, 462.

Helicina, 130, 455, 531.

Helicobulimus, 465.

Helicodonta, 457, 461,463.

Helicodontes, 457,

Helicogeena, 454.

Helicogena, 433, 452, 455,

458, 462, 467.

Helicogona, 458.

Helicolimax, 431, 433,444,

445.

Helicomanes, 461.

Heliconoides, 177, 178.

Helicophanta, 454, 455,

458.

Helicophlegma, 174.

Helicophora, 177.

Helicopsis, 432, 433, 461.

Helicostyla, 454, 463, 464.

Helicteres, 487.

Helisiga, 449.

Helisoma, 508.

Helix, 254, 283, 289, 290,

291, 293, 452, 456, 465,

466, 468, 471, 472, 480,

504, 509.

Hemicardia, 558.

Hemicardium, 557, 558.

Hemicycla, 454.

Hemicyclonosta, 629.

Hemicyclostera, 629.

Hemicyclostoma, 629.

Hemifusus, 21.

Hemimactra, 564.

Hemimitra, 252, 264,

Hemiodon, 688.

Hemisinus, 222.

Hemithalamus, 509.

Hemitoma, 153.

Hemitrochus, 454.

212

Hermea, 378.

Hermes, 18.

Heterofusus, 177.

Heterostoma, 461.

Hexabranchus, 348.

Hiatella, 632, 646, 655.

Hiatula, 77.

Hinea, 58.

Hinia, 68.

Hinnita, 748.

Hinnites, 748.

Hinnus, 748.

Hippocheta, 736.

Hippochrenes, 3.

Hippocrena, 3.

Hippocrenes, 3.

Hipponice, 264.

Hipponix, 265.

Hippopodes, 714.

Hippopodium, 670.-

Hippopus, 561, 714, 715.

Histioteuthis, 805.

Homalonyx, 446.

Hyalzus, 765.

Hyalea, 765.

Hyalina, 101, 440, 444,

463.

Hyalus, 765.

Hyatella, 655.

Hydatina, 310.

Hydrobia, 199.

Hygromia, 461.

Hynnites, 748.

Hypobranchiza, 351.

Hypogea, 587, 605, 606,

644, 654.

Hypogeoderma, 587.

Hypothyris, 762.

Hypnaxis, 559.

Hyptere, 332.

Hyria, 696.

Hyridella, 688.

Hystrix, 47.

Tanthina, 173.

Ianthinus, 173.

TIaton, 10.

Iberus, 457.

Icarus, 320.

Tetis, 392.

Idalia, 356.

Idotza, 681.

Idothea, 681.

Imbricaria, 99.

Imperator, 115.

Infundibulum, 121, 272.

Ino, 241.

Insulus, 477.

Io, 226.

Todes, 173.

Iphigenia, 475, 584.

Tridea, 688.

Iridina, 693.

Trus, 548.

Ischnochiton, 410.

Ishnula, 14.

Isidora, 507.

Isocardia, 558, 629, 676.

Isocardium, 676.

Isognomon, 736.

Isognomonostoma, 460.

Isognomostoma, 460.

Isognostoma, 460.

Isogonum, 733, 734.

Ispidula, 74.

Isthmia, 472.

Jaminea, 286, 288, 499,

500.

Jaminia,471,473,474,477.

Janella, 291.

Janera, 738.

Janira, 738, 741.

Janus, 361.

Jataronus, 657.

Jesonia, 663.

Jouannetia, 592.

Katharina, 421.

Kellia, 647, 648.

Kuphus, 595.

Kyphus, 595.

Labio, 124, 128.

Labiosa, 565.

Labyrinthus, 458.

Lachesis, 8.

Lacuna, 208.

Ladas, 174.

Levicardium, 557.

Lagena, 29, 55.

Laguncula, 189.

Lambis, 1, 2.

Lamellaria, 109, 325.

Laminaria, 326.

Lampades, 755, 761.

Lampadion, 458.

Lampania, 223.

Lampas, 672, 761.

Lamprodoma, 75.

Lamproscapha, 690.

Lamprostoma, 122.

Lampusia, 6.

Lanatica, 110.

Laniogerus, 372.

Lanistes, 169, 170, 721.

Lanistina, 721.

Lanites, 169.

Laplysia, 317.

Larva, 156, 157.

Lasea, 647.

Laternula, 626.

Lathirus, 25.

Lathyrus, 25.

Latiaxis, 22.

Latirus, 25.

213

Latomus, 457.

Latona, 583.

Latrunculus, 63,

Lauria, 471.

Lavignon, 581.

Lavignonus, 581.

Lazarus, 657.

Leachia, 199, 804,

Limicolaria, 470.

Limicolarius, 470. Lymnadea, 686.

Limneus, 503. Lymnea, 503.

Limnea, 450,504,507,662. Lymnzus, 503.

Limneus, 503. Lymnea, 193, 251, 685

Limnophysa, 504. Lymneum, 688,

Limnopsis, 711. Lymnia, 503.

Limoarca, 744. Lymnoderma, 685.

Lutricola, 566, 581, 688.

Leda, 619. Limopsis, 711. Lymnophysa, 503.

Leguminaria, 612. Limula, 742. Lymnula, 503.

Leila, 694. Linguella, 400. Lymnus, 503.

Leiodomus, 65, 67.

Leiostoma, 454, 458.

Leiotomus, 36.

Lembulus, 619.

Lementina, 260.

Lingula, 758. . Lyonsia, 632.

Liopa, 352. + gy Liyria, 92.

Lippistes, 518. A hag Lyrostoma, 458.

Lirator, 494. '2& Macha, 608.

Liria, 512. Machera, 612.

Lemintina, 260.

Lenticula, 457.

Lenticularia, 684.

Lentidium, 637.

Leonia, 517.

Lepas, 272, 403, 514, 563.

Lepeta, 406.

Listera, 565, 581.

Litharca, 700.

Lithoclyptus, 198.

Lithodomus, 718.

Lithoglyphus, 198.

Litholepas, 271.

Lithophagus, 718.

Macroceramus, 470.

Macrochisma, 157,

Macrochlamys, 433.

Macrocyclis, 456.

Macrodontes, 473.

Macroma, 577.

Macromphalus, 30.

Lephocercus, 321. Litiopa, 250.

Lepidopleurus, 407, 411. Litorina, 194.

Leptinaria, 482. Litreus, 519.

Leptochiton, 411. Littorina, 194. Mactesia, 593.

Leptoconchus, 61. Lituella, 518. Mactra, 559, 562, 563,

Leptoconus, 18. Lituus, 518, 809. 564.

Leptolimnea, 503. Livona, 132. Mactresia, 593.

Lepton, 653. Lobaria, 299, 610. Mactrina, 672.

Leptospira, 470. Lobiger, 322. Mactrula, 571.

Leptoxis, 503. Loligo, 802. Madulus, 197.

Lepus, 317. Loligopsis, 804. Magdala, 632.

Lernea, 317. Lomanotus, 366. Magillus, 61.

Lesa, 649. Lomastoma, 457, 503. Malea, 51.

Leucochroa, 461. Longeva, 470. Malleolus, 598.

Leuconia, 499. Lophuriderma, 407. Malletia, 621.

Leucostoma, 59. Lophurus. 407. Malleus, 730.

Leucotis, 256. Loripes, 682. Malybe, 367.

Leucotus, 256. Loripoderma, 682. Mammuilla, 185, 186.

Leucozonia,.29. Lostena, 685. Mammillaria, 185.

Levenia, 44. * Lotorium, 6. Mangelia, 14, 15, 212.

Levicardium, 557. Lottia, 275, 403. Mangilia, 14.

Libitina, 665. Loxostoma, 209. Mantellum, 742.

Licina, 515, 657, 658. Lucapina, 160. Maravignia, 206.

Licium, 108. Lucena, 452, 456. Margarita, 139, 733.

Lignus, 484. Lucerna, 458. Margaritana, 686,

Ligula, 226, 239, 581,582, Lucernella, 455. Margarites, 139.

628, 681, 682, 758. Lucidella, 532. Margaritifera, 730, 732,

Ligumia, 688. Lucidula, 455. 733.

Lima, 742, 748. Lucina, 449, 450,453,458, Margaritiphora, 733.

Limacella, 429, 436. 536, 579, 677. Marginella, 71, 100, 102,

Limacellus, 429, 436. Lunarca, 706. 107.

Limacia, 429. Lunatia, 183. Marginellus, 100.

Limacina, 177, 444, 777. Lunatus, 180, 183. Marinula, 496.

Limeza, 744. Lunella, 194. Marisa, 167.

Limapontia, 390. Luponia, 106. Marissa, 167.

Limatula, 743. Lutea, 258, 505. Marmarostoma, 113.

Limax, 429, 434, 436,467, Lutraria, 565, 566, 567, Marpessa, 475.

489, 495. 581. Marsenia, 109.

Macrophyllum, 657.

Macroschisma, 157.

Macrospira, 474, 480.

214

Marsyas, 492. Mixas, 505. Mytulina, 725.

Martesia, 593. Modiola, 717, 722. Mytulus, 716.

Mastonia, 241. Modiolarca, 722. Myxas, 505, 507.

Mastus, 470. Modiolaria, 721, 722. Myxostoma, 521.

Medoria, 208. Modiolus, 717. Nacca, 180.

Megadesma, 585. Moldia, 620. Nacella, 403.

Megadomus, 688. Monacha, 461. Naia, 688.

Megalodon, 674. Monilea, 133. Naidea, 688.

Megalodus, 674. Monoceros, 29, 34, 35,57, Nana, 68, 228.

Megalomastoma, 524, 68. Nanina, 433. ~

Megaspira, 474. Monocerotes, 242. Nannia, 68.

Meghimatium, 435. Monocondyla, 687. Narica, 256.

Melacanthus, 215. Monocondylea, 687. Nasa, 68.

Meladomus, 170. Monoculus, 765. Nassa, 55, 63, 68, 71,

Melafusus, 226. Monodaena, 559. 234,

Melagraphia, 128, Monodon, 127. Natica, 180, 183.

Melampa, 493. Monodonta, 123,127,196, Naticaria, 186, 190.

Melampus, 493, 494. 488, 686. Naticella, 185, 206.

Melanamona, 229. Monodontes, 127. Naticina, 185, 190.

Melanatria, 222. Monoplex, 6. Naticus, 180.

Melanella, 214. Monoptigma, 81, 285. Naucum, 308.

Melania, 215, 224, 228, Monoptygma, 81. Nauta, 507.

252, 288, 289, 290,466, Monotygma, 81, 285. Nautilus, 508, 509, 810.

469. Montacuta, 649, 650. Navicella, 165.

Melanithes, 228. Montagua, 373, 375. Navicelle, 165.

Melanoides, 215. Mopalia, 420. Navicula, 466, 700.

Melanopside, 228. Morio, 44*. Neara, 643.

Melanopsis, 222, 224, 228, Morula, 60. Nebularia, 94.

229, 500. Morum, 47. Neithea, 741.

Melarapha, 194. Moschites, 794. Nematura, 207.

Melaraphis, 194. Moulinea, 568. Nerea, 369.

Melas, 215. Moulinsia, 527. Nerilopsis; 192.

Melatoma, 12, 225. Mouretia, 512, 513. Neripteron, 164.

Meleagrina, 733. Moutensia, 528. Neripterum, 164.

Meleagris, 132. Mulinia, 568. Nerita, 161, 229, 254, 256,

Melibza, 365, 367. Mulleria, 660. 516.

Melibe, 367. Muretia, 512. Neritella, 164.

Melibea, 367. Murex, 10, 11, 16, 30. Neritiformes, 180.

Melibeea, 367. Muricanthus, 10. Neritina, 164, 251.

Melina, 736. Muricidea, 11. Neritine, 164.

Melo, 82, 83. Muriciformis, 23. Neritoidea, 173.

Melongena, 21. Musica, 85. Neritoides,194.

Mendigera, 470. Mutela, 693. Neritopsis, 192, 256.

Menetho, 288. Mya, 622, 723, 749. Nesea, 18.

Mercenaria, 543. Myadora, 633. Neverita, 182.

Meretrix, 536. Myatella, 632. Nicania, 672.

Meroé, 537. Mycetopoda, 698. Nioma, 256.

Merria, 256. Mycetopus, 698. Niso, 291.

Mesalia, 245. Myochama, 635. Nisso, 291.

Mesodesma, 572. Myoconcha, 669. Nitidella, 53.

Mesodon, 460. Myodora, 633. Northea, 70.

Mesomphyx, 456, 462. Myosota, 292. Notarchus, 318, 319.

Metopoma, 428. Mpyristica, 21. Novaculina, 610.

Microcystis, 433. Myrtea, 677. Nucula, 617.

Microstoma, 55. ‘ Mysia, 535, 551,678, 688. Nuculina, 618.

Mingeria, 49. Mytilicardia, 663. Nux, 555.

Mitra, 94. Mytilicardita, 663. Obba, 457.

Mitrella, 8, 94, 96, 98. Mytilimeria, 728. Obeliscus, 283, 470, 472.

Mitreola, 96. Mytilina, 725. Oceanus, 810.

Mitrula, 269. Mytilomya, 727. Ocenebra, 10.

Mitrularia, 271. Mytilus, 595, 716. Ochthephila, 461.

Octopodia, 792.

Octopodoteuthis, 795.

Octopus, 792.

Ocythoé, 791.

Odoncincta, 631.

Odoncyncta, 631.

Odontidium, 775,

Odontina, 775.

Odontis, 127.

Odontocincta, 631.

Odontostoma, 534, 775.

Odontostomus, 466.

Odostomia, 286, 471, 473,

476, 501.

Okenia, 356.

Oleacina, 485.

Oligyra, 531.

Oliva, 74, 78.

Olivella, 75.

Olivancillaria, 76.

Omala, 577.

Omalaxis, 202.

Omalaxon, 202.

Omalonyx, 446, 448,

Ombrella, 323.

