margin of the mantle is lower than it ought to be, as it conceals in

the natural state a great part of the funnel and the inferior half of

the eyes. In regard to the last circumstance, the drawing of Lauril-

lard given in M. Valenciennes’ paper is more correct; but in other

particulars it is deficient, chiefly because the soft part of the integu-

ments which forms the visceral sac was torn off and wholly want-

ing. It ought to be observed also, that those two figures represent

the animal replaced in a shell of the same species indeed, but not

its own.

I suppose then that it may be perhaps of some interest to publish

some drawings * I made, chiefly after two specimens, one of which was

kindly presented to me in 1848 by Prof. Reinwardt ; the other I re-

ceived lately from our settlements in the East, by the kind exertions

of His Excellency Mr. T. C. Baud, formerly His Majesty the King of

the Netherlands’ Minister for the Colonial Department.

The first figure (1) represents the animal from the left side in its

own shell, which has been opened with a file at such a height, that

the whole last chamber was visible, together with a part of the three

following compartments. The hood (a), composed according to Prof.

Owen by the conjunction in the mesial line of the two superior, ex-

cessively large digitations, covers with its projecting margin the supe-

rior surface of the pedunculated eye (6). The inferior half of the eye

is concealed by the superior margin of the mantle, which covers also

the greatest part of the digitations or lateral processes of the head (¢,c).

The extremity of the funnel (d) is visible and uncovered, the rest

being contained in the anterior part of the mantle. There is no per-

foration or excision at this part of the mantle+, but the margin of it

is entire and slightly convex.

The mantle (f, f, /', 7) has its anterior part of a more thick and

fibrose texture and a yellowish colour; the posterior part (¢) forms a

thin and nearly transparent membranous sac, containing the different

viscera. The free superior margin of the mantle ascends behind the

hood (f') and forms the dorsal fold of Prof. Owen’s memoir ; but at

the side view only a small portion of this fold is visible. Beneath the

posterior part of the hood, the mantle offers on each side a large apo-

neurotic flat piece (g), of a bluish white colour and a kidney-like shape,

being convex at its anterior side and somewhat concave at the poste-

rior border. This plate is the posterior insertion of a strong muscular

mass—the great muscle of the shell—which goes from this attach-

ment in an oblique course, converging with that of the opposite side,

to its anterior termination at the cartilage of the head. From this

oblong patch arises a narrow aponeurotic stripe, both at the superior

and at the inferior extremity of it. The oblong plate may be con-

sidered as an expansion and development of this band, which, encir-

cling the whole mantle, separates its posterior soft part or the visceral

* The drawings, being on too large a scale for this work, will be published in

the Transactions of the Society, vol. iv. Pl. 5, 6,7,8. The references are to those

plates.—D. W. M.

+ Professor Owen speaks of a large aperture through which the funnel passes.

(Memoir on the Nautilus, p. 9.)

sac (i) from its free and thicker anterior part. The thin and mem-

branous posterior part of the mantle is of a bluish white colour, but

being imperfectly transparent, it seems to be dark at all places where

it covers the bulky liver, whose colour is a dark red-brown, or choco-

late-like purple. At the inferior part of the free portion of the mantle

is a convexity (4), where lies a glandular laminated organ, secreting,

as it seems, a covering to the eggs, and which projects at this place,

being partly visible through the integuments. This glandular mass

connected with the female generative system is situated behind the

gills, at the inner surface of the mantle.

A more complete idea of the external form of the animal may be

had by comparing the two following figures. Fig. 2 represents the

animal taken out of the shell from a dorsal aspect. The circumference

appears oblong, and of an irregular oval form. The whole is divided

into two chief parts ; the first is the hood, exactly filling up the shell’s

aperture* ; the second part was concealed in the lower and posterior

part of the terminating chamber of the shell. The dorsal fold (/')

appears now wholly visible; it forms a thin lamellar production of

the mantle, and ascends to the protuberant internal labium or anfrac-

tus of the revoluted shell. Hence the upper surface of this fold is

excavated, forming the exact counterpart of the shell’s protuberance.

Under that fold is a smaller plate of nearly the same form, but adhe-

rent to the posterior declivous surface of the hood, and only free at

its circumference. This plate is of an aponeurotic texture and a white

colour : at both sides it is united to the dorsal fold, and below it seems

to have an intimate connexion with the two side parts of the funnel,

and indeed to be a continuation of those parts. The dorsal or superior

part of the aponeurotic band, which forms, as we have said already,

the continuation of the oblong side-plate (fig. 1 g), is here visible at

g,g- Three small longitudinal bands or tendinous inscriptions (A, h, 4)

seem to give some firmness to the dorsal part of the abdominal por-

tion of the mantle. Near the posterior end of this visceral sac, nearer

however to the superior surface of it, is the beginning of the siphon

(j); it seems nearly superfluous to say that this siphon is a tubular

production of the visceral part of the mantle, protected by a calcareous

covering, and penetrating by the central perforation of the several

septa in all the following compartments of the shell.

At the inferior surface (fig. 3) a part of the funnel is visible in

the middle of the digitations of the head. The inferior face of those

digitations is of a white colour, contrasting with the brown and dark

colour of the hood and of the superior surface of the digitations which

are nearest to it. The free inferior and anterior margin of the mantle

appears rounded and somewhat convex ; it conceals the basal part of

the funnel and of the appendages of the head.

More instructive is an inferior view of the animal if the mantle has

* It may be allowed to hazard here the opinion, that the two juxtaposed fossil

shells, known by palzontographs as Aptychus, were two shelly supports of the

hood of Ammonites, extinct Cephalopods not very different in structure from the

Nautilus, and belonging, like that genus, to Prof. Owen’s tetrabranchiate group.

been removed or reflected backwards ; in this manner the branchial

cavity is visible (fig. 4).

The two overlapping sides of the funnel form a striking particularity

of the structure of the Nautilus. It is interesting that the embryo

in the dibranchiate group, as we learn from Dr. Kolliker’s observa-

tions*, shows the funnel composed in the beginning of two lateral

separate parts. The embryonic condition in the dibranchiate Ce-

phalopods proves thus to be a persistent structure in the tetrabran-

chiate group.

Between the basal part of the second pair of gills the anal aperture

is visible. This part has been misrepresented by Prof. Valenciennes.

It seems that a longitudinal fold connecting the integuments of the

viscera with the two large shell-muscles was disrupted in his specimen,

and that the author believed this to be the rectum. The oviduct in

this supine position is situated at the left side, before the anus, and

terminates with a transverse bilabiated and protuberant aperture or

vulva. [Consequently, when the animal is in its natural position in

the shell, the termination of the oviduct lies at the right side. |

There are three little slits on each side at the roots of the branchize.

The first pair of those apertures is situated at the anterior surface of

the first branchia, near the posterior margin of the large shell-muscle.

Between the first and second branchie are the two other slits, very

near to each other, and at the outward side of them is a little de-

pressed papilla, affixed to the posterior surface of the root of the first

branchia. The first and the last slits are the exterior openings of

two lateral blind sacs, containing the follicular appendages of the

branchial arteries; the second slit communicates with the pericar-

dium+. At the first slit I once found a calcareous reddish-white and

friable concrement ; I believed it to contain uric acid, but the chemical

inquiry of my friend Prof. Van der Boonchesch has not confirmed my

supposition.

Behind the anus there are on each side two small and depressed

caruncles, very similar to that mammillary eminence or papilla we

have seen at the root of the first branchia. External to those carun-

cles and behind them is a series of small orifices, not unlike to the

openings of the Meybomian follicles on the human eyelids. These

are the emunctories of the glandular organ, for the secretion of the

covering matter of the ova.

* Entwickelungsgeschichte der Cephalopoden. Von Dr. A. Kolliker; Zurich,

1843, 4to, p. 41 ete.

+ The three pairs of openings have been first observed by Prof. Valenciennes.

This point of the anatomy of the Nautilus has been chiefly elucidated by the ob-

servations of my friend Prof. W. Vrolik (Tijdschrift voor de natuurkundige Weten-

schappen, uitgegeven door de Eerste Klasse van het Koninklijk-Nederlandsche In-

stituut, ii. 1849, p. 312-315). Prof. Owen describes in his memoir but one of those

openings, and it is therefore questionable what opening he speaks of. It seems

however to me to be the second, because Prof. Owen describes the mammillary

eminence which is nearest to this slit, and chiefly because the author observes

that the orifice “‘ conducts from the branchial cavity to the pericardium.”’ (Memoir

on the Nautilus, p. 27.)

The head still requires some further description. In order to give

a more correct idea of the mutual superposition of the numerous

digitations and processes which exist in the Nautilus, instead of the

eight or ten arms of the dibranchiate Cephalopods*, I have represented

them from the left side, in three comparative figures, so as they follow

each other from the exterior surface of the head to the interior cover-

ing of the mandible (see fig. 5-7).

In the first place (fig. 5), the mantle f being reflected, the hood

(a), the different digitations (¢, ¢), and the funnel (d), are visible.

The large pedunculated and perforated eye (4) has two tentacles

(ophthalmic tentacles, Owen), one before its anterior margin, the

other behind, which are however not distinctly seen without reclining

the surrounding parts, and bending the eye-peduncle*. Only a few

tentacles are protruded from their sheaths, and partly visible. I never

saw them protruded to such an extent as in M. Laurillard’s figures.

The number of these digitations seems not to be exactly the same in

all specimens. Instead of nineteen digitations on each side, as in

Prof. Owen’s specimen, I twice found only eighteen. M. Valenciennes

found only seventeen in his specimen. That the hood is formed ac-

cording to the ingenious supposition of Prof. Owen, by two large di-

gitations conjoined along the mesial line, has been mentioned above.

The hood indeed contains two tentacles, and in this manner the whole

number of exterior or digital tentacles varies from eighteen to twenty

on each side.

The second layer of tentacular processes is brought into view by

cutting off the hood and the external digitations. Fig. 6 gives a

view of this dissection. In this figure 4 is the eye, d the funnel, as in

the foregoing figure ; ¢, ¢ are the cut parts of the tentacles contained

in the digital processes. The layer now visible is formed by that set

of tentacular sheaths which Prof. Owen calls the external or superior

labial processes (fig. 6 4, 4). For a reason explained in the fol-

lowing part of my paper, I would be disposed to prefer the name of

external labial process to that of superior. The membrane cover-

ing the mandibles and the muscular mass of the mouth, and termi-

nating in the fringed lip encircling those parts, is to be seen at a little

distance above this layer (at m), and shows numerous circular folds.

Beneath this layer a small part of the third layer (/) is visible.

This third layer is brought into view by removing the second (see

fig. 7). In this figure 4, & are the cut parts of the tentacles of

the external labial process, and / is the internal or inferior Jabial

process of the left side. The folded membrane m is now almost

wholly visible. The internal labial processus consists of a flattened

stalk, which ascending expands in a compressed paddle, whose supe-

rior margin is straight and perforated for the exsertion of the tenta-

cles. There is some likeness to a glove whose fingers are cut off.

The description of Rumphius mentions all the digitations and pro-

* Under the eye is a part, first noticed by Valenciennes, a little hollow caruncle,

with bilabiated aperture, which seems to be the true organ of smell (see fig. 8).

It is only visible by bending the eye behind and above, and adheres to the root

of its stalk,

cesses a3 superimposed flaps, each in shape of a child’s hand*. This

i ep etn me om appanage A Pel

fe eee

exactly the same in different specimens, nor even in same

men at both sides. Pacdatiplion ef Rasveltes acantonaae

tacles to the external labial processes, but does not mention their

number in the internal processes. Prof. Owen found twelve tentacles,

Prof. Valenciennes thirteen im each of those four processes. In the

external processes Prof. W. ss observed twelve tentacles on each

side, as was observed also The internal seem to

have in general a somewhat eames Prof. Vrolik observed in

this layer fourteen on each side ; I found also fourteen at the left and

sixteen at the right side. The external labial processes are united in

the mesial line at the ventral side above the funnel by a membrane

with numerous fine folds on the inside; the internal approach here

nearer to each other and are united in a similar manner ; the commis-

sure presents on the inside, towards the dorsal surface, seventeen OF

eighteen eminent, compressed, longitudinal folds, like the parallel

ridges in the olfactory cavity of Fishes. This part is, according to

Prof. Owen’s opinion, the organ of smell ; hast: A. lalione, teatisdeele

folds are only rudimental digitations completing the circle of the in-

ternal labial processes, and tinsilar to the more numerous and smalles

folds of the external circle, or even to the fringed margin of the lip

round the mandibles.

In respect to the observation of Valenciennes concerning the man-

dibles, it is perhaps not unnecessary to note that I saw them in differ-

ent specimens always covered with a calcareous white matter, as has

Secesalacrrid-in:iles Aeelcndenam> dteaiation of: tietaaiaealiaa a

eminent friend Prof. Owen.

The sexual difference of the Nautilus requires still farther elucida-

tion. Prof. Owen’s description was relative to a female, and also all

the other specimens observed by subsequent authors, or preserved

hitherto in the museums, seem to be of female specimens. Hence it

seems to follow that males are rarer; a similar circumstance of un-

equal number has been noted in many other animnas of several classes.

recent observations of Kélliker and some other authors havi

elucidated the true nature of that abnormal animal form, not —

ce i yarn nga sa found in the shell of the (al

) Aryonauta, and formerly described as a genus of base un

the name of Hectocotyle by Cuvier, would lead us to

males of the Nautilus living like parasites with the teal endl

There exists however not the least indication in the different memoirs

of Owen, Valenciennes and Vrolik, that such parasites were present.

I can say that in Nautilus the sexual difference is not so great, and

that the male lives in a shell like the female. I was fortunate enough

to observe one specimen of a male, which was kindly presented to me

po Sots rst ~ hebmvimgh Seat rtioed et oe

the Professor of Botany, W. H. de Vriese. The differences it showed

* “ Zijnde ieder lap gefatzoeneerd als een hand van een kind.” (Amboinsche

Rariteitkamer, p. 60.)

——e

in the conformation of the head may be ascribed either to sexual dif-

ference or to monstrosity. This must remain unsettled till another

male can be observed; but I incline to the first opinion, a similar

aberration of structure not having been observed in any of the hitherto

dissected females.

I have already described this male in a former paper*, but I be-

lieve it will not be superfluous to give here the translation of the chief

matter of my Dutch memoir on this specimen, together with some

additional remarks and corrections.

At the inner surface of the circle of digitations, which were eighteen

at each side, without the hood, there was a prolongation of the inte-

guments rising up to another more internal circle. This prolongation

unites at the ventral side by a free and thin margin to the connecting

basal part of the digitations. At the mer surface of this connexion

of the external digitations, there are many transverse dimples parallel

to the transverse margin of this commissure: many little holes give

a reticulated appearance to this part. The prolongation becomes

thicker and expands on each side in a processus divided in eight digi-

tations of different size, including each a tentacle, similar to those

contained in the external digitations of the head, but smaller, as usual

in other specimens. On account of their place, those processes

seemed first to me to be analogous to the superior labial processes of

Prof. Owen’s memoir, because they are situated at the dorsal side, and

consequently I described them under that name in my former publi-

cation ; but as they are internal or nearer to the mandibles than the

other pair of similar processes, I now believe them.to be analogous to

the inferior labial processes in the female, notwithstanding their supe-

rior position. The fold of the integuments connecting those pro-

cesses at the central side to another in the mesial line divides nm two

plates; the exterior adhering to the commissure of the external digi-

tations already described ; the interior united to the covering of the

mandibles. Between those two plates a pair of depressed cushion-

like parts is placed, coming im contact to another in the middle, and

nearly wholly adherent at their inferior surface to the inner plate.

They have nearly 8 les in length and 43 in breadth. Their free,

superior and internal margin is divided by incisions in ten or eleven

small tetragonal parts; the right part having eleven, the left ten of

those digitations. The relative position seems to prove them to be

analogous to the folds between the internal labial processes, which are

considered as the olfactory apparatus by Prof. Owen. I believe they

afford an additional argument against this opmion, because they are

doubtless only rudimental digitations.

Beneath those internal labial processes there is at each side out-

wards to them a fold in the inner surface of the external circle of di-

gitations. At the right side a processus is exserted from this fold ;

* Tijdschrift voor de natuurkundige Wetenschappen, uitgegev. door de eerste

KL. v. h. Koninkl.-Nederl. Instit. i. 1848, p. 67-75. A short abstract of this de-

scription was communicated by me at the Oxford Meeting (1847) of the British

Association, and is inserted in the Report of the Seventeenth Meeting of the

British Association ; London, 1848 ; Transactions of the Sections, p. 77.

it consists of the conjunction of the sheaths of four tentacles ; three

of those tentacles are placed on a common flat expansion ; the fourth

is contained in a separate slip, placed beneath the three other tenta-

cles. At the left side, instead of this external labial processus, there

was a great conoid body, the length of which was nearly 2} inches; this

part was laterally compressed ; at the basis its measure from the dor-

sal to the ventral side was found to be 1 inch 10 lines ; from the right

to the left side only 1 inch. This part was proved to me by dissect-

ing it to be formed by the union of four unusually developed tenta-

cular slips, one of which was shorter and more free, the three other

chiefly composing the singular body. This part occupied a great

space in the interior of the circle, which was formed by the external

tentaculiferous digitations of the head, and perhaps its great deve-

lopment may have been the cause of the more imperfect condition of

the other three labial processes.

I regret that this specimen was in a bad state of preservation ; its

abdominal sac being dilacerated and the viscera destroyed by mace-

ration. Hence I am not able to give a description of the male organs

of generation, but that the specimen was a male seems to me unques-

tionable. At the same place where in other specimens the vulva ad-

heres to the ground of the branchial cavity, was a short conic part,

evidently the penis, somewhat bent at the basis towards the ventral

side, having an obtuse and perforated top. A very narrow canal was

found to go from this aperture to the root of the penis, and to expand

there in a pouch, of a firm parchment-like texture. This bladder

contaimed a conglobate tube of a brown colour, having a little more

than | line in diameter. The length of this tube could not be deter-

mined, because, by any attempt to unravel it, it broke into pieces.

Microscopic investigation proved that this tube was formed by two

membranes, the external transparent, the inner thicker, coloured,

brittle, and offering circular stripes or fibres. In the interior of the

tube there was a thread or band, coiled up in a spire with close cir-

cumvolutions, like the spiral fibre of the trachee of insects. This

fibre was not of exactly equal broadness in its whole extent; its

broadest parts had a diameter of nearly 1-48th ofa line. This fibre

seemed composed of an external transparent membrane, including an

internal part of a yellowish brown colour. Between the fibre and the

tube containing it were observed several free microscopic parts ; some

greater, of a brown colour, oblong or navicular ; some smaller, unco-

loured, and still of different size. How different this conglobated

tube, contained in the spermatic vesicle, may be from the Needham-

machines or spermatophores of other Cephalopods, I still believe that

we ought to consider it as a similar sperma-containing apparatus. It

seems highly desirable that a travelling naturalist may have the op-

portunity of observing the male Nautilus in a recent state.

Imperfect as they are, I trust those last observations to be still of

some interest for comparative anatomy, as giving the first account of

that which seems now to be the chief desideratum in our knowledge of

the Nautilus, the disposition and structure of the male generative ap-

paratus.

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.

(Published in the Transactions Z. S. vol. iv. Pl. 5-8.)

Fig. 1—8 belong to the female Nautilus; fig. 9—14 to the male specimen, which

is described at the end of my memoir.

Fig. 1. A female Nautilus in its shell, from the left side.

Fig. 2. The same specimen seen from above, and taken out of the shell.

Fig. 3. The same, from below.

The following letters indicate the same parts in those three figures: a, the

hood ; 3, the eye; cc, the digitations; d, the funnel ; fff" i, the mantle ;

i’, its visceral part; f’, the dorsal fold of the mantle ; g, the aponeurotic

insertion of the shell-muscle.

In figs. 1 and 3, / indicates the place where the laminated gland is situated.

In fig. 2, 4 hh are three aponeurotic inscriptions on the visceral sac ; j is

the sipho.

Fig. 4. Branchial cavity and funnel of the same. F, funnel ; g, mantle, reflected ;

ee, shell-muscles ; 2 h, first pair ; A’ h’, second pair of branchiz ; a, anus;

b, vulva; ¢, caruncle at the root of the first branchia ; d, two pair of

similar papillz at the bottom of the branchial cavity. 1, 2, 3, three pair

of slits (at the left side of the figure the first is to be seen ; the two others

are represented on the right side of the figure).

Fig. 5. Side view of the head, the mantle f being reflected: a, hood; 4, eye; ec,

digitations ; dd, funnel.

Fig. 6. The same, after removing the digitations ; ¢ ¢, transverse sections of their

tentacles; & &, external labial processes ; /, internal ditto; m, membrane

covering the mandibles.

Fig. 7. The same, after removing the external labial processes, cut off at kk.

Fig. 8. Caruncle at the peduncle of the eye; organ of smell, a.

Fig. 9. Head of a male Nautilus seen from above ; the hood has been divided by a

longitudinal section; gg are the internal labial processes; below them,

at the right side, is placed and partly visible at i, the external labial pro-

cessus. The place of it occupies at the left side a large conoid body, a;

m m is the fringed lip inclosing the mandibles.

Fig. 10. The conoid body of the foregoing figure, separately seen from the inner

surface, together with the incumbent internal labial processus of the left

side.

Fig. 11. Lateral view of the internal labial processus of the right side, with the

mandibles and the surrounding lip.

Fig. 12. View of the inferior surface of the muscular mass of the mouth, with the

two cushion-like incised bodies, representing here the folds between the

internal labial processes.

Fig. 13. Penis. B, a longitudinal section of it.

Fig. 14. A portion of the circumvoluted spermatophore or tube contained in the

bladder at the basis of the penis.

Leyden, 8 Dec. 1849.

2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF BATRACHIANS FROM SWAN

River. By Dr. H. Scutecer, Curator or THE Roya

ZooLocicaL Museum, LeypEN. (ExTRACTED FROM A Let-

TER TO J. E. Gray, Esa.)

“The following notice I hope is sufficient to give an idea of a new

Toad which was discovered at Swan River by Dr. Pries :—

*« MyYoBATRACHUS, 0. g.

“Tongue small ; no teeth except two small horizontal fangs in the

intermaxillary bone ; eustachian tubes separated, opening behind the

eyes. Legs short, enveloped at the base in a duplicature of the skin

of the sides of the body. Fingers 4, the second longest ; toes 5, cy-

lindrical, tapering, not armed. yes lateral, middle-sized.

“ MyoBATRACHUS PARADOXUS.

Above brownish grey, beneath greyish.

Hab. Australia; Swan River. Mus. Leyden.

The Prince of Canino has made for this animal a family, which he

has named MyosaTRACHID&.”

Mr. Gray observed, that a toad which he described and figured in

Capt. Grey’s Travels in Australia, under the name of Breviceps

Gouldii, agrees with the animal described by Dr. Schlegel in all par-

ticulars, and especially in possessing the two horizontal horny appen-

dages on the intermaxillary, which Dr. Schlegel described as hori-

zontal fangs ; they are partly sunk into the integument of the palate.

Admitting the propriety of the proposed generic distinction, the

animal will therefore now stand in the catalogues as Myobatrachus

Gouldii.

The presence of the teeth in the intermaxillary separates this animal

from the Breviceps of South Africa.

3. DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME APPARENTLY NEW SPECIES OF LONGI-

CoRN COLEOPTERA IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BriTISH

Museum. By Apvam Waite, F.L.S., AssisTanNT IN THE

Zoou. Dept. Brit. Mus.

(Annulosa, Pl. XIII.)

Prionacatus Atys. Pl. XIII. fig. 4.

In the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. xv. p. 108,

I have described under the name of Prionacalus Cacicus, a curious

genus from Mexico, allied to Psalidognathus, G. R. Gray. I re-

garded the two specimens as male and female of the same species,

but it would seem that they are both males, and as they are con-

siderably different, must be different species ; what was deemed the

male may retain the name Prionacalus Cacicus; it is figured on

plate 8. fig. 1. of the above volume. The other specimen may be

named Prionacalus Iphis; it is figured on plate 8. f. 2. Since the

above we have received a third species from the Andes of Peru, where

it was found by Prof. Jameson of Quito ; the following short specific

characters may distinguish the three :—

P. Cacicus.

Head behind the eyes without a prominent spine, the lateral mar-

gin behind, produced into a slight process directed backwards; a

strong crested ridge over each eye, at the end directed outwards ;

antennee, palpi and legs rufous, antennze blackish at the base; jaws,

excepting at the end and on the edges (where they are smooth) roughly

punctured: head, thorax and elytra, at the base, somewhat roughly

punctured, the elytra more delicately punctured towards the end.

Hab. Mexico.

Proc Z.S. Annulosa. XII

1. LAMIA(CEROSTERNA) TRIFASCIELLA. 2.BIMIA BICOLOR. 3.COLOCOMUS MOROSUS.

- 4 PRIONACALUS ATYS. 5PYRODES TENUICORNIS. 6.CALLOCTENUS PULCHER.

Wing del en dts Pord & George Iathog..,shers, 54 Hatton Garden.

7 nt PRA cw ATS ARIA SH ASE DAT Dea ~ is

t. TRICHOMAPLATA YITTATA. 2 5 CALIGATUS ANGASI 4 5. PALPARTA LAMBERI Sin.

(del et lith

,orpeo

Ford & West Imp 54 Hatton Gerda.

P. Artys.

Head midway between the eyes and the hind margin, with a small

wide spine; a slight, crested, straight ridge over each eye, the space

between slightly grooved ; antennz thickish. In colour it is of a

dark pitchy brown; the apex of the elytra somewhat ferruginous ;

legs pitchy brown ; tarsi and tips of tibize ferruginous ; palpi of a

clear ferruginous: sculpture much as in last.

Hab. Andes of Peru.

P. Ipuis.

Deep black, coarsely punctured and rugose ; antennee at the ends,

palpi, tibiee at apex and tarsi reddish ; head midway between the eyes

and hind margin, with a strong wide spine on each side; head with

the two keels over the eyes short and straight, the space between

them deeply grooved.

Hab. Mexico.

CaLocomus morosvus. PI. XIII. fig. 3.

Antennee ferruginous, black at the base; 13-jointed, very strongly

serrated on the outside, the terminal joint deeply notched, nine at

least of the terminal joints with the outer edge elongated at the tip:

head, thorax, scutellum, abdomen and legs pitchy black ; head, tho-

rax and scutellum thickly punctured ; elytra thickly and finely punc-

tured, the punctures of the base coarser; elytra wide, shorter than

the abdomen, ferruginous, in some places darkish brown.

Hab. Bolivia. From the Collection of Mr. Bridges.

This makes the fourth species of Calocomus, a genus which seems,

like some of the other Prionide, to be very variable in the number of

joints in the antennze ; the type C. Desmarestii has eleven joints ; this

species has thirteen ; while the Calocomus Lycius, and C. Kreuckelyi,

described by M. Buquet, have no less than twenty-two.

Pyropes TeNvuicornis. Pl. XIII. fig. 5.

Head and thorax deeply, coarsely and irregularly punctured, washed

with golden green, in some lights tinged with a deep purplish rufous ;

jaws golden green, tips and edges pitchy ; antenne with the first jomt

flattened above, golden green except at the end, which is bluish

green; third joint much elongated, as long as the fourth and fifth

taken together ; the first six joints punctured, base of the seventh

punctured, tip of the seventh joint and the whole surface of the ter-

minal four grooved. Elytra varied with green and purplish red,

much depressed, the margin and shoulders lively green; scutellum

notched at the end, slightly grooved down the middle, and with a

patch of coarse punctures on each side of the groove. Under parts

green with eeneous reflections.

Femora green and covered with minute crowded warts ; tibize and

tarsi light rufous, the tibiee with elongated papillee and short hairs.

Hab. Mexico.

Of this species there are two examples in the Museum ; in the one

figured a purplish red tint pervades all the joints of the antennz but

the first, and extends over the whole elytra excepting on the basal

margin and the extreme edge, which are green.

This species seems to link the three genera Pyrodes, Mallaspis,

and Solenoptera ; it agrees in most particulars with Pyrodes.

Pyropes SMITHIANUS.

Scutellum considerably elongated at the point and notched at the

base, the shoulder and the elytra close to the scutellum are produced,

and near the shoulder there is a deep groove. The head and thorax

are rather smooth and closely punctured ; the front margin of the

thorax is slightly notched in the middle; the scutellum is quite smooth

on the edges, down the middle, and at the tip ; the elytra are roughly

punctured, the punctures often running together and forming cha-

racters like letters ; there are four longitudinal ribs down each, which

are branched at the end.

This Pyrodes is of a bronzy copper colour, the tibize and most of

the joints of the antennze being tinged with purple.

Hab. Brazil.

A specimen was found by J. P. George Smith, Esq., of Liverpool,

on Caripi, an island thirty miles from Para: he presented it, with

numerous other fine insects, to the British Museum.

CALLOCTENUS, 2. g.

Body small, the elytra extending over its side and considerably be-

yond its extremity. Head much excavated in front. Eyes large and

prominent. Thorax with a distinct tooth on the sides a little beyond

the middle. Scutellum of an elongated triangular form, pointed at

the end. Elytra spined at the suture and at the end of the lateral

margin.

Antennz in the male pectinated from the fourth joint, in the fe-

male serrated from the fifth: in the male the first joint is of the same

length as the fourth exclusive of the appendage; the third is consi-

derably elongated and with a protuberance at the end; from the

fourth to the eighth the end is furnished with a compressed appen-

dage narrow at the base, dilated afterwards and blunt at the tip (the

ninth and other joints broken off). Antennze in the female with the

terminal joints depressed, oblique at the end, so that the inner edge is

serrated. Legs moderate, simple, without serratures. Elytra spined

at the suture and at the end of the lateral margin. -

This genus comes between Pecilosoma and Anacolus.

CaLLOCTENUS PULCHER. PI. XIII. fig. 6.

Hab. Venezuela.

Head, thorax, scutellum and under side of body of a dark coppery

green, the head and thorax rather thickly covered with soft greyish

yellow hairs ; elytra with three longitudinal, considerably raised keels,

between each of which is a slighter keel ; in the male these latfer are

abbreviated, between the keels the elytra are closely punctured ; the

elytra in the male are of a brownish yellow, the punctured parts, ex-

cept at the base, being darker in colour ; in the female the elytra are

of a clear ochre yellow; in the male the antennz are of a dull ferru-

ginous, the base of the joints paler ; the legs are ferruginous in the

male, while in the female they are of the same dark coppery green as

the head and thorax.

In a female specimen the elytra are of a very dark olive-green ; the

specimen is rather larger than the other.

Sent from Venezuela by Mr. David Dyson of Manchester.

BiMIA, 0. g.

Head as wide as the thorax in front, somewhat narrowed behind,

in front square and nearly perpendicular, grooved down the middle ;

jaws short and strong ; eyes deeply notched for the insertion of the

antennz, the hinder margin widely sinuated.

Antennz 11-jointed, shorter than the body; first jomt clavate,

cylindrical, slightly longer than the third; second joint small, moni-

liform ; third, fourth and fifth joints straight, compressed, and nearly

of the same length; the sixth slightly bent and compressed ; the five

last joints compressed and gradually smaller, the last blunt at the tip.

Thorax wider than long, with a strong spine on each side about the

middle, its disc depressed and slightly unequal. Scutellum largeish,

hollowed slightly in the middle. Elytra rather narrow, not so long as

the abdomen, soft, not meeting except at the base; the shoulders

prominent, the sides nearly parallel, the ends slightly pointed; the

wings large, and extending beyond the elytra and abdomen. Legs

strong, slightly compressed ; femora somewhat thickened ; hind legs,

if extended, would reach a little beyond the abdomen. Tarsi scarcely

wider than the tibie; penultimate joint deeply cut; soles densely

covered with short hairs.

This genus would seem to be placed not far from Molorchus, and

may be allied to Agapete, Newman, Zoologist, iii. p. 1017: it is not

unlikely that the other sex is very different in form and colour; there

is only one specimen in the Museum.

Bruta Bicotor. Pl. XIII. fig. 2.

Hab. Australia (Perth). From the Collection of Mr. George Clifton.

The body is of a very deep shining black, closely punctured, and

furnished with short hairs; head below and in front yellow, the yel-

low colour extending triangularly between the antenne; eyes, an-

tennze, cheeks and vertex black ; thorax yellow, with a black band

down the middle, contracted behind ; scutellum black ; legs of same

deep black as the abdomen, a wide yellow ring on the front tibie

near the top; elytra pale ochre yellow, with three or four longitu-

dinal veins which branch towards the tip ; wings long and black.

Lamia (CEROSTERNA) TRIFASCIELLA. PI. XIII. fig. 1.

Densely covered with short yellow and black hairs ; head yellow,

an impressed line along the middle free from hairs ; antennz with

the two first and four last joints black, the other joints yellow at the

base and black at the tip ; thorax yellow; spines and a band connect-

ing them black, the band crenated in front ; legs yellow, joints, tarsi

and posterior side of second and third pairs of femora black ; scutel-

lum at the end covered with yellow hairs; elytra of a clear ochre

yellow, the base from the shoulder to the suture edged narrowly with

black ; a transverse black band before the middle, nearly but not

quite touching the edge and the suture, widest toward the suture ;

another transverse black band just behind the middle, and neither

touching the edge nor the suture, narrower than the first band, and,

like it, waved both in front and behind.

Hab. China (Hong Kong). John Bowring, Esq.

This seems allied to the L. Assamensis, Hope. In the present

unsettled state of the Longicorn Coleoptera it would be rash to found

genera on mere isolated species; but it is difficult to refer the pre-

sent to any of the modern genera ; it comes perhaps nearest to Cero-

sterna.

The figures represent the insects of the size of nature.

January 22, 1850.

Matthew Truman, Esq., M.D., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. DrEscriIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CHRYSODOMUS,

FROM THE MOUTH OF THE MACKENZIE RIVER.

By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S. etc.

(Mollusca, Pl. VII.)

Sir John Richardson, M.D., on his retura from the Arctic search-

ing expedition, kindly presented to the Museum a series of shells

which he had collected between the mouth of the Mackenzie River

and Cape Parry: several of them were broken by the extreme cold

during the wintering of the expedition at Great Bear Lake.

The collections consisted of the new Chrysodomus here described,

and the following species, which are exactly similar to the species

brought home by Ross, Parry, and the other arctic voyagers from

Baffin’s Bay, and are interesting as showing that these species are

found more than half-way towards the Northern Pacific Ocean ; viz.

Saxicava arctica. Very like S. rugosa, but larger.

Hiatella arctica. Very large size, with the hinge-teeth almost

entirely obliterated.

Mya truncata.

Glycimeris siliqua. All young.

Cardium Grenlandicum. On the shores.

Crassina semisulcata, Leach, not Miiller. In the mouth of the

river: eaten by the birds.

Buccinum glaciale.

The egg of a large species of Natica was abundant on the sands,

probably N. ampullaria, Lamk.?

Proc. Z.5 Mollusca PIVIE

Curysopomus Heros. (Mollusca, Pl. VII.)

Shell elongate ; spire conical, longer than the mouth ; whorls con-

vex, two or three og with a strong central keel, rest with irregularly

placed distant rounder tubercles, the last rounded, not keeled; throat

white.

Var. 1. Whorls as with a strong, central, continuous keel ; the last

slightly nodulose.

Egg-cases ovate-oblong, erect, on an expanded base, contracted

beneath ; surface deeply punctated, granular.

Inhab. Arctic Ocean.

This shell is very like Chrysodomus despectus, but differs from

that species in the form and surface of the egg-cases, as well as by

the greater convexity of the whorls, and the strength and angularity

of the keel on the upper whorls.

Like the other species of the genus, the white, opake, outer coat

of the shell is very much inclined to separate from the inner or cen-

tral coat, which presents, where the outer coat is removed, a smooth

surface of yellowish or brown colour.

Dr. Richardson observed several specimens of this shell in the

sand-hills which edge the coast, some distance from the sea.

I have named this species Heros, as being finest of the genus, and

in commemoration of the enterprise and heroic conduct under great

hardship of its discoverer.

2. REMARKS ON THE MorpPHOLOGY OF THE VERTEBRATE

Sxeteton. By Epwarp Fry.

The objects of the present paper are,—lIst, the brief statement of

the probability that there are laws which govern animal form, in ad-

dition to the law of final causes ; and 2nd, the @ priori discussion of

certain propositions about the vertebrate skeleton ; being an attempt

to illustrate the vertebrate by some invertebrate forms, and thus to

show their unity of plan.

Section I.

The existence of laws governing animal form is rendered probable

by the discovery of such laws as regards the forms of plants, all

whose parts may be referred to a leaf as the fundamental archetype,

as is shown not only by the correspondency in many normal condi-

tions, but also by the transmutations of parts, and the monstrosities

to which the petals, sepals, stamens, &c. are liable. Though the

greater simplicity of plants, and the more numerous monstrosities to

which they are liable by nature or art, render the existence of laws

of the kind spoken of more readily apparent in them than in animals,

the nature of the proofs and of the conclusions are alike in both

cases.

It may, secondly, be remarked, by way of showing a general pro-

bability for such a scheme, that there exist unities of structure both

in different animals and in different stages of development of the

same animal, which are independent, so far as we know, of unity of

end; or, in other words, that final causes do not explain all the afti-

nities and resemblances which we are able to trace*.

And again, it must be observed, that those remarkable likenesses,

which are observable in many or all animals, between their various

forms and conditions up to maturity, on the one side, and the various

members of the animal kingdom up to their own position in the

scale, on the other hand (so that, for instance, man passes through

forms resembling, but not identical with, those of many animals from

the lowest monad up to his own position in the scale), are inexpli-

cable on the theory that the forms of animals are regulated by final

causes only; but are in perfect accordance with that other which

holds that there is expressed in the structure of animals some abstract

idea, which running through all the frame, and modified to all pur-

poses of need, and manifested in all variety of conditions, is yet one

and the same.

It must be admitted that the force of these arguments may, to

some extent, be barred by an assertion which it is difficult fully to

answer, viz. that our ignorance of final causes is so great as to allow

us no room to argue on the existence of other causes from their ap-

parent inadequacy ; nevertheless as the other supposition seems to

have in it no improbability, but as I think the contrary, it may be

admitted as at least what best suits our present knowledge.

The belief in the existence of other laws of organization besides

that of final causes does in no wise lessen or obscure the argument of

natural religion derived from it, which was advanced with great per-

tinency by the ancient Stoical philosophers, and has been amplified

by Derham, Paley and others in our own country.

I now proceed to the second portion of my paper.

Srection II.

There are reasons derived from the structure of animals below

the Vertebrata which might induce us to expect that the vertebrate

skeleton should be composed of elements of a common character.

1. So soon as the nervous system assumes the form of a line or

chain down the body of the animal, the whole structure puts on a

segmental or annular arrangement. Thus in the Annelida the body

consists of numerous segments, similar one to the other, with the

exception of the anterior one or head, which is sometimes slightly.

different in form, but in other instances only distinguishable by the

presence of a mouth. Each segment has its proper nervous ganglion,

connected by two fibrous commissures with those of the neighbouring

division.

2. But these segments are subject to change. Thus the Poly-

desmide, a family of the Myriapoda, exhibit the posterior part of

the body composed of segments similar to those above described,

whilst in the anterior part each segment is the result of the coales-

cence of two original ones. In the Chilipoda, the same process has

* This part of the subject has been fully illustrated by Prof. Owen in his

various writings.

gone on further; so that all the apparent segments are thus com-

posed by the anchylosis of two original ones at an early period of

growth, as proved by the two pair of legs which each one bears, and

the double nervous ganglia which they contain, the nervous centres

of the original elements having approximated to one another without

coalescence (Newport on Myriapoda, Phil. Trans. 1843).

3. But not only does the progression from lower to higher forms

in the scale of the animal kingdom teach us how segments of the

body originally similar may be changed—the progression of indivi-

duals does the same thing. The larval condition of insects undoubt-

edly corresponds very nearly with the Annelida ; the arrangement of

the body and the relation of each segment to the nervons system are

similar. But the perfect state shows a very great modification in the

form; many segments have disappeared by coalescence, whilst the

equality of size originally existing between them has been lost by

reason of the centralization of functions ; the nervous centres have

often been removed from their respective segments, yet the number

remains the same; for although only nine centres appear in the abdo-

men (Blanchard sur les Coleoptéres, Annales des Sciences Naturelles,

1846, part i.), yet the last has been shotwn in the Lepidoptera (New-

port on Sphinx, Phil. Trans. 1832) to consist of two which have

united.

4. The same segmental arrangement of the body, and the same

ganglionic condition of the nervous centres in accordance with the

rings of the body, obtain throughout many members of the class of

the Articulata.

We now descend to two more particular propositions, resulting

from and embraced in the foregoing, but which we nevertheless pre-

fer to illustrate separately.

There are reasons to expect that the head of the Vertebrata should

be composed of segments similar to those of the body.

1. We have already noticed the close resemblance between the

anterior segment or head and the following ones in the Polydesmide.

2. In the larval insects the similarity is great ; but in the perfect

one a number of the other segments become anchylosed, and enter

into the composition of the head, in accordance with the law, that the

more perfect an animal is, the more complex and individualized are

its parts, and consequently the more is its abstract nature hidden

‘ under its teleological manifestation. The divisions between the seg-

ments entering into the composition of the head sometimes remain

permanently recognizable in the external skeleton. The number of

these segments has been a much-vexed question among entomolo-

gists, the numbers advocated by different naturalists having been two,

three, four, five and seven. I am inclined to believe the real number

of these segments to be four :—1st, because of the very slight evidence

for the presence of any other, the fifth segment being considered as

entirely atrophied, and no corresponding manducatory organ ap-

pearing; 2nd, from four being the only number at all discoverable in

some insects, as in the Hydroiis piceus (see Newport on Insecta in

Todd’s Cyclopedia); 3rd, because the brain (7. e. the coalesced

No. CCII.—Proceepin6s or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

ganglia of the cranial segments) of the Necrophlageophus longicornis

has been discovered by Newport, at the period of its bursting its

shell, to consist of four double ganglia (Newport in Phil. Trans.

1843).

We next consider the reasons for supposing that the organs com-

posing the mouth of the Vertebrata should be the homologues of

those of locomotion. It must be remarked, that everything now to

be said assists most strictly in support of the preceding proposition,

and would have been introduced under that head but for the sake of

conveniency in illustrating the vertebrate skeleton.

1. In the Crustaceans the jaws differ in scarcely any other cha-

racter than size from the true legs used in locomotion.

2. In the Myriapoda the members of the basilar segments of the

head are jointed and retain the form of true legs, but are used for

prehension (Newport in Todd’s Cyclopzedia).

3. In Insects the tarsal joints of the cranial legs are undeveloped ;

the femur and coxa are small or confluent with the under side of the

segment, whilst the tibize are alone enormously enlarged, and thus

become elements in the complex mouth of Insects; their muscles,

however, being attached to the basilar and posterior lateral parts of

(ia head, just as if they still subserved the purposes of locomotion

idem).

4, All the parts of the complex mouth of Insects are thus referable

to the segments of the head. In the Great Water Beetle this ‘is

clearly shown ; the manducatory organs visibly resemble the proper

organs of locomotion, and are articulated to the distinct segments

(idem).

5. We must remark intermediate normal conditions between the

true locomotive and manducatory form of leg; as in the genus Onitis,

where the prothoracic legs are without tarsi, and the tibize are termi-

nated by sharp hooks; and in the Bubos bison, a species of a neigh-

bouring genus, where the tibiee strongly approach in form the proper

mandibles of the head: also,

6. A monstrous condition in a specimen of Geotrupes stercora-

rius, where the prothoracic legs were arrested in development and the

tarsi were absent, so that they very closely resembled the form of the

mandibles (idem).

Section III.

The spinal cord of the Vertebrata is homologous with the gan-

glionie cord of the Articulata.

1. The elements of the systems are alike, being in both cases

cellular nervous matter and commissural fibres.

"2. The experiments and investigations of recent physiologists have

proved the real independence of the segments of the cord contained

in each vertebra, insomuch as each performs separately from the

others its own reflex actions, just as is the case in the ganglionic cord

of the Articulata; so that, as far as its reflex actions are concerned,

the cellular or dynamic element of the spinal cord is not one organ

or centre, but a series of independent organs or centres, as is seen in

the Insects, the external longitudinal fibres serving only as commis-

sural or communicating portions.

3. Those ganglia of the Insects which are perfectly separate in the

larval condition often exhibit a tendency to fusion in the perfect con-

dition (Blanchard wt antea). Thus in the Coleoptera the last abdo-

minal ganglion is always formed by a fusion of several original ones ;

the first and second abdominal often form a single mass with the

metathoracic, whilst in the Chafer this last is united with the meso-

thoracic (idem). In like manner the fourth and fifth segments in

the perfect insect are fused together. In the Polydesmide, the two

first segments which bear legs unite their nervous centres with the

first subcesophageal, so as to form a short cord similar to that of the

Ostracion and some other fish (Newport on Myriapoda, Phil. Trans.

1843). In the Scorpion the fusion has gone so far as to form a sort

of medulla oblongata, giving rise to eight pairs of nerves (idem). In

Nitidula enea all the abdominal ganglia have united to form a short

cord (Blanchard wé antea, plates); and in Calandra palmarum the

ganglia of the whole body have approximated so as to form a conti-

nuous moniliform cord (so far ganglionic in appearance as that the

distinction between the segments has not been obliterated), which is

placed in the anterior portion of the body (édem, plates).

4. The ganglionic cord of Insects undergoes the same alteration at

its posterior extremity that the spinal cord of the Vertebrata does by

its withdrawal from the caudal vertebre and the formation of a cauda

equina, as may be clearly seen in Blanchard’s plates (wt antea, e.g.

in the Nitidula enea, the Calandra palmarum, and the Dyticus mar-

ginalis).

5. In the Chilognatha, or higher order of the Myriapoda, the

ganglia coalesce so as to form a uniform spinal cord, the commissural

fibres no longer occupying intervening spaces as in the Chilipoda,

but forming the external layer of the nervous cord (Newport on My-

riapoda, Phil. Trans. 1843):

6. Whilst the true vertebrate fish Orthagoriscus mola exhibits

exactly an opposite character in the ganglionic condition of its myelon

(Owen’s Lectures, ii. 173, on the authority of Ayrsaki).

Section IV.

A vertebra is the correlative in the osseous of a centre in the

nervous system.

This appears to me to be the most general possible definition of

a vertebra, and therefore the most philosophical. The general idea

of the relation of the osseous and nervous centres involved in it,

though not the relation of the segments of each one to the other,

was thus expressed by Oken: “ Bones are the earthy, hardened,

nervous system ; nerves are the spiritual, soft, osseous system— Con-

tinens et contentum” (quoted by Owen, Report of Brit. Assoc.

. 242).

1. The number of vertebra constituting the spinal cord always

corresponds with the number of segments in the cord as indicated by

the number of pairs of nerves given off. When more than one pair

perforate one piece of bone, it results from an anchylosis of several

vertebrae, as in the sacrum; and the coccygeal vertebree, which ap-

pear to be an exception to the definition, are not so in reality, the

spinal cord passing into them in the fcetal condition, and being gra-

dually withdrawn just in the same manner as is the case in some of

the Coleoptera. As is clearly seen in them, too, the cauda equina

represents the nerves of the vertebree from which the cord has been

withdrawn. Some Vertebrata, as e. g. the Python, retain the original

relation of the vertebree and centres throughout the whole of the

spinal cord (Owen, Report ut antea, 221).

2. The same dependence of the vertebrae on the nervous centres

is shown by the fact, that the tail which is reproduced by Lizards,

in the case of the loss of that member, is a single bone, because

although bone may be reproduced, the spinal cord cannot be (Owen

ut antea, 254).

3. In accordance with this definition may also be cited the very

long vertebra which is formed on that part of the spinal cord of the

Anourous Batrachians which does not give off nerves, and which is

not the result of anchylosis of several elements, but arises from one

point of ossification (Martin St. Ange, Recherches anatomiques et

physiologiques sur les Organes transitoires et la Métamorphose des

Batraciens, Ann. des Sci. Nat. No. xviii. p. 401); and also the

invariableness of the number of the vertebree in the Mammalian’s

neck, resulting from the presence of the same number of nerves, and

irrespective of the length of the vertebre.

Secrion V.

A segment is the representative in the Articulata of a vertebra in

the Vertebrata.

This view has been advocated by Geoffroy St. Hilaire, both in his

“‘ Mémoire sur la Vertébre,’’ in the ninth volume of the ‘ Mémoires du

Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle,’ and previously in a memoir read by

him before the Academy in 1820. Nevertheless, the argument on

which I would mainly rest it, is not yet universally admitted, for we

find M. Emile Blanchard very recently asserting that nothing really

indicates the analogy between the spinal cord of the Vertebrata and

the ganglia of the Articulata.

1. We have seen what a close relation of correspondence exists in

the Articulata between the segments and the ganglionic nervous

centres ; and we have endeavoured to prove that in the Vertebrata a.

vertebra is the correlative of one of the spinal nervous centres ; and

also that the spinal cord of the one class is the representative of the

ganglionic cord of the other; whence it appears, that a segment of

the Articulata and a vertebra of the Vertebrata must be homologous.

2. The ossification of the centrum of a true vertebra is first peri-

pheral, and subsequently fills up the interior with osseous matter

(Owen wt antea, 256). Thus if we suppose a vertebra stopped in

the first stage, and forming the external instead of the internal sup-

port of the body, we have a segment of an articulate creature, with

only an histiological difference, which must by no means be allowed

to conceal from us the true nature of a part (Geoffroy St. Hilaire,

Sur la Vertébre, ut antea, p. 92).

3. If to this view it should be objected, that the including in the

one case what is excluded in the other dispels all semblance of homo-

logy, it must be answered—

a. That notwithstanding this difficulty, the general homology of

the vertebrate and articulate skeletons as wholes has long been ad-

mitted, though this more particular one of their parts has not been.

B. That the heemal arch of the Vertebrata, whose normal office it

is to enclose the main blood-vessels of the body, and which office it

exclusively performs in many cases, is yet in others so developed as

to enclose a mass of viscera, viz. in the thorax.

y- In the Testudina we have an example of those vertebral ele-

ments which are usually internal, becoming external, and including

not only all the viscera, but having the whole muscular system at-

tached internally, as in the Articulata, and even the limbs arising

from the inside instead of the outside of the thorax.

4. It presents no difficulty that the segments of the Articulata

have no superior or inferior arches like vertebree, because both the

spinal cord and circulatory organs which those arches are respectively

designed to protect are included within the body (St. Hilaire ut

antea, p. 102).

5. To the order of development of a vertebra in the lateral pro-

cesses for locomotion being produced subsequently to the body, we

have an analogous case in that the Myriapoda are at birth and for

some time afterwards apodal, and subsequently acquire their nume-

rous legs (Newport on Myriapoda, Phil. Trans. 1841). This is also

the case with some other articulate animals.

Section VI.

The brain of the Vertebrata is a modification of a series of four

ganglia homologous with those of the spinal cord.

1. In the Amphiovus that part of the cord which must be regarded

as the homologue of the brain, because it gives off five pair of ce-

phalic nerves, is only distinguished from the other part of the cord

by its pointed anterior extremity, its posterior part being entirely

like the other ganglia; even its greatest vertical diameter is not

greater (De Quatrefages on Amphioxus, Annales des Scien. Nat.,

third series, vol. iv.).

2." We have already noticed that the two large cephalic ganglia of

the Centipede are the result of the coalescence of a series of four

ganglia, as they appear in the fcetal condition, each of these nervous

centres supplying nerves to the senses. Closely corresponding with

this arrangement is that displayed by many of the fish, as e.g. the

Eel, where the brain is only a series of four closely arranged ganglia.

And this same original scheme seems to me traceable throughout all

the Vertebrata to man himself. There are, however, as the great

centralization and individuality of the organ would lead us to expect,

many variations and modifications, which tend at first sight to con-

ceal its real nature, as e. g. the removal of the olfactory ganglia to a

great distance from the other elements of the brain, with which they

only maintain their connexion by means of filiform crura, as in the

Whiting and many fish; the amplification of the segments of the

encephalon by the addition of supplementary ganglia, as the hypo-

aria, hypophysis, &c. as they occur in many fish, and some of which

are retained in the higher orders, or the cerebrum in the cartilagi-

nous fishes, and in all animals upwards to man, and which compara-

tive anatomy teaches us is only to be considered as a special appen-

dage to or development of the prosencephalic ganglia; or the ex-

treme development of one pair of ganglia so as to obscure the others,

as the cerebellum in the Sharks, Sawfish, &c. (Owen’s Lectures, ii.

175) ; or the very diminutive size of a segment, as the cerebellum in

many reptiles ; or the coalescence of the pair, and consequent obli-

teration of the mesial division, just as is equally the case between the

two halves of the spinal cord, as in the cerebellum.

3. Embryonic anatomy, too, comes in to strengthen the conclusion

of comparative anatomy, that a series of four ganglia is the essential

element of the brain, and that all the other parts of which it consists

in adult life of the higher Vertebrata, including of course the cere-

brum, are superadded.

The argument of the preceding sections, exclusive of Section I., and

the conclusion to which it is intended to lead, may thus be stated :—

Considering that the head of the Insecta, Myriapoda, &c. is com-

posed of a series of segments serially homologous with those of the

body, as its brain is of ganglia serially homologous with those of the

cord; that a vertebra is the general homologue of a segment as the

spinal cord is of the ganglionic cord ; and that the brain of the Ver-

tebrata consists of a series of four segments; there appears a strong

probability that its head in like manner shall consist of a series of

four vertebree.

3. MonoGRAPH OF THE SPECIES OF MyOCHAMA, INCLUDING

THE DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES FROM THE COL-

LECTION oF H. Cumine, Esa. By Artruur Apams, R.N.,

1 al Fe Sauer

(Mollusea, Pl. VIII.)

Myocuama, Stutchbury.

Testa inequivalvis, adherens ; valva afixa dentibus duobus mar-

ginalibus, divaricatis, ad umbonem disjunctis, foveold trigond

intermedid alteram testacee appendicis extremitatem, cartila-

gine corned connexam, excipiente ; valva libera dentibus duobus

inequalibus, parvis, divaricatis, alterd appendicis extremitate

foveole intermedia insertd ; umbones valve libere interne, alte-

rius externe, recurvi ;.impressiones musculares due orbiculares,

a ee get ee eo eee ae ee ae | ee,

FroceZ.s: Mollusca. VIB.

AAdams |W Wing del Wing bth

Fig.l. Myochamatransversa. Hg:6.Cumingia smuata. . Hig:l?. Gena ornaia

z.M Strange1 IG fragilis i819. 20.Lictia Peroni

3. Cummsgia Cleryn 8.9.10 1112 Microts tmberculata. ai L t errima

4.C ~ _ similis 13.14.15: Stommatia duplicata. 22-Cyclostrema spirule

5.C. striata. 16. Stomatia notaia

& .

4 23

distantes, laterales; impressio muscularis pallit sinu brevi lato;

ligamentum tenue externum.

Shell inequivalve, adhering ; the attached valve with two unequal

diverging marginal teeth, separated at the umbo by a triangular pit

in which one end of a testaceous appendage is inserted and connected

by a horny cartilage ; the free valve with two unequal, small, diverging

teeth, close under the umbo, in which is inserted the other end of

the testaceous appendage ; the umbo of the free valve is curved in-

wards, that of the fixed valve outwards; muscular impressions two,

nearly orbicular, distant, lateral ; palleal impression with a short broad

sinus.

MyocHaMA ANoMioIDES, Stutchbury. M. testa rosed, tenut,

fragili, costis prominentibus radiantibus dichotomis ; valvd li-

herd valde convexd ; umbone extra apicem valve alterius pro-

ducto; epidermide tenui pellucidd.

Long. 12; lat. 35 alt. 34.

Hab.

Shell rose-coloured, thin, fragile, ornamented by prominent radia-

ting dichotomous ribs; free valve extremely convex, the umbo pro-

jecting beyond the apex of the other ; epidermis thin and transparent.

Hab.

This species is always regularly radiately ribbed, but when found

attached to smooth shells the ribs are smooth, but if fixed to Trigo-

nia pectinata they are crossed by tubercles.

Myocuama TRaNsversA, A. Adams. M. testd inequilaterali

transversd fused, subquadratd, anticé longiore posticé breviore

subtruncatd, radiatim costatd, costis subnodosis interdum di-

chotomis, concentrice minutissimé striatd, valvd liberd subcon-

verd, umbone extra apicem valve alterius producto.

(Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 1.)

Shell inequivalve, transverse, light brown, subquadrate, anteriorly

longer, posteriorly shorter and rather truncated, radiately ribbed, ribs

rather nodulous, sometimes divided in two, very minutely concentric-

ally striated, the free valve rather convex, with the umbo produced

beyond the apex of the other valve.

‘Hab. Cape Upstart, 8 fathoms; Mr. Jukes. (Mus. Cuming.)

Myocnama Strancer, A. Adams. M. testd luted, tenui, fragilt,

corrugatd, costis nodosis, non distinctis, concentrice striatd,

lineis radiantibus asperis ad marginem ventralem distinctiori-

bus; valvd liberd depressd umbone plano cinerascente non extra

apicem valve alterius producto.

Hab. in Australasia. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 2.)

Shell yellow, thin, fragile, corrugated, ribs nodulous, not distinct,

concentrically striated, with rough radiating lines more distinct to-

wards the ventral margin; the free valve depressed, ash-coloured,

flattened, not projecting beyond the apex of the other valve.

Hab. Port Jackson; Mr. Strange. (Mus. Cuming.)

4. DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS CUMINGIA,

WITH SOME ADDITIONAL GENERIC CHARACTERS.

By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

(Mollusca, Pl. VIII.)

Cumineia, G. B. Sowerby.

Testa bivalvis, inequilateralis, equivalvis, latere antico rotundato,

postico hiante subacuminato ; dentibus, cardinali, in utrdque

valvd unico, parvo antico, lateralibus in alterd valud ad utrum-

que latus uno, valido, in alterd nullo ; ligamento interno foveole

subcochleariformi affixo ; impressionibus muscularibus duabus

lateralibus distantibus, anticd irregulari oblongd, posticd sub-

rotundatd ; impressione musculari pallii sinu maximo.

Shell ovate, inequilateral, equivalve ; a shallow spoon-shaped car-

dinal tooth and a single small tooth by its side in each valve, a strong

lateral tooth on both sides in one valve only ; palleal impression with

a large sinus, posteriorly gaping.

All the species of this genus gape more or less posteriorly, are

more or less lamellose, and the cavity for the cartilage is spoon-

shaped and projects into the cavity of the valves, differing in this re-

spect from Amphidesma or Semele.

Cumrineta stmitis, A. Adams. C. testd subtrigonali-ovatd de-

cussaté striatd, lineis transversis concentricis, lamelld unicd

prope marginem ventralem anticé latiore rotundato supra angu-

lato postice angustiore subrostratd, ared posticd clausd, lunuld

lanéeolato-ovatd, margine ventrali posticée coarctatd.

Hab. in Borea-Occidentali Ora Americee. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII.

fig. 4.)

“Shell triangularly ovate, decussately striated, lines of growth trans-

verse and concentric, rather strongly marked, a single lamella near

the ventral margin, anterior side the widest, rounded in front and

angulated above, posterior side narrower, somewhat beaked poste-

riorly, area closed, lunule lanceolately oval, ventral margin posteriorly

contracted.

Hab. N.W. coast of America. (Mus. Cuming.)

Cuminera Cieri, A. Adams. C. testd ovatd compressd sube-

quilaterali, albd, opacd, sublevi, nitidd, striis transversis con-

centricis alveolisque irregularibus, latere antico angustiore ro-

tundato, postico latiore, margine ventrali integro arcuato.

Hab. ad Taleuhano, Chili. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 3.)

Shell ovate, compressed, subequilateral, white, opake, rather smooth

and shining, marked with faint transverse concentric strive, and nu-

merous pits irregularly disposed, anterior side narrower and rounded,

posterior side wider ; ventral margin entire, arcuated.

Hab. Found at Taleuhano, Chili, by Capt. Clery, French Marine,

attached to fuci in shallow water. (Mus. Cum.)

CumInGIA ANTILLARUM, A. Adams. C. testd ovato-trigonali,

concentrice lamellosd ; lamellis subdistantibus, interstitiis valde

<1 Ate

longitudinaliter striatis, latere antico breviore latiore rotun-

dato, postico longiore, angustiore subrostrato, valde hiante,

margine ventrali postice subsinuato.

Hab. In India Occidentali.

Shell ovately triangular, concentrically lamellose, lamellee rather

wide apart, the interstices with distinct longitudinal strize, anterior

side shorter, wider, and rounded, posterior side longer, narrower and.

somewhat beaked, widely gaping, ventral margin posteriorly rather

sinuated.

Hab. West Indies. (Mus. Cuming.)

Cuminera Fracitis, A. Adams. C. testa transversd ovali alba

fragili subpellucidd concentrice lamellosd ; lamellis elevatiuscu-

lis, subdistantibus, interstitiis tenuissime longitudinaliter stria-

tis, latere antico latiore margine sinuato, postico angustiore ro-

tundato subflecuoso, margine ventrali integro arcuato.

Hab. in Guadaloupia. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 7.)

Shell transverse, oval, white, fragile, semipellucid, concentrically

Jamellose, lamellz rather elevated and wide apart, interstices very

finely longitudinally striated, anterior side wider, the margin sinuated,

posterior side narrower, rounded, subflexuous, ventral margin entire

and arcuated.

Hab. Guadaloupe ; Governor Admiral Tourbeyre. (Mus. Cuming.)

Cuminera striata, A. Adams. C. testd ovato-trigonali sub-

ventricosd albd tenui fragili ; striis transversis concentricis ele-

vatis confertis, interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis, latere an-

tico latiore rotundato, postico subacuminato, margine ventrali

posticé coarctato.

(Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 5.)

Shell ovately trigonal, somewhat ventricose, white, thin, fragile,

with transverse concentric crowded elevated striz, the interstices

longitudinally very finely striated, anterior side wider and rounded,

posterior side rather acuminated, ventral margin posteriorly con-

tracted.

Hab. Conception ; seven fathoms, sandy mud; H. C. (Mus. Cu-

ming.)

Cumrneia stnvosa, A. Adams. C. testd subtrigonalt albd semi-

pellucidd subequilaterali concentrice lamellosd, insterstitiis lon-

gitudinaliter substriatis, latere antico sublatiore rotundato,

postico angustiore, margine ventrali postice valde sinuato.

Hab. in India Occidentali. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 6.)

Shell subtrigonal, white, semipellucid, subequilateral, concentrically

lamellose, interstices longitudinally substriated, anterior side rather

wider and rounded, posterior side narrower, yentral margin posteriorly

deeply sinuated.

Hab. West Indies. (Mus Cuming.)

February 12, 1850.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :-—

1. On THE TRICHOGLOSSINE GENUS OF Parrots, Eos, WITH

THE DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES. By CHARLES

Lucian, Prince BonapArTE, MEMBER OF THE PRINCIPAL

ACADEMIES OF EUROPE AND AMERICA.

The genus Los is, like Eclectus, a new instance of the impropriety

of that middling course (as disgusting in science as it is in politics),

of uniting together by two and two, four and four, &c., small

groups (or States), which, natural by themselves, have no stronger

relation to each other than to any other member of their family.

Take for example (comparing them to Naples and Sicily !) Spiza and

Paroaria, Bon., united by G. R. Gray under his Spiza! amongst the

Fringillide, and amongst the Parrots Psittacodis* and Eelectus

confounded together by the same process!

The genus Los is intermediate between the two subfamilies Trc-

choglossine and Loriine. Although it may astonish some natural-

ists that I do not consider it as one of the latter, still, on account of

its tail, its anatomy and its habits, I keep it within the boundaries

of the former, in close relation with my new genus Chalcopsitta t,

* Since I speak of Psittacodis (the only green Genus of Lorine Parrots, which

forms the same beautiful passage from Loriine to Psittacine that Eos does from

Trichoglossine to Loriine), let me submit to the Society the phrases of two new

species that make the whole number hitherto known five: they come as near

Psittacodis magnus or sinensis (with which I for that reason compare them) as

the three Eelecti do to each other :-—

1. Psirracus MAGNUS et sINENSIS, Gm. (viridis, Lath.; lateralis, Shaw;

Mascarinus prasinus, Less.; Psittacodis magnus, Wagl.; Eclectus! polychlo-

ros! Gr. ex Scopoli) Pl. Enl. 514; Edw. B. t. 231; Lev. Perr. t. 132.

Major: iliis rubris: margine alarum cyanea: cauda apice subconcolori.

2. PsiTracoDIS INTERMEDIUS, Bp. Mus. Lugd.

Minor : iliis rubris: margine alarum rubro: cauda apice subconcolori.

3. Psirracopis WESTERMANNI, Bp. Zool. Soc. Amst.

Minor : iliis concoloribus: margine alarum ceruleo: cauda apice subconcolori.

Dedicated to the able and modest Director of the Zoological Society of Am-

sterdam, where this new Parrot is living.

+ This new genus of mine, though composed of decided Trrichoglossine Parrots,

shows a strong affinity, not only to the Lorine but also to the Platycercine. It is

composed in fact of

1. PLarycercus ATER, Gr. (Psittacus nove guinee, Gm.; Ch. nove guinee, Bp.);

and of

2. Eos scintILiata, Gr. (Psittacus scintillatus, Temm.; Ch. scintillans, Bp.);

to which I have added a third new species, also from the Moluccas :—

3. CHALCOPSITTA RUBIGINOSA, Bp. Mus. Lugd. ex Ins. Barabay et Guebe.

(Aves, Pl. XVI.)

E. purpureo-badia, capite obscuriore ; subtus fasciolata, plumis singulis lunuld

mediand et apicali nigricante: remigibus rectricibusque virescentibus cauda ;

apicem versus gradatim lutescente.

Rostrum rubrum: pedes nigri: irides alba. Magnitud. Turdi.

nted by Hnlimandel & Walton

ie cet emi ail Ad

wir FIOM

SH MAVEAR VATA -

= —— a

Bonap

Proc Z.5 Aves. XV

Printed by Hullrnandel & Walton.

which connects it with Trichoglossus, the type and centre of the sub-

family ; as on the other side Lathamus and Charmosina connect the

same Trichoglossus through Coriphilus (and especially by means of

Lathamus) with the subfamily Platycercine.

It may be characterized by its elegant form, small stature, com-

pact, red plumage with more or less blue; compressed, moderate,

red bill, with the cere apparent (not concealed as in Eelectus) ; short

feet, with robust toes and powerful, arched, very acute nails ; and

longish, not very broad, wedged tail.

It is composed, to my knowledge, of only seven species ;—five

already described (and some of them too many times) in the systems,

and two new ones, which form the subject of the present paper, and

of which I subjoin the faithful portraits drawn by an anonymous

hand, which has no merit in keeping the transparent veil upon an

additional claim to our admiration and gratitude, since it is so far

beneath its others! And when I say that only five are the hitherto

known species of Eos, it is because I do not count Eos variegata and

Eos Isidorii of Wagler, since, the first is evidently nothing but a va-

riegated or pied bird, and the other, named, described and figured

by Swainson, appears identical with Eos riciniata, for which the false

name of cochinchinensis cannot be retained. Of the other three (out

of the ten admitted by our friend G. R. Gray, in his ‘Genera of

Birds’), E. scintillata is a Chalcopsitta, and E. cervicalis and ornata

are Trichoglossi!

1. Eos cyANoGENtA, Bp. (Aves, Pl. XIV.)

E. rubra; maculd magnd periophthalmied cyaned: humeris ex toto,

remigibus elongatis rectricibusque magnd ex parte nigris.

Long. 9 poll. ; alee, 63 poll. ; caude, 4 poll.

Close to Eos indica or coccinea, but having no blue on the head,

back or breast ; and instead, a large blue patch, including the eye and

covering the cheek, which Eos indica has red; the black also is more

predominant on the wings, and the red tinge duller. The phrase in

English may be:

& Brownish red; the whole of the shoulder and great part of the

sor and tail-feathers black ; a large azure patch on each side of the

ead.”

I found the specimen upon which I did not hesitate to establish

my species among the endless treasures of the Leyden Museum.

9. Eos seMILaRvATA, Bp. (Aves, Pl. XV-)

E. coccinea; vittd a guld ultra oculos, maculd utrinque scapu-

lari, crissoque, cyaneis : remigibus brevibus rectricibusque apice

tantum nigris.

Long. 9 poll. ; alee, 53 poll. ; cauda, 4 poll.

Resembling Eos rubra, but much smaller and half-masked !

“ Entirely red, even on the shoulders ; the tips only of the quills

and tail-feathers black ; two symmetrical spots on the scapularies,

under tail-coverts and semi-mask extending from the throat behind

the eyes, rich blue.”

I picked up this beautiful species in the rising Museum annexed

to the Zoological Gardens of Amsterdam ; and as soon as he became

aware of the value of his bird, Mr. Westermann, as a compliment to

Dr. Schlegel and myself, with a liberality of which few men even of

science are capable, made a present of it to the Leyden Museum ;

where, duly greeted by Mr. Temminck, the typical specimen is safely

deposited.

To complete the monography of the genus, I add the comparative

phrases of the five other species, all of which have several beautiful

representatives in the Leyden Museum.

1. Eos rnpica, Wagl.

E. coccinea ; fascid verticis latissimd, cervice, dorso, pectore, ti-

biisque, cyaneis : tectricibus alarum internis et remigibus apice

nigris.

Synonyms.

Psittacus indicus, Gm.

Psittacus variegatus, Gm., Lath. ex Buff. Pl. Fnl. 143.

Psittacus coccineus, Lath.

Eos indica, G7.

Eos variegata, Gr.

Perruche des Indes orientales, Buff. P!. Enl. 143, accidental var. !

Le Lori-Perruche violet et rouge, Levaill. Perr. t. 53.

Hab. In Insulis Moluccis.

2. Eos ruspra, Wagl.

E. rubra; crisso, scapularibusque cyaneis ; tectricum majorum

margine apicali, remigibusque primariis externé nigris.

Synonyms.

Psittacus ruber, Gm.

Psittacus borneus? Gm., Lath. jun.

Psittacus ceeruleatus, Shaw.

Psittacus cyanonotus, Vieill.

Eos rubra, Gr.

Lory de la Chine, Buff. Pl. Enl. 519.

Le Perroquet Lori 4 franges bleues, Levaill. Perr. t. 93.

La Perruche écarlate, Lev. Perr. t. 44.

Hab. In Insulis Moluccis ; Amboma.

3. Eos euestensis, Wagl.

E. coccinea, sepius tamquam squamata ; plumis pilei, colli, pec-

toris et laterum margine nigro-virescentibus : alarum fascia du-

plici remigibusque apice nigris.

Synonyms.

Psittacus guebiensis, duct.

Psittacus squameus, Shaw.

Eos squamata, Gr. ex Scopoli.

Lory de Gueby, Buff. Pl. Enl. 684.

“Le Lori éeaillé, Levaill. Perr. t. 51.

Hab. In Insulis Gueby, Buron et Ceram.

4. Eos ricrnrata, Bp.

E. rubra; vertice, collo et maculd abdominali magnd, cyaneis :

tectricibus alarum remigibusque ad apicem late nigris.

Synonyms.

Psittacus cochinchinensis, Lath.

Psittacus riciniatus, Bechst.

Psittacus cucullatus, Shaw. -

Lorius Isidorii, Sw. Zool. Ill. n. s. t.

Lorius riciniatus, Mill.

Eos cochinchinensis, Wagl., Gr.

Perruche a chaperon bleu, Levaill. Perr. t. 54.

Hab. In Insulis Moluccis. Gilolo et Ternate, Forsten, Miiller ;

nec in Cochinchina!

5. Eos cyANosTRiATA, Gr.

E. rubra, alis cauddque, nigro variis ; maculd postoculari nigro-

ceruled: dorso striis ceruleis.

Synonyms.

Lorius borneus! Less. Traité d Orn. p. 192, nee Lath.

Eos cyanostriata, Gray and Mitchell, Gen. of Birds, t. 103.

Hab. In Insulis Moluccis, minimé in Borneo!

2, An ARRANGEMENT OF STOMATELLID2, INCLUDING THE CHA-

RACTERS OF A NEW GENUS, AND OF SEVERAL NEW SPECIES.

By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

STOMATELLID.

Head broad, proboscidiform ; tentacles subulate, with a fimbriated

lobe at their inner bases; eyes on peduncles at their outer bases ;

mantle with the front edge entire ; muscle of attachment crescentic,

open in front ; foot with a lateral membrane. Operculum rudimen-

tary or none. Shell imperforate, with a crescentic muscular impres-

sion, open in front.

The family Stomatellide differs from that of Haliotide in the

mantle not being fissured anteriorly, in the muscle of attachment

being in the form of a horseshoe round the sides and posterior part of

the mantle, instead of being oval and central, and in the shell not

being perforated. In their habits they are littoral, living on coral

reefs and attached to stones near the shore. Some of the genera, as

Gena, Stomatella and Stomatia, have considerable locomotive powers,

and glide, especially Gena, with some degree of celerity. The latter

genus and Stomatia possess the faculty, common to some other kinds

of mollusca, of spontaneously detaching a considerable portion of the

hind part of the foot when disturbed or irritated.

SroMaTELLA, Lamarck.

Animal spiral, retractile within the shell; tentacular lobes itthn-

gular, with the front edge fringed ; foot small, not tubercular, not

produced posteriorly, operculigerous, lateral membrane very wide,

the circumference regularly fimbriated. Operculum orbicular, thin,

horny, multispiral. Shell spiral, suborbicular, depressed, transversely

ribbed or sulciferous ; spire more or less elevated, whorls rounded ;

aperture large, wider than long, pearly within.

STOMATELLA IMBRICATA, Lamarck.

Hab. Torres Straits; Jukes. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella imbricata, Lamk. Ency. Méth. p. 450. f. 2 ; Hist. Nat.

An. s. Vert. vol. vi. p. 209.

STOMATELLA CANCELLATA, Krauss.

Hab. Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella cancellata, Krauss, Sudafrican Moll. tab. 5. fig. 26.

STOMATELLA COSTELLATA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculatd, con-

vexo-depressd, albidd, imperforatd, costellis transversis obtusis

striisque elevatis longitudinalibus decussatd ; spird subpromi-

nuld ; aperturd magnd, obliqud, oblongd.

Hab. 2

Shell suborbicular, convexly depressed, whitish, imperforate, with

obtuse transverse ribs and decussating longitudinal elevated stric ;

spire rather prominent ; aperture large, oblique, oblong.

Hab. ? (Mus. Metcalf.)

STOMATELLA ARTICULATA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculari, im-

perforatd, convexd, tenui, grised, costulis transversis nigro-arti-

culatis, interstitiis lineis longitudinalibus elevatis ornatd ; spird

prominuld, anfractibus rotundatis ; apertura oblongo-ovali, lon-

giore quam latiore.

Hab. In insulis Pacificis.

Shell suborbicular, imperforate, convex, thin, grey, ornamented

with transverse ribs articulated with black, the interstices with longi-

tudinal elevated lines ; spire rather prominent, whorls rounded ; aper-

ture oblong-oval.

Hab. Australia; Lord Hood’s Island, South Seas, on the pearl

oyster; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

STOMATELLA SULCIFERA, Lamarck.

Hab. Philippines, Catbalonga ; island of Samar, under stones ; isle

of Ticao, on the reefs, low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella sulcifera, Lamk. Hist. Nat. An. s. Vert. p. 210.

STOMATELLA MACULATA, Quoy and Gaimard.

Hab. Catanuan, province of Tayabas, island of Luzon, under stones,

low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

STOMATELLA MONILIFERA, Adams. _ S. festa suborbiculari, con-

vexo-depressd, imperforatd, albidd, rufo-punctatd, costellis moni-

liferis confertis transversis ornatd ; aperturd obliqud, subcir-

culari.

Hab. 2

Shell suborbicular, convexly depressed, imperforate, whitish, with

rufous spots, ornamented with small, close-set, beaded, transverse

ribs ; aperture oblique, subcircular.

Hab. ? (Mus. Metcalf.)

STOMATELLA DECOLORATA, Gould.

Hab. Mangsi Island; Gould.

Species unknown to me. ‘Allied to S. maculata, Quoy, but the

spire is less elevated, aperture more round, and a plain white lunate

area adjacent to the columella.”

Stomatella decolorata, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 51.

STOMATELLA PAPYRACEA, Chemnitz.

Hab. China Sea and Sooloo Archipelago. (Mus. Cuming.)

Turbo papyraceus, Chemnitz. Stomatella tumida, Gould, Expedi-

tion, Shells, p. 51.

STOMATELLA MALUKANA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculatd, con-

vexd, imperforatd, transversim sulcatd, longitudinaliter striata,

costulis transversis striatis cinctd, mustelind rufo-fusco varie-

gatd, subtus costis albo rufoque articulatis ; spird prominuld ;

aperturd oval, longiore quam latiore.

Hab. in insulis Moluccis.

Shell suborbicular, convex, imperforate, transversely sulcated, longi-

tudinally striated, encircled with transversely striated ribs, yellowish

brown variegated with red brown, inferiorly the ribs articulated with

white and fuscous; spire rather prominent; aperture oval, longer

than wide.

Hab. Molluccas. 1)

STOMATELLA ORBICULATA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculari, con-

vexd, virescenti, castaneo variegatd, transversim sulcatd, longi-

tudinaliter striatd, costis confertis rotundatis; spird promi-

nuld, anfractibus rotundatis ; aperturd subcirculari, intus viri-

descenti.

Hab. in freto Mosambico.

Shell suborbicular, convex, greenish, variegated with chestnut,

transversely sulcated, longitudinally striated, with numerous round,

close-set, transverse ribs ; spire prominent, whorls rounded ; aperture

nearly circular, pearly and green internally.

Hab. Mosambique, under stones, low water ; Rev. W. V. Henner.

(Mus. Cuming.)

STroMATELLA saponica, Adams. S. ¢estd suborbiculari, imper-

Soratd, convexd, fuscd, transversim costulatd, costulis confertis

nodulosis, interstitiis tenuissimé longitudinaliter striatis; spird

prominuld, anfractibus costatis rotundatis ; aperturd subcircu-

lari, intus margaritaced.

Hab. in insulis Japonicis.

Shell suborbicular, imperforate, convex, fuscous, transversely

ribbed ; ribs small, nodulous, close together ; interstices with smaller

ribs, and very finely longitudinally striated ; spire somewhat promi-

nent; whorls ribbed and rounded; aperture subcircular, pearly and

green within.

Hab. Japan. (Mus. Cuming.)

STOMATELLA HALIOTIDEA, Sowerby.

Hab. Philippines, Oalaguete ; Loon, isle of Bohol, under stones,

low water ; San Estevan, prov. South Ilocos ; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella haliotidea, Sowerby, Genera.

SToMATELLA ruLGURANS, Adams. S. testd suborbiculari, sub-

perforatd, convexd ; spird acuminatd, apice acuto rosed, trans-

versim sulcatd, carinulis transversis albo maculatis, longitudi-

naliter striatis, striis subtus obsoletis, albidd lineis fuscis undu-

latis variegatd ; aperturd ovali, obliqud, intus margaritaced,

valdé sulcosd.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell suborbicular, subperforate, convex ; spire acuminated, apex

acute, rosy, transversely sulcated, with small transverse keels marked

with white, longitudinally striated, strize obsolete inferiorly, whitish

variegated with brown undulating lines; aperture oval, oblique,

pearly within and strongly sulcated.

Hab. Bais, island of Negros, under stones, low water; H.C. (Mus.

Cuming.)

STOMATELLA SANGUINEA, Adams. S. testd orbiculatd, depressd ;

spird prominuld, acutd, coccined, transversim tenuissimé sulcatd,

longitudinaliter oblique striatd, carinulis transversis subdistan-

tibus nodulosis ; aperturd ovali, obliqud ; columella subcallosd,

ared umbilicali albd, intus margaritaced sulcosd.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, depressed; spire rather prominent, acute, blood-

red, transversely very finely sulcated, longitudinally obliquely stri-

ated, with nodulous, transverse, rather distant carinze ; aperture oval,

oblique ; columella somewhat callous, with a white umbilical area,

pearly and sulcated internally.

Hab. Island of Ticao, under stones, low water; H.C. (Mus.

Cuming.)

SromaTeLua speciosa, Adams. S. testd orbiculato-conicd, albd

sanguineo maculatd, transversim carinatd, longitudinaliter valde

striatd, carinis obtusis prominentibus carinulis intermediis ;

spird prominuld, anfractibus tricarinatis ; aperturd ovali, intus

margaritaced.

Hab. ad insulam Grimwoodianam.

Shell orbiculately conical, white marked with crimson blotches,

transversely carinated, longitudinally strongly striated, keels obtuse,

rather prominent, with small intermediate keels; spire rather pro-

minent, whorls tricarinated ; aperture oval, pearly within.

Hab. Grimwood’s Island; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

SToMATELLA coccINEA, Adams. S. testd orbiculato-conicd,

subperforatd, coccined, maculis albis seriatim dispositis in an-

fractu ultimo ornatd, transversim tenuiter sulcatd, anfractu

ultimo subangulato; spird prominente, anfractibus bicarinatis ;

aperturd subcirculari, labio posticé reflexo, calloso.

Had. in insulis Occidentalibus.

Shell orbiculately conic, subperforate, scarlet, adorned with white

spots arranged in a row on the last whorl, transversely very finely sul-

cated, last whorl somewhat angulated ; spire prominent, whorls bi-

carinated ; aperture subcircular, inner lip posteriorly reflexed and

callous.

Hab. St. John’s; Mr. Hartweg.

STOMATELLA TIGRINA, Adams. S. testd orbiculato-conicd, per-

foratd, albidd, fasciis rufis radiatim dispositis ornatd, bicari-

natd, carinis elevatiusculis, obtusis, transversim striatd, striis

regularibus ; spird prominente, anfractibus angulatis ; aperturd

subcirculari, labio subreflexo, calloso ; umbilico distincto, sub-

obtecto.

Hab. 2

Shell orbiculately conical, umbilicated, whitish adorned with red

bands radiately disposed, bicarinated, keels rather elevated, obtuse,

transversely striated, striee regular; spire prominent, whorls angu-

lated ; aperture subcircular, inner lip somewhat reflexed and callous ;

umbilicus distinct, partly covered.

Hab. ——?

STOMATELLA MARGARITANA, Adams. S. testd turbinatd, spird

elevatd, anfractibus rotundatis, rubrd longitudinaliter sub-

striatd, transversim costulatd, costulis subnodulosis inequali-

bus; aperturd suborbiculari, intus margaritaced, labro semicir-

culari ; umbilico callo, obtecto.

Hab. in littoribus Australiz. (Mus. Cuming.)

A small, red, transversely ribbed species, having very much the

appearance of a Margarita.

STroMATELLA BrporCATA, Adams. S. ¢estd turbinatd, subde-

pressd, rubrd, albo obscure variegatd, transversim sulcatd; spird

acuminatd, anfractibus quatuor, anfractu ultimo porcis duabus

prominentibus instructd ; aperturd subquadratd, intus marga-

ritaced, labio subrecto, labro in medio biangulato, umbilico callo,

obtecto.

Hab. in littoribus Australie. (Mus. Cuming.)

A small red species with two rounded ridges on the last whorl and

a subquadrate aperture.

Sromatia, Helbling.

Animal spiral, too large to entirely enter the shell, tentacular lobes

digitated. Foot large, tubercular, greatly produced behind ; lateral

membrane fringed, ending anteriorly on the left side in a fimbriated

No. CCIII.—Proceepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

crest under the eye-peduncle, and on the right in a slightly projecting

fold or gutter leading to the respiratory cavity. Operculum none.

Shell subspiral, oblong, or suborbicular, carinated or tuberculated ;

spire prominent ; aperture wider than long, pearlaceous within.

SromaTIA PHyMoTIs, Lamarck.

Hab. Philippine Islands, Matnag, province of Albay, Luzon, on

the reefs; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

SroMATIA AusTRALIS, Adams. S. testd haliotided, ovato-ob-

longd, sublatd, olivaced, dorso levigatd, transversim tenué stri-

atd, carinis duabus rotundatis, inferiori tuberculatd ; apertura

anticé dilatatd, labro supra ultimum anfractum ascendente.

Hab. in littoribus Australie.

Shell rather broad, olivaceous, back nearly plain, transversely finely

. striated, with two rounded keels, the lower one tuberculated ; aper-

ture dilated anteriorly, outer lip ascending on the body whorl.

Hab. Darnley’s Island, Torres Straits, under stones; Jukes.

(Mus. Cuming.)

SromaTia pupiicata, Sowerby.

(P. Z. S. Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 13, 14, 15.)

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, under

stones, low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

SroMaTia ANGULATA, Adams. S. testd orbiculato-convexd, sub-

depressd, viriduld, transversim valde costulatd, interstitiis lon-

gitudinaliter striatis, carinis duabus elevatis simplicibus angu-

latis ; apertura transversd, subcirculari, labro in medio biangu-

lato.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, rather depressed, olive-green, transversely coarsely

costulated, interstices longitudinally striated, with two elevated, simple,

angulated ridges ; aperture transverse, suborbicular, outer lip biangu-

lated in the middle.

Hab. San Estevan, province of South Ilocos, island of Luzon and

island of Ticao, under stones, low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Sromatria pecussaTa, Adams. S. testd ovato-oblongd, longitu-

dinaliter et transversim decussate striatd, carinis duabus sim-

plicibus aut subtuberculatis angulatis prominentibus, pallidd

maculis fuscis variegatd ; spird elevatd ; aperturd obliqud, feré

orbiculari, labro biangulato in medio. -

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell decussately transversely and longitudinally striated with two

acute simple or subtuberculated prominent keels, pale marked with

light brown blotches and fine puncta; spire elevated ; aperture ob-

lique, nearly orbicular, outer lip biangulated in the middle.

Hab. Sorsogon, province of Albay, island of Luzon, on smooth

stones, 6 fathoms; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Sromatia acuminaTA, Adams. S. testd haliotided, suborbicu-

latd, subfused, cancellatd, transversim costatd, costis tribus pro-

minentibus, medid valde prominuld tuberculatd, valde plicatd

prope suturam, longitudinaliter elevate striatd; spird promi-

nuld, acuminatd, anfractibus quatuor angulatis, labro in medio

triangulato.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell reddish brown, cancellated, transversely ribbed, three ribs

very prominent, the middle one more so than the others and strongly

tuberculated, strongly plicated near the suture, longitudinally ele-

vately striated; spire prominent, acuminated, whorls four, angled ;

aperture suborbicular, obliquely transverse, outer lip triangulated in

the middle.

Hab. Philippine Islands. (Mus. Cuming.)

SromatiA LirATA, Adams. S.testd orbiculato-converd, liris trans-

versis subequalibus elevatis viz nodulosis, interstitis valde lon-

gitudinaliter striatis, prope suturam subplicatd, pallidd, fusco

radiatim marmoratd; spird subprominuld, anfractibus rotunda-

tis; aperturd obliqud, oblongo-ovali, labro convexo, rotundato.

Hab. ? °

Shell orbicular, convex, with nearly equal transverse raised ridges,

ridges slightly nodulous, interstices strongly longitudinally striated,

plicated near the spire, pallid, radiately marbled with brown ; spire

rather elevated, whorls rounded ; aperture oblique, oblong-oval, outer

lip convex, rounded.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.)

SToMATIA RUBRA, Lamarck.

Hab. Philippine and Corean Archipelago. (Mus. Cuming.)

SromatTia noratTa, Adams. S. testd suborbiculari, depressd,

pallide rosed, maculis purpureis valde distinctis ornatd, trans-

versim carinatd, carinis acutis prominentibus subdistantioribus,

longitudinaliter valde oblique striatd ; spird subprominuld, an-

fractibus carinatis, apice acuto; aperturd subcirculari, intus

margaritaced et transversim sulcatd.

Hab. ? (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 16.)

Shell suborbicular, depressed, pale rose-colour, adorned with very

defined dark purple spots, transversely keeled; keels acute, rather

prominent, somewhat wide apart, longitudinally strongly obliquely

striated ; spire rather prominent, whorls carinated, apex acute ; aper-

ture subcircular, transversely suleated and pearly within.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.)

SromaTrA CANDIDA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculatd, depressd,

candida, transversim totd carinatd, carinulis parvis confertis

permultis elevatiusculis subnodulosis, interstitiis longitudinali-

ter tenuissime striatd ; spird depressiusculd, anfractibus rotun-

datis ; aperturd obliqud, subcirculari, longiore quam latiore.

Hab. in insulis Koreanicis.

Shell orbicular, depressed, white, transversely entirely carinated ;

keels very small, close together and very numerous, subnodulous

and slightly elevated ; interstices longitudinally very finely striated ;

spire somewhat depressed, whorls rounded; aperture oblique, sub-

circular, longer than wide.

Hab. Korean Archipelago, coral reefs; 4. H. (Mus. Cuming.)

Sromatia PaLuipA, Adams. S. testd suborbiculari ; spird acu-

minatd, albd, radiis pallidis longitudinalibus pictd, transversim

liratd, interstitiis decussate striatis ; aperturd transversd, sub-

ovali, intus porcelland, labio subrecto, calloso.

Hab. ad Insulam Lord Hood, dedicay. (Mus. Cuming.)

A species somewhat resembling in colouring the striped variety of

S. notata, but which differs materially in form and sculpture.

Microris, new genus.

Animal as in Stomatia, but the foot with a deep anterior fissure

for the head, and the front edge bilobed. Operculum none. Shell

spiral, suborbicular, depressed, with two tuberculated ridges; spire

slightly prominent ; aperture very large, wider than long, pearly

within, columellar margin spiral, visible as far as the apex of the

spire.

Microtis TuBERCULATA, Adams. WM. testd suborbiculari, halio-

tided, valde depressd, viride variegatd, transversim striatd, bi-

carinatd, carinis tuberculatis, prope suturam nodulosim plicatd;

spird viz elevatd, anfractibus carinatis ; aperturd magnd, ovali,

intus bisulcatd margaritaced.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 8-12.)

Shell suborbicular, ear-shaped, greatly depressed, variegated with

green, transversely striated, bicarinated; keels tuberculated, no-

dosely plicated near the suture ; spire scarcely elevated, whorls cari-

nated ; aperture large, oval, pearly within, with two concentric parallel

grooves.

Hab. Island of Capul, on the sands, high water; H.C. (Mus.

Cuming.)

Gena, Gray.

Animal subspiral, oval, depressed, too large to enter the shell;

tentacular lobes plumose. Foot very large, tubercular, posteriorly pro-

duced ; lateral membrane not fimbriated, more or less extended, and

covering the shell. Operculum none. Shell subspiral, oblong, ear-

shaped, depressed, smooth or striated; spire flattened, nearly obso-

lete ; aperture large, pearly within.

GENA PLANULATA, Lamarck.

Hab. Isle of Camaguin, under smooth stones, low water ; Gindul-

man, isle of Bohol, under stones; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella planulata, Lamarck, Hist. An. s. Vert. vol. vi. p. 210;

Encyclop. Méth. pl. 40. f. 4 a, 6.

fa, 1983

GENA AuRICULA, Lamarck.

Hab. Eastern Seas; Red Sea; Celebes. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella auricula, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. vi. p. 210. Patella

lutea, Linn.

GENA NIGRA, Quoy and Gaimard.

Hab. Eastern Seas. (Mus. Cuming.)

Stomatella nigra, Quoy § Gaimard, Voy. del Astr. v. 3. pl. 66 bis,

fig. 10-12.

Gena pPLUMBEA, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd,

dorso latere dextro gibbosd, sinistro planulatd, plumbed, decus-

saté totd striatd; spird prominuld, anfractibus rotundatis,

anfractu ultimo ad suturam gibboso ; aperturd posticé subcana-

liculatd, labro in medio flexuoso.

Hab. Java.

Shell gibbous on the right side, flattened on the left, lead-coloured,

decussately striated over the back; spire rather prominent, the

whorls rounded, last whorl gibbous at the suture ; aperture slightly

channeled posteriorly, outer lip flexuous in the middle.

Hab. Java. (Mus. Cuming.)

Gena srricosa, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd,

dorso subplanatd, totd striatd, striis irregularibus subconfertis,

olivaced lilaceo alboque varid, fasciis subfuscis, pallidis alter-

nantibus longitudinaliter ornatd, labro haud sinuoso.

Hab. 2

Shell rather depressed, the back equally convex, striated all over,

olivaceous varied with white and lilac, marked with alternate light

and dark bands, the light bands sometimes articulated; spire de-

pressed, outer lip slightly sinuous.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.)

GENA STRIATULA, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd,

dorso planiusculd, totd striatd, striis profundis subdistantibus,

rubrd, flaveolo aurantiaco fuscoque varie pictd ; spird prominuld,

nunquam subdistortd ; labro valde flexuoso.

Hab. Australia; et in insulis Philippinis.

Shell very elongated, slightly convex, strongly striated all over the

back, red varied with orange, light yellow and brown ; spire elevated,

often distorted ; outer lip very flexuous.

Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, on small stones, 9 fathoms; H. C.

Swan River, Lieut. Preston; Australia. (Mus. Cuming.)

Gena vari, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd, politd,

dorso equaliter convexd, latere sinistro striatd ; luteo, rubro

alboque variegatd ; spird prominuld, erectd, acuminata.

Hab. Australia; et in insulis Philippinis.

Shell smooth, polished, back equally rounded, striated on the left

side, varied with yellow, red and white ; spire rather elevated, lateral,

upright and pointed.

Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, on small stones, 9 fathoms; H.C.

Acapulco, on the sands, Col. Moffat; Australia. A pretty little spe-

cies usually confounded with G. auricula. (Mus. Cuming.)

GENA CONCINNA, Gould.

Hab. Sandy Island.

Gena minima, Dufo.

Hab. Seychelles, dredged from 6 fathoms; Dufo.

Stomatella minima, Dufo, Ann. Sc. Nat. Oct. 1840, p. 202. Spe-

cies unknown to me.

GENA IRASATA, Dufo.

Hab. Seychelles.

Stomatella irasata, Dufo, Ann. Sc. Nat. Oct. 1840. Species un-

known to me.

GENA PULCHELLA, Adams. G. testd convexo-depressd, ovali, albd,

rufo maculata, dorso convexd, totd striatd ; spird prominuld,

anfractibus rotundatis ; aperturd magna, ovali, intus margari-

taced, iridescente.

Hab. 2

Shell convexly depressed, oval, white, with large rufous spots ;

back convex, striated all over ; spire rather prominent, whorls round-

ed; aperture large, oval, pearly within.

Hab. ? (Mus. Metcalf.)

GENA LINTRICULA, Adams. G. testd haliotided, oblongd, dorso

convexd, totd tenuissimeé striatd, tenui, fragili, carneold, rubro

maculatd ; spird subterminalj, minima, ad latus decumbente ;

aperturd apertd, valde elongatd.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell elongated, regularly convex, entirely striated, thin, fragile,

pink, with darker spotted and articulated lines; spire nearly poste-

rior, slightly elevated ; aperture elongated anteriorly, dilated.

Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, on smooth stones, 9 fathoms ;

H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

GENA ASPERULATA, Adams. G. testd haliotided, dorso convecd,

rufo-fuscd cinguld albd latd longitudinali ornatd, lines elevatis

subconfertis, striisque longitudinalibus obliquis decussatd; spird

posticd, subprominuld, albd ; aperturd elongatd, ovali.

Hab. ?

Shell ear-shaped, back convex, red-brown with a broad white lon-

gitudinal band, decussated with transverse raised lines and oblique

longitudinal elevated strize ; spire posterior, slightly prominent ; aper-

ture elongated, oval.

Hab. ? (Mus. Metcalf.)

GrENA NEBULOSA, Adams. G. testd haliotided, ovato-oblongd,

dorso totd striatd, albd rufo-fuseo nebulosd ; spird prominuld,

anfractibus angulatis; aperturd elongatd, ovali; columella callo

crasso rimam umbilicalem obtegente.

Hab. Australia.

be Si

Rh, 1953

Shell flat, depressed, entirely striated, white clouded with red-

brown ; spire rather prominent, the whorls angulated ; aperture elon-

gated, oval ; columella with a thickened callus covering the umbilical

fissure.

Hab. Australia. (Mus. Cuming.)

Gena orNATA, Adams. G. testd subturbinaced, ovali, levi, po-

litd, dorso convexd, fusco-rubrd, lineis nigris albo-articulatis

longitudinalibus ; spird prominuld, rosed ; aperturd ovali ; co-

lumelld curvatd, simplici ; labro reflexo, postice subfleuoso.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis. (Mollusca, Pl. VII. fig. 17.)

Shell oval, smooth, polished, convex, red-brown, with regular di-

stinct black longitudinal lines articulated with white; spire rosy,

rather prominent; aperture oval; columella curved, simple; outer

lip convex, slightly inflexed posteriorly.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines, on the reefs, low water ; H.C.

(Mus. Cuming.)

Gena tineata, Adams. G. testd subturbinaced, solidd, levi,

politd, convead, ovali, earneold lineis rubris longitudinalibus

ornatd ; spird prominuld, anfractibus rotundatis ; aperturd sub-

rotundatd ; columelld planulatd, callosd, labro simplice.

Hab. ?

Shell thick, smooth, polished, convex, oval, light pink, with regu-

lar parallel continuous red lines arranged longitudinally ; spire pro-

minent, whorls rounded; aperture nearly circular; columella flat-

tened, with a callous deposit, outer lip simple.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.)

Broverieta, Gray.

Animal unknown. Operculum? Shell ancyliform, nonspiral, ob-

long-ovate, flattened, apex posterior, inyolute ; aperture very large,

ovate, pearlaceous internally. '

Scutella, Broderip (pars).

BRODERIPIA TRIDESCENS, Broderip, sp.

Hab. Pacific Ocean, Grimwood’s Island. (Mus. Cuming.)

Scutella iridescens, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. June 1834.

BropeERIPiIA ROSEA, Broderip, sp.

Hab. Pacific Ocean, Grimwood’s Island. (Mus. Cuming.)

Scutella rosea, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. June 1834.

Broperre1a Cuminen, A. Adams. B. testi ovatd, depresso-

convexd, subpellucidd, pallidd, radiis rubris pictd, concentrice

corrugato-striatd, striis granulosis, vertice postico excentrico-

submarginali ; aperturd patuld, intus margaritaced, margine

albo limbo maculis rufis picto ; margine columellari acute angu-

lato prominente, postice subrecto.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis (Capul). (Mus. Cuming.)

Distinguished from B. iridescens by its prominent angulated colu-

mellar margin and granulato-corrugose surface.

ScissurELLA, D’Orbigny.

Animal unknown. Operculum none. Shell very small or minute

heliciform ; spire depressed ; aperture suborbicular, effuse ; outer lip

with a narrow fissure or slit ; umbilicus open.

? Anatomus, Montfort.

ScissURELLA ANGULATA, Lovén.

Hab. Scandinavia.

Scissurella angulata, Loven, Index Moll. Scand. p. 20.

ScissuRELLA PLicaTa, Philippi.

Hab. Shores of the Peninsula of Thapsi.

Scissurella plicata, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 187, vol. ii.

tab. 25. fig. 18.

Scissurella d’Orbignyi, Scacchi.

ScissURELLLA STRIATULA, Philippi.

Had. Peninsula of Magnisi.

Scissurella striatula, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. vol. ii. p. 160.

ScissuRELLA DEcussaTa, D’Orbigny.

Scissurella decussata, D’ Orbigny, Mém. Soc. d’ Hist. Nat. de Par.i.

p- 340.

ScissURELLA CRISPATA, Fleming.

Scissurella crispata, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 361-366.

3. MonoGRAPH OF THE GENUS ANATINELLA.

By Artruur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

ANATINELLA, Sowerby.

Testa ovata equivalvis, subequilateralis, latere antico rotundato,

postico subrostrato, subtruncato ; ligamento interno, processut

cochleariformi affivo, dentibus duobus cardinalibus in utrdque

valud ante processum positis ; impressionibus muscularibus dua-

bus, anticd oblongd, irregulari, posticd subcirculari; tmpres-

sione musculari pallii integrd ; appendice cardinali internd

nulld.

Shell ovate equivalve, nearly equilateral, anterior side rounded,

posterior slightly beaked and subtruncated. Ligament internal, fixed

to a spoonshaped process in each valve, on the anterior side of which

are placed two rather elongated cardinal teeth. Muscular impres-

sions two, lateral, distant, the anterior oblong and irregular, the poste-

rior nearly circular. Palleal impression entire, without any sinus.

No testaceous appendage within the hinge.

ANATINELLA SippaLptt, Sowerby. A. testd solidiori, subopacd,

levi, valde concentricé corrugatd, longitudinaliter obsoleté sub-

striatd; latere postico, acuminato, subtruncato ; margine dor-

sali posticé declivi ; processu cochleariformi erasso lato ; mar-

gine ventrali valde arcuato.

Hab. 2

Shell rather solid, subopake, smooth, strongly concentrically

wrinkled, longitudinally obsoletely substriated ; posterior side acu-

minated, subtruncated; dorsal margin posteriorly sloping ; spoon-

shaped process thick and wide ; ventral margin strongly arcuated.

Hab. Ceylon, on the sands. (Mus. Cuming.)

ANATINELLA DILATATA, Adams. A. testd ‘tenui, fragili, concen-

tricé corrugatd, longitudinaliter striatd, latere postico dilatato,

oblique valde truncato, margine dorsali postice horizontal recto,

processu cochleariformi parvo tenut, dentibus cardinalibus valdé

divergentibus ; margine ventrali arcuato.

Hab. ?

Shell thin, fragile, concentrically wrinkled, longitudinally striated ;

posterior side dilated, obliquely strongly truncated; dorsal margin

posteriorly horizontal and straight ; spoonshaped process small, thin ;

cardinal teeth greatly diverging, ventral margin arcuated.

Hab. Puteao, Philippines, on sand-banks, at low water; H. C.

(Mus. Cuming.)

ANATINELLA vENTRICOSA, Adams. A. testd tenut, ventricosd,

semipellucidd, concentricé corrugatd, longitudinaliter conspicue

striatd, striis elevatiusculis, latere postico rotundato ; margine

dorsali postice declhivi ; processu cochleariformi tenui, angusto ;

margine ventrali leviter arcuato.

Hab. ?

Shell thin, ventricose, semipellucid, concentrically wrinkled, lon-

gitudinally conspicuously striated, strie rather elevated, posterior

side rounded, dorsal margin posteriorly sloping ; spoonshaped process

thin, narrow, ventral margin slightly arcuated.

Hab. Puteao, Philippines, on sand-banks, at low water ; H.C.

(Mus. Cuming.)

February 26, 1850.

W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following paper was read :-—

1. Monocrapus or CycLostREMA, MaRRYAT, AND SEPARATISTA,

GRAY; TWO GENERA OF GASTEROPODOUS Moutuusks. By

Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

CycLosTREeMA, Marryat.

Animal ignotum. Operculum

umbilicata ; apertura circularis.

Shell depressed ; aperture circular ; umbilicus very large, with the

volutions of the whorls visible within it.

? Testa depressa, perspectivo-

CycLoOsTREMA CANCELLATA, Marryat. C. testd albd, lineis lon-

gitudinalibus et transversis elevatis decussantibus inde cancel-

latd; aperturd labiis cancellatis ; cancellis transversim stri-

atis.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell white, cancellated, with elevated, decussating transverse and

longitudinal lines ; aperture with the lips cancellated ; cancelli trans-

versely striated.

Hab. Baszay, island of Samar, 6 fathoms, coral sand; H. C.

(Mus. Cuming.)

Cyclostrema cancellata, Marryat, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1818, vol. xii.

p- 338.

v CycLOSTREMA NIVEA, Chemnitz. C. testd orbiculari, nived, pel-

lucida ; spird depressd, anfractibus transversim costellatis, cos-

tellis regularibus, superis distantioribus ; interstitiis leviter con-

cavis ; suturis profundis subcanaliculatis ; labro simplict ; um-

bilico peramplo.

Hab. in maribus Occidentalibus.

Shell orbicular, snowy white, transparent ; spire depressed, whorls

transversely ribbed, ribs regular, the upper fewer and wider apart ;

interstices slightly concave; sutures deep, slightly channeled ; lip

simple ; umbilicus very large.

Hab. Seas of India. (Mus. Cuming.)

Turbo niveus, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. vol. x. pl. 165. f. 1587 and

1588. Delphinula nivea, Reeve. Delphinula levis, Kiener.

CycLosTREMA Rerviana, Hinds. C. testd orbiculari, subdis-

coided, muticd ; spird depressiusculd, anfractibus convexis, lon-

gitudinaliter carinulatis, carinulis numerosis, superis distanti-

oribus ; interstitiis liris obliquis corrugato-clathratis ; labro

simplici ; umbilico peramplo.

Hab. 2

Shell orbicular, somewhat discoid ; spire rather depressed, longi-

tudinally keeled, keels numerous, upper ones wider apart ; interstices

latticed in a wrinkled manner, with oblique ridges ; inner lip simple ;

umbilicus very large.

Hab. Straits of Malacca, 17 fathoms. (Mus. Cuming.)

Delphinula Reeviana, Hinds, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843.

CycLostTREMA Cosisensts, Reeve. C. testd turbinatd, minutd,

anfractibus convexis, carinulis transversis et longitudinalibus

equidistantibus regulariter clathratis; umbilico mediocri; labro

simplici.

Hab. Cobija, Peru.

Shell turbinated, very small ; whorls convex, regularly latticed, with

equidistant, transverse and longitudinal ribs; umbilicus moderate ;

lips simple.

Hab. Port of Cobija, Peru, under stones in rocky places, low water ;

H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Delphinula Cobijensis, Reeve, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1843.

45) ® CycCLOSTREMA spiRULA, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, discoided,

evolutd; spird depresso-concavd, anfractibus rotundatis, primis

contiguis, ultimd distinctd, transversim costulatis, costellis sub-

confertis, equidistantibus ; interstitiis tenuissimé longitudina-

liter striatd ; aperturd circulari ; peritremate continuo.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 22.)

Shell orbicular, discoid, evolute ; spire depressly concave ; whorls

rounded, the first contiguous, the last separate, transversely ribbed,

ribs equidistant, close together ; interstices very finely longitudinally

striated ; aperture circular ; peritreme continuous.

Hab. Philippine Islands. (Mus. Cuming.)

CyYCLOSTREMA CINGULIFERA, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, ni-

tidd ; spird depressd, anfractibus rotundatis, carinulis trans-

versis, acutis, equidistantibus ; interstitiis (sub lente) tenuis-

simé longitudinaliter striatis ; apertura subcirculari, supra

subangulatd ; umbilico mediocri.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, shining; spire depressed; whorls rounded, with

equidistant, small, acute, transverse keels; interstices (under the

lens) very finely longitudinally striated ; aperture subcircular, angu-

lated above ; umbilicus moderate.

Hab. Dumaguete, island of Zebu, 4 fathoms; H.C. (Mus.

Cuming.)

CycLostTrEMA NiITIDA, Adams. (C. testd orbiculari, levi, tenui,

nitidd ; spird elevatiusculd, anfractibus prope suturam suban-

gulatis ; suturis profundis, subcanaliculatis ; apertura subcir-

culari, supra angulatd ; umbilico magno, peromphalo angulato,

acuto.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, smooth, shining; spire rather elevated ; whorls

somewhat angulated near the suture; suture deep, subcanaliculated ;

aperture subcircular, angulated above ; umbilicus large, peromphalus

acutely angulated.

Had. Catanuan and Sual, island of Luzon, 10 fathoms, sandy mud ;

H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

CycLosTREMA PLANORBULA, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, plan-

orbuld; spird depressd, anfractibus levibus, rotundatis, suturis

distinctis ; aperturd subcirculari, supra angulatd ; umbilico

permagno, patulo.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, planorbular; spire depressed, whorls smooth,

rounded, suture distinct ; aperture subcircular, angulated above ;

umbilicus very large and open.

Hab. Sual, island of Luzon, 10 fathoms, sandy mud; H. C. (Mus.

Cuming.)

CycLOsTREMA PLANA, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, dorso plano-

convexd ; spird depressd, anfractibus planis, supra transversim

striatis, infra levibus ; aperturd subcirculari, supra angulatd ;

umbilico peramplo, anfractibus intus conspicuis.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, back plano-convex ; spire depressed, whorls flat-

“44

tened, above transversely striated, below smooth ; aperture subcircular,

angulated above ; umbilicus very wide, the whorls visible within it.

Hab. Dumaguete, island of Negros; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

CycLostrEeMA micans, Adams. C. testdé turbinatd, minutd, albd,

nitidd, anfractibus conveais, longitudinaliter oblique costellatis,

transversim carinulatis, carinulis nodulosis; umbilico mediocri;

aperturd circulari ; peristomate continuo, incrassato.

Hab. Australia.

Shell turbinated, small, white, shining, whorls convex, longitudinally

obliquely ribbed, transversely carinated, keels nodulous ; umbilicus

moderate ; aperture circular; peristome continuous, thickened.

Hab. Port Lincoln; Metcalf. (Mus. Cuming & Metcalf.)

CyYCLOSTREMA ELEGANS, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, discoided,

tenui, semipellucidd ; spird depressd, anfractibus rotundatis,

transversim omnino striatis ; suturis distinctis ; aperturd sub-

circulari, supra angulatd ; umbilico peramplo.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, discoid, thin, semipellucid ; spire depressed, whorls

rounded, entirely transversely striated ; suture distinct ; aperture sub-

circular, angulated above ; umbilicus very wide and open.

Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, 10 fathoms, sandy mud; H. C.

(Mus. Cuming.)

CyctostreMA sutcaTa, Adams. C. testa orbiculari, diseoided ;

spird planiusculd, anfractibus convewis, costellis transversis

confertis regularibus, interstitiis profundé sulcosis ; suturis

profundis canaliculatis ; umbilico patulo ; peromphalo levi.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, discoid ; spire rather flattened, whorls convex,

with regular, transverse, small ribs, numerous and close together, in-

terstices deeply grooved ; suture canaliculated ; umbilicus open; um-

bilical area smooth.

Hab. Tambay, island of Negros, coarse sand, 6 fathoms; H. C.

(Mus. Cuming.)

CycLosTREMA ANGULATA, Adams. C. testd orbiculari, discoided ;

spird depressd, anfractibus transversim costellatis, costellis

regularibus, equidistantibus, interstitiis tenuissime striatis ;

anfractu ultimo biangulato, supra costellato, in medida plano,

infra costellato; aperturd subangulatd ; peritremate inter-

rupto ; umbilico permagno.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, discoid ; spire depressed, whorls transversely cos-

tellated ; ribs small, equal, equidistant, interstices very finely striated ;

last whorl biangulated, costellated above, smooth in the middle, and

ribbed beneath ; aperture somewhat angulated ; peritreme not con-

tinuous ; umbilicus very large.

Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, 10 fathoms, sandy mud; H. C.

(Mus. Cuming.)

Lal

Separatista, Gray.

Animal ignotum. Operculum ? Testa orbicularis, subdiscoi-

dea, anfractibus primis contiguis, ultimo distincto ; apertura

patuld, effusd, angulis subcanaliculatis ; umbilicus magnus, in-

fundibuliformis, usque ad apicem.

Shell orbicular, somewhat discoid, the first whorls contiguous, the

last disunited ; aperture wide-spreading, angulated ; umbilicus large,

infundibuliform, the whorls visible within as far as the apex.

The Cornu of Schumacher and the Lippistes of Montfort, founded

upon the Argonauta cornu of Fichtel, appear to belong to Carinaria

of Lamarck. Steira of Eschscholtz would seem by the figure given in

Oken’s ‘Isis’ to be an Atlanta badly drawn in an inverted position,

and indeed is founded upon the “Corne d’Ammon vivant” of Le-

sueur, dtlanta Peroni.

Separatista, Gray (not described).

/ Separatista Graxit, Adams. S. testa spird depressd, anfrac-

tibus carinulis quinque transversis ; aperturd oblongo-trans-

versd ; labio reflexo, anticé rotundato.

Hab. apud Promontorium Bonz Spei.

Shell with the spire depressed, whorls with five transverse keels ;

aperture transversely oblong ; imer lip reflexed, anteriorly rounded.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope. (Mus. Cuming.)

. Separatista Coemnirzit, Adams. S. testd spird elevatd, an-

fractibus carinulis tribus transversis ; aperturd subcirculari ;

labio subreflexo, anticé producto, angulato.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell with the spire elevated, whorls with three transverse keels ;

aperture subcircular ; inner lip somewhat reflexed, anteriorly pro-

duced and angulated.

Hab. Island of Bureas, Philippines; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Turbo separatista, Chemnitz.

Proressor OwEN communicated a Memoir *, in continuation of

_ his previous papers published in the Transactions (vol. iii. pp. 243,

307, 345), on the Gigantic Wingless Birds of New Zealand.

Having in the previous Memoirs determined and referred to their

genera and species the different bones of the leg, he made those of

the foot the subject of the present communication, which was illus-

trated by the exhibition of an extensive series of remains from both

the North and South (or Middle) islands of New Zealand ; com-

prising the entire series of phalanges of one and the same foot of the

Palapteryz robustus, a gigantic species from Waikawaite ; a similarly

complete series of the Dinornis rheides ; and series more or less in-

complete of the phalanges of the Dinornis giganteus, Palapteryx in-

gens, and other genera and species of the singular extinct wingless

birds of New Zealand. The characteristics of the different phalanges

* This paper will be printed in the Transactions, vol. iv. Part 1.

5 Cori Witte

were minutely detailed, and the different proportions of the toes cha-

racteristic of different species, especially of the two most gigantic,

viz. the Dinornis giganteus of the North island, and the Palapte-

ryx robustus of the turbary deposits of the Middle island. The

adaptation of the claw-bones for scratching up the soil was obvious

from their shape and strength. The generic distinction of Palapteryx

had previously been indicated by a slight depression on the metatar-

sus, supposed by the author to be for the articulation of a small back-

toe, as in the Apteryx ; and he had since received a specimen of the

principal bone of that toe, which was exhibited and described. A

nearly entire sternum, a portion of a minute humerus, and a cranium

of one of the smaller species of Dinornis, were also exhibited and

described.

This magnificent series of remains of great New Zealand birds had

been collected chiefly by the late Colonel Wakefield, and had been

transmitted to the author through the kind interest of J. R. Gowen,

Esq., a Director of the New Zealand Company.

March 12, 1850.

W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Frrst THouGuts oN A Puysi0LOoGIcAL ARRANGEMENT OF

Birps. By Epwarp Newman, F.L.S., F.Z.S. etc.

The systematic arrangement of the Class Aves is more unsettled

than that of any other portion of the animal kingdom, a circumstance

that may fairly be attributed to our attaching too high a value to

characters purely structural or admensural, while we neglect others

more intimately connected with reproduction ; in a word, to the sub-

stitution of physical for physiological characters. In mammals, rep-

tiles and fishes, we have a primary division based entirely on physio-

logy: thus mammals are placental or marsupial ; reptiles are ovipa-

rous or spawning ; fishes are viviparous or spawning ; and this primary

division of these classes is admitted by all physiologists to be strictly

natural. Notwithstanding, however, the purely physiological charac-

ter, on which these primary divisions depend, it is found that physi-

cal characters harmonise with physiological, and that intimate struc-

ture in each instance bears out physiological difference. It were not

wise altogether to discard structural differences even in the outset of

an inquiry into system, but it is necessary to use them rather as cor-

roborative than as indicative; and above all to draw a distinct and

permanent line between such as are truly intimate and such as are

purely adaptive. It has always appeared to me that one of the chief

advantages of an extensive Vivarium like that possessed by our Society

is the opportunity it affords for studying animated nature in an ani-

mated state, for ascertaining physiological as well as physical charac-

ters. If then we avail ourselves of the opportunities which are or

ought to be thus afforded us, we shall find that in the very outset of

life a physiological character of the most obvious kind will divide birds

into groups as distinct as are the placental and marsupial mammals,

or the cartilagious and bony fishes. Prior to the extrusion of the

egg, observed facts bearing on this subject are so few and so uncon-

nected that they cannot be rendered available as affording evidence

on the question to be considered ; it is therefore compulsory that our

comparisons begin at that moment when the condition of the young

becomes patent by the breaking of the shell. Commencing the inquiry

at this point, which may safely be regarded as analogous to the birth

of a placental animal, we have this obvious grand division of the

class :—

1. Hesthogenous Birds.—In these, immediately the shell is broken ~

the chick makes its appearance in a state of adolescence rather than

infancy: it is completely clothed, not with such feathers as it after-

wards wears, but still with a close, compact, and warm covering: it pos-

sesses the senses of sight, hearing, smelling, &c. in perfection : it runs

with ease and activity, moving from place to place at will: it perfectly

understands the signals or sounds uttered by its parent, approaching

her with alacrity when invited to partake of food she has discovered,

or hiding itself under bushes, grass, or stones, when warned of danger;

in either case exhibiting a perfect and immediate appreciation of its

parent’s meaning: it feeds itself, pecking its food from the surface of

the earth or water, and not receiving it from the beak of its parent :

although enteriag on life in this advanced state, it grows very slowly,

and is long in arriving at maturity. When full-grown it uses its feet

rather than its wings: it trusts much to its legs for means of escape :

when it flies, it moves through the air by a series of rapid, powerful,

laboured strokes of the wing, and invariably takes the earliest oppor-

tunity of settling on the land or water, not on trees; it never takes

wing for recreation or food, but simply as a means of moving from

place to place : it is polygamous in its habits ; the number of females

predominating over the males : the males are pugnacious, they accom-

pany the females only until incubation has commenced, and abandon

the duties of incubation and the care of the young solely to the

females : the females make little or no nest, a depression scratched on

the surface of the soil generally sufficing : the eggs are large in com-

parison to the size of the bird: neither sex sings, or attempts to imi-

tate the voice of men or animals. Birds included in this division

approach more nearly to mammals than do those which it excludes :

for instance, the habitual use of land or water for progression, the

swiftness of foot, the strength and muscular development of the legs,

the polygamous habits, the want of the extraordinary instinct of nest-

making, are characters which, while they seem to degrade these birds

as birds, certainly raise them in the list of animals, because they are

thus brought nearer those animals which suckle their young, and which

are always placed at the head of the animal kingdom. In an econo-

mical point of view, and considered in reference to man, the flesh of

these birds is wholesome, nutritious, and is generally considered highly

palatable. The division comprises the following orders, in each of

which partial exceptions to one or other of these general characters

occur :—

. Galline, or the Poultry order.

. Brevipennes (Cuvier), or the Ostriches.

. Pressirostres (Cuvier), or the Plovers.

. Longirostres (Cuvier), or the Snipes.

. Macrodactyli (Cuvier), or the Rails.

. Plongeurs (Cuvier), or the Divers.

. Lamellirostres (Cuvier), or the Ducks.

NOS Orb Oo Ne

2. Gymnogenous Birds.—In these, when the shell is broken, the

’ chick makes its appearance in a state of helpless infancy : it is naked,

blind, and incapable of locomotion: it cannot distinguish its parent

by means of its senses: it gapes for food, but does not distinguish

between proper food offered by its parent, and a stick or a finger held

over it: it cannot feed itself, and would die were not food placed in

its mouth: it rapidly attains its full size, often before leaving the

nest. When full-grown it uses its wings rather than its feet : it flies

with a succession of deliberate and easy strokes: it takes wing for

recreation and for food, and not merely for the purpose of moving

from place to place: it is strictly monogamous; the sexes being

equal in number: males share with females the cares of incubation

and feeding the young until these are able to shift for themselves.

Birds possessing these characters build elaborate nests in trees, and

perch in trees rather than on the ground: many of them sing melo-

diously ; others imitate, with wonderful facility, the voice of man or

of animals. Asan economical character in connexion with man, their

flesh is bitter and unpalatable, often offensive and disgusting ; hence

man has never domesticated them for purposes of food. These are

birds par excellence: they possess in perfection the essential charac-

ters of birds: in the habitual use of air for progression and of trees

for resting, in the want of abilities for terrestrial progression, in

strength and bulk of pectoral muscle, in monogamous habits, in the

fabrication of nests, in power of song, they are raised as birds, but

degraded as animals, since in all these characters they recede from

those animals which suckle their young. The division comprises the

following groups, in each of which exceptions to one or other of the

general characters occur :-—

. Totipalmes (Cuvier), or the Pelicans.

. Longipennes (Cuvier), or the Gulls.

. Accipitres, or the Birds of Prey.

. Cultrirostres (Cuvier), or the Herons.

. Passeres, or the Sparrow order.

. Grimpeurs (Cuvier), or the Climbing birds ; and

. Columbee, or the Pigeons.

NO OS COD

ii i

2. ON A NEW SPECIES OF LYMN#A FROM THIBET.

By Lovetu Reeve, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ere.

Lymna Hooxert. Lymn. testd ova-

éd, tenuiculd, conspicue umbilieatd,

anfractibus quatuor ad quinque, con-

vexis, superne depresso-rotundatis,

suturis subimpressis, aperturd orbicu-

lari-ovatd, marginibus lamind latius-

culd subverticali conjunctis ; sordideé

olivaceo-fuscd.

The above-described freshwater mollusk,

collected by Dr. Hooker on the Thibetian

or north side of Sikkim Himalaya, at 18,000 =

feet elevation, belongs to the same type as our well-known Lymnea

peregra, and affords an interesting addition to the evidence which

has been in part collected touching the wide geographical distribu-

tion of corresponding forms of plants and animals over those parts of

Europe and Asia where there are no extensive mountain-barriers.

The European Lymnea stagnalis has been collected as far east as

Affghanistan, and the typical form of Lymnea peregra is very cha-

racteristic in this species from Thibet. A depression of the whorls

next the sutures, which gives a more orbicular form to the aperture,

and a conspicuous umbilicus, which is not in any degree covered by

the columellar lamina, prove it to be specifically distinct from L.

peregra; and these characters do not appear in the various modifica-

tions of that species arising out of its more or less ventricose growth,

or more or less attenuated convolution. South of the Himalaya

range, where Dr. Hooker reckons the snow-line to be 5000 feet

lower than on the north side, and 3000 feet lower than the locality

inhabited by this species, the Lymnee are of quite a different type,

more especially in the plains of Bengal, where the shell, owing to its

being formed in so much warmer a temperature, is of stouter growth,

and characterized by some design of colourmg. The European types

of Lymnea, ranging over Russia and Siberia, appear abundantly in

the stagnant waters of North America; and some are identical in spe-

cies. L. elodes of Say, inhabiting Pennsylvania, is doubtless the

same species as the European L. palustris; L. truneatula of the

same author appears to be identical with L. desidiosa; and the L.

peregra, represented by L. Hookeri in Thibet, is represented in Penn-

sylvania by Say’s L. catascopium. The Lymnee of Australia are of

a remarkable and very distinct type from either of those mentioned

above.

I have much pleasure in naming this Thibetian Zymnea after the

indefatigable traveller, whose researches into the natural and phy-

sical history of that remote country into which few have penetrated,

are likely to be attended with such important results. - I have placed

the specimens in the British Museum.

The figure in outline is of the natural size.

No. CCIV.—ProceepinGs oF THE ZooLoGicaL Society.

3. On THE ANIMAL or LiIoTIA; WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

SPECIES OF DELPHINULA AND LIOTIA, FROM THE CUMING-

1AN CotuecTion. By Artour Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

(Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 18, 19, 20.)

An examination of the animal of Liotia Peronii tends to confirm

the generic importance of a small group hitherto confounded with _

Cyclostrema and Delphinula, but which had been justly recognised

by Mr. Gray under the name of Liotia. The shell is known by its

thickened peritreme ; the operculum is peculiar, and the habits are

peculiar in living at considerable depths, while Delphinula proper are

chiefly littoral. In Liotia the head is proboscidiform, the tentacles

subulate, the eyes on conspicuous peduncles at their outer bases ;

there are no intertentacular lobes, but a conical lobe on each side of

the head external to the eye-peduncles ; the lateral membrane of the

foot is undulated, and furnished posteriorly with three cirrhi.

The operculum is arctispiral, the volutions being very narrow, nu-

merous, and covered with a calcareous deposit, which is articulated

at regular intervals, giving the upper surface of the operculum a tes-

sellated appearance ; the periphery is ornamented with radiating,

horny fibres.

LioTIA PULCHERRIMA, Adams. L. testd subdiscoided; spird ele-

vatiusculd, anfractibus rotundatis, liris transversis et longitu-

dinalibus elegantissimé cancellatd, liris transversis muricatis ;

labro expanso, duplicati, radiatim fimbriato ; umbilico per-

amplo, crenulato.

Hab. apud Promontorium Bone Spei. (Mollusca, Pl. VIII. fig. 21.)

Shell subdiscoid ; spire slightly elevated, whorls rounded, very ele-

gantly cancellated with transverse and longitudinal raised ridges, the

transverse being muricated ; outer lip expanded, with a double peri-

treme, each being radiately fimbriated; umbilicus very large, the

margins crenulated.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope. (Mus. Cuming.)

Liotia Arrinis, Adams. JL. testd globosd; spird subprominuld,

anfractibus rotundatis, transversim elevato-striatis, costis vari-

ciformibus longitudinalibus, distantibus, angulatis, mucronatis ;

anfractuum parte inferiori serie unicd foraminum ; labro ex-

panso ; umbilico patulo, crenulato.

Hab. in littoribus Australie.

Shell globose ; spire rather prominent, whorls rounded, transversely

elevately striated, with variciform longitudinal ribs, wide apart, angu-

lated, and with the angles furnished with sharp points ; lower part of

the whorls with a single row of holes ; outer lip expanded ; umbilicus

wide, crenulated.

Hab. Australia. (Mus. Cuming.)

A species partaking of the characters of L. scalarioides and L. va-

ricosa of Reeve, but which can be referred to neither.

Lrot1a pupxiicata, Adams. JL. testd orbiculari; spird de-

pressd, anfractibus transversim et longitudinaliter costatis ;

costis transversis duabus, tuberculatis ; anfractuum parte in-

Seriori pland ; umbilico amplo, perspectivo, crenulato.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular ; spire depressed, whorls transversely and longitu-

dinally ribbed ; transverse ribs two, tuberculated ; the lower part of

the whorls smooth; umbilicus very large, the other whorls visible

within, margin crenulated.

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, Isle of Mindanao, Philip-

pines. (Mus. Cuming.)

Lrotra noputosa, A. Adams. JL. testd orbiculato-depressd ;

spird complanatd, transversim striatd, ultimo anfractu costis

transversis duabus in medio puncto sulcatis et nodulis magnis

subdistantibus imstructis, infra serie punctorum circa regionem

umbilicalem ; aperturd orbiculari, peristomate refleco puncto

Jimbriato, umbilico patulo margine crenulato.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis. (Mus. Cuming.)

DELPHINULA CoROoNATA, Adams. JD. testd subdiscoided, albd,

nigro lineatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, supra, spinis squame-

formibus subramosis nigricantibus sursum curvatis coronaté ;

anfractuum parte alterd spinis brevioribus nigris in seriebus

dispositis ; spird plano-convead.

Had. in littoribus Australie.

Shell subdiscoid, white, with black lines; whorls rounded, coro-

nated above with blackish subramose scale-like spines curved up-

wards, the other part of the whorls with shorter black spines arranged

in parallel rows ; spire plano-convex.

Hab. Cape Upstart, North Australia, in crevices of rocks at low

water; Jukes. (Mus. Cuming.)

DreLPHINULA EURACANTHA, Adams. OD. testd subdiscoided, al-

bidd fusco rubroque variegatd, anfractibus supra levigatis, su-

perne angulatis, angulo spinis squameformibus grandibus latis

decurvatis ornate ; anfractuum parte inferiori serie unicd spi-

narum et squamarum in seriebus parallelis dispositis ornatd ;

umbilico amplo, squamis muricatis armato, peromphalo nodoso.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell subdiscoid, whitish varied with red and brown; whorls

smooth above, angulated superiorly, the angle ornamented with large

wide decurved scale-like spines ; lower part of the whorl with a single

series of spines and numerous parallel rows of scales ; umbilicus wide,

armed with muricated spines, margin nodose.

Hab. Isle of Mindora, Philippine Islands; H.C. (Mus. Cum.)

Like D. aculeata, Reeve ; but the spinose processes are broad and

deflexed, and there is a single row of large spines on the under part.

DELPHINULA CALcCAR, Adams. JD. testd orbiculari, discoided ;

spird depressd, albd, anfractibus angulatis acutis, peripheria

serie unicd spinarum radiatim stellatd, spinis triangularibus

compressis prominentibus ; anfractuum parte inferiore pland ;

umbilico patulo, crenulato.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell orbicular, discoid; spire depressed, white, whorls sharply

angulated, periphery with a single series of prominent broad trian-

gular compressed spines radiately disposed ; lower part of whorls

smooth ; umbilicus wide, crenulated.

Hab. Catanuan, province of Tayabas, island of Luzon, sandy mud,

10 fathoms; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

A small species, partaking somewhat of the characters of D. stella-

ris, Adams and Reeve, but much more depressed, and the lower part

of the whorls simple.

March 26, 1850.

W. Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. On a LeEcH NEW TO THE BritisH Fauna.

By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S.

Mr. Hoffmann lately sent to the Zoological Gardens a living spe-

cimen of a very large leech which he had found near his house in

the Regent’s Park. It has been preserved in fluid, and now forms

part of the Collection of British Animals in the British Museum.

It proved to be an adult specimen of Trochetia subviridis, Dutro-

chet (Lamk. Hist. A. s. V. v. 523), well-figured in the 2nd edition

of Moquin-Tandon’s ‘ Monograph of Hirudines,’ t. 4. It is a very

interesting addition to the fauna. It is the giant of the family, this

specimen being more than 7 inches long.

2. On THE OccURRENCE OF REGALECUS GLESNE AT REDCAR,

YorkKsuHire, IN 1850. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S.

A specimen of this fish was cast ashore on Redcar Sands, York-

shire, on Thursday, the 3rd of January 1850. ‘“ The fish was alive

when found, Length without the tail-fin, which is wanting, about 11

feet ; width at the broadest part, 12 inches ; weight, 4 stone 10 lbs.”

It was salted and exhibited at Redcar. During the exhibition the

rays of the dorsal and ventral fins were almost entirely destroyed, and

it broke transversely into three nearly equal lengths on being moved

from the sand.

It was eventually sent to London, and now forms part of the Col-

lection of British‘Animals in the British Museum. The specimen,

when it arrived in London, agreed in general appearance and in all

essential characters with the specimen from Cullercoats which was

exhibited in London last year. Mr. Wrightson, who had the care of

it at Redcar, considered, because it had no expanded forked tail,

that the tail was wanting.

Molhisca. IX. #F

ARR

H Baily Printed by Hullmandel & Walton

Fig la: b c. Helix vellicata. Forbes Fig:6 a.b. Bulimus chemnitzoides. Forbes

AE ae al Kelletii 7, a.b. fimbriatus s

d.a.b. H. Pandore 8.a.b Succinea cingulata. F

4a.b. H. labyrinthus. var 9.a.b. Cyclostoma purum. »

5a b. Bulimus achatinellinus, Forbes. 10 Fusus Kellen. »

3. Nore on CALLICHTHYS AND ANABLEPS.

By J. P. G. Suir, Esa.

The flesh of Callichthys, when cooked, is of a fine deep yellow

colour, and in substance is somewhat cheesy or buttery on the tongue;

it is very rich in flavour: no cleaning of the intestines appears to be

necessary before preparation for the table.

In the creeks by which the island of Mexianna is intersected, these

fish literally swarm and keep the waters alive and in a state of con-

stant disturbance. I have witnessed them crossing a log of wood,

which was lying in the water and intercepted the passage, in such

numbers that they quite concealed it from view ; and the people, when

they wanted a dish, were in the habit of going down to a favourable

spot and picking them out with their hands, without going into the

water.

Anableps swims in small shoals with the eyes above the surface of

the water, generally close to the shore, and so near together that I

have shot twenty to thirty at a time by firmg a gun among them ;

their flesh is very sweet, and not unlike a smelt in taste.

4. On tHE species oF MOLLUSCA COLLECTED DURING THE

SurveyING VoyaGEs oF THE HERALD AND PANDORA, BY

Carr. Kexxett, R.N., C.B., anp Lieut. Woon, R.N. By

Proressor Epwarp Forses, F.R.S.

1. On the Land-Shells collected during the Expedition.

(Mollusca, Pl. IX.)

Officers employed on a hydrographical survey have seldom time or

opportunity for making an extensive collection of land-shells. In the

assemblage of mollusks collected by Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood,

there are twenty-eight species, of which eight are undescribed forms.

These have been collected at various pomts between the coast of the

Equador to the south and Vancouver Island to the north, the Gele-

pagos Islands, Pitcairn’s Island, and the Sandwich Isles. Unfortu-

nately, in consequence of the mixing of unlabeled specimens, the pre-

cise locality of several of the species cannot now be determined.

Of the genus Helix there are nine species. Of these, H. Towns-

endiana, Nuttalliana and Columbiana are certainly from the neigh-

bourhood of the Columbia river. Helix Kellettii and Pandore, both

new, are probably from the same country, though the box in which

they were contained was marked “Santa Barbara.” Helix areolata

bears no indication of its locality. Helix labyrinthus, variety sipun-

culata, is a very curious modification of H. labyrinthus, and, like its

known near relations, comes from Panama. Helix ornatella (known

also as H. Adamsi) was collected in Pitcairn’s Island, where it had

originally been observed. A single specimen of the common Euro-

pean Helix aspersa is marked “ Santa Barbara,” and probably owed

its presence, wherever it was found, to transport by Europeans.

Of the genus Bulimus fourteen species were collected. Among the

most interesting of these are seven species, two of them new, from

Chatham Island, one of the Gelepagos group. Five, viz. nua, cal-

vus, eschariferus, unifasciatus, and rugulosus, are described forms ;

two, to which I have applied the names chemnitzioides and acha-

tellinus, are new, and very curious. Of these latter, the first is

singularly isolated in many of its features, though bearing a resem-

blance sufficient to indicate an affinity with certain elongated and

tuirreted Bulimi, natives of South America. The other is equally

distinct from any known members of this genus; but, moreover,

instead of linking, as the majority of the Gelepagos land-shells do,

the fauna of those singular islands with the American continent,

rather points, as it were, in the opposite direction, and distantly

indicates affinity with the fauna of the Sandwich Isles.

Unfortunately less certain as to exact locality, though contamed

in a box labeled “‘ Panama,” is a curious small elongated Bulimus,

to which I have given the name fimbriatus. A form such as this,

suggests, when we bear in mind the varied characters of its congeners,

considerable doubts as to the value of the generic sections at present

generally received among the Pulmoniferous Mollusca. We speak

of Bulimus, Helix, Pupa, Achatina, and Balea, as if they were so

many marked groups, the species in each assimilating to ideal generic

types, whereas the difference between certain forms of so-called Bulime

and others placed under the same generic name is greater than be-

tween many Bulimi and Helices or Pupe. Without assenting to

the views of Férussac, which would have amalgamated the genera

into one, on account of the similarity in external characters of the

soft parts of the animal, and fully admitting that in certain tribes

the shell alone may become a most important source of generic cha-

racter—-in other words, granting that in certain groups the sources

of generic distinction may lie in the pneumo-skeleton—I do thik

that we have not yet attained a natural arrangement of the Pulmo-

niferous Mollusks, and until we have solved that problem, we shall

be seriously impeded in the study of the laws of their distribution

as well as of their organization.

Besides the Bulimi already named, there are specimens of Bulimus

iostomus, B. Hartwegii, and a beautiful new species lately described

and figured by Mr. Reeve under the name of Bulimus Kellettii, all

probably from the Equador; Bulimus alternatus, from Panama ;

and Bulimus miltecheilus, marked from the Sandwich Islands, though

this curious and beautiful shell is not known to inhabit that locality ;

nor have we evidence sufficient that the specimen brought home by

Lieut. Wood was gathered there. Hitherto it is only known from

“San Christoval, south-eastern island of Solomon’s Group, north-

east coast of New Holland” (Reeve), from which locality the speci-

mens in Mr. Cuming’s collection were obtained, and the single ex-

ample now referred to may have possibly been brought away from

the same place.

Of the curious genus Achatinella, two species, livida and alba, are

in the collection, both procured at the Sandwich Islands.

Of Succinea there is a new species, marked from Mazatlan ; I

have named it Succinea cingulata.

There are two species of Cyclostoma, the fine C. grande (no lo-

cality is attached to it), and an equally beautiful one which I have

named C. purum.

The following diagnoses of the new species in the collection have

been modeled on those of Dr. L. Pfeiffer, whose admirable ‘ Mono-

graphia Heliceorum Viventium’ is one of the most valuable contri-

butions to Malacology that have been published for many years.

Hewrx Panpor#. UH. testd obtect? perforatd, depresso-globosd,

tenui, rugulosd, concentricé minutissime striatd, anfractibus supra

peripheriam fuscis, infra et prope peripheriam albidis fusco cin-

gulatd, basi albidis ; aperturd rotundatd intus fuscd albido-fasci-

atd, margine interno incrassato albo; peristomate reflexiusculo,

extus albo-labiato, margine columellari dilatato, reflero, umbili-

“ cum occultante.

+ Diam. max. 17, min. 16, alt. 14 mill. (Pl. IX. fig. 3 a, 4.)

Collected near the Straits of Juan del Fuaco; allied to the last

species, but very distinct.

Hewrx Kewtetri. JZ. testd angust? umbilicatd, depresso-globosd,

tenui, rugulosd, granulatd, fulvd, spird subturbinatd, sordidé flavo

conspersd, rufo-unifasciatd, anfractibus 6, convexiusculis, ultimo

ad peripheriam fascid pallida cincto, basi subinflato; aperturd

lunato-rotundatd, intus pallide fuscd, unifasciatd ; peristomate

reflexiusculo, margine columellari dilatato, reflexo, umbilicum oc-

cultante.

Diam. max. 22, min. 19, alt. 19 mill. (Pl. IX. fig. 2 a, 6.)

This species is nearly allied to Helix Californiensis, Lea. It dif-

fers in the more pyramidal contour of the spire, in the less tumid

body-whorl, and consequently differently shaped, more lunate, slightly

elongated mouth. The margin of the mouth is more reflected.

Hevrx vexxiicata. H. testd aperte umbilicatd, tenui, convero-

depressd, subnitidd, sulcato-striatd, striis minutissimis spiralibus

decussatd, lete viridibus ; spird conveviusculd, anfractibus 6, ulti-

mo rotundato magno, anticé dilatato, subdescendente ; aperturd

perobliqud, lunato-oblongd ; faux alba, peristomate margine sub-

reflexo, superne deflexo-sinuato.

Diam. max. 22, min. 18, alt. 8 mill.

From Panama? (Pl. IX. fig. 1a, , ¢.

Distinguished from its near allies by the peculiar deflexion of the

upper portion of the lip-margin.

Butimus CHEMNITzIoIDES. Bul. testd subperforatd, turrito-

subulatd, regulariter costatd, costis numerosis, nitidulis, flaviduld,

fascia spirali fusco-purpured cinctd ; anfractibus 14, ultimo 4

longitudinis subequante, basi fusco-purpureo ; columella subrecta,

albidd ; peristoma simplex, acutum ; margine externo supern? arcu-

ato; aperiurd ovali-oblongd. ;

Long. 19, diam. 4 mill. ; apert. 3 mill. longa, 2 lata.

Chatham Island, Gelepagos. (Pl. IX. fig. 6 a, 5.)

This beautiful species strikingly resembles a marine Chemnitzia.

It is very distinct from any known Bulimus, but has affinities with

B. terebralis, B. columellaris, and B. clausilioides.

Buuimus rimpriatus. Bul. testd imperforatd, subuliformi, tenui,

costis longitudinalibus subarcuatis, lineis confertis parallelis in

interstitiis costarum sculptd, rufo-fuscd, suturd impressd ; an-

fractus 7-8, tumidi, ultimus 4 longitudinis vix superans, infra

medium obsolete carinatus ; columella subsimplex, ad basim aper-

ture angulum formans ; apertura subovalis ; peristoma simplez.

Long. 9, diam. 2 mill. ; apert. 2 mill. longa, 1 lata.

(Pl. IX. fig. 7a, 6.)

In a box of shells labeled “Panama.” The nearest ally of this

very curious shell is the Bulimus gracillimus of Pfeiffer, from Cuba.

BuLimvus ACHATELLINUS. Bul. testd perforata, umbilico parvo,

conicd, obsolete striatd, nitiduld, flavidd, fusco-fasciatd ; suturd

cingulatd, crenulatd, albidd ; anfractibus 7-8 conveaiusculis, ulti-

mo vir 4 longitudinis equante ; apertura semiovalis, peristoma

rectum, simplex, acutum; columella obsolete contorta, margine

columellari reflexo, perforationem semitegente.

Long. 19, diam. 10 mill. ; apert. 5 mill. longa, 4 lata.

(Pl. IX. fig. 5 a, 6.)

This shell is from Chatham Island, Gelepagos; it is unlike any

other known Bulimus, and its characters distinctly indicate affinity

with the Achatinelline.

Succingea cincuLata. S. testd oblongo-ovatd, vix obliqud, soli-

duld, striatd, nitiduld, fulvo-succined, sepe spiraliter albo-lineatd ;

spird exsertd, obtusd ; anfractus 4, convexiusculi, ultimus 2 longi-

tudinis equans ; aperturd elongato-ovata, superne acutd, basi ob-

liqué pone axin recedente ; columelld arcuatd.

Long. 12, lat. 6 mill. ; apert. 7 mill. longa, medio 3 lata.

(Pl. IX. fig. 8 a, 6.)

This Succinea is distinct from any recorded by Pfeiffer. It is said

to come from Mazatlan. The very fine white spiral lines are not

always clearly marked in colour ; they correspond with lines of deeper

depression at intervals of the strize of growth.

CycLostoma puruM. C. testd orbiculari, depressd, albd, niti-

duld, spird elevatiusculd, luteold ; anfractibus sex, rotundatis,

spiraliter sulcatis, sulcis numerosis, transversé striatis ; aper-

turd subcirculari, obliqud, peritremate simplici ; umbilico maximo ;

operculo 3

Diam. 48, alt. 17 mill. (Pl. IX. fig. 9 a, 6.)

Very near C. Cumingii, a species described by Mr. G. Sowerby

from the island of Tumaco.

5. On THE CHARACTERS OF THE GENERA PUSIONELLA AND

Cuavatuta. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S. etc.

In the List of Genera of Mollusca published in the Proceedings for

] 1848, I gave the name of Pusionella to a genus of shell, referring to

the Nefal of Adanson and the Murex pusio of Born as the type.

This genus is easily characterized by the smooth thin periostraca,

and the sharp-edged oblique plait which crosses the lower part of the

canal. At the time I formed the genus, which contains several spe-

cies in my collection, all coming from Africa, I was convinced that it

was separate from the other zoophagous mollusca, from the characters

assigned to it above, though I am aware that several zoologists were

inclined to consider that they were scarcely sufficient for the forma-

tion of a generic group.

The examination of the operculum of the shells arranged in this

group has shown that it affords a most excellent character, which

separates it at once from all the other genera of the family. The

operculum is formed of concentric laminze, with the nucleus or first-

formed lamina placed on the straight front or inner side of the oper-

culum, which is situated next to the pillar of the shell. With this

peculiarity the genus must now be regarded as firmly established.

This form of operculum had only before been observed in the genus

Bezoardica.

The discovery of this character in shells which had been regarded

by most authors as Fusi, induced me to examine the opercula of

some other allied genera, and I was rewarded by the discovery that

Pleurotoma bicarinata, which is very nearly allied in form to P. coro-

nata, the type of the genus Clavatula of Lamarck’s ‘System,’ has

the operculum of the same shape and formed nearly in the same man-

ner as that of the genus Pusionella; while Pleurotoma Babylonica,

P. Virgo, and P. oxytrophis, which may be regarded as the typical

Pleurotome, have the ovate lanceolate operculum with the nucleus on

the acute apex, like the typical Fusz.

This being the case, it appears to me desirable that the genus Cla-

vatula should be re-established, and restored to the species which has

the operculum of this kind. Should it be considered necessary to

separate from Plewrotoma the species which have a very short ante-

rior canal, which have hitherto been regarded as Clavatula, they may

be called Drillie, as that was the name which was first applied to

them before they were confounded with the true Clavatule.

These observations show the importance of studying the opercula

of the different genera; and I may add, that the attention which I

have been able to bestow on the subject has convinced me that they

form quite as important a character for the distinction of the genera,

and the arrangement of the genera into natural groups, as the struc-

ture and form of the shelly valve, or of the external form of the ani-

mals themselves; and this may well be believed, when we consider

them, as I am inclined to do, as an imperfectly developed valve, and

as homologous to the second valve of the bivalve shell.

April 9, 1850.

Prof. Owen, V.P., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Notices or AusTRALIAN Fis. By Sir Joun RicHarpson,

M.D., F.R.S. Ere.

(Fisees, FI, 3c Ve, TEE)

In the third volume of the ‘ Zoological Transactions ;’ the ‘ Maga-

zine and Annals of Natural History,’ vol. ix.; a report on the “ Fish

of New Zealand,’ made to the British Association in 1842; the

Ichthyology of the Voyage of the Sulphur, and especially in the

Ichthyology of the Antarctic Voyage of the Erebus and ‘Terror, com-

pleted in February 1848, I have described various species of Austra-

lian fish. Among other sources of information to which I had re-

course, a collection of drawings, made by Deputy Assistant Commis-

sary General Neill, in 1841, at King George’s Sound, is particularly

valuable on account of the notices it contains of the habits and qua-

lities of the fish. The drawings are so characteristic, that most of

the species are easily recognised, but some novel forms could not be

systematically described without specimens, and the opportunity now

afforded me by Mr. Gray of inspecting a number of dried skins pre-

pared on the spot by Mr. Neill, has given occasion to the present

paper.

APISTES PANDURATUS, Richardson.

Radit.—B.7; D.17|7; A.3|6; C.122; P.14; Vi 1|5, spec.

(Pisces, Pl. I. fig. 3, 4.)

Among the various forms that the genus dpistes presents, the

present one is remarkable for the elevation of the orbit, which rises

in a semicircular protuberance, so high above the occiput as to give

the hinder part of the head a relative depression like a Turkish saddle,

and to render the snout and forehead almost vertical.

The mouth is terminal and small, and both jaws, with the chevron

of the vomer and a round patch on each palatine bone, are furnished

with minute, short villiform teeth. The intermaxillaries are mode-

rately protractile, and the maxillary, whose dilated lower end drops

below the corner of the mouth, has its posterior edge turned out-

wards producing a ridge. The nasal spines are thick, but acute, and

are bent to the curve of the forehead. There is a narrow deep groove

between them. This groove widens on the top of the head, where it is

bounded by smooth ridges continued from the nasal spies, and in con-

junction with them the raised edges of the orbits form an exterior fur-

row on each side. These four furrows and ridges end in obtuse emi-

nences which cross from the superior-posterior angle of one orbit to the

other. Behind them the skull sinks perpendicularly to the level of

the nearly flat, depressed occiput, on which however the middle ridges

are still visible. The preorbitar is small, very uneven, and emits a

strong spine whose acute point reaches back to the middle of the orbit.

The second suborbitar in crossing the cheek to the hollow of the

preoperculum forms a stout ridge of oblique, somewhat twisted and

striated eminences, none of them spinous. The preoperculum has a

smooth vertical upper limb, which shows as a narrow, slightly ele-

vated ridge. At its curve or angle there is a strong spine, longer

than the preorbitar one, but not reaching quite to the gill-opening.

A short thick spine is adnate to its base above, and a little way below

it there is an acute spine half as long, which is followed by three

other angular or spinous points on the lower limb of the bone*. Two

prominent but smooth ridges exist on the eill-plate without any spi-

nous points. On the suprascapular region there are two ridges, the

upper one having three thick, striated eminences with acute points,

and the lower one has two such eminences, with two small points

more posteriorly.

There are no scales on any part of the head, and there is a smooth

space along the base of the dorsal, which is widest towards the shoul-

der ; the space between the ventrals and the breast anterior to them,

with the base of the pectorals and their axils, are scaleless; the rest

of the body, including the belly and integuments adjoining the anal,

is densely covered with small scales. The lateral line is marked by

a series of small eminences and is straight.

Judging from the numbers given in the ‘ Histoire des Poissons,’ and

also from the examination of several species not described in that

work, the branchiostegous rays seem to vary in the Apistes from five

to seven. In the species now under consideration there are seven

rays, but the lowest one is very slender, and so closely applied to the

following one that it can be detected only by dissection.

The dorsal commences between the second points of the supra-

scapular ridges and extends to near the caudal. Its spinous portion

is much arched; the spines are strong and acute, and the seventh one

is the tallest, being equal to two-thirds of the greatest height of the

body ; the other spines are slightly graduated, but the foremost three

diminish more abruptly. The last spine is rather more than one-half

as long as the soft rays or than the tallest spine. The last soft ray is

bound at its base to the back by membrane, but this membrane does

not reach to the base of the caudal. The anal terminates rather further

from the latter fin, and has three strong spines, the second being the

stoutest and as long as the third one; the soft rays surpass them by

about a fourth part. The pectorals are large and obliquely semi-

oval, the lower rays being the shortest. Their rays are forked, which

is a characteristic mark of the genus, and is not common in the Cot-

toid family. The ventrals are also rather large, exceeding the anal a

little in length and in spread. Their spine stands behind the pecto-

ral axil and under the fourth dorsal spine.

The length of the head exceeds the height of the body, and is

contained thrice and one-half in the whole length of the fish, caudal

included. Length of specimen 53 inches.

* In the figure, the angle of the mandible being strongly represented, looks

like a fourth angular point.

APLOACTIS MILESII, Richardson.

Radii.—Br.5; D. 14]14; A.12; C.13; P.11; V. 1|2, spec.

(Pisces, Pl. I. fig. 1, 2.)

This fish has the fins of a Synanceia with the lateral eyes and

head of a Scorpena, but instead of the ridges of the cranium, face

and gill-covers ending in spinous points, they produce only obtuse

knobs. Its teeth in character and position resemble those of Pte-

réis, and its dermal spine-like scales are similar to those of Centri-

dermichthys (Zool. of Voy. of Sulphur, p. 73). I am not quite sure

that it corresponds in all its general characters with the Aploactis

aspera of the ‘Fauna Japonica’ (pl. 22), but it comes sufficiently

near to be included in the same generic group.

The form of the fish is rather elongated, the height of the body,

which is a little less than the length of the head, being nearly one-

fourth of the total length of the fish, caudal included. The com-

pression of the head is moderate, its thickness being only one-third

less than its height, and equal to about half its length. The mouth

is terminal, cleft only a very short way backwards, but having a mo-

derately large gape. The intermaxillaries are slightly protractile,

and their edges and those of the mandible are covered with very

short and minute, densely crowded teeth. The chevron of the vomer

is similarly armed, but there are no teeth on the very narrow edges of

the palaie-bones, and the tongue, which is not in the least free at the

tip, appears to be quite smooth. The premaxillaries are but slightly

protractile, the tips of their pedicles when retracted not reaching half-

way to the eye. The maxillaries have a protuberance in the centre

of their lower dilated ends, and only their more slender upper halves

glide under the preorbitar. When the head is viewed in front, two

short parallel ridges are seen covering the pedicles of the premaxil-

laries, above which, on the forehead, there is a deep oblong depression

bounded by an elevated bony ridge, from which a side ridge formed

by the prefrontals proceeds to each orbit. The margins of the orbits

themselves are elevated and uneven, and there is a prominent bend

upwards on the edge of each postfrontal bone; the rest of the top of

the head is occupied by the front rays of the dorsal fin. The preorbitar

sends one obtuse ridge forwards over the middle of the maxillary, and

another and a larger one backwards in the situation of the spine of an

Apistes ; this one is knobbed at the end and curved upwards. The

suborbitar chain is elevated and very uneven throughout, particularly

the ridge which traverses the cheek to the hollow of the preopercu-

lum. There is a blunt process from the angle of the latter bone,

representing the spine common in this family, and three smaller

knobs below it, the edge of the bone being also raised in a slighter

degree. Two slightly diverging ridges, ending bluntly, cross the

operculum ; there is a small blunt point on the interoperculum, and

four obtuse eminences between the eye and shoulder, representing the

two ridges shown in that part in the Scorpene. The parts between

the bony eminences on the head are covered with small spines like

those of the body, and the whole, in the recent state, seems to have

a. ene

SNOLVUNUNVd SULSIdV PC IISATIW SILOVOTIV & 1

UAE % [epuewmg &q pormwy TL PP 1

been enveloped in soft skin, which in the dried specimen has left

traces of a short skinny fringe on the lower jaw and of filamentous

points elsewhere. There are several open pores on the limbs of the

mandible. The gill-membrane is smooth and is sustained by five curved

rays. The gill-openings are closed above the gill-plate, but extend

from the point of the operculum downwards and forwards to opposite

the articulation of the mandible, being sufficiently ample.

The whole skin of the body and the lower parts of all the fins are

studded with straight acute spines, each enveloped in a skinny sheath.

The lateral line is nearly straight, having merely a slight rise over the

pectoral. It is marked by a smooth furrow and a series of ten or

twelve skinny processes.

The dorsal extends from between the eyes the whole length of the

back, but is not actually connected to the caudal fin. It is highest

anteriorly, lowest over the pectoral, and of medium height and nearly

even posteriorly, its end being rounded off. The second spine, which

stands over the middle of the orbit, is the tallest, its height bemg but

a little less than that of the head ; the first and third rays are only a

little shorter, while the fifth and sixth are much lower, producing a

deep notch in the fin. The eighth and following spines are very

slightly graduated, and from thence to its rounded extremity the

outline of the fin is even. The membrane is notched between the

rays, and the tips of the jointed rays curve backwards. The first

seven or eight spines are pungent, but the six following ones are

less so, and are not easily distinguishable in the dried specimen from

articulated rays in which the joints have become obsolete. The

fore-part of the dorsal shows some small membranous points on the

spines. The anal is similar to the soft dorsal, but terminates further

from the caudal, and if it be furnished with a spine it is concealed at

the base of the first soft ray, there being no appearance of one ex-

ternally. The caudal when fully spread is almost circular in outline.

Its rays are simple, with the tips projecting beyond the membrane,

especially those of the extreme pairs above and below. The pectoral

has the oblique semi-oval form of that fin in Synanceia, but is less

adnate to the side. Its rays are simple, with projecting tips. The

yentrals, formed of one spine and two unbranched rays, stand exactly

under the base of the lowest pectoral rays, and are small.

The only vestiges of colour remaining in the dried specimen are

brown and purple bands and blotches on the dorsal, caudal and pec-

torals, with one or two rows of white spots on the two latter fins.

CHEILODACTYLUS CARPONEMUS, Cuv. et Val. v. p. 362. pl. 128.

Radii.—Br. 6; D.17|31; A.3|19; C.14§; P.8 et VIL.; V.1)5,

spec.

This fish is the “‘Chettong,”’ No. 39, of Neill’s drawings, and the

« Jew-fish”’ of the sealers who frequent King George’s Sound. Mr.

Neill informs us that it is an inhabitant of rocky shores, and that

individuals are often taken which weigh more than 16 lbs. It is

readily captured by the hook.

The specimen described and figured in the ‘ Histoire des Poissons’

was obtained by Messrs. Quoy and Gaimard in the same locality with

Mr. Neill’s, and the latter accords perfectly with it; but I am per-

suaded that the references in that work referring to Solander and For-

ster’s accounts of a New Zealand species ought to be struck out.

Some notices of the discrepancies between the memoranda of these

authors and the history of Ch. carponemus in the ‘ Histoire des Pois-

sons’ have been given in the ‘Zoological Transactions,’ vol. ii. p. 101,

and since the date of that publication the examination of various

Australian specimens has strengthened the reasons I had for coming

to that conclusion.

The Cheilodactyli do not accord well with the typical Scienide,

and the evidences of the ptenoid structure of their scales are often

deficient, the teeth on the disks becoming perfectly obsolete, and none

existing on the margins of the scales of any species we have examined.

In Mr. Neill’s specimen the length of the head is contained four and

a half times in the total length of the fish, in which the caudal is

included. The height of the preorbitar equals the diameter of the

orbit ; and its length is considerably greater, beg about equal to one-

third of the length of the head. The teeth on the jaws are needle-

shaped, small, and arranged in a narrow, not crowded band. The

vomer is smooth. The dorsal fin is low, the sixth and tallest spine

being only equal to a quarter of the height of the body, and the fifth

and seventh spines are scarcely shorter. The spines lower a little

towards the soft rays, but there is no decided notch. None of the

spines are stout. The second anal spine is as long as the third one

and is thicker. The tenth or long pectoral ray reaches beyond the

first third of the anal; the caudal is deeply forked. The transverse

diameter of the scales generally exceeds the longitudinal one.

Mr. Neill’s drawing represents five yellowish lines on each side of

the face, reaching backwards to the occiput, the three lower ones

crossing the upper part of the preorbitar and being interrupted by the

eye. ‘The under and fore edge of the preorbitar is marked by a blue

line, which is prolonged to the temples, and there is also a short blue

streak immediately under the orbit, the iris itself being likewise of

that colour. Two blue lines traverse the summit of the back close

to the dorsal, disappearing under the middle of the soft portion of

that fin. The same colour exists on the membrane joming the first

three dorsal spines, on the spines of the anal, the ventrals, the long

pectoral ray, and the upper and under edges of the caudal, the tint

in all these cases being a pure indigo. The rest of the fins are of a

paler colour, approaching to mountain-blue.

CHEILODACTYLUS MACROPTERUS, Forster.

Scizenoides abdominalis, Solander MSS. Pisces Australia, p. 11.

Scixena abdominalis, Idem, op.citat. p.29 ; fig. pict. Parkins. 2-40.

Scizena macroptera, Forster, Descrip. Anim. p. 136. fig. 206.

Georgio Forst. picta.

Radii.—Br. 6 ; D.17|26; A. 3/14; C.17; P.15; vee Soland.

Br. 6; D.17|26; A. 3)14; C.30; P. Yet VI.; V.1|5, Forst.

Of this species I have seen no example, and it is known to me only

by the descriptions and figures above referred to. It inhabits the

bays of the middle island of New Zealand, and was taken on Cook’s

first and second voyage in Queen Charlotte’s Sound and Dusky Bay.

At the latter place its native appellation was ascertained to be “ Ta-

raghee,”’ but the seamen called it “‘ Cole-fish.”” That it is different

from the Ch. carponemus of the ‘ Histoire des Poissons’ I am inclined

to believe, from the dissimilarity of the figure in the latter work with

those drawn by Parkinson and George Forster, and from the more

notched dorsal and stouter dorsal and anal spines than we find in

authentic specimens of Ch. carponemus from King George’s Sound.

These discrepancies, and the smaller number of dorsal and anal rays,

authorise us to keep it distinct until an opportunity occurs of exami-

ning the New Zealand fish. The broad black band which descends

from the shoulder not quite as far as the pectoral is a good distinctive

mark. The reader is referred to the ‘ Zoological Transactions,’ vol. iii.

p- 101, for extracts from Solander’s notes, which may be compared

with Forster’s description in the ‘ Historia Animalium,’ &c. p. 136.

Some specimens of Cheilodactyli from Sydney which I have seen

point at a species nearly allied to the two preceding ones as existing

in that part of Australia, but the materials I possess are not suffi-

cient for the elaboration of its distinctive characters.

CHEILODACTYLUS NIGRICANS, Richardson.

Radii.—Br. —; D. 1526 ; A. 3/10; C. 153; P. 9 et Wee Wiis

spec.

Toorjenung, Neill’s drawings, No. 42.

This fish is the ‘‘Toorjenung”’ of the natives of King George’s

Sound, and the “Black Jew-fish”’ of the sealers. Mr. Neill says

that it grows to a large size, feeds grossly, and that its flesh is dry

and dark-coloured. It is much prized by the aborigines, and forms

a principal article of food among the native families, who are expert

in spearing fish. The head ofa large fish is said to make good soup.

It is an inhabitant of rocky points that project from sandy bays, and

moves sluggishly along the bottom, ploughing the sand with its soft

fleshy lips; hence it falls a ready sacrifice to the native spear,

In shape this fish approaches to carponemus, but is rather more

elongated in the body, and has a more arched spinous dorsal. Its

eye is more remote from the gill-opening, being nearer to the middle

of the head, and the preorbitar is shorter, its length not exceeding

the diameter of the orbit. The most striking dissimilarity to the

preceding species is in the longest pectoral ray, which projects only

about one-sixth of its length beyond the membrane. It is the upper-

most of the simple rays, and the four others are graduated and also

project beyond the membrane as far in proportion. The disk of the

preoperculum is broad, that of the interoperculum fully equal to it,

and both these bones and the cheek are scaleless in the specimen,

which has sustained some damage in the head, but not apparently in

these places. Ch. carponemus and aspersus have interopercular

bones rather narrower than the disk of the preorbitar, and both these

bones, with the cheek, are covered with small scales which do not

extend to the preorbitar. In aspersus a small part of the cheek next

the preorbitar is scaleless. In all these species the operculum and

suboperculum are densely scaly. The integuments of the cheek of

nigricans are full of pores, and the lips are large and fleshy. About

forty-eight scales occur in a row between the gill-opening and caudal,

with three or four rows in addition on the base of that fin. About

seventeen compose a vertical row at the shoulder. The scales of the

lateral line are, as in the other species, smaller than those above and

below, which also overlap them. The exposed disk of a scale is rough,

with minute points, but the exterior margin is thin and membranous.

The base is faintly marked by a dozen or more slightly divergent fur-

rows, which do not produce marginal crenatures. The sixth and

tallest dorsal spine equals one-third of the height of the body and is

higher than the soft rays, which rise considerably above the posterior

spines. The third anal spine is more slender and considerably longer

than the second one. None of them are strong. The caudal is

forked to half its depth, and has acute lobes.

In Mr. Neill’s drawing this fish is represented as having a dark

greyish-black colour on the back, head and fins, and as being pale on

the belly. The lips are flesh-coloured. Length of the specimen 21

inches. The drawing is two feet long.

CHEILODACTYLUS ASPERSUS, Richardson.

Cheilodactylus carponemus, Richardson, Zool. Trans. vol. iii. p.99,

exclus. synon.

Radii.—Br. 6; D. 17/27; A. 3|11; C.138; P.8 et VII.; A. 15,

specimens.

This fish frequents Port Arthur in Van Diemen’s Land, and Dr.

Lhotzky says that it is never taken at Sydney. In the ‘ Zoological

Transactions’ for 1841 (vol. iii. p. 99) there is a notice of it, to which

the reader is referred; but it is necessary to state that the number

of fin rays there given are those of Ch. carponemus, as expressed in

the ‘ Histoire des Poissons.’ I there pointed out some of the discre-

pancies between the examples of this fish I had then before me and

the description and figure of carponemus in the work just referred

to; but being at that time very imperfectly aware of the number and

variety of the Cheilodactyli existing in the Australian seas, I did not

venture to indicate it as a proper species. This I am now enabled to

do, after a careful comparison of the specimens then commented upon

with Mr. Neill’s example of carponemus from King George’s Sound,

the exact locality of the specimen of the latter described by Cuvier

and Valenciennes.

Ch. aspersus is a higher fish than carponemus, the greatest height

of the body being contained only three times and one-third in the

total length, caudal included. It is much compressed, with an acute

back and a deeply-forked caudal. The more arched form of the

spinous part of the dorsal fin, and the much stouter dorsal and anal

spines, afford a ready means of distinguishing the dried specimens.

The different colours and markings of the recent fish are very appa-

rent. The first and last dorsal spines are much shorter than the cor-

responding ones of carponemus, and the notch of the fin is conspi-

cuous from the greater height of the soft rays. The second anal

spine is very stout, and it rather exceeds the third one in length. The

preorbitar is smaller than in that species, and its length does not ex-

ceed the diameter of the orbit. ‘Ihe face is therefore shorter, and the

profile rises more steeply to the dorsal, owing to the greater height

of the fish. The elongated pectoral ray, which is the tenth, reaches

no farther back than the beginning of the anal. The scales are rather

large and much tiled. About fifty-two exist on the lateral line, besides

six or seven rows on the base of the caudal, and there are twenty-

two rows in the height of the fish.

Mr. Lempriere, from whom we had the specimens, says that the

fish is known at Port Arthur under the name of “the Perch,” and

has a bright silvery hue with dark spots. The specimens still ex-

hibit many dark brown spots scattered thickly on the back and more

sparingly on the sides, most of them being rather smaller than the

exposed disk of a scale. The vertical fins, particularly the caudal,

are more minutely spotted. The top of the gill-cover is blackish, and

there is a dark mark on the humeral bone. As is usual in the genus,

the inside of the mouth and lining of the gill-opening are purplish-

black. Length 124 inches. Greatest height 32 inches.

The Cheilodactylus carmichaelis (Hist. des Poiss. v. 360) (Cheto-

don monodactylus, Carmichael, Linn. Trans. vol. xii. p. 500. pl. 24)

approaches aspersus in shape, in the length of its long pectoral rays,

and in the number of fin rays generally, but it is distinguished by

six short, broad dark bars on the back. The formula of its rays is

as follows :—Radii.—Br. 6; D.17|24; A.3|12; P.9 et VI.; V. 1|5,

Carmichael.

The Cheilodactylus fasciatus (Cuv. et Val. v. 357) of the Cape is

distinguished by four or five vertical dark bands and five transverse

_lines on each lobe of the caudal. Its rays are stated to be :—

Radii.—Br. 5; D. 19|23; A. 3[11; C.17; P.10 et V.; V. 1/5.

Hist. des Poiss.

CHEILODACTYLUS GIBBosus, Solander. (Chetodon.)

Cheetodon gibbosus, Banks, Icon. Parkins. ined. t. 23.

Cheilodactylus gibbosus, Richardson, Zool. Trans. vol. iii. p. 102.

Radii.—D. 17|36; A. 3/8; C.144; P. 8 et VI.; V. 1|5, spec.

(Pisces, Pl. II. fig. 3, 4.)

This fish inhabits the seas of Van Diemen’s Land and the east

coast of New Holland, as well as King George’s Sound. A full de-

scription of it is contained in the ‘Zoological Transactions’ quoted

above. It has the highest spinous dorsal of any described species of

Cheilodactylus, and in the distribution of its black bands it bears a

considerable resemblance to Eques americanus.

Mr. Neill gives a drawing of it (No. 24), and states that it is

known to the aborigines of King George’s Sound by the name of

No. CCV.—Proceepin6s or THE ZooLoGicaL Society.

“Knelvek.”’ The natives spear it on sandy banks, but say that it is

rare. Its scales are smooth, and the second and third anal spines are

moderately long and equal to each other. The suboperculum is nar-

row, and together with the other opercular bones and cheek is scaly.

The figure is one-third of the size of the specimen. The scale is

magnified. A considerable part of its disk retains the small asperi-

ties or ptenoid teeth, which do not however extend to the margin of

the scale, that being, as is usual in the genus, thin and membranous.

CHEILODACTYLUS NIGRIPES, Richardson.

Radii.—Br. 6; D. 18|26; A. 3/10; C. 13; P. 7 et V.; V. 1[5,

spec.

The aborigines of King George’s Sound had no name for this spe-

cies, and no drawing of it was made by Mr. Neill. The only speci-

men of it obtained was speared by a native named Murrianne, and

measures 13 inches in length. It has a conical eminence on the pre-

frontal bone, like that existing in Ch. gibbosus ; its face is short, with

the profile ascending almost as much as in the species just named.

The length of the preorbitar is rather less than the diameter of the

orbit, the eye is placed midway between the gill-opening and mouth,

and the interoperculum is only about half as wide as the disk of the pre-

operculum. The cheek and all the pieces of the gill-cover are densely

scaly. The second of the simple pectoral rays is the longest and it

falls short of the anus, while only about one-third of its length pro-

jects beyond the membrane. The spinous part of the dorsal is arched

anteriorly. Its fifth and longest spine rather exceeds one-third of

the height of the body. The preceding ones are graduated to the

first, whose height is only a fifth part of the fifth one, but the de-

crease of the posterior spines is much less rapid, the last one having

half the length of the fifth. The soft rays rise to nearly twice the

height of the posterior spines, rendering the fin notched. The third

anal spine is somewhat longer than the second one, which is stouter,

but the spines generally are of moderate thickness, and are com-

pressed. The caudal is forked to half its depth. The ventral spine

is long and slender. The scales are without asperities, and the ex-

posed part of their disk exhibits the concentric rings of structure

distinctly. About sixty-one exist in a row between the gill-opening

and caudal, exclusive of three or four on that fin. The teeth on the

jaws are slender and closely set.

In the dried specimen the ventrals are pitch-black, and the other

fins are neatly equally dark. The body is also dark, but in the

absence of drawings or descriptions of the recent fish we cannot state

its proper tints.

CHEILODACTYLUS ZONATUS, Cuy. et Val.

Cheilodactylus zonatus, Cuv. et Val. vol. v. p. 365; Rich. Rep.

Brit. Assoc. 1845, p. 239.

Radii.—D. 17|31; A. 3|8; C. 142; P. 8 et VI. spec.

This fish, which is common to the China and Australian seas,

appears to be called the “ Zebra-fish’’ by the sealers who frequent

King George’s Sound, though that name is most generally appro-

priated by them to the Crenidens zebra. Its prefrontal bone pro-

jects behind the nostril, but not so acutely as in Ch. nigripes or

gibbosus. There is however a difference in this respect in different

individuals. The width of the interoperculum is about half that of

the preopercular disk, and these bones and the cheek are densely

scaly. The scales of the cheek however are imbedded in spongy

porous skin. The length of the preorbitar equals the diameter of

the orbit. In the relative sizes of the opercular bones and preorbitar,

and in the form of the dorsal, zonatus and nigripes closely resemble

each other, but there is a difference in the anal spines, in the rays of

the pectoral, in the shape of the caudals, that of zonatus being only

sparingly excavated, and a striking one in the colours.

The dried specimen of zonatus shows very distinctly eight dark

oblique bars on the body, the first crossing the nape and the last the

base of the caudal, the intermediate pale spaces being equal to the

bars in breadth. The entire head, including the preorbitar, is thickly

marked by round dark spots of the size of duck shot. There are

large spots on the caudal, which are so crowded on the margin of the

fin as almost to form a continuous bar. Two or in some parts more

rows traverse the dorsal, and there are dark marks on the tips of the

anal and ventrals. The simple rays of the pectoral are orange. Mr.

Reeves’s drawing of the Chinese fish represents it as dressed in very

lively colours during the breeding season.

The dorsal is highest at the fifth spine, as in zonatus, and is in

other respects similar in form ; but the anal spines are shorter, espe-

cially the second, which is also stouter in proportion. Rather less

than one-third of the longest pectoral ray projects beyond the mem-

brane, and the membrane is less deeply notched between the other

simple rays than in nigripes. The scales differ from those of the last-

named species, being finely granulated on the disk, as in nigricans.

The rays are somewhat differently enumerated in the ‘ Histoire

des Poissons,’ from a Japanese specimen. Radii.—Br. 6; D. 17|29;

A. 3|8; P. 9 et V.; V. 1|5, Cuv. et Valence.

The Cheilodactylus brachydactylus (Hist. des Poiss. p. 361) of

the Cape approaches more nearly to our examples of zonatus in the

numbers of the rays, but it does not appear to possess the prefrontal

prominence, and has no other markings than a triangular black mark

behind the eye. Radii.—Br.5; D. 17/31; A. 3|9; C.17; P.8 et V.;

V. 1|5, Cuy. et Valenc.

Cheilodactylus ciliaris, Richardson, Zool. of the Voy. of the Ere-

bus and Terror, p. 37. pl. 26. fig. 6, 7 (Latris; Sciena ciliaris,

Forster, &c.), is a species which is allied to the following ones, in the

shortness of its simple pectoral rays.

CHEILODACTYLUS HECATEIUS, Richardson.

Latris hecateia, Richardson, Zool. Trans. p. 106. tab. 6. f. 1.

Radii.—Br. 6; D.18)36; A. 3/27; C.168; P.9 et IX.; V.1]5,

spec.

In the account of this species quoted above, I expressed doubts of

the rank of Latris as a subdivision of the Cheilodactyli ; but now that

I have had an opportunity of examining a more complete gradation

of specific forms, I am not disposed to think that it merits to be con-

sidered even a subgenus, though the non-prolongation of one of the

pectoral rays (usually the tenth) makes it a convenient division of the

Cheilodactyli, now known to be numerous.

This species inhabits the seas of Van Diemen’s Land.

CHEILODACTYLUS LINEATUS, Forster (Sciena).

Cichla lineata, Schneider.

Scizena lineata, 7’. R. Forsteri Descr. Anim. p. 134. An. 1844;

Fig. pict. Georg. Forsteri in Bibl. Banks. servata.

Radii.—Br. 6; D. 18|36; A. 1|26; C. 30; P. 17; V. 1|5, Forst. Zc.

This species agrees nearly with the preceding in the numbers of its

fin rays, except that Forster says expressly that it has only one anal

spine. It has also four dark dorsal stripes, with three intervening

silvery ones; but it differs from hecateius in the yellowish colour of

its fins, and particularly of its caudal, which obtained for it the appel-

lation of “ Yellow-tail”? from the sailors. It frequents, like the other

Cheilodactyli, rocky places, was captured by Cook’s sailors with the

hook, and was much approved as an article of food. It is a native of

the seas washing the southern island of New Zealand. Length of

specimen described by Forster, 24 inches.

Having seen no specimens we cannot institute a correct comparison

with hecateius.

Turepterius, Richardson.

(Operrijpios, ad alendum idoneus.)

Genus piscium acanthopterygiorum Cheilodactylis affine. Corpus

catheto-plateum, ovato-oblongum, squamosum. Caput aliquantulum

parvum, cute porosd tectum, absque spinis, angulis vel aciebus ser-

ratis osseis. Os ut in Cheilodactylis extensibile. Dentes in pre-

maxillaribus, mandibuia trigonioque vomeris una serie instructi, bre-

vissimi, parvi, subconici. Ossa palatis levia. Gene craniumque

esquamose. Os preorbitale angustum. Operculum subtriangulare

squamis tectum. Membrana branchiostega radiis sex curvis, satis

validis sustentata. Squamee leeves nec dentatee ; linea lateralis recta.

Radii pinnarum pectoralium inferiores simplices. Pinna dorsi e

nucha fer’ usque ad caudze pimmam regnans, squamulis apud radios

instructa, membrand inter spas profundé emarginata ; lobulo tamen

membranaceo e summis spinis pendente. Pinnz ventrales thoracicee

sed a gula paulo remote.

The characters are deduced from dried specimens, and the pharyn-

geal teeth and structure of the intestinal canal are unknown. The

jaw teeth are not strictly disposed in a single row, since a few minute

ones form a row behind the others in front of the premaxillaries ;

but these can scarcely be visible in the recent fish. The chevron of

the vomer is acute and projects a little. The orifice of the mouth is

rather larger than in the Cheilodactyli, but the jaws are extensible in

about the same degree. The maxillary bone wants the flat thin plate

near its head which exists in the Cheilodactyli and glides beneath

the preorbitar. The latter bone is narrow, its width not being equal

to one-third of the diameter of the orbit. The eye is comparatively

large, three diameters and a half of the orbit beg equal to the entire

length of the head, and two of these diameters measure the distance

between the hinder edge of the orbit and the tip of the gill-cover.

The position of the eye is high enough to encroach upon the profile.

The cheek equals the diameter of the orbit in breadth ; the disk of

the preoperculum is also wide, and the interoperculum moderately so.

The operculum and suboperculum conjointly have a triangular form ;

the former is notched, and the latter is prolonged by a membranous

tip, which forms the apex of the gill-cover. Both these bones are

densely scaly ; there is also a row of scales on the interoperculum,

partially overlaid by the thin edge of the preoperculum, and the tem-

ples are also scaly. The rest of the head is without scales, but the

mucous skin, full of canals and pores, which envelopes the head, pre-

vents us from ascertaining the exact extent of the scales, at least in

the dried specimens. The top of the head is destitute of scales to the

occiput, but in the Cheilodactyli, dense, small scales extend forward

on the skull to before the eyes. In the absence of thick fleshy lips,

the genus differs from Cheilodactylus. The preorbitar is neither wide

enough nor long enough to conceal the maxillary, which however

enters partially beneath its edge. The thin crescentic border of the

preoperculum is striated, but not crenated. The same kind of streaks

or furrows may be discerned, though not so readily, in some Cheilo-

dactyli. The head forms a fourth of the total length. The height

of the body is also equal to a fourth of the length of the fish, caudal

included. The belly is prominent, and the tail, posterior to the ver-

tical fins, is slender. The lateral line is straight, and each of its scales

is marked by a short straight tube, which is placed somewhat obliquely

to the general direction of the line. About fifty-two scales compose

a row between the gill-opening and caudal, the base of whose rays are

also scaly, and the lateral line is prolonged as far as the scales extend

on that fin.

The dorsal commences over the upper angle of the gill-opening and

reaches to within an inch of the caudal. Its seventh spine, which is

the tallest, is nearly equal to half the height of the body ; the others

are graduated very slightly posteriorly and more rapidly anteriorly.

None of them are stout, and all of them are traversed on each side

by a deep furrow. The membrane between them is deeply notched,

as in the genus Pelors, and a slender process running up the back of

each spine surmounts it in form of a small free lobe. The soft rays

surpass the tallest spine a little, and are more than twice the height

of the last one. The anal commences opposite to the beginning of

the soft portion of the dorsal and ends beneath its tenth branched

ray, or, in the specimens before us, about two inches and a half from

the caudal. The spines are like the dorsal ones, grooved and slender,

and the second one, which is scarcely shorter than the third, is not

quite twice as long as the first one. The seven inferior simple rays

of the pectoral have free tips, their membrane being deeply notched

as in the dorsal. The ventrals are attached under the middle of the

pectorals, or opposite to the sixth dorsal spine. Their spine is slen-

der, and about two-thirds of the length of the soft rays. The caudal

is rounded, with the tips of the rays projecting beyond the mem-

brane.

THREPTERIUS MACULOsUS, Richardson.

(Pisces, Pl. IL. fig. 1, 2.)

This fish approaches the division Latris of the Cheilodactyli in the

form of its pectoral fin and other characters, but differs so much in

its general aspect, which reminds one of a cottoid fish, that it is well

that we can find a structural difference which enables us to place it

in a separate genus. This exists in the vomerie teeth, the vomer

being smooth in the Cheilodactyli, but in this fish it is armed like

the jaws by a single row of teeth, which, instead of being setiform

and crowded, as in the Cheilodactyli, are short, somewhat conical,

and confined nearly to a single row on the jaws as well as on the

vomer.

The native name of the fish at King George’s Sound is “‘Cam-

betik,” and it frequents rocky places, having apparently the same

habits with the Cheilodactyli. The simple projecting rays of the

pectoral would appear to perform the functions of an organ of touch,

and are furnished to many fish that, like the Trigle, swim close to

the sandy bottom, which they touch with these simple rays, whether

they are wholly or partially free. The Ciimbeik is prized as an

article of food, whence the generic name.

Mr. Neill’s figure represents the fish as having a pale brown colour,

much lighter on the belly, and thickly studded with irregular dark

liver-brown spots, most crowded along the back and becoming much

smaller and more scattered on the belly. The fins are rather of a

redder brown, and the soft dorsal, ventral and caudal are minutely

spotted. Length 9 inches.

TAUTOGA PARILA, Richardson.

Paril and “Common Rock-fish,”’ Neill’s drawings, No.9; Richard-

son, Ichth. Erebus and Terror, p. 127, sub Labro fucicola.

Radii—Br. 6 ; D. 911; A. 3/10; C.134; P.13; V.1|5, spe-

cimens.

This species of Labrus or Tautoga approaches Labrus tetricus

(Ichth. of Erebus and Terror, pl. 55. f.1) in general form, but there

is only a single row of scales on the temples, and they do not descend

lower than the middle of the upper limb of the preoperculum. The

scales covering the operculum and suboperculum are, as in the allied

species, large. The cheek, preoperculum and the broad thin inter-

operculum show no scales, but, in common with the top of the head,

are covered with a thick skin full of mucous canals and open pores.

The diameter of the orbit is less than the length of the preorbital,

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and is contained five times and a half in the length of the head when

the jaws are retracted. The preorbitar lips are only slightly de-

veloped, but the intermaxillary and mandibular ones are thick and

plaited. Teeth arranged in each jaw in a series gradually decreasing

towards the angle of the mouth, the anterior pair above and below

being considerably larger and more curved. In the upper jaw there

is a complete interior series of small rounded teeth which are on a

level with the soft parts. On the mandible the interior row is con-

fined to the fore-part of the jaw, and is less regular. The tubular

ramifications on the scales of the lateral line are more numerous and

crowded than in L. tetricus, or any of the other Australian species

figured in the ‘Ichthyology of the Erebus and Terror.’ There are

twenty-four scales on the lateral line having these clusters of tubes,

and the clusters do not diminish in size towards the tail, though one

or two less bushy occur under the soft dorsal. The line is as usual

suddenly bent downwards under the end of that fin.

In the dried skins dark brown lines radiate from the orbit over the

temples, cheek, and preorbitar, and there are dark spots on the jaws,

top of the head and gill-plates. There are also some white blotches

and bars on the cheek, preoperculum, interoperculum and lower jaw.

The body is variegated with brown spots, crowded along the back,

more scattered on the sides, and mixed with small round dots of the

same tint. The dark marks extend to all the vertical fins. These

spots have an umber-brown colour in Mr. Neill’s drawing.

No. 37 of the same drawings represents the “ Black-fish of the

sealers’’ and the “ Paril’’ or “ Knhoul”’ of the natives, which is con-

sidered to be a variety of the preceding. There is no specimen of it

in the collection, but it has the back and upper part of the sides

thickly sprinkled with reddish-brown dots without any larger spots.

This variety or species is said to grow to the size of 15 or 20 lbs.

Cossypuus vuLPINUs, Richardson.

Radii.—Br. 4; D.12|11; A. 3]12; C.142; P.16; V.1|5, spec.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length of the fish,

caudal included, and is about equal to the length of the head.

The profile rises in a slightly concave line from the acute snout to

opposite the back part of the orbit at an angle of 30°. From thence

to the beginning of the dorsal, which stands as far back as the axil of

the ventrals, the line is almost horizontal, and judging from the dried

specimen the dorsal ridge there is acute. When the jaws are pro-

tracted the face has a hollow profile, and the strong series of teeth

give it a sinister look. There are two pairs of canines at the extre-

mities of the upper and under jaws, the upper ones being inclined

forwards, and also a canine at the corner of the mouth, which is bent

outwards. The smaller teeth are rather widely set, and there are six

of them on each maxillary and fourteen on each limb of the lower

jaw ; and of the latter the middle ones are somewhat longer than those

towards each end of the jaw. Within the front teeth on both jaws

there is a flat naked surface of bone fitted for grinding or crushing,

and more interiorly a few minute granular teeth scarcely protruding

from the bone. The cleft of the mouth extends backwards to the

front of the preorbitar bone, and is equal to the distance between the

corner of the mouth and the eye.

The preorbitar is covered with smooth skin, presenting an even

surface in the recent fish, but in the skeleton it presents three deep

notches anteriorly, separated by linear processes. The rest of the

suborbitar chain is narrow. The upper limb of the preoperculum is

finely serrated, the serratures disappearing on the rounded angle.

The disk of that bone, the other opercular pieces, the cheeks,

temples and suprascapulars are scaly, but there are no scales on the

limbs of the lower jaw, in which respect the species differs from the

Cossyphus maldat of the ‘ Histoire des Poissons,’ to which it has

some resemblance in general form. There are six rows of scales on

the cheek and as many on the interoperculum ; the scales on the disk

of the preoperculum are smaller than these, and those covering the

operculum and suboperculum are considerably larger. The naked

part of the scales exhibits little pits rather than granulations. There

are thirty scales on the lateral line, each carrying a simple tube with

its point turned upwards. The tube is more branched in C. maldat.

There is no sudden bend in the lateral line, but it descends gradually

under the soft dorsal rays to the middle height of the tail, on which

there are eight rows of scales.

The anal and dorsal fins move in scaly sheaths, which are broadest

on the soft rays. The spinous rays are strong, tapering, and acute.

The first dorsal spine stands over the axil of the ventrals; and the

ventral spine, which is as tall as the last and longest dorsal one, stands

beneath the base of the lowest pectoral ray. The soft parts of the anal

and dorsal are somewhat peaked, and rise above the spines. These two

fins end exactly opposite to each other, and leave a considerable space

of naked tail behind them. The angles of the caudal project a little

beyond the straight intermediate border. The colours of the speci-

men have faded. Length 16 inches.

Cossyruvus GouLptit, Richardson.

Labrus gouldii, Rich. Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 353.

Cossyphus, ve/ Lachnolaimus gouldii, Idem, Ichth. of Voy. of

Erebus and Terror, p. 132.

Radii.—D. 11|10 vel 11; A. 3|10 vel 11; C.143; P.17 vel 16;

V...1|5, spec.

(Pisces, Pl. III. fig. 3, 4.)

Mr. Neill’s collection contains a young specimen of this fish, which

was previously known to me only by an example of considerably

greater size, brought from Western Australia by Mr. Gould. Neither

specimen retained the pharyngeal bones, and I still remain in doubt

as to which of the dismemberments of the Linnzan genus Ladrus it

ought to be referred.

It has the general form of Ladrus, with the scaly dorsal and anal

sheaths of Cossyphus, and a peculiarity in the very compressed form

of the spinous rays which I have not as yet seen in any other La-

broid. It has the four anterior canines in each jaw which exist in

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some Cossyphi, and on the mandibles these canines are inclined for-

ward like the corresponding teeth in Anampses. There are no ca-

nines at the angle of the mouth. The lateral teeth are incorporated

with the bone, and are small and uniform, not decreasing in succes-

sion, as in the Labri. In the young specimen the bone of both jaws

is thin, and the forms of the lateral teeth are distinctly seen, cemented

laterally to each other, with a few very minute granular teeth scattered

on the interior surface of the bones; but in the older specimen the

premaxillaries have swollen behind the canines and acquired a smooth

surface by friction, and the edges of the jaws having worn down the

forms of the teeth composing them, are obscured—their rounded

points alone being visible. On the other hand the granular teeth on

the sides of the jaws have become more conspicuous in consequence

of their growth.

The cleft of the mouth is small, not exceeding the diameter of

the eye. The length of the preorbitar is greater. The latter bone

and the suborbitar chain, with the lower jaw and top of the head,

are scaleless. The edge of the preoperculum is quite smooth, and its

disk appears to be scaleless, but there are nine rows of small scales

on the cheek, and the other gill-pieces are scaly, those on the oper-

culum and suboperculum being larger than the rest. The uncovered

disks of the scales of the body are rough, with small round points,

the edges being thin, membranous, and striated or wrinkled. The

descending curve of the lateral line under the soft dorsal is the gra-

dual one of a Cossyphus, not the more sudden deflection of a Labrus.

Each of the scales composing it has a loose arbuscle of sparingly

branched tubes.

The dorsal spines are strong and comparatively short, and the an-

terior ones are compressed so as to render their front edges acute.

The compression diminishes in the posterior spines, and the last and

tallest one is subulate, grooved and pointed. The foremost two anal

spines are even more conspicuously compressed, and the third one is

subulate. The ventrals are rounded, and have a compressed spine

which stands under the second and third dorsal spines and base of the

pectoral—being farther forward than in Cossyphus vulpinus.

This fish is represented as having a dark purplish colour, and is

said by Mr. Neill to bear the names of “ Koojenuck,”’ “ Quejuinuck,”’

or “ Knowl,” among the aborigines of King George’s Sound. It

attains the weight of 28 or 30 lbs. It is described more at length in

the ‘Ichthyology of the Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,’ quoted

above.

JULIS CYANOGRAMMaA, Richardson.

Radii.—D. 9|13; A. 3|13; C.123; P.13; V.1]5, spec.

This species is the “‘ Knelmick” or ‘‘ Kielnmick”’ of the aborigines

frequenting King George’s Sound, and the “‘Common Rock-Cod” of

the sealers. It is also an inhabitant of New South Wales, specimens

of it having been sent to the Museum at Haslar by Mr. Miles. Its

flesh is little prized.

In the numbers of its fin rays it comes near Julis dussumieri, but

differs from it in having smaller scales, in form and in colours; nor

have I been able to refer it to any described species. Its body is

elongated ; its height, which is not equal to the length of the head,

being contained five times and a half in the total length of the fish,

caudal included. The compression of the head is considerable, its

thickness not exceeding half its height, and the occiput and nape are

acute. The length of the preorbitar is considerably greater than the

diameter of the eye, and the cheek and interoperculum are both high.

There are no scales on the temples or any other part of the head.

There are fifty scales on the lateral line, each marked by six or

seven short, simple, diverging tubes. The lateral line is bent down-

wards under the ninth, tenth and eleventh soft rays of the dorsal ; it

is otherwise straight, and runs near the back. The dorsal commences

far forward, over the top of the gill-cover, and runs back with an even

outline ; its tip, which is acute, though not prolonged, reaching, when

laid back, to the base of the caudal. Its spines, as well as those of

the anal and ventrals, are flexible and very slender. The pectorals

are not large, and the ventrals have tapering, acute, but not filament-

ous tips. They stand under the base of the lowest pectoral ray.

The caudal is moderately rounded, and it is scaly between the rays

for more than one-third of its length.

When the open mouth is viewed in front, its teeth form a rhomb ;

the front pair of teeth above and below are comparatively large and

are curved. There is also a small curved tooth standing forwards

from the angle of the mouth.

Mr. Neill’s drawing represents this fish as having an aurora-red

ground colour on the head, back, dorsal and anal fins, the fins being

of the deepest tint. The head is ornamented by deep blue lines,

which are distinctly visible on the dried specimen. These all form

curves more or less bold, with the convexity forwards. The anterior

one begins on the nose, runs forward to the lips, and inclines backwards

again on the lower jaw; the next descends from the nostrils over the

disk of the maxillary and posterior part of the lower jaw. Two de-

scend from the orbit over the interoperculum, and there are some

finer intermediate ones which vanish on the cheek. There are also

about six slender lines on the gill-cover, which are thickened on the

suprascapular region. The body is traversed by seven or eight rows

of short blue lines, which on the tail are superseded in part by dots.

The dorsal and anal have about three rows of these short lines, and

the caudal, which is reddish-orange, is streaked longitudinally with

blue. The pectoral and ventrals are flesh-coloured.

Length of specimen 123 inches.

OuistHoers, Richardson.

(Olisthops, ex odrcOnpos, lubricus, et a, vultus.)

Genus generis Odacis affine. Caput totum cute lubrica, esqua-

mosa tectum (squamulze quatuor tantum inconspicuis regioni supra-

scapulari utrinque insidentes). Labia simplicia cum cute faciei con-

tinua, labia preorbitalia nulla. Dentes cum ossibus lunatis pre-

maxillaribus mandibulisque, modd Scarorum ferruminati. [Ossa pha-

ryngea ab exemplaribus nostris excisa, hinc nobis ignota.] Squame

cyloideze. Linea lateralis simplex, e tubulis rectis facta, continua ;

antic arcuata, posticé recta. Pinna dorsi unica, prope humerum

incipiens, in parte spinosa, modo proprio, emarginata ; radiis spino-

sis apicibus flexilibus. Pinnz ventrales sub axillis pectoralium po-

site. Membrana branchiostega in gutture continua, utrinque radiis

quatuor sustentata.

The general form of this fish has been known to me for some years

by the accurate drawing of Mr. Neill. It is an inhabitant of King

George’s Sound in Australia, where it is recognised by the natives

under the name of “ Toobitoet,” or ‘‘ Toobitooit,”’ and it is said to

inhabit rocky places and to be rarely captured. In the construction

of its jaws and in general form it approaches most nearly to Odaz,

but it differs from that genus, and still more from Scarus, in the want

of scales on the head, the single lips, and in the unusual form of the

dorsal. The subjoined description is drawn up from a specimen pre-

pared by Mr. Neill, which I have lately had an opportunity of in-

specting.

In the shape of the jaws Olisthops resembles several species of Odax

which inhabit the Australian seas, but does not agree altogether with

the account of the dentition of that genus as given in the ‘ Histoire

des Poissons’ (xiv. p. 299), nor with the drawing of the jaws of Odax

pullus (op. cit. pl. 408. f. 2).

The jaws of Odaz, says M. Valenciennes, are composed, as in Sea-

rus, of an assemblage of small teeth arranged in a quincuncial order

and intimately soldered together, forming on each side a single body,

whose cutting edge is crenulated ; but these jaws are neither so broad

nor so convex as in Scarus, and are entirely covered by the lips. They

differ from those of Searus in that the teeth form two spoon-bowls at

the end of the mouth in front of the spinous pots which crown the

teeth of the jaw. Olisthops and several Odaces want these poste-

rior marginal toothlets, the spoon-shaped masses constituting the en-

tire dental process of the jaw, and showing their origin merely by the

reflections of the incorporated, minute pearly quincuncial teeth, so

densely crowded as to form nearly the whole of their smooth exterior

surfaces.

OLISTHOPS CYANOMELAS, Richardson.

Radii.—Br. 4; D. 18|10; A. 3|10; C.124; V.1[5; P. 12.

(Pl. III. fig. 1, 2.)

Form elongated, the greatest height of the body, which occurs just

behind the ventrals, being contained five times and a half in the total

length of the fish, caudal included. The bluffness of the head, pro-

duced by the form of the jaws, is intermediate between that of Scarus

and Odaz, and the profile, from the nostrils to the dorsal, is mode-

rately ascending and but slightly convex. The jaws have the usual

structure of those of Scarus, being composed of a multitude of mi-

nute teeth, arranged in a quincuncial order in many rows, and so in-

corporated with the bone that they produce no inequality of surface,

but reflect the light in certain positions so as to reveal their struc-

ture. The two premaxillaries conjointly, and the two halves of the

mandible, resemble half the bowl of a spoon with straight cutting edges,

which under a lens appear to be striated and minutely crenulated.

At the symphysis of the mandible, the cutting edge rises slightly, so

as to seem very slightly peaked. The orifice of the mouth is com-

paratively small, and the small maxillaries are concealed under the

skin at its corners. Interiorly there is a conspicuous velum in both

jaws. ‘The small nostrils lie in a membranous space above the pre-

orbitar.

The entire head is covered with smooth integument, which has no

inflexed folds at the edges of the opercular pieces or preorbitar, but

is continuous with single lips, that are capable of covering the jaws.

The gill-membrane is continuous with the edges of the interopercula,

and passes over the isthmus to which it is partially adherent, leaving

a small flap posteriorly. It is sustained by four flat thin rays on each

side. In length the head is equal to five diameters and a half of the

circular orbit, and the space between the eye and the tip of the gill-

flap equals three of these diameters. The eye is near, but does not

touch the upper profile of the head. A triangular preorbitar, having

a length equal to the diameter of the orbit, is so concealed by the in-

tegument that it is scarcely discernible in the recent fish, but in the

dried specimen it shows a slightly raised disk bounded in a somewhat

radiated manner by slightly prominent mucous canals. The rest of

the suborbitar chain goes round more than half the orbit in form of

a slender line of simple mucous tubes. The two limbs of the pre-

operculum, equal to each other in length, meet at a right angle and

inclose a broad and perfectly smooth cheek. In the dried fish the

disk of the bone appears raised, and is edged irregularly with mucous

prominences, but the under border of the bone is thin, and is scarcely

distinguishable from the very thin, flexible interoperculum. At the

temporal angle of the gill-plate there originates a bushy cluster of

prominent ramifications, which disappear about the middle of the

disk, and are most probably not visible at all in the recent fish. The

rather narrow, very thin suboperculum is lengthened into the tip of

the gill-cover, in which the flexible bone is scarcely to be distinguished

from the membrane. The gill-opening is restricted above, the whole

upper edge of the operculum being attached to the side of the head

by membrane. Posteriorly and above the pectoral the gill-membrane

is vertically truncated, and the gill-opening slopes from the level of

the upper ray of that fin downwards and forwards till it terminates

opposite to the angle of the preoperculum. A row of small scales

exists on the suprascapular region, but there are no other scales,

nor any bony or spinous points on the head.

The scales are cycloid and of smaller size than those of Scarus,

there being forty-eight in a longitudinal row between the gill-opening

Proc. Z.S. Mammalia. XV

Printed by Hullmandel & Walton

and caudal; seven rows above the lateral line anteriorly, and fourteen

below it.

The scales are oblong, with parallel or converging sides, a truncated

or rounded base and a rounded or conical free end. Fine strize, from

twelve to twenty in number, diverge from the centre towards the base,

but do not produce lobes or crenatures on the margin ; there are some

fainter diverging strize anteriorly. The lateral line is arched over the

pectoral, and afterwards descends gradually, till opposite the three

last dorsal spines, from whence it holds a straight course down the

middle of the tail and runs out to the middle of the caudal membrane.

It is formed of a series of single straight tubes, and is nearly perfectly

continuous, especially posteriorly.

The dorsal spines are slender, and end in soft flexible tips. The

first spine stands over the base of the lowest pectoral ray, and is the

tallest*; the others gradually diminish in height to the penultimate

one, which is a little shorter than the last one ; the soft rays are forked,

and rise abruptly to nearly twice the height of the posterior spines.

The anal, of similar height and shape to the soft dorsal, has its com-

mencement and end a little posterior to those of the latter. The

rather small ventrals are attached opposite to the third dorsal spine.

The caudal is rather large, and is crescentic at the end with project-

ing points, of which the upper one is the longest.

In general colour the fish appears from Mr. Neill’s figure to be

blackish-green, deepening nearly to black on the back and dorsal fin.

A deep prussian-blue streak covers the second pectoral ray, and there

are two broader, interrupted ones on the caudal, viz. between the

longest rays of the caudal above and below and the ray immediately

interior to them. The iris is likewise blue, and there is a blue spot

on the nostrils. These streaks are to be traced on the specimen, but

have changed to green. The female differs in being much paler (a

dull leek-green in the dried specimen), and in wanting the blue streaks.

The lobes of its caudal also are less prolonged.

9. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF MONKEY, RECENTLY

LIVING IN THE SocteTy’s MenaGERIE. By JoHn Epwarp

Gray, Esa., F.R.S. etc.

(Mammalia, Pl. XVI.)

PRESBYTIS ALBIGENA. Grey-cheeked Presbytis.

Black ; throat, sides of the neck and front of the chest greyish ;

face black, nearly bald, with a few short, rigid, black hairs on the

lips; a tuft of elongated rigid hairs over each eye ; the cheeks are

covered with short, adpressed, greyish hairs. The hairs of the body

are uniform black to the base, rather elongated and flaccid, forming

a fringe along each side, and a compressed crest on the crown and

* The artist has inadvertently drawn the first dorsal ray a little shorter than

the second one, not having noticed that its tip was bent backwards in the speci-

men put into his hands.

nape. The hands and feet are short; the fore-thumb is small, the

hinder one rather large and broad.

Hab. West Africa?

This species is very like Presbytis obscurus, but it is blacker, and

has no pale spot on the nape, and the hair of the body is much

longer, more silky, and forms a compressed crest on the nape, which

is quite wanting in P. obscurus.

It is more like P. melalophus, but differs from it in being black,

and can scarcely be a black variety of that species.

Str Roperick Murcurson exhibited the head of a fish belong-

ing to the genus Clarias, from the river Limpopo, and a portion of

the skull of Phacocherus ethiopicus, which had been collected by

Capt. Vardon, during his recent travels in South Africa. The Clarias

had been seen by Mr. Oswell; and identified by him as being a species

also found in the river Zonga, which flows out of the newly discovered

Lake. In directing the attention of the meeting to what may be re-

garded as the first indication which has reached us of the zoology of

that most interesting region, Sir Roderick Murchison gave a summary

of the knowledge already obtained by African explorers of the cha-

racter of the country surrounding the Lake, and of the speculations in

physical geography to which their discoveries have given rise.

Mr. R. C. Griffith exhibited some specimens of the “ Tstetze,”’

which had been entrusted to him for that purpose by Capt. Vardon.

Sir Roderick Murchison having given some account of the supposed

effects of the sting of this fly, Mr. Westwood undertook to describe

the insect more particularly, as it appeared to be new to science, at a

future meeting of the Society.

The Secretary exhibited some cocoons of a species of Saturnia,

“the famous wild silk-worm from Leotang in Mantchouria,” which

had been transmitted to this country by Mr. Rutherford Aleock, Her

Majesty’s Vice-Consul at Shanghae, and obligingly presented to the

Society by Dr. Lindley.

April 23, 1850.

R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The Secretary reported that he had received a letter from Lord

Harris, Governor of Trinidad, announcing his Excellency’s intention

of presenting some living animals from that island, and from Venezuela,

to the Society.

The Secretary also stated that he had succeeded in purchasing for

the Menagerie two healthy young specimens of Phacocherus ethio-

picus, the Vlack Vark, from Port Natal. They are stated by the im-

porter to be about fifteen months old. (Mammalia, Pl. XVII.)

& Waltor

Printed by Hullmande

f de) et lith

, Ut JTOM &

day ‘qe YH LP

The following papers were read :—

1. On THE GARRULINE Birps, oR JAYS; WITH DeEscCRIPTIONS

oF NEw species. By Cuartes Lucien, PRINCE Bona-

PARTE.

(Aves, Pl. XVII.)

Having elevated the Garruline Crows to the rank of a full family,

the forty-eighth of my Natural Classification of Birds, I now consider

the family Garrulide, (including, besides the Glaucopine, Baritine,

and the Jays, also the Hopping Magpies, notwithstanding their

stronger bill and closer relation to the Corvide,) as formed of four

different groups (subfamilies or great genera as you may call them,

according to your notions, and you admit or not subgenera). And I

say four, although I do not separate the Magpies from the Jays, but

consider them as Garruline, because to the three old subfamilies,

Baritine, Glaucopine and Garruline, 1 now add a fourth, for the

reception of a good many birds hitherto scattered in different families,

whose affinity to the Jays, taken for mere analogy, is now clear and

manifest to my eye. Garrulaz, Actinodura, Oriolia, Turnagra, or

rather Otagon, distinct from the much more Garruline Keropia, with

those Kitéte which are not Coraciine, are all members of this my

new group, to which (however enlarged) I give or rather preserve the

name Ptilorhynchine, as it includes also Chlamydera and Ptilo-

rhynchus, which in Sturnide were out of their place. But the ob-

ject of the present paper is merely the enumeration of the genera and

species of my Garruline subfamily.

The first that we meet, ending the Ptilorhynchine with Keropia,

which may as well be the first of Garrulinze, is the genus Platylophus,

Sw., judiciously changed by G. R. Gray, 1840, into Lophocitta, hitherto

composed of but one species from Java, to which I now add a second

from Sumatra, introducing to you the bird called Garrulus histriont-

cus by Solomon Miller, struck in the native woods where he dis-

covered it by its mimic gestures, whilst the skins he sent to the Ley-

den Museum suggested the name of Garrulus rufulus, Temminck,

than which there can be no better for closet-naturalists. I introduce

it thus in the Systema Nature.

Loruocirra nistRiontca, Bp. Minor: fusco-ferruginea; collart

nigro; maculd utringue coll: magnd, supraoculari pared, albd.

Synonyms.

Garrulus histrionicus, Mii//.

Garrula rufula, Temm. Fig. nulla.

Hab. Sumatra; Borneo.

The old species will stand as follows :

Lopnocrrra GaLerrcuLata, Gr. Major : nigra ; collari nullo ;

maculd utrinque colli magnd, supraoculari pared, albd.

Synonyms.

Corvus galericulatus, Cuv.

Lanius scapulatus, Licht.

Lanius coronatus, Raffles; Levaill. Hist. Nat. Parad. t. 42.

Hab. Java.

The second genus of the family. will be my Perisoreus or the Dys-

ornithia of Swainson, a northern group composed also of two spe-

cies only, both well known, the European and Asiatic Perisoreus in-

faustus and the American Per. canadensis ; for brachyrhynchus, Sw.,

is the young of the latter ; and as to Garrulus ferrugineus, Bechstein,

we cannot think of admitting it as distinct, although sustained by

Wagler ; plate 48 of Levaillant, on which alone it is based, being much

more like Perisoreus infaustus than the very plate 47 constantly

quoted under that name.