L’Ombrelle, 323.

Ommastrephes, 807.

Omolaxon, 202.

Omphalius, 122.

Omphemis, 224.

Omphiscola, 503.

Onchidia, 489.

Onchidiodoris, 349.

Onchidiorus, 349.

Onchidium, 488, 489, 491.

Onchidora, 349.

Onchidoris, 349.

Onchis, 491.

Oncidium, 489.

Oncis, 491,

Oncus, 491.”

Oniscia, 45, 46, 47.

Oniscidia, 46.

Onustus, 273, 274.

Onychia, 806.

Onychoteuthis, 806.

Onythochiton, 418.

Operculum, 315.

Ophicardelus, 497, 498.

Opiptera, 313.

Opis, 668.

Orbicula, 759, 760.

Orbiculus, 535, 684.

Orbis, 203.

Orbitina, 470.

Orcula, 471.

Oris, 438.

Orthaliscus, 470.

Orthoceras, 775.

Orthostelis, 288.

Orthostylus, 465.

215

Ortygia, 546, 677.

Oscanius, 325.

Osilinus, 128.

Osteodesma, 627, 630,632.

Ostrea, 749.

Ostreum, 749.

Otala, 453, 454, 455, 471.

Otavia, 123, 131.

Otina, 255.

Otis, 492, 504.

Otostomus, 466.

Ovatella, 286, 498, 499.

Ovula, 108.

Ovulum, 108.

Ovulus, 108.

Oxinoé, 109, 191, 255.

Oxycheilus, 461, 462.

Oxychilus, 461.

Oxygyrus, 174.

Oxystrombus, 475.

Ozaena, 794,

Ozoema, 794.

Pachylabra, 166.

Pachyotus, 467.

Pachystoma, 216, 331.

Pachystomus, 166.

Pacyodon, 639.

Pacyotus, 467.

Padola, 148.

Padolla, 148.

Padollus, 148.

Pagodella, 196.

Pagodus, 196.

Pallium, 740.

Palmarium, 152*.

Paludestina, 198, 199.

Paludina,.170, 198, 251,

282.

Paludine, 251.

Paludinella, 199.

Paludomus, 219, 252.

Pandora, 644, 738.

Pandorina, 632,

Panopea, 615.

Panopia, 615.

Paphia, 572, 675.

Papyridea, 560.

Parmacella, 436, 441, 442.

Parmacellus, 441.

Parmophorus, 152,

Parmula, 435.

Parthenia, 286, 288.

Parthenope, 313, 646.

Parthenopia, 313.

Partula, 466, 467.

Partulus, 467.

Pasithea, 290, 291.

Patella, 56*, 152, 263, 267,

275, 276, 402, 514.

Patelloida, 275.

Patelloidea, 275, 404.

Patellus, 402,

Patina, 403.

Patula, 462.

Patularia, 685.

Paxyodon, 696.

Pectella, 443.

Pecten, 738.

Pectuyculina, 720.

Pectunculus, 557,

710.

Pedicilaria, 56.

Pedipes, 292, 495.

Peduin, 745, 809.

Pegea, 468.

Pelagia, 787.

Peloris, 749.

Peloronta, 161.

Pelta, 390, 451.

Pelvis, 715.

Penicillus, 599.

Peplidea, 360.

Pera, 556.

Peracles, 177.

Perdix, 50.

Peribolus, 103.

Periploma, 627.

Peristoma, 470.

Perlamater, 732, 733.

Perna, 716, 723, 732, 736.

Peronga, 572, 575, 583.

Peroneoderma, 572, 5795.

Peronia, 349, 491.

Perrona, 12.

Persicola, 102.

Persicula, 102.

Persona, 7.

Petalifera, 316.

Petasia, 460.

Petricola, 548, 551.

Phenospira, 100.

Phakellopleura, 425.

Pharus, 607.

Phasianella, 116, 125, 194,

289.

Phasianema, 206.

Phasianus, 116,

Philippia, 142.

Philomycus, 434.

Philonexis, 797.

Philonexus, 797.

Pholadidea, 589.

Pholadidodea, 589.

Pholadomya, 615, 671.

Pholas, 586, 589, 604.

Pholegbia, 654,

Pholidza, 589.

585,

~ Phorcys, 122.

Phorus, 273.

Phos, 72.

Phosphorax, 430.

Phylina, 299.

Phyline, 299.

Phyllidea, 398.

Phyllidia, 398.

Phylliroé, 396.

Phyllirrhoé, 396.

Phylloda, 577.

Phyllodesmium, 384.

Phyllonotus, 10.

Physa, 483, 506, 507.

Physeter, 200.

‘Phytia, 500.

Phyza, 506.

Pileolus, 163.

Pileopsis, 263, 264, 513.

Pinna, 723.

Pintada, 733.

Pirena, 221, 229.

Pirenella, 235.

Pisania, 8, 53.

Pisidium, 556.

Pisum, 556.

Pitys, 463.

Placamoceros, 359.

Placenta, 754.

Placobranchus, 387, 388.

Placostylus, 466.

Placuna, 644, 754.

Placunanomia, 756, 757.

Placunomia, 756.

Planaria, 388, 391.

Planaxis, 58, 59, 68.

Planorbis, 508, 517.

Planospira, 457.

Platycloster, 432.

Platyodon, 623.

Plaxiphora, 417.

Plectostylus, 470.

Plectronia, 752.

Plectrophorus, 439.

Pleiodon, 695.

Plekocheilus, 466.

Plenaria, 205.

Pleurobranchea, 327,340.

Pleurobranchena, 327.

Pleurobranchidium, 327.

Pleurobranchus, 325, 327.

Pleurodonta, 458.

Pleuronectia, 739.

Pleurophyllidia, 399.

Pleuropus, 770.

Pleurorhynchus, 561.

Pleurotoma, 12, 13, 16,

230.

Pleurotomus, 12.

Plicadomus, 471.

Plicatella, 25, 29.

Plicatula, 747.

Plocamoceros, 359.

Plocamophorus, 349.

Plotia, 228.

Pneumoderma, 784.

216

Pneumodermon, 784.

Pododesmus, 757.

Polia, 8.

Polinices, 185.

Polita, 460.

Polycera, 353, 355, 357.

Polydonta, 122, 495, 500,

617.

Polydontes, 457.

Polygona, 25.

Polygyra, 460.

Polygyratia, 460.

Polygyrus, 508.

Polymita, 454.

Polyphemopsis, 290.

Polyphemus, 485.

Polypus, 792.

Polytropa, 55.

Pomacea, 166.

Pomatia, 452, 453.

Pomatias, 529.

Pomella, 171.

Pomus, 166, 168.

Porcellana, 74, 100.

Poromya, 636.

Poronia, 647, 650.

Posteobranchus, 328.

Posteriobranchus, 328.

Potadoma, 215.

Potamida, 686.

Potamide, 231.

Potamides, 236, 237, 240.

Potamidis, 231.

Potamidum, 232.

Potamis, 237.

Potamomya, 503, 638.

Potamophila, 585.

Poteria, 516.

Potomis, 237.

Priamus, 486.

Prisodon, 696, 697.

Procerpena, 534.

Proctonotus, 382, 394.

Productus, 764.

Proserpina, 534.

Proto, 246.

Psammobia, 550, 551, 575,

578, 607, 608, 609.

Psammotea, 575, 577.

Pseudodactylus, 35.

Pseudoliva, 35.

Psiloceros, 352.

Psilopus, 657.

Psyche, 773.

Pteria, 732.

Pterocera, 2.

Pteroceras, 2.

Pteroceres, 2.

Pterochilus, 381.

Pterocyclos, 522.

Pterodoris, 343.

Pteronotus, 10.

Pteroteuthis, 802.

Pterotrachea, 332.

Pterygia, 100.

Ptychina, 680.

Ptychomya, 675.

Pugilina, 21.

Pullastra, 547.

Puncticulis, 18.

Puncturella, 155.-

Pupa, 467, 471, 472, 473,

475, 476.

Pupilla, 471, 473, 477.

Pupillaca, 159.

Pupillia, 159.

Pupina, 527.

Purpura, 10, 55.

Pusia, 96.

Pusio, 8, 40.

Pusiodon, 457.

Pusionella, 40.

Pusiostoma, 53.

Pustularia, 103.

Pyramidea, 117, 119, 120.

Pyramidella, 283, 284,286,

463.

Pyramidellus, 283.

Pyramidula, 462.

Pyramis, 117, 286, 288.

Pyrazus, 240.

Pyrella, 10.

Pyrene, 229, 235.

Pyrgelix, 474.

Pyrgiscus, 288.

Pyrgula, 217.

Pyrula, 10, 20, 21, 22, 26.

Pythia, 494, 496, 499.

Pythohelix, 465.

Quoya, 59.

Quoyia, 59.

Quoyie, 604.

Radius, 108.

Radix, 543.

Radsia, 408.

Radula, 192.

Raleta, 642.

Rana, 5.

Ranella, 5.

Rangia, 569.

Ranularia, 6.

Rapana, 8, 23.

Rapella, 23.

Rapum, 27.

Realia, 525.

Registoma, 528.

Remina, 470.

Reniella, 731.

Retusa, 306.

Rheda, 765.

Rhinoclavis, 233.

Rhinodomus, 72.

217

Rhizorus, 305.

Rhodostoma, 493, 496.

Rhomboides, 655.

Rhombus, 18.

Rhycobranchus, 388.

Ricinella, 55, 60.

Ricinula, 60.

Rimula, 154, 155,

Rimularia, 154.

Schizostoma, 202.

Sciadephorus, 796,

Scissurella, 150.

Scolymus, 28.

Sconsia, 41.

Scrobicularia, 576, 581.

Scurria, 276.

Scutella, 144, 405.

Scutelligera, 435.

Ringicella, 459. Scutellina, 405.

Ringicula, 71. Scutus, 152.

Ringinella, 282, 286, 296. Scyllea, 368.

Riparie, 730, 732. Scyllea, 371.

Risella, 195. Segmentaria, 509.

Rissoa, 209, 212, 286. Segmentina, 509.

Rissoella, 286. Semele, 580.

Rissoina, 212. Semilimax, 444.

Rivicola, 506. Senectus, 110, 112.

Rollus, 18. Senilia, 704.

Rossia, 799. Separatista, 31.

Rostellaria, 3, 33. Sepia, 800.

Rostellum, 3. Sepiola, 798, 806.

Rotella, 130. Sepioteuthis, 803.

Roxania, 301. Septaria, 165, 595. Spisula, 564.

Roxellana, 604. Seraphys, 4. Spondylus, 746, 747.

Rudolphia, 57. Serpula, 257, 259, 453, Spongiobranchea, 785.

Rudolphus, 57. 595, 599. Stagnicola, 503.

Solenella, 621.

Solenimya, 645.

Solenocurtis, 612.

Solenomya, 645.

Solenymia, 645.

Soletellina, 610, 614.

Solidula, 293.

Sormetus, 312.

Speo, 292.

Sphena, 624.

Spherium, 555.

Sphzrostoma, 362.

Sphenia, 622, 624.

Spiraculum, 522.

Spiratella, 777.

Spirialis, 778.

Spiricella, 263.

Spiriela, 215.

Spirobranchus, 61.

Spiroglyphus, 262.

Spirorbis, 508.

Spirula, 809.

Spirulea, 809.

Ruma, 186.

Rupellare, 548.

Rupellaria, 548.

Ruperelle, 548.

Rupicola, 630.

Sabanea, 289.

Sabia, 266. ‘

Sabinea, 199, 286.

Sagda, 463.

Sagita, 339:

Sandalium, 268.

Sanguinolaria, 550, 576,

610.

Sagitella, 340.

Saraphia, 472.

Sarcoptera, 313.

Sarmaticus, 111.

Saxicava, 654.

Serpulorbis, 259.

Serripes, 559.

Sidula, 494.

Sigapatella, 269.

Sigaret, 109.

Sigaretus, 109, 146, 191,

255, 256.

Siliqua, 612.

Siliquaria, 261, 611.

Siliquarius, 261.

Simia, 108.

Simnia, 108.

Simulopsis, 450.

Sinusigera, 53*.

Sipho, 156.

-Siphon, 155.

Siphonaria, 512.

Siphonium, 257.

Stamonita, 55.

Steira, 176.

Stenopus, 433.

Stenostoma, 466, 471.

Stenotrema, 460.

Steromphala, 137.

Stilifer, 380, 383.

Stiliger, 383.

Stomatea, 146, 191.

Stomatella, 143, 145.

Stomatelle, 143.

Stomatoides, 467.

Stomax, 146.

Stomodonta, 475, 476.

Strephona, 74.

Streptaxis, 464.

Strigatella, 94.

Strigella, 677.

Saxicave, 654. Siphonostoma, 477. Strigilla, 579.

Scabicola, 94. Sistrium, 55. Strigula, 500.

Scacchia, 683. Sistrum, 52, 60. Strombidea, 1.

Scaea, 177. Skenea, 43. Strombiformis, 234, 236,

Scala, 248. Sol, 115. 475.

Scalaria, 248. Solariella, 141. Strombilus, 469.

Scalarus, 248. Solarium, 200, 433, 455, Strombus, 1, 18, 486.

Scapha, 87, 693. 457. Strophilus, 685.

Scaphander, 301. Solaropsis, 456. Strophocheilus, 466.

Scapharca, 708. Solecurtoides, 607, 612. Strophostoma, 530.

Scaphella, 52, 92. Solecurtus, 578, 607,608, Struthiolaria, 32, 35.

Scaphula, 76, 703. 612. Styliola, 772.

Scaphura, 703. Solemya, 645. Stylodon, 455.

Scarabus, 467, 500. Solen, 550, 575, 605. Subemarginula, 153.

Schizochiton, 415. Solen Phalloides, 599. Snbula, 65.

Schizodesma, 563. Solen arenaria, 595. Subulina, 480.

Succinea, 450.