Third comes the true Garrulus, peculiar to the Old World, com-

posed of our common Jay with its five closely-allied (or mere races),

and two other more distinct, though hardly less typical, species ; one

of which, the chief object of the present paper, is certainly by far the

handsomest, if not at the same time the largest, resembling most,

especially by the small, lanceolate, white-shafted feathers of its

throat, with barbs still more disjuncted, Garrulus lanceolatus of Cen-

tral Asia, so well figured by Gould in his ‘Century of Himalayan

Birds’; which may be appreciated also in its adult state under the

name of Garrulus gularis, and in immature plumage under that of

Garrulus Vigorsi among the ‘Illustrations of Indian Zoology.’ Our

new species, notwithstanding its stouter and longer feet, its higher

and much more compressed bill, and elongated square tail, can by no

means be called aberrant.

-(Aves, Pl. XVII.)

Garrutus Liprat, Bp. Rufo-vinaceus; capite colloque ex totis,

alis, cauddque, saturate azureis ; fronte lorisque nigricantibus ;

plumis gule lanceolatis, barbulis disjunctis, rachidibus albis :

tectricibus alarum nigro-fasciolatis : remigibus, rectricibusque

apicem versus nigricantibus, apice ipso albo.

Long. 13 poll.; rostr. 14 poll.; ale 7 poll.; caudee 53; tars. 1'8'".

Typicus ; quamvis ad ActrnopuRAm accedens simul et ad Cyano-

picas!

Rostrum albidum, altum, valde compressum: cauda elongata,

eequalis.

Color azureus capitis et colli sensim in rufo-vinaceum dorsi et ab-

dominis transiens.

Hab. The precise country of this Jay is not known; but Asiatic

as it shows, and all circumstances induce us to believe, it must live

in some very remote and unexplored occidental spot of China or Indo-

China. The specimen described formed part of Baron van der Ca-

pellen’s collection, purchased after the death of that Dutch governor

of Malasia by Prof. van Lidth de Jeude of Utrecht. I detected it last

week during a visit I paid to that most splendid perhaps of private

collections with my learned friend Schlegel *.

* We had a double object in view in visiting Utrecht and the munificent Pro-

fessor, to whom it is more justice than compliment to dedicate his new Jay: 1.

Of admiring the only adult bird in collections of the Japanese Sea-Eagle (Haliae-

The tail alone, strongly rounded, would be sufficient to distinguish

from our new species, and indeed from all others,

GARRULUS LANCEOLATUS, Vig. Cano-vinaceus: pileo genisque

nigris: gula juguloque nigricantibus plumis lanceolatis, rachi-

dibus albis: tectricum alarum minorum exterioribus candidis,

corpori proximioribus nigerrimis absque fasciis: remigibus rec-

tricibusque ceruleis nigro fasciolatis : cauda valde rotundata,

apice alba.

Synonyms.

Garrulus gularis, J. Gr. adult.

Garrulus Vigorsi, J. Gr. juv.

Til. Ind. Zool. i. t.10 & t. 9.

Hab. in Asia centrali, Himalaja.

N.B. The small coverts which in all other Jays are blue banded, in

this are plain black and white (bipartite); which latter colour on the

contrary is wanting on the quills, beautifully striated blue and black

as are the small coverts of the others.

The comparison with this last species was the only one necessary

to establish; but, considering that no little difficulty is met with in

discriminating the different European and Asiatic Jays, and what a

confusion prevails among the synonyms of the remaining, which may

be considered as six races of the same great species, I shall try to take

advantage of my long experience, peculiar fancy for the group, and

especially of the rich collection I now have at my command, in order

to point out their discrepancies.

1. GARRULUS GLANDARIUS, Vieill. Cinereo-vinaceus, dorso or-

bitisque concoloribus: pileo albo-cinereo, plumis elongatis medio

nigris: genis rufescentibus: gula juguloque albis: remigibus

primartis extus basi albis; secundariis obsolete ceruleo-fascio-

latis: rectricibus nigris subfasciolatis. Major: rostrum vali-

dum.

Synonym.

Corvus glandarius, L. &c.

Pl. Enl. 481; Levaill. Parad. t. 40,41; Gould, Eur, t. 214.

Hab. Europ. 8. occ. et m. ab Hispania ad Greeciam.

tus pelagicus, leucopterus aut imperator), whose monstrously powerful bill must

really be thunderstriking! 2. Of ascertaining the supposed new species of Miero-

glossus, of which you may have read in the ‘ Comptes Rendus’ of the French Aca-

demy, and which I am delighted to say proves to be a specimen of the oldest

known, more likely to get the second abolished than a third established. Schle-

gel (whose observations I shall always be happy to collect and profit by) de-

clared that the two species of Microglossi will henceforth stand in precisely the

same relation as the two Coracopsis (which he of course called Vasa) to each other.

But even not considering that result of our investigation, our chief object would

have become the least important, from the great variety of valuable and new ani-

mals we saw on all sides in the newly-built galleries and well-kept museum, espe-

cially among reptiles! And what can I say of the unique collection of fcetuses ?

Even Englishmen could not help being amazed at seeing in the midst of other

wonders, the ELEPHANT and Hrppororamvs bottled up in spirits!

No. CCVI.—Procrepincs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

2. GaRRULUs saponicus, Schlegel. Fusco-vinaceus, dorso con-

colore: pileo albo-cinereo, plumis elongatis maculis nigris ex-

pansis : orbitis, loris, remigibusque primariis basi externe ni-

gris: secundariis ceruleo nigroque distincte fasciatis : rectri-

cibus subunicoloribus.

Synonym.

Garrulus glandarius, var. annoy. sp.? Patrice ignotee, De Filippi,

Cat. Mus. Mediolanens. 1847, sp. 18; Faun. Japonic. Av. t. 43.

Hab. in Japan.

3. GarruLus Krynickit, Kaleniezenko. Cinereo-vinaceus, dorso

orbitisque concoloribus : pileo nigro, plumis elongatis: cervice

rufa: gula, genis, juguloque rufo-cinereis: remigibus secunda-

ris unicoloribus : rectricibus mediis tantum fasciatis cerules-

centibus ad basim. Major: rostrum robustum.

Synonyms.

Corvus glandarius, var. pileo nigro, Hohenacker, Enumeratio Anim.

Schirwan, in Bullet. Soc. Nat. Mose. 1837, p. 141.

Garrulus Krynickii, Kalenicz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1839, p. 319.

t. 14.

Garrulus iliceti, Mus. Lugdun.

Garrulus glandarius melanocephalus, Schleg. Rev. Critig. Ois. Eur.

et Faun. Japon., et G. melanocephalus, Auct. quoad Av. Europ.! nec

Bonelli; Susemihl, Eur. Vog. 11. t. 6.

Hab. in Europa magis orientali et Asia occid. in Regionibus Cau-

casicis et transcaucasicis, Persia boreali, Crimea, Ukrania, Daouria.

4. GARRULUS MELANOCEPHALUS, Bonelli. Cano-vinaceus, dorso

orbitisque concoloribus ; pileo nigro, plumis vix elongatis: cer-

vice rufo-castanea: gula, genisque albis: subtus albido-cinereus :

ceruleo alarum dilutiore, minus extenso: remigibus secundariis

unicoloribus : rectricibus mediis omnino ceruleo-fasciolatis.

Minor : rostrum gracilius.

Synonyms.

Garrulus atricapillus, Geoffr. 1832.

Garrulus iliceti, Mus. Berolin.

Pica stridens, Ehrenb.; Géné, Mem. Acad. Taur. xxxvii. t.1; Le-

vaill. jun. Exp. Alger. Av. t. 6.

Hab. in Africa s. Syria, Arabia.

5. Garruxvus Branptt, Eversm. Vinaceo-rufus, dorso cano ; or-

bitis nigris : abdomine cinnamomeo canescente : pileo rufo-cinna-

momeo, plumis elongatis, viv maculato: remigibus secundariis ex-

terne candidis: rectricibus ad basin tantum obsolete fasciatis.

Synonym.

Garrulus Brandti, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1845 ; Schleg. in Faun. Japon.

p- 83; Brandt, Enum. Anim. Vert. Sib. Occ. p. 25. sp. 104.

Hab. in Sibiria occid. et centr. Mont. Altai.

6. GARRULUS BISPECULARIS, Vig. Cinereo-cinnamomeus, dorso

orbitisque concoloribus : pileo immaculato, plumis vix elongatis :

remigibus secundariis (uti tectrices minores) nigro ceruleoque

fasciolatis.

Synonyms.

Garrulus ornatus, J. Gr. Ill. Ind. Zool. t. 10.

Garrulus bispecularis, Gould, Cent. Himal. B. t. 38.

Hab. in Asia Centrali, Nepal. Mont. Himalay.

N.B.—I do not know Garrulus albifrons, figured by J. Gray on

plate 12 of the second volume of Hardwicke, Ind. Zool. Ill., but not-

withstanding the authority of Hartlaub, judging as he does from the

figure, I have no hesitation in declaring it is not a Jay.

The fourth genus of my Garruline subfamily is Cyanogarrulus, Bp.,

a North American group, dismembered from Cyanocoraz, Boie, for

the distinction of the Blue true Jays with shorter bills, short-tailed

and crested, much more allied to the European Garruli than to the

South American Cyanocoraces. Three species are known : cristatus,

L., Stelleri, Pall., and coronatus, Sw.

Not professing Mr. Strickland’s principles as to the appropriation

of names, we borrow from him the classical one Cyanocitta for a fifth

group, still composed of a dozen species of both Americas, such as

flavidanus, ultramarinus, &e., of which genus we shall say no more

on this occasion, in hopes that such elegant birds tinged with blue

will shortly make their appearance in a peculiar monograph published

in the same style and with the same joint authorship as the mono-

graph of those birds tinged with red, the Loviine, just ready to appear

by the exertions of Dr. Schlegel and myself.

A sixth genus will necessarily be the one to which I restrict Boie’s

name of Cyanocorax, because even by their size and less brilliant

colours they are really Blue Crows, such as C. azureus and violaceus,

which latter, even by its nuchal ornament (beautiful ornamental spot),

shows a passage on one side to ©. ornatus, (which with the other

smaller elegant species, such as armillatus, have again a tendency to

the Jays;) and on the other, by C. cayanus, to the white-tailed spe-

cies, much more crow-like, and which five, as they are, might consti-

tute the group Uroleuca. ;

Then comes seventh, with its yellow tail, my new genus Xanthura,

composed of three South American birds formed and coloured as

Corvus peruvianus, one of which exhibits also the elegant nuchal spot

which so much contributes to show the South American birds con-

nected. The last of Cyanocorax must be the Sandlasiana, so ab-

normal as to deserve perhaps the generic appellation of Cissilopha.

More than ever convinced of the propriety of using old names for

modified groups, I persist of course in retaining that of Cyanurus,

Swainsonian synonym of Cyanocoraz, but recalling attention to the

tail, for the Long-tailed Blue Jays with black bills: of these, two

undescribed species appear to live in the far east of Asia, quite as

beautiful as the two celebrated ones of occidental America, upon which

so many names have been lavished :

1. CyYANURUS BULLOCKI, Bp. Cyaneus, subtus albus: gula, ge-

nis, pectoreque nigris: crista frontali parva: rectricibus dua-

bus mediis mirifice elongatis, lateralibus apice latissime albis.

Synonyms.

Pica Bullocki, Wagl. 1827.

Pica miles, Licht.

Pica formosa, Sw.

Garrula gubernatrix, Temm. Pl. Col. 436.

Psilorhinus gubernatrix, Gr.

Hab. in Mexico.

2. CyaNuRUS COLLIEI, Bp. Cyaneus, subtus cum genis albus ;

torque jugulari nigro: crista sincipitali magna: rectricibus

mediis modice elongatis ; lateralibus apice latissimis albis.

Synonyms.

Garrulus bullocki, dud. nee Wag.

Psilorhinus bullocki, Gv.

Pica Colliei, Vig. Zool. Beechey’s Voy. f. 7.

Garrulus Burneti (err. bernetti, berneti and bennetti), J. Gr.

Garrulus ultramarinus, 4ud. nec Bp. Am. B. t. 96.

Had. in California.

3. Cyanurus parr, Bp. Cyaneus, subtus omnino albus : erista

occipitali longa; rectricibus mediis valde elongatis ; omnibus

apice nigris.

Hab. in Asia magis orientali, Corea.

4, Cyanurus cuso, Bp. Cyaneus, subtus antice niger: crista

nulla: rectricibus mediis valde elongatis ; omnibus apice albis.

Synonym.

San-zjak, Japonens. (which name applies also to the red-billed Calo-

citta sinensis).

Hab. in Asia magis orientali, Corea.

Naturalists acquainted with the two American species will see, in-

dependently of these phrases, how much more strongly the characters

contrast between my two new Asiatic species than between the old

American ones, although in some aspects they may be considered to

bear to each other the same relations. At all events that I should

be excused, if not justified, my Chinese Black-billed Cyanuri must on

every account be followed and supported by Schlegel’s own genus

Biophorus and by its only species Biophorus paradisiacus of the

Fauna Japonica, Av. Suppl. tab. B. Of this splendid bird also the

portrait only has yet reached Europe, taken by a Japanese artist from

the living bird under the eye of the celebrated Siebold, who is war-

rant of its correctness.

The next genus will be that of the red-billed, long-tailed, Blue

Magpies, to which I give the name of Calocitta, not being able to

apply to the group any older than that given to it by my friend Gray

in 1840, though since withdrawn when he had the untoward idea of

making the most unnatural amalgamation of Garruline under his

arrangement of Psilorhinus! Those who call it Cissa are evidently

wrong. I know three Indian species, nor do I believe in many more,

at least among the described. Psilorhinus morio, fuliginosus or mext-

canus, therefore, would have to stand alone, as Riippel probably in-

tended it when he instituted the genus (excellent if not adulterated),

if we had not from Chili a smaller new species as typical as the old

one (Psilorhinus chilensis, Bp.).

Still less than the other intruders can Gymnorhinus eyanocephalus,

Wied, be forced into it, as the name alone ought to have taught. That

name, however, was preoccupied, when, in 1840, the Prince of Neu-

wied proposed it for his new genus: and it was very reluctantly, and

after requesting in vain the author to change it himself, that I was

compelled in 1842 to make it Cyanocephalus, calling the bird Cyano-

cephalus Wiedi, as a small compensation and a testimony of personal

regard to the author, with whom I have long corresponded and pro-

secuted all kinds of satisfactory scientific affairs. Now, in 1850, he

requests me to take his new name of Gymnokitta, and I most willingly

adopt it, hoping that all ornithologists will make an exception to the

rule of priority in this very peculiar case, in which, after all, the

Prince of Wied claims his own genus with a better name.

Intermediate between Garrulus and Pica, we come now to my

Cyanopica, a genus of Blue Magpies about which some English

journalists have chattered like pied (or rather paid) Magpies ! Tsub-

join here the phrases of its three species, that of Vaillant, Pallas, and

Capt. Cook, now Widdrington (so closely allied as to be taken for

three races of but one species), to show they are really distinct,

although the characters hitherto assigned to them by the most clever

and accurate naturalists may have proved inconstant and fallacious.

1. CYANOPICA MELANOCEPHALA, Bp. Capite subcristato, ex

toto cum guld nigro: dorso cerulescenti: rectricibus omnibus

albo terminatis.

Synonyms.

Corvus cyaneus, Lath., Vieill.

Pica melanocephalos, Wagl.

Cyanopica Vaillanti, Bp. in litt.; Levaillant, Ois. Afr. t. 58.

Hab. in China,

2. Cyanopica cYANEA, Bp. Capite levi, supra tantum nigro-

chalybeo : dorso cinereo-vinaceo, nucha vie canescente: rectri-

cibus lateralibus apice tantum albis, mediis valde elongatis late

albo terminatis.

Synonyms.

Corvus cyaneus, Pall.

Pica cyanea, Wagl., Schleg.

Cyanopica Pallasi, Bp. in litt. ; Faun. Japon. t. 42.

Hab. in Asia orientali, Daouria, Japan.

“Yh ys

3. Cyanopica cooxi, Bp. Capite levi, supra tantum nigro-

chalybeo : dorso cano-rubello, nucha albicante: rectricibus

lateralibus late albo terminatis, mediis modice elongatis vix

apice albis.

Synonyms.

Pica cyanea, Cook.

Pie bleue d’ Europe, Schlegel (Cyanopica europeea).

Cyanopolius Cooki, Bp. Brit. Assoc. Birmingh. 1849 ; Gould, Eur.

t. 217; Susemihl, Eur. Vog. t.

Hab. in Eur. mer. Hispania.

We are thus arrived to the genus Pica, Br., or true Magpie (the

pied long-tailed), which, as we observed from the beginning, must

close the Garruline series, which it connects with the Corvide, show-

ing as much affinity to those larger Crows as the first of the Jays do

to the smaller Shrikes or Laniide. Of such Magpies we know eight

species perfectly typical and quite close to each other, whilst two

birds still allowed to remain in it are abnormal, each deserving of a

genus by itself: to both these birds, however different in form and

colour, the name of Corvus caledonicus has been applied, one of which

is the slender-billed, more jay-like Pica albicollis, Vieill., Garrula

torquata of the ‘ Pl. Col.’ of Temminck, to which the generic name of

Streptocitta might be applied; whilst I propose that the name of

Gazila (so congenial in this our family), applied to the legitimate

Corvus caledonicus, should honour the person and perpetuate the

martyrdom of a highly refined and scientific ecclesiastical friend of

humanity, the lost victim of clerical machinations !

2. MonoGRAPH OF SPHZENIA, A GENUS OF LAMELLIBRANCHIATE

Moxuvusca. By ArtHur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

(Mollusca, Pl. X.)

In the unrivalled Collection of Mr. Cuming is a group of Bivalve

shells, which appear to be neither Mya nor Corbula, but partaking of

the characters of each. The animal, which is also preserved in spi-

rits, resembles that of Coréula in having short united siphons, a small

compressed foot, and in the mantle being closed, with the exception

of an anterior elliptic opening; the shells, however, have the hinge of

Mya, but do not gape at both extremities. The only genus, there-

fore, into which they resolve themselves is Sphenia of Turton, which,

with the hinge of Mya, gapes only at one end, and which moreover

is deprived of a long coriaceous siphon. Mr. Hanley has published

one species in the ‘ Zoological Proceedings,’ under the name of Mya

semistriata, and M. Deshayes another, under that of Corbula decus-

sata, in the ‘ Magazin de Zoologie,’ 1844, and I had described a

third, under the name of Spitenia Mindorensis, in the ‘ Zoology of

the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang ;’ and to these I now add several

other large exotic species collected by Mr. Cuming.

)

Frmted by Hullmandel & Walon

W.Wing del Wing bd

SpH2niA, Turton.

Animal ovatum ; pallium antice clausum, preter aperturam pro

pede parvo digitiformi sulco byssali instructo ; siphones con-

nati usque ad eatremitates, orificia cirrata ; sipho analis val-

vuld tubulari membranaced extra orificium productd.

Testa oblonga, inequivalva, inequilateralis, magis minusve postice

hians ; levis, vel rugosa, epidermide tecta ; umbones incurvatt ;

cardo dente laminari dilatato erecto in valvuld sinistrd, alveo

convenienti in valvuld dextrd; ligamentum internum ; impres-

siones pallit sinu parvo.

Animal ovate; mantle closed in front, except an opening for the

passage of a small digitiform foot furnished with a byssal groove ;

siphons united to their extremities, their orifices cirrated ; anal siphon

with a tubular membranous valve projecting beyond the orifice.

Shell oblong, inequivalve, inequilateral, more or less gaping poste-

riorly ; surface of the valves smooth or rugose, covered with an epi-

dermis; beaks incurved ; hinge composed of an erect, dilated, laminar

tooth in one valve, with a corresponding pit in the other; ligament

internal ; pallial impression with a slight sinuation.

Spuanza Bincuamt, Turton. S. testd inequivalvd, inequila-

terali, ovato-trigonali, transversim concentricé sulcatd, epider-

mide olivaceo tectd; latere antico breviore, rotundato, postico

longiore, hiante, subtruncato ; impressione pallit sinu subpro-

fundo, rotundato ; dente cardinis valvule sinistre posticé sub-

sinuato.

Hab. in littoribus Britannicis.

Shell inequivalve, inequilateral, ovately trigonal, transversely con-

centrically sulcated, covered with an olivaceous epidermis; anterior

side shortest, rounded, posterior side longest, gaping, subtruncate ;

sinus of pallial impression rather deep and rounded ; tooth of left valve

posteriorly sinuated.

Had. British islands.

SpH=NIA DECusSATA, Deshayes, sp. S. ¢estd ovato-oblongd, sub-

equilateral, postice truncatd, subrostratd, rostro basique ob-

lique carinatd, albd, stris longitudinalibus, transversisque

tenuissime decussatd ; umbonibus magnis, oppositis ; dente car-

dinali magno, obliquo, compresso in valvd sinistrd, in valvd

dextrd foveold profundd, marginatd.

Hab. in Sumatre maribus.

Shell ovately-oblong, subequilateral, posteriorly truncated, sub-

rostrate, beak and base obliquely carinated, white, very finely decus-

sated with longitudinal and transverse strie ; umbones large, oppo-

site; cardinal tooth large, oblique, compressed in the left valve, in

the right valve a deep marginated pit.

Hab. Seas of Sumatra.

SpHENIA SEMISTRIATA, Hanley, sp. 8. festd albd, transversd,.

ovali, inequilaterali, concentrice striata ; latere antico breviore,

valde convexo, levi; postico longiore, angustiore, truncato, ra-

diatim striato ; margine ventrali in medio sinuoso, posticé an-

gulato, antice rotundato.

Hab. 2

Shell white, transverse, oval, inequilateral, concentrically striated ;

anterior side shortest, very convex, smooth ; posterior side the longest,

narrower, truncated and radiately striated ; ventral margin sinuated

in the a ee posteriorly, rounded anteriorly.

Hab.

This species have sculpture similar to Sp. princeps, but the valves

are more gibbous, especially at the anterior part; the shell is much

thinner, and the general outline different.

Mya semistriata, Hanley, Zool. Proc. 1843.

SpH2nia princers, Adams. S. testd magnd, albd, transversd,

ovali, inequilaterali, concentricé striatd ; latere antico, longiore,

rotundato, levi; postico breviore, angustato, subtruncato, radia-

tim sulcatd ; margine ventrali arcuato, integro; impressione

palliali vix sinuatd ; dente cardinis emarginato.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell large, white, transverse, oval, inequilateral, concentrically

transversely striated ; anterior side longest, rounded and smooth ;

posterior side shortest, narrow, subtruncated and radiately sulcated ;

ventral margin arcuated and entire ; pallial impression with a slight

sinus; hinge with the edge of the cardinal tooth of the left valve

emarginate.

Hab. Philippine Islands; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

SpH2nraA ELLIPTICA, Adams. _ S. testd transversd, ovali, sub-

equilateral, albd, fragili, utrinque rotundatd, epidermide tenui

partim obtectd, concentricé striatd ; latere antico levi, postico

radiatim striato ; impressione pallii vix sinuatd ; dente cardi-

nis sepe valde antice fisso.

Hab. in Australasia.

Shell transverse, oval, subequilateral, white, fragile, rounded at

both ends, partially covered with a slight epidermis, concentrically

striated ; anterior side smooth, posterior side radiately sulcated ;

sinus of pallial impression very shallow; hinge with the tooth of the

left valve often deeply fissured anteriorly so as to exhibit an apparent

distinct anterior tooth.

Hab. Sydney, 4 fathoms, mud ; Mr. F. Strange. (Mus. Cuming.)

Mus. Hanley.

SpH2ENIA DECURTATA, Adams. S. testd transversd, ovali, sub-

equilaterali, albd, concentricé transversim sulcatd; longitudina-

liter tenuissimée radiatim striatd; anticé latiore, rotundatd,

postice angustatd, angulatd, abrupte truncatd ; margine ventrali

arcuato, integro ; impressione pallii sinu parvo ; dente cardinis

anticé valde fisso.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis. 3

Shell transverse, oval, subequilateral, white, transversely concentri-

“ANIL SMIVHd

HSOONAOD SOANIOVIAHL” *

DHT Ie [HP FLOM

TAX eye wmureyy "SZ ‘001g

cally sulcated ; longitudinally very finely radiately striated ; anteriorly

rounded and wider, posteriorly narrower, angulated and abruptly

truncated ; ventral margin arched, entire ; pallial impression with a

small sinus; hinge with the tooth of the left valve deeply fissured

anteriorly.

Hab. Catanuan, province of Tayabas, island of Luzon, in sand at

low water; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.) .

SPHENIA PHILIPPINARUM, Adams. S. testd ovali, transversd,

subinequivalvd, albd, tenut, ventricosd, inequilaterali ; latere

antico longiore, rotundato, levi ; postico breviore, radiatim

striato, vix truncato; epidermide fusco tenui tectd; margine

ventrali interdum subsinuato ; impressione palliali sinu parvo ;

dente cardinis valvule sinistre trilobato.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

Shell oval, transverse, slightly inequivalve, thin, white, ventricose,

inequilateral ; anterior side longest, rounded, smooth ; posterior side

shortest, radiately striated, slightly truncated and covered with a very

thin brown epidermis ; ventral margin sometimes slightly sinuated ;

pallial impression with a small sinus; hinge with the cardinal tooth

of the left valve trilobate. (Mollusca, Pl. X. fig. 7—9.)

Hab. Sibunga, island of Zebu, fine sand, 30 fathoms ; H.C. Bay

of Manila, clayey sand, 6 fathoms; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

Spuania Riprecyu, Adams. S. testd transverso-elongatd, trans-

verse striatd, epidermide fusco tectd; latere antico breviore,

rotundato, gibboso, obsolete radiatim striato ; postico longiore,

angustiore, subrostrato, truncato; dente cardinis valvule

sinistre subsinuato.

Hab. in Mari Rubro.

Shell transversely elongated, covered with a reddish-brown epider-

mis, transversely striated ; anterior side the shortest, rounded, gib-

bose, obsoletely radiately striated ; posterior side narrower, rather

beaked, widely gaping and truncate; tooth of left valve slightly

uated.

Hab. Red Sea; Dr. Riippell.

SpHeNiA MINDORENSIS, Adams and Reeve.

Foy. Zool. Samarang, t. 25. £13. aa ‘rye )

May 14, 1850.

William Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary stated that, through the liberality of Ronald Gunn,

Esq., and Dr. Grant, of Launceston, the Menagerie had been en-

riched by the safe arrival of two living specimens of Thylacinus cyno-

cephalus (Mammalia, Pl. XVIII.) : and he read the following letter

in reference to this most valuable and interesting gift, which has

added one of the rarest and most difficult forms to the series of

Marsupials which have hitherto been exhibited in the Gardens :—

“ Launceston, Van Diemen’s Land, 29th December, 1849.

“«‘Srr,—I have shipped on board the barque Stirlingshire, Chris".

Gwatkin, master, two living Thylacines (male and female) for the

Zoological Society of London, and which I trust will reach you

alive and well. Captain Gwatkin, whom I have known for some years,

has promised his utmost personal care and attention to them during

the passage home. I have put on board twelve fat sheep (together

with hay for their sustenance) as sea-stores for the Thylacines, and

have made every arrangement I could think of to ensure their safe

arrival in London.

“T have had the female in confinement for upwards of six months,

and it has become sufficiently tame to permit its head to be scratched,

or to be otherwise touched through the bars of its prison, without

showing any anger or irritation. The male, for which the Society is

indebted to my friend Dr. James Grant of Launceston, was only

caught a month ago. We placed it at once with the female, with

which it seems upon the best of terms, but it is not yet so familiar

with the presence of man. I have purposely kept their cage close to

the side of a path where many of my servants pass daily, and where my

children are in the habit of playing, and I find that beyond a hissing

noise made by the male, they do not seem at all disturbed by any one

going close to them.

«T have fed them exclusively upon mutton. They prefer the

parts containing bones, and do not seem to relish the liver, heart,

lights, &e.

‘* Both these animals have been caught in snares upon the upper

part of the St. Patrick’s River, about thirty miles N.E. of Laun-

ceston.

“The female, which was first caught, was placed for some time in

a small unfinished house at the St. Patrick’s until I could devise means

of getting her down here; and when I sent a trustworthy person up

for her, he assured me that she was excessively agile—springing from

the floor to the top of the walls, 6 to 8 feet, and from joist to joist near

the roof with the activity of a cat. He also informed me that the

Thylacine will not eat the Wombat, an animal exceedingly abundant

on the St. Patrick’s River, and with which they attempted to feed it

during the month it was there, previous to my having it brought down

to my residence. Otherwise I have not had any great opportunity

of observing any peculiar habits.

«‘ Both Dr. Grant and I continue to offer high rewards for living

specimens, and you shall have all the benefit of our success, whatever

it may be. The great increase of sheep in all directions obliges the

shepherds to destroy them by every possible means, and they are

rarely caught alive, or if so caught, are killed whilst in the snares.

I am therefore more than usually anxious that these should reach

you safely, and I have offered the Captain a proportionate reward for

their delivery alive.

“OEM %

Teopreunmy Aq porarsy

TAL? PPITEM

‘NIX Seay

IX Seay SZ Old

** An observation of mine, contained in a letter to Sir W. Hooker,

and which was not meant for publication, has been misunderstood,

and has led to the propagation of error—for which I am very sorry.

In it I said the Thylacine’s tail was not compressed—in reference to

an observation of Mr. Swainson’s in the ‘ Encyclopzedia of Geography’

(then recently published), that the tail of the Thylacine was com-

pressed, which suggested the supposition that it was used in swimming,

&c. It was to the latter part of this observation that my remarks

were particularly applied (vide Annals of Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 101-2),

and I meant that the tail was not compressed to such an extent as to

have justified the inference that it was useful in swimming ; and thus

that the animal obtained its food principally from the sea, which the

paragraph in the ‘ Encyclopedia of Geography’ implied. The tail is

obviously slightly compressed, but not, I think, more so than the

tails of the Dasyures, to which aquatic habits are not attributed. In

writing hurriedly—and not for publication—I did not express myself

with the precision I ought to have done. I mainly wished to point

out that the tail would not justify the inference of Mr. Swamson

(which I thought very far strained), that the animal was aquatic in

its habits and piscivorous. Pray set me right whenever you have an

opportunity.

** T beg to remain, Sir, yours very faithfully,

“Ronap C. Gunn.”

“D. W. Mitchell, Esq., Secretary Zoological Society.”

The Secretary then called the attention of the meeting to three

eggs of the Wedge-tailed Eagle of Australia, Aquila audaz, Lath.,

which had been recently laid in the Menagerie (Aves, Pl. XIX.),

and which were probably the only perfect specimens yet known.

The same female had produced two eggs in the spring of 1849, but

they were immediately destroyed either by herself or the male, as

fragments only were discovered by the keeper.

The following papers were read :-—

1. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW Birps. By J. Gouxp, F.R.S. &c. &e.

(Aves, Pl. XX.)

It is no less interesting than true, that during the past two years we

have had accessions in ornithology of no ordinary value ; comprising

as they do additional species of several anomalous forms, of each of

which only one was previously known ; for instance, we have a second

species of the genera Apteryx, Menura, and Ptiloris. On the present

occasion I have the good fortune to offer to the notice of this Meet-

ing new species of two forms, equal in interest to those above referred

to, viz. that of Cephalopterus, a form known to all as being American,

and of which the type is the remarkable species Cephalopterus orna-

tus, commonly called the Umbrella Bird. The discovery of a second

species of this form is due to the researches of M. Warzewickz, a

gentleman who has just returned from Central America, after traver-

sing parts of that country hitherto untrodden by Europeans: it was

in the high Cordilliera of Chiriqué in Veragua, at an elevation of

8000 feet, that this bird was found, and of which the individual now

exhibited was the only one procured.

CEPHALOPTERUS GLABRICOLLIS. (Aves, Pl. XX.)

This new species differs in many particulars from its congener, par-

ticularly in its smaller size, in the lesser development of its umbrella-

like hood, and in its denuded fore-neck and chest, and in the ab-

sence of feathers on the base of the tab or appendage at the basal

part of the neck. M. Warzewickz describes the bare part of the

neck to be reddish orange, and the bare base of the tab as bright red.

This fine bird forms part of the collection of T. B. Wilson, Esq., of

Philadelphia.

Independently of the novelty just described, M. Warzewickz brought

me six species of Humming Birds entirely new to science ; these, with

some other new species of the same group, I propose to characterize

at a future meeting.

By Lord Gifford, who has recently returned from a journey in

Thibet, ornithology has been enriched by the discovery of a new

species of Syrrhaptes, a form as extraordinary in its way as that of

any of those above noticed ; the new species is finer both in size and

colouring than the Syrrhaptes paradoxus ; it was shot on the banks

of the Stumerrerri Lake, where two examples were seen, but un-

fortunately only one was procured ; it appears to be an adult male,

for which I propose the name of

SyYRRHAPTES TIBETANUS.

Face hoary ; front and sides of the neck ochreous yellow ; feathers

of the head and nape brown at the base, and alternately barred at

the tip with black and white ; upper part of the back, front and

sides of the breast buffy white, crossed by narrow irregular bars of

blackish brown ; all the upper surface and wings buff, pencilled all

over with dark brown, the pencillings being conspicuous on the back,

and so minute on the wings as to be almost imperceptible ; scapularies

largely blotched on their inner webs with black; primaries and

secondaries slaty black, the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth

primaries with an oblique mark of brownish white at the tip ; basal

half of the two centre tail-feathers buff, pencilled with brown, their

apical half narrow, filamentous and black ; lateral tail-feathers sandy

red, crossed by three widely placed irregular bands of black, and

tipped with buffy white; under surface buffy white, minutely pen-

cilled on the breast with brown; legs of the same hue, but the

feathers banded with faint bars of brown ; bill and nails black.

Total length, 151 inches; bill, $; wing, 10; tail, 71; tarsi, 1.

Hab, Ladakh in Thibet.

Remark. Distinguished from the S. paradoxus by its much larger

size, by the primaries not being extended into the filamentous form

so remarkable in that species, and by the absence of any black colour-

ing on the breast.

Pmnted by Hnlmandel & Walton

The only example which has come under my notice is in the posses-

sion of the Rt. Hon. the Lord Gifford, to whom I am indebted for per-

mission to include a figure of it in my work on the ‘ Birds of Asia.’

Extraordinary as have beeti the new species discovered during the

last few years, of that remarkable group the Ramphastide, no one is

more singular than the bird which I now submit to the notice of the

Meeting ; it may be regarded as an evidence that all the members

of the group are not yet known to us, and that the productions of

the rich forests of the Cordillerian Andes appear to be inexhaustible.

It had long been my intention to propose a generic name for the

Andean group of Toucans, characterized by the dense villose clothing

of the under surface, the colouring of which is of a uniform tint, in-

stead of being crossed by bars of black, red and yellow as in the

typical Pteroglossi; and at no moment could such a step be more

appropriately taken than at the present, when characterizing a new

species of this section, for which, indicative of the country in which

the members are found, I propose the generic term of Andigena, and

for the new species, 4. /aminirostris; the other species pertaining to

this genus are 4. hypoglaucus, A. nigrirostris, A. cucullatus, and

A, Baillonit. The new species 4. laminirostris, which is distin-

guished by the yellow lamine near the base of the upper mandible,

is the property of Dr. T. B. Wilson of Philadelphia, to whom and to

his brother, E. Wilson, Esq., I am indebted for permission to de-

scribe this fine bird; the native habitat of which is the forests at the

base of Pichincha, a high mountain of Ecuador.

Genus ANDIGENA.

Gen. Char.—Bill stout, swollen, and moderately large when com-

pared with the bill of the true Pteroglossi; wings and tail very

similar to those of Adulacorhynchus. General plumage long, loose,

and hair-like.

The species belonging to this genus are—

Andigena hypoglaucus (Pteroglossus hypoglaueus, Gould).

cucullatus (Pteroglossus cucullatus, Gould).

nigrirostris (Pteroglossus nigrirostris, Waterh.).

laminirostris, Gould.

Bailloni (Pteroglossus Bailloni, Wag].).

All are characterized by a uniform wash of colour on the under sur-

face, in lieu of the bars of rich red and black so conspicuous in the

true Pteroglossi.

ANDIGENA LAMINIROSTRIS.

Crown of the head and back of the neck deep black ; upper sur-

face golden brown; primaries black; rump pale sulphur-yellow;

upper tail-coverts very dark green ; tail dark slaty grey, four central

feathers largely tipped with chestnut-red ; under surface ashy blue ;

on either flank a large patch of rich yellow; thighs deep chestnut ;

under tail-coverts blood-red ; orbits apparently orange ; culmen and

apical half of both mandibles black ; a broad band on the base of

the upper mandible and the basal half of the lower mandible deep

blood-red ; on either side of the upper mandible, immediately in front

of the blood-red basal band, is a large buff-coloured plate or lamina,

continuous with the structure of the billat its base, but separate and

detached in front, thin on its upper edge, but thicker and projecting

beyond the edge of the mandible below ; feet slaty blue.

Total length, 18 inches; bill, 33; wing, 63; tail, 63; tarsi, 1}.

Hab. Neighbourhood of Quito.

Remark. The only example I have seen belongs to the collection

of T. B. Wilson, Esq., of Philadelphia, and which has been kindly

lent to me by his brother Edward Wilson, Esq., to enrich my Mono-

graph of the Ramphastide.

Equally inexhaustible appear to be the Odontophorine or Par-

tridges of America, for in the.rich Museum of Leyden, I lately found

a species which was previously unknown to me ; it pertains to the

genus Odontophorus, and I propose for it the name of Odontophorus

Columbianus.

ODONTOPHORUS COLUMBIANUS.

Crown of the head brown, minutely freckled with black ; back of

the neck washed with rufous ; over each eye an indistinct mottled

stripe; throat white, irregularly spotted, especially on the sides, with

black ; upper surface brown, washed with grey on the centre of the

feathers, each of which is delicately pencilled with black, and has a

narrow stripe of buff, bounded on each side by a narrower one of

black, down the centre; those of the scapularies and wing-coverts

have moreover a large patch of rich dark brown on the inner web

near the tip, bounded above by two narrow lines, one of buff, the

other of dark brown ; primaries brown ; secondaries brown, freckled

and barred with dark brown, and washed with rufous; tertiaries

brown, washed with grey and rufous, freckled with black, having a

broad V-shaped mark of black near the tip, and broadly margined

and tipped internally with deep buff; under surface reddish brown,

each feather with a large irregularly-shaped mark of white margined

with black near the tip ; under tail-coverts, and vent mottled reddish

brown and sandy buff; bill black ; feet lead-colour.

Total length, 11 inches; bill, 1; wing, 53; tail, 23; tarsi, 2 ;

middle toe and nail, 21.

Hab. Caraccas.

Remark.—The fine specimen gracing the Museum at Leyden was

transmitted by M. Landsberger, Netherlands Consul at Caraccas.

There is also another specimen, from, I believe, the same locality,

which differs in having the under surface of a nearly uniform greyish

brown, with here and there a few of the white marks so conspicuous

in the bird above described; it is also of a somewhat smaller size,

but notwithstanding these differences, the two birds appear to be one

and the same species.

The O. Columbianus has a stouter bill, and is of a larger size than

O. dentatus, but is smaller than O. Balliviani, to which it is most

nearly allied.

‘s

ea”

ee ee

‘SOIVUENAS SNIFONVIOd

AY esopnuuy:'S 7 001

Leaving America and India, and proceeding to Australia, I return

to a country which has so long engaged my attention, to characterize

a new genus of small creeping Insessorial Birds, nearly allied to the

genera Hylacola and Dasyornis, under the name of Pycnoptilus, of

which at present only a single specimen is known, and to which I

beg to assign the specific name of floccosa ; it is from New South

Wales and the country towards the river Darling.

Genus PycnopriLus.

Gen. Char.—Bill much shorter than the head; gonys and culmen

gradually descending ; upper mandible notched at the tip ; nostrils

covered with a distinct operculum; base of the bill beset with very

fine feeble hairs; wings very short, round and concave, the sixth

primary the longest ; ¢a7/ short, rounded, feathers very broad and of

a soft texture ; ¢arsi strong, and somewhat lengthened compared with

the size of the bird ; hind-toe strong, and armed with a rather long

claw ; fore toes and nails rather feeble, the outer and inner toes of

ce length ; plumage dense, lengthened and silky, especially on the

anks.

PycnoptTiLus FLOCCOSUS.

All the upper surface, wings and tail rich brown; throat and

breast sandy buff, the feathers of the latter with a crescent of brown

near the tip; remainder of the under surface brown, approaching to

white on the centre of the abdomen ; under tail-coverts rusty red ;

bill and feet dark brown.

Total length, 63 inches; bill, £; wing, 23; tail, 23; tarsi, 14.

Hab. New South Wales.

Remark.—Received in a collection made on the upper part of the

river Morumbidgee.

This form is somewhat allied to Atrichia, Hylacola and Dasyornis,

but differs from all those genera in several particulars.

I cannot conclude this paper descriptive of several new and im-

portant birds, without congratulating. the Society upon the means

they possess of making known to the scientific world through their

Proceedings and Transactions, spread far and wide as they are, not

only over our own country, but I may say over the world, the many

interesting objects which from time to time are brought before their

Meetings ; neither must I omit to bear testimony to the high estima-

tion in which they are held by all the continental naturalists and

every true lover of scientific research.

2. DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO SPECIES OF CRUSTACEA IN THE

British Museum. By Apam Wuire, Assistant Zoou.

Dep. Brit. Mus.

PoraMosBivs sERRATUS. (Annulosa, Pl. XV.)

Cancer serratus, Shaw, Zoology of New Holland, t. 8.

Beak shorter than the peduncle of the outer antennze, with three

teeth on the outside, above hollowed and slightly grooved down the

middle, edges over the eyes considerably thickened. Hands, outside

with a double row of serratures extending to near the end of the fixed

claw; inside edge serrated with four teeth and one tooth at the end ;

moveable claw with six or seven teeth placed irregularly but chiefly

on the ridge ; claws elongated, inner edge with a few bluntish teeth,

the end somewhat hooked. Wrist with each of the lateral edges

furnished with two strong teeth or spines. Carapace smooth along

the back ; the sides of the front portion with a few spines, which on

the lower part are almost reduced to tubercles; hinder part of the

carapace separated from the front portion by a very deep groove, each

of the sides in front with two spines; the sides of this portion are

thickly covered with tubercles, which increase in size as they approach

the back. Abdomen smooth on the dorsal line, the sides spined ;

the first segment with a large prominent spine on each side of the

first segment ; second segment with twelve or thirteen spines, four or

five on each edge of the dilated part, the other two larger and situated

on the sides; the spines are more or less conical and sharp, the one

on each side nearest the back blunt; the third, fourth and fifth seg-

ments with eight spines each, placed transversely, the two inner

bluntest ; the sixth segment with ten or eleven small spines or

tubercles ; the seventh or terminal segment with seventeen or eighteen

small sharp spines arranged in a crescent-like figure, the convexity

being outwards. The two posterior pairs of legs with the penultimate

joint on the outside furnished with two rows of serratures.

Carapace and legs in the dead specimen of a dirty yellowish brown

hue, tinged on the carapace with red. In Dr. Shaw’s figure, which

slightly differs from Pl. XV., this crayfish is coloured of a bright red,

the sides of the claws, carapace and abdomen, are tinged with blue ;

the specimens, however, were preserved in spirits. Dr. Shaw does

not mention from what part of New Holland the specimens described

by him were received ; I cannot find any trace of them, neither does

any author that I am aware of refer to his figure or description.

The species comes closest to the Potamobius (Astacus) Franklinii,

described with three other Australian species of the same genus by

My. Gray, in the Appendix to Eyre’s Discoveries in Central Austra-

lia, vol. i. p. 409, t. 3. f. 1.

The specimen in the British Museum was found by Mr. Strange

in freshwater creeks, Brisbane Water. Mr. Leicester informs me

that the species is not uncommon also in the Richmond River.

GONODACTYLUS CULTRITER, N. sp.

(Annulosa, Pl. XVI. fig. 1, 2.)

In a Chinese collection, part of which was acquired by the British

Museum, there occurs a Gonodactylus quite distinct from any of the

species of this genus which have been described. This species enters

into the second section of Prof. Milne-Edwards, in which the rostral

plate is rounded, or scarcely pointed, in front. From the elevated

compressed process on the seventh abdominal ring, this species may

be called G. cultrifer.

The sides of the carapace are very thin and membranaceous. The

rostral plate is wider than long, but not so wide as in the G. scyl-

1-2. GONODACTYLUS CULTRIFER ae

8-5. ACANTHONOTUS TESTUDO . ae

larus, neither is the tip so much deflexed as in that species. The

raptorial legs are rather slender, and are considerably compressed, the

base of the terminal joint is very slightly thickened, the terminal part

elongated and knife-shaped, the inner edge with two teeth; tarsi of

the three last pair of legs styliform ; abdomen with the lateral mar-

gins of the first five segments thin and membranaceous, the fifth with

a notch at the hind angle; the sixth segment with six slight crests

terminating in short spines, the two middle approximating; the seventh

segment with a sharp crest which rises nearly as high above its dor-

sal surface, as the space between its base and the edge of the segment ;

the end of this crest is pointed; the marginal teeth of the seventh

segment are long and sharp, and have a slight ridge behind; the

penultimate joint of the outer branch of the appendages to the sixth

ring long, and furnished on the outer edge with a series of nine spines,

which are depressed, and cover each other at the base. In the G.

scyllarus there are twelve of these spines.

This species is about four inches long; in its dry state the greater

part of the upper surface is tinged with a reddish hue, and along the

middle of the back there is a pale line.

The species of the genus Gonopactytus are,—1. G. chiragra;

2. G. scyllarus; 3. G. Edwardsii, Berthold, Act. Gottingen. 1845,

t.3.f.6; 4. G. eultrifer; 5. G. styliferus; 6. G. graphurus; 7. G.

trispinosus. The G. Edwardsii is the species met with in nearly

every box of insects and fish imported from China.

On the same plate with the G. cultrifer is figured an Amphipod,

which may be the species figured by Colonel Montagu in the ninth

volume of the ‘Linnean Transactions,’ t. 5. f. 5, under the name of

Oniscus Testudo. I have named this on the plate dcanthonotus Tes-

tudo: it belongs to Prof. Owen’s genus Acanthonotus: in the British

Museum it bears Dr. Leach’s manuscript name, Vertumnus Cranchii.

The head is produced and pointed between the antennz, and instead

of the small number of segments assigned by Colonel Montagu to his

Oniscus, there is the normal number of the various genera of Amphi-

poda.

3. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW PUPINA AND TWO NEW HELICINAS,

FROM THE COLLECTION or H. Cumine, Esa. By Dr. L.

PFEIFFER.

1. Puprna sruineuis, Pfr. P. testd oblongo-ovatd, tenui, pellu-

cidd, nitidd, corned; spird sensim attenuatd, obtusiusculd ;

suturd impressd, viz callosd ; anfractibus 6, supremis 3 converis,

confertim striatis, sequentibus subplanis, levigatis, ultimo 4 lon-

gitudinis paulo superante ; aperturd verticali, subcirculari, bi-

canaliculatd, canali utroque aperto, ascendente, supero lamind

validd, linguiformi, triangulari formato; peristomate subincras-

sato, breviter expanso, margine columellari plano, linguiformi,

acuto.

Long. 10, diam. 5 millim.

Hab. in Australia orientali.

No. CCVII.—Procrepineés or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

2. Hexicina intuspiicata, Pfr. H. testd depresso-globosd,

tenuiusculd, levigatd, nitidd, carned; spird breviter conoided,

viz acuminatd ; anfractibus fere 5 convexiusculis, celeriter ac-

erescentibus, ultimo rotundato, basi planiusculo; columelld rece-

dente, pland, retrorsum in callum tenuem dilatatd; apertura

parum obliqud, semiovali-subtriangulari, altiore quam latd, ad

columellam angulatd et plicd intus fere ad marginem decurrente

munitd ; peristomate simplice, breviter expanso, margine basali

ad columellam subangulato.

Diam. 10, alt. 74 millim.

Locality unkown.

3. Hexicina piapHANA, Pfr. H. testd subconoideo-depressd,

tenui, oblique striatuld, diaphand, nitiduld, fulvo-lutescente ;

spird subelevatd, apice obtusd ; anfractibus 4 planiusculis, ul-

timo obsolete subangulato ; columelld brevissimd, basi sub-

nodosd, in callum circumscriptum, sub lente granulatum retror-

sum dilatatd; aperturd subobliqud, semilunari; peristomate

simplice, breviter expanso, margine basali leviter arcuato, in

nodulum columellarem sensim transiente.

Diam. 5, altit. 33 mill.

Tab. Honduras ; Mr. Dyson.

May 28, 1850.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The Secretary reported, that on the morning of the 25th of May

he had the gratification of finding, on the arrival of the Peninsular

and Oriental Company’s steamer “Ripon” at Southampton, that the

preparations which had been made in that vessel, and the precautions

which had been taken by the Hon. C. A. Murray, for the safe trans-

port of the Hippopotamus, had been eminently successful.

The animal had been assiduously attended during the voyage by

Hamet Saafi Canana, to whom he had been entrusted since his arrival

in Cairo on the 14th of November 1849, and towards whom he ex-

hibits a very marked attachment. Mr. Murray, having returned to

England in the “ Ripon,” had continued to direct this interesting

undertaking to its final success. Captain Moresby and the officers of

the “Ripon” had given every facility and assistance in their power

throughout the voyage; and, owing to the liberal provision which

had been made both in Egypt and at Malta, the supply of fresh water

required for the animal’s bath had been constant and abundant.

The Hippopotamus was shut into his house with Hamet about

10 o'clock a.m. The house was then hoisted by a tackle from the

main deck, and safely lowered to a railway truck on the quay at the

New Dock. As soon as the other animals were landed, and arranged

for the journey to London, they were conveyed by special train to

Nine Elms, and ultimately reached the Garden at 10 p.m.

The house in which the Hippopotamus and Hamet were inclosed

having been taken from the waggon, the animal readily followed

Hamet, ‘on the door being opened, to the building which had been

prepared for him. He had now been twelve hours out of the water ;

and as soon as he discovered the bath, which had been filled in

anticipation of his arrival, he plunged into it with the most evi-

dent enjoyment. (Mammalia, PI. XIX.) After this he fed freely

on warm milk and meal, without exhibiting the slightest symptoms

of fatigue, or of discomposure at the new situation in which he was

laced.

: The remainder of the collection, which had been gathered together

by the unceasing energy of Mr. Murray, included— :

Felis leo, 2.

» jubatus, go.

>» Cchaus.

Genetta pallida, Gray.

Viverra civetta.

Herpestes ichneumon.

Canis niloticus.

Capra nubiana.

Gazella dorcas.

Sus aper, 9.

Dipus egyptius.

Gerbillus melanura.

ig tenuis.

Gyps fulvus.

Otogyps auricularis.

Casarca rutila.

Pelecanus crispus.

8 onocrotalus.

Psammosaurus griseus.

Gongylus ocellatus.

Scincus vulgaris.

Cerastes Hasselquistii.

Naia hae.

Coluber Cliffordii.

Liryx jaculus.

Of these, the Lioness, the Chetah, the Ibex and the Wild Hog were

gifts to the Society from H.H. the Viceroy, in addition to the Hip-

popotamus.

As if to make the 25th a still more memorable day in the annals of

the Menagerie, another collection arrived within an hour of that which

has been thus briefly mentioned. Lord Harris, Governor of Trinidad,

desirous of making the opportunities of his important station available

for the advancement of science at home, transmitted under the care

of a trustworthy agent, and as a gift to the Society, a box of skins,

which will be exhibited at a future meeting, and some beautiful living

animals, among which there have arrived remarkable examples of the

following species :—

100

Lagothri« Humboldtii.

Chiropotes satanas.

Penelope pipile.

as cristata.

Boa constrictor.

The imperfect knowledge which we possessof the zoology of Trinidad,

and the proximity of that island to the Spanish Main, where so many

interesting forms abound, render the support of Lord Harris a most

valuable addition to the strength of the Society; and it is to be

earnestly hoped that the liberal and unhesitating manner in which

his Lordship, as well as the Governor of Singapore, have acceded to

the applications which were made to them for assistance in promoting

scientific objects, will be rivalled by the governors of our other colo-

nies, who have necessarily effectual means of conferring the most im-

portant aid towards the progress of zoological inquiry.

The following papers were read :—

1. On SuHark Fisnine at KurracHee. In A LETTER FROM

Dr. Buist, LL.D., F.R.S. erc., or Bompay, TO COLONEL

Sykes. (CommunicatTeD By CoLoNeL Syxkes*.)

There are thirteen large boats, with crews

of twelve men each, constantly employed in

the shark fishery at Kurrachee ; the value of

the fins sent to market varying from 15,000 ‘

to 18,000 rupees, or 1000 to 1200 rupees for

each boat, after allowing the Banian or factor

his profit. One boat will sometimes capture

at a draught as many as one hundred sharks

of different sizes. The fishermen are very

averse to revealing the amount of their cap-

tures. Inquiries of this sort are supposed

by them to be made exclusively for the pur-

pose of taxation. The average capture of

each boat probably amounts to about 3000,

so as to give the whole sharks captured at not

less than 40,000 a year. The Great Basking

Shark, or Mhor, is always harpooned : it is

found floating or asleep near the surface of

the water; it is then stuck with a harpoon

: dy ae ‘ Line, 600 fathoms.

of the size and form indicated in the annexed Gangistates aire

Iron shaft, 1 foot 6 inches.

woodcut. Barb, 5 inches.

The fish, once struck, is allowed to run ;

till tired ; it is then pulled in, and beaten with clubs till stunned. A

large hook is now hooked into its eyes or nostrils, or wherever it

* Dr. Buist’s informant wrote from Kurrachee, in Scinde, to Dr. Buist in Bom-

bay; who sent the analysis of the letter to Colonel Sykes; and Dr. Buist added

the export of sharks’ fins from Bombay.—W. H. §

101

can be got most easily attached, and by this the shark is towed on

shore ; several boats are requisite for towing. The Mhor is often

40, sometimes 60 feet in length; the mouth is occasionally 4 feet

wide.

All other varieties of shark are caught in nets, in somewhat like

the way in which herrings are caught at home. The net is made of

strong English whip-cord ; the meshes about six inches; they are

generally 6 feet wide, and from 600 to 800 fathoms, or from three-

quarters to nearly a mile, in length. On the one side are floats of

wood about 4 feet in length, at intervals of 6 feet ; on the other,

pieces of stone. The nets are sunk in deep water, from 80 to 150

feet, well out at sea. They are put in one day and taken out the

next ; so that they are down two or three times a week, according to

the state of the weather and success of the fishing. The lesser sharks

are commonly found dead, the larger ones much exhausted. On

being taken home, the back fins, the only ones used, are cut off, and

dried on the sands in the sun; the flesh is cut off in long strips, and

salted for food; the liver is taken out, and boiled down for oil; the

head, bones and intestines left on the shore to rot, or thrown into the

sea, where numberless little sharks are generally on the watch to eat

up the remains of their kindred.

The fishermen themselves are only concerned in the capture of the

Sharks. So soon as they are landed, they are purchased up by

Banians, on whose account all the other operations are performed.

The Banians collect them in quantities, and transmit them to agents

in Bombay, by whom they are sold for shipment to China..

Not only are the fins of all the ordinary varieties of Shark pre-

pared for the market, but those of the Saw-fish, of the Cat-fish, and

of some varieties of Ray or Skate: the latter indeed acquires almost

the size, aspect, and the form of the shark. The Cat-fish, known

here by the same name as at home, has a head very like that of its

European congener, from which it differs in all other respects most

remarkably. The skin is of a tawny yellowish-brown, shading from

dark brown on the back to dirty yellow on the belly. It is beauti-

fully covered all over with spots of the shape and size of those of the

leopard, similarly arranged.

The fishermen along these coasts are divided into four great castes,

over each of which a head man or Jemadar presides: 1. Koolies ;

2. Bundarries; 3. Sarras; 4. One great Jemadar, or chief,

rules supreme in the craft over all these fisher castes. Our informers

at Kurrachee were a chief of one of the castes and his brother, two

of the finest men I ever saw. They were 6 feet 3 inches each, pro-

perly made, and muscular in proportion, hut not overgrown. They

had brown beards, long black hair and bushy eyebrows, with fine

white teeth, a singular openness of countenance and pleasingness of

expression. They seemed greatly flattered by our inquiries, and

most willing to give information on every pomt but one, that of

the amount of sharks caught. They were quite delighted with the

sketches I made of their boats and implements.

102

Sharks’ Fins exported from Bombay, chiefly to China, 1845-46.

Weight, 8771 ewt. 50 lbs. Value, 182,316 rupees.

The following are some of the entries of imports of sharks’ fins

into Bombay in 1845-46 :—

Weight. Value.

ewts. lbs. rupees.

African Coast ........ 104 28 2,118

Arabian Gulf.......... 1493 98 30,786

Malabar ........ PD 10,757

Cutch and Scinde...... 1149 98 25,076

AGEACHER. coche ccc sss cece 589 81 13,096

ICOTIKAM cs. coer tetas 692 44 14,118

2. DescRIPTION OF A NEW CRUSTACEAN.

By W. Barrp, M.D., F.L.S. erc.

Cypripina Zeatanpica. (Annulosa, Pl. XVII.)

The valves of the carapace are of an oval form, somewhat flattened,

but convex in the centre, and concentrically striated. The striz are

numerous, close-set, and of a waved appearance. The surface of the

valves is covered with minute punctations, which probably give origin

in the fresh state to short hairs, though they are not visible in the

dried specimens. The anterior extremity is slightly narrower than

the posterior. The whole carapace is of a uniform white colour.

The natural size is about one-fourth of an inch in length and one-

fifth of ani inch in breadth.

Two specimens were sent to the British Museum by the Rev. R.

Taylor of Waimati, New Zealand, along with a collection of marine

and freshwater shells, but without any history attached to them.

3. CoNTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANATOMY OF THE TAPIR.

By H. N. Turner, Jun.

A young American Tapir having unfortunately died in the Society’s

establishment, I have been enabled, through the kindness of Mr.

Mitchell, to make some interesting observations on the structure of

that animal; and I now propose to notice a few points, which I be-

lieve to be hitherto unrecorded, calling attention at the same time to

certain interesting resemblances, both external and internal, existing

between this form and those to which the more philosophic principles

of modern zoology have proved that it is most nearly allied. Per-

haps I may be permitted to recall the fact, that it was through the

preference formerly given to those accounts which assigned to the

Tapir a complex stomach, that Cuvier was led to abandon that me-

thod of subdividing the Ungulata, which Professor Owen has since

shown to be the true one, and which, in the paper that I last had the

honour to communicate, I have endeavoured still further to support.

It is very possible that Cuvier, had no accounts of the anatomy of

the Tapir been extant, might have followed up and established his

original idea; for on external examination alone, characters fully suf-

103

ficient are presented to indicate the group to which it should be re-

ferred. The fore-foot, although from its having four toes it is appa-

rently an exception to the Perissodactyle type, yet shows at a glance

that the medius is the digit on which the body most immediately

rests, instead of its being supported equally upon that and the annu-

laris, which is the constantly prevailing character in the even-toed

division. In the Tapir the annularis shares with the index a second-

rate part in the function of support ; and the little finger seems quite

pushed aside, so that its presence is no more a true exception than is

the absence of the corresponding toe in the hind-foot of the Peccary,

where the even number is destroyed by being reduced to three. As

in the other Perissodactyla, the Tapir has the prepuce short and

wide, not reaching, as in the Artiodactyla, to the middle of the abdo-

men; and the penis (which is described by Professor Owen) resem-

bles that of the Horse in being short, thick, and truncated. Another

interesting external resemblance to the Horse is the elevated crest

upon the neck, remarked upon by naturalists for its greater develop-

ment in this, the common species, as a point of distinction from that

discovered by M. Roulin in the mountainous districts of their habitat.

This appendage, which adds greatly, in our domestic animal, to his

characteristic majesty of form, has precisely the same structure in

the Tapir, presenting, when cut into, the same hard fibrous substance

well interspersed with fat.

With regard to the organs of digestion, I have scarcely anything

to add to the observations already published. The small intestines

in this specimen were about 12 yards long ; and the fine villi, which

clothe their internal surface, were, in the duodenal portion, tipped

with a dark pigment. The caecum was more than a foot long, and

the fold of the colon 2 feet ; the caecum contained, like the stomach,

large quantities of undigested food, while in the small intestines was

little else but fluid chyle. The salivary organs, as usual in the Un-

gulata, are very largely developed ; the parotids being of great extent,

joining each other beneath, in front of the neck, and reaching up on

each side to surround the base of the auricle. The molar glands,

situated between the buccinator muscle and the mucous lining of the

mouth, form a conglomerate mass, opening between two elevated

ridges by a series of pores.

The generative organs, internally as well as externally, present a

general conformity to the type usual in the Perissodactyla ; but as the

individual was young, it is perhaps as well to defer the publication of

any details until they can be confirmed by the dissection of a fully-

developed specimen.

A remarkable anatomical character, which I find the Tapir to

possess in common with the Horse, is the singular membranous sac

communicating with the Eustachian tube*. It is placed beneath the

ear, between the stylohyal bone and the base of the sphenoid, and

is of an irregular form, being accommodated to the parts adjacent ;

the tube itself runs as a groove along part of the upper surface of the

sac, and opens into the posterior nares.

* They are called “ guttural pouches” by veterinary anatomists.

104

Nasal bones and cartilages of the American Tapir.

The dissection of the proboscis Fig. 1.

has afforded some points of inter- =

est. A brief description of its gene- p

ral structure, derived only from the y

dissection of a foetus, is given by ig

Cuvier in the ‘Leconsd’Anatomie |

Comparée,’ but some remarkable}

details seem not as yet to have jf}

been noticed. The deep notch on \\}

each side of the base of the pro- \Vj

jecting nasal bones, which forms \t

so striking a characteristic in the

skull, may be very readily, and

probably always has been, pre- Z

sumed to be intended for muscu- t FZ

lar attachment ; but its real office

is to lodge the posterior termina- , y

tion of the lateral cartilage of the \

nose. These lateral cartilages, \ ]

arising from that of the septum 4

immediately beneath the ossa nasi, /

proceed outwards as usual, but the

{

edge curls inwards, forming one

entire convolution, of which the

outer part forms posteriorly a flat-

tened tube with a blind extremity, ‘ j

curved upwards, and its termina- ‘7’

tion lodged in the notch alluded §

to. From the edge, which is of

course concealed, a thickened l-

near prominence is continued up-

wards within the commencement

of the blind tube, but, instead of

following its curve, terminates in a rounded extremity. There is no

trace whatever of the alar cartilages, the remainder of the proboscis

being entirely of a soft substance. With the addition of the pair of

Superior aspect.

Fig. 2.

Lateral aspect.—A portion of the outer wall of the cartilage cut away to show the

internal convolution.

105

special levator muscles, noticed both by Cuvier and by Professor

Owen, in the possession of which the Tapir again resembles the

Horse, the muscles of this organ are arranged upon the usual type.

Their fibres radiate from a point just before the eye, some running

backwards to form the orbicularis palpebrarum ;' others spreading

upwards to the top of the proboscis, forming the compressor nasi ;

others proceeding downwards and forwards, to constitute the levator

labii superioris alzeque nasi. The depressor of the proboscis, and the

orbicularis oris, are well developed, the latter muscle being very thick,

especially in the under lip.

I have yet seen nothing to shake my opinion, that the structure of

the larynx will one day become of great importance to the zoologist,

although at present my opportunities have been far from sufficient to

enable me to point out which peculiarities in its formation are truly

characteristic of certain groups. In this case, therefore, I limit myself

to the comparison of it with such as my collection possesses, namely

with that of the Horse, as a near ally, and with those of the Peceary

and the Sheep, as members of the other great Ungulate division.

The os hyoides has the characters usual in the order ; its stylohyal

pieces agree with those of the Horse in being very narrow at their

junction with the lesser cornua, and gradually widening, the reverse

being the case in the Peccary and the Sheep. The latter animal,

however, like most ruminants, has an intermediate piece at the junc-

tion of the stylohyal and the lesser cornu. The Tapir wants the

sudden expansion of the upper end of the stylohyal, which is common

in the Ungulata, and differs remarkably from the Horse in the small

development of the true basihyal, and in the total absence of the

strong epihyal process. The thyroid cartilage, however, agrees pre-

cisely with that of the Horse in the great obliquity of its alz, in its

median portion being much thickened above, and very deeply emar-

ginated below ; the Peccary and the Sheep presenting the reverse of

each of these characters. The cricoid and arytenoid cartilages do not

present any essential points of difference; but in the Peccary the

cricoid is very peculiar in having its anterior part drawn down, so as

to encroach upon four of the tracheal rings, and deeply emarginated

above. In the interior of the larynx the Tapir has the superior and

inferior ligaments well-marked, though not very prominent ; the

latter, or chordz vocales, are slight, but sharp, folds in the mucous

membrane ; the former are thickened anteriorly. Just at the base

of the epiglottis is a pair of arched openings, each leading into a small

sinus, which extends upwards beneath the base of the epiglottis and

inward thickening of the thyroid cartilage, and downwards in front

of the anterior attachments of the superior ligaments. The Horse

has, like the Tapir, a fossa excavated in the thickened upper part of

the thyroid cartilage ; and it would appear from Cuvier’s remarks

(who, however, had but a drawing to inspect), that the Rhinoceros

has something similar. The Tapir entirely wants the lateral sacs

observable in the Horse.

The muscles of this organ are arranged as usual. The homologues

of the sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles arise, as in some other

106

animals, from the first pair of ribs and their ‘cartilages ; the latter

muscles are but narrow. There is no separate stylohyoideus, the

digastricus giving some fibres to the os hyoides. The Tapir also pos-

sesses the muscle whose fibres (to use the words of Cuvier) fill a por-

tion of the interval of the two cornua of the same side. There is a

double pair of thyro-arytenoid muscles, the upper being partly con-

tinuous with the transverse arytenoid muscle, and forming a powerful

constrictor of the glottis.

The muscles of the limbs formed also a portion of my investiga-

tions ; but to point out all their peculiarities would involve the repe-

tition of many that are known to be common to the Ungulata. A

peculiar muscle arises near the top of the scapula, and covering the

supraspinatus, joins the complex muscle formed by the union of the

cleidomastoideus with portions of the trapezius and deltoid, called by

the French anatomists ‘muscle commun de la téte, de l’encolure, et

du bras.”’ The levator scapulee and pectoralis minor are wanting, as

in the Horse. The coracobrachialis is a long slender muscle, reaching

nearly to the inner condyle of the humerus. The brachialis anticus

arises from the whole of the rounded posterior side of the humerus,

immediately below its head; it consequently embraces and twists

round this bone, to proceed to its usual insertion. The anconeus

seems to be wanting, or confounded with the triceps. In the fore-

arm, we find the pronator teres represented by a small bundle of fibres

closely adherent to a tendinous ligament, which extends from the

inner condyle of the humerus all down the sharp edge of the radius.

In the hand, the special muscles of the outer toe are all well-deve-

loped. In the posterior extremity, the soleus is wanting, and the

tibialis posticus is wanting also. The flexor longus pollicis is here,

as in all the lower animals, the principal flexor of the toes, arising

principally from the fibula, which is here well-developed, and receiving

the small tendon of the flexor longus digitorum, after both have passed

the ankle in their usual places. j

All the organs were perfectly healthy, but the large veins were full

of very dark blood, and considerable clots of fibrine were found, not

only in the veins and heart, but even in the aorta.- Numerous bruises,

received in its journey from Liverpool, disfigured the exterior of the

animal, and probably assisted, with the unusual coldness of the

weather, in causing its premature demise.

4, On THE Icuana or S™ Luctra, Metoroceros CORNUTUS

oF WacuER. By Lieut. Tyuer, R.E.

(Reptilia, Pl. III.)

This species attains a length of five, and sometimes even of six feet,

the tail being about twice and three-quarters the length of the body.

When first hatched it measures four inches. The tail is thick at its

commencement, and is so connected with the body that it becomes

difficult to define precisely their respective limits. The fore and

hind legs are thick and muscular, with five toes on each, armed with

strong hooked talons, by any one of which the animal can support

SOHAOTONIHY VNVNDI

Taprey uNN we PG day’ oN ¥ PIOZ

DTM TP’ PIT HD

Ti eumdey g Z c01g

;

107

itself. Of the fore-legs the third and fourth toes are the longest ;

and of the hind-legs the fourth toe is of an enormous length, and has

five joints. Under the toes the scales form a double row of denticu-

lations. The nostrils are large, oval, and not mobile, and above them

are two horns, with five or six tuberculous excrescences between them

and the nostrils, and surrounding the horns. The mouth is large,

and armed with two rows of maxillary and two of palatal teeth, which

appear simply to be intended to crop leaves and to provide the sto-

mach with vegetable food. Each maxillary tooth is a little double-

edged saw, and they are so lapped over each other that the reptile,

in closing its mouth upon a leaf, cuts through it completely. The

tongue is divided at the point, is very wide, and can be extended out

of the mouth, although it is fastened to the interior of the lower jaw

near its extremity. ‘The tongue is curiously used by the animal to

draw food into the mouth, and to forward it down the gullet, or to

repel it at will, and the only use of the palatal teeth appears to be to

secure the food while the tongue moves forward to afford fresh assist-

ance in its journey down the throat*. Between the lower jaw and

the chest is a pouch, which the animal draws in or extends simulta-

neously with the compression or swelling out of the body when en-

raged or excited. The portion of the gular pouch attached to the

jaw is inflatable, and food is sometimes retained im it for a consider-

able period, but the lower part is merely extensible. On the anterior

part of this pouch or dewlap, and immediately below the jaw, are

from five to seven denticulations similar in substance and colour to

the dorsal crest, but not so long.

This crest or mane commences behind the head, with three or four

excrescences of different sizes, then suddenly becomes, in larger Igua-

nas, an inch and a half or two inches in Jength, and runs uninter-

ruptedly down the back and tail, gradually diminishing, excepting

above the commencement of the tail, where a slight increase again

takes place, until, at the extremity of the tail, it is undistinguishable.

The dorsal crest consists of about fifty protuberances, and the caudal

crest of about 218, each of the latter becoming gradually harder as

they decrease in height, and so altering their shape as to resemble,

down the greater part of the tail, the edge of a saw.

The ear is covered by a thin scale, which gives to the touch, but

does not seem sensitive. There is no external opening, nor does the

sense of hearing appear to be very acute or much used by the animal,

who trusts more to the eye to discover both his food and his enemies.

The eye is bright. and prominent, and is protected by an inner

cuticle as well as the lower eyelid; the upper lid not moving to aid

in covering it, but only when the direction of sight is altered in a

perpendicular direction. There are soft brows over the eyes of a

spherical shape, and projecting above the remainder of the upper part

of the head.

The general colour is bright green in the young and dirty grey

in the old Iguanas, with about six black streaks across the body and

* The tongue is always covered by a glutinous secretion, which is perceptibly

appended to the jaws when the mouth is open.

108

fifteen across the tail, each streak being darker towards the head, and

gradually shaded off towards the tail. These streaks extend over the

dorsal and caudal crests, which partake entirely of the variegations

of the body in the younger, but, in the older individuals, are tipped

with red and yellowish brown at their bases and extremities. These

black streaks do not unite under the belly or under the anterior part

of the tail, but towards the extremity of the tail they gradually elon-

gate and become more dull, encircling the tail, and at last becoming

hardly discernible, mixing with the green or grey into one dull tint.

The dewlap, as well as the folding skin in front of the shoulder,

connected with it, is interspersed with black and yellowish brown, of

which colours the denticulations of the dewlap also partake. The

upper part of the head is of a darker and richer green in the young,

fading as the animal advances in years, and becomes weather-beaten,

as is the case with the human species, and with all animal and vege-

table life. The whole of the under part of the body is of a lighter

colour in both old and young. The female has a more delicate colour

and general appearance than the male.

Whilst always retaiming the same colours, this Iguana has the power

of considerably changing his hues, but these changes are gradually

performed. The colours become more dull as the period of the

change of skin approaches, which is not, however, frequent. Each

scale has its own tint, and the colours being thus irregularly blended,

an appearance is given, particularly to the younger reptiles, very much

hike that of worsted-work. The colour of the eye is dark brown, the

pupil being surrounded by a golden rim.

Every part of this curious reptile is covered with scales, and these

are of every variety of shape and size. Those on the top of the head

are large, smooth, and unequal; between them and the mouth runs

a row of smaller scales, while the mouth itself is surrounded, both in

the upper and lower jaw, by large scales terminated at the extremity

between the nostrils, by one large brownish and softer seale in the

upper jaw, and a similar though smaller scale meeting it in the lower

jaw. From this latter, and below those immediately surrounding the

mouth, is a range of scales or rather plates, each larger than its pre-

decessor, terminated on either side by a very large plate under the

auricle. Below this row of scales is the gular pouch (Fanon) covered

by small, smooth scales. The eye is protected above by small, smooth,

unequal scales, which also form part of the covering of the top of the

head. The scales of the lower eyelid are peculiarly small and deli-

cate ; and a row of semispherical scales, resembling somewhat a string

of small pearls on each lid, surrounds the eye. At the back of the

head the scales become tuberculous, and a few on each side of the

neck assume a pyramidal or rather a conical form. The scales of

the neck and back are almost circular, but nearer the tail they become

rhomboidal and carinated, their posterior points elongating, and their

centres projecting more and more, both above and below, as they reach

the extremity of the tail, so as to give it the form of a many-edged

saw, the most severe edge being that presented by the caudal crest.

The scales above the fore-legs are equal, carinated, and imbricated,

109

assuming, at the foot and along the toes, a convex and smooth ap-

pearance. Under the fore-legs they are smaller, and peculiarly so at

the joints and under the feet; the most delicate, however, are those

under the leg, and connecting it with the body. The hind-legs are

similarly clothed to the fore-legs, excepting that they are provided

with a single row of femoral pores, fourteen or fifteen in number, and

which increase in size with the growth of the reptile. These pores

are large and fully developed in the male, but small and sometimes

even hardly perceptible in the female.

The scales of the belly are very different from those of the back,

being larger, equal, and carinated, although generally worn almost

smooth in the old individuals. They are divided by a distinct line

from the termination of the dewlap to the vent.

The Iguanas live principally in trees, and near the windward coast

of the island. They are not much seen excepting in the months of

February, March, and April, when they quit their hiding-places, and

repair to the sea-shore or other sandy places to lay their eggs in the

sand. The older females lay a great number of eggs; I have known

an instance of one in confinement laying five in one day ; and thirty-

two, within the space of ten minutes, five days afterwards, making

thirty-seven in all. I have taken the eggs from the bellies of small

females in less numbers, such as eight, fourteen, and seventeen. They

are not found in successive stages of advancement as in the hen, the

tortoise, and many other animals, but all of the same size, and arrived

at the same degree of maturity. Nor are the eggs always disposed,

as I have seen it stated, in two rows, one on each side of the belly of

the female. When very small, they are arranged in a long irregular

cluster, closely packed together, and they seem to retain the same

relative position as they increase in size. The eggs are very liable

to destruction from ants, which fact probably accounts for their being

usually deposited in sea sand. They are also hunted for and eaten

by the Pilori (Mus pilorides), or “Rat Musqué,” and by a bird

called the “Trembler.” They are soft and without any white, and

their shell resembles the most beautiful kid used for French gloves,

of a very light straw-colour. They are about the size of those of a

pigeon, but rather longer; they vary however in dimensions, accord-

ing to the age and size of the Iguana.

This Iguana is not averse to water, when not too cold, taking to it

only when the sun is shining ; in fact, not moving about much at any

other time. Its mode of swimming differs from that of other lizards,

inasmuch as it places its four legs close by the side of its body, and

swims entirely with its tail. It dives with great facility, and remains

sometimes for a considerable time under water. I believe that the

Iguana never ventures into the sea. The tail is a very valuable limb ;

for besides being the sole means of swimming possessed by the ani-

mal, it is‘of great use in climbing trees, although not prehensile ; and

it is a most important weapon of defence, a blow from it being fre-

quently sufficient to inflict a severe wound. In fact, this reptile is

rather formidable when brought to bay in the woods. It is hunted

110

by the natives with dogs trained for the purpose. The dog imme-

diately upon scenting it gives tongue, and if on the ground, the dog

seizes it by the back, and either kills it or maims it, which makes its

capture easy ; if ina tree, the Iguana is either shaken down, a matter

ordinarily of no small difficulty, or the branch is cut off. It is almost

useless to attempt to find these reptiles without dogs, as the resem-

blance of their, colour to that of the trees they inhabit prevents them

from being easily seen. Few dogs but those accustomed to the sport

will touch them, as, in addition to the blows which they inflict with

their tails, they bite and scratch furiously ; and when once they lay

hold of anything with their teeth, they can only be made to let go by

an inducement to bite, some other attractive object being offered to

them. They run into holes when chased, if an opportunity offers,

and when their eyes are hidden from view, they fancy that their whole

body is safely covered. The flesh, particularly of the female, is a

great delicacy ; it is cooked in various ways, sometimes in a fricassee,

with the eggs whole, sometimes roasted or stewed. The eggs have a

very glutinous taste. The flesh is said to disagree with some con-

stitutions, although it does not, I believe, as has been asserted, dis-

agree peculiarly with those persons who have been affected with vene-

real diseases.

This Iguana is said by some of the natives to eat lizards and in-

sects, but I have opened several, and I have never succeeded in find-

ing any but vegetable matter in the stomach, sometimes, however,

covered with imumerable small worms, the eggs of which must

doubtless have been swallowed with the leaves, fruit, or bark of

trees, upon which, I conceive, it feeds entirely.

Unless caught young, it is very difficult to induce these reptiles to

feed in confinement, and particularly when watched. Their dispo-

sition is sulky and savage, and I have known some of them die in

confinement from starvation rather than feed. This has caused me

to try the following plan, which I find very successful, of affording

them nourishment. I hold them by the lower part of the body with

one hand, and with the other I irritate them, until they open their

mouths and attempt to bite, when I insert food; and by annoying

them in this way, I have not only made them eat their natural food,

but I have killed some of them by forcing them to eat corn, and

leaves which appear to have disagreed with them.

This Iguana has a small rounded heart, reddish lungs, an oblong

gall-bladder, a large dark-coloured flat liver, and a white, and very ex-

tensible oblong stomach.

111

June 11, 1850.

W. Spence, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. SyNopsiIs OF THE SPECIES OF ANTELOPES AND STREPSICERES,

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES. By J. E.

Gray, Esa., F.R.S., P.B.S. etc.

(Mammalia, Pl. XX.)

The genera in this Synopsis are arranged after the plan, first sug-

gested in a paper on the genera of the Hollow-horned Ruminants

(Bovide) in the ‘ Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ xviil. 227.

ANTELOPES.

The Antelopes contain a large number of species separated into

several genera, which may be arranged in the following sections :—

I. The ANTELOPES OF THE FiELps have a tapering nose, with

the nostrils bald within.

1. The True Antelopes are light-bodied and limbed, and small-

hoofed, with a short or moderate tail covered with elongated hair to

the base ; horns lyrate or conical.

2. The Cervine Antelopes are large-sized, rather heavy-bodied and

large-hoofed, and have an elongated tail with short hair at the base

and tufted at the end; horns lyrate or conical. (See p. 128.)

3. The Caprine Antelopes are heavy-bodied and limbed, and large-

hoofed, with a very short, depressed tail covered with hair to the

base; horns conical. (See p. 135.)

II. The ANTELOPES OF THE SANDY Deserts have a broad nose,

and the nostrils lined with bristles within.

4. The Equine Antelopes have the nose very broad, soft, spongy,

and bristly. (See p. 138.)

5. The Bovine Antelopes have the nose moderately broad, with a

black, moist muffle. (See p. 139.)

I. The ANTELOPEs OF THE FriELDs. Nose tapering, the nostrils

bald within, close together in front and diverging behind.

1. The True AnTELopes. Body moderate-sized, elegant; legs

slender ; tail moderately elongate, hairy ; horns placed over the eye-

brows.

112

a. Horns lyrate (or rarely cylindrical, subspiral\, strongly ringed

at the base; nose ovine, without any naked muffle ; deep in-

guinal pouches ; and tear-bag generally well-developed.

1. Sarea.

Horns short, strong, annulated, lyrate, white; nose very high,

compressed, rounded ; nostrils very close together ; tear-bag distinct ;

fur soft.

1. Sarga Tatarica. The Couus or Saica.

Pale yellowish, crown and back greyish washed ; belly and anal

region beneath the tail white; young, crown greyer.

Capra Tatarica, Linn. 8. N. 97.—Antilope Saiga, Pallas.—Ibex

imberbis, Gmelin.—Antilope Colus, H. Smith.—Colus Strabonis,

Gesner.—Colus Tartarica, Wagner.—Cervicapra, sp. Blainv.—Saiga

tatarica, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 3.

Inhabits Siberia. Cab. Brit. Mus.

2. Kemas.

Horns elongated, rather lyrate ; nose with a dilated pouch on each

side; tear-bag distinct? hair close, erect, spreading ; nose-hole of

skull very large ; females hornless.

1. Kemas Hopcsonu. The Currv.

Pale brown; chest, belly and inside of the limbs white; front of

face and front of legs blackish.

Antilope Hodgsonii, Abel—A. Kemas, H. Smith (not horns,

t. 181. f. 6).—A. Chiru, Lesson.—Kemas Hodgsonii, Gray, Knows-

ley Menag. 3.

Inhabits Thibet. Cab. Brit. Mus.

3. Gazeta, H. Smith.

Horns strong, lyrate, black ; face tapering ; nose simple ; tear-bag

distinct ; fur short, close-pressed. Females with smaller horns ; teats

four.

* Knees with tufts ; back and rump brown, vent white.

+ Lower part of side with a dark oblique streak ; feet with a tuft

of black hair beneath.

1. Gazetxa Dorcas. The GAzeL_e.

Fur rather elongate and harsh, grey brown; outside of fore legs,

broad oblique streak along the side, edge of anal dise, front of face

and face-streak, dark brown ; face-streak, throat, chest, belly, inside

of thigh and anal dise, white ; tuft at under side of feet and end of tail

black ; knee-tufts blackish ; young, back and side-streak rather paler.

Capra Dorcas, Linn.— Antilope Dorcas, Pallas ; Licht. 3. t. 5.—

A. Gazella, Pallas. —Gazella Kevella, H. Smith, 2? .—G. Corinna,

H. Smith, 2 .— Gazelle, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 22-25. ¢ .—Kevel, Buf-

fon, H. N. xii. t. 26. ¢. not F. Cuvier.—Corinne, Buffon, H. N. xii.

t. 27.9. t. 30 (not F. Cuvier); Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. .—Kevel

gris, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 3.—Antilope Cora, H. Smith.—

113

A. Arabica, Hemprich and Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. t. 5 ; Licht. Saugth.

t. 6.—A. Cuvieri, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 35; Frazer, Zool.

Typica, t.

Var. Nose with a dark spot or streak.

Var. Larger, legs thicker.

Gazella Dorcas, var. Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 3.

Inhabits N. Africa; shore of Red Sea; Mogador (Wilishire).

The Earl of Derby has specimens which he calls Gazella vera,

figured Knowsley Menag. t. 3; they are rather larger, greyer, and

the legs are much thicker and heavier than the specimens from the

shore of the Red Sea. The fur is similar, but not quite so long on

the under side of the neck. The Kevel gris (F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith.)

well represents this variety.

The A. Cuvieri of Ogilby, from Morocco, is a much larger animal

than the common G. Dorcas, but agrees with it in other characters,

except, it is said, in having longer ears.

M. F. Cuvier (Mam. Lithog. vii. t. 8. 9 .) has figured and described

an Antelope from Sennaar under the name 4. leptoceros, which he

says is very like 4. Dorcas, but has larger horns, those of the males

being twice and of the females half as long again as the head. The

horns vary greatly in length in our specimens.

tt Upper part of sides with a pale streak.

2. Gazetva Isapetta. The IsaBeLya GAZELLE.

Fur short, very soft ; pale yellowish brown, with a broad, rather

paler oblique streak on the upper part of the side; knee-tufts, front

of face and lower face-streak, darker yellow brown ; upper face-streak,

chest, back edge of tarsus, under side of feet, inside of limbs, helly

and vent, white ; tail black. Female, horns very slender, longer than

the head. Young, paler, the lower part of the sides rather darker.

Gazella Isabella, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846.— Anti-

lope Iridis (Die Iris Antelope), Licht.—A. Dorcas, Licht. Darstell.

t. 5.—A. Dorcas, var. a. Sundevall.

Inhabits N. Africa ; Egypt (J. Burton, Esq.), Kordofan (Sundev.).

This species is easily known from the foregoing by the softness and

fineness of the fur, and the lower side-streak being of the same colour

as the back, and from it and the following by having no dark edge to

the anal disc.

3. GAZELLA suBGUTTUROSA. The JAIRON.

Pale brown ; upper part of sides with a broad, rather paler streak ;

crown and knee-tufts greyer ; face-streak indistinct ; nose, lower part

of sides, belly, hinder side of fore and front side of hinder limbs and

anal dise white ; streak on haunches dark brown ; end of tail blackish.

Antilope subgutturosa, Guldenst.; Pallas; H. Smith, Griff. A. K.

t. 183. f. 5, horns.—Capra Ahu, Keemp.—A. Dorcas, var. persica,

Riippell.— Gazella subgutturosa, Gray, K. Men. 4.

Inhabits Tartary, Armenia and North Persia. Cab. Brit. Mus.

Larger than the Chikara.

No. CCVIII.—Proceepineés or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society,

114

*k* Knees with tufts ; rump mark and throat-spots white : no dark

side-streak ; tail slender, compressed, only hairy above (Dama,

Bennett).

4. GAazELLA SOEMMERINGII. The AByssInrIAN Mour.

Pale brown; nose, forehead and lower edge of face-streak and end

of tail blackish; chest and belly, angular mark on rump above the

tail, face-streak and spot on the throat white; limbs pale. Female,

forehead paler in the centre.

Antilope Soemmeringii, Cretzchm. in Riippell, Zool. Atlas, t. 19 g.

— Gazella Soemmeringii, Gray, K. M. 5.

‘ Inhabits Lower Abyssinia; Sennaar. Brit. Mus.

5. GAzELLA Mour. The Mour.

Bay ; chin, spot on throat, chest, belly, edge and inside of limbs

and angular spot on rump above the tail white; spot on side of face

and end of tail black.

Antilope Mohr, Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. i. t. 8; Knight,

M.A.N.f. .—d. Dama, var. occidentalis, Sundevall.—Gazella

Morr, Gray, K. M. 5.

Inhabits Morocco. Mus. Zool. Soc. Portendic. There called

Seni-ci (Mr. Whitfield). Mus. Brit.

The specimen in the Frankfort Museum, which was received from

the Zoological Society, is one-third smaller than the Andra. It is

brown, rump mark, lower part of the sides, belly, inside and edge of

legs white, face iron-grey with longer hair at the base of the horns;

horns large, thick, the face-streak indistinct from the pale colour of

the head.

There is a fine specimen of this species living at Knowsley, and a

female which died on the passage in the British Museum.

6. GazeLua Dama. The NANGEvR.

Bay ; chin, spot on throat, belly, lower part of sides and hinder

part of the back, inside of the limbs white; no spot on side of the

face.

Antilope Dama, Pallas.—Gazella Dama, Gray, K. M. 5.—A. ru-

bra, Afzelius.—Nangeur, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 32. f. 3. t. 34.

Inhabits W. Africa; Senegal.

Not seen since Buffon’s time; may be a bad figure of the former.

7. GAZELLA RUFICOLLIS. The ANDRA.

Whitish ; neck and front part of the middle of the back reddish ;

no face-streak.

Antilope ruficollis, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 205.—A. Andra, Ben-

nett.—d. Dama, Licht. Saugth. t.3, 4; Riippell, Zool. Atlas, t. 14,

16; Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys. t. 6.—<d. Dama, var. orientalis, Sun-

devall.—Gazella ruficollis, Gray, K. M. 5.

Var. Young? with an indistinct narrow brown streak across the

outside of the thighs, and the forehead iron-grey, with longer hair at

the base of the horns; horns small. Mus. Frankfort.

115

Inhabits North Africa; Kordofan. Brit. Mus. 2.

These species differ in size as well as markings. The Mohr and

Andra differ from G. Soemmeringii in being of much larger size, and

in wanting the black face and streaks. Bemnett’s Mofr has only an

angular white spot on the rump, like G. Soemmeringii ; Buffon’s

Nangeur is smaller, and has more white on the rump, thighs and

sides; and the Andra, which agrees with the figures cited, is almost

all white, with a reddish neck and withers.

**** Knees without tufts (but with rather longer hair, forming a

linear keel in front); back and rump brown; sides with

dark streak.

8. GAzELLA RuFIFRONS. The Korin.

Bay brown ; sides above paler, with broad dark streak below ; tail

black ; chest, belly, inside of legs, back edge of tarsus, and under side

of feet and anal disc white ; face bright bay, side-streak broad white.

Gazella rufifrons, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.—Kevel, male,

F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 3.—Corine, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog.

t. . young 9 .—A. levipes, Sundevall.—Gazella rujfifrons, Gray,

K. M. 5. t.4.

Var. Nose blackish above (adult 9 ).

Young ; pale yellowish, side-streak brownish.

Inhabits W. Africa; Senegal. Mus. Paris. Gambia (Mr. Whit-

field), called Seni. Brit. Mus. Sennaar (Swndevall).

Buffon mentions a Corine as coming from Senegal, but he says it

is smaller than the Kevel, and Daubenton says that it has knee-tufts,

so that it cannot be this species. Indeed the Gazelle, Corine and

Kevel of Buffon are clearly all 4. Dorcas of this memoir.

The Kevel figured by M. F. Cuvier well represents this species.

He says it was sent from Senegal, and probably it has not knee-tufts,

for they are not indicated in the figure or mentioned in the text ; for,

like other descriptions of this author, though it occupies more than

two pages, all the peculiarities of the species are left out. The Corine

of the same author, also from Senegal, well represents the young.

M. F. Cuvier says the Kevel and Corine and A. Dorcas form one

species, but afterwards, under Kevel gris, he thinks they may be two.

4. Procapra, Hodgson.

Horns strong, elongate, lyrate, black ; face tapering, nose simple ;

tear-bag none; knee-tufts none; tail very short: female hornless ;

teats two. Asia; not gregarious.

1. Procapra GuTrurosa. The DsEREn.

Pale yellowish ; hair long, soft, of anal region short, white; tail

black.

Antilope gutturosa, Pallas, Spic. xii. 45. t. 2 5 H. Smith.—

Gazella gutturosa, Gray, Knows. Menag. 3.

Inhabits Mongolia, Siberia. Cab. Brit. Mus., male and female.

Thibet. Mus. Ind. Comp. ;

116

2. PROCAPRA PICTICAUDA. The Racoa or Goa.

Hair sordid, brown with pale rufous tips; under side, inside of

ears, limbs and anal disc, reddish white ; tail black.

Procapra picticauda, Hodgson, J.A.S. Bengal, 1846, 173. 334. t.

Inhabits Thibet; in the plains. Brit. Mus., skulls. Perhaps

same as former in summer fur. :

5. Tracops, Hodgson.

Horns lyrate, short, black ; face tapering, nose simple; “‘tear-bag

none ;”’ teats two : females with small horns. India; not gregarious.

1. Tracors Bennettitr. The CHIKARA.

Bay brown; sides uniformly coloured ; knee-tufts, end of nose and

tail black ; streak on haunches blackish ; face-streak, chest, belly and

inside of limbs white.

Antilope Bennettii, Sykes.—A. Christi, Gray.—A. Bharatensis,

Hodgson.—A. Hazenna, I. Geoff., Voy. Jacq. Mam. t. 6, bad?—

A. Dorcas, var. E., Sundevall.—Tragops Bennettii, Hodgson, 1847.

Inhabits India. Cab. Brit. Mus.

The feet are generally blackish, but sometimes brown like the back.

6. AnTIpoRCAs, Sundeyall.

Horns lyrate, short, black ; face tapering, nose simple; tear-bag

not remarkably distinct ; back with an expansile white streak or fold ;

hair close-pressed ; knees not tufted: females with small horns.

1. AntiporcAs Evcuore. The Sprinesoc or TSEBE.

Pale brown ; face, throat, chest, belly, broad expansile streak on

back to base of tail, edge and inner side of limbs white; face-streak

and middle part of forehead pale brown, side-streak oblique, dark

brown: young paler; side-streak paler, back-streak distinct.

Antilope Euchore, Forster, Licht. t. 7; H. Smith ; Harris, W.A.A.

t. 3.—A. saltatrixz, Link.—A. marsupialis, Zimm.—A. Pygarga,

Blumenb.—A. dorsata and A. saliens, Lacep.—A. Ibex, Afzelius,

1810.—Gazella Euchore, Gray, Know. Men. 6.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

7. Aipyceros, Sundev. MSS.; Antilope, Gray.

Horns elongate, wide-spreading, lyrate, black ; face tapering, nose

simple; knees not tufted, feet with tuft of (black) hair near pastern ;

teats two; no trace of suborbital sinus (Harris).

1. Hipyceros Metampus. The Pawan or Rooyve Boc.

Bay, sides paler beneath; belly, anal disc and lower side of tail

white ; crown, anal streak and tip of tail blackish; tuft above feet

and back of feet black.

Antilope Melampus, Licht.; H. Smith, t. 181. f. 7; Harris, W.

A. Africa, t. 15.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

117

8. AntiLopg, H. Smith; Cervicapra, Gray.

Horns elongate, subspiral, erect, diverging; face tapering, nose

simple ; tear-bag large. India; gregarious.

1, ANTILOPE BEZOARTICA. The ANTELOPE.

Grey brown ; lips, orbits, chest, lower part of sides and belly, edge

and inside of limbs white; nose, front of shoulder and outside of

thigh, end of tail and front of feet blackish ; neck redder.

Capra bezoartica, Aldrov.—C. Cervicapra, Linn.,? H. Smith.—

A. Cervicapra, Pallas,,Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t. .—Antilope, F.

Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. . 9 .—Cervicapra bezoartica, Gray, Knowsley

Men. 6.

Var. and young. A narrow pale streak on the upper part of each

side.

Antilope bilineata, Temm., Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t.

Inhabits India. Brit. Mus.

B. Horns small, slender, straight, conical, tapering, more or less

diverging and often bent forward at the tip; the muffie is

generally large and moist.

+ Tear-bag large ; muffle generally large.

9. TreTRAcERUS, Leach.

Mufile large; tear-bag large, longitudinal; horns, two pair very

short, conical, straight ; knee-tufts none: female hornless.

1. TETRACERUS QUADRICORNIS. The CHouKa.

Front pair of horns conical, distinct.

T. quadricornis, H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 181. f. 3. t. 186.—Antilope

quadricornis, Blainv.—A. striaticornis, Leach.— <A. tetracornis,

Hodgson.— 4. Chickara, Hardw.; H. Smith.—T. Chicara, F. Cuv.

Mam.t. .¢.—Cervus albipes, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. . female.

Inhabits India, Himalaya. Brit. Mus. Thibet. Mus. Ind. Comp.

M. De Blainville in describing this animal has read Moorshada-

bad, the habitat, for Hoornadabad, and thought it the name of the

animal.

2. TETRACERUS SUBQUADRICORNUTUS. The JUNGLIBUKRA.

Front pair of horns rudimentary, tubercular ; hinder horns conical,

subcylindrical ; pale brown; side rather paler; chest, belly, inside

and front of legs whitish ; feet paler, varied.

Var. Female, front of legs blackish.

Antilope subquadricornutus, Elliot, Madras Journ. 35. t. 4. f. 2.—

Brown Antelope, Sykes.

Inhabits Madras. Brit. Mus. Larger than the former.

Mr. Hodgson, in MacClelland’s Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. 1847,

notices and figures five species of this genus: 1. 7’. Iodes (rusty-red),

t. 4. f. 3, and 2. 7. paccerois (full-horned), t. 4. f. 1, 2, from skull.

118

10. CaLorracus, (part) Sundevall; Oreotragus, (part) Gray; Re-

dunca, (part) H. Smith; Tragulus, H. Smith; Cervicapra, sp.

Blainy.

Muffle large; tear-bag arched, transverse; horns subulate, elon-

gate, erect; hoofs triangular, flattish beneath, acute in front ; crown

smooth ; tail very short; groin and orbit nakedish: ‘females horn-

less ; teats four; the knees not tufted ; inguinal pore none; ear elon-

gate; false hoof small or none.

* False hoofs none.

1._CatotrraGus TraGguius. The STEINBOC.

Fulvous, ashy ; hair uniform; small spot on nose, and two diver-

ging streaks on crown to nape blacker; upper part of throat, chest

and abdomen white ; ears three-fourths the length of the head ; false

hoofs none.

Antilope Tragulus, Forster, Licht. t. 14.—A. rupestris, H. Smith ;

Harris, W. A. A, t. 25. f. 2.—A. campestris, Thunb. 1811; Afzelius,

1815.—A. pallida, H. Smith.—A. Pediotragus, Afzelius.— 4. fulvo-

rubescens, Desmoul.— 4. rufescens, H. Smith, G. A. K. t, 188.—

Calotragus tragulus, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 7.

Var. Without the black crown-streaks, throat whiter.

Inhabits 8S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

This species varies much in colour, perhaps according to the season :

sometimes the hairs are whitish at the tip, giving the fur a glaceous

appearance ; the black streaks are as distinct in the young as in the

adult.

** False hoofs small.

2. CALOTRAGUS MELANOTIS. The Grys Boc.

Red bay, with intermixed white hairs, crown with two dark streaks ;

ears two-thirds the length of head; false hoofs small.

Antilope Melanotis, Thunb.1811; Afzelius; Licht. 8. t.12; Harris,

W. A.A. t. 26.—A. grisea, Cuvier, D. 8. N. ii. 244, 1816; H. Smith.

—A. rubro-albescens, Desmoul.—Calotragus melanotis, Gray, Knows-

ley Menag. 7.

Var. pallida. Pale ashy white, hairs some white, others lead-

coloured with grey tips. Brit. Mus.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

11. ScororHorus, Gray ; Calotragus, part Sundeyall.

Mufile small, bald; tear-bag transverse; horns subulate, elongate,

acute, slightly recurved at the tip; knees largely tufted; inguinal

pores distinct and bearded; ears moderate, with a naked spot on the

outside of their base ; hoofs triangular, false hoof distinct.

1. ScoporpHorus OurEBI. The OvuresI.

Temple-spot small, indistinct ; fur red-brown; cheeks paler ;

crown darker red brown ; orbits, chest, belly, and middle of upper

119

part of inner side of legs white ; end of tail, arched line before the

eye and spot between the ears black.

Var. End of nose blackish.

Antilope Scoparius, Schreb. Licht. S. t. 13.—A. Ourebi, Shaw ;

Lesson.—Ourebi, Buffon, not F. Cuvier.—d. melanura, Bechst.

Inhabits S. Africa, Cape of Good Hope. Brit. Mus.

2. ScopopHoRUS MONTANUS. The GIBARI-

Temple-spot large, deep (more than half an inch over), naked ;

fur greyish brown; cheeks paler; crown red brown; orbits, chest,

belly, under side of tail and middle of the inner side of the upper parts

of the legs white ; end of tail and arched line before the eye black.

Antilope montanus, Riippell, Zool. t. .—Scopophorus montanus,

Gray, Knowsley Menag. t. 5.

Inhabits W. and E. Africa ; Abyssinia (Riippell); Gambia. Called

Gebari, or Mahomet’s Antelope (Zarl of Derby). Brit. Mus.

Very like the former, but grey brown, and the temporal spot much

larger, deeper, more distinct and bald, both when alive and in the

skin, so that it does not depend on the stuffing.

12. Orgorracus, Gray, Sundevall; Tragulus, H. Smith, not Pallas.

Muffle large; tear-bag arched, transverse; horns subulate, elon-

gate; hoofs squareish, high, compressed, much-contracted, concave

beneath ; false hoofs large, blunt; crown smooth; tail very short ;

hair thick, quill-like, spread out: female hornless ; teats two.

1. OREOTRAGUS SALTATRIX. The Kriansi or KLIPPSPRINGER.

Dark brown, yellow grisled ; hair grey, brown at the end, with a

short yellow tip ; beneath whitish ; edge of ears and feet above the

hoofs black.

Antilope Oreotragus, Forster; H. Smith; Licht. Saugth. t. 15.—

A. saltatriz, Bodd.; Harris, W. A. A. t. 24.—Oreotragus saltatriz,

Sundev.; Gray, Knowsley Men. 8.

Inhabits S. Africa; Abyssinia (Riippel/). Brit. Mus.

Varies in brightness and depth of colour according to the season.

13. Nesorracus, Von Duben, Sundey. MSS.

“‘Muffle large, bald; lachrymal sinus deep, large ; face and fore-

head not crested ; ears large; horns in males large; false hoofs none ;

tail very short.

Very like Neotragus in form and character.

1. NesorraGus mMoscHATus. The NESOTRAGUS.

Reddish grey; belly white; feet pale red; hair of back brown,

with a pale subterminal band and black tip.

Nesotragus moschatus, You Duben; Sundey. Vet. Ac. Oefversigt,

1846, 221; Pecora, 134; Gray, Knowsley Menag. 8.

Inhabits Zanzebar, east coast of Africa. Male and female in the

Stockholm Museum.”

120

14. Neorracus, H. Smith; Madoqua, Ogilby.

Mufile none; nose ovine; nostrils close together ; false hoofs very

small; tear-bag roundish ; tail very short; crown crested.

1. Neorracus SattTi1ana. The Mapvoava.

Antilope Saltiana, Blainv.—A. Hemprichianus, Ehrenb. S. P. t. 7;

Licht. Saugth. t. 16.—Neotragus madoka, H. Smith.—A. Grimmia,

Riippell.— 4. Hemprichii, Riippell, Abyss. 25.—N. Saltiana, Gray,

Knowsley Menag. 8.—N. Hemprichianus, Sundev.

Inhabits Abyssinia. Brit. Mus.

++ A glandular line on the side of the face, in the place of the

x tear-bag ; and the muffle large and bald.

15. Cepuatornus, H. Smith; Sylvicapra, Ogilby, Sundev.

Muffle large; tear-bag none, but a naked, glandular line, formed

of two series of pores, on the side of the cheek ; crown crested, end-

ing in a tuft between the horns.

* «Knees and hind legs tufted; ears and horns elongate ; tear-bag

small, under the eye, and a narrow naked streak on cheek.”

1. CepHaLornus? auapriscopa. The Four-rurrep ANTE-

LOPE.

« Buff, paler on the sides ; tail, knee-tufts, front of nose, narrow

inferior lateral and anal streak and streaks across legs blackish ; lips,

breast, belly, inside of limbs, vent and houghs white.”

Antilope quadriscopa, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 261. t. 188.—Cepha-

lophus? quadriscopa, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 8.

“‘ Tnhabits Senegal.”

This species is only known from Colonel H. Smith’s description

and figure.

** Knees not tufted ; ears elongate acute ; horns slender, elongated.

2. CepHaLopHus Grimmia. The Impoon or DvuyYKER or

Duyxer Boc.

Yellowish brown, greyish in winter; hair yellowish, with blackish

tip; forehead yellowish bay; inside of ears, chin, throat, abdomen

and under side of tail white; feet, streak on the nose, up the legs, and

upper part of tail black ; ears elongate, nearly as long as head, acute ;

horns black, elongate, slender, base rugose and subangular in front.

Capra Grimmia, Linn. S. N. (ed.10) 70.—Moschus Grimmia, Linn.

S. N. (ed. 12).—Antilope mergens, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1817;

H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 264; Licht. Saugth. t.11; Harris, W. A. A.

t. 15.—A. nictitans, Thunb. Mem. Petersb. 1811, iii. 312.—A. Bur-

chellii, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 262. adult in summer?—4A. Ptooz,

H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 265? jun.?—A. Platous, H. Smith, G. A. K.

vy. 266.—Ceph. Grimmia, Gray, Knowsley Menag. t.1.f.1, t. 2. f.1, 2.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

121

This species varies greatly in the intensity of the colours and in the

extent of the black on the feet and nose. In one young specimen in

the British Museum the black on the nose is quite deficient ; though

it has the bright colouring of the breeding-season, and is bright bay

on the crown.

The specimen in the Museum of the London Missionary Society

(No. 8 Blomfield Street, Moorfields, formerly in Austin Friars),

Case 5, described by Colonel H. Smith under the name of 4. Platous,

is the size and has the horns and ears of an adult C. Grimmia, but

differs in being paler, and having no dark colour on the nose or feet ;

but it is evidently much bleached. It has certainly no relation to

the C. sylvicultriz, with which Colonel Smith was afterwards inclined

to place it as a variety (Griff. A. K. Syn. v. 344).

There are three species which have been called Antilope Grimmia:—

1. The Capra sylvestris africana of N. Grimm, Misc. Cur. No-

rimb. 1705, 131. t.13, the authority for Capra Grimmit, Ray, Syn. 80,

and Linn. S. N. (ed. 10) 70. Moschus Grimmia, Linn. S. N. ed. 12,

from the Cape, of a dull grey colour. Probably the Duyker.

2. Le Grimme of Buffon, H. N. xii. 307. 329. t. 41. f. 2, 3, from

a head sent from Senegal by Adanson ; the Antilope Grimmia of Des-

marest, F. Cuvier, and H. Smith, &c.; the Cephalophus rujilatus.

3. The 4. Grimmia of Pallas, with large ears and a black streak

to the horns, like C. Campbellie, but is from Guinea. I know of no

species common to the W. and S. coast of Africa, so that it is pro-

bably yet to be distinguished.

The “Fitomba’’ or “Philantomba”’ appears to be the generic name

of all the W. African Cephalophi or Bush Antelopes.

3. CerpHALOoPHUS CAMPBELLIZ. The BLAcK-FACED PHILAN-

TOMBA.

Grey and black grisled, beneath white ; cheeks, neck and chest yel-

lowish ; forehead yellow, with a black streak on the nose widening on

the forehead and ending in a tuft behind the horns ; feet and front of

fore-legs reddish black ; fur soft ; hair grey, with black ring and tip ;

ears elongate acute.

Antilope Grimmia, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xii. 18. t. 1 21—C. Burchellii,

var. (C. Campbellie), Gray, Cat. B. M. 162.—C. Campéellie, Gray,

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, 164; Knowsley Menag. 9. t. 2. f. 3.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

This species is at once known from the Duyker by being much

darker and distinctly grisled or dotted, and the under side being much

whiter.

We have an adult female of this species sent us as 4. mergens, var.

Burchellii, by M. Sundevall (the other specimen of the same name

being a true Duyker), and a young specimen which has been in the

British Museum for several years, sent from Africa, under the generic

name of Philantomba, by Mrs. Campbell.

The 4. Grimmia of Pallas, Spic. Zool. i. 18. t. 3, which he de-

scribes as grey grisled, becoming brownish ash on the buttocks ;

throat, chest and beneath the body white ; head and neck yellowish

122

grey ; a black streak between the horns, forming a fascia on the fore-

head and broader on the nose; fur softer than the Deer, but rough,

of lower part of the neck rougher and more lax ; feet and line on fore-

legs blackish ; tail black above ; ears rather acute: inhabits Guinea ;

agrees in most respects with this species, but most probably is yet to

be procured from W. Africa.

**k* Knees not tufted; ears moderate, acute; horns short, conical,

thick.

4. CepuHaLtopuus Mapoqua. The Asyssin1AN Busu Buck.

Yellowish brown, slightly punctulated with black ; neck yellowish ;

limbs blacker ; face-streak and feet black; hair rather rigid, close-

pressed, reddish grey at the base, end polished yellow brown, with

dark tips; forehead reddish.

Antilope Madoqua, Riipp. Abyss. t. 7. f. 2; Sundev.—Madoqua,

Bruce’s Travels, vii. 360. t. 56.—C.Madoqua, Gray, Knows. Men. 9.

Inhabits Abyssinia. Mus, Frankfort.

This species is very distinct from C. coronatus, being darker, and

the fur more rigid and close-pressed.

5. CePHALOPHUS CORONATUS. The RED-cROWNED BusH Buck.

Pale yellowish brown ; middle of back and front of fore-legs varied

with a few scattered black hairs; crown bright bay; crest blackish

brown, bay in front ; feet and streak up the nose blackish ; inside of

ears, chin, throat, chest, belly and inner side of legs whitish ; horns

short, conical; ears about half as long as the head, acute.

Cephalophus coronatus, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. x. 1842,

266. 1846, 164; Knowsley Menag. 9. t. 6. f. 1, 2.

Inhabits W. Africa; Gambia, Macarthy’s Island. Mr. Whitfield

called it The Coquetoon. Brit. Mus.

*k** Knees not tufted; ears moderate, rounded ; horns eonical,

thick ; without any streak over the eyes.

6. CEPHALOPHUS SYLVICULTRIX. The WHITE-BACKED BusH

Buck.

Blackish brown, minutely grisled ; hair brown, with whitish tips ;

back with a large yellowish white spot, narrow in front ; throat, chest

and belly redder; crown, nape and legs darker ; horns 2

Antilope sylvicultrix, Afzelius, N. Act. Upsal. vii. 1238; H.Smith,

' G.A.K. t.187.—C. sylvicultriz, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 8. f.1.

Inhabits Sierra Leone, in swampy places. Brit. Mus.

Varies in the size of the dorsal spot.

In the British Museum is a young male: length 29 inches ; height

18; tarsus 6°9.

7. CePHALOPHUS OciteII. The Buack-stripepD Busy Buck.

Pale bay brown, with a deep black dorsal streak ; beneath pale ;

crown and haunches brighter bay ; neck and withers, and sides of the

123

dorsal line varied with deep brown hairs; streak up the fore-leg,

upper part of hock, feet (above the hoof) and end of tail blackish ;

horns short, thick, conical, very rugose on the inner front edges of

the base.

Cephalophus Ogilbii, Gray, Ann.and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842; Knows-

ley Menag. 10. t. 8. f.2; Frazer, Zool. Typ. t. .—Antilope Ogilbii,

Waterh. P. Z. S. 1838, 60. 1842, 129.

Inhabits Fernando Po (J. Thompson, Esq.). Brit. Mus. Not half

the size of the preceding.

8. CEPHALOPHUS DORSALIS. The Bay Busn Goat.

Dark bay ; shoulders and legs darker ; hair brown, a few on the

haunches white-tipped ; crown and nape, broad streak along the back

to end of tail black ; spot over each eye ; lips, sides of chin, front of

chest, under side of tail and inside of thighs pale brown.

Cephalophus dorsalis, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, 165;

Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 7. f. 1.

Inhabits Sierra Leone: called Bush Goat. Brit. Mus. The head

is very large, the skull short, broad, forehead rounded. ,

9. CEPHALOPHUS NIGER. The Buack Busu Buck.

Sooty black, greyer in the front half of the body ; chin, throat,

abdomen and inside of thighs grey ; forehead and crown dark bay and

black mixed: cheeks pale brown and black varied ; tail, end whitish.

Antilope niger, Mus. Leyden.—Cephalophus niger, Gray, Ann. and

Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, 165; Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 7.f. 2.

Inhabits Guinea. British Museum. Sierra Leone (Mr. Whitfield).

Knowsley Museum.

In the British Museum there is a male from the Leyden Museum,

nearly as large as the former.

10. CerpHatopuus Natatensis. The Natat Busu Buck.

Bright red bay ; nape, withers and feet varied with dark grey hairs;

nose-streak short, blackish ; lips, chin, upper part of throat and end

of tail white ; lower part of cheeks, throat and abdomen pale yellow-

ish ; crown and tuft bright red; horns short, conical.

Antilope natalensis, A. Smith, 8. Afr. Quart. Journ. 217 ; Illust.

Z. 8. A. t. 32.—Cephalophus natalensis, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 10.

Inhabits S. Africa. Port Natal. Brit. Mus. Five specimens of

different ages. Resembles C. Ogilbii in size and colouring, but wants

the dorsal streak. The females are horned.

11. CeEPHALOPHUS RUFILATUS. The CoQuETOON.

Deep reddish bay ; legs, nape, streak on the nose to the crown and

broad streak on the back blackish grey; ears blackish; crest and

upper part of tail black ; cheeks rather paler; chin and abdomen

pale yellowish ; inside of ears whitish, with a brown spot on the outer

side; horns conical, rather elongate, obscurely annulated, slightly

recurved.

124

Cephalophus rufilatus, Gray, Aun. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846, 166;

Knowsley Menag. 10. t. 9.— Antilope Grimmia, H. Smith, G. A. K.

y. 266.—Le Grimme, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 41. f. 2, 3?

Var. 1. Sides paler, greyish red; forehead rough.

Le Grimme, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. t. . not good.

Inhabits Sierra Leone, called Coguetoon. Brit. Mus.

The hair is rather paler at the base, of the dorsal streak grey, with

a blackish tip.

M. F. Cuvier’s (Mamm. Lithog. t. .) figure is the pale variety,

which Mr. Whitfield regards as distinct ; he says it is called Grimme

by the natives: the separate head of Cuvier’s plate appears to have

been.taken from the Guevei.

**** Knees not tufted ; ears moderate, rounded ; horns short, thick,

conical ; head with a pale streak on each side over the eyes to

the base of the horns.

12. CepHaLtopHus Maxwetuiu. The GueEvet.

Grey brown or sooty brown; sides of head and body greyer ; chin,

throat, chest and belly whitish grey; abdomen and front of thigh

white ; broad streak over each eye to the base of the horns yellowish

white ; feet and end of nose rather darker; fur rather rigid; hair

uniform.

Antilope Maxwellii, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 267.—A. pygmea, Pal-

las, Spic. xii. 18 ?—The Guevei, Buffon, H. N.— A. pygmea (Guevet),

F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. t. . good.— A. Frederic, Laur. ; Sundey.

—A. Philantomba, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 121; 1839, 27.—Cepha-

lophus Maxwellii, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 11. t. 12.

Inhabits W. Africa. Brit. Mus.

The adult male in the British Museum is bright sooty brown,

darker near the rump; the female is nearly uniform pale grey brown.

It is well figured by M. F. Cuvier. It is known from C. monticola

by being larger, by the whiteness of the eye-streak, and of the front

of the thigh and chest.

13. CerpHALopHUS MONTICOLA. The NoumMETGE or CAPE

GuEVEI.

Grey brown; streak over the eyes, legs and outer part of thighs

rufous ; feet grey brown; chin, chest, abdomen, and under side of tail

and inside of ears white ; fur soft, grey, with intermixed rather rigid

black hairs.

Antilope monticola, Thunb. Stockh. N. H. xxxii. t. 5.—d. cerulea,

H.Smith, G.A.K.v.855; Daniell’s Afr.Scen.t. ; Harris, W.A.A.

t. 26.—A. perpusilla, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 854.—A. pygmea, Licht.

Saugth. t. 16; Sundevall.—Cephalophus monticola, Gray, Knowsley

Menag. 11.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

The colours vary in intensity ; in a female in the British Museum,

the rufous colour of the thighs and the white of the chest are more

distinct than in the male, but this may depend on the season when

125

they were killed. A very young fawn (perhaps hardly born), which

was brought home from the Cape by M. Verreaux, is darker, and the

reddish tint extends over nearly the whole body.

Thunberg described the South African species, but says that there

is a specimen in the Stockholm Museum, brought by Afzelius from

Sierra Leone, which agrees with his animal; so he evidently did not

observe the difference between the two species.

14. CEPHALOPHUS MELANORHEUS. The BLACK-RUMPED

GuEVEI.

Grey brown ; throat and sides paler; rump and upper part of tail

black ; chin, chest, abdomen, back and front edge of thighs and under

part of tail white ; narrow streak over the eyes whitish ; feet like the

back ; fur soft, pale grey, with intermixed rather rigid black hairs.

Cephalophus melanorheus, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846 ;

Knowsley Menag. 11. t. 10.—C. Philantomba, Gray, Cat. Mamm. B.

M. 163 (not H. Smith).

Inhabits Fernando Po (J. Thompson, Esq.). Brit. Mus.

This species is coloured like the Guevei from W. Africa, but smaller,

and have the soft fur and interspersed black hair of the Cape Guevei,

C. monticola, but they are easily known by the black mark on the

rump.

15. CEPHALOPHUS PUNCTULATUS. The GRISLED GUEVEI.

Dark fulvous brown; sides and legs rather paler; narrow streak

over the eyes and inside of ears pale brown; chin, throat, chest, belly

and front of thighs and under part of tail white ; hair grey at the base,

with brown ends and yellow subterminal rings ; crown and upper part

of tail darker; feet pale, varied.

Cephalophus punctulatus, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1846 ;

Knowsley Menag.-11. t. 11. f. 1.

Inhabits Sierra Leone. Brit. Mus. A young specimen presented

by Colonel Sabine, R.E.

It is at once known from the other Gueveis by the fulvous colour

which is produced by the yellow subterminal rings of the hairs.

Colonel H. Smith indicates a species under the name of C. Philan-

tomba, but so indistinctly, that it is impossible to know for what it is

intended.

16. CePpHALOPHUS WHITFIELDII. The WHITE-FOOTED GUE-

VEI.

Yellowish ash ; shoulders, outside of limbs and hinder parts of back

rather darker ; ears and crown pale yellowish brown ; streak over the

eyes, cheeks, throat, belly, inside of the limbs and ring round the feet

above the hoof ashy white ; hair ashy grey; of the back brown at the

end, with a yellow tip.

Cephalophus Whitfieldii, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 12. t. 11. f. 2.

Inhabits Gambia (Mr. Whitfield). Mus. Brit. Young.

Smaller than the Grisled Guevei, and much paler and yellower.

126

**EEK No tear-bag nor glandular streak on the face, and the

muffle large and moist; crown smooth.

16. Nanorracus, Sundev.; Neotragus, part H. Smith.

Horns very short, conical; legs slender; tail subpectinate ; hoofs

small, triangular, false hoofs none; crown not crested; ears small,

rounded.

1. NANOTRAGUS PERPUSILLUS. The RoyaL ANTELOPE.

Fulvous ; throat, belly and edge of thighs and tip of tail white.

Capra perpusilla, Linn. Mus. Ad. Fred. i. 12.—Moschus pygmeus,

Linn. S. N. (ed.12) 92.— Antilope pygmea, Pallas, Spic. Zool. xii. 18;

Cuv. D. 8. N. ii. 241; H. Smith.—4. regia, Erxleben, 278.—A. spi-

niger, Temm. Monog.—Nanotragus regius, Gray, Knowsley Menag.

12.—Royal Antelope, Penn.

Inhabits W. Africa; Guinea. Brit. Mus.

The smallest-hoofed animal. The feet were formerly often used

as tobacco-stoppers, and are figured mounted by Seba, t. 43. f. a, 6;

Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 42, 43.

17. Exrzotracus, Gray; Redunca, H. Smith; Cervicapra,

Blainv., Sundey.; Nagor, Laur.; Sylvicapra, Ogilby.

Horns conical, bent back and then forward at the top; hoofs and

false hoofs rather large; tear-bag none; teats four; inguinal pores

distinct.

+ Horns erect, slender, and face narrow ; nose swollen ; muffle large,

extended far behind the nostrils; fur woolly hair. PEE.

S. Africa.

1. Exegorracus Capreotus. The Rewsock or PEELE.

Temple-spot none ; head slender, compressed ; horns erect, scarcely

diverging, very slender ; fur short, woolly, grey brown; back redder ;

throat and beneath white ; end of nose and chin blackish ; feet darker.

Antilope Capreolus, Thunb.; Afzelius, N. Act. Upsal. vii. 251.1818;

Licht. Saugth. t.8; Harris, W. A. A. t. 25. f.1.—A. villosa, Burchell,

1822; H.Smith.—A. lanata, Desmoul.—Eleotragus Capreolus, Gray,

Knowsley Menag. t. 12. from life.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus. Knowsley, living.

+t Horns diverging, thick, conical; head broad ; nose not swollen.

* Muffie large, extended far behind nostrils; fur grisled, harsh,

straight, with a subterminal pale band, and often whorled ;

a naked spot on the temple. South Africa.

2. ELEOTRAGUS ARUNDINACEUS. The InGHALLA or Re1T Bock.

Head broad ; temple-spot naked; horns diverging, conical, taper-

ing. Brown, yellow grisled; hair pale brown, with a subterminal

yellow band; cheeks and neck yellower ; base of ears, chest, belly

and insides of the legs and under side of bushy tail white; front of

legs black.

127

Antilope arundinacea, Shaw, Zool.—A. Eleotragus, Schreb. Licht.

t. 9; H. Smith; Harris, W. A. A. t. 26.—A. redunca, H. Smith;

Gray, Cat. B. M.—A. cinerea, Afzelius, 1815.—A. Lalandit, Desm.;

Fischer.—A. Lalandiana, Desm.—Eleotragus arundinaceus, Gray,

Knowsley Menag. 12.

Var. Larger.

A. Isabellina, Afzelius, N. Act. Upsal. 1815, vii. 244; Licht. t. 10;

H. Smith; Sundev.

Var. With a large black rhombic spot on the back of the head be-

hind the ears. Female in Brit. Mus.

Inhabits S. Africa, in marshy places. Brit. Mus.

Afzelius, Lichtenstein, H. Smith and Sundevall have described two

species of this genus as coming from South Africa; the smaller they

call 4. Eleotragus, and the larger A. Isabellina. The latter author

has given a comparative character between the two kinds, but he has

only seen two specimens of the former (a male at Berlin and a female

at Stockholm), and several specimens of the larger kind. I have ex-

amined with care a series consisting of four males and five females

from different parts of South Africa, and can find no distinction be-

tween them, except a slight difference in the length of the fur and in

its colour. Two specimens in the British Museum are larger than

the rest, and have the tarsus one-fourth longer than the others ; they

have a shorter fur and are of a rather brighter colour, and the front

of the leg is blacker ; but the fur and colour probably depend on the

season when they were killed. In these respects they agree with

Sundevall’s description of A. Isabellina, but they both have the tem-

poral spot large and quite naked, while Prof. Sundevall described the

spot on this species as pubescent. The female of the larger specimen

that has the black spot on the back of the head; some of the smaller

ones have the temple-spot much smaller and less naked than the

others. The two larger specimens have a single whorl of hair in the

middle of the back; the others, with longer hair, show the whorls

more distinctly, and have the hair from the central whorls to the

shoulders forming a more or less diverging line. After examining

these specimens and those in other collections, I conclude that they

form only a single species. M. Sundevall, in a note just received,

observes, “‘ Mr. Wahlberg considers 4. Isabellina and A. Eleotragus

as very distinct, and our specimens seem to show a difference, though

not very well expressed. Also I have committed a mistake, for the

young female described in my Synopsis as y. under 4. Isabellina, is

really 4, Eleotragus.”

** The muffle smaller, scarcely extending beyond the nostrils ; fur

fulvous, not grisled; hair grey, with yellow tips; tail less bushy.

W. and E. Africa.

3. ELgeorracus REDUNCUS. The Wonro or Nacor, or Rep

ANTELOPE.

Head broad; horns conical, thick at the base, diverging; fulvous

brown, rather pale on the sides ; hair soft, yellow tipped, all in regu-

128

lar order ; chin, throat, spot under ears and over eyes, inside of limbs,

under side of tail and lower side of body white; front of leg some-

times blackish.

Antilope redunca, Pallas?; Riippell, Abyss. t. 7, good.—. rufa,

Afzelius, 250, from Buffon.—A. reversa, Pallas ?—Nagor, Buffon, xii.

t. 46 ?—Oureby, F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. t. 9 .— A. Isabellina, Gray,

Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus.—Eleotragus reduncus, Gray, Knowsley Me-

nag. 13. t. 13.

Inhabits ‘‘Senegal.”” Mus. Frankfort and Mus. Leyden. Gambia

(Whitfield), where it is called Wonto. Male and fawn, British Mu-

seum, and a young male living at Knowsley, from the Gambia.

Var. Larger, colour brighter.

A. Bohor, Riippell, Abyss. t. 7 ; Sundev.

Inhabits Abyssinia. Mus. Frankfort.

Pallas and Afzelius’s account of this species is derived from Buf-

fon’s description ; both he and Adanson (Hist. Nat. xii. 326) say that

it is “all pale red,” and Buffon further observes that it has not the

white on the belly of the Gazelles. This does not agree with our ani-

mal, which is white in several parts, but certainly not so white as the

Gazelle, and has black on the legs; but as yet no other animal has

been brought from West Africa, which better agrees with their account

or figure.

M. Sundevall considers specimens of the Nagor of Senegal and the

Bohor of Abyssinia, in the Frankfort Museum, as distinct, the former

having the hair of the back whorled, the fore-leg with a dark stripe,

and the latter having the hair not whorled and the legs pale. Our

specimens, from Gambia, have the hair not whorled, and more or less

distinct streaks on the fore-legs ; hence I am inclined to believe the

Nagor and the Bohor to be alike. Sundevall’s animal may be the

Koé, but that has only one whorl on each end of the back, a nearly

cervine muffle, and the end of the tail black.

When in Frankfort, I observed that the male Antilope Bohor, from

Abyssinia, was rather larger than the male of “ 4. redunca,” from

Senegal, in the same collection, and much brighter, and the horns

more slender; the female was darker and browner than the male;

both sexes have more black on the carpus and tarsus than in the spe-

cimen of 4. redunca in the same museum.

Colonel Hamilton Smith formed a genus for two pairs of horns on

part of the frontal bones in the College of Surgeons belonging to this

group of Antelopes, which he called Raphicerus acuticornis and R.

subulata (Griffith, A. K. t. 181. f. 2,1). The figures are not suffi-

cient to identify the species, and we now know that the horns of the

same species differ greatly in individuals of the same species, and

during the growth of the same specimen. AR. acuticornis may be the

horns of the Duyker Boc, Ceph. Grimmia?

2. The Cervine ANTELOPEs have an elongated tail, cylindrical at

the base, and with long hair at the end, often forming a compressed

ridge; the body heavy and the limbs strong. They are of a large

size.

129

A. Neck not maned.

18. ADENOTA.

Muffle cordate, moderate, cervine ; nose hairy between the back of

the nostrils; horns sublyrate, ringed, when young rather recurved ;

place of tear-bag covered with a tuft of hair ; hair of the back whorled,

of dorsal line and back of head reversed; tail elongate, hairy.

This genus is very like Eleotrayus, but has a smaller, more cervine

muzzle and lyrated horns; it differs from Cobus in the form of the

tail, and wanting the mane, and from both in having a tuft of hair

in the front of the orbit.

* Horns sublyrate ; tail hairy.

1. Apenota Kos. The Hauiroon.

Pale brown ; end of nose, inside of ears, chest, belly, inside of legs

and thighs, tip of tail, and band above hoofs white ; front of fore and

hind legs, and end of ears and tail black ; hair of the dorsal line re-

versed, with a whorl on the shoulders and loins.

Antilope Kob, Erxl. from Kob, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 32. f. 1?

—Kobus Adansonii, A. Smith, from Buffon.—Gambian Antelope,

Penn. Syn. 39, from Buffon.—A. adenota, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv.

224. t. 184. and t. 183. f. 3, 4. horns?

A. Kob, Ogilby, P.Z.S.1836.—A. annulipes, Gray, Ann. and Mag.

Nat. Hist. 1843.—Adenota Kob, Gray, Knows. Menag. 14. t.14,15.

Var. Female, hair longer, sides of face whitish.

A. sing-sing, Gray, Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus. 159, not Bennett.

Inhabits W. Africa; Gambia. Called guitoon by the Joliffs,

and Kob by the Mandingoes.

A fine pair has been at Knowsley some years. Thinking them

new, I described them as 4. annulipes. Mr. Ogilby has called it the

Nagor, but it is scarcely the Nagor of Buffon. An adult male no-

ticed by Mr. Ogilby as the Kod is now in the Museum of the Zoological

Society ; its horns, like the male at Knowsley, are much worn down.

They whistle like a stag.

Buffon (H. N. xii. 219. 267. t. 32. f. 1) figures a skull with horns,

brought from Senegal by Adanson, under the name of Kod, which is

also called the Petit vache brune. Erxleben gave this figure the name

of 4. kob, and Pennant called it the Gambian Antelope, Syn. i. 39.

The figures somewhat resemble the head of a half-grown male of this

species, but the horns are longer, and have more rings than the spe-

cimen in the British Museum ; but I am inclined to agree with Mr.

Ogilby in believing that it was intended for this species. In the Jar-

din des Plantes they called the Sing-Sing the Kod of Senegal; this

may be a mistake for the Koda. I may remark that the horns of

the Koba in the same plate of Buffon are represented with more rings

than are mentioned in the description. .

Colonel Hamilton Smith describes and figures a male and female

specimen which were alive in Exeter Change, and figures the male

and its skull and horns under the name of 4. adenota, which well

No. CCIX.—Proceepinecs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

130

agrees with this species, and has the peculiar distribution of its hair ;

hence its name: but he says, it has “a long open suborbital slit, and

small black brushes on the knees;’’ but this I suspect must be a

mistake, as he himself observes no lachrymal cavity was found in the

skull. He might have mistaken the tuft of hair for the gland at the

distance at which he saw the specimens. He also (G. A. K. iv. 221)

described a specimen which was in Exeter Change, which he regarded

as the Gambian Antelope of Pennant, and calls 4. forfex. His cha-

racters agree in most particulars with this species, but he says it had

“a long lachrymal sinus, and had small brushes on the knees.” If

there was not some mistake in transcribing these descriptions, both

these animals should be Gazellas, but I have never seen any which

agreed with them.

The young male in the British Museum shows the development of

the horns of these animals. The upper rings of the growing horn fall

off in large thick flakes as the horn increases in size beneath: this

explains how the extent of the smooth tapering part of the horns in-

creases in length as the horn grows, and how the number of rings are

found to be nearly the same in the various ages, and different indi-

viduals of the various species. Mr. Whitfield informs me that the

scrotum is rarely developed or dependent externally in different kinds

of Antelopes before they have completed their first year.

** Horns elongate, recurved at the tip; tail slender, end tufted.

2. Apenota Lecut. The Lecwt. (Mammalia, Pl. XX.)

Pale brown; orbits, chest and beneath white; front of legs dark

brown ; fur short, adpressed, upper part of nape and withers with a

small whorl of hair; tail slender at the base.

Léchee, Oswell, Journ. Roy. Geog. Soc, xx. 150, 1850.—Kobus

Leché, Gray, Knowsley Menag. 23.

Inhabits S. Africa ; bank of river Zouga, lat. 22°S. (Capt. Frank

Vardon). Oswell, 1. c. 150, Brit. Mus.

This animal is nearly as large as the Water Buck. The horns are

very like those of that animal; the neck is covered with short ad-

pressed hair, and has no appearance of a mane.

B. Neck maned on the sides.

19. Konus, H. Smith; Cervicapra, § Sundev. ; Zyocerus, Harris ;

Kolus, Gesner, Gray.

Horns elongate, sublyrate, bent back and then forward at the top ;

muzzle cervine; tear-bag none; inguinal pores none; hair rough,

elongate ; neck covered with longer, diverging and drooping hair ;

tail rather elongated, depressed, hairy on the sides and below : females

hornless ; teats four; animal very large.

1. Konus ExuirstpryMNvus. The PHotomok or WATERBUCK.

Rump with a whitish elliptical ring near the base of the tail,

brownish ; horns converging at the tip.

: Kerg GHOTT

NU 38 LE TOM

XY EYeULUe |] S re JOLT

131

Antilope Ellipsiprymna, Ogilby, P. Z. 8. 1833, 47; Harris, W. A.

Africa, t. 14.—Kobus Ellipsiprymnus, A. Smith, Illus. Z. 8. A. t. 28,

29.—Gray, Knows. Menag. 15.

Inhabits 8. Africa. Brit. Mus.

The horns figured as 4. Kemas? (H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 181. f. 6)

appear to belong to this species.

2. Konus Sinc-Sine. The Sinc-Sine.

Anal ring none. Reddish or yellowish grey brown, rather greyer

on the shoulders ; nose, lips and hinder part of the thighs, under the

neck, from the ears to the gullet, a streak over each eye, and ring

above the hoofs and false hoofs white ; belly and legs blacker; end

of tail, and legs from shoulder to hough black. Female greyer ; belly

and upper part of legs paler.

Antilope Sing-Sing, Bennett, Waterhouse, Cat. Zool. Soc. Mus.

41. n. 378.—A. defassa, Riippell, Abyss. t. 3.—A. unctuosa, Laur.,

D’Orbig. Dict. Univ. H. N. i. t. 622. 9. good. —A. Koba, Ogilby,

Penny Cyclop. ii. 79. fig. 9; P. Z. 8S. 1836, not Erxleben.— Koda,

Buffon, H. N. xii. 210, 267. t. 32. f. 2, horns?—Senegal Antelope,

Pennant, Syn. 38 (part from Buffon only).-——Kobus Sing-Sing, Gray,

Knows. Menag. 15.

Inhabits N. and W. Africa; Senegal; Gambia, where it is called

Kassimause and Kob (Whitfield). Brit. Mus. Abyssinia (Riippel/).

Mus. Frankfort.

This species varies much in the tint of the colouring, and in the

length of the hair in the different seasons. In summer they are

covered with very short, closely pressed fur, letting the skin be seen

between the hairs. In the cold weather, and in England, the fur is

longer and more abundant. The hair of the chin and neck is long

and rigid in all seasons, and even in the young animals. The tail of

the adult specimen is cylindrical and nearly bald, ending in a tuft of

black hair ; in the young specimens, especially in the winter fur, the

base of the tail is frmged with hair on each side. The male is much

brighter coloured, and the chest and belly are nearly black like the

legs. The hinder parts of the rump of the young animals are greyish

white ; in the older specimens it becomes pure white and broader in

extent.

This animal is called Sing-Sing by all the negroes. They do not

think their flocks of cattle will be healthy or fruitful unless they have

one of the Sing-Sings accompanying them, as some persons think a

Goat necessary to be in a stable in England. The English on the

Gambia call it the Jackass Deer from its appearance, and it is called

Koba and Kassimause by the negroes at Macarthy’s Island. Its flesh

is very strong, unpleasant, and scarcely palatable.

As far as I could judge by my recollection and description, the

adult specimen at Knowsley, the young male and adult female in the

British Museum, the male and female at Frankfort, and the adult

male in the Paris menageries, are the same species.

Buffon figured (Hist. Nat. 210, 267. xii. t. 32. f. 2) under the

name of Koda a pair of horns which were in the library of St. Victor

132

at Paris. He described them as larger and more curved above than

those of the Kod, eighteen inches long and five inches in circumfer-

ence at the base, and he refers them to an animal which Adanson

says is called Koba in Senegal, and the Great Brown Cow by the

French colonists. Pallas refers these horns to 4. Pygargus, and the

figures and description agree in many particulars with the horns of

that species ; but they are rather longer, and have more rings. Pen-

nant (Syn. Mam. 38) has given the name of Senegal Antelope to

Buffon’s short account and figure, but has added to it the description

and the figure of the head of a skin which came from Amsterdam,

and appears to be 4. Caama of South Africa. Cuvier (Dict. Sci.

Nat. il. 235) has translated Pennant’s name to 4. Senegalensis.

Erxleben (Syn. 293) and Zimmerman (Zool. 345) have translated

Pennant’s description of his skin of 4. Caama, and called it 4. Koba,

referring to Buffon’s description and Daubenton’s figure. Fischer,

Hamilton Smith and M. Sundevall regard the Koba of Buffon the

same as the Korrigum of Denham and Clapperton, but the horns of

that species are considerably longer and much thicker at the base than

those described by Daubenton, and the annulations of the horns are

higher and more regular: but it may be remarked that Buffon

describes his horns as having eleven or twelve rings, but figures them

as having seventeen or eighteen. Mr. Ogilby (Penny Cyclopedia

and the Proceedings of the Zoological Society) considers Buffon’s

Koba to be the Sing-Sing ; and in the length of the horns, and in the

number, disposition and form of the rings, his figure more nearly

agrees with the horns of that species than of that of the 4. Pygarga,

to which Pallas first referred it; but the horns are represented much

more lyrated than any horns of the Sing-Sing I have seen ; indeed,

not one of the specimens which have come under my observation have

had any inclination to assume that form: but as this is the only

Western-African species which in any way agrees with Buffon’s figure,

perhaps it is best to adopt Mr. Ogilby’s suggestion. The name of

Koba or Kob appears to be common to many species. Schinz errone-

ously considers Damalis Senegalensis, Antilope adenota and A. for-

Jew (H. Smith) as synonyms of this species.

c. Nape with a linear, central, compressed, recurved mane.

20. Arcocerus, H. Smith; ZLgocerus, Desm. ;

Hippotragus, Sundev.

Horns conical, elongate, rather compressed, ringed, recurved ; back

of the neck with a linear reversed mane ; tear-gland covered with a

tuft of hair; teats two.

1. Arcocrerus Eauinus. The Eraax or Equine ANTELOPE.

Spot above the eyes and pencil before the eyes fulvous grey ; nose

whitish ; face black; nuchal mane distinct.

Aigoceros Equina, H. Smith; Harris, W. A. A. t. 21.—da. glauca,

Forster.— 4. Osanne, Geoff.—A. barbata, H. Smith.—<A. Truteri,

Fischer.—4. aurita, Burch. MSS.—Capra Aithiopica, Schinz.—

133

Tzeiran, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 31. f. 6, horn.— digocerus Equinus and

A, leucopheus, Gray, Knows. Men. 16.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus. W. Africa; Gambia (Whitfield).

Horns. Brit. Mus.

Var." Smaller. ‘Fur glaucous grey; tuft before the eye short,

brown; nuchal crest none; hoofs small.’’—Sundevall.

Antilope leucopheus, Pallas; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. t. 179.—

Aigocerus leucopheus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 16.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; now extinct. Mus. Stockholm,

Mus. Upsal and Mus. Paris.

The head of the female covered with the skin from Macarthy’s

Island, on the coast of Gambia, which Mr. Whitfield brought home,

did not appear to differ from the specimen from the Cape in the

British Museum. The species does not appear to be uncommon in

the locality, for Mr. Whitfield brought over several pairs of horns.

He states the flesh is very good venison. “It is called Dacoi or

White Mouth by the Mandingoes, Kod and Koba by the Joliffs,

and Vache brune by the French at Senegal.” This is certainly not

the Kob of Buffon (xii. t. 32. f. 1, 2). The negroes at the Gambia

declare that this animal never bears more than one fawn; for after

that period, the horns increase in length, and enter the loins and

destroy the animals !

Buffon (xii. 271. t. 31. f. 6) figures the horn of this species, which

had been made into a powder-flask, under the name of Tzeiran.

A. barbata of Daniels appears to be only a bad drawing of this

species.

The variety is the size of the Common Stag, Cervus Elaphus.

M. Sundevall observes that it is as different from 4. Equina, as the

species of Hleotragi and Tragelaphi are from one another; and he

observes, in a letter I have just received, “ I must tell you, that after

the inspection of a whole series of 4. Hquina, which Wahlberg brought

home, I am convinced that the 4. leucophea of Pallas is a very distinct

race. Our stuffed specimen, that must have been adult, has much

smaller hoofs than the very young 4. Hquina, male as well as female,

amongst Wahlberg’s, and in the tuft over the lachrymal sinus, as I

have shortly expressed in the printed survey.”

When I examined the specimen at Paris I regarded it as a young

or rather dwarf specimen of 4. Equina, and the absence of the nuchal

crest led to this belief; and I am not satisfied that the number of

rings on the horns are a sufficient proof of its being adult.

2. AIGOCERUS NIGER. The Buack Box.

Black ; female and young brown; face white, with a dark streak.

Antilope niger and A. Harrisii, Harris, Wild African Anim. t. 23.—

Aigocerus niger, Gray, Knows. Menag. 17.

Inhabits 8. Africa. Brit. Mus. Males and female and young.

21. Oryx, Blainv., H. Smith.

Horns elongate, subulate, ringed at the base, straight, or slightly

arched, placed in a line with the face ; neck maned above and below ;

134

tear-bag none; nose subcervine, with a marginal muffle; hoofs nar-

rowed in front, false hoofs large ; teats four (two, Harris). In the

skull there is a slight suborbital fissure, but no pit, and the grinders

have supplementary lobes.

* Horns straight.

1. Oryx Gazetuta. The Kooxaam or GEmssoc.

Horns straight, shelving backwards ; throat with a bunch of black

hairs; black streak on the face, conjoined under the chin; rump,

face, spinal line, lateral streak, and very broad band on the thigh and

cubitus black in summer. Young pale brown; hairs blackish at the

base.

Capra Gazella, Linn.—Antilope Oryz, Pallas ; H. Smith.— A. be-

zoartica, Pallas.—A. recticornis, Erxl.; Pallas, Nov. Comm. Petrop.

xiii. t. 10. f. 6.—Oryx Capensis, Ogilby ; Harris, W. A. A. t. 9.—

O. Gazella, Gray, Knows. Menag. 17. t. 16. f. 2, young.

Inhabits S. Africa; Cape of Good Hope. Brit. Mus. Adult and

young.

2. Oryx Betsa. The Bérsa.

Horns straight ; throat without any bunch of hairs; black face-

streaks separate. ‘‘ Pale; face, belly and limbs white ; front of face,

two streaks on cheek, narrow line along throat, dorsal streak, streak

on each side of abdomen, band round upper part, and streak in front

of lower part of fore-leg and end of tail black.”

Antilope Beisa, Riippell, Atlas, t. 5—Ory« Beisa, Sundevall.—

A, Dammah, Rippell.

Inhabits Abyssinia. Mus. Frankfort.

There is a male and female in the Frankfort Museum ; they are

smaller than 4. Gazella of the Cape, and both have the face-streaks

separate: there is a black streak on the throat, as in 4. Gazella, but

no bunch, nor is there any in the Frankfort specimen of 4. Gazella:

the mane of the nape of the male is small, indistinct, continued behind

in a broader dark streak to the middle of the loins. In the male the

mane is blackish, in the female like the back. They have no dark

mark on the rump, found in 4. Gazella.

** Horns arched, recurved.

3. Oryx LEUCORYX. The Oryx.

Horns slender, slightly arched: white, reddish varied ; in winter

greyish.

Antilope leucoryzx, Pallas; Ehrenb. S. P. t. 3; Licht. Saugth. t. 1.

— A. ensicornis, Ehrenb. ny Algazella, Rapp. t. .—A. Gazella,

Pallas.—A. bezoartica, Erxl.; H. Smith.—Algazelle, F. Cuv. Mam.

Lith. t. .—dA. Eleotragus, Schreb. t. . (not descrip.) —Oryx

leucoryx, Gray, Knows. Menag. 17. t. 16. f. i. young ; t. 17, adult.

Tnhabits N. and W. Africa; Nubia; Sennaar; Senegal. Brit. Mus.

I have compared the Nubian and Senegal specimens, and cannot

discover any difference between them.

135

v. Throat slightly maned, neck simple.

22. Appax ; Oryz, part Blainv. and others ; Gazella, part H. Smith.

Horns slender, elongate, ringed, slightly spirally twisted, nearly on

a line with the face; neck with a slight gular, but no nuchal mane ;

nose ovine, hairy ; hoofs semicircular, edged ; tear-bag marked by a

tuft of hair; forehead longly hairy.

1. Appax NasoMaAcuLaATus. The Appax.

White ; forehead and front of face darker ; grey in winter.

Antilope nasomaculatus, Blainy. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 78; H.

Smith.—d. Addaz, Licht. Saugth. t. 2; Riipp. Atlas, t. 7; Mam.

Lith. t. .—A. suturosa, Otto, N. A. Nat. Cur. xii. t. 48; Griffith,

A. K. t. 180.—A. gibbosa, Savi.— A. Tao, H. Smith.—A. Mytilopes,

H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 182, 183. f. 6.—Strepsiceros, Cajus.—Addaz,

F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. .. (winter and summer) ; Ehrenberg, S.

Phys. t. 4, male and female.—Capra Cervicapra, Linn. 8. N. ed. 10.

—Ant: Cervicapra, Children, Denham Trav.— Addaz nasomaculatus,

Gray, Knows. Men. 17. t. 18.

Inhabits N. Africa. Brit. Mus.

3. The Goat-Like ANTELOPEs have a very short flat tail, hairy

above. They have heavy bodies, covered with rough, rigid or woolly

fur, strong legs, large hoofs and false hoofs. The horns are conical

and recurved.

A. Nose cervine, muffle moderate ; horns short, inclined, recurved.

23. Capricorntis, Ogilby ; Nemorhedus, part H. Smith.

Horns short, strong, conical, ringed, inclined and recurved, arising

behind the orbits ; nose cervine, muffle moderate, bald ; fear-bag and

interdigital pores large; skull with a more or less deep rounded pit,

and no suborbital fissure ; grinders without supplemental lobes. Asia.

1. Capricornis SumaTRENsis. The Campine Ouran.

Black ; chin and linear nuchal mane yellowish, especially near the

withers ; inside of the ears white. Young like the adult.

Antilope Sumatrensis, Shaw; H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 189 (cop.

from); F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. .—A. interscapularis, Licht.—

Capricornis Sumatrensis, Gray, Knows. Menag. 18.

Inhabits Sumatra. Mus. Leyden.

2. Capricornis BuBALINA. The THAAR or THAR.

Grey brown, blackish washed ; crown and dorsal line black ; thighs

and outside of legs rufous; nose, chin, inside of ear, lower part of

mane and legs below the hocks whitish.

Antilope Bubalina, Hodgson, P. Z. S. 1832, 12.—A. Thar, Hodg-

son.— Nemorhedus proclivis, Hodgson.— Capricornis Bubalina, Gray,

Knows. Menag. 18.

Inhabits India; Nepal. Mus. Brit.

136

A head was sent to the United Service Museum by Lieut.-Colonel

Childers, of the 11th Dragoons, in 1820, under the name of Serow or

Imo. “It is not speedy, as might be inferred from its make. Its

flesh is very coarse and bad. It is usually killed with poisoned

arrows. ’—Hodgson, |. c. 14.

3. Capricornis’? crispaA. The JAPANESE Goat ANTELOPE.

Fur very fine, elongate, rather woolly, crisp; brown or brownish ;

feet and ears darker ; throat whitish: female paler ; tear-bag a naked

— spot ?

Antilope crispa, Temm. Faun. Japan. t. 18, 19.—Capricornis

crispa, Gray, Knows. Menag. 18.

Inhabits Japan. Mus. Leyden.

** Nose ovine, hairy, without any muffle ; horns short, conical, re-

curved, ringed.

24, NemMorHEDUS, part H. Smith; Kemas, Hodgson.

Horns short, conical, inclined and recurved, arising from behind

the orbits; nose ovine, hairy; muffle none ; tear-bag none; inter-

digital pores large ; fur short.

1. NemorHeEepDvus Gorau. The Gora.

Grey brown, black punctulated; streak on lower part of back of

neck blackish ; cheeks, chin and upper part of throat white; front

of fore-legs blackish ; feet rufous. Young paler; dorsal line rather

darker.

Antilope Goral, Hardw. Linn. Trans. xiv. t. 14 ; Calcutta J. N. H.

i. t. 12. f. 2, 3.—A. Goural, Hodgson.—Bouquetin du Nepaul, F. Cuv.

Mam. Lith. t. . (copy from Hardw.)—A. Duvaucellii, H. Smith.

—WNemorhedus Goral, H. Smith; Gray, Knows. Menag. 18.

Inhabits Nepal. Brit. Mus.

A. Duvaucellii (H. Smith) was described from a drawing traced

from one of General Hardwicke’s figures of this species, and badly

coloured, which Duvaucel sent to Paris without any notes. It has

no connection with C. Sumatrensis, to which many naturalists have

referred it. In the Bengal Journal two Antelopes, said to resemble

the Goral, are mentioned as found in Affghanistan, one called Suwa

and the other Goomast.

25. Mazama, Rafinesque; Aplocerus, H. Smith.

Horns small, conical, nearly erect, slightly inclined and recurved

at the tip, ringed at the base ; nose ovine, hairy ; muffle none ; tear-

bag none: fur short, under fur woolly, outer very long, hairy and

dependent.

1. Mazama Americana. The Mazama or SPRINGBUCK.

White ; horns, hoof and edge of nostrils black.

Rupicapra Americana, Blainv.—Antilope Americana, Desm.—

Capra Americana, Rich. F. B. A. 268, t. 22.— Ovis montana, Ord.—

137

Capra montana, Harlan.—A. lanigera, H. Smith.—Mazama dorsata

and M. sericea, Rafin.—A. Mazama and Apl. Femmamazama, H.

Smith.—Capra? Columbiana, Desmoul.—Rock Mountain Sheep,

Jameson, Mem. Wern. Soc. iii. 306.—Mazama Americana, Gray,

K. M. 19.

Inhabits N. America; Rocky Mountains. Mus. Linn, Soc. and

Zool. Soc.

26. Rurricapra, H. Smith ; Capella, Keys. & Blas. ; Kemas, Ogilby.

Horns elongate, slender, erect, recurved at the tip; nose ovine,

hairy ; muffle none; fur soft; skull without any pit, and with a

minute suborbital fissure; grinders without supplemental lobes,

cutting-teeth equal-sized, erect.

1. Ruprcapra Tracus. The Cuamoise or GERUS.

Brown yellowish, with a dark dorsal streak in summer, blackish in

winter. ;

Capra Rupicapra, Linn.—-A. Rupicapra, Pallas; H. Smith, G.A.K.

t. 90.--Rupicapra Tragus, Gray, K. M. 19.—R. Capella, Bonap.—

R. pyrenaica, Bonap.—Tragus Dorcas, Klein.—Chamoise, Buffon,

H. N. xu. t.16; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith.t. .

Inhabits S. Europe ; Switzerland, Pyrenees, and Pindarus. Brit.

Mus.

I have compared the Swiss, Pyrenean and Greek specimens, and

cannot find any character to separate them.

27. AntrLtocaPrRa, Ord; Dicranocerus, H. Smith ;

Oreammos, Rafin. ; Cervus, Blainv.

Horns erect, the base compressed with a flattened process in

front, the end conical, recurved; nose ovine, hairy; muffle none ;

fur very close; hair stiff, coarse, flattened, wavy ; tail very short ;

false hoofs none; tear-bag none; inguinal pores none; legs rather

slenderer than the other Goat Antelopes; skull without any sub-

orbital depression, but with a lengthened fissure ; grinders without

supplemental lobes, cutting-teeth equal-sized and shelving.

1. Anrrtocapra Americana. The Casrit or PRoNGHORN.

Pale fulvous ; upper part of rump white.

Antilope Americana, Ord, 1815.—A. furcifer, A. palmata, H.

Smith, Linn. Trans. xiv. t. 2,3; G.A.K. t. 178. t. 199. f. 1-5;

Richards. Z. B. A. t. 21.— Cervus hamatus, Blainv.—C. bifurcatus,

Rafin.— Antilocapra Americana, Ord; Gray, K. M. 19.

Inhabits N. America; in the plains in summer and in the moun-

tains in winter. Called the Goat. Mexico (Coulter). Brit. Mus.

Dr. Coulter brought a head from Mexico which had the face dark

brown, and the horns large, wide-spreading and much hooked at the

tip, like the 4. palmata of H. Smith (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1826, 121).

This is probably only a larger variety in the summer fur.

138

II. The ANTELOPES OF THE Desert. Nostrils bearded within

beneath, operculated, far apart ; horns on the frontal ridge ; nose sub-

cervine, with a small muffle; legs rather stout ; tail elongate ; hoofs

rather large.

4. The Equine ANTELOPEs have a very depressed, spongy and

bristly muzzle.

28. CatrosLepas, Gray ; Connochetes, Licht.; Bos, Forster.

Horns,bent down on the sides, recurved at the tip; nose very

broad, dilated, spongy, bristly ; nostrils operculated ; tail elongate,

bushy, hairy from the base; hoofs compressed in front; teats

four.

This genus has been placed with the Oxen by Forster, and in the

Bovine group of genera by Sundevall, but it has all the characters of

the true Antelopes in the proportion of its leg-bone.

* Nose with a crest of reversed hair ; chest maned. Catoblepas.

1. Carosieras Gnu. The Gnu or Koxoon.

Nose with a tuft of reversed hair; chest maned. Brown or

blackish ; the lower part of the mane and tail often paler or white.

Young: pale fulvous; nasal, gular, and nuchal mane black.

Antilope Gnu, Sparm. ; Zimmerm.— Bos Connochetes, Forster.—

Antilope taurina, Burchell.—C. Gnu, H. Smith.—C. taurina, H.

Smith, not A. Smith.— Gnu, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lith. t. ; Harris,

W. A. A. t. 1.—Catoblepas Gnu, Gray, Knows. Menag. 19. t. 19.

f. 1, young.

Var. Mane and tail black.

A. taurina, Burchell; A. Smith.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

The A. Gnu of: Burchell, H. Smith, F. Cuvier and Harris, “ and

the Kokong of Lichtenstein,” has a white tail and mane. Burchell

and H. Smith have given the name of 4. taurina to the specimens,

which have those parts black. When young they are fulvous, and

become black as they reach maturity. The specimen of the Kokoon

in the Museum of the London Missionary Society (Blomfield Street,

Moorfields), named by Colonel H. Smith Kokoon (Cat. taurina,

Griff. A. K. iv. 369, v. 368), is an adult common Guu, C. Gnu

(Var. mane and tail white ; Kokong, Licht. Trav. Cape), and his

description of Dr. Burchell’s specimen in the British Museum agrees

with the Gnu, in having the ridge of hair on the face. Indeed Dr.

Burchell (Travels, ii. 278) appears to consider the difference between

the Gnu and A. taurina, that the former has a white and the latter

a black tail. Dr. Andrew Smith (Illust. Zool. S. A.) has regarded

the C. taurina and C. Gorgon as the same species. Dr. Sundevall,

in his Synopsis, has, by mistake, given the name of C. taurina to the

Gorgon, or Brindled Gnu (C. Gorgon, H. Smith).

139

** Nose with smooth hair ; chest not maned. Gorgon.

2. CarosLtePAs GorGon. The Gorcon.

Face convex, smooth, covered with hair, lying towards the nose ;

chest not maned; black grey, varied and striped. Young: dark

grey ; face, gular and nuchal mane and end of tail black. Hialf-

grown: blackish ; crown grey.

Antilope Gorgon, H. Smith ; Harris, W. A. A. t. 4.—Cat. taurina,

Sundey., not Burch. or Smith.—Catoblepas Gorgon or Gorgon fas-

ciatus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 20. t. 19. f. 2, young.

Inhabits 8. Africa. Brit. Mus.

Colonel H. Smith has figured a pair of horns which were in Mr.

Brookes’s Museum under the name of C. Brookesii (t. 201. f. 1).

He thinks it is also probable that Bos Pegaseus (H. Smith, G. A. K.

t. 204, from a drawing of Prince Maurice’s) is a species of this genus

(H. Smith, Jard. Nat. Lib.).

5. The Bovine ANTELOpEs have the nose moderately broad, with

a moderate or small, bald, moist muffle ; the grinders are rather small,

without supplemental lobes, the central cutting-teeth enlarged at the

end.

29. Bosetaruus; Bubalis, Licht., Ogilby; Acronotus, H. Smith ;

Bubalus, A. Smith ; Alcelaphus, Blainv.; Buselaphus, Ray.

Horns lyrate, end suddenly curved at a nearly right angle, thick

at base, on the upper edge of the frontal bones; nose moderately

broad, cervine ; muffle moderate, bald, moist ; tear-bag covered with

a tuft of hair. Females: teats two.

1. BoseLaruus BuBAtis. The BuBALE.

Pale brown in early uniform ; rump like back.

Antilope Bubalis, Pallas.—Capra Dorcas, Houttayn, t. 24. eS

Buselaphus Caji, Ray.—Bubalis Mauretanica, Ogilby ; Sundevall.

— Acronotus Bubalis, H. Smith.—Buéale, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith.t. .

—Cervine Antelope, Penn.—Boselaphus Bubalis, Gray, K. M. 20.

t. 20. f. 1, young.

Inhabits N. Africa. Brit. Mus.

Var.1. Uniform pale brown ; with a dark brown streak down the

outer side of the front of the fore-legs, like the streak on the leg of

the Lecama or Harte beest from South Africa, which is not generally

found in this species. This skin, without a head or hoofs, was brought

by Mr. Frazer to the British Museum, from Tunis ; it probably indi-

cates a third species, or perhaps this streak is only marked in the

very adult or fully-coloured specimens.

2. BosetapnHus Caama. The Lecama or HARTE BEEST.

Grey brown ; dorsal line, streak on face, outer side of limbs black ;

large triangular spot on the haunches whitish.

Antilope Caama, Cuv. D.S. N. ii. 242 (1816); Harris, W. A. A.

t.7; A. Smith, Must. Z. 8. A. t. 31.—A. Bubalis, Licht. ; Erxleb.

140

291.—Acronotus Caama, H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 197.—A. Dorcas,

Thunb. ; Sparm. K. V. Hand. 1779, t. 5.—Bubale, Buffon, H. N.

xil. t. 38. f. 2; Supp. iv. t. 15.—Caama, Cuvier, Menag. t. —

Senegal Antelope, Penn. Synn. 38.—A. Senegalensis, Cuvier, Dict.

Sci. Nat., from Pennant.— 4. Koda, Erxleb. Syn. 293, from Pennant.

—Boselaphus Caama, Gray, Knows. Menag. 20. t. 20. f. 2, young.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

Pennant figures the head and horns of this species under the name

of Senegal Antelope, and erroneously refers to Buffon’s figures of the

horns of the Koba as representing the species, which lead to some

confusion ; for the 4. Senegalensis (Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. ii. 235)

is an abbreviation, and 4. Koda (Erxleben, Syn. 293) is a translation,

of Pennant’s description of this species. Pennant’s specimen is said

to come from Senegal, but he describes the nuchal line and the knees

as black, and the figure indicates the dark colour on the face of the

Cape species.

30. Damauis; Damalis acronotus, sp.H.Smith; Bubalis, sp. Sundev.

Horns lyrate, diverging, subcylindrical; nose moderately broad,

cervine, with a small, bald, moist muffle between and below the

nostrils ; tear-bag exposed: females, teats two.

* Horns recurved above, diverging from the base ; face dark in

Sront.

1. Damauis LunaTus. The Sassaysy.

Rufous glaucous, outer sides of the limbs dark.

Antilope lunata, Burchell, Tray. ii. 334, 335. fig. _.—Damalis

(acronotus) lunatus, H. Smith, G. A. K. t. 198; A. Smith, Zool.

S. Afr. t. 31; Harris, W. A. A. t. 8.—Bubalis lunata, Sundev.—

Sassaybi, Daniel, Afr. Scenery, t. .—Damalis lunatus, Gray,

Knows. Menag. 21.

Inhabits 8. Africa. Brit. Mus.

** Horns regularly lyrate, nearly parallel at the base, then diver-

ging, and approaching at the tips ; face black marked ; tear-bag

moderate.

2. DaAMALIs SENEGALENSIS. The Korricum.

Reddish grey ; front of face from nose to occiput, a small spot be-

hind the eyes, a small streak above the angle of the mouth, and streak

on outside of the limbs above the knees, and tuft of the tail, black.

Very young: uniform pale brown, without any dark marks.

Antilope.and Damalis (acronotus) Senegalensis, H. Smith, G.A.K.

v. t. 199. f. 3.— Antilope Koba, Children, in Denham and Clapper-

ton’s Travels, not Erxleben.— Bubalis Koba, Sundevall.—B. lunata,

Sundey. Act. Stockh. 1842, 201, 243, not Burchell.—A. Corrigum,

Ogilby.—Damalis Senegalensis, Gray, Knows. Menag. 21. t. 21.

Inhabits W. Africa; Gambia River, Macarthy’s Island; called

Yonga or Yongah by the Joliffs, and Tan Rong by the Mandingoes,

Mr. Whitfield. Brit. Mus. Senegal? Sennaar. Mus. Stockholm.

141

In Denham and Clapperton’s Travels I regarded this species as the

Koba of Buffon, and H. Smith and Dr. Sundevall are of the same

opinion: but on comparing the six pairs of horns of this species

which I haye been able to examine with Buffon’s figure and descrip-

tions, I find them all longer and much thicker at the base than But-

fon describes them; the thinner (a female?) being 7 and the others

9 or 92 inches in circumference, while that which Buffon described is

only 5 inches. The rings are also more elevated, and reach nearer to

the top than in Buffon’s figure. All the characters lead me to believe

that the horns figured as those of the Koba by Buffon belong to Da-

malis Pygarga. They afford very good venison.

Colonel Hamilton Smith, in ‘ Griffith’s Animal Kingdom,’ de-

scribed and figured the heads brought home by Messrs. Denham and

Clapperton as 4. Senegalensis, but they are different from the one

so called by Cuvier. Mr. Ogilby, in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoolo-

gical Society ’ (1826, 103), proposed to call these heads, 4. Corrigum.

Under the name.of Antilope Koba, Schinz (Syn. Mam. ii. 407)

combines the 4. defassa, Riippell, Damalis Senegalensis and Antilope

adenota, H. Smith, the Koba of Buffon, and the Antilope Koba or

Caama of Erxleben.

*** Horns regularly lyrate, parallel at the base; face of adult

white.

3. Damauis Pyearca. The Bonte Boc.

Purple red, outside of limb dark ; rump and face white : fawn pale

ellowish brown.

Antilope Pygarga, Pallas.—Bonte Boc or Pied Antelope, Gazella

Pygarga, Harris, W. A. A. t. 17.—Bubalis Pygarga, Sundev.—

A. Dorcas, Pallas.— Antilope (Gazella) Pygarga, H. Smith.—Da-

malis Pygarga, Gray, Knows. Menag. 21. t. 20. f. 3, young; t. 22.

f. 2 & 3, adult.

Half-grown, face whitish.

A. personata, Wood, Zool. Journ. ii. t.

Inhabits S. Africa. Brit. Mus.

Male: bright purple red, face whitish, dark-edged, with a dark-

edged white streak to between the horns; legs whitish, upper and

lower part brown varied; temple and upper part of the throat

whitish ; rump to above the tail pure white ; tear-bag round, distinct,

moist. The female is similar, but the throat and under part of the

pei! are white. These animals are often brought to the Cape market

for food.

4. Damauis atprrrons. The Buess Bock.

Purplish red; face and back of thighs white ; rump like back.

Bless bok or Antilope albifrons, Burchell, Trav. ii. 335?; Harris,

W. A.A. t. 21.—Buébalis albifrons, Sundev.—Damalis albifrons,

Gray, Knows. Menag. 22. t. 22. f. 1, half-grown.

Inhabits S. Africa.

A half-grown specimen was darker, with a pale spot between the

horns, separated by a dark spot from the white on the face; the

142

temple was white, with a white spot; the legs had a brown stripe

down the outer side of the front; and the throat and rump brown,

the latter without any white spot.

Dr. Burchell, when speaking of the Bless bock, proposed to call it

A. albifrons, as the name Pygarga has been used for both the

Springer and the Bless bock ; but it is not certain if he intended by

Bless bock this or the preceding species. Captain Harris’s figure

shows the distinction of the species.

*e*X Horn unknown.

5. Damatis? Zesra. The Dorta.

Bright golden brown, with numerous black cross bands narrowing

at the sides; outer sides of fore and hind legs dark.

Antilope Zebra, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1836.—4. Doria, Ogilby,

P. Z. S. 1836, 121; Frazer, Z.T.t. .—A. Zebrata, Robert.—

Viverra Zebra, Whitfield’s MSS.—Cephalophus? zebra, Gray, Cat.

Mam. B. M.—Damalis? zebra, Gray, Knows. Menag. 22.

Inhabits W. Africa; Gambia. Brit. Mus.

Skins without head and feet are alone known; they are brought

down by the negroes. In the Catalogue of the Mammalia in the

British Museum I have referred this species with doubt to Cephalo-

phus. Mr. Ogilby (P. Z. S. 1836, 121) thinks it should be referred

with the Harness Antelopes to Calliope. I am inclined, on account

of the dark mark on the outside of the limb, to think it belongs to

the genus Damalis. Mr. Whitfield believes it to be a species of

Viverra.

THE STREPSICERES.

The animals of this family are peculiar as being the only hollow-

horned or Bovine Ruminants which are marked with white stripes

and spots. The bands are not very distinct in the Impoofo or Eland,

but they are easily to be observed in the female, if it is looked at ob-

liquely, which was brought home by Burke, and presented to the

British Museum by the Earl of Derby. Their nostrils are near to-

gether in front. They have four teats in a small udder. The horns

generally incline backwards from their base; the skull, which some-

what resembles that of the Deer, has a rather small nasal opening,

no suborbital pit, and only a small suborbital fissure.

Colonel H. Smith forms of the larger species three of his four sub-

genera of Damalis: he places the smaller kinds as a subgenus (T’rag-

elaphus) of Antelopes.

Prof. Sundevall placed the genera I have here brought together in

two different families; the genus Portax with the Bovina, and the

others in the Sylvicaprina, or True Antelopes.

The AFRICAN GENERA have large heavy horns, only the rudiments

of a tear-bag, and their limbs are nearly equal; they have no sup-

plementary lobes to the grinders, and the central cutting-teeth are

enlarged above.

143

A. The nose hairy, cervine, with only a small moist naked space be-

tween the edges of the nostrils, and a narrow streak on the

upper lip; the body is large, heavy ; the neck is maned.

1. Strersiceros, H. Smith; Calliope, Ogilby ; Tragelaphus, sp.

Blainv.

Horns large, heavy, spirally twisted, keeled in front; tear-bag a

naked space; throat with a central, linear mane: female hornless.

1. Strepsiceros Kupvu. The ErcHLONGOLE or Koopoo.

The horns diverge from the line of the forehead, and have two

twists ; the calf is marked like the adult.

Antilope Strepsiceros, Pallas.—Damalis (Strepsiceros) Strepsice-

ros, H. Smith, G. A. K.—A. Tendal, Riippell, Abyss. 22; Fischer,

Syn. 475.—Strepsiceros Kudu, Gray, Cat. B. M.; Knowsley Menag.

26. t. 24. f. 2, young.—S. Capensis, Harris, W. A. A. t. 20.—S. ew-

celsus, Sundev.—Striped Antelope, Penn.—Comdoma, Buffon, H. N.

xii. t. 39; Supp. vi. t. 13.

Inhabits 8. Africa. Mus. Brit.

Var. Smaller.

Inhab. Abyssinia. Mus. E. India Company, adult. Mus. Frank-

fort, adult and young.

2. Oras, Desm.; Boselaphus, sp. Blainv., Gray ; Damalis

(Boselaphus), sp. H. Smith; Damalis, Sundev.

Horns large, erect, slightly curved, with a spiral keel; throat with

a longitudinal, crested dewlap; hoofs narrowed in front. Female

with smaller, thinner horns.

I formerly adopted the name of Boselaphus, which Blainville had

used for the genus, but Ray had previously applied this name to the

Bubale, and Desmarest has formed a subgenus specially for it under

the name of Oreas.

1. Orras Canna. The Impooro or ELAND.

Pale brown; throat and beneath whitish.

Antilope Oreas, Pallas.—Damalis (Boselaphus) Oreas, H. Smith,

G. A. K. t. 200.—A. Oryz, Pallas, Mise. 9.—D. Boselaphus Canna,

H. Smith, G. A. K. t.181.f. 5, horn ¢.—Oreas Canna, Gray, Knows.

Menag. 27. t. 26, 27.Coudou, Buffon, H. N. xii. t. 46 6.—Canna,

Buffon, Supp. iii. t. 12.—land, Kolbe, Sparmann, K. Vet. Handl.

1779, t.8; Harris, W. A. A. t. 6; Daniel, Afr. Scen. t.

Inhabits S. Africa; Cape of Good Hope (Sparmann). Brit. Mus.

This Antelope has much the character of the Oxen, and Dr. Bur-

chell informs me that it is the best food of any of the genus at the

Cape, being the only one which is moist and has any fat intermixed

with the muscle ; the flesh of the others is dry and hard. At Knows-

ley it breeds with the facility of domestic cattle, but they are ravenous

feeders, and appear liable to an epidemic.

It should be remarked that the skin of the specimen shot by Burke

144

at the Cape (the female especially) shows several pale whitish cross-

bands on the hinder half of the body, similar to the streaks on the

Koodoo, showing the affinity of this animal to that species; but I

could not observe these bands in the living specimens at Knowsley

Park.

2. Oreas Derpianus. The Ginc-e-JonGa.

Pale reddish brown ; front of the face, the neck, the front part of

the under side, a spot on the front and hinder side of the upper part

of the fore-leg, the dorsal streak, dark black ; the belly, the front and

back edge of the upper part of the legs and under side of tail whitish ;

a broad half-collar in front of the shoulder, narrowed above ; fourteen

or fifteen narrow, waved, perpendicular streaks on each side of the

body white ; withers with intermixed black hairs : female, throat dark

brown; crown reddish brown. .

Boselaphus Derbianus, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. Hist. xx. 286 ;-

Silliman’s Amer. Journ. v. 279.—Oreas Derbianus, Gray, Knowsley

Menag. 27. t. 25.

Inhabits W. Africa ; river Casaman. Called Ging-e-jonga. Mr.

Whitfield. Brit. Mus. Imperfect skin of male and female, and horns.

B. The nose bovine, with a large coriaceous moist muffle, and a

narrow bald space on the upper lip. The animals have very

slender, elegant legs; small hoofs and false hoofs; conical,

subangular horns ; with an oblique, indistinct keel.

3. TraGeLapuus; Antilope (Tragelaphus), Blainv., H. Smith.

Horns conical, subangular ; tear-bag distinct ; nape and back with

a more or less distinct mane: they are brown; with spots on

haunches, crescent on chest, and inside of legs white, and a dark

dorsal stripe.

* Face with a curved band between the eyes ; horns large ;

back cross-banded. Euryceros.

1. TRAGELAPHUsS EurycEROs. The Euryceros.

Head pale brown; broad band before the eyes, and two large spots

on cheeks, chin and front of upper lip white ; horns elongate, thick,

scarcely bent forward at the tip; throat with long black hairs.

Antilope Eurycerus, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 120.—A., n. sp., Afze-

lius, N. Act. Upsal. vii. 269. t. 8. f.3; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 361.

—Tragelaphus Euryceros, Gray, Knows. Menag. 27. t. 23. f.1, horns.

Inhabits W. Africa. Horns in Brit. Mus. and Zool. Soc.

2. TraGeLapnuus AnGasiu. The Inyaua.

Black ; back with a dorsal streak and four or five bands on each

side; head blackish; narrow band before eyes, two small spots on

cheeks, front of upper lip and chin white; forehead and feet bay ;

throat with a mane of long rigid blackish hair; horns rather slender,

elongate, rather bent forward at the tip ; female bay, with many white

bands.

145

Tragelaphus Angasii, Gray, P. Z, S. 1848, 89. t. 4 & 5, male, fe-

male and young; Knows. Menag. 27.

Inhabits S. Africa; Port Natal. Brit. Mus. male, imperfect skin.

** Face without any frontal streak ; horns small.

+ Back with transverse white stripes.

3. TRAGELAPHUS scriptus. The ZaLorres or HaRNeEss ANTE-

LOPE.

Pale bay ; back with four cross-bands and a central white streak ;

haunches white spotted; cheek with two white spots; spot on chest,

nose, feet, and spots on the legs blackish; dorsal streak and end of

tail black. Adult: chest and outside of shoulder and haunches and

legs black: the male with a high ridge of long, coarse white hair ex-

tending the whole length of the back to the tail.

Antilope scripta, Pallas, Misc. 8.—Antilope (Tragelaphus) scripta,

H. Smith.— A. maculata, Thunb.—<A. (Tragelaphus) Phalerata,

H. Smith.—Tragelaphus scripta, Gray, Knows. Menag. 28. t. 28.—

The Harness Antelope, Pennant, Syn. 27.—Guib, Butfon, H. N. xii.

305, 307. t. 40. t. 41. f.1; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. t. ; Dict. Sci.

INBE..f..”

Inhabits W. Africa; Senegal and Gambia. Called Oualofes or

Zalofes.

The dark colour of the chest and outside of the limbs, and the

high crest_of the male, are not developed until they are four or more

years old.

This species varies in some having seven and others nine white

cross-bands, and some are spotted and others not; but they breed

together, and the produce is often a different variety from the parent.

They breed constantly at Knowsley : in May 1845 they had a small

herd of two males and four females, three of which were expected to

bear young.

4. TracetapHus Decuta. The Decuta.

Grey brown; back with three or four indistinct cross-bands; an

arched streak on upper part of side, a few spots forming an arch on

the haunches ; dorsal line, streak on nose, and in front of fore-legs

blackish.

Antilope Decula, Riippell, Abyss. t.4.—Tragelaphus Decula, Gray,

Knows. Menag. 28.

Var. Back without the cross-bands.

Inhabits Africa; Abyssinia (Riippell).

+t Back without any cross-bands or lateral streak.

5. TRAGELAPHUS SYLVATICUS. The Boscu Boc.

Blackish brown ; head pale brown; back, across forehead, black ;

small spot on haunches, larger spot on insides of legs and on feet

white ; dorsal line longly crested, black, white varied in. Female

paler brown. Young: pale bay.

No. CCX.—PrRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

146

Antilope sylvatica, Sparmann, Act. Holm. iii. t. 7.—Tragelaphus

sylvatica, Harris, W. A. A. t. 26; Gray, Knowsley Menag. 28.—-

Forest Antelope, Pennant.

Inhabits 8. Africa; Cape of Good Hope. Brit. Mus.

Var.? Smaller horns, rather more erect.

Antelopus Ronleynei (the Serolomoot broque), Ronaleyn; G. Cum-

ming, Hunter’s Life S. A. ii. 178, 179.

Inhabits Limpopo.

The two pairs of horns, named by Colonel H. Smith Boselaphus

canna (a, 6, in the List of Mamm. Brit. Mus. 155); one, presented

by Dr. W. Burchell, is certamly the horns of this species, and the

other appear to be those of a young male, Strepsiceros Kudu.

The Asiatic Strepsitceres have a bovine nose, with a large

coriaceous moist muffle extending over the whole front of the upper

lip; small, short, angular horns; a deep longitudinal tear-bag ; and

the hind-legs much shorter than the fore-ones ;_ the skull without any

suborbital pit, and only a minute fissure; and with supplementary

lobes to the grinders.

4, Portax; Oreas, sp. Fischer; Tragelaphus, Ogilby ;

Damalis (Portax), H. Smith.

Horns short, conical, angular, with an obscure oblique ridge ; tear-

bag deep, longitudinal; shoulders higher than the rump.

1. PortTax TRAGOCAMELUS. The NYLGHAU.

Grey ; under surface, rhombic spot on the forehead and above the

hoofs black and white ringed; tail, end black. Female browner.

Young: dull reddish fawn ; lower part of fore-legs brighter ; under

lip, spot on jaws, and line along belly on inside of legs and fore-part

of hock, white; tip of tail, line on back of nose and on front of legs

black.

Antilope Trago-camelus, Pallas, Misc. 5.—A. picta, Pallas, Spicil.

xiii. 54; Gray, Cat. B. M.—4A. albipes, Erxl. 280.—A. leucopus,

Zimm. Zool. 541.—Damalis(Portaz) Risia, H.Smith.—Portaz picta,

Gray, Cat. B. M.—P. Tragocamelus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 28. t. 29.

—Tragelaphus Hippelaphus, Ogilby.—P. Tragelaphus, Sundey.—

Biggel, Mandelst. Reise (1658), p. 122.—Tragelaphus Cait, Raii Syn.

827%; Parsons, Phil. Trans. No. 476. p. 465. t. 3. f. 9.—Nylghau,

Hunter, Phil. Trans. lxi. 170. t. 5.—Nilghaut, Buffon, H. N. Supp.

v. t. 10, 11; F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithog. t. .—Indostan Antelope,

Penn. Syn. 29.—White-footed Antelope, Penn. Syn. 29. t. 6. f. 1, 2.

Tnhabits India. The Roow of the Mahrattas, the Nylghau of the

Persians. ;

This species has bred at Knowsley. In December 1845 they had

two calves, both females, making a flock of one male and four fe-

males; they are in the paddock with the Eland in summer. They

have also bred in the Gardens of the Zoological Society (See P. Z. 8.

1831, 37), and in the Menagerie of Sir Robert Heron at Shibton.

147

2. A MoNOGRAPH OF SCARABUS, A GENUS OF AIR-BREATHING

Gastreroropous Mo.niuscA; FROM SPECIMENS IN THE

Cumineian Conztection. By Artuur Apams, R.N.,

F.L.S. ETc.

Scarasus, Montfort.

Testa ovata, spira subobtusa, anfractibus compressis, varice utrin-

que instructis ; apertura ovali intus utrinque dentata ; peristo-

mate non continuo, labro simplici, subexpanso.

The Scarabi have the eyes sessile on the inner bases of the ten-

tacles, which are short and annulated; they live like most of the

other genera of Awriculide, in the damp woods and mangrove marshes.

None have been found in the African or American regions, but all the

species at present known are from the East Indies.

ScaRABUS IMBRIUM, Montfort, Conch. Syst. vol. i.; Férussac,

Prodrome, p. 101; Chemnitz, Conch. vol. ix. pl. 136. fig. 1249

& 1250.

Helix scarabeeus, Linn.—Helix pythia, Miiller.—Bulimus scara-

beeus, Bruguidre—Auricula scarabzeus, Lamarck.

S. testd ovato-pyramidali, rufo-fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter

valde striatd; spird acuminatd ; aperturd subrotundatd, spiram

aequante ; labro postice inflexo.

Shell ovately pyramidal, variegated with red-brown, longitudinally

strongly striated, spire acuminated ; aperture subrotundate, as long

as the spire; outer lip posteriorly inflexed.

Hab. Island of Bohol, Philippines; in dry woods, under stones,

and in earth; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

The large size, pyramidal form and strongly striated epidermis are

peculiar to this species: the upper tooth on the inner lip is more tri-

angular, and the posterior part of the outer lip is more inflexed than

in S. Lessont.

Scarasus Lessont, Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat. pl. 48. fig. 32;

Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, vol. ii. p. 334. pl. 10. fig. 4.

Auricula Petiveriana, var. Deshayes.

S. testd ovatd, longitudinaliter substriatd, rufo-castaneo varie-

gatd; spird lateribus concavis ; aperturd oblongd, spird lon-

giore ; labio subplano, labro postice arcuato.

Shell ovate, longitudinally substriated, variegated with chestnut-

red; spire with the sides convex ; inner lip rather flattened, outer

lip posteriorly arcuated.

Hab. New Ireland; Hinds. (Mus. Cuming.)

The oval form and oblong mouth render this species easily distin-

guished from S. imbrium: the upper tooth on the inner lip is longer,

and two of the five teeth in the outer lip are more prominent than

the others.

148

Scarasus PetivertANus, Férussac, Prodrome, p. 101; Petiver,

Gazophylacia Nature, pl. 4. fig. 10.

Cochlea Bengalensis, Petiver.—Auricula Peteveriana, Desh.

S. testd ovato-oblongd, leviusculd, longitudinaliter tenuissime

striatd, albidd castaneo variegatd ; aperturd spiram equante ;

labro arcuato.

Shell ovately oblong, rather smooth, longitudinally very finely

striated, whitish, variegated with chestnut-brown ; aperture as long

as the spire; outer lip areuated.

Hab. Borneo; Cagayan, province of Misamis; Mindanao; in

damp woods, under decayed leaves; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

This species is characterized by its smaller size, more ovate form,

smoother epidermis, the arcuated outer lip, and rotundate aperture.

ScaRaBus TRIGONUS, Troschel, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1840.

S. testd triangulari, rufo-fuseo marmoratd, anfractu ultimo trans-

verso gibbo angulato, aperturd angustatd, labro valde reflexo.

Shell triangular, marbled with red-brown, last whorl transverse,

gibbous, angulated ; aperture narrowed ; outer lip greatly reflected.

Hab. Sarsogon ; Luzon ; dense woods, damp places; H.C. (Mus.

Cuming.)

The triangular form, approaching that of Tomogerus, at once di-

stinguishes this species: the middle tooth on the inner lip is double,

the upper tooth prominent: there are five teeth in the outer lip, two

being more prominent than the others.

ScaRaBus PLICATUS, Férussac, Prodrome, p.101; Chemn. Conch.

vol. ix. pl. 136. fig. 1252, 1253.

Helix scarabeeus, var. Chemn.—Auricula plicata, Deshayes.—

Scarabus triangularis, Benson.

S. testd subtriangulari, obliqud, gibbosd, spird brevi, acuminatd,

lateribus concavis, anfractu ultimo postice gibboso antice sub-

angulato distorto, epidermide longitudinaliter oblique striatd,

castaned, fasciis pallidis confuse ornatd ; aperturd angustd, la-

bio antice flecuoso, labro arcuato, untice valde dilatatd, reflexd,

rimd umbilicali longa transversd.

Ashy or chestnut-brown, with pale, rather indistinct bands ; much

larger and more triangular than S. Borneensis, with the outer lip regu-

larly arcuated.

Hab. India; Benson. Jaffna, in saline marshes; Dr. Gardner.

(Mus. Cuming.)

ScaRABUS sTRIATUS, Reeve, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, vol. ix.

p- 220. fig. 9. ap

Auricula scarabeeus, Quoy, Voy. de’ Astrolabe, Zool. vol. ii. p.162.

pl. 13. f. 24.

S. testd ovato-trigonali, fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter valde

striatd ; spird acuminatd ; labio antico subflexuoso.

149

Shell ovately trigonal, yariegated with brown, longitudinally strongly

striated ; spire acuminated ; inner lip anteriorly subflexuose.

Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu; H. C. (Mus. Cuming.)

The sharp-pointed spire, striated epidermis and flexuous inner lip,

distinguish this form: in the outer lip two of the teeth are more pro-

minent than the others, the intermediate ones being more or less di-

vided or bifid.

Scarasvus Ceciuui1, Philippi, Zeitsch. fiir Malacol. 1847, August.

S. testd ovato-oblongd, leviusculd, tenuissimé in longum rugatd,

corned ; anfractu ultimo interdum castaneo, superius corneo

bifasciato ; epidermide lineis obseuris ziczac-formibus, punctis-

que, marmoratd.

Shell ovately oblong, rather smooth, longitudinally very finely ru-

gose, horn-coloured, last whorl chestnut-coloured, with two horn-

coloured bands superiorly ; epidermis ornamented with zigzag reticu-

lated lines and punctures.

Hab. China. (Mus. Cuming.)

The reticulated epidermis, narrow ovoid form, and angulated outer

lip are peculiar to this species; the aperture is oblong, equal to the

spire ; the outer lip below the angle is rectilinear, and but three teeth

are visible in the outer lip.

Scarasus unpaATus, Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. vol. ii.

p- 336. pl. 10. f. 6. '

Auricula scarabzeus, var. Desh.

S. testd ovatd, fuscd, longitudinaliter valde striatd ; striis undu-

latis subdecussantibus ; anfractu ultimo posticé gibboso ; labio

arcuato, valde refiexo.

Sheil ovate, fuscous, longitudinally strongly striated ; striee undu-

lated, posteriorly decussating ; last whorl posteriorly gibbous ; outer

lip arcuated, greatly reflected.

Hab. ——’ (Mus. Cuming.)

The waved elevated lines which cross each other irregularly on the

back, and the last whorl posteriorly tumid, will characterize this

species: the upper tooth is large and elongated on the inner lip, and

the lower tooth of the outer lip is rather lamelliform.

ScaRABUS PYRAMIDATUS, Reeve, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842,

vol. ix. p. 221. fig. 12.

S. testd ovato-pyramidali, pallidd, aurantio-fusco variegatd, lon-

gitudinaliter substriatd ; aperturd aured, labio circulart.

Shell ovately pyramidal, pallid, variegated with orange-brown, lon-

gitudinally somewhat striated ; aperture golden orange, outer lip cir-

cular.

Hab. New Ireland; Hinds. Solomon’s Islands; Capt. d Orville.

(Mus. Cuming.)

The pyramidal form, golden aperture, and light yellow-brown mark-

ings distinguish this species, though some specimens are much more

ovate than others: the peritreme is double and thickened, the middle

150

tooth of the inner lip is simple and thickened, and in the outer lip

two of the teeth are large aud conspicuous.

Scarasus Cumineianus, Petit.

S. testd ovato-trigond, fuscd, longitudinaliter substriatd ; anfractu

ultimo valdé varicoso; aperturd aeratd, labio calloso, labro

valde postice sinuato.

Shell ovately trigonal, brown, longitudinally substriated ; last whorl

strongly varicose ; aperture copper-coloured ; inner lip callous, outer

lip posteriorly sinuated.

Hab. Boljoon, island of Zebu, Philippines; in earth, among de-

cayed coral in the woods. (Mus. Cuming.)

The upper tooth on the inner lip is thickened with a calcareous

deposit ; the middle tooth is prominent, with a callosity at the lower

part: on the outer lip three of the teeth are very prominent, the

others are obsolete ; the varix on the last whorl is very prominent ;

the umbilical fissure is wide and deep.

SCARABUS LEKITHOSTOMA, Reeve, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842,

vol. ix. p. 220. fig. 6. .

S. testd ovatd, imperforatd, solidd, fusco variegatd; aperturd

aurantiacd, labio incrassato, labro duplicato, posticé subsinuato.

Shell ovate, imperforate, solid, variegated with brown; aperture

golden orange; inner lip callous, thickened, outer lip double, poste-

riorly somewhat sinuated.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.)

The middle tooth of the inner lip is double ; in the outer lip there

are three prominent teeth, the two posterior being approximated ;

there is no umbilicus, and the spire is concave at the sides ; the back,

moreover, is strongly plicated near the sutures.

ScaRABUS CASTANEUS, Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. p. 336.

pl. 10. fig. 7.

S. testd oblongd, ovato-pyramidali, leviusculd, longitudinaliter

substriatd, castaned ; spird elevatd, acuminatd; apertura ob-

longd, spiram equante, labro semicirculari.

Shell oblong, ovately pyramidal, rather smooth, longitudinally sub-

striated, chestnut-brown ; spire elevated, acuminated ; aperture ob-

long, as long as the spire, outer lip semicircular.

Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, in the woods ; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

This is a smooth, oblong shell, with a regularly arched outer lip

with four teeth within it, two of which are much larger than the

others.

ScaRABUS POLLEX, Hinds, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, Moll. p.

pl. 16. fig. 9, 10.

S. testd ovatd, compressd, fusco-castaned, longitrorsum valde stri-

atd, anfractu ultimo confuse fasciato.

Shell ovate, compressed, chestnut-brown, longitudinally strongly

striated, last whorl indistinctly banded.

Hab. Feejee Islands; Hinds. (Mus. Cuming.)’

151

Distinguished from S. Lessoni by its coarsely striated surface and

different markings; and from S. castaneus by its larger size and

darker colour, in being more striated, and by two dark yellowish

bands on the upper part of the last whorl.

Scarasus semisutcatus, A. Adams. S. testd ovato-pyramidali,

leviusculd, rufo-castaned, longitudinaliter viz striatd, anfracti-

bus convexiusculis semisulcatis, fascia nigricante prope sutu-

ram; aperturd subrotundatd ; labio crasso, anticé rotundatd,

dilatatd ; labro semicirculari, posticé subsinuato.

Shell ovately pyramidal, smooth, reddish dark chestuut colour,

longitudinally slightly striated ; whorls rather convex, semisulcated,

with a blackish band near the sutures; aperture rather round ; inner

lip thickened, anteriorly rounded and dilated ; outer lip semicircular,

posteriorly somewhat sinuated.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.)

A pyramidal, smooth, dark-brown shell, with the whorls strongly

sulcated longitudinally near the sutures; two of the teeth im the

outer lip are much larger than the others, and the inner lip is rounded

and thickened in front ; the umbilicus is large and deep.

Scarasus sinvosus, Adams. S. festd ovato-oblongd, flavescenti

nigro-fusco maculatd; epidermide tenuissimé longitudinaliter

substriatd ; spird obtusd, lateribus convexis ; aperturd oblongd ;

labio anticé rotundato, reflexo ; labro posticé valde sinuoso, in

medio inflexo, peritremate incrassato.

Shell ovately oblong, yellowish, spotted with blackish brown ; epi-

dermis very finely longitudinally substriated ; spire obtuse, the sides

convex; aperture oblong; inner lip anteriorly rounded, reflexed ;

outer lip posteriorly strongly sinuated, inflexed in the middle, peri-

treme thickened.

Hab. Island of Negros, Philippines. (Mus. Cuming.)

The posterior tooth of the inner lip is elongated, the middle tooth

double ; in the outer lip three of the teeth are prominent, the two

posterior being approximated ; the umbilicus is partly closed by the

reflection of the inner lip.

ScARABUS IMPERFORATUS, A. Adams. S. festd ovatd, compressd,

imperforatd ; spird brevi, acuminatd, lateribus concavis, levius-

culd, longitudinaliter tenuissimé substriatd, lutescenti fusco-

castaneo variegatd, anfractu ultimo posticé subangulato ; aper-

turd oblonga ; labio anticée excavato, reflexo, labro semicirculari.

Shell ovate, compressed, imperforate; spire short, acute, sides

concave, rather smooth, longitudinally very finely substriated, yel-

lowish, variegated with light chestnut, last whorl somewhat angulated

posteriorly ; aperture oblong ; inner lip anteriorly flattened, excavated,

reflexed ; outer lip semicircular, umbilicus closed.

Hab. Borneo. (Mus. Cuming.)

The last whorl is posteriorly gibbous ; the umbilicus is closed by

the inner lip; three of the teeth in the outer lip are prominent, the

two posterior approximated.

152

ScARABUS PANTHERINUS, A. Adams. S. testd ovato-pyramidali,

tenui, leviusculd, longitudinaliter substriatd, lutescenti, macu-

lis rufo-fuscis ornatd; spird acuminatd, lateribus convezis ;

apertura oblongd, labio anticé rotundato, reflexo, labro semicir-

culari.

Shell ovately pyramidal, thin, rather smooth, longitudinally substri-

ated, yellowish, ornamented with red-brown spots ; spire acuminated,

the sides convex ; aperture oblong, inner lip anteriorly rounded and

dilated, outer lip semicircular.

Hab. Siquejor ; Philippines, woods, under stones. (Mus. Cuming.)

The aperture is yellowish white ; three of the teeth in the outer lip

are more prominent than the others, the intermediate ones being

sometimes double; the umbilicus is large and deep.

ScaraBus BORNEENSIS, A. Adams. S. testd ovato-pyramidali,

luteo-fuscd, castaneo confuse fasciatd, leviusculd ; epidermide

tenuissime, longitudinaliter striatd ; aperturd oblongd, angustd,

spiram subequante, anfractu ultimo inferne subangulato ; foved

umbilicali angustd, transversd.

Shell ovately pyramidal, yellowish brown, obscurely transversely

banded, rather smooth, very finely longitudinally striated ; aperture

oblong, narrow, nearly as long as the spire, last whorl inferiorly sub-

angulated ; umbilical fissure narrow, transverse.

Hab. Borneo; Lieut. Taylor. (Mus. Cuming.)

This species is narrower and more ovate than S. plicatus, of a

much smaller size ; the outer lip is rectilinear in the middle; the

teeth of the outer lip are connected by an elevated ridge, and three

of the teeth are more prominent than the others.

Scarasus cHaLcostomus, A. Adams. S. testd ovato-pyrami-

dali, spird elevatd, acutd, longitudinaliter substriatd, pallide

luted, rufo-fuscd variegatd ; aperturd ovali, ened ; labio anticeé

subrecto; labro semicirculari; umbilico patulo.

Shell ovately pyramidal, spire elevated, sharp, longitudinally sub-

striated, pale yellow varied with reddish brown ; aperture oval, brassy ;

inner lip anteriorly rather straight, outer lip semicircular ; umbilicus

open.

Hab. Solomon’s Islands; Capt. D’ Orville. (Mus. Cuming.)

In general appearance this species resembles 8. pyramidatus, but

it is more oval, larger, lighter, with the middle tooth on the inner

lip double, and the lower tooth broad and ascending; two of the

teeth in the outer lip are very large and tubercular.

3. A MonoGraru or PHos, A GENUS OF GASTEROPODOUS

Mouuvsca. By Artuur Apams, F.L.S., R.N.

Puos, Montfort.

Shell ovately fusiform, spire acuminated, whorls longitudinally

ribbed and cancellated ; columella with a single anterior plait ; outer

lip notched in front, striated within. The animal has a small head ;

153

the tentacles connate at the base, with the eyes near their distal

third ; the foot is dilated in front, forming an elevated shield, acutely

auriculate on each side, pointed behind, and ending im a single long

filament. Operculum small, horny, and unguiform. In three species

of this genus in which I have observed the animal, namely Phos

senticosus, roseatus, and Blainvillii, the hind part of the foot ter-

minated in a single median filament, and not, as in Nassa, in a

bifurcate tail.

1. Pos senticosus, Linn. sp.; List. Pl. 967. fig. 22.

Buccmum senticosum, Linn.

Phos senticosus, Montfort.

Hab. Philippine Islands ; H. C.

2. Puos Buartnvituu, Desh. Chemn. pl. 125. f. 1201, 1202.

Kiener, Mon. Buccinum, pl. 11. f. 38.

Buccinum pyrostoma, Reeve.

Hab. Philippine Islands; H. C.

3. Paos Cumrnett, Reeve, Elements of Conchology, pl. 3. fig. 16.

Hab. ?

4. Puos crassus, Hinds, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, Moll. p. 37. pl. 10.

£42

Hab. Panama, Gulf of Fonseca.

5. Puos vireatus, Hinds, /. ec. p. 37. pl. 10. fig. 11, 12.

Hab, Ceylon.

6. Puos rETEcosus, Hinds, /. ec. p. 37. pl. 10. fig. 3, 4.

Hab. Ceylon.

7. Puos. vERAGuENsIs, Hinds, /. c. p. 37. pl. 10. fig. 13, 14.

Hab. Pueblo Nueva, west coast of Veragua.

8. Puos articuLatus, Hinds, /.c. p. 38. pl. 10. fig. 7, 8.

Hab. Panama.

9. Pos roseatus, Hinds, /. ec. p. 38. pl. 10. fig. 9, 10.

Hab. North coast of Sumatra.

10. Paos GaupEns, Hinds, /. ¢. p. 38. pl. 10. fig. 5, 6.

Hab. Gulf of Tehuantepec, west coast of Mexico.

11. Paros cancetuatus, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-fusiformi,

albidd, obsolete fusco fasciatd; anfractibus subrotundatis,

lineis elevatis longitudinalibus et transversis, valde cancellatis,

cancellis ad angulos acute nodosis; aperturd intus fuscatd,

anticé tuberculatd, plicd validd.

Hab. 2

This species resembles P. veraguensis; but the areas between the

cancelli are simple, whereas in P. veraguensis there is an intermediate,

elevated line, crossing them, a circumstance not mentioned in the

description of Mr. Hinds.

154

12. Puos rurritus, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-fusiformi, tenui,

subpellucidd, spird turritd, acuminatd, albido-fuscatd ; anfrac-

tibus rotundatis, costis longitudinalibus angustis numerosis,

lineis elevatis, transversis, ad costas nodulosis, ornatis ; colu-

melld plicd anticd subevanidd.

Hab. Panama, coral sand, 6 to 10 fathoms; H.C. -

13. Puos rextitis, A. Adams. P. testd elongate ovatd, albidd,

spird acutd, costis rotundatis, crassis, infra suturam nodoso-

angulatis, lineis transversis, planis, subconfertis, elevatis, inter-

stitiis longitudinaliter subtilissimé striatis; columelld plicd

anticd valida.

Hab. Dumaguete, Philippines; H. C.

In general form this species approximates P. Blainvillii, but the

elaborate and distinct style of sculpture and white aperture at once

distinguish it.

14. Puos rurocinctus, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird productd, angustd, albidd, fascid rufa ornatd ; anfracti-

bus rotundatis, costis crassis, infra suturam rotundatis, lineis

transversis, elevatis, nodulosis, confertis, ornatis ; columelld

plicd anticd productd.

Hab. Dumaguete; H. C.

The nucleus of this species is large and papillary.

15. PHos scatarrores, A. Adams. P. testd ovatd, acuminatd,

turritd, albidd, fusco variegatd, obscure fusco bifasciatd ; an-

fractibus rotundatis, costis longitudinalibus, distantibus, infra

suturam rotundatis, lineis elevatis, transversis, ad suturas no-

dulosis, interstitiis subtilissime longitudinaliter striatis ; colu-

melld superné callosd, inferne plicd productd; labro intus

lirato.

Hab. 2

A beautiful species, with regular, strong ribs, giving it the appear-

ance of a Scalaria.

16. Puos sprnicostatus, A. Adams. P. testd ovatd, spird acu-

minatd, albidd, sparsim fusco nebulosd; anfractibus rotundatis,

costatis, costis distinctis, subdistantibus, infra suturam angu-

latis et spinosis, lineis transversis elevatis ornatis ; columelld

rufo-fusco maculatd, plicd anticd productd ; labro intus rufes-

centi lirato.

Hab. Batangas, in insulis Philippinis.

17. Puos nopicosratus, A. Adams. P. testd ovatd, turritd,

acuminatd, albidd, rufo-fusco maculatd ; anfractibus rotundatis,

costatis, costis distantibus, infra suturam angulatis et nodosis,

lineis transversis, elevatis, ad costas nodulosis ornatis ; colu-

melld plicis evanidis, plied anticd valida productd.

Hab. ad insulam Negros; H. C.

The two species, described above, are somewhat similar in form,

but the peculiarity of the ribs and colour of the apertures readily

distinguish them.

18. Puos cytuenorpes, A. Adams. PP. testd ovatd, albido-

fused, spird acutd, longitudinaliter plicato-costatd, costis su-

perné nodosis, ad suturam evanidis, lineis impressis transver-

sis sulcatd ; columella plicd antied, valde productd ; labro in-

tus fusco lirato.

Hab. ww insulis Philippinis.

19. PHos cyanostoma, A. Adams. PP. testd elongaté ovatd,

acuminatd, albidd, anfractibus rotundatis, costatis, costis cras-

sis, equalibus, infra suturam plicato-nodosis, cingulis elevatis,

transversis, subdistantibus, interstitiis longitudinaliter subtilis-

simé striatis ; aperturd cyaneo tinctd ; columelld tuberculatd,

plicd anticd validd.

Haé. in insulis Philippinis.

The interstices between the transverse ridges in this species are

very beautifully engraved with fine longitudinal lines, and the aper-

ture is tinged with blue.

20. Puos txvicatus, A. Adams. P. testd elongate ovata, levi-

gatd, pallide fuscd ; anfractibus subrotundatis, costatis, costis

crassis, distantibus, levigatis, infra suturam valdé nodosis,

lineis tenuibus transversis ornatis ; columelld plied anticd pro-

ductd; labro extus plicato, plicis numerosis confertis, intus

substriato.

Hab. Promontorium Bonz Spei.

A large, smooth shell, with thick, simple ribs.

June 25, 1850.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read. :—

1. CaTALOGUE OF THE MAMMALIA OF CEYLON. COLLECTED

AND OBSERVED BY E. F. Kexaart, M.D., F.L.S.

Order PRIMATES.

Fam. Sim1aDZ.

1. Presbytes cephalopterus, Gray. The Nestor or Purple-faced

Monkey.

2. Presbytes Thersites, Blyth. The Wanderoo of Ceylon.

3. Presbytes Priamus, Elliot. The larger Wanderoo.

4, Simia sinicus, Desm. The Rillowwah or Green Monkey.

156

There is another Monkey found in Newera Ellia and its neigh-

bourhood, resembling the P. Priamus. The Simia Silenus is not a

native of Ceylon; it comes from the Malabar coast.

Fam. LEMURID.

Loris gracilis, Geof’. The Loris or Ceylon Sloth.

The Loris tardigradus is said to be also found in the island, but I

have not yet seen it.

Fam. VESPERTILIONID.

Kerivoula picta, Gray. Painted Kerivoula.

Pteropus Edwardsii, Geof. The Flying Fox.

Cynopterus marginatus, F. Cuv. The Cynoptere (margin-

eared).

Vespertilio pipistrellus, Gm. var. The Pipistrelle.

There are two other Bats in the island which Mr. Edgar Layard.

has seen and identified.

Order FER.

Fam. FeLip#.

. Leopardus varius, Gray. The Leopard (Cheetah of Ceylon).

. And var. black, Felis Melas, Peron.

. Leopardus viverrinus, Gray. Var. of the Wagati Cat. The

Jungle Cat of Ceylon.

. Felis Chaus? The Lynx-like Cat.

. Felis domestica. The domestic Cat (several varieties).

. Viverra indica, Geof’. The Indian Genette.

. Herpestes griseus, Sykes. The Grisled-brown Mungous.

. Herpestes vitticollis, Hiliot. The Streaked-neck Mungous.

. Paradoxurus zeylanicus. Two varieties of the Ceylon Para-

doxure.

. Canis aureus, Linn. Two varieties of the Jackal.

. Canis familiaris, var. Pariah. The Pariah Dog.

. Lutra nair, Sykes. The Otter.

I have heard it stated that the Bengal Tiger (Felis Tigris) was

seen some years ago in Newera Ellia and in the Jaffna district.

I have an imperfect skin of an animal killed at Newera Ellia re-

sembling much that of a Prionodon.

Fam. Ursip#.

22, Ursus labiatus, Blainv. The Indian (lipped) Bear.

Fam. TALPip&.

23. Sorex murinus, Linn. The Musk Shrew.

24. Corsira Newera Ellia, Nobis. The Black Shrew.

Corsira nigrescens, var. or new species.

25, 26. Erinaceus, two species. The Hedgehog.

——

157

Order Crete.

27. Halicore Dugong, F’. Cuv. The Dugong.

28.

Delphinus, Sp. The Dolphin.

The Porpoise and the Whale are also sometimes seen on the coast

of Ceylon.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

Order GuirEs.

Fam. Muripz.

Mus bandicota, Gray. The Bandicot or Pig Rat.

Mus decumanus, Pallas. The Norway Rat.

Mus niviventer, Hodgs.? The White-bellied Rat.

Mus musculus, Linn. var. The common Mouse, two varieties.

Leggada booduga. The Booduga (Soil Rat).

Golunda newera, Nodis. The Golunda (Soil Rat).

Fam. Hystricip2.

Hystrix leucurus, Sykes. The Indian Porcupine.

Cavia Cobaya. The domesticated Guinea Pig.

Fam. LerporipD&.

Lepus macrotus?, Hodgson. The Indian or Ceylon low coun-

try Hare.

Lepus nigricollis, F. Cuv. The highland Black-naped Hare.

Lepus cuniculus, Linn. The tame Rabbit.

Fam. JERBOID.

Pteromys nitidus, Geof’. The Flying Squirrel.

Sciurus macrurus, Forster. The Rokea, two varieties.

Sciurus palmarum, Zinn. The Palm Squirrel.

Sciurus trilineatus? The Three-streaked Squirrel.

There are three other species of Squirrels in the island, and an-

other flying Squirrel, the skin of which I possess without its head.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

Order UNGULATA.

Fam. Bovip.

Bos taurus, var. Indicus. The Ox.

Bubalus Buffelus, Gray. The Buffalo (wild and domesticated).

Ovis Aries, var. The Jaffna Sheep.

Capra hircus, var. The Ceylon Goat.

The Bos gaurus was once seen on the island.

Meminna indica, Gray. The Meminna.

Muntjacus vaginalis, Gray. The Muntjac.

Axis maculata, Gray. The Spotted Axis.

Cervus unicolor, H. Smith. The Ceylon Rusa or Stag.

Cervus porcinus?, duct. The Hog Deer.

158

Fam. Equip.

53. Equus caballus, Zinn. The Horse. Introduced.

54. Equus asinus, Linn. The Ass. Introduced.

Mules are also bred in the island.

Fam. Equip.

55. Elephas indicus, Linn. The Asiatic Elephant.

56. Sus indicus, Gray. The Indian Wild Boar.

57. Sus scrofa, var. sinensis. 'The domesticated Hog.

Fam. Dasypip.

58. Manis pentadactyla, Zinn. The Pangolin, or scaly Ant-eater.

Remarxs.—The new species indicated in the foregoing Catalogue

may be described as follows :—

34, GoLUNDA NEWERA, Nobis.

Fur soft, yellowish brown varied with black; chin and beneath

yellowish grey ; under-fur dark lead-colour ; soft long hairs on the

upper parts of the head and body, with longer black-tipped hairs

having a subterminal yellowish band ; fur of belly dark lead-colour

tipped with yellowish grey ; ears large, hairy on both sides, of a light

rusty or ashy colour ; whiskers slender, moderately long, some greyish,

others blackish ; tail shorter than the body, tapering to a point, scaly ;

upper surface of a black colour and covered with short semi-adpressed

black hair; lower surface yellow or ashy colour, covered with short

hair of the same yellow colour; feet having dark brown claws, pur-

plish ; four toes to the fore-feet, with a clawless rudimentary thumb ;

five hind-toes, three middle subequal; soles nearly bald, blackish ;

palma studded with four small tubercles ; planta with six tubercles,

the two foremost considerably larger ; incisors yellow, superior ones

grooved in the centre; molars flat, deeply 3-lobed, tubercles rising

in three distinct lines, middle larger than those of the sides, and the

front one extending beyond the two other lobes.