Sutura, 736.

Sychar, 241.

Sycotypus, 20.

Symphonota, 686.

Symphynota, 689, 693.

Syncera, 193.

Syndosmya, 582.

Sypho, 155.

Syphopatella, 272.

Systrium, 55,

Tachea, 453.

Tagelus, 611.

Talona, 590.

Talopia, 133.

Tamarindiformis, 717.

Tanalia, 219.

Tania, 220.

Tanychlamys, 433.

Tapada, 449, 452.

Tapes, 547.

Taras, 682.

Tebenophorus, 434.

Tectura, 275.

Tecture, 275.

Tectus, 117.

Tegipes, 377.

Tegula, 118.

Telescopella, 227.

Telescopium, 238.

Tellimya, 648, 650.

Tellina, 551,555, 556,575,

577, 580, 583, 585.

Tellinides, 577.

Temana, 208.

Terebellum, 4, 242.

Terebra, 40, 65, 234, 241.

Terebralia, 238, 240.

Terebratula, 761.

Terebrum, 65.

Teredina, 594.

Teredo, 596, 597, 598.

Tergipes, 365, 377.

Testacella, 449, 442, 444.

Testacellus, 440, 442.

Tethis, 317, 370.

Tethys, 370.

Tetragonostea, 632.

Tetraplodon, 697.

Textilia, 18.

Thais, 57.

Thalicera, 511.

Thallepus, 316.

Thalotia, 126.

Theba, 461.

Thecidea, 763.

Thecacera, 354.

Theliconus, 18.

Theliderma, 688.

Thelidomus, 455.

Themisto, 352, 355.

218

Theodoxus, 164.

Thiara, 214.

Thiarella, 94.

Thiatira, 677.

Thiatisa, 680, 682.

Thicolea, 116.

Thovana, 587.

Thracia, 630, 631.

Thyasira, 680.

Thyatira, 680.

Thyreus, 56.

Tiara, 96, 215.

Tiedemannia, 783.

Tigris, 132.

Timoclea, 546.

Tomala, 641.

Tomella, 12.

Tomigerus, 459.

Tomogerus, 459.

Tomopteris, 397.

Tomopterns, 397.

Tonicia, 412.

Torcula, 243.

Torinia, 201.

Tornatella, 286, 292, 293,

304, 494, 495.

Tornatelle, 292.

Tornatellina, 469.

Torquatella, 471.

Torquilla, 473.

Tortulosa, 477.

Tracheloides, 477.

Tragomma, 462.

Tralia, 494.

Trapezium, 604, 662, 664,

676.

Tremectopus, 793.

Trichocyclus, 786.

Trichogonia, 725.

Trichopodus, 64.

Trichotropis, 64.

Trichotropus, 64.

Tricla, 301, 765.

Tricolxa, 116.

Tricula, 218.

Tridachna, 714.

Tridacna, 714, 715.

Tridonta, 460.

Tridopsis, 460.

Trigona, 30, 539.

Trigonella, 562, 564, 581.

Trigonia, 699.

Trigonoceelia, 712.

Trigonoccelius, 712.

Trigonostoma, 30, 457.

Triodonta, 677.

Triopa, 354, 355.

Triphora, 241.

Triphore, 241.

Triphoris, 241.

Triphorus, 241.

Triplex, 10.

Tripter, 781.

Triptera, 781.

Triquetra, 544.

Trisis, 701.

Tristoma, 241.

Tritia, 67.

Triton, 5, 6, 8, 10, 32.

Tritonalia, 10.

Tritonia, 68, 352, 362,

365, 375.

Tritonidea, 8, 40.

Tritonidium, 33.

Tritonium, 6, 11, 14, 30,

39, 62.

Trivea, 104.

Trivia, 104.

Trochatella, 272, 531.

Trochia, 55.

Trochidea, 461.

Trochidon, 127.

Trochilea, 269.

Trochilla, 269, 272.

Trochilus, 124.

Trochiscus, 138, 460.

Trochita, 269, 272.

Trochius, 128.

Trochulus, 461.

Trochus, 120, 272, 273,

274, 283, 458.

Trocophore, 64.

Trocus, 132, 348.

Trophon, 11.

Truncatella, 282.

Tuba, 114.

Tubicanthus, 115.

Tubulites, 61.

Tudes polonica, 730.

Tugonia, 625.

Tuliparia, 18.

Turbinella, 27, 28.

Turbinellus, 10, 25, 27.

Turbo, 110, 282, 286, 288,

289, 291, 292, 469, 471,

472, 485, 503, 509, 515.

Turbona, 209.

Turbonella, 209, 286.

Turbonilla, 209, 286, 288.

Turricula, 12, 461.

Turris, 12, 96.

Turritella, 242, 246, 282,

288.

Tylodina, 324.

Tympanotomos, 237.

Tympanotomus, 237.

Typis, 10.

Uber, 185.

Ultimus, 108.

Umbella, 323.

Umbonicum, 130.

Umbraculum, 323.

Umbrella, 323.

Ungulina, 682.

Unicornus, 57.

Unio, 686, 688.

Uniopsis, 686.

Urcocoptis, 477.

Utriculina, 76.

Utriculus, 305, 306.

Vagina, 605.

Vaginella, 771.

Vaginula, 488.

Vaginulus, 488.

Vallonia, 456.

Valvarius, 97.

Valvata, 254.

Valve, 254.

Vanicoro, 256.

Velates, 162.

Velletia, 510,

Velorita, 554.

Velutella, 255.

Velutina, 191, 255, 256.

Venericardia, 661.

Venerupis, 548.

219

Venilia, 394.

Venus, 538, 540, 544.

Verania, 307, 795.

Vermetus, 257, 259, 262.

Vermicularia, 257, 258.

Vermicularius, 258.

Veronicella, 488.

Veronicellus, 488.

Vertigo, 472, 474, 477.

Vesica, 215, 307, 308, 504.

Vexillum, 55.

Vibex, 221.

Vidiantius, 483, 484.

Villiersia, 350.

Vitrea, 462.

Vitrella, 303.

Vitrina, 109, 431,433, 444.

Vitrine, 444.

Vitrinus, 444.

Vitularia, 10.

Vivipare, 251.

Viviparus, 251].

Volsella, 717.

Voluta, 4, 18, 35, 67, 284,

293, 486.

Volutella, 28, 84, 100.

Volutilithes, 91.

Volvaria, 97,101, 304,500.

Volvulus, 475.

Vortex, 457, 508.

Vulpecula, 96.

Vulsella, 731.

Westernia, 329.

Xenophora, 273.

Xenophoris, 273.

Xylophaga, 591.

Xylotrya, 597.

Yetus, 82.

Yoldia, 620.

Zaria, 244.

Zephrina, 394.

Zierliana, 95.

Ziziphinus, 124,

Zonites, 433.

Zua, 468.

Zurama, 456.

No, CLXXIX.—Procergpixes or THE ZooLoGicaL Sociery.

220

November 23, 1847.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. DEscRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF AUSTRALIAN BirDs.

By Joun Goutp, Esq., F.R.S., F.Z.S. etc.

MELITHREFTUS CHLOROPSIS.

Upper surface greenish olive; head and chin black; crescent-

shaped mark at the occiput, and under surface, white ; wings and tail

brown, margined with greenish olive; apical half of the external

webs of the primaries narrowly edged with white; irides dull red ;

bill blackish brown; naked space above the eye greenish white in

some, in others pale wine-yellow; tarsi and outer part of the feet

light greenish olive; inside of feet bright yellow.

Total length 54 inches; bill 14; wing 33; tail 25; tarsi 3.

Hab. Western Australia.

Remark.—Allied to M. lunulatus, from which it differs in being of

a larger size, and in having the bare space over the eye pale green

instead of red.

MELITHREPTUS ALBOGULARIS.

Upper surface greenish wax-yellow ; head black ; crescent-shaped

mark at the occiput, chin, and all the under surface, white; wings

and tail brown, margined with greenish wax-yellow ; irides dull red ;

bill brownish black; legs and feet greenish grey, with a tinge of

blue on the front of the tarsi.

Total length 43 inches; bill $; wing 27; tail 23; tarsi 1.

Hab. Northern and Eastern Australia.

Remark.—Rather smaller than M. lunulatus, from which it differs

in the brighter colouring of the back and in the total absence of any

black on the chin.

Grus AUSTRALASIANUS.

The general plumage deep silvery grey; the feathers of the back

dark brownish grey, with silvery grey edges; lesser wing-coverts

dark brown ; primaries black ; crown of the head and bill olive-green,

the bill becoming lighter towards the tip; irides fine orange-yellow ;

raised fleshy papille surrounding the ears and the back of the head

fine coral-red, passing into an orange tint above and below the eye,

and becoming less brilliant on the sides of the face, which, together

with the gular pouch, is covered with fine black hairs, so closely set

on the latter as almost to conceal the red colouring of the skin;

upper part of the pouch and the bare skin beneath the lower mandible

olive-green; in old males the gular pouch is very pendulous, and

forms a conspicuous appendage ; legs and feet purplish black.

221

Total length 48 inches; bill 64; wing 24; tail 91; tarsi 102.

Hab. Australia generally.

Remark.—A very noble species, which has hitherto been con-

founded with the Grus Antigone of India, to which it is nearly allied,

but from which it differs in being somewhat smaller in size and in

the black colouring of the legs.

Myiacra CONCINNA.

The male has the whole of the upper surface, wings, tail, and breast,

lead-colour, glossed with green on the head, neck and breast, and

becoming gradually paler towards the extremity of the body and on

the wings and tail; primaries slaty black; secondaries faintly mar-

gined with white; under surface of the wing, abdomen and under

tail-coverts white ; bill leaden blue, except at the extreme tip, which

is black; irides brown; feet blackish grey.

The female has the head and back lead-colour, without the greenish

gloss; wings and tail brown, fringed with bluish grey, particularly

the secondaries ; throat and breast rich rusty red ; abdomen and under

tail-coverts white, which colour does not gradually blend with the

rusty red of the breast, as in the female of Myiagra plumbea; upper

mandible black; under mandible pale blue, except at the tip, which

is black.

Total length 5} inches; bill 3; wing 3; tail 23; tarsi £.

fTab. North-western Australia.

Remark.—Closely allied to M. plumbea and M. nitida.

HERoDIAS PLUMIFERUS.

The entire plumage pure white; bill and orbits yellow.

Total length 24 inches ; bill 4; wing 11; tail 4}; tarsi 4}.

Hab. New South Wales.

Remark.—This species is distinguished by the greater developemont

of the plumes depending from the chest, and by their structure assi-

milating very closely to those of the back.

HERODIAS PANNOSUS.

The entire plumage bluish or slaty black, with the exception cf

the chin, which is pure white.

Total length 24 inches; bill 41; wing 103; tail 4; tarsi 41.

Hab. Port Stephens, New South Wales.

Remark »—The deep leaden blue colouring of this species renders

it a very conspicuous bird.

ARDETTA STAGNATILIS.

Crown of the head, occipital crest and a small tuft beneath each

eye black ; neck and all the under surface grey, with a vinous tinge,

which becomes much deeper on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ;

lengthened feathers of the back bluish grey, with lighter shafts;

wing-coverts dark slate-grey, narrowly margined with buff and white;

remainder of the wings and tail dark grey ; irides light yellow; orbits

and eyelash gamboge-yellow ; upper mandible and cutting edge of

the lower mandible very dark reddish brown ; remainder of the lower

222

mandible oil-green ; tibiz and hinder part of the tarsi bright yellow ;

remainder of the legs and feet yellowish brown.

Total length 14 inches; bill 33; wing 73; tail 23; tarsi 21.

The young differ in having all the upper surface brown, with a

triangular spot of white at the tip of all the wing-feathers, and the

throat broadly and conspicuously striated with brown on a white

ground.

Hab. Port Essington.

AcTITIS EMPUSA.

All the upper surface pale glossy or bronzy brown, each feather

crossed with irregular bars of dark brown, bounded on either side by

a narrow line of paler brown; wings dark brown; base and tips of

the secondaries white; primaries very slightly tipped with white;

central tail-feathers pale glossy or bronzy brown, with a row of irre-

gular-shaped spots of dark brown along the margins ; lateral feathers

white, crossed by irregular blended bars of dark and pale brown;

under surface white, with the exception of the sides of the chest,

which are pale brown, and the shafts of the feathers of the front of

the neck, which are also pale brown.

Total length 61 inches; bill 13; wing 4}; tail 2}; tarsi 1.

Hab. Port Essington.

Remark.—Closely allied to, but smaller than, Actitis hypoleucus.

STERNA GRACILIS.

Crown of the head and back of the neck rich deep black; all the

upper surface, wings and tail silvery grey ; sides of the neck and all

the under surface white, with a blush of rose-colour on the breast and

centre of the abdomen; shafts of the primaries white, their outer

webs slaty black, and a narrow stripe of dark slate-colour along the

inner web close to the stem; irides brownish red; bill red; feet

orange-red, nails black.

Total length 123 inches ; bill 2; wing 83; tail 6; tarsi 2.

Hab. The Houtmann’s Abrolhos, off the western coast of Australia.

Remark.—A very elegant species, closely allied to Sterna Dougallit

of the British Islands.

2. Snort DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW OR LITTLE-KNOWN Decarop Crus-

racea. By Apam Wurtz, F.L.S., Assistant 1n THE Zoou. Der.

Britisp Museum.

Family Marana.

Scuizopurys, White.

Carapace oval, depressed, somewhat attenuated behind; beak

deeply cloven ; upper orbit deeply cloyen, with a strong tooth in the

middle of the cleft ; under orbit with an elongated appendage on the

inside, with two teeth at the end.

Tail of male with seven joints, the sides nearly parallel. Fore-legs

shortest. Fingers without teeth.

Schizophrys serratus (twice the natural size).

ScHIzoPuHRYs sERRATUS, White, List of Specimens of Crustacea in

the Collection of the British Museum, p. 9.

Two basal joints of fore-legs witli numerous pointed tubercles ;

sides of carapace with six strongish teeth, including outer tooth of

orbit. The two strong teeth of the front with a tooth each on the

outside.

Hab. Isle of France (male). Coll. Brit. Museum.

ScHIZOPHRYS SPINIGER, White, l. c. 9.

Basal joints of fore-legs smooth ; sides of carapace with eight teeth

on each, the second and third from the orbit united at the base;

behind, in the middle and close to each other, are two small teeth.

Carapace above with numerous minute tubercles, amongst which

are nineteen of larger size, arranged mostly transversely. The cara-

pace is yellow, tinged here and there.

Hab. Philippine Islands (Siquejor and Isle of Rohol). Coll. Brit.

Museum. From Mr. Cuming’s collection.

Hoventa rrontatis, White, l. c. 10.

Carapace with the front very wide and semicircular in front; sides

of carapace behind eyes narrower than a line measured across; a

slight sinus in the side behind. Legs flat and foliaceous.

Locality unknown. Coll. Brit. Museum,

Hvuenta Denaanu, White, l. c. 10.

Carapace elongated, depressed ; beak compressed ; sides hairy, with

a tooth at base directed forwards ; carapace behind eyes with the sides

nearly parallel, the end straight; sides with two wide, bluntish,

somewhat falcated appendages directed backwards, separated by a

roundish sinuation.

Hab. Philippine Islands. Coll. Brit. Museum. From Mr. Cuming’s

collection. .

224

Meneruivs porcELuus, White, l. c.

Upper part of carapace very irregular ali over ; the front, with three

teeth arising from the same, plain; the middle one very much elon-

gated and bent down at the end ; the side margin with several largish

crenations ; base of fere-legs with two or three tubercles on the out-

side.

Blastia monoceros, Leach MSS.

Hab. Isle of France (male and female).

Family Canceripz£.

Genus Acrzas, De Haan.

AcT#A NopuLosa, White, l.c. 15.

Carapace and legs above thickly covered with rounded tubercles,

largest on fore-legs and on fore-margins; a tubercle on the under

orbit ; the carapace in the middle longitudinally impressed ; the pos-

terior edge is straight and furnished with two transverse lines of

small tubercles; claws, both upper and under, with longitudinal

keels, horn-coloured.

Hab. Isle of Frauce. Coll. Brit. Museum.

Actrza carcHarias, White, l. c. 15.

Carapace and legs above covered very closely with sharp rough

tubercles; on the front the tubercles are much smaller, the upper

surface divided into different divisions by transverse and longitudinal

lines; upper edge of legs serrated.

Hab. Australia (Swan River).

‘This species is nearly allied to Actea calculosa (Cancer calculosus,

Edw. Crust. i. 378).

Atercatis, De Haan.

ATERGATIS SINUATIFRONS, White, l. c. 14.

Carapace with the marginal limb very entire and rather thick, of

a uniform brownish red. Front with three lubes, each notched in

the middle. Fingers of fore-legs with tufts of hair, black, extreme

tip white. Width of carapace four inches.

Hab. Mauritius. Coll. British Museum. Presented by Lady

Frances Cole.

ATERGATIS sUBDIViIsus, White, l. c. 14.

Carapace with the marginal limb divided by four very indistinct

lobes ; greater part of top of carapace deep red, with yellowish spots ;

behind paler. Fingers black, base of moveable finger yellow. Front

of carapace with two straightish lobes, sinuated close to the eye.

Width of carapace three inches eight lines.

Hab. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming’s collection.

Near A. marginatus. | ~

ATERGATIS ASPERIMANUS, White, l. c. 14.

Carapace with its latero-anterior sides with a cutting edge, part of

carapace behind this punctate; the rest of upper surface almost quite

225

smooth, with three or four impressed lines in front. Hands rugose,

especially above ; fingers both moveable and fixed, deeply channeled.

Pale yellowish red; feet darker; fingers of fore-legs pale horn-

coloured.

Hab. Philippine Islands. Cell. Brit. Museum. From Mr. Cu-

ming’s collection.

ATERGATIS LATERALIS, White, l. c. 15.

Carapace with each of the sides having three projecting teeth;

hands with a crest above and below; fingers short, pale brown ; hands

roughish on the outside.

Hab. Unknown. In collection of Brit. Museum.

Xantuo, Auct.

XantTHO DEPREssus, White, l.c. p. 17.

Carapace much-depressed, very flat, in front tuberculated; many

of the tubercles sharp-pointed. Front deeply notched in the middle ;

sides with three teeth. Hands on the outside tuberculated, three

last joints of legs slightly tuberculated and with a few hairs.

Hab. Philippine Islands (Isle of Corregidor). From Mr. Cuming’s

collection.

This is quite a magazine genus in the family Canceride ; it requires

subdivision greatly.

XANTHO DENTICULATUS, White, l. c.

Carapace with the latero-anterior edge long, and arched with eight

sharp teeth on each side, largest behind. Front of carapace between

the orbits separated into four parts by five longitudinal lines; two

transverse lines about the middle. Hands on the outside smooth,

above with a bluntish edge, punctured on each side.

Hab. West Indies. Brit. Museum. From Mr. Scrivener’s col-

lection.

XANTHO cuLTRIMANUs, White, l. c. 17.

Carapace slightly convex above; front notched; sides with four

teeth; front part and sides with very slight tubercles; carapace be-

hind the eyes with impressed lines, which meet in the middle. Hands

with four longitudinal impressed lines on the outside, which is covered

with small roughish tubercles. Carapace and legs pale yellowish,

varied with red.

Hab. Philippine Islands. Coll. Brit. Museum. Mr. Cuming’s

collection.

XANTHO LAMELLIGERA, White, l. c. 17.

Carapace rather convex above, with four teeth on each side ; upper

part on sides slightly tubercular. Hands rough on the outside; edge

of wrist above with a toothed margin; edge of hands, both above

and below, with a lamellar edge. Hind-legs on the upper edge

lamellar.

Hab. Isle of France. Coll. Brit. Museum.

226

Cutoropivs, Auct.

Cutoropius Hirtipes, White, l.c. 18.

Carapace smooth ; front very broad, scarcely notched in the middle ;

the sides with four blunt teeth. Fore-legs long ; third joint very

thick ; upper edge at base with one thick tooth ; hind-legs with many

brownish hairs.

Hab. Philippine Islands. Coll. Brit. Museum. From Mr. Cu-

ming’s collection.

CuHLoRoDIUS FRAGIFER, White, 1. c. 18.

Carapace covered with roundish berry-like tubercles, arranged in

groups and separated by definite impressed lines. Pedicel of eye

with two spines close to the eye ; legs covered with rice-like tubercles.

White, a broad pinkish longitudinal line down the middle in front ;

five pink marks on hind part of carapace.

Hab. Philippine Islands (Rohol). Coll. Brit. Museum, From

Mr. Cuming’s collection.

Cuxoropivus pituMnorpEs, White, ]. c. 18.

Carapace and legs covered with brown hairs; carapace somewhat

depressed, sides with three teeth covered with spines ; fore-part of

carapace with several bosses, and rough with spiny tubercles; on

hind-part of carapace are fotir deennverie raised lines, the innermost

the shortest. Hands large, upper edge serrated, outside and top with

largish tubercles. Fingers on the outside and top channeled ; several

tubercles at the base of the moveable finger ; fingers black, hallowed

ends white. Hind-legs serrated above, second and third joints with

three rows of serratures.

Hab. Singapore. Philippine Islands (Rohol). Coll. Brit. Museum.

From Mr. Cuming’s collection.

Panopevus, Edwards.

Panopeus prentatus, White, l. c. 18.

Carapace having the sides furnished with five lobes, the first three

blunt and wide, the last two sharp and narrow ; front with four lobes,

the two middle largest; fore-part of carapace above, round the edge,

depressed and irregularly tuberculated, most of the tubercles very

small.. Hands very unequal in size, the right largest fingers thick,

the left small, the fingers much elongated. Upper part red, with me

irregular yellow marks.

Hab. Philippine Islands (Masbata). Coll. Brit. Museum. ‘vom

Mr. Cuming’s collection.

Ozius, Edwards.

Ozius? susverrucosus, White, l. c. 19.

Carapace with latero-anterior side short, with three deep incisions

forming four lobes, the two middle truncated; carapace above irre-

gular, the edges and under-side thickly covered with small warts.

Front formed of two truncated widish lobes, separated by a very

+ 5 laity

227

slight notch; a deepish notch between the front and the orbit, anda

sinus between the outer orbital angle and the first lobe of the side.

Hab. ?

Family Hrrpip2.

Cosmonortus, Adams and White.

~ Cosmonotus Grayit, Adams and White, List of Crustacea, p. 129.

Carapace oval (about an inch in length and half an inch wide),

very much compressed laterally, especially in front, with a distinct

prominent keel extending down the middle line, very strongly marked

in front, but fainter posteriorly ; the surface covered with numerous

minute depressed punctures.

Front with two very small spines on each side of a deep angular

notch, in which are placed the eyes.

Chelz trigonal, the inferior part plane, the exterior convex, with

transverse, interrupted, engraved or depressed lines, the upper angle

covered with long thick hairs; the inner surface concave. Carpus

228

incurved, subcompressed, convex externally, but less convex inter-

nally, and ending above and in front in a blunt spine; hand com-

pressed, elevated, with the upper edge arched, but not so sharp as in

Notopus; the sides convex and covered with asperities or minutely

denticulated ridges, interrupted and transverse ; finger uncinate, very

short, incurved ; thumb narrow, compressed, elongated, with a sharp

apex and a strong tooth near the distal extremity.

Feet short and weak, as in Notopus; the first tibia bicarinated ;

the tarsus subquadrate, anteriorly bicarinate, with a scalpel-shaped

claw; the second tibia one-keeled, with the tarsus oblong, and a

sharp elongated trigonal claw; the third tibia subtriangular; tarsus

short, flattened, subtrigonal, with a falcate claw; fifth tibia trian-

gular, very short, flattened; tarsus transverse-ovate, with a small

narrow, claw.

Abdomen of the male seven-jointed, the joints from the first to the

sixth nearly of the same width as in Notopus, and the last joint tri-

gonal.

Cosmonotus differs from Notopus, De Haan, by wanting the post-

frontal, elevated, denticulated ridge; by the dorsal keel ending ab-

ruptly in front, instead of terminating in a central frontal spine; in

the front being notched with a single small spine on each side; in

the thorax being much compressed, more especially in front, and in

the produced and angular shape, while in Notopus it is almost straight

across in front; and in the sides being entire, with a short sharp

spine at the antero-latero angle.

The cut represents this species of twice the natural size, and is

named in compliment to J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S., Keeper of the

Zoological Department in the British Museum.

December 12, 1847.

W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1, DescriPTIONS OF NINETEEN NEW SPECIES OF HELICEA, FROM THE

Couuection or H. Cumine, Esa. By Dr. L. Preirrer.

1. Hexrx Kurazi, Pfr. Hel. testd mediocriter umbilicatd, depressd,

tenui, punctis distantibus sub lente scabriusculd, diaphand, corneo-

albidd, fascid 1 angustd rufd, alterd obsoletad infra peripheriam

ornatd ; spird pland ; anfractibus 41, primis conveviusculis, ultimo

sensim descendente, utrinque subplano, antice subconstricto ; aper-

turd obliqud, subtriangulari-lunari ; peristomate simplice, tenui,

marginibus conniventibus, supero late expanso, basali reflexo, colu-

mellari brevi, triangulatim dilatato.

Diam. 25, alt. 10 mill.

Locality unknown.

2. Hevix Garveneri, Pfr. Hel. testd subperforatd, turbinatd,

solidd, striis longitudinalibus et spiralibus distantioribus decussatd,

nitidd, castaned ; spird elevatd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 65 con-

vexiusculis, ultimo majore, sublevigato, ad peripheriam cingulo

albo ornato ; aperturd oblique lunari, intus alba ; peristomate sim-

plice, recto, margine columellari subincrassato, superné subdilatato,

perforationem fere claudente.

Diam. 22, alt. 15 mill. '

Found on leaves of trees in the forests of Ceylon, 8000 feet above

the level of the sea (Dr. Gardener).

3. Srrerraxis Funcxt, Pfr. Str. testd subobtecté umbilicatd, de-

presso-ovatd, tenuiusculd, superne confertim plicatd, basi levigatd,

sub epidermide tenui, corneo-albidd ; spird regulariter pariim elata,

apice obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 65 vix convexiusculis, ultimo deor-

sum deviante, prope suturam striatulo, basi convexo, juxta umbili-

cum mediocrem compresso; aperturd obliqud, subtriangulari ;

peristomate breviter expanso, margine basali leviter arcuato, colu-

mellari in laminam triangularem, fornicatim supra umbilicum re-

flexam, dilatato.

Diam. 273, alt. 16 mill.

From Merida, New Granada (Funck).

4. Butimus quapricotor, Pfr. Bul. testd imperforatd, succinei-

formi, tenui, striatuld, luted, strigis obliquis fulguratis confertis

castaneis, nonnullisque latioribus stramineis, antrorsum serratis,

infra medium evanescentibus pictd ; spird conicd, obtusiusculd ;

anfractibus 4 subplanis, ultimo parim convexo, 2—3 longitudinis

subequante ; columelld filari ; peristomate undique brevissime ex-

panso, roseo, marginibus callo tenuissimo junctis.

Long. 304, diam. 14 mill.

From Chachopo, province of Merida, New Granada (Funck).

5. Burrmus Lovent, Pfr. Bul. testd imperforatd, ovatd, tenut,

longitudinaliter plicatd, fusco-luted, strigis castaneis fulguratis

elegantissime pictd ; spird conicd, obtusd, apice subimpressd ; an-

fractibus 43 vix convexiusculis, supremis castaneis, penultimo inter

plicas subtilissimé transversim striato, ultimo subtiliter malleato,

4—7 longitudinis equante ; columelld castaned, superné leviter

plicatd ; aperturd oblongo-ovali, subconcolore ; peristomate nigro-

castaneo, undique expanso et reflexo, margine columellari superne

dilatato, appresso.