Length of body and head, 31 inches ; tail, 23.

This rat is found in the black soil of Newera Ellia, and is a great

destroyer of peas and potatoes. The only two specimens I had, lived

for some days in a cage and played like mice.

24, CoRSIRA NEWERA ELLIA, Nobis. (Or variety of Corsira ni-

grescens.)

Slaty or ashy black, very slightly washed with rufous on the upper

parts ; no trace of rufous beneath, which is paler slaty ; whiskers long,

very thin, greyish ; legs from half way down the thighs covered with

short adpressed hairs ; feet fleshy grey ; hair on the toes longer, and

those of the hind-feet extending over the claws; claws white, those

of the front feet elongated, compressed, acute ; toes 5-5, all clawed ;

159

ears large, naked, partially hid in the fur ; tail black, round, tapering,

rather sealy, and thinly covered with short hair intermixed with much

longer, glossy, shining, thin, stiff hairs, some of which are also seen in

the upper parts and sides of the lower half of the body ; teeth white

throughout.

Length of body and head, 34 inches; tail, 24.

Found in Newera Ellia and even on Pedrotellgala, the highest

mountain in Ceylon, which rises from the plains of Newera Ellia, and

is 8020 feet above the sea’s level. I had one quite docile in a box

for some days, which fed ravenously on earth-worms ; it used to run

about the table and on my arms without attempting to get away; it

died one frosty night.

This shrew differs from the Sorex murinus chiefly in the absence

of all unpleasant smell. I could not trace any glands or lectze in any

part of the body. The elongated fore-claws is another good specific

distinction. The Sorex murinus is also found here, and I am inclined

to thik that a very diminutive shrew, of which I have seen only one

specimen, is another species, but which for the present I have con-

sidered as only the young of the above-described animal. It re-

sembles in every point the Sorex pygmaeus of Hodgson (Mag. Nat.

Hist. vol. xv.). There are several characters in our Corsira which

make me consider it not identical with the C. nigrescens of Gray,

especially the greater length of its tail than in the animal found on

the continent of India, which I know only from Mr. Gray’s de-

scription.

Of the Mammals enumerated in the catalogue, the following are

found in Newera Ellia :—Presbytes priamus, var. ; Vespertilio pi-

pistrellus, var. ; Felis varius; Felis chaus?; Herpestes vitticollis ;

Viverra indica; Paradoxurus (two var. or species) ; Canis aureus ;

Mus Bandicota ; Mus musculus (variety with white feet) ; Mus albi-

venter ; Golunda Newera; Sorex murinus; Corsira Newera Ellia;

Lepus nigricollis ; Sciurus macrurus (very black-coloured variety) ;

S. trilineatus’ Elephas indicus ; Lutra nair (perhaps another spe-

cies, for I only saw it taking the water). The ZL. nair is found in

abundance in the low country ; and a Prionodon, the skin resembling

one I have.

Of Birds, the following I have here, besides those I have enu-

merated as new: Cissa puella, Blyth ; Caprimulgus indicus, Latham;

Paleornis Layardii, Blyth ; Hirundo domicola ; Acanthylis cauda-

cuta?; Collocalia nidifica?; Gracula ptilogenys; Columba Elphinsto-

nit, var.; Parus cinereus; Gallus Stanleyii or Lafayettii ; Galloper-

dix bicalearatus ; Picus ceylonicus; Dendrophila frontalis ; Hypsi-

petes nilgherriensis ; Hemipus picatus ; Corydala rufa; and a few

others.

Newera Ellia, Ceylon, 8th May, 1850.

160

2. ON THE BLOOD-COLOURED EXUDATION FROM THE SKIN OF

THE Hippopotamus. By Joun Tomes, F.R.S., SuRGEON-

DENTIST TO THE MtppLESEX HosPITAt.

(Mammalia, Pl. XXI.)

The Honourable C. A. Murray, in a letter which he addressed

from his residence at Cairo to Mr. Mitchell, states that the skin of

the young Hippopotamus entrusted to his care was at times covered

with a blood-coloured exudation, and that it was most abundant

immediately after the animal had left his bath. At first this peculiar

condition excited considerable alarm, but its constant recurrence, and

the otherwise perfectly healthy appearance of the animal, induced the

belief that the secretion was normal, or at all events portended no harm. -

Tn a letter received at a later date than the one I have referred to,

Mr. Murray says that the exudation, though ‘still preserving the

same peculiar characters, has diminished both in amount and in in-

tensity of colour.

On the day after the Hippopotamus arrived in the Zoological

Gardens, I had a favourable opportunity of examining the general

appearance of the skin. The upper surface of the body is dotted

over with a number of deep brown spots, disposed on a comparatively

faint brownish black ground. The spots are much more apparent

when the skin is wet, than when it has become dry from exposure to

the air. Immediately after leaving the bath, each of the deep brown

spots may be seen to have a slightly raised centre, from which is

poured a drop of pink fluid of the consistence of white of egg. This

peculiar exudation speedily diffuses itself over the surface of the skin,

and dries with a slightly glazed surface.

The Arab keeper who attended the Hippopotamus in his passage

to this country, and who still has charge of him, says that he has

never seen the red fluid exude, excepting immediately after the animal

has left his bath ; that it quickly dries up, and does not reappear till

the animal again emerges from his bath. The end of the nose is how-

ever constantly a little damp, from the presence of a small quantity

of a colourless mucous fluid, which escapes from minute pores situated

' in this part. At the line of junction with the skin and the smooth

semi-mucous membrane which covers the extremity of the nose, the

fluid has a faint pink colour.

On the second day of the animal’s residence in the Gardens, I col-

lected a small portion of the coloured fluid from the middle part of

the back, and after securing it between two slips of glass, placed it

in the field of my microscope, which I had conveyed there for the

purpose of making an examination previous to the fluid undergoing

any change, either from decomposition or evaporation, which a slight

lapse of time might possibly have affected.

The following particulars were obtained from the examination I

then made:—The exudation is composed of a transparent fluid in

which float two kinds of corpuscles ; one kind is tolerably abundant,

and is both transparent and colourless; the other is comparatively

rare and of a bright red colour. To the solution of these latter

bodies the fluid owes its peculiar colour.

Proc.Z.S.Mammaha XX

1 Wing del A Tw Food & West, Lathofranbers 54 Hatton Garces

Exudatiaon from the skin of

day at

uwtT “SOIGIHdNV

SONVLOdOddIH

WT JOM

XIX “eeu,

“JOLY

161

The colourless corpuscles are spherical in shape, and vary in

diameter from the 3450th to the 2100th of an inch; the majority

however measure about the 3000th of an inch. Their structure is

granular, and in about the same degree as the colourless corpuscles

of blood, and the ordinary exudation corpuscles, to which they pre-

sent a strong resemblance.

Many of these bodies preserve their figure for a considerable time,

while others become collected into clusters and form irregular broken

masses.

The coloured corpuscles are irregular in size and shape, and are

eomposed of an aggregation of minute elongated and sometimes

triradiate bodies, many of which appear, from their irregular and

obscure outline, as though partially dissolved. In the immediate

neighbourhood of these, the fluid has a much deeper colour than

elsewhere. From these circumstances I have been led to conclude

that the general pink colour of the fluid is due to the solution of the

coloured particles, and not simply to their presence. In this parti-

cular the fluid under consideration is strikingly different from blood,

which owes its colour to the presence of coloured globules and not to

their solution.

The colourless corpuscles are represented in the figure at A, and

the coloured ones at B, together with the deeper colour of the fluid at

the part in which the latter are present.

These observations were made May 28th, 1850. Since that time

I have on several occasions sought to obtain a little more of the red

exudation, but always without success. The creature on leaving the

bath feels slimy, and a small quantity of transparent tenacious fluid

issues from the elevations on the skin, but it quickly dries up.

On Sunday last, June 23, the nose was covered with colourless

exudation, and near the upper margin of the nostril it had a percep-

tible pink tinge. On this occasion the animal had been out of the

bath for some hours, and the skin of the body was perfectly dry.

Whether the red colour of the exudation is a condition of youth,

and of an imperfect condition of the skin, and has ceased im con-

sequence of the increased age of the animal and the consequent more

perfect development of the integument, or has ceased in consequence

of the change of climate to which the animal has been lately subjected,

is a question which, with the facts at present at our disposal, can-

not be satisfactorily determined.

We have however sufficient evidence to warrant the conclusion, that

the thick tenacious exudation, whether coloured or otherwise, is

poured out only during the time the skin is immersed in water, and

that it has an especial reference to the aquatic habits of the animal.

It appears for the time to convert the surface of the body into a mu-

cous membrane, and then, on the animal leaving the water, to furnish

by its inspissation an epidermis. ;

Should further inquiry show that the thickness of the exudation

arises from a solution of the colourless globules, its relation to mucus

will be still further established, and a microscopic examination into

No. CCXI.—Procrepines or tHE Zoouocicar Socrery.

162

the structure of the skin will become a subject of great physiological

interest.

3. ON six NEW sPEciIEs oF Hummine Birps.

By Joun Goutp, F.R.S. etc.

Although the Trochilidee have lately received much attention both

from our own and the continental naturalists, the subject is far from

exhausted, as is shown by the circumstance of my being able to bring

before the notice of the Society this evening no less than six species

hitherto uncharacterized and unknown. These great accessions to the

family are all from a state with which we have as yet had but little in-

tercourse—that of Veragua in Central America ; and we are indebted

for a knowledge of them to the researches of an enterprising traveller

and botanist, M. Warzewicz, who has just returned from that coun-

try, where he successfully explored many forests and other districts

not previously trodden by the foot of civilized man. Unfortunately,

both for myself and for science, he was not able, in consequence of the

heavy rains which prevailed at the time, to procure or to preserve the

examples in so fine a state as could be wished ; although much muti-

lated and otherwise damaged, they are, however, sufficiently perfect

to admit of my furnishing the following descriptions :—

1. TrocuiLus (SELOSPHORUS) SCINTILLA.

Male: upper surface bronzy green; on the throat a gorget of glit-

tering fiery red, the feathers of which are much produced on either

side ; beneath the gorget a band of buffy white ; wings purple-brown ;

central tail-feathers brownish black, margined with rusty red ; lateral

tail-feathers brownish black on their outer and rusty red on their

inner webs; under surface reddish brown; bill black.

Female: upper surface as in the male, but not so bright ; under

surface white ; throat-feathers less produced, and spotted with brown

on a white ground; flanks buff; tail rufous, crossed by a crescentic

bar of black near the tip.

Total length of the male, 23 inches ; bill, 3; wing, 13; tail, 1.

Hab. Volcano of Chiriqui, at an altitude of 9000 feet.

This is an extremely beautiful species, and forms a miniature re-

presentative of the Trochilus rufus, to which it is somewhat allied.

2. TrocuiLus (THAUMATIAS ’) CHIONURA.

Male: upper surface very dark grass-green; wings purplish

brown ; central tail-feathers bronzy green ; lateral tail-feathers white,

largely tipped with black ; throat pale shining green; flanks green-

ish; centre of the abdomen and under tail-coverts white; upper

mandible black, base of the lower mandible fleshy white.

Female: upper surface as in the male, but paler ; lateral tail-fea-

thers white, as in the male, but crossed near the extremity with an

oblique band, instead of being tipped with black ; throat and under

surface generally white.

Total length, 34 inches; bill, $; wing, 2}; tail, 1.

163

Hab. Chiriqui near David, province of Veragua, at an altitude of

from 2000 to 3000 feet.

This is a remarkable species, differing, as it does, from all other

Humming-Birds with which I am acquainted, in the large amount of

white on the tail-feathers, which shows very conspicuously when that

organ is spread. In form it is very similar to the 7’. brevirostris and

T. longirostris of the Brazils.

3. TrocuiLus (THALURANIA) VENUSTA.

The entire crown, back of the neck, and upper part of the back,

shoulders, abdomen, and under tail-coverts, beautiful shining ultra-

marine blue; throat and fore-part of the neck rich metallic green ;

wings purplish black ; tail considerably forked, and of a blackish

blue; bill black.

Total length, 4 inches; bill, 2; wing, 21; tail, 14.

Hab, Volcano of Chiriqui in Veragua.

Remark.-—Nearly allied to, and of the same form and size as, the

T. furcatus, but a far finer bird.

4. TRocuiLvus ( ?) CHRULEOGULARIS.

Male: upper surface, shoulders, abdomen and under tail-coverts,

shining grass-green ; throat, sides of the neck and chest, rich violet-

blue; wings purple-brown; tail rather forked; central feathers

bronzy green; lateral feathers purplish black ; upper mandible and

tip of the lower black ; basal portion of the latter fleshy white.

Female: upper surface shining grass-green, but of a paler hue

than in the male ; tail as in the opposite sex, except that the lateral

feathers are tipped with white ; centre of the throat, abdomen and

under tail-coverts white.

Total length, 33 inches ; bill, 3; wing, 2; tail, 12.

Hab. Near David, on the north side of the Cordillera, Veragua.

I am also indebted to Dr. T. B. Wilson of Phiiadelphia for the

loan of a specimen from Panama. This species is precisely of the

same elegant form as the 7. Gowdotii, but is of a larger size, and is

at once distinguished from that bird by its blue breast.

5. Trocur.us ( ?) CASTANEOVENTRIS.

Crown of the head metallic green; upper surface green ; wings

purplish brown ; tail dark bronzy green, crossed near the tip by a

broad band of black ; the lateral feathers tipped with buff, which de-

creases in extent as the feathers approach the central ones; all the

under surface reddish chestnut ; bill black.

Total length, 4 inches; bill, 2; wing, 21; tail, 13.

Hab. Cordillera of Chiriqui, at an altitude of 6000 feet.

Remark.—This is a moderately sized species, and is not allied to

any other member of the family with which I am acquainted; I am

therefore unable to assign it a place in any of the sections hitherto

proposed ; the specimens I possess appear to be immature, and are

unfortunately in bad condition.

164

6. Trocuitus (——?) NIVEOVENTER.

Crown of the head and back of the neck bronzy green; back rich

coppery bronze; wings purple-brown ; upper tail-coverts reddish

purple ; tail purple-black ; throat resplendent green ; abdomen snow-

white; flanks green; under tail-coverts greenish brown, margined

with white ; bill black, except the basal three-fourths of the lower

mandible, which are fiesh colour.

Total length, 3 inches; bill, 2; wing, 24; tail, 1.

Hab. Near David; warm countries of Veragua.

Remark.—Nearly allied to T. Edwardi and T. erythronotus ; from

the former, however, it differs in the colour of the tail, and from the

latter in the white colouring of the breast.

July 9, 1851.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. ON THE GENERIC SUBDIVISION OF THE Bovip#, oR HoLtow-

HORNED Ruminants. By H. N. Turner, Jun.

In the series of observations upon the Ungulate Mammalia, of which

I attempted last winter to lay before the Society the more general re-

sults, my attention was also in some measure directed towards the de-

tailed arrangement of those portions of the order which have gene-

rally proved subjects of difficulty. Of these, the classification of the

Bovide, or hollow-horned Ruminants, has certainly been the greatest,

since they form a well-marked natural group, including a great variety

of forms, with but few remarkable differences of structure. I soon

found, however, that even setting aside some of the more strikingly-

modified genera, the distinctions afforded by the skull were much

more decided than any that I could find among the Cervide, which,

from their being less rich in number and variety, were always easier

to subdivide correctly. Not having been able at that time to observe

the skulls of certain of the more remarkable forms, I set the matter

aside for better opportunities ; and now that the large and interesting

collection of hunters’ spoils which Mr. Roualeyn Gordon Cumming

has brought together, and is at present exhibiting in London, has

given me the opportunity of supplying some of these desiderata, I

venture, although there are yet a few points I could wish to ascertain,

to lay this portion of my researches before the Society.

There cannot be a doubt that the horns present the best and most

readily discernible characters, or that, when the genera are once cor-

rectly determined, they may be pretty easily defined by the variations

of these parts alone; but it has long since been seen how the con-

165

sideration only of the horns has led to very unnatural approximations.

For example, Cuvier associates the Addax with the Indian Antelope ;

and Mr. Blyth, his translator, inserts his belief that it is more allied

to the Coudou, which I think modern naturalists will allow to be

equally wide of the truth. Again, the species forming the genera

Aigocerus and Nemorhedus of Major Smith are placed together in

the ‘ Régne Animal,’ and Mr. Blyth hints that the Anoa may be allied

to the Oryx.

It is certainly remarkable, that while the teeth have contributed so

important a share in the characters by which the mammalia have

been arranged by various authors, they should have been so entirely

overlooked in the members of the present division ; for notwithstand-

ing the great uniformity and strongly-marked character pervading

the Ruminant dentition, very decided characters may frequently be

found in the form and direction of the incisors, and in the presence

or absence of the supplemental lobe in the molars; and it is the

more to be wondered at when we consider that the incisors, from

their position, may often easily be seen in dried specimens, and that

the character alluded to in the molars has been found of considerable

value in the interpretation of fossil remains. The remaining cha-

racters I shall have to bring forward consist of certain little details of

structure in the skull, which are very easy to be perceived, and

which, as I have found them constant in those groups which I have

characterized by their means, I trust may meet with due consideration

from naturalists.

Of late years, while some zoologists have remained content to call

all hollow-horned Ruminants that are neither oxen, sheep, nor goats,

by the generic name Antilope, another class have run into the extreme

of the modern fashion by using every trifling external difference

visible in dried skins, or recorded in books (sometimes not even ex-

cepting size and colour), to divide them so extensively, that the cha-

racters of the genera become more difficult to remember than those

of the species. Considering the difficulty of observing many of these

characters in dry specimens, and of bearing such trivial details in the

memory, it is not to be wondered at that many errors of observation

have crept in, a few of which I will point out as I proceed, limiting

myself in my own diagnoses to the characters of the skull and horns.

There is no doubt that the suborbital sinus, improperly called “ lacry-

mal sinus” (translated into “tear-pit”” by some authors, “‘tear-bag”’ by

Mr. Gray), will form a valuable means of distinction when its structure

in all the genera has been sufficiently observed upon fresh individuals,

or on the parts preserved in fluid, provided that we do not attach too

much importance to its relative dimensions; but although its dried

appearance may assist discrimination, we cannot venture to describe it.

As to inguinal pores and interdigital pits, it must always be difficult,

and frequently impossible to determine their presence or absence in

specimens that are dried and mounted. Tufts upon the joints of the

limbs, and the extent of bare space upon the muzzle, are certainly

much too trivial to warrant generic distinction, and never mark out

any particular natural group.

166

The last attempt to arrange this extensive family in subordinate

groups is that of Mr. Gray, published in the eighteenth volume of the

‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History.’ His preliminary remarks,

though brief, appear to me quite sufficient to dispose of the arrange-

ments previously set forth, therefore I will content myself with the con-

sideration of his own. The two primary divisions, which are founded

only upon the horns, certainly do not indicate any very natural afti-

nities, since, taking the whole structure into consideration, the Anti-

lopee of Mr. Gray are not more closely allied to the Bovee than they

are to the members of the second primary division, nor do the Strep-

siceree ally themselves particularly to the Sheep and Goats. With

regard to the subdivision of the Antilopee, he 1s certainly right in

separating the “ Antelopes of the Desert” as a group, although there

is no doubt that some of the divisions of the “ Antelopes of the

Fields” are equally as distinct from each other as they are from the

former. The division of the latter group into “True Antelopes,”

“ Caprine Antelopes,” and “Cervine Antelopes,” also possesses some

merit ; but the genera Capricornis and Nemorhedus are very distinct

from the other Caprine Antelopes, and the genus Hleotragus (Re-

dunca of Major Smith) is very distinct from the other true Antelopes,

and ought, as I am quite convinced, to include the genus Kolus of

Dr. Andrew Smith, placed by Mr. Gray among his Cervine Ante-

lopes, and consisting of species not known at the time Major Smith

was engaged in these researches.

It will be universally admitted, that for the generic division of the

Ruminants, zoology is most indebted to Major Smith, and in the

course of my observations I have found reason to reject but few of

the divisions proposed by him as subgenera, and few, if any, in my

opinion, need be added. As I thus propose to curtail the list of

genera adopted by Mr. Gray, and to separate certain of them from

those with which he has associated them, several will stand alone ;

and of those which do ally themselves together, no group seems to

manifest that particular relationship with other groups which should

warrant us in separating the family, as Mr. Gray has done, into

divisions of a primary, secondary, tertiary, and in some cases even a

fourth and fifth degree of rank.

I will, therefore, while enumerating the characters which I have

observed in the genera I propose to adopt, point out which of them

appear to constitute groups, and mention those species which, from

the inspection of entire specimens, skulls, or at least horns, I feel

warranted in referring to the genera under which I place them. As

I have seen nothing to guide me to a particular linear arrangement,

any naturalist who may be pleased to adopt my divisions is at liberty

to place the groups, and the genera contained in each, in whatever

order he may think most convenient.

I will first proceed to the “true Antelopes”’ of Mr. Gray, excluding

the genus Eleotragus. They all have the horns round, the middle

incisors expanded at their summits, the others being bent outwards to

make room for them, and the molars without supplemental lobes.

The infraorbital depression when existing upon the skull is gene-

167

rally suddenly pressed in before the orbit. The genera are as fol-

lows :—

ANTILOPE.

No suborbital fissure nor fossa*, but a wide opening on the side of

the muzzle, between the maxillary and intermaxillary bones ; the

masseteric ridge rising before the orbit ; the auditory bulla large and

prominent, with only a small groove on its outer side to receive the

attachment of the stylohyal bone; the occiput broad, somewhat

produced downwards; its basal portion with the posterior pair of

tubercles broad, the anterior ones small. Molars without the supple-

mental lobe.

Horns annulated, curving outward from the base, then bending

backwards and towards the tip upwards.

Hab. South Africa.

A. Melampus.—Of this single species, to which modern zoologists

have confined the old generic name, I have only seen skulls of the

male, in Mr. Cumming’s collection: the lower jaw, as in most of his

skulls of Ruminants, being wanting in all of them, I could not ascer-

tain the character of the incisive teeth.

Major Smith assigns a suborbital sinus to this genus, making the

principal distinction from the next to consist in the absence of horns

in the female, thus associating with it the guttwrosa and colus, be-

longing properly to the next genus,—the cervicapra, which it seems

most convenient to separate,—and the adenota, which I must now

refer to the genus Eleotragus. With his A. forfex I am at present

unacquainted. Melampus alone remains, to which Mr. Gray rightly

assigns no “‘tear-bag ;” this, together with the horns, must be the

external character of the genus, if, indeed, it be essentially distinct

from the Gazelles, for the horns might be considered as a distorted

modification of the lyrate type, and some species of that genus seem

to want the suborbital sinus.

GAZELLA.

A suborbital fissure, and a moderate, or very slight fossa, sud-

denly pressed in before the orbit ; the masseteric ridge rising before

the orbit ; the auditory bulla large and prominent ; the basioccipital

bone having its tubercles moderately or but little developed; the

median incisors expanded at their summits; the molars without sup-

plemental lobes.

Horns annulated, more or less resembling an inverted lyre ; that is,

bending a little outwards soon after their origin, and again inwards

towards the tip.

Hab. Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa.

* I here use these terms with reference only to the skull, the fissure being that

opening existing in most Ruminants, filled up during life by membrane, between

the nasal, frontal, lacrymal and maxillary bones; and the fossa, the depression

upon the surface of the lacrymal bone immediately before the orbit, generally

affording some indication as to the existence and structure of the suborbital sinus.

168

G. subgutturosa.

G. Sceemmeringit.

G. dorcas.

G. Bennettii. Of these spe-

cies I have

G. euchore. ree Alls G. mhorr.

G. gutturosa. ; G. colus.

G. kemas.

Several of the so-called species that are closely allied in size and

colour to G. Dorcas, appear to me to be merely varieties, as some of

them have been considered by the older naturalists.

This genus seems prone to exhibit in certain species inhabiting

more temperate regions, enlargements of, or appendages to, the re-

spiratory passages ; for example, the enlarged larynx of G. gutturosa,

the elevated nose of G. colus, and the appendages to its sides in the

Chiru (G. kemas) ; these seem to be physiological adaptations, in no

case marking a group, and therefore insufficient to warrant generic

distinction, which has been made in the two latter instances. How-

ever, not having as yet seen entire skulls of these species, I retain

them provisionally in this genus, judging by the horns. I think few

naturalists will set forth, with Mr. Gray, the colour of the horns of

the Saiga as a generic character. Even in the G. Bennettii, so closely

allied to G. dorcas, Mr. Hodgson states that the suborbital sinus is

wanting, and he places the animal in a distinct genus, T'ragops (after-

wards altered to Tragomma), on account of this difference ; while

Colonel Sykes, the original describer of the species, affirms that it

exists, though of very small size. Mr. Hodgson also denies it to the

Chiru, which forms his genus Panthelops, and to which he assigns

only five molars in each series.

CERVICAPRA.

A small suborbital fissure, and a very large fossa; the tubercles

and median groove of the basioccipital bone well-developed. The

other cranial characters as in Gazella.

Horns annulated, spirally twisted.

Hab. India.

C. bezoartica,

The remainder of this group, if we exclude the Cephalophi and the

four-horned Antelopes of India, consists of a number of small spe-

cies, apparently nearly allied, forming the subgenera Tragulus and

Neotragus of Major Hamilton Smith. These are very distinguish-

able by the former having vertical, the latter recumbent horns; to

the former, however, must be added the Ourebi (A. scoparia), from

his subgenus Redunca (Eleotragus). Mr. Gray divides them into

several genera, depending upon the presence or absence of inguinal

pores and knee-tufts, the shape of the hoofs, the presence or absence

and form of the “‘tear-bag,”’ the condition of the fur ; and one genus,

founded upon two very young specimens, is characterized by the ab-

sence of the lateral rudimental hoofs. Most of these characters I

must decidedly reject ; and as I do not consider the evidence of dried

skins quite satisfactory with regard to certain others, and have as yet

169

seen skulls of only two species, I will content myself at present with

adopting only the two genera of Major Smith; using however, for

the first one, Mr. Gray’s generic name Oreotragus, without at present

wishing to enter into the question of its right to supersede that of Tra-

gulus, because the latter name has been also used by Mr. Gray for a

group of small Musk Deer, needlessly separated from the Meminna.

I do not see sufficient in the small horns contained in the Museum

of the College of Surgeons to warrant the adoption, as a genus, of

Major Smith’s subgenus Raphicerus. I will not attempt to conjec-

ture to what species they may belong: they show nothing to prevent

their ranking among the Oreotragi; and their locality, said to be the

East Indies, while all the members of this genus are African, is not

known with certainty.

OREOTRAGUS.

A small suborbital fissure, with a large deep fossa suddenly pressed

in before the orbit; the masseteric ridge rising a little before the

orbit ; the auditory bulla rather large and prominent; the basiocci-

pital bone flat and smooth; the median incisors expanded at their

summits, and the molars without supplemental lobes.

Horns small, placed forwards, vertical.

Hab. Africa.

O. saltatriz.

O. scoparius. | Of these two species I

O. tragulus. have seen skulls.

O. melanotis.

NEOTRAGUS.

Horns recumbent.

Hab. Africa.

N. saltianus.—Of this animal I have seen no skull, but adopt for

the present Major Smith’s division, as the different direction of the

horns is well-marked. It has the suborbital sinus, however, although

its absence is assigned as a character by Major Smith. Of the other

species included in the subgenus, I have seen but the two young speci-

mens upon which Mr. Gray has founded his genus Nanotragus ; they

haying no horns, I will not here venture to point out their location.

The lateral rudimental hoofs are also wanting in at least one species

of the last genus, the Oreotragus Tragulus, which Mr. Gray places

in his genus Calotragus.

The skulls of the species of the two following genera are distin-

guished from those of the preceding ones by their having no subor-

bital fissure, and the fossa being large and not so suddenly pressed

in in front of the orbit; and by the horns (or at least, in one case,

the principal pair) being thrown back quite to the posterior edge of

the frontal bone.

CEPHALOPHUS.

No suborbital fissure, a large fossa occupying the whole side of the

170

cheek ; the nasal bones expanded behind, reaching over a little way

into the fossa. The other cranial characters as in Oreotragus.

Horns placed far back, inclined backwards.

Hab. Africa.

C. mergens. C. Maewellii.

C. coronatus. C. monticola.

C. silvicultriz. C. punctulatus.

C. Ogilbir. C. grimmia.

C. Natalensis. C. Whitfieldii.

C. rufilatus.

I have taken this list of species from Mr. Gray’s paper on the

genus, published in the same volume of the ‘ Aunals and Magazine

of Natural History,’ omitting a few that seem to me likely to prove

varieties, and adding two, which I find named in the Museum, and

not included in his paper. I have only seen skulls of two or three

species, but no one will dispute the limits of this very distinct genus.

TETRACERUS.

The nasal bones not expanded ; the other cranial characters the

same as in Cephalophus, with the addition of a second pair of horns

of small size, placed over the orbits.

Hab. India.

T. quadricornis. T. subquadricornis.

ELEOTRAGUS.

Nasal opening rather lengthened, the nasal processes of the inter-

maxillary bones long, yet not always reaching the nasal bones ; a large

infraorbital fissure, but no fossa; the masseteric ridge ascending

rather high ; the auditory bulla large and swollen; the basioccipital

bone with its median groove and tubercles well-developed; the me-

dian incisors expanded at their summits; a well-developed supple-

mental lobe in the first true molar of each jaw, and usually more or

less appearance of it in those behind.

Horns inclining backwards and outwards, transversely wrinkled,

gently curving upwards, and a little inwards towards the tip.

Hab. Africa.

E. reduncus. FE. adenota.

E.. isabellinus. E. sing-sing.

EF. capreolus. E. ellipsiprymnus.

EF. arundinaceus. EE. leché.

I have seen skulls of the four preceding the last-named.

It is quite evident, both from the structure of the skull and horns,

and from the general external appearance and markings, that the

Antilope adenota of Major Smith, and certain large species forming

Dr. Andrew Smith’s genus Kolus, belong truly to this form, and that

in the latter case, at least, naturalists must have been deceived by

mere dimensions. The similarity of character between the horns of

the Adenota and those of the other species is very recognizable, al-

171

though Major Smith, judging by these parts alone, supposed them to

belong to the lyrate type. The species does not appear among those

mentioned in Mr. Gray’s paper in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natu-

ral History,’ but from the name and place assigned to the specimen

in the British Museum, he appears to have evaded the difficulty by

constituting it a genus of itself, which is placed near the genus Kolus,

the genus Eleotragus (as in his paper) being far removed. The skull

in the Museum, although the occiput is lost, bears full evidence of its

real affinity. Among the interesting additions to South African zoo-

logy discovered by those travellers who have visited the great lake re-

cently discovered in that region, an undescribed species of Antelope*,

of which a beautiful skin was recently brought before the Society,

will perhaps assist the more sceptical in osteological characters in

arriving at a just conclusion on this point, since, while it has the sta-

ture and lengthened horns of the ellipsiprymnus, it has the brilliant

colour and the external marks (particularly the dark stripe down the

fore-leg) which characterise the smaller species.

This genus does not seem to show any particular affinity for any

of the rest, and forms a well-marked group, of which the species are

scattered over various parts of Africa, and are mostly noted for their

predilection for the vicinity of water.

I here again adopt Mr. Gray’s generic name, to avoid the neces-

sity of altering the name of one of the species, the L. reduncus.

STREPSICEROS.

The nasal opening of moderate size ; a suborbital fissure, but no

fossa; the masseteric ridge not extending high; the auditory bulla

swollen and prominent ; the basioccipital bone with its anterior and

posterior pairs of tubercles well-developed, the former separated by a

deep median groove ; the median incisors expanded at their summits ;

the molars without supplemental lobes.

Horns inclined backwards from the base, twisted, with one or more

longitudinal angular ridges.

Hab. Africa.

S. cudu. S. Derbianus.

S. euryceros. S. scriptus.

S. Angasit. S. silvaticus.

S. oreas. S. decula.

The general aspect of the skull in this group reminds one a little

of that of the Deer. The species all agree very closely, both in struc-

ture of the skull, and in the direction, twisting, and ridges of the

horns, the Coudou differing only in having the spiral wide and open,

and in the horns being confined to the male, while the Eland is only

a gigantic representation of the smaller species. S. euryceros, S. An-

gasii, and a species most probably distinct from the rest, of which

Capt. Allen brought a skull from the Bight of Biafra, show an inter-

mediate condition of the horns; and in S. Angasii, at least, they are

known to be wanting in the female. Major Smith himself has here

¢ * Since named Kolus leché by Mr. Gray.

172

been deceived by size, and been led to place the subgenus Trragela-

phus under his genus Antilope, and the others under his genus Da-

malis ; even availing himself of stature, and in the case of the Cou-

dou, of a white streak over the eyes, to help out the meagre distine-

tions. In associating the Nyl-Ghau with these animals, Mr. Gray

has even allowed colour and marking to deceive him, for in this ani-

mal the horns are not even spiral; but in another respect the charac-

ters assigned to his Strepsiceree agree with the Nyl-Ghau, and not

with the others, which certainly have no suborbital sinus, nor have

any of them an ovine muzzle, by which Mr. Gray distinguishes the

larger genera from the Tragelaphus. In these latter points Major

Smith is correct.

I will now proceed to the “‘Antelopes of the Desert” of Mr. Gray,

a very well-marked, natural group, consisting of two distinct genera,

which have usually been widely separated. Mr. Blyth, however, in

the translation of Cuvier’s ‘ Animal Kingdom,’ hints at their affinity,

yand Mr. Waterhouse informs me that he has long held that opinion.

ndeed he has placed the species next each other in the Catalogue of

the Society’s Museum.

ALCELAPHUS.

A large deep impression before the orbit, but no fissure ; the mas-

seteric ridge not extending high; the bones of the face lengthened

downwards and forwards, and the occiput also prolonged and drawn

downwards ; the auditory bulla large and prominent, enclosing a

large rounded space for the attachment of the stylohyal bone ; the

basioccipital tubercles high and sharp, the groove between them nar-

row in front, wide behind, with a flat space between the occipital con-

dyles ; the median incisors expanded at their summits; the molars

rather small, narrow, and without supplemental lobes, showing, when

somewhat worn, a pit in the middle.

Horns placed high, ringed at the base, with double flexures more

or less marked.

Hab. Africa.

A, bubalis. A. lunatus.

A, Senegalensis. A. pygargus.

A, caama.

I have seen skulls of the three last-named.

Mr. Gray calls a portion of this genus “ Boselaphus,” doubtless

intending Alcelaphus of De Blainville, which being antecedent to

Major Smith’s name dcronotus, should certainly be adopted. The

genus is a very natural one, and the characters by which Mr. Gray

proposes to divide it into two, are by no means sufficient. The last-

mentioned species, 4. pygargus, has usually been placed among the

Gazelles, where it was left by Major Smith and by Mr. Blyth, who

speaks of it as leading “through 4d. Caama, Bubalis, &e. to the

Guus.” Mr. Waterhouse, who in the Catalogue of the Society’s Mu-

seum uses the generic name Antilope throughout, places this species

173

between-the Gazelles and the others of its natural genus, to which

the Gnu follows. Mr. Gray, who had left it with the Gazelles in the

‘List of Mammalia’ in the British Museum, has removed it to its

true place in his paper in the ‘ Annals and Magazine.’

CATOBLEPAS.

The general characters of the skull the same as in Alcelaphus ; but

the depression before the orbit less marked ; the occiput rather less

prolonged, and its base, together with the auditory bulla, broader.

Horns broad at the base, inclining more or less downwards and

outwards, and then bent upwards.

Hab. Africa.

C. gnu. C. taurina.

The next genus is included by Mr. Gray among his ‘Caprine

Antelopes,”’ but differs from them in having a suborbital sinus or

gland, of large size in some species, and of peculiar structure, opening

externally by a single pore. Their nasal bones resemble those of the

domestic Sheep, and their structure being altogether rather heavy,

they might be called Ovine Antelopes.

NEMORHZEDUS.

No suborbital fissure ; the fossa rounded, shallow, very variable in

size, sometimes very minute ; the nasal bones rather short and broad,

joining the maxillaries only by the interposition of some imperfect

ossification or separated from them altogether; the masseteric ridge

extending high before the orbit ; the auditory bulla very small; the

basioccipital bone broad, with moderately developed eminences ; the

middle incisors slightly expanded at their summits; the molars

without supplemental lobes.

Horns rising behind the orbits, annulated and wrinkled at the base,

inclined and curved backwards.

Hab. Yndia and its islands.

C. bubalina. C. Sumatrensis. C. goral.

This genus is too well-marked by nature to admit of subdivision.

Although the “‘tear-bag”’ is said to be wanting in the Goral, there

is certainly a slight depression upon the lacrymal bone, and the pore

with which the gland opens may be so small in this species as to

escape detection in dried specimens; but if it be really absent, the

instances of the genera Gazel/a and Ovis must warn us against found-

ing a genus solely on the want of this organ, while on the other hand,

a difference in its structure seems to be of great zoological import-

ance.

Since the foregoing observations were written, I have perused Mr,

B. H. Hodgson’s interesting account of the Budorcas taxicolor, in

the ‘ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’ and a glance at the

representations of the skull indicates very plainly that it is closely

allied to Nemorhedus, to which Mr. Hodgson admits certain resem-

blances, and that it has no relationship with the Gnu, or the Musk

The characters that I assigned to Nemorhedus would appear

174

to serve as well for this new and singular genus, except that there

seems to be no suborbital depression, and the masseteric ridge, as

may be expected from the general elevation of the skull, does not rise

before the orbit. The horns, whose peculiar twist must constitute the

diagnosis of the genus Buporcas, appear, from the rough figures

given, to have the wrinkling at the base very similar to that in Ne-

morhedus.

The following genera may be considered as in some degree allied,

and deserve the name of Caprine Antelopes. They have no sub-

orbital sinus, but have a fissure in the skull, and their incisors are

not widened at the summits.

RupicaPRa.

A minute suborbital fissure, but no fossa; the masseteric ridge

ascending high before the orbit ; the auditory bulla very small and

compressed ; the basioccipital bone flat; the incisors equal-sized,

vertical; the molars without supplemental lobes.

Horns slender, round, vertical, and hooked backwards at the tip.

Hab. Europe.

R. tragus.

DIcRANOCERUWS.

No suborbital depression ; the fissure lengthened ; the nasal bones

widest posteriorly ; the orbit a little elevated above the line of the

face, and the masseteric ridge not rising before it; the auditory bulla

moderate, compressed and angular; the incisors equal-sized, sloping ;

the molars without supplemental lobes.

Horns vertical, compressed, with a process on their anterior side,

and hooked backwards at the tip.

Hab, North America.

D. Americanus.

APLOCERUS.

Horns round, vertical, gently curved backwards.

Hab. North America.

A. Americanus.

I have seen no skull of this animal, but leave it for the present in

this location.

I must forego all notice of the Ivalus probaton of Mr. Ogilby, as

there is no skull to be seen, and the horns in the only specimen

known are quite in a rudimentary condition.

The genera next to be considered are the “Cervine Antelopes”’ of

Mr. Gray, exclusive of the genus Kolus, which I have rejected. With

the exception of the Nyl-Ghau and some of the Eleotragi, they are

the only members of the old genus Antilope that have well-developed

supplemental lobes in all the true molars; they have always been

placed near together. *

175

ANGOCERUS.

A small suborbital fissure, but no fossa; the masseteric ridge

ascending high before the orbit; the auditory bulla moderate; the

occipital portion of the skull much prolonged ; the basioccipital por-

tion widened, its two pairs of tubercles much developed, with a deep

groove between them ; the incisors gradually increasing in size to the

median pair, which are not expanded at their summits; the molars

with largely-developed supplemental lobes.

Horns rising immediately above the orbits, curved backwards,

annulated.

Hab. Africa.

ZB. leucopheus. 4B. niger.

Oryx.

A suborbital fissure, but no fossa, the masseteric ridge not extend-

ing high ; the auditory bulla large and compressed ; the basioccipital

bone with its tubercles well-developed ; the molars with supplemental

lobes.

Horns straight or gently curved, annulated, placed in a line with

the face.

Hab. Africa.

O. gazella. O. leucoryz.

It is only in Mr. Cumming’s collection that I have seen entire skulls

of the Gemsbok, and the lower jaw being absent, I could not ascer-

tain the character of the incisors. The skull of the Lewcoryz I have

not seen.

ApDDAX.

A small suborbital fissure, but no fossa; the masseteric ridge

ascending before the orbit ; the auditory bulla large, prominent, and

compressed ; the basioccipital bone with its anterior pair of tubercles

slightly, the posterior well, developed ; the median incisors expanded

at their summits; the molars with supplemental lobes.

Horns nearly in a line with the face, annulated, spirally twisted.

Hab. Africa.

A. naso-maculata. 1 have seen but one skull of this animal, and

that is a young one, in the Society’s collection, still retaining the

whole of its milk dentition.

Before proceeding to the Sheep and Goats, the Nyl-Ghau requires

to be introduced. It seems to stand alone, not having a decided

affinity for any other genus.

Portax.

The nasal opening rather small, with the nasal bones small and

narrow; a minute suborbital fissure ; no fossa, but a smooth line

upon the lacrymal bone; the masseteric ridge not extending high ;

the auditory bulla moderate, bulbous, compressed ; the basioccipital

176

bone with the posterior tubercles moderately developed, the anterior

ones scarcely at all; the molars with supplemental lobes.

Horns short, round, vertical, slightly bent forwards.

Hab. India.

P. picta.—The only skull that I have seen (that in the British

Museum) wants the incisor teeth, so that I could not ascertain their

structure. The smooth line upon the lacrymal bone terminates in a

small foramen, but on one side is continued for some distance for-

wards upon the maxillary bone, where it terminates in the same way;

and it may even be faintly traced on the other side for some distance

beyond the foramen.

CapRA.

A small suborbital fissure, no fossa ; the masseteric ridge ascending

high before the orbit ; the auditory bulla prominent and compressed ;

the basioccipital flat, with its processes developed ; the middle incisors

not expanded ; the molars without supplemental lobes.

Horns erect, compressed ; curved backwards and a little outwards,

or twisted; annulated or nodulous, and furnished with one or more

longitudinal ridges.

Hab. The Northern portions of the Old World.

C. hircus. C. Falconeri.

C. ibex. C. jemlaica.

I do not see sufficient reason for separating the Jemlah Goat, as

has been done, under the names of emicapra and Hemitragus.

Ovis.

A more or less marked, rounded, suborbital depression, but no

fissure ; the masseteric ridge ascending high before the orbit ; the

auditory bulla small; the basioccipital flat, more or less expanded

anteriorly by the extension of the anterior pair of tubercles, the pos-

terior ones small ; the incisors nearly equal-sized, sloping ; the molars

without supplemental lobes.

Horns broad at the base, transversely wrinkled, bent outwards, with

a more or less marked spiral curve in a direction contrary to that

occurring among the Antelopes, and a longitudinal ridge or angle.

Hab. The Northern hemisphere.

O. ammon. O. nahura.

O. Vignei. . O. tragelaphus.

O. aries.

It is a matter of surprise to me that naturalists should almost uni-

versally have given zo suborbital sinus, as characteristic of the genus

Ovis, since it is very perceptible in the Domestic Sheep ; and in some

other species, especially the O. ammon, judging by the appearance of

the stuffed specimens, and by the fossa upon the skull, it must be of

very considerable size. Ido not perceive it, however, in the O. trag-

elaphus, nor in the O. nahura. Although Mr. Gray maintains the

long-established error, the observations of Mr. Ogilby and Mr. Hodg-

177

son agree with my own in this respect ; the latter gentleman, who far

exceeds Mr. Gray in the number of generic divisions, even separates

O. nahura and O. barhel as a distinct genus under the name Pseudovis,

on account of the absence of “eye-pits.”

Ovisos.

A small depression in front of the orbit; no fissure; the masse-

teric ridge ascending before the orbit ; the auditory bulla of moderate

size ; the basioccipital bone broad and flat, with a ridge and a fossa

on each side; the anterior part of which is rough; the fossa at the

side of the occipital condyle filled up and produced into a blunt pro-

cess, upon which the articulating surface is continued; the molars

without supplemental lobes.

Horns broad at the base, tapering, pressed downwards against the

sides of the head, and the points bent upwards.

Hab. The North Polar Regions.

O. moschatus.—This animal, which derives its name from its gene-

ral aspect being intermediate between that of the Ox and that of the

Sheep, has generally been placed among the Bovine forms. Taking

the aggregate of its characters, it appears to me to be at least as

nearly, if not more, allied to the Sheep, but should most properly

stand alone.

The remaining genera constitute the true Bovine type, and agree

among themselves in most characters of the skull. I fear that Mr.

Gray’s distinctions, in the extent of the intermaxillary bones upon the

sides of the nasal aperture, will not always hold good. Their general

cranial character may be given first ;—

No suborbital fissure, nor fossa; the masseteric ridge ascending

rather high before the orbit; the auditory bulla moderate, com-

pressed ; the basioccipital bone with its tubercles well-developed,

and a deep groove between them; the incisors nearly equal-sized,

slightly bending outwards, and the molars with well-developed sup-

plemental lobes.

Bos.

Horns placed upon the extremities of the ridge terminating the

occipital plane, directed outwards.

Hab. Europe and Asia.

B. taurus. B. gaurus.

B. frontalis. B. bantiger.

Bison.

Horns round, situated in a plane anterior to that of the occiput,

directed outwards and curved upwards.

Hab. The Northern Temperate regions.

B. urus. B. grunniens.

B. Americanus.

The last-named species is a true Bison, as the position of the horns,

No. CCXII.—ProceepineGs or THE ZooLoGicat Society.

178

and the woolly fur, make apparent ; the fur being generally more

copious, may reasonably be expected to extend further upon the

muzzle; and the generality of instances proves that the extent of

naked surface may differ in very nearly allied species, and is not

sufficient to warrant generic distinction. Therefore I do not think it

advisable to adopt the genus Poéphagus.

BuBALUS.

Horns attached in a plane anterior to that of the occiput, flattened

or trigonal, inclined outwards and backwards, with the point bending

upwards.

Hab. Southern Asia, its islands, and Africa.

B. buffelus. B. depressicornis.

B. brachycerus. B. Caffer.

Although Major Smith was deceived as to the affinities of the

Anoa, later as well as earlier naturalists have assigned it to its true

place, and a glance at the stuffed specimen in the British Museum

leaves the matter beyond a doubt. I have examined the skull in the

Museum of the College of Surgeons, and cannot see that it has even

a title to generic distinction. Naturalists seem at all times to have

been prone to assign generic rank to whatever was mysterious or

difficult to classify, and I can in no other way account for this species

being made a genus.

It will be seen that my endeavour has been rather to ascertain and.

demonstrate whatever natural degrees of relationship exist among the

species of this family, than to compose a system for mere convenience

of reference; but so far from that being any hindrance to the prac-

tical adoption of my views, I think that in arranging the specimens

in a museum, or the materials of a work, it will generally be found

more convenient to be able to dispose the members of a natural group

in whatever order may suit our immediate object, than to be com-

pelled to place them in accordance with the strmgent laws of a purely

analytical method ; and that for the purpose of referring a new species

to its true location, when we have not the means of observing all

characters that may be necessary for the determination of a series of

natural affinities, the external characters which can be assigned to a

group when its limits are well made out, will be found sufficient ;

while on the other hand, not only the external characters, but some-

times even those of anatomical structure, will, in a group which has

not been previously subjected to a full and careful examination, be as

the letters of an unknown language, often leading into error and

confusion.

With regard to nomenclature, I have used such names as I find

most generally adopted by later naturalists who have given attention to

this subject, generally taking, where I had a choice, such as appeared

to have been of earliest date; and as I only enumerate such species

as I have seen, I must not be considered, although I have omitted a

few which appear to be varieties, as rejecting all that are left out.

179

2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF THE FamiLy MELANIANA,

AND OF MANY NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS MELANIA,

CHIEFLY COLLECTED BY HuGcu Cumine, Ese., puRING HIS

ZOOLOGICAL VOYAGE IN THE EAST, AND NOW FIRST DE-

SCRIBED. By Isaac Lea anp Henry C. Lea, Puiwa-

DELPHIA *.

Genus PacHycuILus f.

Testa conica. Apertura ovata, basi integro. Labrum crassum.

Columella superné incrassata. Operculum suborbiculare, corneum.

The genus Melania has been found to embrace such a vast number

of species in various parts of the globe, that it has become very de-

sirable to separate any definite group with sufficient persistent cha-

racteristics. The thickened lip sufficiently distinguishes the proposed

genus from Melanopsis and Melaniat. It differs from Melanopsis

also in its having no sinus, while it resembles it in the possession of

a thickened columella above. From Melania it differs also in having

this callous columella. The species on which it is proposed to found

this genus has a mouth looking like a thick-lipped Bulimus. The

operculum differs moMewtiat from that of any Melanian I have seen.

Its polar point is subcentral, from which two or three spiral revolu-

tions are made ; then a thinner margin surrounds these spirals.

The animal has not been observed, and may and probably will

prove very different from Melania. Its proper position, however, in

the system will most likely be found to be between Melanopsis and

Melania, and there I would at present place it.

A second and very distinct species may be added to this genus—

the Melania levissima, Sowerby, described in Deshayes’ edition of

Lamarck. It inhabits Colombia, and is a shorter, wider, and much

thicker shell, with a large white mouth.

Pacuycuitus Cuminer. P. testd levi, elevato-conicd, sub-

crassd, nitidd, fusco-nebulosd ; spird elevatd, acuminatd ; anfrac-

tibus undecim, convexiusculis ; suturis linearibus ; aperlurd par-

viusculd, subrotundd, ad basim rotundd, intus fuscd ; labro vaide

expanso ; columelld superne incrassatd.

Hab. Large rivers, Copan, Central America.

Length 1:4, diam. °5 of an inch.

Remarks.—This is a very remarkable shell among the Mélaniens.

It is of fine svmmetry, the whorls being very regular to the apex.

The brownish cloudiness gives the whole surface a dark hue, while

the smoothness of the whorls gives it almost a polished appearance.

It differs very much in form from Melania levissima, Sow., which

naturally belongs,to the same genus, and which is adopted above ;

but it has the same cs eee of mouth and exterior colour. Both

* All the species described are in the Cabinets of Hugh Cuming and Isaac Lea.

+ Tlayds, thick, and xeidos, lip.

+ Lamarck describes the family Mélaniens as having a sharp outer lip, “le

droit toujours tranchant ; , but aa genus naturally belongs to Melania, Mela-

nopsis, and Pirena.

180

species under the microscope exhibit very minute revolving striz.

The aperture is rather more than one-fourth the length of the shell.

The operculum has its polar point subcentral.

The genus Melania of Lamarck abounds in a most extensive

number of species, and is undoubtedly the most interesting of the

genera of the family Melaniana. It is distributed round the whole

circumference of the globe, and inhabits the fresh waters of America

at least as far north as 45° latitude, and it probably exists quite as

far south, as it is found in New Zealand. In the north of Europe

there is not a single species known, while very few are found in

the southern part of that quarter of the world. In the middle,

southern and south-western portions of the United States, the

greatest number of species seem to be developed on this continent ;

and in the States of Kentucky, Ohio, Tennessee and Alabama they

are the most profuse, and present an almost endless variety of forms,

extending to an incredible number of species. The rivers and lakes

of India and Africa have not yet been well explored ; but while they

present some of the most striking and beautiful species, it may be

doubted if they abound in the variety of forms which are found in

the United States. The Philippine Islands form a most prolific

district, where the development of these forms seems to have been

greatly extended. Mr. Cuming, with an industry, energy and per-

severance which portray the true naturalist, devoted several years

to the Mollusca of this remarkable group of islands, and his reward

has been, the discovery of a vast number of species heretofore un-

known to science ; and he well deserves the gratitude of all students

of this branch of natural history for his devotion to the collection of

a museum, almost, if not quite, unequalled in the Mollusca.

ME tania CANALIS. WM. testd levi, acuto-conoided, subtenui, tene-

broso-castaned, flammis longitudinalibus ferrugineis ornatd ; spird

elevatd, ad apicem costatd ; suturis impressis canaliculatisque ; an-

Fractibus duodecim, subconvevis ; aperturd ovatd, ad basim patuld,

tintus albidd.

Hab. Small streams, island of Guimaras, Philippines.

Length 2-1, diam. °6 of an inch.

Remarks.—This is rather a large and somewhat robust species.

The full-grown specimens are of a dark chestnut-brown, the younger

sometimes a pale horn-colour, with longitudinal flammate marks,

nearly equidistant, and with distinct minute transverse strie. The

most remarkable character of this species is the impressed and rather

sharp channel at the junction of the whorls. The aperture is nearly

one-third the length of the shell, and the base is expanded, the co-

lumella below being flattened.

MeELANIA F@DA. WM. testd levi, conoided, subcrassd, tenebroso-

fuscd, rufo-nebulosd ; spird subelevatd ; suturis subimpressis ;

anfractibus decem, planulatis; aperturd ellipticd, subcontractd, ad

basim subangulatd, intus tenebroso-castaned ; labro margine ceru-

lescente.

Hab. Rocky stream, Java.

18]

Length 1:6, diam. *5 of an inch.

Remarks.—In the adult specimens the edge of the aperture is

bluish white, and within more or less brown. In all cases the colu-

mella is white in the four specimens under examination. They are

covered nearly over the whole surface with a black deposit of oxide

of iron. Near the base there are seven to ten indistinct strie. The

aperture is about one-third the length of the shell. The operculum

is ovate, and does not present any peculiar character.

Meania sopria. WM. testd levi, acuto-conoided, subcrassd,

luteo-corned ; spird elevatd, ad apicem costatd ; suturis impressis ;

anfractibus duodecim, planulatis ; aperturd parvd, subovatd, intus

albidd, ad basim rotundatd ; columellé regulariter curvatd.

Hab. Very small streams, Siquijor, Philippines.

Length 1-5, diam. °5 of an inch.

Remarks.—A very regularly formed, light-coloured species. There

are a few indistinct striz near the base. The sutures are very regu-

lar and thread-like. The upper whorls are slightly maculate, and

those nearest to the apex minutely plicate. The aperture is rather

more than the fourth of the length of the shell, and is rounded at

the base of the columella.

MeE.LaAnia susuLa. WM. testd levi, acuto-conoided, tenui, castaned ;

spird valde elevatd, acuminata; suturis impressis ; anfractibus

duodecim, subconvexis ; aperturd parvd, contractd, intus vel albida

vel rufo-castaned.

Hab. Small river in the province of Ho Ho, isle of Panay, Phi-

lippines.

Length 1-8, diam. °4 of an inch.

Remarks.—-This is a delicately formed species, very much atte-

nuated, with six or eight impressed, small striz at the base. In the

darker specimens, the upper part of the whorl at the suture is lighter-

coloured than the other part. The upper whorls are finely striate.

The aperture is small, about one-fourth the length of the shell, and

rounded at the base of the columella.

Mevania acus. WM. testd levi, conoided, subtenui, corned ; spird

acuminatd, ad apicem costatd ; suturis subimpressis ; anfractibus

undecim planulatis ; aperturd parvd, ovatd, intus cerulescente ;

columella regulariter curvata.

Hab. Small stream, Guimaras, Philippines.

Length 11, diam. *3 of an incb.

Remarks.—This is a regularly formed, small species. The speci-

mens under examination are nearly covered with a deposit of oxide

of iron, which on removal displays a horn-coloured epidermis. The

aperture is nearly one-third the length of the shell, and is rounded

at the base.

MELANIA DERMESTOIDEA. WM. testd levi, politd, subcylindraced,

crassd, tenebroso-castaned ; spird subelevatd ; suturis impressis ;

anfractibus sex, subplanulatis ; apertura ovata, ad basim canali-

culatd, intus rufescente ; labro incrassato.

182

Hab. Seychelles Islands.

Length °6, diam. *2 of an inch.

Remarks.—The most marked character of this species is the

notched channel of the base, where the colour is rather darker. The

outer lip is thick and rounded. The superior part of the whorl in

some specimens is lighter in colour. In its general aspect this species

resembles Melania simplex, Say. The epidermis is very lustrous.

The aperture is nearly one-half the length of the shell.

Mexania contracta. WM. testd levi, ovato-elongatd, pallida,

tenui; spird elevatd ; anfractibus novem, planulatis ; apertura

ovatd, constrictd, ad basim canaliculatd, intus vel albidd vel

rufd ; columella contortd reflerdque.

Hab. Seychelles Islands.

Length ‘8, diam. *3 of an inch.

Remarks.—This, like the dermestoidea, herein described, from the

same locality, is remarkable for the notched channel at the base.

They may easily be distinguished by the contracta having a more

elevated spire, greater number of whorls, being of a lighter colour,

and in the aperture being longer and more twisted. There is a

disposition in the upper part of the columella to be thickened and

rufous, and the twist and backward turn are very remarkable. The

aperture is about one-third the length of the shell.

MELANIA FERRUGINEA. WM. testd levi, nitidd, ventricoso-conoi-

ded, inflatd, crassd, ferrugined ; spird subelevatd; suturis valde

impressis ; anfractibus sex, convevis ; aperturd magnd, subro-

tundd, intus albidd.

Hab. Zanzibar, East Africa.

Length -9, diam. *4 of an inch.

Remarks.—The rather inflated form of this species gives it the

aspect of some of the Paludine. A single specimen, and not an

entirely perfect one, has only been submitted for examination. It

seems to differ from any described species, while it has no very di-

stinctive character. The aperture is very nearly one-half the length

of the shell.

Metania tmpurA. UM. testd levi, subcylindraced, compressd,

subcrassd, viridi-corned; spird subelevatd; suturis valde im-

pressis ; anfractibus planulatis, supra geniculatis ; aperturd ellip-

ticd, subcontractd, ad basim retusd, intus albidd; columelld re-

gulariter incurva.

Hab. Naga, province of South Cumarines, Luzon, Philippines.

Length °9, diam. °35 of an inch.

Remarks.—The angle on the superior portion of the whorls gives

this species a very distinct aspect. This angle is not very acute, but

it is very marked in all the four specimens under examination. The

apex in each being decollate, the number of whorls cannot of course

be correctly ascertained ; there may be about seven. The colour of

the epidermis is uniform and of a greenish horn-colour. The aper-

ture is rather more than one-third the length of the shell, and is

rounded and retuse at the base.

183

MetaniA Cocuuipium. WM. testd levi, subulatd, subcrassd, rufo-

corned ; spird elevatd, acuminatd, ad apicem minut? plicatd ; sutu-

ris regulariter impressis ; anfractibus tredecim, subcompressis, an-

Sractu ultimo supra angulato, magno ; aperturd late ovatd, parva,

ad basim retusd, intus albidd ; columelld regulariter incurvd.

Hab. Very small streams, islands of Siquijor and Guimaras, Phi-

lippines.

Length 1-5, diam. °5 of an inch.

Remarks.—This is a very remarkable species, having a single ele-

vated, revolving rib on the superior part of the last whorl, which

causes a somewhat impressed channel above. The four specimens

under examination from Siquijor are fresh and with perfect epi-

dermis, which varies on the younger specimens to rather a pale horn-

colour, while the more mature ones are of a reddish horn-colour.

The four from Guimaras are “dead shells,’ rather more robust,

with a portion only of the epidermis remaining, which is rufous.

The aperture is about one-fourth of the length of the shell. The

operculum has its polar point near the base on the left side.

Metania crncta. WM. testd levi, subulatd, subtenui, rufo-cas-

taned ; spird valde elevatd, acuminatd, ad apicem plicatd ; sutu-

ris impressis, linearibus ; anfractibus tredecim, subconveais ; an-

Fractu ultimo uno-vittato ; aperturd dilatatd, ovatd, intus fusco

Sasciaté, ad basim rotunda ; columella contortd.

Hab. India.

Length 2°2, diam. °6 of an inch.

Remarks.—The form of this species is very much like that of

Melania aculeus (nobis), but it is a more attenuate species. The

single light band on the lower whorl seems to be peculiar to this

species. It is below the middle part of the whorl, and is distinctly

visible on the inside in the three specimens under examination. The

upper whorls have regular, oblique, somewhat distant folds, on two

of the specimens, which are crossed by minute strie. The lower

part of the whorl has indistinct strie. The aperture is not large,

being less than one-fourth the length of the shell, and it is rounded

at the base. The columella is much incurved.

MELANIA LANCEA. WM. testd levi, subulatd, subtenui, corned ;

spird elevatd, ad apicem striata; suturis impressis ; anfractibus

duodecim, convewxis ; aperturd ovatd, intus albidd, ad basim ro-

tundd ; columelld angulariter incurvd.

Hab. Ohcataroa, Society Islands.

Length 1°6, diam. *5 of an inch.

Remarks.—This species is in form somewhat like the M. aculeus

(nobis), but is a smaller shell and not quite so attenuate. In the

four specimens under examination small strize are distinctly marked

on the superior or younger whorls, and on two of them some of the

striee are continuous on the lower whorls. The aperture is not

large, being not quite one-third the length of the shell. The colu-

mella is much incurved and recurved.

184

Mexania EpiscopaLis. M. testa plicatd, turritd, subcrassd,

tenebroso-castaned ; spird elevatd ; suturis impressis ; anfrac-

tibus subconvexis, prope suturam superiorem concavis ; plicis raris,

subacuminatis ; aperturd magnd, ellipticd, intus ce@rulescente ;

columella contorta.

Hab. A sluggish river, Malacca.

Length 2°4, diam. °8 of an inch.

Remarks.—This is a remarkable and interesting species, and differs

from any which has been described, in having rather large and

somewhat distant folds rising on the upper part into nodular points,

in all the four specimens submitted for examination. The apex of

these specimens being truncated, the number of whorls cannot be

ascertained. A perfect adult would probably present about ten. The

folds are distinct on the four lower whorls only. On the middle of

the lower whorl there is a slightly elevated line, below which are about

six obscure strie. The aperture is large, and more than one-third the

length of the shell ; it is twisted, and has an elongated base. The

columella is whitish and very much incurved. The operculum is

more spiral than usual, and the polar point more toward the centre.

Metania BuattTa. M. testd plicatd, elongate conoided, crassd,

castaneo-nigricante ; spird elevatd, crebré costatd; anfractibus

planulatis, infra suturas concavis ; plicis crebris ornatis ; aper-

turd magnd, ovatd, superne angulatd, ad basim rotundd, intus

ceruled ; columella tortad, superné incrassatd.

Hab. Rapid river and small streams, Luzon, Philippines.

Length 2°6, diam. *7 of an inch.

Remarks.—A very dark-coloured and remarkably fine species,

with numerous, nearly parallel, perpendicular folds, which number

some eighteen or twenty, and exist on every whorl in the eight speci-

mens under examination. The four large ones are truncate, but the

younger and more perfect would indicate the existence of about ten

whorls. It differs from the episcopalis in being more attenuate, in

having more folds and a much less twisted columella. The aperture

is large, and rather more than one-fourth the length of the shell.

MELANIA COSTELLARIS. JM. testd plicatd, superné striatd, acu-

minatd, subcrassd, tenebroso-castaned ; spird elevatd ; suturis line-

aribus ; anfractibus decem, subplanulatis ; anfractu ultimo magno,

geniculato; plicis numerosis; aperturd parvd, dilatatd, ovatd,

supern? angulatd, ad basim rotundd, intus cerulescente ; columella

incurvd.

Hab. Small streams in the islands of Negros, Tanhay, Siquijor ;

Philippines, .

Length 1°5, diam. *5 of an inch.

Remarks.—The last whorl being angular gives this species a pe-

culiar and remarkable character, and causes a channel immediately

below the suture. Several of the specimens under examination have

beautiful delicate impressed lines immediately above the sutures. In

the superior whorls these lines cover the whole surface. The folds

185

terminate on the angle, and are disposed to be nodulous there. The

aperture is rounded, angular above, and not quite one-third the length

of the shell. The base of the shell is rounded.

Me ania ReEcTA. M. testd plicatd, attenuatd, subcrassd, tenebroso-

castaned ; spird valde elevatd ; suturis irregulariter impressis, sub-

canaliculatis ; anfractibus tredecim, subplanulatis ; plicis numero-

sis ; aperturd parvd, ovatd, ad basim rotundd, intus cerulescente;

columelld ineurvd.

Hab. Very small streams, Siquijor and isle of Negros, Philippines.

Length 1-7, diam. *5 of an inch.

Remarks.—In many of its characteristics this species is like the

M. costellaris. It differs entirely, however, in the enlargement of the

last whorl, the angle on the superior part of it, and in the channel

below the suture, which are important characters in the cos¢e/laris.

Nor has it the minute revolving lines. The folds are remarkably

regular and distinct, and number about eleven on each whorl! in the

eight specimens under examination. On two individuals the epi-

dermis remains quite perfect, and is deposited in regular, revolvin

striz. The aperture is about one-third the length of the shell; it

is rounded below and angular above, where it is slightly set off from

the body of the whorl. The columella is but slightly curved.

Mevania austrauis. WM. testd plicatd, conicd, tenui, diaphand,

rubiginoso-corned ; spird costatd, prope apicem turbinatd ; suturis

impressis ; anfractibus septem, conveais, ad basim striatis ; plicis

numerosis ; aperturd magnd, ellipticd, intus salmonid ; columella

tortd ; labro superne emarginato.

Hab. Victoria river, North Australia.

Length -9, diam. *4 of an inch.

Remarks.—This is a very distinct little species, and the sudden

enlargement of the third whorl below the apex gives it a somewhat

turbinated appearance. The folds do not on the lower whorl reach

the suture, and above and below these folds there are minute re-

volving striz. The aperture is more than one-third the length of

the shell. The outer lip is slightly crenulate and remarkably in-

curved near to its junction with the body whorl.

MELANIA TORNATELLA. M. ¢estd plicatd, fusiformi, crassd, corned,

inferne lineatd ; spird acuminatd ; suturis irregulariter impressis ;

anfractibus novem, convexiusculis, ad apicem mucronatis, in medio

concavis ; plicis numerosis, crebris ; aperturd constrictd, elongatd,

intus alba ; labro superné incisd ; columelld levi, crassd, contortd,

reflexd.

Hab. Shallow rivers, Tanhay, isle of Negros, Philippines.

Length -9, diam. -35 of an inch.

Remarks.—This belongs to a very remarkable group of Melania.

The emargination of the outer lip, above the middle of the whorl, is

strikingly characteristic of the group. It causes a slight flatness or

convexity of the whorl, as well as a curve in the numerous ribs, which

cover the whole surface in this species, except where it is superseded

186

by the transverse lines on the lower part of the whorl. These lines

are remarkably parallel, regular and well-impressed, and in the four

specimens under examination are six in number. The folds are like

ribs, very numerous, closely set, and very distinct. The form of this

species, described above, is very like Tornatella, and the twist in the

columella also resembles that genus. The ribs continue on the apex

and give it a scalariform appearance. The aperture is nearly one-

half the length of the shell. The edge of the lip, below the emargina-

tion, is slightly crenulate. The columella is very thick towards and

at the base, where it is so retuse as to permit the inside to be seen.

One of the specimens is rubiginose at the base. No operculum ac-

companied the specimens.

Metania RupIs. WM. testd plicatd, subfusiformi, crassa, corned ;

spird subelevatd ; suturis irregulariter impressis ; anfractibus pla-

nulatis transversim lineis impressis cinctis, superne canaliculatis ;

plicis numerosis, crebris; aperturd parvd, ovatd, intus albidd ;

labro superne emarginato ; columella levi, subcrassd, tortd.

Hab. Amboyna.

Length 1:1, diam. °4 of an inch.

Remarks.—Allied to Melania tornatella, it forms one of the

emarginate group, but differs in the size of the aperture and in the

form of the ribs, which are transversely cut by numerous fine lines,

in groups, which lines traverse the whole whorls. The aperture is

about one-third the length of the shell, and the lip is crenulate. The

three specimens under examination are all truncate at the apex, and

the number of whorls therefore not ascertained. It has the spiral

operculum usual to Melania.

Mevania microstoma. M. testd plicatd, subfusiformi, subcrassd,

luteo-corned ; spird elevatd ; suturis irregulariter impressis ; an-

Sractibus octo, planulatis, transversim lineis impressis cinctis, su-

perné canaliculatis ; plicis numerosis, crebris ; aperturd maximd,

ovatd, ad basim truncatd, intus cerulescente ; labro superné emar-

ginato ; columelld levi, ad basim subcrassd tortdque.

Hab. Mountain streams, isle of Negros, Philippines.

Length *9, diam. *3 of an inch.

Remarks.—This belongs to the group with emarginate lip, along

with M. rudis and M. tornatella. It is a more slender species, more

subulate, and has a smaller aperture than either. It takes more the

form of Terebra. It has groups of lines which decussate the ribs as

in the rudis. The aperture is not one-third the length of the shell,

and the lip is crenulate. No operculum was received with the shells.

MELANIA TRANSVERSA. WM. testd plicatd, pyramidatd, crassa, cor-

ned, castaneo-maculatd ; spird elevatd; suturis irregulariter impres-

sis ; anfractibus subconvezis, transversim lineis impressis cinctis ;

costellis verticalibus raris; aperturd parvd, oblique transversd,

rhomboided, intus maculatd et cerulescente; labro terebreformi,

crenulato ; columelld contortd, superné incrassatd, inferne emar-

ginatd,

187

Hab, Guiana.

Length 1:6, diam. *5 of an inch.

Remarks.—This species is remarkable for the unusual obliquity of

its aperture and its auger-shaped lip. In its ribs and decussate strize

it resembles the group consisting of M. tornatella, M. rudis and M.

microstoma, but it has not the emarginate lip and therefore does not

belong to them. The emargination at the base of the columella is

quite a different, character, and is very remarkable in this species,

representing as it does the dite of the auger. The chestnut-coloured

spots are small, but so distinct as to mark the interior of the shell,

which is white and thick. The two specimens under examination are

both truncate at the apex, and the number of whorls not ascertained,

probably about ten. The aperture is rather more than one-fourth the

length of the shell. The operculum is spiral, with the polar point

nearly in the centre and with at least five revolutions, which is un-

usual with Melanie. It is allied to M. truncata, Lam. (semiplicata,

Fer.), but is less cylindrical and differs somewhat in the aperture.

Mruanra Maxima. M. testd striatd, elevato-conoided, crassd,

corned; spird valde elevatd ; suturis linearibus ; anfractibus duo-

decim, planulatis; striis magnis, raris, tenebrosis ; aperturd magnd,

rhomboided, intus albidad ; columelld valde contortd.

Hab. Copan, Central America.

Length 3, diam. 1:1 inches.

Remarks.—This very large species has a remarkable outline, form-

ing a perfectly regular, rather obtuse cone above. The aperture is very

large, and in the youngest of the three specimens the coloured striz

are very distinct within. Under the microscope minute revolving

lines may be observed over all the whorls. The aperture is rather

more than one-third the length of the shell. The operculum has

five revolutions and is very much like that of M. transversa, the

polar point being nearly central.

Mexanra Minportiensis. M. testd striatd, elevato-conoided, sub-

tenui, pallidd, ad apicem acuminatd ; spird elevatd ; suturis impres-

sis ; anfractibus duodecim, subconvezis, striis crebris ; aperturd

magnd, ellipticd, intus albd ; columelld incurvatd tortdque.

Hab. Small streams, Puerto Galero, isle of Mindoro, Philippines.

Length 1-9, diam. *7 of an inch.

Remarks.—The outline of this species is very regular, tapering to

a fine point. There are five specimens under examination, all of

which have raised strize over the whole of the body whorl. Some of

the specimens have the two next whorls ribbed, which ribs, the strize

decussating, form granular elevations. The remaining whorls are

perfectly smooth, with a few delicately impressed transverse lines.

Some have brown spots, which towards the apex are more numerous

and flammate. The aperture is more than one-third the length of

the shell. The operculum has its polar point on the lower edge, and

the curved lines of growth do not make one-eighth of a revolution.

MELANIA INDEFINITA. WM. testd striatd, elevaio-conicd, sub-

188

crassd, tenebroso-corned; spird subelevatd; suturis valde im-

pressis ; anfractibus convezis, infra suturas impressis, striis cre-

bris impressis ; aperturd parvd, ovata, intus cerulescente, ad basim

rotunda ; columella regulariter incurvatd.

Hab. Naga, Luzon, Philippines.

Length 1°6, diam. *5 of an inch.

Remarks.—The species has a very close resemblance to the striate

varieties of M. Virginica, Say. The three adult specimens under

examination are truncate, and the number of whorls therefore not

ascertainable, but probably about nine. The impressed revolving

lines are somewhat distant, regular and delicate. Between these,

under the microscope, may be seen very minute revolving striz. The

aperture is about one-fourth the length of the shell. The operculum

has its polar point near to the edge of the lower margin.

Metantrs Luzonrensis. M. testd striatd, conicd, subtenui, tene-

broso-corned ; spird erosd; suturis impressis ; anfractibus sex,

converiusculis, transversim lineis rugosis impressis cinctis ; aper-

turd magnd, elongato-ellipticd, intus rubiginosd ; columella alba

tortdque.

Hab. Small streams, Calanang, province of Bai, Philippines.

Length 1°1, diam. *5 of an inch.

Remarks.—There is no peculiarity in the outline of this species,

and the most striking character is perhaps in the impressed lines,

which are somewhat distant, having minute numerous wrinkles across

the groove. They are very distinctly visible under the microscope,

and do not seem to have been observed in any other species. The

superior part of the whorls is disposed to be granose, and one speci-

men has four rows of granules. Immediately under the sutures there

is a yellow line. The aperture is one-half the length of the shell.

The operculum has its polar point close to the lower margin.

MELANIA ALBESCENS. WM. testd striatd, elevato-conicd, subtenui,

albidd, lineis rufis interruptis ornatd ; spird acuminatd ; suturis

impressis ; anfractibus undecim, planiusculis, lineis transversis

vir impressis ; aperturd ovato-oblonga, intus albidd, rufo-macu-

lata, ad basim rotunda ; columella incurva.

Hab. Small streams, isles of Guimaras, Negros and Siquijor, Phi-

lippines.

Length 2°5, diam. -9 of an inch.

Remarks.—This is a very regularly formed and graceful species,

with rather a high and tapering spire. The impressed revolving

strie are chiefly on the body whorl. The most striking character-

istic is the numerous interrupted delicate brown lines, which cover

nearly the whole of the whorls and are closer and better defined

towards the apex. In some specimens there are beautiful brown

spots on a white ground, below the sutures. The aperture is about

one-third the length of the shell. The operculum has its polar point

close to the lower margin on the left. There is a very great differ-

ence in the size and thickness of the specimens. Some of the old

are very large, heavy, and covered with the oxide of iron, showing

189

beneath a brown epidermis and white nacre. In these the peritreme

is very thick, and the columella more remarkably thick than hereto-

fore noticed in any Melanian.

Metania HaAstuLA. M. testd striatd, nonnunquam plicatd, elon-

gate subulatd, diaphand, tenui, fuscd, striis transversis crebris

costulas decussantibus ; spird acuminatd ; suturis linearibus ; an-

fractibus plano-convevis ; aperturd parvuld ; ovatd, intus vel fuscd

vel albidd ; columella incurvd tortdque.

Hab. Various streams of Siquijor, Cagayan, Mindanao, and other

Philippine Islands.

Length 3°3, diam. °8 of an inch.

Remarks.—A very attenuate and greatly varied species, some

being smooth with few strie, others with striee over the whole sur-

face, and others again with numerous folds. In some of the speci-

mens under examination the apex is eroded in a very unusual manner,

the outer portion of the whorls there being so much decomposed as

to present little more than the central column. Some of the speci-

mens are dark brown, others are horn-colour with brown spots.

There are probably about twelve whorls. Although some of the

specimens have more or less distinct, somewhat distant folds, there

are others which have no folds whatever. This species is placed

among the striate group, as striee are found more or less developed

on every specimen. ‘The striee immediately below the suture are

more deeply impressed and cause a slight groove. A variety from

Camiguing is flatter on the whorls and less disposed to plication.

The aperture is not quite one-fourth the length of the shell, is rather

open and somewhat patulous below. The operculum has its polar

point near to the margin on the left.

Metania suncea. M. testa striatd, elongate subulatd, tenui,

tenebroso-fuscd, infra suturas luteo-lineatd ; spird altenuatd ;

suturis valde impressis, anfractibus undecim, convezis, lineis trans-

versis impressis ; aperturd parvuld, ovatd, intus fused ; columella

valde incurvd contortdque.

Hab. Lake of Taal, province of Batanos, and small streams in

Luzon, Philippines.

Length 2, diam. 5 of an inch. |

Remarks.—An attenuate and gracefully formed species. Some of

the specimens are of a dark rich brown, others are flammate. Two

have very small incipient folds on nearly all the whorls, others have

a few towards the apex. From the same locality are four specimens,

which, while they differ but little in form, are very different in colour,

being yellowish, with longitudinal flammate brown marks. This variety

answers very closely to M. flammulata, Von dem Busch, ‘Conchylien,’

&e. by Dr. Philippi, tab. 1. fig. 3,4. The aperture is about one-

fourth the length of the shell and is rather small, with a patulous lip

having a whitish border. The operculum has its polar point rather

near to the margin. Gualtierus (tab. 6. fig. G) gives a drawing of a

freshwater shell closely resembling this variety. Another variety is

rather thinner, diaphanous, horn-colour, and obscurely maculate.

190

Meuania conuxuus. WM. testd minute et crebrissime striatd, co-

nicd, subtenui, fuscd; spird obtusd; suturis linearibus ; anfrac-

tibus septem, planulatis, uno-vittatis ; aperturd elongato-ovatd,

ad basim angulatd, intus fuscd ; columelld tortd.

Hab. Small streams, Fernando Po, West Africa.

Length 1-4, diam. *5 of an inch.

Remarks.—This interesting species is remarkable for its peculiar

striee, which cover the whole surface of all the whorls. The lines

are irregular, and so minute as to require the microscope to detect

them. A little above the middle of the whorl there is an obscure,

dark, rather broad band. The middle of the whorl is somewhat

angular. The aperture is not quite one-half the length of the shell,

and is somewhat angular below.

MetaniA opruta. WM. testd striatd, conoided, crassd, bivittatd,

fusca; spird subelevatd ; suturis impressis ; anfractibus septem,

conveviusculis, lineis crebris elevatis; apertura parvuld, sub-

patuld, intus albd et bivittatd, ad basim emarginatd et retusa ;

labro crenulato et arcuato.

Hab. 2

Length 1°3, diam. *5 of an inch.

Remarks.—In general form and outline this species is very like to

the striate variety of M. Virginica, Say. It differs in being thicker

and in having a crenulate and patulous lip. In the four specimens

submitted, the two dark brown bands are beautifully distinct inside,

and stop short of the margin. Three specimens have a suddenly

enlarged body whorl. Two of the specimens have obscure, longitu-

dinal brown marks. The aperture is about one-third the length of

the shell, is very much curved on the edge of the lip, and disposed

to be canaliculate at the base. The strize are coarse and elevated.

MELANIA TURRICULUS. WM. testd striatd, conoided, subtenut,

obscure maculatd, corned, spird subelevatd; suturis impressis ;

anfractibus novem, convewviusculis, lineis subraris impressis, su-

perne angulatis; aperturd parvd, subconstrictd, intus albidd et

obscure maculatd, ad basim rotundd ; columella regulariter cur-

vatd.

Hab, Small rivers, Calanang, province of Bai, Luzon, Philippines.

Length 1-2, diam. *4 of an inch.

Remarks.—This species, like M. obruta, resembles in size and

outline very closely M. Virginica, Say. It differs from the former in

being less thick, in being maculate and not banded, and in having

impressed lines. It differs from the latter in being maculate, and in

being angular immediately under the suture. The aperture is rather

more than one-third the length of the shell, angular above and

rounded below. The operculum has its polar point somewhat re-

moved from the lower margin.

Mepanta apis. WM. testd striatd, conicd, tenui, obscuré granosd,

rufo-castaned ; spird obtusd ; suturis irregulariter impressis ; an-

fractibus convevis, lineis paucis elevatis ; aperturd parvd, sub-

191

rotundd, intus rufd, ad basim angulatd; labro repando, rufo-

marginato ; columelld incrassatd.

Hab. Marshy places, Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Length °8, diam. *3 of an inch.

Remarks.—Neither of the four specimens under examination are

perfect, all being much eroded at the apex. Under the microscope

the surface may be observed to be papillose, a character rarely found

in this genus, though not very uncommon in Helix. The aperture is

rather more than one-third the length of the shell and is unusually

rotund. The rufous line surrounds the peritreme. The aperture is

reddish inside.

Mexania Cuminet. WM. testa striatd, turritd, superné uno-cari-

natd, subcrassd, tenebroso-fuscd ; spird valdé elevatd; suturis

regulariter impressis ; anfractibus planulatis, lineis raris impres-

sis; aperturd magnd, subtriangulari, intus cerulescente ; colu-

mella retusd contortdque.

Hab. Very small streams, island of Siquijor, Philippines.

Length 2°5, diam. *7 of an inch.

Remarks.—This is a very remarkable species. A single specimen

only was sent by Mr. Cuming, and this unfortunately is by no means

perfect. There is a good deal of ferruginous matter deposited over

the surface, and the apex is so much eroded that the number of

whorls cannot be well ascertained, perhaps about nine. The turrited

form of the shell is very notable. Immediately under the suture

there is an elevated and cordlike line, slightly angular on the superior

part. Below this the whorl is slightly impressed. Part of the sur-

face is wrinkled by the transverse striz decussating longitudinal

lines. The aperture is about one-third the length of the shell, and

remarkable for its triangular form. The columella is unusually white,

which shows in contrast with the dark epidermis. The operculum is

large and thick, having its polar point near to the lower border.

Meant pactyius. WM. testd striatd, valde elevatd, superni cos-

tatd, crassd, vel fused vel luteo-corned ; spird valde elevatd ; su-

turis impressis; anfractibus duodecim, convevis, lineis crebris

elevatis ornatis ; costellis verticalibus crebris ; aperturd submagnd,

subrotundatd, intus vel salmonid vel ceruled; columelld incrassatd,

salmonid tortdque.

Hab. Small streams in Guimaras, Mindanao, Luzon and Seyte,

Philippines.

Length 3°2, diam. 1 inch.

Remarks.—This is a remarkably fine, large, and protean species.

There are about two dozen specimens under examination from various

islands of the Philippines. The prevailing character of the surface

is striate with decussating costee on the superior whorls; but some

specimens have these costze enlarged on the lower whorls, instead of

their having vanished, as on others. Some again have their costz

rising into a series of pointed tubercles. Under the microscope many

numerous minute strize may be observed to revolve parallel with the

coarser ones. Another variety is quite smooth on the upper whorls,

192

with fewer strize and costz. This looks like an immature shell. The

aspect of these three varieties is quite different, but I do not consider

it safe to separate them into species. The aperture is rather more

than one-fourth the length of the shell. The operculum is large,

having several revolutions, and the polar point is near to the centre.

MELANIA CRENIFERA. M. testd granulatd, acuto-conicd, subfu-

siformi, subtenui, corned; spird granulatd, acuminatd ; suturis

irregulariter impressis; anfractibus novem, convexiusculis, ad

basim striatis ; aperturd submagnd, ovatd, intus albidd ; columella

albd tortdque.

Hab. Small river in Java.

Length ‘9, diam. °4 of an inch.

Remarks.—Three specimens under examination are all nearly co-

vered with granules, a fourth has but few. It is a very symmetrical

little species. The aperture is rather more than one-third the length

of the shell. No opercula accompanied these specimens.

MELANIA NANA. UM. testd granulatd, conicd, fusiformi, tenui, dia-

phand, vel corned vel fuscd, rufo-maculatd ; spird depressd, gra-

nulatd ; anfractibus sex, subplanulatis, ad basim striatis ; suturis

irregulariter impressis ; aperturd magnd, ellipticd, intus vel al-

bidd vel fuscd ; columella tortd.

Hab. Mountain streams, isle of Negros, Philippines.

Length °6, diam. *3 of an inch.

Remarks.—The colour varies in this species owing to the number

of brown spots, which differ much in different specimens. One of

those under examination is horn-coloured, with a few distinct brown

spots; another is quite dark in consequence of the multiplicity of

them. The largest granules are immediately below the suture, and

the line there is disposed to be of lighter colour. The aperture is

about one-half the length of the shell.

MELANIA TESSELLATA. WM. testd granulatd, elevato-conicd, crassd,

tenebroso-fuscd ; spird elevatd, crebre granulatd ; anfractibus

planulatis, ad basim striatis ; suturis irregulariter impressis ;

aperturd parvd, ellipticd, constrictd, crenulatd, intus tricostatd,

ad basim canaliculaté ; columelld subrectd.

Hab. ?

Length 1:10, diam. *4 of an inch.

Remarks.—There is nothing striking in the general appearance of

this shell ; but in looking into the interior, there will be observed a

character which has not been known to exist in any other species—

three elevated, revolving ribs, terminating short of the outer lip.

The columella is simple, nearly straight, and ends in the angle at the

sinus. These remarkable ribs may involve a difference of organic

structure of the animal, in which case a new genus would be required

for this species. One of the three specimens is entirely white inside,

the other two have dark bands. The apex being eroded in them all,

the number of whorls cannot be ascertained, probably about nine.

The aperture is about one-third the length of the shell. The oper-

culum has its polar point near to the lower margin.

193

MELANIA CREBRUM. UM. testd cancellatd, elevato-conicd, crassd,

tenebroso-castaned ; spird valde elevatd ; anfractibus decem, con-

veaxiusculis, ad basim striis impressis ; suturis impressis ; aperturd

parvuld, ovatd, intus albidd ; ad basim rotundd ; columelld incur-

vatd.

Hab. Small streams, Guimaras, Philippines.

Length 1-5, diam. *5 of an inch.

Remarks.—The symmetry of the outline and the extreme regu-

larity of the decussating lines over the whole of the whorls, except at

the base, are distinguishing characteristics of this species. The ele-

vated portions between the decussating lines are quadrangular and

resemble brickwork. The four specimens submitted are all “dead

shells,” and are partly decomposed towards the apex. The aperture

is rather more than one-fourth the length of the shell.

Me ania RETICULATA. WM. testd cancellatd, conicd, crassd, pal-

lidd; spird elevatd ; anfractibus septem, planulatis, crassé can-

cellatis, ad basim striatis ; suturis impressis ; aperturd magna,

trapezoided, ad basim angulatd, intus albd; columelld incurvata,

contortdque.

Hab. China.

Length 1°8, diam. *7 of an inch.

Remarks.—This is a very remarkable and distinct species, covered

all over, except the lower part of the base whorl, with coarse, some-

what distant decussating striee, which rise into nodes and form qua-

drangular areas. Altogether it is a rough Cerithium-looking species.

The epidermis is remarkably thin and light-coloured, the upper por-

tion of the spire being quite white in the two specimens under exami-

nation. The aperture is more than one-third the length of the shell.

Me tania acuteus, Lea. WM. testd levi, nonnunquam striatd vel

granulatd, elongate subulatd, crassd vel subcrassd, corned vel

fusco-nigricante ; spird acuminatd ; suturis linearibus ; anfracti-

bus planulatis; apertura ovatd, intus cerulescente ; labro expanso.

Hab. Siquijor, Naga, Cagayan, and others of the Philippines.

Length 2:6, diam. *7 of an inch.

Remarks.—When this species was described by J. Lea in 1832

(Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.), he had seen but a single specimen, which

had neither granules nor strie. Among the large quantity of this

genus taken by Mr. Cuming in his Eastern voyage, were about forty

specimens of this singularly protean species. Were there but few,

and these as different as many of them are, no one would hesitate to

consider them as distinct species. But the large number and extra-

ordinary difference in them enables one, or rather compels one to keep

them in a group as curious divergent varieties. When we compare

the large smooth variety with the small variety covered with granules,

it is difficult to believe that they may have come from a common

parent, but the xuance is too complete in the series to admit of a

doubt.

It was deemed advisable to re-describe this species, so that it might

No. CCXIII.—Proceepineés oF THE ZooLocica Society.

194

embrace the various forms which it takes in the specimens now sub-

mitted by Mr. Cuming from various localities.

Mexania prADEMA. MM. testd spinosd, acuminato-ovatd, transver-

sim lineata, subpapyraced, diaphand, pallio lutescente ; spird sca-

lariformi, acutd; suturd lineata; anfractibus octo, superné an-

gulatis, planis supra et infra; angulo spinis instructo; spinis

magnis, crebris, reguluribus, brevibus, eversis, aliquando decur-

rentibus ; lineis transversis, minimis, decussatis ; anfractu ultimo

bullato, ad basim lineato ; aperturd magnd, ovatd ; columelld al-

bidd, incurvd ; epidermide hispida.

Hab. Small streams, isle of Guimaras, Philippines.

Length 1-4, diam. °8 of an inch.

Remarks.—Differs from M. amarula in the thinness of its sub-

stance, and regularity and eloseness of its spines, which are all bent

outwards, at a regular angle.

Metanta cornuta. WM. testd spinosd, elongato-ovatd, crassd, fus-

cescente vel viridescente ; spird exsertd, scalariformi, apice trun-

catd; suturd lineari; anfractibus medio angulatis, superné sub-

concavis; angulo spinis instructo ; spinis magnis, brevibus,incurvis,

raris, acutis, basi latissimis, distortis, decurrentibus, antice cana-

liculatis ; anfractu ultimo magno, ad basim transversim striatulo ;

aperturd magnd, ovatd; columelld lacted.

Hab. Madagascar.

Length 1-5, diam. -9 of an inch.

Remarks.—The spines are short, stout, and irregularly bent, pre-

senting the appearance of horns, and distinguishing the shell from

M. amarula, which it otherwise somewhat resembles.

Meania AcANTHICA. WM. testd spinosd, ovato-turritd, varicosd,

transversim lineatd, subtenui, fused ; spird elongata, conicd, sca-

lariformi; apice truncatd; suturd lineari; anfractibus superne

angulatis, varicibus distortis ; angulo spinis instructo ; varicibus

magnis, regularibus, subobliquis, superné in spinis productis ;

spinis longis, tenuibus, irregularibus, extortis ; lineis transversis,

crebris, parvis, subalternantibus ; anfractu ultimo parvo, ad

basim lineato ; aperturd ellipticd, inferne effusd; labro inferne

producto; columelld parvd, infern? incrassatd.

Hab. Manilla and isle of Negros, Philippines.

Length ‘8, diam. °4 of an inch.

Remarks.—Bears some resemblance to M. scabra, Férussac, and

M. bellicosa, Hinds.

MeaniA ZEYLANICA. WM. testd levi, ovatd, crassd, nitidd, albidd

aut virido-fused ; badio flammulatd, spird brevi, acuminatd, apice

acutd, aliquando erosd; suturd lineari ; anfractibus quinque, con-

vevis, ad suturam superiorem impressis, maculis flammulatis aut sa-

gittatis badiis; anfractu ultimo magno, bullato; basi levi; aperturd

ovato-rotundd, superné angulatd, inferne rotundatd, intus albidd ;

columelld magnd, albd, superneé incrassatd, inferné curvatd.

195

Hab. Seychelles and Ceylon.

Length *9, diam. *6 of an inch.

Remarks.—The markings are very variable, being sometimes ob-

lique, zigzag lines, extending over the whole surface of the whorls,

sometimes sagittate or short zigzag spots in transverse series. Indeed

some specimens are of a uniform dark green. The last whorl some-

times has two impressed transverse lines. The mouth is nearly two-

thirds the length of the shell.

MeELANIA PoLtyGonaTa. MM, testd tuberculatd, elevato-conicd,

striatd, crassd, nigrd; spird elevatd, conicd, apice erosa; suturd

pene obsoleta, flexuosd ; anfractibus superné et inferne striatis ;

medio angulatis ; angulo serie unicd tuberculorum instructo ; tu-

berculis maximis, transverse angulatis, levibus ; striis transversis

raris ; anfractu ultimo magno; basi crebre striatd ; aperturd su-

perne valde acutd, inferne productd et effusd, intus albidd; colu-

melld albd, flexuosa; operculo parvo, subcentrali.

Hab. Copan, Central America.

Length 3:5, diam. 13 inch.

Remarks.—One of the largest and finest of the Melanie. The

upper whorls are generally covered with a thick, smooth deposit,

obliterating the sculpture. On them the tubercles appear to dege-

nerate into elevated costee. The operculum is much smaller than the

mouth. The tubercles and striz sometimes produce brown marks

on the columella and inside the aperture.

MeEtaAnia DENTICULATA. WM. testd spinosd, ovato-turritd, trans-

versim striatd, denticulatd, tenui, diaphand, ferrugined, maculis ba-

diis minutis linearibus ; spird exsertd, conicd, scalariformi, apice

acuminatd ; suturd lineari ; anfractibus septem, superné angulatis,

angulo denticulatis ; denticulis parvis, acutis, obliquis; striis trans~

versis, parvis, alternantibus, rugosis, maculatis, lineolis longitu-

dinalibus minutissimis decussatis ; anfractu ultimo parvo, ad-basim

striato ; aperturd ovatd, inferne effusd; columelld flecuosd, tenut.

Hab. Mountain streams, isle of Negros, Philippines.

Length °6, diam. °3 of an inch.

Remarks.—Allied to M. spinulosa, Lam., but may be distinguished

by its abrupt denticulations.

MELANIA ARMILLATA. JM. testd cancellatd, ovato-turritd, cras-

siusculd, graniferd, viridescenti; spird elevatd, subovatd, apice

acutd; suturd parvd, crenatd; anfractibus undecim, planatis,

prope suturam superiorem angulatis, superne albidis, costis longi-

tudinalibus obliquis graniferis crebris ; granulis rotundatis, albi-

dis ; anfractu ultimo superné compresso, inferné subturgido ; basi

transverse striatd; aperturd ovatd, superné acute angulatd, in-

Serne rotundatd et effusd ; labro inferné producto ; columella in-

Sern? angulatd, superne recta.

Hab. India.

Length 1:4, diam. *5 inch.

Remarks.—Immediately below the angle of the whorls there is

196

apt to be a larger series of granules, with a very small one succeed-

ing it.

MELANIA COCHLEA. WM. testd subspinosd, turritd, costatd, striatd,

tenui, fulvd, maculis badiis ; spird scalariformi, ovato-acuminatd,

apice acutd; suturd lineari; anfractibus decem, inferne subcon-

vewis, superné angulatis et concavis ; costis obliquis, longitudina-

libus, anfractuum in angulo elevatis et acute? mucronatis, superne

vix obsoletis ; striis transversis, minutis, aliquando obsoletis ; an-

fractu ultimo parvo, ad basim striato; aperturd ovatd, superne

acutd, inferne effusd.

Hab. 2

Length 1-, diam. *4 of an inch.

Remarks.—On the last whorl of the only specimen submitted, the

costee are almost obsolete. The strice are strongest near the sutures,

and scarcely visible at the middle of the whorls.

MELANIA LATERITIA. WM. testd cancellatd, acut? ovatd, compressa,

crassiusculd, striatd, graniferd, albidd, virido-fuscd, rufo fasciatd

aut atrd; spird elevatd, plerumque scalariformi, apice acutd aut

erosd; suturd impressd, crenatd; anfractibus decem, planatis,

superne angulatis, supra angulum sepe albidis ; striis transversis

crebris graniferis ; granulis quadratis, abruptis, planatis, serie-

bus longitudinalibus positis; anfractu ultimo magno, subcom-

presso ; basi graniferd ; aperturd ovatd, superné acute angulatd

et sinuatd, inferne latd, expansd et retusd, interne sepe fasciatd ;

columelld contortd ; operculo parvo, ovato.

Hab. Philippines.

Length 1-6, diam. *7 of an inch.

Var. a. Anfractibus superné graniferis, inferne striis transversis

impressis ; basi vix levi, striis raris.

Var. 6. Striis graniferis alternantibus.

Remarks.—A very variable species as to size, colour and sculp-

ture. The operculum differs much in some individuals in both its

shape and apex. This shell bears some resemblance to the M. gra-

nifera, Lam. Its most remarkable characteristic is its square, flat-

tened granules, bearing some resemblance to brickwork.

MELANIA MODICELLA. WM. testd levi, ovato-conicd, crassd, nitidd,

virido-fuscd ; spird conicd, brevi, apice acutd, sepe erosd ; suturd

lineari ; anfractibus quinque, convexis, rapide crescentibus, prope

suluram superiorem depressis, prope suturam inferiorem striis

parvis transversis duabus aut tribus; anfractu ultimo magno,

medio striis tribus, basi levi; aperturd ovato-rotundd, superne

subangulatd, inferne subeffusd, intus albidd ; labro acuto; colu-

mella lacted, curvatd ; operculo ovato, subcentrali, concentrico.

Hab. Timor.

Length *7, diam. °5 of an inch.

Remarks.—This shell and the M. zeylanica may perhaps be taken

as the types of a new genus or subgenus. Further investigation with

respect to the animal may decide; in the meantime, the name of

, aiA rae FOL TS

197

Rivutrna is proposed provisionally. The general outline and oper-

culum are those of the Patup1na. Inold specimens the peritreme of

the mouth is continuous, but there is only a slight depression behind

the columella in place of an umbilicus. The upper whorls are occa-

sionally faintly lined or spotted with brown.

Meant PAGODA. M. testd spinosd, turritd, costatd, transversim

striata, tenui, diaphand, corned, maculis badiis minutis linearibus ;

spird elongatd, subovatd, acuminatd, scalariformi; suturd lineari;

anfractibus decem, superne angulatis et subconcavis, angulo spinu-

losis ; costulis obliquis longitudinalibus, inferné obsoletis, superneé

in spinulas aut denticula eversa productis, in anfractibus superio-

ribus crebrissimis et magnis, inferioribus minoribus rarioribusque ;

striis transversis, parvis, crebris, alternantibus, maculatis, lineolis

longitudinalibus decussatis ; anfractu ultimo usque ad basim striato ;

aperturd ovatd, superné acutd, inferne effusda.

Haé. Isle of Guimaras, Philippines.

Length 1:4, diam. °6 of an inch.

Remarks.—A beautiful little species, with irregular spines, very

strongly marked-on the upper whorls, but which sometimes diminish

to denticulations on the lower. It can be mistaken for none of its

congeners, except perhaps the M. cochlea.

3. DESCRIPTION OF FIVE NEW SPECIES OF ANODONT#, COL-

LECTED BY H. Cumine, Ese. 1n THE East Inpies. By

Isaac Lea.

Anoponta GrAciLis. A. testd latd, subcylindraced, inequila-

terali; valvulis tenuibus; natibus subprominentibus ; epider-

mide luted ; margaritd vel alba vel purpurea.

Hab. Dingle, Isle of Panay. _

Diam. 1; length 1:7; breadth 3-4 inches.

Remarks.—This species is more cylindrical than is usual with the

Anodonte, and differs from the other species taken by Mr. Cuming

in this character: it is rounded anteriorly, and is subangular pos-

teriorly. The dorsal margin is nearly straight, the basal margin is

slightly emarginate, the dise being disposed to be flattish. In the

specimens under examination, the beaks are all more or less eroded, but

in the youngest there are slight indications of undulations. The liga-

ment is thin and long; the marks of growth are distant and rather

dark, and the epidermis in the young is yellow or greenish, in the

older it is darker and brown; the anterior cicatrices are distinct ; the

dorsal small, and placed in the cavity of the beaks.

The five species herein described are remarkable in the character

of the dorsal line, which rises immediately under the margin into a

dentoid line, somewhat lamellar, and approaching in its character the

more distinct tooth of the genus Dipsas (Leach). In the younger

specimens this is much more distinctly marked, and in the older it

becomes obsolete. This group of Anodonte, having this dentoid

character, would seem to form a natural connexion on one side with

198

the genus Dipsas, and on the other with the genus Unio, connecting

with U. Bengalensis, brought by Dr. Burrough from India, and

described by me in the ‘Trans. Am. Phil. Soe.’ vol. vi. pl. 2. fig. 3.

This peculiar form of tooth, if it may so be called, is peculiar to that

part of the world, so far as my observation extends; for among the

numerous species examined by me from Europe, Africa and America,

South as well as North, I have never met with this character deve-

loped as in those alluded to above.

ANODONTA CREPERA. A. testd ellipticd, subcompressd, inequi-

laterali ; valvulis tenuibus ; natibus subprominentibus ; epider-

mide tenebroso-fuscd ; margarité vel albd vel purpured.

Hab. Bongabon, Luzon, Philippines.

Diam. 1:1; length 1:8; breadth 3°3 inches.

Remarks.—Five of the six specimens under examination are purple,

the sixth whitish. The outline is nearly oval. One of the specimens

is obtusely biangular posteriorly ; the substance of the shell is slightly

thickened anteriorly ; the beaks are too much eroded to observe any

undulations ; the ligament is rather short and thin ; anterior cica-

trices distinct ; dorsal cicatrices small, and placed in the centre of the

cavity of the beaks. The species is closely allied to 4. tenuis, but is

not quite so thin and is more transverse. Three specimens of the

young have a well-defined anterior lamellar tooth and a distinct pos-

terior raised line, which in the left valve is slightly divided. This is

so marked in these young specimens, that one would scarcely hesitate

to place them among the Uniones if we had not the adult, which have

scarcely a vestige of the elevation on the dorsal line.

ANoponTA TENUIS. A. testd ellipticd, compressa, inequilate-

rali; valvulis pertenuibus ; natibus subprominentibus ; epider-

mide tenebroso-fuscd.

Hab, Sual, Luzon, Philippines.

Diam. 1; length 1:7; breadth 3 inches.

Remarks.—This is very closely allied to An. crepera herein de-

scribed, and may, perhaps, when more specimens of the old and young

of both species are compared, prove only to be a variety. The spe-

cimens before me, however, differ in the tenuis being rather thinner

and less elliptical, the outline inclining to oblong. The existence of

teeth in the young, and the rudiments on the dorsal line in the adult,

are very similar to the erepera. Of the four specimens before me,

two have the nacre purple and two white. The beaks are too much

eroded to observe any marks of undulations. The ligament is rather

long and thin. Anterior cicatrices distinct ; dorsal cicatrices small,

and placed in the centre of the cavity of the beaks.

Anoponta suscrassa. A, testd oblongd, subinflatd, subequi-

laterali ; valvulis subcrassis ; natibus prominentibus undula-

tisque ; epidermide luteo-fuscd ; margaritd albidd, colore sal-

monis tinctd et iridescente.

Hab. Vaguna de Bai, Luzon, Philippines.-

Diam. 1:2; length 1°7 ; breadth 2-9 inches.

199

Remarks.—It is rare to meet with an Anodonta of the thickness of

this species, but it still is not so ponderous as the arewata, Fer., or as

lato-marginata (Nobis). It cannot be confounded with either of these

species, not being arcuate, and not having compressed beaks like

the former, and being oblong and thinner than the latter, as well as

also being destitute of the broad margin. The substance of the shell

is slightly thickened anteriorly, and the basal margin is emarginate ;

the beaks are submedial, and when perfect are beautifully ornate

with numerous small folds which form an acute angle from the point

of the beaks, nearly parallel to the line of the umbonal slope; the

ligament is short and rather thick ; anterior cicatrices distinct; dorsal

cicatrices large, and placed in the cavity of the beaks. The colour of

a single young specimen before me is salmon inclining to purple, and

the adults have the cavity of the beaks tinted in this manner. In the

young specimen the lamellar line on the dorsal margin is very well

defined, in the adults this character is nearly obliterated.

Anoponta Cuminest. 4. testd ellipticd, compressa, nequilate-

vali; valvulis subcrassis; natibus vix prominentibus; epidermide

atro-fused ; margaritd albd et iridescente.

Hab. Malacca.

Diam. 1; length 1:9; breadth 3 inches.

Remarks.—This is an interesting species, and remarkable in the

form of the dorsal line, which is thickened and raised immediately

under the beak, where it is slightly imeurved. This disposition to

form a curve tooth reminds us of that group of Naiades which M.

D’Orbigny discovered in the rivers of South America, and which

comprise his genus Monocondylea. In fact, this species forms a

perfect link between the Anodonte and his genus, and it is allied very

closely to that species of this group which I described in the ‘ Trans.

of the Am. Phil. Soc.’ vol. viii. pl. 18. fig. 39, under the name of

Margaratina Vonderbuschiana, from Java. The form of the tooth

of the M. Bonellii also approaches to these. The anterior margin of

the Cumingii is rounded, the posterior is somewhat biangular ; the

anterior cicatrices confluent ; the dorsal ciecatrices form a line across

the cavity of the beaks. In all the four specimens under examination,

the beaks are too much éroded to observe any undulations. An un-

usually dark line marks the course of the pallial impression.

4. Nore on TraGetaruus Aneasir. By Mr. Provuproor.

The skins which I exhibit to the Society are those of an old ram

and of a young female Antelope, which I shot on the banks of the

Mapoota River, about sixty miles above its embouchure into Delagoa

Bay. This river flows through the country of Mankazina, king of

the Mathlengas (or Cutfaces), which people call this animal Inyala.

It is also found on another river called Umcoozi, running into

St. Lucie Bay in the territory of Umpanda, king of the Zoolu, but

very rarely.

On the Mapoota the Inyala are more numerous, and occur in small

troops, composed of one ram and four or five females with their young.

200

They are always found in the densest bush: they browse chiefly on

shrubs, and resemble the Bush-buck in their general habits.

The average height of an adult male is within a third of an adult

Koodoo, and very much above that of a Bush-buck.

The female has no horns, resembles a female Koodoo in form, and

is rather smaller in size.

July 23, 1850.

W. Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. ON NEW SPECIES OF Birps FROM AUSTRALIA.

By J. Gouxp, F.R.S., F.Z.S. etc.

On the present occasion I propose to characterize seven more of

the novelties sent home by Mr. MacGillivray, Naturalist to H.M.S.

‘Rattlesnake.’ Vide Proceedings, 1849, p. 109.

TANYSIPTERA SYLVIA.

Bill and feet sealing-wax red; crown of the head, wings, and five

lateral tail-feathers on each side blue; ear-coverts, back of the neck

and mantle black; in the centre of the latter a triangular mark of

white ; rump and two middle tail-feathers pure white ; all the under

surface cinnamon-red.

Total length, 15 inches; bill, 11; wing, 35; lateral tail-feathers,

3; middle tail-feathers, 91; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.

Remark.—About the size of T. Dea. Fine specimens are con-

tained in the British Museum collection.

Hatcyon (Syma?) FLAVIROSTRIS.

Bill fine yellow, passing into brown at the tip; crown of the head,

back of the neck, ear-coverts and flanks cimnamon-red; at the back

of the neck a narrow, broken collar of black ; throat and lower part

of the abdomen tawny white; back and wings sordid green; rump

and tail greenish blue.

Total length, 7 inches; bill, 12; wing, 3; tail, 21; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.

Remark.—Smaller, but nearly allied to the Syma Tirotoro of M.

Lesson. Some specimens have the crown of the head black. Fine

specimens are contained in the collection at the British Museum.

DRYMODES SUPERCILIARIS.

Lores white ; immediately above and below the eye a black mark,

forming a conspicuous moustache ; crown of the head and upper sur-

face reddish brown, passing into chestnut-red on the rump and six

middle tail-feathers ; remainder of the tail-feathers black, tipped with

white ; wings black, with the base of the primaries and the tips of

the coverts white, forming two bands across the wing; throat and

201

centre of the abdomen fawn-white; chest and flanks washed with

tawny ; bill black; legs fleshy brown.

Total length, 81 inches; bill, 4; wing, 33; tail, 4; tarsi, 14.

Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.

Remark.—About the size of D. brunneopygia. Fine specimens in

the British Museum collection.

CARPOPHAGA ASSIMILIS.

Head, throat and ear-coverts grey; all the upper surface, wings

and tail golden green ; wing-coverts with a spot of rich yellow at the

tip, forming an oblique band across the shoulder ; line down the centre

of the throat, chest and abdomen rich purple; under wing-coverts,

vent, thighs and under tail-coverts rich orange-yellow ; basal portion

of the inner webs of the primaries and secondaries purplish cinnamon.

Total length, 14 inches; bill, 1; wing, 7; tail, 6; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.

Remark.—Very similar to C. magnifica, but considerably less in all

its admeasurements. Specimens in the British Museum.

CHLAMYDERA CERVINIVENTRIS.

Upper surface brown, each feather narrowly margined, and marked

at the tip with buffy white ; throat striated with greyish brown and

buff; under surface of the shoulder, abdomen, thighs and under tail-

coverts light pure fawn colour.

Total length, 114 inches; bill, 1}; wing, 53; tail, 5; tarsi, 1.

Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.

Remark.—Intermediate in size between C. nuchalis and C. macu-

lata, and distinguished from both by the fine fawn colouring of the

under surface. A specimen in the British Museum of the male, appa-

rently somewhat immature.

NEcTARINIA AUSTRALIS.

Crown of the head and upper surface olive-green ; over and under

the eye two very indistinct marks of yellow; throat and chest steel-

blue; remainder of the under surface fine yellow ; bill and feet black.

Total length, 43 inches ; bill, 7; wing, 24; tail, 13; tarsi, 5.

Hab. Eastern coast of Australia.

Remark.—Differs from N. frenata in its larger size, in its straighter

bill, and in the stripe of yellow over the eye being almost obsolete.

Specimens in the British Museum.

MonarRCHA LEUCOTIS.

Crown of the head, back of the neck, back, primaries and six middle

tail-feathers black ; the three lateral tail-feathers on each side black

with white tips; lores, a broad mark over the eye, ear-coverts, sides

of the neck, scapularies and upper tail-coverts white ; throat white,

bounded below with black, the feathers lengthened and protuberant ;

chest and abdomen light grey ; bill and feet lead-colour.

Total length, 53 inches ; bill, 3; wing, 22; tail, 23; tarsi, $.

Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.

Remark.—About the size of M. trivirgata. Specimens in the

British Museum.

202

2. A Monocrapn or MacrocuisMaA, A GENUS OF GaAsTEROPO-

pous MoLLuUscA BELONGING TO THE FAMILY FissuRrEL-

Lip&. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.LS.

Macrocuisma, Swainson.

Animal? Shell elongated, clypeiform, radiately ribbed, extremities

elevated ; foramen very large, elongated, placed near the hind part,

with a groove posteriorly ; the hind margin sinuated.

1. Macrocuisma Maxima, A. Adams. M. testd oblongd, costis

parum elevatis subrugosis, striisgue concentricis obsoletis ornaté,

Susco radiatim maculatd, dorso elevatd, lateribus planutatis,

extremitate anticd rotundatd; posticd elevatd, subtruncatd ;

oramen dilatatum, posticé excavatum.

Hab 2 “

ab. -——?

2. Macrocuisma pizatata, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-oblongd,

radiatim eostatd, rubra, albo variegatd, utrinque rotundatd,

lateribus dilatatis ; foramen oblongum, in medio angustatum.

Hab. 2

3. MacrocuHIsMA HIATULA, Swainson, Manual of Malacology,

. 356.

Spaeaseais macrochisma, Sow.

M. testd ovato-oblongd, radiatim costellatd, fuscd, subdepressa,

lateribus concavis, utrinque rotundatd ; foramen magnum, ob-

longum, postice dilatatum, extremitate postied valde elevatd ;

margine vie sinuato.

Hab. 2

4. Macrocuisma compressa, A. Adams. WM. testd angusté

oblongd, albidd, roseo radiatim pictd, costellis granulosis striis-

gue concentricis decussatd, utringue rotundatd, dorso convexd,

lateribus compressis, in medio inflexis, extremitate posticd valde

elevatd ; foramen magnum, lanceolatum, postiee dilatatum.

Hab. -——?

5. MacrocHIsMA MEGATREMA, A. Adams. MM. testd ovato-ob-

longd, albidd, roseo radiatim pictd, costellis rugosis striisque

concentricis sculptd, dorso subelevatd, lateribus planulatis ;

JSoramen ovato-lanceolatum, permagnum.

Hab. 2

6. Macrocuisma cusprpata, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-ob-

longd, antice angustatd, productd, acuminata, posticé elevatd,

rotundatd, margine valde undulatd, fuseatd, annulis fuscis con-

centricis ornatd, lineis elevatis et concentricis cancellatd, circa

foramen pallidd, extremitate posticd valde elevatd; foramen

magnum, cuspidatum, postice dilatatum.

Hab. Cagayan, in insulis Philippinis; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

7. MacrocuismMa propucra, A. Adams. M. testd angusto-

203

oblonga, dorso elevatd, convexd, albidd, fusco pallide variegatd,

lineis elevatis striisque concentricis obsolete decussatd, antice

angustd, productd, lateribus planulatis, extremitate posticd ro-

tundatd, elevatd ; margine valde sinuatd ; foramen perlongum,

triangulare, posticé dilatatum.

Hab. in littoribus Australie. (Mus. Cuming.)

8. Macrocuisma AncustaTa, A. Adams. UM. testd angustié,

oblongd, dorso elevatd, utrinque rotundatd, albidd, lineis fuscis

maculisque rufo-fuscis pictd et tessellatd, costellis obtusis sub-

rugosis, lineisque depressis, coneentricis, subdistantibus, sculptd,

extremitate posticd elevatd, margine sinuato; foramen mag-

num, elongatum, subtriangulare, postice dilatatum, excava-

tum.

Hab. ?

3. A MonocrapH or Moputus, A GENUS OF GASTEROPODOUS

Mottusca, oF THE FAMILY LitrorINIDZ. By ARTHUR

Apams, R.N., F.L.S.

Moputvs, Gray.

Animal with the head proboscidiform, the tentacles tapering, with

the eyes near their distal ends. Foot small, the sides simple, without

lobes or filaments. Operculum thin, horny, orbicular, paucispiral.

Shell globose or conical, whorls nodulous ; aperture round, or qua-

drangular, not pearly within ; columella anteriorly with a prominent

lamelliform tooth ; umbilicus more or less open.

Modulus, Gray.—Turbo, sp. Adanson—Monodonta, sp. Lamek.—

Monodonta, Swains.—Morulus, Reeve.

The aperture of the shell not being pearly within, and the animal

being destitute of eye-peduncles, head- and foot-lobes or filaments, at

once distinguishes this genus from Monodonta, and removes it from

the family Trochide.

1. Mopvutus Lenticuaris, Chemnitz.

Trochus lenticularis, Chem. Conch. 5. t. 171. f. 1665.

Trochus modulus, Linn. Gmel.

Hab. Mexico. (Mus. Cuming.)

2. Moputus Tectum, Gmel.

Trochus tectum, Gmel. p. 3569. no. 16.

Monodonta retusa, Lamek. Encyclop.

Hab. Siquejar, Philippines; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

3. Moputus carcHepDonicus, Lamck.

Monodonta carchedonicus, Lamck. Hist. An.s.Vert. tom.vii. p. 33;

Chem. Conch. 10. t. 165. f. 1583, 1584.

Monodonta Sayii, Nuttall.

Hab. Atooi, California; Nuttall. (Mus. Cuming.)

204

4. Mopvutuvs crparis, Reeve.

Morulus cidaris, Reeve, Elements of Conch. p. 141. pl. 13. f. 63.

Hab. St. Estivan; H.C. (Mus. Cuming.)

5. Moputvus ceropes, A. Adams. WM. testd turbinatd, umbili-

catd, albidd, fusco sparsim inquinatd, levigatd ; anfractibus

rotundatis, supra planulatis, in medio cinguld bituberculatd,

inferne cingulis nodulosis ornatis; aperturd rotunda; labio

purpureo tincto, labro intus levigato ; umbilico profundo, callo

columellari subobtecto.

Hab. ad Fretum Mosambicum. (Mus. Cuming.)

6. Mopuuus pupticatus, A. Adams. M. testd orbiculato-conicd,

umbilicatd, cerulescenti, fusco variegatd, spird prominuld, acuta;

anfractibus planulatis, transversim sulcatis, ad peripheriam

cingulis duabus tuberculorum compressorum ornatis, tuberculis

rufo-fusco maculatis, infimd fascid convexd, concentricé sulcatd ;

apertura intus violascenti ; labro margine angulato, intus li-

rato; umbilico mediocri.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.)

7. Mopvutvus ostiauus, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculato-conicd,

perobliqud, albd, umbilicatd, spird depressd ; anfractibus sub-

planulatis, liris transversis, elevatis, supra radiatim nodoso-

plicatis, ultimo in medio angulato, carind prominuld instructo,

infra cingulis transversis elevatis numerosis ornato ; apertura

rotundd ; columelld roseo tinctad; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Mare Rubrum. (Mus. Cuming.)

Eexrista Cuminert, A. Adams. J. testd turritd, solidd, albidd,

longitudinaliter fusco-flammulatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, cin-

gulis acutis, transversis (in anfractu ultimo sex), lineisque ele-

vatis, transversis, interpositis, ornatis, interstitiis longitudina-

liter tenuissime striatis, varicibus tenuibus, longitudinalibus,

inequidistantibus, instructis ; aperturd rotundatd, peristomate

continuo, labio incrassato, anticée producto, calloso, et reflexo ;

labro simplici, acuto.

Hab. Japonia. (Mus. Cuming.)

The obscure longitudinal varices show the true position of this

genus to be between Turritella and Scalaria.

4. A Monocraru or CYLLENE, A GENUS OF GASTEROPODOUS

Mouuvusca. By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. erc.

CYLLENE, Gray.

Animal unknown. Operculum thin, horny, unguiform, with ter-

minal nucleus and imbricate elements. Shell ovate, volutiform ; spire

short; suture channeled; aperture oval; columella anteriorly with

oblique grooves; outer lip thickened externally, notched in front,

grooved within, and subreflected at the margin.

205

1. CyLLENE LyrRATA, Lamarck.

Buccinum lyratum, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 272 ; Kie-

ner, Mon. Bucc. pl. 22. fig. 88.

2. CyLLENE Grayt, Reeve.

Cyllene Grayi, Reeve, Elements of Conch. pl. 3. fig. 12.

3. CyLLENE Owenu, Gray.

Cyllene Owenii, Gray, MSS. Brit. Mus.

4. CYLLENE PULCHELLA, Adams and. Reeve.

Cyllene pulchella, Adams and Reeve, Zool. of Voy. of H.M.S.

Samarang, tab. 10. fig. 11.

5. CyLLENE LuGUBRIS, Adams and Reeve.

Cyllene lugubris, Adams and Reeve, Zool. Voy. Samarang, tab. 10.

fig. 10.

6. CyLLENE concinna, Soland. C. testd ovato-fusiformi; spird

productd, albd, maculis luteo-fuscis ornatd, longitudinaliter

subsulcosd, transversim totd striatd ; columelld anticé oblique

plicatd ; labro extus levi, incrassato.

Hab. Guinea.

Buccinum concinnum, Sol.

7. CYLLENE ORIENTALIS, A. Adams. C. testd ovato-fusiformi,

albidd, maculis luteo-fuscis ornatd, longitudinaliter plicatd,

transversim striatd; spird prominuld; columelld anticé per-

oblique sulcatd, labro intus levi.

Hab. Singapore, 6 fathowme, mud; H.C. Malacca, 6 fathoms,

coarse sand; H. C.

8. CyLuEeNneE striata, A. Adams. (C. testd ovatd, albd, maculis

rufo-fuscis ad suturas pictd, cingulis duabus maculorum luteo-

Juscorum ornatd, longitudinaliter subplicatd, transversim totd

striatd ; columella anticé oblique sulcatd; labro tenui, intus

levi, antice vix sinuato.

Hat. Albrokkas Islands, under coral, low water; Mr. Dring.

9. CyLtLene FuscaTa, A. Adams. C. testd ovatd, rufo-fuscd,

fasciis transversis obscuris articulatis ornatd, longitudinaliter

plicatd, plicis numerosis, subconfertis, superné et inferné trans-

versim valde striatd ; columelld anticé valde corrugato-plicatd,

labro antice valde sinuato.

Hab. W. Africa.

10. CyLLENE pauLipA, A. Adams. C. testd ovatd, albidd, lon-

gitudinaliter subsuleatd, obscure nodoso-plicatd, glabratd, su-

perne et inferné transversim striatd ; columelld antice plicis

obliquis, labro anticé valde sinuato.

Hab, West Africa.

11. CyLLeENE GRana, Lamarck.

Buccinum grana, Lamk.; Kiener, Mon. pl. 16. tig. 58.

206

12. CyLtene GuaBrata, A. Adams. C. testd ovato-fusiformi,

glabrata, cinered, fasciis albis tribus transversis rufo-articu-

latis ornatd, longitudinaliter subplicatd, plicis inferné evani-

dis, superné et inferné transversim striatd ; aperturd angustd ;

columella anticé oblique plicatd, labro anticé subsinuato.

Hab. Pasicao, 9 fathoms, fine sand; H. C.

5. On THE Umsretta Birp (CEPHALOPTERUS ORNATUS),

“UrramimsBe,’ L. G. By Atrrep R. Wauuace. Com-

MUNICATED BY Mr. S. STEVENS.

Having had the opportunity of observing this singular bird in its

native country, a few remarks on its characters and habits may not

perhaps be uninteresting, at a time when a consignment from me

will have arrived in England.

The Umbrella Bird is about the size of a crow, averaging about

18 inches in length. Its colour is entirely black, but varied with

metallic blue tints on the outer margin of the feathers. The colour

of the iris is greyish white. It is a powerful bird, the bill being very

large and strong, the feet short, and the claws acute.

Were it not for its crest and neck plume, it would appear to an

ordinary observer nothing more than a short-legged crow.

The crest is perhaps the most fully developed and beautiful of

any bird known. It is composed of long slender feathers, rising

from a contractile skin on the top of the head. The shafts are white

and the plume glossy blue, hair-like, and curved outward at the tip.

When the crest is laid back the shafts form a compact white mass,

sloping up from the top of the head, and surmounted by the dense

hairy plumes. Even in this position it is not an inelegant crest, but

it is when it is fully opened that its peculiar character is developed.

The shafts then radiate on all sides from the tip of the head, reach-

ing in front beyond and below the top of the beak, which is com-

pletely hid from view. The top then forms a perfect, slightly

elongated dome, of a beautiful shining blue colour, having a point of

divergence rather behind the centre, like that in the human head.

The length of this dome from front to back is about 5 inches, the

breadth 4 to 43 inches. The other singular appendage of this bird

is the neck plume. This is a long cylindrical plume of feathers de-

pending from the middle of the neck, and either carried close to the

breast or puffed out and hanging down in front. The feathers lap

over each other, scale-like, and are bordered with fine metallic blue.

On examining the structure of this plume, it is found not to be

composed of feathers only, growing from the neck, as seems to have

been hitherto supposed. The skin of the neck is very loose ; looser

and larger, in fact, than in any bird I know of. From the lower

part grows a cylindrical fleshy process about as thick as a goose-

quill and an inch and a half long. From this grow the feathers to

the very point, thus producing the beautiful cylindrical plume quite

detached from the breast, and forming an ornament as unique and

elegant as the crest itself.

207

When in motion, either flying or feeding, the crest is laid back

and the plume carried close to the breast, so as not to be conspicuous.

When at rest in the daytime, the crest is fully expanded, and the

plume is rather enlarged and hanging forward. At night, when

asleep, all the feathers are puffed out to their fullest extent, and some-

times the head is turned so as to bring the dome of the crest on the

middle of the back. It then presents a most singular appearance,

the head and feet being quite invisible, the plume and crest alone

being conspicuous amidst the mass of feathers.

These observations I was enabled to make by having a fine male

alive for ten days. He had received a shot in the head, but ap-

peared to suffer no ill effects from it, till on the tenth day he suddenly

fell off his perch and died. I found, on skinning him, that the shot

had broken his skull and entered the brain.

The Umbrella Bird inhabits the islands of the rivers, never having

been seen on the main land. It is perfectly arboreal, never de-

seending to the ground. Its food is fruit of various kinds, but when

this is scarce it eats insects: my hunter saw one with a large hairy

spider (Mygale) in his mouth. On seizing an insect or fruit, it

strikes its beak against its perch several times, apparently to kill or

soften it, or secure it more firmly in its beak, and then after two or

three bites swallows it entire. Some of the fruits it eats are about

the size of a damson, and have a stone, which it ejects through its

mouth an hour or two after eating.

Its note is very loud and deep, and it is from this that it has re-

ceived its Indian name “‘ Ueramimbé,” signifying the “ Piper-bird.”’

It utters its note early in the morning and in the afternoon. It fre-

quents the very loftiest forest trees, but is said to build its nest

rather lower. Its nest is said to be formed of sticks very roughly,

and the young are very naked and ugly. The colour or size of the

eggs I have not been able to ascertain.

In ascending the Amazon, it first occurs opposite the mouth of

the Madeira, in some islands. In the Sohuives, as far as the boun-

daries of Brazil, it also occurs, and probably further. The Rio

Negro, however, is its head-quarters; and there, i the numerous

islands which fill that river, it is very abundant. It extends at least

four hundred miles up the river, and very probably much further.

I have not heard of its occurring in the Rio Branco, Madeira, or any

of the other great tributaries of the Amazon. [ have been informed

by a hunter, that towards the sources of the Rio Negro another

species is found, and this I hope soon to have the means of verifying.

Barra do Rio Negro, March 10th, 1850.

The meeting was then adjourned to Tuesday, November 12.

208

November 12, 1850.

W. Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

Professor Owen read a paper “‘on the Cranium of the large species

of Dinornis called giganteus and ingens*.” He commenced by refer-

ring to a former memoir, in which four generic types of structure had

been determined in fossil crania of birds from New Zealand, viz. Nestor,

Notornis, Palapteryz, and Dinornis proper ; and proceeded to de-

scribe an additional series of fossil skulls obtained by Governor Sir

George Grey from a cave in the district which lies between the river

Waikato and Mount Tongariro, in the North Island. The most re-

markable of these specimens was an almost entire skull, measuring

eight inches in length and five inches across the broadest part of the

cranium ; which in the extent of the ossified part of the mandible

and its downward curvature, resembled the smaller skull described in

a former memoir, and there referred to Dinornis. In the structure

of the occiput and base of the cranium, this large skull more re-

sembled the characters of that ascribed to Palapteryx. The indica-

tions of the muscular attachments, and the form and size of the

massive beak, bespoke the great power and force with which it had

been habitually applied in the living bird.

Its anatomical characters were minutely detailed. Comparisons of

the area of the occipital foramen for the transmission of the spinal

marrow with that of the spinal canal in different vertebrae, were made

with a view of determining the species to which the cranium in ques-

tion might belong; and the peculiar contraction of the spinal canal

in the vertebrae of Dinornis as compared with that in the Ostrich was

pointed out. The inference deduced was, that the cranium, not-

withstanding its great size, belonged probably to the species called

Palapteryx ingens, which was the second in point of size.

A mutilated cranium of a much younger bird, showing all the

sutures, but of nearly equal size with the skull first described, might

belong to the Dinornis giganteus. Two crania, referable to two di-

stinct species of smaller birds of Palapteryx, were described, and sec-

tions of the cranium were shown, to demonstrate the form and cha-

racter of the brain. In the collection transmitted by Governor Grey,

Professor Owen had, for the first time, recognized a portion of a

diminutive wing-bone, similar, in the absence of the usual processes

for the muscles of flight, to that in the Apteryx, and confirmatory,

both by this character and its extreme rarity, contrasted with the

abundance of vertebrae and leg-bones that had been transmitted, of

the inference as to the rudimental condition of the wings in the

Dinornis and Palapteryz.

The memoir concluded with a description of a cranium of the Not-

ornis, more perfect than that fragmentary one on which the affinities

* This paper will appear in the Transactions as Dinornis, Part V., in continua-

tion of Prof. Owen’s previous memoirs.

209

of that bird to the Rallide or Coot-tribe had originally been founded,

and its generic distinction from Porphyrio established. . The speci-

men exhibited confirmed the accuracy of the conjectural restorations

in the figure of the original specimen in a former volume of the

Transactions of the Society.

The following papers were also read :—

1. Notice oF THE DISCOVERY BY Mr. WALTER MANTELL IN THE

Mrippte Isuanp or New ZEALAND, OF A LIVING SPECIMEN

or THE Notornts, A BIRD OF THE RAIL FAMILY, ALLIED TO

BRACHYPTERYX, AND HITHERTO UNKNOWN TO NATURALISTS

EXCEPT IN A FOSSIL STATE. By GrpEoN ALGERNON Man-

TELL, Esa., LL.D., F.R.S. etc.

Amongst the fossil bones of birds collected by my eldest son in the

North Island of New Zealand, which I had the honour of placing

before the Zoological Society in 1848, in illustration of Professor

Owen’s description of the crania and mandibles of Dinornis, Pai-

apteryx, &c., there were the skull, beaks, humerus, sternum, and

other parts of the skeleton of a large bird of the Rail family, which

from their peculiar characters were referred by that eminent anato-

mist to a distinct genus of Rallide allied to the Brachyptery, under

the name of Notornis * ; a prevision, the correctness of which is con-

firmed by the recent specimen that forms the subject of the present

communication. 1 ‘

Towards the close of last year I received from Mr. Walter Man-

tell another extensive and highly interesting collection of fossils,

minerals, and rock specimens, obtained during his journey along the

eastern coast of the Middle Island, from Banks’ Peninsula to the

south of Otago, in the capacity of Government Commissioner for the

settlement of native claims. ‘This series comprised also a fine suite

of birds’ bones from Waingongoro, the locality whence the former

collection was chiefly obtained, and among them were relics of the

Notornis, and crania and mandibles of Palapteryz.

The results of my son’s observations on the geological phenomena

presented: by the eastern coast of the Middle Island are embodied in

a paper read before the Geological Society in February last, and pub-

lished in vol. v. of the ‘Quarterly Journal.’ It will suffice for my

present purpose to mention that they confirm in every essential par-

ticular the account given of the position and age of the ornithic ossi-

ferous deposits, in my first memoir on this subject f.

~The only fact that relates to the present notice is the nature of

the bone-bed at Waikonaiti, whence Mr. Percy Earl, Dr. Mackellar,

and other naturalists procured the first relics of the gigantic birds,

sent by those gentlemen to England, which are figured and described

in the ‘ Zoological Transactions.’

This so-called tertiary deposit is situated in a little bay south of

Island Point, near the embouchure of the river Waikonaiti, and is

# Zoological Transactions, vol. iii. p. 366. + Geological Journal, vol. iv.

No. CCXIV.—ProceEpD1NnGs oF THE ZooLocicaL Society.

210

only visible at low-water, when bones more or less perfect are occa-

sionally observable projecting from the waterworn surface of the bog.

This deposit is about 3 feet in depth and not more than 100 yards

in length ; the extent inland is concealed by vegetation and a cover-

ing of superficial detritus, and is supposed to be very inconsiderable.

This bed rests upon a blue tertiary clay that emerges here and there

along that part of the coast, and which abounds in shells and corals,

of species existing in the adjacent sea.

This bone deposit was evidently a morass or swamp, on which the

New Zealand flax (Phormium tenazx) once grew luxuriantly. Bones

of the larger species of Moa have from time to time been obtained

from this spot by the natives and European visitors ; and, as in the

menaccanite sand beds at Waingongoro, they are associated with bones

of one species of dog and two species of seal: my son also collected

crania and other remains of a species of Apteryx (probably Ap. Au-

stralis), Albatros, Penguin, and of some smaller birds whose cha-

racters and relations have not yet been ascertained : no bones of the

Notornis were observed in this locality.

It was from this ancient morass that my son obtained the entire

series of bones composing the pair of feet of the same individual Di-

nornis robustus, standing erect, the one about a yard in advance of

the other, as if the unfortunate bird had sunk in the slough, and unable

to extricate itself had perished on the spot. The upper or proximal

ends of the tarso-metatarsals were alone visible above the sod on the

retiring of the tide; these were carefully dug round, and the pha-

langes exposed in their natural order and connection: the bones were

numbered as they were extracted from the soil, and thus the normal

elements of the locomotive organs of one of the colossal struthious

bipeds of New Zealand were for the first time determined *.

It was in the course of last year, on the occasion of my son’s

second visit to the south of the Middle Island, that he had the good

fortune to secure the recent Notornis which I have now the pleasure

of submitting to this Society, having previously placed it in the hands

of the eminent ornithologist Mr. Gould to figure and describe, as a

tribute of respect for his indefatigable labours in this department of

Natural History.

This bird was taken by some sealers who were pursuing their avo-

cations in Dusky Bay. Perceiving the trail of a large and unknown

bird on the snow with which the ground was then covered, they fol-

lowed the foot-prints till they obtained a sight of the Notornis, which

their dogs instantly pursued, and after a long chase caught alive in

the gully of a sound behind Resolution Island. It ran with great

speed, and upon being captured ‘uttered loud screams, and fought

and struggled violently; it was kept alive three or four days on

board the schooner and then killed, and the body roasted and ate by

the crew, each partaking of the dainty, which was declared to be de-

licious. The beak and legs were of a bright red colour. My son

* The principal dimensions of these bones are given in the Quarterly Journal of

the Geological Society, vol. vi. p. 338 ; and figures with descriptions in ‘ The Pic-

torial Atlas of Organic Remains,’ just published.

211

secured the skin, together with very fine specimens of the Kakapo or

Ground Parrot (Sérigops), a pair of Huias (Neomorpha), and two

species of Kiwi-kiwi, namely Apteryx Australis and Ap. Oweni ; the

latter very rare bird is now added to the collection of the British

Museum.

Mr. Walter Mantell states, that, according to the native traditions,

a large Rail was contemporary with the Moa, and formed a principal

article of food among their ancestors. It was known to the North

Islanders by the name of “Moho,” and to the South Islanders by

that of “ Takahé;” but the bird was considered by both natives and

Europeans to have been long since exterminated by the wild cats and

dogs, not an individual having been seen or heard of since the arrival

of the English colonists. That intelligent observer, the Rey. Richard

Taylor, who has so long resided in the islands, had never heard of a

bird of this kind having been seen. In his ‘ Leaf from the Natural

History of New Zealand*,’ under the head of “‘ Moho,”’ is the follow-

ing note: “Rar, colour black, said to be a wingless bird as large

as a fowl, having a long bill and red beaks and legs ; it is nearly ex-

terminated by the cat : its ery was ‘keo, keo.’” The inaccuracy and

vagueness of this description prove it to be from native report and

not from actual observation. ‘To the natives of the pahs or villages

on the homeward route, and at Wellington, the bird was a perfect

novelty and excited much interest. I may add, that upon comparing

the head of the bird with the fossil cranium and mandibles, and the

figures and descriptions in the ‘ Zoological Transactions’ (pl. 56),

my son was at once convinced of their identity ; and so delighted was

he by the discovery of a living example of one of the supposed extinct

contemporaries of the Moa, that he immediately wrote to me, and

mentioned that the skull and beaks were alike in the recent and fossil

specimens, and that the abbreviated and feeble development of the

wings, both in their bones and plumage, were in perfect accordance

with the indications afforded by the fossil humerus and sternum

found by him at Waingongoro, and now in the British Museum, as

pointed out by Professor Owen in the memoir above referred to.

It may not be irrelevant to add, that in the course of Mr. Walter

Mantell’s journey from Banks’ Peninsula along the coast to Otago,

he learnt from the natives that they believed there still existed in that

country the only indigenous terrestrial quadruped, except a species

of rat, which there are any reasonable grounds for concluding New

Zealand ever possessed. While encamping at Arowenua in the di-

strict of Timaru, the Maoris assured him that about ten miles inland

there was a quadruped which they called Kauréke, and that it was

formerly abundant, and often kept by their ancestors in a domestic

state as a pet animal. It was described as about two feet in length,

with coarse grisly hair; and must have more nearly resembled the

Otter or Badger than the Beaver or the Ornithorhynchus, which the

first accounts seemed to suggest as the probable type. The offer of

a liberal reward induced some of the Maoris to start for the interior

of the country where the Kduréke was supposed to be located, but

* Published at Wellington, 1848.

212

they returned without having obtained the slightest trace of the ex-

istence of such an animal ; my son, however, expresses his belief in

the native accounts, and that if the creature no longer exists, its ex-

termination is of very recent date.

In concluding this brief narrative of the discovery of a living ex-

ample of a genus of birds once contemporary with the colossal Moa,

and hitherto only known by its fossil remains, I beg to remark, that

this highly interesting fact tends to confirm the conclusions expressed

in my communications to the Geological Society, namely, that the

Dinornis, Palapteryx, and related forms, were coeval with some of

the existing species of birds peculiar to New Zealand, and that their

final extinction took place at no very distant period, and long after

the advent of the aboriginal Maoris. As my son at the date of his

last letter was about to depart on another exploration of the bone

deposits of the North Island, I indulge the hope that he will ere long

have the gratification of transmitting or bringing to England addi-

tional materials for the elucidation of the extinct and recent faunas of

New Zealand.

With much pleasure I resign to Mr. Gould the description of the

ornithological characters and relations of this, in every sense, rara

avis, from the Isles of the Antipodes.

Chester Square, Pimlico, November 1, 1850.

2. Remarks on Notornis Manrextui. By J. Gouxp, F.R.S.

(Aves, PI. XXI.)

Dr. Mantell having kindly placed his son’s valuable acquisition in

my hands for the purpose of characterizing it in the Proceedings of

the Society, and of afterwards figuring and describing it in the ap-

pendix to my work on the ‘ Birds of Australia,’ I beg leave to com-

mence the pleasing task he has assigned to me.

The amount of interest which attaches to the present remarkable

bird is perhaps greater than that which pertains to any other with

which I am acquainted, inasmuch as it is one of the few remaining

species of those singular forms which inhabited that supposed rem-

nant of a former continent—New Zealand, and which have been so

ably and so learnedly described, from their semi-fossilized remains, by

Professor Owen; who, as well as the scientific world in general, can-

not fail to be highly gratified by the discovery of a recent example

of a form previously known to us solely from a few osteological frag-

ments, and which, but for this fortunate discovery, would in all pro-

bability, like the Dodo, have shortly become all but traditional.

While we congratulate ourselves upon the preservation of the skin,

we must all deeply regret the loss of the bones, any one of which

would have been in the highest degree valuable for the sake of com-

parison with the numerous remains which have been sent home from

New Zealand.

Upon a cursory view of this bird it might be mistaken for a gigantic

kind of Porphyrio, but on an examination of its structure it will be

UMO [TIPLNVW SINUOLON

uOTBy, y TepuEanmy Aq paursy [ep TaYONT

213

found to be generically distinct. It is allied to Porphyrio in the

- form of its bill and in its general colouring, and to Tribonyx in the

structure of its feet, while in the feebleness of its wings and the struc-

ture of its tail it differs from both.

From personal observation of the habits of Tribonyx and Por-

phyrio, I may venture to affirm that the habits and ceconomy of the

present bird more closely resemble those of the former than those

of the latter; that it is doubtless of a recluse and extremely shy

disposition ; that being deprived, by the feeble structure of its wing,

of the power of flight, it is compelled to depend upon its swiftness of

foot for the means of evading its natural enemies ; and that, as is the

case with Tribonyx, a person may be in its vicinity for weeks without

ever catching a glimpse of it.

From the thickness of its plumage and the great length of its

back-feathers, we may infer that it affects low and humid situations,

marshes, the banks of rivers, and the coverts of dripping ferns, so

abundant in its native country: like Porphyrio, it doubtless enjoys

the power of swimming, but would seem, from the structure of its

legs, to be more terrestrial in its habits than the members of that

enus.

ij I have carefully compared the bill of this example with that figured

by Professor Owen under the name of Notornis Mantelli, and have

little doubt that they are referable to one and the same species ; and

as we are now in possession of materials whence to obtain complete

generic characters, I hasten to give the following details, in addition

to those supplied by Professor Owen.

Bill somewhat shorter than the head; greatly compressed on

the sides, both mandibles being much deeper than broad; tomia

sharp, curving downwards, inclining inwards and slightly serrated ;

culmen elevated, much arched and rising on the forehead to a line

with the posterior angle of the eye; nostrils round, and placed in a

depression near the base of the bill; wings very short, rounded, and

slightly concave ; primaries soft and yielding ; the first short ; third,

fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh equal and the longest ; tail-feathers

soft, yielding, and loose in texture; tarsi powerful, longer than the

toes, almost cylindrical; very broad anteriorly ; defended in front

and on either side posteriorly by broad and distinct scutellze ; the

spaces between the scutellz reticulated ; anterior toes large and strong,

armed with powerful hooked nails, and strongly scutellated on their

upper surface ; hind-toe short, strong, placed somewhat high on the

tarsus, and armed with a blunt hooked nail.

Head, neck, breast, upper patt of the abdomen and flanks purplish

blue ; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, lesser wing-coverts and tertiaries

dark olive-green, tipped with verditer-green ; at the nape of the neck

a band of rich blue separating the purplish blue of the neck from the

green of the body; wings rich deep blue, the greater coverts tipped

with verditer-green, forming’ crescentic bands when the wing is ex-

anded ; tail dark green; lower part of the abdomen, vent and thighs

dull bluish black ; under tail-coverts white ; bill and feet red.

Total length of the body, 26 inches; bill, from the gape to the

214

tip, 21; from the tip to the posterior edge of the plate on the fore-

head, 3; wing, 83; tail, 3}; tarsi, 3}; middle toe, 3; nail, 2;

hind-toe, 7; nail, 3.

I cannot conclude these remarks without bearing testimony to the

very great importance of the results which have attended the re-

searches of Mr. Walter Mantell in the various departments of science

to which he has turned the attention of his cultivated, intelligent and

inquiring mind, nor without expressing a hope that he may yet be

enabled to obtain some particulars as to the history of this and the

other remarkable birds of the country in which he is resident.

November 26, 1850.

R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The followmg papers were read :—

1. List or Brrps PROCURED IN Korporan BY Mr. J. PETHE-

RICK. WirtH notes By H. E. Srrickuanp, M.A., F.G.S.

(Aves, Pl. XXII. XXIII. XXIV.)

[Species not enumerated in Riippell’s ‘Systematische Uebersicht der

Vogel Nord-Ost-Afrika’s,’ 8vo, Frankfurt a. M. 1845, are marked N.

Species common to the West Coast of Africa are marked W. These

are chiefly determined by reference to Dr. Hartlaub’s valuable list of

West African birds in the ‘ Verzeichniss der 6ffentlichen u. Privat-

Vorlesungen am Hamburgischen Gymnasium,’ 4to, Hamburg, 1850. ]

1. Neophron percnopterus.

2. Vultur occipitalis.

3. Otogyps auricularis.

4. Bureo ruripPennis, Strickland, n. s. Upper parts cinereo-

fuscous, nearly black on the crown; feathers of back and wing-covers

with black shafts; cheeks cinereous, a black line below them from

angle of mouth ; chin whitish, with a medial dark streak ; breast and

sides ferruginous brown, with a conspicuous medial black streak one-

sixteenth of an inch wide on each feather; belly, thighs and vent

plain fulvous ; primaries and secondaries bright ferruginous, tipped

for about an meh and a half with black, and from three to five distant

transverse black bands on the inner web; tail cinereo-fuscous, with

five dark fuscous bands, each about a quarter of an inch wide, the

distal one about half an inch, beyond which the extremity is cinereo-

fuscous and the extreme tip white; cere and legs yellowish; beak

and claws black.

Length 17 inches; wing, 12}; medial rectrices, 7}; external

ditto, 71; tarsus, 21.

Hab. Kordofan. (Aves, Pl. XXII.)

BUTEO RUFIPENNI

ickl

Punted byHullmandel, & Walton

. Aquila nevia.

. Aquila pennata.

. W. Circaétus brachydactylus.

. Helotarsus ecaudatus.

. Falco biarmicus,Temm. (fF. peregrinoides, Temm.; F. chi-

queroides, Smith; F. feldeggi, Schlegel; F. lanarius, Schlegel; F.

rubeus, Thienemann; F. cervicalis, Kaup.)

After a careful examination of many specimens, I feel justified in

uniting the above synonyms under one species. This is essentially

an African bird, extending from the Cape of Good Hope to Egypt,

whence it has probably spread into Greece and Dalmatia, to which

portions of Europe it is chiefly confined, though a single straggler

has occurred in Germany. It is at once distinguished from F’. pere-

grinus by the shorter toes, and the fulvous patch on the crown. The

Falco jugger, Gray (F’. luggur, Jerdon), of India is closely allied, but

seems to differ constantly in the plumes of the tibia being uniformly

dark brown, while in F. biarmicus they are cream-coloured or white,

like the rest of the under parts, with a small brown spot on the centre

of each feather. This is one of the many species to which the name

Falco lanarius has been given, under the supposition that it may be

the Lanner of the old works on falconry ; but as the original F’. Ja-

narius of Linnzeus is now admitted to be the young of F. gyrfalco,

and as systematists are generally agreed not to trace binomial titles

further back than Linnzeus’s Systema, of course the specific name

lanarius must be dropped altogether, and the oldest binomial name,

Falco biarmicus, Temm., adopted for the present species.

10. W. Tinnunculus alaudarius (Gm.). This widely diffused spe-

cies extends, without variation of form or colour, from Britain south-

wards to Central Africa and eastwards to India.

ll. N. W. Nauclerus riocouri, Vieill.

12. Accipiter sphenurus, juv.? Resembles 4. sphenurus, Ripp.,

in the cuneate form of the tail. Head and neck rufescent, with a

fuscous medial stripe on each feather; belly white, barred with brown;

back cinereous brown with rufous margins ; upper tail-covers white ;

tail cinereous, with three broad fuscous bars, outer feather white,

with five bars.

13. N. Accipiter carbonarius (Licht.). Two specimens agree with

Lichtenstein’s description (in his Verzeichniss einer Sammlung von

Satigethieren u. Vogeln aus dem Kafferlande, 8vo, Berlin, 1842, p.11),

except in having only three or four white bands on the tail instead of

five. With the exception of these bands, and the numerous light and

dark brown bands on the remiges, the plumage is wholly black ; cere

and legs yellow.

Total length, 12 inches; wing, 7; tarsus, 15%.

14. W. Melierax gabar (Daud.). (Accipiter erythrorhynchus,

Sw.)

15. Melierax polyzonus, Riipp. United by Mr. Gray to M. ca-

norus, Rislach (M. musicus, Daud.), but differs in its smaller size, and

in having the upper tail-covers banded grey and white, while in M. ca-

COND or

216

norus they are pure white. The wing in M. polyzonus measures 12

inches, in M. canorus, 15 inches.

16. W. Polyboroides radiatus (Scop.). (Faleo gymnogenys, Temm.)

17. N. Circus pallidus, Sykes.

18. W. Scops leucotis (Temm.).

19. W. Seotornis elimacurus (Vieill.).

20. Caprimulgus infuscatus, Cretzschm., female. Agrees with

Riippell’s plate, but wants the white wing- and tail-spots of the male

bird.

21. W. Eurystomus afer (Lath.). (£. orientalis, Riipp.; E. ru-

bescens, Vieill.; Collaris purpurascens, Wag}.)

22. W. Coracias abyssinica, Gm. (Coracias caudata, Wagl.)

23. W. Coracias nevia, Daud. (C. levaillanti, Riipp.; C. nu-

chalis, Swains.)

24. W. Ceryle rudis (Linn.). (Ispida bicincta, Swains.; I. bitor-

quata, Swains.) Identical with specimens from Smyrna and S. Eu-

rope. The individuals with two pectoral bands (I. bicineta, Swains.)

are the males.

25. N. W. Merops albicollis, Vieill. (M. cuvieri, Licht.; M. sa-

vigny?, Swains.)

26. W. Merops nubicus,Gm. (M. superbus, Shaw; M. ceruleo-

cephalus, Lath.)

27. W. Merops lamarcki, Cuv. (M. viridissimus, Sw.; M. egyp-

tius, Kittlitz; M. viridis, Riipp.) Closely allied to M. viridis, Linn.,

of India, but smaller, with a larger mixture of golden yellow in the

plumage, the throat not blue as in M. viridis, and the remiges are

rufous on both webs, with scarcely any tinge of green externally.

28. W. Merops erythropterus, Gm. (M. minulus, Cuv.; M. col-

laris, Vieill.; M. lafresnayei, Guérin.)

29. Irrisor senegalensis (Vieill.)? The Kordofan specimens agree,

in the shortness and nearly straight form of their beak, with the

black-beaked species of W. Africa, I. senegalensis, Vieill. (Nectarinia

melanorhynchus, Licht.), but in the red colour of this organ they

agree with the Cape species (I. erythrorhynchus). It is well known

that the females of the latter have the beak much shorter and straighter

than the males, yet in these Kordofan specimens the beak, though of

the same length, is considerably straighter than in the female birds

from the Cape. Like I. senegalensis they have a broad white bar

crossing the inner webs of the first three, and both webs, shaft in-

cluded, of the remaining primaries ; while in I. erythrorhynchus the

white bar of the primaries is much narrower, and divided by the black

shaft.

30. Nectarinia metallica, Ehrenb.

31. W. Nectarinia pulehella (Linn.).

32. Phylloscopus trochilus (Linn.). Identical with British spe-

cimens.

33. Sazicola deserti, Temm.

34. Saxicola enanthe (Linn.).

35. Savicola isabellina, Cretaschm. This is probably the Sylvia

217

leucorrhoa, Gm., in which case it extends to Senegal. It resembles

S. enanthe, but is paler on the upper part, and has less white on the

lateral rectrices, the terminal black portion being 1,1; inch in length,

while in S. enanthe it is only about 4 inch.

36. Motacilla capensis, Linn.

37. Budytes melanocephala (Licht.).

38. Anthus (undetermined species).

39. W. Melenornis? erythropterus (Gm.). (Turdus erythropte-

rus, Gm.) This bird approaches nearly to the type of Melenornis,

Gray (Melasoma, Sw.), though the beak is rather more elongated,

and the rictal bristles less developed, than in M. edoliolides, Sw.

Riippell refers it to Boie’s genus Cercotrichas, which is synonymous

with Copsychus, Wagl. Dr. Hartlaub places it in Argya, Lesson,

which is synonymous with Chetops, Sw.

40. W. Pyenonotus barbatus (Desfontaines). (Turdus barbatus,

Desfont. in Mém. Ac. Sc. 1787; Turdus arsinoe, Licht.; Ixos ob-

scurus, Temm.; I. inornatus, Fraser ; Hematornis lugubris, Less.)

41. Oriolus galbula, Linn.

42. W. Dicrurus divaricatus, Licht. (D. lugubris, Ehrenb. ;

D. canipennis, Swains.) Nearly allied to the D. musicus, Vieill., of

S. Africa, but has the tail less deeply forked, the culmen of the beak

more acute, and the primaries pale internally.

43. Lanius algeriensis, Less. in Rev. Zool. 1839. This is probably

the species termed L. ewcubitor by Rippell. It differs from the true

excubitor of N. Europe in the greater extent of white on the prima-

ries, and in the two external pairs of rectrices being wholly white (ex-

cept the shafts). It closely approaches L. lahtora of India, and only

differs in wanting the narrow band of black across the front.

44, Lanius nubicus, Licht. (L. personatus, Temm.)

45. Lanius collurio, Lim. A young male specimen appears refer-

able to this species.

46. N. Lanius isabellinus, Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys. fol. e. This

species is pale fulyo-cinereous above, cream-coloured below; rump and

tail rufous ; a broad blackish band from the nostril to the ear-covers,

margined above by a whitish streak. It much resembles L. arena-

rius, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc: Beng. vol. xv. p. 304, but is of a more

cinereous tinge above, and is distinguished from that and all the allied

Asiatic species by possessing a conspicuous white band at the base of

the fourth to the ninth primaries. ‘The specimen from Kordofan has

an obscure dark transverse band near the tips of the rectrices.

47. W. Telophonus senegalus (Limn.). (Lanius erythropterus,

Shaw.)

48. W. Corvus seapulatus, Daud. (C. leuconotus, Sw.)

49. Corvus umbrinus, Sundevall. Distinguished by the length and

curvature of the beak, and by the grey-brown tint of the head and neck.

50. W. Juida rufiventris, Ripp.

51. W. Juida chalybea, Ehrenb. (Lamprotornis cyanotis, Sw.)

52. W. Ploceus luteolus, Licht. (P. personatus, Vieill., Jard.

Contrib. to Ornith. 1849, p. 35. pl. 7-)

218

53. W. Ploceus sanguinirostris (Linn.).

54. W. Pyromelana ignicolor (Vieill.).

55. W. Vidua paradisea (Linn.). The series of immature speci-

mens in the collection have enabled me to detect a curious structure

connected with the development of the tail-feathers, which will be

treated of in a separate paper. See Sir W. Jardine’s ‘ Contributions

to Ornithology,’ 1850, p. 88. pl. 59. :

56. W. Vidua principalis (Linn.). The specimen from Kordofan,

like those from Senegal, has a black spot on the chin, but it is not

yet proved whether the presence of this spot amounts to a specific

distinction.

57. W. Pytelia elegans (Gm.).

58. W. Amadina fasciata (Gm.). (Fringilla detruncata, Licht.)

59. W. Amadina cantans (Gm.). <A perfectly typical Amadina,

though M. Riippell makes it an Estrilda.

60. W. Phileterus nitens (Gm.). (Amadina nitens, Sw.) From

the peculiar form of the beak I am disposed to refer this species, as

well as Estrilda squamifrons, Smith, E. musica, Gray, and Lowia

frontalis, Daud., to the genus Phileterus.

61. Crithagra lutea (Licht.), Temm. Pl. Col. 365.

62. W. Passer simplex, Licht. (Pyrgita swainsoni, Riipp.)

63. Emberiza striolata, Riipp.

64. Galerida cristata (Linn.)? This is probably the bird so desig-

nated by Riippell, who states it to be abundant in the whole of N.

Africa. It precisely agrees with European specimens in form, but is

of a much paler colour, which however may be easily explained by

the bleaching effect of the sun’s rays in the scorching deserts which

this bird frequents.

65. N. Mrrarra corporanica, Strickland, n. s. Above fer-

ruginous, the feathers of the crown and back with an indistinct

medial dusky streak, and margined on their inner side with rusty

white ; tertials broadly margined with whitish, that colour being sepa-

rated from the ferruginous of the medial portion by a narrow dusky

line ; secondaries ferruginous, margined externally with whitish ; pri-

maries ferruginous at the base, their distal half bemg pale rufo-fus-

cous ; medial pair of rectrices ferruginous, the next pair pale rufo-

fuscous, the two following pairs deep fuscous, with a very narrow

rufescent margin, the penultimate pair deep fuscous internally ; the

external web, and part of the imer at the tip, white; external pair

white, the inner web fuscous towards the base; cheeks pale rufo-

fuscous, chin and throat white, breast and lower parts pale cream-

colour, the former with a few pale rufo-fuscous subtriangular spots ;

lower wing-covers and sides rufescent ; beak, feet and claws pale yel-

lowish. (Aves, Pl. XXIII.)

Total length, 51 inches; beak to front, 4, to gape, =; wing, 3,5;

medial and external rectrices, 2,7; tarsus, ;9,; middle toe and claw,

+53 hind toe, 3; hind claw, -%,.

This, which seems to be a typical Mirafra, is remarkable for the

predominance of a pure ferruginous tint on its upper parts. The hind

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claw is remarkably short, though not more so than in some of the

Indian species of Mirafra. The single specimen that occurred of

this bird is now in the British Museum.

66. ALAUDA ERYTHROPYGIA, Strickland, n.s. Upper parts deep

fuscous brown, the feathers narrowly margined with rufo-fulvous ;

upper tail-covers ferruginous ; remiges deep fuscous, almost black on

both webs, secondaries narrowly tipped with pale fulvous ; tail fuscous

black, the middle rectrices narrowly margined with ferruginous, the

bases of all ferruginous, extending obliquely nearly to the tips of the

outer pair. Lower parts pale fulvous, the chin, throat and breast

with a broad medial fuscous streak on each feather ; lower wing-covers

black, margins of wing fulvous ; beak fuscous ; legs flesh-colour ; hind

claw short and slightly curved. - (Aves, Pl. XXIV.)

Length 71 inches; beak to front, 5%, to gape, 77; wing, 4+; me-

dial and-external rectrices, 3; tarsus, |; hind claw, ;3;.

Hab. Kordofan.

67. W. Colius macrurus, Linn. (C. senegalensis, Gm.)

68. W. Tockus erythrorhynchus (Kuhl).

69. W. Paleornis torquatus, Vig. ~(P. eubicularis, Wagl.) This

species, which extends across Africa from Abyssinia to Senegal, is

identical with specimens from India. 4

70. W. Pogonius vieilloti, Leach. (P. senegalensis, Licht.; P.

rubescens, Temm.) N.B. This generic name was originally written

Pogonia by Leach (Zool. Mise. vol. ii. p. 45), in which form it had

been preoccupied by a genus of plants. [liger’s name, Pogonias, had

also been preoccupied by a fish-genus; but Leach afterwards cor-

rected it to Pogonius, which form had never been used before, and I

therefore retain it instead of Mr. G. R. Gray’s name Lemodon (erro-

neously written Laimodon).

71. Trachyphonus margaritatus, Riipp. (Tamatia erythropyga,

Ehrenb.) z

72. Yunzx torquilla, Linn. Identical with specimens from Britain

and from India.

73. N. Oxylophus serratus (Sparrm.). This Cape bird has never

before, I believe, been obtained to the north of the equator. The

nearly allied O. jacobinus (Bodd.) of India (Cueculus melanoleucus,

Gm.; ©. passerinus, Vahl) has the lower parts constantly white.

Ehrenberg, in his ‘Symbole Physicee,’ fol. 7, describes a Nubian spe-

cies under the name of Cuculus pica, which from the description

seems to be identical with the white-bellied O. jacobinus of India.

Riippell erroneously refers this C. pica of Ehrenberg to the Ovylo-

phus afer, Leach (Levaill. Ois. Afr. pl. 209), of S. Africa, which differs

in having dark streaks on the throat, and which appears from Riip-

pell’s observations to be also an Abyssinian bird.

74. W. Owylophus glandarius (Linn.).

75. W. Columba guinea, Lim. (C. trigonigera, Wagl.)

76. Numida ptilorhyncha, Licht.

77. Francolinus clappertoni, Vig. Mr. G. R. Gray has separated

the F. clappertoni of Riippell as a distinct species, under the name of

220

F. riippelli ; but the specimens from Kordofan seem to agree equally

well with Riippell’s plate of F. riippelli and with Gray’s plate of what

he regards as the true clappertoni, between which I can see no dif-

ference.

78. Coturnix dactylisonans.

79. N. W. Pterocles quadricinctus,Temm. (P. tricinctus, Sw.)

This African species has long been confounded with the closely allied

P. fasciatus (Scop.), (Perdix indica, Lath.), of India, figured by

Mr. Jerdon in his ‘Illustrations of Indian Ornithology,’ pl. 10 and 36.

Specimens sent by Mr. Jerdon have now enabled me to prove their

distinction. The general arrangement of colour is almost identical

in these two species, the chief distinction being in the feathers of the

back, scapulars, tertials and greater wing-covers, which in P. fascia-

tus are marked transversely with bars of a dull iron-grey (or “inky

hue,’ as Mr. Jerdon well describes it), while in P. tricinctus these

bands are of a deep glossy black. In P. fasciatus the wing-covers

next the body have two or three of these dark bands alternating with

white ones of equal breadth, the subterminal one being dark, and the

tip of the feather ochreous yellow. In P. quadricinctus the wing-

covers have only one black band, (or a very faint trace of a second,)

narrowly margined on doth sides with a fine white line, the terminal

and basal parts of the feather being ochreous. 'Temminck’s original

description of P. quadricinctus is evidently taken from the African

bird, but he erroneously gives India as its habitat, in consequence of

having confounded it with P. fasciata. Vieillot has increased the

confusion by figuring the quadricinctus in his ‘ Galerie des Oiseaux,’

pl. 220, under the specific name of bicinctus, while his description

refers to the true P. dicinetus, Temm., a S. African bird.

80. W. Otis rhaad, Gm.

81. N. W. Eupodotis denhami (Vig.).

82. W. Ortyzelos meiffreni, Vieill.

83. W. Cidicnemus crepitans, Linn. This seems to me to be un-

distinguishable from @. senegalensis (Swains. Birds W. Afr. vol. ii.

p- 228), the description of which agrees with the European bird.

84. Cdicnemus affinis, Riipp. So exactly does this agree in size

and form with @. crepitans, that I should have suspected it to be an

immature bird, did not M. Rippell appear so convinced of its di-

stinctness.

85. Pluvianus egyptius (Linn.).

86. Glareola limbata, Riipp. Closely resembles G. orientalis of

India, but has the external rectrices about an inch longer.

87. N. W. Squatarola helvetica (Lin).

88. N. W. Rhinoptilus chalcopterus (Temm.). (Cursorius chalco-

pterus, Temm.) This, with the nearly allied M. bitorquatus, Blyth,

of India, form a very distinct group, connecting Cursorius with Cha-

radrius. Mr. Blyth first formed it into a genus, under the name of

Macrotarsus (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vol. xvii. part 1. p. 254); but

as the name has been previously used by Lacépéde for genera of

mammals and of birds, and by Schénherr for a coleopterous insect, I

221

propose the name Rhinoptilus, indicating the advanced position of

the frontal feathers, which, with other characters, distinguish it from

Charadrius.

89. N. Chetusia gregaria (Pall.).

90. W. Lobivanellus albicapillus (Vieill.). (Vanellus strigilatus,

Swains.)

91. W. Hoplopterus persicus (Bonn.). (HZ. spinosus, auct. recen-

tiorum.)

92. W. Sarciophorus pileatus (Gm.).

93. Charadrius hiaticula, Linn.

94. Charadrius alezandrinus, Lim. (C. cantianus, Lath.)

95. Charadrius pecuarius, Licht.

96. W. Ardeola coromanda (Bodd.). (Ardea coromandelensis,

Kuhl; 4. coromandelica, Licht.; A. affnis, Horsf. ; A. russata,

Temm.; A. bicolor, Vieill.; A. ruficapilla, Vieill. ; A. bubulcus, Au-

douin; 4. caboga, Franklin; A. verrani, Roux ; A. lucida, Raff.;

Lepterodas ibis, Ehrenb.) I could have wished that M. Riippell had

given us the diagnoses of 4. bubuleus and coromandelica when he pro-

nounced them distinct. As far as my own comparisons extend, the

African and Indian birds are specifically the same.

97. Botaurus stellaris (Linn.).

98. Grus cinereus.

99. W. Ciconia alba.

100. Ibis ethiopica.

101. W. Glottis canescens (Gm.). (G. chloropus, Nilss.)

102. W. Totanus hypoleucus (Linn.).

103. W. Pelidna minuta, Leisl.

104. W. Pelidna subarquata (Gm.).

105. Machetes pugnaz (Linn.).

106. Crex pratensis, Bechst.

107. W. Sarkidiornis africana, Eyton.

108. Chenalopex egyptiacus.

109. W. Dendrocygna viduata (Linn.). We have the authority of

Jacquin, Azara, and other authors, for the occurrence of this bird in

S. America. If this be the case, it will form the only known instance

of a non-marine bird being indigenous to both the African and South

American continents, without occurring in Europe, Asia, or North

America. Before, however, admitting this remarkable exception to

the laws of geographical distribution, the absolute specific identity of

the African and American specimens should be established by careful

comparison, which, as far as I am aware, has not yet been done.

110. Sterna anglica, Mont.

111. Hydrochelidon nigra (Linn.).

112. W. Pelecanus rufescens.

222

2. SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF Deer (CERVINA), WITH THE

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES IN THE GARDENS OF THE

Society. By J. E. Gray, Esea., F.R.S. ete.

(Mammalia, Pl. XXII.—XXVIII.)

The Deer, spread over all parts of the Globe, are easily recognized

by their deciduous horns, which are covered, when they are first de-

veloped, with a hairy skin.

It has been supposed that the Deer were not to be found in Africa,

but the discovery of a species in Barbary has dispelled that idea ; they

are rare in that extensive quarter of the world, their place being sup-

plied by Antelopes.

Since the publication of Cuvier’s Essay on Deer, in which he de-

scribed several species from the study of the horns alone, many zoolo-

gists have almost entirely depended on the horns for the character of

the species, and Colonel Hamilton Smith has been induced to sepa-

rate some species on the study of a single horn. But the facilities

which menageries have afforded of studying these animals, and watch-

ing the variations which the horns of the species present, have shown

that several most distinct but allied species, as the Stag of Canada

and India, have horns so similar that it is impossible to distinguish

them by their horns. On the other hand, it has been shown that

animals of the same herd, or even from the same parents, and some-

times even the same specimen, under different circumstances, in suc-

ceeding years have produced horns so unlike one another in size and

form, that they might have been considered, if their history was not

known, as horns of very different species. These observations, and

the examination of the different cargoes of foreign horn which are

imported for the uses of the cutler, each cargo of which is generally

collected in a single locality, and therefore most probably belong to a

single species peculiar to the district,—have proved to me that the

horns afford a much better character to separate the species into

groups, than to distinguish the allied species from one another.

Colonel Hamilton Smith, in his Monograph of the Genus, sepa-

rated them into subgenera according to the form of the horns.

In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1836 I drew atten-

tion to the glands on the hind-legs as affording very good characters

to arrange the subgenera proposed. by De Blainville and Colonel Smith

into natural groups, which in most particulars agreed with the geo-

graphical distribution of the species.

Dr. Sundevall, in his Essay on Pecora, has availed himself of the

suggestions in my paper, and has also pointed out some other exter-

nal characters, such as the form and extent of the muffle, which afford

good marks of distinction in these animals,—such as I believe are

much more important for the distinction of the genera and species

than those derived from the form of the skull or the modifications of

the teeth, or the form and size of the horns; as they are not, like

those parts, so liable to alteration from age, local circumstances and

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other changes during the growth of the animal, and they can be seen

in the females as well as the males, which is not the case with the

horns, as they can only be observed in the male sex.

The Deer may be thus divided :

A. The Deer or THE SNowy Reeions have a very broad muzzle,

entirely covered with hair; the horns are expanded and pal-

mated, and the fawns are not spotted.

. The Alcine Deer have no basal anterior snag to the horns, and a

small, bald muffle between the nostrils, as the genus dices.

. The Rangerine Deer have a large basal anterior snag to the horns,

close on the crown or burr, and no muffle, as Tarandus.

Bs. The Deer or THE TEMPERATE OR WARM Recions have a

tapering muzzle, ending in a bald muffle; the fawn, and some-

times the adult, are spotted.

c. The Llaphine Deer have a distinct anterior basal snag to the horns,

the muffle broad, and separated from the lip by a hairy band,

and the tuft of hair on the outside of the hind-leg above the

middle of the metatarsus, as Cervus and Dama.

d. The Rusine Deer have a distinct anterior basal snag to the horns,

the muffle very high, and not separated from the edge of the lip,

and the tuft of hair on the outside of the hind-leg above the

middle of the metatarsus, as Recervus, Panolia, Rusa, Axis, Hy-

elaphus, and Cervulus.

The Capreoline Deer have no basal anterior snag to the horn, the

first branch being some distance above the burr; the suborbital

crumen (and pit in the skull) generally small, as Capreolus, Ca-

riacus, Blastocerus, Furcifer, and Coassus.

The Alcine and Rangerine Deer are confined to the Northern part

of both continents; the Hlaphine and Rusine Deer to the Eastern

World, the latter almost exclusively to the warmer part of Asia; the

Capreoline Deer are peculiar to America. The only exception to

these rules are, the Wapiti Deer of the Elaphine group is found in

Northern America, and the Roebuck and Ahu of the Capreoline group

are found in Europe and North Asia.

a. The Deur or THE SNowy Recions have a very broad end

to the nose, which is entirely covered with hair, a short tail and pal-

mated horns; the fawns are not spotted, but uniformly coloured like

the adult ; the skull with a large nose-cavity, and with the intermax-

illaries not reaching to the nasal.

a. The Aucine Derr or Exvxs have no basal snag, the first branch

of the horn being cOnsiderably above the crown.

224

1. Aces; dice, H. Smith.

The muzzle is very broad, produced, and covered with hair, but

there is a small, moist, naked spot in front of the nostrils; the neck

is short and thick ; the hair is thick and brittle; the throat is rather

maned in both sexes; the hind-legs have the tuft of hair rather above

the middle of the metatarsus; the males have palmate horns. The

nose-cavity in the skull is very large, reaching behind to a line over

the front of the grinders ; the intermaxillaries are very long, but do

not reach to the nasal; the nasals are very short. They live in woods

in the northern parts of both continents.

1. Aucres maLcuis. The Exx or Moose.

Dark brown ; legs yellower.

Alces, Gesner; Plin.—Cervus Alces, Linn. S. N. i. 92; Pallas,

Zool. R. A. i. 201; H. Smith; Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. 232.

—Aleces Malchis, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1836, 135; Gray, Knows. Menag.

56.—Moose Deer, Dudley, Phil. Trans. n. 368. 165.—£/k, Laws, Ca-

rol. 123; Pennant, Syn.—£lan, Brisson, H. N. xii. t. 7. Supp. vii.

t. 25; Cuvier, R. A.—Orignal, La Houtan, Voy. 72; Charlev. Nouv.

France, iii. 126.— American Black Elk (C.alces 3.), H.Smith, G.A.K.

v. 771.—Loss, Russians in Siberia.

Inhabits the Northern regions of America and Europe.

Several naturalists, especially Colonel Hamilton Smith, thought

they had observed a difference in the horns of the Russian and Ame-

rican Elks; I have compared numerous specimens from both coun-

tries, but can discover no appreciable distinction between them.

The Elks, like most of the other Deer, and especially of the ani-

mals which inhabit the cold and mountain regions, present a very con-

siderable difference in size, according to the scarcity or abundance of

the food which the locality they inhabit affords, and the development

of the horns appears to be greatly influenced by this cause; so that

the horns of the animals inhabiting the more barren districts are much

less developed than those found in more fertile situations, and I think

I have observed this to be the case with both the Russian and the

American horns: but on this head naturalists are like to be much

misled, as the horns which are imported are generally chosen for their

size and perfect development, and the small and less-developed speci-

mens are only to be observed in the cargoes of horns which are im-

ported for economic purposes.

These observations are equally applicable to the Rein Deer.

6. The Rancerine Deer or Retns have a large and well-deve-

loped basal branch close on the crown of the horns.

2. Taranpus; Rangifer, H. Smith.

The muzzle is entirely covered with hair; the tear-bag small,

covered with a pencil of hairs; the fur brittle, in summer short, in

winter longer, whiter, of the throat longer; the hoofs are broad, de-

pressed, and bent in at the tip; the external metatarsal gland above

225

the middle of the leg; horns in both seges elongate, subcylindric,

with the basal branches and tip dilated and“palmated ; of the females

smaller ; skull with rather large nose-cavity, about half as long as the

distance to the first grinder; the intermaxillary moderate, nearly

reaching to the nasal; a small, very shallow, suborbital pit.

They live in the Arctic Regions in both hemispheres, migrating in

flocks, and eating lichens.

1. TARANDUS RANGIFER. The Carisovu or Rein Derr.

Dark brown in summer, grey in winter. Young: brown, yellow

varied.

Tarandus, Plini.—Rangifer, Gesner.—Cervus Tarandus, Linn.;

Pallas, Zool. Ross. A. i. 106; Cuvier, Mamm. Lith. t. ; Bennett,

Gardens Z. 8. 241. fig.; Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer. 238.—C.

Tarandus sylvestris (Woodland Caribou), Richardson, Fauna Bor.

Amer. 250.—C. rangifer, Raii Syn. 88.—C. platyrhynchos, Vrolich,

Rendier, t. 2 (1828).—C. palmatus and C. mirabilis, Jonston, Quad.

t.36, 37.—Tarandus rangifer, Gray, Knows. Menag.57.—Rein Deer,

Pennant.—Caribou, Sagard. Theodat. Canad. 751.—Renne, Buffon,

H. N. xii. 79. t. 10-12. Supp. iii. t. 18*.—Rhenne, Cuvier, R. A.—

Caribou or Carrebeuf, French Canadians.— Oleen, Russians in Siberia.

Var. Smaller; horns more slender, less palmated ; hair short,

smooth, close, brown, with throat and belly white in summer ; hair

very close, thick, waved, brittle and erect and white in winter.

Cervus Tarandus Americanus, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 773.—C. Ta-

randus v. Arctica (Barren-ground Caribou), Richardson, Fauna Bor.

Amer. 241. fig. 240, horns.—Common Deer, Hearne, Journ. 195. 200.

Inhabits Arctic parts of Europe and America.

Varies exceedingly in size. In the British Museum there are spe-

cimens varying from 20 to 28 inches high at the withers, and pro-

portionally as large in the horns and all the other parts. The variety

is confined to the barren grounds.

Dr. Richardson observes, ‘‘ There are two well-marked and perma-

nent varieties of Caribou that inhabit the fur countries; one of them

(Woodland Caribou) confined to the woody and more southern di-

stricts, and the other (Barren-ground Caribou) retiring to the woods

only in the winter, but passing the summer on the coasts of the Arctic

seas, or on the barren grounds so often mentioned in this work.” —

Fauna Bor. Amer. 299.

The large Siberian variety are ridden on by the Tungusians. They

also use them for draught, as the Laplanders do the smaller variety.

They have a large variety in Newfoundland, nearly as large as a

heifer, having very large and heavy horns. There are some horns of

this variety in the British Museum. M. Middendorf informed me that

the horns of the large Siberian variety were as large as, and greatly re-

sembled, the horns from Newfoundland (Nova Scotia) in the British

Museum Collection.

Pallas observes, “ Americze forte continua gregatim verno tempore

per glacies admigrant, paulo diversi a Siberize inquilinis et verosimil-

lime Americani.’’—Zool. Ross. Asiat. i. 208.

No. CCXV.—Procerpines or THE ZooLoeicaL Society.

226

s. The Deer oF THE WARM oR TEMPERATE ReGions have a

tapering nose, ending in a naked, moist muffle; they generally have

a well-developed tail, distinct crumen, and rather long false hoofs ;

their fawns are spotted, the spots generally disappearing in the adult,

or only to be seen when the animals are in high condition; the fur is

shorter and fulyous in the summer, becoming longer and greyer in

the winter; the skulls have a moderate nose-cavity, and the inter-

maxillaries reaching to or nearly to the nasal bones.

ce. The Exaruine Deer or Sracs have a low, broad muffle,

narrowed and rounded below, and nearly separated from the edge of

the lip by a hairy band, which has only a narrow interruption in the

middle, and rather elongated ears; they have rough horns, generally

supported on a more or less long process of the frontal bones, fur-

nished with a frontal basal branch or snag close on the burr or crown ;

the outer side of the hind-legs has a tuft of hair placed rather above

the middle of the metatarsus, and another tuft on the inner side of

the hock.

They are (except the Wapiti) exclusively confined to the woods of

the Old or Eastern World.

3. Cervus; Elaphus, H. Smith; Cervus and Pseudocervus,

Hodgson.

Horns round, erect, with an anterior basal snag, a medial anterior

snag, and the apex divided imto one or more branches, according to

the age of the animal; a well-developed crumen ; narrow triangular,

compressed hoofs; they are covered with brittle, opake hairs; the

rump is generally ornamented with a pale mark ; skull with a large,

deep, suborbital pit.

* The True Stags have one or two branches on the middle of the

front of the beam.

+ The American kind have rather broad semicircular hoofs, a very

short tail, and the withers covered with softer hair in winter. Stron-

gyloceros.

1. Cervus Canapensis. The Wapiti.

Red-brown ; rump with a very large pale disk extending far above

the base of the tail, and with a black streak on each side of it; male

with hair of throat elongated, black, with reddish tips.

Stag, Dale, Phil. Trans. n. 444, 384.—Cerfde Canada, Perr. Anim.

ii. 55. t. 45?; Cuvier, R. A. i. 256.—Cervus Canadensis, Brisson ;

Gray, Knows. Menag. 58.—Cervus Elaphus, var. Canadensis, Erxl.—

Cervus Strongyloceros, Schreb. t.247 ; Richardson, Fauna Bor. Amer.

251.—C. major, Ord.—C. Wapiti, Leach, Journ. Phys. Ixxxv. 66.—

American Elk, Bewick, Quad.—North-Western Stag, C. occidentalis,

H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 101. t. . f. 2, horn; Fischer, Syn. Mamm.

614, notSyn.— Wapiti, Warden, Etats Unis, v.638 ; Wied, Voy. Amer.

Sept. iii. 302.

227

Var. Smaller. ;

Red Deer (or Canadian Stag), Warden, Etats Unis, v. 637.—EIh,

Lewis and Clerk.—Stag, Pennant, Arct. Zool. i. 27.—Wewashkiss,

Hearne, Journ. 360. :

Inhabits N. America.

In summer red-brown ; ears, middle line of the back of the neck,

and back of rump and front of legs blackish ; rump-mark yellowish.

++ The species of the Western World have narrow, triangular

hoofs, a moderate tail, and are covered with harsh hair. Cervus.

2. Cervus Exvapuvus. The Stace.

Brown; rump with a pale spot extending rather above the upper

surface of the base of the tail.

Cervus, Plin.; Gesner.—Tragelaphus, Gesner (old male).—Cervus

Elaphus, Linn.; Gray, Knows. Menag. 58.—C. vulgaris, Linn.—C.

nobilis, Klein. —C. Germanicus, Brisson.—C. Elaphus 3. Hippelaphus,

Fischer, Syn. (old male).—Stag, or Red Deer, Pennant.—Cer/, Buffon,

H.N. vi. t. 9.—Cerf commun, Cuvier; F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lith. t.

Inhabits Europe.

Mr. Blyth described a variety as the Hungarian Stag (Mus. Asiat.

Soc. Beng. 1841, 750. t. 3. f. 11).

The Deer which Buffon (H. N. vi. 95. t. 11) describes under the

name of the Cerf de Corse, has been regarded as a variety to be di-

stinguished by the smallness of its size, but Buffon observes, that he

believes the ‘‘size to depend on the scarcity of nourishment ; for

when moved to better pastures, in four years they became higher,

larger and stouter than the Common Stags.”

3. Cervus Barsarus. The Barsary Derr.

Dark brown; obscurely white spotted, with a very indistinct,

greenish brown, broad dorsal line, with a pale yellow spot extended

considerably above the base of the tail ; back of haunches white, with

a dark stripe on each side.

Cervus Barbarus, Bennett, MSS. Catal. Gardens Zool. Soc. ; Gray,

Knows. Menag. 59; Frazer, Zoologia Typica, t. .—Burk-Goat (Al-

Wassai), Moors (see Griffith, A. K. v. 775).

Inhabits Coast of Barbary ; Tunis.

4. Cervus Wauticuu. The Bara Srnea or Mort.

Brown, with a very large white spot on the rump, extending on

back of the haunches and far above the base of the tail; the horns

with two basal and one or two apical branches.

Cervus Pygargus, Hardw. Linn. Trans.—Cervus Wallichii, Cuvier,

Oss. Foss. iv. 50; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. from Hardw. Icon.; Sundev.

Pecora, 55; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv.103.t. _. (from Indian drawing) ;

Gray, Knows. Menag. 60.—Jaareel Stag, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc.

Bengal, 1841, 750. t. —_. f. 7, young horn; Hodgson, Icon. ined.

t. 198, called Gyana.—Pseudocervus Wallichii, Hodgson, Journ.

228

Asiat. Soc. Bengal, x. 914, xi. 284.—?Cervus Caspianus or Hangool,

Falconer, MSS.; Gray, Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 147.—? Cervus Cash-

meriensis, Gray, Cat. Osteol. Sp. B. M. 65.—Kashmir Stag?, Blyth,

P. Z. 8. 1840, 72; Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1841, 750.t. . f. 8, 9.

—Persian Deer, Maral or Gevezu or Gookoohee, MacNeil, P. Z. 8.

1840, 11; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1841, 750.t. . f. 10.

Inhabits Cachir (Hodgson) ; Persia (MacNei/).

The skull of Dr. Falconer’s Cashmere Stag is 15 inches long ; the

suborbital pit is oblong, triangular, and rather deep. The skull and

horns are very like Mr. Hedgson’s specimen of Cervus affinis, but

they are considerably smaller.

Sir John MacNeil informs us they are called by the Persians

Maral, or Gevezu, or Gookoohee, and are frequently noticed in their

literature. It is found in all the wooded mountain districts of Persia,

but apparently does not occur in the central parts of the country.

They rarely descend into the plains. During the summer they are

found in the highest wooded parts of the mountains, and during the

winter in the lower ravines, near their bases, where they are frequently

tracked in the snow. The horns of the adult males closely resemble

those of the Red Deer of this country; insomuch that I doubt whether

an unscientific observer could distinguish them, except by the supe-

rior size of those of the Maral.—P. Z. S. 1840, 11.

5. Cervus arrints. The Saunt Forest Srac.

Pale brown ; rump without any distinct pale mark?; skull 16 or 17

inches long ; suborbital pit large, oblong, trigonal, rather deep.

Cervus affinis (Mool Baratingha, or Royal Stag of the Morung),

Hodgson, Icon. ined. B. M. n. 197; Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, x.

741, 914; Calcutta Journ. N. H. iv. 291; Sundey. Pecora, 131 ;

Gray, Cat. Ost. Sp. B. M. 65; Knowsley Menag. 60.—C. Elaphus,

Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, iv. 648.—C. Wallichii, part,

Gray, Cat. Hodgson’s Coll. in B. M. 32.—C. Wallichii, var. Blyth,

Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1841, 747.

Tnhabits India; Saul Forest.

Mr. Hodgson, in his figure of this animal, does not represent any

pale spot on the rump: if this is correct, it must be a most distinct

species, as Dr. Falconer informs me the Cashmere Stag has a large

white rump.

6. Cervus Sika. The Sra.

Dark brown; cheeks and throat rather paler ; ramp brown, without ©

any pale spot; tail pale, white beneath; hair harsh; horns rather

slender, with a basal and medial snag, and a subapical internal one.

Cervus Sika, Schlegel, Fauna Japon. t. 17; Sundey. Pecora, 55,

131; Gray, Knows. Menag. 60.——-C. Sitza, Temm. Mus. Leyden.

Inhabits Japan. Mus. Leyden.

4. Dama, H. Smith; Platyceros.

Horns, upper part expanded, smooth, and branched on the hinder

edge; tail rather elongated ; tear-bag well developed ; hoofs narrow,

229

triangular, compressed ; they are covered with thin, rather adpressed

hairs, and have the hair of the nape reversed ; the fur is spotted in

summer ; the skull with a short broad face, an oblong, rather shallow,

infraorbital pit; intermaxillary broad, reaching to the short broad

nasals.

1. Dama vuteaRis. The Fattow Deer.

Fulvous ; white spotted, with the longitudinal streak on the lower

part of the side, and the line across the haunches white.

Var. From nearly black to nearly pure white. :

Platyceros, Plim.—Cervus platyceros, Raii Quad. 85.—Cervus

dama, Linn.— Dama vulgaris, Gesner, Quad. 335. f. ; Gray, Cat.

Osteol. Sp. B. M. 65; Knows. Menag. 60.—Fallow Deer and Buch,

Pennant.—Daim et Daime, Buffon.—Daim fauve, F. Cuvier.—Cer-

vus coronatus, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. t. . f. 4, from monstrous

horns.

Var. Blackish.

Cervus mauricus, F. Cuv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816.—C. Dama maura,

Fischer.—Daime noire, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith.

Inhabits Persia. Domesticated in Europe.

This species is represented in the sculptures from Nineveh.

d. The Rustne Deer or Samsoos have a large moist mufile,

which is as high as broad, and extends to the edge of the upper lip ;

hind-leg with a large tuft of hair rather above the middle of the meta-

tarsus, and with a pencil of hair on the inner side of the hock; a

moderate tail, broad, short ears, and the fur consisting of hard, rather

shining, thick, depressed hair ; they have no white mark on the rump.

The horns are cylindrical, generally rather longly peduncled, with a

distinct anterior basal branch or snag close on the burr or crown, and

are forked, and sometimes reforked, at the tip; they have no medial

snag. The skulls have a large, very deep, suborbital pit. They are

confined to South-Eastern Asia and its islands.

* In some the upper part of the horns is variously branched.

5. Panouta, Gray.

The horns round, curved backwards and outwards, with a large

anterior basal snag close on the burr ; the upper part bent in, forked,

becoming rather expanded and branched on the immer or hinder edge ;

the fur formed of rather rigid, flattened hair; muffle large; skull

with a narrow face, a large, oblong, very deep suborbital pit, and the

nasals short, broad, and dilated behind ; the frontal snag of the horns

often has a tubercle or branch at the base.

1. Panoxia Eepu. The Sunenat.

Panolia Eedii, Gray, Cat. Hodgson’s Coll. B. M. 34; Knowsley

Menag. 61.—P. acuticornis, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M.180.—P. platy-

ceros, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. 180 (adult horn).— Cervus lyratus,

Schinz, Syn. ii. 395.—?Cervus Smithii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837,

45.—Cervus Eedii, Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. 413. t. 12.—Cervus

230

(Rusa) frontalis, M‘Clelland, Calcutta Journ. N. H. 1. t.12. f. 1,

i. 539, ii. t. 13; Sundevall, Pecora, 132.

Inhabits India.

General Hardwicke has a drawing of a Deer, the frontal snag of

the horns very much elongated, and apparently forked: Colonel

Hamilton Smith made an “improved” drawing from the sketch ;

and in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1837 I mention

the species under the name of C. Smithii, p. 48.

I am now doubtful if the sketch might not have been intended for

this species or a new one allied to it.

6. Rucervus, Hodgson; Rusa, sp. H. Smith.

Horns cylindrical, with an anterior basal branch, and repeatedly

forked at the tip; muffle large, high, continued to the edge of the

upper lip below; they have a rather short, thick tail, a shortish face,

a well-developed crumen, broad rounded ears, covered with hair, and

narrow compressed hoofs. The fur is formed of rather soft adpressed

hairs; they have no pale mark on the rump, and are indistinctly

spotted. The skull has an elongate face, with a large nose-opening,

and an oblong, rather shallow, suborbital pit.

1. Rucervus Duvavucetii. The Bawrarya.

Yellowish brown, without any rump-spot ; back with an indistinct

dark streak, with a row of white spots on each side ; sides not spotted ;

hair black, with yellow tips; neck with rather longer hair; throat,

chest and belly with longer, scattered, greyish white hairs; muzzle

and front of leg dark ; chin white. Fur in winter dark brown.

Cervus Duvaucelliz, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 29. f. 6, 8.—Rucervus

Duvaueellii, Gray, Cat. Hodgson’s Coll. B. M. 33.—Rucervus ela-

phoides, Wodgson.—R. Duvaucellii, Gray, Knows. Menag. 61.— .

Cervus Bahrainja, Hodgson.—C. enclodocerus, Hodgson.—C. Bah-

raiya, Hodgson, P. Z. 8. 1836,46.—C. Euryceros, Knowsley Menag.

t. 40, 41.—Bahraiya, Hodgson.

Inhabits India.

* The True Rusas have the upper part of the horns simply forked.

7. Rusa, H. Smith; Cervus Hippelaphi**, Sundevall.

They are covered with hard, rigid, very thick hairs ; they are not,

or only obscurely, spotted ; the horns are placed on a moderately long

peduncle, have an anterior frontal snag close on the crown, and are

simply forked at the tip.

+ The Larger kinds have the hair of the neck elongated, forming

a kind of mane, at least in the males.

1. Rusa Aristoreuis. The Samsoo.

Tail not floccose, brown, rather darker at the end ; blackish brown,

with the feet, the region of the vent, and a spot over the eyes fulvous.

Male maned. Young obscurely white spotted (Hodgson).

——

231

Gona Rusa, Daniel, Ceylon, t. .—Cervus Aristotelis, Cuvier,

Oss. Foss. iv. 502. t.39. f.10; F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. ; Suudev.

Pecora, 55.—Cervus Hippelaphus, C. Aristotelis, and C. heteroceros,

Hodgson, Icon. ined.—Rusa Aristotelis, H. Smith; Gray, Cat.

Hodgson’s Coll. B. M. 67; Osteol. Spec. B. M. 67; Knows. Menag.

62.—Cervus unicolor, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 780.—Cervus Benga-

lensis, Schinz, Syn. Mam. ii. 390.—Daim noir de Bengal, Duvaucell,

Asiat. Res. xv. 157.—Cerf noir de Bengal, F. Cuvier, Menag. Lith.

t. .—Cervus equinus (Samboo Deer), Bennett, Tower Menag. 185,

fig.— 7h, Indian Sportsmen ; Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc.—Var. Cervus

heteroceros, Hodgson, J. A. S. Beng. 1841, 722.t. .

Var.? Biche de Malacca, F. Cuv. Mam. Lith. t. female.—Cervus

Malaccensis, Fischer, Syn.

Inhabits India; Ceylon.

The skull is about 17 inches long, and has a very deep, oblong,

subtriangular, suborbital pit.

The specimen from Ceylon, in the Zoological Gardens, differs from

the common Samboos from India in having shorter and thicker horns.

Nearly black in October ; the front of the muzzle rounded, the nose

black, forming a band across the chin; front of chin (only) white ;

tail all black ; face paler than back, and more grisled, but uniformly

coloured, without any black streak over the eyes or up the side of the

nose ; vent flesh-coloured. Much larger.

2. Rusa Dimorpue. The Srorrep Rwvsa.

Red-brown ; back with distinct series of small white spots; sides

indistinetly white spotted ; limbs paler; neck and belly blackish; chin

white ; the horns (deformed ?). Young bright fawn-red, white spotted.

Cervus Dimorphe, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1844, t. ;

Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. 74; Sundevall, Pecora, 132.—Rusa

Dimorpha (Hodgson’s Rusa), Hodgson in Gray, Cat. Hodgson’s Coll.

in B. M. 33 ; Gray, Knows. Menag. 62.

Inhabits Saul Forest ; Morang.

3. Rusa Eautnus. The Rusa or SMALLER SAMBOO.

Brown, not spotted ; tail rounded, floceose, black at the tip; hair

(summer) elongate, rigid, thick, waved. Young very obscurely

spotted ; hair rigid and rough.

Rusa, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiii. 263.—Cervus equinus, Cuvier,

Oss. Foss. iv. 44. t. 5. f. 30, 37, 38,42; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 112.

t. |; Sundevall, Pecora, 55; S. Miiller, Nederl. Verh.—Z/and or

Elk of the Dutch Sportsmen.—Rusa Equinus, Gray, Knows. Menag.

62. t. 43.

Inhabits Sumatra ; Borneo.

4. Rusa Hiepetapuus. The Misancan BAnsoe.

Greyish brown ; tail not floccose, brownish at the tip ; anal region

not pale; cheeks and upper part of the neck of the males maned ;

hair (summer) short, rigid, close-pressed, not waved. Young: hair

smooth.

232

Rusa ubi, R. saput and R. Tunjue, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiii. 260.

— Cervus hippelaphus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 5. f. 31, 34 & 42;

F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. ; Raffles, Mem. 645.—Cervus Tunjue,

Vigors, in Raffles’ Memoir, 645.—Cervus Rusa, 8. Miiller, Nederl.

Verh. 45. t. 43.—Great Muntjac, Waterhouse, Cat. Mus. Zool. Soc.

1839, 39.—Cerf noir de Bengal, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 2, in

summer.— Cervus Leschenaultii, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. , from

horns only.—Rusa Hippelaphus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 62.

Var. Smaller. Eydoux, Guérin, Mag. Zool. 1836, 26.—Cervus

Moluccensis, Quoy.—Cervus Rusa Moluccensis, 8. Miller, Nederl.

Verh. t.45; Mus. Leyden, 1845.—Cervus Rusa Timorensis, Mus.

Leyden, 1845.

Inhabits Java.

In all its states it was very distinct from the Samboo of Continental

India. The horns are similar to those of R. Hquinus, but the body

and horns are smaller, and the hair of the young is smoother.

** The Smaller Rusas have no mane; the peduncles of the horns

are rather elongated, and covered with hair.

5. Rusa Peronit. The SMALuerR Rusa.

Brown, paler beneath ;_ hair rigid, thick, rmged ; muzzle dark ; tail

brown, floccose ; anal disk white; the hind part of the feet hairy ;

the horns are thick and heavy.

Cervus Peronii, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 46. t. 5. f. 41, 45; Sundeyv.

Pecora, 56.—Rusa Peronii, Gray, Knows. Menag.63.— Cervus Kuhlii,

S.Miiller, Neder]. Verh. 45. t.44; Sundey. Pecora, 56.—Rusa Kuhlit,

Gray, List. Osteol. Spec. B. M. 68.

Inhabits Timor, Luboc, Bavian and Ternate. Specimen in Bnit.

Mus.

6. Rusa Puruippinus. Pxitiepine Rusa.

Forehead brown ; end of nose and eyebrows brownish ; feet behind

naked ; hair rigid, not waved.

Cerf de Philippine, Desm. Mamm. 442.— Cervus Philippinus, H.

Smith, G. A. K. iv. 147. t.164. f. 5. head, v. 803; Fischer, Syn. 622;

Sundey. Pecora, 56.—Rusa Philippinus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 63.

Var.? Tail black, dependent ; front of face dark.

Cervus Marianus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 45. t. 5. f. 30, 37, 38, 46;

H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 115. t. 168 (from Mus. Paris); Fischer, Syn.

453; Sundev. Pecora, 57.

Inhabits Philippines.

This species has the horn on an elongated peduncle, like the Munt-

jacs, but it is easily distinguished from them by the absence of the

ridge and of the grooves on the face.

7. Rusa teprmpa. The Lirrie Rusa.

“Reddish brown; back and sides varied with pale, spotted hair ;

vent disk small, white, black edged above; tail longly hairy, white,

above black ; face brown, with a roundish white spot in front of the

—

233

usual oval black spot ; horns smooth, slender, nearly straight, elon-

gate, the basal snag bent down on the forehead.” —Sundevall.

Cervus (Hippelaphus) lepida, Sundev. Pecora, 57.—Rusa lepida,

Gray, Knows. Menag. 63.

Inhabits Java. Mus. Frankfort. Scarcely as large as a Roebuck.

8. Axis, H. Smith; Hippelaphus ***, Sundev.

Covered with moderately thick, polished hairs ; fulvous and beauti-

fully white spotted at all seasons; the face is elongate, narrow, and

the ears large, rather elongate and acute, with a rather elongate tail,

and nearly equally long, slender legs ; the horns are placed on mode-

rately long peduncles ; the skull is elongate, narrow, with an oblong,

rather small, deep suborbital pit.

1, Axis mMacuLatTa. The Axis or CHILTRA.

Fulvous, with a black dorsal streak, edged with a series of white

_ spots; sides with many white spots in an oblique curved line, and

with a short white streak obliquely across the haunches.

Young fawn, spotted exactly like the adult.

Avis, Plin.?; Buffon, H. N. xi. t. 38, 39; Cuvier, Menag. Mus. t. ;

Oss. Foss. iy. 38. t. 5. f. 24, 29.— Cervus Avis, Erxl.; Schreb. t. 250;

Bennett, Gard. Zool. Soc. 253; Sundev. Pecora, 57.—Azis maculata,

Gray, Cat. Mamm. B. M. 178.—A. major, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat.

Soc. Bengal, x. 914.—A. minor, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,

x. 914.—A. medius, Hodgson, Icon. ned.—Cervus pseudaxis, Ger-

vais, Voy. Bonite, 64. t. 12; Institute, 1841, 419; Sundev. Pecora,

57.—C. Axis Ceylonensis, H. Smith.

Var. Blackish. Cervus nudipalpebra, Ogilby, P. Z. 8. 1831, 136 ;

Sundey. Pecora, 57.131.

Inhabits India.

The horns of this species vary greatly in size. Pennant describes

two Deer under the names of 1. Greater Avis, Pennant, Syn. 52;

Quad. 106= Cervus Axis y, Gmelin; 2. Middle-sized Axis, Pennant,

Quad. 106= Cervus Axis 3, Gmelin, from the horns alone: these are

probably only large-horned examples of the common species; 3. C.

pseudaxis, which has been regarded as a species of Rusa, is only a

small-horned variety.

9. Hyrvapnuus, Sundev.; Axis, sp. H. Smith.

Covered with moderately thick, polished hair ; fulvous, and spotted

in the summer; with a rather elongated tail, and rather short legs,

the front being rather the shortest; the face is short, broad, and

arched in front; the ears short and rounded; the horns are placed

on moderately long peduncles.

1. HyeLapruus rorcinus. The Lucena Para or SHGORIAH.

Brown or yellowish brown, with an indistinct darker dorsal streak,

and with obscure whitish spots, but without any white streak on the

sides or haunches; in the winter brown and spotless; front of face

234

and legs darker; line down the front and the inside of the thighs

white.

Porcine Deer, Pennant, Syn. 42. t. 8. f. 2.—Cerf Cochon, Buffon,

Supp. iii. 122.t.18 (in summer) .—Cervus porcinus, Zimmerm.; Schreb.

t. 251; F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithog. t. .—Hyelaphus porcinus, Sun-

dev. Pecora, 58; Gray, Knows. Menag. 64. t.42; Cat. Ost. B. M. 67.

—Axis porcinus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, x. 914; Gray,

Cat. Hodgson’s Coll. B. M. 33.—Cervus niger, Hamilton, Icon. ined.;

Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, 76; Fischer, Syn. 454 ; Sundey. Pe-

cora, 60. 132.

Inhabits India.

Easily known from the Avis by being lower on its legs, and there

is no distinct black dorsal streak, nor white streak on haunches; the

tail bushy, and often carried erect: the males and females in summer

are reddish brown, with numerous white spots, the middle of the back

rather darker ; in winter the whole fur becomes blackish brown, and

the spots disappear: the horns are generally short, with only short

snags or branches, but they are sometimes as large as those of the

Axis Deer.

10. Cervu us, Blainv. 1816; Muntjacus, Gray, 1821;

Stylocerus, H. Smith; Prow, Ogilby, Sundev.

Horns on elongated pedicels, supported by longitudinal ridges on

the face, which have a naked, moist groove on their side; the canine

teeth are exserted; the tear-bags are large and deep; the tail elon-

gate and tufted; the hoofs triangular, and partly united in front by

a web; the false hoofs are small and transverse; they are covered

with thin shining hair, and are not spotted; they have no tuft of hair

on the hind-legs; skull with a very large, deep, nearly hemispherical

suborbital pit.

1. CervuLus VAGINALIS. The Kisane or Muntsac.

Dark reddish brown ; narrow streak on the front edge of the thigh

white.

Kijang, Marsden, Sumatra, 94.—Cervus Muntjac, Zimm. Schreb.

t. 254; Horsfield, Java, vi.t.1; Raffles, Mem. 645.—Prox Muntjac,

Sundeyv. Pecora, 61.—Cervus vaginalis, Bodd, Elenc. i. 1386.—C. sub-

cornutus, Blainv. Schreb. t. 254 pn. f. 2.—Muntjacus vaginalis, Gray,

Cat. Mamm. B. M. 173.—Cervus aureus, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv.148.

t. .v.805.—Ribbed-face Deer, Penn.—Chevreuil des Indes, Allam,

Buff. Supp. v. 41. t. 17, vi. 195. t. 26; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 5.

f. 48, t. 3. f. 49, 54.—Cervulus vaginalis, Gray, Knows. Menag. 65.

Inhabits Sumatra; Java.

This chiefly differs from the following in being darker-coloured.

2. CrervuLus moscuatus. The KeGan or KAKkeEr.

Bright reddish yellow; streak on front of thigh and under part of

the tail white ; chin and gullet whitish ; hair not ringed.

Var. With a triangular white spot on each side of the chest.

Musk Deer of Nepal, Ouseley, Orient. Collect. ii. t. .—Cervulus

235

moschatus, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816, 77; Schreb. t. 254 8. f. 1;

H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 149. t. . v. 806.—Cervus moschus, Desm.

Mamm. 441.—C. Ratwa, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, i. 146.

t. head; P. Z. S. 1834, 99; Royle, Flora Cashm. t. 5. f. 2.—Stylo-

cerus Ratwah, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, x. 914.—Munt-

jacus vaginalis, part, Gray, Cat. Hodgson’s Coll. B. M. 31.—Prox

Ratwa, Sundev. Pecora, 62.—P. albipes, Wagner, Suppl.; Sundev.

Pecora, 62.—P. stylocerus, Wagner, Suppl.; Sundev. Pecora, 62, 64.

—Cervus melas, Ogilby.—Prow melas, Sundev. Pecora, 62.— Cervulus

moschatus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 65.

Inhabits India, Nepal.

3. Cervutus Reeves. The Curnese Munrsac.

Greyish brown ; hair short, paler ringed.

Cervus Reevesii, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1838, 105.—Prow Reevesii, Wag-

ner, Sundev. Pecora, 62.—Cervulus Reevesii, Gray, Knows. Men. 65.

Inhabits China.

Mr. Ogilby observes, this species has a longer head and tail than

the Common Indian Muntjac, also less red and more blue in the gene-

ral shades of colouring, and is readily distinguished by the want of

the white over the hoofs, which is so apparent in its congeners. The

fawn is spotted.

The Earl of Derby has these three kinds at Knowsley ; but they

breed together, and it has hence become impossible to discriminate

the mules from the original species.

e. The Capreotine Deer or Ross have rugose, very shortly

peduncled horns, without any basal snag or branch ; the first branch

arising some distance above the crown or burr; the upper part is

more or less branched; the muftle is broad and naked ; the suborbi-

tal. gland and the pit in the skull are very small and shallow, except

in C. Pudu. Some species have a distinct tuft of hair on the outer side

of the metatarsus, and more have the pencil of hair on the imer side

of the hock, and others are without either ; indeed in some specimens

of the same species the tuft of hair on the hinder legs is very visible,

in others very indistinctly or not at all seen.

11. Carreouus, H. Smith; Caprea, Ogilby.

Horns nearly erect, small, cylindrical, slightly branched, with a

very short peduncle ; they have no tail, but a large, white anal disk,

a very indistinct tear-bag, and narrow triangular hoofs; the tuft on

the hind-legs rather above the middle of the metatarsus; they are

covered with thick brittle hair in winter, and thinner and more flexible

hair in the summer ; the adults are not spotted, and have a black spot

at the angle of the mouth; the skull has a very small, shallow sub-

orbital pit. Found in Europe and North Asia.

1. Capreotus Caprwza. The Rorsuck.

Inside of the ears fulvous ; summer, red brown ; winter, olive, pale

punctated ; horns short.

Caprea, Plin.; Gesner.—Capreolus, Brisson.—Cervus capreolus,

236

Tinn.; Pallas, Zool. Ross. A. i. 219.—Capreolus Caprea, Gray, Cat.

Osteol. B. M. 64.—Capreolus Europeus, Sundev. Pecora, 61.—Roe

Buck, Penn.—Chevreuil and Chevrette, Buffon, H. N. vi. 198.

Inhabits Europe. A larger variety is said to have formerly inha-

bited the Tyrol.

2. CapREOLUS PyGARGUS. The Anu.

Interior of the ears fulvous; fur pale yellowish; horns elongate.

Cervus pygargus, Pallas, Reise, 1. 97, 198, 433. 11. 159; Spic. xii. 7

(not Hardwicke); Schreb. Saugth. v. t. 253.—C. capreolus [3, Pallas,

Zool. Ross. Asiat. 1. 219.—Cervus Ahu, Gmelin, Reis. iii. 496. t. 56 ;

Griffith, A. K. iv. 122. t. .—Capreolus pygargus, Sundev. Pecora,

61.—Tailless Deer, Pennant, Quad. i. 121.—Tailless Roe, Shaw.

Inhabits Central Asia. Collection of the British Museum.

12. Furcrrer, part. Wagner, Sundev.; Mazama, part. Gray, H.Smith;

Hippocamelus, Leuckart, 1816; Cervequus, Lesson; Capreolus?

Gray.

Horns erect, forked, without any basal snag; ears narrow, acute ;

a short tail; covered with thick, brittle, waved hairs; there is a di-

stinct pencil of hairs on the inside of the hock, but none on the outer

sides of the metatarsus. Confined to South America. Differs from

Capreolus in the want of the outer tuft on the leg.

1. Furcirer Antisiensis. The Tarusu or TARUGA.

Yellow grey; hairs rigid, quilled, brown, with a yellow subterminal

ring ; edge of muffle and throat white ; face with a brown longitudinal

streak, and a lyrate band between the eyes; the hoofs rather broad,

worn in front.

Cervus Antisiensis, D’Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid. t. f. ; Dict.

Univ. H. N. iii. 328 ; Tschudi, Faun. Peru, t.18 ; Sundev. Pecora, 60.

Inhabits East coast of S. America; Bolivian Alps.

2. FurcireR Huamex. The GEemuu.

Fur dark, closely yellow punctated ; inside of the ears white.