Long. 42, diam. 20 mill.

From the Colonia of Tovar, Venezuela (Mr. D. Dyson).

6. Burrus Lamarcxianus, Pfr. Bul. testd subperforatd, ovatd,

solidd, striatd et undique distincté granulatd, saturate fuscd, punc-

tis nigricantibus conspersd ; spird brevi, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus

5 pariim convewis, ullimo ventrosiore, 3—5 longitudinis sub-

230

equante ; columellé oblique leviter plicatd ; aperturd oblongo-

ovali, intus lividd ; peristomate subincrassato, expanso-reflexo,

marginibus calla tenui junctis, columellari superné dilatato, per-

Sorationem feré occultante.

Long. 62, diam. 32 mill.

From the Andes of New Granada, 8000 feet high (Funck).

7. Butimus Buaryvitueanvs, Pfr. Bul. testd subperforatd, solidi,

ventroso-ovatd, longitudinaliter confertim plicatd, sub epidermide

olivaced castaned, strigis sparsis nigricantibus fulguratis varie-

gatd ; spird brevi, conicd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 43, supremis

planis, penultimo convexiusculo, ultimo ventroso, 3—5 longitudinis

subequante, peroblique descendente ; columelld mediocriter plicatd,

paulo recedente ; apertura oblongo-semiovali, intus nigricante, ni-

tidd ; peristomate nigro, incrassato, late expanso, marginibus callo

tenuissimo junctis, columellari dilatato, plano, subappresso.

Long. 50, diam. 25 mill.

From Zaji, province of Merida, New Granada (Funck).

8. Buximus piecrostyius, Pfr. Bul. testd subperforatd, ovato-

conicd, solidd, regulariter et distincté granulatd, saturaté castaned,

flammis brevibus albis infra suturam ornatd ; spird conicd, obtusi-

usculd ; anfractibus 5 vix convexiusculis, superioribus plicato-

striatis, ultimo tumido, antice peroblique descendente, 4—7 lon-

gitudinis subequante ; columelld superne plicd validd, subobliqua,

munitd ; aperturd obverse auriformi, intus sordide lilaced, nitidd ;

peristomate undique expanso et reflexo, livido-fusco.

Long. 35, diam. 17 mill.

From Chachopo, province of Merida, New Granada (Funck).

9. Butimus Veranyt, Pfr. Bul. testd subperforatd, ovatd, solidi-

usculd, minutissime granulatd, fulud, punctis castaneis conspersd

et strigis luteis vel albis fulguratis distantibus ornatd ; spird conicd,

obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 4} convewiusculis, ultimo 3—5 longitu-

dinis equante; columellad superne subplicatd, leviter arcuatd ;

aperturd oblongo-ovali, intus margaritaced ; peristomate albo,

undique mediocriter expanso.

Long. 33, diam. 15 mill.

From Chachopo, province of Merida, New Granada (Funck).

10. Buximus rerpix, Pfr. Bul. testd perforatd, ovato-oblongd,

solidd, confertim striatd, albidd, flammis, maculis et punctis nigri-

cantibus pictd ; spird conicd, apice obtusiusculd ; suturd marginatd ;

anfractibus 54 vir conveais, ultimo spiram subequante, basi juxta

perforationem angustam viz compresso ; columelld superné oblique

plicatd, leviter arcuatd ; aperturd oblongd, intus concolore ; peri-

stomate undique expanso, margine columellari subfornicato.

Long. 36, diam. 15 mill.

From Agua de Obispo, New Granada (Funck).

11. Buximus quitensis, Pfr. Bul. testd umbilicatd, ovato-conicd,

soliduld, ruguloso-striatd, pallide fuscescente, strigis variis fuscis

231

et castaneis variegatd ; spird conicd, acutd ; anfractibus 7 pluni-

usculis, ultimo convexo, spiram vix superante, basi juxta umbilicum

angustum, apertum compresso, nigricante ; columelld rectd, verti-

cali, nigricante ; aperturd oblonga, ad basin columelle subangulatd,

intus nigricanti-limbatd ; peristomate simplice, recto, marginibus

subparallelis, dextro superné repando, columellari dilatato, patente.

Long. 26, diam. 12 mill.

From Quito (De Lattre).

12. Butrmus rrrecuuaris, Pfr. Bul. testd umbilicatd, ovato-

oblongd, soliduld, plicis confertis, longitudinalibus rugosd, carned,

Jusculo substrigatim variegatd; spird conicd, acutiusculd, apice

rufa; anfractibus 6 vir convexiusculis, ultimo spird viz breviore,

circa umbilicum angustum, non pervium subangulato-compresso ;

columella leviter arcuatd ; aperturd eilipticd, basi subangulatd ;

peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari e basi reflexo,

superne dilatato.

Long. 19, diam. 9 mill.

From Quito, Equador (De Lattre).

13. Butimus meripionaLis, Pfr. Bul. testa perforatd, ovato-conicd,

striatuld, diaphand, albidd, fascid 1 aurantio-fuscd cingulatd ;

spird regulariter conicd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 7 conveciusculis,

ultimo spird breviore, subrotundato ; columella leviter arcuatd ;

apertura obliqud, truncato-ovali, intus concolore ; peristomate sim-

plice, breviter expanso, margine columellari superne fornicato-

reflexo.

Long. 15, diam. 8 mill.

From South Africa.

14. Buximus pexiucipus, Pfr. Bul. testd subperforatd, turritd,

tenuissimd, striatuld, nitidd, pellucidd, lutescenti-corned ; spird

elongatd, apice obtusd ; anfractibus 7 convexiusculis, ultimo 1—3

longitudinis equante ; columelld subtortd ; aperturd subquadran-

gulari-ovali ; peristomate simplice, acuto, margine columellari bre-

viter revoluto.

Long. 114, diam. 4 mill. (spec. max.).

From Merida, New Granada (Funck).

15. Buxisrus cranapensis, Pfr. Bul. testd angusté perforatd, fusi-

formi-ovatd, tenui, irregulariter striata, albidd, strigis vitellinis

et maculis longitudinalibus nigricantibus scriatis ornatd ; spira

conicd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 6 vix convexiusculis, ultimo spiram

equante ; columella rectd ; aperturd ovali-oblongd, intus concolore ;

peristomate acuto, simplice, vir expansiusculo, margine columellari

in laminam triangularem tenuem reflexo, perforationem fere occul-

tante.

Long. 26, diam. 11 mill.

From Merida, New Granada (Funck).

16. AcnatineLia Micuexstana, Pfr. Ach. testd ovato-coniformi, -

levigata, opacd, nitidd, nived, sirigis cinereis variegatd ; spird

232

conicd, apice acutiusculd ; suturd submarginatd ; anfractibus 54

conveais, ultimo infra medium lined nigricante (interdum duplicatd )

cincto ; plicd columellari validd, dentiformi, basi castaned ; aper-

turd semiovali, fusco-marginatd ; peristomate simplice, acuto.

Long. 17, diam. § mill.

From Molokai, Sandwich Islands.

17. Acuatina maanirica, Pfr. Ach. testd ovato-subfusiformi,

tenuiusculd, leviter striatuld, haud nitente, luted, strigis et flammis

virentibus et castaneis, fascidque 1 luteo et castaneo articulatd,

supramediand variegatd ; spird conicd, apice obtusissimd ; anfrac-

tibus 54 vix convexiusculis, ultimo spiram pauld superante ; suturd

angusté marginatd ; columelld rectd, verticali, callo introrsum albo,

extrorsum nigricante indutd, basi rubrd, ad basin aperture ellip-

tice, intus cerulescenti-albide oblique truncatd.

Long. 47, diam, 21 mill.

From Quito, Equador ; in woods (De Lattre).

18. Acuatina Funckt, Pfr. Ach. testd subperforatd, ovato-conicd,

tenui, striatuld, nitidd, pellucidd, stramineo-hyalind ; spird conicd,

acutd ; anfractibus 6 convewis, ultimo spird pauld breviore.; aper-

turd semiovali ; pariete aperturali medio plicd levi, intrante mu-

nito ; columella medio lamellatim truncata ; peristomate simplice,

-acuto.

Long. 123, diam. 6 mill.

From the province of Merida, New Granada (Funck).

19. Bavea Funcxi, Pfr. Bal. testd sinistrorsd, vix subrimatd,

turritd, truncatd, sublevigatd, fuscd ; anfractibus (spec. trunc.)

5 convewiusculis, ultimo basi rotundato ; aperturd oblongo-semi-

ovali, intus fulvd ; plicd parietali validd, compressd, columellari

obliqud, obsoletd ; peristomate albo, expanso, reflexiusculo, mar-

ginibus callo junctis, ewterno sinuato.

Long. (spec. trunc.) 14, diam. 4 mill.

From Chachopo, province of Merida, New Granada (Funck).

2. DuscrirTion OF A NEW SPECIES OF VoLUTE. By W.J. Broprenrip,

Esa., F.R.S. erc.

Vouvrta sicniFER. Vol. testd ovato-fusiformi, longitudinaliter cre-

berrime lineatd, subflavd, signis spadiceo-brunneis irregularibus,

interruptis vittatd ; spird mediocri, subtumidd, apice subacuto-

mammillari, glabro ; anfractibus 3, ultimo longe maximo, subven-

tricoso ; labro acuto ; columelld quadriplicatd, plicis magnis.

Long. 34, lat. 12 poll.

Hab. In Oceano Orientali?

Two bands of detached, reddish-brown, irregular, interrupted spots

wreathe the spiral whorls, and three such bands, with a trace of a

fourth, adorn the body-whorl. There is a wide interval between the

upper two of the bands of the body-whorl, and the third and trace

of the fourth on the same whorl. An irregular linear dash of the

same colour connects the three uppermost of these bands longitu-

233

dinally and centrally. Indeed the colour seems disposed generally

to run from the upper to the lower band of each pair. The terroinal

notch is very deep and is surmounted by an unusually strong ele-

vated ridge.

The specimen is faded and rubbed, but in form is nearly perfect.

When in fine condition V. signifer must be one of the most elegant

of the beautiful family to which it belongs.

Mr. Cuming obtained this Volute in the present year, from the

cabinet of Dr. Dalen of Rotterdam, by whom it was liberally pre-

sented to him, although Dr. Dalen had no other example of the shell.

I never saw the species before, and as far as may experience goes, this

is the only specimen known.

uni

rreourlinegqed’: ¢o

sain PGs. * Ry wie +

X PP eit ty

‘eahy gyre welts prin a Nd Peat ar rbes™ oF DS pal waaay

7. Pre: | whe x f : a

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ork A Beeerleele 2:

INDEX.

The names of New Species, and of Species newly characterized, are printed in

Roman Characters: those of Species previously known, in J¢alics: those of Species

respecting which Anatomical Observations are made, in CaPiTALs.

The index of names occurring in Mr. Gray’s Paper on the Genera of Shells will be

found at p. 207—219.

Page

Acanthion Cuvieri, Gray ...... 102, 103

——$ Daubentonii s.rserccrrcceeerrrere 98

—— Flemingii, Gray ....sseeesseees 103

— Hodgsonii, Gray ......... 101, 103

javanicum, F. Cuy. ...... 102, 103

Acanthiza apicalis, Gould .........++ 31

diemenensis, Gould ..... Raisins 32

— Ewingii, Gould ........ Masvcastest 32

— pusilla, Vig. & Horsf. ......... 32

Acanthochites, Leach...... sevseeeee 66, 69

FaASCiCUlaris ersesssveevees Sethe 70

——$._ Gar not ...eercscrcoveeeees Secewae AO)

: Fastatus — .erccrscrscsseveeecsveee 10

—— hirundiniformis .....+.e0erere 70

Lesueurii cssccrseccsseeseessveere 70

—— polychetus ...ccereee se teteeedey 000

MOSEUBI, ovccsssadeitdsastemenacness 40

BCOUEN). | covarsstnesseaensaencceens CU

a BEFIGATUS:....cenavevercdvedvacerers 00

PADIACEUS: .cccavesecescavtonvasess 40

Acanthochiton, Herrm. ..... ..+0++... 69

Acanthochitus, Riss. .......scceeeeeees 69

Acanthopleura, Guild. .........++. 65, 67

BACGION, ...cncteecsavevest ate ohe 2/67

—— Drevispin0sa ...eccersreee Mecdapa ct OS

—— PGTGAS. rereccssersreessccecsevecee 68

Bare FIONA Udteiestecvesirenstetesae>, OF

MAGNYICA ssecerevevsoeee seevecnes 08

—— nobilis, Gray —...seessseseves -» 68

—— Owenli, Gray cecssccorsssereeee 68

—— PerUviANA ..0.-0..- seulPeecceeess 67

$$ PICEA, sr reeereeies seis weenpveennne OB

—— spinigera ....+- Scestunsdcnunere 68

—— SPIUNOSA oes eererecevrees PT eS - 68

— ? truncata ....... UE Weincrexc van! 168

— Watsonii ...... Sides teitoreeder ay 08

Accipiter fringilloides, Vig. .:....... 38

—— pennsylvanicus .....4. eevee OT

Aguias, 0. g., Gray ..cccccsssereveereee 15

Page

Akera bullata sss... Meee seavotacs sae,

Alcedo alcyon ......++ endear eactineee ese 38

Alope, n. g., White ss... eel vena 123

palpalis, While .......s.se0000 ee

Aluna Aphrodite, White

Ametrida, n. g., Gray

—— centurid, Gray ....ccceceseeee Ce cipe )