Equus bisuleus, Molina, Chili, 520; Fischer, Syn. Mamm. 430.—

Auchenia Huamel, H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 764.—Cervus Chilensis,

Gay et Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 91.—Cloven-footed Horse, Shaw,

Zool. ii. 441.—Guemul, Chilians.—Gemuel seu Huemul, Vidaure,

Chili, iv. 87.—Camelus equinus, Triverianus, Mus. Biol. 1. 179.—

Hippocamelus dubius, Leuckart de Equo bisulco, 24. 1816.—Cerv-

equus andicus, Lesson, Nov. Tab. R. A.173.—Cervus (Capreolus) leu-

cotis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 64. t. 12.—Capreolus? Huamel, Gray,

Knows. Menag. 66.

Inhabits mountains on East coast of South America. Patagonia.

The female Gemul in the British Museum and in Lord Derby’s

Museum at Knowsley is considerably larger, and has the legs thicker,

than the Siberian 4hv, which is much larger than the European Roe

Buck.

MM. Gay and Gervais, who have compared the two species, con-

sider them distinct.

237

13. Buasrocervus, Wagner, Sundev. ; Mazama, sp. H. Smith;

Furcifer, part. Wagner and Sundevall.

Horns straight, erect, three-branched, without any basal snag; a

very short tail, and rather large ears ; are covered with very thin soft

hair; they have a distinct pencil of hairs on the inside of the hock,

but none on the outside of the metatarsus. Confined to Tropical

America, east and west coasts.

1. BLasTocEerus PALUDOsUS. The Guazu-PUCO.

Fulvous ; orbit, sides of muzzle, belly and under side of tail white ;

face-marks and feet blackish.

Cervus paludosus, Desm. Mamm. 443; H. Smith, iv. 134.t. .

v. 796; Fischer, Syn. 444, 616; Licht. Darst. t. 17; Sundev. Pe-

cora, 59.—C. palustris, Desmoul. Dict. Class. H. N. i. 379.—

Cervus dichotomus (Guatzupucu), Iliger, Abhand. Akad. d. W. 1804

-1811, 117; Pr. Max. Neuw. Isis, 1821, 650. t. 6.—Blastocercus

paludosus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 68.

Var.? Mazama furcata, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 64.

Inhabits the Brazils.

2. Buastocerus CAMPESTRIS. The Mazame or Guazurtt.

Fulvous brown ; the hairs of the lower part of the nape and front

of the back reversed; the hoofs narrow. Young: middle of back

not spotted ; sides with small white spots, the upper series forming a

regular line.

Mazame, Hernandez, Mex.; Buffon, H. N.xii.317,--Veado branco,

Veado campo, Aunchieta, Notic. i. 127.—Cervus bezoarticus, Linn.

S. N. ed. 10. 67.—C. campestris, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. vii. 484 ? ;

Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. 51. t. 3. f. 46, 47.—C. campestris, Licht. Darst.

t.19; Pr. Max. Abbild.t. ; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 29. fig. horns ;

H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 136. t. . v. 797.—C. leucogaster, Goldfuss,

Schreb. Saugth. 1127.—Mazama campestris, H. Smith; Gray, Cat.

Osteol. B. M. 64.—Biche de Savanne, Buffon, Supp. iii. 126.—Gou-

zouti, Azara, Essai, i. 77.—Furcifer campestris, Gray, Knows. Me-

nag. 68.

Inhabits 8. America ; N. Patagonia. Collection of British Museum.

The figure of C. campestris in F. Cuvier, Mamm. Lithog., is evi-

dently a Cariacus, and not of this genus. The horns from Brazils

figured by Cuvier (Oss. Foss. iv. t. 3. f. 48) appear to belong to quite

a different species. It may be the variety of the Roebuck, figured

in Griffith, A. K. iv. t. 164. f. 6.

14. Cartacus, Gray; Mazama, Sundeyv.; Mazama, part. H.Smith.

Horns cylindrical, arched, with a central, internal snag, the tip

bent forwards, and with the lower branches on the hinder edge ; they

are covered with soft thin hair, have a moderate tail furnished with

long hair on the under side, a white anal disk, rather elongated,

large, rounded ears; they generally have a tuft of white hair on the

outer side of the hind-leg, rather below the middle of the metacarpus,

238

but it is sometimes not to be seen ; the skull has a very small, shallow,

suborbital pit, and the nasal bone is broad and subtriangular behind ;

the tail is elongate, slender, pale, with the lower part dark, and reach-

ing nearly to the hocks in summer; much shorter and broader, and

all dark olive in the winter. Confined to North America.

* Hoofs narrow, elongate; tail hairy beneath.

1. Carrtacus VirGIn1ANus. The AMERICAN DEER.

Bright fulyous in summer, greyer in winter ; tail fulvous above,

the tip black, beneath white; carried erect when running ; nose

brown ; side of mouth white, with an oblique black band from the

nostrils ; hoofs narrow, elongate.

Dama Virginiana, Raii Syn. 86.—Fallow Deer, Lawson, Carol. 23;

Catesby, Carol. App. 28.—Cervus Dama Americanus, Erxl. Syst. 312.

—Cervus Mexicanus, Licht. Darstell. t. 20.—Cervus Strongyloceros,

part, Schreb. Saugth.1074, not figure.— Cervus campestris (Mazame),

F. Cuv. Mam. Lithog. t. .—Cervus Virginianus, Gmelin, S. N. i.

179; Desm. Mamm. 442; F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. 205.—

C. Mangivorus, Schrank, Ann. Wetter. i. 327, 1819, from Buffon.—

C. (Mazama) Virginiana, Bennett, Gard. Z. 8. 205; Fischer, Syn.

449 ; Peale, U.S. Explor. Exped. 39 ; Sundeval, Pecora, 58.—Cervus

Mar Long-tailed Deer, Douglas, Zool. Journ. xy. 330; Richard-

son, Faun. Bor. Amer.i. 258. gp Mazama leucurus, Sundeval’ Pe-

cora, 59.—Cariacus Virginianus, C.leucurus, and C. Mewicanus, Gray,

Cat. Osteol. B. M. 63, 64.—Virginian Deer, Penn. Syn. 51. t. 9. f. 2;

Quad. i. 104. t. 11. f. 1.— Cerf'de La Louisiane, Cuvier, R. A. i. 256;

Oss. Foss. iv. 33. t. 5. f. 1-5.—Chevreuil, Charlev. Nouy. Fran. iii.

152.—Cariacou, Buffon, H. N. xiii. 347. t. 44.—Cariacus Virgini-

anus, Gray, Knows. Menag. 66. t. 46, winter coat.

Inhabits N. America.

Mr. Peale observes,— We believe that the same species of Deer

inhabits all the timbered or partially timbered country between the

Coast of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. They vary in size, as all

the animals of this genus do, in different feeding-grounds, but they

are specifically the same.’’ The Mexican Deer (Penn. Syn. 54. t. 9.

f. 3, and Quad. i. 20), Cervus Mezicanus (Gmelin, S. N. i. 179;

H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 729, iv. 130.t. ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. iv. t. 5.

f. 23), Cervus ramosicornis (Blainville), are all described from horns,

which only appear to be much-developed horns of this species which

have belonged to some well-fed animals.

The horns described and figured as C. clavatus (H. Smith, G. A. K.

iv. 132. t. _), appear to be only varieties of the common form.

1. The Cervus Mezxicanus (Lichten. Darst. t. 20; Sundeval, Pe-

cora, 59),

2. The Cervus nemoralis (H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 157. t. ; Sun-

deval, Pecora, 59),

3. The Cervus gymnotis (Wiegmann, Isis, 1833 ; Sundeval, Pe-

cora, 59),

all from Mexico, appear to be varieties of this species. C. Mewicanus

239

is said to have a brown tail and indistinct chin-band. The nakedness

of the ears, which is peculiar to C. gymnotis, is often to be observed

in these animals when in change of fur. C. spinosus, Gay and Ger-

vais, is only known from a single horn from Cayenne.

2. Cariacus Lewisi1. The BLAcK-TAILED DEER.

The tail black above towards the extremity, yellowish white beneath,

covered with hair at all seasons, not carried erect when running ; ful-

vous (in summer); hair very soft, not ringed; forehead and upper

part of face before the eyes blackish; inside of the legs and belly

white; chin-band distinct, black ; front hoofs narrow, elongate. Horns

like C. Vi irginianus, but generally more slender, and commonly with-

out the first antler.

Black-tailed Deer, Anglo-American in Oregon.—Black-tailed

Fallow Deer, Lewis and Clerk, Travels to the Pacific, ii. 26, 125

(London edit. 1807).—Cervus macrotis B. Colombiana, Richardson,

Fauna Bor. Amer. i. 257.—Long-tailed Deer (Cervus macrourus),

H. Smith, G.A.K. iv. 134, v. 795, part ; Fischer, Syn. 615.—Cervus

Lewisii, J. Peale, U.S. Explor. Exped. 39. t. 9, ined. fig. at p. 43,

fore-foot ; Gray, Knows. Menag. 67. t. 44, in summer, t. 45, in win-

ter fur.

Inhabits N.W. Coast of N. America.

3. CaRracus PuNcTULATUS. 'The CALIFORNIAN Roe.

(Mammalia, Pl. XXVIII.)

Dark reddish brown (in summer), minutely punctulated by the

yellow tips of the hair ; chin-mark distinct ; ears elongated, nakedish ;

base of the ears, orbits: round the miiesle, under side of tail, and the

upper part of the inside of the leg, white ; forehead, line down the

face, and narrow streak on upper part of the nape black ; legs brown ;

a very narrow, indistinct streak on the middle line of the rump yel-

lowish ; tail like back, with a blackish tip.

Inhabits California.

There is a female of this species in the Zoological Gardens. It is

much smaller than the Black-tailed Deer, and darker than C. Virgini-

anus, and it differs in the hair being dark, with a distinct yellow sub-

terminal band.

** The front hoof broad cordate ; tail not hairy beneath.

4. Carztacus macrotis. The Mute Deer.

Brownish fulvous ; chin without any or only an indistinct band ;

tail pale ferruginous, with a black tuft at the end, and without any

hair beneath ; ears very large ; hoofs of the fore-feet broad cordate,

nearly as broad as long, flattened and concave beneath ; horns larger

and more spreading than in C. Virginianus.

Mule Deer, Anglo-Americans of the Rocky Mountains.—? Mule or

Black-tailed Deer, Le Raye ; Lewis and Clerk, Travels ; Wied, Voy.

Amer. Merid. iii. 273, and Vig. A, B.—Cervus macrotis, Say, Long,

Exped. Rocky Mount. ii. 88; H. Smith, G. A. K. v. 794; Fischer,

240

Syn. 444, 615 ; Sundeval, Pecora, 59 ; Richardson, Faun. Bor. Amer.

254. t. 20; Peale, U.S. Expl. Exped. 41. t. 10 (ined.), fig. at p. 43,

fore-feet ; Gray, Knows. Menag. 67.—C. auritus, Desm. Dict. Class.

H.N. iii. 379.

Inhabits N.W. America; Arakansa.

We have several skulls of this genus in the British Museum, which

offer very distinct characters, but unfortunately, not having the skins

belonging to them, we cannot identify with certainty the species to

which they belong.

These skulls vary considerably in width and comparative length of

the face, and in the extent and depth of the suborbital pit ; in some,

which are probably the skulls of the Black-tailed Deer as they come

from the north-west coast, the pit is very large and deep ; and thirdly,

in the extent of the intermaxillary lines. In some they scarcely reach

to the nasal; in others they reach to it and are united to it by a rather

broad suture ; and in others they do not nearly reach to it, but stop

abruptly, ending in a notch in the front upper edge of the maxillary.

There is imported by the North Western American Fur Company

the flat skin of two Deer which probably belong to this genus, and

appear distinct from the preceding: 1. The Orenoka Deer (of the

Company’s list). It came from Central America, is of a large size,

of a bright red-brown colour, with the hair of the back short and

rather adpressed, the chin and under part of the body white, the tail

blackish ; 2. The Yucatan Deer, about the size of the American Deer

(C. Virginianus), but very distinct from the skin of that species in

the same store; the fur is short red brown with blackish tips.

15. Coassus, Gray; Subulo, H. Smith, Sundeval.

Horns simple, rudimentary, shelving back ; ears rather short, broad,

rounded; tail short ; the facial line rather convex; the fur short, of

the forehead (in both sexes) elongate, forming a rhombic tuft between

the horns and face ; legs without any tuft on the outside of the meta-

tarsus, but with a pencil on the inside of the hocks. Confined to Tro-

pical or South America.

* Ears nakedish; skull with a very small, shallow, suborbital pit ;

supraorbital foramens in a groove. East coast of America.

Coassus.

1. Coassus NEMORIvAGUS. The CUGUACU-APARA.

(Mammalia, Pl. XXII. XXIII. XXVII. f. 1, 3, 5.)

Pale brown; the hair dull-coloured, brown, with a yellow subterminal

band which wears off; a paler streak over the eyes. Young: brown,

white spotted; spots of sides unequal; nape dark. Skull elongate,

suborbital pit broad, subtrigonal shallow ; grinders moderate, infra-

orbital ridge very distinct, sharp-edged. The intermaxillaries do not

reach to the nasal but fit into a notch in the maxilla.

Cervus nemorivagus, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. vii. 485 ; Cuvier,

Oss. Foss. iv. 54. t. 5. f. 50; Fischer, Syn. 446, 618; H. Smith,

G. A. K.iv. 142. t. ; Sundev. Pecora, 60; Licht. Darstel. t. 21.—

2 6'SNOVAINVONIN SHAsscyvo)

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241

Coassus nemorivagus, Gray, Cat. Osteol. B. M. 64; Knows. Menag.

68. t. 48.—Cervus nemorum, Desm. Mam. 446.—C. simplicicornis,

Illiger, Pr. Max. Abbild. t. .—Young? Moschus delicatula, Shaw,

Mus. Lever. t. 36.

Inhabits Brazils.

A male specimen at Knowsley Menagerie, drawn by Mr. Wolf inNov.

1850 (Pl. XXII.), was dark brown; streak on each side of the fore-

head, upper part of the legs and spot on the angles of the lower lip

blackish ; streak over each eye yellowish ; under lip and spot on upper

lip near muffle, underside of the tail and inner side of the upper part

of the thighs white; muffle smooth, bluish, upper edge slightly

arched; ears small, lower half of the inner side black.

This male was the size of a full-grown Roebuck, as is the largest

of the genus in the Menagerie.

There is a female at Knowsley (Pl. XXIII. and XXVII. f. 3), drawn

by Mr. Wolf in November 1850, which is probably a young female of

this species. Mr. Fraser thus described it: ‘‘ A female: dark grey,

tinged with brown, greyer on the head and neck ; the lower part, and

the inside of legs, the belly and round the eyes rust-coloured; the

purple brown patch in the ears smaller and less distinct than C. rufus.

A small white stripe in front of the eyes and the under surface of the

tail white ; from the eyes to the nose short and thick compared with

the other specimens.”

2. Coassus ruFus. The Cucuacu-eTe or Pita.

(Mammalia, Pl. XXIV. XXVII. f. 2.)

The fur bright shining red ; crown and neck grey; sides of face

and chest paler. Young: reddish, white spotted, spots of side un-

equal; nape with a distinct white-edged dark central streak; the

mufle carunculated, rather angularly produced above.

Var. With white rings above the hoofs.

Cervus rufus, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat. vii. 485 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss.

iv. 53. t. 3. f. 41, 42, t.5. f.44; H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 140. t. ;

Pr. Max. Abbild. t. ; Fischer, Syn. 446, 618; Licht. Darst. t. 20;

Sundeval, Pecora, 60.—Cervus simplicicornis (Apara 3.), H. Smith,

G. A. K. iv. 141. t. .—C. dolichurus, Wagner, Supp. iv. 389.—

Cariacou de la Guyane, Buffon, ix. 90.—Biche rouge, Buffon, Supp.

iil. 126.—Gouazou pita, Azara.—Coassus rufus, Gray, Knows. Men.

69. t. 47.

Inhabits 8. America.

The males cast their horns in the month of September, and they

are very shortly replaced by a new pair.

Mr. Fraser has kindly sent me the following description of the fe-

male at Knowsley, figured by Mr. Wolf in November 1850 (PI. XXIV.):

«A female: light red brown, neck and head greyer; darker grey on

the hocks and upper part of the fore legs; the forehead with one

black stripe on each side a grey one in the centre, which leaves two

brown yellow stripes on each side; ears with a purplish brown patch

of about a third of the whole extent inside; the muffle is caruncu-

lated as figured Pl. XXVII. f. 2, of a purplish hue.”

No. CCXVI.—Proceepinés or THE ZootoercaL Socrery.

242

_ 3. Coassus supercrLiARis. The Eveprowep Brocker.

(Mammalia, Pl. XXV. XXVII. f. 4.)

Bright shining red; neck and head grey ; forehead darker ; hocks

and front of the fore legs grey ; stripe in front of the eye and under-

surface of the tail white ; muffle deeply arched above ; ears moderate.

Coassus superciliaris, Gray, Gleanings Knows. Menag. t. 48.

Inhabits the Brazils. Para.

This species chiefly differs from the former in the form of the

muffle and in the presence of the white streak over the eyes. There

is a male at Knowsley, and formerly there was a female in the Gar-

dens of the Society.

4. Coassus AuRITUS. LARGE-EARED BROCKET.

(Mammalia, Pl. XXVI. XXVII. f. 6.)

Bright pale red brown; head and neck grey; orbits pale brown-

ish; spot on side of upper lip, chin, belly, hinder side of fore and

front side of hinder thighs and under side of tail, white ; crown dark

grey brown; ears very large, broad, acute, more than half the length

of the head, with two lines of hairs in them.

Inhabits the Brazils.

There is a female of this species in the Gardens of the Society ; it

greatly resembles the Indian Muntjac in the distribution of its colour.

In the British Museum there are two skulls which belong to these

species. They have the face shorter and thicker than the skull of

C. nemorivagus, the nasals are wider behind ; the suborbital pit small

or less impressed, and the grinder larger.

The first belongs to a young specimen in the Museum Collection,

apparently of C. rufus. It has a small slightly impressed pit just in

front of the edge of the orbit. The second belongs to a more adult

female, sent, without the skin, from Para by Mr. Reginald Graham ; it

is considerably larger than the preceding, and there is scarcely any

visible impression in front of the orbit, only a slight concavity of the

general surface. This skull exactly resembles that of C. superciliaris,

which was in the Zoological Society’s Gardens.

** Ears thickly covered with short hairs; skull with a very deep

oblong suborbital pit ; face short ; grinders large. West coast

of America. Pudu.

5. Coassus Pupu. The VENApDA.

Fur rufous, blackish in front and darker behind, and on the fore-

head and lower part of the leg ; hairs ringed, of cheeks and neck grey-

ish, of forehead and ears bright rufous; ears short ; tail very short.

Cervus humilis, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1831, 27. fem. ; Sundev. Pecora,

60.—C. rufus, Wagner, Supp. iv.— Capra Pudu, Molina.—Chevreuil,

Poeppig, Froriep’s Notiz. 1529; Férussac, Bull. Sci. xix. 95.—Cer-

vus Pudu, Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1846, 90.—Antilope (Mazama)

Temmamazama, H. Smith, G. A. K. iv. 291?

Inhabits Chili ; Conception and Chiloe (King). Brit. Museum.

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243

3. ON THE HABITS OF HELIX LACTEA.

By J. S. Gasxoin, F.Z.S. erc.

As all facts relating to animated nature, elucidating the habits and

powers of living creatures, however low their station in the scale of

creation, must be interesting and instructive, I do not hesitate to place

before the Zoological Society a few observations I have been enabled

to make on some individuals of the genus Helix. In April 1849, I

purchased four or five specimens of Helix lactea (African), and placed

them in water to be cleaned for my cabinet ; one, some hour or two

after immersion, resuscitated, and escaped from the vessel. These

specimens were selected from a great many others, all of which had

been together in a dry dusty drawer in the dealer’s shop for more than

two years, and had been imported by a merchant of Mogadore, in

whose possession they had remained, in a similar condition, for a still

longer period. The test of submersion in water was afterwards prac-

tised on the whole stock of the dealer, and none reviving, it was con-

cluded all were dead. I placed the living stranger under a large glass

bell on a tub of earth, and it lived well on cucumbers and the outside

leaves of cabbages, &c., quite alone, until the end of the following

October, when I discovered about thirty minute black helices, not the

twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter, crawling on the inside of the glass,

on the mould, &c. At first I had doubts as to their origin, but with

growth the markings and form of my African captive being approach-

ed, the point was no longer to be mistaken. Some of these are now

(October 30, 1850) nearly as large as the parent, which measures 14

inch across the long diameter of the aperture, although the lip in no

instance has begun to evert ; thus twelve months have not sufficed to

attain the adult state. Now as the Helix is known to be bi-sexual,

and not hermaphrodite, it follows that in this instance impregnation

or conception must have occurred prior to the capture of the animal,

after which it fell into a state of suspended animation, and.is traced

to have remained so for more than four years; and we know nothing

of the time it may have remained in the hands of the native gatherer

before he took his collectings to the town dealer for sale; and I see

no reason why, vitality having been latent for so lengthened a period,

it might not have continued so almost indefinitely, and on the resto-

ration of animation all the functions of the system resumed at once

their natural powers: and what is most remarkable, utero-gestation

resumed its process to accomplish the period, from the time it had

been arrested, as though no circumstance had suspended the opera-

tion, and the time destined by Nature for its completion. I conclude

the Helix to be insusceptible of prospective fecundation, that is, one

communication of the sexes being sufficient for more than one con-

ception, or there would probably before this time have been another

brood of young ones, as the parent is still living and flourishing.

To render this paper more perfect, I will add a few other examples

relating to the same subject. Dr. Baird has recorded in the ‘Annals

of Natural History’ for July last, the circumstance of an Egyptian

Helix, the “Snail of the Desert,’ the Helix maculosa of De Férussae,

having remained gummed to a tablet in a show-case of the British

244

Museum during four years, when the existence of an apparently re-

cently formed epiphragm being observed, it was removed from the

tablet and placed in tepid water, and in a short time crawled away.

It fed on cabbage-leaf, and began very soon the completion of a re-

pair of the aperture of its shell, which had been broken prior to its

capture, the suspension of animation having arrested the execution of

the work. It resuscitated on the 15th of March last, but has shown

neither signs nor result of fecundation, although still living.

I am indebted to Mr. T. Vernon Wollaston (who interspersed his

entomological pursuits, during a two seasons’ residence on the island,

with a no less fruitful and valuable research in terrestrial eoncho-

logy) for several species of living mollusks, principally Helices, indige-

nous to Madeira and its adjacent rocks: all these had lain in a box in

dry canvas bags for a year and a half, and had been restored to vitality

by placing them in water. They were put under glass shades, on

flower-pots filled with mould, or in large glass cases, and all fed well.

Three individuals of the Helix undata of Lowe, within forty hours,

deposited more than two hundred small, white, semipellucid pearl-like

eges, which, on exposure to the air, soon became of an opake white ;

not in a covering, nor agglutinated, but together, loose in the earth.

One portion or nidus, about sixty in number, I immediately restored

to their situation, about three-quarters of an inch below the surface,

covering them with mould, hoping therefrom to learn the period of

incubation. The parents burrowed their heads and bodies into the

earth, remaining in that position some twenty or thirty hours, or

forced themselves, shell and all, below the turf, and so deposited their

ova. Other species have also produced eggs.

Curious and instructive as these facts may be, perhaps the conti-

nuance of the vital principle in mollusks removed from their native

element may seem still more so, especially in the case of a bivalve,

which has so much less perfectly the power of excluding the influence

of atmospheric air on its animal substance; yet the latency of ani-

mation is a quality obviously necessary for the inhabitants of ponds

and other shallows, which of course at certain seasons are liable to be

dried, or the existence of the species would soon become extinct. An

Unio, which lives in ponds, and much resembles the British species,

Unio tumidus of Retzius, but is somewhat higher and shorter, was

packed up by the Rev. Robert King, on the 26th of January 1849,

at Wide Bay in Australia, having been enclosed in a dry drawer for

231 days, but was first submitted to the test of water, when its valves

opened and it was alive. On its arrival at Southampton about the

~ latter end of June 1850, 498 days after it had been taken from the

pond, Mr. Newnham, to whom it was consigned, in consequence of

what Mr. King had written, a second time placed it in water, when it

expanded its valves and was living. It was then forwarded, inter alia,

to the British Museum, and is restored to its element with full vital

powers, in the care of Dr. Baird of that establishment, to whom I am

indebted for this relation.

I have now living, the Helix Fraseri, Australia; H. lactea, Africa ;

H. turricula, Madeira; H. laciniosa, Madeira; H. undata, Madeira ;

H. tectiformis, Madeira; and the Carocolla Wollastoni, Madeira.

Proc.Z.5. Aves, XX

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245

4. On new Birgps In THE CoLuecTion AT KNowsuey. By Mr.

Lovis Fraser. In a LETTER TO THE SECRETARY.

(Aves, Pl. XXV.—XXIX.)

Knowsley Hall, November 11, 1850.

Sir,—Having received a notification, through Lord Derby, of my

appointment to the Consulship at Whydah, my stay in England is

necessarily drawing to a close. I have endeavoured to meet your

wishes by forwarding a few brief descriptions from novelties contaimed

in this extraordinary Collection, and with his lordship’s permission I

forward the original drawings made by Mr. Wolf, who has been en-

gaged here for some considerable time.

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient servant,

Louis Fraser.

D. W. Mitchell, Esq., Sec. Zool. Soc. Lond.

The first specimen to which I would wish to draw the attention of

the Society is a Parrakeet of large size, which I propose calling

Patzornis Derpianus. (Aves, Pl. XXV.)

Forehead, round the nostrils, a small stripe from the nostrils to the

eyes, and a broad moustache, black ; head, towards the bill and round

the eyes, green, passing into a light violet-blue on the occiput and ear-

coverts ; the remaining upper parts of the bird, the thighs, vent and

under tail-coverts green, being more yellow on the back of the neck

and centre of the wings; the shafts of the two centre tail-feathers

dark purplish brown, with their webs, towards the apex, blue; from

the hinder part of the ears, down the side of the neck, and behind

the moustache, runs a narrow line of light rose-coloured purple, which

colour extends over the whole under surface; the under side of the

tail-feathers greyish yellow; bill black; feet the usual parrakeet

colour ; eyes pale straw-colour.

Length from base of beak to sae of tail, 20 inches.

Curve of i mandible. . # satel ects

Wing 3,

H Nov ees |e eee Se ae eel Sena 104 ,,

Hab. 2

This specimen has been many years in this collection, and I have

chosen for its specific name that of its noble owner. The species is

easily distinguished from all the other members of the genus by its

larger size, and the colours of the bill, head and breast.

The next bird is a second species of the same genus.

PALZORNIS ERYTHROGENYS. (Aves, Pl. XXVI.)

Male: Green; the back, between the shoulders, mealy ; cheeks

and ear-coverts red, which colour passes on to the hind head, where

246

it meets, in a more rosy tint; moustache black ; the tips of the two

centre tail-feathers blue ; upper mandible red, lower black ; legs grey.

Length from base of bill to end of tail, 154 inches.

Curve of upper mandible........... 13

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Hab. 2

This bird is nearly allied to P. longicauda, Bodd., but is larger ;

the tint on the cheeks is different ; the belly and under wing-coverts

are green; the primaries are not edged with blue; the’ centre tail-

feathers are only blue for half their length ; and the rump is green.

Crax Atperti. (Aves, Pl. XXVII. XXVIII.)

Male: Black, with blue gloss; the lower part of the belly, vent,

under tail-coverts, and the tips of the tail-feathers, white ; cere beauti-

ful azure blue ; bill yellowish green horn-colour ; eyes dark hazel.

Female: Red-brown; head and crest-feathers barred alternately

with black and white ; rump and tail barred with brown, yellow and

dark brown; bill black horn-colour; eyes dark hazel.

Hab. ?

The pair of birds from which the accompanying descriptions and

figures were taken, are now living in his lordship’s aviaries. A new

and beautiful species of a limited family like the Curassows must be

looked upon as a valuable addition to our stock of ornithological

acquaintances, and deserving of a distinguished cognomen. _ I there-

fore propose to name it after Her Most Gracious Majesty’s illustrious

consort, His Royal Highness Prince Albert, forming at the same time

a companion to my Gowra Victorie.

The male is at once distinguished from its nearest ally (Crax Alec-

tor, Linn.) by the blue cere: the female differs from all the speci-

mens I have had an opportunity of examining by the broad bands on

the tail.

PENELOPE NIGER. (Aves, Pl. XXIX.)

Male: Black, with blue, and in some lights green reflections ; bill,

throat (nearly naked), tarsi and feet red.

Female: Brown, with green reflections, each feather having several

bars of rust-colour, the colour and markings being less distinct on the

under surface of the bird.

Length from base of beak to tip of tail, 23 inches.

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Hab. 2

There are three specimens in this museum, two males and one

female ; one of the males lived in the aviaries for many years.

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247

5. An Account or FISHES DISCOVERED OR OBSERVED IN Ma-

DEIRA SINCE THE YEAR 1842*. By THE Rev. R. T. Lows,

M.A

Family ZEn1pz,

1. Zeus concuirer. Lilacino-cinereus, capite inermi ; thorace

pinnaque dorsali analique utrinque scutatis ; spinis dorsalibus

anterioribus brevissime filamentosis ; pinnis ventralibus 1+ 5-

radiatis ; caudali lunata.

D. 9 v. 104-25 v. 26; A.2+(14+25 v. 26); P.13; V.45;

_L+L+V: | MB. 7; Vertebree, 13 abd. + 21 cand. = 34.

1+1.4VI.

An example of this very fine new Dory was communicated, with a

short notice, to the Zoological Society in 1845+. The row of large

and remarkable naked bony scutellee on each side, at the base of the

dorsal and anal fins, and along the breast or ventral line, afford a very

striking character. They resemble the depressed shells of a Fvssu-

rella seen in profile, and are beautifully radiato-striate, with a bright

iridescent rose or lilac lustre, like the inside of a Trigonia. The

umbo forms a smooth short strong spine or recurved prickle. The

dark thumb-mark on the middle of the sides is present, as in Z. Gal-

lus, L. Three examples only have occurred, measuring from eighteen

inches to a little more than two feet in length.

The supposed affinity between Zeus and Oreosoma, Cuv.f, is much

corroborated by this fish.

2. Arcyropeticus Ourersi. (Sternoptyx Olfersii, Cuv. R.

An. (2nd edit.) ii. 316. t. 13. f. 2.)

A single example, caught with a boatscoop on the surface of the

water in the Bay of Funchal, June 6, 1845.

The name of Pleurothysis, proposed in the ‘Fishes of Madeira,’

p. 64, for this portion of the Cuvierian genus Sternoptyz, has been

anticipated by that of Argyropelicus, previously assigned to a Medi-

terranean species by the Italian naturalist Cocco, and adopted in the

‘Fauna Italica’ by the Prince of Canino.

I have now succeeded in obtaining both the Cuvierian species of

Sternoptyz in this part of the Atlantic ; though St. diaphana (Le St.

d’ Herman, Cuv.) cannot, like 4rg. Olfersii, be perhaps fairly claimed

at present to belong to the Madeiran fauna §. °

The Atlantic and Mediterranean species.of Argyropelicus may be

thus distinguished : <<

Are. Ourersi1, Cuv pore altiore, altitudine dimidium lon-

gitudinis (dempta pinna caudali) superante; parte postica

(caudali) abbreviata ; capite duplo altiore quam longo; sterno

* Proc. Zool. Soc., June 1843, part 11. p. 81.

+ Ibid. part 13. p. 103. + Fishes of Madeira, Preface, p, xii.

§ Proc. Zool. Soc. part 11. p. 85.

248

postice in forcipem, preoperculo inferne in aculeum simplicem

desinente. (St. Olfersii, Cuv. 1. c.)

Arc. HEMIGYMNUS, Cocco. Corpore angustiore, altitudine di-

midium longitudinis (dempta pinna caudali) equante; parte

postica (caudali) elongata; capitis longitudine altitudinem

equante ; sterno postice in angulum simplex acutum, preoper-

culo inferne in aculeos duos desinente. (Arg. hemigymnuus v.

Sternoptyx mediterranea, Cocco et Buon. Faun. Ital. cum fig.)

This extraordinary group of fishes offers many points of analogy

with Berycide.

Fam. Licup.

3. TEMNopon vapiGco. (Lichia vadigo, Cuv. et Val. vii. 363.

t. 235.)

A single example was taken in February 1846, but it appeared to

be quite unknown to the fishermen, and is therefore to be regarded

as a mere straggler in these seas.

If the genus Temnodon be retained, this fish has precisely the same

claims to a place in it as the common “Anchova”’ of Madeira (7. sal-

tator, Cuy. et Val.).

Fam. ScomMBRID&.

4. Scomser coxias (Gm.), Cuv. et Val. viii. 39. t. 209. (The

Spanish Mackerel, Yarr, Brit. Fish. i. 131.)

In April 1844, the market in Funchal was plentifully supplied with

these fishes for two or three successive days, They were said to have

been brought from Porto Santo.

5. AUXIS VULGARIS, Cuy. et Val. viii. 139. t. 216.

A single example, February 3, 1845. Not quite unknown to the

fishermen, but its occurrence said to be a mere chance.

6. PrLamys sArpA, Cuv. et Val. viii, 149. t. 217.

October 27, 1844: asingle example, called “Sarda” by the fisher-

men, to whom it is not absolutely unknown, though, like the last, of

merely casual occurrence.

Fam. T2NIOIDZ2.

7. TRACHYPTERUS GRyPHURUS. Corpore elongato, macula poste-

riore laterali spatio tertiam partem totius longitudinis equante

a basi pinne caudalis amota; pinnarum radiis scabris ; linea

laterali inermi, postice supra marginem ventralem desinente.

With

D.5+166; P.10 v.11; V.14+5; A.0; C.——; M.B.6.

Intermediate between T. fala and T. iris(of Cuvier and Valen-

ciennes’ ‘ Histoire,’ vol. x. pp. 333, 341 3) approaching, perhaps, near-

est to the latter, but differing in its deeper shape ( D==> instead

\ 7

249

of Dor 10 13): and in the backwarder position of the third dark side-

spot. The ventral fins are short, only equalling one-twelfth of the

body without the caudal fin, and the four first produced rays of the

first dorsal are equal in length to the ventral fins. The lateral line

ends as in MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes’ figure (t. 297) of T. iris,

but is quite unarmed. The ventral line is serrulate, and the whole

surface, particularly towards the ventral line, is finely shagreened or

granulate; the granulations becoming stronger towards the ventral

line, as in the same figure.

In shape and proportions it agrees better with 7. falz, but differs

in several important particulars from MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes’

description of that fish.

The only individual examined of this beautiful and extraordinary

fish occurred in June 1845, and has been added by me to the collec-

tion of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. It was scarcely quite

dead when I first saw it, and was in the most perfect state of preserva-

tion. Another Trachypterus had occurred in June 1844, and was

probably the same species ; but the example was unfortunately thrown

away by the person to whom it had been mis-sent without my seeing

it. It was said to have been about three feet long.

The whole body is pure bright silver, appearing as if frosted from

the fine granulations of the surface. The fins are of a delicate scar-

let or vermilion, the lower point or angle of the caudal being tipped,

and the hinder end of the dorsal edged with black. On the sides are

three blackish oval or elliptic spots. This example was twenty-tive

inches long, exclusive of the caudal fin, which resembles a bat’s or

griffin’s wing, and is erected in a fan-like manner; the lower lobe or

portion being suppressed or undeveloped, and only indicated by the

presence of five short spinules or abortive rays.

Fam. LaBrip&.

8. Lasprus LArvatus. Flavus, capite humerisque griseo-nigres-

cente larvatis ; pinna dorsali antice caudaque utrinque infra

lineam lateralem rectiusculam unimaculatis ; corpore oblongo

elongato ; dentibus validis crebris, antice biseriatis ; pinne

caudalis apicibus analisque ventraliumque margine ccruleo-

nigris.

D.17+13; A.3+11; P.16; V.1+5; C.

Squamee lin. lat. 42—45.

In general appearance, shape, and the peculiar straightness of the

lateral line, this fine species much resembles Cossyphus Darwini, Jen. ;

but it is a true Zadrus, with the dorsal and anal fins naked, and the

preopercle quite entire. Its nearest allies are therefore L. mixtus and

L.Scrofa; from which however, besides other characters, the nume-

rous strong teeth distinguish it. A single example only has occurred,

measuring seventeen inches and a quarter in length.

3v.4+VI.

Qv.34V.? B.M.5;

250

Fam. CHEIRONECTID2.

Gen. Cuaunax, Lowe.

Gen. Char. Corpus subeubico-oblongum, sufflabile, nudum, cute

presertim ad ilia ventremque flaccidissima laxa ; antice obesum,

postice abrupte attenuatum subcompressum. Caput osseum mag-

num subtetrahedrum, superne nuchaque latum planatum, utrin-

que s. ad genas declive; oculis lateralibus, spatio interoculart

convexo; ore rictuque amplissimis transversis plagio-plateis s.

depressis. Dentes intermaxillares vomerinique palatinique parvi

scobinati. Nares simplices (nec pedicellate nec tubulose). Spi-

racula (foramina branchialia) postica s. ad ilia pone pinnarum

pectoralium azillas. Pinna dorsalis unica; pectoralibus (pedi-

cellatis) carnosis ; ventralibus jugularibus spathulatis carnosis ;

analis postica; caudalis simplex truncata. Cirri, preter uni-

cum in fossula internasalt, nulli.

9. Caaunax pictus, Lowe in Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. part 4. p. 340.

t."51:

1+IV.

Dod bs: As4j 21 db eM, 450 2411.

Species adhuc unica. Had. in mari Maderensi.

I have nothing to add to the full account of this curious fish above

referred to, except by way of correction to the second paragraph in

p- 344, which has been erroneously printed, and should stand thus:

“‘ Whilst Cheironectes seems its most natural, Halieutea is its near-

est technical ally. Agreemg with Lophivs in the wide transverse

mouth, and in the backward position of the breathing orifices in the

flanks, but with Cheironectes more in shape, in the granular or velvety

roughness of the skin, and in colour; it differs from both, and ap-

proaches Halieutea, in the absence of crests or cilia on the back, and

in the single dorsal fin. In these last two points, and in the rough-

ness of the skin, it agrees with Halieutea, but differs in its Diodon-like

shape, and in the position of the breathing-holes considerably behind,

instead of above or before, the axils of the pectoral fins.”

Fam. ScorELiDz.

Gen. Po&#NopDoN.

Gen. Char. Caput magnum compressum, oculis magnis, rostro

brevissimo obtuso, rictu magno pone oculos longe diducto, mento

subtus ad symphysin cirro barbato. Dentes intermazillares uni-

seriati ; anteriores (5 v. 6 utrinque) validi tenues prelongi la-

niarti subrecurvi remoti distincti, extrorsum supra labia invi-

cem claudentes ; ossibus palati dentibus minoribus uniseriatis,

lingua biseriatis, armatis. Opercula simplicia plana. Corpus

elongatum compressum nudum? s. exsquameum; abdomine pune-

tis argenteis (ut in Scorexo) seriatis. Linea lateralis recta

pinneque fere ut in Score.o, pectoralibus brevioribus.

251

10. PHa&Nnopon rincens. (Scopelus barbatus, nob. MS. olim.)

9+1.+IX.

ma J). 16; 244D.0; A. 16; V.7; P. 9; C.—————-;; M..B..?

1™ D.16; 2% D.0; A. 16; Vi 7; Pog C. ST ViiL M.B

Closely allied to Scopelus, but with the head and teeth of Echio-

stoma, which it also resembles in its single cartilaginous beard or

barbule.

A single example occurred in May 1845, and was placed by me in

the collection of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, under the MS.

name of Scopelus barbatus. {t was seven inches long, and the above

fin-formula is taken from it.

I have been favoured by the Duc de Leuchtenberg this winter with

the opportunity of examining a second individual, procured from a

fisherman. It agreed in all important details with the former, but

was only from five to six inches long, and had a much shorter barbule.

Both these examples were entirely devoid of scales, but from cer-

tain appearances I am inclined to attribute this defect to injury.

The colour is a uniform brownish or coal-black, except the silver

' pits, which are disposed in rows along the throat and belly, exactly

as in Scopelus. -

11. ScopeLus MADERENSIs (Suppl. in Trans. Zool. Soe. iii. part 1.

p- 14).

Appears to be distinguished from Sc. Humboldti by the forwarder

(medio-dorsal) position of its first dorsal fin, and by the long pec-

toral fins, which are contained from four to four and a half times in

the whole length, and reach to the end of the base of the first dorsal

fin. The anal fin has fourteen rays.

Examples have occurred of two other forms or species, with shorter

pectoral fins, in one of which the anal fin has fourteen, and in the

other twenty-two rays. In the first of these, the length of the pec-

toral fin is one-sixth of the whole length of the fish (P=3); in the

second it is one-fifth and four-sevenths of the same (p=3 Rae

rather longer. But further investigations will be requisite before

these can be safely proposed as species. In general habit, colour,

and appearance, they agree with S. maderensis.

12. Mrtorras typHtops (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, vol. xi. p. 90).

Another example has occurred of this most curious and anomalous

little fish. It was brought to me in May 1849, from the same place,

Magdalena, at which I obtained the former. It is of much larger

size, measuring three inches and a half in length. I find nothing

whatever to correct in the account above referred to, except that the

maxillary teeth, instead of being “ uniseriate,” are in a scobinate or

brush-like band in both jaws; narrow in the upper, broader in the

lower jaw.

The acquisition of a second example, confirming the peculiar cha-

racters before set down, is the more satisfactory, from the former

252

having been unfortunately destroyed by the wasting of the alcohol in

which it was kept.

Fam. GADID.

13. Puycis rurcatus, Flem. (not Bowdich) ; Yarr. Brit. Fish.

ed. 1. ii. 201. (Le Merlus barbu, Duham. Cuv. R. An. ed. 2.

ii. p. 335.)

A single example occurred May 8, 1845; not quite agreeing with

the figure in the ‘ British Fishes,’ yet certainly distinct from the com-

mon “ Abrotea” of Madeira (P. mediterraneus, Lar.), of which, on

the other hand, the P. furcatus of Bowdich (Excurs. p. 122. f. 28)

was unquestionably a mere accidentally fork-tailed individual.

Fam. ECHENEIDZ.

14. EcHENrrs viTrara, Suppl. to Synops. in Trans. Zool. Soc.

vol. iii. part 1. p. 17, and Hist. Fish. Mad. p. 77. t. 11.

The acquisition of an adult example measuring 2 feet 63 inches in

length, has proved the fish above described to have been a young in-

dividual of E. vittata, Riippell (Neu. Wirbel. p. 82). It is fortunate

that the happy coincidence of name necessitates no change or con-

fusion in rendering justice to my learned friend’s prior claim in the

establishment of this well-marked species. The lateral dark band or

vitta becomes indistinct in adult individuals. In the large full-grown

example above mentioned it had disappeared entirely.

Fam. Mur2nNip&.

Gen. LEpTORHYNCHUS, 106.

Gen. Char. Caput scolopaciforme, callo elongato distinetum ;

maaillis in rostrum tenue productis, utraque dentibus minutissi-

mis lime instar scabra ; rictu pone oculos diducto. Nares oculis

contigue approximate, simplices nec tentaculate. Oculi magni.

Corpus nudum anguilliforme compressum, gracile, elongatum ;

postice longissime attenuato-productum filiforme, apice acuto.

Aperture branchiales sat magne, ante pinnas pectorales ob-

lique deorsum fisse. Pinnz pectorales distincte lanceolate, sat

magne ; pinna dorsali ad nucham paullo ante, anali ad gulam

paullo post pinnas pectorales incipiente ; utraque usque ad apt-

cem caude continuata, membranacea, nec cute cooperta, sed ra-

diis sat validis distinctis.

15. Leproruyncuus Levcutenserer. (The Snipe-LHel.)

I am indebted for an opportunity of describing this interesting new

type of Murenide to the favour of His Imperial Highness the Due

de Leuchtenberg, to whom an example was brought by a fisherman

in January last. It approaches the dnguillide by its well-developed

pectoral fins. The prolonged beak-like muzzle also reminds one of

that of Leptognathus, Swainson. The unique individual examined,

which measured 2 feet 9 inches in length, scarcely half an inch in

height, and four lines in thickness, is included in the extensive col-

253

lections formed with so much scientific ardour and discrimination by

His Imperial Highness the Duc de Leuchtenberg, during his late six

months’ residence in Madeira.

Fam. BALIsTID&.

16. Monacantuus AauricA. Hispidus, cauda utrinque dense

hispido-villosa ; pallide olivaceo-murinus, sublutescens, fusco-

lutoso-maculatus v. interrupte longitudinaliter subfasciatus ;

fasciis luteis inconspicuis evanescentibus 3 v. 4 ab oculis antice

oblique radiantibus ; radiis 1 v. 2 anticis dorsalis prime ali-

quando in filamentum productis.

1™D,1; 24D.31; A.30v. 31; P.13 v.14; C.14+X.+1.

From eight to ten or eleven inches long. On each side, towards

the base of the caudal fin, is an oblong patch, like plush or velveteen,

of close thickset hairs or bristles. The occasional production of the

second or first two rays of the second dorsal fin is perhaps sexual.

Such examples have the muzzle rather longer and more produced be-

fore the eyes than those which have not the elongated dorsal fila-

ment. They are perhaps the M. filamentosus of M. Valenciennes,

to whose figure and description, however, in MM. Webb and Berthe-

lot’s ‘Canarian Fishes,’ I regret I have not access.

Several examples have occurred, chiefly in the autumn, during the

last five or six years, of this previously in Madeira unobserved or un-

recorded species.

SQUALID.

Fam. ALOPECID2.

17. Auorras vutpes, Buon. (The For Shark, Yarr. ti. 379.)

An example occurred this spring of unusual size, measuring eighteen

feet in length, of which the tail was ten feet. The skin was preserved

by the Duc de Leuchtenberg.

Fam. SpINAcIDz&.

18. CenrrorHorvus sauamosvs, Miill. und Henle, p. 90, with a

figure.

The Ramudo or Raimudo of Madeira, not unfrequently taken off

the Dezertas at a depth of twelve or fourteen “Jinhas,” i. e. from 350

to 400 fathoms, belongs apparently to the above species, the habi-

tat of which was unknown to its describers, MM. Miller and Henle.

I have only examined female examples, and the fishermen profess

themselves to be entirely unacquainted with the male, which I have

however formerly (March 10, 1838) once seen, though without oppor-

tunity for a close or accurate examination, and so perhaps without re-

marking any spine near the tips of the claspers or ventral fin-append-

ages. The individuals examined were five or six feet long, but the

fish is said to grow to a much larger size.

Madeira, May 25, 1850.

254

December 10, 1850.

Prof. Owen, V.P., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. DescrRIPTION OF SEVERAL NEW SPECIES OF ENTOMOSTRACA.

By W. Barro, M.D., F.L.S. erc.

(Annulosa, Pl. XVII. XVIII.)

Legion BRANCHIOPODA.

Order PoyLLopropa.

Family APopIDz&.

Genus Leripurus, Leach.

1. Lepipurvs viripis, Baird. (Pl. XVII. f. 1.)

Body of animal, including the flap of tail segment, about two inches

long and one broad. The carapace and whole body are of a fine green

colour, the carapace covering about two-thirds of the abdomen; the

edges of the notch in the posterior part of carapace are strongly

toothed, and those of the inferior half of the carapace are very finely

serrated ; these teeth are of two sets, the one much larger than the

others ; the larger teeth are of a green colour, tipped at the point

with dark brown ; they are about eleven in number, and between each

there are two or three much smaller ones interspersed. The appen-

dages of the first pair of feet are very short and small, scarcely ex-

tending beyond the edge of the carapace. The segments of the abdo-

men are each studded with a row of stout, slightly curved spines of a

green colour tipped at their edges with dark brown. The tail flap is

oval, keeled down the centre, the keel being beset with short sharp

spines, and the edges of the flap are finely serrated. The long setee

of the tail are nearly the length of the whole animal, and are covered

with short hairs.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land. British Museum.

Legion Lopuyropopa.

Order OstRacopDA.

Family Cypripipz.

Genus Cypris, Miiller.

1. Cypris Donneti, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 19-21.)

Carapace valves elongate oval. Anterior extremity narrower than

posterior, and considerably flatter ; posterior extremity rounded and

very convex; dorsal edge arched; ventral slightly reniform. The

surface of the valves is smooth and shining, of a brown colour, varie-

WWing. delet Lith Ford é West, Lithographers.64,Hatton Carden

1.LEPIDURUS VIRIDIS. 2,3,4. ESTHERIA DAHALACENSIS.

, 6, 7. CYPRIDINA MARIA. 8,9,10. CYPRIDINA INTERPUNCTA

12,13, SESS anti es ZEALANDICA 4,

_————

255

gated with patches of a darker shade. The pediform antenne are

provided with about six bristles of considerable length.

Hab. Freshwater ponds, Coquimbo ; collected by — Donnet, Esq.,

Surgeon R.N. Brit. Mus. ; from the collection of H. Cuming, Esq.

2. Cypris cungata, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 22-24.)

Carapace valves wedge-shaped, much broader at anterior than poste-

rior extremity. Dorsal margin highly arched ; ventral deeply sinuated

in the centre, giving the shell a reniform appearance. Valves very

convex in the centre, and surrounded by a prominent margin, which

at the anterior extremity, when highly magnified, is seen to be mi-

nutely and finely serrated. The whole carapace is of a deep green

colour, and covered with fine hairs.

Hab. Duddingston Loch, near Edinburgh; August 1850.

Genus Cannon, Baird.

1. Canpona tacTeEA, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 25-27.)

Carapace valves oblong ovate, convex. Dorsal margin nearly

straight ; ventral slightly sinuated in the centre. Anterior and poste-

rior extremities of nearly equal size. Surface of valves smooth and

shining, and of a dull white colour.

This species resembles in shape the Candona reptans, but is only

about one-fourth the size, and is of a uniform dull white colour.

Hab. Freshwater pond at Charing, Kent; collected by W. Harris,

Esq., to whom I am indebted for specimens. Regent’s Park (7. Ru-

_ pert Jones, Esq.).

Genus CyTHereE, Miller.

1, CyrHere TaRENTINA, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 31-33.)

Carapace valves obovate. Anterior extremity much broader than

posterior, and having a broad flat margin striated on the surface

and toothed round the edge; posterior extremity pointed, having the

same margin, but not so broad, and with much fewer teeth. The

valves are very convex in the middle, of a greyish colour, with a

white patch in the centre, and are slightly pitted all over. Dorsal

and ventral margins both somewhat prominent.

Hab. Tarentum. In Mr. Williamson’s collection.

2. Cyruere seTosa, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 28-30.)

Carapace valves oval. Anterior extremity narrower than poste-

rior. Dorsal margin arched ; ventral sinuated about its anterior third.

Surface of valves shining white, and studded all over with short stiff

hairs.

Hab. Moreton Bay, Australia, and Tenedos. Mr. Williamson’s

collection.

Genus CyTHEREIS, Jones.

1. CyTHEREIS AUSTRALIS, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 10-12.)

Carapace valves somewhat quadrilateral. Dorsal and ventral mar-

256

gins nearly straight. Anterior extremity broader than posterior, and

finely toothed ; teeth numerous. Posterior extremity emarginate on

upper or dorsal edge, and toothed on ventral ; teeth few, and stronger

than those on anterior margin. Surface of valves roughened with

small asperities, and having one tubercle.on about the anterior third

of its length. A raised margin encircles the whole valve.

Approaches very near Cypridina hieroglyphica of Bosquet, Ento-

most. Maestricht, t. 3. f. 4.

Hab. Moreton Bay, Australia. Mr. Williamson’s collection.

2. CyTHEREIS RUNCINATA, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 7-9.)

Carapace valves ovate, flat. Anterior extremity broader than poste-

rior, and rounded ; posterior extremity emarginate on upper or dor-

sal margin. Surface of valves very flat and rugose ; a fiat projecting

border surrounds each valve, which is serrulated at anterior extremity

and toothed on posterior; a high raised sharp ridge runs across the

centre of the valve somewhat in a diagonal direction, which is serru-

lated along its whole length, and a smaller similar ridge is seen near

the ventral margin.

Hab. Tenedos. Mr. Williamson’s collection.

3. CyTrHEREIS FISTULOSA, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 1-3.)

Carapace valves nearly quadrilateral, elongate. Anterior extremity

a little more rounded than posterior, and armed with seven or eight

small teeth ; posterior extremity armed with five or six larger teeth.

Dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight. Surface of valves gra-

nular and ornamented by four elevated straight ridges, which are per-

forated near their margins with small round holes.

Hab. Manilla. Mr. Williamson’s collection.

4. CyTHEREIS PRAVA, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 13-15.)

Carapace valves subquadrangular. Anterior extremity considerably

broader than posterior, rounded, smooth round the edge, and having

a broad flat margin beset on inner edge with small round tubercles ;

posterior extremity emarginate, and furnished on inferior half with

several short teeth. Valves extremely gibbous in centre, and the

surface very rough, wrinkled, and tubercled.

Hab. Tenedos. Mr. Williamson’s collection.

5. CyTHEREIS DEFORMIS, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 4-6.)

Carapace valves ovate, short and gibbous; the two extremities of

nearly the same size. Dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight.

Surface of valves very coarsely granulated and tubercled ; roughly

ridged, but the ridges not perforated as in the preceding species.

Hab. Manilla. Mr. Williamson’s collection.

6. Cyrnerets senticosa, Baird. (Pl. XVIII. f. 16-18.)

Carapace valves flat, ovate. Anterior extremity broader than poste-

rior, and rounded. Dorsal margin sloping towards posterior extre-

~ Proe 2.8. Annals. PIXVIN. 27%

WiWing del et ith, Ford & West, Jathograpbers 54Hattan Garden

1,2,3.CYTHEREIS FISTULOSA. 4,5,6. CYTHEREIS DEFORMIS.

7,8,9.CYTHEREIS RUNCINATA. 10,1112.CYTHEREIS AUSTRALIS.

_ 131415. CYTHEREIS PRAVA. 16,1718. CYTHEREIS SENTICOSA. ;

_ 19,20,21.CYPRIS DONNETII. 22,23,24, CYPRIS CUNEATA.

2 ,26,27 CANDONA LACTEA 28,29,30. CYTHERE SETOSA. 31,32,33,CYTHERE TARENTINA i

297

mity; ventral nearly straight. The surface 6f the valves is very rough,

wrinkled, and beset all over, but especially near the margins, with

strong spinous laciniz.

Hab. Tenedos. Mr. Williamson’s collection.

Genus Cypriprna, M.-Edwards.

1. Cypripina Zeaantca, Baird. (Pl. XVII. f. 11-13.)

Carapace valves of an oval form, somewhat flattened, but convex

in the centre and striated; the strize are numerous, close-set, and

of a waved appearance. Surface of valves covered with minute punc-

tations, which probably give origin in the fresh state to short hairs,

though they are not visible in the dried specimens. The anterior ex-

tremity is slightly narrower than posterior. “The whole carapace is of

a uniform white colour. Natural size one-fourth of an inch long and

one-fifth of an inch broad. -.

Hab. New Zealand. Two specimens were sent to the British Mu-

seum by the Rev. R. Taylor, of Waimati in New Zealand, along with

a collection of marine and freshwater shells, but without any history

attached to them.

2. CyPRIDINA INTERPUNCTA, Baird. (Pl. XVII. f. 8-10:)

Carapace valves oval. Anterior extremity narrower than posterior ;

the notch near anterior extremity very wide, and its anterior margin

blunt and projecting in form of a beak straight upwards ; posterior

extremity obtusely rounded, and terminating near the ventral margin

in a short blunt point. Dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight

or slightly arched. The surface of the valves is of a dull white colour,

and is densely and rather coarsely covered with impressed punctations.

The carapace is convex, but much less so than in C. M‘ Andrei, and

is of a much more oval shape.

Hab. Near the Isle of Skye; collected by R. M‘Andrew, Esq.,

August 1850.

3. Cypriprna Martz, Baird. (Pl. XVII. f. 5-7.)

Carapace valves elongate oval, of exactly the same size at each ex-

tremity ; extremities rounded. Dorsal and ventral margins nearly

plane, or very slightly arched. Surface of valves of a white shining

colour, mottled with a few spots of a dull white, and covered with

minute superficial punctations. Notch or ventral margin of anterior

extremity blunt, leaving the upper and lower margins of the notch

very obtuse.

Approaches Asterope elliptica of Philippi somewhat in figure of

carapace, but is much more elongate, and is one-third larger.

Hab. Off the Isle of Skye; collected by R. M‘Andrew, Esq., Au-

gust 1850.

Pl. XVII. f. 2-4. Estheria Dahalacensis. Vide Proc. Zool. Soc.

1849, p. 89. No. 5.

No. CCXVII.—Proceepincs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

258

2. OBSERVATIONS ON THE DESTRUCTIVE SPECIES OF DipTEROUS

INSECTS KNOWN IN AFRICA UNDER THE NAMES OF THE

Tsrtsr, ZIMB, AND TSALTSALYA, AND ON THEIR SUPPOSED

CONNEXION WITH THE FourtTH PLAGUE oF EeyrT. By

J. O. Westwoopn, F.L.S., Pres. Ent. Soc. etc.

(Annulosa, Pl. XIX.)

The species of insects which attack the larger of our domestic qua-

drupeds may be divided into two chief classes ; first, those which do

so in order to obtain a supply of food for their own support; and

second, those which do so with the object of depositing their eggs in

such a position, that the larvee, when hatched from them, will be cer-

tain of finding a proper supply of food derived from some part of the

animal, either external or internal.

The insects composing the first of these two classes require for the

performance of their dreaded functions an organization of the parts

of the mouth especially fitting them to pierce the skins and hides of

the quadrupeds upon the blood of which they subsist, and we accord-

ingly find that it is precisely these insects which have the mouth-

organs most fully developed in the different families to which they

respectively belong. The Stomozxys calcitrans, and especially the

different species of Tabanus, are pre-eminent in this respect; and

the formidable array of lancets in the mouth of one of the latter

insects is not to be met with elsewhere among the whole of the flies

composing the order Diptera, to which they belong. The effects of

the attacks of these insects upon the horse are perceived by the

drops of blood which flow from the orifices caused by their bites,

and sometimes these wounds are so numerous, that the beasts “‘ are

all in a gore of blood.” A still smaller species, named by Linnzeus

the Culex equinus, also infests the horse in infinite numbers, running

under the mane and amongst the hair, and piercing the skin to suck

their blood. This insect, although given by Linneus as a Culex,

appears from his description to belong to the genus Simulium, to

which genus also belongs an insect of fearful note, which attacks the

horned cattle in Servia and the Bannat, penetrating the generative

organs, nose, ears, &c. of these animals, and by its poisonous bite de-

stroying them ina few hours. A species of the same genus of minute

Tipulide is common in marshy districts in England, and I have often

experienced its attacks, which have resulted in the raising of a tu-

mour on the part of the flesh which has been attacked, attended by a

considerable amount of local inflammation; and hence we may readily

believe the well-authenticated effects produced upon the cattle above

described. There are various other insects which attack the horse

and ox, such as the Hippobosce, various species of ticks, Anthomyie,

&c.; and if these do not, from their smaller size, cause a discharge of

blood like the large Tabanide, it is certain that the irritation which

they produce not only by their presence upon the skin, but also by

the sharpness of their bite, must be very irritating to the quadrupeds

which they infest.

25°R

Printed bpB Jecvard U1 Fleet Sr,

eset]. GLOSSINA. MORSITANS:Westw. 2. GL. TACHINOIDES, Westw.

a: TABANIFORMIS, Westw. 4) STYLOMVYIA LEONUM;Westw.

\ SP <7 ee

hie tts A SOUND OE ae line

“ 2

259

The insects which do not themselves feed upon our cattle, but

simply infest them for the purpose of depositing their eggs in some

convenient place or other upon their bodies, are in no instance that

I recollect provided with an increased development of the mouth

organs; on the contrary, the @stride are either entirely destitute of

a mouth, or have only very small rudiments of some of the ordinary

parts of the mouth, so as to be entirely unfitted for biting or wound-

ing cattle. The effects however which some of these species pro-

duce are as annoying as those caused by the bites of the Tabani. The

female fly of the common horse bot, @strus Equi, it is true, instils

no dread into the horse round which she is intently engaged in flying,

depositing her eggs here and there in particular spots where the horse

is certain to lick the hairs, by which means the eggs are introduced

into the mouth and pass into the stomach. So little indeed is the

horse affected by the presence of this insect, that I have often stood

close to one round which the Gstrus Lqui has been flying, until the

latter has come within reach of my hand, when I have caught it with-

out trouble. Another species, @strus hemorrhoidalis, is however

much more troublesome ; depositing her eggs on the lips of the horse,

and producing in her endeavours to effect this such an excessive titil-

lation, as to cause great uneasiness to the horse, which tosses its head

about ‘to drive off its enemy, gallops about, and as a last resource

takes refuge in some neighbouring water, where the @s¢ri never fol-

low it. The same kind of effect is also produced in rein deer by the

Cstrus Tarandi *, and in oxen by another species of @strus, Hist.

Bovis, respecting which however much difference of opinion has arisen.

At certain seasons, the whole terrified herd, with their tails in the air,

or turned upon their backs, or stiffly stretched out in the direction of

the spine, gallop about the pastures, finding no rest till they also get

into the water. This Gstrusis asserted by some writers to make a

strong humming noise, and hence it has been supposed that the herd

of cattle are alarmed at the noise; but this must surely be an incor-

rect conjecture, as the @stri, if they make any hum at all, are far out-

stripped in this respect by many other insects which instil no dread

into oxen. Neither are they alarmed in consequence of being sub-

jected to the same kind of attack upon so sensitive a part as the lips,

as is the case with the horses attacked by @strus hemorrhoidalis. It

is however asserted by some writers, that the dread is produced by

the pain inflicted by the @strus in depositing her eggs, her ovipositor

being represented as constructed like an auger or gimlet, only having

several longer points it can wound with more effect. When it is stated,

however, that the female @strus Bovis does not occupy more than a

few seconds in depositing each egg, we may fairly doubt whether, with

her long, fleshy, tubular ovipositor, she has been able to pierce the

hide of an ox; or whether, as Mr. Bracy Clark suggests, she only

* At the present time (April 1851) some of the rein deer in the Gardens of the

Society, which were imported last autumn from Lapland, are infected to a re-

markable extent with the tumours of this species; there must, I think, be from fifty

to a hundred tumours on one of these animals.

260

makes use of this long instrument to thrust the egg down to the sur-

face of the skin, which she does not pierce, but only glues its eggs to

it, the young larvee when hatched burrowing into the flesh. If this

be the case, the act of oviposition must be unattended with pain, as in

the case of the deposition of the eggs of @strus Equi, and we must

search for the cause of the alarm of the herd, either in an instinctive

knowledge that a certain insect flying around them is the parent of a

grub which at a future time will be a torment to them, or in the attacks

of some other insect ; and I confess that I am inclined to consider that

Virgil’s beautiful description of the annoyance caused by

“ Myriads of insects fluttering in the gloom,

(Gstrus in Greece, Asilus named at Rome,)

Fierce and of cruel hum ”’—

has a Tabanus rather than an (strus for its origin.

The larva of the Estrus Equi resides beneath the skin of the back

of the ox, causing large tumours, and having the extremity of its

body constantly placed at the orifice of the wound, where it was in-

troduced as an egg, or introduced itself as a grub, the openings of its

respiratory apparatus being placed at that part of the body.

These introductory remarks on the different modes in which insects

attack our horses and oxen, and the different effects which they pro-

duce, will enable us the better to estimate the effects produced by an

insect, or several species of insects, of tropical Africa upon the horses

of travellers who have lately returned from that part of the world,

where their enterprising researches have been rewarded by the disco-

very of the great central lake Tchad. Captain Frank Vardon, a gen-

tleman who has travelled far in the interior of Africa, has placed in

my hands some fragments of Dipterous insects which attacked his

horses, causing the death of one of them. The following is an ex-

tract from his note to me in reply to my inquiry as to the mode of

its attack :—

“33 Oxford Terrace, Hyde Park, May 1850.

“Dear Str,—I had always heard that the fly of South Africa so

destructive to cattle was a large gad-fly, the size of a bee or hornet.

This is quite erroneous: it is not very much larger than the common

house-fly, but a longer and more ‘rakish’-looking insect, and easily

distinguished by the transverse black bars on its body.

“<1 fancy it is not met with south of the Tropic of Capricorn. It

is usually found on hills, plains being free from it. I have ridden

up a hill and found the Sétsé increasing at every step, till at last forty

or fifty would be on my horse at once. The specimens you saw cost

me one of the best in my stud. He was stung by some ten or a dozen

of them, and died m twenty days. I myself have been bitten by the

Sétsé ; you would almost fancy it was a flea biting you. Some parts

of South Africa are, I should say, rendered inaccessible by the presence

of this pest ; I mean of course to a man who travels in the usual way,

with his oxen and horses.

** How far the Sétsé extends in the interior is of course as yet un-

known, but I have certain information as to its being 200 miles north

261

of the ‘Great Lake’ recently discovered by my friends, Messrs. Living-

ston, Oswell and Murray.

“Yours faithfully,

“FRANK VARDON.”

“* J. O. Westwood, Esq.”

The various specimens forwarded to me by Captain Vardon have

enabled me to determine that the insect is a new species of Wiede-

mann’s genus Glossina, which may be thus characterized :—

Guiossina MorsITANS, Westw. (Pl. XIX. fig. 1. and details.)

Luteo-albida, thoracis dorso subcastaneo, griseo subtomentoso, vit-

tis quatuor longitudinalibus in medio interruptis nigris, scutelli

apice punctis duobus parvis fuscis ; abdomine pallide lutescenti,

segmento basali utrinque macula parva laterali nigra, singulo

segmentorum quatuor proximorum ad basin fascia nigricanti, in

medio interrupta, notatis ; alis parum infumatis.

Long. corp. lin. 5; expans. alar. lin. 8}.

The head is of a dirty buff colour, narrower than the thorax, with

large eyes; the epistoma is paler coloured and clothed with whitish

hairs; the proboscis is rather longer than the height of the head ;

it consists of a slender, horny seta or compound bristle, chestnut-

coloured in its chief length, but dilated at the base into a large oval

bulbous horny lobe, and upon maceration I was enabled to withdraw

from the upper side of the seta (which is consequently grooved), two

. very delicate styles as long as the proboscis ; the sides of this instru-

ment are defended by a pair of elongated, slender setose palpi, as long

as the proboscis itself; these are concave on the inside and blackish

at the tips, and the setee with which they are clothed are also black,

as well as the branched setze with which the arista of the antennz is

furnished ; the outer surface of the arista itself, under a powerful

microscope, is evidently villose. The antennz are inserted in a de-

pressed obconic space between the eyes, rounded above, and there

are two dark spots on the upper part of the epistoma; the two basal

joints of the antennee are dark in front, and the large third joint is

dirty buff-coloured. The thorax is chestnut-red, clothed with a very

delicate grey tomentosity and finely punctured ; it is impressed across

the middle of the dorsum, and is marked with four longitudinal broad

black bars, abbreviated in front and behind, the two central ones being

longest in front, and the two lateral ones longest behind; the two

former are united in front by a black streak from the front margin.

The scutellum is dirty buff, with two dark dots at its extremity, from

which, as well as from various dark dots at the sides, arise long black

setee ; the halteres are nearly white. The wings are slightly stained

with dusky ; the veins black, except at the base of the wing, where

they are dirty-buff. The legs are dirty-buff, with the outside of the

thighs stained with dark brown. The last two joints of the tarsi are

black, with large pulvilli. The abdomen is flat, oval in outline, and

dirty fulvous buff in colour, clothed above with numerous minute

262

black setze, which are greatly elongated at the base of the abdomen

and the extremity and sides of each segment; the first segment is

marked at each side close to the anterior angle with a round black

spot, and each of the four following segments has a broad basal fascia

of dark brown, interrupted in the middle. The sides and under sur-

face of the thorax are varied with black patches; the abdomen is

pale-coloured beneath, with a large terminal oval plate, down the

middle of which runs a pale longitudinal line, preceded by two small

oblique oval patches, thickly clothed with minute black setze.

The peculiarities of the genus Glossina, whereby it is at once distin-

guished from Stomowys, to which it is nearly allied, consist in the dilata-

tion of the extremity of the discoidal cell, the rounded horny bulbous

base of the proboscis, which is not angulated at its base, and the long

and slender flattened palpi, which together form a sheath protecting

the proboscis. Wiedemann’s typical species (which has remained

unique to the present time), Glossina longipalpis, (subsequently de-

scribed by Robineau Desvoidy under the name of Nemorhina pal-

palis,) is a native of Sierra Leone, where it was collected by Afzelius.

M. Macquart, judging from the structure of the mouth, considers it

probable that it does not live upon the blood of animals, like Sto-

moxys, but upon the nectar of flowers; the two setze which are en-

closed in the proboscis and compose the sucker being so slender, that

it is difficult to conceive that they can pierce the skin, the palpi being

also elongated so as to form a protection to it, and thus further indi-

cating its weakness. There is however so great a difference between

the structure of the proboscis in these insects and Stomowys, that I do

not doubt that they are able to pierce the skin of a horse, the proboscis

of Glossina being a long, straight, horny, needle-like instrument, and

not elbowed, with fleshy lips, as is that of Stomorys. Moreover, the

bulbous dilated base of the proboscis must evidently play an import-

ant part in the economy of the insect, either by giving additional

support to the proboscis when in the act of piercing the skin, or by

containing powerful muscles for the action of the enclosed sete ; or,

as suggested to me by Prof. Owen, this dilated base may be analogous

to the dilated base of the sting of the Scorpion, and like it contain a

reservoir of some powerfully poisonous liquid.

The account of the irritating powers of the Glossina given by Cap-

tain Vardon is, it is true, not so detailed as could have been desired,

but we learn sufficient to arrive at the conclusion that its effects are,

to a certain extent, exactly like those of the Tabanide ; how far the

attacks may be attended with tumours, similar to those produced by

the Simulium, and whether a tropical climate may not extend the

effects of the attack, producing inflammatory action upon animals

perhaps never before in those latitudes, are questions which have yet

to be answered. One thing however appears to me evident, that the

Séts¢ is no other than the Zimb of Bruce, (an insect respecting whose

real family and even existence so many doubts have been expressed, )

or at least that that insect is a larger species of Glossina, to whose

real habits Bruce has added those of a species of @istrus. With the

view of establishing this assertion, as well as of clearing up what I

263

consider the inconsistencies of Bruce’s account, I shall beg to intro-

duce his description of the Zimb.

“Nothing was more opposite than the manners and life of the

Cushite and of his carrier the shepherd. The mountains of the Cush-

ite and the cities he built afterwards were situated upon a loamy black

earth, so that, as soon as the tropical rains began to fall, a wonder-

ful phenomenon deprived him of his cattle. Large swarms of flies

appeared wherever that loamy earth was, which made him absolutely

dependent in this respect upon the shepherd ; but these affected the

shepherd also. This insect is called the Zimb * in modern or vulgar

Arabic; it has not been described by any naturalist. It is in size

very little larger than a bee, of a thicker proportion, and the wings,

which are broader than those of a bee, are placed separate, like those

ofafly. They are of pure gauze, without colour or spot upon them ;

the head is large; the upper jaw or lip is sharp, and has at the end

of it a strong pointed hair of about a quarter of an inch long; the

lower jaw has two of these pointed hairs, and this pencil of hairs,

when joined together, makes a resistance to the finger nearly equal

to that of a strong hog’s bristle; its legs are serrated on the inside,

and the whole covered with brown hair or down. As soon as this

plague appears and its buzzing is heard, all the cattle forsake their

food and run wildly about the plain till they die, worn out with fa-

tigue, fright and hunger. No remedy remains but to leave the black

earth and to hasten down to the plains of Atbara, and there they re-

main whilst the rains last, this cruel enemy never daring to pursue

them farther.

«What enables the shepherd to perform the long and toilsome

journeys across Africa is the camel, emphatically called by the Arabs

the ship of the desert. Though his size is immense, like his strength,

and his body covered with a thick skin defended with strong hair, yet

still is he not capable to sustain the violent punctures the fly makes

with his pointed proboscis. He must lose no time in removing to the

sands of Atbara, for when once attacked by this fly, his body, head

and. legs swell out into large bosses, which break and putrefy to the

certain destruction of the creature. Even the elephant and rhino-

ceros, who, by reason of their enormous bulk and the vast quantity

of food and water they daily need, cannot shift to desert and dry

places as the season may require, are obliged to roll themselves in

mud or mire, which when dry coats them over like armour, and en-

ables them to stand their ground against this winged assassin ; yet I

have found some of these tubercles upon almost every elephant and

rhinoceros that I have seen, and attribute them to this cause. All

the inhabitants of the sea-coast of Melinda, down to Cape Gardefan,

Saba, and the south coast of the Red Sea, are obliged to put them-

selves in motion and change their habitation to the next sand in the

beginning of the rainy season, to prevent all their stock of cattle from

being destroyed.

* Of all those that have written upon these countries, the prophet

Isaiah alone has given an account of this animal and the manner of

* “See Appendix. It is the same name as Zebul in Hebrew.—E.”

264

its operation (Isaiah, vii. 18, 19): ‘And it shall come to pass in that

day, that the Lord shall hiss for the fly that is in the uttermost part

of the rivers of Egypt .... and they shall come, and shall rest all of

them in the desolate valleys, and in the holes of the rocks, and upon

all thorns, and upon all bushes.’ ”’ (Travels, ii. pp. 314-317.)

* Tsaltsalya, or Fly.—We are obliged with the greatest surprise

to acknowledge that those huge animals, the elephant, the rhinoceros,

the lion and the tiger, inhabiting the same woods, are still vastly this

fly’s inferiors ; and that the appearance of this small insect, nay, his

very sound, though he is not seen, occasions more trepidation, move-

ment and disorder, both in the human and brute creation, than whole

herds of these monstrous animals collected together, though their

number was in a tenfold proportion greater than it really is. Provi-

dence from the beginning it would seem had fixed its habitation to

one species of soil, being a black fat earth, extraordinarily fruitful.

“ We cannot read the history of the plagues which God brought

upon Pharaoh by the hands of Moses, without stopping a moment to

consider a singularity, a very principal one, which attended the plague

of the fly. The land of Goshen, the possession of the Israelites, was

a land of promise which was not tilled or sown, because it was not

overflowed by the Nile. But the land overflowed by the Nile was the

black earth of the Valley of Egypt, and it was here that God confined

the flies —I have magnified him about twice the natural size.—He

has no sting, though he seems to me to be rather of the bee kind;

but his motion is more rapid and sudden than that of the bee, and

resembles that of the gad-fly in England. There is something par-

ticular in the sound or buzzing of this insect. It is a jarring noise,

together with a humming, which induces me to believe that it pro-

ceeds, at least in part, from a vibration made with the three hairs at

his snout.

“The Chaldee Version is content with calling this animal simply

Zebub, which signifies the fly in general as we express it in English.

The Arabs call it Arob in their translation, which has the same gene-.

ral signification. The Ethiopic translation calls it Tsal tsalya, which

is the true name of this particular fly in Geez, and was the same in

Hebrew. The Greeks have called this species of fly Cynomyia, which

signifies the dog-fly ; in imitation of which, those I suppose of the

church of Alexandria that, after the coming of Frumentius, were cor-

recting the Greek copy and making it conformable to the Septuagint,

have called this fly Tsal tsalya Kelb, in answer to the word Cynomyia.

Salal in the Hebrew signifies ‘to buzz’ or ‘to hum,’ and as it were

alludes to the noise with which the animal terrifies the cattle; and

Tsal tsalya seems to come from this by only doubling the radicals :

tTsalalou*, in Amharic, signifies ‘to pierce with violence.’ ”—

Appendix, vi. 284 et seq.

* “ The name of this fly is undoubtedly derived from a word signifying ‘to buzz’

in Hebrew and Ethiopic. The drawing seems to have been made from a pre-

served subject, an eminent naturalist (the late Prof. Walker) having observed that

some of the jiner parts are wanting init. These may have been lost in keeping, or

during the drawing of it at home.—Enrr.”

265

From this account we learn that it is the sound of this insect which

produces a great amount of trepidation in the cattle of Abyssinia. This

accords with Bracy Clark’s ideas of Estrus Bovis. Bruce’s description

of the position of the wings clearly indicates a Dipterous insect, and

his figure shows a bee-like insect, with a long straight porrected pro-

boscis exactly like that of Glossina. Bruce adds, that the insect

punctures the thick skin of the camel with its proboscis, the parts

attacked breaking out into large bosses, which are also occasionally

found upon the rhinoceros and elephant. It will be observed how-

ever that Bruce merely supposed these tumours to arise from the

attack of the Zimb.

I think we have sufficient grounds for believing that Bruce has

here jumbled together the notion of the buzzing of the strus

instillmg dread into a herd of cattle, his knowledge of the piercing

powers of the proboscis of the Séts¢, and his knowledge of the tu-

mours caused by the presence of the larvee of @stri under the skin

of the camel*, rhinoceros and elephant. The College of Surgeons

possesses a specimen of the larva of the @strus of the rhinoceros,

and the camel is also subject to the attacks of a species of the same

genus ; whilst I consider that Bruce’s figure is made up from memory,

taking the statement of its resemblance to a bee and its possession

of a proboscis together +. No instance, in fact, is known of a spe-

cies which attacks these animals with its proboscis, forming tumours

upon their backs such as are described by Bruce, which agree on the

whole with the tumours caused by the larve of @strus Bovis; and

we have already seen that no @strus is capable of inflicting a wound

with the organs of the mouth, of which in fact all the known species

are destitute, whilst the boring powers of their ovipositors are very

questionable.

The accounts given by Mr. R. Gordon Cumming of the destructive

powers of the Tsetse fully confirm the opinion here advanced, and

prove that although “‘its dite is certain death to oxen and horses,”

it causes no dorsal tumours like an @strus. ‘This hunter’s scourge,”

he says, “is similar to a fly in Scotland called Klegy{, but a little

smaller ; they are very quick and active, and storm a horse like a

swarm of bees, alighting on him in hundreds and drinking his blood.

The animal thus bitten pines away and dies, at periods varying from

a week to three months, according to the extent to which he has been

bitten.” .. . . “The next day one of my steeds died of the ‘ Tsetse.’

The head and body of the poor animal swelled up in a most distress-

ing manner before he died; his eyes were so swollen that he could

* Pliny was aware of the attacks of @stri upon the camel, and he informs us

that the merchants of Arabia were in the habit of anointing their camels with

whale- and fish-oils. (Hist. Mund. lib. xxxii. p. 302, et lib. xi. cap. 16. p. 36.

edit. Pancoucke.)

+ It is evident from the note added by the editor of the 8vo edition, from

which the above extracts have been made, that the drawing of the insect was not

a bond fide one made on the spot, but was manufactured at home.

} Kleg is the local name for the Hematopota pluvialis.

266

not see, and in darkness he neighed for his comrades who stood feed-

ing beside him *.”

The Marquis di Spineto, in a memoir published ‘‘ On the Zimb of

Bruce as connected with the Hieroglyphics of Egypt+,’’ endeavoured

to ascertain the characters of this imsect, and came to the conclusion

that it belongs to the order Diptera, notwithstanding Bruce says that

it very much resembles the Bee genus, and that it has “several of the

properties of the Bombylius, the Tabanus, the Gstrus, and the Hip-

pobosca, without belonging to any of them. In some of its generic

and even specific characters it is like the Boméylius and Gstrus, in

others like the Hippobosca and the Muscidae, in a few like the Taba-

nus and the Dog-fly, whilst in the aggregate it differs from every one

of these insects.” The Marquis points out the various relationships

which the insect, as described by Bruce, presents to these different

genera, considering that the porrected hairs or bristles forming the

mouth “perform the office of suckers, simply because it does not lay

its eggs in the flesh of animals; for according to the account which *

Bruce gives of the evils attending the attacks of this fly, the bosses

which are produced swell, break and putrefy, but never exhibit any

larvee or maggots,” thus differing from the habits of the @stri; to

which however he adds, by some curious misconception, that “ the

larve of the Gstrus live in wood, which does not seem to be the cas

with the Zimb.” :

The Marquis however identifies the Zimb with the Kuyéuua or

‘ Dog-fly’ of the Greeks, the ‘Tsal tsalya Kelb’ of the Alexandrian

Church, the ‘Af an ouhor’ of the ancient Egyptians, the ‘Arob’ or

‘Oreb’ of Exodus viii. 21, and the ‘ @strus’ of Aristotle; and con-

siders that it is the precise species of fly which caused the fourth of

the plagues of Egypt{. As such, he also regards it as the insect

represented on the Egyptian monuments at the head of the cartouches

which enclose the hieroglyphical titles of the Pharaohs, and as a sym-

bol of Lower Egypt (where only the insect occurs), the preceding

figure being intended for a sceptre, in contradiction to the opinion of

M. Champollion, who regards the figure of the insect as that of a

bee; and consequently the signification of the two symbols as that of

«King of an obedient people.” I can by no means however agree

with this opinion of the Marquis Spineto, since an examination of

various Egyptian monuments in the British Museum and elsewhere

(in all of which the insect is represented under precisely the same

form) has convinced me that it is intended to represent a Hymeno-

pterous insect, and not one of the Diptera. It is in fact more like

the figure of a common Wasp than any other ordinary insect ; the

* Five Years of a Hunter’s Life in the Far Interior of South Africa, ii. pp. 220,

227.

+ Lond. and Edinb. Phil. Mag. 1834, vol. iv. p. 170.

t In the Article “‘ Musquitoe” (Brit. Cyclop. Nat. Hist. iii. 299), I have sug-

gested various reasons for supposing that the fourth plague of Egypt was caused

by some species of Culicide, which, although not disproved, are certainly weakened

by the knowledge now obtained of the real habits of the Tsetse or Zimd.

267

appendages of the head, which are obliquely porrected, are evidently

intended for antennze, and not for a bipartite proboscis; the wings,

it is true, are only represented as two in number, but as the two on

each side of the body in the Hymenoptera are hooked together, they

would, by common observers, be regarded as but one ; while the con-

tracted form of the base of the abdomen is precisely that of some of

the Vespide figured in the great French work upon Egypt. The

Polistes represented in pl. 8. fig. 2g. of that work indeed might al-

most be considered as the identical species intended to be represented

on the monuments.

Mr. S. Birch indeed informs me that there is a coloured represen-

tation of this hieroglyphic figure on one of the Egyptian monuments

in the British Museum, and that the banded colours of the abdomen

leave no doubt that it is intended fora Wasp. Moreover the Egyptian

name of this insect was the same as that of Upper Egypt, whilst the

preceding figure was intended for a reed as emblematical of Lower

» Egypt, and consequently the two figures indicated the power of the

monarch over both these parts of the empire.

To render this article more complete, I have added descriptions

of two more tropical African species of Glossina, from the Collection

of the Rev. F. W. Hope, together with that of another remarkable

hitherto undescribed genus allied to Glossina, but distinguished by

the very singular recurved proboscis and long styliferous abdomen,

also from tropical Africa.

Guossina TacHino1pEs, Westw. (Pl. XIX. fig. 2.)

Cinerea, faciei striga longitudinali media fulva, epistomate ar-

genteo-sericeo, thoracis dorso brunneo-maculato, scutello griseo

maculis duabus brunneis punctisque duobus minutis apicalibus

nigris, abdominis dorso carneo-griseo segmento singulo maculis

duabus maximis fuscis, pedibus luteo-albidis, tarsis supra nigris.

Long. corp. lin. 4; expans. alar. lin. 85.

Hab. in Africa occidentali tropicali. (Mus. D. Hope.)

This species is smaller than the preceding and differently coloured.

The terminal joint of the antennz is more lunate in form and

dusky coloured in front; the palpi are dusky coloured at the tip

and clothed with black hairs. The upper surface of the thorax is

ash-coloured, divided across the middle by an impressed line; the

anterior half is marked on each side towards the fore angles with an

oval brown spot, extending laterally and backwards into a lunate line,

enclosing a smaller oval spot on each side towards the hinder angles :

in the middle are two slender abbreviated brown lines, and two minute

spots resting upon the transverse impressed line over which they are

extended and dilated into a pair of somewhat larger spots in the middle

of the upper surface of the thorax, each with a slender transverse line

extending from it to the sides of the thorax, where it meets a curved

lateral brown line enclosing a fainter oval spot, the hind extremity of

each of which nearly joins, at the hinder angles of the back of the tho-

rax, a straight line running forwards into the disk, where it vanishes.

268

The upper side of the abdomen may be described as of a brown colour,

with the lateral and posterior edges and an ill-defined longitudinal

central band of fleshy ash: it is thickly clothed with minute black

hairs on the disk, and with long ones at the base and sides. The

wings and their veins are coloured as in Gl. morsitans.

GLossina TaBANIFoRMIS, Westw. (Pl. XIX. fig. 3.)

Griseo-fusca epistomate sericeo, thorace fusco-maculato, abdomine

JSusco-rufescenti apice sensim obfuscato, pedibus fusco-luteis

tibiis tarsisque nigro lineatis alis fusco infumatis.

Long. corp. lin. 6; expans. alar. lin. 134.

Hab. apud littus aureum Africe tropicalis occidentalis. (Mus. D.

Hope.)

This species is very much larger than either of the preceding. The

head is comparatively much smaller and the wings much larger; the

front of the head is dusky; it, as well as the basal joints of the an-

tenn, is rather thickly clothed with black hairs; the arista of the

antenne is luteous, with a dark line behind, and the brantling sete

with which it is furnished are black; the palpi are thickly clothed

externally with short black sete; the thorax is dark greyish brown,

also very thickly clothed with short black setee and long curved lateral

bristles ; the back of the thorax is marked with a dark central lon-

gitudinal line, having a less distinct one on each side of it, between

which and each side are two large brown spots, one behind the other ;

the scutellum is paler, and marked with two ill-defined dusky spots ;

the wings are stained brown; the legs are dirty luteous buff; the

tibiz marked with one, and the tarsi with three very delicate longi-

tudinal black lines ; the tibize are compressed, and the black line oceu-

pies the superior compressed ridge.

Tribe Myoparr#, Macquart, Hist. Nat. Ins. Dipt. ii. 29.

Genus StyLomyta, Westw. (Stylogaster, Wlk. nec Macq.)

Corpus subelongatum capite thorace parum latiori, facie antice

dimidio supero carinato, dimidio infero valde coneavo. An-

tenne porrecte articulo basali minimo, 2do obconico, 3tio sub-

ovali precedentis longitudine, vel precedenti multo longiort

compresso parum curvato, arista versus apicem maryinis supert

inserta, porrecta. Haustellum capite et thorace conjunctim

triplo longius, porrectum, in medio geniculatum, dimidio basali

parum defleco et ad ejus apicem crassiori, dimidio apicali

valde ineurvato. Thorax brevis quadratus. Abdomen supra

subconvexum parum curvatum, apice pone segmentum Sum in sty-

lum elongatum (longitudine quingue articulorum precedentium

equalem), deflecum valde angustum, contracto, hujus styl

apice supero in uno sexu, oblique truncato; seta elongata

supra hirsuta, lobo breviori compresso filamentisque duobus

elongatis simplicibus in cavitate truncata insidentibus. Ale

breves cellula \ma postica clausa pediculata et postice dila-

tata, vena obliqua cellulam postice contiguam claudente sub-

269

obsoleta ; cellula anali brevissima vix pone pseudalulam ex-

tensa vena brevissima transversa clausa. Pedes elongati gra-

cillimi, calearibus duobus tibiarum parum elongatis, tibiis

posticis difformibus, unguibus pulvillisque minutissimis.

This genus is very close to the American genus Stylogaster, but

especially differs from the description given thereof by M. Macquart,

in the very mimute condition of the anal cell of the wings. The form

of the head and the unequal division of the haustellum, as repre-

sented in M. Macquart’s pl. 13. fig. 15, are also characters at variance

with those of the insects of which I have composed the present ge-

nus. The anal cell is of small size in Stachynia, Meq. (Dalmannia,

Rob. D.), but it is still more minute in Stylomyia. The long slender

legs and minute claws and pulvilli are also unlike those of all the

other Myoparie.

Srytomyia Leonum, Westw. (Pl. XIX. fig. 4, and details.)

Rufo-fulva, facie argenteo-sericea antennis rufo-fulvis arista nigra,

vertice subplano macula ovali nigra ocellos postice includente,

haustello nigro basi subtus parum pallidiori, thorace scutello

abdomineque rufo-fulvis stylo concolori fascia lata fere apicali

nigra, pedibus fulvis tarsis apice fuscis, tibiis duabus posticis

dimidio basali fusco, apicali albido ; tarsis nigris.

Long. corp. lin., stylo excluso, 4; expans. alar. lin. 6.

Hab. in Sierra Leona, Africee. (In Mus. D. Hope.)

The facets of the middle portion of the inner margin of the eyes

are rather larger than the posterior ones. The wings are but slightly

tinged with grey, and the veins are blackish. The extremity of the

anal style with its filaments are fulvous coloured. The two posterior

tibice are very slender at the base; the apical half is dilated on the

upper edge, the under edge not being quite straight.—Nofe. All the

details are taken from the species figured.

Stytomyra conrusa, Westw. Fulva, facie argentea, vertice om-

nino nigro; antennis fulvis articulo 3tio antennarum longitu-

dinem 2di vix superanti, ovali-conico, arista nigra; tuberculo

antennifero pallide fulvo, haustello nigro basi fulvo; thorace

supra nigro marginibus lateralibus angulisque anticis distincte

et irregulariter luteis setis longis nigris. Scutello fusco setis

duabus longis terminalibus nigris, pedibus quatuor anticis om-

nino luteo-albidis tibiis apice obscuris, femoribus duobus posti-

cis fascia angusta ante alteraque pone medium fuscis ; tibiis

dimidio basali fusco fascia lata media alba, tertia parte api-

cali fusco, tarsis fuscis; abdomine fulvo segmentis 2do—5to

margine postico tenui obscuro ; styli dimidio basali fulvo-rufo ;

apicali nigro, genitalibus exsertis fulvo-rufis ; corpore subtus

fulvo-albido. Precedenti e tertia parte minor.

Hab. ? (Un Mus. Brit.)

Although in general form and proportion of its parts, especially of

the terminal style of its abdomen, the specimen of this species in the

British Museum agrees exactly with St. Leonum, yet the short third

270

joint of the antenne, and the extraordinarily enlarged size of the

middle facets of the inner margin of the eyes, might indicate it to be

the opposite sex of the preceding. The second segment of the abdo-

men is furnished on each side with a small fascicle of elongated black

hairs.

This species is introduced by Mr. F. Walker into his ‘ List of the

Dipterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum’ (part iii.

p- 680), under the name of Stylogaster stylatus; but it appears to

me that it neither accords with Macquart’s generic characters of Sty-

logaster, nor with the concise Fabrician specific description of Conops

stylata (Syst. Antl. 177), nor yet with Wiedemann’s more detailed

observations, especially with reference to the sexual difference in the

form of the antennze (Auss. Eur. Zw. Ins. ii. 245).

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.

(Annutosa, Pl. XIX.)

Fig. 1. Glossina morsitans, magnified. 1a, the head seen in front with the hau-

stellum removed; 10, the head seen sideways, the tips of the parts of the

haustellum removed; 1c, the lower part of the head, with the parts of the

haustellum separated and the hirsute palpi removed ; 1d, the underside

of the extremity of the head and the bulb seen beneath, showing the

bulbous base of the haustellum; le, antenna greatly magnified, showing

the villose anterior edge of the arista and the hirsute hairs with which

it is furnished; 1/, the terminal joint of the tarsus, showing the strong

ungues and the large setose pulvilli.

Fig. 2. Glossina tachinoides magnified.

Fig. 3. Glossina tabaniformis magnified.

Fig. 4. Stylomyia leonum magnified. 4a, the head and haustellum seen sideways ;

4b, antenna; 4c, abdomen seen sideways; 4d and 4e, extremity of the

abdomen with its appendages; 47, hind leg; 4g, ungues and pulvilli.

3. On THE Marine Mo.uuscaA DISCOVERED DURING THE

VoyaGes OF THE HERALD AND PANDORA, BY Capt.

Kewuert, R.N., anp Lieut. Woop, R.N. By Prorrssor

Epwarp Forses, F.R.S. ere.

~ (Mollusca, Pl. IX. & XI.)

Out of 307 species of shells collected by the voyagers, 217 are ma-

rine Gasteropoda, | is a Cephalopod, and 58 marine bivalves. The

genera of which species are most numerous are—Murewx, Purpura,

Trochus, Terebra, Strombus, Conus, Columbella, Littorina, Oliva,

Cyprea, Natica, Patella, Chiton, Venus, and Arca. Among the

more local genera represented in this collection are, Monoceros,

Pseudoliva, Cyrtulus, Saxidomus, and Crassatella. The specimens

are usually in very fine preservation. Many of the species are rare or

local.

The localities at which they were chiefly collected were the coast of

southern California, from San Diego to Magdalena, and the shores of

Mazatlan. Unfortunately the precise locality of many of the individual

specimens had not been noted at the time, and a quantity of Poly-

nesian shells, mingled with them, have tended to render the value of

Proc. Z.9. Mollusca, A].

WH Baily. Printed by Hullmandel & Walton.

hig-1. Trochita spirata. Forbes Fig: 7 Trochus aureotinctus. Forbes

2. Natiea Pritchardi ‘ oo Gallina

3. Nafsa Woodwardi f me castaneus Nuttall.

4 N. Cooperi . We Tr Fill Forbes

5 naxis pigra ae Lise. purpurahis ,

GE: migritella

‘ 12. Purpura analoga if

1 fuscata

)

— a)

271

the collection as illustrative of distribution less exact than it might

have been. A few specimens of considerable interest were taken by

the ‘Herald’ at Cape Krusenstern. The new species are all from the

American shores. There are no products of deep-sea dredging.

As many of the following new forms are from the coast of Ma-

zatlan, Mr. Cuming, whose experience and advice has been taken,

and magnificent collection consulted in drawing up this report, has

considered it desirable that some undescribed shells contained in his

collection, from that region, should be described and figured at the

same time.

TROCHITA SPIRATA, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 1.)

T. testd conicé, fusco-purpured, longitudinaliter radiato-sulcatd,

sulcis numerosis, prominentibus, subrugosis ; anfractibus 6, angus-

tis ; lamind internd spirali, depressd, magnd, margine undulato.

Diam. 2,3,, alt. 1,4, une.

A very handsome species of this group, allied to Calyptrea sor-

dida of Broderip, and differing from the well-known T’. trochiformis

in having very much narrower and more numerous whorls, as well as

in its internal colouring. It was procured at Massaniello, in the

Gulf of California.

Trocuus casTANEvs. Nuttall, MSS. (Pl. XI. fig. 9.)

T. testd late-conicd, crassd, lete castaned, spiraliter flavo-lineatd,

anfractibus 6, convexiusculis, omnibus spiraliter sulcatis, sulcis

numerosis, ultimo lato, basi subangulato, convexo, imperforato,

aperturd subquadratd, margaritaced, suturis impressis. Oper-

culum?

Alt. 58, lat. 8, long. apert. 54 unc.

The number of sulcations in the second whorl is about six; the

cavities are always rich chestnut, the elevations yellowish. The ge-

neral form is intermediate between that of ziziphinus and alabastrites.

The shell has long been known under Nuttall’s manuscript name,

but never, so far as I am aware, described. It is from Upper Cali-

fornia.

(h.1g6>° TRrocnus (MonoponTA) GALLINA, sp. nov. (Pl. XI, fig. 8.)

T. testd obtuse pyramidali, crassd (adultus ponderosus), spird magna,

anfractibus 5, glabris, obsolete obliqu striatis, convexiusculis,

albidis, fasciis angustis numerosis purpureis ornatis, anfractu

ultimo prope suturam subcanaliculato, basi lateribus rotundatis,

umbilico albo, imperforato, impresso, aperturd subquadratd, labro

externo subpatulo, margine acuto, levi, nigrescente, labro colu-

mellari bidentato, albo, faucibus margaritaceo-albis, operculo cir-

culari, corneo, fusco, spiris numerosissimis, confertis. Testa

junior spird depressiusculd.

Alt. 13;, lat. max. 1,%,, alt. apert. 056 unc.

Probably from the Mazatlan coast.

(6m 1¢53TRocHUS (MonopONTA) AUREO-TINCTUS, Sp. Nov.

(Pl. XI. fig. 7.)

T. testd obtus? pyramidali, crassd, spird mediocri, anfractibus 4 vel

272

5, convexiusculis, obtuse angulatis, subcanaliculatis, spiraliter 1—

2 late sulcatis, striis spiralibus minutis, longitudinalibus minutis-

simis sculptis, colore nigro obscure minutissiméque grisco-lineato,

ultimo anfractu basi subplanato 4—5 sulcis profundis spiralibus

sculpto, margine obtuse subangulato, umbilico profundeé perforato,

lete aurantio, aperturd subrotundd, labro externo tenui, nigro

marginato, labro columellari albo 1-2-dentato, dentibus inequali-

bus munitis, dente inferiore minimo, fauce albo-margaritaceo.

Alt. 0;',, lat. max. 1, alt. apert. 0-4, unc.

Variat costis obliquis transversis.

With the last

Trocuus (MARGARITA) PURPURATUS, sp. Nov.

(Pl. XI. fig. 11.)

T. testd turbinatd, spird depressd, prominuld, anfractibus 5, con-

vexiusculis, nitidis, levigatis, striis incrementi minutissimis, ro-

seolis fasciis spiralibus lete purpureis cinctis, suturis impressis,

basi margine subrotundato, umbilico imperforato, albo, aperturd

subrotundd, labro externo tenui, labro interno levi, obsoleté un-

dulato, albo-margaritaceo, faucibus purpureo-margaritaceis.

Alt. 0545, lat. max. 0,5, alt. apert. 0,2, unc.

A beautiful little species. W. coast of N. America?

Trocavus (Marearita) Hitun, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 10.)

T. testd late turbinatd, heliciformi, spird obtusd, parvd, depressd,

anfractibus 5 convexiusculis, levigatis, politis, ad suturas appres-

sis, flaveo-albidis, ultimo anfractu maximo, basi convero, margini-

bus rotundatis, centraliter excavato, imperforato, apertura oblique-

subrotundd, labro externo tenui, columellari leviter arcuato, albo ;

Faucibus albo--margaritaceis.

Alt. 045, lat. max. 055, alt. apert. 0,3; unc.

From the northern shores of the W. coast of N. America?

I have dedicated this species to — Hill, Esq., Master of the

‘ Herald.’

Natica PritcHarpt, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 2.)

N. testé subglobosd, spird brevi, anfractibus 5, nitidis, sub lente

striatis, flaveolis, fasciis transversis fusco-purpureis, angulato-

undulatis flammulatis, in adulto obsoletis seu fascias obscuras spi-

rales simulantibus ; aperturd ovatd, superné obsolete angulatd, co-

lumelld costd callosd albd spirali in umbilicum oblique intrante,

umbilico superne perforato ; faucibus fasciato-fuscatis. Operculo

calcareo, albo, levi, polito, sulco angustissimo prope margine ex-

terno, margine interno recto, crenulato.

Alt. 1 une. ; long. anfr. ult. ,%, lat. $9 unc. ; long. apert. 58 une.

Mazatlan. I have dedicated this pretty shell, which reminds us

of the Atlantic intricata, to my friend Dr. Pritchard, Assistant-

Surgeon of H.M.S. Calypso, who assiduously collected on the coast

of Mazatlan, where he, as well as the officers of the ‘Herald’ and

‘ Pandora,’ met with this species in abundance.

Fig. 2 ¢. represents the young shell.

273

PLANAXIS NIGRITELLA, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 6.)

P. testd ovato-lanceolatd, crassiusculd, fusco-nigridd, spird brevi,

acutd, anfractibus 6, spiraliter sulcatis, interstitiis latis, planis,

sulcis in medio anfractis ultimi obsoletis, aperturd ovatd, patuld,

superne unidentatd, labro externo tenui, margine interno obsolete

crenulato, labro columellari, superne striato, inferne abbreviato,

levi; canali brevissimd, faucibus atropurpureis.

Long. 5%, lat. =3;, long. apert. 3; unc.

Straits of Juan del Fuaco. The operculum is preserved in some

of the numerous specimens, and has a subspiral nucleus (see fig. 6 @).

PLANAXIS PIGRA, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 5.)

P. testd ovato-lanceolatd, crassd, flaveold, spira mediocri, acutd,

anfractibus 6, planatis, levigatis, aperturd breve-ovatd, patuld,

superne obsolete unidentatd, labris incrassatis, marginibus levibus,

canali brevissimd, faucibus albis.

Long. ;4,, lat. 2, long. apert. 7; unc.

Its surface is invested with a soft yellow epidermis. The operculum

is corneous, of subconcentric elements, with a lateral subspiral

nucleus.

Pitcairn’s Island.

Nassa Cooper, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 4.) BH.\8SS.4.9.13

N. testd lanceolatd, turritd, crassd, anfractibus’ 6, convexiusculis,

spiraliter sulcato-striatis, longitudinaliter 8-costatd ; costis di-

stantibus, fortibus, distinctis ; anfractu ultimo 3 longitudinis teste

equante, aperturd ovatd, canali brevi; labro externo crasso, sim-

plici; labro columellari reflexo, albo; caudd albd; anfractibus

. fuscis, obscure albo-fasciatis.

Long. 58; unc., lat. anfr. ult. 4,, long. apert. 38.

Marked from the Sandwich Isles. Dedicated to Lieut. Cooper,

R.N., of the ‘ Herald.’

Nassa Woopwarpt, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 3.) BHASSS.4-S.1S

N. testd lanceolatd, turritd, crassd, albd, rufo-fasciatd, anfracti-

bus sex convexiusculis, spiraliter sulcaiis, longitudinaliter dense-

costatis, spird vir longitudinem ultimi anfractis equante ; aper-

turd ovatd, caudé brevissimd; labro columellari reflerd, albd ;

caudd alba ; fauce striato.

Long. 5; unc. ; lat. =, unc. ; long. apert. 7; unc.

With the last. Dedicated to — Woodward, Esq., R.N., Purser

to the ‘ Herald.’

PuRPURA ANALOGA, sp. nov. (Pl. XI. fig. 12.)

P. testa turritd, albidd, spiraliter lat rufo-fasciatd ; spird exsertd ;

anfractibus 5 rotundatis, costis spiralibus (6 ad 8 in anfractu

penultimo), quadratis, numerosis cinctis, interstitiis crenulatis, ad

suturam obsoletis, labro subdenticulato.

Long. 1,4;, lat. 58, long. apert. 58; unc.

This species (from the Californian coast ?) bears a striking resem-

blance to the Atlantic Purpura lapillus, and is termediate between

No. CCXVIII.—ProcerepineGs or THE ZootocicaL Soctery.

274

it and the Purpura decemcostata of Middendorff, from the Icy Sea at

Behring’s Straits, the place of which it probably takes on the western

shores of North America.

Purpura, noy. sp.? A single specimen, to which I abstain giving

a name, since its characters are intermediate between those of de-

cemcostata and Freycinetii (a Kamtschatka shell) ; it is probably a

variety of the former.

PURPURA FUSCATA, sp. nov. (PI. XI. fig. 13.)

P. testd oblongd, subturritd, fuscd ; spird brevi; anfractibus con-

vecis, costis spiralibus (2 in anfractu penultimo) paucis distan-

tibus subsquamosis cinctis, interstitiis costis obsoletis; aperturd

dilatatd, columella albidd.

Long. 1,5, lat. 5%, long. apert. 58 une.

A species of the Lapillus group. Said to have been taken at the

Sandwich Islands.

Among the Purpure in the collection are P. planospira, P. colu-

mellaris, and P. Carolensis, all Galapagos species, and probably col-

lected during the visit to those islands.

Fusus Kexeri, sp. nov. (Pl. IX. fig. 10.) fea4}. 03

Ff. testd crassd, fusiformi, pyramidatd, anfractibus 9, spiraliter stri-

atis, angulatis, noduloso-costatis, costis in anfractibus omnibus 8,

prope suturam obsoletis excavatis appressisque ; anfractu ultimo

3 teste occupante ; aperturd elongato-pyriformi, superné angulatd ;

inferné canali obliquo plus 3 aperture equante ; labro columellari,

reflexo, incrassato, labro externo attenuato, subdenticulato ; caudd

incrassatd, contortd, reflerd ; colore sordide albido, ore albo.

Long. 35 unc. ; lat. max. anfr. ult. 1,2; unc. ; long. apert. 23 une. ;

long. caud. 52. ;

This remarkable shell was taken on the Californian coast, and is

very distinct from any known Fusus. In general aspect it closely

resembles a Fasciolaria, reminding us strongly of the European Fas-

ciolaria tarentina, but is greatly larger and has uo plaits on the

pillar lip. The strize which wind round the whorls are grouped in

twos and threes. They become very strongly marked and assume

the character of sulcations on the caudal portion of the body whorl.

The ribs are mainly developed a little above the centre on the angu-

lated portion of the body whorl and on the lower halves of the upper

whorls, so prominently as to appear like large tubercles.

I have dedicated this unique shell to the eminent conductor of this

important expedition.

Fusus Oregonensis was taken on the Californian coast, and F. sale-

brosus on the coast of Mazatlan.

4. ON THE GENUS ApTERYX. By A. D. Bartuetr.

(Aves, Pl. XXX. XXXI.)

In calling the attention of the Meeting this evening to the large

collection of specimens of the genus dpteryx on the table, I beg to

state that I have been led to make a careful examination of all the

M.#.N. Hanhart, Imp,

_APTERYX AUSTRALIS, 3.4. A MANTEL .

Wolf, Jith.

274

af,

ee, an

A.MANTELLI

_APTERYX AUSTRALIS.

275

individuals I could find in the Collections of the British Museum,

the Museums of the Zoological Society, the Royal College of Sur-

geons, and elsewhere, in consequence of an Apteryx belonging to

Dr. Mantell having been placed in my hands by that gentleman a few

days since, which appeared to me to differ from all that I had before

seen. Asacareful comparison of this bird with the specimens in the

collections before mentioned fully justified me in considering it as a

distinct species, I was about to describe it as a new one; but most

fortunately, I heard that the original specimen figured and described

by Dr. Shaw (to which he applied the name Apteryx Australis) was

in the collection of the Earl of Derby at Knowsley. It is with much

pleasure I have to acknowledge the kindness of his lordship in honour-

ing me with the loan of this bird, which has enabled me to identify

the large Apteryx placed in my hands by Dr. Mantell as belonging

to this species, and also to determine most satisfactorily the distinct-

ive characters of the common species, which is considerably smaller,

and to which the name of Apteryx Australis has long been erroneously

applied. This bird differs from the original Apteryx Australis of Dr.

Shaw in its smaller size, its darker and more rufous colour, its longer

tarsus which is scutulated in front, its shorter toes and claws, which

are dark horn-coloured, its smaller wings, which have much stronger

and thicker quills, and also in having long straggling hairs on the

face. I may however remark, that although individuals of this spe-

cies differ much in size, depending probably on age, sex, &c., I have

found no exception to the distinctive characters above given. I there-

fore propose the name of Apteryx Mantelli for this smaller and more

common species,—a humble effort to commemorate the exertions of

Walter Mantell, Esq., to whom we are indebted for so many valuable

discoveries in the natural history of New Zealand. ;

I subjoin a short description of the two species, together with

figures of their legs and wings, in order that they may be more readily

distinguished.

ApTeERYxX MANTELLI.

Colour dark rufous brown, dark-

est on the back.

Apreryx AUSTRALIS.

Colour pale greyish-brown, dark-

est on the back.

Entire length ...... 30 inches*. | Entire length ...... 23 inches*.

Bill from forehead.. 6 ,, Bill from, forehead BSE ee, 5

Tarsus (reticulated). 24 ,, ‘| Tarsus (scutulated). 23 ,,

Middle toe and claw 32 ,, Middle toe and claw 21 ,,

Claws nearly equal in length, and | Middle claw longest, all the claws

white. dark horn-colour.

Wings with soft slender quills; | Wings with strong thick quills ;

face with short hairs. face with long straggling hairs.

In conclusion, I would remark that the specimen of Apteryx Au-

stralis belonging to Dr. Mantell was collected by his son in Dushy

* The entire length, being taken from skins, I consider of little value; the en-

tire length of a bird ought always to be taken before the bird is skinned.

276

Bay; and I have been informed by J. E. Gray, Esq., that the ori-

ginal bird deseribed by Dr. Shaw was brought from the same locality.

As far as I am able to ascertain, all the specimens of Apteryx Man-

telli are from the North Island.

5. Notre upon BucEROS GINGINIANUS. By Lirut. Harpy, IN

A Letter To CoLtonet Sykes, F.R.S., F.Z.S. erc. Com-

MUNICATED BY COLONEL SYKES.

My pear Cotonet,—I was out shooting one day beyond Pah-

lunpore, when a dull slate-coloured bird, about the size and figure of

a magpie, flew past me; my beaters roared out to me to fire at it,

but I let it go by. They made however such a fuss about it, and

had marked it down on a tree, that I went after it and to their great

delight shot it. They then told me that it was very valuable to

them; that they would chop up the flesh, pickle and preserve it in

a bottle, and sell it as a medicine to alleviate the pangs of child-

birth, for which it was highly prized. In the course of the day two

sepoys came to my tent and begged to have the bird, as they had

been sent out by the Mewab expressly to shoot one, but had been

out two days without success. They call it ‘Seerdtra.” None of

my brother officers had ever seen or heard of it before. I kept the

beak, and the other day turned it out with some other little trophies,

and had it put together ; if you will keep it as a little sporting tribute

to my father’s friend, I shall be very proud.

Sincerely yours,

Epmunp Harpy.

6. Notre uron Turpus vuupinus, Harti. By Dr. Hartriavs.

(Aves, Pl. XXXII.)

In presenting the accompanying figure of my Turdus vulpinus,

from Caraccas, I have little to add to the description of it in the

Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, 1849, p..276. The only specimen

I ever saw of this bird is in the Hamburg Museum. It is certainly

a very aberrant species of Turdus and its American divisions, and

would consequently justify a subgeneric separation, which however I

leave to another.

7. On NEw AUSTRALIAN BIRDS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE

ZootoceicaL Society or Lonpon. By Joun Govutp,

F.R.S. etc.

(Aves, Pl. XX XIII. XXXIV.)

The first three species which I am about to describe in the present

communication formed part of a collection presented to the Zoological

Society of London by the late Captain Owen Stanley, R.N., whose

_—— - a a a peg ns 8 ES ee -

a = -—2 ———— =F —~-

gem SONITOA SOCENL

dit] WRULRH NC? IN “UMIL' STO

Taw say ¢ 7 wy

Wolf’, ith

MACHA RIRHYNCHUS FLAV

276

Proc. 2.5. Aves a

M. &.N. Hanhart Imp?

ENTER Goud

277

untimely death is a real cause of regret to every one who is interested

in the sciences which he cultivated with equal ardour and success.

The collection in question was remarkable for the extreme beauty

of the preparations, as well as for the rarity and interest of the spe-

cies of which it was chiefly composed.

MALuRvus AMABILIS.

Male: Head, ear-coverts and centre of the back delicate violet-

blue ; lores, throat, breast, crescent across the upper part of the back

and the rump deep bluish black ; scapularies chestnut ; wings brown,

the secondaries slightly margined with white ; abdomen white, very

slightly tinged with buff on the flanks; tail dull greenish blue, the

four lateral feathers margined externally and largely tipped with white ;

bill black ; irides and feet dark brown.

Total length, 5} inches; bill, ; wing, 2; tail, 2$; tarsi, 7.

Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.

Remark.—This species is nearly allied to Malurus Lamberti, M.

elegans, and M. pulcherrimus, but differs from them all in having

the lateral tail-feathers distinctly margined and tipped with white,

and in having a lighter-coloured abdomen. [I consider it to be the

most beautiful species of the genus yet discovered ; the only example

I have seen is in the collection of this Society.

Family MuscicaPip2?

Genus MAcHZRIRHYNCHUS.

Gen. Char.—Bill rather shorter than the head, very much de-

pressed and widely dilated, causing it to assume a lancet-like form ;

culmen elevated, forming a distinct ridge down the centre of the

upper mandible, and continued over its extremity in the form of a

sharp hook ; under mandible convex ; tomiz straight, the upper very

’ slightly overlapping the lower ; rictus beset with fine but stiff bristles ;

nostrils oblong, partly covered with an operculum, and seated in large

and deep depressions oceupying the basal half of the upper mandible ;

wings short and somewhat rounded, the first quill very short, the

second much shorter than the third, the fifth the longest ; tail mode-

rate in length, distinctly graduated, the outer feather being little more

than half the length of the central ones; tarsi moderate in length

and slight in structure; toes feeble, particularly the anterior ones ;

the two outer toes equal in length, and united from the base to the

first joint ; hind toe rather long; claws hooked and very sharp.

MAcCHZRIRHYNCHUS FLAVIVENTER. (Aves, Pl. XXXIII.)

Crown of the head, lores, ear-coverts, wings and tail black, the

wing-coverts tipped with white ; the secondaries margined with white,

and the outer tail-feathers margined on the apical portion of the ex-

ternal web and largely tipped with white, the white becoming less and

less, until only a slight trace of it is found on the central feathers ;

back olive-black ; throat white; line from the nostrils over each eye,

278

the breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts bright yellow ; bill black ;

feet bluish black.

Total length, 5 inches; bill, §; wing, 2; tail, 21; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.

In the possession of the Zoological Society.

PTILOTIS FILIGERA. (Aves, Pl. XXXIV.)

Upper surface, wings and tail rich olive-brown, with numerous small

marks of greyish white on the apical portion of the nuchal feathers ;

the wing-coverts broadly, and the remainder of the feathers narrowly

edged with brownish buff; from the gape beneath the eye a streak

of white; ear-coverts blackish grey; from the centre of the lower

angle of the ear-coverts a very narrow streak of silky yellow, which,

proceeding backwards, joins the line of white from beneath the eye ;

throat brownish grey ; under surface sandy buff, the feathers of the

breast and the middle of the abdomen with lighter centres ; bill olive-

black ; naked space beneath the eye yellow ; legs and feet slate-colour.

Total length, 73 inches; bill, 1; wing, 4; tail, 3; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Cape York, Northern Australia.

Remark.—The young is destitute of the white marks on the nape,

and has the under surface more rufous, and without the lighter centres.

This species is somewhat allied to Ptilotis unicolor.

In the collection of the Zoological Society.

Arses Kaurt.

Small spot on the chin, crown of the head, lores, line beneath the

eye, ear-coverts, broad crescentic band across the back, and a broad

band across the breast, deep shining bluish black; wings and. tail

brownish black ; throat and a broad band across the back of the neck

white ; lower part of the back and abdomen white, the base of the

feathers black, which, occasionally showing through, give those parts

a mottled appearance; bill bluish horn-colour, becoming lighter at

the tip; feet black.

Total length, 63 inches; bill, ; wing, 31; tail, 31; tarsi, 3.

Hab. North coast of Australia.

Remark.—I embrace this opportunity of paying a just compliment

to my friend Dr. Kaup, whose ornithological labours are so well known

to all naturalists: the compliment is the more appropriate, as he is at

this time engaged in preparmg a monograph of the Muscicapide, to

which family this bird belongs.

Genus Pycnoprti.us.

Gen. Char.—Bill shorter than the head, slightly notched at the

tip ; culmen inclining downwards; nostrils basal, rather large, and

partially covered with an operculum ; base of the bill beset with a few

fine bristles ; wings short, very concave, round in form, the first quill

very short, the second, third, fourth and fifth gradually increasing in

length, the sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth equal and the longest ;

tail moderately long, rounded, the feathers soft and yielding ; tarsi

mos “WITT SILOTIId

J. TIT “ TTOAA

}aWy ‘jIPUUeH NF UIT JTOM

? Proe’ ZS aves"

M &N.Hanhart Imp"

J Wolf, hth.

ORIOLUS BRODERIPII. Borap

ee ee es ee ee eee

279

considerably longer than the toes ; hind-toe strong, lateral toes equal ;

plumage dense and silky.

PYCNOPTILUS FLOCCOSUS.

General plumage brown, inclining to rufous on the lower part of

the back, upper tail-coverts and tail ; forehead, lores, throat and breast

dark reddish buff, with a very narrow crescent of dark brown at the

tip of each feather ; centre of the abdomen greyish brown, crossed by

crescentic bands of black ; flanks and vent brown, passing into deep

rufous on the under tail-coverts ; bill brown; base of the under man-

dible fleshy brown; legs and feet fleshy brown.

Total length, 7 inches; bill, £; wing, 23; tail, 3; tarsi, 12.

Hab. Interior of New South Wales.

8. DuscrirpTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF ORIOLE.

By Cuarwes Lucien, Prince Bonaparte.

Orio.us Broperipi, Bp. (Aves, Pl. XVIII.) O. vivide flavo-

aurantius ; corond occipitali, alis, rectricibusque ad basim me-

diis duabus ferée omnino nigris ; speculo alari flavo.

Hab. in insula Sumbava.

Magistratui illustri, litium Conciliatori intricatissimarum, qui inti-

mas Doctrine Naturalis recessus Populo humanissimé patefacit !

After the separation of aureus and regens this new species is cer-

tainly the most splendid of the true Orioli, of which I know fifteen

species. It must therefore stand first in the series coming from

Sericulus. Its nearest approach is O. cochinchinensis (hippocrepis,

Wagl.), similar in form and stature. But in addition to its even

stouter bill, the general orange hue and the yellow spot on the wing

will at once distinguish our Broderipii.

Having dedicated an Oriole to Broderip, I dedicate a second new

species to our Italian Broderip, Professor Fr. Baraffi of Turin, the

celebrated and learned traveller.

Orro.us Bararri, Bp. O. flavo-olivaceus ; cervice, corporeque

subtus flavissimis ; capite, nuchd, juguloque nigerrimis ; alis

nigris, speculo angusté albo; rectricibus nigris, apice externa-

rum magis magisque flavis.

Hab. Ashantee.

This bird, received at the Leyden Museum from the West Coast

of Africa, is similar in stature and colour to Oriolus molowxita, Riipp.

of the Eastern Coast, but well distinguished by the conical marking

on the tail, which is similar to that of the common Oriole, the Bro-

deripii, and chinensis, entirely wanting on the tail of O. molowita.

INDEX.

The names of New Species, and of Species newly characterized, are printed in Ro-

man Characters: those of Species previously known in J¢alies: those of Species re-

specting which Anatomical Observations are made, in CaPiraLs.

Page

Acanthonotus Testudo .......++ aro!

Accipiter carbonarius, Licht........ .. 215

—— erythrorhynchus, Sw. ..+++++ . 215

SPRENUTUS woereeevevee Rania seal 215

Achatinella alba .....ccscseeverseenees .. 54

Vividas jk conn senitess eb RareicOnacas 54

Acronotus, H. Sm. ...... seveveeeeL39, 172

Acronotus Bubalis, H. Sm. ......... 139

Caama, H. Sm.......+ Loess 140

Addax, Gray, 1. &. seeeesesees goose es 135

ADDAX NASOMACULATA....seceueeeeee 175

nasomaculatus, Gray....+..-+++ 135

Adenota, Gray ...... ee ee waacsseesestha 129

Adenota Kob, Gray.......sseveeessoeee 129

Leché, Gray,n.sp....s....s0000.. 130 -

FEGOCERUS ..25...cscccncessceees deseeree 17D

Agocerus, Harris, H. Smith... 130, 165

Aipyceros, SuNA. .......ceeceeeeeeeseees 116

AEpyceros melampus, Gray........00++ 116

Agapete, Newm........ panten Satetensanes 13

Aigocerus, H. Smith ....cccesseceeeee 132

Aigocerus equinus, Gray....+.....++++ 132

—— leucopheus, Gray.........+-+ 133, 175

—— niger, Gray ...... Baheveces 133, 175

Alauda erythropygia, Strick., n. sp. . 219

Alce, H. Smith ..........cseeeee “ene 224

ALCELAPHUS «....scsseeeeereceees ee

Alcelaphus, Blainv.....c..sseeereseeeees 139

Alcelaphus bubalis ..... ene: Soccer 172

—— Caama ...... RECO Chee, Pee cence 172

Wnatus) acccadcesecesaeswcese see 172

——$ PY YAN GUS. vvensacerecserceeees coke, dg2

—— Senegalensis .....seeeceececereees 172

Alces, Ogilb., Grai/...cccescseeseseee .. 224

Alces Malchis, Ogilb., Gray .......+- 224

Alopecid@ .seaveeerssaceecnenees patedvea 253

Alopias vulpes, Buon.....0....e0eseeee 253

Amadina cantans, Gm. .....- Maeateachys 218

—— fasciata, G.....00.secceeeeeweees 218

—— nitens, SW...+.....000s Aegcateeatc 218

AMMONILES .....0000c 008 seen cpus dosahe 3

AmPHioxus 21

Anableps 53

ANacolus .......0008 siainsis)sncleuas 5 Sorel

Page

Anatinella, Sowerby ........2+0++++ -- 40

Anatinella dilatata, ddams, nu. sp.... 41

Sibbaldii, Sowerby.....+++0..+... 40

ventricosa, ddams, 0. sp. ...... 41

Andigena, Gould............s000+s oe 93

Andigena Baillonii ........+.01se1ee0e0 93

— cucullatus .........0 osseee ea - 93

—— hypoglaucs .se...seceereceeeeeee 93

—— laminirostros, Gould, n. sp. ... 93

NAGTUTOSEVIS — seescsenereeseeeeeees 93

Anguillid@ ......ccceeeee nee e nce nre «« 252

Anodonta arcuata, Fér. .....+.+- dageee LOD

—— crepera, Lea, 2. Sp. ...ee00e-00. 198

Cumingii, Lea, n. sp........2.... 199

gracilis, Lea, n. Sp.....0....0+- «. 197

latomarginata, Lea .+.......+4 199

— subcrassa, Lea, Ni. Sp.....-+.2+... 198

tenuis, Lea, 0. Sp. .....0..ceeeeee 198

Antelopus Rouleynei, G. Cum. ...... 146

ANEhOMYIA ...cercerseeeecees scnvacssecse” 200

Antidorcas, Sund. ...... sade ene eane 116

Antidorcas Euchore, Gray.....+..+++- 116

Antilocapra, Ord. ....0...seseceseeees 137

Antilocapra Americana, Ord, Gray . 137

ANTILOPE ...ceesssesee geeomot te. 167

Antilope, H. Smith ...ccecceeees 117, 165

Antilope addax, Licht. ......... weades 135

adenota, H. Sm. .....0+++++- 129, 167

albifrons, Burch., Harris ...... 141

—— albipes, Erxl. ...s0+..ecseeeeeeeees 146

—— Algazella, Riipp. ...000.-....00e 134

—— Americana, Ord. ..000-....0e0es 137

—-. , Desm. ......+ Loassere aga 136

Andra, Benn. ......++- beet IS

annulipes, Gray .......++.+0+0+ see ee

— Arabica, Hemp. et Ehr. ..... . 113

arundinacea, Shaw «++...+++... 127

— aurita, Burch. ....++.... steele

barbata, Daniell...........++0+... 133

- barbata, H. Sm.......- weer 132

— Beisa, Riipp. ....+0...eeseeeeeeees 134

— Bennettii, Sykes .........---116, 168

— bezoartica, Gray .........+++ 117, 134

— Bharatensis, Hodgs. ............ 116

282 INDEX.

Page Page

Antilope bilineata, Temm. ..... seeesee 117 | Antilope Koba, Erxl., Child. ......... 140

— Bohor, Riipp........ Ganache scenes) LOD Koba, Ogilby, Erxl., Child.,

— bubalina, Hodgs. ....... Pcs 135 SSCWINZ) eseness-csacease «...-131, 140, 141

— Bubalis, Pallas, Licht. ....... o Jo Lalandiana, Desm..........++++ Pan 7

Burchelli, H. Sm. ......+ Bonens - 120 levipes, Sund. .........e2+eee00e 115

ETT ew OSE Se erore ea LOO Arley Lalandii, Desm.........+.+0+++.06 127

Caama, Cuv., Harris, A. Sm.... 139 Tanata, Deswt.” <2 .:..ecs0x0se << 26

— cerulea, H. Sm.......- oto see. 124 | —— lanigera, H. Sm. ....0+.......+- 137

campestris, Thunb. .....+.+-+++ 118 leptoceros, F. Cuv......+...20+00+ 113

Capreolus, Thunb..... Pert «+... 126 | —— leucopheus, Pallas.............++ 133

Cervicapra, Child. ......... 135, 167 | —— leucopus, Zimm.......-+++.2..s00+ 146

— Chicara, F. Cuy. ...... Said 117 | —— leucoryz, Pailas......... ahesomave 134

— chickara, Hardw. .........6++ vee LLZ | —— lumata, Burch. .........000.00e os 140

ins ITU LICNSs) “avec eysceoccidocseuce 112 maculata, Thunb. ...+0+.....000+ 145

—— Christi, Gray ....cscseeereeeseeere 116 Madoqua, Riipp.............0++0+. 122

OinereA, AiZs <éucscsevcnscassce>ss 127 | —— marsupialis, Zimm. .......+... - 116

—— Colus, H. Sm. .......... veeeell2, 167 | —— Maawellii, H. Sm..........00000 124

Cora; TASME yr «,2sssesees-nses « L12 Mazama, H. Sm. .......0...... 137

—— Corrigum, Ogilb. ........eceeees 140 | —— (Mazama) Temmamazama, H.

CrispA, TEMM. ceeresseeeresoeres 136 GI, cestesssvcsseocs steno deceserteste. 242

—— Cuvieri, Ogilby .....-..seseeeeees 113 | —— melampus, Licht.......... -+116, 167

—— Dama, Pallas ........c..ceessseee . 114 | —— melanotis, Thunb. ...........-.++ 118

Dammah, Riipp. ebaibscvess 134 melanura, Bechst. ..........+2++. 119

— Decula, Riipp. ...+0+...+00 wav. 145 mergens, Blainv. ...+++-++++- 120, 121

— defassa, Riipp......s+00.0-0.+ 131, 141 | —— Mohr, Benn. ............+ OE 114

dorcas, Pallas .......++ 112, 113, 141 | —— montanus, Riipp. ............. 15h

Dorcas, Thunb., Sparm. ...... 140 | —— monticola, Thunb...............- 124

Doria, Ogilb., Fraser.......++... 142 | —— mytilopes, H. Sm. .......+.0ee00+ 135

—— dorsata, Lacep. ......s0eseeeesees 116 nasomaculatus, Blainv. ......... 135

Duvaucellii, H. Sm. ..........-. 136 Natalensis, A. Smith............ 123

Eleotragus, Schr. ..«...++.-+.127, 134 nictitans, Thunb............. 120, 121

ellipsiprymnus, Ogilby ........+ BBL | NIGER. cncnoreeeseccesoaysee sarevsaee 123

— ensicornis, EDX. .......0eee0..e0+* 134 Niger, Harris ....0..cscerseoesseee 133

— Euchore, Forst. .....+....++ 116, 168 | —— Ogilbii, Waterh..............0000- 123

Euryceros, Ogilb. .....ceeees0e0 144 oreaS, Pallas .c0..,2....cseoeseeee 143

Forfex, H. Sm....cc0ceceseee 130, 167 Oreotragus, Forst.........+s0+0++ 119

Frederici, Lau. ......+.. sbectteurnnliad: Oxya, Pally cs 9.vetewsade- eas 134, 143

—— fulvorubescens, Desm. ......- . 118 Osanne, Geoff. ..........-02-008 132

Surcifer, H. Sm. .... Ba eee 137 | —— Ourebi, Shaw.........ceeceeveeee 119

— Gazella, Pallas ..0...-eseesesseee 112 pallida, H. Sm. .......c0cceeeeees 118

—— gibbosa, Savi .....ceeeecreeeees e- 135 palmata, H. Sm. ........ pesesod

glaucd, FOYSt....+sccececerseeereee 132 pediotragus, AfZ. .........0200+ 118

—— Gnu, Sparm. ......c0eseeeee svesey LOB perpusilla, H. Sm.......+ ectete 124

Goral, Hardw. .......0ssss.esees 136 | —— persica, Riipp. .........000...00e 113

—— Gorgon, H. Sm...........000008 .. 139 | —— personata, Wood .........+++0++ 141

—— Goural, Hodgs. ........0..se00ss- 136 | —— philantomba, Ogilby .......+.... 124

Grimmia, Riipp. ...+-+.+++6+ 120, 124 | —— picta, Pall., Gray ..............- 146

grisen, CNV. Bidenqseccseesttese 118 platous, H. Sm. ...eeeeeeseeeeeeee 120

—— gutturosa, Pallas ..........+. 115, 167 | —— Ptoor, H. Sm. .......00...000.. 120

Harrisii ....++00 sl testes edteeeae 133 | —— Pygarga, Blum., Pall....... 116, 141

Hazenna, Geoffr. ....... Reece L1G | —— PyGargus.....cceccccececserecrecees 132

— Hemprichianus, Ehr........-.... 120 | —— pygmeaa, Pallas .....+...++ 124, 126

— Hemprichit, Riipp.........+..+-.+ 120 quadricornis, Blainy...... Wie sees 117

Hodgsonii, Abel .........se+.2004+ 112 | —— recticornis, Erxl. ....... see USE

pS ber, Aira s.nseobeece aoveescteres 116 redunca, H. Sm. ....00...00e 127, 128

interscapularis, Licht. ......+.- 135 regia, EYXl.....00...seeeee0 enemas 126

IF IMIS, LACH. .54 scceecacsebedeuees 113 | —— reversa, Pallas ......c.0..ss000- 128

Tsabellina, Afz.,Gray ...... 127,128 | —— rubra, Afz........c-ce0scceceseeees 114

——— Kemas, H. Sm: .....0s000. 112, 168 | —— rubro-albescens, Desm. ........ 118

—— Kob, Erxl. ........00008 heetiies 129) } ———_ rrfity ALZ. ... soses.e0enesventes seh28

INDEX. 283

Page Page

Antilope rufescens, H. Sm. «...++++ . 118 | Ardea russata, Temm. ...+++.sseeeeee 221

—— ruficollis, H. Sm. ....-- aiewaidee 114 Verrani, ROUX «+secserseeeees .. 221

— rupestris, H. Sm. ......++++ vacee 118 | Ardeola coromanda, Bodd.....++..+++ 221

Rupicapra, Pallas ...+++..++-- ... 137 | Argonauta Cornu, Ficht. .....+.++++ 45

Saiga, Pallas ....se+++.-++ seseese 112 | Argya, Less. ..+--+.e-00+ vivien wean aedme . 217

saliens, Lacep. ....- sue’ edece'v 116 | Argyropelicus hemigymnus, Cocco. . 248

—— saltatrix, BOodd.....0e.seeeeeeees L119 | —— Olfersii, Cuv. ....+.++++ oe re 247

saltatrix, Link ......+. iakeniipee 116 | Arses Kaupi, Gould, n. Sp. «--+0++++++. 278

_——+ Saltiana, Blainy. ........se++--- 120 | Asterope elliptica, Phil. ......+++++++++ 257

scoparius, Schr. ...+e-++++- 119, 168 | Atalanta Peronii......... dcakasheasiins 45

—— scripta, Pall. .....sseeeeeees seoeee 145 | Abrichia ........ceeeceeees eS oe en 95

—— Senegalensis ....++.++++++++ ves... 132 | Auchenia Huamel, H. Sm. «.....+-+++ 236

Senegalensis, Cuv., H. Sm. 140,141 | Auricula Petiveriana, Desh. ...147, 148

Sing-Sing, Benn. .....-+ exssmaaeislee plicata, Desh. ...... acbaneaes 148, 152

Sing-Sing, Gray ..-...+ santhissmaep lao scarabeus, Lamk. ...«++++ 147, 148

— Soemmeringii, CretzZ. ..-..++0+++ 114 | Ausis vulgaris, Cuv. «+.++++- coestueate 248

spiniger, TEMM.......++++++ seceee 126 | Axis, H. Smith ceeecesseccsserseee waeee 20D

— striaticornis, Leach ....++..+++ 117 | Awis Ceylonensis, H. Sm. ...-..-.. +. 233

— subgutturosa, Guld, .........+» L13 | —— maculata ....0cc.eceeveneeeees 157, 233

— subquadricornutus, Elliot ..... ~ 17 major, Hodgs. ..+...++-+seeeeees 233

Sumatrensis, Shaw....-+.++ seeeee 135 | —— medius, HOdgs. .....++0-++++s000* 233

—— sutur0sd, OttO ..s.seereeeererers 135 minor, Hodgs. .....+++++++« seeee 230

— sylvatica, Sparm. ..-++++++0+++++ 146 | [email protected]+..1--+--000+ ere ee. 203

—— sylvicultrixv, AfZe ....-++-seeees 122 | Batrachians......ceseeeeeseeeeesens adeews 9

—— Tao, H. Sm. ....-. eee 135 | [email protected] cones 248

taurina, Burch. ....+++++.-++++.-. 138 | Bimia, White, 1. S.seceeessseerees geneasig he

tetracornis, Hodgs. .....-+--+- 117 | Bimia bicolor, White, n. sp. «++---++ 13

—— Thar, Hodgs.......sssseerseereeee 135 | Biophorus paradisiacus ....+++++.+++ aso

a (Tragelaphus), Blainv., H.Sm. 144 | Blastocerus, Wagn......02+200s a ee 237

—— (——) Phalerata, H. Sm.... -. 145 | Blastocerus campestris, Gray ...-+. 237

— t ) seripta, H. Sm....... we 145 paludosus, Gray....-- aise debs 237

tragocamelus, Pall........+- seseee 146 | Bombylius ...c0e..ceeeeeeeeee aunteonseeesi200

—— Tragulus, Forst....+++++-++++ sesee LIS | Bos, Forst. ....-cssseeeeveeeeeee ..-138, 177

—— Truteri, Fisch. ...++...sse++e+ee+ 132 | Bos Connochetes, Forst.....+.-..+++++ 138

unctwosa, Laur. ...+0s++++-++ .» 131 GAUTUS ...ccereceseceeree BARS E 157

—— villosa, Burch. «++++e.ee+se0+ we. 126 | —— Pegaseus, H. Sm. .....+seseeree- 139

—— Zebra, Gray ...seeesrerererere wo. 142 CAULUS..+.+-+ stcRaEaes aaaenaenie « 157

—— Zebrata, Robert..........-02++++ 142 | Boselaphus, Licht., Ogilb., Blainv.,

Apistes panduratus, Richdn., n. sp. - 58 GAY seceeeveceeseceeeee +++2139, 143, 172

Aploactis ASPera ...+--.eeeesrereererrers 60 | Boselaphus Bubalis, Gray .++..+.++.+- 139

Milesii, Richdn., n. Sp. ..+.++-+- 60 Caama, Gray .......+++0008 meas 139

Aplocerus, H. Sm. ...+++++++ Bena aie 136 Derbianus, Gray ...-++ ceeteea 144

Aploceros Temmamazana, H. Sm.... 137 | Botaurus stellaris, Linn. .«...-+...++- 221

Aplocerus Americans +++-..00-+++0+* 174 | Bovide...... ee noe snedaaasenteae - LLL

Apodide ..... secscenccaccceeececeeseccees LOL | BOVIDAE coeesseeeseesers eveaeses eepateee 164

Aptery® eceecveceveeereres esas Js 208, 209 | Branchiopoda .......--.-++ eapesisnensissas 254

Apterya Australis .+.......+++- «211, 275 | Breviceps Gouldii, Gray ........-++++++ 10

—— _ Oweni.....-++++ osidemdacdenss .-... 211 | Broderipia, Gray «-+-++---- +o Peet]

—— Mantelli, Bartlett .......++.-++++ 275 | Broderipia Cumingii, ddams, n.sp.. 39

AptyChus...secrseeeress sdesensecaneness = 3 iridescens, Brod. «+++++.+++ waite ache

Aquila audax, Lath. ........++++++++++ 91 | —— rosea, Brod. ...sss.seeereseeeeee 39

— n@via ...... sieskdwtbutewseoeas ..... 215 | Bubalis albifrons, Sund.......+++-+++++ 141

pennata ...+ aurkeces eauaes 215 Buffelus ....++.+ swodens Seusiasees lke

Ardea affinis, Horsf. .....+.+++ Savteed Koba, Sund. ......+ eke <-BOSMBAA 140

bicolor, Vieill.........cseeeeeeeeees 221 | —— lunata, Sund.....0+-.s.eeeeeeeeee 140

—— bubulcus, Aud. ......++- nae 221 | —— mauretanica, Ogilb. ....-+..-- el ehee

— caboga, Frankl. ..++++.+2+01-++0+ 221 Pygarga, Sund. «++....+++00022+++ 141

—— coromandelensis, Kuhl ......+++ 221 | Bubalus, A. Sm. ...cee-e-e-seeeeereees -- 139

lucida, Raff. ........-++0+-+ veeeee 221 | Buecinum concinnum, Sol......-+ dase Loo

—— ruficapilla, Vieill. ....-.++++.+0++ 221 grana, Lawk.......++ + spreasp acer 205

284 INDEX.

Page Page

Buceinum lyratum, Lamk.......... «. 205 | Capra Rupicapra, Linn.........-....++ 137

—— pyrostoma, Reeve ..........+00+ 153 sylvestris africana, N. Grim.... 121

— senticosum, Linn. ......000.....: 153 Tatarica, Linn. .....0+.....206++- 112

Buceros ginginianus ...+00.eeeeeeeeeee 276 | Capraa, Ogilby ........0.....eesseeeeee 235

BUDORCAS TAXICOLOR ...-..++0e0000 173 | Capreolus, H. Smith .........0+-00s08 235

Budytes melanocephala, Licht. .....- 217 | Capreolus Caprea, Giay............++ 235

Bulimus achatellinus, Forbes, n.sp.. 56 Europeus, Sund.........0..0++00+ 236

CQVOUS Ys c0ceascoeceecccsceecttenes 54 | —— pygargus, Sund..........0-+...++ 236

—— Chemnitzioides, Forbes, n.sp.. 55 | Capricornis, Ogilby ...........- 135, 166

—— C1gusiligides. scscaccccccecccvooecs 56 | Capricornis bubalina, Gray.........+++ 135

columellaris ........0000e suena 56 erispa, Gray vee... .020pcocnseeeee 136

CECHATISCTUS ....ceccsereeeeveeses 54 | —— Sumatrensis, Gray ...... 135, 136

—— fimbriatus, Forbes, n.sp. ...... 56 | Caprimulgus infuscatus, Cretz. ...... 216

gracillimus, Pfr. .....esseeeeee 5G || CABTACUS® ivevwcccscscreveccesscotevece 237

Far twegit .ccsccssvecccscscoscscns 54 | Cariacus, Gray ..........0++ ivecer wee 20d

GORLOMUS cocdeccugeczovoweceveccetes 54 | Cariacus Lewisii, Gray ..........-.+6+ 239

— Kellettii, Reeve .........secers-e. 54 | —— macrotis, Gray ....+-.0.0e+-0e0ee 239

—— Miltechetlus .1.......eeeeeseseres 54 punctulatus, Gray, 0. sp. «..... 239

= NUD. 5a cvescveesssess Wesabe obvereec 54 virginianus, Gray ......++. re aoe

——_ PUGUIOSUS 26. .seenereeeeeee Soeeet 54 | Carinaria, Lamk. ....... A oct S305 45

scarabeus, Brug. ....eseeeeeeeee 147 | Carpophaga assimilis, Gould, n.sp... 201

—— ferebralis .......ceseveeseseneeers 56 | ——— magnifica 6s. ..eeeeeeeseeeenerees 201

unifasciatus .....+ Stubueveeeered 54 | CATOBLEPAS .....--+e000 SettOee csese 173

Buselaphus, Ray .....+...ceceeeseceevees 139 | Catoblepas, Gray ...secceecceeeseeeee 138

Buselaphus Caji, Ray .........++ Soe 139 | Catoblepas Brookesii,H. Sm. ...... 139

Buteo rufipennis, Strick., n. sp...-... 214 | —— Gow, Gray.........cee.e0e- 138, 173

CALANDARA PALMORM ....0+...00000+ 19 | —— Gorgon, Gray .....-.00.--.--0+ 139

Callichthys .....s..ceese+s00e here wees 53 | —— taurina, H. Sm., Sund. 138,139,173

Calliope, Ogilb. .....-.seeeeeeee sebetacs 1435. | Cavia Cobaya i252... . ccc. cevenncocn tee 157

Calloctenus, White, n. g. ..+...-.ee0e 12 | Centridermichthys ............0++++ See Ue

Calloctenus pulcher, White, n.sp..... 12 | Centrophorus squamosus, Mill....... 253

Calocitta, Bonp. .......-.++ Bpevteve ss 84 | Cephalophus, H. Smith ....s..+se0se+ 120

Calocitta sinensis .....s+ereeeeesseeees 84 | Cephalophus Campbellie, Gray...... 12}

Calocomus Desmarestii ......+0++++.+- 11 | —— coronatus, Gray ........- 122, 170

Kreuckelyt ......+ Reeteadsacseecee 11 dorsalis, Gray ..cce.s.....eeees 123

—$$._ DY CHUB ee sccsccevescceconececess 1l | —— Grimmia, Gray............ 120, 170

morosus, White, n. Sp. se+-...- 11 | —— madoqua, Gray .....+....-.++8+-- 122

Calotragus, Sund., Gray ...... 118, 169 | —— Maxwellii, Gray ......... 124, 170

Calotragus melanotis, Gray ....... .. 118 | —— melanorheus, Gray ............ 125

—- Tragulus, Gray .....+.+-+ BING 118 | —— monticola, Gray ......... 124, 170

Camelus equinus, TYiv. .+....seeeeeee 236 | —— Natalensis, Gray ......... 123, 170

Cancer serratus, Shaw .... 95 niger, Gray ........-+0++ bane 123

Candona lactea, Baird, n.sp.......... 255 | —— Ogilbii, Gray .....-..-++ 123, 170

TEPEANG © ..c..cnseeeecesoseensescce 255 | —— philantoméa, Gray.............-- 125

Canis QUreUS ......cceeeeeee coeeees ..... 156 | —— punctulatus, Gray ...... 125, 170

Familiaris ......c00000 A EEE 156 quadriscopa, Gray........-++++-+ 120

Capra Athiopica, Schinz. ............ 132 | —— rufilatus, Gray............ 123, 170

Ahu, Kemp. .......+ Goeusteednes 113 sylvicultrix, Gray......... 122, 170

— Americana, Rich. .......++...+++ 136 | —— Whitfieldii, Gray ......... 125, 170

bezoartica, Aldrov.......+++00++: 117 ? Zebra, Gray......+ ae sessagteeees 142

cervicapra, Linn., H. Sm., Cephalopods .......0+.s+severeeeeeceees 3

alli -cevtcrastceoceetecceeres ease 117, 135 | Cephalopterus glabricollis,Gould,n.sp. 92

— ? Columbiana, Desm..........+++ 137 | Cephalopterus ornatus .......+...+++ 206

P Doreas, Houtt.-......0.00-cccees 139 | Cercotrichas, Boie ......+--..+...eee00e 217

———— Orcas, LiNNS..2ssesacccssesces=se 112 | Cerveguus, Less. ...... Sera -. 236

Gazella, Linns) \ecccc..e.ecereees 134 | Cerveguus andicus, Less. ......+++... 236

— Grimmia, Linn....... Frat 120, 121 | CERVICAPRA ......0c0.ceceeeeceeeeseeee 168

WAV CUS ESE acecteacuececucsscsoeses 157 | Cervicapra bezoartica, Gray... 117, 168

——— montana, Harl.".:.cc.ccses+ssese US7 |i \Gepwind *c2<cccs2..ccsccceersceoecsenccees 222

—— perpusilla, Linn. ....++...+0000+ 126 | Cervulus, Blainv. ......scececereeeeeee 234

INDEX. 285

Page Page

Cervulus moschatus, Blainv. ......... 234 | Cervus (Mazama) Virginiana, Benn. 238

—— Reevesii, Gray ..é.s......0se8ee 235 | —— melas, Ogilb. ......e0ecccceseeeees 235

vaginalis, Gray ......+. soesedis «. 234 Mexicanus, Licht. ...... SSRI 238

Cervus, Blainv. ....00.....+ seseceeeeee 137 | —— mirabilis, Jonst..........00000- eee 220

Cervus, Briss., Gray .......c.00es00e -. 226 | —— moschus, Desm............0.0.00 235

Cervus affinis, Hodgs........ Sunteeste -- 228 | -—— Muntjac, Zimm., Horsf. ...... 234

— Ahu, Gmel. .......... eON eee 236 | —— nemoralis, H. Sm. ............... 238

albipes, F. Cuy. ...... eLoauee ete 117 nemorivagus, F. Cuy. ... 240, 242

Alees, Vint tank. kceses esse. 224 | —— nemorum, Desm. .........+.0005 241

Antisiensis, D’Orb. .........+ -- 236 | —— niger, Hamilt. ..............000 234

Aristoteles, CUv.........+0-se0008 Ql nobilis, Klein...... Ld So 227

aureus, H. Sm. .........e0eee0... 234 | —— nudipalpebra, Ogilb. ............ 233

auritus, Desm. .........eeeeeeees 240 occidentalis, H. Sm. ........+... 226

aA ees, EIR. nuesatattoneses ccsets 233 | —— palmatus, Jonst. ............068 225

Barbarus, Benn..........0...000+ 227 paludosus, Desm. ...........2. 237

— Bengalensis, Schinz ..........+- 231 palustris, Desm.......2....0.0005 237

bezoarticus, Linn. ..........+.... 237 Peronti, Guvs sc.casse5.5 08335228. 232

— bifurcatus, Rafin. ........... -... 137 | —— Philippinus, H. Sm. ............ 232

campestris, ¥. Cuy., Licht...... 237 | —— platyceros, Raii..............00.08 229

- Canadensis, Briss. ..........2.2++ 226 platyrhynchos, Vrol.......-.-. 2265

capreolus, Linn. ........- 235, 236 | —— porcinus.....c.ccccccsscosscecceass 157

— (Capreolus) leucotis, Gray ... 236 Porcinus, ZiMM.......+60...00000. 234

Cashmeriensis, Gray .....+.+2..+ 228 pseudaxis, Gerv....see..seceseseee 233

—— Caspianus, Falc............2-0s008 228 | —— Pudu, Gerv. ........+. sevee 200, 242

— Chilensis, Gay et Gerv. ......... 236 | —— Pygargus, Hdw............00..06 227

clavatus, H. Sm. .....2....0008 238 | —— pygargus, Pall. .........ceecceee 236

coronatus, H. Sm. ...........000e 229 ramosicornis, Blainy.......- Reece 208

dama, Linn. ...... ee ers oe 229 Rangifer, Raii Syn. ......... ee. 225

— (Dama) Americanus, Erxl. ... 238 Ratwa, Hodgs. ..........06...00 235

dichotomus, Ill. ..........0+ wenee 237 Reevesii, Ogilb. ..........00c00.00 235

— Dimorphe, Hodgs............. «. 231 | —— rufus, F. Cuv., see wee 241, 242

—— dolichurus, Wagn.....+..0...6. 241 | —— (asa), frontalis, MeO): 230

Sa) Heditin isc aptatstessistels. Genes 229 | —— Rusa, S. Mill. ....0.....00- ousde Doe

Hlaphus) <. ccnivte inet ideas 133 | —— Sika, Schl. Fest alls Lite A «. 228

--— Elaphus, Linn., Hodgs.... 227, 228 | —— simplicicornis, Ill. ..............- 241

— Elaphus, v. Canadensis, Erxl... 226 | —— Smithii, Gray............ svatvcds. 229

— Elaphus 8. Hippelaphus, Fisch. 227 | —— strongyloceros, Schr...... 226, 238

equinus, Benn., Cuy......... .... 231 | —— subcornutus, Blainv. ............ 234

Germanicus, Briss. .........+++ 227 Tarandus, Linn.........0..00008 «. 225

— gymnotis, Wieg. ....00..-...005 238 Tarandus Americanus, H. Sm. 225

hamatus, Blainy. .........+0.... 137 Tarandus var. Arctica, Richd. 225

heteroceros, Hodgs. .........++ 231 | —— Tunjuc, Vigors .............005 -. 232

— Hippelaphi, Sund. ............... 230 MNICOLOR \.oe0sscecessvtetestes as rae! Lyf

— Hippelaphus, Hodgs., Cuv. 231, 232 unicolor, H. Sm..........+. Res: 231

—— (Hippelaphus) lepida, Sund.... 233 vaginalis, Bodd.............++++ 234

— humilis, Benn. ......se.002..0.8. 242 Virginianus, Gm. ......... 238, 239

Kuhlii, 8. Mull. ............ betses 232 | —— vulgaris, Linn. ..............005. 227

—— Leschenaultii, Cuv............... 232 Wallichii, Cuv........... 227,228

— leucogaster, Goldf. ............ 237 Wapiti, Leach ................+ 226

leucurus, Dougl. ...... Sided 238 | Ceryle rudis, Linn................+ ae 216

——. Lewisti, Peale: ...cs.ccscescesese 239 | Chetodon gibbosus, Banks............. 65

lyratus, Schinz ...2.0......00003. 229 monodactylus, Carm..........+++ 65

— macrotis, Say, H. Sm. ......... 239 | Chetops, Sw. ....... wen ebapeswucereaee, 217

macrotis (3. Columbiana, Richd. 239 | Chetusia gregaria, Pallas ............ 221

macrourus, H. Sm. .s.....00..- 239 | Chalcopsitta, Bonp. ..........s0000... 26

major) Ondiszisccteraducse eke +. 226 | Chalcopsitta rubiginosa, Bp.,n.sp.... 26

Malaccensis, Fisch. .......0.... 231 | Charadrius....c...c..cccccceeeeees 290, 221

~—- mangivorus, Schr. ....05......6+5 238 | Charadrius Alexandrinus, Linn...... 221

Marianus, Cuv. ..........00+ wit. -232 cantianus, Lath..........cesee0e0e 221

—— (Mazama) leucurus, Sund...... 238 | —— hiaticula, Linn. ....... Sesdedeets - 221

286 INDEX.

Page

Charadrius pecuarius, Licht ...... soe (221

CharMosina.......++000 posnaies <ecaaie 27

Ghaunax;| Lowe: . 2205, t>sscessocae wk 250

Chaunax pictus, LOWC .........000+0 250

Cheilodactylus aspersus, Richds.n.sp. 64

brachydactylus, Cuv........++.+ 67

Carponemus, CUY. ...000..seeee =» GL

ciliaris, Richdn...........esse.s« 67

—— fasciatus, Cuy. ....... pavwaoweies 65

— gibbosus, Solander............... 65

— hecateius, Richdn., n. sp....... 67

— lineatus, Forster .......... ete G8

macropterus, Forst. ...c0.s00. 62

—— nigricans, Richdn., n. sp. ...... 63

nigripes, Richdn., n. sp. .....- 66

ZONAtUS, | CUD. ceneseesscsvavecetaas 66

Cheironectes .eeeeessseee dads dpacaesbce. 250

Cheironectid@ ....++..seeeeeees 5

Chenalopex Aigyptiacus

Chlamydera cerviniventris, Gould,

TNs SPs, jeececercccccaccecaueaduseuebas «- 201

maculata .....0008 ba deaauenaavas2OL

nuchalis ......++ sib sg@acbiecse Unive 201

Chrysodomus despectus «.... LoS

Heros, Gray, n. sp. .- oe- 5

Cichla lineata, Schn. ............ aiGuae 68

Ciconia alba ...... Reaeedavees eekeveesee noe

Circaétus brachydactylus ....0600000. 215

Circus pallidus, Sykes ...... Scasweens 216

iavingienens 01 ne seetkeees shearer. - 48

Glavatiia, Lamia lt. .sinadsscescvesase. OG

Goassus;, Grayyerceqwastivevesvernsesesse 240

CoassuUS NEMORIVAGUS, Gray...... 240

Coassus auritus, Gray, Nn. Sp....... s+» 242

Ruduy Gray i. siavvekisyeigher’. 242

————— TMOR,, GTAY, , <ns-nedaves tb easewns 241

superciliaris, Gray...... aeuepetit. 242

COME o s0n 3335 oe guna bab «his Sanioud eaves 129

Cochlea Bengalensis, Pet. .........++- 148

Colius macrurus, Linn. ............246 219

Senegalensis, Gm. «+4...+0+s000+ 219

Collaris purpurascens, Wagl.......... 216

Columba guinea, Linn. ......+++... ase 229

trigonigera, Wagl. .......0+...0+ 219

Colus Strabonis, Gesn. ......0s0000.0- 112

—— Tartarica, Wagn. .......0+...... 112

Connochetes, Licht. ......cecceeseevae 138

Conops stylatus, Fab. ........ssesceeeee 270

Copsy chus,, Wagl.,\>-iswsexss <asesxtete- 217

Coracias Abyssinica, Gmel. .......- « 216

caudata, Wagl. ...... phisiva stead 216

— Levaillanti, Riipp......... aeWaglee 216

ROVE DAU es pheen patios «aks 216

nuchalis, Swains. .......20ese00e 216

Corbula decussata .....sececcseeeesere 86

Corine; Be Guyate .assees wdseatnded 112, 115

COE MSTUS Uscsas etek dose andaavsetateeen 27

Cornu; Schutt, yesctessescnltne ceases 45

Corsira Newera Ellia, Kelaart,

His HD ip esanccacaamnagteimabnce «teal weoel56\158

Page

Corsira nigrescens......+ eee «-0..156, 159

Corvus Caledonicus.......++++++ Susesens 86

cyaneus, Lath. ....--20..+4+ seces SD

Cyaneus, Pall... jcc. secebedede stan 85

galericulata, Cuv. .......+++ nates eee

glandarius, Linn. .....+...++++ ars

—— leuconotus, SW. ....00.ccceeceeees 217

scapulatus, Daud. .........-++... 217

umbrinus, Sund. ......seee00ee. 217

Cossyphus Darwinii, Jen. .........+++ 249

Gouldii, Richdn......... eres we 72

Gd al ac cccendetes owte adesotieeks 72

vulpinus, Richdn., n. sp... 71

Coturnia dactylisonans .++.....000000+ 220

Crax Alberti, Fraser, n. sp. «........ 246

Alector, Timniac . eevieeseseees 246

Crenidens zebra .....0+++.00s evestesseeeesOy

Crex pratensis, Bechst. ..... goodie: 221

Crithagra lutea, Licht. ..........+4++- 218

Cuculus melanoleucus, Gm. ...... obey 2LO

passerinus, Vahl .........- son 219

—— pica, Er, ...se..seceeee sean ib MeO

Cule® CQUuinus ...ccceesseceeecserers sovee 208

Culictd@ ....12.s.secesve Ob .seudeSetpeeeke 266

Cumingia, Sowerby........-.. attics none

Cumingia antillarum, 4. Adams,

ih. BDeejasdowssevasetuss Fe eee |

— Clerii, 4. Adams, n. sp. ...... 24

— fragilis, 4. Adams, n. sp....... 25

—— similis, 4. ddams, n. sp. ...... 24

sinuosa, 4. ddams, n. sp. ...... 25

striata, 4. Adams, n. sp. ...... 25

Cursorius chalcopterus, Temm. ...... 220

Cyanopica Cooki, Bp.......sees-+...00 86

Cyanea, ps |) cateces..ceeessooees 85

— melanocephala, Bp. .........++- 85

Pallas; Bp. © scvcc.coce dceveaveree 85

Vailanti, Bpi...csieis 08 ees 85

Cyanopolius Cooki, Bp. ....+0...... 86

Cyanurus Bullocki, By. ..............- 84

Colliel, By iitst Rasch .. 84

cnbo, Bp neinpss. Pete es «. 84

—— Diardi, Bp., n. sp. ....00.....2006 84

Cyclostoma Cumingii, Sowerby...... 56

purum, Fordes, n. sp. ........- 56

Cyclostrema, Marryat .......++...0+ 41

Cyclostrema angulata, ddams, n. sp. 44

cancellata, Mar.......... socstivee Al

cingulifera, Adams, n. sp....... 43

Cobijensis, Reeve ....... Svausee. 42

elegans, ddams, 0. Sp. +++....- a4

— micans, Adams, 0. sp. ....0... 44

nitida, 4dams, 0. Sp...+....-000- 43

Nivea, Chemn........0....000-08 meri 42

plana, Adams, 0. Sp. ....-.+0+.0- 43

planorbula, ddams, n. sp....... 43

— Reeviana, Hinds .............4+ 42

spirula, ddams, 0. Sp. ...00... 42

— sulcata, ddams, n. sp. ........++ 44

Cyllene, Gray ......c-ccecsercescsereeeee 204

eee ee llr

INDEX. 287

Page

Cyllene concinna, Solan..........000++. 205

—— fuscata, Adams, n. sp. ......++- 205

—— glabrata, ddams, n. sp......... . 206

— grana, Lamk.......... Se tania -. 205

— Grayi, Reeve ...........2cceeeeeee 205

—— lugubris, Ad. et Reeve ......... 205

lyrata, Lamk.......+ a desinect -» 205

— orientalis, 4dams, n. sp. ...... 205

—— Owenii, Gray .......+. saapesrcaccs 205

pallida, ddams, n. sp. «........ 205

— puichella, Adams et Reeve ... 205

striata, ddams, D. sp. ...+++... 205

Cynopterus Marginalus ....0.6.0.0000 156

Coprudide,, .5ti)it<tsdah bark 2. seats 254

Cypridina hieroglyphica, Bosq. ...... 256

—— interpuncta, Baird, n. sp....... 257

MacAndrei..........00000 sésdclee dor

— Maria, Baird, n. sp. .......+0..- 257

Zealandica, Baird, n. sp....102, 257

Cypris cuneata, Baird, n. sp. ......... 255

Donnetii, Baird, n. sp. ......... 254

Cythere setosa, Baird, n. sp.......... 255

—— Tarentina, Baird, n. sp....... sue B5S

Cythereis Australis, Baird, n. sp. ... 255

— deformis, Baird, n. sp. ......... 256

—— fistulosa, Baird, n. sp. ......... 256

prava, Baird, n. sp. ......s0000s 256

—— runcinata, Baird, n. sp.......... 256

—— senticosa, Baird, n. sp.......... 256

Daimannia, Rob. D. ....00.....2.005 «. 269

Dama, A. Smith..icccseccccsereccsesaee 228

Dama vulgaris, Gesn. ............0.000+ 229

Damalis, H. Smith, Gray, Sund. 140,

143,172

Damalis (acronotus) lunatus,H.Sm.,

Aa Sina Harek. aden sees sedis vas 140

— (acronotus) Senegalensis, H.

MBs daca oo bath ustacsvona aca 140

— albifrons, Gray .....,.....0...... 41

—— (Boselaphus) Canna, H. Sm.... 143

— ) Oreas, H. Sm. ......... 143

— lunatus, Gray.....cccseeceereeee « 140

——. (Portaz), H. Sm) iscueseiieasscs, 146

— (—) Risia, H. Sm. ......... 146

— Pygarga, Gray .......ssecesseee 141

—— Senegalensis .........cece-e..000 132

— Senegalensis, Gray, H.Sm. 140, 141

— ? Zebra, Gray ....... Seipauses. 3 142

Dasyornis ....cccceeeee dgampieahe aces tas 95

Delphinula aculeata, Reeve ...... ww. «OL

— calcar, ddams, n. sp. 51

— Cobijensis, Reeve ............... 42

— euracantha, Adams, n. sp. .....- 51

mivea,, Reeve . ...i.eicivsenascteces 42

— Reeviana, Hinds........ Etnahii abe 42

stellaris, Ad. et Reeve ......... 52

DeBp hens ienteasiaccaiscansitoneeste 157

Dendrocygna viduata, Linn. ......... 221

DicRANOCEROS AMERICANUS ...... 174

Dieranocerus, H. Smith............... 137

Page

Dicrurus canipennis, SW. ...00+..05.. 217

divaricatus, Licht. ....2....... 217

—— lugubris, Ebr. ...cceceecsceeees 217

— musicus, Vieill. .......... auee bats 217

DINORNIS GIGANTEUS ..e.ccsseeeeeee 208

—— FigANtOUS seeeeseserseees oeseveece 45

PTEUIES,, cuscareonrsencsecea ageuawe WAD

Dipsas, Leach...... salaries bik saan od

Drillie....... Pe Pe oe 57

Drymodes brunneopygid.......+0.00.0 201

—— superciliaris, Gould, n. sp....... 201

DyTICUS MARGINALIS ......+- ckegad eS

Helieneide, .. saisbiwivccsionaccass aie aoe 202

Echeneis vittata, Lowe, Rupp. ...... 252

Eclectus .....+.. naspoaWebexs adavtivs sees 27

Eglisia Cumingii, 4dams, nu. sp....... 204

Egocerus, Desm. ......... panaemesas canst 132

Elaphus, H. Smith ..............00000 226

ELROPRAGUS.,.,...-<cdesudqhdeeaesueease 170

Eleotragus, Gray ......... mes Adwas 126, 166

Eleotragus adenota............ seccseuoet haa

—— arundinaceus, Gray......... 126, 170

— Capreolus, Gray ......0....126, 170

ellipsipryMnus ......00000 seesee 170

tsabellinus .seecsereeeee avast 170

—— Leche .....2..00+8 aie appeweexce ans 170

—— reduncus, Gray ..

Sing-sing

Elephas indicus ......

Emberiza striolata .........+ sms

(2 Te eae

Eos cervicalis ......s.ss0ee Peery Try) Bs hed

COCCINEE .eeeeeneee apap Manes eAk ee 27

cochinchinensis ......+0+..+++ iia ed

— guebiensis, Wagl. ..............- 28

— cyanostriata, Gr. ....... axedene 20

—— cyanogenia, Bp., n. sp. .......2. 27

—— indica, Wag]. ...........+s0-00e00- 28

— Isidorii, Wagl. ........0......00+ 27

= OFNGEGA__ cewenacecsdenacdnsackocves= 27

—riciniata, Bp. ........ wtawe tia ery pee!)

— rubra, Wag]. ...0....c.s.eeeeee... 28

—— scintillata, Gr. ....ceceecccceeees 26

— semilarvata, Bonp., n. sp. ...... 27

variegata, Wagl. ....-+...+0++ sca

Eques americanus .......+- ses ccc sess 65

EPQUUS QStNUS . ...400.ccennecasdasseees --- 158

CODAHUR, .0csnessceccccesees-siesuse~LoS

Erinaceus......e0e000+ Shes saa-58oneee unebe 156

Estheria Dahalacensis .......0+...... 257

Estrilda musica, Gray......--- aaanuay «- 218

squamifrons, Sm. .........0+ aa. 218

Eupodotis Denhami, Vigors ......... 220

Eurystomus afer, Lath. .......0....+++ 216

orientalis, Rupp. ...+++..0e0+00. 216

—— rubescens, Vieill. .........0+e00. 216

Falco biarmicus, Temm................ 215

— cervinalis, Kaup .........+++00. 215

— chiqueroides, Smith ............ 215

Feldeggi, Schl. ........+04.++4 qe 215

288 INDEX.

Page Page

Falco gyrfale0...ccc..sceesssssceseeeeseee 215 | Gazella Soemmeringii, Gray 114,115,168

Jug ger, GLAY ceccessecesceceneere 215 subgutturosa, Gray ...... 113, 168

lanarius, Schl. .....sesseeeees Pe 2S |) Gazola, Bonp.y.. ust .icvetcess seeders ene . 86

—— luggur, Jerd. .......cseeeeseeeees 215 | Gena wee..scsereee Nesaisty sdseUssieweentien > ed

peregrinoides, Temm. ......... DIS.|) Geta iGrayscscce---.secsesccdvesdereses 36

PlLOYTINUS .oeeceesereeceseerecens . 215 | Gena asperulata, ddams, n. sp....... 38

TUDEUS, THICN...00e..eeeeerseeeees 215 auricula, Lamk..........+0+ oth 237

Fasciolaria tavrentind .secevecsseeeesees 274 concinna, Gould.....+..seee.seees 38

Felis Chaus? -.ccvcccvevcesstece wcusaedes 156 trasata, Dufo. ...........2eeeee- 38

domestica ......++ Seat Peeee 156 lineata, Adams, n. sp. ......++ 39

MELAS Mode tetas ateteceed teeters 156 lintricula, ddams, n. sp. ....-. 38

LIGHIT cst MEN AAI aees 156 | —— minima, Dufo..................065 38

Fissurella macrochisma, Sow. ....++ 202 nebulosa, ddams, n. sp. ...... 38

Francolinus Clappertoni, Vig. ...... 219 | —— nigra, Quoy and Gaim.......... 37

Riippelli, Gray ....seeveeeseeees 220 ornata, ddams, 0. sp. ........- 39

Fringilla detruncata, Licht. ......... 218 planulata, Lamk. ...... ++... 36

Furcifer, Gray, Wag., Sund. ...236, 237 plumbea, Adams, n. sp........-. 37

Furcifer Antisiensis, Gray .........- .. 236 | —— pulchella, ddams, n. sp. .-.... 38

campestris, Gray .....+ setae 237 | —— striatula, ddams, n. sp.......... 37

—— Huamel, Gray we....cscceeeeeee . 236 | —— strigosa, Adams, n. sp. ......... 37

Fusus Kelletii, Forbes, n. sp. ....-. 274 varia, Adams, 0. Sp. «+...20000 37

OFEGONENSIS — ... +00 Sees etentes 274 | Glareola limbata, Rupp..............++ 220

SAIEDTOSUS. .cceeeseecscssecrreeeees 274 | —— orientalis ......eeecceccseeeeeeeee 220

GAdiA® weecscvsescosedecee aves sale doe 252 | Glossina longipalpis, Wied............ 262

Galerida cristata, Linn.......+++..0++ 219 | ——wmorsitans, Westw., n. sp....... 261

Garrula rufula, Temm. ......0000000 79 Tabaniformis, Westw., n. sp. . 268

—— torquata, Temm. ......s0.ce00e 86 | —— Tachinoides, Westw., n. sp. ... 267

Garrulus atricapillus, Geoffr.......... 82 | Glottis canescens, Gm. ............65- 221

bispecularis, Vigors ...... B2 SHeSS. chloropus, Nilas.........s00.0000+ 221

Brandti, Eversm. ........ bree 82 | Golunda Newera, Kelaart,n.sp. 157,158

Burneti, J. Gr. cscccovecesesseees 84 | Gonodactylus chiragra .........+.0.+- 97

glandarius, Vieill. ............81, 82 | —— cultrifer, White, n. sp. ....++... 96

gubernatrix, Temm. ......+++06 84 | —— Edwardsii, Berth. ............... 97

—— gularis, J. Gray ....6....0000. vee BL | —— graphurus .............ccceceeesee 97

histrionicus, Mull........0..2..+6 99. | ——-— s0yllarusscsWervccsasadecebeleotece 96

BULCOLL Acne ca Senate ea cseeedetenes B82 | —— styliferus ...crcccereceeececeeeee 97

Japonicus, Schi........0c.seeeenes 82 ErispinOGUs’. 5200... J/teckesstedens 97

— Krynickii, Kalen. ......+006006+ 82 | Gorgon fasciatus, Gray ....+-....--.-+ 139

lanceolatus, Vigors ...-+++0+.. 81 | Goura Victoria, Fraser .........+++..- 246

2 LidthieBonp.,neiSproteersese. 80. | Grus CiNeTeUS ...0.....cceceerecsceceeee 221

— melanocephalus, Bonelli ...... 82 | Hematopota pluvialis.......cs.eseveee 265

——- ornatus, J.. Gray .s..ceccceseees 83 | Hematornis lugubris, Less. ........- 217

—— ultramarinus, Aud. .........++- 84 | Halicore Dugong.......0+....2cccsec00s 157

Vigorsi, J. Gray......000.....00++ Bl.) Batieuteass2Oitendes tenes nose yeee 250

Gazella, H. Sm.) ceccescev.scsee.s- 135, 167 | Halcyon (Syma?) flavirostris, Gould,

GazeLLA BENNETTIL ...00+...-+- 167, 168 Ds BP a eisesiAcvces rek'es Met oeudmeverete 200

——— .GUTTUROBSA seeseceersecucnecrses 168 | Helicina diaphana, Pfr., n. sp. ..-... 98

SEE NGOUR datz secede sleasetandeteeeesel > 168. | Helix Adami. s..00..betsttessceewee 53

2E*~, Corinna; Ee Sms-'sesasczsaseeses V2 | neat ce vsvesesvecsesace..ctccene 53

Dama; Gray eRe kes DIA | ——= aspersa (2.000. scccbeecsess ce osenes 53

dorcas, Gray «+++... 112, 115, 168 Californiensis, Lea.......++++++++ 55

$=. CUCHONE sca ccsvorersons Sea er 168 | —— Columbiana °.....0...c0ccsssvees 53

—— gutturosa, Gray.......c..seeeeene 115 FY GSeri ooo. yicdecacccsscedecsoncede 244

—— Isabella, Gray ...ccrccseceseeoes 113 intusplicata, Pfr., n. sp. ...... 98

ReMaS Aes tis s oteeteenes 168 | —— Kellettii, Forbes, n. sp.......+++ 55

Kevella, H. Sm.........-.00sec00e 112 labyrinthus var. sipunculata... 53

Mohr, Gray ........- 114, 115, 168 | —— laciniosa .........000-++ erected 244

— Pygarga, Harris, H. Sm. ...... 141 TACEER ceaacsdenatcesb estes 243, 244

—— ruficollis, Gray ...... PITIRRS. 114 | —— maculosa, De Fér. ......--+...+6 243

—— rufifrons, Gray .........000 eoese LUS | —— Nuttalliana .........ccreossseees 53

INDEX. 289

Page Page

Helix ornatella ......... Sea aa oe .. 53 | Lamia(Cerosterna)trifasciella, White,

Pandore, Forbes, n. sp. .....- 55 Ml SpaWosacteedsscetccvusnasensee vascseus 13

—— pythia, Miller ...........+... .. 147 | Lamprotornis cyanotis, Sw. ........- 217

scarabeus, Linn., Chemn. 147,148 | Lanius algeriensis, Less. ...........+++ 217

LectifOrmis......ceeeeeeeeseeeeeees 244 arenarius, Blyth «.....0.s.e0000- 217

—— Townsendiand .s...+...0000. de. Ss collurio, Linn. ......seeeeeeeeees 217

furricula sccscccevsecceceeee wee. 244 | —— coronatus, Raff. ....00.cecseeereee 80

undata, LOWE .«......++ “cH ecen 244 | —— erythropterus, Shaw ..........-. 217

vellicata, Forbes, n. sp...-....+- 55 | —— eaxcubitor, Riipp. ..........e000es 217

Helotarsus ecaudatus ........ccecceeeee 215 | —— tsabellinus, Ehr. .......sceeseeee 217

HOMicapra)-<covecdacscavensecssaesteseess 176 | —— Uahtora........000.cceeeeee wwaeeead 217

Hemitragus ..cccoceesscsvssesccceeseens .. 176 | —— Nubicus, Licht. ........-...... we 217

Herpestes griseus ..00+...0++6 seseseeeese 156 | —— personatus, Temm............ eeaecai/|

WELLICOUNS ivan secse'sadouane®s wee... 156 | —— scapulatus, Licht. ...... ste A 79

Hippelaphus, Sund, .....2+ esseeeeeee 233 | Lathamus ........+++- @uaseetdersbscvetes Absa

Fippobose®...seecceseeceeeee .. 258, 266 | Latris hecateia, Richdn. ............. 67

Hippocamelus, Leuck. ..+.+..++++++ ... 236 | Leggada Booduga ............. Povactecs 157

dubius, Leuck.. .......++.see8e00 236 | Leopardus varius. ......+ otnbehs wee 156

HipeoroTaMUS AMPHIBIUS .......-. 160 VDIVEFTINUS .eseeeesesecees 332 .aeeed 156

Hippotragus, Sund. ................... 132 | Lepidurus viridis, Baird, n. sp. ...... 254

Hoplopterus persicus, Bonn. .......-. 221 | Lepterodas Ibis, Ehr. ............+02+0 221

SPinOsus, AUCt. sereeereeveeseees . 221 | Leptognathus, SW. ..-....s.ceceereeeee 252

Hydrochelidon nigra, Linn. ......... 221 | Leptorhynchus, Lowe, n. g. .......... 252

Hyelaphus, Sund. ....cseessseeeeee .... 233 | —— Leuchtenbergi, Lowe, n.sp.... 252

porcinus, Sund. ......ses0000... 233 | Lepus cuniculus ....+ daakda cote sees .. 157

Hylacola.....s0«ee.sececes Bea dceseee ere =95 MACTOEUS ssserereeee dad sen. eeweuee 157

Hystriat leucurus ....csceeecevecseecees 157 | —— nigricollis ...c0.cccecesscececeeees 157

Thea imberbis, Gin. .....00c..0eee00e... 112 | Lichia vadigo, Cuv. et Val. ..-...... 248

AGthiOpicd .ossercecssecssesvees sep POQMe |e DACKHA@ + iisccccssaseceseet bode tek eves te. 248

[quand .......22++. ret PE Beco meat 106 | Liotia affinis, 4dams, n. sp. ...-.-... 50

Trrisor erythrorhynchus .....+++0004+ 216 | —— coronata, ddams, n.sp. ........ 51

senegalensis, Vieill. .........+++++ 216 | —— duplicata, ddams, n.sp......... 51

Ispida bicincta, Sw. ....+-..- sot eee 216 | —— nodulosa, Adams, n. sp. .....-. 51

— bitorquata, Sw....... Riel hsosees 216 | ——- PERONIL «.......sceeeeeeeees seseee 90

Txos inornatus, Fraser ...++..++++. we... 217 | —— pulcherrima, ddams,n. sp. ... 50

obscurus, TeEMM, ......seeeseeeee 217 scalarioides, Reeve ..... ees. 50

Juida chalybea, Ebr. ...00....+.- Sees 217 VAVICOSA, REEVE ...c00...e0000>s . oO

rufiventris, Riipp. ...++++0....08 . 217 | Lippistes, Mont. ...........0.seeseee eee 45

Julis cyanogramma, Richdn., n.sp. 73 | Lobivanellus albicapillus, Vieill. ..... 221

—— Dussumieri ...0....00.06+ creer nee 73 | Lophius ...cccvceccsccvncocecessens eseeeese 200

Kemas, Hodgs. .........++ 112, 136,137 | Lophocitta galericulata, Gr.......... 79

Kemas Hodgsonii, Gray .........++ 112 | —— histrionica, Bonp. ............++- 79

Kerivoula picta ...... odeeee advan «... 156 | Lophyropoda ....... dee: Wiipereserces 254

Kevel, F. Cuv. ........0066 seseseee LIZ, 115 | Loris gracilis ....cscoeccreseeceeoes wees 156

Kevel gris, F. Cuv. ........+0++ Ber sey.5 112 tar digradus .....ceccsss00.coeeeees 156

Kobus, H. Smith ........... .-... 130,171 | Lowxia frontalis, Daud. .........+++++ 218

Kobus Adansonii, A. Smith ......06. 129 | Lutra nair .......0.scseeceeeeeseeceeees . 156

— ellipsiprymnus, 4. Smith ...... 130 | Lymnea catascopium ...........++++ Sora

— Leché, Gray, n. sp. ...... 130, 171 desidiosa...... seeueveccccwecces wees 49

Sing-Sing, Gray essecsssesee ee 131 elodes, Say ..........sessceereseees 49

Kolus, Gesn. ......+. Neca .seeee 130,170 | —— Hookeri, Reeve, n.sp. ....--... 49

Labride ....... mseencies ass soeteete's avast 249 | —— palustris s.....++..00+ Bawessauaes 49

Labrus Gouldii, Rich. .....cc0..ceeeee. 72 | ——— POTEGTA ...ceerereerveeers aeetesse> 49

— larvatus, Lowe, n. sp. ...+2...... 249 SLAGNALIS .10...eeeeeerecseceercecees 49

—— MILTUS 0... eee iateeaubentecscas 249 | —— truncatula .......00..ceeeeceneeees 49

$= SCF OFA. csneeececseosevevcsvescccerss 249 | Macherirhynchus, 0. g. ...........-++ 277

tetricus, Richdn. ........+...+6+ 70 | Macherirhynchus flaviventer, Gould,

Lachnolaimus Gouldii, Rich. ...... opr ai Tig BPoe*tasclavusehautascvcactvespece ess 277

Lemodon ........ Suncmyagedeuesnees seeee 219 | Machetes pugnax, Linn. ......00....+- 221

Lamia Assamensis, Hope ...........+ 14 | Macrochisma, Swains. ......+.s01...+- 202

No. CCXVIII*.—ProceEepincGs or THE ZooLoGicAL Society.

290 INDEX,

Page Page

Macrochisma angustata, ddams,n.sp. 203 | Melania levissima, Sow. ehehécsss 179

— compressa, ddams, n. sp. .+-... 202

— cuspidata, ddams, n. sp. .....- 202

— dilatata, Addams, 0. sp. .....-++. 202

hiatula, Swains....... atiienadsaus 202

— maxima, Adams, n. sp. ....+.... 202

Madoqua, Ogilby.........+++ sep inswbes 120

Mallaspis .....--.ecsevececeeecesseccensees 12

Malurus amabilis, Gould, n. sp. 277

CLLGANE), xan saain’ donewe vhmarevese 277

— Lamberti ........ t. sattaedawesas 277

PUlchervimus o2-...secverveceeeees 277

Manis pentadactyla .....++.+00e0e+- 158

Margaratina Vonderbuschiana, Lea. 199

Mazama, Rafin. ...+.0..-seecereveveeees 136

Mazama, Gray, H. Smith ...... 236, 237

Mazama Americana, Gray .......+-... 136

campestris, H. Smith ........... 237

dorsata, Rafin. ...-....++++ aswel LOZ

SUrcata, GYAY .ercerseccesescees 237

—— sericed; Rafin, .......0.ss0eseeree 137

Melenornis, Gray

Melanopsis .....+......s0eeeeeee piatiiae

Melania acanthica, Lea, n. sp......... 194

— aculeus, Lea, n. sp. .....- 183, 193

— acus, Lea, n. Sp. .......--++ Samet OL

— albescens, Lea, 0. Sp. «..-+.++.-- 188

————- AMA TU oon ene areceeeceeves rr ore 194

—— apis, Lea, 0. SPs esreserereeenee - 190

armillata, Lea, n. Sp. «....-000- 195

Australis, Lea, n. sp. ...+...... 185

bellicosa, Hinds .......0+..+.-++5- 194

— blatta, Lea, n. sp. ..-e0e..seeeeee 184

canalis, Lea, 0. Sp. «...+.++ wan¢- 80

=— cincta, Lea, Ds,8ps.siessnoo--n 0000) LOO

— cochlea, Lea, n.sp. «.-... 196,197

— cochlidium, Zea, n. sp.......... 183

constellaris, Zea, n. sp. ... 184, 185

conulus, Lea, n. Sp. .......+ee0ee 190

— contracta, Lea, i. Sp. .....+--00+ 182

——— cortuta, Lied, D. 8p. , .sass-se0s-s 194

— crebrum, Lea, 0. Sp. ........-00+ 193

crenifera, Lea, 0. Sp. s..+.....- 192

Cumingii, Lea, n. sp. .........+- 191

— dactylus, Lea, n, sp. ........+++- 191

—— denticulata, Lea, n. sp. ........- 195

dermestoidea, Lea, n.sp. ...... 181

—— diadema, Lea, n. sp. ......... «ee 194

—— episcopalis, Lea, n. sp. ....+.... 184

ferruginea, Lea, n. Sp. .....+..- 182

—ifoeda, ed, 0, Sp. sconaroatnacknene 180

flammulata, Von dem Busch... 189

graniferd, LAM. .....00.s.00eeee 196

——_Shastnls, Bea; ) Spajfsare<-ceeenst 189

—— impura, Lea, 0. Sp. ..eeeeees eee 182

— indefinita, Lea, n. sp. ...+-...... 187

—— juncea, Lea, n. Sp. ...-+..seeees 189

lancea, Led, 0. SP. sceeseseeeeee

lateritia, Lea, n. Sp. ...cese0s.--

— Luzoniensis, Lea, n. sp. ........ 188

—— maxima, Lea, n. Sp. ...-.+-++.-- 187

— microstoma, Lea, n. sp. «....+++ 186

— Mindoriensis, Lea, n. sp. ...... 187

—— modicella, Lea, n. sp. .......++ 196

nana, Led, N. Sper &. .sekesocceds 192

— obruta, Lea, n. Sp. ........000-++ 190

pagoda, Lea, n. sp. ....002------ 197

—— polygonata, Lea, n. sp. «00... 195

recta, Led, D. Sp. sssse-.seceee .- 185

— reticulata, Lea, n. sp. ........-. 193

— rudis, Lea, n. sp. ......... 186, 187

scabra, Fé. ..... pavonsecactphtnens 194

semiplicata, FEr, .....0..ss000+0 187

sunplem, SAY. -.tasace qideaevemle

— sobria, Lea, n. Sp. ..-...000.6+-

— spinulosa, Lam..........

tornatella, Lea, n. sp. ... 185, 187

— torriculus, Lea, n. sp. ......- -- 190

transversa, Zea, n. sp. ... 186, 187

— truncata, Lamk. ............0+++ 187

-— Virginica, Say .......0.++.- 188, 190

Zeylanica, Lea, n. sp. ... 194, 196

Melasoma, Sw. ........+ ix SeeER Se 217

Melasoma edoliolides, Sw. ......+++-+- 217

Melierax canorus, Risl. ...........++ we 215

gabar, Daud. .........-ssesesess 215

——— musicus, Daud. oos.....s0reeeseee 215

—— polyzonus, Riipp. ..+.....0...-+++ 215

Meminna indica .....cs00...20ceeceveeee 157

Merops Aigyptius, Kitt. ......00+0.-.. 216

—— ceruleocephalus, Lath. .....-... 216

COMATIS. .,..00.066 bcpatissamecs meee 216

erythropterus ........2-00 deans 216

Lafresnayei, Guér. .......+--+++ . 216

Lamarki, Cnv.......00scsssseccses 216

——. minulus, Cuv. ....cccecersrccceee 216

nuhieus, GIN. ..2000ssseskss senses 216

—— superbus, Shaw .....-. Jekeb cote eee

viridis, Riipp. ....000.--+ waegee 216

viridissimus, SW. .....0+0-++ eves LD

Metopias typhlops, Lowe..........+++ . 251

Microtis, Addams, 1. g. -.-...+++ee0e0s 36

Microtis tuberculata, ddams, n. sp. 36

Mirafra Cordofanica, Strick., n. sp.. 218

SULTS ep seh saTeaiece=s canngennennee 209

Modulus, Gray.......0...20s--+00-0se008 203

Modulus carchedonicus, Lamk. ...... 203

cerodes, ddams, N. sp. «.-.++++ 204

cidaris, Reeve .........-.0++.sse6s 204

— duplicatus, ddams, n. sp. ...... 204

— lenticularis, Chemmn. ...........- 203

—— tectum, Gmel. ....... ein Pboue 203

UMD IOC CTS Onna solaslacisrancttas sat Coote 13

Monacanthus auriga, Lowe........... 253

INDEX. 291

~ Page Page

Monacanthus filamentosus, Val. ... 253 | Neotragus, H. Smith ............ 120, 168

Monarcha leucotis, Gould, n. sp. ... 201 | Neotragus Hemprichianus, Sund.... 120

— trivirgata a. 201 madoka, H. Smith...........++++ 120

Monocondyi@a, D’Ord. .......0+.s0+08 199 | —— saltiana, Gray ...........-- 120, 169

Monodonta, Lamk. ....+....eeeeeeeeee 203 | Nesotragus, Von Duden......... 119, 126

Monodonta carchedonicus, Lamk.... 203 | Nesotragus moschatus, Von Duben... 119

retusa, Lamk., ........seeeeeeees 203 | Nestor venvscsencessccevscecsecsccdeceseces 208

Sayii, Nutt. ...-......0008 eI 203 | NITIDULA ANEA .....c00.eeseeeeeeee eee 19

Morulus, Reeve .........++seeereeeeeeee 203 | Norornis MANTELLI ........... 208, 209

Morulus cidaris, Reeve ......+ Tore 204 | Notornis Mantelli, Owen ............. 212

Moschus delicatula, Shaw .....+...... 241 | Numida ptilorhyncha, Licht. ......... 219

Grimmia, Linn. «.....+++002+.000e 120 | Odontophorus Balliviani ........+++..+ 94

—— pygmaeus, Linn. ........-..20ee ees 126 Columbianus, Gould, n. sp. ... 94

Motacilla capensis, Linn. ...--...-.-. 217 | —— dentatus ............csseeeeeeees Syl!

Myobatrachus Gouldit, Gray .....-... 10 | Gdicnemus affinis, Riipp. ....--...-.- 220

Muntjacus, Gray.......++++-+ a duawae ees 234 | —— erepitans, LinM. ........0...-.06+ 220

Muntjacus vaginalis ....,...-..- 157, 234 Senegalensis, SW. ....-.+0++.+++ 220

Murenid@ woe... ..se00ee+ sevens pees, D52 ) CESTRIDAR. ...ccrsscceecesccscsecseneeses 209

Murex pusio, Born .s......200-00eeeeees 56 | Gstrus Bovis ...s.ccceceeeeesecees 259, 265

Mus bandicota ......120...e0000+ ee irs CQUi.. 22-0006 ee eri «. 259

ECUMANUS «2. .000erevereeeees sevee 157 | —— hemorrhoidalis ......+0000++.+- 259

——. MUSCULUS 0... seeeeecereeeanet secee LBZ | —— Tarand. ........sccceeeecereeeeeees 259

—— niviventer ..rssecceseereee veeeeeee 157 | Olisthops, Richdn., n. g. .1....0.2-00 74

Muscid@ ......cceeveeee eee Bae ae 266 | Olisthops cyanomelas, Richdn.,n.sp. 75

Mya semistriata, Hanley .......--++- 86 | Oniscus Testudo, Mont. .......++...++. 97

Myobatrachida, Bp. .++...+++++++0+++ . 10 | Oreammos, Rafin. ..........:+.00e-00+ 137

Myobatrachus, Schl., n. g. «+-...+++++ 9 | Oreas, Desm., Gray, Fisch. .... 143, 146

Myobatrachus paradoxus, Schi.,n.sp. 10 Oreas canna, Gray .........222eeeeeeeee 143

Myochama, Stutch. ...0--++-.+-0+ese0++ 22 Derbianus, Gray .....+++..- seoeee 144

Myochama anomioides, Stutch. ..... 23 Oreosomad, CUy. seeseeeceeeeeeseese Bere Yi

—— Strangei, ddams, n. Sp. «+... 23 | OREOTRAGUS ....... beeper sabes --. 169

transversa, 4dams, 0. Sp. ...... 23 | Oreotragus, Gray, Sund. ........ 118, 119

Myoparia, Macq. .«...+-..+++++++ 268, 269 | Oreotragus melanotis .........++ gO. 169

Nagor, Laur. ...cccseecseessseeseeeesees 126 saltatrix, Sund., Gray -... 119, 169

Naiades .........cseecceesocesoesccnees «- 199 | —— SCOparius ......00..-.0ee008 Bibeetes 169

Nangeur, Buff. .......00.sseeee+ 114, 115 EVAGUIUS ..200+.0cecrnccsceesceeses 169

Nanotragus, Sund. .....-. ahesees 126, 169 | Oriolus aureus ....+++0+++ faces eee ve 209

Nanotragus perpusillus, Gray ........ 126 | —— Baraffii, Bp., n. Sp. --+e+es.s0ee 279

regius, GLAY .....eseeeeeeeeeeeees 126 Broderipii, Bp., 0. Sp. «+... Peet)

Nassa Cooperi, Forbes, n. Sp. «++... 273 COChINCHINENSIS ..2.....ee0eeeeees 279

Woodwardi, Forbes, n. sp. ... 273 galbula, Linn. «....++...s00seeee 217

Natica intricata ......- Se UE eeeeee 272 | —— hippocrepis, Wagl. «+....+.06- 279

Pritchardi, Forbes, n. sp. ...... 272 | —— molowita, Riipp. .....+.-.+0-+ 279

Nauclerus Riocouri, Vieill. ..... eni2is TOGENS ..eceseeveee ah; bate ee 279

NAUTILUS POMPILIUS ....-0se+0.+-00- 1 | ORTHAGORISCUS MOLA esesesseereeree 19

Nectarinia Australis, Gould, n. sp... 201 | Ortyxelos Meiffreni, Vieillce.csi.e.5. 220

—$ Fr ENALA oo cconececrecennrreereeeaees 201 | ORYX ......eeee eee Sede apenssewelaw ses « 175

—— melanorhynchus, Licht. ...... 216 | Oryx, Blainv. ...c00..ceeeeeecceeeeeeeees 133

— metallica, Er. ......0+ee00..+00+ 216 | Oryx Beisa, Sund. ...ce.seseerseeeeeees 134

pulchella, Linn. ....0++++...22+06+ 216 Capensis, Ogilby ..+0..++..2+-+--- 134

Nefal, AdansOn «++...seeeeesseneeeeeees 56 | —— Gazella, Gray...........+++- 134, 175

NEMORHEDUS «1... ceeeeeeeeeees “Eee « 173 leucoryx, Gray ..........+- 134, 175

Nemorhedus bubalina ........+++ veces 173 | Ostracoda .....s0ccceceeccecsceceveceees 254

Sumatrensis ...+.0..e0000ee- sees. 173 | Otis Rhaad, Gel. ............20000--+ 220

Nemorhedus, H. Smith 135, 136,165,166 | Otogyps awricularis ..........+++++++--- 214

Nemorhedus Goral, H. Smith ...... 136 | Oureby, F. Cuv. .++......+0+-0200 128, 168

proclivis, Hodgs. ........-+++++ 135 | OvisBos MOSCHATUS ....... Seog i

Nemorhina palpalis, Desv. ......+++... QG62 | Ovis Aries ...ccc-cce.scesnsecccseverscees 157

Neomorpha .....0.0.000cceeeeeeecees ences 211 montana, Ord. «.+...seseeeeeee -- 136

Neophron percnopterus +++...-++0+-00+ 214 | Oxylophus afer, Leach .......-++++++- 219

292 INDEX.

Page Page

Oxylophus glandarius, Linn......... 219 | Picea cyanea, Wagh> arialassaeiaiew: 85

jacobinus, Bodd. «......-+0+-+00+ 219 FOrMOSA, SW. seceseesesecesseee ret

serratus, Sparr. o..+.+++ seeees. 219 | —— melanocephalos, Wagl. ........ Fret

Pachychilus, Lea, n. g- ..-++++ esceccee 179 | —— miles, Licht. .......00.....2eecee 84

Pachychilus Cumingii, Lea, n. sp. ... 179 stridens, Ehrenb. ....00...-++... 82

levissima, Sow., Lea....+.+-+++- 179 | Planaxis nigritella, Forbes, n. sp. ... 273

Paleornis cubicularis, Wag). ......... 219 pigra, Forbes, n. sp. ......--++++ 273

Derbianus, Fraser, 0. Sp. «--..- 245 | Platycercin® .....+....0sceeccseceeeeees 27

—— erythrogenys, Fraser, n. sp.... 245 Platyceros, Plin. ..... soso cenegees See 228

— longicauda, Bodd. .....++..-- ... 246 | Platycercus ater, Gr. ....00..000...... 26

—— torquatus, VigOrs ........++0+++ 219 | Pleurotoma Babylonica ............+++ 57

PALAPTERYX cccccccccscsccseecees 208, 209 DICATINGEG Wn2ceusencc asedeetaeeUewe 57

Palapteryx ingens ..... pore ae 45, 209 | —— coronata...... actesel peters 57

FODUSEUS , .cccocessescosdenssse 45, 209 | —— owytrophis ....0..c0eeveecseeeeees 57

Panthelops .......00s-ceeecseteeees Saerer 168 Vit 90. .2osc000 deodeeee- ee Be 57

Panolia, Gray ....+-+++-+0-+ Lestat. 229 | Pleurothy8is .......0..-scecsecsescossooes 247

acuticornis, Gray «.+....eeeeeeee 229 | Ploceus luteolus, Licht. .........+++.0+ 217

— Eedii, Gray...+++..++++++ sescessee 229 | —— personatus, Vieill. .........00+.-- 217

platyceros, Gray «.....+- Retawsees 229 sanguinirostris, Linn, .......-+. 218

Paradoxurus Zeylanicus ......++0+++++ 156 | Pluvianus egyptius, Liun. ............ 220

Paroaria, Bonp. .«....-.++ piceatstesce. 26 | Pecilosoma .........0++++++ dapastesset= 12

Passer simplex, Licht. .... 218 | Pogonius rubescens, Temm. ......... 219

Pelamys sarda, Cuv. «+++ gout 3248 Senegalensis, Licht. ......++ aa. 2a9

Pelecanus rufesCens .+..seeeseeseeeceees 921 | —— Vieilloti, Leach .........000.20.. . 219

Pelidna minuta, Leisl. ........++000+++ OO} | \Palistemiccscs cere eck. Ree 267

subarquata, Gm. «+.+..++ aaeete 221 | Polyboroides radiatus, Scop. ......... 216

Penelope niger, Fraser, 0. Sp. ..-++ 246 | POLYDESMIDA .......cceceeceneeeeeceeee 16

Perdix indica, Lath. ....+.seesesseeee 220 |) PorphyTio) sicta.sccieaent: pabdetanecceney 213

Phacocharus @thiopicus w....000.0+0++ 78 | Portax, Gray .........ceeees We coeds 146

Pheenodon, Lowe, n. B. ....eeeeeeeeeee 950 | PORTAX. PICPA .0..¢0...s0seddecsdeveesss 175

Phenodon ringens, Lowe, 0. Sp. «++ 251 | Portax picta, Gray.......0......0e0eee 146

Phileterus nitens, Gin. .++...-.-0000++ 218 Tragelaphus, Sund. ....-+...++ 146

Phos, Mont/. ...cecceesecseeeeeeeeeeeees 152 trago-camelus, Gray ............ 146

Phos articulatus, Hinds ......--++++++ 153 | Potamobius Franklinii, Gray ......... 96

Blainvillii, Desh. ......++- 153, 154 serratus, White, n. sp. .....-+++ 95

cancellatus, Adams, n. sp. .... 153 Presbytes Priamus .10......000.0000000* 155

crassus, Hinds ....+00..++sse000 153 PREF RLCE ances oo oee es = eae 155

—— Cumingii, Reeve ..... Saeeeeeseans 153 | Presbytis albigena, Gray, u. sp. ..... 77

— cyanostoma, Addams, 0. sp. -+- 155 | —— melanophus ....+..-sceceeeeeeeees 78

— cyllenoides, 4dams, n. sp. «-... 155 OOSCUTUS: 2a ee seee setae ee Reet 78

gaudens, Hinds ....+++++-+-+-+++ 153

—— levigatus, Addams, n. Sp. ...-+- 155

—— nodicostatus, 4dams, n. sp. ... 154

retecosus, Hinds ....+...+++eeere+ 153

roseatus, Hinds ...... seedeesyses! LOS

—— rufocinctus, ddams, n. sp. .... 154

—— scalaricides, ddams, n. sp. ... 154

senticosus, Linn. ..... asvesesel.c2 200

—— spinicostatus, 4dams, 0. sp. --- 154

textilis, ddams, N. Sp. «.-.-.++- 154

— turritus, Adams, 0. Sp. ..-..-+++ 154

— Veraguensis, Hinds ...........++- 153

virgatus, Hinds .......++.++.+++ 153

Phycis furcatus, Flem. .....+-++++++ . 252

Mediterraneus, Lar. ......+++++ . 252

Phiyllopoda ....s.s0e.eceerececccteeeeeeee 254

Phylioscopus trochilus, Linn. ........ 216

Pica albicollis, Vieill. .........+++.-.++ 86

Bullocki, Wagl. .......-s0e+ss00 84

Colliei, Vigors ....-+seseeeeeeeee .. | 84

Prionacalus atys, White, n.sp. ... 10, 11

cacicus, White, n. sp. ......--+-» 10

Iphis, White, n. sp. ........- 10, 11

Procapra, Hodgs. .....++-..++ ele bceee 115

Procapra gutturosa, Gray ..........+- 115

picticauda, Hodgs. ....-.........- 116

Prox, Ogilby .....-..cceeeeeeeeeeseesees 231

Prox albipes, Wagn. ...+.-s0eeee---00 235

melas, SUNG. ..0......c2rseseeeee 235

Muntjac, Sund. .......+0..-.-00+ 234

Ratwa, Sund. .......0+00+.00+0-- 235

Reevesii, Wagn. ...0.5.0.0002-00e 235

stylocerus, Wagn. ......-++000++ 235

Psalidognathus, G. R. Gray -+++--..- 10

Pseudocervus Wallichii, Hodgs. ..... 227

Psilorhinus Bullocki, Gr. ..........+++ 84

gubernatrix, Gr. sesseeseeseeeee 84

Psittacodis intermedius, Bonap.,n.sp. 26

magnus et sinensis, Gm. .«...... 26

Westermanni, Bonp., n. sp. ... 26

etal

INDEX. 293

Page

Pterocles bicinctus, Temm. ...,........ 220

Fasciatus, SCOP. .........eeeeee- 220

—— guadricinctus, Temm. ........ 220

tricinctus, Sw. ......... siavivene 220

PRCT OIE on cca. bn genes cones Bde apaicdsth sane 60

Pteromys nitidus ........++.+ Seco 157

Pteropus Edwardsit ....+20.....020000 156

Ptilotis filigera, Gould, n. sp. ...... 278

VIECOIOT op ask ccenenenceunesiewedetes 278

Pupina bilinguis, P/r., n. sp. ........ 97

Purpura analoga, Forbes, n. sp. ....+. 273

Caralena (28. iisccstaobt ck veces 274

decemcostata .........+ Geceraeues 274

Freycinet... -26adsuccieusosteses . 274

fuscata, Forbes, n. sp. «++...+ oe 274

Papelatay . debian oe. <enetdeseds teen 273

——_ PIANOSPITa 2... .ceceevecereecevers 274

Pusionella, Gray ........eeseeeeeee bess enoO

Pycnonotus barbatus, Desf. ......... 217

Pycnoptilus, Gould, n. g. . . 95, 278

Pycnoptilus floccosus, Gould, n. sp.

95, 279

Pyrgita Swainsoni, Riipp. ...........+ 219

Pyrodes Smithianus, White, n. sp... 12

tenuicornis, White, n. sp. .....- ll

Pyromelana ignicolor, Vieill. ....-.... 218

Pytelia elegans, Gm. ........20.0eeee0s 218

Rangifer, H. Smith .............c.0006 225

Raphicerus acuticornis, H. Smith... 128

subulata, H. Smith.............. 128

Rhaphicerus ...... On mace ecr Core 169

Redunca, H. Smith ........ 126, 166, 168

Regalecus glesn€ ...c0+...eee.ceeeee seer oe

Rhinoptilus chaleopterus, Temm. ... 220

Rucervus, Hodgs. .........+.eseeeseeees 230

Rucervus Duvaucellii, Gray ......... 230

elaphoides, Hodgs. .......-+.-++- 230

Rupicapra, H. Smith .......2+...000.. 137

Rupicapra Americana, Blainv. ...... 136

Capella, Bonap. ........4.0.00+00 137

—— pyrenaica, Bonap. .......+++... 137

Tragus, Gray’<.5¢..Jcsaees.sese<-. 137

RUPICAPRA TRAGUS .....eceeeeeeseeee 174

Rusa, H. Smith ..... ane Ro Sesdss 230

Rusa AristTore.is H. Smith ....... 230

Rusa Dimorphe, Gray .........++....+. 231

—— equinus, Gray ........ aw vase z oss 231

— Hippelaphus, Gray .............. 231

— Kuhilii, Gray ..............ceeeeee 232

— lepida, Gray ...............+ sone 202

Peronil;: Gray2ases haseksecstsce 232

— Philippinus, Gray .............6. 232

saput, Raffles: .......00csecsss.00e 232

—— Tunjuc, Raffles. .......02......... 232

—— ubi, Rafiles............ceseeeeceees 232

Saiga Tatarica, Gray ....... bao! 3. atacts 112

NGS 2HER on «sin sins taunedecdeenia nes ¥ees 84

Sarciophorus pileatus, Gm. .....-++- 22]

Sarkidiornis africana, Eyt. ......... 221

Page

Saturnia ........ wuveccpavadiuadies ates ons

Saxicola deserti, Temm. .............- 216

isabellina, Cretz. .......se0esse006 216

—— enanthe, Linn. ......000...000008 216

Scarabus, Monéf. ......c.csccccsccecees 147

Scarabus Borneensis, 4dams, n. sp. 152

castaneus, Less. ...0....+++ 150, 151

— chalcostomus, Adams, n.sp. ... 152

=== / Cecillit, Piadenths «cave vetetennss 149

— Cumingianus, Petit ............ 150

imbrium, Monff. ............... 147

—- imperforatus, ddams, n.sp.... 151

+— lekithostoma, Reeve ............ 150

— Lessoni, Blainv. ........... 147, 151

pantherinus, ddams, n. sp. ... 152

— Petiverianns, Férus. .:.......... 148

—— plicatus, Férus. ..........eeceeeee 148

pollex; Finds... vse dudes tose 150

—— pyramidatus, Reeve ...... 149, 152

— semisulcatus, ddams, n. sp. ... 151

sinuosus, Adams, 0. Sp. ....+++- 151

—— striatus, Reeve .............000ees 148

— trigonus, Trrosch. .........+000-. 148

undatus, Less. .........seeecseeee 149

Sciena abdominalis, Sol. ...........0++ 62

lineata, Forst. ..........+ aelvsciees 68

macropterd, FOrst. ......sse0se- 62

SCUOCNIAE 3.0 veces cechniceh teeta merch 62

Scienoides abdominalis, Sol. Vaaeag ude ~ 62

Scissurella, D’Orb. .6....00.c00ssc00e «. 40

Seissurella angulata, Loven. ......... 40

crispata, Flem. .....0.0.s.sseee0 40

decussata, D’Orb. ...........2..- 40

— D’Orbignyi, Scacchi ............ 40

—— plicata, Phil. .......... waidouese 40

striatula, Phil. «.c....<s0sceceudes 40

SCiUTUS MACTUTUS .erccecceceeececeecee 157

palmarum ...... Mad. wesaente -- 157

—— CriliNCALUS ...eeceeerececedereecees 157

Scomber colias, Gm. .........++eeeeeee 248

Scombrid@ ......+ gavensss< <u sees atwese 248

SCQPCHAO 5.2... nccesseeveasdeoovee. uses 251

Scopelus barbatus, Lowe «..++.......++ 251

umiboldtiasic.. (sdectdesatens ates 251

Maderensis, Lowe ..........+..++ 251

Scopophorus, Gray .......0c.cceeeeeeeee 118

Scopophorus montanus, Gray ....... 119

Ourebi, Gray .......... ientantoats 118

Scops leucotis, Temm. ....+++......+ -. 216

SCOT POM cris 5 s<dd8. Ge ccecaeadan «debe tes 60

Scotornis climacurus, Vieill. ......... 216

Separatista, Gray, Addams ............ 45

Separatista Chemnitzii, ddams,n.sp. 45

Grayii, ddams, 0. sp. «...-...++ . 45

Simia silenus ....0.0.ceeeeeeee ee - 156

GPROUS oss cans ccewnsaceccecaasdaend 155

MRUTGUTIR cao ss0enanns coeuties baer 258, 262

Solenoptera ......... aweaGunes CR wie le

Sorve® MUTINUS .......2000.20eeeens 156, 159

Spheenia, Purton), 20. kisenscs. sated 87

294 INDEX.

Page Page

Sphenia Binghami, Turt. ........ .... 87 | Strepsiceros Capensis, Harr. ......... 143

— decurtata, 4dams, n. sp. ...... 88 CeGula severess-ceeetss cheese renee 171

— decussata, Desh. ..........00.0005 87 | —— Derbianus ............. sass teeta 171

—— elliptica, Addams, n. Sp. ..+...... 88 UT y@erOs- i... ss ites cdecscecstrees 179

—— Mindorensis, Adams et Reeve. 89 excelsus, Sund. ......see00e..00e- 143

—— Philippinarum, Addams, n.sp.. 89 | —— Kudu, Gray ......... 143, 146, 171

—— princeps, ddams, n. sp. ........ 88 OTCAB™ .vectessuwessesteresestevecs rive

Riippellii, 4dams, n. sp. .....- 82 scriptus ...... etse Res seck sen deced 171

semistriata, Hanley ........... Peay BYlVALICUS ~2.5..0e0ve.s0cdvesenvers 171

SPINDCIAB crowns devcbsasstectvocseatwaeue Streptocitta, Bonap. ...ee.sscsceeeees 86

Spiza, Bonp. .... SUVEJOMB s. soab~ ceo beer cress secneveutes cusp 211

SQUANA@.. J. Weccedcosccececesdconeree bees Stylocerus, H. Smith ..........000.000+ 234

Squatarola helvetica, Linn. ........... 220 | Stylocerus Ratwa, Hodgs. ....... Jette 2a

Stachynia, Macq. ...... svcebbwateeeeesws 269 | Stylogaster, WIk. .......cc0eeseceee -. 268

Steira, Esch. ...+......000+ Sicibuev ees 45 | Stylogaster stylatus ......0..0ccee0e000 270

Sterna anglica, Mont. «......2..+.s0+ . 221 | Stylomyvia, Westw., n. g. ....+00...008 268

Sternopteryx diaphana ...... edsoteae’ . 247 | Stylomyia confusa, Westw., n.sp.... 269

Olfersii, Cuv. .......+6 eenvtedeves 247 Leonum, Westw., n. sp. . . 269

Stomatella, Lamk. .......0e.seeeeeee... 29 | Sudulo, H. Smith, Sund. ........... .. 240

Stomatella articulata, 4dams,n.sp. 30 | Succinea cingulata, Forbes, n.sp.... 56

— biporcata, ddams, n. sp. ...... 33 | Sus indicus ....... Thedhcweeertetmeetes 158

cancellata, Kra. ......ceeeceeeees 30 SCrofa..... Sas eR FT, ESS 158

— coccinea, Adams, u. sp. ......++ 33 | Sylvia leucorrhoa, Gm. .....0++.000+ 216

— costellata, Adams, n. sp........ 30 | Sylvicapra, Ogilby ....... Pencucee 120, 126

decolorata, Gould ............+++ 31 | Syma tirotoro, Less. ...+.+...+00.0s00s 200

— fulgurans, Addams, n. sp........ 32 | Synanceia ........ decries We sestetcstdosee 7 TOU

haliotidea, SOW. .s.sscsceceeeece 32 | Syrrhaptes paradoxus ......+0+.s000 92

—— imbricata, Lamk. ..... desecdey ev 230 Tibetanus, Gould, n. sp. ....... 92

—— Japonica, Adams, n. sp. ....++. SY |) Dabanus weccdecevscsssuete seebees'es 258, 266

maculata, QUOY «...+.+4+ sdeeaces 30 | Taenioida..........00...+ ee Ce ee: 248

—— malukana, Addams, n. sp. ...... BL | Tanysiptera ....cessccocsseceesscsncees 200

—— margaritana, Addams, n. sp. ... 33 | Tanysiptera sylvia, Gould, n. sp. .... 200

monilifera, 4dams, n. sp. «.... 30 | Taprrus AMERICANUS ......+00..e005 102

—— orbiculata, Adams, n. sp. ...... 31 | Tarandus, Gray ....... avoed eeeestats 224

papyracea, Chemn. .........+0+ 31 | Tarandus Rangifer, Gray........+.+.+ 225

sanguinea, ddams, n. sp....... 32 | -—— sylvestris, Rich. ........+ Wilton 225

speciosa, Adams, n. sp. ......... 32 | Tautoga parila, Rich., n. sp. ....+.... 70

— sulcifera, Lamk. ...... Saco 30 | Telophonus senegalus, Linn. ..... Sy 4

—— tigrina, ddams, n. sp. ....++... 33 | Temnodon sallator, Cuv. ....... potas Naae

tumida, Gould .....cccceesseeveeee 31 | —— vadigo, Cuv. ....... Seacaubectevess 248

Stomatellide .............. Jiviesceestess WOOF) TRERAGERUS \.2.csdcescelecstearsctsesse 170

SbGMaUG siiecicdeseriiieen. bes rcee. Jones 29 | Tetracerus, Leach .......cscecsecceees ay

Stomatia,, elbs- Aiise.. cece ac ceee cave 33 | Tetracerus Iodes, Hodgs. ............ 117

Stomatia acuminata, Adams, n. sp. . 34 paccerois, Hodgs. ...... a deieeewe 117

angulata, ddams, n. Sp. «+++. 34 quadricornis, H. Smith... 117, 170

australis, ddams, n. sp. ........ 34

candida, Addams, n. sp. ......... 35

— decussata, ddams, n. sp. ...- . 34

duplicata, SOW. se.csccccceveeees 34

lirata, ddams, n. sp. 35

SS notata itr d ceccetededWweaaeees 36

—— notata, Adams, n. sp. . 35

pallida, 4dams, n. sp. 36

—— phymotis, Lamk. ..... ddtdeette “OS

rubra, Lamk. ....0s+esccscsseee » 39

SUGMMOEIYS 3 A coaeetiresctasacesteuecton se 262

Stomoxys calcitrans ....... wopweitttees 258

SPREPSICEROS: s..42:<sctcseccsecsssesece 171

Strepsiceros, H. Smith ene ee 135, 143

Strepsiceros Angasii .........sessesees 171

—— subquadricornutus, Gray 117, 170

Threpterius, Rich., N. F. ...+0.....0008

Threpterius maculosus, Rich., n. sp. 70

Thylacinus cynocephalus .....+++.+++0 89

Tinnunculus alaudarius, Gm. ......++ 215

Dipulid@ sd: suas seeccssooscgreese act pecwes 200

Tockus erythrorhynchus, Kuhl. ..... 219

POMOGEPUS \ecssccdedeccenss:sercnebeccoes 148

Totanus hypoleucus, Linn. ............ 221

Trachyphonus margaritatus, Riipp. .219

Trachypterus iris, CUy. ve+..ssseeeeres 248

SMB OWN icdescsateesecesecevesess 248

gryphurus, Lowe, n. sp. «....... 248

Tragelaphus, Gray, Ogilby, Blainv. 143,

144, 146, 172

INDEX. 295

Page Page

Tragelaphus Angasii, Gray..... 144,199 | Trochus lenticularis, Chemn. ...... 203

Cait, Rati Syn. ..............0000 146 (Margarita) Hillii, Forbes,

—— Decula, Gray wrccceercceeecseeee 145 WG BPsteracswas du siscehaatome ase Snare 272

—— Euryceros, Gray.........+0+00.... 144 | —— —— purpuratus, Forbes, n. sp. 272

— hippelaphus, Ogilby ............. 146 | —— modulus, Linn. ...........-..+... 203

—— scriptus, Gray .......scceseceeeeee 145 (Monodonta) aureotinctus,

—— sylvaticus, H. Smith, Gray .... 145 ORDER NS eu aevessvccanskesacccss. yp

TRAGOMMA BENNETTIL..+..+eeeeeeees 168 gallina, Forbes, n. sp. ... 271

Tragops, HOd8.......c+esesswcescaecuees 116 tectum, Gmel. o.....00...0se0s0ee 203

Tragops Bennettii, Hodgs. ........... 116 trOchifor Mis ......+0+.cseeeeeeees 271

Tragulus, A. Smith.. 118, 119, 168, 169 ):ZECUDINMUG) Sos sn ccasponsecssacesae 271

Tragus Dorcas, Klein....0......+++0++ . 137 | Turbo niveus, Chemn. ......0..0....00s 42

DYADONY DI recs ud seadiewcsnadceatscceeds 213 separatista, Chemn. .........+++ 45

Trichoglossus ....0sscssscsseees apseceass 27 | Turdus arsinoe, Licht. ......... Paeeae 217

Trochetia subviridis, Dutrochet ..... 52 erythropterus, Gm. ....+.0s060. 217

Trochilus brevirostris...........+c00+ -. 163 | —— vulpinus, Hartl. .............+- 276

? ceruleogularis, Gould, n. sp. 163 | Unio Bengalensis, Lea.................. 198

——? castaneoventris, Gould, n. sp. 163 tumidus, Retz .....00....0eeeeeeee 244

—— Fdwardi....c.c.c...c0esesves eeoeee 164 | Ursus labiatus ..........cscceeccsccovees 156

—— CErYthrONOtUs ...cceceercsssseceeee 164 | Vanellus strigilatus, Sw. ............. 221

— Goudotii.......... pose Saoor en aaa 163 | Vertumnus Cranchii, Leach .......... 97

—— longir0stris....00...cereceseesesees 163 | Vespertilio pipistrellus .............00 156

—— niveoventer, Gould, n. sp. ...... 164 | Vespide ..... dex uucanenoseidanusnesencnaes 267

= PUSUS. conavs casetenes Re atatunainaces 162 | Vidua paradisea, Linn. ............- « 218

—— (Selosphorus) scintilla, Gould, principalis, Linn. ......... senses 218

TU ADsie-c oacaacwe st Ataeastatt <ieoeesdatce 162 | Viverra Indica ...........+ mansewcamenee 156

— (Thalurania) venusta, Gould, —— Zebra, Whitf. ......eccceceeeeeee 142

MSD nce seman tecinttandeas dadeenaccas « 163 | Vultwr occipitalis .............5+ Sree 214

—— (Thaumatias?) chionura, Gould, Yunz torquilla, Linn. ...... Pobseecrah: 219

MIRO g ee ues ps caneserecemhiene ook ecoeei Oe OACMMLE lech, sets (oS am vas sane Gan ceaeneninch 247

Trochita spirata, ‘Forbes, n. sp. cece 271 | Zeus conchifer, Lowe, n. sp. ......... 247

Trochus alabastrites .......... oda vonins 271 gallus, Linn. ............ ayaa 247

Nutt., 0. Sp. ....2.00. 271

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ERRATUM.

Page 106, Art. 4, for Metopocerus cornutus read Iguana rhinolopha throughout.

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

: *C/

Y sss ty

PART XIX.

1851.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ;

SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE,

AND BY MESSRS. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS,

PATERNOSTER ROW.

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LIST

OF.

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Apams, ARTHUR, Esq., R.N., F.L.S. &c. page

Catalogue of the Species of Emarginula, a Genus of

Gasteropodous Mollusca, belonging to the Family Fissurel-

lid, in the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. . . - .- = Oo

Catalogue of the Species of Nassa, a Genus of Gist pe-

dous Mollusca, belonging to the Family Buccinide, in the

Collection of H. Cuming, Esq.; with the Description of

some New Species . . . Bora . 94

Descriptions of Fifty-two New ‘Spikes of the Genk ‘Mitra,

from the Cumingian Collection . . . . . - 132

Contributions towards a Monograph of the eaaliaes a

Family of Gasteropodous Mollusca. . . - 150

A Monograph of Scutus, a Genus of Gasteropodays Mol-

lusca, belonging to the Family Fissurellide . . . . . . 221

A Monograph of the Genus Monoptygma of Lea . . . 222

Descriptions of New Shells from the Cumingian Collection 224

Note on the Genus Nematura. . . . - 225

A Monograph of the Recent Species of Ricwula; a Gok

of Mollusca, belonging to the Family Fissurellide. . . . 226

A Monograph of Puncturella, a Genus of Gasteropodous

Mollusca, belonging to the Family Fissurellide. . . . . 227

Descriptions of Sixteen New Species of Rissoina, a Genus

of Marine Gasteropodous Mollusks, from the Cumingian

Collection: . 2-0: gaes«: sles” yo. ne, ae aA aah, mane BGS

Descriptions of several New Species of pres Rissoina,

Planazis, and. Eulima, from the Cumingian Collection . . 267

Apams, ArTuHouR, Esq., R.N., F.L.S. &c. page

Descriptions of New Species of Eulima, T: doa fe &e.,

from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. - . - - . 276

Bartcett, Mr. A. D.

On some Bones Gieaieinst es bee 6) es) a ~) w BO

Bonaparte, Prince CHARLES LUCIEN.

On the largest known Species of Phaleridine Bird. . . 201

BonyAn, Dr. G. R.

Notes on the Raptorial Birds of British Guiana. . . . 53

BoweERBANkK, J. S., Esq., F.R.S. &e.

On the Pterodactyles of the Chalk Formation . . . . 14

Davy, Dr., F.R.S. &e.

Observations on the Eye of the Mole. (Ina Letter to

WiSpenee} EsqyFeRv8.)\.a. by esisagi adie Ie osrnolem’). 129

Ditiwyn, L. LLewEttyn, Esq., F.G.S. &e.

On an undescribed Species of Megapodius . .. . . 118

Dueurn, Dr.

Letter on the Deal Fish. (Communicated by Mr. Yarrell.) 116

Forses, Prof. EpwArp, F.R.S. &c.

On a Species of A/quorea inhabiting the British Seas. . 272

Gasxotn, J. S., Esq.

Descriptions of Twenty Species of Columbelle, and One

Spetics: Ot Wap a ee ay ees, eo te fe Ree ot pe

Gou_p, Joun, Esq., F.R.S. &e.

On a new and most remarkable form in Ornithology . . 1

Letter from J. W. G. Spicer, Esq., concerning Two Hybrid

Birds.) vies thito lt. Ae. Ge

On a New Sisecioa, of Musiphiga agate slinWido SS

On a New Species of the Genus Montifringilla . olfte f- 114

On some New Species of Trochilide . ... . . .115

Remarks on the Genus Hapalotis . . . siqhrniatl. 126

Descriptions of Two New Species of Mainartlin, of the

Genus Antechinus . . . - 284

Descriptions of a New Species ‘of Prilotis, silk a Netw Spe-

cies of Hopsaliria ves ciine 3 Ads tert and dite vaso 285

Gray, J. E., Esq., F.R.S. &e.

Descriptions of Two New Genera and some New Species

of Scutellide and Echinolampide, in the Collection of the

British Museum «. . + O Od bapa s mise ‘

Description of a New Gatas and Family of Cuclwiiion

Lizards from Para . . + + +

Description of a New Species of Bibiiadia from Callao,

collected by Erneste Denicke. . -. - Bite

Description of a New Genus of einiginadite adr wis vat

Description of a New Genus of Bivalve Shells, and a Sea

Egg, from New Zealand . - - - hy ens

Notice of Two Viverride from Ceylon, lately living in the

page

- 34

124

- 125

Gardens. . .- EE - 131

On a New oe of pe eta alt in te ‘Collection of Mr.

Cuming. -. .- a realgen irs ba ige «te hoe

Description of a New Form of Lainie from Australia,

with a Synopsis of the Family

Han ey, H., Serjeant-Major 1st Life Guards.

Observations on the Breeding of the Nightingale in Cap-

tivity. . - « © -« ast vition ke

Harcourt, Epwarp VERNON, Esq.

Notice of the Birds of Madeira. (In a Letter addressed

to the Secretary.) - + + + + + + + + *

HeERRMANNSEN, Dr., of Kiel.

On some Genera of Shells, established in 1807 nol the late

H: B. Link ee we a es or

Kaup, Dr.

Descriptions of some New Birds in the Museum of the

Earl of Darey aes: shane Pere Phe hemos es

Mack, Mr.

Remarks on the fact of Black Eggs being laid by a White

Duck. (Communicated by Mr. Oswald.) . . - + + =

Mertcatre, W., Esq.

An Enumeration of Species of recent Shells, received by

W. J. Hamilton, Esq,, from Borneo, in November 1850, with

Descriptions of the New Species . - - + + + + *

- 235

- 196

» 14]

- 228

192

Newman, Epwarp, Esq., F.L.S. &c. page

A few words on the Synonymy of Distichocera, a Genus

of Longicorn Coleoptera from New Holland, with Characters

of Three Species supposed to be undescribed . . . + « 75

Nicuotson, Dr., H.E.I.C. Medical Service.

Note on a New Species of Francolin . . . . . . - 128

Notes on an undescribed Species of Tailor-bird. . . . 194

Notes on a New Species of Artamus from India. . . ~ 195

Owen, Professor, F.R.S. &e.

On a New Species of Pterodactyle (Pterodactylus com-

pressirostris, Owen) from the Chalk ; with some Remarks on

the Nomenclature of the previously described Species . . 21

On the Anatomy of the Wart-Hog (Phacocherus Pallasii,

Van der Hoeven). . 63

On the Skeleton of Tr. hoptotk sites Gorilla (which will ie

published in the Transactions) . . - 263

On the Capacity of the Cranium in the mie ius Cesie.

and the Gorilla (which will be sient a in the Transac-

SAMS) Gee ee ae Se Ts ea pout ele os area

Preirrer, Dr. L.

Descriptions of New Land Shells from the Collection of

H. Cuming, Esq.. . . - oh LY

Descriptions of Forty-three ‘New Species of Ohbiehtoladild,

from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. . . . 242

Descriptions of Fifty-four New Species of ee a

the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq... . . - . - « + « 252

Puivier!, Dr.

Descriptiones Naticarum quarundam novarum ex collec-

tigme Wane ee kee ne se wes pee wg ere

Reeve, Lovett, Esq,., F.L.S. &e.

Description of a New Species of Bulimus from Australia 198

ScLaTEr, P. L., Esq., B.A.

On Two New Species of Birds of the Genus Tenioptera . 193

Tomes, Joun, Esq., F.R.S. &e.

On the Structure of the Teeth of the American and

Indian Tanira,: .. J: 1+ 1. aiitenrel a nad medley tarent Aa

Vii

Turner, H.N., Jun., Esq. page

Note on the Suborbital Gland of the Nylghau . . . . 116

On the Change of Colour in a Chameleon (Chameleo

PEIN ee Cota eo py TR oe ay an es ee

On the Arrangement of the Edentate Mammalia . . . 205

Westwoop, J. O., Esq., F.L.S. &e. ~

Observations on the Dentition of the Tiger Beetles . . 198

YARRELL, W., Esq., F.L.S. &c.

Letter on the Deal-fish, from Dr. Duguid to Dr. Barker . 116.

ait pas 4¢

AY a) oprah :

ia oe af a te) ey a pith 0

ty} tet Larnaeg wry ter!

7 i Oe fe «

Be Y Velomelbeninlinbs alt Ap dtorrsynatrl ol a,

nr 8 See pee PPG PALF \pel .OF.L MOOV

By wy seksi alk; Sige ie be iin od aso troltavroade alt a

Ne " "hd Z

i¥ n = Bagher of P4 ‘ = aie

; ak aE L. Path a Aen | ate

eee P; Fi ‘

Ail ve Ke ai aa ‘ol Penis ACL seri aut tac mit) 10 ratte €

es) c.f bs cy i -

eS pes

% 2h hth < :

; Tash, tors, oF it

. » ¥ _ a's . R,

CG Pein ns, Shee inn 52 P Oy 3 4 1" 3

hee galsiucbedanc ben's ulate CRAM RAE aiken Pepi piney aan 2

* 5 Ch .

Plate

XXIX.

XXX.

XXXII.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.

XXXIX.

XII.

XX.

mu. {

IV.

LIST OF PLATES.

1851.

MAMMALIA.

Molar Tooth of the American Tapir ............-.--

Herpestes Smithii, Gray .....6 cece ee cece ence eens

Cynictis Maccarthie, Gray ...........eeseeeerenees

AVES.

Baleniceps rex, Gould... 1.6 cece cece seen eee eens

Saurophagus Derbianus, Kaup ........00+e ee eeeeee

Psaris Prasertt $6, Kaup ..........cceccecvceaeee

Megapodius Cumingii, Dillwyn ....:.....0e ee ee eens

Francolinus yemensis, Nicholson ..........--+++0+:

Tenioptera erythropygia, Sclater ..........+.+.+00.

—- striaticollis, Sclater ...........0ceeeeees

Artamus cucullatus, Nicholson ..........:0+eeeeee

Sagmatorrhina Lathami, Bonap. ..........+++++e0s

SOMES OL PES ere ten nnalctagore lojesco. xfol'o oievs. « onoiu le Rslurevegene

PISCES.

Petromyzon marinus, &c. &e. &e. «1... ee eee

Genet PARRENGUISY (os stare: a/c nistate cya! ake! ty aise erat clade? >,0) afeyero

REPTILIA.

Pterodactylus longirostris, Bowerbank ..............

Anadia ocellata, Emminia olivacea, Iphisa elegans, Gray

MOLLUSCA.

Bulimus Maconelli, Reeve ........ cece cece eee e eens

ANNULOSA.

Distichocera Kirbyi 3, Newman ..........seeeeees

RADIATA.

Gonigoria clavata,

Nidalia occidentalis, SGTAY c+eesssssceeeeevenens

Afquorea Forskaled ...ccscvceceeeseveeeenceeenaes

14 <-

38 —-

ee: | ety hu" sigh niniom ho

F gp jtt id fa hee wet € Oa ee ee Oe rh a Son

= TBE vsibeentp ae sagen ea ree Samet ry a

i aad . : a Al BATA ‘

j re thi ue ssn Di yr egal

ue caioaad Ss age grea

Seg 3 Wile | da

2G ateraee 7 a a oh ag ee

ide (Me iecsetgan ree ot aye eOe Ayetera satan

Bh) Nees nd bae meee oe St \ielotsih ainattiay aeons

BOE Grek Sek se eters Wake pigggirdlign eriqouet

Bs | 55 5p Gin ba Oak Ce a, dallas --—+—~

Le, Wi atarsoes ctw abuea eee

; a tae ss "

_ fs ene eee

ma : €

th eae ae?

‘ . i Sy S “A

FY ta FR Sere ARS Eos conte a

qe EE ee:

pm,

PROCEEDINGS

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 14, 1851.

Prof. Owen, F.R.S., Vice President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :-—

1. ON A NEW AND MOST REMARKABLE FORM IN ORNITHOLOGY.

: By Joun Govuxp, F.R.S. Etc.

(Aves, Pl. XXXV.)

I haye the pleasure of introducing to the notice of the Society on

the present occasion the most extraordinary bird I have seen for many

years, and which forms part of a collection made on the banks of the

upper part of the White Nile, by Mansfield Parkyns, Esq., of Not-

tingham. For this bird I propose the generic name of BALENI-

cEps, with the following characters :-—

Bill enormously robust, equal in breadth and depth; sides of the

upper mandible much swollen; culmen slightly elevated, depressed

in the middle of its length, and terminating at the point in a very

powerful hook ; tomize sharp, turning inwards and very convex ;

lower mandible very powerful, with a sharp concave cutting edge and

a truncated tip; nostrils scarcely perceptible, and placed in a narrow

slit at the base of the bill, close to the culmen; orbits denuded ;

head very large; occiput slightly crested; wings very powerful, the

third, fourth and fifth feathers the longest ; tail of moderate length

and square in form; plumage soft and yielding ; skin of the throat

loose, and capable of dilatation mto an extensive pouch ; tibize and

tarsi lengthened, the latter a fourth shorter than the former; the

lower third of the tibize denuded; toes four in number, all extremely

long, and without the slightest vestige of interdigital membrane ;

hind-toe on the same plane as the anterior ones and directed inwards ;

tibice and tarsi reticulated, the reticulations becoming much smaller

No. CCXIX.—Proceepincs or THE ZooLoeicaL Society.

on the joints; upper surface of the toes scutellated; nails powerful,

and not much curved; the nail of the centre toe impectinated.

BAaLzniceps Rex.

Bill pale yellow, becoming horn-colour on the culmen and tip, and

blotched with dark brown; orbits pale yellow; head and neck slaty

grey, darkest on the crown; chest ornamented with lanceolate feathers

of a similar colour, with a dark stripe down the centre; abdomen,

flanks, thighs and under tail-coverts very pale grey ; upper surface

generally very dark grey, most of the feathers margined with light

grey ; primaries, secondaries and tail blackish grey ; rump and upper

tail-coverts light grey ; legs greyish black.

Total length, from the tip of the bill to the extremity of the tail,

52 inches; from the tip of the bill to the end of the centre toe, 67 ;

bill, from the gape to the tip, 9; depth of the bill, 43; breadth, 4;

wing, 27; tail, 12; tibie, 13; tarsi, 10; middle toe and nail, 7; ex-

ternal toe and nail, 64; internal toe and nail, 51; hind toe and nail, 4.

Hab. The upper part of the White Nile, in Eastern Africa.

Remark.—This is evidently the Grallatorial type of the Pelecani-

de; at least such is the conclusion to which I am directed after a care-

ful examination and comparison of it with Pelecanus, Grus, Ardea,

and Cancroma, to none of which genera is it so nearly allied, except in

general contour, as to Pelecanus. Perhaps the most singular feature

connected with this form is the entire absence of interdigital mem-

brane, a character so conspicuous in the Storks, Herons, and the Boat-

bill, which latter bird is as nearly allied to Nycticorax as the present

bird is to Peleeanus. Both Cancroma and Nycticorax have the uail

of the centre toe strongly pectinated, which character is not found in

Pelecanus nor in Baleniceps.

2. DESCRIPTIONS OF TWENTY SPECIES OF COLUMBELLA, AND

ONE SPECIES OF Cypr#@A. By J. S. GAsKoIN.

1. CoLuMBELLA TENUIS. Testa pyramidalis, subventricosa,

levis, tenuis, albicans, maculis irregularibus fuscis magnis

longitudinaliter dispositis; anfractibus octo, duobus anticis

gibbosis ; spird subelongatd, acuminatd ; aperturd latd, anticé

divergente, postice acuminatd, labio externo tenui, internoque

edentulo, varice externo subelevato; striis tenuibus ab varice

anticé continuis ; canali brevi.

Shell pyramidal, rather ventricose, smooth, thin, of a dull whitish

colour, with large distant dark brown markings extending, irregu-

larly, in width and form longitudinally over the volutions, which are

eight in number, the two anterior being gibbous, the others proceed

to form an acuminated apex; the spire constitutes more than one-

half the length of the shell *; aperture wide, diverging anteriorly,

* Jn estimating the proportionate length of the spire of the shell, I take the

measurement from the termination of the last volution at its junction to form the

posterior point of the aperture; and the width, at the largest diameter of the an-

terior whorl.

acuminated posteriorly ; outer lip curved outwards, thin, without den-

ticulations, as is also the inner lip, which is shining, and within of

the same colour as the shell; a slightly elevated varix terminates the

inner edge of the aperture, from which fine strize pass obliquely for-

ward over the dorsum to the anterior portion of the outer lip; chan-

nel short, slightly curved.

Length, 52, of an inch; width, ,2,4, of an inch.

Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin, specimen unicum.

2. CoLUMBELLA ALBINODULOSA. Testa oblongo-ovata, palli-

dissimé luteo-fulva, fasciis angustis interruptis tribus brunneis;

spird acuminatd, anfractibus septem ; nodulis latis prominenti-

bus subdistantibus albi-coronatis; aperturd oblongd subqua-

draté albd; labio externo crasso, recto, submarginato, intus den-

ticulato; dentibus posticis majoribus, labio interno dentibus

irregularibus subvaricosis ; canali recto latiusculo subelongato.

Shell oblong-ovate, of a very light yellowish brown colour, with

three interrupted or dotted dark brown narrow bands, the first ex-

tending from the anterior point of the outer lip to the centre of the

aperture, the second from the anterior third of the margin of the

outer lip to the posterior part of the aperture, and the third from

the posterior third of the margin of the outer lip along the anterior

portion of the volutions spirally to the apex; broad nodules or tu-

bercles, moderately prominent and rather distant, exist from the

posterior portion of the outer lip over the dorsum or shoulder, and.

continuously on the centres of the whorls, and as the whorls become

narrow, occupy them longitudinally on to the point of the spire, each

nodule being crowned with an opake white blotch ; opake white irre-

gular markings are also on the anterior volution ; spire acuminated,

constituting rather less than one half the length of the shell; seven

volutions, rather convex; aperture straight, rather wide; outer lip

sharp at its edge, straight, curving suddenly on forming the channel ;

just within the lip is a row of about eight rather prominent teeth, the

posterior being the larger ; inner lip slightly denticulated with about

six irregular varices, with a slight sharp prominence at its margin,

the large whorl ribbed with fine striee, most prominent anteriorly ;

channel straight, rather wide, slightly elongated and recurved.

Length, 45, of an inch; width, 29, of an inch.

Hab.

2 Cab. Gaskoin.

3. CoLUMBELLA INTERRUPTA. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans,

fasciis duabus interruptis latis rufescenti-brunnets ; Sascid an-

ticd pallidiore; spird acuminatd, anfractibus septem vel octo ;

aperturd latiusculd precipue ad partem posticam ; labio ex-

terno crasso margine acuto, intus denticulato, denticulis qua-

tuor vel quinque; labio interno cum margine externo denticu-

lato, aurantiaco; testd extus cancellatd striis spiralibus vali-

dis, longitudinalibus tenuibus ; peritremate pallide aurantiaco,

posticé subobtuso angulari ; canali breviusculo latiusculo.

Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull greyish white colour, with two distinct,

strongly marked, interrupted, broad, dark reddish brown bands, the

anterior being the less deeply coloured, the markings being rather

crescentic, with the horns pointing towards the aperture becoming

more arrow-shaped advancing onwards; the anterior band extends

from the fore part of the outer lip to the middle of the inner side of

the aperture, the second from the posterior part of the edge of the

outer lip over the dorsum at the shoulder, and spirally on the centres

of the volutions to the apex ; at the superior portion on the aperture

side of each marking is an opake white colouring ; spire acuminated,

seven to eight whorls ; at the suture, spirally on to the apex, is a fine

whitish varix having interrupted brown markings along its entire

course; aperture rather straight and broad, widening posteriorly ;

outer lip thick, sharp at its edge, orange-coloured at its inner border,

| where there are four or five slight denticulations; inner lip has a

finely denticulated ridge at its outer edge of an orange colour, within

it is an angular projection forming the commencement of the chan-

nel; the whole external shell is cancellated, the transverse strize being

much stronger than the longitudinal, and especially anteriorly ;_peri-

treme of a light orange colour, rather obtusely angular posteriorly ;

| channel rather short and moderately wide.

Length 4°, of an inch; width, ;23, of an inch.

Hab. 2? Cab. Gaskoin.

PHOLOT/ PE 4. CoLUMBELLA LEUCOsToMA. Testa ovata, albicans, nitens,

posticée fascid latd brunned spirali ornata; apice albicante di-

midio antico anfractis ultimi albido ; spird acuminatd, anfrac-

tibus septem; aperturd guldque albis latiusculis, illd posticeé

subquadratd, labio externo intus subdenticulato, dentibus sex

posticis majoribus ; canali brevi latiusculo.

Shell ovate, shining, of a whitish colour, having a broad brown

band occupying the posterior half of the anterior volution and the

entire of the sixth, fifth and fourth, except at their posterior edge,

which is white, the brown band terminating in an undefined line near

the suture ; the three apicine whorls are white, with very fine lightly

es coloured linear markings, and in like manner is the white anterior

half of the last whorl finely but irregularly streaked ; spire acumi-

nated, seven volutions, which constitute the greater half of the length

of the shell; aperture white, as is also the interior, rather broad,

somewhat square posteriorly; outer lip gradually curved inwards,

having within it about six slight denticulations, the posterior being

| the larger ; inner lip smooth, spiral ; a few fine strize extend obliquely

| forwards over the dorsum of the channel from the slight varix at its

outer edge; channel short, rather broad.

: Length, 535, of an inch; width, ;13, of an inch.

: Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.

5. CotumBetta Pacirica. Testa oblongo-ovata, lacteo-opaca,

maculis irregularibus distantibus rufescenti-brunneis ornata ;

intus alba; spird acuminatd, anfractibus convexis septem vel

octo posticé obtusissimée coronatis ; aperturd latd rectiusculd ;

labii externi margine tenui intus edentulo; labio interno levi

externe margine tenui; anfractu ultimo antice valde striato,

striis tenuioribus longitudinaliter decussantibus ; canal brevi,

lato, subrecurvo.

Shell oblong-ovate, of an opake milk-white colour, distantly macu-

lated with dark reddish brown irregular markings, internally white ;

spire acuminated, constituting the greater half of the length of the

shell; volutions seven to eight, convex, their posterior margin gene-

rally very obtusely and distantly coronated; aperture wide, rather

straight ; outer lip thin at the edge, even, no denticulation within,

marginated ; inner lip even, having a very slight straight edge or varix

externally, from which rather strong striations pass over the anterior

of the dorsum to the outer lip, and very much finer strize longitudi-

nally pervade the same ; channel short and wide, very slightly curved.

This shell differs from Columéella Miser, Sowerby, in the absence

of denticulation, in the last volution being much more gibbous, the

aperture much wider, the channel decided, the spire more pyramidal,

and much less coloration and markings.

Length, 45, of an inch; width, 25, of an inch.

Hab. Sandwich Islands. Cab. Gaskoin.

6. CoLuMBELLA vARIcosA. Testa oblongo-ovata, nitens, crassa,

albicans, colore nigricanti-brunneo irregulariter induta ; mar-

ginibus posticis anfractuum albicantibus ; spird acuminatd, an-

fractibus septem vel octo subventricosis varicosis validis promi-

nentibus subobliquis instructis ; parte anticd ultimi anfractis

levigatd, anticé supra canalem transverse striatd ; aperturd ob-

longd subquadratd rectd intus cerulescente, labio externo recto,

marginato postice incisurd magnd instructo, intus denticulato

denticulis posticis validiusculis, labio interno levi margine ele-

vato tenui; canali brevi latiusculo.

Shell oblong-ovate, shining, thick, strong, of a white colour, gene-

rally irregularly and greatly covered, more or less intensely, with an

almost black-brown coloration, excepting the posterior edges of the

whorls, where it remains nearly white ; spire acuminated, constituting

one half the length of the shell, has seven to eight volutions, rather

convex, slightly diagonal; strong, prominent, somewhat distant varices

exist on the posterior margin of the last whorl, the anterior portion

of which have many striee passing transversely and obliquely for-

wards from the columellar edge of the aperture; aperture oblong,

rather square and straight, internally of a bluish white colour ; outer

lip straight, marginated, having a rather large notch at the junction

with the body of the shell, and having anteriorly to this notch, within,

about five or six slight denticulations, the posterior being the larger ;

inner lip smooth, without denticulation, edge slightly elevated and

thin; channel short, rather broad.

Length, 8°, of an inch; width, ,35, of an inch.

Hab. Peyta, Peru. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin.

7. CorumBeLta Ausrrais. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans, \4720%

maculis parvis irregularibus brunneis inequalibus ornata, ma-

joribus saturatioribusque apud marginem posticum anfractuum

positis ; spird acuminatd, anfractibus octo subgibbosis, apice al-

bicante ; aperturd latiusculd intus cerulescente, labio externo

recurvo ad canalem convergente, intus denticulis septem ad octo

subprominentibus subdistantibus, labio interno levi anticé angu-

lifero ; canali latiusculo brevi recurvo, anfractu ultimo anticé

transversim striato ; peritremate posticé angulari.

Shell oblong-ovate, of a whitish colour, greatly covered with small,

irregular, dark brown, conjoined specklings, of unequal intensity in

coloration, the larger and darker markings being at the edges of the

whorls ; three rather narrow interrupted bands traverse the last whorl,

the posterior one proceeding along the anterior margin of the volu-

tions ; spire acuminated, being rather the greater half-length of the

shell; volutions eight, slightly gibbous, the four apicine white ; aper-

ture rather broad, internally of a bright pinkish blue-white colour,

slightly iridescent ; outer lip a little curved, converging at the chan-

nel; within are seven or eight irregular, slight elevations or denticu-

lations, rather distant, at the anterior portion of the edge are several

fine denticulations ; inner lip smooth, with a very slight thin varix at

the anterior part ; an obtuse angularity forms the commencement of

the channel; channel rather wide, short, and a series of rather fine

parallel striz traverse the anterior part of the last whorl; peritreme

angular posteriorly.

Length, ;£° of an inch; width, 25, of an inch.

Hab. Sydney. Cab. Gaskoin, Cuming.

At PROBA LE 8. CoLUMBELLA CANCELLATA. Testa ovata, pallid? aurantiaco-

“SWATY PES brunnea ; apice roseo, superficie omnino cancellatd, serie posticd

972027 granulorum majore; spird acuminatd anfractibus septem; aper-

turd latiusculd brevique, labio externo-subrecurvo convergente,

intus denticulis quatuor vel quinque subprominentibus, labio in-

terno levi; canali latiusculo, brevi, peritremate postice obtuse

angulart.

Shell ovate, of an uniform light orange-brown colour, except the

apex, which is pink, deeply cancellated over its entire surface,

having the posterior line of nodules larger than the others; spire

acuminated, and forms rather more than half the length of the shell ;

volutions seven ; aperture rather broad and short ; outer lip slightly

curved, converging towgrds the channel; within it are four or five

rather prominent denticulations; inner lip smooth, very obtusely

nodulated at its exterior slightly elevated edge ; channel moderately

: broad, short, curved towards the columella; peritreme obtusely an-

gular posteriorly.

Length, 535, of an inch; width, 48, of an inch.

Hab. West Indies. Cab. Gaskoin.

9. CoLuMBELLA PULLA. Testa oblongo-ovata, saturate brun-

nea; parte anticd ultimi anfractis, columelldque albicantibus ;

spird acuminatd, anfractibus octo vel novem, convewxiusculis,

suturd levi; aperturd latiusculd postice acuminatd, labio ex-

terno tenui levi, intus subdenticulato, saturate brunneo, labio

interno levigate subdenticulato, antice subalbido, margine in-

terno varicem rectum efformante, parte antied teste trans-

versim striatd ; canali mediocri, recto.

Shell oblong-ovate, of an uniform dull, very dark brown colour,

and also within, excepting the columella and edge of the outer lip,

which are white ; spire acuminated ; volutions eight or nine, slightly

convex, even at the suture; aperture rather acuminated posteriorly ;

outer lip thin, smooth, internally slightly denticulated ; inner lip

shining, with slightly elevated nodules or teeth, and its edge forms a

fine straight varix, from which a few thin strize pass over the dorsum

of the channel; channel moderately wide and straight.

Length, 582, of an inch; width, 2% of an inch; length of spire,

32, of an inch; length of last whorl, 23, of an inch.

? Cab. Gaskoin.

Hab.

10. ConuMBELLA INTEXTA. Testa oblonga, angusta, levis, al-

bicans, strigis punctulisque irregularibus saturate brunneis

ornata ; spird acuminatd, anfractibus novem vel decem; margt-

nibus posticis anfractuum brunneo maculatis, ultimo anfractu

anticé similariter colorato; suturd elevatd; aperturd brevius-

culd angustdque, labio externo arcuato, ad marginem acutius-

culo, extus crassiusculo, ad canalem convergente, labio interno

ad marginem subvaricoso, levi, edentulo; canali breviusculo,

angustato, extus transversim striato.

Shell elongated, narrow, smooth, of a dull whitish colour, having

dark brown irregular dottings and streaks pervading the entire sur-

face of the shell ; irregular, rather large and distant, similarly coloured

spots are on the posterior margin of the volutions to the apex, and a

band, similarly indicated at the anterior part of the last whorl ; spire

acuminated, constituting about two-thirds of the length of the shell ;

volutions nine to ten, suture elevated ; aperture rather short and nar-

row; outer lip arched, sharp at its edge, thickened externally, con-.

verging towards the channel; inner lip slightly ridged at its edge,

smooth, without denticulations ; channel rather short, somewhat nar-

row, externally transversely striated.

Length, 553, of an inch; width, 2% of an inch. ;

Hab. Australia. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin.

11. CoLuMBELLA CONTAMINATA. Testatoblonga, levis, saturate

brunnea, intus subalbida, lined suturali albicante subinterruptd ;

spird acuminata dimidium teste superante, anfractibus octo vel

novem convexiusculis ; aperturd postice latd, anticée angustiore,

margine externo lato, crasso, intus denticulis linearibus sex vel

septem ; margine interno tenui, albicante, intus denticulis pro-

minentibus confertis albicantibus sex supra columellam conti-

nuis, columelld interstitiisque rufescenti-brunneis ; canali pro-

minente angusto subrecurvo, margine interno violaceo, parte ex-

ternd transversim striata.

Shell oblong, smooth, of an uniform light brown colour, whitish

within ; a narrow interrupted white band proceeds from the middle

of the margin of the outer lip and continues along the posterior edge

of the volutions to the apex ; a less defined band traverses the dor-

sum more anteriorly, and terminates at the middle of the inner side

of the aperture; spire acuminated, comprising more than one half

the length of the shell; volutions eight to nine, slightly convex, su-

ture a little elevated; aperture rather wide, shining, broader poste-

riorly ; outer lip whitish, and thick externally, edge sharp, violaceous

for a little distance within, with six or seven linear denticulations ;

inner lip, a fine whitish varix extends from the curve of the aper-

ture to the anterior point of the channel; within this varix, at its

centre, are five or six denticulations, closely set, parallel, prominent,

proceeding over the columella, whitish at their edges, the inter-

stices and the portion exterior to them being of a reddish brown

colour; channel projecting, narrow, slightly recurved, with a dark

violaceous colour within ; a number of rather strong striz pass from

the inner side of the aperture to the edge of the anterior half of the

outer lip.

Length, 5°, of an inch ; width, 29, of an inch.

Hab. Cab. Gaskoin.

I have seen but one of this characteristic species: the aperture is

allied in form to that of Columbella Puella, Sowerby. It may be

convenient to readers to state, that the species Col. Puella is by acci-

dent, in the index of the ‘Thesaurus Conchyl.’ of Sowerby, jun.,

entered as Col. Nympha.

12. CotumBeLttA Maravursa. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans ;

anfractibus sex vel septem; 4 vel 5 posticis roseis, longitudi-

naliter striatis, anfractibus tribus anticis levibus spiraliter

rufescenti-brunneo lineatis ; spird acuminatd, dimidium teste

equante ; aperturd mediocri rectiusculd ; labii eaterni margine

tenui postice marginato, extus incrassato, edentulo, labio colu-

mellari levi nitido, margine crassiusculo elevato; canali extus

transversim striato, brevi.

Varietas hujus teste major differt pro colore.

Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull white colour ; spire acuminated, form-

ing about one-half the length of the shell; volutions six to seven,

which, with the last volution, the columellar side of the shell forms

an even convexity; the first four or five whorls are of a rose or

bluish-pink colour, minutely longitudinally striated ; the others are

smooth, with somewhat distant fine brown lines, seven, eight, or so

in number, passing spirally and continuously from just within the

outer lip along the three last whorls, to the commencement of the

pink striated volutions ; aperture moderately wide and long, rather

straight ; outer lip sharp at its edge, forming a notch at its junction

with its next whorl, thickened externally, without denticulation ;

inner lip also edentulate, smooth, shining, externally forming a rather

thick, slightly elevated varix, which extends to the extremity of the

channel, and from the whole length of this varix fine strize pass over

the dorsum of the channel to the anterior portion of the outer lip ;

channel short.

A variety of this species is rather larger in size, with the markings

along the posterior edge of the three last whorls in somewhat distant,

brown, square spots, from which rather distant undulating lines of a

lighter colour pass longitudinally over the volutions, while in some

specimens the colour is more en masse on the last whorl with small

circular spots in it, showing the colour of the shell.

Length, 35, of an inch; width, 54%, of an inch.

2 100 2 100

Hab. Marquesas. Cab. Gaskoin, Gubba.

13. CotumBEeLLA AustRiINA. Testa oblongo-ovata, levis, nitens,

albicans, punctulis distantibus pallidissime brunneis, fascidque

anticd latd brunned ornata; spird acuminata, anfractibus sep-

tem vel octo, convexiusculis ; suturd distinctd ; aperturd latius-

culd, labio externo posticée intus emarginato ; margine acutius-

culo versus canalem incurvo, intus denticulis prominentibus octo

vel novem ; labio columellari recto, nitido, denticulis septem an-

tice positis, margine externo subelevato ; peritremate albicante,

aperturd intus violaceo-brunned ; canali subprominente, latius-

culo, dorso canalis transversim striato.

Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull white colour, smooth and shining,

with light brown coloration, or interrupted from the anterior side of

the volutions of the spire, and extending, more or less faintly, over

them ; a much darker broad band occupies three-fourths, at its centre,

of the last whorl, the colour gradually softening into the whitish an-

terior, posterior, and outer portions of the whorl ; spire acuminated,

constituting less than one half the length of the shell; volutions seven

to eight, rather convex, slightly ridged at the suture ; aperture rather

long, and moderately wide and straight ; outer lip forms a broad notch

at its juncture with the body of the shell, edge sharp, curving much

towards the channel, externally thickened ; within are eight or nine

rather prominent denticulations, diminishing in size from their com-

mencement at the anterior edge of the notch; imner lip straight,

smooth and shining, with a row of about seven small, even, round

teeth, which extend over the columella, and a very slightly raised

sharp varix forms the outer edge of the aperture proceeding to the

end of the channel; from this varix fine striz pass over the dorsum

of the channel to the anterior part of the outer lip ; peritreme whitish,

the interior of the shell of a rather violaceous colour ; channel slightly

projecting, moderately wide.

Length, 55° of an inch; width, 23, of an inch.

Hab. Australia. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin.

14. CotumBetua BAccaATA. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans, fas-

ciis tribus interruptis saturate rufescenti-brunneis, punctulis

opacis albicantibus rotundis per lineas obliquas vel longitudi-

nales positis ; spird acuminatd, anfractibus septem, quorum tri-

bus anticis levibus, posticis obtuse longitudinaliter striatis ;

apice albicante ; aperturd latiusculd intus albicante fasciis

{@4

‘ost Cooara

On 1y

)

are

brunneis tribus conspicuis; labio eterno crassiusculo denticulis

paucis intus prope centrum positis ; labio interno recto, ad

marginem eaternum varice prominente instructo ; canali lato,

obtuso.

Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull white colour, with three dark reddish

brown interrupted bands traversing the last whorl, the anterior ex-

tending from the fore-part of the outer lip to that of the aperture,

the second continuing along the anterior margin of the volutions to

near the apex, and the third passing similarly on their posterior mar-

gin to the same extent; opake, whitish, distinct, small round spots

pervade the four anterior volutions, being in rows, obliquely or longi-

tudinally placed ; shell, within of a dull white colour, the three bands

being conspicuous ; spire acuminated ; volutions seven, the three an-

terior smooth, the posterior obtusely striated longitudinally, apex

whitish ; aperture rather wide and straight; outer lip somewhat

thick, having a few (one or two) rather prominent denticulations

within the edge, about the centre; inner lip straight, with a rather

strong varix at its outer edge; channel wide and obtuse; a few

striee pass obliquely over the anterior part of the columellar side of

the dorsum.

Length, 25, of an inch; width, 33, of an inch.

100

Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.

15. CotumBeELLA sAciTra. Testa oblonga, subcylindracea, an-

gustata, levis, nitens, semipellucidula, pallidissime brunnea ;

fasciis duabus angustis interruptis albidi-opacis, ab postico

margine anfractuum ad apicem continuis; spird acuminata,

3-5 longitudinis teste ; anfractibus octo ; aperturd brevi, latd ;

labio externo crassiusculo extus margine albini-opaco, versus

canalem incurvato, labio interno levi nitido; dorso anticé

transversim striato; canali longiusculo, latiusculo; peritremate

subquadrangulo.

Shell oblong, subcylindrical, narrow, smooth, shining, semitrans-

parent, of an extremely pale brown colour, with a very narrow inter-

rupted opake white band arising from about the middle of the outer

lip, and continuing along the anterior edge of the whorls to the apex ;

the markings forming this band are pointed, the points being toward

the outer lip; large white opake markings occupy the entire poste-

rior margin of the volutions, conjoined at the suture by broad bases,

and, diminishing pyramidally to a point, extend across the volutions,

and between each pyramidal mark, fitting the interstices, are dark,

reddish-brown, barb-shaped colorations ; spire acuminated, constitu-

ting three-fifths the length of the shell ; volutions eight, very slightly

convex ; aperture short, rather wide; outer lip moderately thick,

much incurvated to form the channel, with a whitish opake strong

margin externally, edentulous; inner lip even, and shining, with a

slight varix along its outer border, from which several rather promi-

nent striz traverse the anterior part of the dorsum to the fore part of

the outer lip ; the columella terminates angularly at the beginning of

the channel; channel rather long, moderately wide; peritreme sub-

quadrangular.

Length, ;32, of an inch; width, 13, of an inch.

Hab. Africa; West Indies. Cab. Metcalfe, Cuming, Gaskoin, &c.

16. ConuMBELLA CoNsPERSA. Testa oblongo-ovata, pyrami- ~

dalis, pallide brunnea, maculis anticis, albi-opacis, irregulari-

bus; fasciis tribus albi-opacis, brunneo interruptis, duabus

posticis ab aperturd ad apicem continuis ; spird acuminatd an-

Jractibus novem vel decem convexiusculis; aperturd rectd, latius-

culd ; labio externo ad marginem acuto, margine externo lato

prominente, intus denticulis quatuor quinque vel sex parvis ;

labio interno levi, nitido, intus varice parvo denticulato, extus

varice subprominente ad laterem canalis extenso ; striis tenui-

bus per anticam partem dorsi continuis ; canali longiusculo, an-

gusto, leviter recurvo ; peritremate subquadrangulo, lilacino.

Shell oblong-ovate, pyramidal, of a dull pale-brown colour, with

opake white, irregular markings on the anterior half of the last whorl;

three opake white bands ; the two anterior, interrupted and edged

posteriorly with dark brown coloration, traverse the last whorl; the

second, arising from the middle of the outer lip in narrow streaks,

continues along the anterior edge of the volutions close to the suture,

on to the apex; the third arises at the posterior part of the outer

lip, sometimes in conjoined nodules, edged anteriorly and interrupted

by a dark brown colour, passes over the dorsum and continues in

irregularly broad, even streaks on the posterior margin of the whorls

on to the apex. [These characters are marked in fine specimens,

but are sometimes rendered less conspicuous by irregularity in

the opake white deposition.] Spire acuminated, constituting rather

more than one-half the length of the shell; volutions nine to ten,

slightly convex ; aperture straight, moderately wide ; outer lip sharp

at the edge, converges abruptly to form the channel, a broad promi-

nent margin externally, within are four, five, or six denticulations ;

inner lip smooth and shining, within is a little ridge forming about

six nodules or teeth, and at the outer edge is a rather strong varix

extending on to the side of the channel, and from the outer side of

which varix fine striee traverse the anterior portion of the dorsum ;

channel rather long and narrow, slightly recurved ; peritreme rather

quadrangular, and of a lilac colour.

Length, 5°, of an inch; width, 23, of an inch.

Hab. —-? Cab. Gaskoin.

17. CotumBELLA rorMosaA. Testa oblongo-ovata, levis, nitida,

colore flori-lacteo induta ; fasciis duabus maculis albicantibus

brunneisque interruptis; spird acuminatd, ad dimidium longi-

tudinis teste equali; anfractibus septem vel octo convexiuscu-

lis, suturd subprominente ; aperturd latiusculd et breviusculd ;

labio externo levi tenui, interno levi; canali lato.

Shell oblong-ovate, smooth and shining, of a light delicate cream

colour, with two interrupted bands of opake white and brown mark-

HaLOWPE

114 12.\1.10S

ings mingled together, the first arising from the anterior point of the

outer lip, and proceeding to the inner edge of the aperture; the second

from the middle of the outer lip, and extending along the anterior mar-

gin of the volutions to the apex ; spire acuminated, of half the length

of the shell; volutions seven to eight, rather convex, suture slightly

prominent ; aperture somewhat wide and short; outer lip smooth

and thin; inner lip even and also edentulous, no varix at its inner

border; channel short and wide; a few strize traverse the anterior

part of the dorsum.

Length, 4° of an inch; width, 2°, of an inch.

27100 > 100

Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.

18. CotumBELLA HIRUNDO. Testa ovato-pyramidalis, levis,

nitens, pallida, strigis punctisque brunneis leviter maculata ;

spird mucronata, dimidium longitudinis teste aequante; an-

Sractibus novem vel decem planis ; apertura latiusculd ; labio

externo crasso albo semicirculari, dentibus duobus vel tribus

latis posticis internis, margine externo crasso albo; labio in-

terno levi, subspirali, dente solitario majusculo ad posticam

partem; canali longo, latiusculo, recurvo, rostris prominenti-

bus, externo divergente quasi furcato ut in formd caude hirun-

dinis.

Shell ovato-pyramidal, smooth and shining, pale in colour, lightly

speckled with fine brown streaks and dottings, with intermissions of

colour along the darker coloration of the posterior edge of the volu-

tions ; spire sharply mucronated, bemg about half the length of the

shell; nine to ten flat volutions; aperture rather broad; outer lip

thick, white, semicircular, with two or three broad denticulations

within posteriorly, converges abruptly to form the channel ; external

margin strong and white; inner lip smooth, subspiral, with a single

rather large node or tooth at the posterior part ; channel long and

moderately wide, recurved, beaks prominent, outer one diverging,

giving a forked appearance, as in the tail of the swallow.

This species is of the stamp of Col. bicanalifera of Sowerby, Proc.

Zool. Soc. part ii. page 113; Sowerby’s Thesaurus, fig. 144.

Length, 55°, of an inch; width, 2.6 of an inch.

Hab. Per the ‘Samarang.’ Cab. Gaskoin.

19. CotuMBELLA CALIFORNIANA. Testa oblongo-ovata, sub-

pyramidalis, levis, nitens, brunnea, vel brunneo variabilis, ali-

quando lineis tenuibus, fortioribus, aut latiusculis irregulari-

bus; spird acuminatd dimidium teste subequante ; anfracti-

bus septem convexis; aperturd latd subquadrangulari; labio

externo tenuiusculo intus denticulato, labio interno leviter den-

ticulato ; dorso anticé transversim striato; peritremate pur-

pureo-nigricante ; canali brevi.

Shell oblong-ovate, smooth and shining, rather pyramidal, of a

brown colour, varying much in intensity and markings, in being

sometimes uniform, in others with one or two thin darker coloured

cinctures, or with broad and continuous dark regular markings

spirally passing on the whorls to be.lost in the deeper colour of the

apicine volutions ; spire acuminated, about half the length of the

shell; volutions seven, convex; aperture wide, subquadrangular ;

outer lip rather thin, denticulated within on its whole extent ; inner

hp slightly denticulated along its rather angular inner edge; fine

strize traverse the anterior part of the dorsum; peritreme of a dark

purple-brown colour ; channel very short.

Length, ;4°, of an inch ; width, 2° of an inch.

Hab. Sandeago, California. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin.

20. CorumpeLta Iopostoma. Testa oblongo-ovata, irregula- HOLCOTYEE *

riter brunnea; spird acuminatd, apice ceruleo-brunneo; an- \274.\2 \\ \\2

Jractibus septem vel octo raptim longitudinaliter decrescen- 2 sae

tibus ; costellis prope aperturam minus prominentibus, costis

ad posticum marginem in tuberculis postice terminantibus ;

aperturd posticé latiusculd, antice subacutd; labio externo

tenui, intus denticulato ; labio interno intus denticulato, varice

prominente marginato ; dorso anticé extus striato; canali lon-

giusculo ; margine peritrematis purpureo-brunnescente.

Shell oblong-ovate, of an irregular brown colour ; spire acumina-

ted, apex dark bluish brown colour ; volutions seven to eight, greatly

decreasing in circumference on to the apex, strongly ribbed longitu-

dinally, less strongly towards the aperture, the ribs terminating in

colourless nodules at the posterior edge of the volutions; aperture

rather broad posteriorly, subacute anteriorly ; outer lip thin, denticu-

lated to its full extent within ; inner lip denticulated within, bordered

by a rather prominent varix, from the outside of which strie pass

over the dorsum of the channel; channel rather long and broad ;

edge of peritreme of a dark purplish brown colour.

Length, 5°, of an inch; width, 22. of an inch.

Hab. Port Essington. Cab. (specimen. unicum) Gaskoin.

Cyprma Crara. Testa subcylindraceo-ovalis, rufescenti-cinerea,

anticé et posticé supra extremitate maculd brunned ornata ; fas-

ciis latis saturatioribus tribus ; basi marginibusque albescenti-

bus ; aperturd latiusculd subspirali ; labio externo crassiusculo,

dentibus circa viginti-sex, regularibus, prominentibus ; interno

subspirali, dentibus circa viginti; sulco columellari profundo

latoque, intus denticulato ; marginibus rotundatis, incrassatis ;

extremitatibus obtusis, punctis minutissimis nigris notatis.

Shell subcylindrical-ovate, of a lightish red-ash colour, with three

broad bands placed about the anterior and posterior thirds and middle

of the shell, the middle one being narrowest, the lighter colour of the

shell being observed between them; a rather large reddish-brown

marking over the anterior and posterior extremities, gradually fading

along the margins ; base whitish in a degree tinted with pink, round ;

the calcareous deposit forming the denticulations extends on to the

sides of the shell; aperture moderately wide, subspiral; outer lip

thick, with about twenty-six regular, even, rather prominent teeth

occupying the entire thick edge of the lip but not extending on to

the base; inner lip subspiral, about twenty projecting teeth termi-

nating outwardly in an even line at the edge of the aperture ; co-

lumellar sulcus broad and deep, which about eight of the anterior

teeth traverse and strongly serrate its inner border, no columellar

groove ; the posterior teeth, proceeding but a little distance within the

aperture, terminate on the columella; the sulcus being so deep causes

a rather angular prominence of the inner side of the channel; mar-

gins thick and round ; extremities, the external posterior broad and

obtuse, the internal edge-formed concave within ; the anterior project

moderately and converge; all are dotted with very minute black

points which extend in a slight degree on to the margins; channels,

anterior rather narrow and short, posterior moderately wide, both

inclining towards the columella.

Length, 125, inch; width, 575, of an inch.

Hab. ? Cab. Cuming.

This species is of the stamp of Cyp. Isabella, Linn.

3. On THE PreERODACTYLES OF THE CHALK FoRMATION.

By J. S. Bowersank, Esa., F.R.S. ere.

(Reptilia, Pl. IV.)

On the 14th May 1845 I exhibited at the Meeting of the Geological

Society the snout and under jaws, extending from the point to about

the middle of the cavitas narium, of a new and gigantic species of

Pterodactylus, with some other bones, a portion of which belonged

to the same individual, and others which have every appearance of

having belonged to another animal of the same species *, and I then

stated my belief that the bone figured by Prof. Owen, in the ‘ Trans-

actions of the Geological Society,’ vol. v. pl. 39, 2nd Series, would

probably ultimately prove to be that of a Pterodactyl. From the

great size of the snout, and the gigantic proportions also indicated by

the bones accompanying it, I was induced to give it the specific name

of giganteus. Ona subsequent occasion, June 9, 1847, I continued

my remarks on these Reptile remains, in a paper entitled “ Microsco-

pical Observations on the Structure of the Bones of Pterodactylus

giganteus and other fossil animals,” in which I endeavoured to prove,

by the strongly-marked peculiarities of the bone-cells in Mammals,

Birds and Reptiles, that the whole of the bones described in my former

paper, and those figured by Prof. Owen in the Trans. Geol. Soc.,

2nd Series, vol. vi. pl. 39. figs. 1 & 2, were in truth of purely Repti-

lian character ; and I also figured a radius and ulna from the Cabinet

of Mrs. Smith of Tunbridge Wells, of nearly the same gigantic pro-

portions as the one formerly in the possession of the Earl of Ennis-

killen, but now in my collection (fig. 1. pl. 39, Geol. Trans.), and a

bone from the Cabinet of Mr. Toulmin Smith, equivalent to that

represented by Prof. Owen in the same plate, fig. 2, which bones

presented the same structural evidence of their Reptilian nature, and

* Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. ii. p. 7. pl. 1. figs. 1-6.

4Ly

rp)

iat

]

{

NEW BIRD.—(BALAINICEPS REX), FROM THE WHITE NILE

fished by the Palxontographical Society, and to which species the bones in ques-

tion have been referred.

— —_——-— ——_ ep Ve ERO TCOPCCUIVELY WIOLLED

5, Mapetester and Birmingham have also manifested a similarly judicious

to ¢. Operate witi: the suggestions of the Executive Commitiee for the

ogeneons disposition of each section of contributions. The arrangements of

uondon Committee have been somewhat marked by delay, and, to our own

vledye, in occasional instances, by a careless and apathetic spirit. Sheffield,

is reported as behiud-hand in its departments, Contributors in the division

achinery are urged to be early in forwarding their specimens. The fixing

ctensive machinery is not the work of a day, and, unless proper efforts are

2, itis feared tha: this, which should be the strongest point of our national

ay, will be but poorly represented.

e reception of goods has commenced, the first arrival from our Continental

-yitors being a specimen of German sculpture, on the 12th instant.

e Agricultural Committee announce that implements, &c. will be received

the 29th of March ; all stands, frames, and fittings to be on the ground

arch 22nd, The judges to select implements will meet at the Building on

-stof April. The tield implements will at once be sent into the country for

; the others will be then and there tried. at

‘orce of sixty constables of the reserved men of th: A division, with an

_ctor and sergeants, under the command of Superintendent Pearce, have

1 possession of the approuches and entrances. ‘They are to strictly enforce

agulations of the Executive Committee relative to the workmen and attend-

engaged in the admission of packages containing articles fur the Exhibition.

| ty men will be in attendance, each division relieving the other at certain

ds of the day. ;

2 conversation in the House of Commons, on the 10th, between the member

eading and the Home Secretary, shows how eonpletely the Commissioners

or themselves independent of any assistance from the Government: (See

’arliamentary Report, page 121 of SuPPLEMENT, published with the pre-

No.)

"persons employed by the Customs, and foreign exhibitors, &c., must enter

:east end of the Building; British exhibitors, &c. will have to enter at the

and ; all carmen in charge of carts, &. will enter at the south side only;

cs, &c. of the Counmission will be admitted at the central entrance.

9 kinds of passes will be issued, signed by Mr. Digby Wyatt—tliose availa

more than one day, those for one day only. Personal application must

ide.in every case to Mr. Wyatt for the pass two days before it is wanted.

-9ass wi!l specify the entrance and particular part of the Building to whic!

‘jlder will only be admitted. Exhib:tors will ulso have a brass counter

ii a number, which they will deposit as they enter, and resume as they leave

nilding; it can thus at once be ascertuined whether any individual is in the

‘ing or not. Every pass-bearer will be first required to sign a declaration

‘iform to the rules of the Executive Committze, not to part with his ti-ket

nission, and to generally assist in the provection of the property, &c. of

ixhibition. Restrictive as these and other temporary requirements appear,

nmense work under the responsibility of the Executive Committee, for the

-wo months and a half, mast be considered ; what with delays of exhibitors,

afte arranzemeats to be undertaken by the contractors, the location and

stion of the thousands of industrial specimens yet to be received, no chance

rruption must be tolerated ; and the entrance to the interior of the Building

be watched like the Gardens of the Hesperides, or, as the Times says, *‘ like

nond mine or a powder magazine.”

uggestion of Mr. Deputy Brit en hasbeen adopted by the Common Conncil

che renewal and legibie repainting of the names of streets in the metro-

Ny it will be wellif this hint is taken by the street authorities at the West-

nd specially of the circuit of the Exhibition itself.

sady so frequent have been the inquiries for season tickets, that an official

sation has appeared, stating that they are now in the course of preparation,

_ Sen ready wil! be obtainable +t several offices specially appointed by the

tive Committee for te disposal of them.

"Bric wh and Foreign Bible Society will display a polyglot arrangement of

- siptur.%8, in 150 dialects, already accomplished through their exertions. A

ent of . Neir etiurts for the last forty-six years, with the advantages they

> effer,in “ae modern and old langnages, will be furnished at the stand spe-~

allotted to : ne Society in the Extib rion.

ie Dresden pu.“cclain ware a curious specimen will be afforded, in a camel-

e. Every Jeu. to the spectator is a real leaf, more or less developed,

ery Dlosso:n mars @ distinct stage in the growth of the flower up to its

as of the diamon4 ornaments for the Queen of Spain to be exhibited

ceed, it is atfirmed, 1,900,000 francs. They are enumerated among the

- mtions of a jeweller in (he Place Vendéme.

“mpanying anether list of articles from the United States, mainly of the

ser of the previcus classes, is the announcement of the employment of

Wa j

mit

—.

"4 ra 1 obese \", <4

alarm was given that a sloop was on fire with powdé on

The Captain.was shortly there, and, with assistance, very | hic

thought of the powder first, and got it safely landed on the beach. Thé pi >

consisting of six barrels, proved to be stowed in the boat on deck, with

tarpaulin over it; the hold being full when he left the docks. =The fir

caused by the overheating of the cabin stove. The cabin w.

stroyed, as was also tie bulkhead between it and the hold; ar

siderable damage was done to the cargo. At this time there we

or five other vesse's lying in the immediate neighbourhood, witl

powder on board. There was, as you may suppose, great consternation

the inhabitants, to whom the fact of a vessel on fire with powder on boz

came known; many ran from their houses attired as they chanced to

one poor woman was so alarmed as to be in danger of losing her intelle

MONETARY TRANSACTIONS OF THE WEEK.

(From our City Correspondent.)

A fluctuation of 4 per ‘cent. in Consola is a good indicator of thet

amount of busivess, either speculative or real, that has been transacted

English market during the past week. The monthly settling was comple

Wednesday without difficulty, but the market has not been remarkable fo

ness since, notwithstanding the support arising from purchases by the Gq

ment broker. Exchequer Bills are a shade lower, evidencing an increas

mand for Money in commercial transactions ; while on the S:ock Ex nary

temporary scarcity gave rise to a belief that the directors of the Bank of Ei

would probably increase the present rate of interest. The committee on 7

day separated, however, without making any alteration. At the close

week the Market was fiit, at the following rates:—Bank Stock, 215

duced, 97; Consols, 964; New Three-and-a-Quarter per Cent. Annuitie:

Long Annuities, to expire January, 1860, 73; India Bonds, £1000, 62 p;

under £1000, 66 p; Consols for Account, 964; Exchequer Bills,

June, 54 p; £500, June, 54 p; Small, June, 54 p. 4

Spanish Stock bas been the only security showing any animation

Foreign House during the weck; finctuation, however, being confined

Active and Passive Bonds. The extreme range of the Active fluctuatio

been between 194 and 20, and the Passive between 4} and 4j. The prope

the Madrid Government was acquiesced in at a meeting of the Spanish

holders held on Wednesday, except that portion which relates to the Cov

and for which the creditors demand that the capital sh«ll remain intae!

miserable expedient of cutting down the interest to 1 per cent., andr

gradually until it reaches three per cent. in nineteen years, i

enough, without calling upon the bondholders to give up their capital. F

the payment of the interest in London is strongly insisted on.

alterations in the proposition are just sufficient to enable

Spanish Government to withdraw the offer, an opportunity that |

not at all improbable it will avail itself of, bad faith and

having characterised all its previous affected intentions of

Danish and Russian Bonds continue firm, with an upward tendency.

have also improved a fraction. At the close of the week, the official que

were, for Buenos Ayres Bonds, 6 per Cent., 52; Ditto, Account, 5233

Bonds, 3 per Cent.,65; Mexican, 5 per Cent., ex Jan. Coupons, 334; P

Bonds, 44 per Cent., 804; Ditto, Deferred, 36; Portuguese, Conve

344 ex div.; Ditto, 4 per Cent., 33; Russian Bonds, 114; Ditto, 44 per @

97%; Spanish, 5 per Cent., 1840, 20; Ditto, Account, 203; Ditto, Passiv f

Ditto, 3 per Cent., 384; Dutch, 24 per Cent., 583; Ditto. 4 per Cent., 91f

Ata meeting of the Eastern Counties Company on Thursday, the

ments between that line and the Eastern Union were agreed to, the shareh

betraying a most remarkable apathy on the occasion. The parties mo

terested in the amalgamation being the speakers, everything passed 0

satisfactorily. The EastermUnion Company also held a meeting on the si

agreeing to the proposition; and the Norfolk meeting will, withont ¢

equally accommodate itself to so desirable an offer. At the Great Wey

meeting, also held on Thursday, a dividend after the rate of 4} per cen

annum was declared. The market has been flactuating during the wee

prices now show much firmness, and a large business doing seems to ren :

pas arses

further advance in the dividend paying lines probable. Speculation lias bee

with the low-priced shares of the Chester and Holyhead, Caledonians, Oxford

cester, and Wolverhampton, &c. A comparison of the subjoined list will

of the previous week will show some extraordinary advances in the val

shares; upon which any hopes of a dividend for years to come would by

height of sanguine absurdity :—Aberdeen, 13}; Ambergate, Nottingham

ton, and Eastern Junction, 3; Bristol and Exeter, 85 ; Buckinghamshire,

Caledonian, 113 ; Chester and Holyhead, 213; Ditto, Preference, 16;

> - . 1,381 , |

rs)

which description of evidence has, I am happy to say, been more

fully developed and firmly established by the talented coadjutor of

Prof. Owen, Mr. Quekett of the Royal College of Surgeons, who has

publicly taught it in the Theatre of that Institution without question

or contradiction of its truth. This great radius and ulna in Mrs.

Smith’s Collection I referred to my previously established species, P.

giganteus, believing at that time that they were probably the bones

of a fully developed animal, while those previously described were

the remains of animals not developed to the full extent of their capa-

bility.

Sines the publication of these specimens it has been my good for-

tune to obtain the snout of another and still larger species of Pte-

rodactyl, from the same pit at Burham in Kent, and which it is

probable will ultimately prove to belong to the species to which the

enormous pair of bones in the Cabinet of Mr. Charles of Maidstone

belongs. Should this hereafter prove to be the case, it will then re-

main to be shown whether the beautiful specimen of radius and ulna

in the Collection of Mrs. Smith of Tunbridge Wells, and the bone

nearly corresponding in size with them, and which was in the possession

of the Earl of Enniskillen, belong to the newly discovered species,

which I purpose designating Pterodactylus Cuvieri, or to the pre-

viously named species, P. giganteus ; or whether there be yet a third

species existing in the chalk, to which these bones of an intermediate

size may hereafter be referred *.

The snout of the new species, P. Cuvieri, differs materially in its

form from the same part of P. giganteus: while the latter agrees as

nearly as possible in that respect with P. crassirostris and P. brevi-

rostris, the former appears to approach very closely the proportions

of P. longirostris. Thus, if we take the length of the snout from the

distal end of the cavitas narium, as compared with its height, at the

same point of P. crassirostris, P. brevirostris and P. giganteus, we

find the relative proportions to be,—of the first-named, 29 of height

to 56 of length; of the second, 28 of height to 50 of length; and of

the third, 28 of height to 58 of length ; we may therefore reasonably

conclude that, when perfect, the head of P. giganteus very closely re-

sembled in its proportions that of crassirostris. The length of the

fragment of the snout of P. Cuvieri at the upper portion of the head

is 7°20 inches ; at the palatal bones, 6°38 inches; and in this space

there are sockets for twelve teeth on each side. The distance between

each tooth is about 14 of the long diameter of the sockets, which are

somewhat irregularly placed, but are nearly equidistant from each

other. The pair of teeth at the distal end of the snout appear, both

from the position of the sockets and the tooth remaining in situ, to

have been projected more or less forward, in a line with the palatal

bones. The head appears to have been exceedingly narrow through-

out the whole of its length. At the third pair of teeth from the distal

* A third species, C. compressirostris, has since been described by Prof. Owen,

page 95, Part III. of ‘The Fossil Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations,’ pub-

lished by the Palzontographical Society, and to which species the bones in ques-

tion have been referred.

end of the snout it measures ‘66 inch, and at the eleventh pair of

teeth, ‘78 inch wide. Opposite the seventh pair of teeth the skull

curves upward suddenly and considerably, which is not the case at

any part of the corresponding portion of the skull of P. longirostris ;

it is therefore probable, that although in the number and disposition

of the teeth in the upper jaw, as far as our evidence goes, it strongly

resembles longirostris in its structure, yet in the length of its skull it

is probably shorter in proportion than that species, apparently in that

respect being intermediate between longirostris and crassirostris; thus

uniting the long-nosed with the short-nosed species of Pterodactyls.

There are no remains of the cavitas narium in the new species, but

it is not to be expected that it should make its appearance so near to

the termination of the snout, as in Jongirostris the distal portion of

that cavity is situated as far backward from the last of the dental

series of the upper jaw as that tooth is from the end of the snout.

The number of teeth on each side of the upper jaw in P. longirostris

is twelve, and the like number of sockets are apparent in our speci-

men; it is therefore probable that we have the whole of that portion

of the head.

If we estimate the size of the head on the scale of P. longirostris,

it would appear to be 25°52 inches in length ; but as we have observed

that the skull curves upward considerably at the seventh pair of teeth,

it is probable that its length may not be so much.

The length of the wing of P. crassirostris in proportion to the

length of its head is 3-91 times. The length of the wing of P. longi-

rostris compared with the length of its head is 2°51; if therefore

we assume, from the peculiar form of the snout of P. Cuvieri, that

the head as regards length is intermediate in its proportions between

P. crassirostris and P. longirostris, it should be 3°21 parts of the

length of the wing.

The snout contracts in width gradually upwards from the sockets

of the teeth, so that its upper portion forms a narrow ridge, and this

is its form as far backward as it can be traced. The palatal bones

are depressed, the suture forming a prominent ridge as far as it is

visible, but not in so great a degree as in P. giganteus.

One of the first pair of teeth remains in its socket ; the whole of

the other large teeth are displaced, but there are two of them imbed-

ded in the chalk, one within an inch and the other an inch and a half

of the sockets, and in the fifth right and eighth left socket there is a

rudimentary tooth in situ. The largest of the displaced teeth ex-

ceeds 1°32 inch in length, and has been buried in the socket for nearly

an inch ; the second large tooth, which is imbedded near the third

pair of sockets, does not exceed an inch in length; both teeth are

slightly curved, smooth, and are hollow at the base.

The great diversity in the size of these remarkable Reptiles will ren-

der a short review of some of the known species interesting ; and if we

arrange them in order, as they increase in size, the following will be

the series :—1. P. brevirostris, 2. P. longirostris, 3. P. crassirostris,

4. P. Bucklandi, 5. P. grandis, 6. P. giganteus, 7. P. Cuvieri; and

to these may be added the bones in the possession of Mrs. Smith, the

= ee ee

Earl of Enniskillen, and Mr. Charles. Of these, brevirostris, crassi-

rostris and giganteus are short-nosed species, longirostris and Cuvieri

long-nosed. | With regard to relative length and proportions of the

other parts of the skeleton we have ample means to arrive at tolerably

correct conclusions, in consequence of the nearly perfect condition of

brevirostris, crassirostris and longirostris. In the former two we

find the cervical vertebree short and thick, the length being about

equal to the height in the latter of the two, while in longirostris they

vary in length from three to five times their own diameter at the

middle. Very uncertain results therefore would arise from finding

single bones of this portion of the skeleton, excepting that along and

attenuated cervical vertebra would seem to indicate a corresponding

length of snout ; but from the other bones of the animal, more espe-

cially those of the wing, much more satisfactory results may arise.

Upon a careful measurement of the casts in the British Museum from

the original specimens, I find the following to be the length of the

bones of the wing of P. longirostris :—

inch

Humerus .......... 1°25 = 8°55 of length of wing.

Radius and ulna... .. 190K ==95 57 Pf .

* Carpas oi ee oh fs oes SOrep 3

Metacarpus ........ 1:34 = 7:97 »

Ist Phalange ....... 1:90 = 5°57 ”

BH TRUE ) 199 18 1°75 = 6:10 re

3rd Ha Ato eee 1:25 = 8:55 Be

4th PA ee OR DAS Os “3

10°69

inches.

The length: af theshéad» o)506 0.0, yes he.s) 45

From the tip of the nose to the commencement

of the cavitas narium................... 2°10

Height of the skull at the commencement of

the cavitagmeanain. . posses yr eiey- 0°38

Length ofthe femir.) 494) .)600 Pod euad. 784

Lepeth ofthe tiie ets. dQ 2/9. e228. | 1990

Smallest diameter of the radius near the distal

extrematy.) Pmidh ok Sek, J tips eae 0°14

By these measurements it is apparent that the tibia, radius and

ulna and Ist phalange are equal in length. The humerus and 3rd

phalange are also equal to each other, and so likewise are the meta-

carpus and femur equal to each other. If we also compare the small-

est diameter of the radius, 0°14 inch, with its length, 1:90 inch, we

find that the bone is 13,8; diameters long, and in P. Macronyzx (Buck-

landi) it is 13. We may therefore be enabled, by keeping these

comparative measurements in view, to predict with a tolerable degree

of certainty the spread of wing of any Pterodactyl of which we may

find one or more of the principal bones of the wing, and especially if

No. CCXX.—Procrepin¢s or tHE Zooocicar Socrery.

we take into consideration the comparative length of each bone with

regard to its total extension, as exhibited in the table of the dimen-

sions of P. longirostris. In the case of the great specimens of radius

we may arrive at their length in many cases, although the bone may

be imperfect at even both terminations. Thus the diameter of the

smallest portion of the bone formerly in the possession of the Earl of

Enniskillen and figured by Prof. Owen, is *81 inch at the smallest

portion of the shaft: this bone therefore, on the scale of 133 diame-

ters to its length, should be 10°93 inches in length. The measure-

ment of the smallest portion of the bone belonging to Mrs. Smith

(Geol. Journ. vol. iv. pl. 2. fig. 1a) is*77 mch: we may therefore, by

the same rule, conclude that its length was 10°39 ches when per-

fect. The length of the imperfect ulna beside it is 9°25 inches in the

specimen. The diameter of the smallest portion of the bone (Geol.

Journ. vol. ii. pl. 1. fig. 6) is *45 inch, which, in the proportion of 13}

diameters to its length, will give 6°07 inches for its length. The

width of the corresponding bone in the possession of Mr. Charles of

Maidstone is 1°25 inch at the smallest diameter: by the same rule,

therefore, the approximate length should be 16°87. The remains of

the bone alongside of it is, although imperfect at both ends, actually

12°25 inches in length.

Upon these grounds therefore, in every case derived as much as

possible from direct measurements from the skeletons of the respective

species, I have given the following table of the dimensions of a series

of species of Pterodactyls, the most interesting either from the state

of perfection in which their remains have been found, or from the

gigantic proportions which they present; and thus have endeavoured

to realize to the mind an idea, as nearly as possible correct, of the di-

mensions of the animals when alive.

Table of the relative proportions of known species of Pterodactylus,

with the length of each of the wing-bones and half of the width of

the body.

3 co 3 s |% 1 ot

ia aa Mae Me a BP re uth

BE ils¢ia) 2121221 2 |Pe/3gs

Bles(e | 2/8] e151] & je*|gee

Bike ooleSol 2ch.4.| Sioa lees

in in. fin. in. in. in. in. in, ft. in.

P. brevirostris ...| 0°48 | 0°75 |0°06| 0°52| 0°82] 0°76] 0°48} 0°35 |0°19| 0 9

P. longirostris ...) 1°25 | 1-90 0°13 | 1°34] 1:90] 1°75} 1:25] 1:17 |0°47) 1 10

P. crassirostris...| 2°08 | 4°42 0°34] 1°32] 2°83] 2°53] 2°08] 2°32|1°10| 3 2

P. Bucklandi.....| 3°25 | 4°25 0°40} 3°75 | 3°91] 4°83] 3°25] 3:00/1°06| 4 7

P. grandis ........ 3°75 | 5°70 0°39] 4°02] 5°70) 5°50} 2°75) 3°51 (1-42/5 5

P. giganteus...... 4:43 | 6°74 0°46 | 4°75] 6°74) 6-21] 4:43) 414/168) 6 7

P. (Mrs.Smith’s)} 6°76 |10°39 0°70 | 7°26 |10°39| 9°49] 6°76] 6°33|2°59 |10 2

P. Cuvieri ........{10°99 |16°87 |1-14 |11°79 |16°87 |15°56 |10-99 |10°29 |4°22 |16 6

In the above table I have presumed that the largest bones should

be associated with the snout described as the type of P. Cuvieri, but

the truth of this assignment of the bones belonging to Mr. Charles

can alone be determined by the acquisition of more complete speci-

mens of the animal than those at present known.

In the construction of this table I have taken the proportions of

P. longirostris as the foundation, as it is the only species from which

I could get the measurements of all the bones of the wing from the

same animal; but it must not be supposed that the restorations

effected in the table will be absolutely correct at all times in its appli-

cation, for we see that in P. longirostris the radius and first pha-

lange are equal, but in erassirostris and Bucklandi this is not the

case: the greatest discrepancy rests with erassirostris, while Buck-

landi and brevirostris accord much more nearly with the proportions

of longirostris ; and if we may judge by the comparative difference

between those bones in Jongirostris on the one part, and Bucklandi

and crassirostris on the other, it may perhaps be fairly surmised that

the greater length of wing would be found to exist in the long-nosed

species, and consequently that Bucklandi will prove to belong to the

short-nosed ones; and this also would seem to be indicated by what

remains of the cervical vertebre in the original specimen in the Bri-

tish Museum.

Prof. Owen, in treating of these animals in my late friend Mr.

Dixon’s work ‘On the Geology and Fossils of the Tertiary and Cre-

taceous Formations of Sussex,’ has thought proper to re-name P. gi-

ganteus, and designate it P. conirostris, Owen. I certainly did not

lend my specimens to my late friend Mr. Dixon for the illustration

of his work, with a view of having the name which I had assigned to

this new and gigantic species subverted, and without in the slightest

degree being consulted on the subject. Nor can I concur with the

reasons given by Prof. Owen for thus re-naming it, as the name gi-

ganteus was not given, as stated by the learned Professor, “‘ because

certain bones of another and larger animal, of a different species, have

been erroneously referred to it ;” but, in truth, from its being the

largest distinct species at that time known, exceeding P. Bucklandi

(or Macronyzx) by two feet in the spread of its wings, and P. grandis

of Cuvier by above a foot. The beautiful specimen of radius and

ulna in the possession of Mrs. Smith, and subsequently figured in my

second paper, was at that time unknown to me, and the bone then in

the possession of the Earl of Enniskillen was claimed by the Professor

as that ofa bird. I had therefore no other material than that in my

own possession on which to base my name of giganteus.

If the learned Professor’s reason for the proposed change of name

is to hold good, that of exclusive fitness in specific nomenclature, then

the one he proposes is also inappropriate, as it might be with equal

propriety given to either crassirostris or brevirostris; or if specific

names, based on comparisons of size, are to be extinguished, and new

names given on the discovery of new species, there would be no end

of the confusion generated ; thus, as P. brevirostris is thicker in its

proportions than erassirostris, they would require to exchange names,

or the latter at least to be re-named ; medius would no longer be me-

dius, with the addition of our new species, and grandis would no longer

be grand in comparison. Into what an unenviable state of confusion

should we not plunge nomenclature if we were to adopt the practice

of the learned Professor, instead of the precepts so judiciously laid

down by himself and others of the Committee of Nomenclature of the

British Association, and which I quote as a justification on my part

for my refusal to adopt the learned Professor’s exchange of my name

for the one he has proposed !

In page 4 of the Report, under the head of “ Law of Priority the

only effectual and just one,” we find the following passages :—“ It

being admitted on all hands that words are only the conventional

signs of ideas, it is evident that language can only attain its end

effectually by being permanently established and generally recog-

nized. This consideration ought, it would seem, to have checked

those who are continually attempting to subvert the established lan-

guage by substituting terms of their own coinage.” ...... ** Now in

zoology no one person can subsequently claim an authority equal to

that possessed by the person who is the first to define a new genus

or describe a new species; and hence it is that the name originally

given, even though it be inferior in point of elegance or expressive-

ness to those subsequently proposed, ought, as a general principle, to

be permanently retained. To this consideration we ought to add the

injustice of erasing the name originally selected by the person to whose

labours we owe our first knowledge of the object.’ To these excel-

lent principles the learned Professor has given the sanction of his

signature. Prof. Owen, in the article on Pterodactylus in Mr. Dixon’s

work, has not quoted my observations on those Reptiles so fully as I

could have wished; inasmuch as he has adverted to the strongly-

marked peculiarities of the bone-cells, which are the principal cha-

racters in the question at issue, in so slight a manner, as almost to

induce me to imagine that he must have forgotten them entirely. I

shall simply content myself in challenging Prof. Owen to produce

any such general structure and proportions of the bone-cells from the

skeleton of any recent or extinct bird as those existing in the long bone

described as Cimoliornis, or to produce any such radius and ulna of a

bird containing similar bone-cells as those in the possession of Mrs.

Smith, and figured by me in my paper in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of

the Geological Society for February 1848,’ vol. iv. pl. 2-

On the subject of the strictures with which Prof. Owen has fa-

voured me at the conclusion of his observations in Mr. Dixon’s work,

and how far I have been “wanting in a due comprehension of the

subject, and have been a hindrance instead of a furtherance of true

knowledge,” I am content to leave to the judgement of those who

may feel a sufficient degree of interest to induce them to peruse what

I have written in my former papers on the Pterodactyles of the Chalk.

"——— =

January 28, 1851.

R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. ON A NEW SPECIES OF PrERODACTYLE (PTERODACTYLUS COM-

PRESSIROSTRIS, OWEN) FROM THE CHALK; WITH SOME Re-

MARKS ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE PREVIOUSLY DE-

SCRIBED species. By Pror. Owen, F.R.S.

(Reptilia, Pl. V.)

The honour of having first made known the existence of remains

of the Pterodactyle in the Chalk deposits belongs to James Scott

Bowerbank, Esq., F.R.S. This indefatigable collector had the good

fortune to receive in 1845, from the Kentish Chalk, the characteristic

jaws and teeth, with part of the scapular arch and a few other bones,

of a well-marked species of Pterodactyle, and the discovery was briefly

recorded in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of Lon-

don,’ and in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society for May 14, 1845, with

an illustrative plate (pl. 1).

Mr. Bowerbank concludes his notice by referring to a large fossil

wing-bone from the chalk, previously described and figured by me in

the ‘ Geological Transactions,’ and remarks that, “if it should prove

to belong to a Pterodactyle, the probable expansion of the wings

would reach to at least eight or nine feet. Under these circum-

stances,” he says, “I propose that the species described above shall

be designated Pterodactylus giganteus.” (loc. cit. p.8.) Subsequent

discoveries and observations have inclined the balance of probability in

favour of the Pterodactylian nature of the fossils to which Mr. Bower-

bank refers, but have shown them to belong to distinct species.

These fossils are not, indeed, amongst the characteristic parts of

the flying reptile: one of them is the shaft of a long bone exhibiting

those peculiarities of structure which are common to birds and ptero-

dactyles ; the other shows an articular extremity, which, im our pre-

sent ignorance of those of the different bones of the Pterodactyle, has

its nearest analogue in the distal trochlea of the bird’s tibia. These

two specimens, which are figured in the sixth volume of the Second

Series of the ‘Transactions of the Geological Society,’ 1840, pl. 39.

figs. 1 & 2, were transmitted to me by the Earl of Enniskillen and

Dr. Buckland, as being “the bones of a bird” (p. 411), and my com-

parisons of them were limited to that class.

The idea of their possibly belonging to a Pterodactyle did occur to

me, but it was dispelled by the following considerations. The act of

flight—the most energetic mode of locomotion—demands a special

modification of the Vertebrate organization, in that subkingdom, for

its exertion. But in the class Aves, in which every system is more or

less adapted and co-adjusted for this end, the laws of gravitation seem

to forbid the successful exercise of the volant powers in species beyond

a certain bulk ; and when this exceeds that of the Condor or Albatros,

as, for example, in the Cassowary, the Emeu, or the Ostrich, although

the organization is essentially that of the Vertebrate animal modified

for flight, flight is impossible ; and its immediate instruments, to the

exercise of which all the rest of the system is more or less subordi-

nated, are checked in their development ; and, being unfitted for

flight, they are not modified for any other use. There is not, per-

haps, a more anomalous or suggestive pheenomenon in nature than

a bird which cannot fly! A small section of the Mammalia is modi-

fied for flight ; but the plan of the organization of that warm-blooded

class being less directly adapted for flight than that of birds, the

weight and bulk of the body which may be raised and transported

through the air are restricted to a lower range, and the largest frugi-

vorous Bat (Pteropus) does not exceed the Raven in size. The Rep-

tilian modification of the Vertebrate type would seem to be still less

fitted for any special adjustment to aérial locomotion ; and in the pre-

sent day we know of no species of the class that can sustain itself in

the air which equals a Sparrow in size. And the species in question—

the little Draco volans—sails rather than flies, upborne by its out-

stretched costal parachute in its oblique leaps from bough to bough.

Of the remarkable reptiles now extinct, which, like the Bats, had

their anterior members modified for plying a broad membranous wing,

no species had been discovered prior to 1840 which surpassed the

largest of the Pteropi, or Flying-Foxes, in the spread of those wings,

and there was, @ priori, a physiological improbability that the cold-

blooded organization of a Reptile should by any secondary modifica-

tion be made to effect more in the way of flight, or be able to raise a

larger mass into the air, than could be done by the warm-blooded

Mammal under an analogous special adaptation. When, therefore,

the supposed bird’s bone (Geol. Trans. 1840, pl. 39. fig. 1) was first

submitted to me by Dr. Buckland, which on the Pterodactyle hypo-

thesis could not be the humerus, but must have been one of the

smaller bones of the wing, its size seemed decisive against its reference

to an animal of flight having a cold-blooded organization. The sub-

sequent discovery of the portion of the skull of the Pterodactyle, de-

scribed by Mr. Bowerbank at the last meeting of the Society (Jan.

14), shows that the resources of Creative power in past time surpass

the calculations that are founded upon actual nature.

It is only the practised Comparative Anatomist that can fully realize

the difficulty of the attempt to resolve a paleeontological problem from

such data as the two fragments of long bones first submitted to me in

1840. He alone can adequately appreciate the amount of research

involved in such a generalization as that “there is no bird now known,

north of the equator, with which the fossils can be compared ;”” and

when, after a wearying progress through an extensive class, the spe-

cies is at length found to which the nearest resemblance is made by

the fragmentary fossil, and the differences are conscientiously pointed

out—as when, in reference to the humerus of the Albatros, I stated

that ‘it differs therefrom in the more marked angles which bound

the three sides’’—the genuine worker and searcher after truth may

conceive the feelings with which I find myself misrepresented as

having regarded the specimens “as belonging to an extinct species

of Albatros.” My reference of the bones even to the longipennate

tribe of natatorial birds is stated hypothetically and with due caution :

**On the supposition that this fragment of bone is the shaft of the

humerus, its length and comparative straightness would prove it to

have belonged to one of the longipennate natatorial birds equalling in

size the Albatros.” (oc. cit. p. 411.)

Since the discovery has been made of the manifestly characteristic

parts of the genus Pterodactylus in the Burham chalk-pit, it has been

objected that the bones first discovered there, and described by me

as resembling birds of flight, ‘are so extremely thin, as to render it

most improbable that they could ever have sustained such an instru-

ment of flight as the powerful wing of the Albatros, or of any other

bird: their tenuity is in fact such,” says the ew post facto Objector,

“as to point out their adaptation to support an expanded membrane,

but not pinions *.”’

The reply to this assertion need only be a simple reference to na-

ture: sections of the wing-bones of birds may be seen in the Museum

of the Royal College of Surgeons, and have been exposed to view,

since the discovery of their structure by the Founder of: that Collec-

tion, in every Museum of Comparative Anatomy worthy to be so

called.

To expose the gratuitous character of the objection above cited, I

have placed on the table a section of the very bone that directly sus-

tains the large quill-feathers in the Pelican ; its parietes are only half

as thin as those of the antibrachial bone of the great Pterodactyle

which is figured in my ‘ History of British Fossil Reptiles,’ pl. 4, and

is not thicker than those of the bone figured in the Geological Trans-

actions, 1840, above cited.

Hunter, who had obtained some of the long bones with thin

walls and a wide cavity from the Stonesfield slate, has entered them

in his MS. Catalogue of Fossils as the “Bones of Birds,” and per-

haps no practical anatomist had had greater experience in the degree

of tenuity presented by the compact walls of the large air-cavities of

the bones in that class. Of all the modifications of the dermal system

for combining extent of surface with lightness of material, the ex-

panded feather has been generally deemed the consummation. Well

might the eloquent Paley exclaim, ‘‘ Every feather is a mechanical

wonder: their disposition all inclined backwards, the down about the

stem, the overlapping of their tips, their different configuration in dif-

ferent parts, not to mention the variety of their colours, constitute a

vestment for the body so beautiful and so appropriate to the life

which the animal is to lead, as that, I think, we should have had

no conception of anything equally perfect, if we had never seen it, or

can imagine anything more so.” It was reserved for the author of

the ‘ Wonders of Geology’ to prefer the leathern wing of the Bat and

Pterodactyle as the lighter form, and to discover that such a structure

as is displayed in the bone described and figured in the ‘ Geol. Trans.’

* Mantell, ‘Wonders of Geology,’ 1848, vol. i. p. 441.

vol. vi. pl. 39, was a most improbable one to have sustained a power-

ful wing of any bird!* Let me not be supposed, however, to be

concerned in excusing my own mistake; I am only reducing the

unamiable exaggeration of it. Above all things, in our attempt to

gain a prospect of an unknown world by the difficult ascent of the

fragmentary ruins of a former temple of life, we ought to note the

successful efforts, as well as the occasional deviations from the right

track, with an equal glance, and record them with a strict regard to

truth. The existence of a species of Albatros, or of any other actual

genus of bird during the period of the Middle Chalk, would be truly

a wonder of Geology ; not so the existence of a bird of the longipen-

nate family.

I still think it for the interest of science, in the present limited

extent of induction from microscopic observation, to offer a warning

against a too hasty and implicit confidence in the forms and propor-

tions of the Purkingean or radiated corpuscles of bone, as demon-

strative of such minor groups of a class as that of the genus Ptero-

dactylus. Such a statement as that “these cells in Birds have a

breadth in proportion to their length of from one to four or five ;

while in Reptiles the length exceeds the breadth ten or twelve times,”’

only betrays the limited experience of the assertor. In the dermal

plates of the Tortoise, e. g., the average breadth of the bone-cell to

its length is as one to six, and single ones might be selected of greater

breadth.

With the exception of one restricted family of Ruminants, every

Mammal, the blood-dises of which have been submitted to examina-

tion, has been found to possess those particles of a circular form: in

the Camelide they are elliptical, as in birds and reptiles. The bone-

cells have already shown a greater range of variety in the Vertebrate

series than the blood-dises. Is it then a too scrupulous reticence to

require the evidence of microscopic structure of a bone to be corrobo-

rated by other testimony of a plainer kind, before hastening to an

absolute determination of its nature, as has been done with regard to

the Wealden bone, figured in the Geol. Trans., 2nd Series, vol. v.

pl. 13. fig. 6+? As a matter of fact, the existence of Pterodactylian

remains in the chalk was not surmised through any observation of the

microscopic structure of bones that are liable to be mistaken for those

of birds, but was first plainly proved by the characteristic portions of

the Pterodactyle defined by Mr. Bowerbank, as follows, in his original

communication of this discovery to the Geological Society of London,

May 14, 1845 :-—

“T have recently obtained from the Upper Chalk ¢ of Kent some

* Mantell, ‘ Wonders,’ &c. ed. 1848, vol. i. p. 441.

t+ Compare, for example, two of the longest of the cells figured by Mr. Bower-

bank in pl. 1. fig. 9, ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. iv. as those of

a bird, with two of the widest of the cells figured in fig. 1 of the same plate as those

of the Pterodactyle; and contrast the want of parallelism in the bone-cells of the

Wealden bone, fig. 9, with the parallelism of the long axes of the cells in that of

the Albatros, fig. 3.

+ Mr. Toulmin Smith, in an able paper ‘‘ On the Formation of the Flints of the

— eS Ol

remains of a large species of Pterodactylus. The bones consist of —

“1. The fore part of the head as far as about the middle of the

cavitas narium, with a corresponding portion of the under jaws,

many of the teeth remaining in their sockets.

**2. A fragment of the bone of the same animal, apparently a part

of the coracoid.

“3. A portion of what appears to be one of the bones of the auri-

cular digit, from a chalk-pit at Halling.

“4. A portion of a similar bone, from the same locality as No. 1.

“5. The head of a long bone, probably the tibia, belonging to the

same animal as the head, No. 1.

“6, A more perfect bone of the same description, not from the

same animal, but found at Halling.”

In a subsequent communication, dated December 1845, Mr. Bower-

bank states with regard to the specimens Nos. 5 and 6, which he

supposed to be parts of a tibia, that “on a more careful comparison

with the figures of Pterodactylus by Goldfuss, I am inclined to be-

lieve they are more likely to be portions of the ulna.”

With respect to the long bone, No. 6 in the above list, comparing

it with that figured in the Geol. Trans., 2nd Series, vol. vi. pl. 39.

fig. 1, and referred by me to Cimoliornis diomedeus, Mr. Bowerbank

writes :—

“Although the two specimens differ greatly in size, there is so

strong a resemblance between them in the form and regularity of the

shaft, and in the comparative substance of the bony structure, as to

render it exceedingly probable that they belong to the same class of

animals ;’” and he concludes by remarking, that “If the part of the

head in my possession (see fig. 1) be supposed similar in its propor-

tions to that of Pterodactylus crassirostris,—and there appears but

little difference in that respect,—it would indicate an animal of com-

paratively enormous size. The length of the head, from the tip of

the nose to the basal extremity of the skull, of Pt. crassirostris is

about 4 inches, while my specimen would be, as nearly as can be

estimated, 9} inches. According to the restoration of the animal by

Goldfuss, P¢. crassirostris would measure as nearly as possible three

feet from tip to tip of the wings, and it is probable that the species

now described would measure at least six feet from one extremity of

the expanded wings to the other; but if it should hereafter prove

that the bone described and figured by Prof. Owen belongs to a Pte-

rodactyle, the probable expansion of the wings would reach to at least

eight or nine feet. Under these circumstances I propose that the spe-

cies described above shall be designated Pterodactylus giganteus.”

(Quarterly Geol. Journ. vol. ii. p. 8.)

In a subsequent memoir, read June 9, 184 7, and published in the

‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. iv. February 1848,

Mr. Bowerbank gives figures of the ‘bone-cells’ from the jaw of a

Upper Chalk,” in the ‘Annals of Natural History,’ vol. xx. p. 295, affirms that no

upper chalk exists in the localities whence the above-defined specimens came.

They are from the “ Middle Chalk.”

Pterodactyle (pl. 1. fig. 1), from the shaft of the bone in question

(7b. fig. 2), and from the femur of a recent Albatros (7d. fig. 3), in

corroboration of the required proof: and he adds, “ Fortunately the

two fine specimens from the rich collection of Mrs. Smith of Ton-

bridge Wells, represented by fig. 1. pl. 2, in a great measure justify

this conclusion; and in the bone a, which is apparently the corre-

sponding bone to the one represented by fig. 1 in Prof. Owen’s paper,

the head is very nearly in a perfect state of preservation.’’ (op. cit.

p- 5.) Mr. Bowerbank, in his explanation of plate 2, describes the

two fine specimens above mentioned as “Fig. 1. Radius and ulna of

Pterodactylus giganteus, in the cabinet of Mrs. Smith of Tonbridge

Wells.” (tom. cit. p. 10.) He proceeds to state, “There are two

other similar bones, imbedded side by side, in the collection of Mr.

Charles of Maidstone, of still greater dimensions than those from the

cabinet of Mrs. Smith ;” and he assigns his grounds for the conclu-

sion, that “the animal to which such bones belonged could, therefore,

have scarcely measured less than fifteen or sixteen feet from tip to tip

of its expanded wings.”’

The Committee of the British Association for the Reform and Re-

gulation of Zoological Nomenclature, amongst other excellent rules,

have decided that, ‘A name which is glaringly false shall be changed”

(Report, p. 113). I submit that this is the case when the name gi-

ganteus is proposed for a species less than half the size of others pre-

viously discovered. Now, although those remains of the truly gigantic

Pterodactyles had not been demonstrated to be such, yet they were

suspected so to be by Mr. Bowerbank when he proposed the name

giganteus ; and the name is in fact proposed, subject to the condition

of that demonstration, and under the evident belief that they be-

longed to the same species as the obvious Pterodactyle remains he

was describing. He says, ‘‘ Under these circumstances I propose that

the species shall be designated ‘ giganteus’,’ and the circumstances

referred to are the probable case that the bones, which from their large

size I had supposed to belong to a bird, should prove to belong to a

Pterodactyle.

The Committee for the Reform of Zoological Nomenclature next

proceed to determine that, “Names not clearly defined may be

changed. Unless a species or group is intelligibly defined when the

name is given, it cannot be recognised by others, and the signification

of the name is consequently lost. Two things are necessary before a

zoological term can acquire any authority, viz. definition and publi-

cation. Definition properly implies a distinct exposition of essential

characters, and in all cases we conceive this to be indispensable.”

(Report, pp.113,114.) Now with regard to the Pterodactylus gigan-

teus, Mr. Bowerbank had unreservedly applied the term to the species

to which the long wing-bone first described by me might appertain,

under the circumstances of its being proved to belong to a Pterodac-

tyle ; inasmuch as he had figured two similar and equal-sized bones

in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. iv. pl. 2. fig. 1

(Proceedings of the Society for June 9, 1847), as the ‘‘radius and ulna

—

a 27

of Pterodactylus giganteus.”’ So far as a species can be intelligibly

defined by figures, that to which the term giganteus was in 1845 pro-

visionally, and in 1847 absolutely applied, seemed to be clearly enough

pointed out by the plate 2 in the work above cited. But, with the

large bones appropriately designated by the term giganteus, some

parts of a smaller Pterodactyle, including the portions of jaws first

announcing the genus in the Chalk, had been associated under the

same name. Supposing those bones to have belonged to a young

individual of the Pterodactylus giganteus, no difficulty or confusion

would arise. After instituting, however, a rigid comparison of these

specimens, when drawing up my Descriptions for Mr. Dixon’s work,

I was compelled to arrive at the conclusion that the parts figured by

Mr. Bowerbank in plate 2, figs. 1 & 2, of vol. ii. of the ‘Quarterly Geo-

logical Journal,’ and the parts figured in plate 2, figs. 1 a & 4, of vol. iv.

of the same Journal, both assigned by Mr. Bowerbank to the Ptero-

dactylus giganteus, belonged to two distinct species. The portions

of the scapula and coracoid of the Pterodactyle (pl. 1. fig. 2, tom. cit.)

indicated by their complete anchylosis that they had not been part

of a young individual of the species to which the large antibrachial

bones (pl. 2. fig. 1 a & 6, tom. cit.) belonged; although they might

well appertain to the species to which the Jaws (pl. 1. fig. 1) belonged.

Two species of Pterodactyle were plainly indicated, as I have shown

in the above-cited work, by my lamented friend Mr. Dixon, ‘On the

Tertiary and Cretaceous Deposits of Sussex,’ 4to, p- 402. The same

name could not be retained for both, and it was im obedience to this

necessity, and not with any idea of detracting an iota from the merit

of Mr. Bowerbank’s original announcement of the existence of a Pte-

rodactyle in the chalk, that I proposed the name of conirostris for

the smaller species, then for the first time distinctly defined and di-

stinguished from the larger remains to which the name giganteus had

also been given by Mr. Bowerbank. I proposed the name, more-

over, provisionally and with submission to the ‘Committee for the

Reform of Zoological Nomenclature,’ according to whose rules I be-

lieved myself to be guided.

My conclusions as to the specific distinction of the remains of the

smaller Pterodactyle (pl. 1, tom. cit. 1845) from those figured in

plate 2. tom. cit. 1848, have received full confirmation by the va-

luable discovery of the portion of the cranium of the truly gigantic

Pterodactyle, about to be described, to which they belonged ; and it

is certainly to be wished that, in determining to assign to Mrs. Smith’s

specimens the name of ‘ giganteus,’ Mr. Bowerbank should have con-

formed to the following equitable rule of the ‘Committee of Nomen-

clature’ :—‘*The author who jirst describes and names a species,

which forms the groundwork of later generalizations, possesses a

higher claim to have his name recorded than he who afterwards de-

fines a genus which is found to embrace that species. ...... B

giving the authority for the specific name in preference to all others,

the inquirer is referred directly to the original description, habitat,

&c. of the species, and is at the same time reminded of the date ae

its discovery.’’ (Reports of the British Association, 1842, p. 120.)

28 .

Now the species which I originally described under the name of

Cimoliornis diomedeus comes precisely under this category: it has

formed the groundwork of later generalizations, which have led to its

being embraced by another genus. In this case the Committee of

Nomenclature, whilst determining that the specific name should be

retained, recommend that the describer should “append to the ori-

ginal authority for the species, when not applying to the genus also,

some distinctive mark, such as (sp.), implying an exclusive reference

to the specific name.”’ In conformity with the above recommenda-

tion, the gigantic species of Pterodactyle, of which parts have been

described by Mr. Bowerbank, and parts previously by myself, would

be entered into the Zoological Catalogues as follows :—

Pterodactylus diomedeus, Owen (sp.), Proceedings of the Zoolo-

gical Society, January 1851.

Cimoliornis diomedeus, Tbid., British Fossil Mammals and Birds,

p- 545, cuts 230, 231 (1843-1846).

Osteornis diomedeus, Gervais, Thése sur les Oiseaux Fossiles, 8vo,

p- 38 (1844).

Pterodactylus giganteus, Bowerbank, Quarterly Journal of the

Geological Society, vol. iv. p. 10. pl. 2. figs. 1 & 4 (1848).

Leaving, however, the question of names, regarding which I have

no personal feeling except that they should mdicate their objects

without ambiguity or obvious impropriety, I proceed to lay before

the same Society to which Mr. Bowerbank has communicated his last

interesting and important discovery, similar evidence of a third spe-

cies of Pterodactyle from the chalk, intermediate in size between the

species of which the jaws were figured as the Pterodactylus giganteus

in 1845, and the truly gigantic species which he has named Ptero-

dactylus Cuviert.

The specimens, which consist of two portions of the upper jaw,

form part of that gentleman’s collection, and were in fact exhibited

on the table, but unnoticed, at our last meeting, their true nature not

having been recognised. The chief portion might well indeed be mis-

taken, at first sight, for a crushed portion of an ordinary long bone ;

and it was not until after a close comparison of several specimens of

these rare and interesting remains of Pterodactyles, kindly confided

to me by Mrs. Smith of Tonbridge Wells, Mr. Toulmin Smith of

Highgate, Mr. Charles of Maidstone, and by Mr. Bowerbank him-

self, for description in my forthcoming ‘ Monograph on the Fossil

Reptiles of the Chalk,’ that I discovered them to be parts of a skull

of an undescribed species of Pterodactyle.

In order to make this understood, it will be necessary to premise a

few words on the Pterodactyles in general, and on some of the cha-

racters of the jaw of the Pterodactylus Cuvieri in particular.

The Order Pterosauria includes species of flying reptiles so modi-

fied in regard to the structure and proportions of the skull, the dis-

position of the teeth, and the development of the tail, as to be refer-

able even according to the partial knowledge we now possess of this

once extensive group, to different genera.

M. Von Meyer e. g. primarily divides the Order into—

A. DIARTHRYI, with a two-jointed wing-finger.

Ex. Pterodactylus (Ornithopterus) Lavateri.

B. TETRARTHRI, with a four-jointed wing-finger.

Ex. All the other known species of the order.

These again are subdivided into—

1. Dentirostres. Jaws armed with teeth to their ends; a bony

sclerotic ring; scapula and coracoid not confluent with one an-

other * ; a short moveable tail.

Ex. Pterodactylus proper.

2. Subulirostres. Jaws with their ends produced into an edentu-

lous point, probably sheathed with bone; no bony sclerotic ;

scapula and coracoid confluent ; a long and stiff tail.

Ex. Pterodactylus (Ramphorhynchus) Gemmingi +.

The extremity of the upper jaw of the Pterodactylus Cuvieri is

sufficiently perfect to demonstrate that it had a pair of approximated

alveoli close to its termination, and we may therefore refer it to the

Dentirostral division.

In this division, however, there are species which present such dif-

ferent proportions of the beak, accompanied by differences in the rela-

tive extent of the dental series, as would without doubt lead to their

allocation in distinct genera, were they the living or recent subjects

of the modern Erpetologist. In the Pterodactylus longirostris, the

first species discovered and made known by Collini in 1784 ¢, the

Jaws are of extreme length and tenuity, and the alveoli of the upper

jaw do not extend so far back as the nostril. In the Pterodactylus

erassirostris, Goldfuss §, on the other hand, the jaws are short, thick,

and obtusely terminated, and the alveoli of the upper jaw reach as

far back as the middle of the vacuity which intervenes between the

nostril and the orbit, and which Goldfuss terms the ‘cavitas inter-

media.’

In the solid or imperforate part of the upper jaw anterior to the

nostril, the Pterodactylus longirostris has twelve long, subcompressed

teeth, followed by a few of smaller size: the same part of the jaw

in the Pt. crassirostris has but six teeth, of which the first four are

close together at the end of the jaw, and the first three shorter than

the rest. The cavitas intermedia in Pt. longirostris is much smaller

than the nostril; in the Pt. crassirostris it is larger than the nostril.

Were these two species of dentirostral Pterosauria to be taken, as

by the modern Erpetologist they assuredly would, to be types of two

* The condition of the scapular arch in the Pt. giganteus, Bow., Pt. conirostris

mihi, demonstrates the fallacy of this character.

t Palzontographia, Heft 1, 4to. 1846, p. 19.

t Acta Academie Theodoro-Palatine, V. p. 58, tab. 5.

é Beitrage zur Kenntniss verschiedener Reptilien der Vorwelt, 4to. 1831, sec. 1.

tab. 7, 8, 9.

distinct genera, the name Pterodactylus should be retained for the

longirostral species, as including the first-discovered specimen and

type of the genus; and the crassirostral species should be grouped

together under some other generic name.

The specimen of gigantic Pterodactyle described by Mr. Bower-

bank at the last meeting of the Society consists of the solid anterior

end, 7. e. of the imperforate continuous bony walls, of a jaw, com-

pressed and decreasing in depth, at first rapidly, then more gradually,

to an obtusely-pointed extremity. As the symphysis of the lower

jaw is long and the original joint obliterated, and its depth somewhat

rapidly increases by the development of its lower and back part into

a kind of ridge in some smaller Pterodactyles, the present specimen,

so far as these characters go, might be referred to the lower jaw, and

its relatively inferior depth to the upper jaw in the Pt. conirostris

would seem to lead to that conclusion. But the present is plainly a

species which has a longer and more slender snout in proportion to its

size, and the convex curve formed by the alveolar border, slight as it

is, decides it to be part of the upper jaw. The lower jaw, moreover,

might be expected, by the analogy of the smaller Pterodactyles, to be

flatter or less acute below the end of the symphysis.

The specimen of Pt. Cuvieri consists of the anterior extremity of

the upper jaw, of seven inches in extent, without any trace of the

nasal or any other natural perforation of its upper or lateral parietes,

and corresponds with the parts marked a, 4, in figs. 10& 11. From

the number of teeth contamed in this part, the Pt. Cuvieri presents

a much closer resemblance to the Pt. longirostris than to the Pt.

erassirostris ; and if the entire skull were restored according to the

proportions of the Pt. longirostris, it would be twenty-eight inches

in length.

But nature seems never to retain the same proportions in species

that differ materially in bulk. The great Diprotodon, with the den-

tal and cranial characters of a Kangaroo, does not retain the same

length of hinder limbs as its living homologue ; the laws of gravity

forbid the saltatory mode of locomotion to a Herbivore of the bulk of

a Rhinoceros; and accordingly, whilst the hind-legs are shortened

the fore-limbs are lengthened, and both are made more robust in the

Diprotodon than in the Kangaroo. The change of proportions of

the limbs of the Sloths is equally striking in those extinct species

which were too bulky to climb, e. g. the Megatherium and Mylodon.

We may therefore infer, with a high degree of probability, when a

longirostral Pterodactyle much surpassed in bulk the species so called

«par excellence,’ that the same proportions were not maintained in

the length of the jaws; and that the species to which the fine frag-

ment belonged, far as it has exceeded our previous ideas of the bulk

of a flying reptile, did not sustain and carry through the air a head of

two feet four inches in length, or nearly double the size of that of the

Pelican.

Although the fractured hinder part of the jaw of the Pé. Cuvieri

shows no trace of the commencement of the wide nasal aperture, there

is a plain indication that the jaws were less prolonged than in the Pé.

longirostris, in the more rapid increase of the vertical breadth of the

jaw. Opposite the ninth tooth, e. g., the depth of the jaw equals two-

fifths of the length in advance of that tooth, whilst in the P¢. longz-

rostris it is only two-sevenths. The contour of the upper border of

the jaw in the P¢. Cuvieri differs from that in both the Pt. longi-

rostris, Pt. crassirostris, and Pt. Gemmingi, in sinking more sud-

denly opposite the ninth, eighth and seventh teeth, than it does along

the more advanced part of the jaw; a character which, while it affords

a good specific distinction from any of those species, indicates the

hinder parts of the head that are wanting in the present specimen to

have been shorter and deeper than in the P#. longirostris.

The first pair of alveoli almost meet at the anterior extremity of

the jaw, and their outlet is directed obliquely forwards and down-

wards ; -the obtuse end of the premaxillary above these alveoli is about

two lines across. The palate quickly expands to a width of three

lines between the second alveoli, then to a width of four lines between

the fourth alveoli, and more gradually, after the ninth alveoli, to a

width of six lines between the eleventh alveoli: here the palate ap-

pears to have been slightly crushed; but in the rest of its extent it

presents its natural form, being traversed longitudinally by a mode-

rate median ridge, on each side of which it is slightly concave trans-

versely. It is perforated by a few small irregular vascular foramina.

There are no orifices on the inner side of the alveoli; the successional

teeth emerge, as in the Crocodiles, from the old sockets, and not, as

in certain Mammalia and Fishes, by foramina distinct from them.

The second and third alveoli are the largest; the fourth, fifth and

sixth the smallest, yet they are more than half the size of the fore-

going, with which the rest are nearly equal. The outlets of the alveoli

are elliptical, and they form prominences at the side of the jaw, or

rather the jaw sinks gently in between the alveoli, and is continued

into the bony palate without any ridge, the vertical wall bending round

to form the horizontal plate. The greatest breadth of the under sur-

face of the jaw, taken from the outside of the alveoli, varies only from

seven lines across the third pair to nine lines across the eleventh pair

of alveoli; and from the narrow base the sides of the jaw converge

with a slight convexity outwards at the anterior half of the fragment,

but are almost plane at the deeper posterior half, where they seem to

have met at one acute superior ridge; indeed such a ridge is con-

tinued to within an inch of the fore part of the jaw, where the upper

border becomes more obtuse.

The whole portion of the jaw appears to consist of one uninter-

rupted bone—the premaxillary ; the delicate crust of osseous sub-

stance, as thin as paper, is traversed by many irregular cracks and

fissures, but there is no recognizable suture marking off the limits of

a maxillary or nasal bone. ‘The bone offers to the naked eye a fine

fibrous structure, so fine as to produce almost a silken aspect, the

fibres or strize being longitudinal, and impressed at intervals of from

two to six lines by small vascular foramina.

Having premised so much with reference to the characters of the

Pt. Cumeri, 1 proceed to the description of the distinct species, for

which I propose the name of Pterodactylus compressirostris.

PTERODACTYLUS COMPRESSIROSTRIS, Owen.

(Reptilia, Pl, V. figs. 1, 2 & 3.)

This species is represented by two portions of the upper jaw, ob-

tained from the Middle Chalk of Kent, the hinder and larger of which

includes the beginning of the external nostril (figs. 1 & 2,7). The

depth of the jaw at this part is fourteen lines, whence it gradually de-

creases to a depth of ten lines at a distance of three inches in advance

of this, indicating a jaw as long and slender as in the Pt. longirostris,

supposing the same degree of convergence of the straight outlines of

the upper and alveolar borders of the jaw to have been preserved to

its anterior end: that this was actually the case is rendered most pro-

bable by the proportions of the smaller anterior part of the jaw (figs.

1', 2', 3'), obtained from the same pit, if not from the same block of

chalk, and which, with a vertical depth of seven lines at its hinder

part, decreases to one of six lines in an extent of one inch and a half

in advance of that part. The sides of the jaw as they rise from the

alveolar border incline a little outwards before they converge to meet

at the upper border. This gives a very narrow ovoid section at the

fore part of the larger fragment (fig. 2), the greatest diameter at its

lower half being four lines, and the sides meeting above at a slightly

obtuse ridge. This very gradually widens as the jaw recedes back-

wards, where the entireness of the walls of the smoothly convex upper

part of the jaw proves that the narrowness of that part is not due to

accidental crushing. Had that been the case, the thin parietes arch-

ing above from one side to the other would have been cracked. The

only evidence of the compression to which the deep sides of the jaw

have been subject is seen in the bending in of the wall above the

alveoli, close to the upper ridge at the fore part of the fragment.

In an extent of alveolar border of three and a half inches there are

eleven sockets, the anterior one on the right side retaining the frac-

tured base of a tooth: the alveoli are separated by intervals of about

one and a half times their own diameter ; their outlets are elliptical,

and indicate the compressed form of the teeth: they are about two

lines in long diameter at the fore part of this fragment, but diminish

as they are placed more backwards, the last two being developed be-

neath the external nostril. The bony palate is extremely narrow, and

presents in the larger portion (fig. 3) a median smooth convex rising

between two longitudinal channels, which are bounded externally by

the inner wall of the alveolar border. There is no trace of a median

suture in the longitudinal convexity. The breadth of the palate at the

back part of the fragment is eight lines; at the fore part it has gra-

dually contracted to less than three lines, but it is somewhat crushed

here. The naso-palatine aperture, p, commences about half a line in

advance of the external nostril, three inches behind the fore part of

the larger portion (fig. 3) of the upper jaw; which exemplifies the

characteristic extent of the imperforate bony palate formed by the

long single premaxillary bone in the genus Pterodactylus. The frag-

ment from the more advanced part of the jaw (fig. 3') contains five

pairs of alveoli in an extent of two inches, these alveoli being rather

larger and closer together than in the hinder part of the jaw. Owing

to the compression which the present portion has undergone, the ori-

fices of the alveoli are turned outwards, the bony palate being pressed

down between the two rows, and showing, as the probable result of

this pressure, a median groove between two longitudinal convex ridges;

but the bone is entire and imperforate.

The form of the upper jaw in the present remarkable species differs

widely from that of the two previously known species from the chalk,

in its much greater elongation and its greater narrowness ; and from

the P¢. Cuvieri, in the straight course of the upper border of the jaw,

as it gradually converges towards the straight lower border in advanc-

ing to the anterior end of the jaw. The alveoli, and consequently the

teeth, are relatively smaller in proportion to the depth of the jaw than

in the Pé. Cuvieri, and are more numerous than in the P¢. gigan-

teus ; they are probably also more numerous than in the Pt. Cuvieri 5

although, as the whole extent of the jaw anterior to the nostril is not

yet known in that species, it would be premature to express a decided

opinion on that point. As we may reasonably calculate from the frag-

ments preserved (Pl. IT. figs. 1, 2, 3), that the jaw of the P¢. com-

pressirostris extended seven inches in front of the nostril, it could not

have contained less than twenty pairs of alveoli, according to the num-

ber and arrangement of those in the two portions preserved.

The osseous walls in both portions present the characteristic com-

pactness and extreme thinness of the bones of the skull of the genus :

the fine longitudinal striz of the outer surface are more continuous

than in the Pt. Cuvier, in which they seem to be produced by a suc-

cession of fine vascular orifices produced into grooves. The conspi-

cuous vascular orifices are almost all confined to the vicinity of the

alveoli in the Pé. compressirostris. This species belongs, more de-

cidedly than the Pé. Cuvieri, to the ‘longirostral’ section of the Pte-

rosauria: whether it had an edentulous prolongation of the fore part

of the upper and lower jaw remains to be proved.

_In attempting to form a conception of the total length of the head

of the very remarkable species of Pterodactyle represented by the

portions of jaw above described, we should be more justified by their

form in adopting the proportions of that of the Pt. longirostris than

in the case of the Pé. Cuvieri: but allowing that the external nostril

may have been of somewhat less extent than in the Pt. longirostris,

we may still assign a length of from fourteen to sixteen inches to the

skull of the Pterodactyle in question.

It could not have been anticipated that the first three portions of

Pterodactylian skull—almost the only portions that have yet been

discovered in the cretaceous formations—should have presented such

well-marked distinctive characters, one from the other, as are de-

scribed and illustrated in Mr. Bowerbank’s Memoirs and in the present

communication. Such, nevertheless, are the facts: and, however im-

probable it may appear, on the doctrine of chances, to those not con-

No. CCXXI.—Procerpines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Sociery.

versant with the fixed relations of osteological and dental characters,

that the three corresponding parts of three Pterodactyles for the first

time discovered, should be appropriated to three distinct species, I

have no other alternative, in obedience to the indications of nature,

than to adopt such determination *.

2. DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW GENERA AND SOME NEW SPECIES

oF ScuTELLIDZ AND ECHINOLAMPIDZ IN THE COLLEC-

TION OF THE Britisa Museum. By Jonn Epwarp Gray,

Esa., F.R.S., P.B.S. ere.

The collection of the British Museum is extremely rich in species

of recent Echinoids, and fortunate in possessing long series of different

ages of several of the species.

Having been recently occupied in arranging and forming a cata-

logue of these animals, I transmitted to the ‘Annals of Natural Hi-

story’ for February a description of several genera and species of

Spatangide.

MM. Agassiz and Desor having recently published, in the Mono-

graph of Echini and other papers on these animals, all the species of

these two families then known to them, and as they had every facility

for examining the British Museum specimens, the species now to be

described are but few in number.

Fam. 1. ScuTELLIDZ.

Genus EcHINANTHUS.

Among the species which have the base concave, of which LZ. ro-

saceus may be considered the type, are to be added—

1. EcninantTuus AUSTRALASIZ,.

Vent beneath, at a little distance from the edge; back very convex

* The same criticism or objection may be offered to the conclusions in the text,

as the following one, which was called forth by my determinations of the species

of Balenodon found in the red crag. ‘The specimens exhibited by Prof. Hens-

low were only eleven in number ; so that, without allowing anything for the cir-

cumstance of each whale having ¢wo tympanic bones, and the probability of some

of the above being in pairs, we have the first twelve determinable cetaceous bones

discovered in the red crag appropriated to no less than five species. I have no pre-

tensions to call in question the decision of Prof. Owen upon osteological grounds,

but I must own that I am disposed, upon the doctrine of chances, to consider it

hardly probable that these determinations are accurate.’’—Searles V. Wood, Feb.

16, 1844, London Geol. Journal, p. 35. The fifth species is a gratuitous addition

to the four described by me, the determinate characters of which have been con-

firmed by numerous additional discoveries. Mr. Wood should have remembered,

before he attempted to discredit the determinations from anatomy, and to substi-

tute the numerical test, that the second mammalian fossil from the oolite, although

a lower jaw, like the first, was of a different species, and that of five subsequently

discovered unequivocal mammalian remains from Stonesfield, al/ are parts of the

lower jaw, whilst two of them demonstrate a third species. Very improbable this

to him, on the doctrine of chances; but only showing, as Sir Charles Lyell has

remarked, “ the fragmentary manner in which the memorials of an ancient terres-

trial fauna are handed down to us.”

EEE

in the middle ; upper margin rather flattened, with a slight concavity

at the end of the ambulacra; under side flat near the margin, deeply

concave in the middle ; spines of the under side near mouth very fine.

Haé. Australia; N.S.W., Brisbane Water.

2. EcuINANTHUS TESTUDINARIUS.

Vent beneath a little within the edge, depressed; back slightly

raised, evenly convex ; under surface rather concave from the edge.

Hab. Indian Ocean; Borneo.

3. ECHINANTHUS OBLONGUS.

Ovate-oblong, elongate, rounded at the end; sides thick, rounded;

back depressed round the end of the ambulacra ; crown rather convex;

ambulacra ovate, lanceolate, broad, and closed at the end ; under

side concave nearly to the edge; ambulacral grooves indistinct ; vent

near the margin.

Hab, Philippines ; Siquijor.

4. ECHINANTHUS PRODUCTUS.

Shell ovate, elongate, the hinder end produced and flattened, the

edge rather thick, thinner behind; the ambulacral petal broad, the

bands not quite united at the end; under side concave to the margin ;

vent near the margin.

Hab. 2

5. Ecuinantuus Coie.

Shell ovate, subpentagonal, depressed; margin thick, rounded; back

depressed as far as the end of the ambulacra, and then rather convex

in the middle, the under side concave nearly to the edge ; ambulacral

petal ovate lanceolate, closed at the end; vent near the margin.

Hab. Mauritius. Lady Mary Cole.

To those which have a flat base may be added—

6. EcoHinantuus EXPLANATUS.

Depressed, much expanded, centre of the back rather convex ;

ambulacra occupying rather more than half the space between the

vertex and margin, the lines of pores of the anterior pair and posterior

odd one far apart at the end; cavity with thin concentric lines of

short compressed columns near the margin ; jaws depressed.

Hab. Mauritius ?

Genus Roruta.

The British Museum series induces me to believe that Rotula digi-

tata of Agassiz is not distinct from R. Rumphii, as M. Agassiz first

considered it to be.

Genus Ecuinopiscus.

I cannot find any permanent difference to distinguish Lobophora

byissa from L. aurita ; they are found together in the same habitat

in the Red Sea.

Genus MELLITA.

The larger spines on the back of this, the former, and succeeding

genus are short, equal in size, and furnished with a more or less sphe-

rical head.

The Museum series of specimens show a very gradual passage

between the Echini which have been called Mellita testudinaria and

M. quinquefora by Agassiz.

The species which have six slits on the disc are found on the coast

of Tropical America, and others on the shores of the Red Sea ; I be-

lieve they form two species, which appear to have been confounded

under one name.

The American Mellita hexapora has only narrow linear bands of

larger tubercles (bearing the larger spines) between the branched

lines radiating from the mouth on the under surface, and these lines

are very much branched.

Mellita similis and M. lobata. of Agassiz, also from the West

Indies ; the first appears to be only a variety, and the latter a mon-

strosity of this species.

The Red Sea species I have named

MELLITA ERYTHRZA.

Shell depressed, with five ambulacra and one posterior interambu-

lacral slit; inferior oral grooves branched, branches very slightly

divided ; the larger spines and tubercles in a broad band, occupying

nearly the whole interambulacral space between the inferior oral

grooves.

Hab. Red Sea. Sir J. Gardiner Wilkinson.

There is a new genus which has the edge of the disk perforated

and the vent near the mouth, as in Echinoglyphus, but differs in the

oral grooves being more simple and only branched near the edge, in

the lanceolate form of the ambulacra, and in the square form of the

tesseree of the ambulacral zones beyond the tip of the ambulacra.

Genus Lrop1ia.

Body depressed, with a posterior slit and five perforations between

the end of the ambulacra and edge ; the marginal ambulacral tesserz

squarish, like the interambulacral ones; ambulacra lanceolate, acute

at the tip, the anterior one most narrow and longest ; pores united by

a groove ; ovarial plate pentangular ; ovarial pores three ; oral grooves

simple, slightly impressed, converging towards the margin in front

of the ambulacral perforations ; vent near the mouth, in front of the

anal perforation, with a group of three or four larger spines between

it and the mouth.

1. Leop1a RicHARDSONII.

Body suborbicular, slightly depressed, five-lobed, hinder edge trans-

verse ; ambulacra lanceolate, not reaching to the discal perforations ;

discal perforations ovate, small, the anterior smaller, the hinder largest,

with two pairs of rather large tesserze between the ends of the ambu-

lacra and the foramen, the upper pair subtrigonal ; oral grooves simply

forked near the edge.

Hab. West Indies.

The single specimen I have seen of this species was presented by

Sir John Richardson. It is rather deformed and sinuous on the right

side, the hinder lateral perforation being nearly obliterated on that side.

In Echinoglyphus the tesseree of the ambulacral bands are broad

and band-like between the ambulacra and the ambulacral slits.

Genus Ecutnociyruvs, Van Phelsum. The Encore of Agassiz.

The large Brazilian species of this genus appear to be very va-

riable. The young specimens have large notches on the edge of the

shell, and as the animal increases in size, the marginal edges of these

notches more or less approximate together, and sometimes even be-

come united, so as to transform the notch into a perforation. M.

Agassiz on these variations has formed several species; but the

Museum series, from the Brazils and other parts of the east coast of

Tropical America, show that they are all mere variations of the spe-

cies which Van Phelsum called Echinoglyphus frondosus, and La-

marck Seutella emarginata. I am induced to believe that Scutella

quinqueloba of Eschscholtz, Encope Valenciennesii, Encope subclausa,

Encope oblonga, and Encope Michelini, are only varieties of this spe-

cies: they are all remarkable for the large size and longly-rayed star-

like form of the madreporiform plate.

Genus Fisuaria.

The following species is peculiar as having an oblong, longitudinal

vent.

1. FipuLARIA OBLONGA.

Shell ovate, elongate, ventricose; vent oblong, longitudinal, ac-

cording to the axis of the shell.

Hab. N. Australia.

Fam. 2. Eco1noLAMPID.

Genus Ecu1noLampas.

The species of this genus may be divided into two sections, accord-

ing to the form of the ambulacra.

Echinolampas oviformis and its allies have the porous bands of the

anterior and other pair of ambulacra equal ; the lower side of the

shell flat ; the mouth oblong, transverse, with (5) tubercles between

the oral ambulacra.

The other species have the anterior porous band of the anterior

pair of ambulacra shortest ; under side rounded, convex ; mouth ob-

long, transverse, large, marked with no tubercles, and only very rudi-

mentary oral ambulacra.

1. EcHINOLAMPAS DEPRESSUS.

Ovate, depressed, subpentangular ; back regularly convex.

Hab. ?

Genus Mortonta.

Shell ovate, thin, rather produced in front, rounded behind, co-

vered with small tubercles; vertex central, convex; internal cavity

quite simple ; ambulacra petaloid, narrow, open at the end; bands

rather diverging ; pores rather crowded, united by an oblong groove ;

beneath concave, especially near the mouth and vent ; mouth rather

large, roundish oblong, transverse, without any ambulacral star ; vent

large, transverse, oblong, in the middle of the space between the

mouth and hinder edge; ovarial pores four; madreporiform plate

small, central.

? Echinocyamus, sp., Desmoulin.

Mortonia, Gray, Cat. Echinoida in Brit. Mus.

This genus differs from Echinocyanus in the thinness of the shell,

and especially in the ambulacra being larger, more perfect, and in the

pores of the ambulacra being united in pairs by a cross groove. It

differs from the fossil genus Pygaulus in the vent being inferior, in-

termediate between the mouth and edge, and transverse.

This genus is named after Dr. Morton, the historian of Northamp-

tonshire, who first attempted to arrange the fossil Hchini into generic

groups.

MorrToniA AUSTRALIS.

Elliptical, depressed, rather acute in front, rounded behind, under

side concave near the mouth and vent; vent large, oblong, trans-

verse, in the centre between the mouth and hinder margin.

Fibularia australis, Desm. Tab. Syn. 240.

Echinocyamus australis, Agassiz et Desor, 1. c. 140.

Hab. South Sea. Mallet.

February 11, 1851.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :-—

1. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND FAMILY or CycLosau-

RIAN Lizarps, From Para. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S.,

P.B.S.

(Reptilia, Pl. VI.)

This interesting Lizard has lately been purchased by the Museum,

from a collection of Saurians recently made by Messrs. Wallace and

a during their excursion within a circuit of about 300 miles of

ara.

y) '

Tapty) wHER Wo smyeBorwy ‘480 yY pay

SNVOAXTH VSIHdI'€ VHOVAITO VININNG @ VLIVTTHOO VICVNV T

PSBSeesses ine

iim so. cc cree LE Reete

|, Weundey's'z001g

i bbigutibe ve ~ chs ————

J .Wolf, lith

SAUROPHAGUS DERBIANU 58. Aas

;

Proc Z.5.Aves. Xk

M & N Hanhart Jmp*

a —a= . . o.

It is exceedingly interesting as presenting an entirely new form,

different in many particulars from any before observed ; so much so,

that I am induced to form for it a new family, to be placed near dua-

diade and Cherviolide, which may be thus characterized :—

1, IpHisaDz.

Scales of the back, belly, nape and throat smooth, broad, six-sided,

transverse, forming a single series on each side of the tail, narrow,

lanceolate, elongate, regularly keeled, in rings alternating with each

other; head shielded; chin shielded; ear open, circular; femoral

pores distinct.

IpHIsa.

Head depressed, shielded; anterior frontal single, broad, four-

sided; posterior frontals two, small, subtrigonal; vertebral single,

rather elongate ; posterior vertebral two, small, five-sided ; occipital

three, larger, middle one narrow, longitudinal ; superciliary shield

3-3, hinder smaller, anterior smallest ; temple with small shields ;

labial shields moderate ; rostral and mental broad; chin entirely

shielded ; anterior single, transverse, first pair very large, triangular,

covering nearly the whole of the chin, second pair small, at the outer

hinder angle of the former ; nostrils lateral, in the lower edge of the

nasal shield, between it and the labial shield ; eyes large, lateral ; eye-

lids scaly?; ears circular, open; nape, back, throat and belly covered

with two series of broad, smooth scales; sides rounded, covered with

three or four series of six-sided, smooth scales, placed in oblique series ;

chest with a collar of five scales, the central one elongate, triangular,

the lateral ones four-sided, the outer pair very narrow; preanal

shields three, the central one elongate, narrow, subtriangular ; limbs

short, weak, covered with broad smooth shields above, the hinder

shield beneath ; femoral pores 10-10, distinct, the series nearly

united in front of the preanal plates; toes 5-5, unequal, the inner

very short, the outer hinder separated from the other by a space like

a thumb ; tail elongate, cylindrical, tapering, covered above and below

with whorls of narrow, elongate, regular, lanceolate, strongly keeled

pointed scales, those of each series alternating with those that suc-

ceed and follow it.

1. IpHisa ELEGANS. (Reptilia, Pl. VI. fig. 3.)

Olive-brown black marbled; sides darker, white varied ; chin and

beneath yellowish white.

Hab. Para.

2. DescRIPTIONS OF SOME NEw Birps IN THE MusEUM

OF THE Eart or Dersy. By Dr. Kaur.

(Aves, Pl. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII.)

During my visit to London last year I had the honour to receive

an invitation from the Earl of Derby, to visit his collection at Knows-

ley Hall, with permission to use the materials I might find there for

the monography of Muscicapide on which I was engaged. Of that

collection I had already formed very high expectations; but I was

agreeably surprised by finding them all surpassed, so great is the rich-

ness of this noble collection. It contains more than 14,000 speci-

mens of stuffed birds, besides skins, which are not yet numbered.

What adds still greater interest to this collection is, that it contains

a large number of the original specimens described by Latham and

other English authors, of whose writings these specimens are the only

explanation. To the pleasure of working in so rich a collection must

be added the command of a colossal library, to which not one work

of importance is wanting. ll this, with the aviaries of magnificent

living birds, from every zone of the world, must have the greatest

charm for the naturalist, and make Knowsley Hall for him a perfect

Eden, which once seen shall never be forgotten.

The new birds described here include only one portion of my re-

searches, because I could not finish so many genera. The materials

of the very rich family of Muscicapide are too extensive, for a com-

plete elucidation during the limited period of my visit from a foreign

country ; I wish my descriptions therefore to be considered only as

fragments.

The object of my visit to England was to collect materials for a

complete monography of the Muscicapide ; but notwithstanding the

many favours I received, and the extreme liberality with which my

labours were facilitated in every English collection, I must confess

with sorrow that I shall never be able to make a complete whole (per-

fectly free from objection), with materials collected in different mu-

seums. A perfect arrangement can only be achieved by the study of

the materials present together, so that at every moment a compari-

son may be made between any two or any number of the species.

Were it my good fortune to assemble the whole materials of one

family in my rooms at Darmstadt, one winter only would be neces-

sary to finish each family in such a manner as to satisfy the require-

ments of modern science.

Were any one museum willing to accord me the whole materials in

its possession, it is probable that all the supplementary species not

contained in that collection would be readily furnished by other mu-

seums, as the absence of a few species for a short period would be of

little or no importance.

That we can only climb to the summit of our science by means of

well-made monographies, there can be no possible doubt ; and I attach

a higher value to a monography constructed on philosophical prin-

ciples, than to the best fauna of any single part of the world: for

only by a strict comparison of the birds of the five parts of the globe

can we know what is a family, a subfamily, genus, species and sub-

species. Only in this way—a difficult way no doubt—can we learn

the true harmony of nature; and thus shall we be filled with admi-

ration, when we see that every species, genus, family or order repre-

sents a certain type, and must receive its place in a scheme of classi-

fication according to fixed laws, which man must discover, but over

which he has no control.

This charm can never belong to merely descriptive ornithology,

because even the best descriptions are only like mosaic stones, which,

when placed without rules, or arranged according to false principles,

give us only a scattered mass of heterogeneous materials, or a picture

destitute of truth.

These claims I have urged over and over again in my dissertations,

but hitherto without effect. When shall the time arrive when a

catholic spirit shall guide the destinies of science, and lead onward to

that triumph of true knowledge, in which every director of a mu-

seum, and every student of the works of nature, may take his part?

At present it is impossible that a naturalist can without help

arrange the whole materials of one class in his museum. Our mu-

seums are little more than great exhibitions for the people, who look

too often only to colour, instead of being stores of nature’s trea-

sures, ready to be communicated to every naturalist who has proved

himself worthy of the name. Every museum ought to accord freely

and liberally the wished-for materials, for this is the cheapest way in

which a family can be properly named and accurately classed. The

common excuse that the lent materials might come to harm, is little

more than an excuse. Time and destructive insects will do the harm,

without the slightest advantage to science.

Nisus (seu ACCIPITER) CHIONOGASTER, Kaup.

Diagnosis.—Above dark blue grey, beneath pure white.

Description.—The male is less than the Nis. fringillarius. Above

dark blue grey, the crown, lorum, and a stripe over the eye- and ear-

cover feathers more approaching to black; ear-covering, cheek and

crop with fine black quill lines; tail with three black bands and a

broader band at the end, which is white bordered ; the underside of

the tail has the bands more silver-grey ; the first tail-feather with five

bands before the large end-band ; the wings on the inner side with

four bands before the large end-band. Before the emarginations the

bands are grey, and after them whiter.

The larger female with a white eye-stripe, and broader black quill

stripe on the crop; the cover feathers of the tibia with a fine rufous tint.

According to the ticket of M. de Lattre, the iris of the female is

orange, and that of the male dark brown, like burnt sienna.

These two specimens were procured by M. de Lattre in Coban, in

the year 1843.

Dimensions in millimetres.— r

| a Fes eee aaa 21 ange aie 45

Gape. . DD enn 19

BAT oO RE REY a LS eee 206

oO Sra ened, om aera i: | i ee 160

"TIBI. 2 Go, eee a ao ss aes 56

Middle toe without nail... 32 ...... 37

We possess several species in the genus Misus, Cuv., seu Accipiter

of the English authors. Most of these are very near to the common

Sparrow-Hawk ; and I think some of them, like the North American

fuscus seu velox, the African rufiventris, the madagascariensis, and

perhaps the erythrocnemius of G. Gray, are not true species, but that

they are subspecies of the common European Nisus fringillarius,

forming a group amongst themselves, and exhibiting by no means

the decided differences apparent between fringillarius and pileatus,

or pileatus and tachiro.

In the same near relation to the chiquera of Western Africa do I

consider the true chiquera, Vaill. 30, from India; and this opinion I

found on the following characteristics.

The West African chiquera has the body above darker cinereous,

with very distinct narrow black lines, and the stripe beneath the eye,

and the black stripe over the eye and ear-covers, are more distinct ;

the rufous head with darker fine stripes.

The Indian chiquera has the head without stripes ; the body above

lighter grey, with very few traces of black bands ; and the black semi-

circle round the eye is shorter and not so complete.

But these slight differences will not justify us in considering the

West African chiquera as a true species distinct from the Indian true

chiquera ; it is only a subspecies of the latter true species. As such

we must make a distinction, and as such it must be accorded a place

in the system. I think the best way is to give a description of the

oldest known subspecies, and arrange all the other subspecies with

different names, distinguished by the letters of the alphabet, a, 4, c,

&c., amongst the true species. In this way it would only be neces-

sary to give a very short description of the subspecies, consisting of

the few marks by which it differs from the old known subspecies.

Until we have discovered all the species contained in one and the

same subgenus, we can never say with certainty whether a given speci-

men represents a true species, or only a subspecies; I must there-

fore confess that in the following descriptions of the family Musci-

capide, it is very probable that I have described as species some spe-

cimens which hereafter will be arranged as subspecies, when the whole

species composing the subgenus are completely known.

One of the most interesting birds in the collection of Lord Derby

is a little Falcon, belonging to the subfamily Falconine, which en-

abled me to correct the characters of the genus Harpagus.

The characters must be changed as follows :—Bill large, with two

teeth, slender and indistinct, or strong and distinct ; wings short, and

in the proportions of the quills very like Nisus seu Accipiter ; toes

short, and the inner and outer toes of the same length.

The genus Harpagus must be divided into two subgenera.

The older subgenus Harpagus must be distinguished by the follow-

ing characters :—Two strong and distinct teeth; the nostrils placed

near the end of a soft membrane covering a large cavity; tibia with

scales not divided.

Two species, diodon and bidentatus.

The other subgenus, in which this new species must be placed,

must be characterized :—Two slender indistinct teeth; the nostrils

round, very small, and bored in the nasal bones; the first wing-

—

feathers with very distinct emarginations, the fourth the longest ;

tibia with whole and divided scales (fig. 3).

I give this subgenus the name of Spiziapteryx, and the species I

have named

HARPAGUS CIRCUMCINCTUS.

Diag.—Size of the Kestril, with white stripe over the eye, which

encircles the whole head and is connected with a white collar; the

tail-covers, above and beneath, white.

Descr.—Rufous ash-grey, beneath lighter, with dark brown shaft-

stripes; the white stripe over the eye, and the collar black marginated;

tibia-covers white; the arm and hand wings white at the roots, and

like the stronger cover-feathers, with white spots and bands on the

inner and outer webs ; the first wing-feather without spots on the ex-

terior web, and with fine white spots on the interior web ; tail black-

brown; beneath with white roots and three small white bands and

an end band; the fifth without spots on the exterior web; the

fourth with only traces; the third exhibits round white spots;

and the two exterior feathers are white-banded. From this very

irregular distribution of spots, the tail, seen from above, exhibits a

very irregular drawing. Cere, naked eye region and feet yellow;

nails dark brown.

I apprehend that this specimen, the only one in England, is not a

very old bird. Lord Derby received this bird from Chili, by Mr.

Bridges.

Dimen.—Head, 49 ; bill, from the cere, 16; from the gape, 22 ;

height, 13; breadth, 20; over wing, 123; tip of the wing, 56; middle

tail-feather, 148 ; outer tail-feather, 115; tarsus, 45 ; middle-toe, 26 ;

nail, 11; outer-toe, 174; nail, 10; imner-toe, 16; nail, 12; after-toe,

13; nail, 13.

A new species of the subgenus SAuRroPHAGuS, Swains.

In the little subgenus Saurophagus, Swains., we had, till now, only

three species. These are, lictor, sulphuratus, and flavus. I received

by Mr. Wollweber from Zacatecas in Mexico an only specimen of a

fourth species ; but I found in the collection of Lord Derby, and in

the British Museum, a great number of the same species.

To this species I have given the name of Derbyanus, as a mark of

my respect for that distinguished patron of ornithological science, the

Earl of Derby, President of the Zoological Society.

All the species of this little subgenus have the same general colour-

ing, and are distinguished only by very few characters taken from the

colouring of the wings and from the dimensions. The young ones

have, like the young birds of Scaphorhynchus, the bill shorter and

bigger, and the head is black, without the beautiful crest of the old

birds. The old birds have a white front, connected with a white

band over the eyes and over the black ear-covers, and surrounding

the black head, which in the middle is ornamented with a yellow

erest; the chin and underpart of the neck white; breast, belly,

under-wings and tail-covers yellow ; back olive-coloured ; wings and

tail brown, with red margins.

SauropHacus Lictor, Gray & Mitch. Genera of Birds, t. 62.

Lanius lictor, Licht.—Saurophagus pusillus, Swains.—Swainsonii,

Gould.

Diag.—Only the margins of the outer webs of the wings rufous ;

wings 86 mm. long. It shows the finest bill, a more graduated tail,

and the smallest dimensions.

Hab. Brazil, Para.

SAUROPHAGUS SULPHURATUS.

Lanius, Gmel.—Tyrannus, Vieill. Enl. 296.

Diag.—Only the margins of the outer webs of the wings rufous ;

wings 110--114 mm. long.

Hab. Amer. meridional.

SAUROPHAGUS FLAVUS, Gray.

Corvus, Gmel.

Diag.—Only the margins of the outer webs of the wings rufous ;

wings 126-130 mm. long.

Hab. Brazil meridional. Bolivia.

SauropHaGcus Dersianus, Kaup. (Aves, Pl. XXXVI.)

Diag.—The wing-feathers from the second to the sixteenth have

the whole outer webs on the greatest part of the length rufous ;

wings 128 mm. long.

Hab. Zacatecas, in Mexico.

Comparison of the dimensions.—

Saur. Saur. Saur. Saur.Der-

lictor. sulphuratus. JSlavus. byanus.

Heal caveats tee hee OAL SeRUey Ri ee-oe .-: 60

Bill, from the forehead... 22 .. 29-30 .. 35 .. 32

— from the gape...... 26 .. 32-36 .. 40-42 .. 38

Wingtieiei alas s04 colleen OBE peo MOS 4 2005130015. ESB

Dad oti h Seed. Te eotiortbfdiorie rt 82586 I IF 1B eve £98

Tarsus). .veneegn nuns oie DG hztaz G25 =2 7; es) MA 2B) les SMES

Middle-toe with the nail.. — .. 21 C ai3Om oes

In these dimensions Saurophagus Derbianus is very near to Saur.

avus.

‘5 In what relation with the subgenus Scaphorhynchus, Pr. Max., this

little subgenus Saurophagus is to be placed, I shall determine in my

next monography, Muscicapide.

Of the subgenus Scaphorhynchus, Ch. Bonaparte, in his very use-

ful Conspectus, has given five species :—pitangua, flaviceps, atriceps,

audazx, and chrysocephalus.

The species flaviceps and atriceps must go down, because flaviceps,

Sw., is a female, and atriceps a young bird of pitangua; audax does

;

}

not belong to this subgenus, and is to be placed in the neighbourhood

of rufinus, Spix, and cireumcinctus, Sw., which have the same bill

and similar covering.

We have only two species, pitangua and chrysocephalus, Tchudi,

in the section of Scaphorhynchus.

Scaphorhynchus, with its broad bill, shorter and feebler tarsi and

toes, represents more the Swallow type, and must be placed in the

second rank of his genus.

Before I finish I may allow myself the observation, that, till now,

the whole family of Muscicapide has been in a condition of the great-

est confusion, and that the greatest number of genera must go down,

or must be considered as subgenera of some larger genera. As an

example of the way in which this is to be effected, I give for instance

we eee Psaris, into which I transplant three genera of the new

authors.

Some remarks on the genus Psarts, Cuv.

The genus Psaris, which is synonymous with Tityra, Vieill., is a

true genus, which cannot be considered as the only type of a sub-

family, and which cannot be divided into several genera. It is an

indivisible genus, which I have separated into some little subgenera

only. I prefer, from well-known reasons, the name Psaris.

The characters of this genus are :—Thick, strong, slightly com-

pressed bill, without strong bristle-feathers on the mouth gape; tarsi

moderately high, with broad scales on the front; on the sides and

behind with small scales. The old males have the second hand wing-

feather abnormously short and of an unusual formation. The females

and young birds have the wings regular.

The species of this large genus are limited to the southern parts of

America.

a. Subgenus CHLOROPSARIS.

They have the bill and the feathered lorum of the Pachyrhamphus,

but the wings are shorter and the tail more graduated. Size of a

Sparrow, colouring more variegated and greenish on the back.

1. Psarts Cuvrert, Swains. Spix, tab. 45. 2.

2. Ps. arRicapityus. Muscicapa, Gmel. Enl. C. 871g. 831 2.

3. Ps. versicotor. Vireo, Hartlaub.

b. Subgenus PacuyrHamPuus, G. Gray.

The bill unicolor black, shorter than the head, not compressed on

the sides; the bristle-feathers moderately long ; the abnormous hand-

feather like Chloropsaris, with broader inner webs and emarginated

only on the tip; tail unicolor, very little graduated. Size of a Lanius

colurio. The colouring is dark and not so variegated.

We can give by the diagnosis the colouring of the abnormous hand-

feather of the males.

4. Ps. vauipus. Lanius validus, Licht.

The second hand wing-feather with a long white spot on the inner

web, which reaches to the third part of its length.

5. Ps. nigrescens. Pach. nigrescens, Cab.

The second hand wing-feather black, with white margin on the ex-

terior web.

6. Ps. pecrorauis. Pach. pectoralis, Swains.

The second hand wing-feather black, with white spot near the root,

and fine white exterior margin,

7. Ps. Actarz. Pach. Aglaia, Lafr.

The second hand wing-feather with an oval white spot near the

root, and without white exterior margin.

e. Subgenus Psarts.

The red and black bill on the anterior part more compressed, and

like Cassicus, with broad root, surrounded by the frontal feathers ;

lorum and eye region naked; the bristle-feathers over the gape very

indistinct ; the second hand wing-feather extremely narrow, formed

like a sword, without an emargination on the tip. The colouring is

silver-grey, like Lanius excubitor, with more or less black head, face,

wings and tail. Size of Lanius excubitor.

8. Ps. cayanus, Cuy.

The black colour covers the whole head, and extends to the tip of

the ear-feathers ; the bill two-thirds red-coloured ; tail black, on the

root only white or silver-grey ; the wings 116-122, and the abnormous

second hand-feather 40 mm. long.

9. Ps. BRASILIENSIS, Swains.

The black of the ear-feathers extends further than the black of the

head; the bill one-third red-coloured ; the inner webs of the wings

white-bordered ; the wings 129, and the abnormous second hand-

feather 41 mm. long.

This species is probably a subspecies of cayanus.

10. Ps. semirasciatus. Pach. semifasciatus, Spix, t. 442.

The black on the head covers only the front to the eye, and de-

scends to the anterior ear-feathers round the eye to the chin; tail

black, with a silver-grey or white band under the tail-covers, and a

white band on the tip; the wings 127-134, and the abnormous

second hand-feather 46 mm. long; it is on the exterior web black,

and on the interior white.

The female with dirty brown head and a greyish brown back, with

a tinge of red.

11. Ps. maximus, Kp.

In the collection of Lord Derby I found a young bird of very large

————

i le a

‘Proc. Z.S Aves. #8.

Jd Wolf, lth. M & N.Hanhart, imp

PSARIS FRASERII.Aaup.é.

. | if

tntead

)

Proc. Z.S.Aves. XXXYVIL

J Wolf lith. M & N.Hanhart,:

PSARIS FRASERII.Aaup.?

dimensions, which does not belong to any of the preceding species.

The bill is reddish on the root ; the under parts are lighter than on

the young cayanus; the stripes are more obsolete, and are reduced

on the side as black shaft-stripes; shafts of the tail reddish brown ;

under tail and interior wing-covers white, without spots.

Ps. cayanus. Ps. maximus.

When ewe es oe. ik Oke een OO

Gape. . . 35 35

nals) esluel Pangea eee T2Q he setters 129

Le dae Ra FORE eat 73

Height of the bill ..... 11 13

Breadth: spo. Akt Wy ge: eeperas 133

It would be very interesting to discover the old bird of this species.

d. Subgenus Erator.

It unites the size, colourmg and formation of the second hand-

feather of the true Psaris with the bill and feathered lorum and eye

region of the other subgenera.

This little subgenus, with its mixed characters, gives the clearest

proof that Psaris, Pachyrhamphus and Bathmidurus cannot be con-

sidered as true genera.

12. Ps. rwquistror, Orb. Lanius inquisitor, Olf.

Diag.—Tail black.

Descr.—The male with black head and white ear-covers, connected

with a white collar, which divides the black head from the silver-grey

body ; tail black, at the root white, which extends to the margins of

the inner webs; end of the tail without white band ; the second hand-

feather on the inner web white.

The female (Jardinii, erythrogenys, Selbyt, and Nattereri, Sw.)

with white front and rufous ear-covers.

13. Ps. Fraseru, Kaup. (Aves, Pl. XXXVII. XXXVIII.)

Diag.—Tail two-thirds white, with black white-bordered end.

Descr.—The head to the ear-covers black ; ear-covers and under

the posterior part of the eye white; the second hand wing-feather

light ash-grey, with white root.

The dimensions of these two species are nearly the same :—head,

52; gape, 32; height of the bill, 10; breadth, 14-15; wing, 105-

113; tail, 63-70.

I give to this very distinct species the name of a very able zoolo-

gist, who is going a second time to Western Africa. From this jour-

ney we may anticipate the greatest benefit to our science, and we wish

Mr. Fraser the best success. For all his kind assistance in the col-

lection of Lord Derby I give him my best thanks.

e. Subgenus Baramrpurvs, Cab.

They have the bill like Chloropsaris, Pachyrhamphus and Erator,

but the tail in most of the species is more graduated. The colouring

of it is black, with white or yellow end spots. Size of a Finch. The

predominating colour of the males is black, white and grey.

In this little subgenus we have different type-species, about which

the different subspecies arrange themselves. One of these is

Ps. MARGINATUS.

Head-feathers black, on the tip with steel-blue; wings black ;

shoulder-covers, wing-covers and arm-wings white marginated ; tail

graduated, black with broad white tip.

The female has all the margins and the under parts rufous yellow,

the back greenish, and the head darker coloured.

a. Ps. MARGINATUS MINOR.

Lorum and a small line on the front whitish ; ear-covers, back part

of the neck, lower part of the back light grey; upper part of the

back black ; all the under parts white with grey tint ; the abnormous

second hand-feather white, on the exterior web on the root with a black

spot, and from this spot till the end; along the shaft on the interior

web a small long black stripe.

6. Ps. MARGINATUS MAJOR. Bathmidurus major, Cab.

Lorum and a small line on the front whitish; before the eye a

black spot of bristle-feathers; the shoulder-covers all white; over-

back black ; the abnormous second hand-feather longer, white, with

a small stripe along the shafts on both sides.

c. Ps. MARGINATUS TRISTIS, Kp.

Without a small white line on the front; lorum and the whole

head black; the feathers on this part are more massive on the tip,

and have more lustre; the shoulder-covers only on the tip white ;

the whole neck and upper part of the back black ; lower part of the

back, ear-covers and all the under parts dark grey, mixed with black ;

the tail has not so much white on the tip ; the under side of the wings

with smaller white margins ; the second abnormous hand wing-feather

on the inner web whitish with grey spots, on the outside black, with a

grey margin on two-thirds of the upper part ; the emargination on the

tip very distinct.

Mus. Derb.

. Ps. marg. Ps. marg. Ps.marg.

Comparison.— hinted preity tristis.

g 3

LET Roe ee eee ee ee oF «. SOS) Uepey

From the gape to the tip of the bill 18 .. 19 19 .. 20

Winlerewesh. eof kh seteg ff ods BSicwesce SA nial oS

SBeaid Spee Soe Co fey sy ada <RP SSW othe heat 5D if) B40 y ase yy

A new species in the collection of Lord Derby and in the British

Museum, forming a second type-species, I have called

Ps. parrnus, Kaup.

Size of Parus major ; head-feathers black, with a soft violet lustre,

and not imitating the form of scales; lorum, ear-covers and all the

——————

Cer Ses

under parts dirty white; the whole back and shoulder-covers grey ;

the little plumage of the wings black or grey, with whitish margins ;

hand-wings black, arm-wings dark grey, marginated with whitish

yellow ; the inner webs of the wings broadly marginated with whitish

yellow ; tail-feathers grey, along the shafts black and on the margin

narrowly bordered with yellowish white ; the second abnormous hand-

feather with broader inner web black, with white margin from the

emargination to the end, and with a large long white spot from the

root to two-thirds of the feather.

The female rufous with darker head ; wings black-brown, with pre-

dominating rufous yellow margins ; belly and under tail-covers lighter-

coloured.

This species comes from Para.

Very near to this species must be placed the Psaris surinamus

(Muscicapa, Gmel.), which is characterized with the following dia-

gnosis :—Caudd rotundatd, apice albd ; corpore nigro, subtus albo.

I have not hitherto seen this species, nor Ps. niger variegatus and

melanoleucus.

Dimensions of Ps. parinus :—head, 34; gape, 17; wing, 68; tail,49.

Genus SeroruaGa, Swains.

This genus is one of the finest of the whole family of Muscicapide.

It is found only in America. Only one species inhabits the northern

part, namely the very distinct species, Set. ruticilla, with its yellow

or red-banded wings and tail. The tail-feathers are pointed.

The greater part inhabit the southern parts. They form various

little subgenera, distinguished by their very different colouring. One

of these, and I think the most beautiful, is the little section to which

the following species belong. They have much yellow on the head

and under side; on the over parts dark cinereous.

SETOPHAGA RUFICORONATA, Kp.

Diag.—With red head-spot ; the first tail-feather all white.

Descr.—The hind ear-feathers black ; front, lorum and eye-region

yellow ; the first tail-feather all white; the second white, with black

spot on the outer web, and black margin on the inner web; under

tail-covers black-spotted.

Mus. Derbyanum.

Very near to this species is

SET. RUFICAPILLA, Cab.,

of which Bonaparte gives the diagnosis in the following manner :—

Fusco-plumbea, subtus omnino flava, \ateribus fuscis ; pileo castaneo,

rectricibus extimis apice albis. Guiana.

SET. LEUCOMPHOMMA, Kp.

Diag.—Lorum, eye-region and chin white.

Deser.—Ear-covers black, the yellow colour reaching only to the

after part of the eye; tail and under tail-covers like ruficoronata.

Hab. Bogota. Mus. Derb.

No. CCXXII.—ProcrepinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Ser. ornaTA, Boss.

Diag.—The whole head beautiful yellow.

Descr.—The head-feathers longer (10 mm.) ; the face and chin

white ; the anterior ear-feathers on the tip black, the hind ear-feathers

all white ; the first tail-feather all white, the second only on the basal

inner web black ; under tail-covers black-spotted.

Hab. Andes. Mus. Derb.

SET. FLAVEOLA, Lafr.

Diag.—The hind ear-feathers with black stripes.

Descr.—The face orange ; the anterior ear-feathers black, the hind

ear-feathers yellow, black-striped ; under tail-covers white ; the first

to the third tail-feather with white shaft and shaft-spot, which is en-

larged on the tip.

Hab. Columbia. Mus. Derb.

A third type-species is vULNERATA, Wagl.

The species belonging to this type-species have the breast and

belly beautiful red.

They are natives of Mexico.

Set. VULNERATA, Wagl.

Above cinereous, with black front, throat and rufous spot on the

head ; first to third tail-feather with white spots on the tip.

Set. picra, Swains. Zool. Ill. t. 3. tricolor, Licht.

Above, throat and sides of the lower parts black; margins of the

first hand-wing and the three least arm-wings white, like the cover-

feathers of the wings; the first and second tail-feather nearly all

white, the third white, with broad black margin on the inner web.

SET. MULTICOLOR, Bonap.

Black ; front, small band over the wing-covers, belly and the tips

of the tail-feathers white.

A fourth type-species is

Set. verTIcALIs, Lafr.

‘inereous, head rufous; breast and belly yellow; the first tail-

feather three-fourths, the second half, and the third only on the tip

white.

Hab. Bogota. Mus. Derb.

Ser. FLAMMEA, Kp.

Breast and belly orange ; the first to the third tail-feathers only on

the tips white.

Hab. Guatimala. Mus. Derb.

Set. MELANOCEPHALA, Tchudi, p. 192. t. 12.1.

A small line of the front, lorum, eye-region, like all the lower parts,

yellow ; the four exterior tail-feathers white.

Hab. Peru. Mus. Derb.

Genus TyRANNULA, Swains.

The genus Tyrannula, as Prince Ch. Bonaparte has apprehended

it, is too large, and the forty species must be divided into some natu-

ral genera and different subgenera.

The manner of arranging these species in geographical sections is

very simple, but very often the wrongest way, although so very clear

that it can be understood by everybody. It is true that some genera

are limited to a certain part of the world; but there are also many

genera which are composed of species from all parts of the world, or

from different zones of the same part of the earth.

A very natural section is formed by the species which Bonaparte

called “ Ultimi Tyrannorum sive Tyrannularum prime.”

The bill of the length of the head; over the nostrils as high as

broad; the back rounded off; the gape bristle-feathers of moderate

length ; the wings moderately long, reaching to the tail-cover feathers ;

the tip of the wing short ; the first wing-feather as long as the eighth,

third and fourth the longest ; the long tail of the length of the body ;

the head unicolor, without yellow crest, but the feathers can be erected ;

above dirty olive, with darker-coloured head ; gorge and over breast

rahe the belly yellowish ; the margins of the wings and tail ru-

ous.

1. Tyr. Coorert. Muscicapa, Nuttall.

With shorter wings than mezicanus, but with longer bill, like eri-

nita ; throat and over breast light grey, not so dark as erinita; the

black stripe along the inner webs of the tail-feathers is broader, like

stolida.

Hab. Northern America and Chili. Brit. Mus.

2. Tyr. crinita. Muscicapa, Linn. ; irritabilis, Vieill.

With longer wings; throat and over breast darker grey; all the

wing-feathers, except the first, black-brown with rufous margins.

Hab. North America. In every museum.

3. Tyr. Gossi1, Bonap.

With longer wings ; the anterior part of the outer webs of the first

and second hand-wing whole rufous ; the head darker, and the ash-

grey dark, like crinita.

Hab. Jamaica. Brit. Mus.

4. Tyr. Mexicana, Kaup.

With short wings; all the wing-feathers, except the first, with ru-

fous margins ; breast light ash-grey ; above lighter.

Mr. Wollweber sent me this species, which I found also in the

British Museum.

5. Tyr. srottpa. Myobius, Gosse.

With short wings; the rufous margins on the wing-feathers very

fine ; the black stripe along the shafts of the inner webs of the tail-

feathers reaching only to the middle of the feathers ; the inner webs

of the exterior tail-feathers with extinguished bands.

Hab. Jamaica. Brit. Mus.

Comparison of the dimensions.—

Tyr. Tyr. Tyr. Tyr. Tyr.

Cooperi. crinita. Gossii. mexicana. stolida.

Head ak. erie AG ron@iim a! (AB me handGl one 1S

Bill from the ape #28 So. w «2B fap Slow. 924 beveres

Winner la. aie 94... 100-105..; 104. ..° 93 2. 86

Taal. ovis. frac BBN ie, S89 Ose Bi Gs ae BE+O07 tt Be

Parsual, <nin.esmzeds.20 liQe a g24oe: ieee eas

It is possible that all these species are subspecies of one or two type-

species. This point, however, can only be determined by future re-

searches.

Genus TopIRHAMPHUS.

I found in the collection of Lord Derby two new species belonging

to this genus.

Top. PECTORALIS.

Green, with a white spot before the eye ; throat and chin dark ash-

grey ; next this with white on the crop; breast light ash-grey; the

inner margins of the wing-feathers and the inner wing-covers yellow ;

outer margins of the wing-feathers and tail olive ; belly and sides white.

Head, 28; gape, 14; wing, 45; tail, 42; tarsus, 15 mm. long.

Hab. ° Mexico.

Top. RUFICEPS.

With red head and dark ash-grey occipital feathers ; next this an

ash-grey collar; over part of the wings black, with two light yellow

bands ; wing- and tail-feathers with olive margins, which on the arm-

wings are more white; lorum black ; ear-covers brownish ; chin and

throat white, with brownish tint, and divided from the yellow under

parts with a black striped band ; the tibial feathers black.

Head, 26; gape, 13; wing, 46; tail, 36; tarsus, 17 mm. long.

Hab. ° Mexico.

PurynorHampnts, Kaup. Smithornis, Ch. Bonap.

The bill very broad, half as high as broad, with sharp culmen ; the

wings short ; the first wing-feather long, nearly as long as the seventh,

the second as long as the third and fourth ; outer toe at the base con-

nected with the middle toe.

I am strongly inclined to believe that this section does not possess

the song-muscles.

PHRYNORHAMPHUS CAPENSIS. Plalyrhynchus capensis, A. Sm.

Descr.—Upper mandible black, lower mandible yellow ; front and

lorum rufous yellow; head black; the bristle-feathers with white

— ee

roots ; ear-covers ash-grey, with whitish shafts and shaft-spots ; back

olive-grey, with black spots ; the roots of all the feathers on the back

pure white ; wing-covers with rufous yellow margins, which form two

small bands; lower parts white, on the sides tinted with brownish

rufous, and with broad black shaft-spots ; the middle of the throat,

belly and under tail-covers white; tail black-brown, with olive

margins.

Head, 40; gape, 22; height of the bill, 7 ; breadth, 12; wing, 72;

tail, 55; tarsus, 18; middle toe, 15 mm. long.

Lord Derby’s collection. Brit. Mus.

A communication was received from Dr. G. R. Bonyan, of British

Guiana, on the Raptorial Birds of that country, of which the follow-

ing is an abstract :-—

3. Nores on THE RaproriaAt Birps or Britis GUIANA.

By Dr. G. R. Bonyan.

There are, I believe, only three species of Vulture in British Gui-

ana. The first is the well-known

KING OF THE VULTURES.

Sarcorhamphus Papa of Dumeril.—Irubicha, Azara.—Vultur

Papa, Linn.—Le Roi des Vautours, Cuv.—Carrion Crow Governor

of negroes.

There is a very good drawing of this bird in Latham’s ‘General Hi-

story of Birds.’ It is by no means common in Demerara, but young

birds are occasionally brought from the upper rivers, particularly

the upper parts of the Mahaica and Mahaicony creeks, where they

abound, to the town. They are easily tamed and eat any sort of

meat, not showing a particular predilection to putrid meat. Although

I have seen this bird in its wild state, I have never witnessed it alight-

ing upon a carcase ; the common Carrion Crows, it is said, cede place

until the king has fed. Mr. Waterton witnessed this singular fact,

and I have heard it corroborated by more than one person of veracity.

I know nothing of its habits or nidification. The colours about the

head and neck are remarkably beautiful and varied, and have a down

bloom as it were, which it is impossible to imitate by painting the

preserved specimen.

The Common Carrion Crow. Cathartes iota.

If this bird be the same as “ Vultur iota” of Charles Bonaparte,

it is imperfectly described by Cuvier as having only the head naked ;

whereas it has the head and the neck more than half way down,

naked, warty and black ; nor is its plumage of a shining black, but

dull and inky. The Carrion Crow is seen over the whole surface of

the country, either soaring on dry sunny days at an immense height

in the air, or swooping down in wide gyrations towards the ground.

If a carcase be thrown out on a dam, no Carrion Crow being within

the range of vision, after a short time one will be seen in a distant

part of the horizon; presently another will appear ; then another and

another, until they will be observed coming from all quarters ; not,

however, in a direct line towards the object, but in more or less ex-

tensive gyrations. There can be no doubt that the first Carrion Crow

that sees the object, by an increased energetic quickness of its flight,

gives notice to those which are within its sphere of vision that there

is game in view, which accounts satisfactorily enough for the vast

number of these birds which are collected from every quarter of the

horizon in so short a time after a dead body is exposed. Indeed, to

the eye of the common observer, the difference of motion of a Vultur

iota on the look-out, and after it has sighted its quarry, is very re-

markable. The former is a slow, steady and gentle soar, in small

gyrations, at an equal height ; the head of the bird, if it be examined

with a glass, being seen turning from side to side. The latter is a

rapid and energetic advance, every hundred yards or so the speed

being increased by several vigorous flaps of the wings. It appears to

me to be quite unnecessary to enter into the discussion, as to whether

this bird hunts by sight or scent, as it is quite sufficiently established

that it is assisted by both senses. The instant a snake is killed, the

Carrion Crow will, if in the neighbourhood, sight the object, and

speedily descend and commence his attacks upon the dead animal.

Or if a negro lets fall a calabash with eggs, and they are broken, the

Carrion Crow will soon be seen feasting on the unwonted luxury. If,

on the other hand, a body be imperfectly interred, this bird will, so

soon as putrefaction has commenced, be seen in the neighbourhood

perched upon a tree or tombstone, and apparently much puzzled to

know where the piece of mortality can lie concealed which evolves

the, to him, delicious fragrancy. If the body be that of a tough-

skinned animal, such as an ox or horse, the Crows will wait, perched

on trees in the neighbourbood, until putrefaction has softened it suffi-

ciently for them to feed on it. Their bills and feet are remarkably

weak. They build in very high trees nests of broken sticks. The

eges when broken have a semi-putrid odour. It is worthy of remark

that the Carrion Crow is common about the streets of New Amster-

dam, scarcely getting out of the way of the passengers; while in George-

town, not more than sixty miles distance, this bird is never seen in

the streets. The former town is said to be much more cleanly and

well-kept than the latter.

The YELLOW-NECKED CARRION Crow.

This bird is smaller and more slender than the common Carrion

Crow. It is found principally about the creeks of Mahaica and Ma-

haicony. It is less numerous than the Black-headed Carrion Crow.

It is not either so gregarious a feeder, and appears to search for

smaller carcases, such as the putrid fish on the dried savannahs bor-

dering the creeks. There is certainly, with the exception of the

colour of the head and neck, the absence of warts, and the slender

form of the body, but a very slight specific difference between this

bird and the former. The colour is black, with blue and greenish

iridescence.

The Fisurne-Hawk. Pandion.

A very handsome little fishing Eagle. I do not think this is the

same species as Le Balbusard of Cuvier. It enlivens very much the

scene about the flat swampy lands of the sea-coast, when the trenches

are full with the mixed tide and bush water. It hovers for a length

of time in one spot at a considerable height, and then suddenly de-

scends vertically on its finny prey, or it alters its position to another

part of the trench, When it makes a capture it flies off to a neigh-

bouring tree to devour it.

The Large Buve Hawx ov THE CaTARACTS.

This bird I shot with a single bullet while descending the long and

swift rapid of Twansinki, lat. 5°, on the Essequibo. It is very rarely

seen on the lower parts of the rivers. The manner of its death was

as follows, as I find on referring to my journal of the trip :—10th

November. An exciting day’s journey in the descent of the rapids

between Twansinki and Waraputa. Some of these we did not ven-

ture to shoot, as it is called, but had to let the boat down, by means

of the tow-line, most ignominiously, stern foremost. We had, how-

ever, the satisfaction of being very nearly swamped in descending a

long rapid in the lower Twansinki range, which made up somewhat

for the slight we considered had been put upon our courage by our

coxswain, Hermanus, refusing to shoot down those rapids he con-

sidered to be dangerous. Our indignation against the noble captain

was considerably cooled. The great danger in the descent of these

long rapids is from the boat being carried down by the rush of the

torrent, and the bow being at the same time more or less submerged

by the curling back of the water, when it meets the resistance of the

rocks in its passage. Thus the descent, although very swift, is in a

succession of violent plunges, at each of which the boat, if not

built with a sufficient spring in the bow, which was unfortunately the

case with us, takes in a large quantity of water, and is in great dan-

ger of being swamped before it reaches the foot of the rapid. Every-

thing depends of course on the way the boat has on it, and our crew,

on this occasion, urged by the frantic gestures and shouting of the

steersman and bowman, pulled with amazing vigour and energy. In

the very midst of the hurly-burly of this descent, a Large Blue Hawk

flew rapidly across our bow and alighted on a high dry tree. My

soul had long yearned after a “‘ Blue Hawk” of the Cataracts. Be-

fore I could fairly cover it, the bird was eighty yards behind us. The

report of the gun was scarcely audible in the tremendous noise, and

the Hawk for a second remained immoveable and apparently unhurt,

when his head sunk, his body swung forward, and the powerful grasp

of his talons relaxing in death, he fell plumb down.

There are three species of Ibycter, or ‘“Carracarra Hawks,’’ as

they are called by the creoles. These are very numerous on the

banks of the rivers and creeks, and appear to be continually on the

alert, flying from tree to tree, alighting and scratching on the sands,

and indeed being the only specimens of the bird kind on the higher

rivers which are always to be met with during the whole day. The

first is

The Lavcnine Hawk.

A well-known bird, which has been described by Waterton, Schom-

burgk and others. It is remarkably noisy, and is generally seen in

company with three or four others of the same species flying about

and perching on the high trees on the borders of creeks, uttering

almost constantly a discordant loud gabbling, from whence it has got

the name of the ‘‘ Laughing Hawk.” ‘This bird feeds on eggs, young

birds, insects, and does not despise certain sorts of fruit. It is, in

fact, omnivorous,

The YELLOW-HEADED CARRACARRA Hawk.

Smaller than the preceding. Three or four are generally seen to-

gether. They frequent chiefly in the months of September, October,

and November, when the guana and river turtle lay their eggs, the

extensive sand-banks on the river Essequibo, beyond the first rapids

in latitude 6° 10’. I have seen them in companies of from three to

five, assiduously scratching up the sand in which the guana or turtle

had laid ; and as these reptiles deposit their eggs at least eight inches

beneath the surface, their rasorial powers are very considerable. The

sands on this part of the Essequibo extend in every direction, lying

on the beautiful bosom of the placid river, among finely wooded islands

of all sizes, with most inviting sand beaches, enticing you to land at

every turn. If you do land, you will probably see on the hard fine

sand the scrambling track of a guana, which, if petrified, would set

a paleontologist frantic with delight. Close by, the steadier aud

more decided footstep of the cayman, clearly showing that he is made

of somewhat sterner stuff than his herbivorous friend, and still further

off, a camoude has dragged his slow length along. There are tracks

of turtle, ducks, snipes, lizards, and all sorts of Coprie ; in fact, a

first-rate piece of interesting geology, only not baked or compressed

yet. Edging the bank is the eternal forest.

The Rep-HEADED CARRACARRA.

This bird is of the same size as the preceding, but its habits are

somewhat different, as its food appears to be principally confined to

insects and small reptiles. I found the stomach of one I dissected

full of fragments of beetles. Mr. Swainson places these birds at the

head of the Kites, where they are certainly more naturally situated

than among the Eagles, where they are placed by Cuvier. ;

The next birds are the Awl-beaked Fish-Hawks. I only know

two, and they are very near one another.

The LarGer AWL-BEAKED FisH-Hawk

Is remarkable for the great length of the curve of the upper man-

dible, and is somewhat larger than the next. Both are savannah

birds, feeding on freshwater fish. They are often seen in large flocks,

particularly on an extensive savannah, through a part of which is dug

the freshwater canal called the “ Lamaha,”’ which was intended to

supply the city of Georgetown with water. They prey particularly

on the Hassar (Callichthys, Schomb.). This curious fish, which

builds a nest in or under which it lays its eggs, is found in abundance

in the small pools and water-holes of the savannahs. It is a very do-

mestic fish. The female, when the time for spawning arrives, collects

a number of small pieces of stick, and places them together, across

one another; it then, descending beneath this structure, which is

about a foot in diameter, exspumates a quantity of viscid matter,

which, being mingled with air, causes the nest to float. In this viscid

exspumation the eggs are laid, and both the male and female remain

near the nest, making furious strokes at any intruder; and as they

are provided with a very sharp bony first ray to the dorsal fin, if a

wound be inflicted it is generally a severe one. The form of the beak

of the Fish-Hawk is admirably adapted for separating the plates of

mail in which the Hassar is enveloped. It is when the water in the

pools and water-holes is reduced in the first part of the dry season to

soft mud, that flocks of these birds are seen on the savannahs, feast-

ing on Hassar.

The SmaLtLerR AWL-BEAKED Fisu-Hawk.

Habits the same as the former. From the habits of this group of

birds of scouring the savannahs in search of prey, the length of their

wings, and the strength of their claws, they approach near to the

Harriers.

The Scissors-raitep Kite. Nauelerus furcatus.

This is a very graceful bird, and is generally seen soaring, with

widely-forked tail, above the lower parts of creeks, or over rivers when

the water is fresh. They are, when perched, generally in companies

of from five to six. They strike at small birds, creepers and such

like, when feeding. I do not think that they strike at birds on the

wing, and I never saw the Nauclerus pounce on a fish, although they

appear to prefer to soar over the broad parts of creeks and fresh rivers.

In fact, they are scarcely ever seen elsewhere. The Camouni creek,

a few hours’ sail up the Demerary river, is a favourite haunt of the

Scissors-tail. Here they may be seen by the now rare traveller in

this once thickly populated and very beautiful creek, either soaring

high up in the brilliant sunshine, with a gentle undulatory motion,

moving the head from side to side, and alternately opening and shut-

ting the fork of the tail, whence their name of “ Scissors-tail’’ ;_ or

perched in a small company upon some high creek-side tree, attracted

probably by a flock of creepers or manakins. In coming down the

Camouni one morning with a pleasant company of sportsmen—we

had bivouacked near the source of the river the night before—I was

much struck with the remarkable gracefulness and beauty of the Nau-

clerus. A company of six had selected a high tree cluse to the water’s

edge, at a wide and graceful bend. The approach of our boat alarmed

them, and they flew up and around the tree as if inclined to settle

again after we had passed on; but on one of our party firing, the

birds, finding the danger impending, sought for safety in the higher

regions of the atmosphere, and it was in their gyrations to obtam a

suitable elevation that their gracefulness and beauty were particu-

larly remarkable. I am not acquainted with any Hawk which soars

to such a height as the Nauclerus. I have seen them over the river

Pomeroon, at an elevation so great as to be scarcely visible.

The whole of the next group, nine in number, with the exception

of three, are birds which frequent the extensive abandoned fields near

the sea and the courida trees (Avicenna nitida et tomentosa), which

form a narrow belt of vegetation along the coast, between the sea and

the high roads. These fields, which were for the most part formerly

in cotton, are often inundated, either from imperfect drainage of bush-

water, or the incursion of the sea, which, since the British people

commenced to make us pay the penalty of having had slaves, is fast

resuming its ancient dominion, from whence it was dammed out by

our Dutch predecessors. Over these fields may be seen hunting with

indefatigable industry the first two of the group; viz.

The Brown-BACKED HaARRIER, and

The Lone AND SLENDER-LEGGED BuzzaARD.

They search every bush, destroying old and young alike, snatch

up the little grass-finches, and in fact are a most dreadful scourge

to the feathered inhabitants of these woe-begone and miserable look-

ing swamps, remembrances of our former glory and shame. The

next is

The Curstnut HarrieEr.

A very rare bird, which was shot while flying over the Mahaica

creek. Nothing whatever is known of its habits, but from its struc-

ture they must be similar to those of the two former.

The Larce Sra-FrisH1nG Hawk.

The coasts of Demerara, it may not be unnecessary to inform the

English reader, are bound by vast mud-flats, which at high tide are

covered by the sea. At dead low tide the water-mark is, at many

parts of the coast, not visible. It is on the courida trees which bor-

der the coast landward that the Large Sea-fisher may be seen waiting

patiently for the influx of the tide, which brings with it his food. At

about half-tide he begins to bestir himself, and as there is always an

abundance of fish brought up by the water, he soon captures as much

mullet and other such-like coast-fish as gratifies his hunger. The

Sea-fisher fishes on the hover from a considerable height, pouncing

down vertically on its prey. The next is

The Birp Haws,

With striated chestnut belly, which does not hunt on the wing, but

sights its prey, small birds, from the perch, generally a courida tree.

It builds a nest of dry sticks upon these trees. The next is

The Parrot-BEAKED BuzzarRD.

A rare bird, and was shot in a cocoa-nut tree in the Mahaicony.

It sights its prey, small birds, from the perch. Another species,

The LonG-LEGGED SNAKE-EATER,

Leads us back to the abandoned fields. This bird, a large, brown,

dirty and ruffianly-looking animal, is very often seen, particularly on

the east sea-coast, undergoing the punishment peculiarly appropriated

to bullies, namely, being severely thrashed by fellows much smaller

than himself. The Kiskadee, a tyrant shrike, is the little champion

who thrashes the Snake-eater. Sometimes two or three of these

birds will be seen, always keeping above it, pecking the Hawk most

unmercifully, and they seldom fail in bringing it to the ground, when

the sight of its powerful talons I presume, reminding them that the

better part of valour is discretion, causes them to fly off to some

neighbouring tree and set up a glorious “Io Pzan” of Kiskadee,

Kis-kis-kiskadee over their victory. I have seen this Hawk capture

snakes more than once and fly off to its perch to devour the prey.

Another species,

The CRAB-EATER,

Frequents the courida trees, from whence it sights its prey on the

mud-flat, namely crabs. It pounces upon any unwary crab that quits

its hole, and, unlike the Snake-eater, consumes it on the spot where

it takes it, and then returns to its look-out. They build a nest of

sticks in the courida bush. Another species,

The INSECT-EATER,

Is the most ignoble of all our Hawks. Its feet and claws are sin-

gularly weak, and it feeds almost exclusively on beetles and other

insects, which it captures on the courida bush, which it frequents. I

have opened them and taken a large quantity of the fragments of in-

sects out of the stomach.

The CresteD AND BooTep EAGLE.

A live specimen of this beautiful bird was brought to me as a

present by an old servant who had left me a long time, and had been

living far up the Demerary river. He unfortunately knew nothing

of its habits, and told me that it was the only one he had seen. I

have never seen one in the wild state. This bird lived for some days,

but would not eat. Apparently, the beautiful semicircular crest of

black feathers with a white central star was only elevated when the

bird was excited. This however was almost constantly the case,

from extreme wildness. The cry was a loud, plaintive, diminishing

ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha. This bird certainly has most of the characters

of a true Eagle. It is heavy and robust, with a beak somewhat

straight at base; tarsi plumed to the toes ; wings moderately long,

with the fourth feather the longest ; and the general air is that of an

Eagle.

There are only three Falcons that I have seen here ; the first two

true Falcons, with the typical characters and habits marked, and the

third with all the typical characters (excepting the two-toothed beak)

and the habits wanting. The first two are little Falcons, namely,

The CHESTNUT-BELLIED FALcon, and

The WHITE MOTTLE-BELLIED FALCON.

They are both birds that strike their prey on the wing, and are

capable of killing birds nearly as large as themselves. The yellow-

bellied species may be seen very busy at dusk, hunting bats with

amazing swiftness. I have never been able to find either of their

nests.

The Two-rootHep Barip1.

A bird with precisely similar habits to the next three birds. Like

them, the Baridi never strikes, but confines himself to pillaging

nests and destroying young birds. He is a sneaking marauder and

burglar, and not audacious enough to commit highway robbery and

murder, like the true Falcons. His wings are very short, and the

characteristic formula of the quill-feathers is wanting. Consequently,

I have placed this bird at the head of the succeeding group.

The PLAID-CHESTED SHORT-WINGED Hawk.

The BRown-BACKED SHORT-WINGED Hawk.

The YELLOW-CERED SHORT-WINGED Hawk.

They are characterized by the same habits as the Baridi, stealing

eggs and murdering unfledged birds.

The two next Hawks are large and powerful. The first is a large

Black Hawk. It is a very fierce and destructive bird. It will kill

rats and other small quadrupeds, as the Adouri (Cavia agouti), &c.,

and will strike at and kill so large a bird as a Currycurry ([éis rubra).

My huntsman Benjamin tells me that some time ago he shot a Curry-

curry, and before the bird fell to the ground, a large Black Hawk

seized it and bore it away. It is very destructive to hen-roosts. The

next species is found far up the river Demerary, and is by no means

common. Mr. John King, a very respectable bird-stuffer and an

observant naturalist, tells me that in a period of many years, con-

stantly occupied in procuring species of birds and animals, he has

only seen a few specimens of this bird. I have ascertained from the

same authority, that its habits are very similar to the Large Black

Hawk of the coasts.

I only know of five Owls in this country ; of four I have procured

specimens. The first two, Booted Owls without ears, are common

enough, and I have not been able to ascertain anything in their habits

differing from the well-known and frequently described habits of their

European congeners.

The SMAUL-BOoTED Brown Ow t.

This is seen frequently at dusk in company with the Little Bat-

falcon, hunting bats. The larger one, or Large-booted Black and

White Owl, is strictly a night bird, and found principally in the

forests. The next two are likewise strictly night birds.

The Larce LonG-LEGGED STRIix, or JumB1 Birp,

Inhabits hollow cabbage-trees or old and dilapidated houses, un-

fortunately that style of habitation in Georgetown, and over the whole

country, being at this time the rule, and not the exception. They

make a great noise at night, a sort of clack, clack, clack, &c., termi-

nating with a harsh, disagreeable and ominous scream. They are

held here, as elsewhere, to be birds of ill omen, portending death,

wherefore they are called “ Jumbi,” or Ghost Birds, by the negroes.

The Lirrte LoNG-LEGGED STR1Ix

Is a very handsome little mouse-coloured Owl, which preys upon

moths and other night insects as well as small bats. They are mostly

seen on the savannahs and in the courida bushes, and are strictly

nocturnal. : :

It will be perceived that I have not described the Harpya de-

structor. This is in consequence of my not having had an oppor-

tunity of examining a dead specimen ; a living specimen which I have

access to, in the possession of Governor Barkly, being altogether too

fierce to take liberties with. It has a very owlish appearance, both

in its facial disk and soft plumage. I have seen another imperfect

skin of a very large Eagle feathered to the toes, with tremendous

talons; both this and the Harpy I hope to be able to describe in a

subsequent communication.

February 25, 1851.

R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

Mr. Gould directed the attention of the Meeting to two Hybrid

Birds, concerning which he read the following letter, which had been

addressed to Mr. B. Leadbeater, F.Z.S.

“Cottimore, Walton-on-Thames, December 17, 1850.

‘“‘Srr,—With reference to the bird which you now have of mine

to preserve, I will tell you all which I have ascertained concerning it.

It was shot at Henley Park, in the county of Surrey, by the keeper

of H. Halsey, Esq., on a part of his property called the Peat Moor,

and not far from the Frimley ridges ; a wild tract of country, with a

good many black-game upon it. The keeper was shooting pheasants

for the supply of the house, and this bird rose on the opposite side

of the hedge to that on which he was, on the outside of a large covert :

he did not see it distinctly ; but as in rising it made the sort of ery

or crowing which a cock-pheasant is apt to do when disturbed, he

shot it. I found it hung up in the larder, but was just in time to

rescue it from the cook, and Mr. Halsey allowed me to take posses-

sion of it to be preserved. There is no doubt of its being a hybrid

between the black-cock and hen-pheasant, as it appears that a black-

cock has for the last two years frequented this particular covert and

fed with the pheasants. The keeper, after feeding his pheasants, has

frequently hid himself, to count his stock of those beautiful birds,

and always saw this black-cock come to feed with them; and so it

lasted for two years or more. I have no doubt that this bird is the

produce of his intimacy with a hen-pheasant. The old black-cock

used to play like a cock-turkey, the keeper tells me, dragging his

wings, and could drive all the cock-pheasants, being completely master

over them; which I wonder at, as the pheasant has spurs and he

has none. The hybrid was shot on the 26th of October, and had he

lived another month, would have been a beautiful bird. You will

observe that he crowed on rising as a cock-pheasant does, which I

believe a black-cock does not do. As far as I can ascertain in the

number of instances of hybrids mentioned in Yarrell’s ‘British Birds,’

they seem all to be the produce of cock-pheasants and grey-hens,

whereas there is no doubt this is the reverse.

«T may mention while on this subject, that in another wood on

Mr. Halsey’s property two Hybrids were produced between the cock-

pheasant and hen golden pheasant; this took place about thirteen

years ago. A hen golden pheasant had escaped from confinement,

and it was known that she was alive in the coverts ; and in one par-

ticular wood it was remarked that the pheasants were always disturbed

and driven out of it, and it was not known for some time by what ;

till at last, by watching at the feeding-places, it was discovered that

this golden hen-pheasant and two other curious-looking birds were

so pugnacious, that they drove every thing from the place. They

were all three shot, when the other two proved to be cock-birds, and

there is no doubt whatever of their parentage, both from their shape

and plumage. They are small birds and not handsome, partaking

of the plumage of both sorts of pheasants, without any of the beauty

of either. I believe this to be the first instance on record of their

ever breeding in a wild state; and you must remember that they were

not in a Norfolk covert, full of half-tame pheasants, but in one of the

wildest parts of England, as the presence of black-game will tell you.

They were shot in the month of November, and therefore had pro-

bably got as good plumage as they ever would have. They are now

in my possession through the kindness of Mr. Halsey.

«J think it a very curious circumstance that these birds should have

been produced in a wild state, as I find in the ‘Gardens and Mena-

gerie of the Zoological Society,’ vol. ii. Birds, under the head of

Golden Pheasant, that in China, where the two sorts are wild, they

have never been known to produce a mixed breed, and that in confine-

ment it is sometimes obtained, but with the greatest difficulty. Also,

in the ‘ Natural History of Ireland,’ vol. ii. Birds, by W. Thompson,

it is stated, as a reason for the Golden Pheasant not doing well in a

wild state in this country if introduced where the common pheasant

is now abundant, that they are such a shy, timid bird, and would be

easily driven off by the other species. This fear is evidently ground-

less, as not only the half-bred birds, but the golden hen drove all

the other pheasants, as was seen frequently by the keeper ; and they

were so cunning, and so well able to take care of themselves, that

after it was known they were there, and the mischief they did, the

covert was beat in the usual way for pheasants, in the hopes of being

able to destroy these birds, but without meeting with them, and the

keeper was obliged to watch for them and shoot them at feed.

“J remain, your obedient servant,

« Joun W. G. Spicer.”

The following papers were also read :—

1. On THE ANATOMY oF THE Wart-HoG (Paacocuervs Patzasn,

Van DER Hoeven).

By Pror. Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.8. etc.

The female Phacocherus died, without previous symptoms of ail-

ment, on Wednesday, February 5th, having lived in the Menagerie

of the Society ten months, during which it throve, like the male, and

grew rapidly ; its weight at the time of its death was 105 lbs.

The length of the body from the extremity of the jaws to the root

of the tail was 3 feet 6 inches; the length of the head 1 foot; that

of the tail 1 foot: this part is naked, very slender, tapering towards

the end, which is subcompressed, a little dilated, and ornamented

with a tuft of long and slender black bristles, growing chiefly from

the opposite margins, as in the Elephant. A layer of lard or fat ad-

hered to the under surface of the corium, as in the Common Hog,

preventing the movement of the skin by a panniculus carnosus.

The hair is of one kind, coarse, scanty, and moderately long ; the

bulb of each is imbedded im a flattened whitish body, about 3 lines

broad. The cuticle is impressed by curved lines, giving it the ap-

pearance of being composed of imbricated scales from 3 to 4 lines in

breadth. There is a strong callosity in front of each carpus, formed

by, or connected with, the frequent habit of this animal of walking

on its fore-knees. The suborbital wart-like appendage, situated

14 inch below the eye, is composed of a mass of fibrous and adi-

pose tissue. A double row of strong cilia project from the upper

eyelid; but there are none on the lower lid. There is a broad

‘membrana nictitans.’ An arch of long black hairs forms an eye-

brow. The upper lip is bent upwards, or folded over the base of the

upper tusk, and many short hairs grow from the thickened margin

of this fold. There is a slightly curved callous ridge of the integu-

ment, 5 inches in length, parallel with the middle of the lower bor-

der of the lower jaw. There are but four nipples, one pair abdomi-

nal, about an inch behind the umbilicus; the other pair inguinal.

The anus is situated about an inch below the base of the tail, is a

transverse crescentic aperture, with a thick upper border. The vulva

is situated about 10 lines below the anus; it is a little peaked

below, and the clitoris, like a small caruncle, projects 4 lines within

the margin.

There was no appearance of incisors in either jaw; but in the

substance of the alveolar border of the lower jaw were four rudi-

mental incisors, 9 lines long by 2 lines wide, which probably were never

destined to come through, and are smaller than those in the Caffra-

rian Phacocheere, called ‘ Harruja,’ in the British Museum. The

present specimen also differed from that species in having no incisor

in the upper jaw; not even the rudiment of one could be found in the

substance of the premaxillary. Hence I conclude the species to be

that which Van der Hoeven has characterized by the absence of in-

cisors in both jaws, and has called Phacocherus Pallasii. The ex-

serted crown of the canine tusks was 2} inches long in the upper,

and 2 inches long in the lower jaw. Five molars were apparent on

each side the upper jaw, and four molars on each side the lower jaw.

The first in each jaw was a small, obtusely rounded premolar, with

three long diverging fangs above and two below, answering to p 3;

the second molar in the upper jaw was a much-worn milk-tooth, m 4 ;

the third grinder above and the second below were the first true mo-

lar, m 1, with the crown worn down nearly to the roots. The fourth

grinder above and the third below were the second true molar, m 2,

with a body or crown 14 of an inch in length before the giving off

of the short bent fangs. The last tooth in both jaws was the anterior

point of the third true molar just beginning to cut the gum*.

The absence of any incisors above the gum in this young animal,

and the presence of four rudimental ones hidden in the lower jaw,

just where they are occasionally found in old individuals of the Pha-

cocherus Pallasii, show that this hidden condition and small size are

not due to age, but are specific characters.

The roof of the mouth presented about twenty-two pairs of trans-

verse, arched, palatal ridges, with their convexities turned forwards ;

gradually decreasing as they were placed more backwards, and ter-

minating opposite the end of the molar series ; beyond this part the

membrane of the palate was smooth and soft. The tongue is long

and narrow, with small, obtuse, well-defined papille below its mar-

gins, with a smooth dorsum, beset with very fine gustatory papillze

for two-thirds of its extent. At the base of the tongue, 6 inches from

the tip, are two large fossulate papilla, on the same transverse line,

and behind these the dorsum of the tongue is beset with numerous

soft, moderately large, pointed and retroverted papille.

* The grinding surface of the teeth in place closely corresponded with those of

the Phacocherus Pallasii figured in my Memoir on the Teeth of the Wart-Hogs

(Philosophical Transactions, 1840, pl. 34. fig. 8, m1, m2 and m3). The pre-

sent specimen shows a stage anterior to the one there figured, the last milk-

tooth intervening between the first molar and the small premolar in the upper

jaw. There was no trace of the germ of a p4 above the crown of d@ 4 in place,

whence it may be concluded that, at corresponding phases of dentition, the Phac.

Pallasii has fewer grinders than the Phac. #liani.

Two mucous sacculi, about 1 inch in diameter and 14 inch in depth,

are produced from the upper and back part of the pharynx into the

pterygoid fossee, on each side the basisphenoid. Between the mouths

of these sacculi there projects from the back part of the pharynx a

glandular prominence or caruncle, about 7 lines long by 5 lines broad.

At the lower and back part of the pharynx a third median sacculus

is developed, just below the ‘ constrictores pharyngis’; in this re-

markable structure the Wart-Hog resembles the Babyrussa*. The

cesophagus commences between this sacculus behind and two large

post-arytenoid sacculi in front, and is divided from both by a trans-

verse membranous ridge or wall. The long ligamentous crura of the

epiglottis are continued from the sides and back part of the post-

arytenoid sacculi to that cartilage, which is unusually distant from

the larynx. The convex border of the broad epiglottis projects into

the posterior nostril. The cesophagus descends behind the trachea to

the thorax, and in the posterior mediastinum it is suspended by a fold

of the pleura, about 13 inch broad, which attaches the tube to the

descending aorta, after it has passed through the arch.

The stomach is of small size and simple shape; its length in a

straight line is 9 inches; following its greater curvature 1 foot

7 inches ; the lesser curvature, or the distance from the cardia to the

pylorus, being only 3 inches. The left end extends about 33 inches

beyond the cardia, and the right end projects about 2 inches to the

right of the pylorus. It presents the usual form of the simple sto-

mach, but the cardiac blind end is marked off by a slight constric-

tion, hardly, however, to the same degree as in the Common Hog ;

and far from presenting the complexity of the stomach in the Baby-

russa. The great omentum is continued from behind the great cur-

vature, and was folded or crumpled up behind and beneath the sto-

mach, enclosing the spleen, which was to the left and a little behind

the great end of the stomach. No part of the omentum was visible

when the abdominal cavity was exposed, and but little of the stomach

could be seen. Almost the only viscera that presented themselves

were the large spiral coils of the colon, closely united together by

mesocolic bands laden with fat, about an inch in breadth. The

czecum was in the left lumbar region. The stomach extended from

the left hypochondrium across the epigastric to the right hypochon-

driac regions. The liver extended from the right hypochondrium to

the left, but did not cover all the great end of the stomach. The

small intestines lay concealed behind the colon.

The cesophagus, which is 2 inches in circumference at its termi-

nation in the stomach, opens nearer the posterior than the ante-

rior surface of the lesser curvature, 34 inches from the left end,

which forms a prominence above the concavity leading to it from the

gullet.

The cesophageal epithelium is continued a little way on the inner

surface of the stomach, forming a thin, narrow, oval patch, extend-

ing 1} inch to the left of the cardia, 2rds of an inch to the right and

* See Prof. Vrolik’s excellent memoir on that animal, ‘ Recherches d’Anatomie

comparée sur le Babyrussa,’ 4to, p. 30, pl. 3.

No. CCXXIII.—Proceepines or tHe ZooLoeicat Soctety.

back part of the cardia, and 3rd of an inch to the front of the cardia.

The rest of the stomach is lined by the usual gastric vascular mem-

brane, which in the distended state shows one or two short and very

narrow, straight rugze, and is smooth in the rest of its extent, except

near the commencement of the short and narrow canal leading to the

pylorus, where a number of longitudinal rugee converge. The mus-

cular coat of the stomach is 2 lines in thickness at the cardia, where

its texture is unusually firm ; it diminishes in thickness to 1 line after

a course of 2 inches from the cardia, and is less than half a line thick

over the great dilated portion of the stomach. It resumes its thick-

ness of 2 lines at the narrow pyloric portion. A few longitudinal

rugee radiate from the cardia a little way upon the epithelial part, but

there is no valvular apparatus there.

The form of the pylorus is crescentic, bounded below by an arched

protuberance, receiving in its concavity a single longitudinal protube-

rance from the upper side.

The bile-tube (ductus choledochus) opens on a mammillary emi-

nence half an inch from the pylorus.

The duodenum, which is about 1 inch in diameter at its com-

mencement, where it receives the ductus choledochus and pancreatic

duct, contracts to a diameter of 2rds of an inch as it bends down in

front of the right kidney, suspended by a narrow mesentery ; it then

crosses the first lumbar vertebra, and becomes attached to the back

of the ascending colon ; there it ascends a little way, bending obliquely

round the colon, and becomes suspended, as jejunum, upon the

proper mesentery. The jejunum and ilium lie im close coils sus-

pended by the narrow mesentery, which is loaded with fat, termina-

ting next the intestine in lobes which project as a free border on

each side the junction of the mesentery to the gut. The mesenteric

vessels pass straight through this fat, without forming anastomotic

arches. The mesenteric glands are arranged in a semicircle about

the root of the mesentery. The small intestines preserve a pretty

uniform diameter until near the end of the ilum, which gradually

contracts to a diameter of about half an inch. The length of the

small intestine is from 18 to 20 feet, or about five times the length

of the body ; which is proportionally one-half the length of the small

intestines of the domestic Hog. The ilium passes near its termination

from the right to the left lumbar region, and ascends to terminate in

the czecum, to which it is attached by a duplicature of the perito-

neum. The czecum was situated in the advanced part of the left

lumbar region. It was 34 inches in length, and about 24 in diame-

ter, with an obtuse rounded end ; its parietes were slightly puckered

or sacculated on two longitudinal bands, about 4 lines in breadth, a

third band commencing near the entry of the ilium; its cireumfe-

rence is 7 inches. It is divided by a constricted neck, 3} inches in

circumference and 14 inch in length, from the colon, and this con-

tracted part was sacculated only on one side, the other side being

smooth, with a strong coat of longitudinal fibres external to the cir-

cular ones. At this part the ilium, caecum and beginning of the colon

are attached by a strong mesentery to the spine: the colon ascends

in front of the left kidney to the great curvature of the stomach, and

bends over to the right side in front of the epiploon, and descending

describes a large spiral curve, then a second, third and fourth, pro-

gressively diminishing im extent; the last and innermost is folded

upon itself, and repeats two spiral coils in the opposite direction,

the extent of these increasing; and the gut, quitting the mass of

closely connected coils, passes backwards, and bends round the root

of the mesentery, adhering to that part and to the pancreas above,

then descends in front of the duodenum, much diminished in size,

and getting to the back of the lumbar region becomes the rectum,

and is continued, tightly bound to the sacrum, behind the genital

organs and bladder to the vent. The coils of the colon, which are

the first viscera that present themselves, and conceal almost all the

others in the abdomen, are attached to one another by bands of meso-

colon of about an inch in breadth ; and these were laden with lobes

of fat. There were many small, dark-coloured glands at the root of

the mesocolon, from which straight blood-vessels radiated in groups

of from four to eight or ten. The colon, where it forms the first

series of coils, is 10 inches in circumference, and is slightly sacculated

on two longitudinal bands. The sacculi subside with a slight dimi-

nution of diameter in the returning coils.

The length of the ‘large intestines’ was 13 feet 6 inches, or nearly

four times the length of the entire animal.

The mucous membrane of the small intestines is produced in the

duodenum into four or five narrow longitudinal folds, which in the

jeyunum are six or seven in number, and are here or there connected

together by oblique folds. Towards the middle of the jejunum these

folds disappear, and then reappear at intervals progressively increa-

sing ; and in the ilium the mucous lining is even and simply villous.

In the partial or interrupted extents of the plicated structure, the

rugze are more reticulate in their arrangement. The lining membrane

of the colon was smooth and even, but gorged with blood, and varied

in many parts from a deep vinous to an almost black colour. The

lining membrane of the rectum was disposed in numerous fine longi-

tudinal rugee. The small intestines contained only mucus; the large

intestines a dark fluid matter of the usual fecal odour, with one or

two masses of hard feces, about the size and shape of a pullet’s egg.

The liver weighed 2 lbs. 4 0z. i tconsisted of three principal lobes,

viz. a right, middle and left ; the right is the largest, and is partially

subdivided at its free extremity, which is closely connected with the

right supra-renal body and the summit of the right kidney. The

middle lobe is bifid, a gall-bladder 4 inches long by 14 inch broad

being lodged in the cleft; a small ‘lobulus Spigelii’ projects near

the neck of the gall-bladder. The left lobe of the liver terminates

on the left side, about 3 inches from the cardiac end of the stomach.

The hepatic duct joins the cystic after a course of an inch; the

‘ductus communis’ is about the same length, and has a width of

3 lines at its termination, which is at the upper part of the beginning

of the duodenum.

The pancreas is a long flattened band, from an inch to an inch

and a half in breadth, extending in two directions from the begin-

ning of the duodenum, where its duct terminates. One portion fol-

lows the first part of the curvature of the duodenum to the extent of

6 inches ; the other and chief part of the gland passes from the py-

lorus behind the stomach to the spleen, and is 7 inches in length.

The spleen is a long, flattened, ellipsoid body, about 11 inches in

length and 21 inches across its broadest part at the middle. It

weighed 3 oz.

The kidneys together weighed 6} 0z.; they are not cleft or lobu-

lated, and are situated symmetrically at the back of the hypochon-

dria. The supra-renal bodies are of an elongate, subcylindrical shape.

The heart is a somewhat flattened cone, with a produced pointed

apex formed by the left ventricle. The pericardium adheres to the

sternum ; it was covered with much fat. There is a large pleural sae

between the pericardium and the diaphragm, which contains the azy-

gous lobe of the lung, the long intra-thoracic inferior cava, the ceso-

phagus and descending aorta.

The right lung is divided into three lobes and the ‘lobulus azygos’;

the left lung into two lobes, the upper and smaller lobe being slightly

subdivided. The tracheal rings overlap each other behind. The

thymus gland extended from the fore-part of the pericardium into

the neck. The thyroid gland consists of one elongate, narrow lobe,

concave where it is applied to the fore-part of the trachea, convex

where it is covered by the ‘ sterno-thyroidei’; it is about 2 inches in

length and 8 lines wide. The thyroid cartilage is of unusual length,

shaped like the side or section of a vase, convex outwards at its lower

half, and concave above, by the bending outwards of its broad upper

margin ; its length is 2} inches, its breadth 1} inch. The arytenoid

cartilages are still more unusual in their conformation ; they are very

long, curved backwards, and confluent at their apices ; on each side of

this prolonged confluent point they are deeply cleft, so as to form two

lateral pointed processes or appendages. A fold of membrane is con-

tinued from each lateral appendix outwards to the ligamentous crura

of the epiglottis ; these folds form the outer walls of two large post-

arytenoid sacculi, which intervene between the larynx and pharynx.

A median fold of membrane is continued backwards from the middle

line and confluent apices of the arytenoids, and forms the septum

between the post-arytenoid sacculi. The mucous membrane of the

larynx is continued from the anterior and upper border of the thyroid

forwards and upwards into the concavity of the basihyal, forming a

wide but not very deep anterior sacculus.