Amicula, n. g., Gray .....-. Sivenece 66, 69

eee eSTATM Vcccacektsondorscvenscosete,) OG

Amphioxus Belcheri, Gray ......... 35

— lanceolatus .......+... A asiiieen cere

Amytis macrourus, Gould ........000. 2

——$ SETIATUS oe. cseerereeeeeee sco

pee STATIS 5c cee cehscocedtancedevacenes. | Mee

Anas bahamensis?, Linn. ......+++ we «=O4

C]ypeata —srseerevvecseere 40

—$ ? AOMINICA «0+. .seseveee hee .. 40

—— _? fistUlaris ...cecerserseccrseees «. 40

?jamaicensis ...... Beds ssessea 40

Rafflesii, Vig. .sseeessceeesseene 54

—— P SPIMOSA sesesecerssecsnens vavcee WAU

ANALINE ...6000 0 asdeveteatsscceiureaea 40

Anoura GeoffrOyit ...ceerserereveeeens 115

Anthenea, n. g., Gray .s0....00 Waees a

chinensis, GYaY «ssscscsseeeeeeees 77

—— granulifera, Gray .........00000 77

tuberculosa, Gray .........0+++ 77

Apteryx australis, Shaw .....- 51, 93, 94

Owenii, Gould ......cccceeeee 93, 94

Aramus SCOLOPACEUS ...eeesseeeeveres . 40

Arctibius Floresii, Bonap. ............ 115

Ardea alba ...... dase heitone cbenates ea ae

CRTULCR caves Sessoevacccecvscceres 39

CANIAiSSIMA .... 66. .seeeeveeenees 39

CHUIS Nain csscasecvccess peikeeneste 39

Rev OdtGs . cas vivcevecseccveccvvesses 39

——$ ludoviciand ..ssrersesereres hatetad

WEF ESCENS — sersesssceerees verse ate 39

Ardeid@ ...... siveleeulaaaee echo Gnoae Pages a

236 INDEX.

Page Page

Argala olivaced weissscsececsescaces eer Cathartes Iota, Mol. .......ccsse.se00. D2

Artamus albiventris, Gould ......... 31 | Caulodromus, n. g., Gray ...... res ee

Ciereus, ViEill. wos vahonsacedsee se 31 Gracel, Gray, .::-:scescecseseeeens 6

Astacus zealandicus, White ......... 123 | Ceratocarcinus, Adams & White Aes!

Asterias Cumingii .........c1ececeenees 73 longimanus, White............ eae OU

Aiscoides, Less. seccesresseseceses 74 Cerithium truncatum — ...ccccseeeeees 21

CpUCRT Nis, REC.) wonanecwocadeusn se 76 Certhia flaveola, Linn. ...........+00+ 39

—— gibbosus, Leach ......-+..-.cee.e- 81 maculata, Wils.......... Pee to) ote

GIACULUS Fisred aves .tutesves ... %2 | —— spilonota, Frankl. ............... 7

granifera, Lam. sesseeees 82 | Chalcites osculans, Gould ............ 32

granularis, Retz. .......ese00++ 78 | Charadriad@ ......... ates sameaaee faeces. ao

CNGRTGUS % wrcdevcbncegedas's tear. 73 Charadrius Gpricarius ..s.cseeveveees 39

multiradiata ......000.c..0s sara eth MELOMUE 6 va cncessniee ssiny ateetet i 39

ocellifera, Lam. ses.sseeeeeeees 82 MROVINCUUS 0000s ccuces=assntaeniae 39

pentagonula, Lam. .......-+..- 77 | —— pluvialis ....... 39

——— POLAF IS >. Fan aceite sewer ewes deeds 72 semipalmatus ... S eee

—— pulvillus, Mill. ....00....0cee0eee 81 WOCHCFUS ~ cnr incsetocooeaae petes Bo

Schmideliana, Retz. ......+++..- 74 Chararxes Castor ...ccccessssveses qenads, ei

Asteriscus coccineus, Miill.etTrosch. 82 Phraortes, Doubled. ........++ . 60

Asterodiscus, n. g., Gray sss...--00s 75 | Chauliodus streperus w.cee.cseeree... 40

Clepans, Gray. .ce.iseoosssressos 75 | Chiton ...... sas cebscosnnontee cnuscmamOithas

ASstrogonium GranUlAris...ceccceeeeees 78 acutirostratus, Reeve ....s..006. 25

Ineequale; Gray .cdasseveseesny 79 | —— amiculatus, Pall. ........... 64, 69

—— miliare, Gray .s.ccccoseecesenee 79 alatus, SOW. .0....s0000: wwiaeek 127

paxillosum, Gray ........0+06..+ 79 — albidus, Blainv. ............0+ ide 68

tuberculatum, Gray .........++8 79 albolineatus, SOW. ....s.s000000-. 66

Asturina Burtonié ....:0.scceccssseseee 74 albus, LOWE %<..<dcesesthacewene 127

Aterica Barce, Doubled. .....+...+0+.0+ 59 asellus, Lowe....... sekinecenes one . 127

Atherura africana, Gray .........0 104 | Atratus, SOW. csvsescseress nist 6h

fasciculata, Cuy. ......+4+ stapes 104 australis, SOW: «...ccccoccsscesses 66

Attagis Gayii, Geoff. et Less. ...... 29 | —— Barnesii, Gray ........ -- 66, 526

Balena minor borealis, Knox ...... 118 | —— bicolor, Addams ......... seed ivens, Gee

rae = IY ETACOLUG sp aaa ts <<eauauwaasaweewe 118 Diramosus, QUOY .....s0e0eeeeee 68

— physalus, Scoresby ...+.-+++... 90 bistriatus, Wood ........ sevseay = 66

PORET A, WUUM Ss oasis snes cas daeevvse 90. | —— Blainvillit ......ccccecscsecees wens 12D

Balenoptera antiquorum, Fisch. ... 90 Bowenii, King ......... covees 66, 127

WORE CEG ing ss enn ddvine 88, 90, 118 —— brevispinosus, Sow. .......022.. 68

AOROHAS CY ECCE~ 5. <ysjna’ -aennewnd cond 40 ecajetanug, COM... casa. -<edest as 127

GISCOTS. cocasn snes weaaeaGuenatice ns 40 Carmichaelis, Gray ...s60...00+ 68

—-— discors occident. .....+.sceeeees 40 castaneus, Wo0d ....6+....05 eos ae

GONG > ii wecann gees sieet ehQeeeee 40 chiloensis, Sow. — ...+0064. soos ON

BOtQurus Minor ccocscercesesvssouncscs 40 cinereus, Mont. .........++. aces elaw

Bradypus tridactylus — .+++++-+- LiL; ua coquimbensis, Frembl. ......... 69

Bulla ficus, Linn. ...++...+- aaaonsueae corallinus, Risso .........0«. 67, 126

POSICNS ins sivvagayalwente Spses <E : coreanicus, Reeve ......seesee00. 24

SMATAGMINA seevereee emakewtun dda 18 costatus, Blainv. vechee. GR

Buiteo GOVCAWS. > sessions csesncnsbuteews 37 Cumingii, Frembl. ....... evacelys ae

Calliderma, n. g., Gray ....-+.ceseseee 76 discors, Mat. & Rack. ......... 126

—— Dixonii, Gray .........e0eeeee 76 echinatus, Barnes .....+..+... 66, 68

mma,» GrAY..«. swadves>scazewaess 77 | —— echinites, Blainv. ............ «. 40

Callochiton evanidus ....:-.ecesseeeees 126 elegans, Frembl. — .......+eeeeeee 67

levis ...... a radoete ca taneunees see 126 —— Emersonii, Couth. ............ ae aD

Calothorax CYyanopogon ......+.00+00s 11 evanidus, SOW. sesesseeeees 66, 126

Canthapleura, Svaivs. ..+...s0es+s00s 67 excavatus, Gray .....+..0e coos ~ 66

Caprimulgus americanus ......0005-- 38. | —— fasciatus, Wood .......00.0+. - 66

CATOLNENSIS ooe.carnerocccassssess 38 Sascicularis, Linn. ..... «sea 70

GFAMAICENSIS —...000-eseesescursues 38 Sastigiatus, Gray ....... ovewiate 67

Cardium Bechei, Reeve .......0-eeeeee 25 | —— formosus, Reeve .....0...c000ee 25

Carduelis mexicana, Swains. ....++++ 38 Soveolatus, Sow. ...... vom ORO 66

Cathartes Aura seccccccersarerevers catia Fremblit, Brod. <.issesesenskanieeeite

INDEX.

. Page Page

Chiton fuliginatus, Reeve ..........+ 24 | Chiton squamosus, Linn. ......... 266

—— fulminatus, Couth. ......+ vee O67 | —— Stokesii, Brod. ......s0e...0e "G6

—— fulvus, W00d wvessesseereeeeres 67 striatus, BarneS ....s.+e+eeeees 66

Gaimardi, Blainy. — ......0++++ 68 sulcatus, WOO ....es..sseseeeeee 66

— Garnoti, Blainv. «ee 70 textilis, Gray -se..ceeeeeeeee 67, 127

—— gigas, Gel. ...se.eeeeeeeeees 64,68 | —— tuberculiferus, Sow. «..-....... 68

glaucus, Gray sess... Senpexioep 66 tunicatus, Wood ...... 69

——. Goodallii, SOW. ...ceeeeressrerees 66 UNAUIALUS ...eveenererees 68

——_ gramiferus, SOW. ser.sseseenese 67 vermiformis, Blainy. ...+++....+ 70

granosus, Frembl. ...++..-++++++ 66 westitus, SOW. ceccocssceccsseers 69

granulosus, Frembl. .........++ 66 | —— violaceus, QUOY «..se.ceeeeeserees 70

Grayti, SOW. vesccsecsecneceeseees 67 virgulatus, SOW. ssscsecseeeeees 66

Hanleyi, Bean ........:6sc00000 127 DiVidisS, QUOY ......0eceenseeeeceee 66

— hastatus, SOW. .....ssseeeeeeeees 70 | —— Watsonii, Sow. ..........sceeeeee 67

— Hennahi, Gray .......-. ee 67 zelandica, QUOY — ....eeeseeeeeee 70

RO A, 71 a Ranta 69 | Chitonella, Desh. ..cccsscccceeeecesees 70

— hirtosus, Blainv. ...+.......++-- 68 | Chitonellus ce.ccc.scecveeeereees 66, 69, 70

—— hirundiniformis, Sow. ..-... 25, 70 Tepies Lams iasd...tecssedeeessn ee

—— Hookeri, Gray .secveseeecsvereee 70 latus, Guild. ............+6 Seecee 70

incisus, SOW. ....eeseseee Prices 68 striatus, Lam. -'s ic. iiscececs recs 70

—— indicus, SOW. ses..eseeeee 67 strigatus, SOW. .....sesseeeeevees 70

—— lavigatus, SOW. ...100+.-++0+04 66, 67 | Chitoniscus, Herrm. ..............006 70

— levis, Mont. .,......+++- Sop6n 67, 126 Chorinus acanthonotus, Adams and

latus, LOWe ...+0+.0.005 FEcttocke 67 White .......6. eda tdadatenvadeneser ans 119

Leachii, Blain. .....+..-000se000+ 69 aculeatus, HAW. ......+2+...s000es 120

Lesueurii, Blainv. ...... Ratieees 70 | Chthonicola, n. g., Gould ............ 35

— limaciformis .......+. ppagantugee 127 | Circus americanus ....0+...0.cseceeeees 37

- lineolatus, Frembl. .........--- 67 HULUANIONS dans sdedeseeestdecss tees 38

— longicymba, Blainv. ...... 67, 127 | Colaptes auratus, Vieill...........++... 39

—— lyratus, SOW. —...seeseesseeeeees 66 Fernandina, Vig. ...cssseeeeees 39

— magdaliensis, Hinds ...... 67,127 | —— rupicola, D’Orb. .......eseseeee 29

mMagnificus, GLAY ...ssevevesees 68 superciliaris, Temm. .........++» 39

— marmoratus, Gmel. .........66. 66 Columba caribbea, Gmel. .......++ 39, 40

marmoreus, O. Fab. ....+- Re GY. CAVOUNENSIS ..... 6c eee ees eens 38, 40

— monticularis, QUOY ......--.+6+ 69 | —— eyanocephala, Linn. ............ 38

niger, Barnes ..... Widdaeseceees 69 imornata, Vig. ........-0eeeeeen 37

—— obscurus, SOW. ......eceeeeereees 66 jamaicensis, Linn. .........+0-... 39

— olivaceus, Frembl. ......: vecancee 66 | —— leucocephala ws.cc..seereeeeeee 38

—— patulus, SOW. «s-seveecneceerees 66 | —— leucoptera, Tinn. «......0+...... 39

—— peruvianus, Lam. ....+1eerserees 67 martinica, Linn. .....-eeeeee0e 39

—— petasus, Reeve ..... PLCC cece 25 | —— minuta, Linn. ...seeccceeeseeee 39

—— piceus, SOW. ..s.sseeeeeee 3. pecadel 68 | —— montana, Linn. ................++ 39

— polychetus, Blainv. «+.....+.++ 70 PASSCTINA vereeseenecenerensevenes 38

- Polit, Desh. ....+...+. Rie aecites = 66 | —— sylvestris ? ...ces.sceersereeseseees 39

—— porosus, BUIT. «.-eerssseeee w... 69 | —— Zenaida, Bonap. .....-....+ 37, 39

— punctulatus, Mat. ....+.ceseseee 126 | Columbina strepitans, Spix ......... ~63—

raripilosus, Blainv. ....+s+se+++ 68 | Cometes, n.g., Gould ........ Seay: 30

— roseus, Blainv. ......... cecccecee 10 | —— Sappho woersseeerereesereeerereees 31

—— ruber, Linn. ......cceeeeeenneeees 67 Phaon, Gould .....ss00....000 31

septemvalvis, Mont. ..........«- 126 | —— CCRINALUS — ..eeeceessssceseeeeenes 68

—— setiger, King .........seeeseeeves 68 | Corvus jamaicensis, Linn. ........+..+ 38