The brain weighed 3} oz.

Female Organs.—The ovarium, 9 lines long, 6 broad and 4 thick,

is kidney-shaped, and is suspended by the middle of the concave bor-

der by a short, thick peduncle, to which is attached the commence-

ment of the ostium abdominale of the oviduct ; this orifice’is not fim-

briated, but has some delicate wrinkled processes on its inner surface.

The peritoneal fold continued from this part to the end of the cornu

uteri, and which approximates it thereto, forms one side of the open-

ing of a wide oyarian pouch, upon the outer and fore-part of which

the oviduct describes its convolutions in its course towards the uterus.

The stroma ovarii contained at its periphery a few advancing ovisacs

about a line in diameter.

Each cornu uteri is about 1 foot 4 inches in length, and of a nearly

uniform circumference of 2 inches. It is beset with narrow, wrinkled,

oblique, irregular ruge, forming longitudinal elevations as they ap-

proach the body of the uterus, and again becoming oblique—patches

of the rugous surfaces alternating with smooth patches.

The common uterus presenis large, longitudinal, wrinkled rugze

for the first inch of its extent, and then a spiral valve begins to be

formed, about 2 lines in thickness, which describes thirteen close

coils before subsiding in the common vagina ; the length of the spiral

portion, which may be compared to the ‘cervix uteri,’ is 33 inches ;

the length of the vagina is 4 inches. The rug of the vagina are

longitudinal, and longer at its beginning and end, where they termi-

nate on a well-defined circular fold, dividing the vagina from the uro-

genital canal, and constricting the orifice; the free borders of the

spiral valve are beset by free, fine, longitudinal folds of the lining

membrane of the uterus.

The urethra is about 3 inches in length, and becomes closely con-

nected with the vagina 2 inches before it terminates. Its orifice is

defended by two longitudinal folds.

In comparison with the Common Hog, the Wart-Hog, as regards

its internal anatomy, differs in the more simple form of the stomach,

the relatively shorter small intestines, and the relatively longer large

ones ; but, like the Common Hog, the czecum is small, and the colon

disposed in spiral coils, in both which characters they resemble the

Ruminants ; the cecum is broader in proportion to its length than

in the Common Hog. In both the Common Hog and Wart-Hog

the intestinal canal is more tied down by the fat-laden processes of

peritoneum, and appears to have less motion allowed it, than in other

quadrupeds. The liver and gall-bladder, the kidneys and the tho-

racic viscera, much resemble those of the Common Hog. The inner

surface of the jejunum shows a reticulate disposition of rugze in the

Common Hog, but not the regular longitudinal folds in the duode-

num and beginning of the jejunum, as in the Wart-Hog.

The epiglottis passes into the posterior nares in both the Wart-Hog

and Common Hog, and has the hyo-epiglottidei muscles ; but the pha-

rynx in the Common Hog does not present the superadded sacculi,

nor the larynx those peculiarities which distinguish the Wart-Hogs.

These resemble the Babyrussa in the sacculated structure of the

pharynx, but differ in the more simple stomach. The Wart-Hog

differs from the Common Hog in the smaller size and more simple

form of the ovaria, and the fewer mammze. The most marked dif-

ference from all other Suide, and that which best justifies the generic

separation, is presented by the dentition of the Phacocherus; the

modifications of the alimentary canal are not of the same degree.

2. AN ENUMERATION OF SPECIES OF RECENT SHELLS, RECEIVED

sy W. J. Hamiiton, Esa., rrom BorNEO, IN NOVEMBER

1850, wirn DescRIPTIONS OF THE NEW Species. By W.

METCALFE.

1. Hextrx Brooker, Adams and Reeve, Zoology of the Voyage of

the Samarang, Mollusca, p. 60. pl. 15. fig. 4 a, 6.

2. Hexix virrata, Adams and Reeve, Zool. of the Samarang,

Mollusea, p. 60. pl. 15. fig. 7 a, 4, ¢.

This species, having been previously described by Mr. Benson, in

the ‘Magazine of Natural History,’ under the name of H. reglis,

ought to retain that name. ™

In addition to the variety figured in the Mollusca of the Samarang,

Mr. Hamilton received two other varieties, in which the pale green

bands are wanting, the brown colour more or less predominating, with

bands of yellowish brown, and a brown circle surrounding the um-

bilicus.

3. Heirx ScHUMACHERIANA, Pfeiffer.

4. HeLix RESPLENDENS, Philippi in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1846,

p. 192.

y 5. Hewix nasuta, nobis. AH. testd subdiscoided, sinistrorsd,

carinatd, angusté perforatd, tenuissimd, lineis incrementi et

spiralibus confertis subtilissimée decussatd, pellucidd, hyalind ;

lined angustd pallide brunned ad carinam ornatd; spird sub-

conicd ; anfractibus 54 planulatis, ultimo acutissime carinato,

subtus nitescente ; apertura subrhomboided, ad angulum exte-

riorem valde productd et coarctatd; peristomate simplici, tenut,

margine superiore via reflewo, basali anticé reflexiore, umbilt-

cum subtegente.

Long. 1,45; lat. 135; alt. , une.

This elegant species is covered with a thin epidermis, of a pale

straw colour, under which the shell is milky white. It bears some

analogy to H. Tayloriana (Adams and Reeve, Zool. of the Sama-

rang, Mollusca, pl. 15. fig. 2 a, 6), but the projection at the extre-

mity of the aperture is much more acute, and the shell is of a more

gelatinous texture: it differs also in being sinistral.

v 6. Hexix eiutrnosa, nobis. A. testd orbiculato-converd, an-

gusté perforatd, tenui, nitidissimd, diaphand, pallidé brunned,

carinatd ; supra carinam fused, infraque lined angustd flaves-

cente, ornatd; spird conoided, obtusd; anfractibus 5 parum

convexis ; ad carinam supra infraque lined impressd circulari,

striisque numerosissimis transversis notatd ; peristomate sim-

plict, acuto, margine columellari viz reflexo.

Long. 14,; lat. 1; alt. =& une.

A bright shell, resembling a thin film of glue, with a keel of a

darker shade ; slightly indented above and below the keel, the in-

dentation elegantly crossed with slight striz, the effect of which, as

well as the darker line, is partially visible throughout the sutures.

v 7. Heuirx conicoipes, nobis. H. testd imperforatd, trochi-

Sormi, acute carinatd, tenui, pellucidd, luteo-corned ; spiraliter

leviter striatd, striis ad suturam majoribus, confertioribus ;

apice mamillari ; anfractibus 7, superioribus subconvexis, duo-

bus ultimis planulatis, ultimo subtus convexo, nitido, ad cari-

nam et in medio depresso ; aperturd trapeziformi, subtus arcu-

atd; peristomate simplici, acuto, subtus flexcuoso, marginibus

callo tenui junctis.

Long. =; lat. 5%; alt. 4, une.

8. Buximus citrinus, Bruguiére; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Bul.

pl. 31. fig. 187 a.

9. Buximus cuuoris, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Bul. pl. 37. fig. 223.

_ 10. CycLtostroma Borneensts, nobis. C. testd suborbiculari,

depresso-conoided, acuminatd, albidd, fusco-variegatd, maculis

ad suturam, cinguloque infra medium fusco ornatd ; striis ob-

liquis minutis, aliisque circularibus minutissimis impressd ; an-

Sractibus quinque planiusculis, carinatis; ultimo magno, margine

acute carinato, circa umbilicum obtuse angulato ; apie dub

circulari ; peritremate albo, reflexo; supra productiore, subtus

refleco, ad columellam subsinuato ; umbilico magno, profundo ;

operculo corneo, tenut.

Long. 14%; lat. 1,%5; alt. 3% unc.

Varietas minor, magnitudine solum diversa.

Shell bearing some characters in common with both C. aquilum,

Sow., and C. acutimarginatum, Sow. ; but having a more depressed

spire, and flatter whorls than either of those species.

11. Cyciosroma, apparently C. parvum, Sow. Thes. Conch. Cycl.

fig. 254, 255.

12. CycLosroma unDaTuM, nobis. C. testd globoso-pyramidali,

tenui, pellucidd, albd, lineis hyalinis undatis decurrentibus or-

natd, tenuiter striatd; anfractibus 6, parum rotundatis, pri-

mis conicis regulariter crescentibus ; ultimo magno, obtusé cari-

nato; aperturd circulari, supernée angulatd ; peritremate lato,

expanso, vie nist ad columellam reflexo ; suturis mediocribus ;

none ——

Long. 58; lat. 355; alt. ,% une.

This species belongs to the division of the genus of which C. leve,

Gray, may be considered the type.

13. CycLOSTOMA TENUILABIATUM, nobis. OC. testd discoided,

spird depressd, pland, colore pallido, superné castaneo-macu-

laté et undulatd ; epidermide luteo-castaned, indutd ; anfrac-

tibus 5 rotundatis, 4 primis levibus, ultimo lineis impressis

irregularibus ruguloso ; suturd impressd; aperturd circulari ;

peritremate duplici ; interno simplici, superné emarginato ; ex-

terno tenui, lato, planiusculo, supra ascendente, fornicato, dein

compresso ; umbilico patulo ; anfractibus intus distinetis.

Long. 1,;; lat. =8; alt. 4; une.

Belonging to the genus Pterocyclos of Benson.

14. Cyctostoma sictLiatum. Pterocyclos biciliatum, Mousson,

Land- und Siiss. Moll. von Java, p. 49. t. 20. fig. 9.

Several individuals of this species having been received, its locality

is thus fixed. It is observable that the complete shell, which was

not known to Mousson, exhibits a tubular spiracle near the aperture,

similar to that apparent in C. spiraculum, Sow. ; also, that the aper-

ture is circular, depressed, with the peritreme white, expanded,

slightly reflected, and at the upper part faintly undulated.

15. Scarasus piicatus, Fer. var. major.

This variety, in place of the usual purple colour of the shell, ex-

hibits a deep yellow ground, with four broad bands of dark brown

colour.

16. Scarasus Borneensis, A. Adams.

17. AuRICULA suBNODOsA, nobis. <A. testd ovato-oblongd,

crassa, albd, epidermide castaneo-fuscd, infra suturas decus-

satim granosd, medio levi, ad basim striis decussatd ; anfrac-

tibus convexiusculis, suturis distinctis, subcrenulatis ; anfractu

ultimo superné longitudinaliter plicato-subnodoso ; aperturd

medio paululum angustatd ; columelld biplicatd.

Long. 2,4,; lat. 1,3; une.

A species distinguishable from 4. Mide by the convexity of the

upper whorls and the smoothness of their lower halves, the depth of

the sutures, and the longitudinal nodulous folds which surround the

upper part of the final whorl: the aperture is also proportionally

wider than in 4. Midge. In the single specimen received, the colu-

mellar lip has an interior protuberance above the upper fold.

18. AuRIcULA PoLiTa, nobis. A. testd ovato-oblongd, basi an-

gustiore, spird brevi ; epidermide castaneo-fuscd, nitidd ; striis

numerosis minutissime granulosis circumdatd, granis superius

distinctioribus ; aperturd medio coarctatd ; columelld tripli-

cata, plicd infimd linear.

Long. 1,5; lat. 8, unc.

Although the characters of the aperture resemble those of 4. Jude,

the form of the shell differs entirely in its greater breadth, and in the ©

shortness of the spire.

19. AuURICULA FELIS, Lam.

20. AURICULA MUSTELINA, Desh.

21. NeERITINA CREPIDULARIA, Lam. Conch. Ill. fig. 25.

22. Neritina Becxu, Reclus, Thes. Conch. fig. 13.

23. NERITINA PIPERINA, Chemn. Thes. Conch. fig. 166, 167.

24. Neritina pupiA, Chemn. Thes. Conch. fig. 81-88.

25. MeLANIA crirCUMSTRIATA, nobis. WM. testd elongatd, tur-

ritd, solidd, fusco-viridi ; anfractibus convexiusculis, infra su-

turam paululum constrictis ; superioribus striis 6 transversis

elevatis, plicisqgue 8 majoribus longitudinalibus ornatis ; ultimo

striis 13; aperturd ovali-oblongd, basi dilatatd, superius acute

angulatd, et feré rimatd, intus albidd; peritremate sinuato,

columelld callosd.

Long. 2,5; lat. ,8 une.

26. Mevanta suBsuTURALIS, nobis. M. testd turritd, fusco-

viridi, lineis castaneis longitudinalibus obliquis varieyatd ; an-

Sractibus feré planis, quorum superiores striis elevatis perpau-

cis validis, inferiores pluribus minoribus inequalibus ornati ;

ultimo ad basim crebristriato; suturd distinctd, excavatd ;

aperturd ovali, superné angulatd, intus albido-cerulescente ;

peritremate acuto, sinuato, extus effuso.

Long. 1,4,; lat. 5, une.

27. Panupina Hamitront, nobis. P. testd ovato-conicd, tenut,

perforata, viridi, concolore; striis transversis undulatis, aliis-

que longitudinalibus tenuissimé decussatd ; anfractibus 5 rotun-

datis, superioribus etate erosis; suturd impressd ; aperturd

ovali, supra angulatd, intus cerulescente, margine paululum

incrassato, albido ; peristomate acuto, lined tenui nigrd cir-

cumdato.

Long. 5%; lat. ;5, une.

The Bornean specimens being scarcely adult, the description is

drawn up from individuals in my cabinet, which have long been there

without any locality assigned.— W. M.

28. Lirrorrna scaBRa. AHeliz sc., Linn.

29. Lirrorrina MELANOsTOMA, Gray, Zool. of Beechey’s Voy.

30. Litrorina AaLBicans, nobis. L. testd ovato-oblongd, acu-

minatd, tenui, albidd, apice levi, nitente ; anfractibus 7 vel 8,

quorum 5 ultimi strits numerosis paulatim crescentibus ornati ;

ultimus rotundatus, etate varicosus, strid unicd majore, quasi

carinatus, striis ad basim minoribus circumdatus ; apertura

rotundato-lunari, lacted ; peristomate subreflexo.

Long. ;4,; lat. 4, unc.

A delicate species, of a milk-white hue, the older specimens having

many varices produced by the previous reflexions of the outer lip.

31. CeriTHiumM ostusuM, Lam.; Zool. of the Samarang, Moll.

pl. 13. fig. 3.

32. CERITHIUM UNICARINATUM, nobis. C. testd turritd, tenui,

apice truncato, hine inde varicosd, cinered, longitudinaliter pli-

catd, interstitiis longitudinaliter striato-rugosis ; suturd parum

impressd ; anfractibus viz rotundatis, regulariter crescentibus ;

ultimo acuté carinato, infra carinam crebristriato; apertura

mediocri subfuscd; columelld rectd; peritremate modicé re-

fiexo, albescente.

Gia 5

Long. 1,5; lat. ;5 une.

33. Amputtaria, probably 4. Celebensis, Quoy, Voy. de l Astr.

pl. 57. fig. 1-4.

34. Natica macutosa, Lam. pellis-tigrina, Chem.

35. NovacuLina oLtvacega, nobis. WN. testd oblongd, valde in-

equilaterali, epidermide olivaced, ad extremitates fuscescente,

indutd ; natibus erosis ; anterius rotundatd, posterius angulato-

rotundatd ; margine superiore fere recto, postice paululum de-

scendente, ventrali medio subcompresso; intus albd, dentibus

lamellatis duobus recurvatis in utrdque valvd, posteriore bifido.

Long. 53, ; lat. 3,3, une.

A large example of this species, in the Collection of H. Cuming,

Esq., exhibits a character which will probably be found generic ;

namely, a shelly protuberance in each valve, attached to the interior

ligament at nearly its hinder extremity. These shelly substances

have not, that I am aware, hitherto been noticed. It is probable

that they become detached in most specimens by the removal of the

animal.

36. CyRENA TRIANGULARIS, nobis. C. testd trigond, solidius-

culd, epidermide fusco-virescente, transversim striatd, stris

marginalibus lateralibusque eminentioribus, sulco ab umbone

ad marginem posteriorem leviter impressd ; margine antico de-

scendente, vix excavato, angulo anteriore rotundato ;\ margine

superiore subrotundato, postice fere biangulato, propter suleum

dorsalem subsinuato ; intus lacted, margine continuo nitentiore ;

dentibus cardinalibus in utrdque valvd tribus, duobus bifidis ;

dentibus lateralibus brevibus, tenuissime rugosis, haud striatis.

Long. 3; lat. 3,5; alt. 1,8 unc.

The characters of this shell bear some resemblance to C. Suma-

trensis, Sow. Gen.; but on comparison with the type of that species,

now in the Cabinet of Sylvanus Hanley, Esq., the present is found to

differ materially, in its triangular outline, as well as in the character-

istic furrow from the umbo to the posterior margin, affecting the

curvature of the posterior angle, and producing a slight sinuosity in

the margin.

37. Unto.

38. Unio.

I am unwilling to describe as new these two species of the genus

Unio, from want of acquaintance. with the great American collections

of the genus.

Although no letter accompanied this box of shells, Mr. Hamilton

presumes that they have been sent to him by his friend Sir J. Brooke,

Rajah of Sarawak. The remittance is undoubtedly from Borneo.

“J

March 11, 1851.

J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1, A Few worps on THE Synonymy oF DisTICHOCERA, A GENUS

or Loneicorn CoLeopreRA From New Ho.uanp, wIitH

CHARACTERS OF THREE SPECIES SUPPOSED TO BE UNDE-

SCRIBED. By Epwarp Newman, F.L.S. erc.

(Annulosa, Pl. XX.)

Among the invaluable labours of the late Mr. Kirby, none are more

useful to the general entomologist than his lucid and masterly de-

scriptions of new and remarkable forms of exotic Coleoptera ; and of

these, none afford to myself so much instruction and pleasure as that

entitled ‘A Description of several New Insects collected in New

Holland by Robert Brown, Esq.,” and published in the twelfth vo-

lume of the ‘Linnean Transactions.’ In this admirable paper is the

first description I can find of the extraordinary genus Distichocera,

although, as Mr. Kirby himself informs us, it was known long pre-

viously under the same name, and although he himself gives it as

“Distichocera of MacLeay,” a name which I am inclined to conclude

existed in manuscript only. Concerning the genus in question I lay

no claim to any additional knowledge of the structure, habits or affi-

nities of the insect described by Mr. Kirby; but the labours of col-

lectors, amid the seemingly inexhaustible riches of our Australian

colonies, have placed within my reach a greater number and greater

variety of specimens. Mr. Kirby has only made us acquainted with

a single species, and a single sex of that species. Mr. MacLeay has

added a second, which has also been described by Guérin, Boisduval

and myself under a variety of names. Three other forms of the

genus have occurred to me, making the number five in all. Of these,

three are certainly females, and two as certainly males. The object

of this communication is to express my views as to associating the

sexes, and to make known two supposed species which were pre-

viously uncharacterized.

Genus Disticuocera, MacLeay (MSS.’).

Distichocera, Kirby, Trans. Linn. Soe. xii. 471.

‘‘Labrum transversum, tetragonum. Labium membranaceum apice

bilobum : lobis divaricatis. Mandibule trigonze, edentule apice

incurvee acute. Maxillee basi trigonze, apertee. Palpi filiformes.

Mentum transversum, trapeziforme. Antennze sensim crassiores,

disticho-ramose.”’—Kirby, 1. ec.

1. DisriIcHOCERA MACULICOLLIS.

Mas. Distichocera maculicollis, Kirby, 1. c.

Distichocera maculicollis, Audinet Serville, Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. iii. 59.

Distichocera maculicollis, Boisduval, Faune de l’Océanie.

“Corpus fere cuneiforme, subtus pilis argenteis nitidum, supra ni-

grum, obscurum. Caput subcordatum, pilosum, canaliculatum

utrinque ante antennas carinatum. Oculi brunnei. Antenne

breviores, nigree: articulis omnibus apice biramosis (duobus pri-

mis brevissime); ramis oppositis compressis vertice rotundatis

sinistris paulo longioribus, articulo extimo simplici clavato.

Thorax subcylindricus: maculis quatuor dorsalibus quadratim

ordinatis. Elytra cuneiformia: lineis tribus longitudinalibus

elevatis: striga apud scutellum et alia majori in medio apud

suturam piloso-argenteis, apice truncata. Femora brunnea.

Tibize bicalcaratee. Alee elytris longiores.” — Kirby, 1. c.

Fem. Distichocera rubripennis, MacLeay, App. King’s Voyage.

“ Rufo-testacea subtomentosa, capitis lateribus oreque nigris, ver-

tice canaliculato, antennis nigris, articulis vix biramosis, ramis

sinistris brevissimis ; thorace atro, vittaé utrinque rufo-testaced,

scutello nigro, elytris rufo-testaceis tomentosis apice obtusis de-

hiscentibus ; corpore cuneiformi subtus villo argenteo micante,

abdomine utrinque nigro maculato, pedibus nigris.””—MacLeay,

U. ec.

Distichocera ferruginea, Guérin, Voyage de la Coquille.

Distichocera ferruginea, Boisduval, Faune de l Océanie, 467.

“Nigra; capite macula frontali, thorace vittis duabus elytrisque

dense villoso-fulvis.’’—Boisduval, 1. c.

Distichocera fulvipennis, Newman, Ent. Mag. v. 492.

“Antenne nigre; caput nigrum, fronte fulvo: prothorax niger,

Ineis 2 dorsalibus, longitudinalibus, latis, fulvis: scutellum ni-

grum: elytra fulya: abdomen piceum, lanugine argentea vesti-

tum: pedes picei. (Corp. long. 9 unc. ; lat. 3 unc.)’—New-

man, l. c.

I have cited entire the original specific characters in every instance,

in order to save the reader the trouble of making the references. I

will now proceed to give more detailed characters.

Male.—Head somewhat cordate, black, velvety, having a slight

epicranial sulcus, which is prolonged anteriorly between the bases of

the anteunze: face slightly inclined, rather long: eyes arcuate, reni-

form, pitchy brown, large, approaching on the epicranium, somewhat

dilated on the cheeks : antennz as long as the body, 12-joited, black ;

the first joint short, stout, somewhat obconical; the second very

short ; the following, to the eleventh inclusive, moderately short, still

much longer than the second, somewhat cyathiform as regards the

shaft, and emitting from its apex two long branches; these increase

in length from the first pair, and those on one side of each antenna

are uniformly longer than those on the other ; this discrepancy is par-

ticularly observable in the third (or first branched) joint ; the twelfth

joint is club-shaped and undivided; it is longer than either of the

others, yet scarcely exceeds in length the branches of the eleventh.

Prothorax subquadrate, its anterior and posterior margins nearly equal,

its lateral margins somewhat uneven, but not produced into a central

tooth ; pronotum somewhat uneven, black, with four greyish spots,

which are due to a grey velvety pilosity ; the two smaller of these

touch the anterior, the two larger the posterior margin, and appear

as though forming parts of two vittee, each of which is interrupted in

the middle ; prosternum produced between the procoxz and there

deeply notched, pitchy red, and clothed with a grey pilosity. Scu-

tellum rounded, black, and glabrous. Elytra black, broad at the

base, gradually tapering to the apex, where they are slightly divari-

cate, truncate, and furnished with a small obtuse and obscure tooth

in the middle as well as at each angle of the truncature: each elytron

has three carinz ; the first is prominent, originates near the base, and

curves towards the suture but without reaching it, terminating in the

apical area; the second originates on the disk considerably below the

humeral angle, and running parallel with the first, unites therewith

in the apical area; the third is nearly obsolete; it is situate on the

apical half of the elytron, between the second carina and the costal

margin; the costal margin is pitchy red, and clothed with a grey pu-

bescence: the wings are fuliginous, slightly longer than the elytra,

and unfolded: the legs are rather long; the metatibie slightly in-

curved, and furnished with two apical spimes: the under surface of

the thoracic and abdominal segments is of a pitchy red colour, clothed

with a sparse grey pubescence ; the legs are of a similar colour, but

the pubescence is scarcely observable.

Fem.—Head somewhat cordate, black, velvety, with a large ful-

vous spot occupying the face and extending to the epicranium be-

tween the eyes, but not reaching the anterior margin of the pro-

thorax ; a deep longitudinal epicranial sulcus extends forwards to

between the bases of the antennze: eyes arcuate, reniform, pitchy

black : antennee more than half the length of the body, 11-jointed ;

the first joint rather short, somewhat obconical; the second very

short ; the third the longest, but still not disproportionately so, di-

lated at the apex ; the fourth and fifth of the same form, but shorter ;

the remainder, to the eleventh, slender at the base, but dilated and

somewhat cupshaped at the apex, receiving into the cup the base of

the next succeeding joint, and being produced into a strong obtuse

lobe, tooth, or serrature on one side; this is very conspicuous, and

gives the antenna a subserrated appearance ; on the opposite side is a

very slight, scarcely perceptible indication of a like lobe ; the eleventh

joint is sesquialterous. Prothorax nearly equal in length and breadth,

the anterior narrower than the posterior margin, the lateral margins

uneven and slightly lobed in the middle; pronotum uneven, with a

slightly impressed anterior and posterior submarginal transverse sul-

cus, velvety black, with two broad irregular longitudinal vitte of a

bright fulvous orange colour ; prosternum produced between the pro-

coxze, and the process notched. Scutellum short, rounded, black,

shining. Elytra at the base much wider than the prothorax, gra-

dually narrowing to the apex, where they are slightly dehiscent, trun-

cated, and the truncature produced in the middle into an obtuse,

scarcely perceptible tooth ; each elytron has three carine ; the first is

prominent, originating near the base, and curves very gradually to-

wards the suture without reaching it, terminating in the apical area ;

the second is indistinct, origmates near the humeral angle, and run-

ning parallel with the first, ceases in the apical area; the third is still

less distinct, and its limits are obscure ; at both extremities a junction

between the first and second carinze may be made out, but is not very

manifest : the wings are fuliginous, slightly longer than the elytra,

but scarcely so long as the abdomen; the entire under-surface is

pitchy red ‘clothed with a silvery grey pubescence, but there is an

ovoid denuded space on each side of each abdominal segment. Legs

pitchy red ; tarsi pitchy black ; metatibize with two apical spines.

Obs.—I believe that no author has hinted at the union of these

very dissimilar insects under one specific name, but I think such a pro-

ceeding will be borne out by the evidence. In the first place I would

observe that both forms are equally abundant ; that they occur in the

same situations and at the same season; that collectors have several

times reported them as only sexually different ; and finally, that all

the individuals of maculicollis are males, and all the individuals of fu/-

vipennis females. Then, as regards structure, the cibarian organs of

the two forms closely approximate ; so also does the direction and

general figure of the head; the antennze indeed are remarkably dif-

ferent, but this discrepancy obtains equally in several genera of lon-

gicorns and in many other groups of Coleoptera, the males invariably

possessing in such instances the longer, more compound and more

ornate antennz. The discrepancy in the prothorax, which at first is

very striking, will be found more in appearance than in fact, and more

in colour than in figure; and even in colour an analogy exists that

would be likely to escape the superficial observer ; the two fulvous

vittee so conspicuous in fulvipennis appear divided, paler, and semi-

obsolete in maculicollis, and the difference in the figure of this part

is in simple accordance with the more robust habit in the supposed

female: the discrepancy in the elytra again is considerable as regards

width, and particularly striking as regards colour; but their strue-

ture is normally the same; the number, direction and comparative

length of the carine being identical: the legs are precisely alike in

the two forms in structure, proportions, size and colouring. So that

the reasons for uniting the forms under one specific name are stronger

than any that can be urged for keeping them distinct ; and their not

having been united by Kirby, MacLeay, Guérin, or Boisduval, merely

implies that the idea did not occur to those distinguished entomolo-

gists: there is no evidence that they maturely weighed and then re-

jected the conclusion.

2. DisticHocerA PAR. Sexuum amborum color par: testaceo-

fusca, maris capite prothoracisque disco saturatioribus ; om-

nin) pilis cinereis obsita.

Maris long. corp. *525 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. *2 une.

Femine long. corp. *7 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. *225 une.

Male.—Antenne, anterior margin of prothorax, elytra, legs, and

entire under-surface testaceous brown, the head and disk of the pro-

thorax being darker ; a longitudinal, narrow, silvery spot, due to the

/ Proc. 1.8, Ammuilose..;

DISTICHOCERA KIRBIL. Newmar -¢

presence of a velvety pilosity, is observable in the centre of each ely-

tron; every part of the body is more or less thickly beset with a grey

pilosity.

Y PF headde Abeta exactly resembling the male, but the prothoracic

disk is not darker than the elytra, and there is no silvery mark in

their centre.

In both sexes the carination of the elytra follows that of D. ma-

culicollis, but is less pronounced.

Compared with D. maculicollis both sexes of this species are of

smaller size, and the discrepancy in breadth is rather more obvious

than in length; the antennz of the males are very similar, but the

apical joint is more clavate in per ; their colour is decidedly different,

in maculicollis being black, in par testaceous, with the apices of the

ramuli slightly darker ; the prothorax is more rounded at the sides in

per than in the older species ; but the plaimness and purity of colour

in par are sufficient at once to distinguish it.

Male and female in the cabinet of Mr. Scott, to whom I am in-

debted for the opportunity of describing it.

3. Disticuocera Kireyt.

Mas. Caput nigrum, longitudinaliter sulcatum, antenne dimidio

corporis longiores, 11-articulate, articulis 3-10 biramosis, 11o

sesquialtero: prothorax niger vittis 2 latis fulvis, dorso inequa-

lis lateribus medio \-dentatus : scutellum nigrum : elytra fulva,

5-earinata, apice dehiscentia, singulo truncato, truncaturd bi-

sinuatd : pedes nigri.

Corp. long. 1°15 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. *3 unc.

Fem. Caput nigrum, longitudinaliter suleatum, antenne dimidio

corporis viz longiores, 11-articulate articulis 4-8 apice emar-

ginatis: prothorax niger vittis 2 latis fulvis, lateribus medio

1-dentatus: scutellum nigrum lateribus fulvum : elytra fulva

5-carinata apice dehiscentia, singulo truncato, truncaturd bi-

sinuatd, pedes nigri.

Corp. long. 1°25 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. °375 unc.

Male.—Head black, with the exception of a scarcely perceptible

fulvescent tinge on the short velvety down of the epicranium ; a deep

epicranial longitudinal sulcus extends forwards between the antenne :

eyes arcuate, reniform, pitchy black, large, approaching on the epi-

cranium, dilated and gibbose on the cheeks: antenne more than

half the length of the body, 11-jointed ; the first joint rather short,

stout, somewhat in the common shape of a reversed cone; the second

joint very short ; the following, to the tenth inclusive, short, some-

what cup-shaped towards the base, and emitting at the apex two long

branches, which are slightly incrassated externally ; the eleventh

joint is much longer than either, slender towards the base, somewhat

club-shaped and very decidedly sesquialterous: prothorax uneven on

the back, somewhat restricted just behind the anterior margin ; lateral

margins produced in the middle into a decided strong but obtuse tooth ;

the posterior half of each lateral margin concave, yet the anterior and

posterior margins are straight and nearly equal in breadth ; the colour

of the prothorax is black, with the exception of two broad fulvous

irregular vittze extending from the anterior to the posterior margin :

prosternum black, shining, projecting between the anterior coxze, and

the projection deeply emarginate: scutellum rather long, blunt at the

apex, perfectly black: elytra fulvons, slightly divaricating, conspi-

cuously carinated, truncate at the apex, and the truncature sinuate

carinated ; the carine five discoidal, one costal and one sutural; the

first discoidal originates at the base, and nearly runs into the sutural

at about one-third of its length; the second unites with the first at

the base and runs into the apical area of the wing; the third origi-

nates at the base and runs into the apical area; the fourth originates

in the humeral angle, dividing at one-third of its length, and the

two branches counting as two carine, there uniting with the two pre-

viously described in a confused manner in the apical area: the wings

are fuliginous, slightly longer than the elytra, and scarcely folded at

the tip: the abdomen and legs are black, the latter of moderate size

and proportion: the metatibiee are armed with two spurs. .

Fem.—Head black, with the exception of a fulvescent tinge on the

short velvety down of the epicranium: eyes reniform, or almost ar-

cuate, ferruginous (probably by accident): antennee rather more than

half as long as the body and moderately stout, 11-jointed ; the first

joint moderately long; the second very short ; the third about equal

in length to the first, and together with the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh

and eighth inclusive, deeply notched at the apex, and receiving the

base of the next preceding joint in the notch: prothorax uneven on

the back, somewhat curved anteriorly, and the anterior half of each

lateral margin uniting therewith in producing a somewhat semicir-

cular outline ; the posterior half of each lateral margin is concave,

and a strong but obtuse central tooth is produced on each side at the

point of union of the convex and concave portions of the margin ;

the posterior margin is nearly straight ; the colour is velvety black,

with two broad fulvous vittee, extending from the anterior to the

posterior margin: prosternum black, thickly sprinkled with a grey

pilosity, projecting somewhat between the procoxee, and the pro-

jection emarginate: scutellum rather long, rounded at the apex, vel-

vety black with fulvous margins: elytra bright fulvous, conspicuously

earinated, slightly divaricating, truncate at the apex, and the trunca-

tures sinuate: the carinz on each elytron are five in number, and are

thus disposed ; the first is near the suture and parallel therewith for

rather more than a third of its length; it unites with the second at

the base, and this runs into the apical area and there joins the third ;

the third originates at the base, exceeds the second slightly in length,

and joins the fourth in the apical area ; the fourth originates near the

humeral angle and divides at about a third of its length ; both branches

proceed to the apical area, and there unite with the second and third :

wings fuliginous, exceeding the elytra in length, and scarcely folded

at the tip: legs black.

Hab. Australia. I have seen but a single specimen of the male,

which is in the Cabinet of the Zoological Society, and one of the fe-

male, in the Cabinet of the British Museum.

fb BIN2 124738

4. DisticHoocersa MacLeayit.

Fem. Caput nigrum, fronte ferrugined, longitudinaliter sulcatum:

antenne desunt: prothorax ferrugineo-lanuginosus, lateribus bi-

tuberculatus, haud dentatus : scutellum ferrugineo-lanuginosum

lateribus nigrum, glabrum: elytra ferruginea 5-carinata apice

viv dehiscentia viz truncata: pedes nigri.

Corp. long. 1°35 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. 5 unc.

Fem.—Head, including the eyes, black ; the face clothed with fer-

ruginous down ; epicranium impressed with a longitudinal sulcus,

which is very deep between the eyes; the eyes are moderately large

and reniform, the lower or cheek lobe being the largest ; the face has

a large and deep depression occupying the basal or upper portion of

the clypeus; the first and second joints of the antenne alone are

present: prothorax black, clothed with ferruginous down, without

any trace of that central black velvety vitta which obtains in the

females of other described species ; the anterior portion of the pro-

thorax is smooth and somewhat ring-like ; the rest of the dorsal sur-

face uneven and tuberculated on each side; it has two obtuse tu-

bercles: prosternum produced between the procoxze into two short

incurved, backward-directed processes which approximate at their

apices, leaving an aperture through which the point of a needle may

be passed: scutellum semicircular, clothed with ferruginous, with

the exception of the margin, which is glabrous: elytra ferruginous

and clothed with ferruginous down, wide at the base, narrowing to

the apex and then truncate, the angles of the truncature being ob-

tuse; the elytra are carinated, each having five carine ; the first is

very short and nearly obtuse ; it commences near the scutellum and

ceases before it has reached a third of the length of the elytron; the

second and third commence near the base of the wing and unite in

the apical area; the third and fourth commence almost together just

below the humeral angle, and unite in the apical area; the two pairs

are also united, and below their union several other raised anasto-

mosing lines form a kind of network : the abdomen and legs are black,

with a short hairy pubescence; metatibize with two distinct apical

spines.

sigh Australia. A single specimen of the female, taken by Mr.

Ince, R.N., in that gentleman’s cabinet.

Perhaps I may be permitted to avail myself of the opportunity of

stating that I am assiduously engaged in the preparation of a de-

scriptive list of the longicorn Coleoptera of our Australian colonies,

and that I shall feel deeply indebted to any members of the Zoological

Society who would kindly assist me by the communication of speci-

mens. As the extent and value of her colonies have always been a

distinguishing character of Great Britain, so I think should the in-

dustry of her sons take precedence of other nations in making known

to the world the abundant riches of those colonies in the field of

Natural History.

No. CCXXIV.—ProcerepDINGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

2. A CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF EMARGINULA, A GENUS OF

GASTEROPODOUS MOLLUSCA, BELONGING TO THE FAMILY

FIsSURELLIDZ ; IN THE COLLECTION oF H. Cuming, Esa.

By Artuur Apamsgs, R.N., F.L.S. ere.

Genus EMarGinuta, Lamarck.

Head proboscidiform ; tentacles subulate, with the eyes on tuber-

cles at their external bases; foot with a range of cirrhi round the

sides; mantle-margin simple; branchial plumes two; anal siphon

with its angulated membranous sides projecting from the edges of the

fissure ; tongue with a central laminar subquadrate tooth and nume-

rous lateral teeth.

Shell conical, with an elevated slightly recurved entire vertex turned

towards the posterior end ; surface cancellated ; aperture emarginated

in front by a slit, which runs for some distance up the shell; interior

without a partition; muscular impression crescentic, interrupted in

front.

Emarginulus, Montf.—Patella, sp. Linn.

1. EMARGINULA FISSURA, Linn.

Patella fissura, Limn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p.1261.—Emarg. fissura,

Flem.—£marg. levis, Recluz.—Emarg. curvirostris, Macgil.

Hab. British Islands. Mus. Cuming.

2. EMARGINULA RETICULATA, Chemn.

Emarg. reticulata, Chemn.; Sowerby, Genera (Emarg.), f. 5.

Hab. Malta, on stones. Mus. Cuming.

3. EMARGINULA CANCELLATA, Philippi.

Emarg. eancellata, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. pl. 7. fig. 15.—? Patella

erystallina, Wood.

Hab. Sicily, and island of Paros. Mus. Cuming.

4, EMARGINULA FISSURATA, Chemn.

Patella fissurata, Chemn. 11.1929-30; Sowerby, Genera(Emarg.),

fig. 3.—Emarg. rubra, Lam. Hist.

Hub. Seas of Europe. Mus. Cuming.

5. EMARGINULA CURVIROSTRIS, Deshayes.

Emarg. conica, Blainville, Man. pl. 48. fig. 4.

Hab. 2

6. EMARGINULA ROSEA, Bell.

Emarg. rosea, Bell, Zool. Journ. vol. i. 1824.—Emarg. pileolus,

Michaud.—Emarg. capuliformis, Philippi.

Hab. British Islands. Mus. Cuming.

7. EMARGINULA cRAsSA, J. Sowerby.

Emarg. crassa, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch. pl. 33; Forbes and Han-

ley, Brit. Moll. pl. 63. fig. 2.

Hab. Norwegian Seas. Mus. Cuming.

8. Emarernuta Huzaroit, Payrandeau.

Emarg. Huzardii, Payr.

Hab. ?

9. EMARGINULA SOLIDULA, Costa.

Emarg. solidula, Costa.

Hab. Catania. Mus. Cuming.

10. EmarGInuLa ELONGATA, Philippi.

Emarg. elongata, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. pl. 110. fig. 2.

Hab. Mediterranean. Mus. Cuming.

11. Emarernuna VANIcORENSIS, Quoy et Gaimard.

Emarg. Vamecorensis, Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. de l’Astrol. pl. 68.

fig. 19, 20.

Hab. Vanicoro. Mus. Cuming.

12. EMARGINULA STRIATULA, Quoy et Gaimard.

Emarg. striatula, Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. de l’Astrol. pl. 68.

fig. 21, 22.

Hab.

13. Emareinuta Cuviert, Savigny.

Emarg. Cuvieri, Savigny, Egypt, tab. 3. fig. 2.

Hab. Egypt. Mus. Cuming.

? Mus. Cuming.

14. Emarernuta ciypeus, A. Adams. Z£. testd elongato-ellip.

tied, valdé depressd, testaced, maculd luteold in medio dorsi, ver-

tice subcentrali, posticé inclinato ; costis confertis, equalibus,

radiantibus, imbricato-asperis, ornatd ; basi arcuato; aperture

: margine crenulato, anticé valde fissurato ; fissurd magnd ; aper-

turd intus bimaculosd.

Hab. Isle of Burias, Philippines, on dead shells, 7 fathoms, sandy

mud. Mus. Cuming.

15. EmMarGinvuxa scaBriuscua, A. Adams. E. testd elongato-

ellipticd, depresso-conicd, testaced, vertice subpostico, retror-

sum inclinato ; costis inequalibus, radiantibus, imbricato-sub-

aculeatis, asperis, et lineis elevatis, concentricis, cancellatd ;

aperturd anticé angustatd, basi arcuatd, margine ereno-denti-

culato.

Hab.

16. Emareinuta opovata, A. Adams. LZ. testa elongatd, ob-

ovatd, depresso-conicd, testaced, vertice subcentrali, retrorsum

inclinato, costellis radiantibus, imbricato-asperis, et liris ele-

vatis, concentricis, cancellatd ; aperturd posticé rotundatd, an-

tice angustatd, margine creno-denticulato, antice profunde in-

ciso.

Hab. Catbalonga, isle of Samaar, on stones, 4 fathoms. Mus.

Cuming.

? Mus. Cuming.

17. EmarGinuta tncisura, A. Adams. J. testd elongato-

ovali, planulatd, pallide fulvd, vertice antico retrorsum ineli-

nato, costellis inequalibus, radiantibus, longitudinalibus, im-

bricato-asperis, et lineis elevatis, concentricis, decussatd, basi

arcuato, aperture margine crenulato, anticé declinato, valdé

jissurato, incisurd magnd, longd, haud usque ad verticem pro-

ductd, marginibus intus callosis.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

18. Emareinuna micans, A. Adams. J. testd elongato-ovall,

pallide fuscd, nitidd, vertice postice declinato, costellis radian-

tibus et lineis elevatis transversis, regulariter cancellatd, can-

celli quadrati; aperture margine denticulato, incisurd magna

et longd.

Hab. Rains Island, North Australia (Lieut. Ince). Mus. Cuming.

19. EMARGINULA PuNCTATA, A. Adams. LJ. testd ovato-conicd,

albido-grised, pulcherrimé viridi punctatd, vertice subcentrali,

posticé inclinato ; costis longitudinalibus (majoribus cum mi-

noribus alternatis) concinnée granulatis ; aperture margine cre-

nulato, excurvato, anticé valde fissurato.

Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, under stones, low water.

Mus. Cuming.

20. EMARGINULA VARIEGATA, A. Adams. J. testd ovato-conicd,

albidd, rufo-fusco variegatd, vertice acuto, subcentrali, posticé

inclinato, costellis radiantibus, equalibus, imbricato-asperis,

ornatd ; aperture margine denticulato, antice fissurato, fissurd

brevi subquadratd.

Hab. Isle of Camaguan, Philippines, on exposed rocks, low water.

Mus. Cuming.

21. EMARGINULA PuNCTICULATA, A. Adams. JZ. testd elevato-

conicd, capuliformi, albd, fusco punctulatd, costellis planulatis,

crebris, longitudinalibus, radiantibus, ornatd ; apertura ovali,

margine crenulato, antice profunde fissurato ; fissurd magnd et

longa.

Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, Philippines, on stones, 12 fa-

thoms. Mus. Cuming.

22. EMARGINULA FULIGINEA, A. Adams. JL. testd ellipticd,

valde depress, fuligined, apice subcentrali, posticé inclinato,

costellis equalibus, radiantibus, granulosis, confertis, et lineis

incrementi concentricis, ornatd ; aperturd ovali, intus viridi,

margine crenulato, anticé fissurato, incisurd intus in canalem

productd.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

23. EMARGINULA GALERICULATA, A. Adams. LE. testd oblique

conicd, capuliformi, vertice valde curvato, ultra marginem poste-

riorem decumbente, costellis angustis, crenulatis, radiantibus,

interstitiis lineis elevatis, transversis, concinné clathratis ;

costd anticd, supra incisuram, granulato-punctatd ; aperture

margine crenulato, antice profunde inciso.

Hab. Calapan, isle of Mindoro, on stones, 12 fathoms. Mus.

Cuming.

24. EMARGINULA puLCHRA, A. Adams. JE. testd depresso-

conied, viridi, albo pulcherrimé radiatim pictd, vertice subcen-

trali, posticé inclinato, costis radiantibus, inequalibus, acu-

leato-asperis, interstitiis lineis elevatis transversis clathratis ;

aperture margine denticulato, antice inciso, fissurd brevi sub-

quadratd.

Hab. Isle of Camaguan, Philippines, on exposed rocks, low water.

Mus. Cuming.

25. EMARGINULA conciInNA, A. Adams. JE. testd ovato-de-

pressd, albidd, vertice postico, ad marginem declinato, costis

sulcosis, distantibus, radiantibus (cirea 12), interstitiis lineis

longitudinalibus, et transversis, concinné decussatis ; aperture

margine dentato, antice profunde inciso.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

26. EMARGINULA viminea, A. Adams. EZ. testd ovato-conicd,

albidd, vertice centrali, retrorsum inclinato, costellis radianti-

bus, nodulosis, subequalibus, et lineis crassis, transversis, regu-

lariter cancellatd ; cancelli profundi, punctiformes ; aperture

margine erenato, antice profunde inciso.

Hab. Philippine Islands. Mus. Cuming.

27. Emarcinuta excurvata, A. Adams. E. testd elongato-

ellipticd, depresso-conicd, testaced, apice acuto, subpostico, re-

trorsum inclinato, costis radiantibus, et liris concentricis, ele-

vatis, cancellatd, liris ad costas nodulosis, basi arcuato ; aper-

ture margine excurvato, crenulato, anticé profunde inciso.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

28. Emareinuta pitecta, A. Adams. LE. testd elongato-ovali,

subquadrangulari, albd, valde depressd, vertice subpostico, re-

trorsum declinato, costis subdistantibus, radiantibus, asperu-

latis, et liris elevatis, concentricis, pulcherrimé cancellatd ; basi

arcuatd ; aperture margine denticulato, anticé valde Jissurato.

Hab. King George’s Sound, South Australia. Mus. Cuming.

29. EMarGINULA scaBrRicostatTa, A. Adams. E. festd ovali,

valde depressd, albidd, fasciis tribus, lutescentibus, radiantibus,

anticé ornatd; vertice subcentrali, posticé inclinato, costis radi-

antibus, distantibus, corrugatis, interstitiis valdé clathratis et

corrugatis ; aperture margine dentato et denticulato, antice

valde inciso.

Hab. Isle of Corrigidor, Bay of Manila, on dead shells, sandy mud,

12 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

04,0. EMARGINULA CANDIDA, A. Adams. LE. testd ellipticd, de-

presso-conicd, obliqud, albd, vertice subpostico, retrorsum decli-

nato, costis radiantibus, imbricato-asperis (majoribus cum mi-

noribus alternatis), interstitiis clathratis ; aperture margine

denticulato, anticé profunde inciso.

Hab. Port Adelaide, Australia, on the sands. Mus. Cuming.

31. EMARGINULA BELLULA, A. Adams. E. testd elongato-ellip-

tied, subdepressd, albidd, vertice subpostico, declinato, costis

distantibus prominentibus, lineisque transversis concinné scul-

ptis ; carind, supra incisuram, puncturatd ; aperture margine

denticulato, intus sulcato, antice profunde inciso.

Hab. Catanuan, province of Toyabos, island of Luzon, on dead

shells, 10 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

32. EmarGinuta retecosa, A. Adams. J. testd elevato-

conicd, elliptied, albidd, vertice subcentrali, posticé inclinato,

costis radiantibus, equalibus, subnodosis, ornatd ; interstittis

regulariter cancellatis, cancelli in serie unico dispositi ; aper-

ture margine erenulato, incisurd profundd.

Hab. Bolinao, province of Tambalas, island of Luzon, sandy mud,

- 10 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

33. EMARGINULA EximiA, A. Adams. JZ. testd elongato-ovali,

valdé depressd, albd, subpellucidd, vertice postico retrorsum

inclinato, costis radiantibus, distantibus, prominentibus, imn-

bricato-nodosis, interstitiis liris transversis et longitudinalibus

laté cancellatd ; totd superficie lineolis radiantibus et concen-

tricis pulcherrime decussatd ; aperture margine denticulato,

antice profunde inciso.

Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, under stones, low water. Mus.

Cuming.

34. EMARGINULA PLANULATA, A. Adams. J. testd elongato-

e. ovali, complanatd, vertice subcentrali, postice inclinato, albidd,

Me ES costellis radiantibus, equalibus, imbricato-asperis, lineisque

“C6 “eso G65 972 eoncentricis inerementi decussatd, basi arcuato ; aperture mar-

Set haw) Bol aelwe)i S48 gine anticée valde inciso ; incisurd latd et profundd.

Hab. Singapore, coarse sand and shells, 7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

35. EmMARGINULA cucuLLATA, A. Adams. . testd obovali, ob-

lique conicd, albd, vertice producto, subpostico, intorto ; costis

prominentibus, nodulosis, radiantibus, interstitiis cancellatis ;

aperture lateribus anticé angustatis, margine denticulato,

postice rotundato, anticé profunde fissurato, incisurd longa et

latd.

Hab. Singapore, on shells, 7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

36. EmMARGINULA ACULEATA, A. Adams. J. testd elongato-

ovali, depressd, rufescente, vertice subpostico, retrorsum in-

clinato ; costis radiantibus, aculeato-asperis, prominentibus,

interstitiis valdé clathratis; aperture margine denticulato,

anticé fissurato, fissurd profundd.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

_—-.

37. EMARGINULA La&vicostata, A. Adams. JE. testd parvd,

ellipticd, valde depressd, apice subpostico, retrorsum inclinato,

costis levibus, radiantibus (circa 14), interstitiis costellis lon-

gitudinalibus, et lineis transversis late clathratis ; aperture

margine denticulato, lateribus anticé angustatis, anticé valde

inciso.

Hab.

’ Mus. Cuming.

Subgenus Ciypripina, Gray.

Shell ovate, conical, surface with radiated ribs; vertex acute, cen-

tral, not recurved ; aperture with the margin crenulated ; muscular

impression fungiform, anal groove and emargination inclining towards

the right anterior margin (in the natural position of shell).

1. Cuyprpina norarta, Linn.

Patella notata, Linn. Chemn. Conch. vol. x. p. 321. Vign. 25.

fig. C. D.

Hab. West Indies. Mus. Cuming.

2. CLYPIDINA RUGOSA, Quoy and Gaimard.

Emarginula rugosa, Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de l’Astr. p. fig. .

Emarg. conoida, Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 160. fig. 7.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

3. CLypIpINA AsPERA, Gould.

Emarginula aspera, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 12.

Hab. Sydney, New South Wales. Mus. Cuming.

4, CLtyprpina FUNGINA, Gould.

Emarginula fungina, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 12.

Hab. Upolu. Mus. Cuming.

5. Ciyprpina sutcirerA, A. Adams. (C. testéd ovali, depresso-

conied, viridescenti, vertice obtuso, ad partem posteriorem po-

sito; costellis radiantibus, interstitiis haud equantibus, et striis

increment ornatis ; basi arcuatd ; aperture margine crenulato,

incisurd haud profundd, sublaterali, intus in canalem productd.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

6. CLypipina Rupis, A. Adams. C. testd crassd, rudi, albidd,

depresso-conicd, costis octo angulatis radiantibus, interstitiis

costellis longitudinalibus et lineis concentricis decussatis ; apice

subcentrali; basi arcuato; aperture margine crenato, antice

sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

7. CLYPIDINA STELLATA, A. Adams. (C. ¢estd soliduld, albidd,

ellipticd, depresso-conicd, apice subcentrali, costis elevatis, sub-

spinulosis, radiantibus ; interstitiis costellis et striis crebris

decussantibus, exasperatis ; aperture margine dentato, sinu

sublaterali, intus in canalem apicem versus producto.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

8. Ciyprpina scaBricuLa, A. Adams. C. testa elongato-ovali,

oblique conicd, costis radiantibus, elevatis, distantibus, asperu-

latis, interstitiis costellis longitudinalibus et lineis scabriusculis

valde cancellatd ; vertice subcentrali, postice inclinato ; aper-

ture margine dentato-crenulato ; incisurd profundd, intus in

canalem productd.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

9. Cryprpina ANNuLATA, A. Adams. C. testd crassd, ellipticd,

albidd, annulo luteo-fusco circumcinctd ; costis elevatis asperis

radiantibus distantibus, interstitiis costellis longitudinalibus et

lineis transversis elevatis concinné clathratis ; aperture mar-

gine duplicato, incrassato, pulcherrime fimbriato, sinu quadrato

intus in canalem producto ; aperturd intus annuld albidd.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

10. Cryperpina AcuminaTA, A. Adams. C. testdé elevato-conicéd,

albidd, viridi annulatd, costis longitudinalibus radiantibus, im-

bricato-asperis, interstitiis tricostulatis, costellis imbricato-

asperis ; sulcis transversis concentricis, distantibus, impressd ;

vertice acuminato, acuto, subcentrali ; aperture margine valdé

erenulato, sinu subquadrato, intus in canalem producto.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

11. Cuypiprna canpipa, A. Adams. C. testd ellipticd, soliduld,

conicd, candida, costellis asperulatis inequalibus, radiantibus,

et striis elevatis transversis, concentricis, decussatd ; vertice

subcentrali; aperture margine crenulato, sinu brevi, intus in

canalem producto.

Hab. Port Adelaide, Australia. Mus. Cuming.

Subgenus Tueaut, Gray.

Shell oblong, narrow anteriorly, back elevated, cancellated ; apex

posterior and recurved ; aperture with the margin crenulated, and

deeply sinuated anteriorly.

1, TuGaLt ELEGANS, Gray.

Tugali elegans, Gray, Cat. Moll. New Zealand.

Hab. New Zealand. Mus. Cuming.

2. TUGALI INTERMEDIA, Reeve.

Parmophorus intermedius, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842; Conch,

Syst. pl. 139. fig. 5, 6.

Hab. ——? Mus. Cuming.

3. TuGALi ossEa, Gould.

Emarginula ossea, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 13.

Hab. Feejee Islands. Mus. Cuming.

4. TuGALI CINEREA, Gould.

Emarginula cinerea, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 13.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

a Ts

5. TUGALI PARMOPHOROIDEA, Quoy et Gaimard.

Emarginula parmophoroidea, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de !’Astrol.

pl. 68. fig. 15, 16.

Hab. Eastern Seas.

6. TuGaui cartnata, A. Adams. T. testd elongato-ovali, dorso

carinatd, costis longitudinalibus, radiantibus, confertis, et striis

transversis, concentricis, decussatd ; apice posticé declinato ;

basi arcuatd ; aperture margine crenulato, extremitate ante-

riori sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

ih, 7. TuGaxt crcatricosa, A. Adams. T. testd elongato-ovali, albd,

* dorso valde depressd, costellis radiantibus et lineis concentricis

elevatis decussatd, vertice subpostico depresso excavato quasi

cicatricoso, subpellucido ; basi arcuato ; aperture margine cre-

nulato, extremitate anteriori sinuato, sinu intus in canalem

producto.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

8. TuGALi scuTELLARis, A. Adams. T. testd elongato-ovalt,

virido-fused, tenui, dorso planulatd, vertice postico, acuto, vir

elevato, costellis radiantibus subdistantibus, et striis concen-

trieis incrementi, decussatd ; extremitate anteriori vir sinuato ;

aperturd intus fused, margine subcrenulato.

Hab. Bais, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

9. TuGaui RADIATA, A. Adams. T. testd elongato-ovali, luteolé,

valdé depressd, costis radiantibus, rotundatis, elevatiusculis,

distantibus, et striis concentricis, ad incrementum ornaté ; aper-

turd intus albidd, margine crenulato, extremitate anteriori vir

sinuato.

Hab. Catanuan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

10. Tugati pecussata, A. Adams. T\. testd elongato-ovali,

albidd, planulatd, dorso carinatd, costellis longitudinalibus,

radiantibus, et lineis elevatis concentricis eleganter clathraté ;

vertice acuto, postico; aperture margine crenulato, anticé si-

nuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.

Hab. Philippine Islands. Mus. Cuming.

Subgenus Susemarcinvta, Blainville.

Shell conical, compressed, vertex inclined towards the posterior

margin ; aperture with the anterior margin folded in the form of a

gutter or channel ; surface cancellated.

Hemitoma, Swainson.

1, SUBEMARGINULA EMARGINATA, Blainy.

Emarginula emarginata, Blainv. Man. de Malac. pl. 48 bis. fig. 2.

Hab. Honduras. Mus. Cuming.

2. SUBEMARGINULA OCTORADIATA, Gmel.

Patella octoradiata, Gmel.; Lister, 532.11.—Emarg. Listeri, Aut.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

3. SUBEMARGINULA DEPRESSA, Blainv.

Emarginula depressa, Blainv. Man. de Malac. pl. 48 7s. fig. 3.

Hab. Honduras. Mus. Cuming. “

4. SUBEMARGINULA CLATHRATA, Adams and Reeve.

Emarginula clathrata, Adams and Reeve, Moll. Zool. Voy. Sama-

rang, pl. 11. fig. 6.

Hab, Mindoro Sea. Mus. Cuming.

5. SUBEMARGINULA PANIHENSIS, Quoy et Gaimard.

Emarginula Panihensis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’ Astrol. pl. 67.

fig. 7, 8.

Hab. Island of Panhi. Mus. Cuming.

6. SUBEMARGINULA TRICOSTATA, Chemn.

Patella tricostata, Chemn.; Sowerby, Gen. of Shells, No. 34. fig. 6.

Hab. ?

7. SUBEMARGINULA AUSTRALIS, Quoy et Gaimard.

Emarginula australis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de lAstrol. pl. 68.

fig. 11, 12.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

8. SUBEMARGINULA ELARGIE, Quoy et Gaimard.

Emarginula elargie, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de!’ Astrol. pl. 68. fig. 9, 10.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

9. SuBEMARGINULA GALEATA, A. Adams. S. testd griseo-rufes-

cente, elevato-conied, tenui, vertice subcentrali, posticé inclinato,

costis tuberculosis, radiantibus, albidis, et lineis transversis, ele-

vatis, subclathratis, costd anticd prominenti; aperture mar-

gine dentato, anticé valdé sinuato, sinu intus in canalem pro-

ducto.

Hab. Philippine Archipelago. Mus. Cuming.

10. SuBEMARGINULA ARABICA, A. Adams. S. testd albidé,

crassd, depresso-conicd, vertice obtuso subcentrali, posticé in-

clinato ; costis radiantibus tuberculosis et liris elevatis trans-

versis clathratd ; aperture margine incrassato, crenato, anticé

sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.

Hab. Red Sea. Mus. Cuming.

11. SuBEMARGINULA ALVEOLATA, A. Adams. _ S. testd tenuz,

albd, subpellucidd, depresso-conicd, vertice subcentrali, postice

inclinato ; costis radiantibus lirisque transversis irregulariter

alveolatd ; costis ad liras nodulosis ; alveolis pellucidis ; aper-

ture margine dentato, anticée sinuato, sinu intus in canalem

producto.

Hab. Honduras. Mus. Cuming.

12. SUBEMARGINULA ImBRIcATA, A. Adams. S. testd ovato-

oblongd, subquadrangulari, cinereo-albidd, vertice parvo, cen-

trali, postice inclinato ; costis radiantibus imbricato-asperis,

inequalibus, et lineis crassis irregularibus incrementi decus-

satd ; aperture margine dentato, anticé valdé sinuato, sinu

subquadrato, intus in canalem producto.

Hab. Mouth of Victoria River, north-east coast of Australia, under

stones, low water. Mus. Cuming.

13. SuUBEMARGINULA PuMILA, A. Adams. S. testd orbiculato-

ovali, valde depressd, apice subcentrali, posticé inclinato ; costis

radiantibus, nodosis, inequalibus, et lineis elevatis concentricis

incrementi, decussatd ; aperture margine denticulato-crenato,

anticé profundé sinuato; sinu subquadrato, intus in canalem

producto.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

14. SuBeMARGINULA caTiLLUus, A. Adams. S. testd elongato-

ovali, valdé depressd, vertice vix elevato, posticé inclinato ;

costis radiantibus nodulosis, crassis, et lineis incrementi trans-

versis, ornatd ; aperture margine irregular, crenulato, intus

calloso, anticée valdé sinuato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

15. SUBEMARGINULA DENTICULATA, A. Adams. S. festd elon-

gato-ovali, albd, novem-radiatd, vertice acuto posticé inclinato,

costis novem, crassis, rugulosis, radiantibus ; intervallis costel-

latis, costellis longitudinalibus, asperulatis ; aperture margine

dentato, et denticulato, anticé emarginato, incisure lateribus

incrassatis, antice in dentes duos productis.

Hab. Mexico. Mus. Cuming.

16. SUBEMARGINULA POLYGONALIS, A. Adams. S. festd elon-

gato-ovali, depresso-conicd, albd, octoradiatd, vertice subcentrali,

postice inclinato, costis radiantibus subnodulosis, longitudina-

libus (octo majoribus), lineis concentricis incrementi asperd ;

aperturd octagonali, margine crenulato, anticé valdé sinuato,

sinu intus in canalem producto.

Hab, Catanuan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

17. SUBEMARGINULA CRASSILABRUM, A. Adams. S. testd ellip-

tied, crassd, rudi, albd, depresso-conicd, vertice subcentrali,

eroso, costis radiantibus distantibus, inequalibus, subaculeatis,

ornatd ; aperture margine crenato-denticulato, posticé recto,

anticé rotundato, sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

18. SUBEMARGINULA NopDuLosA, A. Adams. S. testd ovaté,

oblique conied, albido-rufescenti, vertice subcentrali, posticé de-

clinato ; costis longitudinalibus nodosis, radiantibus, duabus

latere anteriortbus permagnis, liris irregularibus transversis,

decussatd ; aperture margine irregulari, posticé acuminato, an-

tice truncato, sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.

Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, on small stones, 10 fathoms. Mus.

Cuming.

19. SuBEMARGINULA crRaTITIA, A. Adams. _ S. testd ovatd,

conicd, albidd, vertice obtuso, centrali, posticé haud inclinato,

costis radiantibus distantibus, nodulosis ; interstitiis costellis

duabus longitudinalibus, et lineis elevatis, transversis, elegan-

ter cancellatis ; aperture margine crenulato, anticé sinuato,

sinu quadrato, intus in canalem producto.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

20. SUBEMARGINULA scuLPTiILIs, A. Adams. _ S. testd ovali, ob-

liqué conicd, albidd, viridi radiatim maculata ; vertice subcen-

trali, posticé valde declinato ; costis radiantibus, longitudinali-

bus, corrugatis ; interstitiis pulcherrimé punctato-clathratis ;

costd anticd prominenti, crenulatd; aperture margine undu-

lato et crenulato, posticée rotundato, antice truncato et sinuato,

sinu intus in canalem producto.

Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, on small stones, 12 fathoms.

Mus. Cuming.

3. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF BuLIMUS FROM CALLAO,

COLLECTED BY ERNESTE DENICKE.

ComMMUNICATED By J. E. Gray, Esa., V.P.Z.S.

Mr. Erneste Denicke, a sailor on board a Hamburg vessel trading

with Chili, called at the British Museum, and informed me that he

had a new species of Bulimus, which he had discovered on the White-

sand Hill at Chala, near Callao. He further stated that he had col-

lected the Chilian shells, and had studied shells in general, and that he

was convinced that it was a new species. Having compared the shell

with the species in the English collections and the descriptions in

Pfeiffer, and being satisfied that M. Denicke was correct in his idea,

I propose that it should be named after that conchologist.

It was pleasing to see the intimate knowledge which he had

acquired of the genera and species of shells, and the interest which

he took in the study, when we consider the laborious nature of his

occupation, and the very little time that he had at his command.

The only holidays he had while his ship was in London were spent

at the British Museum, at Mr. Cuming’s collection, and in the gar-

dens of the Zoological Society.

Buuimvus DENICKEI.

Shell conical, trochiform, white, the upper whorls small, forming

a rather produced tip, the others rapidly enlarging, slightly convex,

forming a conical spire, the last angularly keeled ; axis perforated ;

mouth rhombic ; outer lip slightly reflexed, acute; throat deep rose-

coloured.

Hab. Chala, near Callao, on the Whitesand Hills.

To the preceding communication by Mr. Gray, the following de-

tails were added by Mr. Lovell Reeve :—

Buuimus Denicxer. Bul. testd pyramidali-conicd, subampliter

umbilicatd, apice papillari, anfractibus superne convexo-decli-

vibus, medio acutangulis, carinatis, undique peculiariter cor-

rugatis et malleatis, opaco-albis, immaculatis, apertura sub-

oblongo-ovatd, labro tenui, simplici, effuso, aperture fauce in-

tense purpureo-rosed.

Hab. Found imbedded in sand at the top of a lofty hill near the

Port of Chala, Peru, by Mr. Erneste Denicke.

This interesting species of Bulimus is of about the same size and

form, and belongs to the same type, as B. lemniscatus, inhabiting

Ilo, Peru. Specifically it is very distinct, the entire surface of the

shell being peculiarly indented and shrivelled, and of an opake un-

spotted white. The interior of the aperture is of a deep purple-rose

colour.

4. ON A NEW SPECIES OF MusoPpHAGA.

By Joun Govu pn, F.R.S.

Mr. Gould exhibited to the meeting a drawing by Lieut. J. R. Stack,

of a new and beautiful species of Musophaga, of which a living ex-

ample had been for the last ten years in the possession of Lady Ross,

at St. Helena. Mr. Gould also exhibited some feathers shed from

the wings and tail of the bird, an examination of which, and of the

drawing, satisfied him that the bird was quite distinct from all pre-

viously described members of the genus.

Lady Ross, who is at present in England, had informed Mr. Gould

that the bird was about the size of a hen-pheasant, and that it had

been brought to St. Helena from the western coast of Africa, but the

precise locality in which it had been procured was unknown to her.

For this interesting addition to the Musophage Mr. Gould pro-

posed the specific appellation of Rosse, in honour of its amiable

owner, who has promised that in the event of her not returning to

St. Helena, she will have the bird brought to England, where its

arrival will be hailed with pleasure by every lover of ornithological

science.

Musoruaca Ross.

Body, wings and tail rich deep blue; primaries and secondaries

arterial blood-red, narrowly margined and more broadly tipped with

purplish brown, as in the other species of the genus; crown sur-

mounted with a high rounded crest of hair-like blood-red feathers ;

bill and denuded orbits yellow ; irides brown.

March 25, 1851.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF NassA, A GENUS OF GASTERO-

popous MoLLusCcA BELONGING TO THE FAMILY BUCCINID&,

IN THE COLLECTION oF Hueu Cumine, Ese@., WITH THE

DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW SPECIES. By ARTHUR ADAMS,

F.L.S. ere.

Subgenus Nassa.

Shell cassiform ; spire short ; inner lip with the callus greatly de-

veloped.

A. Shell ribbed or nodulous.

Noe 1, Nassa ARCULARIA, Linn.

Buce. arcularia, Linn. ; List. Conch. pl. 970. f. 24; Kien. Buce.

pl. 28. f.115.

Hab. Mauritius ; Philippines, on the reefs (H. C.).

wos 2. Nassa puLLus, Linn.

= Buce. pullus, Linn. ; Gualtieri, Test. pl. 44. fig. R; Kien. Mon.

Buce. pl. 28. f. 114.

Hab. ?

wow 3. Nassa coronata, Brug.

Sr Buce. coronatum, Brug.; Gualtieri, Test. pl. 44. fig. C, D; Kien.

pl. 28. f. 112.

Hab. Philippines, on the reefs (H. C.).

rson 4, Nassa MuTABILIs, Linn.

fh Buce. mutabile, Linn. ; List. Conch. t. 975. f. 30; Kien. pl. 24.

f. 30.

Hab. Red Sea; Philippines, coarse sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.).

nom 5. NAssA MARGINULATA, Lam.

Buce. marginulatum, Lam.; Gualtieri, pl. 44. fig. 2 ; Kien. Mon.

Buce. pl. 29. f. 117.

Hab. Cagayan, Philippines (H. C.).

Son 6. Nassa TIARULA, Kien.

S“ Buce. tiarula, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 30. f. 4.

Hab. Isle of Ticao, Philippines, under stones (H. C.).

won 7. NASSA POLYGONATA, Lam.

Buce. polygonatum, Lam. Voy. de I Astrol. pl. 32. f. 28, 29.

Hab. Port Jackson, New Holland.

8. Nassa LUTEOsToMA, Kien. Kon

Buce. luteostoma, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 30. f. 1. i

Hab. Coast of Senegal.

9. NASSA PAUPERATA, Lam. WORMS

Buce. pauperatum, Lam.; Gualtieri, pl. 44. fig. m. om

Hab. Signet Bay, North Australia (Mr. Dring).

10. Nassa LIvESCENS, Phil. Non

Buce. livescens, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p.135. S**

Hab. Philippines (7. C.).

11. Nassa CANDENS, Hinds.

Nassa candens, Hinds, Voy. Sulph. Zool. Moll. pl. f.

Hab. Marquesas Islands.

BN, (Q73S

12. Nassa GEMMULATA, Lam. Row BA

Buce. gemmulatum, Lam.; Petiver, Amb. pl. 64. f. 7; Kien. Mon.

Buce. pl. 22. f. 84.

Hab. Indian Seas.

13. NasSA ANTILLARUM, Phil. Ren

Buce. antillarum, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 139. ="

Hab. West Indies.

14, Nassa Sturmat, Phil. seb ie. 3

Buce. Sturmii, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 135. ct

Hab. Philippines (H. C.).

15. Nassa vom FERA, Phil. Wo ag @

Buce. nodiferum, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 136. "= WYpLMe* Sep pints

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (H. C.).

16. Nassa ma@sra, Hinds. Biv, '@uu,9,23.3-%4

Nassa mesta, Hinds, Moll. Zool. Sulph. pl. f. 1682.9, 26-43

Hab. Central America.

17. Nassa Lyrixua, Beck.

Nassa Lyrilla, Beck.

Hab. East Indies.

18. Nassa IsaBexxer, d’Orb.

Buce. Isabellei, @ Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 61. f.19.

Hab. Central America.

19. Nassa cREMATA, Hinds.

Nassa cremata, Hinds, Zool. Voy. Sulph. pl. 9. f. 8, 9.

Hab. Philippines.

20. Nassa veNustTA, Dunker. aie

Bucc. venustum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 2. f.1. Bm

Hab. Corrigidor Island, 6 : coarse sand (H.C.). Mus. Cum.

21. Nassa Gruner, Dunker.

Buce. Gruneri, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) ta Quads Qe

Hab. Island of Ticao. Mus. Cuming.

22. Nassa crassa, Koch; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 2. f. 4.

Buce. crassum, Koch.

Hab. Swan River; Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

23. NASSA MARGARITIFERA, Dunker.

Buce. margaritiferum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t.2. f.12.

Hab. ?

24. Nassa CAPERATA, Philippi.

Buce. caperatum, Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 18.

Hab. Philippines.

25. Nassa Jonasi, Dunker.

Buce. Jonasi, Dunker; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 2. f. 10.

Hab. 2

wee 26. Nassa Gemma, Philippi.

3.11. 19722U

SUAOTE MG

Su WSTSUT

Bucc. gemma, Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 1. f. 5.

Hab. Island of Ticao, under stones, low water. Mus. Cuming.

27. NASSA SEMIGRANOSA, Dunker.

Buce. semigranosum, Dunker; Phil. Abild. t. 1. f. 9 (Buccinum).

Hab. 2

28. NASSA ALBESCENS, Dunker.

Buce. albescens, Dunker; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 2. f. 15

Hab. ?

29. NAssSA SPLENDIDULA, Dunker.

Buce. splendidulum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 3. f. 13.

Hab. 2

30. Nassa coronuta, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, cine-

rescente, fascid supra albidd, infra fusco ornatd; spird brevi ;

anfractibus ad suturas angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis

distantibus rotundis supra nodulosis ; labio callo crasso obtecto ;

columelld rugosd ; labro extus marginato, intus lirato.

Hab. Corrigidor, Bay of Manila, under stones, low water (#7. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

31. Nassa pispar, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, ventricosd,

levi, lutescente, rufo cinereoque varie pictd ; anfractibus superné

gibbosis ; labio callo albo mediocri tecto ; columella transversim

corrugatd ; labro antice dentato, intus lirato.

Hab. Philippines, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

32. Nassa stiamMaria, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-ventricosd,

rufescente, albo fuscoque variegatd et punctatd; liris granosis

transversis ornatd, granis planis quadratis ; labio levi, callo albo

nitido obtecto, labro margine dentato.

Hab. Island of Siquijor, Philippines, under stones (H.C.). Mus.

Cuming.

33. Nassa Stauisorensis, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, subturritd, S.4.I474\\8_

rufescente, fascid pallida cinctd, longitudinaliter costellatd; suturd

tuberculis moniliformibus ornatd, costellis permultis confertis,

interstitiis transversim striatis 3 columelld corrugatd, labro antic

valde dentato.

Hab. Island of Siquijor, Philippines (H. C.). Mus, Cuming.

34. Nassa rerecosa, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, acuminatd; spird &:4j)97 39 _

acutd, rufescente, suturd canaliculatd, cingulis albis transversim et

longitudinaliter cancellatd ; labro crenato, antic? dilatato et sinuato ;

labio caillo, subexpanso, antic? recto.

Hab. Albay, Luzon, coarse sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cum.

35. Nassa VERRUCOSA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-acuminatd, &.4. \972\20

Spird productd; suturd canaliculatd, rufescente, fusco sparsim

punctatd, liris transversis granosis ornatd, granis rotundis verru-

ciformibus in seriebus obliquis longitudinalibus dispositis ; labio

valde calloso, tuberculato, albo ; labro margine serrato.

Hab. Eastern Seas.

ae, 2 .

36. Nassa varrecata, A. Adams. Ntestd ovato-ventricosd, @ Hi@7s\Z\

albido-grised, fuscoque variegatd, iongitudinaliter striatd, liris

transversis granosis subdistantibus ornatd, granis rotundis in

seriebus obliquis longitudinalibus dispositis ; labio tuberculato callo

tenui eapanso tecto, labro margine crenato.

Hab. Dalmaguete, island of Negros, Philippines (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

37. Nassa cmHuara, A. Adams. N. testa ovatd, acuminatd, sub- &4.\922\22

turritd, albidd, fascid rufa cinctd, suturd tuberculis moniliformi-

bus ornatd, longitudinaliter costellatd 3 costellis simplicibus, inter-

stitits concinne clathratis, labio callo tenui obtecto, labro margine

crenulato.

Hab. Cagayan, Mindanao, sandy mud, 25 fathoms (H.C.). Mus.

Cuming.

38. Nassa RAMIDA, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, acuminatd, sub- 21 \97 S125 _

turritd, rufescente, cingulis transversis granosis sculptd, granis

elongatis subquadratis in seriebus obliquis longitudinalibus dis-

positis ; columella rugosd ; labio non calloso, labro vald? dentato.

Hab. Burias, 6 fathoms, coral sand (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

39. Nassa sorprpa, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, albidd, fusco

Sasciatd; suturd tuberculis moniliformibus ornatd; longitudinaliter

costatd, transversim vald2 liratd ; labio callo albo crasso tecto ;

columelld corrugatd ; labro margine calloso reflexo.

Hab. Siquijor, on the reefs.

No. CCXXV.—Procrepines OF THE ZoouoGiIcaL Society.

By IS73V2u

——

B1962%\4 40. Nassa Cumineu, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, ventricosd

albidd, rufo nebulosd ; suturd canaliculatd, liris transversis gra-

nosis sculptd, granis quadratis in seriebus longitudinalibus dispo-

sitis; aperturd ringente; labio corrugato, tuberculifero; labro

intus valde sulcato.

Hab. China. Mus. Cuming. Unique specimen.

BM 19732 4]. NASsSA CRENELLIFERA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, acumi-

wee natd, subturritd, albidd, fascid pallida rufa cinctd ; suturd cana-

liculatd, margine crenellifero, transversim striatd, longitudinaliter

tenuissime costatd ; columelld sublevi ; labro integro.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

em.i97e125 42. Nassa sutcrrera, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-ventricosd ;

__ spird productd, cinerescente, luteo-fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter

subplicatd, transversim liratd ; anfractu ultimo infra suturam

sulco impresso ; labii callo crasso mediocri ; collumelld anticé bi-

plicatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Algoa Bay.

3.197326 43. Nassa corticata, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, spird

productd, epidermide viridi-fusco obtectd; anfractibus superne

nodosis ; anfractu ultimo anticé cinguld subnodosd ornato, postice

nodulis coronato ; labio vir calloso; columella antice biplicatd ;

labro extus marginato, intus lirato.

Hab. New Zealand.

B.MISTSUY 44. Nassa LaBecuLa, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, obliqud ;

spird subacuminatd, pallide fuscd ; anfractu ultimo fascid fuscd

obsoletd cincto ; anfractibus planulatis supremis costatis, ultimo

superneé costato, inferneé plano; labii callo expanso, tenui, nitidd

labeculd fuscd ornato ; labro posticé incrassato, intus dentato.

Hab. Burias, 6 fathoms, coral sand (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

mm \a7si2g 45. Nassa mutricosrata, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, acuminatd,

oo albo rufoque variegatd, longitudinaliter costatd; costis planis

obliquis confertis permultis ; labio cum callo parvo tecto ; columelld

levi, antice biplicatd ; labro intus sulcato, margine acuto integro.

Hab. Batangas, island of Luzon, 4 fathoms, coarse sand (#H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

BM. 197327 46. Nassa costata, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, spird

acutd, productd, pallidd, anfractu ultimo maculd rufo-fuscd or-

; natd ; anfractibus convexiusculis, longitudinaliter costatis, inter-

stitiis planis ; anfractu ultimo anticé transversim striato ; labio

cum callo circumscripto tecto; columella transversim rugosd ;

labro antic® dentato, intus lirato.

Hab. Island of Burias, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

Bn 197212 47. Nassa cauxosa, A. Adams. N. testd parvd, ovatd, spird

—— acutd, albd fusco-maculatd, longitudinaliter costatd, transversim

sulcatd ; labio cum callo magno albo nitido expanso tecto; columella

antice triplicatd ; labro margine incrassato calloso, intus dentato-

lirato.

Hab. Bais, island of Negros, 7 fathoms, sandy mud (H.C.). Mus.

Cuming.

48. NassA GEMMULIFERA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd,

spirdé acutd, productd, cinerescente rufo variegatd, longitudinaliter

plicatd, transversim cingulatd, cingulis ad plicas noduliferis ;

labio cum callo expanso albo tecto ; columelld transversim corru-

gatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Burias, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

49. Nassa FisstLaBRis, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, obliqud,

cinerescente, pallide fasciatd, longitudinaliter costatd, anfractu

ultimo antice transversim sulcato ; labio cum callo expanso obtecto ;

columelld anticé tuberculis duobus transversis ; labro anticé sinuato,

posticeé valde inciso.

Hab. Cagayan, Prov. Misamis, island of Mindanao, 25 fathoms,

sandy mud (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

50. Nassa nopicostaTa, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, albd,

fascid pallidd fulvd cinctd ; anfractibus planulatis, longitudinali-

ter costatis, transversim evanide liratis; costis nodis distantibus

instructis, superné nodosis ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ;

columella rugosd, antice acutd, productd; labro extus limbato,

anticé valde sinuato.

Hab. Island of Corrigidor, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

51. Nassa pexicata, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, subpel-

lucidd, albidd, fascid angustd, fuscd, maculisque fuscis ornatd, lon-

gitudinaliter costatd, costis planulatis superné nodosis, interstitiis

lineis elevatis transversis clathratis ; labio calloso; columelld an-

tice plicis quatuor ; labro margine acuto, intus longitudinaliter sul-

cato, transversim lirato.

Hab. Sorsogon, Albay, Luzon, coarse sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

52. Nassa cANCELLATA, A, Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, spird

acutd, fulvescenti, fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis

planis rotundatis, interstitiis concinné cancellatis; labio callo

magno expanso crasso obtecto; columelld levi, simplici; labro

margine calloso incrassato, anticé subsinuato.

Hab. Masbate, under stones (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

53. Nassa cLarHRaTuLa, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, spird

acutd, anfractibus convezis, nived, longitudinaliter costatd ; costis

nodulosis, interstitiis valde clathratis ; labio cum callo mediocri

obtecto ; columella anticé biplicatd; labro extus varicoso, intus

lirato.

Hab. Island of Siquijor, deep water, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

&MiN97I3 3S

B.4. |O7SS6

BM et BV

B.Hi1O7332

B.M.197320

SN VAIS2S

100

BM N97TS3O 54, Nassa CRENOLIRATA, A. Adams. N,. testd parvd, ovatd,

pallidd, lineis angustis transversis fuscis ornatd, longitudinaliter

costatd, costis nodulosis, supern? nodosis; aperturd angustatd ;

labio cum callo obtecto; columella plicis quatuor transversis in-

structo ; labro extus marginato, intus valde dentato-lirato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

B.mMiO7U2e 55. Nassa stnusicera, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, ob-

liqud ; spird acuminatd, pallida, fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter

costatd, costis superné nodulosis, transversim sulcatd ; labio cum

callo mediocri tecto; columelld transversim corrugato-plicatd ;

labro anticé valde sinuato.

Hab. Catbalonga, island of Samaar, 8 fathoms, coarse sand (H.C.).

Mus. Cuming.

BH.19a7559 56. Nassa Genicutata, A. Adams. N. testd parvd, ovato-conicd,

a fulvd, albo variegatd; fascid latd, transversd, cinereo-fuscd

cinctd, transversim striatd, longitudinaliter costatd ; costis geni-

culatis ; labio subcalloso, antice bituberculato; labro extus in-

crassato, intus dentato-lirato.

Hab. Island of Ticao, 4 fathoms, sand (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

B.nNI9TSI2A 57. Nassa speciosa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, acumi-

natd, lutesceate, albo variegatd, transversim liratd, liris confertis

granulosis, longitudinaliter plicatd ; plicis distantibus obliquis, su-

perneé nodosis, nodulis albis ; aperturd albd, anticé rufo-fusco ma-

culatd ; columelld levi, callo subexpanso tectd ; labro intus evanid?

lirato, margine anticé maculd fused.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

BaMIO7NS 58. Nassa osptusata, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, spird

— obtusd, pallidd, rufo-fusco variegatd, transversim liratd, longitu-

dinaliter costatd, costis distantibus superné nodosis ; labio callo

crasso albo obtecto; labro intus incrassato, sulcato et transversim

lirato.

Hab. Island of Ticao, coral sand, 7 fathoms (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

B.N.197310 59. Nassa aByssicoua, A. Adams. N. testd parvd, ovato-conicd,

sordidé alba ; costellis confertis longitudinalibus permultis, inter-

stitiis concinne clathratis ornatd ; labio arcuato, mediocriter cal-

loso; labro intus dentato-lirato, extus incrassato.

Hab. Loay, island of Bohol, clayey ground, 60 fathoms (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

BH.197%130 60. Nassa pusto, A. Adams. WN. testd parvd, ovato-conicd,

— fulvd, fusco variegatd et maculosd ; costellis planis, longitudinali-

bus confertis ornatd ; anfractu ultimo anticé sulcato, labio cum callo

nitido subexpanso tecto; labro intus sulcato, margine subreflexo.

Hab. Sorsogon, Albay, isle of Luzon, 6 fathoms, coarse sand

(H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

101

B. Shell spinulose ; inner lip with the callus moderate, defined.

61. Nassa suspspinosa, Lam.

Buce. subspinosum, Lam.; Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 26. f. 103.

Hab. Gindulman, island of Bohol, Philippines, low water (H.C.).

62. NassA muRICATA, Quoy et Gaim.

Buce. muricatum, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astr. pl. 32. f. 32, 33.

Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro (H. C.).

63. Nassa viBEx, Say.

Buce. vibex, Say.

Hab. West Indies, Philippines.

64. Nassa ampBieua, Montag.

Buce. ambiguum, Mont.; Kien. Bucce. Mon. pl. 21. f. 81.

Hab. British Islands.

65. Nassa norripA, Dunker.

Bucc. horridum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 8.—Buec. seabrum,

Dunker, olim.

Hab. Eastern Seas.

66. Nassa nisprpa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-acutd, albido-

cinered, rufo-fusco punctatd, nodispinosd, longitudinaliter plicatd ;

plicis cum seriebus novem tuberculorum spiniformium armatis.

Hab. Loon, island of Bohol, on the reefs, low water (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

Plicated, the rows of tubercles rather close together, the upper

row distinct from the rest.

67. Nassa ecurnata, A. Adams. N. testd elongato-ovatd, al-

BM, 197A

B.H.147 3I3 |

bidd, nodispinosd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis quinque, seriebus -

tuberculorum spiniformium armatis.

Hab. Galeo, island of Mindoro, 3 fathoms, sandy niud (H. C.).

Plicated, with the upper row of tubercles larger and distinct from

the others.

Subgenus Erong, Risso.

Shell with the back gibbous; inner lip with the callus greatly de-

veloped, surrounding the circumference of the shell.

1. EronE GIBBOsULA, Linn.

Buce. gibbosulum, Linn.; List. Conch. t. 973. f. 28; Kien. Mon.

Buce. pl. 28. f. 116.

Hab. ?

2. EIONE CLATHRATA, Kien.

Buce. clathratum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 27. f. 108.

Hab. ?

3. E1loNE GRANIFERA, Kien.

Buce. graniferum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 27. f. 111.

Hab. ?

102

Non 4. Erone Tuersites, Brug.

atl Buce. Thersites, Brug.; List. Conch. t. 971. f. 26; Kien. Mon.

Buce. pl. 28. f. 113.

Hab. 2

8197822 5. Nassa crrcumcineta, A. Adams. WN. testd ovatd, cinered,

nitidd, dorso gibbosd; spird brevi, acutd, suturd fuscd; labio cum

callo crasso albo nitido tecto, marginibus usque ad spiram decur-

rentibus fusco marginatis ; columella levi, antice uniplicatd ; labro

calloso marginato, intus levi.

Hab. Red Sea. Mus. Cuming.

“2497385 6. Nassa porsvosa, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, depressd ; spird

acutd, dorso in medio nodatd, olivaced, levi, longitudinaliter sub-

plicatd ; labio cum callo magno crasso lutescente tecto, marginibus

incrassatis usque ad spiram decurrentibus ; columelld levi, labro

margine calloso incrassato, intus sublirato.

Hab. Masbate, on the mud-banks at low water (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

_B.M.\975132 7, Nassa orsicunata, A. Adams. N. testd semiorbiculari, con-

vexo-depressd, levi, olivaced, apud dorsum gibbd; spird brevi,

labio cum callo expanso crasso tecto, marginibus usque ad spiram

decurrentibus, columelld levi, labro extus calloso incrassato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

BM 197319 8. Nassa caALLosprra, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, pallidd, fascid

transversd cinered ornatd ; spird acutd, transversim liratd, plicis

nodosis longitudinalibus instructd ; labio cum callo magno albo ex-

tenso tecto, marginibus usque ad spiram decurrentibus ; columelld

antice biplicatd ; labro crasso calloso, marginato, intus valde lirato.

Hab. Island of Burias, 6 fathoms, coral sand (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

BH 1a73133 9 Nassa nana, A. Adams. WN. testd ovatd, spird acutd; an-

————"=— fractibus rotundatis, rufescente, fascid pallidd luted ornatd, lon-

gitudinaliter plicatd, transversim semistriatd ; labio cum callo

expanso tenui tecto; columella rugosuld ; labro marginato, intus

sulcato.

Hab. Dumaguete, island of Negros, coarse black sand, 11 fathoms

(H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

SB.H.1AT3IE 10. Nassa BELLULA, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, spird acumi-

natd, acutd; anfractibus angulatis, palliduld, fascid luteold or-

natd, longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim liratd ; interstitiis con-

cinne longitudinaliter striatis, labio callo magno tecto ; columelld

rugosd ; labri margine rugoso calloso, intus crenulato.

Hab. Catbalonga, island of Samaar, under stones, low water.

Mus. Cuming.

@.uM.\over7 11. Nassa srmacutosa, A. Adams. N. testd suborbiculari, apud

a; ~~ . . . .

——————- dorsum valde converd, nodosa ; spird acutd, longitudinaliter sub-

103

plicatd, antice transversim sulcatd, olivaced, fascid pallida trans-

versd cinctd, labio cum callo crasso albo magno suborbiculari

cincto ; columella levi, antice uniplicatd ; labro valde incrassato

marginato, antice sinuato, intus lirato, extus maculis duabus rufo-

Suscis ornato.

Hab. Island of Siquijor, on mud-banks (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

12. Nassa Leptospira, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, apud dorsum %.™.\97 SK

converd, nodosd; spird productd, acutd, lutescente longitudinaliter

plicatd, antice transversim striatd, labio cum callo luteo crasso

tecto ; columella corrugatd, labro intus lirato.

Hab. Mio Ilo, island of Panay, on mud-banks, low water (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

Subgenus ALectRION, Montfort.

Shell bucciniform ; spire elevated ; inner lip with the callus mode-

rately developed ; outer lip dentate, or serrate at the margin.

A. Shell papillose ; inner lip spread.

1. Nassa PAPILLosa, Linn. mire

Buce. papillosum, Linn. ; List. Conch. t. 969. f. 23.

Hab. Island of Capul, on the reefs (H. C.).

2. NAssA NASSOIDES, Reeve.

Buce. nassoides, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Buccinum, pl. f.

Hab. 2

3. NASSA NODIFERA, Powis.

Nassa nodifera, Powis.

Hab. Philippines.

Br 1% 726

4. Nassa MONILIS, Kien. kag te

Bucce. monile, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 11. f. 40. Bm

Hab. New Guinea.

5. Nassa CRENULATA, Brug. +s

Buce. crenulatum, Brug. ; Petiver, Gaz. t. 64. f.8; Kien. Mon. ©“

pl. 23. f. 90, pl. 14. f. 49.

Hab. Indian Seas.

6. Nassa urrta, Kiener. eo

Bucc. hirtum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 19. f. 72. aa

Hab. New Holland.

7. Nassa JAcKsoniAna, Kiener. sans

Bucc. Jacksonianum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 19. f. 73. on

Hab. Port Jackson, New Holland.

Nor

8. NASSA VARIABILIS, Phil. me

Buce. variabile, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 221.—B. subdia-

phanum, Bivon.—B. stolatum, Gmel.—B. zonale, Brug.—B. costu-

104

latum, Broce.—B. angulatum, Broce.—B. Cuvieri, Payr.—B. Ferus-

saccit, Payr.—B. corrugatum, Broce.

Hab. Mediterranean.

Bo, (827366 9, NassaA COMPLANATA, Powis.

Nassa complanata, Powis.

Hab. Atacamas, West Columbia.

BM .\97 8134 10. Nassa semrnoposa, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, acu-

minatd, levi, nitidd, fulvo-fuscescente ; suturd tuberculis moni-

liformibus ornatd ; longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis superné sub-

nodulosis ; anfractu ultimo antice transversim sulcato, labio levi,

cum callo tenui expanso obtecto, labro anticé dentato intus li-

rato.

Hab. Island of Annaa, South Seas, on the reefs (H.C.). Mus.

Cuming.

B. Shell smooth, polished.

atte 1. Nassa Gians, Linn.

Buee. glans, Linn.; List. Conch. t. 981. f. 40; Kien. Mon. pl. 15.

f. 52.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines, on the reefs (1. C.).

send 2. Nassa sutura.is, Lam.

vy Buce. suturale, Lam. Chem. pl. 125. f. 1199, 1200; Kien. Mon.

pl. 24. f. 96.

Hab. Swan River.

Nons 3. Nassa ELEGANS, Kien.

ii Buce. elegans, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 24. f. 97.

Hab. Indian Ocean.

Now 4. Nassa RUFULA, Kien.

Buce. rufulum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 24. f. 95.

Hab. Swan River.

wom 5, Nassa tara, Philippi.

Buce. letum, Phil. Zeit. f. Mal. 1848, p. 141.

Hab. 2

Non 6. Nassa Bronntt, Philippi.

Buce. Bronnii, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 137.

Hab. Corrigidor, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.).

SM siegu.d.23.17 7. Nassa caupiosa, Hinds.

Nassa gaudiosa, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulph. pl. _ . f.

Hab. Straits of Malacca.

“or 8. Nassa prora, Dunker.

; Bucecinum pictum, Dunker, Phil. Abild. (Buecinum), t. 2. f..6.

Hab. Philippines. Mus, Cuming.

105

mow

9. Nassa Reeviana, Dunker. am

Buccinum Reevianum, Dunker, Phil. Abild. (Buccinum), t. 2. f. 3.

Nassa filosa, Gray MSS.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

10. Nassa mucronata, A. Adams. N. testa ovato-conicd, sub- GM. \978\3S

levi, nitidd, longitudinaliter plicatd, lutescenti fusco variegatd ;

anfractibus rotundatis, ultimo gibboso ; spird acutd, mucronatd ;

labio levi; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Dumaguete, isle of Negros, 11 fathoms, black sand (ZH. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

11. Nassa optiquatTa, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, obliqud,

levissimd, nitidd ; lineis fuscis transversis, fascid pallidd ornatd, =O0™%>

cinerescente, aie variegatd ; labio levi, simplici; labro intus 1S

lirato.

Hab, Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, sandy

mud, 25 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

12. Nassa puncrara, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd ; spird 8.4. \97T3\36

acuminatd, levi, cinered, albido punctatd, lineolis fuscis transversis

ornatd ; labio callo tenui expanso tecto ; columella rugosd; labro

extus incrassato, intus lirato.

Hab. Puerto Galero, province of Albay, isle of Luzon, coarse sand,

6 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

13. NassA LeNnTIGINosA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd ; S.4.\973S46

spird acuminata, levi, nitidd, lutescente aut cinerescente, lincis

undulatis confertis pictd, lineolis fuscis transversis ornatd ; labio

cum callo tenui tecto ; columelld anticé rugosd ; labro margine in-

crassato, intus valde lirato.

Hab. Masbate, 7 fathoms, sandy mud (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

14. Nassa tuctuosa, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, elongatd, acu- @ A\9734 8

minatd, subnitidd, transversim sulcatd, nigricante nonnunquam

Sasciis albo-articulatis ornatd ; anfractibus planulatis ; labio callo

nitido obtecto ; columelld anticé biplicatd et tuberculis tribus in-

structd ; labro extus incrassato, intus valde lirato.

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, isle of Mindanao, under

stones on the reefs (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

15. Nassa stotrpa, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd; spird BM: at

acuminatd, solidd, cinered, fusco maculatd, longitudinaliter pli-

catd; aperturd antice effusd; labio reflexo, levi, valde calloso ;

labro intus levi, fusco alboque fasciato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

16. Nassa pisrorta, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, nitidd ; S44. \I7TSBAL

spird acuminatd, distortd, pallidd, cinereo variegatd, lineis fuscis

transversis ornatd ; aperturd antice valde effusd ; labio levi, an-

tice biplicato ; labro anticé producto, intus lirato.

Hab. ? - Mus. Cuming.

106

2.4.1072\3% 17. NassA MARMOREA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, levi,

— —< nitidd ; spird subacuminatd, albidd, fusco marmoratd, fasciis dua-

bus pallidis ornatd ; anfractibus planiusculis ; labio corrugato ;

labro extus varicoso, intus lirato.

Hab. Cagayan, Mindanao, 25 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

18. Nassa sprraTA, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, acuminatd,

levi, nitidd, albidd, luteo-fusco nebulosd ; anfractibus convexius-

culis, prope suturas angulatis ; labio levi; labro intus lirato, ex-

tus incrassato, antice margine simplici non dentato.

Hab. Swan River. Mus. Cuming.

Bu 1973169

C. Shell smooth or ribbed. Inner lip defined.

1. Nassa oxtvacea, Brug.

Buce. olivaceum, Brug. Favanne Conch. pl. 33. f. 2; Kien. Mon.

Buce. pl. 15. f. 53.

Hab. Philippines.

2. Nassa CANALICULATA, Lamarck.

Buce. canaliculatum, Lam. Chem. Conch. pl. 125. f. 1194-95;

Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 23. f. 89.

Hab. Philippines.

ae 3. NAssA UNICOLOR, Kiener.

Bucc. unicolor, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 19. f. 69.

Hab. Australia.

Now 4. Nassa ornaTA, Kiener.

Buce. ornatum, Kiener, Mon. Buce. pl. 124. f. 168.

Hab. Tranquebar, Ceylon, Indian Seas.

BM tA?7R64 5, Nassa ExILtis, Powis.

Nassa exilis, Powis.

Hab. ?

e@usa7s\t© 6. Nassa ruFrocincta, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, sub-

turritd, albidd, fascid transversd rufd ornatd, longitudinaliter

plicatd, transversim striatd ; anfractibus subrotundatis ; labio

callo albo circumscripto tecto; labro extus marginato, intus sul-

cato.

Hab. Honduras (Dyson). Mus. Cuming.

St i1ove\, 7. Nassa micans, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-fusiformi, albidd,

levi, nitidissimd ; anfractibus convexiusculis supremis costellatis ;

labio callo tenui tecto ; labro anticé crenulato, intus lirato.

Hab. Cagayan, Misamis, Mindanao, 25 fathoms, sandy mud (H.C.).

Mus. Cuming.

& wo ovsty@ 8. Nassa pattipuLa, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, subacuminatd,

pallidd, levi, anfractu ultimo anticé transversim sulcato; suturd

107

canaliculatd ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ; columelld sim-

plicit; labro extus marginato, intus lirato.

Hab. Malacca, coarse sand, 10 fathoms (H. C.).

9. Nassa compTa, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, subturritd,

levi, nitidd, rufescente pallid? variegatd ; anfractibus convezius-

culis, supremis costellatis ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ;

columella anticé corrugatd ; labro margine incrassato, albo, sub-

reflexo.

Hab. Cape St. Antonio, Africa.

10. Nassa succincta, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, subturritd,

levi, cinerescente ; fascid pallidd, cinctd, anfractibus planulatis,

supremis costellatis ; suturd subcanaliculatd ; labio cum callo incras-

sato circumscripto tecto ; columelld dentato-rugosd ; labro postice

inflero, anticé valde sinuato et dentato, extus limbato, intus lirato.

Hab. Masbate. Mus. Cuming.

11. Nassa zonauis, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-acuminatd, levi,

nitidd, longitudinaliter striatd ; anfractu ultimo transversim sul-

cato; lutescente, fasciis tribus transversis rufo-fuscis cinctd ;

labio cum callo tenui expanso tecto; columella levi; labro extus

incrassato, intus lirato.

Hab. Isle of Ticao, on the reefs (H. C.). .Mus. Cuming.

12. Nassa sertTuLA, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, acuminaid, levi,

nitidd, fulvd, albo nebulosd ; anfractibus conveciusculis, supremis

costellatis ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ; columella trans-

versim corrugatd ; labro extus incrassato, intus lirato.

Hab. Masbate, on the reefs (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

13. Nassa semipxticatTa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, ci-

nered, fascid pallida transversd ornatd, nitidd, sublevi, longitu-

dinaliter plicatd, plicis in anfractu ultimo sepe evanidis, inter-

stitiis transversim striatis ; labio callo circumscripto ; columelld

transversim corrugato-plicatd ; labro extus albo marginato, intus

lirato.

Hab. Chusan (Benson). Mus. Cuming.

14. Nassa CINNAMOMEA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-acuminatd,

cinnamomed, levi, nitidd, levigatd, sempellucidd, anfractibus con-

vexis ; labio simplici ; labro extus marginato, intus sublirato.

Hab. Dumaguete, isle of Negros, under stones, low water (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

15. Nassa spapra, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-acuminatd, levi,

nitidd, castaned; anfractibus planis, supremis longitudinaliter

plicatis, anfractu ultimo transversim striato ; labio simplici vir

calloso ; labro extus marginato, intus plicato. ;

Hab. Sinaat, province of North Ilocos, island of Luzon, on the

reefs (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

BH AAT Bie et

B.S

BM \Q7SiKG

Guy, 1973147

CB. 1AISS!

3H, MISS

108

eM.i%73!46 16. Nassa mrrrauis, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, acumi-

natd, fuscd, sublevi, longitudinaliter semiplicatd ; anfractibus

planiusculis, ultimo antice transversim sulcato; labio subcorrugato;

labro extus marginato, intus valde lirato.

Hab. Isinimalan, isle of Negros, on the mud-banks (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

Bmrarsiaa 17. Nassa sERoTINA, A. Adams. UN. testd turritd, acuminatd,

_————__ serotind, anfractu ultimo antic? cingulis duabus elevatis articulatis

ornato ; transversim sudstriatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis

rotundis subdistantibus; aperturd albd; columelld levi, subcallosd ;

labro extus incrassato, intus lirato.

Hab. Australia.

io 18. Nassa putcuetua, A. Adams. WN. testd turritd, acuminatd,

/ wr - nitidd, albidd, luteo variegatd, fascid fuscd transversd ornatd ;

_ longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis subdistantibus rotundatis tuberculis

net found (27S — albis transversis instructis ; labio calloso nitido ; labro extus mar-

ginato, intus lirato.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope. Mus. Cuming.

B.M IV73ISO 19. Nassa TERETIUSCULA, A. Adams. N. testd subturritd, acu-

minatd, lutescente aut plumbed, fascid angustd fuscd transversd

ornatd ; levi, nitidd, longitudinaliter valde plicatd ; labio cum callo

mediocri tecto; columelld antice tortuosd, plicatd; labro extus

limbato, intus lirato.

Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.

Briss: 20. Nassa varicrFerA, A. Adams. UN. testd turritd ; spird acu-

minatd, pallidd, fasciis fuscis duabus transversis ornatd ; anfrac-

tibus subplanulatis, varicibus albis, spiraliter instructis ; suturd

canaliculatd ; columella antic? plicis tribus transversis ; labro

extus marginato, postice angulato, intus valde lirato.

Hab. Eastern Seas.

BM 1A72iSZ 21. Nassa scararis, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, subtur-

ritd, pallidd, rufo-fusco fasciatd ; longitudinaliter costatd, trans-

versim liratd; anfractibus rotundatis, tuberculis moniliformibus

apud suluram ; suturd subcanaliculatd ; labio cum callo subexpanso

tenui tecto; columelld corrugatd, antice biplicatd ; labro antice

crenulato, intus lirato.

Hab. Island of Corrigidor, 7 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

BMi9721<% 22. Nassa pLanocostata, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd,

cinerescente, fascid rufo-fuscd transversim cinctd ; costellis planis

confertis longitudinalibus, interstitiis concinne clathratis ornatd ;

labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ; columelld transversim plicato-

dentatd ; labio antice denticulato, intus valde lirato.

Hab. Payta, Peru, under stones, low water (H. C.). Mus. Cu-

ming.

109

D. Shell scalariform, cancellated.

1. Nassa SCALARIFORMIS, Valenc. ae

Buccinum scalariforme, Val. ; Kiener, Monograph Buce. pl. 21. an

f. 80.

Hab. New Guinea.

2. Nassa Roissy1, Deshayes. ne

Buce. Roissyi, Belang. Voy. aux Ind. Or. pl. 3. f. 3, 4; Kiener,

Mon. Bucc. pl. 21. f. 82.

Hab. Indian Ocean.

3. Nassa Reever, A. Adams.

Bucc. elegans, Reeve.

Hab. 2

4. Nassa nuc.eouvs, Philippi. NAaa

Buce. nucleolus, Philippi. Sm

Hab. 2

5. Nassa nopata, Hinds. BH, uu. 4% 2a

Nassa nodata, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulphur, pl... f.

Hab. Malacca.

6. NassSA PERPINGUIS, Hinds. Bn.igul 2235.5

Nassa perpinguis, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulphur, pl. _ . f.

Hab. Bay of Magdalena, California. Mus. Cuming.

7. Nassa mica, Adanson. are

Buce. miga, Adanson, Voy. au Senegal, pl. 8. f. 10; Kiener, Mon.

Buce. pl. 22. f. 87.

Hab. Senegal. Mus. Cuming.

8. Nassa MyRIsTIcATA, Hinds. Bu 1¢ 23.4

Nassa myristicata, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulphur, pl. 9. f. 10, 11.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

9. Nassa PALLIDA, Powis.

Nassa pallida, Powis.

Haé. Panama, sandy mud, 6 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

Sr, GVISEK

10. Nassa NODULIFERA, Philippi. ome

Buccinum noduliferum, Phil. Abild. (Bucc.) t. 1. f.3. ~ > ~ :

11. Nassa ANGULIFERA, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, sub- SO 01S 2

turritd, pallide fulvd; fascid fuscd cinctd, transversim sulcatd,

longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis distantibus, postice apud suturas

angulatis ; labio cum callo albo nitido tecto ; labro margine sub-

reflexo, intus crenulato.

Hab. Galapagos Islands, 10 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

110

@eMia73isu 12, Nassa nopicincta, A. Adams. N, testd ovato-turritd ; spird

acuminatd, pallidd, lineis rufis transversis cinctd, transversim

sulcatd ; plicis distantibus longitudinalibus, apud suturas noduli-

feris ornatd ; labio cum callo albo levi nitido tecto ; labro extus

varicoso, intus lirato.

Hab. Galapagos Islands, 7 fathoms (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

@m yout. 13. Nassa Sancta Heiena, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd,

subturritd ; spird productd ; anfractibus rotundatis, albidd rufo-

variegatd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis distantibus subnodosis ;

anfractu ultimo anticé transversim sulcato ; labio levi, calloso ;

columelld antic uniplicatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. St. Helena, sandy mud, 20 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

meaty. 14. Nassa crnctetua, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, albidd,

———————_ lineis fuscis transversis cinctd, longitudinaliter valde plicatd,

plicis distantibus, liris transversis albis, interstitiis fuscis or-

natd ; labio corrugato, vie calloso; labro extus varicoso, intus

valde lirato.

Hab. St. Helena, 20 fathoms, sandy mud.

Sr iA7S2S 15. Nassa corrueata, A. Adams. N. testd elongatd, subturritd,

Sfulvescente, rufo nebulosd ; transversim liratd, longitudinaliter

plicatd ; plicis nodulosis ; anfractibus convexiusculis ; labio sim-

plici, non calloso ; labro intus lirato, margine crenulato ; colu-

melld tortuosd, antice productd.

Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.

Bu j97S'<= 16. Nassa TuRRiTA, A. Adams. UN. testd elongatd, subturritd,

pallide fulvd; anfractibus rotundatis ; suturd subcanaliculatd,

longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim liratd, liris subnodulosis ;

labio cum callo tenui tecto; columelld anticé abrupte truncata ; labro

intus valde lirato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

17. Nassa Japonica, A. Adams. N. testd turritd, pallide fulvd,

fascid rufo-fuscd cinctd ; longitudinaliter plicatd, cingulis trans-

versis ad plicas nodulosis ornatd, interstitiis longitudinaliter

striatis ; labio subrugoso ; columelld antice productd ; labro intus

lirato.

Hab. Japan (Dr. Siebold). Mus. Cuming.

‘Bet ig7suy 18. Nassa DENTICULATA, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, ful-

$ vescente rufo maculosd ; anfractibus conveziusculis, longitudinaliter

plicatd, transversim liratd, liris planis, interstitiis tenuissime

longitudinaliter striatis ; labio cum calla albo nitido tecto, anticeé

producto, libero ; labro intus lirato, margine denticulato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

SM \973'S6 19. Nassa nivea, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, candidd,

nitidd ; anfractibus planulatis plicis longitudinalibus distantibus,

transversim sulcatd ; labio cum calio mediocri tecto, margine acuto

111

producto ; labro margine subcrenulato, intus lirato ; columella an-

tice triplicatd.

Hab. Batangas, island of Luzon, 21 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

20. Nassa pticaTeLLa, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, fulvd ; BMS?

labro albido; anfractibus subrotundatis longitudinaliter plicatis

transversim liratis, liris ad plicas nodulosis ; labio cum callo me-

diocri ; columella anticé uniplicatd ; labro margine acuto, intus

lirato.

Hab. Wallwich Bay, Africa. Mus. Cuming.

Subgenus TrironeLua, Adams; Tritonia, Fleming.

Shell turrited, cancellated ; aperture rounded, not produced into

an anterior canal; outer lip not dentate, with a marginal varix.

1. Nassa pEcussaTA, Kiener. WOR

Buce. decussatum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 30. f. 3.

Hab. Brisbane Water, East Australia (Mr. R. Strange).

2. NASSA TRITONIFORMIS, Kien. shtaas

Buce. tritoniformis, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 30. f. 2. or

Hab. Senegal.

3. Nassa ascanias, Brug. Non

Bucce. ascanias, Brug. Dict. no. 42.—B. asperulum, Broce.—B. bein

macula, Montag.—N. rudis, Gualt.—B. Lacepedii, Payr.—Tritonia

varicosa, Fleming.—B. coccinella, Lam.—B. incrassatum, Mill.—

B. minutum, Penn.

Hab. Mediterranean.

4. Nassa rascrata, Lamk. a

Buce. fasciatum, Lam.; Gualtieri, pl. 43. fig. m; Kien. Mon.

Buce. pl. 22. f. 86.

Hab. New Holland.

5. Nassa DENTIFERA, Powis. BM ATS 6%

Nassa dentifera, Powis; Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. f.

Hab. South America.

6. Nassa Festiva, Powis.

Nassa festiva, Powis.

Hab.

7. Nassa ANOMALA, Reeve.

Triton anomalus, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulph. pl. 4. f. 13, 14.

Hab. Island of Quibo, Veragua.

8. Nassa scABRIUSCULA, Powis. BHAA SEY

Nassa scabriuscula, Powis.

Hab,

) ~

e.m, (974365

a a et

112

sor 9. NASSA MULTIGRANA, Dunker.

=P Buce. multigranum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 13.

Hab. ?

Wor

10. Nassa sienata, Dunker.

Buce. signatum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 17.

Hab. 2

Now 11. Nassa OBLIQUEPLICATA, Dunker.

Buce. obliqueplicatum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t.1. f. 13.

Hab. ?

BSMIQISS7 12. Nassa ruscata, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, spird acumi-

natd, anfractibus convexiusculis, fuscd, longitudinaliter plicatd,

transversim liratd, plicis ad liras tuberculatis, interstitiis trans-

versim striatis ; columelld rugosd; labro postice sinuato, intus

dentato-lirato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

Subgenus Tritt, Risso.

Shell turrited ; inner lip spreading ; outer lip not dentate, without

a marginal varix.

Ror 1. Nassa RETICULATA, Linn.

Buce. reticulatum, Linn.; List. Conch. t. 966. f. 21 @; Kien.

Mon. Buce. pl. 23. f. 91 & pl. 19. f. 71.

Hab. Mediterranean.

Non 2. Nassa Gayi1, Kiener.

Buce. Gayii, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 21. f. 79.

Hab. St. Helena, sandy mud.

worn 3, Nassa suucata, Kien.

Buce. suleatum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. f.

Hab. ?

&s™,1273862, 4. Nassa CONCINNA, Powis.

Nassa concinna, Powis.

Hab. Philippines.

Now 5. NASSA TRIVITTATA, Say.

Buce. trivittatum, Say.

Hab. New York.

&m,.1Q7SS* 6, Nassa DEALBATA, A. Adams. UN. testdé ovato-conicd, acumi-

natd, subturritd, albidd, fascid pallidd luted cinctd ; anfractibus

planulatis longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis nodulosis, transversim

liratis ; columella tuberculato-dentatd ; labro extus incrassato,

intus dentato-lirato.

Hab. Dumaguete, isle of Negros, 11 fathoms, black coarse sand

(H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

113

7. NASSA COSTELLIFERA, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, B.MAQISIGT

acuminatd, albidd, fusco-variegatd, fascid fuscd in ultimo an-

Fractu longitudinaliter costulatd, transversim liratd ; costellis

nodulosis ; anfractibus planiusculis ; labio transversim corrugato-

plicato ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Curimas. Mus. Cuming.

8. Nassa Trrrascrata, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-acuminatd; 8,Hit%7 3158

spird acutd, productd, pallidé cerulescente aut albidd, fasciis tri-

bus transversis rufis ornatd, longitudinaliter subplicatd, transver-

sim sulcutd ; columelld levi, callo cum nitido expanso tecto ; labro

margine acuto, intus lirato.

Hab. Vigo Bay (M‘Andrew). Mus. Cuming.

Subgenus Desmou.ea, Gray.

Shell subglobose, covered with a downy epidermis; spire short ;

apex papillary.

1. NASSA ABBREVIATA, Wood.

Buce. abbreviatum, Wood, Chem. Conch. pl. 153. f. 1463; Kien.

Mon. Buccinum, pl. 26. f. 105.

Hab. Indian Ocean.

2. Nassa RETUSA, Lam.

Buce.retusum, Lam., Chem. Conch.t.153.f.1465; Kien. pl. 24.f.94.

Hab. ?

3. DesmouLea pincuis, A. Adams. D. testd ovatd, abbreviatd, BHANATBMSS

ventricosd; spird brevi, apice mucronato ; anfractibus gibbosis,

lutescente albo variegatd ; epidermide fusco villoso tectd, trans-

versim striatd; labio calloso; columella levi, antic tuberculo

unico, uniplicatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Senegal. Mus. Cuming.

4, DEsMouLEA pyramipa.is, A. Adams. D. testd ovato-conicd; SUIT SIG

spird acuminatd, apice obtuso, violascente, longitudinaliter eva-

nidé plicatd, transversim sulcatd ; labio fusco subcalloso simplici ;

labro extus marginato, intus lirato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

5. Desmoutra crassa, A. Adams. JD. testd ovato-conicd, ab- BM.197328_

breviatd, solidd, levi; spird obtusd, apice violaceo ; anfractibus

superne gibbosis, rufescente albo variegatd, transversim sulcatd ;

labio cum callo crasso tecto; columella transversim liratd, antic?

uniplicatd, tuberculis duobus instructd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Japan. Mus. Cuming.

6. Desmoutea Japonica, A. Adams. DD. testd ovatd, levi, BM AQTS4D

nitidd, antice transversim sulcatd, fulvescente, maculis lineisque

transversis fuscis ornatd, albo variegatd ; labio anticé calloso ;

columella anticé tuberculis tribus instructd; labro extus incras-

sato, intus lirato.

' Hab. Japan (Siebold). Mus. Cuming.

No. CCX XVI.—ProceEepinés oF THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

114

Subgenus Acrcutina, A. Adams.

Shell turrited ; inner lip with a circumscribed callus free anteriorly ;

outer lip with the margin thickened and flexuose.

8.M.I97360 1. Acicutrna costata, A. Adams. A. testd turritd, acuminatd,

serotind, nitidd, longitudinaliter costatd, transversim sulcatd ; labio

calloso, antice fusco, producto ; labri margine subrecto, intus li-

rato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

aie 2. AcrcuLina striata, A. Adams. A. testd ovato-turritd, fuscd,

ers fascid pallidd transversd ornatd, anfractu penultimo gibboso ad

ie se suturas longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim valde striatd ; labio

calloso ; labri margine vix incrassato, intus lirato.

Hab. San Nicholas, isle of Zebu, 5 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

BMsQ2S4S 3. Actcutrna LaBraTa, A. Adams. A. testd turritd, acuminatd,

nitidd, cinerescente, fascid pallidd transversd ornatd, longitudi-

naliter costatd, costis ad suturam nodulosis, transversim sulcatd ;

labio fusco, calloso ; labro margine incrassato, fusco, valde flex-

uoso, postice sinuato, in medio producto.

Hab. Malacca, coarse sand, 10 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

BHM 197340 4, AcICULINA GLABRATA, A. Adams. A. testd turritd,acuminatd,

levi, nitidd, longitudinaliter substriatd, albidd, fasciis cinerescen-

tibus maculisque fuscis ornatd; labio calloso, anticé uniplicato ;

labri margine incrassato, fleruoso, in medio producto.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

BMtQ73et 5. Acicutina macuLaTa, A. Adams. A. testd turritd, levi,

nitidd, albd, maculis luteo-fuscis longitudinalibus ornatd, trans-

versim sulcatd, sulcis distantibus ; labio calloso, antice producto ;

columelld uniplicatd ; labro extus marginato, intus lirato.

Hab. Banang, Sargassinan, isle of Luzon, muddy sand, low water

(H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

@.w.\a73tez 6. AcicuLtina virrata, A. Adams. A. testd turritd, albidd, ni-

tidd, fascid transversd fuscd interruptd ornatd, transversim sul-

catd, longitudinaliter costatd; labio cailoso; columelld bituber-

culatd, et antice valde uniplicatd ; labro extus varicoso, intus den-

tato-lirato.

Hab. Ticao, coral sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

2. ON A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS MoNTIFRINGILLA.

By Joun Govutp, F.R.S.

For a knowledge of this species we are indebted to Lord Gifford,

by whom several examples were killed in Thibet. It is intimately

allied to Montifringilla Gebleri, but differs in being of a larger size,

115

in the darker colouring of the head and face, and in the deeper tint

of the back and rump ; the latter part is moreover ornamented with a

patch of blood-red, which has suggested the specific name of hemato-

pygia as an appropriate appellation ; it also differs from M. Gedleri

in being destitute of the orange-red mark on the shoulders.

MonTIFRINGILLA HAMATOPYGIA.

Face and forehead brownish black, gradually blending into the

light greyish brown of the upper surface ; rump stained with blood-

red; upper tail-coverts brown, tipped with dull white; tail dark

brown, each feather margined externally with white ; wing-coverts

hoary ; wings dark brown, the first four primaries narrowly edged

with white, the next five primaries with a broad streak of white along

the basal portion of their external webs, terminating in a line with

the extremities of the secondaries, which are externally fringed with

hoary ; spurious wing dark brown, margined at the base with whitish ;

under surface very light brown, gradually becoming paler, until on

the under tail-coverts the hue is buffy white; bill and feet bluish

black.

Total length, 63 inches; bill, }; wing, 43; tail, 23; tarsi, 1.

3. ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF TROCHILIDE.

By Joun Govuxp, F.R.S.

Mr. Gould exhibited some remarkably fine examples of the Tro-

chilus Jardinii of Bourcier, and then characterized the following

species :—

TrRocuitvs ( ?) AMABILIS.

Crown of the head shining metallic green; chin black; breast

beautiful shining blue, with a line of lustrous green commencing at

the angle of the bill, passing down the sides of the neck and sur-

rounding the base; upper surface bronzy green; tail-coverts and

central tail-feathers greenish bronze; lateral tail-feathers brownish

black ; wings purplish brown ; under surface like the upper, but less

brilliant ; centre of abdomen and under tail-coverts grey, the centre

of the latter bronzy green.

Total length, 32 inches; bill, 3; wing, 24; tail, 14-

Hab. New Grenada.

Remark.—About the size of T. albirostris.

PHAETHORNIS GRISEOGULARIS.

Head, upper surface and wing-coverts bronzy brown; upper tail-

coverts rufous; ear-coverts blackish brown; wings purple brown ;

base of the tail dark brown, the apical third of the two central feathers

dark grey, tipped with white, the apical third of the next feather on

each side grey on the inner web, buff on the outer web, and tipped

with white ; the three lateral feathers on each side tipped with buff ;

under surface sandy buff, with a wash of dull grey down the chin and

a crescent of black across the breast ; upper mandible black ; basal

116

two-thirds of the under mandible yellow, apical third blackish brown ;

feet yellow.

Total length, 33 inches; bill, 1; wing, 1}; tail, 13.

Hab. Columbia.

Remark.—Nearly allied to P. Eremita and P. pygmea, but dif-

fering from them in being of a larger size, in the total absence of any

crescentic black mark on the chest, in having the throat clouded with

dark grey instead of buff, and the two central tail-feathers tipped

with grey and their shafts black.

4. Nore on THE SuBORBITAL GLAND OF THE NYLGHAU.

By H. N. Turner, Esa., Jun.

Among the cranial characters of the genus Portaz I have adduced

the want of a suborbital depression, and the existence of a smooth

line running along the surface of the bone; and as I had observed

appearances of a suborbital sinus in the living animal, which I could

not detect in the dried specimens, I felt much interested in the exa-

mination of the parts in one that recently died in the Gardens, and

which Mr. Mitchell kindly forwarded to me for dissection.

Externally there is a slight pit immediately in front of the orbit,

and anteriorly to it a small longitudinal fold of the skin, in the middle

of which is a little round pore, through which exudes a yellowish

secretion, furnished by a gland placed just underneath. The gland

itself is slightly larger than a hazel-nut, and is laid upon the surface

of the bone without any fossa to receive it, but is firmly attached to

the smooth line before observed. The tendo oculi, and a few fibres

of the orbicularis palpebrarum are attached to it.

The small pit immediately in front of the orbit is merely the space

below the tendo oculi, between the gland and the rim of the orbit.

In the Nylghau, the existence of a “lacrymal sinus” has usually

been acknowledged ; but it affords a good example of the incertitude

with which we can ever deny that it exists in a species of which fresh

specimens have not been examined with a view to this character, and

in which no traces of the organ are discernible, either in the dry skin,

or in the existence of a fossa in the skull.

Pimlico, March 1851.

5. Letrer on THE DEAL-FISH, FROM Dr. DucGuIpD To

Dr. BARKER. COoMMUNICATED BY Mr. YARRELL.

“ Kirkwall, 5 March 1851.

“In April 1829, I received from Mr. Strang, Sanday, a specimen

of a fish which had been found on the shores of that island, with a

request that I should give him some information about it. He men-

tioned that he had met with many specimens during a series of

years,—that it was well known to the natives of the island, by whom

it was called the Deal-fish, and that they often found it thrown

ashore, and even occasionally used it as food. I easily ascertained,

from the works to which I had access, that it was a fish unknown to

117

the British Fauna, but could not determine what it really was. The

specimen being a good deal mutilated about the head and abdomen,

and in a state of partial decomposition, I did not attempt to preserve

it, but drew up as correct a description of it as its condition admitted

of, which I sent to Dr. Fleming, along with all the information about

it which I could obtain from Mr. Strang, and also a somewhat rough

drawing. Dr. Fleming wrote, of date 8th May, 1829, at once deter-

mining the fish to be the Gymnogaster arcticus of Brunnich, or

Vaagmaer, as described by Cuvier in his ‘ Régne Animal,’ ii. 246, a

native of the seas of Iceland ;—at the same time mentioning some

slight discrepancies, which more perfect specimens, since procured,

have completely removed. With my consent, he drew up a notice of

it, which was inserted in the 4th volume of ‘ Loudon’s Magazine of

Nat. Hist.,’ along with a plate from the drawing sent. This article

I have not met with, having merely seen Yarrell’s quotations from it.

Since 1829 I have met with seven or eight specimens, some of which

were mutilated by birds, and some quite entire, and from the latter

I have ascertained the existence of ventral fins, which are exceedingly

minute and rudimental, and easily overlooked, more especially if the

specimen be not quite fresh and perfect. I am now therefore enabled

to say with certainty that there can be no doubt of the identity of

the fish occurring in these islands with the Vaagmaer, as described

and figured in Yarrell’s Supplement to the Ist edition of his ‘ British

Fishes,’ from information supplied by Professor Reinhardt of Copen-

hagen, and there named Trachypterus vogmarus. In the first figure,

given at page 14, the ventral fins are much too long and conspicuous,

but they are quite correctly represented in the vignette at page 18.

The late Dr. John Reid, of St. Andrews, published an article in the

Annals of Nat. Hist., June 1849, describing a specimen of the T'ra-

chypterus Bogmarus thrown ashore on the coast of Fifeshire, in which

he says, ‘ No unquestionahly genuine specimen of this rare fish has,

as far as I am aware, been hitherto found in the British seas; for

the description and figure of the fishes thrown ashore in Orkney,

supposed to be specimens of the Deal-fish or Vaagmaer, given by

Dr. Fleming on the authority of Dr. Duguid, differ in so many im-

portant points from the Vaagmaer as must excite doubts as to their

identity.’ Now Dr. Reid has not stated what the important points

of difference are between my description and that of Prof. Reinhardt.

It is true there is one important point—important as determining

the proper classification of the fish—the existence or non-existence of

ventral fins. These I did not detect; but it is not surprising, con-

sidering their minuteness, and the mutilated condition of the only

specimen I had then seen. We have at this moment three dried

ones in the Orkney Museum, not so perfect as could be desired, but

sufficiently so to determine this point, as well as the identity of the

fish with the Icelandic Vaagmaer. It is strange also that Dr. Reid

never mentions the existence of ventral fins in his specimen at all,

and that also, while he denies that the fishes thrown ashore in Ork-

ney are the Deal-fish or Vaagmaer, he should forget that the popular

name Deal-fish is strictly of Orcadian origin.’

118

6. ON AN UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF MEGAPODIUS.

By L. Luewettyn Ditiwyn, Esa., F.G.S., F.Z.S. ere.

(Aves, Pl. XX XIX.)

My friend Mr. James Motley, who is now conducting the operations

of the Eastern Archipelago Company in Labuan, has lately sent me

home a box of zoological specimens which he has collected in that

island, and among the birds was the pair of the Megapodius, one of

which I now produce; it is, I believe, identical with the species in

the British Museum sent home by Mr. Cuming from the Philip-

pine Islands. In the catalogue accompanying the specimens, and,

in several letters which I have received from him, he has described

some of the habits of these curious birds, and deeming that original

observations, however scanty, on the habits of almost any animal

from that remote region might not be uninteresting to the Society, I

have abstracted from his communications to me the following notice

respecting them :—

These birds are said to be principally confined to small islands,

and to such more especially as have sandy beaches; they are not

uncommon in Labuan, but are, however, very rarely to be seen, as

they are very shy, and frequent dense flat parts of the jungle, where

the ratans grow and where the luxuriance of the vegetation renders

concealment easy.

The Malays snare them by forming long thick fences in unfre-

quented parts of the jungle; in these they leave openings at intervals

in which they place traps; the birds, running through the cover in

search of food, meeting the obstruction caused by the fence, run

along it till they come to one of the openings, through which they

push their way and are trapped.

Their food principally consists of seeds and insects.

In walking they lift their feet very high from the ground, and set

up their backs something like guinea fowls; they frequently make a

loud noise, like the very loud screech of a chicken when caught.

They are very pugnacious, and fight with great fury by jumping

upon one another’s backs and scratching with their long strong claws.

The eggs are of a fine dark cream-colour, and of very large size,

three of them weighing nearly as much as a full-grown bird. Ac-

cording to the general account given to Mr. Motley by the Malays,

each bird lays about eight or ten at each time of breeding ; the place

they select for depositing them is always situated near the beach, and

close within the edge of the jungle, and here they bury them in the

sandy soil to the depth of about eighteen inches; over the place

where they are thus buried the bird collects a large heap of shells

and rubbish, so that a person who has seen their nest has no diffi-

culty in finding it again; the eggs thus deposited are left to be hatched

by the heat of the sun, and this the natives assert requires between

three and four months to complete. Mr. Motley himself found upon

breaking an egg which had been thus situated for nearly six weeks,

that it contained merely the embryo of a chick, about as much ad-

vanced as that of a hen’s egg at four days. Some other eggs which

ACM LIeTOR A NC YW ;

WINTY saay G7 90L7

119

were brought him, but which he had no means of ascertaining how

long they had been laid, he buried in a box of sand about 3 feet deep

and exposed to the weather. At the end of about three weeks a young

bird came up, not downy, but covered with little shafts or pens ready

to form feathers. One of the Malays employed by Mr. Motley saw it

emerge, and said that it just shook off the sand and ran away so fast

that it was with difficulty caught. On the next day, when Mr. Motley

first saw it, it appeared to him to be about half-grown. From the first

it fed itself without hesitation, scratching and turning up the earth

like an old bird. Two more afterwards emerged in the same state.

According to Mr. Motley, the sexes are alike, except that the naked

skin about the head is redder in the male than in the female.

In his investigations respecting the nidification of these birds, Mr.

Motley was much assisted by Mr. Low, who is resident in the island.

As the Philippine specimens brought home by Mr. Cuming have

not yet been characterized, I propose to name this species

Mercapopivus CuMINGII.

Sp. Char. Olivaceous brown above; blackish slate colour with a

slight olivaceous tinge below ; the feathers on the throat and nape are

thinly dispersed, so as to leave that part nearly bare; on the hind

head the feathers are somewhat lengthened, forming a kind of crest ;

bill black at the base, yellowish towards the tip; legs, feet and claws

black ; the bare skin about the head is redder in the male than in the

female.

in. lin.

Length from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail, about 14 0

Op, DUN GONE DADE eae ase oe ae ga es a eas estes Leng

GE BU ee PORE el seo yin et tase Cee.

Sak UE oS ates “Gell Seu alan cerd idea Hineermnabae aaa at « sill

GCA, SIDEMAN ee GER ne tone sop ene Sng OO

TSU S 39 onktenthedenaiedina raf enc edge maracas atte ae ted

CAPE GTT (2h ON ee eee data an ee in ampere abe Pi i i

Poi TCU LS: pe clnet Re a dale ep a ees ag

The front toes are nearly equal, the middle toe being rather the

longest, and the inner one shortest.

To the foregoing account some additional details of considerable in-

terest may be subjoined. These details, although dated Labuan, July

1850, were not received until after Mr. Dillwyn’s communication :—

ExtTrRAct From A Letter From Mr. Hues Low, DATED

LaBvan, 4TH oF JuLy, 1850.

«‘T have been using great exertions to procure for the Earl of

Derby a very remarkable Gallinaceous bird, the existence of which I

ascertained only three months back ; having no books I am unable

to refer to its genus, but it is nearer a Guinea fowl than anything else.

I heard from the natives that such a bird existed, and that its eggs

120

were occasionally to be procured. I offered a dollar each for all they

would bring me; and first one was brought, afterwards five, but I

could not succeed in hatching either of these under fowls. The first,

after having been set upon for a month, was picked to pieces by its

foster-parent, and the chick had apparently but just begun to form.

The five eggs were addled. Having learned that the birds abounded

on a small island, about a hundred miles along the coast, I bired a

boat and five men, and sent them, about fourteen days since, with

snares, &c., to endeavour to catch some of the old birds and to seek

for the nests, this being the laying season, and to gather plants of

Phalcinopsis, which grows on the same island (Pulo Tigu and Pulo

Guya). They returned yesterday, bringing with them 102 eggs and

only two birds, both of which had their legs injured by the snares.

The sight of the eggs and birds have pertectly astonished me, the

body of the former being no larger than that of a bantam, while the egg

is as long, though not so broad, as that of a Chinese goose. The men

say that on the different islands they visited they found a good many

nests, which are placed at a little distance from the sea-shore, in the

jungle of small islands, the spot being invariably marked by a large

collection of sticks and branches. The eggs are found about three

feet deep in the sand, and the men assure me that the bird has no

communication with them except by rasping away the sand. ‘The

man I employed has lived all his life on small islands, hunting for

tortoise-shell, and well knows the habits of the bird; he says the eggs

are hatched entirely by the sun’s heat, or rather the heat in the sand.

One of the birds he brought died this morning, and I shall put its

skin together with some of the eggs in a box, that you may send

them to Earl Derby. I do not like to take the liberty of writing to

his lordship myself, but if I can succeed in getting a lot of young

birds, I shall not fail to send them to him by the very first opportu-

nity. I have placed some of the eggs under fowls, and some in sand

out of doors; some also in sand in a warm house, where I can regu-

late the temperature; and I have hopes of rearing, or at least of

hatching, some of the chicks, if the eggs are still good: but I think

that by sending the men again in three months’ time with snares I

might catch a lot of the young ones hatched naturally, and be able

to rear them. The bird is said not to be found on the mainland:

the eggs are reported excellent eating.

* Aug. 12. Of the eggs I wrote to you so much about last mail, .

one only has hatched: the chick came up full-fledged from under

three feet of sand, and immediately ran about with the most surprising

activity. It eats rice, ants’ eggs, &c. with the greatest avidity, and

as it is now three weeks old, I have every hope of preserving it. More

of the eggs appear to have chickens in them, and I hope will hatch.

The bird, as I have ascertained, is an undescribed species of Mega-

podius.”

—_~

Head West Imp

Molar tooth of the American Tapir:

section through the crown.

bias Ss

& >

rors

*'y

Cn Ae

ee,

ie a

121

April 8, 1851.

Professor Thomas Bell, Sec. R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE TEETH OF THE AMERICAN AND

Inp1An Tarirs. By Joun Tomes, F.R.S.

(Mammalia, Pl. X XIX.)

It is now upwards of fifteen years since the attention of physiolo-

gists and comparative anatomists was drawn to the structure of the

tissues which enter into the composition of the dental organs. In

1678 Leeuwenhoek communicated a paper to the Royal Society, on

the Structure of the Teeth and other Bones, in which he described the

dentinal tubes. His researches, however, were not confirmed by sub-

sequent observers, and indeed were almost entirely overlooked until

the period to which I have referred. Purkinjé, in 1835, confirmed

the correctness of Leeuwenhoek’s observations, at the time uncon-

scious that the tubular structure of the dentine had been previously

recognised. He also described the structure of the cementum.

Prof. Retzius was in the same year engaged in examining the

structure of the dental tissues, and published the results in 1836. In

1837 Prof. Retzius published a work on the subject, the substance of

which was in 1839 printed in our own language by Mr. Nasmyth.

In the latter part of 1837 I was engaged in examining the dental

tissues, at that time unconscious that the subject had occupied the

attention of the German or Swedish anatomists. In June 1838 the

results of my examination were read before the Royal Society. In

September of the same year, Prof. Owen read a paper on the Structure

of the Teeth, before the British Association. In 1840 the publication

of Prof. Owen’s ‘Odontography’ was commenced, and completed in

1845. In this work will be found descriptions of the structure of

the teeth of animals belonging to each division of Vertebrata.

In these various essays the authors agreed generally in the main

facts of dental structure, and in each successive publication new facts

were related. Judging from the amount which had been published,

it might have been concluded that the subject was well nigh ex-

hausted. Such however was not the case: many blunders, in the

hurry which is incident to a new subject, had been committed and

required correction, while many important facts had failed to be recog-

nised. Prof. Owen pointed out that in the Order Edentata the teeth

are destitute of enamel, while it is present in the other mammalian

orders, with the exception of a few isolated cases.

Having neglected the subject of dental structure for some years,

in consequence of more urgent pursuits, in 1847 I again entered on

the inquiry, which to me possessed great attractions, not only on

account of various modifications which are to be found in the arrange-

122

ment of the components of the tissues in different animals, but also

in minor modifications in the teeth of the same animal.

My inquiries were first directed to human teeth ; the results, both

as regards structure and development, were published in my ‘ Lec-

tures on Dental Physiology and Surgery,’ 1838. The teeth of mar-

supial animals next occupied my attention. In this order it was

found that the dentinal tubes are continued into and form a consider-

able portion of the enamel, excepting only in the Wombat. The re-

sults of these investigations will be found in the Second Part of the

‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1849.

By the help of this Society I have been enabled to make an ex-

tensive series of investigations in the teeth of the Order Rodentia,

with results which have far exceeded my expectations. Each family,

as arranged by Mr. Waterhouse, has its peculiar structure of enamel,

an account of which, with illustrations, is published in Part 2 of the

‘ Philosophical Transactions,’ 1850.

Having, by way of preface, given a very cursory and imperfect in-

dication of what has been done in dental structure, or rather of what

has been recognised as peculiar to certain groups of mammalian ani-

mals, in order to show that the subject is not without importance, I

shall proceed to lay before the Society certain peculiarities which I

find exist in the teeth of the two Tapirs, and which are, to the best

of my belief, confined to those creatures. It should however be under-

stood, that similar conditions may be found in the teeth of other ani-

mals, but at present I believe they have not been seen. I have

myself examined numerous examples from each of the mammalian

orders, and from the great majority of the genera, and have failed to

find a condition of dentine similar to that of the Tapir’s tooth. Under

these circumstances, it may, I think, be fairly assumed to be charac-

teristic of those animals, and hence has a degree of importance which

it otherwise would not possess. With this impression, I have thought

it desirable that the facts should be recorded.

The dentine of the molar teeth, when exposed by making a longi-

tudinal section through the centre of the crown and fangs, and re-

ducing it sufficiently thin to be viewed by transmitted light, is seen to

be composed of tubes which pursue a uniform course. Those which

are destined to reach the highest parts of cusps or ridges pursue a

straight course, subject to slight undulations, while others, which pass

to the sides of the cusps, are turned in the latter part of their course

away from the central line of the cusps or ridges ; others again, which

pass to the lowest points of the depressions on the masticating sur-

face of the tooth, follow a tolerably straight course. The dentine

which forms the sides of the tooth is occupied by tubes which in the

outer third of their course describe a bold curve outwards, the con-

vexity of which is directed towards the crown of the tooth, but on

approaching the enamel turns a little upwards. In the fangs of the

teeth, the dentinal tubes, in addition to describing a double curve, are

subject to strongly-marked secondary undulations. The dentinal

tubes, as they leave the pulp-cavity for the crown of the tooth, have

123

a diameter of about the 7500th of an inch, which is gradually dimi-

nished to the 15,000th. When within a short distance of the enamel,

they suddenly dilate into a more or less oval cell, from which a few

very minute tubes pass off towards the line of junction of the enamel

and dentine. The bulbous terminations of the tubes are more con-

stant and larger about the prominences of the cusps, and diminish in

size and frequency on the sides of the tooth, where the enamel be-

comes thin, at the termination of which they altogether cease. The

bulbs have an average diameter of about 3450, and are in length

about the 1000th of aninch. In addition to the terminal dilatations,

the coronal tubes are subject to occasional dilatations in their course.

It is by no means uncommon to find instances where a peripheral

layer of cells lies underneath the enamel, into which the dentinal

tubes pass, and through which an anastomosis is effected; but in

no other teeth save those of the Tapir do the coronal tubes termi-

nate in well-marked and uniform cell-like dilatations having distinct

parietes. I have pointed out several examples, in my paper on the

teeth of Rodentia, in which these peripheral cells are found, but they

are irregular in shape, have not distinct parietes, and are entered by

the ultimate branches of the dentinal tubes ; whereas in the Tapir

the cells are formed by the expansion of the tubes, which previous to

the expansion give off few if any branches. Some however subdi-

vide once or twice in their course ; in which case the smaller of the

divisions do not commonly dilate into terminal cells, but form anasto-

moses with other tubes similarly circumstanced.

In the fangs the dentinal tubes leave the pulp-cavity with a dia-

meter of the 7500th of an inch, and speedily dilate to the 6000th.

During the greater part of their course they give off very minute,

hair-like, short branches; but when near their termination they in-

crease in size, turn a little upwards towards the crown of the tooth,

and send out numerous branches, the majority of which pass from

the lower sides of the tubes. The ultimate branches pass into the

granular tissue, which, interspersed with irregular cells, forms the

outer part of the dentine of the fangs. Near the neck of the tooth

the granular dentine exists as a thin layer, which becomes thickened

and more opake from the greater number of cells in the lower part

of the fang.

Partially obliterated vascular canals enter from the surface of the

fang, and proceed in straight lines through the dentine to the pulp-

cavity. In the Indian species similar vascular canals proceed from

the pulp-cavity towards the ridges of the masticating surface, and

appear to terminate in loops. They have a diameter of about the

1000th of an inch. In a molar tooth of the American Tapir, for

which I am indebted to the Society, vascular canals do not exist in

the crown. This difference will, if found to be constant, serve to

distinguish the molars of the two species. Near the extremities of

the fangs the dentine graduates insensibly into the granular condition,

and this again into the cementum, without offering any generic pecu-

harities.

124

The cementum is in no part of the fang very abundant, as com-

pared with the amount which is found in the teeth of many other

animals. Near the neck of the tooth it is arranged in minute rods

or columns, similar to that which I have described as existing in the

teeth of many Rodents. In this situation it is destitute of lacunee ;

but in tracing it downwards towards the root of the tooth, where it

is increased in quantity, lacunze possessing the usual characters are

found. In addition to the lacunz the cementum is traversed in parts

by ill-defined canaliculi, which proceed from the surface of the fang in

tolerably straight lines.

In tracing a longitudinal section of a molar tooth downwards from

the crown to the end of the fang, it will be seen that at places the

dentine has been removed and the space filled up with cementum.

Here and in other parts the cementum is abundantly supplied with

vascular canals.

The enamel does not differ in any material points from that of the

teeth of Ruminants. The fibres have a minutely granular appearance

and have a diameter of about the 5000th of an inch. On the sides

of the tooth they pursue an outward course, and make one bold curve,

the convexity of which is directed towards the masticating surface,

while on the crown of the tooth their course is waved and irregular ;

an arrangement which no doubt adds much to the strength of the

tissue in that part where the greatest strength is required.

In the incisor teeth similar peculiarities may be observed, but they

are much less strongly marked than in the molar teeth. Vascular

canals are, too, of less frequent occurrence in the incisor teeth.

I hope on a future occasion to be enabled to lay before the Society

a statement of the peculiarities which pertain to and are characteristic

of other groups of animals.

2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF GORGONIADZ.

By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., P.B.S. etc.

(Radiata, Pl. III.)

The Coral here described was sent to me by Sir John Richardson.

It is nearly allied to Gorgonia, but the branches are erect, clavate,

and very rarely subdivided. The bark is very thick, formed of nu-

merous close diverging cells radiating round a very thin, small, black

compressed axis, each of the cells ending in a conical prominent tu-

bercle closely covered externally with red calcareous spicula. The

expanded base and the base of the stem and the interspaces between

the cells are covered with smaller red calcareous granules.

This genus may be named and characterized thus :—

GoniGoRIA.

Coral clavate, slightly branched; the root dilated; axis horns,

black, compressed, thin; bark thick, calcareous, covered with conical

tubercles, each covered externally with numerous close red spicula.

“day 359447 PY

StTEAUSPIS00 “eYEATO BLIOS tO} [

4 WV f v tn UA yn wy)

125

Gonigoria cLAvATA. (Radiata, Pl. III. fig. 1.)

Coral clavate, rounded at the end, simple, or rarely forked.

Hab. 2

The coral is almost two inches high, and the thickest part is about

one-third of an inch in diameter.

I take this opportunity of presenting a figure of another Coral,

which, although described\by me several years since, has not yet been

engraved.

NIDALIA OCCIDENTALIS, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 60. (Ra-

; fy

diata, Pl. III. fig. 2.)

f P AS

Hab. West Indies, Montserrat. f St l

3. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF BIVALVE SHELLS, AND A

Sra Ecc, rrom New ZEALAND.

By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., P.B.S. erc.

Mr. Richard Taylor, of Wanganui, New Zealand, has kindly sent

to the British Museum a series of marine and freshwater shells, col-

lected by him in 1847. Among many other interesting specimens is

one which combines the form and internal appearance of a Solen with

the hinge-characters of a Mactra, and evidently forming the type of a

genus not hitherto observed. It may be thus named and character-

ized :-—

VANGANELLA.

Shell equivalve, oblong, transverse, thin, compressed, rounded be-

hind, rather produced and tapering in front, covered with a thin,

hard, polished periostraca; the inner surface of each valve straight,

with two diverging, thickened ribs just within the stars of the ab-

ductor muscles, which are large and far apart, and the upper front

edge of the valve double; siphonal inflection short, broad; hinge-

tooth of left valve folded together, moderate; of right valve small,

separate ; lateral teeth short, small, close to hinge-tooth of left valve

double ; the ligament small, just within the cardinal edge, not sepa-

rated by any shell plate from the cartilage, and partly hidden from

view by the upper edge of the hinge-margin ; the cartilage very large,

inclosed in a large, elongate, shallow, triangular pit on the upper part

of the hinder internal rib.

The position of the cartilage-pit and the internal ribs at once sepa-

rate this genus from Spisula.

VANGANELLA TAYLORII.

Shell rather compressed, white, smooth, covered with a pale brown-

ish-white polish ; periostraca darker coloured on the upper part of

the front edge; the upper hinder slope irregularly wrinkled with

periostraca.

Hab. New Zealand.

126

ARACHNOIDES ANTIPODARUM.

Body rather convex, with five broad sunken grooves, rather more

than one-third the width of the sections of the body, and forming in-

flexed spaces on the edge of the circumference; ambulacra nearly

straight, and regularly diverging, without any isolated pores between

the end of the ambulacra and the circumference of the body.

Hab. New Zealand. Coast of Wanganui.

This species is easily known from the A. placenta of the North Sea

(Agassiz, Monog. t. 21. fig. 25-42) by its being rather larger and con-

siderably more convex, and in the grooves edged above by the ambu-

lacra being broader compared to the sections of the shell. It differs

also in having the ambulacra nearly straight and without any isolated

pores between them, as in the edge of the shell figured by Agassiz,

t. 21. f. 39.

The specimen was unfortunately broken in the carriage from New

Zealand, and the part of the shell containing the ovarial pores was

destroyed.

The upper and lower part of the shell is supported by compressed

perpendicular columns, about one-third the width of the disk; near

the oral disk there are placed five pairs of short processes for the sup-

port of the jaws; the jaws are triangular; they agree, as does the

disposition of the spire, tubercle, and all the other external characters,

with the northern species as figured by Agassiz from the specimen

in the Museum collection.

4, REMARKS ON THE GENUS HAPALOTIS.

By Joun Goutp, F.R.S.

With the view of correcting some errors respecting the members

of the genus Hapalotis, and of describing two new species, Mr. Gould

exhibited an extensive series of specimens, including several species of

this curious form of Rodent, from his own collection: viz.—

1. Hapauoris ausipes, Licht.

2. Hapatoris Apicauis, Gould, n. s.

This new species is about the size of, and similar in colour to,

H. albipes, but it has larger ears, and its feet, which are perfectly

white, as in that animal, are much more delicately formed, and the

tail is nearly destitute of the long brushy hairs towards the tip; the

eye is also much smaller.

Face and sides of the neck blue-grey ; upper part of the head, space

between the ears, the ears and upper parts of the body, pale brown

interspersed with numerous fine black hairs; under surface white ;

flanks mingled grey and buffy white; fore feet white, with an ob-

lique mark of dark brown separating the white from the greyish

brown of the upper surface ; hinder tarsi and feet white ; basal three-

fourths of the tail brown, apical fourth thinly clothed with white

hairs.

127

inches.

Length from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail 8

65 0 of 01S) NT aa i x ra ea 8i

of the tarsus and toes............-...-055 13

from the tip of the nose to the base of the ears 13

PIPER CT ASD. CRSA al aR oa

3. Hapatortis nirsutus, Gould.

Mus hirsutus, Gould in Proc. Zool. Soc. part x. 1842, p. 12.

Since this singular species was brought from Port Essington by

Mr. Gilbert, at the close of 1841, a second and more perfect indi-

vidual, also Sani the northern coast of Australia, has been deposited

in the British Museum.

This is the largest species of the genus.

4. Hapatoris conpiror, Gould in Sturt’s Narr. of Exp. to Cen-

tral Australia, vol. i. pl. in p. 120; vol. ii. App. p. 7.

5. Hapatoris tonercaupatus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. part xii.

p- 104.

6. Hapatoris Goutpu, Gray, App. to Grey’s Trav. in Australia,

vol. ii. pp. 404, 413; List of Mamm. in Brit. Mus. Coll.

p- 116.

H. Richardsonii, Gray, on specimens in Brit. Mus.

H. macrotis, Gray, on specimens in Brit. Mus.

H. Mitchellii, Gould, Mamm. of Australia, part i. pl. 15.

Hab. Western and Southern Australia.

7. Hapatoris muRiNus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. part xiii. 1845,

p. 78.

Hab. South Australia and the Liverpool Plains in New South Wales.

8. Hapatotis CeRvINvs, Gould, n. s.

The whole of the head, upper surface and sides of the body, of the

most delicate fawn colour, interspersed with numerous fine black hairs

on the head and back ; whiskers greyish black ; nose and under sur-

face white ; tail pale brown, lighter beneath ; ears very large, some-

what pointed, and nearly destitute of hairs.

inches.

Length from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail 43

Givthe. tallest 4 neta se ted cres Cee 54

of the tarsus and toes. . x Be

from the tip of the nose to the base of the ears 1t

BE CICATAE os. sso See tet. eke nsec as li

This beautiful species was brought from the interior of South

Australia by Captain Sturt. It is one of the smallest members of the

genus, and is remarkable for the delicacy of its colouring and for the

large size of its tail in comparison with that of its body.

128

5. NOTE ON A NEW SPECIES OF FRANCOLIN.

By Dr. Nicuotson, H.E.1I.C. Mepicau Service.

(Aves, Pl. XL.)

While in Arabia in February 1836, I proceeded into the interior

as far as the town of Moosa, about twenty miles to the eastward of

Mocha in Yemen, accompanied by Captain Bull of the Indian Navy,

in quest of plants and other objects of natural history, as well as

with the view of seeing the country. Having delivered our intro-

duction to the chief of that district, he assigned us quarters in his

palace and appointed an Arab huntsman to attend us—as well to

show us game, as to be a guardian to our persons. We started at

daylight, mounted on asses, and pursued our course to the eastward

for about six miles, when at the foot of a range of hills, in a jungle of

Acacia arabica, we came on several large coveys of guinea-fowl. We

soon found that it was of no use to attempt to get a shot by walking

after them, as they soon left us; so we followed, and whenever they

entered a thick piece of jungle we ran up in time to get a shot at them,

being pressed to take wing. In this way we made a very good bag,

to which we afterwards added a bustard (differing from the Indian)

and several small hares, which were very abundant. At the first

shot I brought down, as I supposed, a couple of guinea-fowl, right

and left, but on picking them up found that one of them was a fine

species of Francolin, coloured as in the accompanying sketch.

Bill and legs coral-red, the latter with blunt knobs for spurs; the

top of the head, a line under the eye from the angle of the mouth,

and a patch below it, black; round the eye and some way down the

neck, buff; breast and side covered with large patches of black, buff,

and light blue or french-grey ; all the back and other parts french-

grey ; the quills are light buff.

This magnificent bird we found afterwards in pairs, betraying the

same habits as the two species of Francolin in India, the male often

standing and crowing on some small eminence. These birds are fully

as large as the gallina, which is not quite so large as the domesticated

species, but as large as a good-sized fowl.

I propose for this bird the name of Francolinus yemensis.

Proc’. Z 8; Aves’. XL’.

J. Wolf, Lith M.&.N. Hanhart , Imp*

FRANGOLINUS YEMENSIBS Wchotson.

129

May 13, 1851.

John Edward Gray, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. OBsERVATIONS ON THE Eye OF THE MOLE, IN A LETTER

ADDRESSED TO W. Spence, Esaq., F.R.S.

By Joun Davy, M.D., F.R.S.

In a letter with which you favoured me some weeks ago, you

made mention of Schiddte’s ‘ Faunze Subterraneze Specimen,’ and

of the interesting discoveries described in it of several species of

eyeless animals, the inhabitants of caves into which the sun’s rays

never penetrate, and where, in utter darkness, visual organs would

consequently be useless.

Reflecting on the subject, I thought it worth while to examine with

some care the eyes of the common Mole, an animal that spends the

greater portion of its time beneath the surface of the earth, and seems

in its general organization specially adapted for a subterraneous life.

I shall chiefly notice what, in the dissections I have made, appears

to be peculiar.

The first peculiarity that arrests attention is, that the eyes of the

Mole are not contained in bony sockets, but lie unprotected by any

bony prominences in the cellular tissue, beneath the common integu-

ments ; and, in consequence, were this animal an extinct one, and its

skeleton found in a fossil state, there being no orbit, the palzeontolo-

gist might be led to infer that it is a species destitute of eyes.

The next peculiarity I would mention is in regard to eye-lashes.

These too it seems to be destitute of. The hair in which the eyes

are buried, and by which they are defended, seems to be the common

fur of the head. I could detect in that immediately surrounding

them no hairs of larger dimensions, or in any respect different from

those of which its fine fur is composed.

The apertures for the admission of light constitute another pecu-

liarity. When the fur is removed from the skin surrounding the

eyes, a minute aperture appears over each, about ;;th of an inch in

length when closed, and, in this state, linear and straight, but cir-

cular when fully expanded. The extreme margins of these openings

in the integuments being covered with fur, there is no well-marked

appearance of eyelids,—indeed, it may be a question, whether the

Mole, in strictness, can be said to possess these appendages. From

the observations I have made, I am disposed however to infer that it

does possess them, but imperfect ;—imperfect, not having been able

to detect beneath the marginal cutis any vestige of ciliary cartilages,

and yet having found in the surrounding subcutaneous cellular tissue

muscular fibres so arranged as if designed for closure, resembling an

orbieular muscle, and probably designed for and performing the part

of such a muscle.

No. CCXXVII.—ProcreEpInGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

130

As to the other muscles of the eye, one only, an abductor, was

distinguishable from adjoining muscles. It is of large size compara-

tively, and it may be inferred powerful: by acting on it, seizing it

with a forceps, and drawing it upwards, the ball of the eye was re-

tracted, thus denoting its office. I sought in vain for other muscles.

That they were not discovered, supposing them to exist, is not sur-

prising, considering the smallness of the organ and its peculiar un-

insulated position, most unfavourable for discriminating the subordi-

nate parts pertaining to it, such as the muscles.

Relative to the constituent parts of the organs themselves, except-

ing their delicacy and minuteness, I am not aware of any peculiarity.

The eye-ball is about ;.th of an inch in diameter; the iris dark

brown ; the pupil circular ; the lens about ;,rd of an inch in dia-

meter. Traces of a vitreous humour, and also of an aqueous, were

observable ; the former in the appearance of a cellular texture, as seen

under the microscope with a high power; the latter as an exudation

of moisture, a just perceptible quantity of fluid, when the ball was

ruptured. From the situation of the eyes low down in the face, the

optic nerves are necessarily of unusual length.

The dissections, of which I have thus briefly given the results, I

need hardly remark were made chiefly under water, and with the aid

of the microscope.

To return to the subject which led to the inquiry, viz. the subter-

raneous eyeless Fauna brought to light by the Danish naturalist, you

in your letter briefly advert to the speculations which this curious

discovery gives rise to, as, ‘‘ whether these animals originally had

eyes, and have lost them from want of use by inhabiting for ages

dark caves; or, whether they were originally created without eyes,

for those abodes where they have no occasion for them,” &e. Allow

me to ask—fully appreciating the difficulty of solving such pro-

blems—whether the preceding observations on the eyes of the Mole

are not rather in favour of the latter than of the former solution? It

is easy to imagine how the optic nerve and the more important parts

of the organ of vision might diminish in size from little use ; but it

is difficult to suppose that the same circumstance could have any

material effect in obliterating a cavity in bone—the eye’s orbit—and,

if the Mole’s eyes were thus originally designed, why may not the

eyeless animals have been formed in the first instance without eyes ?

Do not we see throughout Nature the most perfect harmony between

the organic structure and the modes of life and habits of the living

beings, so that the one is the true index of the other,—and that in

the most minute details? Excuse my touching on these speculative

questions, which, probably, from their nature, always must be specu-

lative,—unless indeed the eyeless species are found otherwise identical

with species possessing eyes, and there be found also a gradation in

them, as to power and size in accordance with the degrees of light to

which the individuals have been habituated, as in advancing from the

open air and the entrance of the dark abodes to their deepest recesses.

Also, excuse me if the matter of this letter should not be new to you.

Lesketh How, Ambleside, April 28, 1851.

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131

P.S.—It may be deserving of mention, that notwithstanding the

small size of the eye of the Mole, its appearance in foetal development

is early : thus, in a foetus which I have recently examined, the length

of which was about three-quarters of an inch, the eyes were distinct ;

they were visible—conspicuous in the naked face, even without the

aid of a magnifying glass, and indeed were not much smaller than

those of the adult, and but little different in appearance : the diameter

of each was about ;4,th of an inch.

2. Notice oF Two VIVERRIDZ FROM CEYLON, LATELY LIVING

IN THE GARDENS. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S. etc.

(Mammalia, Pl. XXX., XXX1.)

The specimens here noticed were brought from Ceylon by Alex.

Grace, Esq., and lived some time in the Gardens of the Society.

The first is the species which I described some years ago under the

name of Herpestes Smithii (Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, ii.), from a speci-

men which was living in the Surrey Zoological Gardens, now pre-

served in the Collection of the British Museum: that specimen was

said to have been sent from the Cape of Good Hope, but this must

have been a mistake, as it is quite unknown to Dr. Burchell, Dr.

A. Smith, Mr. Smut, Dr. Wahlberg, or other zoologists who have

written on the animals of South Africa.

Mr. Grace informs me that it is an inhabitant of the interior part

of Ceylon. It is by far the most beautiful species of the genus, as

will be seen from the accompanying illustration (Mamm., Pl. XXX.).

- The second is a new species of Cynictis, which I propose to call

Cynictis Maccartui£®. (Mammalia, Pl. XXXI.)

Teeth normal. Red brown; hair elongate, flaccid, pale brown,

with a broad, black subterminal band, and a long whitish brown

tip; of hands and feet shorter. Feet blackish brown, hair white

tipped. Claws elongate, slender, compressed, especially of the two

middle toes of the fore feet. Tail redder; hair elongate, one-

coloured, red. Ears rounded, hairy. :

Hab. Ceylon; Jaffna, North of Ceylon (4. Grace, Esq.).

This species somewhat resembles Cynictis melanura in general

colour, but the hairs are much longer, not so adpressed, and, when

the individual colour of the hair is examined, most distinct.

I have proposed to name this interesting animal after Mrs. Mac-

Carthy, the wife of the Treasurer of the Colony and the daughter of

Mr. Hawes, the Assistant Secretary to the Colonies, who is much

interested in the study of natural history, and has kindly sent me

several very interesting natural productions from Ceylon.

The skull differs from all the other Herpestes that [ have examined,

in the back of the nape being deeply and sharply notched instead of

transversely truncated, the notch in the living animal being filled up

with a cartilaginous septum.

frre

[hn .

132

3. DESCRIPTIONS OF FIFTY-TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS

Mirra, FROM THE CUMINGIAN COLLECTION.

By Artuur Apams, F.L.S. etc.

1. Mirra serotina, A. Adams. M. testa oblongo-fusiformi,

acuminatd, serotind ; spird productd, longitudinaliter plicatd, pli-

cis confertis, undulatis ; transversim sulcatd, sulcis subdistantibus ;

apertura antice dilatatd ; columella quadriplicatd, basi contortd et

recurvd ; labro intus lirato, margine recto, antic subangulato.

Hab. Marquesas.

A light orange species, with a produced spire, and the outer lip pro-

duced and rather angulated anteriorly.

2. Mirra cratitia, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,

albidd, nitidd, liris elevatis transversis, acutis, et lineis elevatis,

longitudinalibus, decussatim ornatd ; interstitiis subtilissime lon-

gitudinaliter striatis ; aperturd intus aurantiacd ; columelld plicis

quinque instructd.

Hab. South Africa.

The shell from which the description is taken is worn, and not in

good condition, but it appears to be distinct from any species already

described.

3. Mirra straminea, A. Adams. M. testd oblongo-fusiformi,

stramined ; anfractibus planulatis, liris transversis rugulosis, in-

terstitiis cancellatis, suturd subcanaliculatd ; aperturd oblongd,

antice subproductd ; columella plicis quatuor, basi subrecurvatd ;

labro intus levi.

Hab. 2

An oblong, transversely-ridged species, rather faintly cancellated

between the interstices.

4. Mrrra rnsients, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-acuminatd ; spird

acutd, levi, nitidd, albidd ; anfractibus planis, fascid angustd albo

fuscoque articulatd, ornatd ; anfractu ultimo antice transversim

striato ; columelld sinuatd, biplicatd, anticé incurvatd.

Hab. Rains Island (Mr. Ince).

This is a very peculiar form, reminding one almost of the genus

Pusionella of Gray.

5. Mirra travis, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, apice

acuto, levi, nitidd, albidd ; anfractibus planis, supremis cancel-

latis, ultimo fascid latd transversd, rufescenti ornato ; columelld

plicis quatuor, supremis magnis imbricatis.

Hab. Zanzibar.

A smooth Oliva-shaped species, with a polished surface, and a red-

brown band blending into the white of the last whorl ; the plates of

the columella are imbricate.

6. Mirra tierra, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-ovatd ; spird

crassiusculd, apice mucronato, rufo, albo strigosd; anfractibus

—_—

133

planiusculis, transversim subsulcatis ; columelld plicis quinque ;

labro intus rufo.

Hab. Philippines.

Several specimens of this species, all agreeing in form, were col-

lected by Mr. Cuming ; but one only retained the natural colour of

the surface.

7. Mirra TIARELLA, A. Adams. MM. testd oblongo-ovatd, fused,

nodulis albis, ad suturas coronatd, longitudinaliter subplicatd,

transversim liratd, interstitiis valdé punctatis ; columelld plicis

quatuor ; labro margine crenulato.

Hab. Island of Ticao, sandy mud, 6 fathoms.

This small, brown-coloured species is beautifully crowned, in adult

specimens, with a diadem of white nodules at the suture of the whorls.

8. Mirra piera, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, ob-

scuro-fuscd, lineis pallidulis transversis prope suturas, albidd,

maculis rufis, ornatd ; levi; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus sep-

tem, planulatis ; aperturd subdilatatd, intus albd ; columelld pli-

cis quatuor, albis, obliquis, instructd, anticé subintortd.

Hab. Australia.

This species partakes somewhat of the character of M. sacerdo-

talis.

9. Mirra tucruosa, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,

obscuro-fuscd, fascid unicd pallidd transversd ornaté; spird

acutd, anfractibus planulatis, transversim liratd ; interstitiis

valde clathrato-punctatis ; aperturd oblongo-ovatd ; spird bre-

viort ; labio crassiusculo ; columelld plicis quatuor salientibus.

Hab. China Seas.

This species was obtamed during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang.

10. Mirra rnscunpra, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird brevi, acutd; aperturd breviori; anfractibus planulatis,

pallidé fuscd, maculis rufis, longitudinalibus, variegatd ; cingillis

integris, acutis, prominentibus, equidistantibus ; liris intermediis

submoniliformibus ; interstitiis longitudinaliter valdé sulcatis ;

aperturd elongatd ; columelld plicis tribus ; labro acuto margine

crenulato.

Hab, Ceylon (Dr. Gardner).

This species also belongs to the same group as M. cingulata.

11. Mrrra exarata, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird

aperturam equante ; anfractibus subrotundis ; suturd subcanalicu-

latd, olivaced, fasciis duabus pallidis transversis, longitudinaliter

costatd ; costellis equalibus, subdistantibus ; interstitiis lineis in-

sculptis, profundis, transversis ;. columelld plicis tribus, validis,

instructd.

Hab. Bais, island of Negros, coarse sand, 7 fathoms.

The most characteristic feature of this species is the sculpture be-

tween the ribs, consisting of deep, engraved, transverse lines.

[hn

oF.

134

12. Mirra rurocineta, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird aperturam e@quante; anfractibus rotundis, sordidé albd,

fascid transversd lata rufo-fuscd ; longitudinaliter costatd, cos-

tis obtusis, rotundis, distantibus ; interstitiis lineis impressts

transversis ; aperturd subdilatatd ; columelld plicis quatuor in-

structd ; labro tenui anticé dilatato.

Hab. 2

A small, slightly-worn specimen serves for this description, but it

is of peculiar form and sculpture.

13. Mirra nitipa, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi; spird

[ere aperturd breviort; anfractibus subrotundis, levi, nitidd, badid,

anfractu ultimo antice et postice sulcis nonnullis transversis in-

structo; aperturd oblongd, antice subdilatatd; columella plicis

quatuor ; labro simplici.

Hab. ?

A small, brown, shining species, with only a few transverse spiral

lines for sculpture.

14. Mirra cometa, A. Adams. MM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird

aperturd longiore; anfractibus subrotundis, superne angulatis,

sordidé albd, longitudinaliter plicatd ; transversim liratd, liris

apud plicas nodulosis ; interstitiis valde et regulariter clathratis ;

anfractu ultimo antic angustato et reflexo ; columella plicis quin-

que instructd ; labro interne sulcato, margine crenulato.

Hab. China Seas.

This species, remarkable for the strong cancellations between the

longitudinal plicee, was brought home in H.M.S. Samarang.

15. Mirra tieata, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi; spird

xi” - apertura longiore, anfractibus planis ; castaneo-fuscd, lined unicd

pallida, transversd in medio anfractuum, longitudinaliter plicatd,

transversim subliratd ; columelld plicis quatuor ; labro simplici,

margine acuto.

Hab. Pasacao, province of South Camarinas; isle of Luzon, on

the sands.

The colouring of this species is very different from the allied spe-

cies, and the sculpture is peculiar to many species belonging to the

subgenus Turris of Schumacher.

Br 16. Mirra vipex, A. Adams. MM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird

[ aperturam equante ; anfractibus rotundis ; fuscd, prope suturas

palliduld, zonuld albd angusta transversd in medio anfractuum ;

phe longitudinaliter corrugato-plicatd, transversim liratd, liris apud

plicas nodulosis ; interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ; anfractu

ultimo angustato et antice subreflexo ; columella plicis quatuor in-

structd ; labro acuto.

Hab. 2

This species somewhat resembles armillata of Reeve, but the cor-

rugated nature of the plice distinguishes it.

- LK Ls

Pim.

Hab.

This pretty little species belongs to the same group as M. leta,

but the sculpture and markings are quite different, although the

colour is nearly similar.

135

17. Mirra 1nTerRRuptTA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird acuminatd ; aperturd breviori ; anfractibus planis, prope

suturas angulatis ; albidd, rufo-fusco variegatd ; cinguldé trans-

versd fuscd moniliformi in medio anfractuum ; longitudinaliter

plicatd, plicis equalibus, obliquis, obtusis, distantibus ; trans-

versim corrugato-liratd ; interstitiis punctatis ; anfractu ultimo

anticé recurvato ; columella superné excavatd, plicis tribus in-

structd ; labro simplici.

Hab. North Australia.

The peculiar interrupted, dark, transverse band distinguishes this

elegant species.

18. Mirra extmta, A. Adams. M. testd ovata; spird brevi, ob-

tusd ; nitidd, aurantiacd, maculis triangularibus albis, cingillis

levibus, latis, transversis ; interstitiis valdé longitudinaliter cla-

thratis ; aperturd lineari-oblongd ; columella plicis quatuor ; la-

bro intus levi, margine crenulato.

19. Mirra muttinirata, A. Adams. WM. fusiformis, spird acu-

minatd, aperturam equante ; anfractibus rotundatis, ad suturas

angulatis ; pallide rufo-fuscd, cingillis levibus transversis, equi-

distantibus, obtusis, ornatd; interstitiis lineis longitudinalibus,

elevatis, subconfertis, instructis ; anfractu ultimo antict producto

et subreflexo ; columella anticé truncatd, plicis quatuor instructd ;

labro intus sulcato, margine crenulato.

Hab. China Seas.

This species was obtained during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang.

Y 20. Mrrra vxra, A. Adams. M. testd ovatd, crassiusculd, auran-

Hab.

This species is peculiar for its regular form and exactness of seul-

tiacd, punctis albis ornatd ; longitudinaliter plicatd ; anfractibus

planiusculis, transversim nodoso-liratd ; interstitiis simplicibus ;

columella plicis quinque instructd ; labro crenulato.

Hab. Ticao, under stones, low water.

An oblong-ovate, shining, orange species, with scattered round

white granules and regular nodulose lire; the spire is obtuse; the

whorls are flattened and longitudinally plicate.

pr.

21. Mirra ornata, A. Adams. M. testd oblongo-fusiformi, acu- =

minatd ; spird acutd; anfractibus novem, ad suturas angulatis ;

suturd subcanaliculatd ; albd, fasciis transversis rufo-fuscis or-

natd ; longitudinaliter costatd ; costis regularibus, obliquis, sub-

crenatis ; interstitiis transversim valde clathratis ; anfractu ultimo

antice subumbilicato et recurvo ; columella plicis quatuor ; labro

postice subangulato.

pture, as well as for its beauty of colouring.

——_---

136

pw 22. Mirra nopiirrata, A. Adams. MM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,

Paki pallidé fulvd, fascid latd rufa transversd ornatd ; spird acumi-

natd, turritd ; anfractibus octo planis, infra suturas angulatis ;

nitidd, longitudinaliter plicatd; plicis distantibus, prominenti-

bus, obliquis, prope suturas valdé nodulosis ; interstitiis lineis im-

pressis apes ornatis ; columelld plicis quatuor ; labro acuto.

Hab. f

An elegant form, with the pliciform ribs strongly nodulose at their

hind part.

23. Mirra pura, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi; spird aper-

turd longiori; anfractibus subplanulatis ; albd; cingulis trans-

versis angustis, subelevatis, crenulatis, rufo subarticulatis ; liris

tribus intermediis ; interstitiis valde punctatis, ornatd ; aperturd

oblongd, antice dilatatd ; columella plicis quingue ; labro intus

sulcato, margine crenato.

Hab. ?

An elegantly formed species, with the last whorl somewhat recurved.

[zen

(2tr 24. Mirra cincuxata, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

f spird acutd, aperturam equante ; anfractibus planulatis ; sordide

albd ; cingillis prominentibus subcrenulatis, acutis, transversis ;

interstitiis longitudinaliter valde clathratis, ornatd ; anfractu ul-

timo antic? producto et recurvato ; columelld plicis tribus.

Hab. 2

This species belongs to that group in which the whorls are encir-

cled with transverse ridges.

An . 25. Mirra reticutata, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

ki spird aperturd breviori ; anfractibus subrotundis ; albd ; cingulis

transversis, @quidistantibus, acutis, crenulatis, sulcis obliquis

longitudinalibus decussatis, ornatd ; columelld plicis quatuor ; la-

bro intus sulcato.

Hab. Port Essington, 7 fathoms, sandy mud (Jukes).

Remarkable for the acute, crenated, transverse ridges which give

the surface a reticulated appearance.

é An - 26. Mirra asperuuata, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,

pallide rufo-fuscd, ad suturas albidd, longitudinaliter sulcatd,

transversim liratd, liris nodulis, subacutis, asperulatis ; spird pro-

ductd ; anfractibus sex, subrotundis ; aperturd spire dimidium

equante, antice abrupte truncatd ; columelld plicis tribus ; labro

acuto.

Hab. Australia.

The transverse ridges are set with subacute nodules, which give a

rough appearance to the surface.

Ly 27. Mirra mrrapitis, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi; spird

[ofr ; acuminatd, aperturd longiori ; anfractibus novem, planulatis, su-

perne angulatis ; albd, maculis rufis triangularibus, et punctis trans-

verso-elongatis, rufescentibus, ornatd ; longitudinaliter plicatd,

137

plicis obtusis, regularibus, distantibus, nodosis ; nodis postice

prominentibus ; cingulis transversis nodulosis, obtusis, elevatis,

instructd ; anfractu ultimo in medio angustato ; antice productd

et subreflexd ; aperturd elongatd ; columella plicis quatuor ; labro

posticé angulato, in medio inflezo, intus sulcato, margine crenulato.

Hab. Socotra.

28. Mirra atpina, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, albd;

spird conicd, longitudinaliter plicatd ; anfractibus subrotundatis,

liris transversis ornatis ; anfractu ultimo levi, posticé subplicato,

antice sulcis transversis punctatis ornato ; columelld plicis quin-

que ; aperturd oblongo-lineari ; labio subcalloso ; labro acuto.

Hab. Batangas, Isle of Luzon, on the reefs.

This Mitra is perfectly white, and of a very peculiar form; Mr.

Cuming possesses but a single specimen.

29. Mirra amana, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, albd,

maculis rufis variegatd ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus octo, sub-

rotundis, carinulis transversis, levis, elevatis, rufo-fusco articu-

latis, lird intermedia crenulatd, interstitiis eleganter longitudina-

liter clathratis ; aperturd angustd; columellé plicis quinque ;

labro tenui, acuto.

Hab. Red Sea.

This elegant species belongs to the annulated group.

30. Mirra rutTita, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, acu-

minatd, aurantiacd, maculis albis sparsis ornatd, fasciis pallidis

transversis prope suturas, suturis maculis aurantiacis maculatis ;

spird productd, acutd ; anfractibus septem, transversim liraté ;

anfractu ultimo liris antice distinctioribus; aperturd dilatatd; colu-

melld plicis quatuor ; labro acuto, anticé crenato.

‘Hai. 2 runrtra Dwhran — Aro

31. Mirra petrceata, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird

aperturd longiore ; anfractibus planis; suturd subcanaliculatd, sor-

didé albd, fasciis transversis duabus pallidis ; longitudinaliter

plicatd, plicis angustis, acutis, crenulatis, interstitiis transversim

clathratis, anfractu ultimo antice angustato et recurvato; colu-

melld plicis quatuor ; labro margine acuto, crenulato.

Hab. Cape York, 8 fathoms (Jukes).

A species of great delicacy, both of colour and sculpture.

32. Mirra rurescens, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird acuminatd, sordidé albd, rufo variegatd, cingillis transversis,

acutis, subdistantibus, liris duabus intermediis, interstitiis longi-

tudinaliter valde sulcatis, sulcis subdistantibus ; columella anticé

tortuosd, plicis quatuor obliquis instructd ; labro intern? sulcato,

margine crenato.

Hab. China Seas.

This species, obtained during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang,

partakes of the same kind of sculpture as M. annulata and others,

for which Swainson has formed a subgenus.

[yn .

aot

138

33. Mirra rormosa, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, alba

rufoque eleganter variegatd ; spird acuta ; anfractibus 8, rotundis,

ad suturas subangulatis, cingillis transversis nodulosis ornatd,

nodulis subquadratis, in seriebus regularibus ; aperturd spird bre-

viore ; columella plicis quatuor ; labro acuto, margine crenato.

Hab. Marquesas (Rohr).

A very handsome species, entirely covered with close-set granules

arranged in transverse rows.

34. Mirra sacerpoTatis, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusi-

[¥r . formi ; spird acuminata ; anfractibus novem, subplanulatis ; fulvd,

lineis fuscis transversis ornatd, prope suturas albidd, rufo macu-

losd ; levi, sulcis distantibus, transversis insculptd ; anfractu ulti-

mo basi recurvatd; aperturd spire dimidium equante, recurvatd

et antic? truncatd ; columelld plicis quatuor, obliquis ; labro albo,

acuto, anticé rotundato.

Hab. Australia.

A fine species of a peculiar character, both as regards form, colour

and sculpture.

35. Mirra mAcrosptra, A. Adams. M. testd pyramidali-turritd ;

spird valde productd, albidd, maculis rufis irregularibus ornatd ;

anfractibus planis, longitudinaliter costellatd, costellis levibus sub-

confertis, interstitiis clathrato-punctatis ; anfractu ultimo antice

angustato, basi subrecurvo ; columelld plicis quinque ; labro intus

lirato, margine acuto, antice producto subangulato.

Hab. ?

A whitish species with a produced acuminate spire, and the short

aperture with the base narrowed ; the outer lip dilated anteriorly.

: 36. Mirra pecituxa, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,

[Bw albd, nitidd, maculis rufis moniliformibus ad suturas ornatd ;

transversim sulcatd; anfractibus planis, supremis cancellatis ;

aperturd angustd, antice productd, contortd, et recurvd ; columella

plicis quatuor instructd.

Hab. Isle of Capul, on the reefs, low water.

A small, transversely grooved, polished species, with a necklace-

like row of reddish spots near the sutures.

37. Mirra ecuinaTA, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi-turritd ;

spird acuminatd, albido-carneold, ad apicem rufescente, ad basin

fascid lata transversd rufescenti ornatd ; anfractibus planis, longi-

tudinaliter costatd, costis prominentibus, prope suturas echinato-

nodulosis, et inferne subnodosis, interstitiis sulcato-clathratis ;

labro intus lirato ; columelld plicis quatuor instructd.

Hab. 2

38. Mirra scrruta, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi-turritd ;

spird acuminata, anfractibus planiusculis, carneold ; punctis ru-

fescentibus sparsim pictd ; longitudinaliter costatd, costis undula-

tis, levibus, subdistantibus ; interstitiis valde clathratis ; apertura

139

antice angustatd, basi subrecurvd ; columelld plicis quatuor in-

- structd.

Hab. China Seas.

A small, turreted, light-coloureds pecies, with undulating ribs and

clathrated interstices.

39. Mirra MARMOREA, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi-turritd ;

spird acuminatd ; anfractibus planiusculis ; olivaced, rufo-fuscd

marmoratd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis levibus, crassis, superneé

subnodosis ; interstitiis transversim exaratis ; columelld plicis

quingue ; basi subcontortd et recurvd.

Hab. Tambay, Isle of Negros, coarse sand, 10 fathoms.

Greenish, marbled with fuscous; ribs flat and broad ; interstices

with transverse engraved lines.

40. Mirra turricuta, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi-turritd,

albd, carneo sparsim pictd, anfractibus superné angulatis ; longi-

tudinaliter costatd, costis crassis,levibus, distantibus, supra nodosis,

interstitiis sulcato-clathratis; aperturd spiram equante ; columella

plicis quatuor, supremis duabus duplicatis ; basi vir recurvd.

Hab. 2

A small, elegant, turreted species, with smooth, thick ribs, and the

interstices punctate-clathrate.

41. Mrrra patuipa, A. Adams. WM. testd turrito-fusiformi ;

spird productd, acuminatd ; anfractibus convexiusculis ; albidd,

sparsim rufo-fusco pictd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis nodulosis,

interstitiis clathrato-punctatis ; aperturd brevi, antice angustatd,

basi productd, tortuosd et recurvd ; columella quadriplicatd.

Hab. Marquesas.

A delicate, small, pale species, with scattered red-brown blotches,

and with the interstices between the ribs clathrate-punctate.

42. Mirra Juxesiu, A. Adams. M. testa ovato-fusiformi; spird

acutd, aperture dimidium equante ; anfractibus planis, prope su-

turas angulatis; albidd, fasciis castaneis transversis ornatd; trans-

versim sulcatd, sulcis, prope suturas, profundioribus ; longitudina-

liter plicatd, plicis obtusis, distantibus, prope suturas nodulosis ;

columella plicis quatuor instructd ; labro intus levi.

Hab. North Australia (Jukes).

This species is intermediate between M. corrugata and M. vulpe-

cula, but is distinct from both.

43. Mrrra crenipiicata, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi;

spird acuminatd ; anfractibus planulatis ; brunned, longitudinaliter

plicatd, plicis crenatis tenuibus ; transversim liratd, liris equali-

bus, confertis, nodulosis ad plicas; aperturd spiram equante :

labio posticé calloso, antice dilatato ; columella plicis quatuor in-

structd ; labro intus dentato-lirato, margine incrassato.

Hab. ?

This species belongs to the group named by Mr. Gray Zierliana.

foe,

140

A». 44. Mirra crenivaBris, A. Adams. M. testd fusiformi; spird

aperturam equante; anfractibus planis ; fulvd, longitudinaliter

substriatd, transversim sulcatd ; aperturd oblongd, antice dilatatd ;

columella plicis quatuor, antice incurvatd ; labro, in medio, recto,

margine crenato et incrassato.

Hab. 2

This Mitra resembles in many particulars M. fulva, Reeve, but in

all the specimens I have seen the outer lip is thin and smooth in that

species.

BA 45. Mirra castTaneA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird productd ; anfractibus rotundatis ; castaned, nitidd, trans-

versim punctato-striatd; aperturd quam spira breviore, antice dila-

tatd ; columella plicis quinque.

Hab. 2

This species most closely resembles M. badia, Reeve, but the

whorls are rounded, and it differs in other particulars.

46. Mirra picuroma, A.Adams. M.testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird

acuminata; anfractibus planis ; suturd canaliculatd, antice castaneo-

Suscd, postice albidd ; longitudinaliter substriatd, transversim sul-

catd, sulcis anticé profundis ; aperturd antice dilatatd ; columelld

plicis quinque instructd, antic productd ; labro intus lirato, mar-

gine crenulato.

Hab. i

/3Jm.. 47. Mirra peaupata, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird apice cancellato ; anfractibus planulatis ; suturd profundd,

albd, transversim sulcatd, sulcis distantibus ; aperturd oblongd,

antic? dilatatd ; columella postice excavatd ; plicis sex ; labro an-

tice dilatato, intus lirato.

Hab. ?

This species somewhat resembles M. erenilabris in form, but it is

much more slender, and the sculpture is different.

48. Mirra Nopuuirera, A. Adams. M. testd turritd, fusiformi;

spird quam apertura longiore ; anfractibus, prope suturas, angulatis ;

albidd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis, ad suturas, nodulosis, pro-

minentibus, distantibus ; transversim liratd, interstitiis longitudi-

naliter striatis ; aperturd intus fulvd, postice angulatd ; columelld

plicis quatuor ; labro margine flexuoso.

Hab. t

A small species, somewhat resembling M. cymelium, Reeve, but

without the transverse black lines.

49. Mirra Mariz, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-conicd; spird

[Peyn . acuminatd ; anfractibus planis, cingulis tribus, transversis, acutis,

elevatis, interstitiis longitudinaliter profundé sulcatis, instructis ;

postice albd, antice hepaticd, reticulationibus albis punctisque rufo-

fuscis, ornatd ; anfractu ultimo, sulcis transversis, interstitiis

14]

simplicibus ; columelld plicis quingue instructd ; labro intus sul-

cato, margine crenulato.

Hab. Eastern Seas.

Somewhat like M. incisa, but of very different form and colour.

50. Mirra pusiiua, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird

turritd, elongatd ; anfractibus subrotundatis ; albidd, fascid lata

transversd, carneold, antic? ornatd ; longitudinaliter costatd, costis

regularibus, equalibus, subconfertis, interstitiis transversim valde

sulcatis ; aperturd brevi ; columelld plicis quatuor.

Hab. 2

A small species, with a single, transverse, faint pink band at the

fore part of the last whorl.

51. Mrrra cotumBexiina, A. Adams. 4M. testa ovato-fusifor-

mi; spird brevi, acutd ; anfractibus subrotundatis, albo castaneoque

concinne pictd, transversim evanidé sulcatd ; aperturd ovato-ob-

longd, anticé dilatatd ; columella plicis quatuor ; labro intus levi.

Hab. 2

This species is very prettily painted with white and dark chestnut-

brown, and in form somewhat resembles a Columbella.

52. Mrrra Puitirprnarum, A. Adams. WM. testd ‘ovato-fusi-

Sormi; spird brevi, acuminatd ; anfractibus planulatis, cinered,

flammulis rufo-fuscis, longitudinalibus, variegatd ; transversim

sulcatd, sulcis regularibus, subdistantibus, profundis ; apertura

lineari-oblongd, intus fuscd ; columella plicis sex; labro margine

albo, crenato.

Hab. Philippines.

This species is figured in Mr. Reeve’s Monograph as M. flammea

of Quoy, the original type of which, however, Mr. Cuming possesses,

and it is entirely different.

May 27, 1851.

W. Yarrell, Esq., V.P.L.S., in the Chair.

The following communications were received and read :—

1. Notice or THE Brrps or MapeEIRA, IN A LETTER

ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARY.

By Epwarp Vernon Harcourt, Esa.

Sir,—According to your request, I send you a short account of

the birds that breed in Madeira, together with a list of those that

visit the island.

The birds of Madeira are less numerous than might be expected in

so genial a climate, and most of them are merely varieties, where they

differ from European species.

lea

/. 2) 5

142

The birds that breed in Madeira are these :—

Latin Name. English Name. Portuguese Name.

1. Faleo Tinnunculus, Linn. Kestrel. Francelho.

2. ——- Buteo, Linn. Buzzard. Manta.

3. Strix flammea, Linn. Barn Owl. Coruja.

4. Turdus Merula, Linn. Blackbird. Mérlo-preto.

5. Sylvia Rubecula, Lath. Redbreast. Papinho.

6. atricapilla, Lath. Black-cap Warbler. Tinto-Negro.

(Curruca Heinekeni, Jard.) Variety of the former. Tinto-Negro de

Capello.

7. Curruca.conspicillata,Gould. Spectacle Warbler. None.

8. Regulus ? 2 Abibe.

9. Motacilla boarula, Linn. Grey Wagtail. Lavandeira ama-

rella.

10. Anthus pratensis, Bechst. Meadow Pipit. Corre de Caminho.

11. Fringilla butyracea, Linn. Green or Wild Canary. Canario.

12: Carduelis, Linn. Goldfinch. Pinta Silva.

13 Petronia, Linn. Ring Sparrow. Pardao.

14 Tintillon, Webb § Buff-breasted Chaf- Tentilhao.

Berthelot. finch.

15 cannabina, Linn. Greater Redpole or Tinto roxo.

Linnet.

16. Cypselus unicolor, Jard. —_ Lesser Swift. Andorinha daSerra.

17. —— murarius, Temm. Common Swift. do Mar.

18. Columba Trocaz, Hein. Long-toed Wood- Trocaz.

Pigeon.

19. —— Palumbus, Linn. Ring-dove. Pombo.

20. —— Livia, Briss. Rock-pigeon. Pombinho.

21. Perdix rubra, Briss. Red-legged Partridge. Perdix.

22 Coturnix, Lath. Quail. Cordonez.

23. Scolopax Rusticola, Linn. Woodcock. Gallinhola.

24. Sterna Hirundo, Linn. Tern. Garajao.

25. Larus argentatus, Brunn. Herring Gull. Gaio, Guivata (after

3rd aut. moult).

26. Procellaria Puffinus, Linn. Cinereous Shearwater. Cagarra.

27 Anglorum, Temm. Manks Shearwater. _Boeiro.

28. obscura, Gmel. Dusky Petrel. Pintainho.

— anginho, Hein. Angel Petrel. .

29.{___ Bulwerii, Jard. --Bulwer’s Petrel. Anginho.

30. ——? —? Roque de Castro.

The Kestrels are very numerous and very tame, perching on the

roofs of houses, from whence they dart frequently at canary-birds

hanging in their reed cages outside the windows, and they generally

succeed in securing their prey ; they live principally on lizards, grass-

hoppers, and mice.

The Buzzard is seldom seen about the town, but confines his flights

to the highest mountains, feeding on small birds, insects, and reptiles.

The Barn Owl inhabits the ravines in small numbers ; it is a little

darker than the British Owl. It may be remarked that all the birds

of Madeira are darker than their European brethren.

The Redbreast is very common ; it is frequently caged, and seems

to flourish in captivity.

—————

143

The Blackbird, which in some parts is very plentiful, does not differ

from the English bird.

The Black-cap Warbler, which is here the most domestic songster,

has been sometimes called the Madeira Nightingale; there is a ful-

ness in its warble which in a degree justifies such praise. A Ma-

deiran variety of this bird has been described by Sir William Jardine *

as a new species, under the name of Curruca Heinekeni; Dr. Heine-

ken, however, in his paper on the subject in the ‘Zoological Journal,’

No. xvii. Art. xvii., disproves the supposition of its being a distinct

species, and I am able to confirm the view that Dr. Heineken takes

of it. The popular belief amongst the natives is, that where the nest

of a “Tinto Negro” contains five eggs, the fifth always turns out a

‘Tinto Negro de Capello.” The variety is much prized ; for where

you could buy a common “Tinto Negro” for sixpence or a shilling,

you would be asked eight or ten shillings for a “Tinto Negro de Ca-

pello.” The size of the two birds is precisely the same in all parti-

culars ; the chief difference consists in the black cap in the variety

being extended to the shoulders, and I have sometimes seen the black

extended over all the under parts: the under parts are generally much

the same as those of the common female Black-cap, and the upper

parts as those of the common male.

The Wren is one of the prettiest feathered inhabitants of Madeira ;

it lives amongst the laurel forests, in the less frequented parts of the

island. It seems intermediate between the Gold and Fire-crested

Wrens of Britain, and is a little larger and brighter than either.

The Spectacle Warbler is very locally distributed ; it is found in

brakes and bushes in some of the unfrequented parts.

The Grey Wagtail is very common, frequenting the cisterns attached

to houses, as well as the streams; where, from its familiar habits

amongst the washerwomen, it has been admitted in Madeiran phraseo-

logy into the ranks of the sisterhood, under the title of ‘‘ Lavandeira.”’

The Meadow Pipit is plentifully found on the cliffs and fields near

the sea, and on the serras.

The Green Canary is the original stock of the bird so well known

to us as the Yellow Canary ; it flies about in large flocks, with linnets

and other birds, and is easily distinguished by its song, which is the

same as that of the captive variety. The price of a good singing ca-

nary, either in Madeira or the Canary islands, varies from five to nine

shillings, so that in fact it may be bought much cheaper in London.

This bird has been admirably described by Dr. Heineken, in the

‘Zoological Journal,’ No. xvii. Art. xvii.

The Goldfinch is very common, and differs in no respect from our

own.

The Ring Sparrow here takes the place, in a way, of our House

Sparrow: it is universal; on the bleak serras, near houses, on the

rocks by the sea; there is no place that it does not frequent. It

differs thus in habits, though in nothing else, from the Ring Sparrow

of Europe.

* Edinb. Journ. of Nat. and Geog. Science, Jan. 1830, vol. i. p. 243.

144

The Chaffinch of Madeira is nearly identical with the bird figured,

under the name of “ Fringilla Tintillon,’ in Webb and Berthelot’s

work on the Canary islands.

The Greater Redpole is very abundantly met with ; it differs from

the English Linnet in retaining its carmine colouring through the year.

The Lesser Swift is mentioned in Brewster’s ‘Journal,’ by Dr.

Heineken, under the title of “‘ Black-chinned Swift.” This property

is however by no means general amongst the species: I have several

in my possession with the chin fully as white as that of the common

Swift. One of the chief differences is in size, the ‘ unicolor’ being

much the smallest. The tail is forked about an inch and a half, and

the plumage is rather darker than that of the common Swift.

The common Swift is not quite so plentiful as the Lesser Swift.

Both species remain in the island throughout the year; their nests

are built in the cliffs; their habits vary from those of Swifts in En-

gland ; here they seem to take the place of the Swallow, hunting and

skimming along the ground in a manner that would appear very de-

grading to their northern brethren.

The Ring-dove appears to be rather larger than the English bird ;

in other respects it is similar. It lives in the forests on the north

side of the island.

The Long-toed Wood Pigeon has been described by Dr. Heineken,

in ‘ Brewster’s Journal,’ under the name of ‘‘ Columba Trocaz ;’’ it is

about an inch longer than the Madeiran Ring-dove ; one of its chief

peculiarities, and which seems to have escaped observation, is the great

length of its centre toe, being more than an inch longer than that of

the Ring-dove ; it has a silvery ring all round its neck ; it is darker in

its general plumage than the Ring-dove, and is excellent eating. It

inhabits the forests on the north side of the island, feeding upon

grasses and the acorns of the laurel-trees.

The Rock Pigeon inhabits the sea cliffs, and rocks in the ravines

all over the island. There is a variety here which is darker in its

plumage and in the colour of its feet than the common Rock Pigeon.

The Red-legged Partridge is shot on the serras.

The Quail is more plentiful than the Partridge, and approaches

nearer to the habitations of man ; it pairs, laying about sixteen eggs,

and has three or four broods in the season.

The Woodcock is found chiefly in the west, and on the Paul da

Serra, sometimes plentifully. It is a large bird, but I think of in-

ferior flavour; it breeds in the island, and is met with throughout

the year.

The Tern appears chiefly at the Dezerta islands and at Point Sio

Lourengo.

The Herring Gull is common everywhere; Dr. Renton says it

is quicker by some months in obtaining its mature plumage than

with us.

The Cinereous Shearwater breeds plentifully on the Dezerta islands ;

its cry, whether on the wing or on shore, is very remarkable; the

natives salt it and consider it eatable.

The Manks Shearwater is also very plentiful at the Dezertas ; it is

145

easily distinguished from the Dusky Petrel, which is another inha-

bitant of the Dezertas, by its superior size, and by the colour of its

feet. In the Dusky Petrel the feet are bluish ash-colour, and in the

Manks Shearwater flesh-colour ; in the Dusky Petrel all the secre-

tions are green, and in the Manks Shearwater yellow. The Dusky

Petrel is a very tame bird, and will live upon almost anything ; it

runs along the ground on its belly, and uses its curious-shaped bill

in climbing up the rocks.

The Angel Petrel of Heineken has the tail slightly forked, and

differs from the other smaller Petrels in having no white about the

rump or flanks; it is entirely uniform black ; it is very common on

the Dezerta islands; when approached it emits a highly offensive

matter.

The Bulwer’s Petrel, as described by Sir Wm. Jardine +, I never

saw at Madeira, nor have I ever met with any one that has seen it

there. Sir Wm. Jardine says, “‘it is easily distinguished from any

other, by having the two centre tail-feathers elongated, as in the genus

Lestris, and not even or forked, like the other Petrels.”’ It is pro-

bably identical with the Angel Petrel.

There is another Petrel, called by the natives ‘‘ Roque de Castro,”

pronounced “ Roque de Crasto,” which differs from any I have ever

seen described ; it approaches perhaps nearer to Leach’s Petrel than

any other, though the shape of the bill alone is sufficient to separate

it from that species. It is common on the Dezerta islands, where it

breeds, though it is by no means so abundant as the Angel Petrel.

The following is a list of the stragglers found in Madeira :—

Latin Name. English Name. Authority {.

31. Cathartes percnopterus, Temm. Egyptian Vulture. x % *

32. Falco nisus, Linn. Sparrow Hawk. * * *

33. Corvus corax, Linn. Raven. # 8

34. corone, Linn. Carrion Crow. Mr. Lowe.

35. Oriolus galbula, Linn. Golden Oriole. * *

36. Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. Common Starling. * * &

37. Turdus iliacus, Linn. Redwing. Mr. Lowe.

38. —— musicus, Linn. Common Thrush. Mr. Penfold.

39. Sylvia hortensis, Lath. Greater Petty-chaps. Mr. Penfold.

40. Troglodytes europeus, Selb. Common Wren. Mr. Lowe.

41. Motacilla alba, Linn. Pied Wagtail. * * *

42. Alauda arvensis, Linn. Skylark. Mr. Lowe.

43. Fringilla chloris, Linn. Green Grosbeak. x * #

44. —— domestica, Linn. Common Sparrow. Mr. Penfold.

45. Cuculus eanorus, Linn. Cuckoo. € % %

46. Musophaga africana, Temm. African Bee-eater. Mr. Lowe.

47. Upupa epops, Linn. Hoopoe. * *% &

48. Merops apiaster, Linn. Bee-eater. Mr. Lowe.

49. Alcedo ispida, Linn. King-fisher. Mr. Lowe.

+ Sir W. Jardine on the Birds of Madeira, ‘ Edinb. Journ. of Nat. and Geog.

Science,’ Jan. 1830, p. 245, and ‘Illustrations of Ornithology,’ by Jardine and

Selby.

{ Where there are stars it is on my own authority.

No. CCXXVIII.—ProcerpinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Latin Name.

50. Hirundo urbiea, Linn.

5 rustica, Linn.

52. —— riparia, Linn.

. Caprimulgus europzus, Linn.

. Columba cenas, Linn.

. — Turtur, Linn.

. Gdicnemus crepitans, Temm.

. Calidris arenaria, J7/.

. Vanellus cristatus, Meyer.

. Charadrius hiaticula, Linn.

pluvialis.

. Strepsilas interpres, Leach.

. Ciconia nigra, Temm.

. ? Ardea cinerea.

. Ardea russata, Wagler.

purpurea, Linn.

. —— minuta, Linn.

. — stellaris, Linn.

. —— nycticorax, Linn.

. Limosa melanura, Leis/er.

- Numenius arquata, Lath.

phzopus, Temm.

. Tringa pugnax, Linn.

- —— subarquata, Temm.

variabilis. Meyer.

cimerea, Temm.

- Totanus hypoleucos.

- —— glottis, Bechst.

. Scolopax gallinago, Linn.

major, Temm.

. Crex Baillonii, Temm.

. Gallinula chloropus, Lath.

. Ortygometra crex, Temm.

. Fulica atra, Linn.

. Anser segetum, Steph.

. Mareca penelope, Selb.

. Anas crecea, Linn.

. — boschas, Linn.

. Sterna nigra, Linn.

Dou

gallu, Mont.

. Larus tridactylus, Lath.

. Lestris cataractes, Temm.

. Colymbus glacialis, Linn.

. Sula alba, Temm.

94. Procellaria Leachii, Temm.

pelagica, Linn.

146

I have the honour to remain, Sir,

English Name. Authority 7.

House Martin. eer er

Chimney Swallow. x * *

Bank Martin. Doubtful.

European Goatsucker. Mr. Hinton.

Stock-dove. Mr. Lowe.

Turtle-dove. are ah

Thick-knee. Mr. Lowe.

Sanderling. Mr. Lowe.

Crested Lapwing. x % %

Ringed Plover. Mr. Lowe.

Golden Plover. Mr. Hewitt.

Turnstone. Mr. Lowe.

Black Stork. Mr. Lowe.

Common Heron. a Og:

Buff-backed Heron. eo aee 1

Purple Heron. Sige eee 5

Little Bittern. * *%

Common Bittern. Mr. Lowe

Night Heron. x *

Black-tailed Godwit. * * *

Common Curlew. Mr. Hinton

Whimbrel. Mr. Lowe

Ruff. % % %

Pigmy Curlew. Mr. Lowe

Dunhn. eee

Knot. Mr. Lowe.

Sandpiper. x 8%

Greenshank. a ea

Common Snipe. Mr. Hinton.

Great Snipe. ¥ * ¥

Baillon’s Crake. > Lae” | ae

Gallinule. ae ee

Land-rail. Mr. Lowe.

Coot. 2» lee

Bean Goose. hy ee

Wigeon. Mr. Penfold.

Teal. elie

Mallard. Mr. Penfold.

Black Tern. Mr. Lowe.

Roseate Tern. Sir W. Jardine.

Kittiwake. x

Skua. 2 ele

Northern Diver. e lene

Gannet. Mr. Lowe.

Leach’s Petrel. Sir W. Jardine.

Stormy Petrel. Doubtful.

Yours, &c.,

Epwarp VERNON Harcourt.

+ Where there are stars it is on my own authority.

147

2. DEescriprion or NEw LAND SHELLS FROM THE CoLLecTIoNn

or H. Cuming, Esa. By Dr. L. Preirrer.

1, Hetrx aupesaront, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, conoideo-

globosd, soliduld, nitidd, castaneo-fulvd, strigis saturatioribus

confertis ornatd ; spird conoided, apice obtusiusculd, albidd 3; an-

Sractibus 54 convevis, summis granulatis, ultimis irregulariter

rugoso-striatis, ultimo inflato, antice deflexo ; columella perdecilivi,

subarcuatd, latd, pland, alba ; aperturd perobliqud, truncato-ovali,

intus ceruled, nitidd ; peristomate incrassato, subreflexo, albo.

Diam. maj. 48, min. 39, alt. 35 mill.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

2. Hexix Auperstana, Pfr. JH. testd umbilicatd, subturbinato-

depressd, tenui, acute et confertim costatd, diaphand, rufo-corned ;

spird subturbinatd, apice acutd ; anfractibus 44 conve.is, celeriter

accrescentibus, ultimo antice deflero, basi jurta umbilicum an-

guste constricto ; aperturd perobliqud, lunato-ovali ; peristomate

tenut, marginibus subconniventibus, dextro breviter expanso, colu-

mellari dilatato, reflero, intus plicd obligqud, dentiformi munito.

Diam. maj. 143, min. 12, alt. 82 mill.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sailé).

3. Heurx pupescens, Pfr. 4H. testd angustissime umbilicaté,

depressd, tenui, pilis mollibus, brevibus, confertis pubescente, dia-

phand, lutescente ; spird viv convexd, obtusd ; anfractibus 5, con-

veriusculis, ultimo subrotundato, altiore quam lato, non descen-

dente ; aperturd vir obliqud, rotundato-lunari ; peristomate sim-

plice, recto, margine columellari superne breviter reflexo.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 10, alt. 6 mill.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sailé).

4. Hexrx tevucornarpue, Pfr. H. testé angusté umbilicatd,

depresso-turbinatd, subtilissime striatuld, diaphand, luteo-corned,

fascid angustd, cretaced, ad suturam ornatd 3 spird subturbinatd,

apice obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 6 planiusculis, ultimo conveziore,

non descendente, basi subplanato ; aperturd vir obligud, lunari ;

peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari reflexiusculo.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, alt. 6 mill.

Hab. St. Domingo (Saillé).

5. SuccinEA pomrnicensts, Pfr. S. testd ovali, soliduld, sub-

striatd, corneo-albidd, punctis corneis irregulariter aspersd ; spird

conicd, acutd ; anfractibus 34 convexis, summis corneis, ultimo

3 longitudinis equante ; columella subcallosd, vir recedente 3 aper-

turd parim obliqud, ovali, subregulari, supernd vie angulatd.

Long. 114, diam. 7, alt. fere 6 mill. Apert. 73 mill. longa, medio

43 lata.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

6. Butrmus moussont, Pfr. B. testd perforatd, oblongo-conicd,

sublevigatd (lineis impressis spiralibus obsoletis notatd), nitiduld,

148

albd, fasciis sub 5, roseis ornatd; spird conicd, apice acutd, rubra;

anfractibus 6, subplanis, ultimo spird pauld breviore ; columella

arcuatd, superne subtortd; aperturd oblongo-ovali, intus concolore ;

peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari fornicatim reflexo.

Long. 26, diam. 12 mill. Apert. 12 mill. longa, 7 lata.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

Next allied to B. Hondurasanus, Pfr.

7. ACHATINA DUNKERI, Pfr. A. testd turritd, tenuiusculd, levi-

gatd, pellucida, nitidd, fulvescente ; spird elongatd, apice obtusd ;

suturd impressd, marginatd, obsolete crenulatd ; anfractibus 9, vir

conveaiusculis, ultimo 4 longitudinis non attingente ; columella

arcuatd, alte et subverticaliter truncatd ; apertura subtriangulari-

semiovali; peristomate simplice, margine dextro antrorsum ar-

cuato.

Long. 28, diam. 7} mill. Apert. 9 mill. longa, medio 4 lata.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sail/é).

8. AcHATINA IMpREsSA, Pfr. A. testd oblongo-turritd, tenui,

levigatd, lineis impressis longitudinalibus irregulariter notatd,

fulvida ; spird turritd, apice acutiusculd ; suturad impressd, sub-

marginatd ; anfractibus 63 planis, ultimo 2 longitudinis sub-

e@quante ; columella arcuatd, basi abrupt? truncaté ; apertura

obliqud, sinuato-ovali ; peristomate simplice, margine dextro basi

recedente.

Long. 83, diam. 22 mill. Apert. 3 mill. longa, medio 1} lata.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

9. BaLea pomrnicensis, Pfr. B. testa subperforatd, sinistrorsd,

turritd, sublevigatd, nitidd, olivaceo-corned ; spird regulariter

attenuatd, apice acuta ; anfractibus 12, convezis, ultimo infra me-

dium subangulato ; apertura verticali, subovali ; peristomate sim-

plice, recto, margine columellari verticali, breviter reflexo.

Long.114, diam.3 mill. Apert.23 mill.longa, 13 lata. (An adult.?)

Hab. St. Domingo (Sal/é).

10. CyLINDRELLA MONILIFERA, Pfr. C. testd subrimatd, ob-

longd, soliduld, truncatd, confertissime et arcuatim costulato-

striatd ; opacd, sordidé albidd ; suturd impressd, nodulis albidis

subdistantibus notatd ; anfractibus (superst.) 9, convexis, ultimo

non soluto, basi subacuté carinato ; aperturd oblique subcirculari,

ad carinam canaliculatd ; peristomate albo, reflexiusculo-expanso,

superne appresso.

Long. 19, diam. supra medium 6 mill. Apert. cum peristomate

oblique 5 mill. longa, 4} lata.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé ).

11. CyLINDRELLA ADAMSIANA, Pfr. C. testd vir rimatd, ob-

longo-pupiformi, truncatd, nitidd, conferté striato-punctata, albidd,

cornea, irregulariter strigatd et variegatd ; suturd lineari, albo-

crenulatd ; anfractibus (superst.) 8-9, planis, ultimo angustiore,

non soluto, basi cristd compressd, obtusd munito; aperturd vir

149

obliqud, subcirculari, ad cristam subcanaliculatd ; peristomaie

albo, breviter expanso-reflexo, superne interrupto.

Long. 14-153, diam. 5 mill. Apert. 44 mill. longa et lata.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

12. CyLINDRELLA SALLEANA, Pfr. C. testd non rimatd, cylin-

draced, gracili, truncatd, oblique confertissime costulato-striatd,

nitidd, pallide fuscescente, vel rufo-fuscd ; anfractibus (superst.)

17-18, viz conveviusculis, ultimo angustiore, basi carind com-

pressd, acutd munito, antrorsum breviter porrecto ; aperturd sub-

obliqudé, rhombeo-rotundatd, ad carinam distincte canaliculatd ;

peristomate albo, nitido, undique refleviusculo-erpanso.

Long. 27, diam. (prope basin) 5 mill. Apert. cum peristomate 43

mill. longa et lata.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

13. CyLINDRELLA GOULDIANA, Pfr. C. testd vir subrimatd, tur-

ritd, truncatd, confertissimé costulato-striatd, sericed, pallide cor -

ned; suturd impressd, subdenticulatd ; anfractibus (superst.) 9,

convexiusculis, ultimo soluto, antrorsum breviter descendente, basi

subcompresso ; aperturd subobliqud, feré circulari, latere dextro

subangulatd ; peristomate albo, undique breviter expanso.

Long. 10, diam. 21 mill. Apert. 2 mill. longa et lata.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

14. CycLosroma orsienyl, Pfr. C. testd subperforatd, elongato-

pupoided, solidd, confertim arcuato-striatd, rubello-fulvd ; spird

subcylindricd, sensim attenuatd, apice conicd; suturd profundd ;

anfractibus 8 vir convexis, penultimo lato, ultimo fascid lata vio-

laced, antrorsum evanescente, ornato, basi cristd compressd, ob-

tusd munito; aperturd circulari; peristomate incrassato, subre-

flexo, superné appresso, infra cristam anfractibus penult. subex-

ciso. Operculum tenue, albidum, extus concavum, arctispirum.

Long. 27, diam. 9 mill.

{. Unicolor virenti-fulvum.

y. Minus, interdum omnino violaceum, anfractibus convexioribus.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

15. Hexicina versicouor, Pfr. H. testa depressa, tenui, levi-

gatd, citrind, sepe viridi variegatd, suturd vel vertice purpureo ;

spird parim elevatd, obsolet? papillatd ; anfractibus 43, planius-

culis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo lato, subdepresso, antic? viz

descendente ; aperturd diagonali, subtriangulari-semiovali ; colu-

melld brevissimd, callum crassum, semicircularem, nitidum, album

emittente ; peristomate breviter expanso, margine basali subreflexo,

immediate in columellam continuato. Operculum tenue, submem-

branaceum, castaneum, margine columellari et nucleo pallidis.

Diam. maj. 8, min. 62, alt. 55 mill.

Hab, St. Domingo (Sai/é).

16. Henicina pominicensis, Pfr. H. testa globoso-conicd, so-

liduld, concentrice confertim striatd, partm nitida, albidd, luteo-

WS G5

150

vel fulvo-zonatd ; spird conicd, acuta ; anfractibus 6, planiusculis,

suturd profundd junctis, ultimo convexiore, vix descendente ; colu-

melld brevissimd, basi denticulatad, callum emittente tenuem, vir

circumscriptum ; aperturd parim obliqud, semiovali ; peristomate

acuto, subrecto. Operculum tenue, testaceum, carneum, margine

columellari elevato.

Diam. maj. 63, min. 53, alt. 5 mill.

Hab. St. Domingo (Salié).

3. CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A MonoGRAPH OF THE TRO-

CHIDA, A FAMILY or GastEROPODOUS MOLLUSCA.

By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

Genus 1. Trocuvus, Linn.—Pyramidea, sp. Swains.

1. Trocuus niztoricus, Linn.

Trochus niloticus, Linn.; Gmel. p. 3565. no. 1 ; Chemn. Conch. v.

t.167. f.1605, t.168. f.1614.—Trochus marmoratus, Lamk. (young).

Hab. North Australia (Dring).

2. Trocuus maximus, Koch.

Trochus maximus, Koch; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. 6. f. 3.

Hab. 2

3. Trocuus acuraneutus, Chemn.

Trochus acutangulus, Chemn. Conch, vy. t. 163.—Trochus conus,

Gmel.

Hab. Burias.

4. Trocuus spinosus, Lamk.

Trochus spinosus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p.

Hab. 2

5. Trocuus Asperutus, Lamk.

Trochus asperulus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p. 22.

Hab. 2

6. Trocuus Cuminen, A. Adams. 7. testd turrito-conied, vio-

laced, maculis viridibus pulcherrimé pictd ; anfractibus planis,

cingulis, granorum moniliformibus ornatis, inferne nodoso-pli-

catis, anfractu ultimo angulato, peripherid radiatim nodo-spi-

nosd, basi concavd, cingulis granulosis, insculptd, centro pro-

Sunde excavato umbilicum simulante ; columella superné tor-

tuosd, basi dente terminatd ; aperturd tetragond ; labro intus

lirato.

Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, under stones at low water (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

7. Trocuus rastieratus, A. Adams. 1. testd conicd, imper-

foratd, rubra, maculis albis longitudinalibus variegatd ; an-

151

fractibus planis, in medio concavis, superne cingulis tribus

nodulorum ornatis, ad suturam nodis subspinosis instructis,

basi pland, concentrice liratd ; liris crenulatis ; columelld pos-

tice canaliculatd, antice truncatd ; labro in medio angulato.

Hab.

Genus 2. Carpinaia, Gray. Pyramidea, Swains.

. CARDINALIA VIRGATA, Gmel.

Zee i a Gmel. p. 3580. no. 83.

Hab.

Genus 3. Pyramis, Chemn.

Tectus, Montf.—Pyramidea, sp. Swains.

1. Pyramis pEentATus, Forskal.

Trochus dentatus, Forsk. Egypt. Desc. Anim. p. 125. no. 67.—

Trochus foveolatus, Gmel.

Hab. Port Essington (Jukes).

2. Pyramis NoDULIFERUS, Lamk.

Trochus noduliferus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 18.

Hab. Mindanao and Madagascar.

3. PyRAMIS CHRULESCENS, Lamk.

Trochus cerulescens, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vi. p, 18.

Hab.

4. Pyramis oBELIsCcUS, Gmel.

Trochus obeliscus, Gmel. p. 3579.—Trochus pyramis, Chemn.

Hab. Bolinao, island of Thilo, on the reefs (H. C.).

5. Pyramis acutus, Lamk.

Trochus acutus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 23.

Hab. Ticao, on the reefs.

. 6. Pyramis TRISERIALIS, Lamk.

Trochus triserialis, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 22.

Hab. Philippines.

7. Pyramis pRAsiInusS, Menke.

Trochus prasinus, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 16. no. 64.

Hab. Eastern Seas.

. 8. Pyramis MaurITIANUus, Gmel.

Trochus mauritianus, Gmel. p. 3582. no. 99.

Hab. Capul, on the reefs.

9. PyraMIS FENESTRATUS, Gmel.

Trochus fenestratus, Gmel,; Chemn. Conch, v. t. 163. f. 1549-50.

Hab.

152

+10. Pyramis CRENULATUS, Lamk.

Trochus crenulatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p. 22.

Hab. Guimaras, under stones (#. C.).

By 9891. PyRAMIS ARCHITECTONICUS, A. Adams. P. testd conicd,

imperforatd, albidd; anfractibus planis, subimbricatis, longi-

tudinaliter costatis, costis crassis, rotundis, subnodosis, basi

pland, liris concentricis exaratd; columelld brevi, tortuosd,

anticé truncata ; labro margine fimbriato.

Hab. Signet Bay, North Australia (Dring).

12. Pyramis Leucocastrer, A. Adams. P. testd conicd, im-

perforatd ; spird acutd, in medio tumidd, albd, viridi variegatd ;

anfractibus planulatis, longitudinaliter corrugatis, transversim

cingulis nodulosis ornatis, ad suturam nodis sulcatis fimbriatis,

bast pland, albd, concentricé suleatd ; columella brevi, valde tor-

tuosd ; labro anticé intus lirato.

Hab. 5

Genus 4. TeGuua, Lesson.

1. TEGULA PELLIS-SERPENTIS, Wood.

Trochus pellis-serpentis, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 4.—Tro-

chus strigillatus, Anton.

Hab.

Genus 5. InrunpiBULUM, Montf.—Carinidea, Swains.

1. INFUNDIBULUM ConcavuM, Linn.

Trochus concavus, Linn. ; Chemn. v. pl. 168. f. 1620-21.

Hab. ?

2. INFUNDIBULUM RADIATUM, Chemn.

Trochus radiatus, Chemn. v. pl. 170. f. 1640-42.

Hab. Zanzibar.

3. INFUNDIBULUM CARINIFERUM, Beck.

Trochus cariniferus, Beck ; Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 218. f. 8.

Hab. Signet Bay, North Australia.

4. InruNp1IBuULUM Kocuu, Phil.

Trochus Kochii, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, vi. t. 3. f. 8.—? Trochus

Listeri, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. p. 5. f. 8.

Hab. 2

5. INFUNDIBULUM DELICATULUM, Phil.

Trochus delicatulus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 105;

Chemn. v. pl. 171. f. 1669.

Hab. St. Elena.

6. INFUNDIBULUM SaGa, Phil.

Trochus Saga, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 103.

Hab. ee 3

—

153

7. INFUNDIBULUM DEPRESsUM, Gmel.

Trochus depressus, Gmel. 3573 ; Chemn. Conch. v. pl.171. f. 1668.

Hab. 2

Ah, 1453 8: INFUNDIBULUM CHLOROMPHALUS, A. Adams. I. testd de-

presso-conicd, pseudo-umbilicatd, viridi, atro-purpureo punc-

tatd ; anfractibus planis, cingulis confertis granorum ornatd,

basi concavd, cingulis inequalibus articulatis insculptd, regione

umbilicali infundibuliformi, intus viridi; columella superné

tortuosd, tuberculatd.

Hab. 2

fi%,'483 9. INFuNDIBULUM CaLIrorNicum, A. Adams. JI. testd de-

presso-conicd, pseudo-umbilicatd, albidd, viridi rufoque varie-

gatd ; anfractibus planis, supra angulatis, ultimo angulato,

eingulis tuberculorum subdistantium multiformium ornatd ;

interstitis longitudinaliter oblique costatis, basi concavd, cin-

gulis confertis crenulatis insculptd, regione umbilicali infundi-

buliformi, viridi, lined albd elevatd cincto; columelld superné

tortuosd, tuberculatd.

Hab. California.

Genus 6. Potyponta, Schumacher.—Lamprostoma, Swains.

1. PotypontTa MacuLaATA, Linn.

Trochus maculatus, Linn. ; Chemn. v. pl. 168. f. 1615-18.

Hab. Port Essington, adhering to rocks, deep water (Jukes).

2. PoLypDONTA IN=ZQUALIS, Chemn.

Trochus inequalis, Chemn. v. pl. 170. f. 1635-36.—Trochus gra-

nosus, Lamk.

Hab. Philippines.

3. PotyponTa REGIA, Chemn.

Trochus regius, Chemn. vy. p. 170. f. 1637.

Hab. ?

4. Potyponta Tentorium, Chemn.

Trochus Tentorium, Chemn. v. p. 169. f. 1628.

Hab. Philippines.

5. PoLtyponTA STELLATA, Chemn.

Trochus stellatus, Chemn. v. pl. 169. f. 1630.

Hab. 2

6. PoLyDONTA VERRUCOSA, Gmel.

Trochus verrucosus, Gmel.; Chemn. v. pl. 170. f. 1638.—Trochus

elatus, Lamk.

Hab. Zanzibar.

7. Potyponta costata, Chemn.

Trochus costatus, Chemn. v. pl. 169. f. 1633-34.

Hab. ?

154

8. Potyponta SpENGLERI, Chemn.

Trochus Spengleri, Chemn. v. pl. 169. f. 1631.

Hab. 2

9. PoLyDONTA OCHROLEUCOS, Gmel.

Trochus ochroleucos, Gmel.; Chemn. v. pl. 169. f. 1629.

Hab. 2

10. Potyponta VERNALIs, Chemn.

Trochus vernalis, Chemn. v. pl. 169. f. 1625-26.—Trochus ver-

mis, Gmel.—Trochus subviridis, Phil.

Hab. ?

11. PotypoNTA VIRIDESCENS, Chemn.

Trochus viridescens, Chemn. v. pl. 170. f. 1643-44.—Trochus vi-

ridis, Gmel.

Hab. Capul, Philippines.

12. PotypoNnTA RETICULATA, Wood.

Trochus reticulatus, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 38.

Hab. Bencoonet, Sumatra, on the reefs (77. oe

13. Potyponta LINEATA, Lamk.

Trochus lineatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 23.

Hab. Swan Point (Dring).

14. Potyponta Hanueyana, Reeve.

Trochus Hanleyanus, Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. f. —Trochus en-

grainus, Philippi.

Hab. Swan Point (Dring).

15. PotyponTa TIARATA, Quoy & Gaim.

Trochus tiaratus, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. del Astr. t. 64. f. 8.—Poly-

donta elegans, Gray.

Hab. New Zealand (Earl).

16. Potyponta rncrassata, Lamk.

Trochus incrassatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 20;

Chemn. Conch. v. p. 169. f. 1632.

Hab. ?

17. PotyponTa ELEGANTULA, Wood.

Trochus elegantulus, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. p. 5. f. 9.

Hab. 2

18. PotyponTa asPERA, Chemn.

Trochus asper, Chemn. Couch, v. pl. 169. f. 1633-34.

Hab. Banguey, province of North Iloco, island of Luzon, on the

reefs at low water (H. C.).

19. Potyponta concrinna, Philippi.

Trochus concinnus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 105.

Hab. 2

Bh 1963

155

20. Potyponta TuRRIs, Phil.

Trochus turris, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 102.

Hab. 2

21. PoLypONTA INCARNATA, Phil.

Trochus incarnatus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 103.

Hab. Suez, Red Sea.

22. PoLYDONTA IGNOBILIS, Phil.

Trochus ignobilis, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 102.

Hab. 2

23. Potyponta PusTuLosa, Phil.

Trochus pustulosus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab. pl. 44. f. 6.

Hab. 2

24. PoLYDONTA GIBBERULA, A. Adams. P. testé elevato-conicd,

in medio gibbosd, anfractu ultimo angustato ; albidd, lineis roseis

flammulatis radiatim picta ; anfractibus subconvexis, cingulis gra-

nosis transversis ornatd, ultimo obtuse angulato ; basi conveai-

usculd, albd, fasciis roseis radiatim picta ; centro excavato, umbi-

licum mentiente ; columelld superné soluta, margine tuberculo-den-

ticulato ; labro intus lirato, inferne denticulato.

Hab. Philippines.

25. PoLyDONTA PALLIDULA, A. Adams. P. testd elevato-conicd,

albidd, maculis luteolis picta ; anfractibus planis, cingulis tuber-

culorum ornatd, tuberculis inferné in costas excurrentibus, basi

converd, cingulis granosis ornatd, cavitate contortd umbilicum

simulante ; columelld superné solutd, margine tuberculato-dentato ;

labro intus lirato, inferne denticulato.

Hab. ?

26. Potyponta corrvueata, A. Adams. P. testd elevato-conicd,

albida, rufo-fusco variegata ; anfractibus planiusculis, sulcis trans-

versis, sulcisque obliquis nodoso-reticulatis, inferné oblique costa-

tis, costis nodosis ornatis ; basi planiusculd, in medio concavd, ex-

cavatd, umbilicum mentiente ; columelld superné solutd, margine

tuberculato-dentato ; labro intus lirato, inferné denticulato,

Hab. 2

27. PotypoNnTA squamiIcERA, A. Adams. PP. testa elato-

conicd, albidd, cinereo-viridi radiatim pictd ; anfractibus planius-

culis, cingulis granulorum tribus ornatis, inferne oblique costatis,

costis in spinis squamiformibus excurrentibus, basi pland striis

granosis, fasciisque rufo-viridibus ornatd, centro excavato umbili-

cum simulante, intus albo lineis elevatis cincto; apertura lineis

acutis elevatis, transversis in faucibus instructd.

Hab. ?

156

Genus 7. PHorcus, Risso.— Omphalius, Philippi.

1. PHorcus MELALEUCOS, Jonas.

Trochus melaleucos, Jonas, Zeit. f. Malac. 1844, p. 169; Phil.

Abbild. Trochus, t. v. f. 7.

Hab. 2

2. PHORCUS OCCULTUS, Phil.

Trochus occultus, Phil. Abbild. p. 17. t. 5. f. 8.

Hab. 2

3. PHORCUS MODESTUS, Koch.

Trochus modestus, Koch ; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, p. 30, t. 5. f.10.

Hab. 2

4, PHORCUS VARIEGATUS, Chemn.

Trochus variegatus, Chemn. v. pl. 171. f. 1677.—Trochus viridu-

lus, Gmel. ; Wood, Ind. Test. p. 28. f. 42.—Trochus Byronianus,

Wood.—Trochus Brazilianus, Menke.

Hab. 2

5. PHORCUS CARNEUS, Gmel.

Trochus carneus, Gmel. 3574 2 Trochus indusii, Chemn.

Hab. 2

6. PHorcuUSs CRUCIATUS, Chemn.

Trochus cruciatus, Chemn. pl. 171. £167:

Hab. is

7, PHORCUS QUADRICOSTATUS, Wood.

Trochus quadricostatus, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. p.5. f.15.

—Trochus torulosus, Phil. Abbild. t. 2. f. 12.

Hab. ?

8. PHORCUS DENTATUS, Gmel.

Turbo dentatus, Gmel. ; Chemn. Conch. v. p._ f-

Hab. I

9, PHORCUS QUADRICARINATUS, Gmel.

Trochus quadricarinatus, Gmel. ; Chemn. ii. t. 196. f. 1892-93.—

Trochus rubro-flammulatus, Koch.

Hab. ?

10. PHoRCUS UMBILICARIS, Linn.

Trochus umbilicaris, Linn. ; Chemn. v. p. f. —Trochus exca-

vatus, Lamk.—-Trochus cinereus, Da Costa.

Hab. 4

11. PHorcus scavaris, Anton.

Trochus scalaris, Anton. ; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, p. 18. t. DHS ark

Hab. 2

157

12. Pworcus ruscescens, Phil.

Trochus fuscescens, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. 3. f. 8.

Fab. 2

13. PHorcus nopicinctus, A. Adams. P. testg conoided, um-

bilicatd, fusca luteo variegatd, levi ; anfractibus subplanulatis,

: cingulis tribus nodulosis, liris elevatis transversis ornatis, an-

Sractu ultimo subangulato, basi convexiusculd, lineis elevatis

> concentricis sculptd, regione umbilicali albidd ; columella brevi,

arcuatd, basi dentibus duobus terminatd ; labro Susco marginato.

Hab. 2

14. Puorcus Granirer, A. Adams. P. testd orbiculato-conicd,

fusca, cingulis transversis granorum distantium ornatd, cingulis

remotiusculis, interstitiis transversim liratis ; anfractibus rotun-

datis, suturd canaliculatd ; umbilico aperto, perspectivo ; columella

sinuatd, basi dentibus duobus terminaté ; labro intus crenulato.

Fab. 2

15. Puorcus tiratus, A. Adams. P. testd conoided, umbilicatd,

Suscd, lineis pallidis undulatis ornatd, cingulis distantioribus trans-

versis insculptd; columella sinuatd, basi dentibus tribus ter-

minatd, umbilico aperto, perspectivo, peromphalo viridulo ; labro

intus levi.

Hab. 2

16. PHorcus semicranosus, A. Adams. P. testd orbiculato-

conoided, umbilicatd, purpureo alboque variegatd, transversim

tenuiter striatd ; anfractibus planiusculis, cingulis confertis sub-

granosis ornatis, ultimo subangulato, basi planiusculd, cingulis

granosis insculpto ; margine umbilici lined alba elevatd cincto ;

labio supra calloso ; columellé supern® sinuatd, basi in tuberculis

duobus terminatd et infra tuberculos dentibus duobus instruct ;

labro intus levi, antic? callo marginato.

Hab. West Indies.

yy 04S? 17. PHorcus catirornicus, A. Adams. P. testa orbiculato-

conicd, profundé umbilicatd, viridi, atro-purpureo radiatim ma-

culata, liris transversis subnodulosis inequalibus ornatd; an-

Sractu ultimo subangulato ; basi convexiusculd 3 umbilico perspec-

tivo ; labio in medio valde excavato, columella antic? dentatd, intus

levi.

Hab. California. Mus. Cuming.

Genus 8. CLancuxus, Montfort.

Polydonta b., Schum.—Fragella, Swainson.— Apiculum, sp.,

Humph.—Monodonta, sp., Lamk.—Otavia, Risso (not Cantraine).

1. Cuancuxus Puaraonts, Lim.

Trochus Pharaonis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. no. 584; Chemn.

Conch. pl. 171. f. 1672-73.

Hab. 2

158

2. CLANCULUS CORALLINUS, Gmel.

Trochus corallinus, Gmel. no. 3576 ; Adans. Senegal, p. 183. t. 12.

f. 4. —Monodonta punicea, Phil.

Hab.

3. CLANCULUsS SmiTuHiI, Wood.

Trochus Smithit, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 20.

Hab. Japan.

4, Cuancutus Mavuceri, Wood.

Trochus Maugeri, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 27.

Hab. Australia.

5. CLANCULUS FLORIDUS, Phil.

Trochus clangulus, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 31.

Hab. New Zealand (Jukes).

6. CLANCULUS MEDITERRANEUS, Wood.

Trochus mediterraneus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 32.—

Monodonta Vieilloti, Payr.—Mon. Araonis, Bast.

Hab. Naples; on rocky ground (Philippi).

7. CLANCULUS CLANGULOIDES, Wood.

Trochus clanguloides, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. esi

Hab.

8. CLANCULUS LIMBATUS, Quoy et Gaimard.

Trochus limbatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy.de! Astrol. p.245. pl.63. f.16.

Hab.

9. CLancu.us Paraconicvs, d’Orbigny.

Monodonta Patagonica, d’ Orb. Voy. dans ! Am. Mérid. t. 55. f. 2

Hab.

10. Cuancuius Couturu, Payr.

Monodonta Couturii, Payr. Cat. p. 134. t. 6. f.19, 20.

Hab. Malta.

11. CLANCULUS RINGENS, Menke.

Monodonta ringens, Menke, Moll. Noy. Holl. sp. p. 14.

Hab. New Holland.

12. Ciancuus aGrestis, Chemn.

Trochus (Globulus) agrestis, Chemn, Conch. p. HL f. 1678.—

Monodonta Rese Phil.

Hab.

13. CLrancutus Guranicus, Chemn.

Trochus (Globulus) Guianicus, Chemn. Conch. pl. 171. f. 1680.—

Trochus Guineensis, Gmel.—Trochus (Globulus) Subucula, Chemn.

(var.).

Hab.

159

14. Crancuus Jussievt, Payr.

Monodonta Jussieui, Payr. Cat. pl. 6. f. 17.

Hab. Corsica; Languedoc ; France.

15. CLaANcULUS TURGIDULUS, Brocchi.

Trochus turgidulus, Brocchi.

Hab. Corsica.

16. CuancuLus Lupinus, Menke.

Monodonta lupina, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 15.

Hab.

17. Cuancuxius Kravsit, Phil.

Monodonta Krausii, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 101.

Hab. 2

18. CLaNcULUS CoRRUGATUS, Koch.

Trochus corrugatus, Koch ; Phil. Abbild. p. 67. Troch. t. 2. f. 7.

Hab. z

19, CLaANCULUS OCHROLEUCUS, Phil.

Trochus ochroleucus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.

20. CLANCULUS sPADICEUS, Phil.

Trochus spadiceus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.

21. CLANcULUS ANUS, Phil.

Trochus anus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.

22. CLANCULUS PERSONATUS, Phil.

Trochus personatus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac.

Hab. New Holland. Mus. Hanley.

23. CLANCULUS SCABROSUS, Phil.

Trochus scabrosus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.

24. Cirancutus Lupwie1, Krauss.

Trochus Ludwigi, Krauss, Sudafrik Moll. t. 5. f. 33.

25. CLANCULUS MARGARITARIUS, Phil.

Monodonta margaritaria, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 100.

26. CLANCULUS ORMOPHORUS, A. Adams. C. festd depresso-

conicd, umbilicatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, cingulis granorum

equalibus ornatis, cingulo primo, secundo et tertio granis fuscis

albis alternantibus, quarto granis fuscis ornatis ; anfractu penul-

timo gibboso, ultimo rotundato; umbilico crenulato; columelld

callosd, subreflexd, basi dente triplicato.

Hab. 2

G3, 199 >

\4, 195?

160

27. CLANcULUS vARIEGATUS, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-

conicd, pallida, rufo-fusco variegata ; anfractibus supra tumidis,

cingulis granorum ornatis ; interstitiis striis obliquis longitudinali-

bus ; anfractu ultimo acuté angulato, basi pluno ; umbilico crenu-

lato ; columella supra tortuosd, margine reflexd, crenulatd, basi

dente biplicato terminatd ; labro intus dentibus lamellaribus, su-

periore majore.

Had. Island of Siquijor, under stones (#. C.).

28. CLANCULUS CINGULIFER, A. Adams. (C. testé elevato-conoi-

ded, carneold, cingulo albo rufoque articulato, ornatd ; anfracti-

bus rotundatis, cingulis transversis granosis sculptis ; basi con-

cava, peromphalo albo roseo radiato, margine plicato ; columella

crassa, supra nodosd, infra uniplicatd ; basi dente triplicato ter-

minatd ; labro intus lirato; tuberculo maximo, prope marginem

superiorem.

Hab. 2

29. CuancuLus macu.osus, A. Adams. C. testd elevato-conoi-

ded, rufo-fuscd, maculis albidis variegatd ; anfractibus rotundatis,

cingulis granorum ornatis, interstitiis oblique striatis, margine um-

bilict crenulato ; columella supra tuberculo magno instructd, basi

dente biplicato terminata ; labro intus lirato, lird supremd maximd.

Hab. ?

30. CuancuLus sutcarius, A. Adams. C. testa parva, albida,

fasciis fuscis radiatim ornatd, cingulis distantioribus granorum

instructd, interstitiis longitudinaliter oblique striatis ; anfractibus

parum convezis ; margine umbilici crenulato; columella dente

pliciformi ; labro intus crenulato.

Hab. Island of Masbate, sandy mud, 7 fathoms (#. C.).

31. CLancuLus acuminatus, A. Adams. C. testa elevato-

conicad ; spird acuminata, fuscd, nigro-fusco punctatd, cingulis

transversis subdistantibus granorum ornatad; interstitiis Llineis

transversis et longitudinalibus decussatis ; margine umbilici sub-

noduloso ; columella margine reflexo, integro, basi dente simplici

magno terminatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, under stones (H. C.).

32. CLancuLus ALBInus, A. Adams. C. testd conoided, albidd,

cingulis granorum confertis ornatd, granis nonnullis fusco punc-

tatis ; anfractibus convexis, ultimo rotundato ; margine umbilici

plicato-dentato ; columella callosd, plicis duabus transversis, basi

dente triplicato terminatd ; labro superné inflexo, intus lirato ;

ane ae pn trisulcato prope marginem superiorem.

ab. f

33. CLANCULUS TURBINOIDES, A. Adams. C. testd turbinato-

conoided, fusca, cingulis subdistantibus granorum ornatd ; inter-

stitiis lineis transversis prominulis ; anfractibus rotundatis, su-

turd canaliculataé ; basi cingulis concentricis granorum instructd ;

161

umbilico dentato ; columellé sulcatd, margine reflerd, tuberculis

quatuor ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. 2

34. CLaNcuLUS sTIGMATARIUS, A. Adams. OC. testa elevato-

conicd, cingulis confertis granorum ornatd, lutescenti cingulo ter-

tio et septimo granis albis et roseis subdistantibus, basi granis

roseis ornatd; umbilici margine subnodoso; columella crassd,

transversim subplicata, basi dente magno triplicato terminatd ;

labro supra inflexo, intus lirato, tuberculo magno bisulcato prope

marginem superiorem.

Hab. Island of Corigidor, bay of Manila, coarse sand, 9 fathoms

CH. C.)a

35. CLANCULUS TExTILOSUS, A. Adams. (C. testd conoided ;

spirad acuminata, cingulis granorum inequalibus ornaté, primo,

tertio et sexto coccined, secundo, quarto, quinto et septimo granis

albis nigris alternantibus ornatd ; margine umbilici dentato ; colu-

mella biplicatad, margine acutd, basi dente triplicato terminata ;

labro intus lirato, prope marginem superiorem tuberculo magno.

Hab. Island of Ticao, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H. C.).

36. CLancuLus minor, A. Adams. C. testa parva, conicd, al- %,'

bida, fasciis rufo-fuscis radiatim ornatd ; anfractibus planis, cin-

gulis transversis granosis sculptd, anfractu ultimo angulato, basi

planiusculd, margine umbilici crenulata ; columelld tuberculo de-

curvato terminata ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Island of Masbate, sandy mud, 7 fathoms (H. C.).

37. CLANCULUS BRUNNEUS, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-conicd,

fy /9%3 fuscd, cingulis granorum subdistantibus ornatd ; interstitiis lon-

gitudinaliter elevate striatis; anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo

acute angulato, umbilici margine plana; columella transversim

plicatd, margine fimbriatd, basi dente biplicato terminata ; labro

intus lirato, lira supremd majore.

Hab. ?

38. CLancuLus unepo, A. Adams. C. testa elevato-conoided ;

spird prominuld, apice roseo, cingulis granorum confertis (in anf.

ultim. quinque) ornatd, coccined, cingulo secundo, quarto et quinto

granis albis et nigris ornatis ; umbilici margine plicato-crenulata ;

columella obliquad, crassd, margine reflexd, basi dente magno tri-

plicato terminatd ; labro intus lirato, supra tuberculo magno.

Hab. ?

39. CLANCULUS zEBRIDES, A. Adams. C. testd conoided, fus-

cescenti, nigro-fusco radiatim pictd, cingulis granorum sculptd ;

interstitiis lineolis transversis elevatis ; anfractibus rotundatis ;

umbilici margine crenulatd ; columella supra tuberculo, margine

callosd, basi tuberculo magno terminatd ; labro intus dentibus

linearibus instructo.

Hab. ?

No. CCXXIX.—ProcerpinGés or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

162

40. CLANCULUS EDENTULUS, A. Adams. C. testd orbiculato-

conoided, sordidé rufa, ulbo variegatd, cingulis transversis gra-

nosis sculpta ; anfractibus parum convevis ; umbilici margine sub-

crenulatd ; columella supra plicatd, infra edentuld, margine infra

tuberculis tribus ; labro intus subsulcato.

Hab. 4

41. Crancuus niericans, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-conicd,

umbilicata, nigricante ; anfractibus planis cingulis quinque gra-

nulatis ornatd, ultimo angulatd, carinis planis duabus in parte

inferiore, cingulis 5-6 articulatis sulcisque intermediis sculptd ;

umbilict margine crenulato; columelld rectd, superné solutd, in

parte superiore tuberculatd, extus tuberculis tribus instructd ;

labro intus levi.

Hab. ?

42. CLANcuLus CARINATUS, A. Adams. (C. testd conicd, albidd,

flammulis rubris pictd, anfractibus planis, cingulis inequalibus

confertis granorum ornatd, supra suturam angulatd, anfractu ul-

timo margine carinato, carind albo rufoque articulatd ; umbilici

margine plano; columelld rectd, supra subcallosd, basi dente

simplici acuto terminatd ; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. q

43. CuancuLus micropon, A. Adams. C. testd orbiculato-

conicd, fuscd, nigro-fusco maculatd, cingulis granorum ornatd ;

interstitiis lineis elevatis transversis ; anfractibus rotundatis,

basi cingulis subnodosis, rufo- et nigro-fusco articulatd ; umbilici

margine dentato, dente superiore majore ; columelld supra flecu-

osd, plicatd, margine reflexo, sulcato-crenulato, basi dente parvo

terminatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. ?

44, CLANCULUS OMALOMPHALUS, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-

conicd, pallidd, fusco maculata, anfractibus paulum rotundatis,

cingulis granorum ornatd ; interstitiis striis longitudinalibus, an-

Fractu ultimo acute carinato, carind albo rufoque articulatd, basi

pland ; umbilict margine plano; columella transversim plicatd,

margine reflezo dentato, basi dente biplicato terminatd ; labro intus

lirato.

Hab. Sydney (Strange).

45. Cuancuus e1psosus, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-conicd,

pallida, fasciis fuscis radiatim dispositis ornatd, cingulis trans-

versis equalibus granosis sculptd ; anfractibus rotundatis, suturd

profundd, canaliculatd, anfractu ultimo gibboso, infra subangu-

lato ; umbilici margine crenulato ; columella plicatd, margine re-

flexo supra dentato, basi dente magno biplicato terminatdé ; labro

intus corrugato-crenulato, supra inflexo, tuberculo magno in-

structo.

Hab. New Ireland (Jiakes):

163

AMD 65346. CLaNncuLus conspersus, A. Adams. C. testd orbiculato-

conicd, rufescente, albo rubroque variegatd, cingulis moniliformi-

bus transversis ornatd, cingulo infra suturam majore, anfractu

ultimo angulato ; columellé postice subcanaliculatd vix tortuosd,

antice plicd magnd transversd terminatd ; labro intus valde den-

tato-lirato.

Hab. ?

47. CLANCULUS NoDILIRATUS, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-

turbinatd, carneold, liris transversis nodulosis subdistantibus

ornatd ; interstitiis longitudinaliter tenuissime striatis ; anfrac-

tibus subquadratis, margine umbilici dentato; columella rectd,

anticé tuberculo parvo terminaté ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. 2

Genus 9. ZizipHinus, Leach.

Calliostoma, Swains.—Labio, sp. Oken.—Trochilus, sp. Humph.

1. ZizipHinus vuLeaRis, Gray; Mrs. Gray, Fig. of Moll. An.

p- 89.

Trochus ziziphinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1231.—Trochus

= conulus, Penn.—Trochus zyziphinus, Born.—Trochus zezyphinus,

Chemn.—Trochus discrepans, Brown.—Trochus Lyonsii, Leach.—

Trochus albidus, Wood.—Trochus Sisyphinus, Macgill.—Trochus

Sedgwickii, Sow.—Trachus conuloides, Lamk.

Hab. British islands ; Mediterranean; Norway, &c.

2. ZIZIPHINUS CONULUs, Linn.

Trochus conulus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p: 1230.—Trochus vio-

laceus, Risso.

Hab. British islands.

3. ZIZIPHINUS ALABASTRUM, Beck.

Margarita alabastrum, Beck ; Lovén, Ind. Moll. Scandin. p. 20.

—Trochus occidentalis, Mighels & Ad.—Trochus formosus, Forbes.

Hab. British islands.

4, ZizIPHINUS GRANULATUS, Born.

Trochus granulatus, Born, Test. Mus. Cees. Vind. p. 337. pl. 12.

f. 9, 10.—Trochus papillosus, Da Costa.—Trochus fragilis, Pultney.

—Trochus tenuis, Montague.

Hab. British islands.

5. ZIZIPHINUS SELECTUS, Chemn.

Trochus selectus, Chemn. Conch. xi. t. 196. f. 1896-97.—Zizi-

phinus tigris, Gray.

Hab. New Zealand.

6. ZizipHINUS DOLIARIUS, Chemn.

Trochus doliarius, Chemn. Conch. x. t. 165. f. 1579-80.—Zizi-

phinus canaliculatus, Gray.

Hab. Australia; New Zealand.

164

7. ZizipHinus CUNNINGHAMI, Gray.

Ziziphinus Cunninghami, Gray, Brit. Mus.

Hab. ?

8. ZizipHINUS ANNULATUS, Martyn.

Trochus annulatus, Martyn, Conch. i. t. 33.—Trochus virgineus,

Gmel.

Hab. Monterey, California (Hartweg).

9. ZIZIPHINUS GRANATUM, Gmel.

Trochus granatum, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. t. 170. f. 1654-55.

Hab. Australia, Port Essington (Jukes).

10. ZizipHiInus ORNATUS, Lamk.

Trochus ornatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p. 27.

Hab. 2

11. Ziz1pHINUS ARMILLATUS, Wood.

Trochus armillatus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 5.

Hab. 2

12. ZizZIPHINUS INTERRUPTUS, Wood.

Trochus interruptus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 42.

Hab. 4

13. ZizIPHINUS TRANQUEBARICUS, Chemn.

Trochus Tranquebaricus, Chemn. Conch. v. t. 166. f. 1595-96.

Hab. ie

14. ZizipHINusS PYRAMIS, Gmel.

Trochus Pyramis, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. pl. 170. f. 1652-53.

—Trochus crenulatus, Broce.—Trochus Matonii, Payr.—Trochus

punctatus, Ren.—Trochus conulus, Donov.—Trochus tricolor, Risso.

Hab. 4

15. ZiziIpHINUS MONTAGUI, Gray.

Trochus Montagui, Gray ; Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 43.—

Trochus striatus, Forbes.

Hab. British islands.

16. ZizipHINUS INDISTINCTUS, Wood.

Trochus indistinctus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 41.

Hab. ?

17. ZizIPHINUS PYRAMIDATUS, Lamk.

Trochus pyramidatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 30.

Hab. 2

18. ZizipHINUS LANGIERI, Payraud.

Trochus Langieri, Payraud. Cat.

TTab. ?

165

19. Z1z1PHINUS JUJUBINUS, Gmel.

Trochus jujubinus, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. pl. .f. .

Hab. Java.

20. ZizipHINus FiILosus, Wood.

Trochus filosus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 23.—Trochus

castaneus, Nuttall ?—Trochus ligatus, Gould.

Hab, Straits of Juan de Fuco, Upper California.

21. ZizipuHinvus pustivs, Philippi.

Trochus dubius, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. ii. p. 149. t. 25. f. 7.

Hab. Sicily.

22. ZIZIPHINUS GEMMosus, Reeve.

Trochus gemmosus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842; Conch. Syst.

pl. 218. f. 9.

Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindanao, sandy mud, 6 fathoms.

23. ZiziIPHINUS EXIMIUvS, Reeve.

Trochus eximius, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842; Conch. Syst.

pl. 218. f. 12.

Hab. 2

24. ZIZIPHINUS ANTONI, Koch.

Trochus Antonii, Koch; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, p. 2. t. 1. f. 4.

Hab. 2 ,

25. ZizipHINUS ExiGuUS, Pultney.

Trochus exiguus, Pultney Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 44.—Tro-

chus erythroleucus, Gmel.; Lamk.—Trochus exasperatus, Penn.—

Trochus erythroleucus, Hanley.—Trochus conulus, Da Costa.—Tro-

chus minutus, Chemn. ; Dillw.

Hab. Mediterranean ; British islands.

26. ZizipHiNus stRIATUus, Linn.

Trochus striatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1230.—Trochus par-

vus, Da Costa.—Trochus conicus, Donov.—Trochus erythroleucus,

Maton & Rack.—Trochus depictus, Deshayes.—Trochus Sartori,

Arad & Magg.—Trochus vittatus, Lamk.

Hab. British islands.

27. ZizIPHINUS CILIARIS, Menke.

Trochus ciliaris, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. p.17; Phil. Abbild. Tro-

chus, t. 7. f. 11.

Hab. 2

28. ZIzZIPHINUS DECORATUS, Phil.

Trochus decoratus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 102.

Hab. ?

29. ZizipHINUS L&vIGATUS, Phil.

Trochus levigatus, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. v. 1. t. 11. f. 2.

Hab. Naples, rocky shores.

166

30. ZizIPHINUS STRIGOSUS, Gmel.

Trochus strigosus, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. t. 170. f. 1651.—

Trochus callichrous, Phil.

Hab. Morocco.

31. ZizipHINuUS LURIDUs, Nuttall.

Trochus luridus, Nuttall.

Hab. Fayal.

32. ZIZIPHINUS BICINGULATUS, Lamk.

Trochus bicingulatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 27.—

Trochus vinctus, Phil.

Hab. Rains Island (Ince).

33. ZIZIPHINUS MILLEGRANUS, Phil.

Trochus millegranus, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. v. 1. p. 183. pl. 10. f. 25.

—! Trochus Clelandi, Wood.—Trochus Martini, Smith.—Trochus

miliaris, Scace.

Hab. 2

34. Z1zIPHINUS AGRESTIS, Phil.

Trochus agrestis, Phil. Abbild. p. 33, Trochus, t. 1. f. 6.

Hab. Singapore, fine sand, 6 fathoms (Z. C.).

35. ZizipHINUS CHLOROSTOMUS, Menke.

Trochus chlorostomus, Menke, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 17; Phil.

Abbild. Trochus, t. 2. f. 8.

Hab. New Holland.

36. ZizipHINUS PERSPECTIVUS, Koch.

Trochus perspectivus, Koch; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, p. 2. t. 1. f. 5.

Hab. ?

37. ZizieHINuUS MINIATUS, Anton.

Trochus miniatus, Anton, Verzeich. p. 58; Phil. Abbild. Trochus,

tin Nn bah

Hab.

38. ZizipHINUS GiILvuS, Phil.

Trochus gilvus, Phil.

Hab. 2

39. ZizipHINUS METAFORMIS, Phil.

Trochus metaformis, Phil. ; Kust. Conch. Cab. t. 43. f. 13.

Hab. 2

40. ZizipHinus zonamestus, A. Adams. Z. testd oblique pyra-

midali, umbilicatd, carned, cingulis transversis granosis permultis

ornatd ; interstitiis purpurascentibus, striis obliquis longitudinali-

bus ; anfractibus planis, supra suturas angulatis, ultimo acute

angulato, basi plano-concavd, cingulis granulatis insculptd ; umbi-

———— LE LU

BY, 4 1953

167

lico magno, infundibuliformi, intus albo; aperturd rhomboided,

intus albd; columelld rectd, basi truncatd.

Hab. Honduras (Dyson).

4]. ZizipHinus Ticaonicus, A. Adams. Z. testa elevato-conicda,

perforata, luted vel carned, liris transversis rufo articulatis prope

suturas ornatd; anfractibus paulum rotundatis, longitudinaliter

striatis, apice atro-purpureo; anfractu ultimo subangulato, basi

convexiusculd, cingulis rufo-articulatis insculpta ; aperturd sub-

quadrata ; columella rectd, antic subtruncatd ; apertura intus

alba.

Hab. Island of Ticao, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H. C.).

42. ZiziIpHINUS JAPonicus, A. Adams. Z. testa turrito-conicd,

levi, nitidd, imperforata ; anfractibus planis, basi lineis duabus

impressis, ultimo angulato, rubra flammulis fuscis et albidis ornata,

basi converd, cingulis articulatis insculptd ; aperturd subquadratd,

intus viride iridescenti.

Hab. Japan.

43. ZiziPHINUS ELEGANTULUS, A. Adams. Z. testdé conicd, im-

perforata, lutescenti ; anfractibus planis, lineis elevatis distantibus

granulatis moniliformibus violaceis alternis minoribus cinctd ;

interstitits longitudinaliter striatis ; basi planiusculd, cingulis

quatuor violaceis ornatd ; aperturd subquadratd, intus alba ;

columellé basi subtruncatd.

Hab. Malacca, coral sand, 10 fathoms (H. C.).

44. ZizipHinus pecussatus, A. Adams. Z. testd elevato-conicd,

subperforatd, albidd, maculis viridibus longitudinalibus ornaté ;

anfractibus planis, basi marginatis, prominulis ; cingulis trans-

versis granulatis lineisque elevatis longitudinalibus decussate in-

sculptd ; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi convexiusculd, cingulis

granulatis ornatd ; aperturd subquadratd ; columelld rectd, basi

truncata.

Hab. Calipan, Mindoro, coarse gravel, 12 fathoms (H. C.).

45. ZizipHinus RuBRoPUNCTATUS, A. Adams. Z. testd parvd,

orbiculato-conicd, lutescenti; cingulis transversis spinulosis or-

nata (in anfractu ultimo quatuor), interstitiis clathratis pulcher-

rime rubro-punctulatis.

Hab. 2

46. ZizipHinus unicinctus, A. Adams. Z. testdé turrito-conicd,

imperforatd, luteold ; anfractibus planis, subimbricatis, basi cin-

gulis prominulis rubro-articulatis lineisque transversis confertis

ornatis ; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi productd, lineis concen-

tricis et cinguld elevatd articulatd sculptd ; aperturd subtrigond ;

columellé rectd, basi subcanaliculatd.

Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, on pearl oysters, 8 to 10 fathoms

(H. C.).

168

47. ZizipHinus NEBULOsuS, A. Adams. Z. testd conoided, im-

perforata, rufo-fuscd albo variegatd ; anfractibus planiusculis,

cingulis inequalibus granorum ornatd, ultimo subangulato, basi

convexiusculd, cingulis subgranulosis rufo alboque articulatis or-

natd ; apertura subtetragond ; columella alba, incurvatd, basi sub-

truncata ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Rains Island (Ince).

48. ZizipHinus picturatus, A. Adams. Z. testd turrito-conicd,

imperforatd, viridi aut violaced, fasciis undulatis lineisque ziczaci-

formibus ornatd ; anfractibus planis, basi marginatis crenulatis,

lineis impressis transversis sculptaé ; anfractu ultimo angulato,

basi conveviusculd ; aperturd subquadratd, intus albdé ; columella

incurvd, basi truncata.

Hab. Delaguete, island of Negros, sandy mud, 7 fathoms

(H. C.). .

49. ZizIPHINUS ASPERULATUS, A. Adams. Z. tesid conicd, im-

perforata, albidd, maculis purpureis radiatim ornatd ; anfracti-

bus planiusculis, in medio carinatis, cingulis inequalibus ornatd,

superioribus granulatis, inferioribus subplanis ; anfractu ultimo

subangulato, basi pland, cingulis planis insculptd ; regione umbili-

cali depressd, callo obtectd ; apertura subrotundad ; columella rectd,

basi truncata ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. 2

50. ZizipHinus PpotycHroma, A. Adams. Z. testé turrito-

conicd, perforata, viridi, fasciis albidis undulatis, lineis luteis

angulatis varie pictéd; anfractibus planis, subimbricatis ; basi

marginatis articulatis prominulis, lineis transversis subdistanti-

bus impressis ornatd, longitudinaliter substriatd ; anfractu ultimo

angulato, basi convexiusculd, cingulis luteo articulatis insculptd ;

aperturd subquadratd, intus viridi; columella rectd, basi sub-

truncata.

Hab. Island of Masbate, sandy mud, 7 fathoms (H. C.).

51. ZizipHinus pupticatus, A. Adams. Z. testd turrito-conicd,

imperforatd ; anfractibus convexis cingulis granorum ornatd ;

basi cingulis duabus majoribus prominentibus instructis ; inter-

stitiis longitudinaliter striatis; anfractu ultimo subrotundato,

basi convexiusculd, cingulis granorum insculpté ; apertura sub-

rotundatd ; labro intus lirato; columelld basi tuberculo termi-

natd.

Hab. 2

52. ZizipHinus caLirornicus, A. Adams. Z. testd elevato-

conicd, imperforatd, rufescenti; anfractibus subrotundatis, supra

excavatis, liris transversis granulosis, duabus, supra suturam,

majoribus ; anfractu ultimo subrotundato, basi convexiuscula ;

aperturd subquadratd ; columella rectd, antice subtuberculatd.

Hab. California. (Mus. Cuming.)

169

Genus 10. Canrurripus, Montfort.

Eleuchus, sp. Humph.; Swains.—Phasianella, c., Menke.—Trochus,

sp. Philippi.

1. CANTHIRIDUS IRIDIS, Chemn.

Trochus iridis, Chemn. Conch. v. t. 161. f. 1522-23.—Trochus

iris, Gmel.

Hab.

2. CANTHIRIDUS PURPURATUS, Martyn.

Trochus purpuratus, Martyn; Chemn. v. t.161. f. 1524-25.—Tro-

chus notatus, Gmel.—? Trochus elegans, Gmel.—? Phasianella ru-

bella.

Hab.

3. CANTHIRIDUS NITIDULUS, Phil.

Trochus nitidulus, Phil.; Kust. Conch. Cab. pl. 43. f. 10.

Hab. 2

4. CANTHIRIDUS CINGULIGER, A. Adams. CC. testé elevato-

conicd, cinered, punctis fuscis in lineis flammulatis dispositis,

transversim sulcatd; anfractibus planis, cinguld prominenti

supra suturam, anfractu ultimo angulato, cingulo plano cincio ;

umbilico poruecers ; columelld rectd; labro intus albo, levi.

Hab. d

5. CANTHIRIDUS PUNCTULOsSUS, A. Adams. (C. testd elevato-

conicd, imperforatd, levi, nitidd, cinered, transversim sulcatd ;

cingulis transversis, luteo alboque punctatis nigro-maculatis

ornatd; anfractibus planis, ultimo acuté angulato; regione

umbilicali rosed ; aperturd subquadratd ; columelld albd, rectd,

anticée subtruncatd ; labro intus levi, limbo punctulato. ’

Hab. Swan River, 4 fathoms (Jukes).

6. Canruiripus zEaLanpicus, A. Adams. C. testd obliqué

conicd, subturritd, imperforatd, levi, nitidd ; atro-purpured,

lineis pallidis transversis, ubique cinctd; anfractibus paulum

convexis ; aperturd obliqud, subrotundatd ; labio albo, simplici,

arcuato ; labro intus sulcato, margaritaceo, vivide iridescenti.

Hab. New Zealand.

7. CANTHIRIDUS MONILIGER, A. Adams. OC. testd elevato-

conicd, imperforatd, cinered, cingulis moniliformibus transversis

ornatd ; interstitiis longitudinaliter elevate striatis ; anfracti-

bus planis, apice purpureo, suturd canaliculatd ; anfractu ulti-

mo angulato ; aperturd subquadratd ; columelld anticé subtrun-

catd; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. Swan River, 8 fathoms (Jukes).

8. CANTHIRIDUS ARTICULARIS, A. Adams. C. testd elevato-

conicd, levi, nitidd, cinered; cingulis confertis, nigro alboque

170

articulatis ornatd ; interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ; anfrac-

tibus planis, ultimo angulato, basi planiusculd, cingulis articu-

latis sculptd; aperturd subquadratd ; columelld anticé sub-

truncata ; labro intus levi, limbo articulato.

Hab. 2

9. CANTHIRIDUS ARTIZONA, A. Adams. (C. testd elevate conoi-

ded, pallidd; cingulis carneolis angustis elevatis transversis

ornatd ; interstitiis transversim striatis ; anfractu ultimo an-

gulato; aperturd intus viridescenti; labro intus lirato, limbo

rufo articulato.

Hab. 2

10. CanTuiripus RuFozona, A. Adams. C. testd conoided,

pallidd, cingulis rubris transversis interstitiis planis ornatd;

anfractu ultimo rotundato ; labro intus albo, levi, limbo rufo-

articulato ; columelld albd.

Hab. 2

11. CanrHiripus TENEBROsSUS, A. Adams. C. testd parvd,

elevato-conicd, imperforatd, subnigrd, transversim sulcatd, sul-

cis albicantibus planis; anfractibus paulum convewis, ultimo

subangulato, basi convexd ; aperturd subrotundatd, intus albd,

margaritaced ; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. 2

12. CanrHiRipus nigricans, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-

conicd, atro-purpured, cingulis elevatis transversis ornatd ; in-

terstitiis longitudinaliter oblique striatis ; anfractu ultimo sub-

angulato ; labro intus albo, sublevi, limbo nigro.

Hab. 2

13. CANTHIRIDUS PALLIDULUS, A. Adams. C. testd elevato-

conicd, imperforatd, pallidd ; cingulis transversis elevatis luteo-

articulatis ornatd ; interstitiis concinné longitudinaliter stria-

tis; columelld subrectd, in medio tumidd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Australia.

Genus 11. ELeycuus, Swains.

Phasianella, d., Menke.—Canthiridus, sp. Gray.

“yu

1, ELeycuus Baprus, Wood.

Trochus badius, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. fig. 46.

Hab. 2

2. Eredcuus rosevs, Lamk.

Monodonta rosea, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 37.

Hab. ?

3. Eveucuus LINEATUS, Lamk.

Monodonta lineata, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 38.

Hab. ?

‘ 171

4. Evgewcuus rrisoponTEs, Quoy & Gaim.

Trochus irisodontes, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de l’Astr. iil. p. 246.

. 63. f. 7-12.—Monodonta virgata, Menke.

Hab.

5. Ex.evucuus BELLULvS, Dunker.

Trochus bellulus, Dunker ; Phil. Abbild. t. 7. f. 6.

Hab. 2

6. ELeucuus aprcinus, Menke.

Monodonta apicina, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 15.

Hab. 2

7. E.ewcuvus Leucostiema, Menke.

Trochus leucostigma, Menke; Phil. Abbild. t. 7. f. 7.—Phasia-

nella leucostigma, Menke.—Canthiridus variegatus, Gray.

Hab. 2 '

8. ELEYCHUS AUSTRALIS, Quoy & Gaim.

Trochus australis, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de l’Astr. pl. 63. f. 13, 14.

Hab. 2

9. ELEYCHUS SPLENDIDULUS, Swains.

Eleuchus splendidulus, Swains. Treatise on Malacol. p.

Hab. ?

10. Exretcuus vuuearis, A. Adams. Z£. testd ovato-conoided,

subturritd, imperforatd, levigatd, virenti, transversim tenuis-

simé striatd ; lineis undulatis viridis pictd, basi convexd ; aper-

turd ovatd ; columellé basi dente acuto terminatd ; labro posticé

subangulato.

Hab. Swan River.

11. Exevcuus rutizus, A. Adams. JZ. testd turrito-conicd,

imperforatd ; spird acuminatd, virido-fuscd, lineis longitudina-

libus rufescentibus ornatd, transversim striatd; anfractu ul-

timo viz angulato; aperturd intus vivide iridescente; labro

viridi marginato.

Hab. Australia.

Genus 12. Banxivia, Deshayes.

1. BANKIVIA PURPURASCENS, Beck.

Bankivia purpurascens, Beck ; Deshayes, Manuel de Conchylio-

logie.— Bankivia varians, Gray, MS. Mus. Brit.

Hab. Australia.

2. Bankivia mAsor, A. Adams. B. testd ovato-turritd, nigro-

Sused albo variegatd, levigatd, longitudinaliter oblique striatd ;

anfractu ultimo ventricoso, transversim sulcato ; columelld albd,

tortuosd.

Had. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

172

3. Banxivia nitipa, A. Adams. B. testd turritd, acuminatd,

carneold, suturis nigricantibus, levi, nitidd, transversim tenu-

issime striatd ; columelld anticé tortuosd; labro ad marginem

nigricante.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

Genus 13. Tuatotsa, Gray.

Elenchus, sp. Humph.—Helenchus, Herman.

1. TuHaxvotra picta, Wood.

Trochus pictus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 28.—Thalotia

picta, Gray.—Monodonta turrita, Menke.

Hab. New Holland.

2. THALOTIA PULCHERRIMA, Wood.

Trochus pulcherrimus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 45.—Tro-

chus Preissii, Menke.—Trochus porcatus, Philippi.

Hab. New Zealand.

3. THALOTIA AUSTRALIS, Quoy et Gaim.

Trochus australis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astrol. pl.63. f.13, 14.

Hab. Australia.

4. Taatotia Lenmannt, Menke.

Trochus Lehmanni, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 18.—? Pha-

sianella elegans, Lamarck.

Hab. New Holland.

5. THALOTIA ELONGATA, Wood.

Trochus elongatus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 19.—Trochus

attenuatus, Jonas.

Hab. ?

6. THALOTIA OBSCURA, Wood.

Trochus obscurus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 26.—Trochus

signatus, Jonas.

Hab. ?

7. THALOTIA PyRGoOs, Phil.

Trochus pyrgos, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab. pl. 43. f. 14.

Hab. ?

8. THALoTIA zEBUENSIS, A. Adams. Th. testd elevato-conoided,

perforatd, atro-fuscd, fasciis longitudinalibus ornatd, transver-

sim suleatd; anfractibus planulatis, ultimo rotundato, basi

convead ; labio subrecto, anticé reflexo, dilatato ; apertura sub-

circulari, intus albd ; labro intus levi, atro-marginato.

Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H.C.).

9. THALoTIA stRiGATA, A. Adams. Th. testd turrito-conicd, per-

foratd, albidd, fasciis latis rufo-fuscis radiatd ; anfractibus in

173

medio angulatis porcis transversis subgranulosis, interstitiis lon-

gitudinaliter striatis ornatd, basi convexd, concentricé porcatd ;

umbilico aperto ; aperturd subrotundatd ; columella subflecuosd,

basi truncatd ; labro intus lirato, margine crenulato.

Hab. Swan Point, N. Australia (Dring).

10. TwatoTiA zEBRIDES, A. Adams. Th. testd turrito-conicd,

subperforatd, virescenti, lineis atro-purpureis longitudinalibus

ornatd, porcis transversis confertis sculptd, longitudinaliter

striatd, basi convexd ; umbilico subobtecto; columelld sinuaté,

callo terminatd; labro intus lirato, margine atro-purpureo

articulato.

Hab. ig

11. THatotia suturatis, A. Adams. Th. testd conied, subper-

foratd, virescenti, lineis purpureis longitudinalibus undulatis

ornatd, transversim liratd, longitudinaliter striatd ; anfractibus

planis, supra suturam elevatis ; suturd canaliculatd, basi plani-

usculad ; columella brevi, basi tuberculo terminatd ; labro intus

levi, viridi.

Hab. Cape Upstart, Torres Straits, Australia, under stones, low

water (Dring).

12. THauotia TRIcINGULATA, A. Adams. Th. testd conicd, im-

perforata, nigrd, lineis albis longitudinalibus ornatd ; anfrac-

tibus angulatis, ultimo cingulis tribus transversis prominentibus

: instructo, basi convexd, cingulis concentricis nigro alboque ar-

| ticulatis ornatd ; labio ad basin tuberculato; aperturd subro-

tundatd, antes albd ; labro intus liris elevatis, atro-marginato.

Hab. f

13. THALOTIA CRENELLIFERA, A. Adams. Th. testd elevato-

conicd, imperforatd, rufescente, rubro maculosd; spird acumi-

natd, apice rubro; anfractibus planulatis, liris confertis, cre-

nellatis, transversis, interstitiis oblique longitudinaliter striatis ;

anfractu ultimo subangulato, basi convexiusculd ; aperturd sub-

quadratd, intus albd ; columelld alba, incurvatd, antice truncatd.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

Genus 14. Monoponta, Lamarck.

Monodon, Schweiger.—Monodontes, Montfort.— Odontis, Sow.—

Trochidon, Swains.—Diloma, Phil.—Trochulus, sp. Humph.

1. Monoponta LaBio, Linn.

Trochus Labio, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. no. 595. p. 1230; Chemn.

Conch. pl. 166. fig. 1579-81. v. p. 60.

Hab. 2

2. MONODONTA TURBINATA, Gmel.

Trochus turbinatus, Gmel. t. 63. f. D. E.

Hab. ?

174

3. MonopontTa ASPERA, Chemn.

Trochus asper, Chemn. v. pl. 166. f. 3582.

Hab. 2

4. MonoponTA CANALIFERA, Lamck.

Monodonta canalifera, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vil. p. 35.

Hab. 2

5. MonopontTA AUSTRALIS, Lamck.

Monodonta australis, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vil. p. 35 ;

Chemn. Conch. ii. t. 196. f. 1890, 1891.

Hab. ?

6. MonopontTa ATRATA, Gmel.

Turbo atratus, Gmel. 3601; Chemn. Conch. pl. 177. f.1754, 1755.

—Monodonta canaliculata, Lamck.—Monodonta Fermoni, Payr.

Hab. Island of Ticao, on stones on the reefs, low water (H. C.).

7. Monoponta viripts, Lamck.

Monodonta viridis, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vil. p. 35.

Hab. Port Essington (Jukes).

8. MonoponTA TRICARINATA, Lamck.

Monodonta tricarinata, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. vii. p. 36.

Hab. 2

9. Monoponta BaccaTa, Menke.

Monodonta baccata, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 14. no. 51.

Hab. New Holland.

10. Monoponta DunxeErt, Koch.

Monodonta Dunkeri, Koch, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, tab. 2. f. 5.

Hab. ?

11. Monopvonta Puruiprtt, Koch.

Monodonta Philippii, Koch, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, tab. 2. f. 6.

Hab. 2

12. MonoponTAa CRENULATA, Menke.

Monodonta crenulata, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p.

Hab. 2

13. Monoponta AsPeRsA, Koch.

Trochus aspersus, Koch, Zeit. fur Malac. 1846, July, p. 103.

Hab. 2

14. Monoponra INDECORA, Phil.

Trochus indecorus, Phil. Zeit. fur Malac. 1846, July, p. 104.

Hab. 2

15. Monoponta GEMMATA, Gould.

Trochus (Monodonta) gemmatus, Gould, Exp. Shells, p.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

175

16. Monoponta Inconspicva, Phil.

Trochus (Monodonta) inconspicuus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab. t. 43.

12:

Hate

17. MonoponTa RuGuLosA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-conoi-

ded, depressd, atro-fuscd, fasciis latis luteo-albis irregulariter

pictd, cingulis rotundatis interruptis ornatd ; columelld basi

bituberculatd, canali parallelo instructd, dente magno acuto ter-

minatd ; labro duplicato, intus lirato.

Hab. 2

18. Monoponta crrcumcincta, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-

conoided, imperforatd, levi, nitidd, crassd, cingulis rubris albo

viridt maculatis alternantibus pictd; anfractibus convezxis ;

columelld basi tuberculatd, dente magno acuto terminatd ; labro

duplicato, intus lirato.

Hab. Island of Ticao, on the stones on reefs at low water (H. C.).

19. MonopontTa TuBEeRCULATA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-

conoided, imperforatd, crassd, viridescenti, cingulis tuberculo-

rum oblongorum violaceorum ornatd ; anfractibus convezis; colu-

melld basi trituberculatd, canali parallelo instructd, dente pro-

minente acuto terminatd ; labro duplicato, intus lirato.

Hab. 2

Subgenus Arapasta, Gray.

Operculum suborbicular, paucispiral.

Aradasia, Gray, in Mrs. Gray’s Figures of Molluscous Animals, p. 90.

—! Otavia, Cantr.

20. Monoponta suucirerA, A. Adams. M. testd globoso-

conicd, umbilicatd, fuscd, cingulis granorum distantium monili-

Sormibus, interstitiis profundé sulcatis, sulcis sublevibus longi-

tudinaliter striatis ornatd ; columelld ad basin trisulcatd, dente

parvo acuto instructd ; labro tenui, intus sulcato.

Hab. Roebuck Bay, North Australia (Dring).

21. Monovonta cLaTHRaAtTA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-conoi-

ded, alba, imperforatd, cingulis subgranosis distantibus ornatd,

in anfractu ultimo septem, interstitiis costulis longitudinalibus

eleganter clathratis; columella tuberculo parvo terminatd ; labro

intus sulcato.

Hab. Guidulman, island of Bohol, rocky ground, 60fathoms(H.C.).

22. Monoponta TricineuLata, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-

conoided, umbilicatd, rubente, albo et fusco variegatd, cingulis

parvulis granorum ornatd; suturd canaliculatd; anfractibus

convexis, carinis tribus transversis prominentibus cinctis ; um-

bilico profundo ; columella ad basin tuberculo parvo terminatd ;

labro expanso, tenui, intus levi.

Hah. Malacca ; Singapore, fine sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.).

176

23. Monoponta PHILIPPINA, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-

conicd, perforata, fused nigro punctatd ; cingulis granulatis in-

a@qualibus ornatd, interstitiis clathratulis ; umbilico parvo ;

columelld tuberculo parvo terminatd ; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, in coarse sand, 9 fathoms ;

Bolinao, province of Zambales, island of Luzon, sandy mud, 10 fa-

thoms (H. C.).

1, 24. Monovonta epentuLA, A. Adams. MM. testd ovato-conoi-

y ded, umbilicatd, fused, costellis transversis imbricatis, interstitiis

clathratis sculptd; anfractibus valde rotundatis ; umbilico in-

fundibuliformi ; columelld subrectd, basi tuberculo terminatd ;

labro margine crenulato.

Hab. Catbalonga, island of Samar, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

wh9

UVF

25. Monoponta roveotata, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-

conoided, subperforatd, crassd, albd, cingulis transversis nodulo-

sis subdistantibus (in anfractu ultimo septem), interstitiis cos-

tellis longitudinalibus foveolatis ornatd ; columelld dente minuto

terminatd ; labro intus crasso et lirato.

Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, on pearl oysters, 8 to 10 fathoms (H.C.).

Mus. Cuming.

26. Monoponta exicua, A. Adams. M. testd parvd, conoided,

umbilicatd, albidd fusco variegatd, cingulis transversis granulosis

interstitiis longitudinaliter liratis ornatd; anfractibus parum

convexis, ultimo subangulato ; umbilico recto, dente valido acuto

terminatd ; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. Japan (Siebold).

27. Monoponta ruBRA, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-conoided,

umbilicatd, rubrd, cingulis transversis granorum moniliformibus

a@quantibus interstitiis lineis longitudinalibus impressis ornatd ;

anfractibus rotundatis, suturd canaliculatd, umbilico magno ;

columella rectd, dente prominente terminatd ; labro intus crasso,

sulcato.

Hab.

28. Monoponta ALveouaTa, A. Adams. M. testd globoso-

conoided, umbilicatd, albidd, fasciis fuscis longitudinalibus

undulatis pictd, cingulis transversis granorum acutorum inter-

stitiis costis longitudinalibus alveolatis ornatd ; suturd canali-

culatd; umbilico angusto; columelld rectd, dente valido termi-

natd; labro intus valde lirato.

Hab. Guidulman, island of Bohol, rocky ground, 60 fathoms ;

Baclayon, island of Bohol, under stones, low water ; island of Capul,

on the reefs at low water (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

29. Monoponta anGuuirERA, A. Adams. M. testa elevato-

conoided, imperforatd ; anfractibus planiusculis, imbricatis, in-

ferne angulatis, longitudinaliter nodoso-costatis, cingulis trans-

177

versis tuberculorum subdistantium interstitiis alveolatis ornatd ;

anfractu ultimo subangulato ; columelld rectd, brevi, dente parvo

terminatd ; labro subduplicato, intus sulcato. :

Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, sandy mud, 6 fathom

(H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

30. Monoponta stranGeE1, A. Adams. WM. testd conoided,

perforatd, fuscd, cingulis granorum equalibus confertis ornatd ;

anfractibus parum convexis, ultimo subangulato ; columelld cur-

vatd, dente obtuso terminatd; labro intus sulcato, tuberculo

prope basin columelle.

Hab. Sydney, under stones (Strange).

31. Monoponta puncticeRa, A. Adams. UM. testd globoso-

conoided, umbilicatd, albd fusco punctatd, cingulis granulosis

inequalibus rufo-punctatis ornatd; suturd canaliculatd ; an-

Sractibus rotundatis ; umbilico aperto, infundibuliformi ; colu-

melld recta, brevi, basi bituberculatd, dente parvo acuto termi-

' natd; labro expanso, intus sulcato.

Hab. Singapore, fine sand, 6 fathoms (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

32. Monoponta ExASPERATA, A. Adams. M. testd globoso-

conoided, umbilicatd, subdepressd, albidd nigro-variegatd, cin-

gulis spino-granulatis exasperatd ; columelld sinuatd, dente

prominenti terminatd ; labro incrassato, duplicato, intus valde

lirato.

Hab, Sibonga, island of Zebu, at low water (H.C.); island of

Siquijor, under stones. Mus. Cuming.

33. Monoponta spiLoTa, A. Adams. WM. testd parvd, ovato-

depressd, conoided, imperforatd, levi, nitidd, viridi, maculis pal-

lidis triangularibus ; columelld pland, albd, canali parallelo

instructd, dente obtuso terminaté ; labro duplicato, intus lirato.

Hab. ?

34. Monoponta tirostoma, A. Adams. WM. testd elevato-

conicd, imperforatd, albidd ; anfractibus planis, cingulis tribus

granulatis, interstitiis valde clathratis; suturd canaliculatd ;

anfractu ultimo angulato; columelld tuberculatd ; labro intus

valde lirato.

Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, on pearl oysters, 8 to 10 fathoms (H.C.).

Mus. Cuming.

Genus 15. Lasio, Oken.

Osilinus, Philippi.—Trochius, Leach. — Gibbium, Gray.—Monodonta,

sp. Lamek.—Melagraphia, Steutz.

1. Lasio constricta, Lamck.

Monodonta constricta, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 36.—

Monodonta interrupta, Menke (olim).—L’ Oslin, Adanson.

Hab. Australia.

No. CCXXX.—Procrepinés or THE ZooLoGicaL Socrery.

178

2. LaBio TESSELLATA, Chemn.

Trochus tessellatus, Chemn. Conch. t. 166. f. 1583-87.—Trochus

tessellatus, Born.—Monodonta fragarioides, Lamck.—Monodonta

Olivieri, Payr.

Hab. New Zealand.

3. Lasio ZEBRA, Wood.

Trochus zebra, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 18.—Trochus

atratus, Wood.

Hab. 2

4. LABIo RETICULARIS, Wood.

Trochus reticularis, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 35.—Turbo

lunaris, &c., Chemn. Conch. pl. 185. f. 1849.—Tr. concameratus,

Wood.

Hab. New Zealand and Australia.

5. LABIO ARTICULATA, Lamck.

Monodonta articulata, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 36.—

Monodonta Draparnaudii, Payr.

Hab. Malta.

6. Lasro suLcata, Wood.

Trochus sulcatus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 40.

Hab. New Zealand (Earl).

7. LaBio TZNIATA, Quoy et Gaim.

Trochus teniatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astrol. p. 249. pl. 63.

f. 15-17.

Hab. New Zealand.

8. Lasio stTRIOLATA, Quoy et Gaim.

Trochus striolatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astr. p. 253. pl. 63.

f. 18-22.

Hab. Australia.

9. LaBio ZEALANDICA, Quoy et Gaim.

Trochus Zealandicus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. del Astr. p. 237. pl. 64.

f. 12—15.

Hab. New Zealand.

10. Lasio c1neuLaTA, Quoy et Gaimard.

Trochus cingulatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de |’ Astr. p. 259. pl. 64.

f. 16-20.—Trochus radula, Philippi.

Hab. New Zealand.

11. Lasrio NIGERRIMA, Gmel.

Turbo nigerrimus, Gmel. Chemn. v. pl. 185. f. 1848.

Hab. New Zealand (Earl).

12. LaBio suBROsTRATA, Gray.

Monodonta subrostrata, Gray.

Hab. Australia.

179

13. Lasro MELANoLoMA, Menke.

Monodonta melanoloma, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. specim. p. 14.

no. 50.—Trochus melanonoma, Phil. Abbild. p- 22.

Hab. New Zealand.

14. Lasro Tamstt, Dunker.

Trochus Tamsii, Dunker, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. 5. f. 3.

Hab. South Africa; Guinea; Cape of Good Hope.

15. Lasro scorpio, Gray.

Monodonta scorpio, Gray.

Hab. New. Zealand.

16. Lasio pica, Chemn.

Turbo pica, Chemn. Conch. vy. pl. 175. f. 1850.—Trochus zebri-

nus, Philippi.

Hab. New Zealand.

17. Lazio tineata, Da Costa.

Turbo lineatus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p- 100. pl. 6. f. 7.—Trochus

erassus, Pultney.—Monodonta lugubris, Lamk.—Trochus punctula-

tus, Blainv.— Monodonta crassa, MacGill.—Trochus lineatus, Forbes

& Hanley.

Hab. British Islands.

18. Lasro TURGESTINA, Phil.

Trochus turgestinus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab.

19. Lasio rypEcora, Phil.

Trochus indecorus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab.

20. Lasio ruteurata, Phil.

Trochus fulguratus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab.

21. Lasio crinrrvs, Phil.

Trochus crinitus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab.

22. Lasio porcata, A. Adams. J. testd ovato-conoided, imper-

Soratd, fuscd albo reticulata 3 anfractibus convexis, transversim

carinatis, carinis numerosis, elevatis, distantibus 3s labio albo,

inferné subcalloso ; labro intus suleato.

Hab. Australia.

23. Lasio PORCIFERA, A. Adams. L. testd orbiculato-conicd,

imperforatd, fulvescente, liris transversis @equidistantibus nigro-

articulatis ornaté ; longitudinaliter oblique striatd ; labio plano,

regione umbilicali impresso ; columella tuberculis duobus, infe-

riore majore ; labro intus duplicato, margine luteo nigro-articu-

lato.

Hab.

24. Lasio rupis, A. Adams. LZ. testd orbiculato-conicd, imper-

Soratd ; spird obtusa, lutescente, lineis transversis nigris ornati,

180

longitudinaliter oblique striatd, transversim subexaratd ; labio

complanato ; columelld anticé subtuberculatd ; labro nigro luteo-

que intus marginato.

Hab. Australia.

25. Lasio ruticrnea, A. Adams. L. testd orbiculato-conicd,

imperforatd, nigra, liris transversis equidistantibus luteo-ar-

ticulatis ornatd; regione umbilicali impressd ; columelld tu-

berculis duobus, antico majore; labro duplicato, nigro-margi-

nato.

Hab.

26. Lasio corrosa, A. Adams. L. testd turbinatd, imperforatd,

spird elevatiusculd, anfractibus rotundatis, rugosd, cinereo-

lutescente; anfractu ultimo subangulato ; labio complanato ;

columella simplici ; labro luteo marginato.

Hab. New Zealand (Hart).

27. Lasro concotor, A. Adams. L. testd turbinato-conicd, im-

perforatd; spird acutd, brunned, longitudinaliter oblique stri-

atd, transversim subliratd ; labio complanato, regione umbili-

cali impresso ; columelld arcuatd, anticé tuberculo terminatd ;

labro nigro-fusco marginato.

Hab. New Zealand (Hart).

Genus 16. CHLorostoma, Swainson.—Ozystele, Philippi.

1. CHLOROSTOMA ARGYROSTOMA, Chemn.

Trochus argyrostomus, Chemn. v. pl. 165. f. 1562, 1563.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

2. CHLOROSTOMA AGRESTE, Chemn.

Trochus agrestis, Chemn. v. pl. . f. 1645, 1646.—Trochus rusti-

cus, Gmel.

Hab. South Seas.

3. CHLOROSTOMA NIGERRIMUM, Gmel.

Trochus nigerrimus, Gmel.; Chemn. v. pl. . f. 1647.

Hab. New Zealand.

4. CHLOROSTOMA ATRUM, Lesson.

Trochus ater, Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Moll. pl. 16. f. 2.—

Trochus atropurpureus, Jonas.

Hab, Valparaiso, under stones (H. C.).

5. CHLOROSTOMA M@STUM, Jonas.

Trochus mestus, Jonas, Zeit. f. Malac. 1844, August, p. 113.

Hab. Chili.

6. CHLOROSTOMA TIGRINUM, Chemn.

Trochus tigrinus, Chemn. v. pl. 165. f. 1566.

Hab. Algoa. Bay.

181

7. CHLOROSTOMA CARINATUM, Koch.

Trochus carinatus, Koch, Phil. Abbild. Troch. t. 2. f. 3.

Hab. Valparaiso, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.).

8. CHLOROSTOMA EURYOMPHALUS, Jonas.

Trochus euryomphalus, Jonas, Zeit. f. Malac. 1844, August, p.113.

Hab. West coast of America.

9. CHLOROSTOMA STENOMPHALUS, Jonas.

Trochus stenomphalus, Jonas, Zeit. f. Malac. 1844, August, p. 114.

—Trochus tridens, Jonas, olim.—Trochus microstomus, D’Orbigny.

Hab. Valparaiso.

10. CHLOROSTOMA MERULA, Chemn.

Trochus merula, Chemn. v. pl. 165. f.1564, 1565.—Trochus Sinen-

sis, Gmel.—Trochus lugubris, Lamk.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

11. CHLOROSTOMA MARGINATUM, Nuttall.

Trochus marginatus, Nuttall, MSS.

Hab. Upper California.

12. CHLOROSTOMA CICER, Menke.

Trochus cicer, Menke, Phil. Abbild. Troch. t. 3. f. 5.

Hab. 2

13. CHLOROSTOMA SAGITTIFERUM, Lamk.

Trochus sagittiferus, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p.

Hab. 2

14. CHLOROSTOMA TABULARE, Krauss.

Trochus tabularis, Krauss, Sudafrik. Mollusk. p. 97. t. 5. f. 30.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

15. CHLoROsTOMA LzvVE, Chemn.

Trochus levis, Chemn. Conch. v. p. 171. f. 1670.—Trochus levi-

gatus, Gmel.—Trochus Richardi, Payraud.

Hab. 2

16. CHLoROsToMaA sAuciAaTuM, Koch.

Trochus sauciatus, Koch, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. 5. f. 7.

Hab. 2

17. CHLOROSTOMA BICANALICULATUM, Dunker.

Trochus bicanaliculatus, Dunker, Phil. Abbild. Troch. t. 5. f. 4.

Hab. 2

18. CuLorostoma Preirrert, Philippi.

Trochus Pfeifferi, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 104.

Hab. 2

182

19. CHLOROSTOMA G ALLINA, Forbes.

Trochus gallina, Forbes, Molk-Kellett-s-Vey= P. ” $8 $ in 8 Sa. 27 7

Hab. 2

20. CHLOROSTOMA PULLIGO, Martyn.

Trochus pulligo, Martyn.

Hab. ?

21. CHLOROSTOMA 1MPERVIUM, Menke.

Trochus impervius, Menke, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holland.—Trochus

suavis, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab. pl. 42. f. 1.

Hab. New Holland.

22. CHLOROSTOMA ODONTIS, Wood.

Trochus odontis, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 37.

Hab. Port Philip, on the rocks at low water (Jukes).

23. CHLOROSTOMA CASTANEUM, A. Adams. C. testd obliqué

conicd, umbilicatd, castaned ; anfractibus planis, longitudinali-

ter obsoleté nodoso-plicatis et obliqué striatis, penultimo infra

marginato, ultimo acutangulo, basi concavo pallide fusca, lineis

viridi-fuscis radiatim pictd; umbilico infundibuliformi, per-

spectivo, intus albo, peromphalo albo lined elevatd cincto ; aper-

turd subrhomboided ; columelld supra sinuatd, basi dente ter-

minatd.

Hab.

24. CHLorostoma unpuLosum, A. Adams. C. testd globoso-

conicd, imperforatd ; spird depressd, virescenti lineis undulatis

atro-purpureis longitudinalibus ornatd, longitudinaliter sub-

striatd ; labio complanato, margine columellari subtuberculato ;

labro intus sulcato, margine luteo, atro-purpureo articulato.

Hab. New Zealand (Zar).

25. CHLOROSTOMA TURBINATUM, A. Adams. C. testd turbi-

natd, profunde umbilicatd, nigrd ; spird obtusd, longitudinaliter

subplicatd, transversim sulcosd ; anfractu ultimo rotundato, re-

gione umbilicali partim callo lutescente obtectd ; columella

anticé bituberculatd ; labro nigro marginato.

Hab. 2

26. CuHLorostoma ruGosuM, A. Adams. C. testd turbinato-

conoidali, profunde umbilicatd, luteo-fuscd, nigro variegatd, lon-

gitudinaliter nodoso-plicatd, transversim sulcatd ; anfractu ul-

timo rotundato, infra suturam angustato ; columelld incurvatd,

anticé bituberculatd, tuberculo supremo magno, prominente ; la-

bro fusco marginato.

Hab. §

27. CHLOROSTOMA CORRUGATUM, A. Adams. C. testd orbicu-

lato-conoidali, profundé umbilicatd ; spird subacutd, longitudi-

183

naliter corrugato-plicatd et oblique striatd; anfractu ultimo

subrotundato, basi plano convexo, regione umbilicali albido sub-

calloso ; columelld tuberculis duobus, supremo magno.

Hab. ?

28. CHLOROsTOMA TROPIDOPHORUM, A. Adams. C. testd or-

biculato-depressd, profunde umbilicaté ; spird brevi, nigrd, trans-

versim sulcatd, cingulis transversis prominentibus ornatd; an-

Sractu ultimo carinato, basi concentrice exarato, regione um-

bilicali albo sulco circulari cireumdato; columelld tuberculis

duobus, supremo acuto, prominente.

Hab. Valparaiso.

29. CHLOoROsTOMA MACULOSUM, A. Adams. (C. testd conicd,

profundé umbilicatd, viridi-fuscd, maculis nigro-fuscis ornatd ;

anfractibus planulatis, longitudinaliter substriatis, transversim

striatis ; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi concavo 3 columellé

anticé tuberculo acuto terminaté.

Hab. ?

30. CHLOROsTOMA SEMINODOSUM, A. Adams. (C. testd de-

presso-conicd, profunde umbilicatd, fusca ; anfractibus planulatis,

superné subnodosis, longitudinaliter oblique striatis ; anfractu

ultimo angulato, supra angulum cinguld transversd elevatd or-

nato, basi planiusculd ; columelld tuberculis duobus, supremo

acuto, prominente.

Hab.

31. CHLOROSTOMA ARTICULATUM, A. Adams. (C. testd orbicu-

lato-conicd, umbilicatd, nigro-fuscd, cingulis transversis elevatis

albo-articulatis ornaté ; anfractu ultimo subangulato, basi cin-

gulis albo-articulatis instructo, regione umbilicali viridi; colu-

melld tuberculo parvo terminatd.

Hab. 2

32. CHLOROSTOMA XANTHOsTIGMA, A. Adams. C. testd conoi- Wy

ded, imperforatd, glabra, nigrd, longitudinaliter oblique sub-

striatd ; anfractibus parum rotundatis, basi concentrice [i-

rato, luteo-carneolo ; regione umbilicali callo luteo obtectd ;

columella arcuatd, basi dente terminatd et infra tuberculo in-

structd.

Hab.

33. CHLOROSTOMA TURBINATUM, A. Adams. (C. testéd ovato-

conoided, imperforatd, castaned, levi, longitudinaliter oblique

striatd, striis transversis indistinctis insculptd ; anfractibus

rotundatis, suturd angusté canaliculatd, regione umbilicali im-

pressd ; labio curvato, basi dente et tuberculo terminatd 3 labro

intus sulcato.

Hab. 4

Edy od SF

184

Genus 17. Gissutxa, Leach.

Trochus, sp. Linn.—Steromphala, Leach.—Monodonta, sp. Lam.

1. GrpBuLA maGus, Linn.

Trochus magus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1228.—Trochus tuber-

eulatus, Da Costa.

Hab. British Islands.

2. GiBBULA FanuLum, Gmel.

Trochus Fanulum, Gmel., Petiver, Gazoph. t. 156. f. 15.

Hab. Malta.

3. GrpsuLa pbectivis, Forskal.

Turbo declivis, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p.126; Chemn. Conch. pl.171.

f. 1663, 1664.—Trochus Asgyptiacus, Gmel.

Hab. Suez.

4. GIBBULA CINERARIA, Linn.

Trochus cinerarius, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1229.—Trochus

lineatus, Da Costa.—Trochus perforatus, Smith.—Trochus inflatus,

Blainv.—Trochus versicolor, Andrg.—Trochus lineolatus, Potiez and

Mich.—Trochus littoralis, Brown.—Trochus electissimus, Bean.

_Hab. British Tslands.

5. GiBBULA SCABRA, Linn.

Trochus scaber, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. no. 510. p. 785; Chemn.

Conch. t. 171. f. 1667.

Hab. European Seas.

6. GIBBULA QUADRATA, Gmel.

Trochus quadratus, Gmel., Wood, Ind. Test. pl. 29. f.45; Chemn.

Conch. pl. 171. f.1683.—Trochus Biasoletti, Philippi.—Trochus ma-

gulus, Deshayes.

Hab. Mediterranean.

7. GIBBULA FuSCATA, Born.

Trochus fuscatus, Born, Test. Mus. Ceesar. t. 12. f. 1, 2.—Trochus

umbilicaris, Lamk. (not Linn.)

Hab. 2

8. GippuLA CINEREA, Montague.

Trochus cinereus, Mout., Donov. Nat. Hist. Brit. Sh. v. t.155. f. 3.

Hab. Britain. ,

9. GrpBuLA prvaRicaTA, Linn.

Trochus divaricatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1229.—Trochus

rarilineatus, Michaud.—? Turbo sanguineus, Gmel.

Hab. Mediterranean.

10. GisspuLa TumrDA, Montague.

Trochus tumidus, Mont. Test. Brit. t. 10. f. 4. —Trochus Rackettii,

185

Payr.—Trochus patholatus, Dillw.—? Trochus nassaviensis, Chemn.

—Trochus nitens, Woodward.—Margarita undulata, var. trochifor-

mis, Forbes.—Fry, Skenea serpuloides, Macgillivray.

Hab. British Islands, Mediterranean.

11. GrpsuLa ADANSONI, Payraud.

Trochus Adansonii, Payr. Cat.—Trochus radiatus, Phil.—Trochus

turbinoides, Desh.—Trochus euxinicus, Andrg.

Hab. Corsica, France.

12. GrpBuLa AGATHENsIs, Recluz.

Trochus Agathensis, Recluz.

Hab. ?

13. GrpBuLA varia, Gmel.

Trochus varius, Gmel.—Trochus varians, Desh.—T rochus Gabal-

dianus (quibusd.).—Trochus levigatus, Gmel.?

Hab.

14. GrpspuLa MULTICOLOR, Krauss.

Trochus multicolor, Krauss, Sudafrik. Moll. t. 5. f. 31.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

15. Gisputa Paiipertt, Recluz.

Trochus Philberti, Recl.

Hab. 4

16. GipBuLA sucunpa, Gould.

Trochus jucundus, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p- 56.

Hab. ?

17. Grpputa Caprensis, Gmel.

Trochus Capensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. no. 40; Chemn. Conch. y.

t. 171. f. 1661, 1662.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

18. GIBBULA VULNERATA, Philippi.

Trochus vulneratus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.

Hab. 2

19. Grepua Fascrata, Born.

Trochus fasciatus, Born.—Trochus canaliculatus, Phil.— Mono-

donta Fermonii, Payr.

Hab. ?

20. GiBBULA UMBILICATA, Montague.

Trochus umbilicatus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 286.—Trochus umbili-

caris, Pennant.—Trochus umbilicalis, Da Costa.—Trochus oblique-

radiatus, Chemn.—Trochus cinerarius, Pultney.

Hab. British Islands.

186

21. GiBBULA ROTELLIFORMIS, Philippi.

Trochus rotelliformis, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.

Hab. 2

22. GispuLa Apexarpa, Philippi.

Trochus Adelaide, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.

Hab. 2

23. GIBBULA OBLIQUATA, Gmel.

Trochus obliquatus, Gmel. Syst. Nat.; Wood, Suppl.

Hab. 2

24. GipBuLA rumosa, Philippi.

Trochus fumosus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.

Hab. 2

25. GipspuLa sutcosa, A. Adams. G. testd conoided, umbili-

catd, maculis roseis flammulis albo-punctatis variegatd, an-

fractibus paulum convexis, longitudinaliter substriatd, trans-

versim sulcatd, sulcis subdistantibus, anfractu ultimo subangu-

lato, basi convewiusculd, lineis impressis concentricis sculptd ;

aperturd suborbiculart ; columella superné sinuatd, basi sub-

truncata.

Hab. Sir C. Hardy’s Island, North Australia, 8 fathoms, coarse

sand (Mr. Jukes).

26. GIBBULA MINDORENSIS, A. Adams. G. testd elevato-conot-

ded, perforata, viridi-fuscd, fasciis pallidis longitudinalibus

ornatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, liris transversis subgranulosis

cinctis, ultimo subangulato, basi convexd ; columelld subrectd,

basi tuberculo terminatd ; labro intus sulecato.

Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, in coarse sand, 9 fathoms

(H. C.).

27. GipspuLA unposA, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conoided,

umbilicatd, virescenti, lineis fusco-viridibus undatis longitudina-

libus pictd ; anfractibus rotundatis, transversim tenue liratis,

ultimo subangulato, basi convexd ; aperturd expansd, intus irt-

descenti ; columelld superné sinuatd, basi rotundatd.

Hab. 2

28. GIBBULA PORCELLANA, A. Adams. G. testd depresso-conicd,

late umbilicatd, glabrd, solidd, nitidd, lacted, lineis radiantibus

undulatis pulcherrime pictd ; anfractibus planis cingulis pro-

minentibus, duabus maculis albis et rufo-fuscis vivide pictis

ornatd ; interstitiis transversim sulcatis, basi convexiusculd,

cingulis concentricis lineis maculisque rufo-fuscis ornatd ; wm-

bilico perspectivo, intus concentrice lirato, margine lined elevatd

cincto ; columelld subrectd, basi rotundatd.

Hab. New Holland.

aN ‘

187

29. GipBuLA puLcurRa, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conicd,

umbilicatd, rosed, ad suturam albo luteo Suscoque radiatim pul-

cherrime pictd ; anfractibus planis, biangulatis, transversim

suleatis, sulcis rubro-articulatis, anfractu ultimo angulato, cin-

guld albo luteo nigro fuscoque eleganter pictd, basi convexd,

concentricé suleatd ; umbilico intus albo, basi rotundatd.

Hab. Australia.

30. Gipputa Kauinota, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conoi-

ded, perforatd, virescenti, carneo cinereo variegatd ; anfractibus

rotundatis, lineis elevatis albo-articulatis, superné gibbosis; su-

turd profundd, anfractu ultimo rotundato, basi convex, cin-

gulis articulatis concentricis ornatd, margine umbilici angulato,

lined elevatd cincto ; columella superne sinuatd, basi subtrun-

catd ; labro intus levi.

Hab. ?

31. GippuLa venusta, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conoi-

ded, umbilicatd, viridi-fuscd, maculis albis prope suturas, cin-

gulis subdistantibus fusco rubroque articulatis, interstitiis li-

ratis, longitudinaliter oblique striatd ; anfractibus superné

gibbosis, rubro pictis; suturd canaliculatd, anfractu ultimo

rotundato, basi convexiusculd, cingulis Susco alboque articu-

latis, regione umbilicali roseo pictd ; columella sinuatd, basi

truncatd. er

Hab. Australia. Sa thay

eee

32. GrsBuLa PuNcTo-costata, A. Adams. @G. testd turrito-

conicd, lutescenti, umbilicatd ; anfractibus superné cingulis tri-

bus nodulosis, rubro-articulatis nodulis punctatis, inferneé liris

transversis nodulosis rubro-articulatis, infra, cinguld punceto-

nodosd basi pland, cingulis concentricis subnodosis rubro-arti-

culatis ornatd, margine umbilici lined elevatd cinctd ; columelld

subrecti, basi truncatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Island of Capul, on the reefs at low water (H. C.).

33. GipBuLA Leucosticta, A. Adams. G. testd conoided, per-

Soratd, ngrd, punetis lacteis pictd, anfractibus convexiusculis,

transversim liratd, longitudinaliter striatd, liris subdistantibus

albo-punctatis, interstitiis lineis elevatis transversis ornatd ;

anfractu ultimo angulgto, basi convexiusculd, cingulis nigro

alboque articulatd ; aperturd subrotundatd ; columella superne

sinuatd, basi rotundatd.

Hab, Gindulman, island of Bohol, rocky ground (H. C.).

34. Grpputa nivosa, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conoided,

umbilicatd, cinered, maculis nivosis subrotundatis pictd, trans-

versim sulcatd, longitudinaliter substriatd ; aperturd subrotun-

datd ; columelléd flexuosa, basi rotundatd.

Hab, ——?

> anda’

om .1953

Mm. 19¢

188

Genus 18. Monit, Swainson.—Talopia, Gray.

1. MoniLea CALLIFERA, Lamk.

Trochus calliferus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p. 27.—Tro-

chus callosus, Wood.

Hab. Philippines.

2. MoniLEA CALYCULUS, Wood.

Trochus calyculus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 2. f. 44.—Trochus

Belcheri, Philippi.

Hab. Eastern Seas.

3. MoniI.Lea BENZI, Krauss.

Trochus Benzi, Krauss, Sudafr. Moll. p. 99. t. 5. f. 32.

Hab. South Africa.

4. MoniLeA NuCcLEvS, Phil.

Trochus nucleus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.

Hab. 2

5. Moniiea LentTiGiInossa, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculato-

conicd, umbilicatd, albidd, luteo fuscoque variegatd ; anfractibus

rotundatis, cingulis subgranulosis confertis ornatis, ultimo rotun-

dato, basi convexiusculd, regione umbilicali excavatd ; columella

superné callosd, basi dente terminatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Ilo Ilo, island of Panay, 7 fathoms (H. C.).

6. MoniLea KALIsomA, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculato-conoi-

ded, umbilicatd, lutescenti, cingulis purpureo-articulatis ornatd,

cingulis subdistantibus, supremis granulatis, infimis planis ; an-

fractibus planiusculis, ultimo subangulato, basi paulum con-

vead, cingulis purpureo-maculatis insculptd ; columelld superné

sinuatd, basi dente terminatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. 2

7. Moniiea pLtumBEA, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculato-conoided,

umbilicatd, plumbed ; anfractibus rotundis, cingulis granorum

transversis in paribus dispositis ornatd, basi convexd ; umbilico

mediocri, intus albo; columelld brevi, superné sinuatd, basi dente

terminatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. 2

8. Monruea tirata, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculato-conicd,

umbilicatd, pallidd ; anfractibus paulum convezis, liris trans-

versis elevatis distantibus, interstitiis decussate striatis orna-

tis ; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi convexd, margine umbilici

sulco cincto.

Hab. 2

9. MoniLea pusttuA, A. Adams. WM. testé orbiculato-conicd,

umbilicatd, rubescenti, fusco variegatd ; anfractibus planiuscu-

lis, cingulis granorum transversum distantibus (circa quatuor)

189

ornatis, interstitiis transversim striatis ; columelld in medio

sinuatd.

Hab.

10. Monrzea swarnsontil, A. Adams. WM. testd conoided, umbi-

licatd, albidd, nigro variegatd ; anfractibus planis, cingulis sub-

granosis, albo nigroque articulatis ornatis, ultimo subangulato,

basi planiusculd, cingulis rufo-articulatis ornatd ; columella

basi tuberculaté ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. 2

Genus 19. Marearita, Leach.—Trochus, sp. Auct.

1. Marearita HeEticrna, O. Fabricius.

Turbo helicinus, O. Fabr. Faun. Greenland. p. 393.—Trochus ne-

ritoides, Gmel.—Turbo margarita, Montag.— Helix margarita, Las-

key.—Phorcus margarita, Risso.—Trochus margaritus, Gray —Mar-

garita vulgaris, Leach.—Margarita arctica, Gould.—Margarita

helicina, Moller.—Margarita margarita, Brown.—Margarita heli-

coides, Beck.—Turbo inflatus, Totten.—Paludina inflata, Menke.

Hab. British Islands.

2. MARGARITA GRENLANDICA, Beck.

Margarita Grenlandica, Beck ; Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. 10.

Hab. Greenland.

3. MARGARITA UMBILICALIS, Brod. and Sow.

Margarita umbilicalis, Brod. and Sow. Zool. Journ. iv. ; Conch.

Tllustr. f. 5.

4. MARGARITA sTRIATA, Leach.

Margarita striata, Leach, Append. Ross’s Voy. to North Pole ;

Gray, Zool. Journ. vol. ii. p. 567.—Turbo carneus, Lowe.—Marga-

rita carnea, Sow.

Hab. 2

5. Marearita Guauca, Moller.

Margarita glauca, Maller, Ind. Moll. Greenland. p. ¥

Hab. Greenland.

6. MarGarira unpuLata, Sowerby.

Margarita undulata, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. 4.—Turbo incarnatus,

Couthouy.

Hab. Casco Bay.

7. Marearita ospscura, Couthouy.

Turbo obscurus, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.ii. 100. pl. 3.f.2.

Hab. 2

8. Marearira vanuxit, Moller.

Margarita Vahlii, Moll. Ind. Moll. Greenland. p. 81.

Hab. Greenland.

190

9. MarGariITA ACUMINATA, Sowerby.

Margarita acuminata, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. 7.

Hab. ?

10. Marearita cosTeLuata, Sowerby.

Margarita costellata, Sow. Conch. Ilustr. f. 15.

Hab. q

11. MarGARITA ARGENTEA, Gould.

Margarita argentea, Gould, Invert. Massachuss. p. 256. f. 164.

Hab. Casco Bay.

12. MARGARITA NITILIGINEUS, Menke.

Trochus nitiligineus, Menke, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holl. p.

Hab. Misamis, island of Mindanao, sandy mud (ZZ. C.).

13. MarGarita cineREA, Couthouy.

Turbo cinereus, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 99. pl. 3. f.9.

—Trochus costalis, Lovén.

14. MARGARITA SULCATA, Sow.

Margarita suleata, Sowerby, Conch. Illustr. f. 1.

Hab. Greenland.

15. MarGaRITA SOLARIIFORMIS, Sowerby.

Margarita solariiformis, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. :

Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H. C.).

16. MARGARITA BICARINATA, Adams and Reeve.

M. bicarinata, Adams and Reeve, Moll. Voy.Samarang, pl.11. f.11.

Hab. Eastern Seas.

17. Marecarira cartnata, A. Adams. WM. testd elevato-conicd,

perforatd, fuscd, liris transversis ornatd, supertoribus duabus

costellis longitudinalibus decussatis, inferioribus planis, inter-

stitiis longitudinaliter tenuissime striatis; basi planiusculé,

cingulis concentricis, interstitiis radiatim striatis insculptd ;

margine umbilict crenulato. .

Hab. Catbalonga, coarse sand, 8 fathoms (H. C.).

18. Marcarira ancuuaTA, A. Adams. M. testd orbiculato-

conicd, laté umbilicatd, albidd, fusco variegatd ; anfractibus

supra angulatis, transversim omnino striatis ; basi convexd, con-

centricé striatd ; umbilico magno, perspectivo.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

19. Margarita caALosroma, A. Adams. WM. testd conoided,

erassd, perforatd, transversim valde sulcatd, albidd; anfracti-

bus subrotundatis, ultimo subangulato ; aperturd rotunda, intus

vivide violascenti iridescenti ; umbilico callo, columellari subob-

tecto; labri margine argenteo.

Hab. Juan de Fuco, Upper California.

191

42,9020. Marearira cuminet, A. Adams. M. testd elevato-conicd,

cinered, lineis fuscis undulatis pictd, late umbilicatd ; anfracti-

bus costellis transversis ornatis, ultimo tribus liris intermediis

cincto, longitudinaliter elevate striato ; umbilico magno, cinguld

erenulatd cinctd, intus lineis radiantibus et transversis elegan-

ter decussato.

Hab. Philippines.

21. Marearita vARIABILIS, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculdto-

conicd, subdepressd, laté umbilicatd, pallidd, fusco griseo al-

boque varie pictd; anfractibus rotundatis, transversim valde

sulcatis ; umbilico perspectivo, margine crenulato; basi plani-

usculd ; labio margine subcrenulato.

Hab. 2

22. MarGarita BALTEATA, A. Adams. UM. testd orbiculato-

conicd, vix umbilicatd, grised, fusco tessellatd ; anfractibus gib-

bosis, transversim valde sulcatis ; anfractu ultimo subangulato ;

basi planiusculd, concentricé sulcatd; columelld curvatd, vir

truncatd,

Hab. 2

23. Marearira TessELLATA, A. Adams. M. testd depresso-

conicd, laté umbilicatd, levi, cinered, regulariter griseo tessel-

latd; anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo subangulato; basi convexd;

umbilico intus albido; aperturd rotundd, intus viridi-irides-

centi.

Hab.

Subgenus Puotina, H. and A. Adams.

Shell smooth, subconical; spire depressed; axis covered by a

smooth callus; columella ending in a simple point.

This section includes all the species of Margarita that are not

umbilicated.

1. PHotina TH2N1IATA, Wood.

Trochus teniatus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 12.—Trochus

bicolor, Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille.—Margarita teniata, Sow.

Hab. East Falkland (Don).

2. PHOTINA CHRULESCENS, King.

Margarita cerulescens, King, Zool. Journ. vol. v.

Hab.

3. PHotina ExPAnsa, Sow.

Margarita expansa, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. :

Hab. 2

4, PHOTINA SIGARETINA, Sow.

Margarita sigaretina, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. 14.

Hab.

192

5. Puotina viovacea, King.

Margarita violacea, King, Zool. Journ. vol. v. p- 346.

Hab. 2

6. PHoTiIna LINEATA, Sow.

Margarita lineata, Sow. Proc. Zool. Soc.

Hab. 2

(oh, 1993 7. Puorina nigra, A. Adams. P. testd depresso-conicd, im-

19 ge "

hi) 4» (VFS

perforatd, solidd, nigrd, levi ; anfractibus subrotundatis, trans-

versim sulcatis ; longitudinaliter oblique substriatd ; anfractu

ultimo subangulato; regione umbilicali impressd ; callo albo

obtecto.

Hab,

8. Puotina Frusca, A. Adams. P. testd obliqud, subconicd, ni-

tidd, fusco variegatd ; anfractibus parum convexis, transversim

sulcatis, ultimo subangulato; aperturd subrotundatd, intus

viridi tridescenti.

Hab. ?

9. PHotina Sanpwicatana, A. Adams. PP. testd orbiculato-

conicd, imperforatd, levi, albidd, viridi fuscoque maculata ;

anfractibus rotundatis, ultimo subangulato, apice roseo ; aper-

turd apertd, orbiculatd, intus viridi margaritaced ; labio albo ;

umbilico callo albo obtecto.

Hab. Mataineka, Sandwich Islands.

Mr. Oswald then communicated the following remarks by Mr. Mack,

on the fact of black eggs being laid by a white duck of the ordinary

domestic breed :—

“« The egg (observes Mr. Mack) which is herewith sent was laid

by a white duck, one of two belonging to Mr. Dickinson of Mitcham,

which stray during the day on the common, but are confined at night.

The drake was lost about a month since, and then one of the ducks

commenced laying black eggs, the other still continuing to lay white

ones,—she laid ten or twelve and then ceased for some days ; she has

again commenced laying black eggs. The ducks are fed once a day

with barley, at the time the other poultry are fed.

«* Mr. Dickinson, showing the egg this morning to one of the

guards on temporary duty on the Brighton rail at Croydon, he said

he had a duck which laid the same colour, or even blacker, and that

he had raised (at East Bourne) two broods of ducks from black

eggs.”

Haling Cottage, Croydon, May 24, 1851.

y J

J. Wolf,

lith

TZN LP TE FA

ie ond)

Troc.. 7. O. AVGsaee lie

ERYTHROPYGIA. Sclater a

J Wolf’ lith.

TA NIOPTERA STRIATICOLLIS. Selgter

193

June 10, 1851.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF BIRDS OF THE GENUS THNIOPTERA.

By Puiure Lutruey Scrater, B.A., F.Z.S. etc.

(Aves, Pl. XLI. XLII.)

TZNIOPTERA ERYTHROPYGIA, Sclater. T. nigrescens ; vertice

Sronte guldque canescente-griseis; maculd secundariorum albd ;

uropygio, abdomine toto crissoque, cum tectricibus caude supe-

rioribus et alarum inferioribus levitér brunneo-rufis ; rectricibus

brunneo-rufis nigro terminatis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 9 unc. 5 lin. ; alee, 5 unc. 7 lin. ; caudee, 4 unc. 4 lin. ;

rostri 4 rictti, 1 unc. ; a fronte, 6 lin.

Hab~ in republicé Equatoriana.

Wings and interscapulars black, growing lighter towards the crown,

and greyish white on front and throat; breast darkish grey ; outer

web of the last four or five secondaries broadly edged with white,

forming a white mark on the wing ; lower back and tail-coverts and

whole body beneath below the breast, as also under wing-coverts, light

brownish rufous; tail-feathers the same, but broadly tipped with black.

For the loan of this and the following species I have to thank Mr.

Edward Wilson, who received them from M. Verreaux of Paris. I

was at first inclined to refer both species to the genus Agriornis of

Mr. Gould, but having had through Mr. G. Gray’s kindness an op-

portunity of examining the type of that form, Agriornis lividus* (Kit-

litz), I now consider them better placed in the present genus Teni-

optera, with which they agree in all their distinctive characters.

TZNIOPTERA STRIATICOLLIS, Sclater. T. supra saturate fumoso-

brunnea ; uropygio paululim rufescente tincto; superciliis ru-

Fescente-albidis ; pennis cauddque nigris ; secundariis tertiartisque

leviter brunnescente marginatis ; infra leviter brunneo-rufa ; gut-

ture toto colloque albis nigro striatis ; rectricibus remigibusque

brunneo-rufis nigro terminatis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 9 unc. 5 lin. ; alee, 5 unc. 3 lin. ; caude, 4 unc. ; rostri a

rictu, 1 unc. 4 lin.; a fronte, 74 lin.

Hab. in republica Equatoriana.

Above dark smoke-brown ; an obscure whitish line from the bill to

the top of the eye; quill-feathers brown-rufous, outer margins and

ends black ; secondaries, tertials, and wing-coverts nearly black, mar-

gined with light brown; beneath brown-rufous ; chin, throat and

neck white, with longitudinal striz of black ; tail-feathers brown-

rufous, the two outer broadly tipped with black ; the rest have also

the outer web black, except the two medial, which are wholly black.

* Tyrannus gutturalis, Voy. de la Favorite, Ois. t. 11.

No. CCXXXI.—Procerpines or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

194

This species is of the same form as the former, from which it may be

distinguished by its shorter and weaker beak, and the want of the

rufous colouring on the rump and upper tail-coverts, as also by the

conspicuous striz on the neck and throat.

2. NOTES ON AN UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF TAILOR-BIRD.

By Dr. NicHotson.

It may appear irregular to use what has been meant and applied

as a specific name, as a generic one, but then that name appears to

me to include, and to be indiscriminately applied to, two or three di-

stinct birds, as we may gather by looking at the accompanying

sketch, by the examination of the species described by Colonel Sykes

as inhabiting the Dukhun, and by reading the following description,

taken from Forbes, ‘Oriental Memoirs,’ p. 34. vol. i., under the

name of Motacilla sutoria :—“ The Tailor-bird resembles some of the

humming-birds at the Brazils in shape and colour ; the hen is clothed

in brown, but the plumage of the cock displays the varied tints of

azure-purple, green and gold, so common in those American beauties.”

Often have I watched the progress of an industrious pair of Tailor-

birds, in my garden, from their first choice of a plant, until the com-

pletion of the nest, and the enlargement of their young.

Now, it is evident either that Mr. Forbes alludes to a distinct and

an uncommon species, which I have never met with, or else he must

have mistaken the common Cinnyris or Sun-bird representing the

Humming-birds, and both sexes of which he has generally described

above. But then the Cinnyris builds a common-shaped nest in the

fork of a branch, in fashion resembling that of the humming-birds.

This is a resident bird, not very conspicuous, as it keeps hopping

about among the brushwood and plants. It has a loud, short, and

not unmelodious song ; its general cry is ‘ wheet, wheet, wheet,’ often

repeated ; but its alarm-cry is like ‘ cheertah, cheertah, cheertah.’

I have found its singular sewn nest containing eggs or young at

all seasons of the year, in May and in November; and this may be

owing to the vegetation of gardens being always kept up by means

of artificial irrigation ; for cultivated spots seem its favourite, if not

exclusive resort at least in the north of India. Though no doubt

it haunts suitable jungles, I never observed it there, nor ever disco-

vered its nest so situated; but I have found many nests in my gar-

dens, both at Surat and at Raghote, as well as in Cutch. It seems

to prefer the leaf of the Bringal (Solanum esculentum), or that of the

Cucurbita octangularis, for the purposes of nidification ; and it lays

four small white eggs, marked with faint dark spots at the larger

end. After selecting a fitting leaf, it proceeds by means of its feet

and beak to draw the edges together, perforating holes therein, and

securing their proximity by threads of cotton, with bunches at the

end to prevent their giving way. Then the nest is constructed inside

the leaf, now forming a sort of corve, with cotton; the entrance is at

the top, and the nest seems small in proportion to the bird. If this

rf>

Proc 7.5 Aves, ¥@

}

M&N 7

195

bird should prove a distinct species, I would suggest the name of

Sutoria agilis for it.

Weight of the male 23 drachms.

Length from bill to tail 54 inches. Alar extent 63 inches.

Head: bill long, slender and curved towards the point. Culmen

slightly divides the frontal feathers, and is nearly on a line with the

top of the head: there is an almost obsolete notch at the end of the

upper mandible. Tongue short, slightly extensible, and divided into

several filaments at the point. Gape wide, commissure under the

eye; a small denuded spot above the commissure. Nostrils basal,

pyriform, under a tegument; some small bristles and feathers re-

flexed from the canthus of the eye towards the bill and over the

nares. Eyes small. Iris greenish yellow. Eyelashes edged with

small feathers. Eyelids bare. Four remarkable (but inconspicuous)

bristles, like feathers, project from the back part of the occiput.

Wings short and perfectly rounded ; first quill only half as long as

the second; fourth and fifth quills are longest ; the second, third

and fourth graduated ; the first, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh

quills are emarginate“on the outer web.

Tail of twelve graduated feathers, the two outer being the short-

est ; under-coverts are long.

Legs long, the tarsus iths of an inch; the outer toe longer than

the inner. Hallux very strong, and as long as the outer toe, with a

large pad beneath the base, its claw the largest; the tarsus is co-

vered with seven scales in front and one entire behind; two large

scales lie across the front of the foot; the claws are curved and

sharp.

Contents of stomach a mass of insect exuvie.

Colours : all above dull green, tinged with ash, light brown towards

the end of the tail and quills, which are lighter on the edges. Two-

thirds of the front breadth of the neck, round the eye, the breast,

belly and thighs (except a chestnut spot on the hallux) are silver-

white ; there is, besides, a remarkable spot on the neck, of a brown

colour, as if the white feathers had been deranged, showing the

roots of a different colour. Bill ash-brown or horn-colour, the

lower jaw lighter, and both lighter on the edges, as also are the

legs and claws of the same colour; forehead of a fine chestnut ;

crown of olive-brown.

3. NoTes ON A NEW SPECIES OF ARTAMUS, FROM INDIA.

By Dr. NicHo.Lson.

(Aves, Pl. XLIII.)

These birds are only found in very thick jungles among the brush-

wood, where they are always moving about, and are shot with great

difficulty, and even then, if not killed outright, they are so tenacious

of life, that they creep into the first hole or crevice they come to.

The only note I ever heard was like ‘chick, chick.’ I think they

196

are residents, but the few I have seen just appear and are lost again

in a moment, so that I know little of their habits; the one figured

here had one leg and both wings broken, and still crept into the hole

of a jerboa-rat, from which I dug it out dead.

Male: weight 6} oz.

Length from bill to tip of tail 72 inches. Alar extent 10 inches.

Head large. Bill strong, narrow and sharp, gently arched on the

culmen ; a distinct notch near the tip of upper mandible ; gape wide.

Tongue horny and divided at the pomt. Nostrils basal, small. Eye

rather small. Iris of a silvery colour, tinged with yellow.

Wings rounded; first quill very short; third longest; second,

third and fourth quills emarginate on outer web.

Tail short, and nearly even at the end, of twelve feathers, 2% inches

long.

Tareas strong. Hallux and claw stronger than the other toes, and

as long as the inner toe, and has a large pad at its base; the outer

toe is shortest ; the claws are much hooked.

Contents of stomach were a few grains of Holcus spicatus and the

exuviee of insects.

Plumage is soft and loose.

Colours: the whole top of the head is covered with a cap of black.

Bill lead-colour at base and black at the point. The chin, the breast,

and all underneath white; the body all above of a leaden colour.

Quills and tail of a light black, edged with light on both webs; the

outer web of the outer tail-feather is white, as well as the tips of the

first five on each side. Feet and legs black.

I propose for this species the name of Artamus cucullatus.

4. OBSERVATIONS ON THE BREEDING OF THE NIGHTINGALE

IN Captivity.

By H. Han ey, Serceant-Masor Ist Lire Guarps.

Being of opinion that any bird which breeds in this country in a

wild state, might, by studying its habits, be brought to do so ina

state of captivity, I made preparations during the winter of 1844 for

trying the Nightingale, which I considered to be the most retired in

its habits of any of our summer visitants. I had a cage made, 4 feet

long by 3 feet high, the back, ends and top solid, with a wire front,

in which I placed a small Scotch fir-tree, planted in a flower-pot ; to

each end of the cage I attached a common-sized canary’s breeding-

cage, communicating with the large cage by a hole about 4 inches

square. I broke a new birch-broom, and filled up the cages at each

end, to make them resemble as near as possible the bottom of a thick

hedge, and then put in a plentiful supply of withered oak-leaves and

moss, of which the nightingale forms its nest, covering the fronts of

the two small cages with green glazed calico: I placed the cages high

up against a wall facing a landing-window. The following spring,

that is, about the latter end of April 1845, I directed a bird-catcher

(Blake, of John-street, Tottenham-court-road), who goes to Watford

197

every season to catch nightingales, to bring me a cock and hen bird

which had paired naturally ; he did so, and, fortunately, they meated

off very readily. By “ meating off,’ I mean that such birds as live

on insect food will not peck at dead food until taught to do so, which

is effected by enclosing meal-worms in a small glass tube, corked up

at each end, and then placing the tube in their food; on pecking at

the worm the beak slips off the glass amidst the food, which they

swallow, and will afterwards go to it without the aid of a tube. On

finding my birds feed freely in the small cage, in which until then I

had confined them, I turned them into the place I had fitted up for

them, and was much gratified, about a week afterwards, to observe

the hen bird flying about with an oak-leaf in her beak. She made

her nest in one of the small cages at the end of the large one ; laid

four eggs, of which she hatched and brought up three young ones.

During the time she was sitting, the cock sang as well and as loud as I

ever heard one in a wild state: when the young were excluded he left

off singing, and was most assiduous in assisting to feed and rear them.

June 24, 1851.

J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following communications were made :—

1. ON A NEW GENUS OF ANOMIAD&, IN THE COLLECTION

or Mr. Cumine.

By J. E. Gray, Ese., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., P.B.S. etc.

TEDINIA.

Shell irregular, loosely lamellar ; upper or right valve with a broad

cardinal groove, and with three muscular scars, the upper small, ob-

long near the cartilage, the other two large, subcentral, upper sub-

trigonal, lower oblong, transverse, united by a nearly straight medial

cross line ; left or attached valve with an elongated, triangular, con-

vex cardinal ridge, with a deep groove on each side, having the car-

tilage on its inner edge, with two muscular scars, one small, half ob-

long near the cardinal ridge, the other large, subcentral, subcircular,

and with a roundish circular hole near the upper edge, with a slight

impression showing the grooves to the margin some distance from

the cardinal ridge ; the plug shelly, fixed into and exactly fitting the

hole, with a triangular base sunk into the surface, commencing from

the apex of the shell on the outer surface, and formed of erect shelly

longitudinal plates within.

The shell has the plug and much the external appearance of the

subgenus Pododesmus, but differs from it and all the other Anomia-

198

de in the following particulars: 1. That the line which indicates the

junction of the two edges of the sinus which forms the perforation,

instead of being placed on the side of the ridge which supports the

cartilage, is placed at a considerable distance from it; 2. The sides

of the sinus are firmly soldered together, leaving only a circular hole ;

3. The support of the cartilage, instead of being merely a ridge or

process, here forms a large elongated subtriangular talus, like that

found in the genus Ostrea; 4. It differs greatly in the number and

form of the muscular scars ; the two large ones in the free valves are

placed as in the genus Placunanomia, and there is a third anterior

one in each valve not found in any genus of the family, and very un-

like the third scar of the genus Anomia. I know only of a single

specimen of the genus, which is in the collection of Mr. Cuming,

who believes that it came from California. It may be called Tedi-

nia pernoides; subquadrangular, reddish, subsquamose, obscurely

radiated, internally reddish brown.

2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF BULIMUS FROM

AvustrratisA. By Lovett Reeve, F.L.S. etc.

(Mollusca, Pl. XII.)

Butimus Maconetur. Bul. testdé acuminato-oblongd, tenuiculd,

suboblique convolutd, spird brevi, suturis rudibus, anfractibus qua-

tuor ad quinque, minute et creberrimé spiraliter undulato-striatis,

ultimo valde inflato, columelld subcontortd, aperturd subampld,

labro simplici ; brunned, maculis parvis punctisque nigris undique

pictd et seriatim fasciatd, maculis infra suturas regularibus, aper-

ture fauce fuscescente.

Hab. Brisbane, Moreton Bay, Australia.

This fine species has been forwarded to me from the Manchester

Museum of Natural History, with the above name attached to it in

manuscript, by Captain Brown. It is chiefly remarkable on account

of its absolute similarity in texture, in colour, and in pattern, to Helix

Falconari of the same locality. It appears to differ in nothing but

in that difference of convolution which characterizes the respective

genera. Mr. Cuming possesses an exactly similar un-umbilicated

specimen ; and none of several examples of H. Falconari, with which

it has been compared and which are all largely umbilicated, present

any indication of an intermediate form. It is the first instance on

record of a strictly typical richly painted Bulimus and Helix agreeing

in colour, in pattern, and in all respects save that of form.

3. OBSERVATIONS ON THE DENTITION OF THE TIGER BEETLES.

By J. O. Westwoop, Pres. E.S., F.L.S. etc.

Mr. Westwood directed the attention of the meeting to the neces-

sity which existed of a more precise examination and description of

the diversity in the dentition of the mandibles of insects, especially

Proc. 2.8. Mollusca. X11

eee eee

Punted by Halimanddl& Walton.

“ BULIMUS MACONELLI, Reeve

;

]

199

Hymenoptera and Coleoptera, than had hitherto been bestowed

thereon. In the higher orders of animals so much importance had

been given to this character, that it was remarkable that, in general,

entomologists contented themselves with examining, describing, and

figuring a single mandible as affording a sufficient diagnosis of the

structure of both of the mandibles, overlooking the necessary result

which arose from the circumstance of the horizontal instead of per-

pendicular action of these organs in insects, and the variation in the

position of the teeth which such action must necessarily induce. In

general, indeed, the teeth of the mandibles were not greatly developed,

and there was a general similarity between the two jaws; but when

these organs are of an increased size, and especially when the extre-

mity of one jaw laps over that of the opposite one, a diversity in the

dentition will necessarily exist. It was likewise necessary to examine

the mandibles of both sexes of a species, as it occasionally happened

that there was considerable difference in their dentition. These ob-

servations were illustrated by the case of the Tiger Beetles (Cicinde-

lide), which offered a much greater range of diversity in their denti-

tion than had hitherto been supposed. It was chiefly to the genus

Megacephala that Mr. Westwood directed the attention of the

members.

In the type of that genus (Megacephala senegalensis, Latr., Dej.,

Cic. megalocephala, Fabr.), an apterous species frum Senegal, the

right mandible of the male has two large, nearly equal-sized, acute

teeth in the middle of the inner margin, the extremity being hooked

and very acute; there is also a small tooth at the base of the large,

broad, compound basal tooth. The left mandible is nearly similar, ex-

cept that the two teeth in the middle of the inner margin are unequal

in size, the upper one being the smaller of the two. The figure of the

jaws of this species, given in the Crechard edition of the Animal

Kingdom (Ins. pl. 16. f. 2 a), is very incorrect, being apparently

reversed. The dentition of the female is almost identical with that

of the male. In the allied bat-winged African species, Megacephala

4-signata, Dej., from Senegal, the toothing of the mandibles is simi-

larly arranged, but the two teeth in the middle of the inner margin,

in both sexes, are broad and obliquely truncate. In the male of

M. euphratica (which has recently been observed to extend from

Spain to India), the teeth are nearly as in M. senegalensis, except

that the subapical tooth of the left mandible is considerably smaller.

But in the species lately received from the north-west of Australasia

(M. Australasia, Hope), we find a different arrangement as well as

number-in the teeth, the right mandible having three teeth in the

middle of the inner margin (exclusive of the small tooth* at the base

of the upper side of the large compound basal tooth), the upper one

small, the middle one very small, and lower one large, all being acute..

The left mandible has also three teeth in the same position,—the

* This small tooth exists in all the species, and in both sexes; and as it appears

‘. to form part of the great basal tooth, I have omitted noticing it in the descriptions

given in this paper.

200

upper one very small, and the middle and lower one large and nearly

equal in size.

On turning to the New-World species of the genus, we find four

variations in the dentition of the mandibles; the group of pale spe-

cies typified by M. equinoctialis, De}. (bifasciata, Brullé), corre-

sponds almost identically in the dentition of both sexes with the old

type (M. senegalensis), as described above, the right mandible having

two equal-sized large acute teeth in the middle of the inner margin,

and the left one also two, the upper one being very small. For this

group I have proposed the subgeneric name of Ammosia, in allu-

sion to their habits, which differ materially from those of the other

species.

an black-coloured species from South America (M. sepulchralis,

Fabr., M. variolosa, Dej.) differs from the Ammosie in the left man-

dible, while the inner margin has only one tooth in the middle, of

considerable size, and exhibiting on its wader side a minute tooth,

being all that remains of the large middle tooth of the left mandible

of the dmmosie. This species is the type of Mr. Hope’s subgenus

Anaira.

Another very fine Brazilian species (M. testudinea, Klug) differs

in the dentition of the sexes in a more striking manner than any of

the preceding. The right mandible of the male is long and sickle-

shaped, with a small tooth obliquely truncated below the middle of

the inner margin, and between this and the tip of the jaw is a mi-

nute acute tooth. The left mandible has two teeth on the inner

margin above the middle, the lower one broad and acute, but rather

obliquely truncate, whilst the upper one is very small. The right

mandible of the female, on the contrary, has two very large equal-

sized teeth in the middle of the inner margin, whereas the left jaw in

this sex is quite similar to that of the male.

There still remains a numerous group of American species (the

type of which is Cic. Carolina, Linn.), which differ from the rest of

their continental brethren in possessing three teeth in the middle of

the inner margin of each jaw, thus resembling the Australian species

above noticed, and hence I proposed the name of Tetracha, or four-

toothed, for this group, counting the acute apical portion of the man-

dible as a fourth tooth. In general, in both sexes, the tooth next

below the apex of the jaw is equal in size to, or even larger than, the

apical part or tooth itself (thus differing from the Australasian spe-

cies), and the middle of the three teeth is smaller than the rest; but

in the left mandible in the males the tooth below the apical tooth is

even still larger, whilst the middle tooth is much smaller, and the lower

tooth is quite minute. In the female, on the contrary, the middle

one of the three teeth of the inner margin is rather larger than the

upper one (which is only of a moderate size), and the lower one is

small.

From these particulars (united with the peculiarities of colouring,

geographical range and habits of the species) we are enabled to pro-

pose well-founded subgenera, a task which has hitherto been con-

sidered hopeless in the genera of Cicindelide. The Old-World spe-

lee

201

cies thus seem to form only one group, divisible however into still

smaller sections from the presence or absence of wings, and form and

colouring of the elytra; the Australian species stands alone; and the

New-World species constitute the four following subgenera :—

Ammosta, Westw. Type, M. bifasciata, Brullé.

——_——, Westw. Type, M. testudinea, Klug.

Anarra, Hope. Type, M. sepulchralis, Fabr.

Tetracua, Westw. Type, M. Carolina, Linn.

July 8, 1851.

In consequence of the death of the President, no meeting was held

on this day.

“ July 22, 1851.

John Edward Gray, Esq., F.R.S. &c., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. ON THE LARGEST KNOWN SPECIES OF PHALERIDINE Birp.

By Cuarwes Lucien, Prince BonApPARTE.

(Aves, Pl. XLIV.)

Among the new additions lately made to the British Museum I was

struck by one of the Aleide, which I had never seen before, and

which was very properly placed close by two beautiful specimens of

my singular Ceratorrhina, also lately added to the zoological treasures

of the English nation. The bird which is the subject of the present

note is evidently the Labrador Awk of Latham, so miscalled from

the erroneous impression that it came from those eastern shores of

America, but too well described not to be recognized. Gmelin com-

piled his Alcea labradora from the description of Latham, and all

those who did not follow him blindly, have referred that indication

to an immature state of the Razor-bill (Mormon arctica), a course in

which they were led by geographical consideration only. Although

our bird belongs to the family of the Alcide, it is not even an Alecine,

as the Razor-bill, but, as is shown by the nakedness of the cere, it

belongs to the other subfamily, or Phaleridine, of which it is at pre-

sent the largest known.

202

In its family it is certainly allied to Ceratorrhina, but well de-

serving to constitute a genus by itself. The bill still more com-

pressed, is in fact much more angulated beneath, and covered at the

base, not by a bony process or horn, but by a soft membrane or

saddle, which leaves a simple slit along the margins for the imper-

vious nostrils.

Genus novum PHALERIDINARUM.

SaGMATORRHINA, Bp. Saddle-Bill.

Rostrum duplo longius quam altum ; maxilla ad basin recta cerd

maximd induta, apice incurva ; mandibula ultra medium statim

adscendens, angulum obtusum constituens ; nares lineares, mar-

ginales.

As the bird has been so well described by Latham, Mr. G. R. Gray

very properly suggests that its specific name should be taken from

that author.

SAGMATORRHINA LatHami, Bp. Maxima; nigricans; subtus

albido-fuliginosa: rostro pedibusque rubris; cerd palmisque

nigris.

Long. 16 poll.; rostr. 2 poll. long., 1 altum, 3 latum ad basin, $ ad

med. ; ale 7} poll.; cauda 3}; tars. 1}; digitorum longissimus 23.

This species is the largest of the subfamily, which is well known

to contain the dwarfs of the Water birds; it is one-third larger than

Ceratorrhina monocerota, of which it has precisely the colouring,

wanting only (at least in the state we have it) the little white feathers

above the eye and at the corners of the mouth. The proportions of

wings, tail, feet and toes are the same: the bill and toes must have

been reddish ; the cere and membranes black. Like the Cerator-

rhina, it seems to be confined to the North-western Arctic regions of

America; and we are led to believe it does not extend to the Siberian

shores, from the circumstance of its not having been noticed by

Russian naturalists.

The well-marked family of Alcide forms, with the Colymbide,

Podicipide and Spheniscide, the great section of the Urinatores,

which, with the Lamellirostres, constitutes alone the Order Anseres,

as it must be restricted to the web-footed Precoces of Prof. Owen.

The other two sections, Longipennes and Totipalmi, constitute now

the Order Gavie of my Conspectus, being, in fact, web-footed Altri-

ces, which have no more right to remain in Anseres than the Pigeons

among the Galline,—than the Herodiones among the Gralle. The

passage between my Gavia or web-footed Altrices, and my Herodiones

or grallatorial Altrices, is beautifully exemplified by that most re-

markable bird the Baleniceps, whose affinity with Pelecanide has so

well been pointed out, and even exaggerated, by Mr. Gould. On the

other hand, it is no less obvious that the Longipennes, some of which,

with tumid bills, have been considered as Sea-Pigeons, connect them

(the Gavie) with the Columbe ; whilst between the two subclasses

the connections and correspondence (affinity and analogy) take place

eS ———e—e——————EeEee rr rm cre eee

203

in different degrees and by different means and sides, chiefly as

exemplified in the following table :—

AVES.

1, ALTRICES (Insessores). 2. PRASCOCES (Grallatores).

1. Psrrract.

2. ACCIPITRES.

3. PAssEeREs.

a. OscINES.

b. VoLucrEs.

4. CoLUMBz.

a. INEPTI. 8. STRUTHIONES.

b. GYRANTES. 9. GALLINZE.

Flint ae. 10. ANSERES.

a. TOTIPALMI. a. LAMELLIROSTRES.

5. LONGIPENNES. 6. URINATORES.

6. Heropiones. 7. GRALLZ:

a. ALECTRIDES.

6. CuRsoREs.

2. ON THE CHANGE oF CoLouR 1N a CHAMa&LEON (CHAMa-

LEO VULGARIS). By H. N. Turner, Jun.

Notwithstanding that the peculiarity of the Chameleon in changing

its colour is so universally known, and that an illustrated work

on the subject was published by Van der Héven, I have thought that

a careful record of the varieties of tint, presented by the specimen

which has lived for some time in my possession, might prove ser-

viceable to the naturalist if compared with similar observations upon

other species and upon the same one under different circumstances,

and might also assist in the determination of the means by which it

is effected, the influences by which it is regulated, and the objects

which it serves in the ceconomy of the animal.

Its general tints vary between different shades of brown, olive, yel-

low, and light green, the last-named being the most rarely observed,

and the yellow being the tint usually assumed when the animal has

been hidden from the light. This is the colour it always presents if

taken for inspection at night, and when brought into the influence of

lamp-light it appears at first almost white, but may soon be seen to

darken and some of the markings to appear. The side that is next

the light will change rather sooner than the other, the changes being

always gradual. It has three distinct sets of markings, the first to

appear being two ranges of irregular distant elongated spots, which

may appear either as a dark tint upon the ground-colour when that

is light, or a light one if it be dark. These marks are never entirely

absent when either of the other sets is present, although sometimes

but faintly discernible.

204

The other two sets of markings consist of an irregular marbling,

and a number of full round spots; the latter never appear otherwise

than as dark upon the ground-colour, and the marbling, which is ge-

nerally also dark, only occasionally appears a little lighter than the

ground-colour, and then of a different tone; either may be visible

without the other, or both may be distinctly traceable. Sometimes

the marbling will be apparent together with such of the spots as are

placed within its intervals, those upon the surface occupied by the

marbling being amalgamated with it.

When the general colour is light yellow or pale greenish, which is

the case if the animal be suddenly brought into the light, the elon-

gated spots, which form two rows on each side, will begin to appear

of a very delicate purple tint. After that the marbling gradually

shows itself, and the general tint begins to darken; when some time

has elapsed a brown colour is assumed, and the elongate spots, at first

purple of a darker tint than the yellow ground-work, are seen to be

brown, of a lighter and rather richer tint than that which now per-

vades the whole. These distinctions may go on increasing, may then

decrease and again increase ; the spots may appear, may come and go

with different degrees of intensity, so that the variety of appearances

presented is almost indefinite. When visited in the day-time, the colour

is generally brown, sometimes without markings, generally with the

elongate spots of a lighter tint, and the marbling or the round spots,

or both, more or less apparent. Occasionally it presents a uniform

dull olive, and then has no markings. Sometimes it is of a light drab

colour, with the different marks faintly indicated. The ventral series

of prominent scales remains constantly white, as stated by Van der

Hoven, not participating in the changes of the surrounding parts.

This author does not in any of his plates represent the longitudi-

nal rows of markings as a decided dark upon the ground-colour, nor

is the marbling anywhere clearly shown as pervading the whole body ;

neither does he give the deep brown tint with the marbling as a dark,

and the longitudinal rows of spots definitively marked as a light.

I have never seen my specimen present anything like the appear-

ances delineated in his plates 4 and 5, probably because I have not

irritated it.

It has generally been imagined that the purpose of this singular

faculty accorded to the Chameeleon is to enable it to accommodate its

appearance to that of surrounding objects, but the observations of

Van der Hoven seem to negative that idea, and the few experiments

I have made with that view have not led to any such results. The

box in which it is kept is of deal, with a glass at the top and a

piece of flannel laid at the bottom; a small branching stick being

introduced by way of a perch. I have introduced at various times

pieces of coloured paper, covering the bottom of the box, of blue,

yellow and scarlet, but without the slightest effect upon the appear-

ance of the animal. Considering that these primary colours were

not such as it would be likely to be placed in contact with in a state

of nature, I next tried a piece of green calico, but equally without re-

sult. The animal went through all its usual changes, without their

205

being in any way modified by the colours placed underneath it. The

general tints approximate, as may readily be observed, to those of the

branches of trees, just as those of most animals do to the places in

which they dwell; but I have never seen the faculty of changing

called into play with any apparent object. It is only when the light

is removed that the animal assumes a colour which absorbs but little

of it.

Regretting that I have not been able to attain any more definite

conclusions, I offer these few remarks, hoping that to some naturalist,

who may undertake the investigation of these singular phenomena,

they may prove not to have been thrown away.

Pimlico, July 1851.

3. On THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE EDENTATE MAMMALIA.

By H. N. Turner, Jun.

In offering to the Society a summary of my observations on the

craniology of the Edentate order, I have not so great a number of

hitherto unrecorded facts to bring forward as in some of my former

communications. The very remarkable modifications which this order

is seen to present, not only in comparison with the rest of the Mam-

malian class, but also among its own members, and the wonderful

variety of extinct gigantic species which the New World has yielded

to research, have caused the osteology of the group to be more mi-

nutely investigated ; while the small number of species and the striking

external differences which they exhibit, have left but little room for

doubt in the minds of naturalists as to their true arrangement. I will

therefore simply point out such of the cranial peculiarities as seem to

be characteristic of the order and of its families and genera, dividing

it, as appears to me necessary, into five families, since the two forms

inhabiting the Old World differ so much from each other, and from

the three groups into which those of the New World naturally divide

themselves, that although each consists of a single genus, and one of

but a single species, it seems requisite that both should stand di-

stinct. It will also be necessary to remodel the genera of the Arma-

dilloes, and to define them anew by their external characters as well

as by those of the skull, since the presence of a tooth in each of the

intermaxillary bones of a single species of the family has prevented

the essential similarities and differences from being duly appre-

ciated.

Although some few naturalists may still associate this order with

the true Ungulata, for the sake of keeping the divisions of the class

within the predetermined number five, I think that most of those

who have given particular attention to the subject will agree, that

so natural and strongly-marked a group is well worthy of isolation,

which was the opinion of Linnzeus and Cuvier, although the former

wrongly associated with it a few genera belonging properly to other

roups.

The characters possessed in common by the members of so diver-

206

sified an order, must be expected to be comparatively few; those

which I have observed in the skull are as follows :—

The tuberosity of the maxillary bone is articulated by the whole

of its upper surtace to the frontal and orbitosphenoid bones.

The zygoma is flat and straight, projecting at once outwards and

forwards, its articulating surface being more or less confiuent with a

concavity at the inner side of it which forms a portion of a more or

less elongated cone, whose apex would point backwards. In such

forms as have the articulation longitudinal, the glenoid surface is

distinguishable from that of Rodents by its posterior termination,

which is not a thin free edge like the anterior.

The alisphenoid bone never extends high, so that the pterygoid

ridge forms its upper boundary, or even extends above it.

The absence of enamel in the teeth, when they exist, must also be

named among the cranial characters.

Fam. 1. BrapyPopIDz.

The intermaxillary bones confined to the lower part of the nasal

opening ; the maxillary bones provided with simple teeth, shortened,

their malar processes much pushed forwards upon them, and the

molar series converging behind ; the posterior palatine foramina re-

placed by a series of minute openings extending the whole length of

the palate ; the malar bone having a descending masseteric process

transversely compressed, longitudinally extended, and with a di-

stinct superadded process arising between its frontal and zygomatic

processes ; the foramen rotundum distinct, and opening exteriorly at

the base of the pterygoid process some distance below the spheno-

orbital foramen and anterior to the foramen ovale; the zygoma

straight and trigonal, its origin thick and extensive, reaching back

quite to the posterior part of the squamous bone; the mastoid bone

with a wide digastric fossa, and a strong thick styloid process, ter-

minating in a circular concavity for the reception of the stylohyal

bone ; the lower jaw widened anteriorly with an extended symphysis.

Tt must be observed that the superadded process of the malar bone

is peculiarly characteristic of this family, and is quite distinct from

any of the processes of that bone to which special names have been

assigned. It is situated between the frontal or postorbital and zygo-

matic processes, both of which seem also to exist in a more or less

rudimental form in most of the known species ; and when the latter

is wanting as in the genus Cholepus, the fact that the new process

stands aloof, above the zygoma, is enough to prevent its beg taken

for the zygomatic process, which in all mammalia possessing a com-

plete zygomatic arch either abuts simply against the extremity of the

zygoma, or more generally seems to support it from beneath.

The zygomatic process is well developed in the Megatherium, and

completes the arch, leaving the other, which might be called the

supratemporal process, projecting above it. In Mylodon robustus

the frontal process is reduced to a slight angle upon the base of the

supratemporal process. In the Scelidotherium the process existing

—— ———— — a ne

207

above the zygomatic process appears to be broken off, but the obli-

quity of its base renders it improbable that it would be the true

frontal process so largely developed.

The circular pit for the attachment of the stylohyal bone is pre-

cisely similar in the Sloths to that in the large fossil genera, and it

is somewhat remarkable that Prof. Owen, while describing the cha-

racter in these extinct forms, should have made no allusion to its

existence in the recent Sloths, even though Cuvier expressly points it

out. The tongue is largely developed in this family, and the living

sloth may be seen to make great use of it in taking food into its

mouth, as was observed by Mr. Ball, in a short communication pub-

lished in the < Proceedings’ some years back. On the other hand, it

is long and slender in the insect-feeding tribes, so that the maximum

degree to which it was developed in the Glossotherium is certainly

no indication that such was the food of that remarkable genus.

CuoLervs, Illiger.

Intermaxillary bones small, produced anteriorly ; postorbital pro-

cess well-developed; malar bone with a well-marked frontal process,

but no zygomatic process, the supratemporal process projecting

backwards or bent a little upwards; pterygoid bones inflated ;

crotaphite impression approaching near to the occipital ridge; tym-

panic bone reduced to a simple ring; lower jaw produced ante-

riorly, straight below, its condyle depressed; teeth =, simple,

rounded, the anterior ones in each jaw enlarged, trigonal.

C. didactylus.

siderable distance from the occiput ; tympanic bone well-developed,

forming a bulla; lower jaw with a flattened Square process in front,

deep posteriorly, the lower outline convex, the condyle elevated ;

teeth =, simple, rounded, the anterior ones similar, small in the

upper jaw.

B. crinitus.

In addition to the character of the pterygoids, which, in the absence

of actual knowledge, might possibly have belonged to age or sex, I

find'this species to be clearly distinguishable from those of the next

genus by the great distance that intervenes between the posterior

termination of the temporal fossee and the occiput, which is much

smaller, of a rounder form; the digastric fossee converging a little

superiorly, instead of diverging as in the other genus. The lower

jaw also presents a character more decided than the anterior pro-

208

duction which Mr. Gray points out in his paper on the genus Bra-

dypus: it is much deepened behind, rendering the lower outline

very convex. And further, there are certain characters pointed out

by Cuvier in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles’ which appear to be constant, so

far as I have been able to observe, as it is only in young specimens

that the sutures are discernible. They are, first, that in this species,

the 47 @ collier, the nasal bones are bevelled towards the middle pos-

teriorly, so that they form a point between the frontals, while in the

other species they are bevelled in the opposite direction, the frontals

descending between their extreme points. Secondly, that the pala-

tine bone forms but a narrow slip within the orbit, and the alisphenoid

bone occupies a much larger portion of the temporal fossa than in

the other species.

The skull spoken of by Mr. Gray as being taken from a skin, pre-

sents characters intermediate between the other one and that upon

which the B. affnis is founded, therefore I refrain from inserting the

latter as a species until further evidences are obtained.

ArctopitTHecus, Gray.

Intermaxillary bones short and small; postorbital process slightly

developed; malar bone with the frontal and zygomatic processes

slightly marked, or the former wanting, the supratemporal process

rising obliquely ; pterygoid bones compressed and simple; crota-

phite impression extending to very near the occipital ridge ; tympa-

nic bone well-developed, inflated ; lower jaw with its inferior outline

concave posteriorly, its condyle elevated ; teeth —*, simple, rounded,

the anterior ones similar, small in the upper jaw.

A. gcuuaris. Ai a dos brulé.

A broad patch of soft yellow hair between the shoulders, and a

black line running through it down the back; the upper anterior

molars proportionally larger, and the second less, than in the fol-

lowing species; the occiput again affords us a very good distinction,

as it is much wider and not so deep as in the following species, and

the foramen magnum not so large. Two skulls in the British Museum

present these characters, and evidently belong to adult, probably

aged, individuals; that of the skeleton, also from Bolivia, seems

reterable to the other species.

A. MARMORATUS.

Fur everywhere more or less lengthened, no yellow spots, dorsal

line grey brown; anterior upper molars very small, the next rather

larger than those which follow; occiput deeper and narrower than

in the preceding species, its foramen larger.

The A. Blainvillii is not distinguishable by external markings, and

the skulls bearing that name in the Museum collection all present a

general robustness, such as age and sex might very probably occasion.

One of them, which, from retaining some of the sutures, seems to be

younger than the others, has the frontal bones less swollen, and the

209

lower jaw with its angular process as much produced as in those

labelled marmoratus, though deeper, but not so deep as in the others.

The 4. flaccidus may be only a local variety, the skulls not being

very clearly distinguishable, for there are not two between which

some individual peculiarities may not be traced.

The skull to which the name problematicus is given is evidently

young, having all its sutures well-marked, and in the absence of the

fur cannot be safely looked upon as the type of a species. It agrees

with the others in the character of the occiput, which distinguishes

them all from the a. gularis, as well as from the Bradypus crinitus.

The palzontologist is well aware of the uncertainty of establishing

species upon trivial details of form, although slight distinctions are

in some cases known to afford a true indication: the skulls of the

Three-toed Sloths vary greatly, and all present a coarse, rough-hewn

appearance which must detract from our confidence in little differ-

ences of detail. With regard to the lower Jaw, they certainly do not

present differences so strikingly characteristic as those upon which

the species of Mylodon are established.

Mereatuerivum, Cuvier.

Intermaxillary bones lengthened and prominent ; postorbital pro-

cess lengthened and drawn out, but not inflated; malar bone with its

frontal and zygomatic processes well-developed, the latter attached

firmly to the zygoma; the supratemporal process rising obliquely ;

pterygoid bones compressed, and not inflated ; crotaphite impression

approaching near to the occipital ridge; tympanic bone attached,

small, and not inflated ; (immediately in front of the circular facet

for the stylohyal bone there descends a strong process, which may

probably belong to the tympanic bone and form a portion of a vaginal

process ;) lower jaw produced in front, deepened in the middle by the

extensive implantation of the molars, the condyle much elevated ;

teeth =", quadrate, grooved transversely on the crown when worn,

the cementum being thickened on the anterior and posterior surfaces ;

the posterior upper one small.

M. Cuvier.

Dr. Lund figures a tooth having the characters of this well-known

genus, but of smaller size, under the name of Megatherium Laurillardi.

Meeatonyx, Jefferson.

General cranial characters unknown ; teeth as subelliptical, with

a ridge on the inner side.

M. Jeffersonii.

Mytopon, Owen.

Intermaxillary bones small (lost in the skeleton) ; postorbital pro-

cess but little developed, thick; malar bone with the frontal process

indicated by a slight angle, the zygomatic well-developed, touching

No. CCXXXII.—Procerpinés or THE ZooLoeicat Society.

210

the zygoma, the supratemporal process rising obliquely ; pterygoid

bones thin and compressed ; crotaphite impression approaching near

to the occipital ridge; tympanic bone reduced and separate; (the

foregoing characters can of course apply only to the Mylodon robustus,

it being the only species of which the cranium is known ;) lower jaw

broad and more or less prolonged in front, the lower outline straight,

the condyle depressed ; teeth —, the anterior ones rounded or tri-

gonal, the posterior ones larger, trigonal in the upper jaw, gradually

becoming bilobed in the lower. The species can only be characterized

by the lower jaw, as it is the only part that is known in all of them.

The characters are taken chiefly from Prof. Owen’s works.

M. Darwintt.

Lower jaw much produced anteriorly, with a double mammelliform

tuberosity upon the symphysis below. The first tooth rounded or

subtrigonal, the second subelliptical, with a slight depression on the

inner side; the third subquadrate, grooved on the inner side; the

posterior internal angle produced ; the fourth bilobed, sharply grooved

on the inner side.

M. Harvant.

Lower jaw with the symphysis short; the second tooth sub-

quadrate, grooved on the inner side, with the posterior internal angle

produced ; the third trapezoid, obliquely placed, with the inner side

rounded ; the fourth bilobed, the inner groove biangular, and a small

shallow one anterior to it.

M. ropvustus.

Lower jaw produced and very broad anteriorly, the first tooth

round, the second subtrigonal, grooved internally, the third sub-

quadrate, oblique, the fourth bilobed, with a deep scallop on the

inner side and a smaller one anterior to it.

GLossoTHERIUM, Owen.

Crotaphite impression approaching near to the occipital ridge ;

tympanic bone reduced and separate. The general cranial characters

are unknown, but the fragment is recognizable by the great size of

the surface for the stylohyal bone, and of the precondyloid foramen.

ScELIDOTHERIUM, Owen.

Malar bone with a well-developed zygomatic process; the cha-

racter of its frontal process cannot be determined through mutilation

of the specimen ; crotaphite impression approaching near to the occi-

pital ridge ; tympanic bone reduced and separate ; lower jaw greatly

curved below, its condyle depressed ; teeth —. transversely extended,

the anterior ones fully as large as the others, the first in each jaw

elongate trigonal, the others gradually becoming bilobed, the last

upper one trigonal.

S. leptocephalum.

211

Puatyonyx, Lund.

This genus is proposed by Dr. Lund, to include a series of species

discovered by him, the first three of which he had previously referred

to the genus Megalonyz, and Prof. Owen, in the conspectus at the

end of his memoir on the Mylodon, has placed them in his genus

Scelidotherium ; but I prefer to adopt, for the present, Dr. Lund’s

latest arrangement, since in the lower jaws figured, the last lower

molar has a deep groove on its posterior side, and the fourth species,

of which an entire skull is figured (tab. 38), agrees in this cha-

racter, and shows a marked distinction from the S. leptocephalum in

the zygomatic arch being incomplete ; the malar bone has no frontal

process, and but a slight angular indication of the zygomatic process.

P. Cuvieri. P. minutus.

P. Bucklandi. P. Brongniartii.

In addition to these, Dr. Lund represents a metacarpal bone of a

species which he calls P. Owenii, and an os scaphoides of the foot of

another, which he names P. Agassizii.

The genera Ceelodon and Sphenodon of Dr. Lund seem open to

the objection suggested by Prof. Owen, namely that the teeth would

be first developed in the form of hollow obtuse cones, not assuming

the cylindrical form until worn down to the part which has acquired

in process of growth the normal thickness; but while I feel natu-

rally cautious of introducing into my category any genera or species,

the establishment of which is not made fully satisfactory to my mind,

I must not be considered as rejecting any of those of Dr. Lund,

when his illustrations and lists of names are the only evidences I can

attain ; since his original specimens are far beyond my reach, and my

ignorance of the Danish language prevents my comprehending his de-

scriptive memoirs.

Fam. 2. Dasyrpopip.

The nasal bones long, of nearly uniform width, their extremities

projecting forwards beyond the intermaxillaries ; the intermaxillaries

are portions of cylinders, reaching further especially on their palatal

surface than in the other families ; the maxillary bone swollen and

provided with simple teeth ; its zygomatic process projecting boldly

outwards, and a ridge continued from it for the masseter, the molar

series diverging behind ; the posterior palatine foramina are replaced

by a row of minute openings extending the whole length of the

palate ; the malar bone, when there is a descending masseteric pro-

cess, or a rudiment of one, has it compressed longitudinally, extended

transversely ; the foramen rotundum is included in the foramen sphe-

no-orbitarium ; the zygoma is flat, gently twisted upwards towards

its extremity ; the mastoid bone with a deep narrow groove, con-

taining one or more mastoid foramina; the basi-occipital bone with

a transverse depression just anteriorly to the edge of the foramen

magnum, and (excepting in the genera Tolypeutes and Glyptodon)

with an articular surface upon the lower edge of that foramen

receiving the odontoid process of the axis when the head is deflexed ;

212

the occipital condyles are portions of cylinders, placed horizontally,

each in a line with the paroccipital process ; the precondyloid foramen

is placed close to the condyle ; the supra-occipital bone is broad above,

forming on each side a strong thickened ridge; the lower jaw is

narrowed and slenderly produced anteriorly.

The true affinities existing among the various Armadilloes have

been rightly perceived by the Baron Cuvier, and are well pointed out

in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles’ ; but he did not designate the subgenera

by any particular names, and naturalists, for the most part, have

adopted the arrangement of Mons. F. Cuvier, which limits the genus

Dasypus to the single species that has teeth in the intermaxillary

bone, and unites all the rest, excepting the Giant Armadillo, under

the generic name Tatusia. Mr. Gray, in the ‘ List of Specimens of

Mammalia in the British Museum,’ has adopted in addition the

genus Xenurus of Wagler, and it will be further necessary to make

use of Illiger’s genus Tolypeutes for the Apara or Three-banded

Armadillo. The species v//osus and minutus must be associated, as

Baron Cuvier has done with the Encoubert in the genus Dasypus.

The groups recognized in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles’ being thus

restored and the names proposed by other authors applied to them,

I shall proceed to characterize them by their external armour, by

which they may very easily be distinguished, and to add the cha-

racters of the cranium, in which my observations have been assisted

by the immortal work alluded to.

TATUSIA.

Ears thrown backwards and approximated ; plates of the head of

irregular shape and smooth ; those of the scapular and pelvic shields

much smaller than those of the bands, and surrounded with others

smaller still; fore-feet with four toes, the claws straight, the index

and medius nearly equal, the pollex and annularis small; maxillary

bone terminating in a pointed process behind; teeth rather small,

none of them being further back than the root of the malar process ;

this process concave anteriorly, projecting outwards and backwards ;

the infra-orbital canal entirely below it ; malar bone simply a portion

of an inverted arch, hollowed on the outer side for nearly its whole

length by the masseteric impression, merely abutting against the

zygoma; palatine bone reduced in vertical extent, being encroached

on above by a large thickened portion of the ethmoid bone which

appears in the orbit, the sphenopalatine foramen being a narrow

fissure between them ; pterygoid bone simply bordering the termi-

nation of the palatine, without hamular process ; zygoma compressed

and elevated, its glenoid surface circular ; tympanic bone reduced to

a ring; mastoid narrowed ; lower jaw slender, its condyle but little

elevated, transverse and flat, coronoid process elevated.

T. SEPTEMCINCTA.

Ears about one-third of the length of the head ; plates smooth ;

tail as long as the body.

T. affinis of Dr. Lund may possibly be identical.

213

T. HYBRIDA.

Ears about one-fourth of the length of the head; plates of the

pelvic shield convex and elevated ; tail about two-thirds of the length

of the body. The characters of this species, which was named by

M. Desmarest, are carefully pointed out by Mr. Martin in the ‘ Pro-

céedings ’ of the Society, January 1837.

Cuvier speaks of a third species brought from Brazil by M. de

Saint-Hilaire, under the name of Tatou verdadeiro, differing from

the mule Armadillo in having the tail terminated by a horny sheath

of one piece, the bands broader, and the plates of the pelvic shield

larger.

Dr. Lund figures two ossicles of a Tatusia, indicating dimensions

much greater than those usually attained by specimens belonging to

the genus, and applies the name Dasypus punctatus. I find in the

Museum of the College of Surgeons a recent carapace, denuded of its

horny epidermal scutes, and wanting the scapular shield; it is as

large as Dr. Lund’s figures would imply, and has the same punctate

depressions in the grooves which mark the surfaces of the component

ossicles. It differs from a smaller one, still a large specimen, also

denuded of the epidermal scutes, in the latter having the central area

of each ossicle a little elevated at its posterior margin, and the punc-

tate depressions fewer and smaller behind this area than in front of

it ; while in the larger specimen they are all about equal in size.

It is difficult to compare these specimens with those which retain

their natural covering ; but the punctate character seems to belong

to the genus rather than to the species, it not being perceptible until

the horny scutes are removed: and whether the Tatusia punctata

be a species, or merely a large variety of one of the others, it would

appear not to be extinct.

Cuiamypuorvus, Harlan.

Plates of the head, the scapular shield and the body forming an

uninterrupted series, each a parallelogram, those of the neck smaller,

and those of the muzzle irregular ; pelvic shield small, flat, or slightly

convex, placed vertically, at right angles to the dorsal armour, and

composed of concentric semioval rows of trapezoid plates ; fore-feet

with five toes, the medius being the longest, the two inner claws the

smallest, and the three outer ones very deep and compressed ; frontal

bone with a large thickened process above the eye ; malar bone thin,

deep anteriorly, with a rudiment of a descending masseteric process

assuming a transverse position ; auditory process bending forwards

round the base of the zygoma ; lower jaw with the ascending ramus

much elevated, the condyle higher than the coronoid process.

C. truncatus.

Dasypvus.

Head broad behind, ears wide apart, its plates.irregular, marked

like those of the body ; those of the scapular and pelvic shields ob-

long parallelograms, like those of the bands, but becoming penta-

gonal or hexagonal towards the neck and croup—all the plates

214

marked with an indented pattern ; bands about six or seven ; fore-

feet with five toes, the index nearly as thick as the medius, which is

the longest, the claws a little twisted outwards; maxillary bone ter-

minating behind in a strong vertical column formed by the alveolus

of the last tooth, and concealing the sphenopalatine and pterygo-

palatine foramina ; teeth rather large ; malar process compressed in

the antero-posterior direction, suddenly projecting, concave anteriorly ;

infra-orbital canal short, pierced through the base of the process ;

malar bone angular, with a rudiment of a descending process, com-

pressed in the antero-posterior direction ; its zygomatic process deep,

extending beneath the zygoma; palatine bone ascending into the

orbit ; no appearance of the ethmoid within the orbit; pterygoid

bones with well-defined hamular processes, bent outwards; zygoma

well-developed, flat; its glenoid surface slightly convex, reniform ;

tympanic bone well-ossified, forming a bulla ; auditory process largely

developed ; mastoid bone very broad, placed entirely in the occipital

region ; lower jaw deep and thick, its ascending ramus high ; coronoid

process largely developed, condyle broad.

D. SEXCINCTUS.

Muzzle broad ; plates large, distinct, but slightly indented ; bands

six or seven, ”o separate band on the anterior edge of the scapular

shield ; terminal plates of the bands and pelvic shield small; hairs

few, white ; teeth os. the first upper one on each side being in the

intermaxillary bone.

D. vILLosus.

Muzzle broad ; plates closely united, roughly tubercular, those of

the bands closely united and small; bands eight ; a separate band on

the anterior edge of the scapular shield, behind the row of nuchal

plates ; terminal plates of the bands and pelvic shield large and fal-

cate ; hairs profuse, brown.

D. MINUTUS.

Muzzle tapering, narrow at the end; plates of the head smooth,

those of the shield and bands closely united, and flatly tubercular ;

terminal plates of the bands and pelvie shield large and falcate ;

bands six or seyen ; a separate band on the anterior edge of the sca-

pular shield, behind the row of nuchal plates ; upper parts with black

hairs ; sides of the head and limbs with brownish hairs; under parts

with whitish hairs ; teeth 8, none in the intermaxillary bones, nasal

and intermaxillary bones lengthened.

Xenvurvs, Wagler.

Head broad behind, ears wide apart, its plates irregular, smooth ;

those of the scapular shield irregular in the middle, hexagonal towards

the sides ; bands twelve, composed of short and square plates ; pelvic

shield with square plates in the middle, becoming hexagonal towards

the sides; tail almost naked; fore-feet with five toes, the index

longest, but very slender, the three outer toes rapidly diminishing in

215

into a fossa which contains the foramina of the orbit ; pterygoid

bones with their hamular processes styliform, projecting backwards ;

zygoma small, rounded above ; tympanic incompletely ossified ; mas-

toid bone broad, placed obliquely ; lower jaw slender, its condyle

elevated, reniform ; coronoid process feebly developed, lower than the

condyle.

X. UNICINCTUs.

Cuvier mentions a species with a shorter and more entirely naked

tail; it is probably the same that has been called nudicaudis by Dr.

Lund. X. antiquus of the same distinguished author may possibly

be identical.

Priopontes, Frederick Cuvier.

Head broad behind, ears wide apart ; plates of the head and body

as in Xenurus ; tail closely covered with quadrangular scales, placed

im a quincuncial arrangement ; fore-feet as in Aenurus, the outer toe

much reduced ; maxillary bone articulated posteriorly by suture to

the palatine; teeth numerous and minute ; infra-orbital canal long,

commencing below the malar process, and terminating nearly on the

middle of the bone; malar bone forming simply a portion of an in-

verted arch, round, and devoid of processes ; palatine bone ascending

into the orbit ; pterygoid bone strongly developed, with an angular

termination ; zygoma .rather small, the glenoid surface lengthened,

the lower part of the Squamous and the alisphenoid bone forming a

longitudinal swelling within it; tympanic bone small, and loose ;

mastoid bone broad, forming the sides of the occiput which are

rounded ; lower jaw thin and compressed, condyle longitudinal, but

little elevated ; coronoid process much reduced.

P. gigas.

Totyreures, Illiger.

posed of oblong parallelograms, equally subcireular, and closely arti-

culated; fore-feet four-toed, the outer being absent; the medius

slightly longer than the index, with a much larger claw, both having

and simply abutting by an oblique suture against the zygoma ; _pala-

tine bone ascending into the orbit, pterygoids with blunt hamular

216

processes, a little bent outwards; zygoma rather narrowed, glenoid

surface flat, reniform ; tympanic bone reduced to an annular form ;

lower jaw slender, condyle moderately elevated, reniform, coronoid

process elevated.

T. TRICINCTUS.

Cuvier cites the Cheloniseus of Fabricius Columna as being this

species, but represented with four bands instead of three; the last

row of plates of the scapular shield is composed of oblong parallelo-

grams like those of the bands, which may have given rise to such

an error.

CHLAMYDOTHERIUM, Lund.

Judging by the plates that accompany Dr. Lund’s Memoir, this

appears to be a genus of extinct gigantic Armadilloes, having the body

provided with moveable bands like the recent ones, and teeth of a

compressed form, and irregularly fluted; two species are distin-

guished.

C. Humboldtii. C. giganteum.

Hereropon, Lund.

Distinguished by the unequal sizes of the teeth: the fragment of

the lower jaw figured contains six teeth, of which two are much larger

than the others.

Hi. diversidens.

Evuryopon, Lund.

Dr. Lund figures a tooth resembling those of the Armadilloes, but

apparently broader in proportion to its antero-posterior diameter.

E.. latidens.

GLYPTODON, Owen.

Carapace ovoid, without distinction of shields or bands, composed

of small hexagonal pieces with sculptured surfaces ; teeth divided into

narrow transverse lobes ; malar bone with a lengthened descending

process, placed transversely ; zygoma flat, its glenoid surface elevated,

transversely elongate, looking a little backwards; mastoid propor-

tionally small, placed laterally.

G. CLAVIPES.

The central tubercle upon each ossicle large, round, or subhexagonal,

conspicuous above the surrounding ones, which are small, and more

cut up by reticulate depressions.

G. ORNATUS.

The central tubercle of each ossicle not conspicuously marked above

the rest ; all more finely granular.

This may possibly be the young of that to which the name retieu-

latus has been applied, and which, therefore, I will at present omit.

eee

217

G. TUBERCULATUS.

Ossicles approaching to a square or rhomboidal form, their surface

divided into numerous irregular elevations.

The genus Hoplophorus of Dr. Lund appears to be identical with

Glyptodon ; he figures two teeth in which the characters of that

genus are clearly shown, and several detached ossicles and portions of

carapace bearing a general resemblance to the species of Glyptodon,

principally to the G. ornatus. He distinguishes two species, the H.

Luphractus and H. Selloi. Prof. Owen refers to the H. Euphractus a

portion of carapace brought home by Mr. Darwin, and figured in the

‘ Voyage of the Beagle,’ which very closely resembles those afterwards

figured in the ‘Catalogue of Fossil Mammalia and Aves in the Museum

of the Royal College of Surgeons’ under the name G. ornatus.

I am not as yet acquainted with the Pachytherium magnum of

Dr. Lund’s catalogues.

Fam. 3. MyrMEcoPHaGID&.

The nasal bones simple, of uniform width, emarginated at the

ends ; the intermaxillary bones much reduced ; the maxillary bones

much lengthened, toothless, the malar process projecting backwards,

outwards and downwards ; the posterior palatine foramen single, or

wanting ; the malar bone reduced to a slender stylet free at the pos-

terior end; the foramen rotundum included in the foramen spheno-

orbitarium ; the zygoma very small, and.pushed quite to the anterior

superior angle of the squamous portion ; the supra-occipital bone en-

croaches upon the upper surface of the skull, and has a median pro-

tuberance ; the lower jaw much lengthened and slender at the end,

without coronoid process.

Not having seen the skull of the little Two-toed Ant-eater, I have

used a little caution in characterizing this family. For example, I

have avoided alluding to the peculiar character of the pterygoids, as

Cuvier informs us that they do not enclose a long canal ‘as in the

larger species. I therefore limit the diagnoses of the genera to the

few points, in which, in the absence of a skull of the small species,

they are known to differ*.

Myrmecornaca, Linneus.

Fore-feet with four toes; hind-feet with five toes; palatine and

pterygoid bones united beneath the nasal canal for their whole length.

M. supata, Linn.

Varied with black and grey, the latter predominating on the head,

back, sides, fore-limbs and tail; throat, a mark running obliquely

from the shoulder upwards and backwards, and hind-limbs black ; fur

very coarse ; tail but little longer than the body, very bushy.

* I have since seen the cranial portion of the skull of the Little Ant-eater, and

find that although the pterygoid bones do not enclose the nasal canal below, they

resemble those of the larger species in their great extent backwards.

218

M. TamManpnva.

Head, shoulders, fore-limbs, outside of the hind-limbs, and middle

third of the tail white ; a stripe from each side of the neck over the

shoulder and remaining parts black ; tail but little longer than the

body, its terminal third scaly. Varies chiefly by the diminution of

the intensity of the black.

I have found that the Yellow Ant-eater, hitherto considered to be one

of the varieties of this species, differs remarkably in the length and size

of the tail ; the ears also appear to be larger, but this latter character

is less decisive, owing to the different degrees to which they may

shrink when dry. A specimen in the British Museum, and one in

that of this Society, resemble each other exactly, while a young pale

specimen of M. Tamandua has a tail proportionally of the same length

as the larger and darker individuals. Under these circumstances I

have been induced to propose a name for the Yellow Ant-eater, deem-

ing it probable that the species may be distinct.

M. LoNGICAUDATA.

General colour uniform light ochraceous, a paler line runs down

the middle of the back ; tail nearly double the length of the body,

its terminal half covered with small scales and a few scattered black

hairs ; ears large, round, about one-third the length-.of the head.

Although the flanks show a slightly darker reflection in certain di-

rections of the light, there is no trace of the mark which runs across

the shoulder.

On referring to the figure, in Krusenstern’s Voyage (tab. 6 e),

on which M. Desmarest founded his Myrmecophaga annulata, I find

it to be a very excellent representation of a Coati-mondi, probably

the brown species. The head is bent downwards, the tongue pro-

truded, and curved beneath the left fore-foot ; from under the further

side of the foot there comes a small twig of a tree, which, if it were

not branched, would look like a continuation of the tongue. But

the figure published in Griffith’s translation of the ‘ Régne Animal’

is not so easy to interpret. The general form of the body is more

like that of an Ant-eater, though rather too long and slender ; the

tapering head and the dark stripe from the end of the muzzle to the

eye remind one of the Myrmecobius, which was not known until

several years afterwards ; the tail is just such as a Coati-mondi might

have supplied. The figure is said to have been drawn from a stuffed

specimen, but the authors do not state where the specimen existed,

and possibly may never have seen it.

Cuvier asserts, with much probability, that the animal from which

Buffon took his figure of the Tamandua was made up of the skin of a

Coati-mondi, to which striped markings had been artificially applied.

_ CycLoruurvs, Gray.

Fore-feet with two toes, the outer one much the larger; “the pala-

tines only meet below for two-thirds of their length, and the bony

canal of the nares there terminates, the pterygoids not meeting, but

presenting only two long parallel and little prominent crests.”

219

C. DIDACTYLUS.

Dr. Lund inserts in his lists of fossil species one which he has

named Myrmecophaga gigantea, but I have seen no representation of

any portion of the animal among the figures published.

Fam. 4. Manip.

The intermaxillary bones small, having ascending processes run-

ning upwards and backwards; each encloses a separate incisive fora-

men ; the maxillary bones short, toothless, their malar processes pro-

jecting backwards, outwards and downwards; the palatine bones

much spread out in front, and with distinct posterior palatine fora-

mina; the malar and lacrymal bones wanting, but a large lacrymal

opening ; the alisphenoid bone much reduced ; the zygoma deep, thin,

concave exteriorly, and pushed downwards to the anterior and inferior

angle of the squamous portion; the occipital condyles prominent,

oblique, the precondyloid foramina at some distance anterior to them.

This family consists of but one genus, containing several well-

marked species.

Manis, Linnzus.

In characterizing the species of this genus, I give the number of

scales in each transverse row, instead of the number of longitudinal

rows, which has been the usual method adopted. The number in

each case will appear much less, but it will be recollected that this is

owing to the scales of one row being alternate with those of the next

one.

M. pentapactyta, Linn. (macroura, Desm.)

Each transverse row of scales composed of three on each side of

the median one; scales striated at the base, smooth at the end, the

striated part distinctly separated from the smooth portion ; ends of

the scales simple; under parts naked; tail very broad at the base,

about equal to the body in length ; fore-feet five-toed, the claw of the

medius much the largest, that of the annularis next, that of the index

much less, the other two very small; hind-feet with lengthened claws;

limbs scaled to the bases of the claws.

M. savanica, Desm.

Four scales on each side of the median one in each transverse row,

the lower ones on each side, and the lateral ones beneath the tail,

keeled and pointed at the ends ; tail broad at the base, equalling the

head and body in length; under parts with short white hairs ; limbs

scaled to the bases of the claws; fore-feet with the middle claw

largest, the index a little less than the annularis, the others very

small ; hind-feet with lengthened claws.

M. Temmuincxku, Smutz. ,

Body altogether very broad ; scales broad, three on each side in

every transverse row, striated to the tips which are rounded, none of

them carinate ; under parts naked ; tail about the length of the body,

broad and rounded at the end ; limbs scaled to the bases of the claws;

220

fore-feet with the middle claw largest, the two next less, the remain-

ing two much less; those of the hind-feet vertical, truncated.

M. rerrapactyta, Linn. (Africana, Desm.)

Scales large, three on each side in every transverse row, striated to

the tip, which is square, with a point projecting from the middle,

the lower ones at the sides and the lateral ones beneath the tail cari-

nate; tail double the length of the body, a little narrowed at the

base, soon becoming broad ; limbs only scaled at the base, then

covered with black hairs like the under parts; fore-feet with the

middle claw very long and compressed, the index and annularis much

less and nearly equal, the minimus less still, the inner toe very small;

hind-feet with lengthened claws, nearly equal.

M. muttiscutatTa, Gray, Proc. Z. 8. Feb. 1843.

Five scales on each side of the median one im every transverse row;

scales striated to the tip, which is square, with a median point;

those on the sides of the trunk and limbs, and the lateral ones be-

neath the tail, carinate ; tail nearly double the length of the body, of

moderate width ; under parts with short whitish brown hairs ; fore-

limbs scaled to the carpus ; toes all well-developed, except the thumb,

which is small, the medius longest ; hind-feet scaled nearly to the

base of the claws, which are all lengthened and well-developed, ex-

cept the thumb, which is small; the annularis nearly as long as the

medius.

M. aurita, Hodgson.

Fam. 5. ORYCTEROPODID&.

The nasal bones long and much spread out behind, narrowed and

not projecting anteriorly ; the intermaxillaries well-developed, pro-

minent below, not enclosing foramina; the maxillary bones length-

ened and deep, provided with compound teeth; the palate termina-

ting soon with a strong transverse ridge, having a pair of large poste-

rior palatine foramina ; the lacrymal bone large, extending much upon

the face; the malar bone large, extending much upon the face, but

its zygomatic process small and slender; the frontal bone large and

swollen, with a small and contracted post-orbital process ; the parie-

tals extended downwards at their anterior inferior angles to articulate

with the alisphenoids; the zygoma slender, twisted as in the Arma-

dilloes ; a strong post-articular and a post-auditory process, and just

within the latter a short truncate styloid process, not enclosed by any

vaginal process, as the tympanic bone is much reduced and separate ;

the occipital condyles hemicylindrical, but with a portion of articular

surface continued from them upon the lower edge of the foramen

magnum ; the paroccipital processes in a line with them, but distinetly

separated.

As this family consists, so far as is yet satisfactorily known, of a

single species, its characters might be multiplied to almost any extent ;

should another form be discovered, they will of course need revision.

——_

221

This communication having extended far beyond the length that I

at first contemplated, notwithstanding that I have limited myself in

most cases to the distinctive peculiarities of the skull, it will readily

be seen that, had I entered upon the whole osteology of the order, or

even introduced in every instance the characters by which the genus

or species may be known externally, I should have swelled this little

monograph to such a degree as almost to preclude its insertion in the

“ Proceedings’ of the Society, and entailed upon myself an amount of

labour from which I would by no means shrink, but fear I shall be

compelled to defer until more favourable opportunities present them-

selves; but I trust that the little I have as yet accomplished may

afford the naturalist a clearer insight into the relations of the living

Edentata among themselves, and with those that formerly peopled

the portion of the world which was then, as now, the principal abode

of this remarkable group.

Pimlico, July 1851.

4. A Monocrapu or ScuTus, A GENUS OF GASTEROPODOUS

MOLLUSCA, BELONGING TO THE FAMILY FissuRELLID2.

By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. erc.

Genus Scurus, De Montfort.

Animal with the head proboscidiform ; tentacles thick and subu-

late, with the eyes on tubercles at their outer bases; mantle reflexed

over the sides of, and nearly covering, the shell; sides of foot with a

series of short cirrhi.

Shell oblong, scutiform, flattened ; apex dorsal, oblique, posteriorly

inclined ; margin of aperture sinuated in front ; muscular impression

horse-shoe shaped, open anteriorly.

Parmophorus, Blainv.— Dascinus, Rafin.—Seutellites, Auct.—

Scutum, Sow. jun.—Parmophora, Desh.— Emarginula, sp. Sow. —

Patella, sp. Lamk.

1. Scurus uneurs, Linn.

Patella unguis, Lim. Mus. Ludovic. Ulric. Regin. p. 69. no. 419.

—Patella ambigua, Chemn.— Seutus antipodis, Montf.— Parmo-

phorus australis, Lamk.—Parm. elongatus, Blainy.

Hab. New Zealand. Mus. Cuming.

2. Scurus ELonGatus, Lamarck.

Patella elongata, Lamk. Ann. du Mus. i. p- 310.—Parmophorus

elongatus, Lamk. Hist.—Emarginula elongata, Sow. Gen.

Hab. East Australia. Mus. Cuming. Also occurs fossil.

3. Scurus GRANULATUS, Blainy.

Parmophorus granulatus, Blainy. Bullet. des Scienc. 1817; Lamk.

Hist. An. s. Vert. vol. vii. pt. ii. p.5; Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 139. f. 4.

Hab. Port Essington, on the rocks, low water. Mus. Cuming.

222

4. Scutus corrueGatus, Reeve.

Parmophorus corrugatus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842; Conch.

Syst. pl. 139. f. 1.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

5. Scurus pumepus, Quoy et Gaimard.

Parmophorus taumidus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astrol. pl. 69. f. 6.

—Parm. gibbosus, Anton.—? Parm. breviculus, Blainv. Bull. des Sci.

1817; Sowerby’s Gen. (Emarg.) fig. 2. a

Hab. Madagascar. Mus. Cuming.

6. Scurus imBricaTtus, Quoy et Gaimard.

Parmophorus imbricatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astrol. pl. 69.

f. 17, 18.

Hab. Island of Burias. Mus. Cuming.

7. Scurus ancustatus, A. Adams. S. testd elongatd, subqua-

drangulari, lateribus angustatis, coarctatis ; dorso plano, con-

centrice striato, vertice subcentrali, postice declinato ; extremi-

tate anticd sinuatd, posticd excurvatd, subelevatd.

Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.

5. A MonoGRAPH OF THE GENUS MonoptTyGMaA oF LEA.

By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

Genus Monopryema, J. Lea. (? Menestho, Mill.)

Animal unknown.

Shell subulately turreted, transversely striated, apex simple, acute ;

aperture oval, longer than wide, rounded and entire in front ; colu-

mella with a single oblique fold.

This genus differs from ct@on in being elongated, and in having

an oblique fold, instead of a transverse plait on the columella.

. 1, Monopryema striata, Gray. M. testdé turrito-subulatd, so-

lidd, olivaced, anfractibus planis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis

profundis, distantibus ; aperturd oblongd, intus albd.

This species, which is typical, is a very thick and strong shell, with

a somewhat convex lateral outline, and strongly transversely grooved

across the flattened whorls. Mus. Cuming.

2. Monopryema FuLva, A. Adams. WM. testd turrito-subulatd,

graciliori, solidd, fulvd, anfractibus planis, transversim sulcatis,

sulcis profundis, distantibus ; aperturd oblongd, intus fused.

This elegantly-formed shell is more slender than M. striata, and

of a different colour; the transverse grooves are also much closer

together, and their edges are rounded ; the twist of the columella is

not so distinct, and the aperture is brown internally. Mus. Cuming.

3. MonopryGMA GRANULATA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-tur-

ritd, albd, solidd, anfractibus planiusculis, gradatis, longitudi-

223

naliter corrugato-plicatis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis profundis,

valde distantibus ; interstitiis levibus ; aperturd oblongd, colu-

melld plicd subproductd.

This is a rather short and obtuse white and solid species, very

strongly grooved transversely, and with the whorls longitudinally

corrugately plicated. Mus. Cuming.

, 4. Monopryema tauta, A. Adams. WM. testd turrito-subulatd,

albidd, tenui, subpellucidd, anfractibus planiusculis, longitudi-

naliter eleganter striatis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis distanti-

bus, interstitiis crenulatis ; aperturd oblonga, columella obliqud

et curvatd.

A very beautifnlly-sculptured species, dredged from 10 fathoms,

at Bolinao, by Mr. Cuming ; the outline is subulated, and the whorls

rather flattened and longitudinally striated. Mus. Cuming.

{ 5. Monorpryema amaena, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-acuminaté,

tenui, subpellucidd, albidd, longitudinaliter substriatd, anfrac-

tibus convexiusculis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis valdé distanti-

bus, interstitiis eleganter punctatis ; aperturd oblongd, antice

dilatatd, columelld rectd.

This is a most exquisite species, both in form and sculpture; the

whorls are rounded and punctate-striate, and the shell is nearly pel-

lucid; it is from Bolinao, 10 fathoms water. Mus. Cuming.

6. Monortyema casta, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-turritd, albd,

tenui, semipellucidd, anfractibus convexiusculis, transversim sul-

catis, sulcis subconfertis, interstitiis pulcherrimé striatis ; aper-

turd oblonga, antice productd, columelld obliqud, subtortuosd.

This pure white ovate form is from the China Seas, being collected

by the writer during the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang. The whorls

are grooved, with the interstices striated. Mus. Cuming.

. 7. Monopryema speciosa, A. Adams. UM. testd turritd, subu-

latd, albidd, tenui, semipellucidd, anfractibus octo, convexius-

culis, suturd profundd, cingillis transversis elevatis, interstitiis

concinné cancellatis, ornatd; aperturdé oblongo-ovali, columella

subrectd, superné plicd obliqud subobsoletd instructd.

Hab. Baclayon; Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

An elegant semipellucid species, resembling an elongated Acteon,

with the whorls encircled with elevated cingilli, and the interstices

cancellated.

. 8. Monopryema sprrata, A. Adams. WM. testd turritd, albd,

epidermide fusco tectd, anfractibus octo, planiusculis, gradatis,

suturd canaliculatd, plicis longitudinalibus, angustis, confertis,

et sulcis transversis decussatim ornatd ; aperturd oblongd, labio

plicd unicd obliqud instructo.

Hab. Camaguin; Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

A small turreted species, covered, in the living state, with a light

brown epidermis, and with the surface regularly and beautifully de-

cussated with raised lines.

224

9. MonopTyGMA TENELLA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-turritd,

albd, subpellucidd, anfractibus quatuor, convewiusculis, trans-

versim tenuiter striatd; aperturd ovali, labio subreflexo, plicd

obsoletd instructo ; labro dilatato, margine flecuoso incrassato

et subreflexo.

Hab. Philippine Islands. Mus. Cuming.

A small Rissoa-like shell, with only a faint indication of a plait on

the columellar lip ; the aperture dilated, and the outer lip expanded

and slightly thickened anteriorly.

. 10. Monopryema srytina, A. Adams. WM. testd subulatd, in

medio incrassato, albd, subpellucidd, anfractibus 9-12, planius-

culis, transversim tenuiter sulcatd, longitudinaliter substriatd ;

aperturd oblongd, labio superne plicd obliqud instructo ; labro,

in medio, subrecto.

Haé. Catanuan; Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

A remarkable white subulate shell, with the middle whorls, espe-

cially those near the apex, enlarged.

11. MonorryGMa suTuRALIS, A. Adams. WM. testd subulato-

turritd, subumbilicatd, albd, nitidd, subdiaphand, anfractibus

septem planis, suturd canaliculatd, transversim sulcatd, an-

Sractu ultimo subsoluto, fasciis angustis, albo articulatis, or-

nato; apertura oblongo-ovali, labio plicd evanidd instructo.

Hab. Philippine Islands. Mus. Cuming.

A small white species, with the last whorl nearly free, and having

the suture deeply channeled.

6. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SHELLS, FROM THE CUMINGIAN CoL-

LECTION ; WITH A NOTE ON THE GENUS NEMATURA.

By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. erc.

PyRAMIDELLA METULA, A. Adams. P. testd subulatd, turritd,

apice obtusiusculo, albidd anfractibus decem planulatis, longi-

tudinaliter costatd, costis confertis equantibus, interstitiis

lineis transversis elevatis ornatd ; aperturd ovali, labio incras-

sato, in medio plicd unicd instructo; labro margine subin-

crassato.

Hab. Mizamis, Cagayan. Mus. Cuming.

A small elongated species, somewhat resesembling a Rissoina, with

the intervals between the ribs finely cancellated, and the whorls very

numerous.

PyRAMIDELLA AcLis, A. Adams. P. testd subulatd albd nitidd,

anfractibus octo planiusculis longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis

equalibus subconfertis, interstitiis levibus; apertura semiovatd,

labio subincrassato plicd unicd munito ; labro subdilatato.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

This is a slender subulate species, likewise resembling in appear-

ance a Rissoina.

225

Lacuna CARINIFERA, A, Adams. L. testd ovata, spird acuminatd,

anfractibus quatuor, late umbilicatd, fulvd, anfractu ultimo

angulato, carind transversd elevatd, rufo-fusco articulatd, or-

nato; aperturd semiovatd ; labro acuto, angulato, labio recto,

Jissurd umbilicali elongatd.

Hab. Borneo. Mus. Cuming.

The single prominent keel round the periphery of the last whorl

is the principal feature of this species.

Vexutina Sirxensis, A. Adams. JV. testd nigro-fused, epider-

mide liris elevatis transversis confertis obtectd, longitudinali-

ter valde sulcatd, sulcis subdistantibus ; aperturd ovali, intus

suleatd ; labro margine reflexo, nigro, incrassato ; postice non-

producto supra anfractum ultimum.

Hab. Sitka. Mus. Cuming.

The dark brown colour and oval form distinguish this species from

V.. levigata, which also has the outer lip arched and expanded poste-

riofly.

Otrna Fusca, A. Adams. O. testd magnd, solidd, semiopacd,

Sused, sine epidermide, dorso convexd, longitudinaliter subpli-

catd, transversim tenuiter striatd, labio lato, plano, et exca-

vato ; labro recto, non reflexo aut expanso.

Hab. Benguela. Mus. Cuming.

The large size of this species, and its convex form, distinguish it

from O. otis, and its absence of bands, and the outer lip not being ex-

panded, from O. zonata, Gould, the only two species at present known

to me.

7. Note on Nemartura, sy A, ADAMS.

The genus Nematura, established by Mr. Benson, appears to have

the closest affinity with Bithynia of Leach, but the horny opercu-

lum, with grooved margins, and the contraction of the aperture, will

distinguish them. There appear to have been found at present but

six species, three of them known, and three here indicated for the

first time ; in the rivers and streams of the East are doubtless many

more; they aré usually found adhering to the under surface of dead

floating leaves.

1. Nematura Detts, Benson. N. testd magnd, pallidé fulvd,

globosd, levi; aperturd orbiculari, peritremate simplici.

Mus. Cuming.

2. NEMATURA MINIMA, Benson. WN. testd parvd, corned, semi-

pellucidd, ovali, spird subproductd ; politd, fasciis rufis sub-

obsoletis ornatd ; apertura orbiculuri, peritremate simplici.

Mus. Cuming.

No. CCXXXIII.—Procrepincés or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

226

3. Nemarura pouita, Sowerby. JN. testd magnd, castaneo-

fused, compressd, subvaricosd ; aperturd ovali, peritremate an-

tice striato ; regione umbilicali lird callosd cireumdato ; punc-

tato-striatd.

Mus. Cuming.

4. Nematura onivacea, A. Adams. WN. festd ovatd, opacd,

olivaced, viridi-fusco reticulatd ; aperturd oveli, spird elevatd,

apice decollato, peritremate simplict.

Mus. Cuming.

5. NeMATURA GLABRATA, A. Adams. WN. testd magnd, ovatd,

non compressd aut varicosd, subviridi-corned; spird acutd,

apice acuminato, levi, politd; aperturd orbiculari, angustatd,

peritremate ngro.

Hab. Penang. Mus. Cuming.

6. NemaTuRA PUNCTICULATA, A. Adams. WN. testd mediocri,

pallide fulvd, compressd, anfractu ultimo gibboso, et subangu-

lato ad latera, lineolis punctatis transversis ornatd, peritre-

mate simplici.

Hab. Eastern Islands. Mus. Cuming.

8. A MonoGRAPH OF THE RECENT SPECIES OF RIMULA, A GENUS

or MoLLUSCA, BELONGING TO THE FAMILY FISSURELLID&.

By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

The genus Rimula of Defrance has been usually confounded with

Puncturella of Lowe, or the Cemoria of Leach, but it is at once

distinguished by the absence of the arcuated plate in the interior of

the vertex. The species already known are fossil, to which we now

add a few recent examples.

Genus Rimuta, Defrance.

Shell conical, with an elevated, recurved, entire vertex, turned

towards the posterior end; surface cancellated, with radiating ribs ;

a linear perforation in the upper part of the shell, half-way between

the vertex and anterior margin; margin of aperture crenulated ; in-

terior simple, with no shelly plate; muscular impression crescentic,

interrupted in front.

1. Rrmvuta exauisita, A. Adams. R. testd magnd, ovali, semi-

pellucidd, albd, costis longitudinalibus, radiantibus, lineisque

elevatis, transversis, concentricis, cancellatd ; cancelli subqua-

drati; costis crenulatis, inequalibus, prominentibus, anterio-

ribus duabus divergentibus, interstitits costellis duabus in-

structis ; supra perforationem concavd ; perforatione elongatd

subquadratd.

Had. Catanuan, island of Luzon and island of Burias, found on

dead shells, 7 and 10 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

———

EEE

227

2. Rimuta Cuminen, A. Adams. R. testd pared, ovatd, opacd,

costellis longitudinalibus, radiantibus, lineisque transversis, cras-

818, concentricis, cancellatd 3 cancelli transversi, elongati ; costis

nodulosis, subequalibus, prominentibus, distantibus, anteriori-

bus duabus antice divergentibus, interstitiis costellis duabus in-

structis, perforatione elongatd, subquadratda.

Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.

3. Rimuta cartnata, A. Adams. R. testd parvé, ovali, costel-

hs simplicibus, permultis, confertis, longitudinalibus, radianti-

bus, ornatd ; interstitiis cancellatis 3 cancelli punctiformes ; cos-

tellis duabus anterioribus, antice convergentibus, et apud aper-

ture marginem junctis ; interstitiis, supra perforationem, con-

vexis, supra verticem extendentibus, quasi carind ; perforatione

ovali, angustd, antice angustaté.

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, on dead

shells, 25 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

4. Rimuta PRoPINquA, A. Adams. R. f¢estd pared, elongato-

ovali ; costellis prominentibus, asperis, longitudinalibus, ra-

diantibus, subdistantibus ; interstitiis valde cancellatis ; can-

celli transversi, subquadrati; costellis duabus anterioribus,

antice convergentibus, ad aperture marginem junctis ; perfo-

ratione angustato-ovali, antice acuminata.

Hab. Catapan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

9. A Monocrapu oF PUNCTURELLA, A GENUS OF GASTEROPODOUS

MOoLLUuscA, BELONGING TO THE FAMILY FissuRELLID2.

By Arruur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. erc.

Genus Puncrure.ta, Lowe.

Head proboscidiform, tentacles subulate, with the eyes on swell-

ings at their outer base; sides with a range of cirrhi, interrupted be-

hind on each side; mantle-margin simple ; branchial plumes two;

anal siphon prominent, forming a truncated membranous canal pro-

jecting from the subapical perforation.

Shell conical, with an elevated, slightly recurved, obliquely spiral

entire vertex, turned towards the posterior end ; aperture expanded,

oval; surface with radiating ribs ; margin entire; a linear perfora-

tion in the upper part of the shell, between the vertex and front

margin, in the line of an elevated rib. Interior with a linear groove,

vaulted over with a shelly plate corresponding to the perforation ;

muscular impression crescentic, interrupted in front.

Cemoria, Leach, MSS.—Sipho, Brown.—Rimula, Lovén ; Gould ;

Couthouy.—? Diadora, Gray.

1. Puncrurenia Noacuina, Linneus.

Patella noachina, Linn. Mantissa, p- 551; Chemn. Conch. Cab.

vol. xi. p. 186. pl. 197. f. 1927, 1928.— Patella fissurella, Miiller,—

228

Fissurella Noachina, Schum.—Puncturella Noachina, Lowe.—Ce-

moria Flemingii, Leach, MSS.—Cemoria Noachina, Lowe.—Rimula

Flemingii, Macgill.—Rimula Noachina, Couthouy.—Sipho Noachina,

Brown.

Hab. British Islands. Mus. Cuming.

2. PuNCTURELLA CUCULLATA, Gould.

Rimula cucullata, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 14.

Hab. Puget Sound.

3. PuNCTURELLA GALEATA, Gould.

Rimula galeata, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 14.

Hab. Puget Sound. Mus. Cuming.

4, PuncTruRELLA coGNata, Gould.

Rimula cognata, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 14.

Hab. Orange Harbour.

5. Puncrurexxia conica, D’Orb. Voy. Am. Mer.

6. Puncrurewxa FasTiciaTa, A. Adams. P. testd albidd ele-

vato-conicd, nitidd, vertice acuminato involuto, costellis longitu-

dinalibus equalibus equidistantibus, interstitiis planis lineis

incrementi concentricis ; fissurd lanceolaté; apertura ovali,

margine crenulato, fornice costa, costd valde arcuatd, transver-

sali, simplici.

Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.

7. PUNCTURELLA PRINCEPS, Mighels and Adams.

Cemoria princeps, Mighels and Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.

vol. iv. p. 43.

10. ON SOME GENERA OF SHELLS, ESTABLISHED IN 1807 BY THE

LATE H. F. Linx. By Dr. HeRRMANNSEN, OF KIEL.

In several programs, hitherto not at all taken notice of by any

Conchologist, the renowned Botanist Link of Berlin, then Professor

of Natural History, Chemistry and Botany at Rostock, in the

course of the years 1806 to 1808, has published an account of the

Collections of the Rostock University. These little treatises seem to

be very rare, nor do I remember ever to have found them mentioned,

before my ‘Index Generum Malacozoorum’ recorded them. Yet

they may claim priority in many instances, which I hope will be re-

deemed by simply noticing their contents. The German titles of

these octavo pamphlets are as follows :—

Beschreibung der Naturalien-Sammlung der Universitat zu Ros-

tock, von Dr. H. F. Link. Rostock. Gedruckt bei Adlers

Erben.

229

Erste Abtheilung; zum Weihnachtsfest, d. 25 Dec. 1806 (p. 1-48).

Zweite Abth.; zum Osterfest, d. 29 Marz 1807 (p. 49-98).

Dritte Abth.; zum Pfingstfest, d. 17 Mai 1807 (p. 99-165).

Vierte Abth.; zum Weihnachtsfest, d. 25 Dec. 1807 (p. 1-30).

Finfte Abth.; zum Osterfest, d. 7 April 1808 (p. 1-38).

Sechste Abth.; zum Pfingstfest, d. 5 Juni 1808 (p. 1-38).

Passing over those genera which are either superfluous because

formerly rightly published under other names, or unhappily con-

trived, I will hint at those that may deserve to be attended to.

Mo.uvusca. GasTEROPODA. SIPHONOBRANCHEA.

Lameinpivum, Link, 1807, /. c. iii. p. 112.

Spire little prominent ; aperture longitudinal, narrow ; inner lip

callous, with raised points; outer lip marginated ; base truncated ;

shell destitute of varices or spines.

Lambidium oniscus (Strombus), Linn.

This genus having been indicated in 1798, by Dr. Bolten, as Mo-

rum, but without definition, the botanical signification of that name

may have induced Link to select another, which, being correctly

founded, must be preferred to Oniscia of Mr. Sowerby ; or at least,

if we should dissect the genus with Dr. Gray, into Oniscia, Sconsia,

and Morum, to the last.

Puativum, Link, 1807, /. c. iii. p. 112.

Spire shorter than the last whorl ; aperture longitudinal, wide ;

inner lip callous and smooth, or extended into a folded or granulated

lamina; outer lip marginated; shell often varicose; base strongly

recurved, notched ; inner columella not folded.

A. Lamina of the inner lip folded: Phalium glaucum (Buccinum),

Linn. &c.—B. Lamina of the inner lip granulated : Phalium erinaceum

(Buce.), Linn. &e.

This is Bezoardica, Schum., or Cassidea, Swains.

Cassipka, Link, 1807, /. c. iii. p. 111.

Spire little prominent ; aperture longitudinal, narrow; outer lip

marginated, like the inner one, with many folds ; shell spineless, often

varicose ; base strongly reflected, notched ; inner columella folded.

Cassidea rufa, tuberosa, cornuta, testiculus, flammea, pennata.

This has been proposed by Mr. Stutchbury as Cyprecassis, but

must at all events retain the name of Cassis, Browne, 1756.

Gateopga, Link, 1807, J. ¢. iii. p. 113.

Spire much shorter than the last tumid whorl; inner lip extended

in shape of a smooth lamina; outer one slightly marginated ; base

rather elongated, reflected, not emarginate.

Galeodea echinophora (Buce.), Linn.

Synonyms are Moro, Montf., and Cassidaria, Lamck., both of a

more recent date.

230

Tuats, Link, 1807, /. ec. iii. p. 114.

[Thais of Bolten Mus. includes some Ricinule and Monoceros of

Lamarck, from which Link has depurated it. }

Spire shorter than the last, ventricose whorl; aperture semicircular;

inner lip plane, obliquely cut off, callous, smooth ; outer lip scarcely

marginated ; shell without varices; base short.

Thais Persica (Bucc.), Linn.—patula, Linn. sp.—hemastoma

(Chemn. fig. 964, 965).—/fueus, Gmel. sp.—minuta, Link.

This genus, which is synonymous with Microtoma, Swainson, i

should think advisable to be retained at least as a section of the

hitherto confused genus Purpura.

Mancrinetta, Link, 1807, /. c. iii. p. 115.

Spire much shorter than the last whorl; aperture longitudinal,

rounded ; inner lip smooth and callous, outer one little or not at all

marginated ; shell without varices, but provided with spines and im-

bricate scales; base short, or scarcely elongated, twisted outwards,

slightly notched.

Mancinella aculeata (Chemn. 967, 968).—hystriz, Linn. sp.—

castanea, Link (Chemn. 956-958).—armigera, Chemn. sp.—muta-

éilis, Chemn. 951-953.—Bezoar, Chemn. 754, 755.

This genus, combining some Purpure with some Pyrule of La-

marck, comes near to Rapana a, Schum., and perhaps may be adopted.

Vorema, Link, 1807, J. ¢. iii. p. 115. (Volema, Bolt. emend.)

Spire much shorter than the last whorl, often distorted; aperture

oblong, rounded ; inner lip smooth and callous, outer lip simple ; shell

without varices ; if grown old, with spines or imbricated scales ; base

elongated, rather turned aside.

The species are to be found in my ‘ Ind. Gen. Malacoz.’ vol. ii.

. 699.

; This genus unites Busycum, Bolt. (=Fulgur, Montf.) with Cassi-

dulus, Humphr., Gray.

Xancus, Bolten, 1798, Mus. (edit. 1819, p. 94) ; Link, 1807, /. e.

il. p. 116.

Spire shorter than the last whorl; aperture above rounded, wide,

below narrow; inner lip callous, with three folds ; outer lip simple ;

shell heavy, without varices or spines ; base elongated.

Xancus pyrum, Linn.sp., and maculatus, Link (Chemn.f.917,918).

This genus, by Humphrey called Rapum, by Fabricius Pyrum, by

Dr. Gray Turbinellus, and by M. Deshayes Scolymus, is here cha-

racterized for the first time, and sufficiently.

Cymatium, Link, 1807, /. c. ii. p. 119.

Spire rather long ; aperture above rounded ; inner lip callous, with

three folds; outer one marginated ; a great number of crowded and

ridged varices run down the shell, to which they are firmly grown ;

base little elongated.

Cymatium polygonum, &e.

This is quite identical with Latirvs, Montf., or Polygona, Schum.

231

Vasum, Link, 1807, J. c. ui. p.119. (Vasum, Bolt. emend.)

Spire rather long; aperture longitudinal ; inner lip callous, with

alternately larger folds; outer lip simple; shell without distinct va-

rices ; base elongated.

Vasum Ceramicum, Linn. sp., &c.

This is Cynodonta, Schum., Scolymus, Sw.

Tupicxa, Link, 1807, /. c. ii. p. 120. (Tudicla, Bolt. emend.)

Spire very short, depressed; aperture above semicircular ; inner

lip callous, with a single fold ; outer one simple ; no varices or spines ;

canal straight, thin.

Tudicla spirillus, Linn. sp.

Subsequently established as Haustellum a, Schum. » Pyrella, Swains.,

Spirillus, Schlut., Spirilla, Sow. jun.

Tritonium, Link, 1807, J. ¢. iti. p. 121.

Spire rather long ; aperture above rounded ; inner lip callous, ge-

nerally with small folds; outer lip marginated; shell with varices

that are commonly discontinuous ; base rather elongated.

With respect to this genus I may refer to my ‘ Ind. Gen. Malacoz.’

vol. ii. p. 609.

Distortrix, Link, 1807, /. c. ii. p. 122.

Spire rather long; whorls distorted; inner lip callous, folded ;

outer lip marginated ; varices indistinct ; base short-tailed.

Distortrix anus, Linn. sp., and reticulata (Chemn. f. 405, 406).

This name then is to be substituted in the place of Persona, Montt.

Gyrinevum, Link, 1807, J. c. iii. p. 123.

Spire nearly equal to the last whorl; aperture rounded; inner

lip callous, often slightly folded or granulated ; outer lip marginated ;

shell compressed, with two opposite varices; base short or a little

elongated.

Gyrineum echinatum (Chemn. f. 1274, 1275), rana (f. 1269, 1270),

bufonium (f.1240, 1241), natator (f.1229, 1230), verrucosum (f. 1233,

1234), caudatum (f. 1045-1047), serobiculator, = Ranella, Lamck.

Canrena, Link, 1807, /. c. iii. p. 126.

Spire short ; aperture longitudinal ; inner lip folded ; outer lip in-

teriorly strongly dentated ; shell crowded with spines, but without

distinct varices ; base short.

Canrena neritoidea (Mart. f. 972, 973, 976-979) = Ricinula,

Lamck. &ce.

ADELOBRANCHEA.

Astra.ium, Link, 1807, /. c. iii. p. 135.

Spire depressed ; aperture broad, rounded, bending downwards.

Astralium deplanatum (Chemn. f. 1718-1720).— Astralium cal-

car, Gm., sp.

This genus will no doubt be acknowledged, being congruous with

Calcar, Montf., Phil. It had been indicated before by G. Humphrey,

232

under the name of Sol, and by Bolten as Astrea. But I think it

should be extended farther, so as to receive Imperator and Her-

coles, Montf., Stellaria, Schmidt, Cyclocantha, Canthorbis, subg.,

and Tubicanthus, Swains., Bolma, Risso, Cookia, Less., and Astra-

lium, Phil.

Umsonivum, Link, 1807, J. c. iii. p. 136.

Spire much depressed ; aperture directed downwards, or to the

side, simple ; base showing a convex callus in the place of the um-

bilicus.

Umbonium vestiarium, Linn. sp., and excisum (Chemn. f. 1602).

That Link’s name is to be adopted instead of Globulus, Schum.,

or Rotella, Lamck., can hardly be controverted ; although his second

species belongs to another tribe.

Pyruta, Bolten, 1798, Mus. (ed. 1819, p. 74); Link, 1807, /. ¢. iii.

p. 139.

Whorls, each of them composed of two pieces ; aperture longitu-

dinal, toothed on both sides.

Pythia scarabea, Linn. sp.

This name is preferable to that of Fischer, Polydonta, which,

although contemporary, is badly made, and wants correction.

ACEPHALA.

Sunetra, Link, 1807, J. c. ii. p. 148.

Equivalve, in front rather obtuse, closed; hinge with two cardinal

teeth, lateral ones indistinct ; anterior slope shorter than the furrow-

shaped posterior slope; ligament external.

Sunetta scripta (Chemn. f. 261-265) = Cuneus, Muhlf. 1811 =

Meroé, Schum. 1817.

Trve.a, Link, 1807, 7. c. ii. p. 152. *

Equivalve, longitudinal, without epiderm, closed; hinge with two

cardinal and one elongated lateral tooth ; anterior and posterior slopes

equally elongated ; ligament external.

Tivela vulgaris (Chemn. f. 362).—T. tripla (Venus), Linn.= Tri-

gona, Muhlf. 1811.

Muscutrvum, Link, 1807, l. c. iii. p. 152.

Equivalve, closed; hinge with two small cardinal teeth, no lateral

ones ; anterior and posterior slope nearly equal.

Musculium lacustre (Tellina), Linn.

The genus established here, fourteen years afterwards was pub-

lished as Pisidium.

TrENTACULATA. See ‘Ind. Gen. Malacoz.’ ii. 541.

Verpa, Bolten, 1798, Mus. (ed. 1819, p. 49) ; Link, 1807, JZ. e. iii.

p. 159.

Shell tubular, partly straight, partly winding, at one extremity

open, at the other closed by a convex perforated blade.

Verpa penis (Serpula), Linn.

233

The oldest denomination of this genus that can be admitted ; Pen:-

cillus (Da Costa, p.p.), Brug., being a term since the times of Ron-

delet consecrated to the Annulate class: all the other names, Aquaria,

Arytena, Clepsydra, Aspergillum, are of younger date, and will give

way to Verpa, Bolt., defined by Link.

The following descriptions of new Natice were communicated by

Dr. Philippi :—

11. Descriptiones NATICARUM QUARUNDAM NOVARUM EX

COLLECTIONE CUMINGIANA, AUCTORE R. A. PHrLiprt.

—

. Natrca caTeNaTA, Phil. WN. testd subglobosd, tenui, lividd,

zonis quatuor albis, maculas fuscas semilunatas exhibentibus

pictd; anfractibus rotundatis; spird breviusculd, nigricante ;

sulcis radiantibus profundis superiorem anfractuum partem oc-

cupantibus ; aperturd semiorbiculari, intus purpured ; umbilico

amplo, margine acuto cincto; callo spirali satis valido medium

umbilict occupante.

Alt. 83, diam. 82 lin.

Hab. 2

Differt a WN. teniatd, Menke, anfractibus superius non horizon-

talibus sed. declivibus, zonis longitudinaliter maculatis, callo labiali et

callo umbilicali longe latioribus, ete.; a N. depressd forma globosa,

umbilico amplo, callo umbilicari mediano, etc.; a N. maroccand forma

globosa, umbilico longe ampliore, callo ejus mediano, etc.

2. Natica Ince1, Phil. WN. testd depressd, suborbiculari, solidd,

striatuld, nitidd, luteo-albidd ; anfractibus superius planatis ;

spird late conicd, acutd; apertura semiorbiculari, valde obliqud ;

angulo basali columelle incrassato; suturd duplicatd; callo

maximo albo umbilicum magnum omnind implente.

Alt. ab apice ad basin aperture 93, a dorso ad ventrem 6 lin. ;

diam. 12 lin.

Hab. ad insulam Raines, in freto Torres, ubi legit Capt. Ince, R.N.

Cave ne hane speciem cum JV. Josephinid, Risso (N. Olld, M. de

Serr.), confundas, cui simillima est, et a qua unice differt: ambitu

paullo magis orbiculari; anfractibus minus rapide crescentibus ; an-

gulo umbilicum cingente paullo magis distincto ; columella basi valde

incrassata ; callo umbilicari albo ; colore fere albo in luteum vergente,

preesertim versus basin, denique sutura duplici. Linea superior su-

turze a callo labiali, inferior a margine superiore anfractiis formatur,

pariter ut in Bulliis d. Gray.—Operculum corneum.

3. Narica INTEMERATA, Phil. WN. testd globoso-ovatd, solidd,

striatuld, nitidd, lacted, ad suturam versus umbilicum et in parte

ultimd anfractés ultimi flavd; anfractibus superius planiusculis ;

spird conicd, circa 1 altitudinis equante ; aperturd semiorbicu-

lari; columelld rectd, incrassatd; umbilico magno, pervio, lacteo,

suleo profundo lato exarato ; funiculo semicylindrico ejus a callo

labiali distincto.

234

Alt. 183, diam. 174 lin.

Hab. in sinu Californie ; legit Rever. Steel.

Simillima videtur NV. porcellanee d’Orb., sed umbilico multo am-

pliore et colore flavescente differt; a NV. castd, Phil., testa solidiore

minus depressa, umbilico albo angustiore, funiculo umbilicali longe

magis elevato, etc. distinguitur; a N. pede elephantis testa haud de-

pressa, funiculo umbilicali minus elevato satis superque discrepat.

4, Natica carismA, Phil. J. testd ovatd, sordidé albd, ad su-

turam zond lacted munitd; anfractibus superius vix convezis ;

spird brevi, acutd; aperturd semiorbiculari ; umbilico parvo ;

callo lato cum labio confluente illum maximd ex parte opplente.

Alt. 8, diam. 7 lin.

Hab. in mari Caribzeo ad insulam St. John.

Forma omnino accedit ad NV. mammillam vel N. lacteam et umbi-

lico pervio cum N. dacted convenit. Differt tamen umbilico longe

angustiore, et callo ejus longe majore ; an nihilominus mera varietas ?

N. uberind, dOrb., testa longe angustiore magis differre videtur.—

Operculum tenue, corneum.

5. Natica vEesTAuis, Phil. J. testd ovato-oblongd, acutd, lacted,

substriatd, nitidissimd; spird acutd, conicd, sextam vel septimam

totius altitudinis partem occupante ; apertura semiorbiculari ;

callo convexo, crassissimo, cum callo labiali confluente, et sulco

longitudinali ante marginem columellarem instructo, umbilicum

Sere omnino claudente.

Long. 163, diam. 16 lin.

Hab. ad oram Mozambique dictam ; legit Rev. Steel.

Forte nihil nisi varietas N. mammille, a qua unice differt callo

umbilicali crassiore conyexiore, sulco longitudiali ante medium mar-

ginis columellaris, parte libera umbilicum cingente.

Obs.—Queestio valde difficilis, utrum sub NV. mammilld, L. plures

species lateant, an merze varietates, vix examine singulorum specimi-

num in Museeis asservatorum decidi poterit, sed unice investigatione

numerosz gregis in ipso loco natali.

6. Natica? pomum, Phil. WN.? testd ovatd, inflatd, tenuiusculd,

striatd, glauco-fulvd, basi albd ; anfractibus convexis, superiori-

bus superné subangulatis; spird quartam altitudinis partem

aquante, subcontabulatd ; aperturd ovato-oblongd, propter an-

Sractum penultimum prominentem fere lunatd ; umbilico angus-.

tissimo, perforato; labio parum calloso, basi supra umbilicum

reflexo.

Alt. 19, diam. 183 lin.

Hab. 2

Hee species a reliquis Naticis valde aliena et forte ad genus d4m-

phibolam, Schum. ( Ampullacera, Quoy et Gaimard) mandanda est,

etenim sinus latus satis profundus in parte suprema labri hujus teste

in nulla alia specie generis Naticee observatur.

“XVCHON VIOVCYON *9

“STIVELSNV V1

Tepe) woVE #4 saeqdeshounT BsON, ¥ POL

‘AT SSOSIG SZ 90Tg.

“WAIOIdVT VIOSVUVD 'S

ULOWD’S ‘SITILIVIANTA VULAANVT %

‘SISNATIHO VISV IMA 9

SONIWVN NOZANOULAd T

Ty HP SCALA

235

12. DEescRIPTION OF A NEW FORM OF LAMPREY FROM AUSTRA-

LIA, WITH A SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILY.

By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. erc.

(Pisces, Pl. IV. V.)

The Lamprey. which I have now to present to the attention of the

Society differs in so remarkable a degree from any other known spe-

cies, that, premising that I propose for it the name of Geotria Austra-

lis (Pisces, Pl. V.), I think it best to connect with the description a

revision of the whole Family to which it belongs. ;

PETROMYZONIDZ.