—— setosus, SOW. .....cereecsesseeeres 68 OSSIFVAGUS seceeesececceeeeees «38

— siculus, Gray ......+ SEA .. 66 | Crithagra brevirostris, Gould ...... 53

—— Simpsonii, Gray .ersessseseseereee 69 | Crocodilus luctus ..........4++ phaaaene 116

—— sithensis, Reeve -sssereeeseeeee 69 Crotophaga Ani ssrcecceecreeveees wevece sae

solea, SOW. «+00 Peeters wanes 67 | Cryptochiton ........... wiudecetee ... 65, 69

Ba gpares; SOW. vevsssedaceeliessten. 67 AMICUIALUS woe. sc sececaeeereceeees 69

—— spiniferus, Frembl. «.+.......+- 68 | Cryptoconchus, Blainv. ...... 66, 69, 70

spinigerus, SOW. sseesseee veces 68 | —— larveformis ..........-+5 Mtones 70

spinosus, BYU. see.eeeeeeeseeeres 68 POTOLUS isssecccnedccrsedeeteonnss 69

238 INDEX.

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Cryptoplax, Blainyv. ...... paves aah 70 | Fraligulin@ .ssscccccceeeee eocevodsencrasen 40

Cryptopodia dorsalis, White§- Adams 84 | Gallinula crassirostris, Gray......... 54

——— fOTNICULA varrcecsseseceeeveceres . 84 GGIGIeG ciseqsnssavagredectaoat ase 40

Cuculus carolinensis ......sercereseees 38 MATTMNICR. . ccaesenverseve® givin 40

pluvialis, Gmel. ..,...+++0+4+ wese 09 | Ganeria, n. g., Gray <c....6 Seassatunas 83

petula, LIND. ......s0cecersecseesses 39 falklandica, Gray .s.ccccsceeee -. 83

Culcita, Agassiz ...... ib cosuvauarapas 74 Gebia hirtifrons, White ..........:.... 122 |

pentangularis, Gray ....++...e+ 74 | Gelasimus bellator, White ..... seoenee 84

Schmideliana ...... paapaa hatin bias 74 | -—— crassipes, White ........ aaeiehs 84

Cyanotis omnicolor, Swains. ...++.... 53 cultrimanus, White ....6.0.... 84

Cygnus nigricollis, Gmel. s++..1eseeee 54 porcellanus, White ..-...+0+04+ 85

Cynanthus minimus .....eeereereees .. 39 | Geositta cunicularia, Vieill. ........ . 53

POLYLMUS — sescerserenercenscserees 39 Globiocephalus Svieval ......- seaceeve LLB

Cynocephalus leucoph@us ....++0.+00+5 110 Glossophaga caudifer, Geoff. .....+... 15

Cysticola extlis ..ccrecersserercrsessons 1 | Gonatonotus, ddams & White ...... 57

isura, Gould ......... ees emres shies PCNEAGONUS . ...cawsnerespneeass he 08

lineocapilla, Gould .........06 1 Goniaster Templetoni, Forbes ...... 81

Dafila caudacuta sesseseercccsreeereee 40 | Gryphochiton, n. g., Gray ......0+- 70

Delphinus leucopleurus, Rasch ...... 117 | Gymnoplax, n. g., Gray... iuatexe 66

gangeticus ...... veceecesvecsoneess 88 | Haliaétus Aguia, Temm. ......+06.4- 52

DUT accvearseRete ns isa vga cade eld MAJED. vcnsoweesscxenpueeoa eee ere

Dendroblax Earlii, White .......++... 123 + Himantopus melanopterus +++. sass 39

Dendrocolaptes procurvus, D’Orb. et Hirundo albicollis, Vieill. .........+. . 38

iat. orracanasa re ie ainanabnnnne tea she 30 TUNCD .ocuiceuacesveadegeens eset 37

Dendronessa sponsa ...... sae sesoors ve 40 melanogaster, Swains. «.+...+++ 38

Dermatemys, n. g-, Gray .+-...00et 55 tapera, Linn. .....+ wy tate? 38

—— Mawli, Gray ...ceesssesececeeeees 56 thalassinus, Swains, ....0.00000. 38

Diglossa carbonaria, D’Orb. et Laf.. 29 Boom iscusess Sees penne cascabimaeee-wenes

—— mystacalis, Laf. ...000.....0ee0008 29 Hosia flavescens ...... esqasacaveRieaeens 78

—— mystaced, Gray ...+.+0++ecseeeeee 29 spinulosa, Gray .....- dab eeeees 78

sittoides, D’ Orb. et Laf. ...... 29 Hotinus clavatus, Westw. ......+++ Sie thee

Doclea caleitrapa, WHITE ceeaiwecoans 56 pyrorhynchus, Don. sere. 83

Dolichony2x OrYZiVOrUs ..srescsveveree 38 | Hyastenus, n. g., White ......+000+- 56

Doryfera, n. g., Gould ssesseseeree aioe Ob Sebse, White ;...cscdsssneseodseus 57

Enoplochiton sessecveererereerers ... 65,69 | Hystria alopeus, Hodgs. ......+++... 128

—— MYX wresevene sabsidabe Weta mvetias 69 brevispinosus, Wagn. ......++- 102

Ephippiphora, n. g., WE LALCs icavavnine', 124 cristata, Linn., 98, 99, 100, 101,

—— Kroyeri, White ........s0eeeeesee 124 102, 103

Eriopus, n. g., Gould ..........04 bhitap ove fasciculata, Shaw ....+.... 98, 104

—— Aline .......ece0e+ 5 ie ane a had Dae 17 — hernitorostris ....06...se00e jes

—— cupreoventris ...6++ Se mace tetanitlyy hirsutirostris, Brandt ..... aggre -aa oe

= Der byt .ccrsoeasoeesesencscevonwe 17 | —— Hodgsonii, Gray .......seeeeee 128

————_ MOSQUEY A sen ssrevesecenesnscrsoes 17 leucurus, Sykes ......+++++ 100, 101

DORTIEUS ) cos conen-dontesancusdeiles 17 macroura, Lint. .....+...ss+00 104

Eudromias elegans, D’Orb. et Laf.... 28 | Hyperoodon latifrons .........+++... vas LLB

Falco sparveroides, Vig. «ssssseeeen 38 | Hypobranchlea, n. g., ddams ...... 23

Fringilla bicolor, Linn. «++....++++++ Seog fusca, AdAMS 20.20.55 2000 seach ae

=——= diucd, Mol. _.....«s sasseucaeeeue= 53 | Ibis alba ........ sageaes'egbatsees Se es

jamaicensis, Linn. — «s....40+66. 38 TUB oorovesersascersccvorvas panies anal

lepida, LINN. .....-..eeeeeeeeenees 38 VEVSICOLOL ..-..eeeene gibsies setae AOD

NOCH LAND... onsessmasaeeennncs 38 Icterus baritus, Linn. «es...» wedasteneoiatel

SE AVG acc cie esd sana'diganavenests 38 Gonana, LAnwt. _.»asneustsvapeenaes 38

PRIGTAS hos (<n iste sins egapemban tds er. brasiliensis, Linn. ......s0seeeeee 38

Fulgora (Hotinus) sultana, ddams ——— dOmMinicensis .....0..seereereres . 38

& White ..ccceccscsccnesenseevesaveeee 83 | ——— leucopteryt ....rceceoeeeenves ««» 108

Fulica galeata, G. R. Gray «.+......6+ 54 MCLICUNUG. o0ies sub ounvh'semamn 38

Fulligula cristata sesissensevereeeeee « 40 == Dries, MOL osssevnee ets aaniauiya 53

SOPHIE. | ase visiie neewscseedsosenens 49 VEVSICOLOL versevevececeees wessnesh gions

ferinoides, Bartl. .....seesecees . 48 Indri brevicaudatus ....... acaaeee se LO

Marla ..ccscseecscssesssserecseee 40 | Ischnochiton, n. g., Gray seeeseeeeree 126

Uv. hs 2

INDEX. 239

Page

Ischnochiton alatus ...ceseveseseseves 127

— limaciformis ........+.0+ oe xe

——$. MAGAAiCNSIS oe ecicscercecceneeeee 127

—— ELIS reececice erates prawe divas 127

Katharina, n. g., Gray ...cssceeees 65, 69

— Douglasie, Gray ...........065 69

PUTNCULAN iscies vddcaticas sens eens» 69

Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus ... 117, 118

Lambrus lamelliger, White ......... 58

turriger, White ............ atte (po

Lampornis GramMinea wicscevecssvcnseee 40

WNANGON ' shadvessivacscacaacbnces 39, 40

SBE ish xicinoes teres ere esaguesedsedaeever 40

Larus argentatus ..scccccrceceseveeees 40

GQEPICL soos 0 cece teas cece ahs ca eee 40

PALASiliCUs ...ccevervcceeee Weidvtins 40

Leistes humeralis, Vig. ....+.1...s00 38

SHREATOER) » wis wvu'n's nics dic setaiiause abate aw ehae ted 66

Lepidopleurus, Leach MSS. ......... 66

cajetanus, Riss. ......... etawaioes 127

Leptochiton, n. g., Gray ..sssseeeeee 127

CAjELANUS sesseeseee didbes taal 127

CANET EUS <5 isons. ove gto nbecsenon cae 127

Hanley? ...... beteweptasaneeaeet > 127

Leptonyx Weddelit ......++46 Beceem elite]

Linkia bifasciatus ...ccecsceceeeesseees 73

Brown .......0 Raa tene weeeeses 73

— typus .. Hiddas satdeveacess 749

— unifasciatus Sbaneveeldeee Panett

Lophornis ornatus wevceccscvcresseevees 96

REGINA verscsecessverecccverves v. «=95

— Regulus ..... Snoog-c Metin yc conD . 96

Lophurus, Pall. ......... SSPE ee Oe 66

Mareca americana ......ceeeeseeveeeees 40

Megapteron longimanus ...... 88, 89, 92

Merula dominicus, Linn. ............ 38

—— fusca vel leucophthalma ...... 38

jamaicensis, Linn. ....... eslaetcae 38

== MINOL co rceccecsaceccvecceress Ryaeee oS

—— mustelinus ......... cvs sgasosoviNts 38

— rubripes, Temm. ...... aves. Loo

Metallura, n. g., Gould ...cec.seeeeee 94

Milvago pezoporos, Meyen ......... 52

Mimon, n. g., Gray ..scerseceesesees 14

Bennettii, Gray .....s.sceeseeeeee 14

—— megalotis, Gray .e...sscseeeees 14

Mirafra Horsfieldii, Gould ........... 1

—— javanica, Horsf. .....ceeeceeeee 2

Molossus ater ........s00 adwcasseneameree LL

Monodon Monoceros ....eccesseseenees 118

: Monophyllus Leachii, Gray .,....... 15

Me Mopalia ......s0eeses-cecees eadeeewes 65, 69

Blainvillit .......... Shee aviydeieeeu 09

Hindsti ...... MeveveaWedseSasueeniOo

—— SUMPSONIE ceersesssveeesesece se 69

Moscuus MEMINNA, Eral. ......00+ 13

Mus fuscipes, Waterh. .....-....0++ ee 6

vellerosus, Gay ...seserereeeeeree 5

Muscicapa crinita ....0......ceeeceeees 38

Beet CPILD Tee dauedadsuvoeeacads bese oo Th) ude!

Meee SURCH Nec sedureatsacacsesesrrseeysaede oo

Page

Muscicapa ruticilla .....106000 seoces 3D

CAT ENS vaca nccade veceeveveccscvece 38

Mustela putorius sscccscscesescecees oon LY

icon; Ne iy) Gra) va. varsaes qbewars sees 15

caudifer, Gray ......++ taseeee wee NS

Noctilio mastivus ......06+ der eee eee L105

Nothura perdicaria,G.R.Gray ... 53

Numenius longirostris .......+- seseee Oo

Numida maculipennis, Swains. ...... 39

meleagris, Linn. «s+. sowasees 39

Nycticorav Gardenit ..ssscicccrseeeeee 39

QWLOLACED enansauseiens seceaacase ‘aoe Oo

Nymphon Johnstonianum ....- pestis 125

— Johnstonii, Goods. ...... acces

Phasma, White .......0s00s Swale LOD

Onithochiton, n. g., Gray ......06+ 65, 68

Gaimardi .icccccccserevesneceeees 68

hirtosus .....0.008 sea debe’ “apo or 68

undulatus ....... Ac gdsseeeeae ees 68

Orca gladiator — .sesrersssreseeenseees 88

Ornismya Aline, Boure. .........+0+++ 17

AUROIS, NGOSS. noe devises salooseceaee 8

—— brevirostris, Less. .......0.00000s 43

CHrySOlopHa ..crsveceveseeeeere -- 42

Clarisse, Less. ......+ aeeatecneds 46

—— Cora, LESS... ccssccrecccerserseere 46

CYaned, LESS. ......0sseereeers vee 46

Delphine, Less. .....+.0.0e0000 0 9

—— Elisa, Less. ...ccscccscccsccesees 44

—— glomata, Less. .sicercssseceneees 17

labrador., Boiss. se.sesssseee «- 46

—— maniculata, Less. ...seccecresees 17

paradis@d, Boiss. ...+.....+++0 44

petasophora, Less. .....c00+06 8

platurus, Less. .......0s.00e be cast en

Sappho, Less. .s......seeevee 30, 31

scutatus, LESS. ......cceseeeeeees 42

— Underwoodii, Less. ............ 42

+— vestita, De Long. ...........006+ 17

Oreotrochilus, n. g., Gould ......... 9

PARAM rte ancedeep ok sos teetaaeen te 10

—— ChIMDOAZO saceersserscreeeseeee 10

RTBU. \Gabdalcnemans es CRA = A ciciaa Se 10

leucopleurus, Gould ............ 10

melanogaster, Gould ............ 10

Orpheus polyglottus ...c.esssereereves 38

Orthorhynchus Adela, D’Orb. ...... 10

Cecilie, Less. ......eceeseeeeees 10

Estella, D’Orb. ........45 wenahome 10

Ortyx marylandicus ......0ccrereceves 38

Otocyon Lalandit ...sccrsseeesserseees ll

Pistdtte., Guaye Ragnds goctavexessescevens: 17

WIPIISIGMAY iw ket e'nk veacabecae 18

Pagurus cavipes, White — «...0..0..+ 122

comptus, White.........s00++ y-- 122

—— guttatus, Oliv. ...ec..seeesecere 122

strigimanus, White ............ 121

Pandion haliagtus (? carolinensis) ... 37

POTTOGACANG, 6. .cencescccvensarsessccade 40

VATIADINS vrceeeccrseeee avstsbeups AO

Patiria, n. g., Gray cseeerseee divsaaeeaGe

240 INDEX.

Page Page

Patiria coccinea, Gray .........0000s- 82 Psittacara nana, Vig. ........++ PER >

2 CrASSA, GYAY seeeessssscceceees 83 | Psittacus westivus ....0.......00 re

Granifera s+» Sedace Wewsdaceess 82 | —— leucocephalus............0 sovcices, are

obtusa, Gray ....... Goecvet tes eee 82 | Pteraster capensis, Gray ............ 83

OCELISErA —sevsseeereeees ei ees 82 | —— militaria: ..sccdeseridecssPoeeceee 83

Pelecanide ...... sabecoceevener toate ceude 40 | Pyrrhula collaris, Vig. .....+......-+. 38

Pelecanus fUSCUS .ec.cececececeeeesees 40 nigra, Lin. | .2..%., ..ettoedeeces 38

Pentaceros Franklinii ....66..s00004+ 74 | Querquedula cerulata, Eyton ...... 54

—— PIDDUS SL ialdsdnphbcodsenedes seme cee ds 74 | Radsia Barnesit’../.000ivessdatensteees 126

—— granulosus, Gray .......+0...+6 75 Rallus JaMaICENSIS 1000... 20. ee eens eens 40

reticulatus ...... Gucessudeseosedee. 74 MMENULUS! <ouesscssdsieeioce rote CT tees

Luar PilUe: schist 74 sanguinolentus, Swains. ...... 54

Pentagonaster Dubeni, Gray ...... 79 VITGINIANUS —... eee ee eeeeee Sue meee

‘pulchellus. as, los seotes dsodee cee 80 | Randasia, n.g., Gray...........66 Rapcuee =

regularis, Link .........+++.+. -. 80 granulata, Gray .........66 oot aes

Petasophora Andis ...c00...cseeceeeeues 8 | —— spinulosa, Gray............+ cutee ae

COFUSOONS. cudicacsuassevesteeeests 9 | Rhea Darwinii, Gould ............... 54

CYANOEUS vevecesccocessccecoceseeces 8 pennata D’ Orbignii ........ oe 04

——_ Delpnin® waceererercecececcceeees 9 | Rhinolophus aurantius, Gray ......... 16

—$$ P GOFF OYT wo sere cececseeereceeees 9 lacteus, Temm. so.b007.cseeecers> 16

=== 1OLOtA, ADM wows Mepiensecesevs . 9 | ——¢?rifoliatus,Temm. ....... Ae ied

SEPTIFOSEVIES. “coececdecssseuse «... 8 | Rhinonicteris, n. g., Gray ......... 16

thalassina ....++...... sneeeeeee 8 aurantius, Gray ......... Rr 16

Petricia, 0.i%.;-Gray si. ceccesaee..sv0 81 Rhynchaspis maculatus .......0.....45 54

— punctata, Gray ..-....eeceeeeeeee 81 Rorqualus minor, Knox .........+ PE ie

Phaéton ethereus ......cc0cceccseeeees 40 | Salpornis, n.g., Gray .....0....0000 ef

Phakellopleura, Guild. .....+..-..4... 69 | Sarcoramphus papa ...... cateteeedens wae

Phascolomys Vombatus ......++. SLE 41 | Schizochiton, n. g., Gray ....... .. 65, 68

Phoca Leopardina, James. ..........-. 118 SNCUUS senses seacdoreteiee eee 68

Phenicopterus ruber ........+ qeees 39° | Seolopacide — -:2s.szev.i scien este 39

Phrynops Geoffroyit ....0.secseeeseee 56 | Scolopaw gallinago ....06....c0ceeceeeee 39

Phyllophora megalotis, Gray ......06. 14 | — Yrised .....sicsesesecereeeeeceeenees 39

Phyllostoma Bennettii, Gray ......... VA | ENO 0 sans ivan ce ete ee ceo 39

NAGKUM aeererecnvcescrececsceseres 115 paraguaia, Vieill. ....... Seeer es . 54

Physalus Antiquorum ... 88, 89, 90, 117 Scythrops nove-hollandia, Lath. ... 51

BGOpeietedeceisseveesneicaces'se 88, 89 | Sciurus aurocapillus ....... eeeaee see Oe

GOrealas: |. i.scstenecuceeeent eerebers 117 | Sericornis frontalis .......+-s0000 ie:

— Sibbaldii ...... eeesac eentee 88, humilis, Gould .....+..2.00s0000s 3

— (Rorqualus) Boops ......++006 91 | —— levigaster, Gould ............... 3

—— (Rorgualus) Sibbaldii ......... 92 maculatus, Gould .......... Shen

Phytotoma rara, Mol. .....++++.....+ 53 osculans, Gould....... etvedeencce Ua

Picus carolinensis .....s.ceeveeeeee 38, 40 | Sitta jamaicensis ...ce0...seececeneeee 39

carolinus, Linn, — ..+.....se00es- 39 | Spondylus asperrimus .............+ 87

—— percussus, Vig. ececesecseseeeeee 39 Cumingli, Sow. .....0......000008 86

Pieris EUud0@ia ....coccescceesscnvouces .59 | —— digitatus, Sow. ......... conde Se

— Matuta, Doubled. ........ cscscee D9 | —— imperialis ........cccecceeee ite 86

=== Phaola-, Doubled. lisvstesevese: 58 | —— limbatus, Sow. ....... eS ee

Pipillo maculata, Swains. .....+...++ 39 lingua-felis, Sow. .........0+ oe 87

Platalea Ajuga ....c.sersseaccossevees 39 POPUS ocecicisccdaet eee eee 86

Plaxiphora, n. g., Gray ..-s.s0esees 65, 68 sinensis, Sow!) 2..2itseseees A = |

Carmichaelis ......c.ceeeeerevenee 68. tenuispinosus, Sow. ..........5 aj

Plotus nove-hollandiz, Gould ...... 34 uanicolor, Sow. - .....0stscseeuneee 86

Podiceps auritus .s.s1.0.-00 Sasa es 40 | Stellaster Childreni, Gray .......+-... 76

chilensis, Garn. ....00...00eeeeee 54 Tncei, Gray) svcocs oeceeoeee eee 76

SF OFIRLATUB soa taced deser atte tactees 40 | Belcheri, Gray ......css.e000e00 76

kalipareus, Quoy et Gaim. ... 55 | Sterna fuliginosad .........00+..s10ee

Polyborus brasiliensis, Swains. ... 38, 52 MENULG <scccdoccaseuseece

Porania Gibbosd ......ccccceceeeeenenees 81 | —— stolida ... cc... sceeeeec scene

Porcula salvania, Hodgs. ..........+- 115 Strigops habroptilus, Gray ...

Porzana leucophrys, Gould ......... 33 | Strix americana, Aud. ........046 Sen ae

if a ra A >

i .

INDEX. 241

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RE ae ree 37. | Trochilus eneocauda, Gould ........- 94

flammed, Wils. ....-..0020000 O77 id Alprdé, BOUrC. 0 oasis. vceeessedon 94

pratincola, Bonap. .....+...++ 53 — Amagili, Less. ........seeeeeeees 47

Sturnella Loica, Mol. ...-++.0+0000+- 53 amethysticollis, D’Orb, et Laf. 46

MAGNA . .senessecerscersrscraceoes 38 amethystinus, Less. ...+++..+++- 47

Sylvicola americana ........s0eecerees 38 Antonia, Boure. et Muls....... 46

= CANAENS IS «1 2 sess sceeeeeeceeeeere 38 | —— aquila, Lodd. MSS. ...... 42

_ —— coronata 38 —— Buffonii, Less. ....-+...s0eeeeee 96

—— dominica 38 | —— Caroli, Bourc. .....-000.+- 48

maculosa 38 chimborazo, Bourc. «........06+ 10

— minuta 38 | —— columbicus, Boiss. .........+++ 44

—— pensilis 38 — Conradii, Bowre. .....seessss0e- 45

—— pusilla 38 cristatus, Gmel. ....e.sseeesee 42

_ Synoicus australis, Gould .......-+++. 33 cupreocauda, Gould .......++..- 94

_ — diemenensis, Gould ....+....++ 33 cupreoventris, Fras. ......++++++ 17

~—— sinensis, Gould .............060+ 33 —— cyanotus, Bourc. .......0206000 8

/ —— sordidus, Gould ......s0.ceseeeees 33. | —— Derbyi, Boure. et Delatt. ...... 17

Tachypetes aquilus ...... eadadaeiccbeas 40 | —— Doubledayi, Boure. .........++. 46

Tanagra gularis ....cscee.ecseeceeeseves 39 | —— eurypterus, Lodd. .......+.+++ 48

EERE <5 <a temak cosas sone stase'dns 39 Evelyne, Bourc. .....0.ese0s00s 44

Tantalus loculator ......0.0....00000008 39 MPUP COEUR: <aoscuscctsacecesveveesss 38

- Taxidea leucurus, Hodgs. .......0.... 116 Geoffroyi, Bourc. et Muls. ... 9

Thalassidroma pelagica ...+.+......00+ 40 | —— Georging, Boure. .......+0+++. 48

—<———_._ WASNT 220 .eeccecceccccecsvecscoes 40 — Johanne, Bourc. ....cceeececeee 45

Thinocorus D’ Orbignianus ......4++ 29 | —— Ludovicie, Bourc. et Muls.... 45

Tinamotis Pentlandii, Vig. ...... 28,29 | —— Matthewsii, Lodd. MSS. ...... 43

CLANS seveessereeeeeee 2 PE Bere 28 | —— Mazeppa, Less. ........+.0ereeeee 43

—— Todus viridis, Linn. «...00..0000000es 38 | —— Meriphilus, Less. ...........04+6 44

Tonicia, Gray, D. g. .....eeeeeeeeee 65,67 | —— Millerii, odd. MSS............. 43

EV ALE vero secsessses Bea tore 67 | —— mirabilis, Lodd. MSS. ......... 42

— ——— CASTUNCT oes sacenacerenerreceres 67 | —— Mitchellii, Boure. ..............+ 47

— —cerasina, Gray ....sirseeeeeeess 67 | —— mosquera, Boure. et Delatt.... 17

wm MISJUNCTA vse ee ee sec ecece nonce ees 67 | —— nigrofasciata, Gould..........+. dt

Bim— CLEANS... 2... 00s nssveescasonees 67 | ——Norrisii, Bourc. ...cccceessseee 47

i JUSEIGIGLA — ..0.000000c0casdeaaceoes 67 Ruckeri, Bourc. « o.+......0000+ 46

——— FUIUA oroeercecsrscrrcreserevecrers 67 | —— ruficollis, Gmel. ......+00...04+ 46

—— GFF AYTE seen ene eseteesce scenes 67 | —— Schriebersii, Lodd. MSS. ...... 43

—$$ QVIGALA 00... .ceeresssnererscesnenes 67 | —— serrirostris, Vieill. ............ 8

IRNEOTE oc 0sec oc crennesNodaphvcces 67 | —— smaragdinicollis, D’Orb. ...... 94

—— lyrata, Gray ......ceeceeressceee 67 | —— Spencei, Boure. .........s.000 46

Sa PUI «05. 0ccccerascecccscnssevassee 67 strophianus, Gould .........++« 46

—— SWAINSONTE .....0..cccceccoves fees 07 thalassinus, Swains. .........++. 8

Tosia, Gray, 1. &. .eo....seseceeececeee 80 | —— forgquatus, Boiss. ....00.....600+ 45

—— aurata, Gray .....sccececeneeceees uropygialis, Fras. ......+00.s+0+ 17

— australis, Gray ......+. — Watertonii, Lodd. MSS. ...... 44

—- grandis, Gray ...--+...eseesees —— Williami, Boure. «......++000.4. 94

— rubra, Gray .....ssecseseeesseeee —— Yarrellii, Bourret... .....cc-cssuese 45

_ ——tubercularis, Gray .... —— (Calothorax) Calliope, Gould.. 11

—- Totanus flavipes ............000+ —— (Doryfera) Louise ......s0000 95

4 CHIOTOPY GUS voosessersseresecess — ( ) violifrons, Gould ...... 95

— ——— MACUIATIUS seve se .esesaeee (Glaucis?) ceruleogaster,Gould 96

— —— semipalmata «.......seeeeeee ae ho Trogon temnurus, Temm. ....+.+++... 38

- Trachops, n. g., Gray .s....e00-seees 14 | Turdus falklandicus, Quoy et Gaim. 53

_ —— fuliginosus, Gray ............++- 14 | Tyche emarginata, White ............ 85

Trichas personatus .........000.01e00e0 38 lamellifrons, Bell ........+++++++ 85

Tringa minutella .ecsecccseceveeeseees 39 | Tyrannula saya ....cccsceseseneeneeenes 38

—$—<$—_ ectoralis ......ceeversseeeerecees 39 | Tyrannus intrepidus .........s0eeeeees 38

P——— USI ssc ccncnsevcsencccncs recess 39 | Utica, n. g., White — ...csccscsereeeeee 85

ETE SPCSCEMM 2) fauxcs dascaven saan sas 39 | —— gracilipes, White ...+++:++e0000+ 86