Nasal aperture closed, and the palate entirely covered with skin.

Lampredia, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 94, 1818.—Petromyzonide (Petro-

myzonini), Bonap. Syst. Ichth. 1838; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New

York,379.—(F am.) Hyperoartia, Mill. Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1836,

77; Mag. Zool. & Bot. i.406.—Petromyzide, Gray, Syn. B.M.1842,

148, 150.

Miller (Abhandl. Akad. Berlin) divided the genera thus :—

1. Petromyzon, with visible teeth.

2. Ammocetes, without visible teeth.

Synopsis of Genera.

A. Petromyzonina. Teeth distinct ; eyes visible.

1. Perromyzon. Upper inner teeth two, conical, close together ;

lower single, crescent-shaped ; labial teeth numerous, conical ; lin-

gual teeth two, pinnate (Pl. IV. f. 1).

2. Lamprrra. Upper and lower teeth transverse, crescent-

shaped; labial teeth in two submarginal rows; inner lateral teeth

larger, two- or three-lobed, lingual teeth pectinate (Pl. IV. f. 2).

3. Georria. Upper and lower teeth transverse, crescent-shaped;

upper lobed ; labial teeth numerous, distant, acute, nermost largest ;

lingual teeth elongate, conical, arched (Pl. IV. f. 3).

4. Vexasia. Upper and lower teeth transverse, crescent-shaped ;

upper two-lobed ; labial teeth numerous, crowded, truncate ; imner-

most largest ; lingual teeth elongate; arched.

5. Caracoxa. Upper internal teeth two, farzapart, three-lobed ;

lower crescent-shaped, nine-lobed ; labial teeth transverse, band-like,

four tubercles ; lingual teeth flattened (Pl. IV. f. 5).

6. Morpacta. Upper inner teeth two ; lateral three-lobed ; lower

nine, conical, in an arched series ; labial teeth conical, in a single sub-

marginal series ; lingual teeth elongate, conical, arched (Pl. IV. f. 6).

B. Ammoceetina. Teeth none; eyes hidden.

7. AMMOC@TES.

236

A. Petromyzonina. Teeth distinct.

1. PETROMYZON. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 1.)

Upper inner teeth two, triangular, close together. Lower imner

tooth single, large, crescent-shaped, many-toothed. Labial teeth

conical, acute, numerous, in diverging, arched series; the inner one

largest, and gradually becoming smaller near the edge. Tongue with

two compressed, pectinated teeth above, and a broad, lunate, dentated

tooth beneath, which is strongly bent up between the upper teeth in

the centre.

Yarr. Brit. Fish. fig. p. 603; De Kay, Zool. New York, t. 56, 216

(bad).—Petromyzon, sp., Linn. Syst. Nat.; Rafin. Anal. Nat.; Mull.

Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1834, 77 (1836).—Petromyzon, Gray, Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1851.

1. Perromyzon Marinus. The LAMPREY.

Petromyzon marinus, Linn. Bloch, iii. pl. 77 ; Linn. (édit. de Gme-

lin) Faun. Suec. 292; Artedi, Ichth. gen. 64. syn. 90; Neue Schrift.

der Berl. Naturf. 7. 466; Schneid. Bloch, i. 530, 1801; Penn. Brit.

Zool. iii. 102. pl. 10, 1776-78; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. 251. pt. 2. pl. 133,

1804; Don. Brit. Fish. pl. 81, 1820-21; Flem. Brit. An. 163. sp. 1,

1827; Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 404, 1829; Mill. Mém. de Il’ Acad. Berlin,

1834, 78. t. 4. f.1,5,; Osteol. t. 9, 65, 67, 68. £.9; Yarr. Brit. Fish.

2 ed. ii. 598, 1841.—Lamproie marbrée, Daub. Encycl. Méth.; Bonn.

Planches d’Hist. Nat. de Enc. Méth.—Petromyzon maculosus, Ar-

tedi, Ichth. gen. 64. syn. 90.—Petromyzon lamproie, Bloch, Hist. Nat.

Poiss. 31, 77. pt. 13.—Petromyzon maximus, Cuy. Rég. An. ii. 118,

1817.—Petromyzon, Klein, Mise. Pisce. iii. f. 30. n. 3.—Mustela sive

Lampetra, Belon, Aquat. 76; Salv. Aquat. f. 62 6.—Lampetra mgpor,

Schwenck. Theriotr. Siles. f.451; Charlet, Onom. f.153.n.3; Aldrov.

539. liv. 4.c.13; Jonston, liv. 2. tit. 2. c. 3. pl. 24. f. 5.—Lamproie,

Coms. Hist. Nat. v. 284; Fermin, Surin. 85; Rond. 310. pt. 1. liv.13;

Valmont de Bomare, Dict. Hist. Nat.—Lampetra Rondeletii, Lam-

prey or Lamprey-Eel, Will. Ichth. 105. pl. 2. f. 2, 1685; Ray, Syn.

f. 35. n. 3.—Ioatzma unagi, Keempfer, Voy. au Japan, i. pl. 12. f. 2.

—Il mustilla, Forsk. Desc. Anim. f. 18.—Plota fluta, Authors.—

Lampetra, Lampreda kentmanni, lampreda, marina, mustela, Gesn.

(germ.) 180 5. et paralip. 22.—Le Pétromyzon Lamproie, Lacépéde,

Hist. Nat. Poiss. i. 2, 3. pl. 1, 1798.—La Grande Lamproye, Cuv.

Rég. An. ii. 404, 1819. ;

Hab. European Seas.

2. Perromyzon Jur&.. MacCuxtocn’s Lamprey.

Petromyzon Jure, MacCull. West. Isles, ii. 186, 187. t. 29. f.1;

Jen. B.V. A. 522.—Petromyzon fluviatilis, var., Flem. Brit. An. 162.

Hab. Coast of Scotland, east shore ; island of Jura.

Probably a variety of P. marinus: the drawing of the teeth shows

it has no relation to P. fluviatilis.

Peay

237

3. ?PETROMYZON AMERICANUS. AMERICAN Sea Lamprey.

Petromyzon marinus, Schepf. Beobachtungen, &c. viii. 184;

Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i. 461 .—Petromyzon americanus, Le-

sueur, Amer. Phil. Soc. (N. 8.) i. 382; Hist. N. A. Fish. ined. plate ;

Storer, Rep. on the Fishes of Massachusetts ; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of

New York, 379. pl. 66. f. 216. pt.1; Zool. 1842.

Hab. N. America.

4. PeTROMYZON NIGRICANS. Buuisn Sea Lamprey.

Petromyzon nigricans, Lesueur, Amer. Phil. Soc. (N. S.) i. 385;

Storer, Rep. on the Fishes of Massachusetts ; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of

New York, 381. pl. 79. f. 247 (teeth indistinct), pt. 1; Zool. 1842.

Hab. N. America.

5. PETROMYZON ARGENTEUS. SILVERY LAMPREY.

Petromyzon argenteus, Kirtland, Boston Journ. iii. 342. pl. 4. f. 3;

De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 382. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.

Hab. N. America, river Ohio.

2. LAMPETRA. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 2.)

Upper inner tooth single, transverse, lunate, entire, with a conical

prominence at each end. Lower inner tooth single, transverse, lu-

nate, many-toothed, outer lobe largest. Labial teeth unequal, the

outer numerous, small, subequal, conical, in a single, submarginal

series, the inner larger, unequal ; of the upper part small, in series ;

of the sides in a single series, larger, with two or three conical tu-

bercles. Tongue with two compressed, pectinated teeth above, and

a large, crescent-shaped, transverse tooth below, crenated on the edge,

and with a larger, conical projection in the centre.

Yarr. Brit. Fish. fig. p. 604; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York,

t. 79, 249 (bad).—Petromyzon, sp., Linn., Cuv., Miull.—Lampetra,

sp., Ray.—Lampetra, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851.

* Dorsal fins separate.

1. LaMPetTRA FLUVIATILIS. LAMPERN or River Lamprey.

Petromyzon fluviatilis, Linn. Bloch, pt. 3. pl. 78. f.1; Linn. (edit.

de Gmel.); Mull. Prod. 37. n. 307 ; Aldroy. 587; Penn. Brit. Zool.

v. pt. 106. pl. 10, 1776-78; Schneid. Bloch, 530, 2, 1801; Shaw,

Gen. Zool. 257. pt. 2, 1804; Don. Brit. Fish. pl. 80, 1820-28 ; Flem.

Brit. An. 404, 1827; Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 404, 1829; Mém. de P Acad.

Berlin, 78, 1834; Jen. Man. Brit. Vert. 521. sp. 210, 1835; Yarr.

Brit. Fish. 2 ed. ii. 598, 1841 ; Parnell; Rich. Faun. Bor. 294, 1836.

—Petromyzon fluviatilis, Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 118, 1817.—Lamproie

prycka, Daub. Eneycl. Méth.—Nein-oga natting, Faun. Suec. 106.

—Petromyzon, §c., Artedi, gen. 64. syn. 89. sp. 99.— La petite Lam-

proie, Bloch, 34. pt. 3. pl. 78. f. 1.—La Lamproie branchiale, Bonn.

Planches de l’Encyel. Méth.—Petromyzon, Prick (negen-oog), Gro-

238

nov. Mus. i. 64. n. 114; Zooph. 38.—Mustela, Pliny, liv. 9. c. 17.

—Mustela fluviatilis, Belon, Aquat. 75.—Lampetra subcinerea, ma-

culis carens, Salv. Aquat. 62.—Lampetra, alterum genus, Gesn.

Aquat. 597.—Lampreda, Icon. Anim. 326.—Lampetra, medium ge-

nus, Will. Ichth. 106. tab. g. 2, 3. f.1,2; Ray, Syn. Pisc. 25. n. 1.

—Lampetra fluviatilis, Aldroy. 587; Jonston, 104. pl. 28. f. 11;

Schone, 41 ; Charlet, 159. n.7; Marseli, Dan. Pann. iv. 2. t. 1, 1726.

—Lampetra fluviatilis, media, Schwenck. Theriotr. Siles. 532.—

Jaatz me unagi, Kempfer, Voy. dans le Japan, i. 156. pl. 12. f. 2.—

Minog, Rzezynski,.134.—Lamproie, Fermin, Hist. Nat. de Surinam,

85.—Petromyzon, Kramer, Elenchus, 38. n. 1; Klein, Mise. Pise.

iii. 29.n.1.t.1.f. 3.—Le Petromyzon pricka, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat.

des Poiss. i. 18, 1798.

Hab. Europe.

2. LAMPETRA PLANERI. FRINGED-LIPPED LAMPERN.

Petromyzon planeri, Linn. Bloch, vii. pl. 78. f. 3; Linn. (édit. de

Gmelin) ; Schneid. Bloch, 531, 532, 4, 1801; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v.

pt. 2. p. 259, 1804; Jen. Man. Brit. Vert. 522. sp. 211, 1835; Mill.

Mém. de I’Acad. Berlin, 78, 1834; Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 404, 1829;

Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2 ed. ii. 607, 1841.—Lamproiea planer, Bonn.

Planches de l’Encycl. Méth.—Le Pétromyzon planer, Lacépéde,

Hist. Nat. des Poiss. i. 30. pl. 3, 1798.

Hab. Europe.

** Dorsal fin in contact with the second.

3. LAMPETRA SANGUISUGA. LErErcH LAMPERN.

Petromyzon Sanguisuga, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. ii. 99.

pl. 1; Supp. to Petromyzon; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. pt. 2. p. 261, 1804.

—Petromyzon planeri, var., Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 118.

Hab. Europe, Seine.

A very doubtful species ; Cuvier says it is the same as the former.

4, Lampetra LAMoTTENTI. AMERICAN LAMPERN.

Petromyzon Lamottenii, Lesueur, Hist. N. A.; De Kay, Nat. Hist.

of New York, 382. pl. 79. f. 249 (mouth), pt.1; Zool. 1842.

Hab. N. America, New York.

3. GEOTRIA, n.g. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 3.)

Upper internal tooth large, transverse, crescent-like, divided into

four lobes ; the two inner lobes small, acute; outer truncated. The

lower internal tooth transverse, narrow, slightly simuous. The labial

teeth numerous, far apart, conical, acute, in arched series, diverging

from the throat; the innermost one larger, rest small; the inner-

most one of the lower part on each side small, elongate, transverse,

with two small, rudimentary tubercles. ‘Tongue with two elongate,

conical, arched teeth, with a triangular plate on the lower side of the

base. Throat with a very large dilatable pouch. Dorsal. fins two,

239

far apart. Mouth very large, surrounded with rather large, trans-

verse, torn leaves.

This genus chiefly differs from Velasia in the rudimentary state

of the lower internal tooth, in the form of the labial teeth, in the

large size of the oral disk, and the extraordinary development of the

throat-pouch, which is found in a rudimentary state in the Petro-

myzon marinus. ‘This development of the pouch is perhaps to adapt

the animal to the long drought of the Australian rivers.

1. Gzorria austRALIs. Poucuep Lamprey. (Pisces, Pl. V.)

Hab, South Australia. Fresh water.

4. VELASIA. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 4.)

Upper internal teeth large, transverse, crescent-like, divided into

four flat, elongated lobes ; the outer lobes largest. The lower inter-

nal teeth large, transverse, crescent-like, convex, denticulated on the

edge. The labial teeth very numerous, truncated, in crowded, arched

series, diverging from the throat; the inner ones large, and gra-

dually diminishing in size to the edge. Tongue with two very large,

long, curved teeth, with a triangular plate beneath at their base.

Dorsal fins two, far apart. Mouth moderate, edged with transverse

foliations.

1. VELASIA CHILENSIS. CHILIAN LAMPERN.

Hab. Chili. In fresh water.

5. CARAGOLA. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 5.)

Upper inner teeth two, large, separate, lateral, submarginal, each

with three acute tubercles. Lower inner teeth large, crescent-shaped,

nine-lobed ; the central and two lateral lobes on each side larger.

The labial teeth in a subcircular, submarginal series, large, trans-

verse, band-like, with three or four tubercles. Tongue with two flat-

tened teeth, and a triangular, transverse plate below, with an acute

process between the teeth on the upper edge. Dorsal fins two, far

apart.

1. Caracoua Lapicipa. CARAGOL.

Hab. West Coast of America.

6. MORDACIA. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 6.)

Upper inner teeth two, separate, lateral, subtrigonal, each with

three tubercles. The lower niné conical, acute, in an arched series ;

the five central smaller. Labial teeth small, conical, in a single, cir-

cular, submarginal series, with a single, additional, odd tooth in the

centre above. Tongue with two conical, arched teeth. (Rich. Voy.

Erebus & Terror, t. 38.)

Petromyzon, sp., Rich. Voy. Erebus & Terror, t. 38, 1845.

240

1. MorpaciA MORDAX. AUSTRALIAN LAMPERN.

Petromyzon mordaz, Rich. Voy. Erebus & Terror, t. 38, 1845.—

Mordacia mordax, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851.

Hab. Tasmania.

Species of Doubtful Situation in the Family.

1. PeTROMYZON APPENDIX. SMALL LAMPREY.

Petromyzon appendix, De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 381. pl. 64.

f. 211. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.

Hab. N. America, Hudson River.

**A ring of irregular-shaped corneous processes within the oral

orifice, and a large isolated double tooth of the same texture on the

inferior portion of the mouth.” —De Kay.

2. PETROMYZON TRIDENTATUS. TRIDENTATE LAMPREY.

Petromyzon tridentatus, Gairdener, Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. 293,

1836; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 381. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.

Hab. N. America, Falls of the Walamet.

3. PETROMYZON ARGENTEUS. SiLveRY LAMPREY.

Petromyzon argenteus, Bloch, t. 415. f. 2; Schneid. Bloch, 532.

t. 102. f. 1, 1801; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. pt. 2. p. 262, 1841.

Hab. Indian Seas.

4, PeTRoMYZON BICOLOR. BriLLiAntT LAMPREY.

Petromyzon bicolor, Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. pt. 2. p. 263, 1804.—

Petromyzon niger, Lacépéde, iv. 667.

Hab. Europe, Seine.

5. PrTRoMYZON PLUMBEUS. LEADEN LAMPREY.

Petromyzon plumbeus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. pt. 2. p. 263, 1804.

—Petromyzon Septeil, Lacépéde, iv. 667.

Hab. Europe, Seine.

Bs. Ammoceetina. Teeth none; eyes none.

7. AMMOCETES.

Teeth none.

Ammocetes, Dum. Zool. Anal.; Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 118, 1817;

Mill. Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1834, 8 (1836). —1Lampreda, Rafin.

Anal. Nat. 94, 1815.

1. AMMOC@TES BRANCHIALIS. Pripsr or SANDPIPER.

Ammocetes branchialis, Dum. ; Flem. Brit. An. 164. sp. 3, 1828;

Cuy. Rég. An. 406, 1829; Mill. Mém. de l’Acad. Berlin, 1834 ;

Jen. Man. Brit. Vert. 522. sp. 212, 1835; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2 ed. ii.

—

241

609, 1841.—Petromyzon branchialis, Linn. (édit. de Gmelin) 1815;

Bloch, pt. 3. pl. 78? f.2; Linn. Faun. Suec. 292; Wulff. Ichth.

Borus. 15. n. 20; Miill. Prod. Zool. Dan. 37. n. 3076; Kramer,

Elench. 483; Penn. Brit. Zool. iti. 107. pl. 10, 1776-78 ; Shaw,

Gen. Zool. 260, 1804.—Petromyzon corpore annuloso, §c., Artedi,

gen. 42. syn. 90.—Lamproie branchiale, Bonn. Planches de YEncycl.;

Daub. Encycl. Méth.— Petromyzon, Gronov. Zooph. 38. n. 160;

Klein, Mise. Pisce. iii. 30. n. 4.—Petromyzon cecus, Couch, Mag.

Nat. Hist. v. 23. f. 60.—Mustela fluviatilis, Gesner, Aquat. 589 ;

Icon. Anim. 286; Thierb. 159 b.—Lampetra minima, Aldrov. 539.

—Lampern, or Pride of the Isis, Will. Ichth. 104.—Pride, Plot,

Hist. of Oxford, 182. t. 10.—Lampetra ceca, Will. Ichth. tab. Z,3.

f.l; Ray, Syn. Pisce. 35. n. 2, 4 ; Couch, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist.

v. 23. f. 9, 10.—Lampreta neunange, Jouston, t. 28. f. 10.—Lam-

proyon et Lamprillon, Rond. Hist. Poiss. ii. 202.—Querder, Schlam-

querder, Schwenckf. Theriotr. Siles. 423.—Der Kieferwurn, Miill.

l. ec. ii. 234.—Lampreyon, Valmont de Bomare, Dict. Hist. Nat.—

Le Petromyzon lampreyon, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. i. 26.

pl. 2. f. 1, 1798.

Hab. Europe, rivers.

2. AMMoca@Tes RUBER. Rep Lamprey.

Ammocetes ruber, Cuv. Reg. An. 406, 1829; Mill. Mém. de

P Acad. Berl. 78, 1834.—Petromyzon ruber, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat.

des Poiss. ii. 99. pl. 1; Supp. to Petromyzon; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v.

pt. 2. p. 261, 1804.— Ammoceetes branchialis, var., Cuv. Rég. An.

i. 118, 1817.

Hab. Europe, Seine.

3. AMMOC@TES CONCOLOR. Mvp Ee or Burnp Er.

Ammoceetes concolor, Kirtland, Boston Journ. iii. 473. ps 27.

f. la, b, 1841.

Hab. N. America, Mahoning and Scioto rivers.

4. AMMOC@TES BICOLOR. CoLovurEep Mup Lamprey.

Ammocetes bicolor, Lesueur, Amer. Phil. Soc. (N. S.) i. 386.—

Ammocetes bicolor, Storer, Fishes of Massachusetts, 198; De Kay,

Nat. Hist. of New York, 383, 679. f. 248. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.

Hab. N. America, Connecticut river.

5. AMMOC@TES UNICOLOR. PLAIN Mup Lamprrey.

Ammoceetes unicolor, De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 383. pl. 79.

f. 250. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.

Hab. N. America, Lake Champlain.

No. CCXXXIV.—Procrepincs OF THE ZooLoGIcAL Society.

————

242

13. Descriptions oF Forry-THREE New Species oF CycLosto-

MACEA, FROM THE CoLLecTIoNn oF HueH Cuming, Esa.

By Dr. L. Preirrer.

ann? 1. Cyctosroma Himatayanum, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, glo-

boso-turbinatd, soliduld, costis spiralibus obtusis, 10-12, lineisque

interjacentibus obsoletis sculptd, sub epidermide decidud, .... al-

bidd ; spird turbinatd, supern? rufd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5,

convexiusculis, ultimo ventroso, circa umbilicum angustum, infun-

dibuliformem vix compresso; aperturd subverticali, circulari ;

peristomate simplice, continuo, breviter adnato, fusco-igneo, sub-

incrassato, breviter expanso, superne subangulato.—Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 48, min. 39, alt. 35 mill.

Hab. in Himalaya.

2. CycLosToMA EUCHILUM, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, turbinato-

subglobosd, soliduld, oblique confertim striatd, lineis impressis

distantioribus obsolet? clathratuld, albidd, violaceo-fusco et fulvo

variegatd, parum nitidd; spird turbinato-elevatd, apice acuti-

usculd ; anfractibus 54, convexis, ultimo rotundato, ad suturam

subdepresso, medio albo-fasciato, basi confertim et valide spirali-

ter sulcato; umbilico mediocri, infundibuliformi; aperturd vir

obliqud, subangulato-circulari, intus purpurascenti-carneo-micante ;

peristomate subcontinuo, albo, marginibus superne dilatatis, callo

subemarginato junctis, dextro et basali latissimis, fornicatim revo-

lutis, sinistro angustato, vir reflero.— Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 43, min. 32, alt. 28 mill.

Hab. Madagascar.

p% ise 3. CyCLosToMA CRASssUM, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, turbinato-

“ae globosd, crassd, striata et minut? malleatd, rubello-fulvd, fasciis

Aw et lineis interruptis castaneis ornatd ; spird turbinatd, obtusius-

culd ; anfractibus 5, convezis, ultimo superné turgido, infra medium

carind funiformi et fascid latiore nigricante circumdato, basi sub-

planulato, circa umbilicum angustum, infundibuliformem subcom-

presso; aperturd obliqud, subangulato-rotundd, intus rubelld ;

peristomate duplice: interno continuo, externo crasso, expanso,

ad anfractum penultimum breviter interrupto.—Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 27, min. 23, alt. 18 mill.

Hab. Liew Kiew, et var. minor in insula Ibyat (Bashee group).

4. CycLostoMA EXPANSUM, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, turbinato-

subglobosd, solidiusculd, spiraliter confertim striata, opacd, superne

castaneo et albido variegatd ; spird conoided, apice acutiusculd ;

anfractibus 5, conveviusculis, ultimo conveaiore, dilatato, peripherid

subcarinato, basi fasciis angustis castaneis ornatd ; umbilico an- \

gusto, pervio; aperturd subverticali, fere circulari ; peristomate

subsimplice, continuo, breviter adnato, pallide aurantiaco, undique

equaliter angulatim plano-expanso, margine subrevoluto.— Oper-

culum?

Diam. maj. 30, min. 22, alt. 19 mill.

Hab. ?

243

5. CycLostomMa uNicoLor, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, globoso-

conicd, solidd, longitudinaliter confertissime et regulariter striatd,

spiraliter confertim sulcatd, opacd, fulvido-stramined; spird conicd,

subtruncatd ; anfractibus 6, conveviusculis, ultimo supern? et medio

acute carinato: carind tertid, validissimd, circa umbilicum angus-

tum, infundibuliformem, intus profunde spiraliter sulcatum ; aper-

turd parum obliqud, angulato-circulari; peristomate simplice,

marginibus callo lunatim exciso junctis, dextro expansiusculo,

sinistro medio dilatato, patente.—Operculum?

Diam. maj. 20, min. 17, alt. 16 mill.

B. Majus, striis longitudinalibus obsoletioribus, albidum.

Diam. maj. 28, min. 22, alt. 20 mill.

Hab. 2

6. CycLostoMA ponpDEROsUM, Pfr. C. testd lat? umbilicatd,

conoideo-depressd, crassd, ponderosd, subtiliter et oblique mal-

leato-rugulosd, olivaceo-fusculd ; spird breviter conoided, obtusd ;

anfractibus 5, parum convezis, celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo lato,

subdepresso, ad peripheriam obtuse funiculato-carinato ; apertura

obliqud, angulato-ovali, intus albd, nitidd ; peristomate crasso,

recto, subcontinuo, superne angulato-dilatato, margine columellari

perarcuato.—Operculum membranaceum, pellucidum, fusculum,

arctispirum.

Diam. maj. 36, min. 30, alt. 20 mill.

Hab. Guatemala.

7. Cyctostroma Dysoni, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, conoideo-

orbiculatd, solidd, pliculis confertis undulatis, subconfluentibus

sculptd, fusco-olivaced, pallidius strigatd et obsolete fasciatd ;

spird conoided, obtusuld ; anfractibus 44, conveviusculis, celeriter

accrescentibus, ultimo rotundato; umbilico mediocri, conico; aper-

turd fere verticali, angulato-subcirculari, intus c@rulescente, ni-

tidd ; peristomate simplice, recto, superne angulato, breviter ad-

nato, margine dextro declivi, columellari subdilatato-patente.—

Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 27, min. 22, alt. 16 mill.

Hab. Honduras (Mr. Dyson).

8. CycLostoma piscutus, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, depressd,

discoided, solidiusculd, nitidd, alabastrind ; spird planissimd ; an-

Sractibus vir 4, conveviusculis, ad suturam impressam striatis,

ultimo teretiusculo, subdepresso, in umbilico lato distinctius striato,

antice brevissimé soluto; aperturd subverticali, circulari ; peri-

stomate continuo, simplice, recto.—Operculum?

Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, alt. 5 mill.

Hab. 2

9. CycLostoma pEsciscens, Pfr. C. testd late umbilicatd, de-

presso-semiglobosd, superné confertim sulculatd, albidd; spird

convexd ; anfractibus 44, convexiusculis, ultimo terete, antic®

subito deflexo, basi levigato ; apertura fere horizontali, lunato-

Be ‘qs?

244

rotundatd, intus albd ; peristomate incrassato, marginibus remotis,

callo junctis, basali reflexo, columellari subito arcuatim ascendente.

—Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 10, min. 83, alt. 53 mill.

Hab. Socotra.

10. CycLosroma MARGARITA, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, globoso-

conicd, soliduld, levigatd, nitiduld, rubello-succined ; spird conicd,

apice acutiusculd, sanguined ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo

subrotundato ; aperturd parum obliqud, ovali; peristomate inter-

rupto, simplice, recto, margine columellari perarcuato, subincras-

sato.—Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 7, min. 6, alt. 6 mill.

Hab. in insula Rapa Oceani pacifici.

11. CycLtosroma (LEpTOPOMA) LATELIMBATUM, Pfr. C. testd

perforata, globoso-conicd, tenui, minute spiraliter striata et lineis

obtusis elevatis, subequidistantibus cinctd, diaphand, parum nitidd,

albd, maculis et fasciis pallidé fulvis variegatd ; spird turbinatd,

acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5, conveziusculis, ultimo rotundato, medio

lined acute elevatd subcarinato; umbilico angusto, viv pervio ;

aperturd obliqud, subcirculari ; peristomate duplice, albo : interno

interrupto, breviter porrecto, marginibus callo tenui junctis, ex-

terno undique equaliter dilatato, angulatim patente, supra perfo-

rationem exciso.—-Operculum?

Diam. maj. 17, min. 13, alt. 1] mill.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

12. CycLostoma (LEPTOPOMA) REGULARE, Pfr. C. testd an-

gustissime perforatd, conicd, globosd, tenui, lineis approximatis

superne equalibus sculptd, interstitiis spiraliter confertim striatd,

diaphand, albidd, maculis fulvidis regulariter tessellatd ; spird

turbinatd, apice acutd, pallide corned, anfractibus 53, convexius-

culis, ultimo convexiore, infra liram periphericam inflato, obso-

letius lirato ; apertura obliqud, lunato-circulari ; peristomate inter-

rupto, tenui, albo, breviter patente, margine columellari basi sub-

angulatim dilatato. Operculum?

Diam. maj. 123, min. 10, alt. 10 mill.

13. CycLtosroma (LerToroma) seRiIcaTuM, Pfr. C. testd per-

foratd, globoso-conicd, tenui, pellucidd, sericed, lineis obliquis,

subdistantibus sculptd, superné lineis 4-5 elevatis, spiralibus

munitd, hyalino-albidd, liris corneis (vel undique violacescenti-

fulvd, basi pallidiore); spird turbinatd, acutd, apice nigricante ;

anfractibus 5, superis parum convexis, ultimo inflato, subcarinato,

infra carinam fascid unicd castaned ornato, basi liris spiralibus non-

nullis obsoletioribus sculpto ; umbilico angustissimo, non pervio ;

aperturd parum obliqud, subemarginato-circulari ; peristomate

simplice, interrupto, tenui, horizontaliter patente, margine colu-

mellari medio sublingulatim dilatato.—Operculum?

Diam. maj. 12, min. vix 10, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. in insula Borneo (Taylor).

245

14. CycLostomMA PLEUROPHORUM, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd,

globoso-turbinatd, tenui, longitudinaliter conferte striatd et costulis

jilaribus, prominentioribus sculptd, diaphand, parum nitidd, albido-

Sulvescente ; spird turbinatd, apice acutiusculd, corned; suturd

costis denticulatd ; anfractibus 5, convezis, ultimo subterete, antice

breviter soluto ; umbilico mediocri, profundo, angulo cariniformi

cincto ; aperturd subverticali, ovato-subcirculari ; peristomate con-

tinuo, simplice, recto, margine columellari expansiusculo.—Oper-

culum duplex, lamind externd testaced, 5-spiratd, marginibus

anfractuum liberis, internd pland, cartilagined.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 92, alt. 92 mill.

Hab. Honduras.

15. CycLosroma FAscicuLARE, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, acumi-

nato-ovatd, soliduld, confertissimé costulato-striatd, vix sericed,

griseo-corned ; spird conicd, acutiusculd ; suturd costularum fasci-

culis crenatd ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato, basi

spiraliter sulcato ; apertura vix obliqud, ovali; peristomate sim-

plice, recto, acuto.—Operculum terminale, testaceum, planum,

paucispirum, anfractibus oblique striatis.

Long. 12, diam. 8 mill.

Hab. 2

16. Cyctosroma GuaTEMALENSE, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, ob-

longd, soliduld, subtruncatd, striatuld, olivaceo-fuscd ; spird con-

vexiusculo-turritd ; anfractibus 6, parum convexis, ultimo angus-

tiore, anticé descendente, breviter soluto, basi, circa perforationem

apertam, compresso, nec carinato ; aperturd verticali, subcirculari;

peristomate libero, albo, duplice: interno continuo, vix porrecto,

externo dilatato, horizontaliter expanso, supra perforationem

exciso.—Operculum?

Long. 24, diam. 8 mill.

Hab. Vera Paz in Guatemala.

17. CycLosroma CANESCENS, Pfr. C. testd subperforatd, oblongo-

turritd, truncatuld, solidd, lineis longitudinalibus et spiralibus

elevatis regulariter clathratd, parum nitidd, griseo-albidd ; spird

elongatd ; suturd tuberculis confertis, albis crenata ; anfractibus

superstomate 7, vix convexiusculis, ultimo basi attenuato, circa

perforationem obsoletam distinctius spiraliter sulcato; aperturd

verticali, angulato-ovali, intus fusco-carned ; peristomate duplice':

interno viz porrecto, externo undique breviter expanso, superné

angulato, anfractui penultimo breviter adnato.— Operculum ?

Long. 20, diam. 7 mill.

Hab. ie

18. CycLostoma vioLaceum, Pfr. C. testd subobtecté perforatd,

ovato-turritd, truncatd, soliduld, lineis elevatis spiralibus et con-

Sertioribus longitudinalibus oblongo-granulatd, haud scabrd, non

nitente, saturate violaced ; spird turritd, truncatd; anfractibus

superstomate 43, convexis, ultimo rotundato ; aperturd subverticali,

4. ae

246

ovali ; peristomate simplice, albo, continuo, margine dextro sub-

incrassato, angusté angulatim patente, columellari in laminam

sinuosam, perforationem occultantem, nec claudentem, dilatuto.—

Operculum immersum, testaceum, planum, cinereum, paucispirum.

Long. 20, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. 2

19. Cyctostoma SHutTTLEWoRTHI, Pfr. C. testd clause umbili-

catd, oblongd, truncata, spiraliter confertim plicatd, lineis longi-

tudinalibus obsoleté decussatd, sericed, pallidissimé fulvidd, fasciis

valde interruptis castaneis ornatd; spird oblongd; anfractibus

superstomate 3, convexiusculis, ultimo basi rotundato ; aperturd

verticali, angulato-ovali ; peristomate duplice: interno brevi, ex-

pansiusculo, externo late patente, concentricé striato, radiatim

plicato et castaneo-radiato, ad columellam exciso, lamind alba

fornicatd umbilicum prorsus claudente-—Operculum terminale,

cartilagineum, paucispirum, nucleo basali.

Long. 22, diam. 11} mill.

Had. in insula Cuba.

20. CycLosToMA RADULA, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, ovato-oblongd,

truncatd, tenui, lineis elevatis spiralibus et costis acutis longitudi-

nalibus subtiliter asperato-decussatd, pallidé corned, Sfasciis an-

gustis, rufis, interruptis ornatd, non nitente ; spird sursum atte-

nuatd, laté truncatd ; suturd profundd, subsimplice ; anfractibus

superstomate 4, conveais, ultimo angustiore, rotundato ; aperturd

verticali, circulari; peristomate duplice: interno continuo, vix

porrecto, externo dilatato, horizontaliter patente, concentricé

striato, ad anfractum penultimum subexciso, margine sinistro fim-

briato-inciso.—Operculum planum, e duabus laminis compositum,

externa subtestaced, anfractibus 34, nucleo subcentrali.

Long. 14, diam. 7 mill.

Hab. Almendares prope Havana.

21. CycLostoma ovatuM, Pfr. C. testd obtecté perforatd, oblongo-

ovatd, truncatd, tenui, longitudinaliter confertim plicatuld, sericed,

fusco-corned, vel pallidissime corned, maculis rufis seriatim dispo-

sitis ornatd ; spird ovato-conicd, truncatd ; suturd levi, irregula-

riter tuberculato-crenatd ; anfractibus superstomate 5, convexius-

culis, ultimo paulo angustiore, basi obsolete spiraliter sulcato ;

aperturd verticali, rotundato-ovali ; peristomate fusculo, duplice :

interno breviter porrecto, externo undique dilatato, campanulato-

expanso, radiato-costato, superne angulatim reflero, anfractui

penultimo longé adnato, perforationem claudente, margine sinistro

subauriculato, libero.—Operculum?

Long. 173, diam. 8 mill.

Hab. in insula Cuba.

22. CycLostoma Grateouprt, Pfr. C. testd perforata, oblonga,

pupiformi, truncatd, tenuiusculd, spiraliter confertim sulcatda et

costis longitudinalibus, conferlis, non interruptis sculpta, diaphand,

247

: parum nitidd, corneo-albidd, fasciis strigatim interruptis castaneis

| ornatd ; spird sursum parum attenuatd, late truncatd; suturd

levi, crenatd: crenis superne minutis, confertis, in anfractibus

ultimis fasciculatim dilatatis, obtusis ; anfractibus superstomate 4,

pix convexiusculis, ultimo anticé breviter soluto, basi rotundato ;

aperturd verticali, ovali; peristomate duplice: interno breviter

expanso, adnato, externo campanulato-patente, rufo radiato, superneé

cucullatim elevato, tum emarginato et anfractui penultimo adnato.—

Operculum testaceum, planum, anfractibus 3, marginibus lamelloso-

liberis.

Long. 16, diam. 7 mill.

B. T. minor, crenulis suture confertis, acutis.

Hab. Yucatan, var. (3. in India occidentali.

23. CycLosroma uisTrRi0, Pfr. C. testd profundé rimatd, ovato-

conicd, solidiusculd, longitudinaliter confertim plicatd, parum ni-

tidd, albidd, strigis latis obliquis, angulosis, fuscis pictd; spird

elato-conicd, vix truncatuld; suturd superné minute denticulatd,

anfractuum inferiorum subsimplice ; anfractibus 43, convezis, ul-

timo rotundato, basi ultra axin subproducto ; aperturd subobliqud,

subcirculari, intus nitidd, fulvidd, nebulosd ; peristomate lateritio,

duplice: interno continuo, late expanso, appresso, externo latiore,

horizontaliter patente, superné sinuato-angulato, ad anfractum

penultimum breviter interrupto.—Operculum ?

Long. 20, diam. 11 mill.

Had. in insula Jamaica.

24, CycLosroma InTEGRUM, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, turritd,

tenuiusculd, integrd, lineis obsolete elevatis spiralibus et costulis

confertis longitudinalibus (tertid vel quartd qudvis validiore) sub-

decussatd, fulvidd, fasciis interruptis rufis cingulata ; spird regu-

lariter turritd, apice obtusiusculd ; suturd subconferte denticulatd ;

anfractibus 7, convexis, 2 primis levigatis, ultimo rotundato,

antrorsum breviter soluto, vir descendente, basi rotundato, fasciis

2-3 continuis rufis ornato; aperturd vix obliqud, ovali; peri-

stomate subduplicato: interno continuo, adnato, externo patente,

superne subangulato-dilatato, tum emarginato, latere columeliari

undulato.— Operculum cartilagineum, planum, paucispirum.

Long. 12, diam. 5 mill.

Hab. in India occidentali.

25. CycLostoma HARPA, Pfr. C. testd breviter rimatd, oblongo-

turritd, tenuiusculd, plicis longitudinalibus chordiformibus sub-

distantibus munitd, cinnamomeo-carned, haud nitente, lineis rufis

strigatim interruptis ornatd; spird turritd, integrd, sursum nigro-

violaced, apice obtusd ; suturd profundd, plicis prominentibus sub-

crenatd ; anfractibus 6, conveais, ultimo rotundato ; apertura ver-

ticali, ovali-subcirculari ; peristomate rubello, duplice: interno

expansiusculo, appresso, externo undique vix dilatato-patente,

anfractui penultimo breviter adnato.—Operculum ?

Long. 12, diam. 6 mill.

Hab, Almendares prope Havana.

248

26. CycLosroma pineugE, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, oblongo-.

turritd, truncatd, solidd, liris spiralibus obtusis undulatd, striis

longitudinalibus confertissimis sculptd, oleoso-micante, cinnamo-

meo-fuscd ; suturd profundd, simplice ; anfractibus superstomate

4, convexis, regulariter accrescentibus, ultimo rotundato ; apertura

subverticali, fere circulari; peristomate albo, duplice: interno

expansiusculo, adnato, externo continuo, horizontaliter expanso,

anfractui penultimo brevissimé adnato, superne angulato.—Oper-

culum?

Long. 125, diam. 6 mill.

Hab. 2

27. CycLosToMA PALLIDUM, Pfr. C. testd perforata, ovato-

turritd, truncatd, tenui, lineis elevatis spiralibus et confertissimis

longitudinalibus (hic illic irregularibus, subconfluentibus) minuté

decussatd, pallidé corned, lineolis rufis interruptis obsolete pictd ;

suturd profundd, subsimplice ; anfractibus superstomate 4, con-

vexis, ultimo rotundato ; aperturd verticali, ovali-circulari ; peri-

stomate duplice, interno albo, porrecto, expansiusculo, externo

dilatato, horizontaliter patente, concentricé striato, anfractui pen-

ultimo breviter adnato, margine sinistro angustiore.— Operculum

terminale, testaceum, anfractibus 3}, oblique striatis, marginibus

subliberis.

Long. 174, diam. 8} mill.

Hab. Almendares prope Havana.

28. Cyctosroma CuMANENSE, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, turrito-

oblongd, truncatd, tenui, longitudinaliter confertim plicatd, sericed,

pellucida, corneo-lutescente, maculis castaneis fasciatim dispositis

ornatd ; suturd plicis excurrentibus confertim subcrenatd ; an-

Sfractibus superstomate 5, subconvexis, ultimo basi rotundato, antice

breviter soluto, dorso carinato ; aperturd subverticali, ovali, superné

subangulatd ; peristomate libero, simplice, undique vix expanso.—

Operculum cartilagineum, planum, paucispirum.

Long. 15, diam. 7} mill.

29. CycLosroMaA TuRRITUM, Pfr. C. testd subperforatd, turritd,

truncatuld, lineis elevatis spiralibus et longitudinalibus regulariter

clathratd, albidd, lineolis rufis interruptis cinctd; suturd subpro-

Sunda, confertim denticulatd; anfractibus superstomate 6, convezi-

usculis, regulariter accrescentibus, ultimo rotundato ; aperturd verti-

cali, ovali, intus fulvidd; peristomate subduplice: interno continuo,

expansiusculo, externo superne angulatim dilatato, margine dextro

vie patente, columellari et sinistro exciso.—Operculum ?

Long. 16, diam. 7 mill.

Hab. Honduras (Mr. Dyson).

30. CycLostoma pDIAPHANUM, Pfr. C. testd subperforatd, ob-

longo-turritd, truncatd, tenuiusculd, lineis elevatis spiralibus con-

Sertis, costulisque illas transgredientibus filaribus confertioribus

decussatd, diaphand, unicolore albidd; spird elongaté; suturd

irregulariter crenatd ; anfractibus superstomate 4}, convevxis, sub-

249

equalibus, ultimo anticé soluto, dorso carinato, basi rotundato,

distinctius spiraliter sulcato; aperturd verticali, angulato-ovali ;

peristomate subsimplice, continuo, undique breviter expanso.—

Operculum ?

Long. 12, diam. 5 mill.

Hab. ——? ©

31. CycLosroma LucuBRE, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, turrito-

oblonga, solidd ; truncata, liris obtusis spiralibus, costulisque sub-

membranaceis illas transgredientibus sculptd, fusculd, violaceo-

Susco late unifasciatd ; spird parum attenuata; suturd confertim

et subacute fasciculato-crenatd ; anfractibus superstomate 5, con-

vexiusculis, ultimo antice breviter soluto, subdescendente, dorso

compresso, basi distinctius spiraliter lirato; aperturd verticali,

oblique ovali ; peristomate subsimplice, continuo, margine sinistro

breviter, reliquis pauld latius expansis, subundulatis.— Operculum ?

Long. 16, diam. feré 7 mill.

Hab. in insula Jamaica.

32. CycLtostoma Kustert, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, ovato-turritd,

truncatd, tenui, sulcis spiralibus et costulis longitudinalibus con-

Sertis regulariter granulato-reticulatd, vix nitente, diaphand, fusco-

corned, lineis obsoletis rufis interruptis pictd; spird convexo-

turritd, late truncatd; suturd profundd, simplice; anfractibus

superstomate 4, convevis, ultimo angustiore, rotundato ; aperturd

subverticali, subcirculari; peristomate duplice: interno breviter

expanso, adnato, externo campanulato-expanso, concentricé striato,

anticé concavo, rufo-radiato, superné angulato, ad anfractum pen-

ultimum angustato.— Operculum ?

Long. 14, diam. 7 mill.

Hab. Honduras (Mr. Dyson).

33. CycLostoMA TROCHLEA, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, oblongo-

turritd, truncatd, costis filaribus spiralibus et longitudinalibus

subregulariter clathratd, haud nitente, pallide fusculd, punctis

rufis subseriatis variegatd ; spird elongata, trochleari, lat? trun-

catd ; suturd profundd, simplice ; anfractibus superstomate 5, per-

convexis ; aperturd verticali, subcirculari; peristomate duplice :

interno vie porrecto, externo horizontaliter expanso, supern® in

rostrum recurvatum dilatato, ad anfractum penultimum breviter

interrupto, latere sinistro inciso-crenulato.—Operculum?

Long. 14, diam. 6 mill.

Hab. ?

34. CyCLOSTOMA ALTERNANS, Pfr. C. testd mediocriter umbili-

catd, conoideo-depressd, tenuiusculd, acute multiliratd, liris al-

ternis minoribus, haud nitente, subepidermide pallide lutescente

Sugace albd ; spird breviter conoideo-elevatd, obtusiusculd ; suturd

subcanaliculatd ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato ;

aperturd parum obliqud, subcirculari ; peristomate simplice, recto,

Jusco-limbato, subcontinuo, marginibus ad anfractum penultimum

4, 1993

t <i

250

callo nitido junctis—Operculum membranaceum, planum, cereum,

arctispirum,.

Diam. maj. 20, min. 16, alt. 10 mill.

Hab. Madagascar.

35. CycLostoMa RustTicuM, Pfr. C. testa laté umbilicatd, de-

pressd, subdiscoided, solidd, spiraliter confertim liratd, non nitente,

sordide albidd, pallide fusculo irregulariter variegatd ; spird parum

elevatd, vertice submucronato ; anfractibus 44, convexiusculis, ad

suturam subdepressis, ultimo terete, antice descendente ; aperturd

diagonali, subcirculari, intus carned; peristomate simplice, breviter

expanso, marginibus callo brevi junctis, supero repando.—Oper-

culum?

Long. maj. 174, min. 133, alt. 74 mill.

Hab. 2

36. CycLosroma pstLomituM, Pfr. C. testd mediocriter umbili-

catd, depresso-conoided, soliduld, virenti-luted, via nitiduld, lineis

spiralibus subtilissimis, piloso-elevatis crebris obscurioribus cinctd ;

spird breviter conoided, obtusd ; suturd subcanaliculatd ; anfrac-

tibus 4, convexis, ultimo terete, non descendente ; aperturd fereé

verticali, subcirculari, intus albidd ; peristomate simplice, acuto,

marginibus fere contiguis, callo brevi junctis—Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 15, min. 11, alt. 8 mill.

Hab. Venezuela.

37. CycLosTtoMaA aLatum, Pfr. C. testd laté umbilicatd, conoideo-

depressd, soliduld, oblique confertim et inequaliter costulatd, vir

diaphand, albidd, fasciis angustis pallidissime corneis variegatd ;

spird brevissime conoided, acutiusculd ; suturd simplice ; anfrac-

tibus 4, modice convezis, ultimo subterete, antic vix descendente,

lilaceo-nebuloso ; aperturd diagonali, subcirculari, intus lilaceo-

fusculd ; peristomate subduplice, latere dextro et basali connato,

expanso, externo superné alatim dilatato, latere sinistro subreflexo.

—Operculum? —

Diam. maj. 16, min. 13, alt. 8 mill.

Hab. 8. Yago de Cuba.

38. CycLosToMA SCALARE, Pfr. C. testd angusté umbilicatd, co-

noided, soliduld, oblique striatuld, nitiduld, corneo-luted ; spird

elatd, scalari, apice acutd ; suturd profundd ; anfractibus 43, per-

convexis, ultimo terete, antice subsoluto; aperturd obliqud, cir-

culari, intus margaritaced; peristomate simplice, continuo, undique

vir expansiusculo.—Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 9, min. 7, alt. 65 mill.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

39. Cyctostoma (CycLopHorus) LuTESCENS, Pfr. C. testa

umbilicatd, depresso-conoided, solidd, oblique filoso-striatd, sericed,

fusco-lutescente; spird breviter conoided, apice acutiusculd; suturd

profundd, simplice; anfractibus 44, convexis, rapide accrescentibus,

251

ultimo non descendente; umbilico mediocri, profundo; aperturd vir

obliqud, rotundato-ovali ; peristomate simplice, recto, acuto, con-

tinuo, breviter adnato, superné vir angulato.—Operculum mem-

branaceum, paliidé corneum, rectispirum, extus profunde concavum.

Diam. maj. 20, min. 153, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. in Brasilia.

40. CycLosroma curraTuM, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, depressd, @% “7 te

solidd, glabrd, nitidd, lete castaned, maculis albis subtriangulari-

bus guttatd ; spird vix elevatd, apice fuscd, submucronatd ; an-

Sractibus 43, convexiusculis, celeriter crescentibus, ad suturam im-

pressam striatulis ; umbilico latiusculo, pervio; aperturd parum

obliqud, circulari, intus albidd ; peristomate subduplice: interno

via distinguendo, externo expanso, superne in linguam brevem,

anfractui penultimo adnatam, dilatato.—Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 19, min. 15, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. if

41. CycLostoMa IGNESCENS, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, globoso- :

conicd, tenui, lineis spiralibus subtilissimis confertim sculptd, dia-

phand, nitidd, ignescente ; spird turbinatd, obtusiusculd ; suturd

profundd ; anfractibus 43, convevis, ultimo basi distinctius sulcato ;

aperturd obliqud, subcirculari; peristomate simplice, expanso, mar-

ginibus approximatis, non junctis.—Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 14. min. 11, alt. 11} mill.

Hab. in Nova Hibernia.

42. CycLostoma FuscuLuM, Pfr. C. testd angustissime umbili-

catd, globoso-conicd, tenui, lineis elevatis spiralibus subconfertis,

: lirdque periphericd validiore cariniformi sculptd, vie nitiduld,

unicolore fusculd, fascid unicd angustd rufd infra carinam pallidam

5 ornatd; spird conicd, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 5, convexis, ultimo

( interdum carind, secundo superne notato, basi minute spiraliter

suleato ; aperturd parum obliqud, rotundato-ovali; peristomate

simplice, tenui, undique expansiusculo, marginibus approximatis,

non junctis.—Operculum testaceum, planum, cinereum, 4-spirum,

nucleo subcentrali.

Diam. maj. 114, min. 93, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. ?

43. CycCLosToMA CASTANEUM, Pfr. C. tesid anguste umbilicatd,

globoso-conicd, tenui, oblique striatuld et liris subacutis multis

sculptd, nitidd, saturate castaned ; spird eleuato-conicd, apice ob-

tusiusculd ; anfractibus 43, angulato-convezis, ultimo liris 6 sub-

equalibus, pluribusque minoribus, confertioribus in umbilico mu-

nito ; aperturd parum obliqud, subcirculari ; peristomate simplice,

tenui, undique expansiusculo, marginibus approximatis, non junctis.

—Operculum testaceum, planum, paucispirum, nucleo subcentrali.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. in insula Madagascar.

To this was added the following description of various species of

Helicea.

252

14, Description or Firry-rour New Species or Heticea,

FROM THE CoLLECTION oF HuGcu Cuming, Esa.

By Dr. L. Preirrer.

1. Srrepraxis piscus, Pfr. S. testd lat? umbilicatd, discoided,

subregulari, levigatd, albido-hyalind ; spird pland, vertice promi-

nulo ; anfractibus 64, vix convexiusculis, irregulariter varicosis,

ultimo depresso, subtus deviante, pone aperturam rotundato, de-

flexo ; aperturd subhorizontali, transverse sinuato-auriformi, plicd

obliqud parietali et dentibus peristomatis coarctatd ; peristomate

candido, reflexo, margine supero impresso, obsolete dentato, dextro

dente distinctiore munito, basi intus transverse calloso.

Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, alt. 43 mill.

Hab. 2

2. Hexix Ricumonnpiana, Pfr. 4H. testd imperforatd, trochi-

Sormi, solidd, striatd et irregulariter granulatd, nitidd, castaned;

spird castaned, sursum pallidiore, apice obtusiusculd ; anfractibus

53, plunis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo compressé carinato, anticé

vie deflexiusculo ; basi plano; aperturd perobliqud, subrhombed,

ad carinam rostratd, intus livido-opalind; peristomate nigro-

Susco, subincrassato, marginibus callo tenui junctis, supero expanso,

basali dilatuto, reflexo. .

Diam. maj. 54, min. 47, alt. 30 mill.

Hab. ad Richmond River, Australia.

3. Hextix semipecussata, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, conoided,

solidd, superne minute decussatd, opacd, unicolore rufo-fuscd ; spird

conoided, acutiusculd ; anfractibus7, vix convewiusculis, ultimo cari-

nato, non descendente, basi convexo ; aperturd diagonali, angulato-

lunari ; peristomate simplice, recto, obtuso, margine columellari

superne brevissime reflexiusculo.

Diam. maj. 33, min. 30, alt. 18 mill.

Hab. in insula Mauritii.

4. Hetrx Sovutreyetiana, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, conoideo-

depressd, soliduld, rugoso-striatd, superné inter strias sub lente

confertissime undulato-lineatd, pallide fulvd; spird breviter co-

noided, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 6 subplanis, lente accrescentibus,

ultimo acute carinato, infra carinam castaneo-fasciato, convexo,

medio profunde excavato; aperturd perobliqud, angulato-lunari ;

peristomate simplice, marginibus subparallelis, dextro antrorsum

subarcuato, columellari subincrassato, superné brevissimé reflexo.

Diam. maj. 52, min. 36, alt. 18 mill.

Hab. ?

5. Hexrx raptians, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, depressd, tenui,

levigatd, nitidissimd, pellucidd, corned, strigis albidis irregulariter

radiatd ; spird brevissimd, convexd ; suturd impressd, submargi-

natd ; anfractibus 4}, planiusculis, ultimo non descendente, superne

Se eee

ee eee eee

253

angulato, basi convexo, medio subimpresso ; aperturd subverticali,

angulato-lunari ; peristomate simplicissimo, recto.

Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 4 mill.

Hab. in insula Tahiti.

6. Herix Garrnertana, Pfr. A. testd umbilicatd, coniformi,

solidd, irregulariter elevato-striatd, opacd, nitiduld, lutescenti-

carned ; spird conicd, apice obtusd ; suturd submarginatd ; anfrac-

tibus 7, convexis, ultimo peripherid subangulato, lined rubra cincto,

anticé non descendente, subtus planiusculo ; umbilico angustissimo,

pervio ; aperturd parum obliqud, subtetragond ; peristomate albo,

margine supero fere angulatim arcuato, expanso, basali substricto,

columellari lilaceo, brevi, verticali, reflexo.

Diam. maj. 22, min. 19, alt. 22 mill.

Hab. 2

7. Hewix wirurata, Pfr. A. testd imperforatd, turbinato-semi-

globosd, striatd, minute rugoso-malleatd, nitiduld, roseo-carned,

Sasciis punctatim vel lituratim interruptis rufis ornatd 3 Spird

depresso-turbinatd, apice acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5, conveviuscu-

lis, ultimo vix descendente, peripherid rotundato, fascid castaned,

subtessellatd circumdato, basi convexiusculo 3 aperturd diagonali,

rotundato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, margine dextro viv ex-

. pansiusculo, columellari subcalloso.

Diam. maj. 23, min. 20, alt. 15 mill.

Hab. 2

8. Hexrx Brarprana, Pfr. H. testé umbilicatd, subturbinato-

depressd, tenui, striatd, fulvd, pellucidd, maculis luteis opacis

irregulariter variegatd ; spird subturbinatd, apice acutiusculd ;

anfractibus 5, vir conveviusculis, ultimo non descendente, peri-

Ppherid angulato, basi conveviore ; umbilico angusto, pervio ; aper-

turd parum obliqud, rotundato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, tenui,

undique expanso, margine columellari subdilatato, patente.

Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, alt. 82 mill.

Had. in insula Bourbon.

9. Hexix Srurmiana, Pfr. H. testd mediocriter umbilicatd, de-

presso-semiglobosd, solidd, supern? confertim plicatd, parum nitidd,

unicolore fusco-lutescente ; spird brevi, converd, obtusd ; anfrac-

tibus 4, planiusculis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo antic? descen-

dente, subdepresso, peripherid rotundato, basi convexo, levigato ;

aperturd parum obliqud, lunato-ovali, intus margaritaced ; peri-

stomate simplice, marginibus conniventibus, callo tenui Junctis, su-

pero recto, basali subreflezo.

Diam. maj. 22, min. 183, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. z

10. Hexrx Layarnt, Pfr. JH. testd perforatd, turbinatd, tenui-

usculd, ruguloso-striatd, parum nitente, pellucidd, pallide corned ;

spird conoided, apice acutiusculd ; anfractibus 54, converiusculis,

ultimo carinato, non descendente, basi convexo ; aperturd parum

254

obliqud, rotundato-lunari, vix angulatd ; perisiomate recto, tenui,

acuto, margine columellari superne brevissime refleviusculo.

Diam. maj. 13, min. feré 12, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. in insula Ceylon (Mr. Layard).

11. Hexirx Woop1ana, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, depressd, tenui,

levigatd, nitidissimd, corneo-fuscd ; spird parum elevatd, vertice

subtili; suturd impressd ; anfractibus 5, vie convexiusculis, lente

accrescentibus, ultimo depresso, obsolete angulato, non descendente,

basi planiusculo ; umbilico angusto, pervio ; aperturd subverticali,

lunari ; peristomate simplice, recto, acuto, margine columellari vix

reflexiusculo.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, alt. 45 mill.

Hab. in insula Ceylon (Mr. Layard).

12. Hetrx Forsterrana, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, globoso-

depressd, tenuiusculd, undique minute granulatd, diaphand, corneo-

isabellind, fasciis 2 angustis rufis superne ornatd ; spird parum

elevatd, convexo-conoided, vertice acutiusculo ; anfractibus 6, con-

veviusculis, ultimo antice vie descendente, basi subplanulato ; um-

bilico mediocri, pervio ; aperturd obliqud, rotundato-lunari ; peri-

stomate simplice, marginibus remotis, dextro recto, basali reflexo,

columellari in laminam triangularem, violaceo-fuscam, fornicatim

dilatato.

Diam. maj. 203, min. 18, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. in Australia boreali.

13. Hextix prycHompnata, Pfr. H. testa umbilicatd, depresso-

globosd, tenui, superné confertim costulatd, lineis concentricis

paucis obsolet? decussatd, nitidd, castaneo-corned ; spird vig con-

verdad; anfractibus 4, vix conveviusculis, ultimo non descendente,

obsoletissime angulato, basi convexo, levigato, corneo-virente,

circa umbilicum mediocrem, pervium confertim plicato; aperturd

parum obliqud, irregulariter truncato-ovali, multo altiore quam

laté ; peristomate simplice, obtuso, margine columellari elongato,

substricté descendente, superne fornicatim reflexo.

Diam. maj. 22, min. 20, alt. 13 mill.

Hab. ad Portum Essington.

14. Hexrx Porretiana, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, conicd, solidd,

striatuld, nitidd, carneo-albidd, strigis pallide fusculis irregulari-

ter pictd; spird conicd, obtusiusculd ; suturd impressd, subtilis-

sime crenulatd; anfractibus 7, vix convexiusculis, ultimo subro-

tundato, fascid und fuscd signato, antice breviter descendente ;

apertura diagonali, lunato-rotundatd ; peristomate acuto, margine

dextro repando, basali subincrassato, columellari fornicatim re-

fiexo, perforationem fere tegente.

Diam. maj. 193, min. 183, alt. 23 mill.

Hab. ad Portum Essington.

15. Heuix Dituwyniana, Pfr. WH. testd umbilicatd, depressd,

solidd, irregulariter rugosd et subtilissime malleatd, nitidd, cre-

255

taced; spird subpland, vertice papillatim prominulo, castaneo ;

anfractibus 44, planiusculis, ultimo rotundato, antic? breviter de-

flexo, basi inflato ; umbilico angusto, non pervio; aperturd per-

obliqud, late lunari, intus albd; peristomate acuto, intus incras -

sato, margine supero subhorizontali et dextro arcuato expansis,

basali substricto, reflevo, columellari brevissimo, angusto, patente.

Diam. maj. 31, min. 25, alt. 14 mill.

Hab. 2

16. Buximus eLaucoputTHaLmus, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd,

ovato-oblongd, solidd, striatuld, nigro-castuned, epidermide hy-

drophand fusco-cinered strigatd; spird convewxo-conicd, apice

saturate ceruled, obtusd; suturd impressd; anfractibus 5, con-

vexiusculis, ultimo spird breviore, basi obsolete angulato ; colu-

melld subdeclivi, dilatatd, pland, albd, basi subdentatd ; apertura

obliqud, truncato-ovali, intus lividd; peristomate simplice, bre-

vissime expanso, margine dextro repando.

Long. 36, diam. 25 mill.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

17. Butimvus suturauis, Pfr. B. testé imperforatd, oblongo-

conicd, tenui, striatuld, nitiduld, alabastrino-albidd ; spird conicd,

apice obtusd ; suturd parum impressd, candidd, confertissimé no-

duloso-crenatd ; anfractibus 7, planiusculis, ultimo 3 longitudinis

subequante, infra medium obtuse angulato et fasciis 2 nigricanti-

castaneis ornato ; columelld superné fusco-callosd, subtortd ; aper-

turd obliqud, truncato-oblongd ; peristomate simplice, vir expan-

siusculo.

Long. 43, diam. 23 mill.

Hab. in Africa occidentali.

18. Buximus tuctuosus, Pfr. B. testd perforatd, oblongo-acu-

minatd, soliduld, obsolete decussatd, viz nitiduld, atro-castaned ;

spird elongatd, apice obtusd ; suturd impressd, submarginatd ;

anfractibus 7, convexiusculis, ultimo 4 longitudinis paulo supe-

rante, basi circa perforationem angustam subcarinato ; columelld

verticali, levissime arcuatd; aperturd parum obliqud, subsemiovali,

ad columellam angulatd, intus lividd ; peristomate simplice, recto,

margine columellari fornicato, breviter reflero.

Long. 39, diam. 17 mill.

Hab. in Africa occidentali.

19. BuLimus INFUNDIBULUM, Pfr. B. testd umbilicatd, ovato-

conicd, subfusiformi, confertim striatd, opacd, albd ; spird convexo-

conicd, apice attenuatd, rosed, acutiusculd ; suturd lineari ; anfrac-

tibus 9, feré planis, ultimo 3 longitudinis subequante, basi atte-

nuato, circa umbilicum latum, pervium, infundibuliformem com-

presso ; aperturd subverticali, angustd, oblongd ; peristomate sim-

plice, marginibus superne approximatis, dextro breviter expanso,

columellari subdilatato, patente.

Long. 18, diam. 7 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Peruvianis.

Nearly allied to Bul. umbilicaris, Souleyet.

256

20. BuLimus suBINTERRUPTUS, Pfr. B. destd perforatd, subfu-

siformi-oblongd, tenuiusculd, levigatd, sub lente spiraliter striatd,

nitiduld, albidd, fasciis 5 latis, subinterruptis, spadiceis ornatd ;

spird elongato-conicd, acutd ; suturd parum impressd ; anfractibus

6, planiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, basi attenuato ;

columelld substrictd, recedente ; aperturd obliqud, angustd, acu-

minato-semiovali ; peristomate simplice, tenui, lutescente, margine

dextro late expanso, columellari triangulatim e basi dilatato, su-

perné late reflexo.

Long. 37, diam. 13} mill.

Hab. in Andibus Boliviee.

21. Buximus varicosus, Pfr. B. testd perforatd, oblongo-acumi-

natd, tenui, striatd, sub lente obsoleté decussatuld, parum nitente,

albidd, strigis castaneis sparsis irregulariter variegatd ; suturd ir-

regulariter crenulatd ; spird elongato-conicd, acutiusculd ; anfrac-

tibus 6, convexiusculis, varicosis(varicibus prioribus obtusis, ultimo

acute prominente), ultimo spird vix breviore, basi subcompresso ;

columelld superne subtortd; aperturd parum obliqud, oblongo-

ovali; peristomate simplice, tenui, margine dextro late expanso,

columellari dilatato, applanato, patente.

Long. 35, diam. 14 mill.

Hab. in republicé Mexicana.

22. BuLimus aTTENUATUS, Pfr. B. testd subperforatd, fusiformi-

oblongd, solidiusculd, sublevigatd, nitidd, albd, strigis latis, ma-

culatim subinterruptis, spadiceis, ornatd; spird conicd, acutiusculd ;

anfractibus fere 6, convexiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante,

antic? striato, basi attenuato ; columella intrante, tortd, funali ;

aperturd vix obliqud, ovali-oblongd ; peristomate simplice, tenui,

margine dextro breviter expanso, columellari breviter reflexo, su-

perne adnato.

Long. 34, diam. 13 mill.

Hab. Vera Cruz.

23. Butimus eLmopes, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd, ovatd, tenui-

usculd, rugoso-striatd, transverse submalleatd, diaphand, nitidd,

castaneo-olivaced ; spird conoided, apice obtusd; anfractibus 4,

convexiusculis, ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante, antice descen-

dente, basi subrotundato; columella intrante, subtortd, rosed ;

apertura subverticali, ovali, intus margaritaced ; peristomate roseo,

subincrassato, breviter reflexo, marginibus callo supra regionem

umbilici dilatato junctis.

Long. 36, diam. 18 mill.

Had. in Andibus Nove Granade.

24. Buuimus scyTopes, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd, ovato-conicd,

tenui, remote striatd, undique minute granulatd (granulis non se-

riatis), haud nitente, fuscd, maculis rufis majoribusque nigrican-

tibus irregulariter adspersd, lineis longitudinalibus flexuosis, an-

gulatis, luteis, sepe geminatis vel anastomosantibus pictd ; spird

brevi, convexo-conicd, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 4, conveaiusculis,

257

ultimo magno, + longitudinis equante, antic? deflexo, basi rotun-

dato ; columelld filari, intrante, leviter arcuatd ; aperturd parum

obligqud, ovali, intus concolore, nitidd ; peristomate simplice, tenui,

rubello, undique breviter expanso.

Long. 35, diam. 173 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Novee Granade.

25. Butimus meueacris, Pfr. B. testa imperforatd, acuminato-

ovatd, tenuiusculd, striis incrementi confertis et lineis spiralibus

granulatd, parum nitente, fulvd, fusco-strigatd et irregulariter

guttatd ; spird conicd, acutd ; suturd subcrenulatd ; anfractibus 54,

planiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, convexiore, antic?

descendente, basi rotundato; columelld filari, leviter arcuatd ;

apertura obliqud, oblongo-ovali, intus submargaritaced ; peristo-

mate simplice, recto.

Long. 31, diam. 14 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.

26. Buxtimus nicroutimsatus, Pfr. B. iestd imperforatd, ovatd,

tenui, rugosd, striis confertis spiralibus subgranulatd, parum ni-

tidd, olivaceo-fulvd, strigis angustis castaneis variegatd ; spird

conicd, apice obtusd ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo spiram

paulo superante, convexiore, basi rotundato ; columelld tenui, sub-

callosd, subrecedente ; aperturd obliqud, angulato-ovali, intus pli-

catd, margaritaced ; peristomate simplice, recto, obtuso, nigro-

limbato. .

Long. 28, diam. 14 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.

27. Butimus pusius, Pfr. B. testd subperforatd, oblongo-fusi-

formi, tenui, striatd, nitiduld, albo-lutescente, strigis spadiceis

subundulatis ornatd ; spird gracili, elongato-conicd, apice obtu-

suld ; suturd submarginatd ; anfractibus 6, vir convexiusculis,

ultimo spird paulo breviore, basi attenuato, subcompresso ; colu-

melld subverticali, fere ad basin aperture elongatd ; aperturd vir

obliqud, oblongd, utrinque angustatd, intus concolore ; peristomate

simplice, recto, margine dextro levissime arcuato, columellari bre-

viter fornicatim reflexo, subappresso.

Long. 28, diam. 10 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.

28. Butimus nusBecuxatus, Pfr. B. testd umbilicatd, ovato-

oblongd, soliduld, sublevigatd, nitidd, pallid corned, saturatius

nubeculatd ; spird conicd, apice obtusuld ; suturd profundd ; an-

Sractibus 5}, convexis, ultimo 3 longitudinis equante, basi rotun-

dato ; columella verticali, ad basin aperture porrigente ; aperturd

parum obliqud, subellipticd, basi subangulatd, intus albidd ; peri-

stomate simplice, recto, margine dextro perarcuato, columellari

dilatato, fornseatim reflexo, libero.

Long. 16, diam. 8} mill.

Hab. in America centrali (Morelet.)

No. CCXXXV.—Proceepinés or THE ZOOLOGICAL Sociery.

258

29. Butimus Eeanus, Pfr. B. testd perforata, conico-ovatd,

tenui, lineis longitudinalibus et spiralibus sub lente obsolete decus-

satd, vix nitiduld, quasi pruinosd, fusco-corned; spird conicd,

apice obtusd; suturd mediocri ; anfractibus 5, modice convezis,

ultimo spiram paulo superante, medio obsolete angulato, basi vix

compressiusculo ; aperturd obliqud, subellipticd, basi subangulatd ;

peristomate simplice, tenui, margine dextro repando, columellart

sursum dilatato, reflero, subappresso.

Long. 13, diam. 6} mill.

Hab. Ega Brasilie.

30. Butimus acatues, Pfr. 3B. testd subperforatd, ovato-conicd,

tenui, longitudinaliter confertim striatd et distantius plicatd, haud

nitente, fulvo-grised ; spird conicd, obtusiusculd, fulvescente ; an-

Sractibus 43, vie convexiusculis, ultimo spiram superante, basi ro-

tundato ; columelld vix arcuatd, subrecedente ; aperturd obliqud,

ovali, intus fulvo-carned ; peristomate simplice, recto, margine

dextro arcuato, columellari superné reflexo, subadnato.

Long. 10, diam. 6 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Peruvianis.

31. Butimus Dituwynianus, Pfr. B. testd perforatd, ovato-

oblongd, solidd, ruditer striatd et irregulariter malleatd, vir niti-

duld, carned, fusculo punctatd et variegatd ; spird convexo-conicd,

apice obtusuld ; suturd impressd, marginatd ; anfractibus 5, con-

vexiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, basi attenuato, subcom-

presso ; columelld valide torto-plicatd ; aperturd vix obliqud, sinu-

oso-oblongd ; peristomate albo, expanso-reflero, margine dextro

leviter arcuato, columellari superne dilatato, perforationem fere

claudente.

Long. 39, diam. 163 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.

32. ACHATINA FULGURATA, Pfr. A. testd conico-ovatd, tenui,

striis longitudinalibus superné confertis, in anfractu ultimo obso-

letis, lineisque spiralibus granulatd, corneo-luted, strigis latis ful-

guratis nigricantibus ornatd ; spird conicd, obtusd ; anfractibus 64,

superis parum conveais, ultimo ventricoso, lineis paucis spiralibus

infra suturam granulato, infra medium sublevigato ; columelld

cerulescente, vix arcuatd, supra basin aperture elliptico-semi-

ovali abrupte truncatd ; peristomate simplice, recto.

Long. 67, diam. 36 mill.

Hab. in Africa oecidentali.

33. ACHATINA PLICATULA, Pfr. A. testd oblongo-fusiformi, tenut,

longitudinaliter confertim plicatuld, lineis spiralibus obsolete de-

cussatd, diaphand, parum nitente, fusco-carned ; spird elongato-

conicd, apice obtusd ; suturd marginatd, minute crenulatd ; anfrac-

tibus7, vix convexiusculis, ultimo spiram equante, paulo conveaiore,

basi attenuato ; columella callosd, viv arcuatd, ad basin apertura

259

semiovali, intus nitidissime, abrupte truncatd; peristomate sim-

plice, tenui.

Long. 60, diam. 25 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.

34. AcHATINA ALBICANS, Pfr. A. testd ovato-conicd, tenui, lon-

gitudinaliter striatd, lineis spiralibus infra medium anfractu ul-

timi obsoletis decussatuld, diaphand, vir nitidd, albicante ; spirad

pyramidatd, obtusiusculd ; suturd submarginatd ; anfractibus 6},

viz convexiusculis, ultimo spird paulo longiore, basi vix attenuato ;

columelld verticali, substrictd, supra basin aperture rhombeo-

semiovalis horizontaliter et breviter truncata ; peristomate sim-

plice, recto, margine basali leviter arcuato.

Long. 46, diam. 23 mill.

Hab. in Africa occidentali.

35. ACHATINA INnoRNATA, Pfr. A. testd turrito-oblongd, solidd,

confertim striatd, pallide fulvd, strigis saturatioribus variegatd ;

spird turritd, apice obtusiusculd ; suturd levi, confertissime cre-

nulatd ; anfractibus 7}, planiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis sub-

equante, bast vix compresso, leviore ; columelld perarcuatd, albo-

callosd, oblique abrupté truncatd; aperturd sinuoso-semiovali,

intus albd ; peristomate simplice, obtuso, margine dextro repando.

Long. 28, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. in insula Ceylon.

36. AcHATINA vioLACEA, Pfr. A. testd oblongo-conicd, solidd,

striatd, parum nitente, violaced ; spird elongato-conicd, sursum ru-

bella, apice obtusd; suturd levi, marginaté; anfractibus 7, con-

vexiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante, infra medium angu-

lato; columelld subarcuatd, tenuiter callosd, supra basin aperture

oblique, angulato-ovalis breviter truncatd ; peristomate simplice,

recto.

Long. 38, diam. 18 mill.

Hab. in Africa oceidentali.

37. Acwatina (GLANDINA) ATTENUATA, Pfr. A. testd oblongo-

Susiformi, gracili, tenui, levigatd, nitidissimd, fulvd, strigis

arcuatis saturatioribus pictd ; spird elongato-conicd ; apice obtu-

siusculd ; suturd levi, subsimplice; anfractibus 7, planiusculis,

ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante, basi attenuato ; columelld sub-

callosd, leviter arcuatd, subtortd, basi oblique truncata ; aperturd

angustissimd, oblongd, superné acutd, prope basin sinistrorsum

dilatatd ; peristomate simplice, margine dextro repando.

Long. 31, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. in America centrali.

38. Heuix susrueata, Pfr. H. testd subperforatd, depresso-

turbinatd, distanter subrugatd, pellucidd, pallide corned; spird

breviter conoided, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 53-6, planiusculis,

ultimo carinato, basi convewiusculo, levigato ; aperturd diagonali,

260

subangulato-lunari ; peristomate recto, acuto, margine columellari

superné viz reflexiusculo.

Diam. maj. 13, min. 113, alt. 65 mill.

Hab. ad Clarence River, New South Wales.

39. Hexrx otrostoma, Pfr. H. testd angusté umbilicatd, sublen-

tiformi, solidd, acute carinatd, striatd et subtiliter granulatd,

olivaceo-nigricante vel castaned ; spird subconoideo-converd, ob-

tusd ; anfractibus 5, planiusculis, ultimo utrinque convexo, anticé

subito deflexo, supra et infra carinam ascendentem profundeé scro-

biculato ; apertura perobliqud, subrhombeo-ensiformi, ringente ;

peristomate continuo, ad anfractum penultimum sinuoso, medio

laminam longe intrantem emittente, margine supero dente conico

obtusulo munito, basali medio subangulatim descendente, parte

sinistrd dentem validum, compressum, parte dextrd dentem leviter

et irregulariter bifurcatum gerente.

Diam. maj. 31, min. 26, alt. 13 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.

40. Hexix anNuULIFERA, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, depressd, len-

tiformi, curinatd, solidd, striatd et minute granulatd, saturate cas-

taned, ad carinam acutam late albo-fasciatd ; spird breviter co-

noided, obtusa; anfractibus 5, planiusculis, ultimo anticé breviter

deflexo, basi convexo, anticé strangulato et scrobiculato ; umbilico

mediocri; aperturd subhorizontali, irregulari, ringente ; peristo-

mate subincrassato, albo, continuo, margine parietali perarcuato,

laminam elongatam intrantem emittente, in umbilicum descendente

et cum basali parallelo juncto ; margine basali usque ad medium

substricto, acute dentato, tum angulatim descendente, late reflexo,

lamind lingueformi latd munito, ad carinam ascendente, a dextro

expanso canali angusto, superne in annulum apertum desinente

separato.

Diam. maj. 34, min. 29, alt. 13 mill.

Hab. Panama.

This is the shell figured by Prof. E. Forbes in Trans. Zool. Soc.

1850, p. 53. Moll. t. 9. f. 4, under the name of H. labyrinthus var.

sipunculata.

41. Heurx Gasxorni, Pfr. A. testd umbilicatd, turbinato-de-

pressd, solidd, oblique rugato-plicatd, nitidd, albd ; spird conoideo-

convexd, obtusd ; anfractibus 53, convexis, ultimo antice deflexo,

medio carinato, basi convexiusculo, sublevigato ; aperturd perob-

ligud, lanceolato-ovali; peristomate subincrassato, marginibus

callo umbilicum mediocrem, pervium semioccultante junctis, supero

breviter expanso, basali reflexo.

Diam. maj. 31, min. 27, alt. 15 mill.

Hab. in insula Haiti (Sallé).

42. Butimus Tasmanicus, Pfr. B.testd imperforatd, ovato-conicd,

soliduld, rugoso-striatd, vir nitidd, albidd ; spird conicd, acutius-

culd, apice subcrubescente; anfractibus 5, vix convexiusculis, ultimo

261

spiram paulo superante, basi rotundato ; columella filari, subrece-

dente ; aperturd obliqud, ovali, intus pallide fulvescente ; peri-

stomate simplice, recto, margine dextro leviter arcuato, columellarit

vie reflewiusculo, adnato.

Long. 25, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.

43. Buuimus Betcuert, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd, ovato-oblongd,

solidd, glabriusculd, fulvido-albidd, castaneo-fasciatd ; spird con-

vexo-conicd, obtusa; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo spird

viv breviore, ad suturam et basin late, medio angusté fasciato ;

columella pland, substrictd, supra basin recedente ; aperturd obli-

gud, truncato-oblongd ; peristomate subincrassato, nigricante, re-

flexiusculo.

Long. 40, diam. 233 mill.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

44, Buttmus Newcomeianvs, Pfr. B. testd sinistrorsd vir sub-

perforatd, ovato-turritd, tenuiusculd, plicis validis longitudinalibus

sulcisque spiralibus sculptd, olivaceo-fuscd ; spird turritd, gracili,

obtusuld ; anfractibus 53, summis planis, sequentibus convezius-

culis, ultimo 3 longitudinis subequante, medio inflato ; columella

callosd, substricté recedente; peristomate recto, acuto, margine ex-

terno leviter arcuato, subrepando, columellari reflexo, subappresso.

Long. 143, diam. 53 mill.

Hab. in insulis Sandwich.

This species is nearly allied to Achatinella plicata, Gould, which

must be rather referred to the genus Bulimus, in which there being

already a Bulimus plicatus, I have marked it in Mr. Cuming’s Mu-

seum with the name of Bulimus liratus.

45. Butimus rorpHyrostomus, Pfr. B. testd imperforaté,

ovato-conicd, solidd, rugoso-plicatd, pallide carned, epidermide

decidud fusco-olivaced indutd ; spird conicd, obtusiusculd ; an-

Sractibus 6, vix convexiusculis, ultimo spiram equante, basi sub-

attenuato; columelld oblongé plicatd, alba; aperturd verticali,

angustd, oblongd, oblique recedente, intus saturaté purpureo-

castaned, nitidd ; peristomate incrassato, recto, albo, margini-

bus callo crasso, albo, medio tuberculifero junctis.

Long. 62, diam. 28 mill.

Locality unknown.

46. Butimus micropon, Pfr. B. testd breviter rimatd, sub-

Susiformi-turritd, oblique costulato-striatd, albidd, strigis spar-

sis corneis, lacteo-marginatis ornatd; spird elongatd, apice

acutiusculd ; anfractibus 12, vix conveaiusculis, ultimo 2 longi-

tudinis subequante, infra medium filoso-unicarinato ; columelld

superné plicd dentiformi munitd ; aperturd vix obliqud, trun-

cato-ovali ; peristomate simplice, margine dextro breviter ex-

panso, columellari dilatato, angulatim reflexo.

Long. 15, diam. 4 mill.

Had. in insula Jamaica.

262

47. Acuatina Newcomsi, Pfr. 4. testd turritd, solidd, lon-

gitudinaliter rugoso-striatd, cingulis obtusé elevatis sculptd,

castaned ; spird elongatd, sursum in conum convexiusculum,

acuminatum attenuatd ; anfractibus 9, planiusculis, ultimo 2

longitudinis subequante, infra medium angulato, fascid pallide

cincto, basi nigro ; columelld lamelld angustd, tortd, albd mu-

nitd, basi subtruncatd; aperturd obliqud, subrhombed ; peri-

stomate simplice, recto.

Long. 71, diam. 19 mill.

Hab. in insulis Sandwich (Newcomb).

48. ACHATINELLA MELAMPoIDES, Pfr. A. testd oblongd, solidd,

ruguloso-striatd, vie nitiduld, saturate fused; spird convexo-

conicd, acutiusculd ; suturd impressd, submarginatd; anfrac-

tibus 6, vix convexiusculis, ultimo spird paulo breviore, basi

rotundato ; columelld medio acuté tuberculatd ; aperturd ver-

ticali, sinuato-ovali ; peristomate recto, acuto, intus labiato,

margine columellari calloso, albo, appressé reflexo.

Long. 13, diam. 52 mill.

Hab. in insulis Sandwich.

49. Parruta noposa, Pfr. P. testd perforatd, conico-ovatd,

soliduld, obsoleté decussatuld, castaned, ad suturam fascid latd

albd et interdum nonnullis pallidis ornatd ; spird conicd, acuta ;

anfractibus 53, planiusculis, ultimo spiram subequante ; colu-

melld superné profunde plicatd, tum subnodosd ; aperturd sub-

vertical, oblonga, angustd ; peristomate extus vix expanso, in-

tus callo acuté prominente munito, marginibus subparallelis,

dextro strictiusculo.

Long. 16, diam. 8 mill.

Hab. in insulis Tahiti et Navigatorum.

50. Parruta ritosa, Pfr. P. testd perforatd, conico-ovatd,

solidd, lineis impressis spiralibus, confertis sculptd, haud

nitente, castaned, strigis filaribus cinéreis ornatd; spird co-

nicd, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 5, planiusculis, ultimo spiram

@quante, convexiore ; columelld superné vix plicatd; apertura

parum obliqud, subtriangulari-semiovali ; peristomate expan-

siusculo, intus callo crasso prominente munito.

Long. 16, diam. 8} mill.

Hab. in insulis Navigatorum.

51. Hexrx Guasriuscuna, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, conoideo-

semiglobosd, tenui, levigatd, pellucidd, nitente, lutescente,

rufo angulato-lineata ; spird convexo-conoided, acutiusculd ;

anfractibus 53, convexiusculis, ultimo non descendente, basi

planiusculo ; aperturd obliqud, subdepressd, lunari; peristo-

mate simplice, recto, margine columellari declivi, superné vix

reflexiusculo.

Diam. maj. 34, min. 3, alt. 2 mill.

Hab. in Nova Seelandia (Strange).

263

52. Hexurx souipa, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, conoideo-semi-

globosd, crassd, striatd, fulvescente, epidermide tenui, fuscd,

non nitente obductd ; spird convexd, obtusd, apice rubelld ; an-

Sractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo convexiore, dimidium altitu-

dinis formante, medio obsoleté angulato, anticé vix descendente ;

columelld strictd, declivi, latd, albidd ; aperturd obliqud, sub-

tetragono-lunari, intus albd; peristomate subincrassato, vir

expansiusculo, fusco-limbato.

Diam. maj. 37, min. 33, alt. 27 mill.

Hab. prope Nanjan, insule Mindoro.

53. Hewix osiitra, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, sublenticulari,

tenuissimd, superné confertim arcuato-plicatd, pellucide, pal-

lide corned; spird depresso-turbinatd, acutiusculd ; anfracti-

| bus 6, viz convexiusculis, ultimo non descendente, medio obtuse

. denticulato-carinato, basi convexiore, radiatim striato; aper-

turd parum obliqud, lunari ; peristomate simplice, tenui, recto,

margine basali leviter arcuato, ad perforationem breviter re-

flexo.

Diam. maj. 23, min. 20, alt. 11} mill.

Hab. in India.

54. Heurx vitis, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, depresso-globosa,

tenuiusculd, granulato-striatd, corned ; spird breviter conoided,

acutiusculé ; anfractibus 5, vix convexiusculis, celeriter accres-

centibus, ultimo anticée deflexo, peripherid obsolete subangu-

lato, basi convexo; umbilico angusto, non pervio; aperturd

diagonali, fere circulari; peristomate intus valide labiato,

marginibus approximatis, columellari superné dilatato, pa-

tente.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 6 mill.

Hab. ——?

September 9, 1851.

Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, G.C. St.S., F.R.S. &.,

in the Chair.

Professor Owen read an elaborate paper “On the Skeleton of Tro-

glodytes Gorilla,” which will be published in the Transactions of the

Society.

264

November 11, 1851.

W. J. Broderip, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Professor OwEN read a paper “On the Capacity of the Cranium

in the Negro, the Orang, and the Gorilla,” which will be published

in the Transactions of the Society for the present year.

The following papers were also read :—

1. DerscripriIONS OF SIXTEEN NEW SPECIES OF RISSOINA, A

Genus or Marine Gasteropopous MOoLuusks, FROM THE

CuminGian Coxtitection. By ArtHuR ADAMS, SURGEON

R.N., F.L.S. etc.

Rissorna, D’Orbigny.

About eighteen species of this genus, as restricted by M. d’Or-

bigny, have been already described, inhabiting various countries.

Those here named are a portion of the discoveries made by Mr. Cu-

ming among the islands of the Philippine Archipelago, and are many

of them of considerable size; and it is in these that the peculiarity

of operculum is best seen.

The process of the semiovate, horny, subspiral operculum, first

pointed out by D’Orbigny, is sometimes very long and slender, and

very much resembles in appearance the analogous appendage of the

operculum of Nerita and Neritina. The genus Jeffreysia of Alder,

or Rissoella of Gray, has a similar appendage, but the position of

the eyes, and the peculiar structure of the fore part of the head,

place the latter genus in a different family, viz. Pyramidellide. The

Rissoine may also readily be known from the neighbouring genus

Rissoa, by the aperture being somewhat channeled anteriorly, whereas

in Rissoa it is continuous and entire. The nature of the animal re-

sembles Rissoa, according to D’Orbigny, who places the genus

among the Melaniade.

1. Rissorna puicata, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-subulatd,

subpyramidali, albd, sordidd, anfractibus octo, planis, longi-

tudinaliter valde plicatd, transversim striatd, plicis elevatis,

postice subangulatis, interstitiis transversim striatis ; aperturd

semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labro anticé subdilatato,

margine incrassato.

Hab. Isle of Masbate. Mus. Cuming.

2. Rissorna rascrata, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd,

solidd, sordidé albd, rufo-fusco fasciatd, anfractibus octo, con-

vexiusculis, transversim tenuissimé (sub lente) striatd, longitu-

dinaliter plicatd, plicis obliquis, equalibus, subdistantibus ;

aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labro subdilatato.

Hab. Sydney, under stones, low water (Mr. Strange). Mus.

Cuming.

265

3. RissoINA SCALARIANA, A. Adams. QR. testd subulato-

turritd, albd, solidd, anfractibus octo, convexiusculis, trans-

versim tenuissime striata, longitudinaliter costatd, costis ele-

vatis, equalibus, subdistantibus, anfractu ultimo anticé callo

circumdato ; aperturd semiovali, anticée subcanaliculatd ; labio

anticé callo desinente ; labro flecuoso, anticé subproducto.

Hab. Isle of Burias, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

4. Rissoina pyramipais, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-pyra-

midali, sordidé albd, solidd, anfractibus octo, planiusculis,

transversim tenuiter striatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis

obliquis, confertis, subelevatis, interstitiis transversim striatis ;

aperturd semiovatd, anticée subcanaliculatd ; labio anticé callo

desinente ; labro subdilatato, incrassato.

Hab. Isle of Baclayon. Mus. Cuming.

5. Rissorna p’Orxpienyi, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-tur-

ritd, albidd, subpellucidd ; anfractibus decem, convexiusculis,

supremis costellatis, lineolis elevatis, transversis, et longitudi-

nalibus, decussatd ; aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ;

labio anticé subcalloso; labrp dilatato, subreflexo, margine

flexuoso, subacuto.

Hab. Isle of Luzon. Mus. Cuming.

6. Rissorna cuarHrata, A. Adams. QR. testd subulato-turritd,

albd, solidd, anfractibus convexiusculis, lineis elevatis, longi-

tudinalibus et transversis decussatis, valde clathratd, anfractu

ultimo anticé sulco transverso instructo; aperturd semiovatd,

anticé subcanaliculatd ; labro flexuoso, anticé producto, margine

extus varicoso.

Hab. Isle of Bohol. Mus. Cuming.

7. Rissorna micans, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-subulatd,

albd, solidd, nitidd, anfractibus convexis, novem, longitudi-

naliter plicatd, plicis elevatis, subdistantibus, equalibus, in-

terstitiis transversim striatis, anfractu ultimo anticé valde

sulcato ; aperturd semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labro

fiexuoso, anticée subproducto, extus varicoso.

Hab. Island of Mindanao. Mus. Cuming. é

8. Rissorna nivea, A. Adams. R. testd parvd, subulato-tur-

ritd, subpellucidd, nived, subnitidd, anfractibus converiusculis,

longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis obliquis, anticé subobsoletis ;

aperturd semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labro subdilatato,

extus incrassato. «

Hab. Port Lincoln, Australia. Mus. Cuming.

9. Rissorna monitis, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-subulatd,

solidd, fulvd, anfractibus septem, planis, granulis monilifor-

mibus ad suturas, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis confertis, an-

gustis, equalibus, interstitiis punctato-clathratis ; aperturd

266

semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labio subincrassato ; labro

extus valde varicoso, margine transversim striato.

Hab. Philippine islands. Mus. Cuming.

10. Rissorna BeLLuLA, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd,

albd, semipellucidd ; anfractibus octo, convexiusculis, cingillis

transversis, elevatis, granulosis, interstitius longitudinaliter

concinné clathratis, ornatd ; anfractu ultimo sulco profundo

instructo; aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labio

antice callo terminato; labro flecuoso, margine extus valde

varicoso.

Hab. Isle of Calapan. Mus. Cuming.

11. Rissorna srriouaTa, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd,

albd, tenui, pellucidd; anfractibus undecim, supremis longi-

tudinaliter plicatis, planulatis, prope suturas subangulatis ;

transversim striatd, striolis confertis concentricis ; aperturd

semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculata ; labio posticé incrassato, an-

tice callo desinente; labro dilatato, margine incrassato, sub-

reflexo.

Hab. Baclayon island, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

12. Rissorna costata, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd,

alba, opacd, solidd, anfractibus septem, convexiusculis, longi-

tudinaliter costatd, costis crassis, elevatis, postice subangula-

tis, anfractu ultimo antice sulco transverso valido instructo ;

aperturd semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labio antice tuber-

culo terminato; labro subdilatato, margine varicoso, flexuoso.

Hab. Cobiga, Peru. Mus. Cuming.

13. Rissorna nitrpa, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-subulatd,

albd, solidd, nitidd, anfractibus novem, convexiusculis, longi-

tudinaliter costatd, transversim liratd, liris ad costas nodu-

losis ; aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labio anticé

callo desinente ; labro extus incrassato, margine subacuto, anticé

diaphano producto.

Hab. Isle of Camaguing. Mus. Cuming.

14. Rissorna conctnna, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd,

albd, solidd, nitidd, anfractibus septem, planiusculis, longitu-

dinaliter plicatd, plicis antice evanidis, transversim striatd,

striis creberrimis, confertis ; apertura semiovatd, anticé sub-

canaliculatd ; labio calloso; labro margine valde incrassato et

rotundato.

Hab. Cagayan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

15. Rissomna Noptcrncta, A. Adams. RR. testd subulato-tur-

ritd, albd, solidd, anfractibus 10-12, convewis, longitudinaliter

plicatd, plicis angustis, distantibus, transversim tenuissimé stri-

atd, in medio anfractuum cinguld elevatd ad plicas nodosd, or-

natd, suturd nodulis moniliformibus cinctd; aperturd semiovatd,

267

antice subcanaliculatd; labio anticé callo terminato; labro dila-

tato, extus incrassato, margine flexuoso.

Hab. Isle of Capul, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

16. Rissorna caxata, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd,

albidd, solidd ; anfractibus octo, convexiusculis, supremis cla-

thratis, ultimo cingulis elevatis, equalibus, subdistantibus,

transversis, interstitiis lineis elevatis, longitudinalibus et trans-

versis, decussatim. ornato ; aperturd semiellipticd, anticé sub-

canaliculatd ; labio calloso ; labro anticé dilatato, margine in-

crassato, subreflexo.

Hab. Siquijor. Mus. Cuming.

The two following species are true Risso, characterized by the

simple aperture, which is not channeled in front, and by the absence

ef the calcareous appendage to the operculum. Many species of

small shells have been inaccurately referred to Rissoa, some of which

belong, however, to entirely different families.

cae Becua, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-subulatd, albd,

solidd; anfractibus quinque, planiusculis ; spird apice obtuso,

lineis transversis, elevatis, concentricis, confertis, ornatd ;

aperturd ovali, antice integra; labio subcalloso; labro sub-

dilatato, extus marginato, margine flecuoso.

Hab. Philippine islands. Mus. Cuming.

Rissoa Evecans, A. Adams. RR. testd subulato-turritd, albd,

semipellucidd ; anfractibus 7, convexiusculis ; suturd canalicu-

latd, lineis elevatis transversis concentricis et longitudinalibus

concinné decussatd; aperturd ovali, subproductd, anticé inte-

gra; labio calloso; labro anticé dilatato, extus varicoso, mar-

gine acuto, subreflexo.

Hab. Philippmes. Mus. Cuming.

2. DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVERAL NEW SPECIES OF Murex, Ris-

SOINA, PLANAXIS, AND EvULIMA, FROM THE CUMINGIAN

Couutection. By Artuur Apams, F.L.S. etc.

1. Murex tostomus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird acuminatd; anfractibus planulatis, squamulosis, spinis

acutis, in serie elevato disposito ornatis, cinered ; anfractu ul-

timo spinis elevatis, bifidis, in seriebus quatuor dispositis in-

structo, varicibus sex, longitudinalibus ; aperturd ovato-oblongd,

intus violaced ; labio subtuberculari ; labro fimbriato.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

2. Murex soxtipus, A. Adams. WM. testé solidd, profundé um-

bilicatd, albd ; spird brevi, obtusd ; anfractibus planulatis, lon-

gitudinaliter plicato-varicosis (varicibus in anfractu ultimo 7),

transversim liratis ; liris, ad plicas, incrassatis, interstitiis lon-

268

gitudinaliter cancellatis ; aperturd subrotundatd ; canali recto,

aperturam equante ; labro simplici, intus levi.

JTab. Ichiboe, West Africa. Mus. Cuming.

3. Murex ruracantuus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi,

umbilicatd ; spird acuminata ; anfractibus planis, serie tuber-

culorum spiniformium in medio dorsi, albd, spinis et parte an-

ticd rubro tinctis ; anfractu ultimo liris squamulosis, et spinis

tubulosis, longis, in seriebus duobus dispositis, ornato ; aper-

turd ovata, oblongd ; labio anticée producto et tuberculato; ca-

nali brevi, subrecurvd.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

Figured by Mr. Reeve as M. noduliferus, which is very different

from the present species.

4. Murex exasperatus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi,

umbilicatd, albd, nitidd; spird acuminata ; anfractibus angu-

latis, in medio longitudinaliter plicato-varicosd, transversim

liratd ; liris subspinulosis ad plicas; aperturd ovatd; canali

mediocri, subincurvato ; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

5. Murex tienarius, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi,

subumbilicatd ; spird acuminatd, rufo-fuscd; anfractibus su-

perné excavatis, in medio liris duabus, elevatis, nodulosis ; trans-

versim liratd, liris elevatis rugulosis, inequalibus, longitudi-

naliter trivaricosd, varicibus, in medio, spinis duabus, elevatis,

jimbriatis ; apertura ovato-rotundatd, intus albd ; canali aper-

turam equante, subrecurvato.

Hab. West Africa. Mus. Cuming.

6. Murex rusirormis, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi, cinered,

fulvo variegatd; spird productd ; anfractibus rotundis ; vari-

cibus longitudinalibus, subelevatis, nodospinosis, et lineis ele-

vatis, transversis, laté clathratd ; aperturd oblongo-ovatd ; ca-

nali aperturam equante, recto ; labro extus varicoso, intus sul-

cato.

Hab. Africa. Mus. Cuming.

7, Murex spinosus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovatd, umbilicatd,

albd, lineis rufo-fuscis transversis ornatd ; anfractibus rotundis,

transversim liratd; varicibus longitudinalibus regularibus (6 in

anfractu ultimo), spinis longis, rectis, acutis, armatis; canali

subrecurvato, aperturam equante ; aperturd ovato-rotundatd.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

8. Murex serotinus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird peracutd, serotind, longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim

liratd ; liris, ad plicas, nodulosis; aperturd ovatd, oblonga ;

labio anticé bituberculato ; labro extus incrassato, margine den-

tato, intus lirato ; canali mediocri, subrecurvato.

Hab. ——-? Mus. Cuming.

269

9. Murex sirasciatus, A. Adams. WM. testd ventricosd, pro-

Sunde umbilicatd ; spird brevi; anfractibus rotundatis ; albd ;

anfractu ultimo fasciis duabus, latis, rufo-fuscis ornato, trans-

versim elevate liratd, liris rugosis ; longitudinaliter varicibus

equalibus (in anfractu ultimo 9) subelevatis, rotundatis, fimbria-

tis ; aperturd ovato-rotundatd ; labio subproducto, fulvo ; canali

aperturd breviore, valde recurvato.

Hab. Senegal. Mus. Cuming.

10. Murex crassus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi, umbi-

licatd, solidd, fulvd; spird mediocri; anfractibus rotundatis,

superne angulatis, obsoleté transversim liratd, varicibus crassis,

distantibus, irregularibus (4 in ultimo anfractu), ornatd ; aper-

turd ovatd, intus violaced; labro extus incrassato, intus den-

tato.

Hab. China. Mus. Cuming.

11. Murex Paconvus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird acuminatd, levi, albd, anticé maculis fuscis sparsim pictd ;

anfractibus septem, concavis, seriebus spinarum ornatis, spinis

regularibus, tubulosis, recurvatis, marginibus fimbriatis ; aper-

turd subrotundatd; columelld levi; canali recurvato, ad dextram

inclinato, aperturam equante.

Hab. —--? Mus. Cuming.

12. Murex excavatus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi,

subumbilicatd, albd, solidd; spird acuminata; anfractibus con-

cavis (quasi excavatis) ad partem anticam ; in medio angulatis,

longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim liratd, liris ad plicas no-

dulosis ; anfractu ultimo liris duabus elevatis ornato ; aperturd

semiovali ; canali mediocri, viz recto ; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. ? Maus. Cuming.

13. Murex tnornatus, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi, valde

umbilicatd ; spird acuminata ; anfractibus rotundis, albidd, liris

transversis, elevatis, squamulosis, et varicibus longitudinalibus,

rotundatis (in anfractu ultimo 7), ornatd; aperturd ovali ;

canali subrecurvato, aperturam equante; labro extus fimbriato,

intus lirato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

14. Murex opettscus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-pyramidali,

subtrigonali ; spird elevaté ; anfractibus planis, apice obtuso,

albd, seriebus transversis macularum rufo-fuscarum ornatd,

transversim liratd, liris subgranosis, varicibus tribus, longitu-

dinalibus, varice intermedio, brevi, triangulari, ad partem po-

sticam instructd ; aperturd ovatd ; canali valde recurvato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

15. Murex tyratus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi, sub-

umbilicatd ; spird acuminatd; anfractibus planiusculis, albd,

varicibus rufo-fuscis ornatd, transversim lratd; liris trans-

270

versis, angustis, asperulatis, varicibus longitudinalibus, rotun-

datis, subfimbriatis (7 in ultimo anfractu); apertura subrotun-

datd, intus albé; columelld posticé callosd ; canali brevi, recto,

viz clauso ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

16. Murex putcuer, A. Adams. UM. testd ovato-fusiformi,

subtrigonali ; spird acuminatd; anfractibus rotundatis, nodu-

losis, varicibus tribus subspinosis; liris transversis, elevatis,

anfractu ultimo varicibus prominentibus, subspinosis, ornato ;

varicibus antice fimbriatis et spinosis ; aperturd ovato-rotundd ;

labio tuberculato ; labro intus crenato-lirato, canali perlongo,

subrecurvo, viz clauso.

Hab. St. Croix, 60 fathoms; M. Sueuson. Mus. Cuming.

17. Murex Sincaprorensis, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusi-

formi; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus rotundatis ; fulvd, longi-

tudinaliter plicatd, plicis rotundis, transversim liratd, liris

asperulatis, squamulis aculeatis obsitis; aperturd ovatd, oblongd,

intus lividd ; canali aperturam equante, subreflexo ; labro intus

dentato.

Hab. Singapore. Mus. Cuming.

18. Murex niveus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovatd, umbilicatd,

nived; spird brevi, acuminata; anfractibus rotundatis ; longi-

tudinaliter plicatd, plicis rotundis, prominentibus, crassis

(8-10 in anfractu ultimo), transversim liratd, liris squamulis,

confertis, longitudinalibus, obsitis; aperturd ovatd, oblonga ;

canal brevi, subrectd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

19. Murex Cuminet, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,

trivaricosd; spird subproductd, anfractibus rotundatis, pallide

rufo-fuscd, fasciis tribus, transversis, rufo-fuscis, ornatd ; vari-

cibus longitudinalibus, tribus, continuis, obtusis, liris intermediis :

nodosis, liris transversis inequalibus, rufo-fusco articulatis, in-

structd ; aperturd ovali, labro intus crenato-lirato extus fimbriato,

fimbriis non squamulosis, canali clauso, antice recurvato.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

Somewhat closely allied to M. triquetra of Born.

20. Mirra Marauesana, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi,

anfractibus planis, spird acuta, carneold, maculis albis et lineis un-

dulatis, longitudinalibus rufo-fuscis, eleganter picta, longitudinali-

ter substriatd, transversim liratd, interstitiis valde punctatis ;

apertura spiram majorem equante, columeild plicis quinque in-

structd, labro margine crenato.

Hab. Marquesas. Mus. Cuming.

Markings very similar to those of M. serpentina, Lamk. The

Mitra figured in Mr. Reeve’s Monograph, as M. nebulosa of Swain-

son, is quite different from that species, and requires therefore a

change of name ; I have called it M. propinqua.

271

21. ANcILLARIA LINEOLATA, A. Adams. A. testd ovato-fusi-

Sormi; spird brevi, subacutd, suturis albis, pallide fulvd, lineis

longitudinalibus, confertis, fuscis, ornatd; anfractu ultimo cingulé

elevatd transversd, ad marginem labri, in dente acuto desinente ;

aperturd oblongd ; columelld tortuosd, albd, antice plicis obliquis

instructd. aii

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

A very pretty species, distinguished by the fine longitudinal brown

nes.

22. PLANAxIs opscurA, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-conicd, epi-

dermide fusco obtectd ; fusco-rufescente; anfractibus planis, suturd

distinctd, transversim valde sulcatd, interstitiis longitudinaliter

striatis ; apertura ovato-oblongd, columelld longitudinaliter sul-

catd ; labro subdilatato, margine acuto, intus valde lirato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

23. Puanaxis Futva, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-conicd, Sulva ;

spird acuminatd, apice acuto, anfractibus planis, ultimo angulato,

transversim tenuiter striata ; aperturd ovato-oblongd ; columella

incurvatd, antice callosd; labro margine subdilatato, extus in-

crassato, intus lirato.

Hab. Swan River. Mus. Cuming.

Allied to P. mollis, Sowerby, but the last whorl is angulated.

24, PLanaxis zonata, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-conicd, rimatd,

glabrd, nitidd ; spird acuminata ; anfractibus convexiusculis, pal-

lidé lutescente, zonuld transversd rufo-fuscd cinctd ad suturas, et,

in anfractu ultimo, Jasciis duabus transversis ornatd, transversim

tenuissime striata ; aperturd ovatd; columella incurvatd ; labro

subdilatato, intus lirato.

Hab. Calapan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

25. Puanaxis crncunatTa, A. Adams. P. testg ovato-conicd,

solidd, rimatd; spird acutd; anfractibus convexiusculis, Sulvd,

zonulis rufo-fuscis transversis, prope suturas, duplicatis, ornaté,

longitudinaliter tenuissimé striatd, transversim valde sulcatd ; aper-

turd ovato-oblongd, coarctatd ; columelld incurvatd ; labro extus

incrassato, intus dentato-lirato.

Hab. China Seas. Mus. Cuming.

Species collected by me during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang.

26. Pranaxis succinetra, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-conicd,

spird acuminatd, apice acuto, anfractibus convevxiusculis, pallide

Suscd, fasciis linearibus, transversis, multis, rufo-fuscis, ornatd,

longitudinaliter substriatd ; anfractu ultimo transversim sul-

cato ; apertura ovato-oblongd ; columella fuscd ; labro intus sul-

cato. 4 it

Hab. Peru, and the West Indies. Mus. Cuming. ~ ‘y

Allied to P. lineata of Montagu, but of larger growth and different

form.

272

27. PLANAxis BuccinEA, A. Adams. P. testd ovatdé; spird

brevi, acutd, apice obtuso, rubro ; anfractibus planis, plicato-gra-

nulosis ; nigro-fuscd, cingillis articulatis, transversis, ornatd ;

longitudinaliter substriatd, transversim valde sulcutd ; aperturd

ovato-oblongd ; columella excavatd; labro intus creno-plicato,

extus incrassato, varicoso.

Hab. West Indies. Mus. Cuming.

28. Puanaxis LABiosa, A. Adams. PP. testd ovato-conicd,

spird acutd, anfractibus convewiusculis, atro-purpured, fasctis

pallidis (5-6) transversis, in anfractu ultimo; transversim striatd ;

apertura ovato-oblongd; columelld incurvatd et dilutatd ; labro

dilatato, margine reflexo et incrassato, intus lirato.

Hab. Sandwich Islands. Mus. Cuming.

29. Lacrena Caxirornica, A. Adams. LL. testd solidd, ovato-

Susiformi ; spird, in medio, tumidd, anfractibus planiusculis, in-

Sern nodospinosis, albd, cingulis transversis, elevatis, rufo-fuscis

articulatis ornatd, interstitiis obscuris, fuscis ; anfractu ultimo

longitudinaliter plicato, seriebus duobus tuberculorum subspinoso-

rum instructo ; aperturd ovato-oblongd ; columelld carneold, plicis

quatuor, albis, obliquis ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. California. Mus. Cuming.

Allied to L. picta, Lamk., but of different form and markings.

30. Nassa Austratis, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird acuminaté, pallid? olivaced, fasciis tribus, transversis, fuscis,

ornatd, longitudinaliter valde plicatd, interstitiis valde transversim

sulcatis ; anfractu ultimo anticé liris transversis subgranosis,

postice, prope suturam, tuberculis moniliformibus ornato ; aper-

turd ovato-rotundatd, intus fuscd, et dentato-liratd ; labro margine

albo, postice valde inflexo et dentato.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

November 25, 1851.

W. J. Broderip, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. On A SPECIES OF AEQUOREA INHABITING THE BriTIsH SrEas.

By Pror. Epwarp Forses, F.R.S.

(Radiata, Pl. IV.)

In the first volume of the ‘ Wernerian Memoirs’ a “‘ Medusa equo-

rea’”’ is mentioned by Prof. Jameson as an inhabitant of the seas of the

north of Scotland, and in the ‘ History of British Animals’ by Dr.

Fleming, the name “Geryonia equorea”’ is used to designate it. As no

LY,

Proc.Z.8. Radiata

) E Forbes, del. W.H Baaly, kth.

4EQUOREA FORSKALEA Peron.

273

description or figure was ever published of this creature, and as the

diagnosis of the “Medusa’’ to which Linnzeus applied the name of

“equorea” was too brief for identification, it is possible that some

one out of several Acalephe inhabiting our seas might have been in-

tended.

It is also possible, however, that a true Eiquorea had been seen,

for there is a most beautiful species of this genus an inhabitant of the

Scottish seas. I met with it for the first time in August 1850, when

exploring the Minch (the channel between the outer Hebrides and

Skye) in company with Mr. MacAndrew and Prof. Goodsir, with the

advantages of the appliances for natural-history research with which

Mr. MacAndrew has furnished his yacht, the Naiad. As there is

neither figure nor description of any British Zquorea to be found,

and as considerable obscurity hangs around the Atlantic species of

the genus, I have drawn up the following notice.

A number of individuals were observed : they were swimming near

the surface of the sea on a very calm and hot day: they varied in

size, from three inches in diameter to as much as half a foot or more:

they resembled broad shield-shaped discs of glass, slightly prominent

above, incurved at their sides and concave beneath: through the

discs were seen shining the pendent brown-tinged stomach, and around

it, like so many equal stripes or rays proceeding to the margin, the

linear violet genital glands: from the margin depended highly-con-

tractile violet tentacles.

The umbrella is broad, shallow, and dise-shaped, its outline de-

scribing a gentle curve. It is hyaline, not very thick, and quite

smooth. The central portion of its interior, occupying about one-

fourth of its diameter, has dependent from it the membranous veil-

like walls of the stomach ; these hang not quite so low as on a line with

the margins of the umbrella. The stomach, although equal in width

throughout, may be divided: into two regions, an upper and a lower.

The latter has a furbelowed and somewhat scalloped, but not cirrated

margin, and may be regarded as the mouth. The former is marked

internally by eight bands of transverse fibres, separated by as many

longitudinai ones ; these appear to be muscular. The whole of the

membrane of the stomach and lips is tinged with pale foxy brown,

partly disposed in streaks. Around the upper and inner margin of

the cavity are the orifices of the gastro-vascular canals; these run,

without dividing or anastomosing, to the circular marginal canal of

the umbrella. In a specimen five inches across, they were 136 in

number. From the lower side of each canal depend two narrow,

rather wavy membranes of a violet colour, causing the ray-like streaks

that shine so conspicuously through the disc; each of these arises

gradually near the superior extremity of a gastro-vascular canal, and

ceases abruptly at about one-eighth of the entire length of the canal

from the margin: they are the genital glands. At the junction of

each alternate gastro-vascular canal with the circular marginal one is

the bulb-like base of a marginal tentacle: these tentacles arise from

ovate bulbs and gradually taper toa fine point. The bulbs are pale,

No. CCXXXVI.—Proceepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Soctety.

274

but the tentacle is tinged with violet. Opposite the intermediate

canal there is a smaller bulb with a tentacle, hollow and containing

corpuscles in its centre, and on each side, between it and the neigh-

bouring tentacle, is a still smaller lobe-like body. Along the upper

margin of the circular canal are very minute pedunculated organs

that move to and fro. On the bulb at the base of the tentacula is a

minute tongue-shaped process at the base of a depression ; at its own

base the ocellus or rudimentary eye is lodged. When seen laterally,

the peculiar tissue of the base of the tentacles is observed to be set

obliquely. Within the umbrella, from a line just opposite the ten-

tacular circle, a short but rather broad veil with a simple edge is seen

to depend; this veil is tinged with pale brown. A band of motor

tissue, forming a sphincter to the umbrella, accompanies the circular

vessel.

According to the size of the example, the number of genital glands

and of tentacula varied: they increase with age. The smallest num-

ber of tentacula seen was sixteen, and there is reason to believe that

they are never fewer.

To ascertain whether this beautiful animal be the Medusa equo-

rea of Linnzus and the naturalists who wrote during his time, it is

necessary to inquire into the history of that species. The name just

mentioned occurs first in the ‘Iter Hispanicum’ of Peter Loefling,

published in 1758. In his journal of observations on the 18th of

April, at Cumana, he notices, along with Medusa (i. e. Aurelia)

aurita, Medusa pelagica (Pelagia eyanella’?), and Velella, another

Medusa, which he styles Zquorea, and describes as “ orbicularis,

planiuscula, tentaculis plurimis ex margine inflexo, branchiis nullis.”

This notice, which occurs at page 105 of the Swedish edition of his

‘ Travels,’ is the entire original foundation for numerous references in

after-authors. Linnzeus, in the first instance, adopted Loefling’s name

and brief record, which, when read with our present knowledge of

Acalephe, barely indicates the genus to which the animal observed

probably belonged. In 1775, the descriptions and figures of animals

observed during his journey to the East by the lamented Forskal were

published under the superintendence of Carsten Niebuhr. Among

them was a representation and description of a Medusa, referred to

the equorea of Linnzeus, both excellent, as indeed may be said of all

that Forskal did. In 1776 a Medusa equorea was noticed, scarcely

more than by name, in the ‘ Zoologize Danicee Prodromus’ of Otho

Frederic Miller. In 1780, Otho Fabricius, in his excellent ‘ Fauna

Groenlandica,’ gives a shorter account than usual with him of a Me-

dusa, which he refers to the equorea of Linneeus. He speaks of it

as a very simple animal, smaller and softer than Medusa aurita, con-

vex above, concave beneath, with very much inflected margins and

white marginal cilia. The two last-mentioned characters are opposed

to the notion of Medusa equorea, as represented and described by

Forskal, and the first of them to the slight idea of its shape that we

gather from Loefling. In 1791 Adolph Modeer commenced the work

of hair-splitting by separating the animal of Forskal, under the name

of Medusa patina, from that of Loefling, for which he reserved the

275

name Medusa equorea. In 1809 Peron and Lesueur published in the

‘Annales du Muséum d@’ Histoire Naturelle,’ vol. xiv., their important

classification and synopsis of all known Medusze. In that paper, ex-

cellent though it be, they increase the confusion, by giving the name

of Hquorea atlantica to Loefling’s animal, 4g. danica to Miller’s,

Aq. grenlandica to that of Fabricius, Zq. Forskalea to that of For-

skal, and Zy. stauroglypha to a new species of their own, probably

identical with all the others. In 1829 Eschscholtz, in his ‘System

der Acalephen,’ attempted to rectify this confusion, by rejecting all

these names excepting Hq. Forskalina, that alone having been sufii-

ciently described. In 1843 Lesson published his History of Acale-

phee in the ‘Nouvelles Suites 4 Buffon,’ and, to make confusion worse

confounded, rejected all rectifications and restored all the names and

imperfectly noticed individuals to full specific rank.

After attentively considering the notices more or less perfect that

the various older observers have given, of what they call Medusa

@quorea, I am led to the belief that in most instances one species,

not several, was met with, and that the creature I now describe and

figure as British is identical with the Medusa equorea of Loefling,

Forskal and Miiller. Since Forskal alone described and figured it in

a comprehensible manner, the name Aquorea Forskalea, proposed by

Peron, is peculiarly appropriate, the more so since that of Medusa

patina of Modeer was proposed under a mistake. Forskal expressly

states that his species is common to the North Atlantic and the Medi-

terranean, and that it inhabits the Danish seas, where it is called

“ Vandmand,” that is, Waterman.

It remains to be seen whether our species is related to the Hquo-

rea violacea of Milne-Edwards, well described and beautifully figured

in the 16th volume of the 2nd series of the ‘ Annales des Sciences

Naturelles,’ and observed by that eminent naturalist in the Mediter-

ranean. From an examination of its anatomy he first showed the

serious error committed by Eschscholtz in considering the #quoride

as cryptocarpous. I am inclined to agree with Milne-Edwards in

considering his species distinct from that of Forskal. The genital

glands are not prolonged nearly so close to the margin; the lips of

the stomach are not furbelowed ; the bases of the tentacles are not

bulbous, and originate regularly between the gastro-vascular canals.

There were no eyes observed by the distinguished zoologist just

quoted in the species he examined. In ours the eyes are evident,

and a determination of their position and appearance is of conse-

quence, since they confirm the affinity of Hquorea with the Naked-

eyed Medusze, whilst at the same time, in the little appendage or

rudimentary lid projecting above them, they indicate an approach to

the Steganophthalmatous type, such as is consistent with the general

high organization and aspect of the Zquorea when compared with

other Gymnophthalmatous forms.

_ It is interesting to remark that the Hquorea ciliata of Eschscholtz

is a North Pacific species, beautifully representing, yet quite distinct

from, quorea Forskalea.

276

2. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF EuuimA, TRIPHORIS, ETC.,

FROM THE CoLLECTION oF HucuH Cuming, Esa.

By Arruur Apams, F.L.S. etc.

1. Eunrma mopicetxa, A. Adams. JZ. testd subulato-pyramidali,

albd, subpellucidd, flecuosd ; anfractibus 11, planulatis, varicibus

lateralibus continuis impressis, instructis; anfractu ultimo, in

medio, vir angulato; aperturd ovali; columelld antice subrectd ;

labro anticé producto.

Hab. Island of Zebu, sandy mud, 7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

2. Evtima Granpis, A. Adams. £. testd subulato-pyramidali,

albd, solidd, flexuosd, opacd ; anfractibus 15, planulatis, varicibus

lateribus continuis instructis ; anfractu ultimo angulato ; aperturd

obliqud, oblongo-ovali, labio antice calloso; labro margine flexuoso,

antice subreflexo.

Hab. Island of Burias, coral sand, 7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

3. Evia porcettana, A. Adams. Z£. testd subulatd, albd,

solidd, opacd, apice subflexuoso ; anfractibus 13-14, planulatis,

varicibus impressis irregularibus lateralibus ; aperturd oblongo-

ovali, labio anticé calloso, vix reflero; labro margine, in medio,

dilatato.

Hab.

4. Euuia acuta, A. Adams. LE. testd aciculato-turritd, albidd,

rectd, subopacd ; anfractibus duodecim, planiusculis, ultimo rotun-

dato ; aperturd oblongd, antice subreflerd, labio subincrassato ;

labro margine recto.

Hab. Sual, province of Cangisanan, island of Luzon, sandy mud,

7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

? Mus. Cuming.

5. Evuima cusprpata, A. Adams. ZE. testd subulato-pyramidali,

albidd, solidd, recta; anfractibus 12, convexiusculis, anfractu ul-

timo rotundato ; aperturd oblongo-ovali, labio antice calloso, sub-

recto; labro acuto.

Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, in loose coral under stones, low

water. Mus. Cuming. :

6. Evtima opesuta, A. Adams. LE. testd pyramidali-ovatd, albd,

solidd, nitidd, opacd ; anfractibus sex, convexis, ultimo rotundato;

aperturd oblongo-ovali ; labro margine incrassato, nec limbato vel

reflexo.

Hab. Gindulman, isle of Bohol, in soft mud, 8 fathoms. Mus.

Cuming.

7. Eutima TEINosTOMA, A. Adams. J. testd subulato-turritd,

rectd, albidd, nitidd, subpellucidd; anfractibus 12, planulatis,

lined impressd infra suturas; anfractu ultimo rotundato; aperturd

oblongo-ovali, antic? producto, labio subrecto, antice reflexo ; labro

margine, in medio, dilatato.

Hab. Feejee Islands, on coral reefs, in sand, low water. Mus.

Cuming.

277

8. Evurmma rtexvosa, A. Adams. J. testd subulato-turritd, albd,

flexuosd, solidd, subopacd ; anfractibus 15, planulatis, lined im-

pressd subpellucidd ad suturas ; anfractu ultimo rotundato ; aper-

turd oblongd ; labro margine flexuoso, in medio producto.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

9. Euurma acuis, A. Adams. JF. testd subulato-turritd, albidd,

solidd, subopacd ; anfractibus 11, planulatis, ultimo rotundato,

antice subproducto ; aperturd oblonga, labio antice subreflexo.

Hab. Singapore, coarse gravel and sand, 12 fathoms. Mus.

Cuming.

10. Evurma pyramipauis, A. Adams. Z£. testd subulato-pyra-

midali, albd, nitidd, subpellucidd ; anfractibus decem, planulatis,

lined impressd prope suturas, anfractu ultimo subangulato ;

aperturd oblongo-ovali ; labro margine, in medio, subproducto.

Hab. Isle of Capul, on the reefs in sand, low water. Mus. Cuming.

11. Evurma potyeyra, A. Adams. LE. testd subulato-pyramidali,

albd, subopacd, apice tortuoso ; anfractibus permultis, planulatis,

ultimo angulato; aperturd obliqud, subtetragonali, labio antice

refleco ; labro, in medio, valde dilatato.

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, isle of Mindanao, sandy mud,

50 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

12. Euurma virres, A. Adams. Z. testd subulatd, acutd, recta,

albidd, vitred, pellucida; anfractibus planulatis, lined impressd

prope suturas; anfractu ultimo rotundato; aperturd oblongo-

ovali, labio antic? recto, in medio subtortuoso ; labro antice sub-

reflexo.

Hab. Feejee Islands ; from the stomach of a Holothuria (Captain

Swain). Mus. Cuming.

13. Evtrma Gurupinen, A. Adams. LZ. testd subulatd, rectd,

nitidissimd, albd, pellucidd; anfractibus planulatis, ultimo sub-

rotundato, elongato ; aperturd oblongo-ovali, labio vie tortuoso ;

labro margine flecuoso.

Hab. St. Vincents, West Indies, sandy mud, deep water. (Rev.

L. Guilding.) Mus. Cuming.

14. Evurma Cumineu, A. Adams. £. testd subulato-turritd,

albd, rectd, solidd, opacd ; anfractibus 13, converiusculis, varici-

bus irregularibus impressis instructis ; anfractu ultimo rotundato ;

aperturd oblongo-ovali, labio anticé calloso, incrassato; labro

margine recto.

Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, South Seas, on the Avicula margariti-

fera. Mus. Cuming.

15. Tripnoris varrecatus, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyra-

midali, in medio tumidd, albd, maculis triangularibus rufo-fuscis

variegatd ; anfractibus planulatis, triseriatim granulatis, granis

equalibus, interstitiis punctatis, suturis impressis ; canali brevi,

apertd.

278

Hab, St. John’s. Mus. Cuming.

A large variegated species, somewhat resembling in general appear-

ance 7’. ornatus, Desh.

16. TRrpHoris PuLCHELLUs, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyra-

midali, in medio tumidd, fuscd, serie moniliformi albo ornatd ; an-

Sractibus convexiusculis, triseriatim granuloso-carinatis, granorum

serie inferiore prominuld, superiore multo minore; aperturd

rotundatd, constrictd ; canali brevi, recurvo.

ab. ? Mus. Cuming.

A handsome brown species, with a white series of bead-like granules

at the lower part of each whorl.

17. TRipHORIS NiGRO-Fuscus, A. Adams. T. testd pyramidali,

nigro-fuscd ; anfractibus planis, triseriatim granulatis, granulis

equalibus, confertis, anfractuum suturis impressis, basi con-

vex.

Hab. Sydney, low water, under stones (Mr. Strange).

A black-brown species, with three rows of regular, equal-sized

granules on each whorl. Mus. Cuming.

18. TripHorts Festivus, A. Adams. T. testd pyramidali, basi

pland fused, albidd, fasciis fuscis interruptis, transversis, ornatd ;

anfractibus planis, cingulis duabus granorum instructis ; interstitiis

valde punctatis.

Hab. Port Lincoln. Mus. Cuming.

A small prettily-marked species, with two rows of granules on each

whorl, and the interstices deeply punctured.

19. TripHoris scituLus, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyrami-

dali, albidd, nitidd, subpellucidd, suturis rufo-tinctis ; anfractibus

convexiusculis, cingulis tribus nodorum ornatis, cinguld mediand

majore moniliformi, nodorum interstitiis fuscis, anfractu ultimo

basi fusco ; canali brevi, aperto.

Hab. Port Lincoln. Mus. Cuming.

A semipellucid, white and brown species, with the middle row of

nodules very prominent.

20. TripHoris ALBIDUS, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyrami-

dali, albidd, nitidd ; anfractibus planulatis, subimbricatis, granoso-

clathratis, granis oblongis, serie granorum inferiore prominuld,

anfractu ultimo basi fulvo ; canali brevi, subrecurvo.

Hab. Honduras (Dyson). Mus. Cuming. ;

A solid, white, shining, pyramidal species, with oblong granules

disposed in three series on each whorl.

21. TripHoris vesTauis, A. Adams. T. testd turrito-subulatd,

dextrorsd, albd, subnitidd ; anfractibus 13, convexis, suturis im-

pressis, triseriatim granulatis, interstitiis alveolatis.

Hab. Honduras. Mus. Cuming.

A delicate and chaste right-handed species, with convex whorls, and

pits between the granules.

279

22. TripHoris cineuLaTus, A. Adams. T. testd elongato-pyra-

midali, cinered ; anfractibus sexdecim ad octodecim, spiraliter tri-

cingulatis, cinguld mediand minore, interstitiis carinarum longitu-

dinaliter valde striatis.

Hab. Red Sea (Riippell). Mus. Cuming.

An ashy-grey species, with three smooth keels on each whorl, and

the interstices strongly striated: somewhat similar to the 7’. corru-

gatus of Hinds.

23. TripHoris LABiaTus, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyrami-

dali, nigro-fuscd, in medio tumidd, spird apice obtuso ; anfractibus

10, planulatis, triseriatim granuloso-carinatis, suturis concavo-

impressis ; labro reflexo, dilatato, albido ; canali brevi, subrecurvo.

Hab. Sydney, under stones, low water (Mr. Strange). Mus.

Cuming.

A small, nearly black shell, with the outer lip dirty white or pale

fuscous. ,

24. Mesauia srriata, A. Adams. WM. testd subulato-turritd,

Sulvd ; anfractibus 10-12, plunulatis, superioribus longitudinaliter

plicatis, inferioribus levibus, transversim striatis, striis impres-

sis, subdistantibus ; anfractu ultimo subangulato ; aperturd ovali,

labio subplanulato, antice subreflexo ; labro acuto, integro.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

25. Mesaxia pecussaTa, A. Adams. WM. testd subulato-turrité,

in medio subcylindraced, pallide rubro-fuscd; anfractibus novem,

convexiusculis, plicis longitudinalibus confertis, et sulcis impressis,

transversis, decussatim ornatis ; aperturd semiovali, labio subcal-

loso, antice subreflexo, integro ; labro incrassato, margine integro.

Hab. Masbate, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

26. RissoOINA SEMIGLABRATA, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-

pyramidali, albd, solidd, nitidd ; anfractibus conveaiusculis, supre-

mis transversim striatis, inferioribus glabratis; aperturd semiovali,

antice subcanaliculatd, labio incrassato; labro dilatato, crasso,

intus tuberculis parvis instructo, margine subreflexo.

Hab. Deleguete, isle of Zebu, found under stones, low water.

Mus. Cuming.

A species having very much the aspect of a Zulima. In this spe-

cies there are two tubercles on the inner surface of the outer lip.

27. Rissorna Evuimoipes, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-pyra-

midali, albd, solidd, nitidd ; anfractibus planiusculis, suturis im-

pressis ; aperturd semiovali, anticé subcanaliculatd, labio levigato,

subincrassato ; labro margine crasso, in medio dilatato, intus

tuberculo minuto instructo.

Hab. Island of Capul, on coral reefs in sand, at low water. Mus.

Cuming.

A small polished Eulima-like species, with a single small tubercle

on the inner surface of the outer lip.

280

December 9, 1851.

W. Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. On some Bones or Dinpus. By A. D. Bartetr,

say, that in the year 1830 a collection of bones arrived in Paris, which

attracted the attention of the scientific world. These bones came

collections were made in the year 1831 by the late Mr. Telfair. One

of these collections was forwarded to the Andersonian Museum in

Glasgow, the other to the collection of this Society, and at: the even-

ing meeting, March 12, 1833, the bones sent by Mr. Telfair were

Grant pointed out that they were the bones of the hinder extremity

of a large bird, and the head of a humerus. With reference to the

metatarsal bone, which was long and strong, Dr. Grant pointed out

and form.”

I beg now to read a paragraph from Mr. Strickland’s book. At

page 52 we find: “The bones sent by Mr. Telfair in 1833 to the

Zoological Society have met with some unfortunate fate. Three or

four years ago, Mr. Fraser, the late Curator of that Society, made, at

my request, a diligent search for these specimens, but all’ his endea-

vours to find them were fruitless: he found the identical box sent

by Mr. Telfair, but, alas! the bones of the Solitaire, apterous as it

was, had flown away, and the only bones that remained belonged to

tortoises.”

In the month of July last an opportunity was afforded me by the

Secretary of renewing this search, and I had the good fortune to

ete

287

Aves XLV

Prog: Z

3.of Didus ineptus

2.af Didus solitarmus

Metatarsal bone of Didus Nazarenus.

Ford & West. imp.

pes \SH MUss ~

ree)

ym, Le \

2 “ 7

281

find what I believe to be all the specimens sent to the Society by

Mr. Telfair.

Upon my informing Mr. Mitchell of my success, that gentleman,

knowing the trouble and interest I had taken to recover them,

granted me permission to examine, compare, and describe them, and

to bring the subject before the Society.

In the first place, we are led to believe (and I think without the

slightest doubt) that these bones came originally from the island of

Rodriguez. There cannot be any doubt, also, that Rodriguez and

the neighbouring islands were at one period inhabited by several spe-

cies of large birds. Whether any of the same species of these birds

inhabited different islands, or whether each island was inhabited by

distinct species, is a quostion to which I beg most particularly to call

your attention: the most recent publication by Mr. Strickland and

Dr. Melville would lead us to believe that the true Dodo (Didus in-

eptus) was solely confined to the island of Mauritius, and another

species, known as the Solitaire, was said to be its representative on the

island of Rodriguez. If this be true, I should have the pleasure of

introducing to your notice the bones of at least two new species of

birds from that island: I do not however myself feel justified in so

doing, but believe some of the bones sent here by Mr. Telfair belong

to the true Dodo (Didus ineptus). There are also in the collection

(I think without doubt) bones of two other species, one of these

of much larger size than the Dodo, the other considerably smaller.

The bones in question having all the usual and well-known charac-

teristics of those of adult birds, we cannot therefore suppose the dif-

ferences which they present to be such as might arise from age; and

on the other hand, you will perceive that the proportions are too dis-

similar to allow of our regarding them as having belonged to different

sexes of the same species. There often exists great difference of size

in the bones of the opposite sex, but I have never noticed any very

evident difference of proportion. These are to me satisfactory reasons

for considering them specifically distinct. But to return to the ques-

tion,—Was the Dodo found on the island of Rodriguez? Sir Thomas

Herbert says z¢ was; and his evidence appears to me of much im-

portance, considering the number of years he spent travelling about,

visiting these islands, and collecting rare and curious things; having

also repeatedly described the Dodo, and very probably brought one

to England. I am therefore inclined to regard the assertions made

by Sir Thomas Herbert with more respect than they have elsewhere

received. It may appear at first sight impossible that the same spe-

cies of birds which were destitute of the power of swimming or flying

could inhabit islands so far from each other; but, were these islands

always in the state in which we find them? may they not at some

distant period have been united and formed part of the same land?

In endeavouring in this manner to account for the existence of the

Dodo upon the island of Rodriguez as well as at Mauritius, it has

been remarked that this argument would not hold good, as the islands

in question were of volcanic origin: if this be the case, to account for

its existence at either place appears to me equally difficult. I am

282

fully aware it has been the practice of late to consider the animals

obtained from localities remote from each other specifically distinct ;

they may be so; but unless we have some certain means of distin-

guishing them, I do not think we ought to regard them as such.

I now venture to introduce to your notice what I believe to be the

tibia of the Dodo (Didus ineptus): its agreement with the foot in

the British Museum struck me as being exceedingly remarkable and

conclusive: its size and proportions, as compared with the metatarsal

in question, are exactly what I should have expected upon the sup-

position of their belonging to the same species: they fit each other

so perfectly, that one might think they belonged to the same indi-

vidual. With this evidence before me, I cannot for one moment

hesitate in considering the Dodo of the Mauritius to be identical with

thé Dodo of Rodriguez. There are also in this collection two other

bones, which, from their size and form, I believe to belong to this

species: the most remarkable is the head of the humerus, which would

indicate by its magnitude and broad attachments that it belonged to

a bird of large bulk, while the sudden reduction in the size of its shaft

clearly indicates a bird with small wings. The great thickness and

consequent weight is sufficient to cause us to suppose that this bird

had not the power of flight.

The next bone to which I will call your attention is a right meta-

tarsal, which appears to me to have belonged to a bird known to

Leguat as the Solitaire, and described by him during his residence

on the island of Rodriguez. I beg to read Leguat’s description, in

order to point out to you its near agreement in point of size and form

with the Turkey, with which bird Leguat compared the bird he called

the Solitaire :—

“Of all the birds in the island, the most remarkable is that which

goes by the name of the Solitary, because it is very seldom seen in

company, though there are abundance of them. The feathers of the

male are of a brown-grey colour: the feet and beak are like a Tur-

key’s, but a little more crooked. They have scarce any tail, but

their hind part covered with feathers is roundish, like the crupper of

a Horse; they are taller than Turkeys. Their neck is straight, and

a little longer in proportion than a Turkey’s when it lifts up its head.

Its eye is black and lively, and its head without comb or cop. They

never fly, their wings are too little to support the weight of their

bodies ; they serve only to beat themselves, and flutter when they

call one another. They will whirl about for twenty or thirty times

together on the same side, during the space of four or five minutes.

The motion of their wings makes then a noise very like that of a

rattle, and one may hear it two hundred paces off. The bone of

their wing grows greater towards the extremity, and forms a little

round mass under the feathers, as big as a musket-ball. That and

its beak are the chief defence of this bird. ”Tis very hard to catch

it in the woods, but easie in open places, because we run faster than

they, and sometimes we approach them without much trouble. From

March to September they are extremely fat, and taste admirably well,

283

especially while they are young; some of the males weigh forty-five

pounds.

«The females are wonderfully beautiful, some fair, some brown ; I

call them fair, because they are of the colour of fair hair. They have

a sort of peak, like a widow’s, upon their breasts (Jege beaks), which

is of adun colour. No one feather is straggling from the other all

over their bodies, they being very careful to adjust themselves, and

make them all even with their beaks. The feathers on their thighs

are round like shells at the end, and being there very thick have an

agreeable effect. They have two risings on their craws, and the

feathers are whiter there than the rest, which livelily represents the

fine neck of a beautiful woman. They walk with so much stateli-

ness and good grace, that one cannot help admiring and loving them ;

by which means their fine mien often saves their lives.”—Leguat’s

Voyage to the East Indies, 1708, p. 71.

You will perceive this bird was said to be larger and taller than a

Turkey. A comparison of this metatarsal bone with the metatarsal

bone of the Turkey I think will satisfactorily show the accuracy of

Leguat’s description, and at the same time justify our conclusion

that this metatarsal bone belonged to the Solitaire of Rodriguez, to

which the name of Didus solitarius has been applied. I trust I shall

be pardoned for avoiding the use of the new generic term adopted by

the authors of ‘The Dodo and its kindred,’ for in a group so little

known, and at present so limited in species, it seems to me so much

to increase the trouble and difficulty of those who endeavour to study

such subjects, that I cannot help expressing my belief that many of

the new names so often introduced serve only to impede and embarrass

us, and I therefore regard them as much worse than useless.

I have now remaining the bone of a bird which when alive was

much larger, heavier, and more powerful than the Dodo. For further

examples of this bird’s bones, I must refer to the plates in the work

before alluded to, by Mr. Strickland and Dr. Melville: plate xv. fig. 2,

the metatarsal bone of the large species in the Andersonian Museum,

Glasgow; fig. 3, a metatarsal bone in the Parisian collection. A glance

at these specimens will, I imagine, convince any one that this bird

was of gigantic size, and probably double the weight of the Dodo. I

am sure it cannot be supposed (after what has been said) that Leguat

was describing this great bird when he wrote his beautiful description

of the Solitaire. Another important fact will, I think, set this question

at rest. Leguat states, that some of the males of the Solitaire weigh

Sorty-five pounds. Now we know the weight of the largest Turkeys

to be considerably less, rarely reaching thirty pounds, while the weight

of the Dodo is stated to have been at least fifty pounds. It cannot,

therefore, be supposed, had Leguat seen birds nearly double the size

of the Dodo, he could have made the statements or comparison he

has made between the Solitaire and Turkey.

I have before expressed my great dislike to an unnecessary increase

of names: I feel, however, the necessity of finding an appropriate

284

name for this large bird, and therefore propose one somewhat familiar

to all who have paid any attention to the subject, and apply the name

of Didus Nazarenus to this the largest species of the genus. In doing

this, I may remark that Mr. Strickland, in his work before alluded

to, has considered the Didus Nazarenus to be a phantom species,

which he says has haunted our systems of ornithology from the days

of Gmelin downwards.

The conclusions which I have arrived at from the examination of

the bones to which I have just called your attention are these :—That

there existed formerly three distinct species of Apterous birds in the

island of Rodriguez; namely, one which is apparently identical with

the Dodo (Didus ineptus) of the Mauritius; a second, which was

well described under the name of Solitaire; and a third, which was

much larger than either of the above.

12 College Street, Camden Town.

2. DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALIA OF THE

Genus ANTECHINUS. By Jonun Gou_p, F.R.S. etc.

One of these species is remarkable for being spotted on the under

instead of on the upper surface, and the other for its very diminutive

size: both rank among the smallest members of the genus. For the

former I propose the specific appellation of maculatus ; it may be

thus deseribed :—

ANTECHINUS MACULATUS.

Fur short, dense, and closely applied to the skin ; general tint of

the upper surface dark blackish brown, minutely grizzled with yellow-

ish brown ; lower part of the flanks and under surface of the body

dark brownish slate-grey, ornamented with oblong spots of greyish

white arranged in irregular rows in the direction of the body ; down

the centre of the throat a streak of white.

inches.

Length from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail 33

aithastall 13 god cel aes sah baw » apteuiiene 21

from the tip of the nose to the base of the ear 4

Of thie/earsotoaey: af as cet. tation Bick pete ARE

olthestarshand toes stock eee bec ees feu.

Hab. Brushes of the river Clarence, on the east coast of Australia.

The other species I propose to name

ANTECHINUS MINUTISSIMUS.

Fur short, dense, and closely applied to the skin; upper surface and

flanks brown, slightly grizzled with black ; under surface pale buff,

approaching to white on the throat ; tail brown above, lighter be-

neath ; feet buffy brown, toes covered with hairs of a somewhat lighter

hue.

285

inches.

Length from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail 23

DE Chee Bane ey end Pye a aisdaes ie fret eben ese 25

from the tip of the nose to the base of the ear 75

Of-fhe, GAR ct. te thee ares Oats wlaebenate cae +

of the tarsi and toes ..... 5

Hab. Brushes of the east coasts of Australia, =

3. DescRIPTIONS OF A NEW SPECIES OF PTILOTIS AND A NEW

species oF EdpsatTRiA. By Joun Gouxp, F.R.S.

Mr. Gould also exhibited two new species of birds of the genera

Ptilotis and Eépsaltria, which he characterized as follows :—

PrILOTIS FASCIOGULARIS.

All the upper surface, wings and tail olive-brown, the feathers of

the head and back with darker centres, and the primaries and tail-

feathers narrowly margined externally with greenish wax-yellow ;

lores and a streak down the side of the head from the posterior

angle of the eye blackish brown; ear-coverts pale yellow; on each

side of the neck a patch of yellowish white; feathers of the throat

brownish black, each bordered with pale yellow, presenting a fasciated

appearance; breast blackish brown; under surface striated with brown

and buffy, becoming paler towards the vent ; irides lead-colour ; bill

and feet black.

Total length, 74 inches ; bill, $; wing, 32; tail, 3; tarsi, 1}.

Hab, Mangrove Island, Moreton Bay.

Female.—Similar in colour, but of smaller size.

Eépsautrria Capito.

Upper surface olive-green, inclining to brown on the head ; wings

and tail slaty brown, faintly margined with olive-green ; ear-coverts

grey ; lores and a line descending in front of the eye and the throat

greyish white; under surface yellow; irides hazel; bill black; feet

brownish flesh-colour.

Total length, 5 inches; bill, 3; wing, 33; tail, 2}; tarsi, Z.

Hab. Brushes of the River Brisbane, New South Wales.

Remarks,—Shorter and less elegantly formed than FE. Australis,

with a stout broad bill and a proportionately large and heavy head.

INDEX.

The names of New Species, and of Species newly characterized, are printed in

Roman Characters: those of Species previously known, but respecting which novel

information is given, in Jtalics: those of Species respecting which Anatomical Ob-

servations are made, in CAPITALS.

Accipiter chicquera, 42

Achatina albicans, Pfr., n. sp., 259

— attenuata, Pfr., n. sp., 259

— Dunkeri, Pfr., n. sp., 148

— fulgurata, Pfr., n. sp., 258

—— impressa, Pfr., n. sp., 148

inornata, P/r., n. sp., 259

—— Newcombi, P/r., n. sp., 262

— plicatula, Pfr., n. sp., 258

violacea, Pfr., n. sp., 259

Achatinella melampoides, Pfr., n.sp., 262

plicata, Gould, 261

Aciculina, 4. Addams, n. g., 114

Aciculina costata, 4. 4dams, n. sp., 114

— glabrata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 114

— labiata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 114

maculata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 114

—— striata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 114

—— vittata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 114

Equorea atlantica, Peron & Lesueur, 275

— ciliata, Eschscholtz, 275

danica, Peron & Lesueur, 275

Forskalea, Peron & Lesueur, 275

—— Forskalina, Eschscholtz, 275

grenlandica, Peron & Lesueur, 275

stauroglypha, Peron & Lesueur, 275

— violacea, Milne-Edw., 275

Alauda arvensis, Linn., 145

Alcedo ispida, Linn., 145

Alectrion, Montf., 103

Alectrion complanata, Powis, 104

—— crenulata, Brug., 103

— hirta, Kien., 103

monilis, Kien., 103

Jacksoniana, Kien., 103

— nassoides, Reeve, 103

—— nodifera, Powis, 103

papillosa, Linn., 103

—— seminodosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 104

variabilis, Phil., 103

Ammoceetes, Dum., 235, 240

Ammoceetes Jicolor, Lesueur, 241

branchialis, Dum., 240

— concolor, Kirtl., 241

Ammoceetes ruder, Cuv., 241

—— unicolor, De Kay, 241

Ammocetina, 235-240

Ammosia, Westw., 201

Ampullaria celebensis, Quoy, 74

Anaira, Hope, 201

Anas, 192

Anas boschas, Linn., 146

erecca, Linn., 146

Ancillaria lineolata, A. Adams, n. sp., 271

Anser segetum, Steph., 146

Antechinus rmaaculatus, Gould, n. sp., 284

minutissimus, Gould, n. sp., 284

Anthus pratensis, Bechst., 142

Apiculum, Humph., 157

Aquaria, 233

Arachnoides antipodarum, Gray, n. sp.,

126

Aradasia, Gray, 175

ArcToPiTHEcts, Gray, 208

ARcTOPITHECUS BLAINVILLII, 208

—— GULARIS, 208

—— MARMORATUS, 208

Ardea cinerea, 146

minuta, Linn., 146

—— nycticoraz, Linn., 146

—— purpurea, Linn., 146

— russata, Wagl., 146

stellaris, Linn., 146

Artamus cucullatus, Nicholson. n.sp , 196

Arytena, 233

Aspergillum, 233

Astrea, Bolten, 232

Astralium, Link, 231

Astralium calcar, Gmel., 231

deplanatum, Chemn., 231

Auricula felis, Lam., 72

— mustelina, Desh., 72

—— polita, Metcalf, n. sp., 72

subnodosa, Metcalf, n. sp., 72

Baleniceps, Gould, 1

Baleniceps Rex, Gould, n. sp., 2

Balenodon, 34

Balea Dominicensis, Pfr., n. sp., 148

288 INDEX.

Bankivia major, A. Adams, n. sp., 171

—— uitida, 4. Adams, n. sp., 172

—— purpurascens, Beck, 171

varians, Gray, 171

Bathmidurus, Cab., 47

Bathmidurus major, Cabd., 48

—— marginatus, Kaup, n. sp., 48

— minor, Kaup, n. sp., 48

tristis, Kaup, n. sp., 48

Bezoardica, Schum., 229

Blue Hawk of the Cataracts, The, 55

Bolma, Risso, 232

Bravypropip”, 206

BRapypus crinitus, 207

Buccinum abbreviatum, Wood, 113

albescens, Dunk., 96

ambiguum, Mont., 101

angulatum, Brocc., 104

antillarum, Phil., 95

arcularia, Linn., 94

ascanias, Brug., 111

—— asperulum, Broce., 111

Bronnii, Phil., 104

canaliculatum, Lam., 106

caperatum, Phil., 96

clathratum, Kien., 101

— coccinella, Lam., 111

coronatum, Brug., 94

— corrugatum, Brocc., 104

— costulatum, Broce., 104

crassum, Koch, 96

—— crenulatum, Brug., 103

Cuvieri, Payr., 104

decussatum, Kien., 111

—— echinophora, Linn., 229

elegans, Kien., 104

, Reeve, 109

— erinaceum, Linn., 229

Jasciatum, Lam., 111

Ferussacii, Payr., 104

—— gemma, Phil., 96

— gemmulatum, Hinds, 95

— gibbosulum, Linn., 101

— glans, Linn., 104

glaucum, Linn., 229

graniferum, Kien., 101

— Gruneri, Dunk., 96

hirtum, Kien., 103

— horridum, Dunk., 101

Jonasi, Dunk., 96

— incrassatum, Mill., 111

Isabellei, D’Orb., 95

—v— Jacksonianum, Kien., 103

Lacepedii, Payr., 111

— letum, Phil., 104

— livescens, Phil., 95

— luteostoma, Kien., 95

— macula, Mont., 111

margaritiferum, Dunk., 96

marginulatum, Lam., 94

—— miga, Adanson, 109

Buccinum minutum, Penn, 111 ~

monile, Kien., 103

multigranum, Dunk., 112

—— muricatum, Quoy, 101

— mutabile, Linn., 94

nassoides, Reeve, 103

nodiferum, Phil., 95

noduliferum, Phil., 109

— nucleolus, Phil., 109

obliqueplicatum, Dunk., 112

olivaceum, Brug., 106

— ornatum, Kien., 106

papillosum, Linn., 103

pauperatum, Kien., 95

pictum, Dunk., 104

polygonatum, Lam., 94

pullus, Linn., 94

Reevianum, Dunk., 105

— retusum, Lam., 113

Roissyi, Belang., 109

— rudis, Gualt., 111

— rufulum, Kien., 104

—— scalariforme, Val., 109

semigranosum, Dunk., 96

signatum, Dunk., 112

—— splendidulum, Dunk., 96

stolatum, Gmel., 103

— Sturmii, Phil., 95

— subdiaphanum, Biv., 103

—— subspinosum, Lam., 101

—— suturale, Lam., 104

— Thersites, Brug., 102

tiarula, Kien., 94

tritoniformis, Kien., 111

— unicolor, Kien., 106

variabile, Phil., 103

—— venustum, Dunk., 95

—— vibex, Say, 101

— zonale, Brug., 103

Bulimus acalles, Pfr., n. sp-, 258

attenuatus, Pfr., n. sp., 256

Belcheri, Pfr., nu. sp., 261

— chloris, Reeve, 71

— citrinus, Brug., 71

— Denickei, Gray, n. sp., 92, 93

— Dillwynianus, Pfr., n. sp., 258

— dubius, Pfr., n. sp., 257

—— Eganus, Pfr., n. sp., 258

— elexodes, Pfr., n. sp., 256

glaucophthalmus, P/r., n. sp., 255

—— infundibulum, P/r., n. sp., 255

— liratus, Pfr., 261 .

luctuosus, Pfr., n. sp., 255

— Maconelli, Reeve, n. sp., 198

—— meleagris, Pfr., n. sp.,'257

—— microdon, Pfr., n. sp., 261

— Moussoni, Pfr., n. sp., 147

—— Newcombianus, Pfr., n. sp., 261

—— nigrolimbatus, Pfr., n. sp., 257

— nubeculatus, Pfr., n. sp., 257

—— plicatus, Gould, 261

INDEX. 289

Bulimus porphyrostomus, P/r., n.sp., 261

—— scytodes, Pfr., n. sp., 256

—— subinterruptus, Pfr., n. sp., 256

suturalis, Pff., n. sp., 255

—— Tasmanicus, Pfr., n. sp., 260

varicosus, Pfr., n. sp., 256

Busycum, Bolt., 230

Buzzard, The long and slender-legged, 58

, The Parrot-beaked, 59

Calcar, Montf., 231

Calidris arenaria, Ill., 146

Calliostoma, Swains., 163

Canrena, Link, 231

Canrena neritoidea, Mart., 231

Canthiridus, Montf., 169

Canthiridus articularis, 4. Adams, n. Sp.,

169

—— artizona, 4. Adams, n. sp., 170

cinguliger, 4. ddams, n. sp., 169

iridis, Chemn., 169

—— moniliger, 4. ddams, n. sp., 169

—— nigricans, 4. Adams, n. sp., 170

—— nitidulus, Phil., 169

pallidulus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 170

—— punctulosus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 169

—— purpuratus, Martyn, 169

rufozona, 4. ddams, n. sp., 170

—— tenebrosus, .4. ddams, n. sp., 170

variegatus, Gray, 171 -

Zealandicus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 169

Canthorbis, Swains., 232

Caprimulgus europeus, Linn., 146

Caragola, 235, 239

Caragola lapicida, 239

Cardinalia, Gray, 151

Cardinalia virgata, Gmel., 151

Carinidea, Swains., 152

Carracarra Hawk, 55

, The Red-headed, 56

, The Yellow-headed, 56

Carrion Crow, The Common, 53

, The Yellow-neched, 54

Cassidaria, Lam., 229

Cassidea, Link, 229

Cassidea cornuta, 229

Jlammea, 229

—— pennata, 229

rufa, 229

— testicula, 229

Cassidulus, Humph., 230

Cassis, Browne, 229

Cathartes iota, Cuy., 53

percnopterus, Temm., 145

Cemoria, Leach, 227

Cemoria Flemingii, Leach, 228

noachina, Lowe, 228

princeps, Migh. et Ad., 228

Cerithium obtusum, Lam., 73

—— unicarinatum, Metcalf, n. sp., 73

Chamaleo vulgaris, 203

Chameleon, 203

Charadrius hiaticula, Linn., 146

pluvialis, 146

CuiamyporueErium, Lund, 216

Chlamydotherium giganteum, 216

—— Humboldtii, 216

Cutamypuorus, Harlan, 213

Chlamyphorus truncatus, 213

Chloropsaris, Kaup, 45

Chloropsaris atricapillus, Gmel., 45

—— Cuvierii, Swains., 45

versicolor, Hartl., 45

Chlorostoma, Swains., 180

Chlorostoma agreste, Chemn., 180

argyrostoma, Chemn., 180

—— articulatum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 183

—— atrum, Less., 180

bicanaliculatum, Dunk., 181

carinatum, Koch, 181

—— castaneum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 182

—— cicer, Menke, 181

—— corrugatum, 4. Adams, n. sp., 182

—— euryomphalus, Jonas, 181

—— gailina, Forbes, 182

—— impervium, Menke, 182

— leve, Chemn., 181

maculosum, 4. ddams, un. sp., 183

—— marginatum, Nutt., 181

merula, Chemn., 181

—— mestum, Jonas, 180

—— nigerrimum, Chemn., 180

— odontis, Wood, 182

— Pfeifferi, Phil., 181

—— pulligo, Martyn, 182

rugosum, 4. ddams, un. sp., 182

—— sagittiferum, Lam., 181

sauciatum, Koch, 181

—— seminodosum, 4. ddams, n.sp., 183

stenomphalus, Jonas, 181

tabulare, Krauss, 181

—— tigrinum, Chemn., 180

tropidophorum, 4. 4dams,n.sp., 183

—— turbinatum, 4. Adams, n. sp., 182,

183

—— undulosum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 182

xanthostigma, 4. ddams, un. sp., 183

Cuo.epvus, Jil., 207

Cholepus didactylus, 207

Cicindela megalocephala, Fabr., 199

Ciconia nigra, Temm., 146

CImoLIoRNIS DIOMEDZUS, Owen, 28

Clanculus, Montf., 157

Clanculus acuminatus, 4. Addams, n. sp.,

160

agrestis, Chemn., 158

—— albinus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160

anus, Phil., 159

—— brunneus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 161

—— carinatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 162

—— cingulifer, 4. ddams, n. sp., 160

conspersus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 163

— corallinus, Gmel., 158

No. CCXXXVII.—Proceepinés or THE ZOOLOGICAL SocteTy.

290

Clanculus corrugatus, Koch, 159

Couturii, Payr., 158

edentulus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 162

clanguloides, Wood, 158

Jfloridus, Phil., 158

— gibbosus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 162

— Guianicus, Chemn., 158

—— Jussieui, Payr., 159

Krausii, Phil., 159

— limbatus, Quoy, 158

Ludwigi, Krauss, 159

— lupinus, Menke, 159

maculosus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 160

margaritarius, Phil., 159

Maugeri, Wood, 158

— mediterraneus, Wood, 158

— microdon, A. Adams, n. sp., 162

minor, 4. ddams, n. sp., 161

nigricans, 4. ddams, n. sp., 162

— nodiliratus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 163

ochroleucus, Phil., 159

— omalomphalus, 4. ddams, n.sp., 162

—— ormophorus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 159

—— Patagonicus, d’Orb., 158

—— personatus, Phil., 159

— Pharaonis, Linn., 157

ringens, Menke, 158

scabrosus, Phil., 159

— Smithii, Wood, 158

spadiceus, Phil., 159

— stigmatarius, 4. ddams, n. sp., 161

— sulcarius, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160

-— textilosus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 161

turbinoides, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160

turgidulus, Broce., 159

unedo, 4. Adams, n. sp., 161

variegatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 160

zebrides, 4. ddams, n. sp., 161

Clepsydra, 233

Clypidina, Gray, 87

Clypidina acuminata, A. Adams, n.sp., 88

annulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 88

aspera, Gould, 87

candida, 4. Adams, n. sp., 88

Sungina, Gould, 87

— notata, Linn., 87

—— rudis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 87

—— rugosa, Quoy, 87

— scabricula, 4. ddams, un. sp., 88

— stellata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 87

— sulcifera, 4. Adams, n. sp., 87

Celodon, Lund, 211

Columba enas, Linn., 146

livia, Briss., 142

palumbus, Linn., 142

Trocaz, Hein., 142

Turtur, Linn., 146

Columbella albinodulosa, Gaskoin, n.sp., 3

Australis, Gaskoin, n. sp., 5

—— Austrina, Gaskoin, n. sp., 9

—— baccata, Gaskoin, n. sp., 9

INDEX.

ColumbellaCaliforniana, Gaskoin, n.sp., 12

cancellata, Gaskoin, n. sp., 6

conspersa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 11

—— contaminata, Gaskoin, n. sp., 7

—— formosa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 11

—— hirundo, Gaskoin, n. sp., 12

interrupta, Gaskoin, n. sp., 3

—— intexta, Gaskoin, n. sp., 7

—— iodostoma, Gaskoin, n. sp., 13

leucostoma, Gaskoin, n. sp., 4

— Marquesa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 8

Pacifica, Gaskoin, n. sp., 4

pulla, Gaskoin, n. sp., 6

—— sagitta, Gaskoin, n. sp., 10

tenuis, Gaskoin, n. sp., 2

varicosa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 5

Colymbus glacialis, Linn., 146

Cookia, Less., 322

Corvus corax, Linn., 145

corone, Linn., 145

Crab-eater, The, 59

Crex Baillonii, Temm., 146

Cuculus canorus, Linn., 145

Curruca conspicillata, Gould, 142

Heinekenii, Jard., 142

Cyclocantha, 232

Cyclostoma alatum, Pfr., n. sp., 250

alternans, Pfr., n. sp., 249

biciliatum, Mousson, 72

Borneensis, Meécalf, n. sp., 71

canescens, Pfr., n. sp., 245

— castaneum, Pfr., n. sp., 251

— crassum, Pfr., n. sp., 242

Cumanense, Pfr., n. sp., 248

— desciscens, Pfr., n. sp., 243

-— diaphanum, P/r., n. sp., 248

— disculus, Pfr., n. sp., 243

—— Dysoni, Pfr., n. sp., 243

euchilum, Pfr., n. sp., 242

expansum, Pfr., n. sp., 242

— fasciculare, Pfr., n. sp., 245

fusculum, Pfr., n. sp., 251

Grateloupi, P/r., n. sp., 246

Guatemalense, Pfr., n. sp., 235 \t

guttatum, Pfr., n. sp., 251

harpa, P/r., n. sp., 247

—— Himalayanum, Pfr., n. sp., 242

—— histrio, Pfr., n. sp., 247

ignescens, Pfr., n. sp., 251

integrum, Pfr., n. sp., 247

Kusteri, Pfr., n. sp., 249

— lugubre, Pfr., n. sp., 249

lutescens, Pfr., n. sp., 250

—— margarita, Pfr., n. sp., 244

Orbignyi, Pfr., n. sp., 149

ovatum, Pfr., n. sp., 246

—— pallidum, Pfr., n. sp., 248

pingue, Pfr., n. sp., 248

—- pleurophorum, Pfr., n. sp., 245

—— ponderosum, Pfr., n. sp., 243

—— psilomitum, Pfr., n. sp., 250

INDEX. 291

Cyclostoma radula, Pfr., n. sp., 246

—— regulare, Pfr., n. sp., 244

— rusticum, Pfr., n. sp., 250

— scalare, Pfr., n. sp., 250

sericatum, Pfr., n. sp., 244

—— Shuttleworthi, Pfr., n. sp., 246

—— tenuilabiatum, Metcalf, n. sp., 71

—— trochlea, Pfr., n. sp., 249

turritum, Pfr., n. sp., 248

—— undatum, Metcalf, n. sp., 71

unicolor, Pfr., n. sp., 243

— violaceum, Pfr., n. sp., 245

CycLoruurus, Gray, 219

Cyclothurus didactylus, Gray, 219

Cylindrella Adamsiana, Pfr., n. sp., 148

Gouldiana, Pfr, n. sp., 149

—— monilifera, Pfr., n. sp., 148

Salleana, Pfr., n. sp., 149

Cymatium, Link, 230

Cymatium polygonum, 230

Cynodonta, Schum., 231

Cynictis Maccarthie, Gray, n. sp., 131

Cypreea Clara, Gaskoin, n. sp., 13

Cyprecassis, Stutch., 229

Cypselus murarius, Temm., 142

— unicolor, Jard., 142

Cyrena triangularis, Metcalf, n. sp., 74

Dascinus, Rafin., 221

Dasypopip#, 211

Dasypus, 213

Dasypus minutus, 214

— punctatus, Lund., 213

SEXCINCTUS, 214

VILLOosus, 214

Desmoulea, Gray, 113

Desmoulea abbreviata, Wood, 113

—— crassa, A. Addams, n. sp., 113

—— Japonica, 4. Adams, n. sp., 113

pinguis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 113

—— pyramidalis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 113

—— retusa, Lam., 113

Diadora, Gray, 227

Didus, 280 ¥

ineptus, 281

solitarius, 283

Nazarenus, 284

Diloma, Philippi, 173

Diproropon, 30

Distichocera, MacLeay, 75

Distichocera ferruginea, Guer., 76

— fulvipennis, Newm., 76

— Kirbyi, Newm., n. sp., 79

—— MacLeayii, Newm., n. sp., 81

—— maculicollis, Kirby, 75

—— par, Newm., n. sp., 78

—— rufipennis, MacLeay, 76

Distortrix, Link, 231

Distortrix anus, Linn., 231

reticulata, Chemn., 231

Eagle, The Crested and Booted, 59

Echinanthus, 34

Echinanthus Australasice, Gray, n. sp., 34

— Coleex, Gray, n. sp., 35

explanatus, Gray, nu. sp., 35

— oblongus, Gray, n. sp., 35

— productus, Gray, n. sp., 35

testudinarius, Gray, n. sp., 35

Echinocyamus australis, Agassiz, 38

Echinodiscus, 35

Echinoglyphus, Van Phelsum, 37

Echinoglyphus frondosus, Van Phelsum, 37

Echinolampas depressus, Gray, n. sp., 38

oviformis, 37

Eione, Risso, 101

Eleuchus, Swains., 170

Eleuchus apicinus, Menke, 171

australis, Quoy, 171

badius, Wood, 170

bellulus, Dunk., 171

—— irisodontes, Quoy, 171

—— leucostigma, Menke, 171

lineatus, Lam., 170

—— roseus, Lam., 170

rutilus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 171

— splendidulus, Swains., 171

—— vulgaris, 4. ddams, n. sp., 171

Emarginula, Lam., 82

Emarginula aculeata, A. Adams, n. sp., 86

aspera, Gould, 87

australis, Quoy, 90

—— bellula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 86

cancellata, Phil., 82

—— candida, 4. Adams, n. sp., 85

capuliformis, Phil.,. 82

—- cinerea, Gould, 88

— clathrata, Adams & Reeve, 90

—— clypeus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 83

—— concinna, 4. Addams, n. sp., 85

conica, Blainy., 82

— conoida, Reeve, 87

crassa, Sowerby, 82

—— cucullata, 4. ddams, un. sp., 86

—— curvirostris, Desh., 82

— —,, Macg., 82

—— Cuvieri, Sav., 83

—— depressa, Blainv., 90

—— dilecta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 85

élargie, Quoy, 90

— elongata, Phil., 83

elongata, Sow., 221

— emarginata, Blainv., 89

—— eximia, 4. Adams, n. sp., 86

excurvata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 85

Jissura, Linn., 82

—— fissurata, Chemn., 82

fuliginea, 4. ddams, n. sp., 84

Jungina, Gould, 87

—— galericulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 84

Huzardii, Payr., 83

—— incisura, 4. ddams, n. sp., 84

—— levicostata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 87

— levis, Recl., 82

292

Emarginula micans, 4. Addams, n. sp., 84

— obovata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 83

— ossea, Gould, 88

Panihensis, Quoy, 90

parmophoroidea, Quoy, 89

—— pileolus, Mich., 82

—— planulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 86

pulchra, 4. ddams, n. sp., 85

—— punctata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 84

—— puncticulata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 84

~-— retecosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 86

—— reticulata, Chemn., 82

— rosea, Bell, 82

—— rubra, Lam., 82

—— rugosa, Quoy, 87

scabricostata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 85

scabriuscula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 83

solidula, Costa, 83

—— striatula, Quoy, 83

—— Vanicorensis, Quoy, 83

variegata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 84

viminea, 4. Addams. n. sp., 85

Encope Michelini, 37

oblonga, 37

— subclausa, 37

Valenciennesii, 37

Eépsaltria capito, Gould, n. sp., 285

Erator, Kaup, n. g., 47

Erator Fraserii, Kaup, n. sp., 47

—— inquisitor, Orb., 47

Eulima aclis, A. Adams, un. sp., 277

acuta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 276

Cumingii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 277

—— cuspidata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 276

—— flexuosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 277

—— grandis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 276

Guildingii, 4. ddams, n. sp., 277

— modicella, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 276

— obesula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 276

—— polygyra, 4. ddams, n. sp., 277

—— porcellana, 4. Adams, un. sp., 276

—— pyramidalis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 277

— teinostoma, 4. Adams, n. sp., 276

—— vitrea, 4. Adams, un. sp., 277

EuRYODON LATIDENS, Lund, 216

Falco Buteo, Linn., 142

nisus, Linn., 145

— tinnunculus, Linn., 142

Falcon, The Chestnut-bellied, 60

Fibularia australis, Desm., 38

oblonga, Gray, n. sp., 37

Fish-Hawk, The Large Awl-beaked, 56

, The Small Awl-beaked, 57

Fishing-Hawk, The, 55

Fissurella noachina, Schum., 228

Fragella, Swains., 157

Francolinus Yemensis, Nich., n. sp., 128

Fringilla butyracea, Linn., 142

cannabina, Linn., 142

carduelis, Linn., 142

-— chloris, Linn., 145

INDEX.

Fringilla domestica, Linn., 145

petronia, Linn., 142

Tintillon, Webb, 142

Fulica atra, Linn., 146

Fulgur, Montf., 230

Galeodea, Link, 229

Galeodea echinophora, Linn., 229

Gallinula chloropus, Lath., 146

Geotria, Gray, n. g., 237-8

Geotria australis, Gray, n. sp., 239

Geryonia equorea, Fleming, 272

Gibbium, Gray, 177

Gibbula, Leach, 184

Gibbula Adansonii, Payr., 185

—— Adelaide, Phil., 186

—— Agathensis, Recl., 185

Capensis, Gmel., 185

cineraria, Linn., 184

—— cinerea, Mont., 184

declivis, Forsk., 184

— divaricata, Linn., 184

—— fanulum, Gmel., 184

—— fasciata, Born, 185

—— fumosa, Phil., 186

Juscata, Born, 184

jucunda, Gould, 185

— Kalinota, 4. Addams, n. sp., 187

—— leucosticta, 4. Addams, n. sp., 187

—— magus, Linn., 184

—— Mindorensis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 186

— multicolor, Krauss, 185

nivosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 187

obliquata, Gmel., 186

— Philberti, Recl., 185

porcellana, 4. Adams, n. sp., 186

pulchra, 4. ddams, n. sp., 187

—— puncto-costata,.4.d4dams,n.sp., 187

—— quadrata, Gmel., 184

rotelliformis, Phil., 186

—— scabra, Linn., 184

— sulcosa, 4. Adams. un. sp., 186

— tumida, Mont., 184

—— umbilicata, Mont., 185

—— undosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 186

varia, Gmel., 185

—— venusta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 187

— vulnerata, Phil., 185

Globulus, Schum., 232

GLossoTHERIUM, Owen, 210

GuLypTopon, Owen, 216

GLYPTODON CLAVIPES, 216

— ORNATUS, 216

— reticulatus, 216

TUBERCULATUS, 217

Gonigoria, Gray, n. g., 124

Gonigoria clavata, Gray, n. sp., 125

Gymnogaster arcticus, Brun., 117

Gyrineum, Link, 231

Gyrineum dufonium, Chemn., 231

caudatum, Chemn., 231

echinatum, Chemn., 231

INDEX. 293

Gyrineum natator, Chemn., 231

rana, Chemn., 231

—— scrobiculator, 231

—— verrucosum, Chemn., 231

Hapalotis albipes, Licht., 126

apicalis, Gould, n. sp., 126

cervinus, Gould, n. sp., 127

—- conditor, Gould, 127

—— Gouldii, Gray, 127

—— hirsutus, Gould, n. sp., 127

longicaudatus, Gould, 127

macrotis, Gray, 127

— Mitchellii, Gould, 127

murinus, Gould, 127

Hapalotis Richardsonii, Gray, 127

Harpagus, 42

Harpagus circumcinctus, Kaup, nu. sp., 43

Harpya destructor, 61

Harrier, The Brown-backed, 58

, The Chestnut, 58

Haustellum, Schum., 231

Hawk, Carracarra, 55

, The Bird, 58

——,, The Brown-backed Short-winged, 60

of the Cataracts, The Blue, 55

——,, The Fishing, 55

——,, The Large Awl-beaked Fish-, 56

—_, The Large Sea-fishing, 58

—, The Laughing, 56

——,, The Plaid-chested Short-winged, 60

—., The Red-headed Carracarra, 56

—, The Small Awl-beaked Fish-, 57

—, The Two-toothed Baridi, 60

—, The Yellow-cered Short-winged, 60

, The Yellow-headed Carracarra, 56

Helenchus, Herman, 172

Helicina Dominicensis, Pfr., n. sp., 149

versicolor, Pfr., n. sp.» 149

Helix albersiana, Pfr., n. sp., 147

— annulifera, Pfr., n. sp., 260

-— Audebardi, Pfr., n. sp., 147

Brardiana, Pfr., n. sp., 253

Brookei, Adams & Reeve, 70

—- conicoides, Metcalf, n. sp., 71

— Dillwyniana, Pfr., n. sp., 254

— Forsteriana, Pfr., n. sp., 254

— Gartneriana, Pfr., n. sp., 253

— Gaskoini, Pfr., n. sp., 260

— glabriuscula, Pfr., n. sp., 262

—— glutinosa, Metcalf, n. sp., 70

leucorhaphe, Pfr., n. sp., 147

— Layardi, Pfr., n. sp., 253

— liturata, Pfr., n. sp., 253

margarita, Laskey, 189

— nasuta, Metcalf, n. sp., 70

oblita, Pfr., n. sp., 263

— otostoma, Pfr., n. sp., 260

Poiretiana, Pfr., n. sp., 254

—— ptychomphala, P/r., n. sp., 254

—— pubescens, Pfr., n. sp., 147

—— radians, Pfr., n. sp., 252

Helix reglis, Benson, 70

resplendens, Phil., 70

—— Richmondiana, Pfr., n. sp., 252

Schumacheriana, Pfr., 70

—— semidecussata, Pfr., n. sp., 252

——- solida, Pfr., nu. sp., 263

— Souleyetiana, Pfr., 0. sp., 252

—— Sturmiana, P/r., n. sp., 253

—— subruyata, Pfr., n. sp., 259

— vilis, Pfr., n. sp., 263

—— vittata, Adams & Reeve, 70

— Woodiana, Pfr., n. sp., 254

Hemitoma, Swains., 89

Hercoles, Montf., 232

Herpestes Smithii, Gray, 131

HETERODON DIVERSIDENS, Lund, 216

Hirundo riparia, Linn., 146

— rustica, Linn., 146

urbica, Linn., 146

Hoplophorus, Lund, 217

Hoplophorus Euphractus, Lund, 217

Selloi, Lund, 217

Hybrid Pheasants, 92

Hyperoartia, Mill., 235

Ibycter, 55

Imperator, Montf., 232

Infundibulum, Montf., 152

Infundibulum californicum, 4. Adams,

n. sp., 153

cariniferum, Beck, 152

—— chloromphalus, 4.ddams,n.sp., 153

concavum, Linn., 152

— delicatulum, Phil., 152

depressum, Gmel., 153

Kochii, Phil., 152

radiatum, Chemn., 152

saga, Phil., 152

Insect-eater, The, 59

Iphisa, Gray, n. g., 39

Iphisa elegans, Gray, n. Sp-, 39

Iphisade, Gray, 39

Jeffreysia, Alder, 264

King Vulture, 53

Kite, The Scissors-tailed, 57

Labio, Oken, 163, 177

Labio articulata, Lam., 178

— cingulata, Quoy, 178

concolor, 4. ddams, n. sp., 180

constricta, Lam., 177

corrosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 180

— crinitus, Phil., 179

—_ fulgurata, Phil., 179

fuliginea, 4. ddams, n. sp., 180

— indecora, Phil., 179

lineata, Da Costa, 179

melanoloma, Menke, 179

—— nigerrima, Gmel., 178

pica, Chemn., 179

—— porcata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 179

— porcifera, 4. Adams, n. sp., 179

reticularis, Wood, 178

294

Labio rudis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 179

—— scorpio, Gray, 179

-— striolata, Quoy, 178

—— subrostrata, Gray, 178

— sulcata, Wood, 178

— teniata, Quoy, 178

— Tamsii, Dunker, 179

— fessellata, Chemn., 178

— tergestina, Phil., 179

zealandica, Quoy, 178

zebra, Wood, 178

Lacuna carinifera, 4. Adams, u. sp., 225

Lagena californica, 4. ddams, n. sp., 272

Lambidium, Link, 229

Lambidium oniscus, Linn., 229

Lampetra, 235, 237.

Lampetra ceca, Will., 241

— fluviatilis, Linn., 237

—— Lamottenii, Lesueur, 238

—— major, Schw., 236

— minima, Ald., 241

—— neunauge, Jonston, 241

—— planeri, Linn., 238

— Rondeletii, Will., 236

—— Sanguisuga, Lacép., 238

subcinerea, Salv., 238

Lampredia, Rafin., 235

Lamprostoma, Swains., 153

Lanius lictor, Licht., 44

Larus argentatus, Brunn., 142

tridactylus, Lath., 146

Latirus, Montf., 230

Laughing Hawk, The, 56

Leodia, Gray, n. g., 36

Leodia Richardsonii, Gray, n. sp., 36

Lestris cataractes, Temm., 146

Limosa melanura, Leisler, 146

Littorina albicans, Metcalf, n. sp.,'73

melanostoma, Gray, 73

scabra, Linn., 73

Lobophora aurita, 35

bifissa, 35

Mancinella, Link, 230

Mancinella aculeata, Chemn., 230

—— armigera, Chemn., 230

Bezoar, Chemn., 230

— castanea, Link, 230

— hystrix, Linn., 230

—— mutabilis, Chemn., 230

Manip, 219

Manis, Linn., 219

Manis Africana, Desm., 220

aurita, Hodgs., 220

javanica, Desm., 218

macroura, Desm., 219

—— multiscutata, Gray, 220

—— pentadactyla, Linn., 219

—— Temminckii, Smutz, 219

tetradactyla, Linn., 220

Mareca penelope, Selby, 146

Margarita, Leach, 189

INDEX.

Margarita acuminata, Sow., 190

angulata, A. Adams, nu. sp. 190

arctica, Gould, 189

argentea, Gould, 190

—— balteata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 191

—— bicarinata, Adams & Reeve, 190

—— cerulescens, King, 191

—— calostoma, 4. ddams, n. sp., 190

—— carinata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 190

carnea, Sow., 189

—— cinerea, Couth., 190

costellata, Sow., 190

Cumingii, 4. ddams, n. sp., 191

Margarita expansa, Sow., 191

glauca, Moller, 189

Grenlandica, Beck, 189

— helicina, O. Fab., 189

—— helicoides, Beck, 189

—— lineata, Sow., 192

—— margarita, Brown, 189

—— nitiligineus, Menke, 190

obscura, Couthouy, 189

sigaretina, Sow., 191

—— solariformis, Sow., 190

—— striata, Leach, 189

—— sulcata, Sow., 190

—— teniata, Sow., 191

—— tessellata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 191

undulata, Forbes, 185

» Sow., 189

—— umbilicalis, Brod. & Sow., 189

Vahlii, Moller, 189

variabilis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 191

violacea, King, 192

vulgaris, Leach, 189

Medusa equorea, Linn., 272

aurita, Linn., 274

patina, Modeer, 274

pelagica, Linn., 274

MEGACEPHALA ZQUINOCTIALIS, Dej.,200

AUSTRALASLE, Hope, 199

EUPHRATICA, 199

—— quaprisicnata, De., 199

SENEGALENSIS, Latr., 199

—— SEPULCHRALIS, Fabr., 200

—— TESTUDINEA, Klug, 200

Mgeatonyx Jerrersonit, 209

Megapodius Cumingii, Gould, n. sp., 119

MEGATHERIUM, Cuvier, 206, 209

MeGaTHeriuM Cuviert, 209

Laurillardi, Lund, 209

Melagraphia, Steutz., 177

Melania circumstriata, Metcalf, n.sp., 73

subsuturalis, Metcalf, n. sp., 73

Mellita, 36

Mellita erythrea, Gray, n. sp., 36

—— hexapora, 36

—— lobata, Agassiz, 36

quinguefora, 36

similis, 36

—— testudinaria, 36

INDEX.

Merops apiaster, Linn., 145

Mesalia decussata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 279

—— striata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 279

Microtoma, Swains., 250

Mitra albina, A. Adams, n. sp., 137

ameena, 4, Adams, n. sp., 137

—— asperulata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 136

—— bellula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 138

—— castanea, 4. Adams, n. sp., 140

—— cingulata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 136

columbellina, 4. ddams, n. sp., 141

—— compta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 134

— cratitia, 4. ddams, n. sp., 132

crenilabris, 4. ddams, n. sp., 140

—— creniplicata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 139

—— dealbata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 140

— delicata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 137

— dichroma, 4. Adams, n. sp., 140

— echinata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 138

exarata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 133

—— eximia, 4. Adams, n. sp., 135

Slammea, Quoy, 141

—— formosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 138

— insculpta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 133

insignis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 132

—— interrupta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 135

—— Jukesii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 139

— leta, A. Adams, n. sp., 135

—— levis, 4d. Adams, n. sp., 132

ligata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 134

— luctuosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 133

— macrospira, 4. Adams, n. sp., 138

—— Marie, A. Adams, n. sp., 140

marmorea, 4. Adams, n. sp., 139

—— marquesana, A. Adams, n. sp., 270

—— mirabilis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 136

multilirata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 135

—— nebulosa, Swains., 270

—— nitida, 4. Adams, un. sp., 134

— nodilirata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 136

— nodulifera, 4. Adams, n. sp., 140

—— ornata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 135

—— pallida, 4. ddams, n. sp., 139

— Philippinarum, 4. Adams, n.sp., 141

—— pigra, 4. ddams, n. sp., 133

propingua, 4. Adams, n. sp., 270

—— pura, A. Adams, n. sp., 136

pusilla, 4. ddams, n. sp., 141

— reticulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 136

—— rufescens, 4. Adams, n. sp., 137

— rufocincta, 4. Adams, un. sp., 134

—— rutila, 4. Adams, n. sp., 137

—— sacerdotalis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 138

—— serotina, 4. Addams, n. sp., 132

serpentina, Lamk., 270

— scitula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 138

— straminea, 4. Adams, n. sp., 132

— tiarella, 4. Adams, un. sp., 133

—— tigrina, 4. Adams, n. sp., 132

— turricula, 4. ddams, un. sp., 139

virex, 4. Adams, n. sp., 134

295

Motz, 130

Monilea, Swains., 188

Monilea Benzi, Krauss, 188

eallifera, Lamk., 188

calyculus, Wood, 188

—— kalisoma, 4. Adams, n. sp., 188

lentiginosa, 4. Adams, 0. sp., 188

lirata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 188

nucleus, Phil., 188

—— plumbea, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 188

pusilla, 4. Adams, n. sp., 188

—— Swainsonii, 4. ddams, n. sp., 189

Monodon, Schweig., 173

Monodonta, Lamk., 157, 173.

Monodonta alveolata, 4.Adams, n.sp., 176

angulifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 176

apicina, Menke, 171

— Araonis, Bast., 158

— articulata, Lamk., 178

— aspera, Chemn., 174

—— aspersa, Koch., 174

atrata, Gmel., 174

australis, Lamk., 174

— baccata, Menke, 174

— canalifera, Lamk., 174

— circumcincta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 175

— clathrata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 175

— constricta, Lamk., 177

— crassa, MacGill, 179

—— Couturii, Payr., 158

— crenulata, Menke, 174

Draparnaudii, Payr., 178

— Dunkeri, Koch. 174

— edentula, 4. Addams, n. sp., 176

exasperata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177

—— exigua, 4. ddams, n. sp., 176

foveolata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 176

— Fermonii, Payr., 185

Ffragarioides, Lamk., 178

—— gemmata, Gould, 174

inconspicua, Phil., 175

—— indecora, Phil., 174

—— interrupta, Menke, 177

—— Jussieui, Payr., 159

—- Krausii, Phil., 159

labio, Linn., 173

— librostoma, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177

— lineata, Lamk., 170

—— lugubris, Lamk., 179

—— lupina, Menke, 159

margaritaria, Phil., 159

— melanoloma, Menke, 179

—— Olivieri, Payr., 178

Patagonica, d’Orb., 158

—— Philippii, Koch, 174

—— Philippina, 4. Adams, n. sp., 176

—— punetigera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177

punicea, Phil., 158

—— regulosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 175

—— ringens, Menke, 158

—— rosea, Lamk., 170

296

Monodonta rubra, 4. Adams, n. sp., 176

scorpio, Gray, 179

—— spilota, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177

Strangei, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177

—— subrostrata, Gray, 178

sulcifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 175

tricarinata, Lamk., 174

—— tricingulata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 175

—— tuberculata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 175

turbinata, Gmel., 173

turrita, Menke, 172

—— Vieilloti, Payr., 158

—— virgata, Menke, 171

viridis, Lamk., 176

Monodontes, Montfort, 173

Monoptygma, Lea, 222

Monoptygma ameena, 4. Adams, n.sp., 223

— casta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 223

-— fulva, 4. Adams, n. sp., 222

granulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 222

lauta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 223

— speciosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 223

—— spirata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 223

—— striata, Gray, 222

—— stylina, 4. Adams, n. sp., 224

suturalis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 224

tenella, 4. Adams, n. sp., 224

Montifringilla hematopygia, Gould, n.sp.,

115

Mordacia, Gray, 235, 239

Mordacia mordaz, Rich., 240

Morio, Montf., 229

Mortonia, Gray, n. g., 38

Mortonia australis, dgassiz, 38

Morum, Bolten, 229

Motacilla alba, Linn., 145

boarula, Linn., 142

sutoria, 194

Murex bifasciatus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 269

crassus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 269

— Cumingii, 4. Addams, nu. sp., 270

euracanthus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 268

—— exasperatus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 268

excavatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 269

fusiformis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 268

inornatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 269

iostomus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 267

—— lignarius, 4. Adams, n. sp., 268

—— lyratus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 269

—— obeliscus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 269

niveus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 270

noduliferus, Reeve, 268

—— pagodus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 269

—— pulcher, 4. ddams, n. sp., 270

serotinus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 268

Singaporensis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 270

—— solidus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 267

spinosus, 4. ddams, un. sp., 268

Muscicapa crinita, Linn., 51

Cooperi, Nuttall, 51

—— irritabilis, Veeill., 51

INDEX.

Musculium, Link, 232

Musculium Jacustre, Linn., 232

Musophaga africana, Temm., 145

Rosse, Gould, n. sp., 93

Mustela fluviatilis, Belon, 238

Mytopon, Owen, 209

Mytopon Darwini, 210

Harwant, 210

—— RoBustus, 206, 210

Myobius stolida, Gosse, 51

Myrmecobius, 218

MyrmMecopnaea, Linn., 217

Myrmecophaga annulata, Desm., 218

jubata, Linn., 217

longicaudata, 218

Tamandua, 218

MyRMEcopHAGIDA, 217

Nassa, 94

abbreviata, Wood, 113

—— abyssicola, 4. Adams, un. sp., 100

albescens, Dunker, 96

ambigua, Montf., 101

angulifera, 4. ddams, un. sp., 109

anomala, Reeve, 111

antillarum, Phil., 95

arcularia, Linn., 94

ascanias, Brug., 111

australis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 272—"~ a

—— badia, A. Adams, n. sp., 107 yates

—— bellula, 4, Adams, n. sp., 102

—— bimaculosa, 4. Adams, u. sp., 102

Bronnii, Phil., 104

—— callosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 98

— callospira, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 102

canaliculata, Lamk., 106

—— cancellata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 99

candens, Hinds, 95

caperata, Phil., 96

— cinctella, 4. Adams, n. sp., 110

— cinnamomea, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 107

cireumcincta, 4. 4ddams, n. sp., 102

clathrata, Kien, 101

clathratula, 4. Addams, n. sp., 99

— celata, A. Adams, n. sp., 97

— complanata, Powis, 104

compta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 107

concinna, Powis, 112

coronata, Brug., 94

coronula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 96 i.

— corticata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 98

— costata, 4. Adams, vn. sp., 98

— costellifera, 4. Addams, n. sp., 112

crassa, Koch, 96

— cremata, Hinds, 95

crenellifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 98 ,

crenolirata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 100

— crenulata, Brug., 103

Cumingii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 98

—— dealbata, A. Adams, n. sp., 112

decussata, Kien., 111

aw:

Vw)

INDEX. 297

Nassa delicata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 99

denticulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 110

— dentifera, Powis, 111

—— dispar, 4. Adams, n. sp., 96

—— distorta, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 105

dorsuosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 102

—— echinata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 101

elegans, Kien., 104

exilis, Powis, 106

fasciata, Lam., 111

Festiva, Powis, 111

Silosa, Gray, 105

—— fissilabris, 4. 4dams, n. sp., 99

fuscata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 112

gaudiosa, Hinds, 104

Gayii, Kien., 112

gemma, Phil., 96

gemmulata, Lam , 95

—— gemmulifera, 4. Adams, n. sp., 99

—— geniculata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 100

—— gibbosula, Linn., 101

glans, Linn., 104

granifera, Kien, 101

— Gruneri, Dunker,; 96

hirta, Kien., 103

—— hispida, 4. Addams, n. sp., 101

horrida, Dunker, 101

Jonasi, Dunker, 96

Isabellei, d’Orb., 95

Jacksoniana, Kien., 103

Japonica, 4. Adams, n. sp., 110

—— labecula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 98

— leta, Phil., 104

—- lentiginosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 105

—— leptospira, 4. Adams, n. sp., 103

— livescens, Phil., 95

— luctuosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 105

luteostoma, Kien., 95

— Lyrilla, Beck, 95

margaritifera, Dunker, 96

marginulata, Lam., 94

—— marmorea, 4, ddams, un. sp., 106

—— micans, 4. Adams, un. sp., 106

—— miga, Adanson, 109

— mitralis, 4. Addams, n. sp., 108

— mesta, Hinds, 95

— monilis, Kien., 103

— mucronata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 105

—— muricata, Quoy, 101

—— mutabilis, Linn., 94

multicostata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 98

multigrana, Dunk., 112

—— myristicata, Hinds, 109

nana, 4. Adams, n. sp., 102

nassoides, Reeve, 103

nivea, 4. ddams, n. sp., 110

—— nodata, Hinds, 109

nodicincta, 4. Addams, n. sp., 110

nodicostata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 99

— nodifera, Phil., 95 ;

— —, Powis, 103

Nassa nodulifera, Phil., 109

nucleolus, Phil., 109

—— obliquata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 105

—— obliqueplicata, Dunker, 112

—— obtusata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 100

—— olivacea, Brug., 106

orbiculata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 102

ornata, Kien., 106

—— pallida, Powis, 109

—— pallidula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 106

papillosa, Linn., 103

pauperata, Lam., 95

perpinguis, Hinds, 109

picta, Dunker, 104

—— planocostata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 108

—— plicatella, 4. Adams, n. sp., 111

polygonata, Lam., 94

—— pulchella, 4. Adams, n. sp., 108

—— pullus, Linn., 94

—— punctata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 105

—— pusio, A. Adams, nu. sp., 100

ranida, 4. ddams, n. sp., 97

Reevei, A. Adams, 109 es

Reeviana, Dunker, 104 3

—— retecosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 97

reticulata, Linn., 112

retusa, Lam., 113

— Roissyi, Desh., 109

rufocincta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 106

— rufula, Kien., 104

—— Sanctz Helenz, 4. Adams, n. sp.,

110

scabriuscula, Powis, 111

scalariformis, Val., 109

scalaris, 4. Addams, n. sp., 108

—— semigranosa, Dunker, 96

—— seminodosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 104

semiplicata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 107

—— serotina, 4. Addams, n.sp., 108

sertula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 107

signata, Dunk., 112

sinusigera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 100

— Siquijorensis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 97

— sordida, 4. ddams, n. sp., 97

— speciosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 100

—— spirata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 106

—— splendidula, Dunker, 96

—— stigmaria, 4. ddams, n. sp., 96

—— stolida, 4. ddams, n. sp., 105

—— Sturmii, Phil., 95

—— subspinosa, Lam., 101

— succincta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 107

sulcata, Kien., 112

—— sulcifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 98

—— suturalis, Lam., 104

—— teretiuscula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 108

— Thersites, Brug., 102

—— tiarula, Kien., 94

—— trifasciata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 118 3

tritoniformis, Kien., 111

— trivittata, Say, 112

No. CCXXXVII*.—ProceepINGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

298

Nassa turrita, 4. 4dams, n. sp., 110

unicolor, Kien., 106

variabilis, Phil., 103

varicifera, 4. Adams, n. sp., 108

variegata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 97

—— venusta, Dunker, 95

verrucosa, A. Adams, nu. sp., 97

vibex, Say, 101

zonalis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 107

Natica caribea, Phil., n. sp., 234

catenata, Phil., n. sp., 233

— Incei, Phil., n. sp.,. 233

intemerata, Phil., n. sp., 233

— maculosa, Lam., 74

— pomum, Phil., n. sp., 234

vestalis, Phil., n. sp., 234

Nauclerus furcatus, 57

Nematura, Benson, 225

Nematura Deltz, Benson, 225

glabrata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 226

— minima, Benson, 225

olivacea, 4. Adams, n. sp., 226

—— polita, Sow., 226

puncticulata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 226

Nerita, 264

Neritina, 264

Neritina Beckii, Reclus., 72

—— crepidularia, Lam., 72

dubia, Chemn., 73

piperina, Chemn., 72

Nidalia occidentalis, Gray, 125

Nightingale, 196

Nisus chionogaster, Kaup, n. sp., 41

Novaculina olivacea, Metcalfe, n. sp., 74

Numenius arquata, Lath., 146

pheopus, Temm., 146

Nyienau, 116

Odontis, Sow., 173

Edicnemus crepitans, Temm., 146

Omphalius, Phil., 156

Oniscia, Sow., 229

Oriolus galbula, Linn., 145

Ortygometra crex, Temm., 146

OrycTEROPODIDS, 220

Osilinus, Phil., 177

Otavia, Risso, 157

Otina fusca, 4. Adams, n. sp., 225

Owl, The Large Long-legged, or Jumbi

Bird, 61

, The Little Long-legged, 61

, The Small-booted Brown, 61

Oxystele, Phil.; 180

Pachyrhamphus, Gray, 45

Pachyrhamphus Aglaia, Lafr., 46

nigrescens, Cab., 46

pectoralis, Swains., 46

semifasciatus, Spiv, 46

validus, Licht., 46

Paludina Hamiltoni, Metcalfe, n. sp., 73

— inflata, Menke, 159

Pandion, 55

INDEX.

Parmophora, Desh., 221

Parmophorus, Blainy., 221

Parmophorus australis, Lam., 221

breviculus, Blainy., 222

corrugatus, Reeve, 222

elongatus, Blainv., 221

— gibbosus, Anton., 222

granulatus, Blainv., 221

— imbricatus, Quoy, 222

intermedius, Reeve, 88

tumidus, Quoy, 222

Partula filosa, Pfr., n. sp., 262

-— nodosa, Pfr., n. sp., 262

Patella ambigua, Chemn., 221

erystallina, Wood, 82

elongata, Lam., 22]

—— fissura, Linn., 82

jissurata, Chemn., 82

Jissurella, Miller, 227

—— noachina, Linn., 227

—— notata, Linn., 87

octoradiata, Gmel., 90

— tricostata, Chemn., 90

unguis, Linn., 221

Pelagia cyanella, 274

Penicillus, Da Costa, 233

Persona, Montf., 231

Perdix coturnix, Lath., 142

rubra, Briss., 142

Petromyzide, Gray, 235

Petromyzon, 235, 236

Petromyzon Americanus, Lesueur, 237

appendix, De Kay, 240

argenteus, Bloch, 240

—— —-—, Kirtl., 237

bicolor, Shaw, 240

—— branchialis, Linn., 241

cecus, Couch, 241

fluviatilis, Linn., 236, 237.

— Jure, M‘Cull., 236

— lamproie, Bloch, 236

— maculosus, Artedi, 236

marinus, Linn., 236, 237

—— maximus, Cuv., 236

—— mordaz, Rich, 240

—— niger, Lacép., 240

— nigricans, Lesueur, 237

—— plumbeus, Shaw, 240

Sanguisuga, Lacép., 238

—— Septeil, Lacép., 240

tridentatus, Gaird., 240

Petromyzonide, 235

Petromyzonina, 235, 236

Phaéthornis griseogularis, Gould, n. sp.,

115

Puacocuervs Patrasit, 63

Phalium, Link, 229

Phalium erinaceum, Linn., 229

glaucum, Linn., 229

Phasianella leucostigma, Menke, 171

Pheasants, Hybrid, 62

‘

INDEX. 299

Phorcus, Risso, 156

PhorcusCalifornicus, 4.4dams,n.sp., 157

carneus, Gmel., 156

— cruciatus, Chemn., 156

—— dentatus, Gmel., 156

—— fuscescens, Phil., 157

—— granifer, 4. ddams, n. sp., 157

—— liratus, 4. Addams, n. sp., 157

margarita, Risso, 189

—— melaleucos, Jonas, 156

modestus, Koch, 156

—— nodicinctus, 4, Adams, n. sp., 157

occultus, Phil., 156

—— quadricarinatus, Gmel., 156

—— quadricostatus, Wood, 156

scalaris, Anton., 156

—— semigranosus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 157

—— umbilicaris, Linn., 156

—— variegatus, Chemn., 156

Photina, H. & 4. Addams, 191

Photina cerulescens, King, 191

—— expansa, Sow., 191

fusca, 4. ddams, n. sp., 192

— lineata, Sow., 192

-—— nigra, d. ddams, n. sp., 192

—— Sandwichiana, 4, ddams, n.sp., 192

—— sigaretina, Sow., 191

— teniata, Wood, 191

violacea, King, 192

Phrynoramphus, Kaup, 52

Phrynoramphus capensis, Smith, 52

Pisidium, 232

Planaxis buccinea, A. Adams, n. sp., 272

cingulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 271

fulva, 4. ddams, n. sp., 271

—- labiosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 272

—— obscura, 4. Addams, n. sp., 271

—— succincta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 271

—— zonata, Ad. ddams, n. sp., 271

Piatyonyx, Lund, 211

Piatyonyx Agassizii, Lund, 211

Brongniartii, 211

- Bucklandi, 211

—— Cuvieri, 211

minutus, 211

— Owenii, Lund, 211

Platyrhynchus capensis, Smith, 52

Polydonta, Fisch., 232

Polydonta, Schum., 153

Polydonta aspera, Chemn., 154

concinna, Phil., 154

— corrugata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 155

costata, Chemn., 153

elegantula, Wood, 154

—— gibberula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 155

Hanleyana, Reeve, 154

— ignobilis, Phil., 155

— inequalis, Chemn., 153 -

—— incarnata, Phil. 155

—— incrassata, Lam., 154

— lineata, Lam., 154

Polydonta maculata, Linn., 153

—— ochroleucos, Gmel., 154

—— pallidula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 155

—— pustulosa, Phil., 155

regia, Chemn., 153

reticulata, Wood, 154

-—— Spengleri, Chemn., 154

squamigera, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 155

—— Tentorium, Chemn., 153

-—— tiarata, Quoy, 154

turris, Phil., 155

— vernalis, Chemn., 154

verrucosa, Gmel., 153

viridescens, Chemn., 154

Polygona, Schum., 230

Portax, 116

PRIODONTES GIGAS, 215

Procellaria anginho, Hein., 142

Anglorum, Temm., 142

— Bulwerii, Jard., 142

Leachii, Temm., 146

obscura, Gmel., 142

—— pelayica, Linn., 146

puffnus, Linn., 142

Psaris, Cuv., 45, 46

— Aglaia, 46

—— atricapillus, Gmel., 45

—— brasiliensis, Swains., 46

—— cyanus, Cuv., 46

— Cuvieri, Swains., 45

—— eryithrogenys, 47

—— Fraserii, Kaup, n. sp., 47

— inquisitor, d’Orb., 47

Jardinii, 47

— major, Cab., 48

— marginatus, Kaup, n. sp., 48

—— maximus, Kaup, n. sp., 46

—— minor, Kaup, n. sp., 48

Nattereri, 47

—— nigrescens, 46

—— parinus, Kaup, n. sp., 48

— pectoralis, 46

— Selbyi, 47

—— semifasciatus, Spix, 46

Surinamus, Gmel., 49

—— tristis, Kaup, n. sp., 48

— validus, 46

—— versicolor, Hartl., 45

Pterocyclos biciliatum, Mousson, 72

PTERODACTYLUS BREVIROSTRIS, 15

Cuviert, Bowerbank, n.sp., 15, 29

—— COMPRESSIROSTRIS, Owen, n. sp.,

21,32

—— cRAssirnostris, 15, 29

—— DIOMEDEUS, Owen, 28

GIGANTEUS, 14, 21, 28

— Loneirostris, 15, 29

—— Macronyx (Buckianp1), 17

Ptilotis fasciogularis, Gould, n. sp., 285

Puncturella, Lowe, 227

Puncturella cognata, Gould, 228

300 INDEX.

Puncturella conica, D’Orb., 228

cucullata, Gould, 228

—— fastigiata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 228

-— galeata, Gould, 228

noachina, Linn., 227

princeps, Migh. & Ad., 228

Pyramidea, Swains., 151

Pyramidella aclis, A. Adams, n. sp., 224

metula, 4. 4dams, n. sp., 224

Pyramidellide, 264

Pyramis, Chemn., 151

Pyramis acutus, Lam., 151

is architectonicus, 4. Adams. n. sp.,

cerulescens, Lam., 151

crenulatus, Lam., 152

dentatus, Forsk., 151

Jenestratus, Gmel., 151

—— leucogaster, 4. ddams, n. sp., 152

mauritianus, Gmel., 151

noduliferus, Lam., 151

obeliscus, Gmel., 151

prasinus, Menke, 151

triserialis, Lam., 151

Pyrella, Swains., 231

Pyrum, Fab., 230

Pythia, Bolten, 232

Pythia scarabea, Linn., 232

Rapum, Humph., 230

Regulus, 142

Rimula, Defr., 226

Rimula carinata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 227

—— cognata, Gould, 228

cucullata, Gould, 228

—— Cumingii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 227

exquisita, 4. ddams, n. sp., 226

— Flemingii, Macg., 228

galeata, Gould, 228

noachina, Couth., 228

—— propinqua, 4. ddams, n. sp., 227

Rissoa, 264

Rissoa bella, A. ddams, n. sp., 267

—— elegans, 4. Adams, n. sp., 267

Rissoella, Gray, 264

Rissoine, 264

Rissoina, D’Ord., 264

Rissoina bellula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 266

clathrata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 265

— celata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 267

— concinna, 4. Addams, n. sp., 266

costata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 266

—— d’Orbignyi, 4. Adams, n. sp., 265

Eulimoides, 4. ddams, n. sp., 279

—— fasciata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 264

—— micans, A. Adams, n. sp., 265

—— monilis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 265

nitida, 4. ddams, un. sp., 266

nivea, 4. Adams, n. sp., 265

—— nodicincta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 266

—— plicata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 264

—— pyramidalis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 265

Rissoina scalariana, 4. ddams, n. sp., 265

semiglabrata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 279

striolata, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 266

Rotella, Lamk., 232

Rotula digitata, Agassiz, 35

Ramphii, 35

Sagmatorrhina, Bonap., 202

Sagmatorrhina Lathami, Bp., n. sp.; 202

Sarcorhamphus papa, Dum., 53

Saurophagus Derbianus, Kaup, n. sp.,

43, 44

—— flavus, Gray, 44

—— lictor, Gray, 44

— pusillus, Swains., 44

— sulphuratus, 44

Swainsonii, Gould, 44

Scaphorhynchus atriceps, 44

audax, 44

chrysocephalus, 44, 45

—— flaviceps, 44

—— pitangua, 44, 45

Scarabus plicatus, Fer., 72

ScELipoTHERIUM, 206, 210

ScCELIDOTHERIUM LEPTOCEPHALUM, 210

Scolopax rusticola, Linu., 142

Scolymus, Desh., 230

Sconsia, 229

Scutella emarginata, 37

quinqueloba, Esch., 37

Scutellites, Auct., 221

Scutum, Sow., 221

Scutus, De Montf., 221

Scutus angustatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 222

antipodis, Montf., 221

corrugatus, Reeve, 222

— elongatus, Lam., 221

granulatus, Blainy., 221

— imbricatus, Quoy, 222

—— tumidus, Quoy, 222

unguis, Linn., 221

Setophaga, Swains., 49

Setophaga flammea, Kaup, n. sp., 50

flaveola, Lafr., 50

— leucomphomma, Kaup, n. sp., 49

melanocephala, Tschudi, 50

multicolor, Bonap., 50

ornata, Boss., 50

—— picta, Swains., 50

ruficapilla, Cad., 49

ruficoronata, Kaup, n. sp., 49

ruticilla, 49

tricolor, Licht., 50

— verticalis, Lafr., 50

vulnerata, Wagl., 50

Sipho, Brown, 227

Sipho noachina, Brown,, 228

Skenea serpuloides, Macgill., 185

Smithornis, Bonap., 52

Snake-eater, The Long-legged, 59

Sol, Humphrey, 232

Sphenodon, Lund, 211

INDEX.

Spirilla, Sow., 231

Spirillus, Schlut., 231

Spiziapteryx, Kaup, n. g., 42, 43

Stellaria, Schmidt, 232

Sterna Dougallii, Mont., 146

hirundo, Linn., 142 ~

—— nigra, Linn., 146

Steromphala, Leach, 184

Strepsilas interpres, Leach, 146

Streptaxis discus, Pfr., n. sp., 252

Strix flammea, Linn., 142

Strombus oniscus, Linn., 229

Sturnus vulgaris, Linn., 145

Subemarginula, Blainv., 89

Subemarginula alveolata, 4. 4dams,n.sp.,

Arabica, 4. Addams, n. sp., 90

-— Australis, Quoy, 90 ,

— catillus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91

clathrata, Adams & Reeve, 90

>—— crassilabrum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91

—— cratitia, 4. Addams, n. sp., 92

—— denticulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91

—— depressa, Blainv., 90

elargie, Quoy, 90

— emarginata, Blainv., 89

—— galeata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 90

—— imbricata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 91

—— nodulosa, .4. Adams, n. sp., 91

octoradiata, Gmel., 90

Panihensis, Quoy, 90

—— polygonalis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91

—— pumila, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 91

sculptilis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 92

tricostata, Chemn., 90

Succinea dominicensis, Pfr., n. sp., 147

Sula alba, Temm., 146

Sunetta, Link, 232

Sunetta seripta, Chemn., 232

Sutoria agilis, Nicholson, n. sp., 195

Sylvia atricapilla, Lath., 142

hortensis, Lath., 145

rubecula, Linn., 142

Talopia, Gray, 188

Taxra, 130

Tarrrus AMERICANUS, 121

Tatusia, 212

Tatusia afinis, Lund, 212

—— HYBRIDA, 213

SEPTEMCINCTA, 212

Tedinia, Gray, n. g., 197

Tedinia pernoides, Gray, n. sp., 198

Tegula, Less., 152

Tegula pellis-serpentis, Wood, 152

Terracua, Westw., 200, 201

Thais, Link, 230

Thais fuscus, Gmel., 230

—— hemastoma, Chemn., 230

—- minuta, Link, 230

patula, Linn., 230

—— persica, Linn., 230

301

Thalotia, Gray, 172

Thalotia Australis, Quoy, 172 ’

crenellifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 173

— elongata, Wood, 172

Lehmanni, Menke, 172

— obscura, Wood, 172

—— picta, Wood, 172

—— pulcherrima, Wood, 172

—— pyrgos, Phil., 172

strigata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 172]

— suturalis, 4. ddams, un. sp., 173

tricingulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 173

zebrides, 4. Adams, n. sp., 173

zebuensis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 172

Tivela, Link, 232

Tivela tripla, Linn., 232

— vulgaris, Chemn., 232

Todirhamphus pectoralis, Kaup, n. sp., 52

ruficeps, Kaup, n. sp., 52

Tenioptera erythropygia, Sclater, n. sp.,

193

—— striaticollis, Sclater, n. sp., 193

TOLYPEUTES TRICINCTUS, 216

Totanus glottis, Bechst., 146

-—— hypoleucos, 146

Trachypterus vogmarus, Reinh., 117

Tringa cinerea, Temm., 146

—— pugnaz, Linn., 146

— subarquata, Temm., 146

variabilis, Meyer, 146

Triphoris albidus, A. Adams, n. sp., 278

cingulatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 279

— festivus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 278

—— labiatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 279

—— nigro-fuscus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 278

pulchellus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 278

— scitulus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 278

variegatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 277

—— vestalis, d. ddams. n. sp., 278

Tritia coneinna, Powis, 112

— costellifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 113

dealbata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 112

Gayit, Kien., 112

reticulata, Linn., 112

— sulcata, Kien., 112

—— trifasciata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 113

trivittata, Say, 112

Triton anomalus, Hinds, 111

Tritonia, Flem., 111

Tritonia varicosa, Flem., 111

Tritonium, Link, 231

Tritonella, 4dams, 111

Tritonella anomala, Reeve, 111

ascanius, Brug., 111

— decussata, Kien., 111

— dentifera, Powis, 111

Sasciata, Lam., 111

— festiva, Powis, 11]

—— fuscata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 112

multigrana, Dunker, 112

—— obliqueplicata, Dunker, 112

302.

Tritonella scabriuscula, Powis, 111

— signata, Dunker, 112

tritoniformis, Kien., 111

Trochius, Leach, 177

Trochidon, Swains., 173

Trochilus amabilis, Gould, n. sp., 115

Trochus acutangulus, Chemu., 150

acutus, Lam., 151

—— Adansonii, Payr., 185

— Adelaide, Phil., 186

— Aigyptiacus, Gmel., 184

—— Agathensis, Recl., 185

agrestis, Chemn., 158, 180

—— ——,, Phil., 166

albidus, Wood, 163

annulatus, Martyn, 164

— Antonii, Koch, 165

anus, Phil., 159

argyrostomus, Chemn., 180

armillatus, Wood, 164

—— asper, Chemn., 154

asperulus, Lam., 150

ater, Less., 180

atratus, Wood, 178

atropurpureus, Jonas, 180

— attenuatus, Jonas, 172

—— Australis, Quoy, 171, 172

badius, Wood, 170

bellulus, Dunker, 171

— Benzi, Krauss, 188

Biasoletti, Phil., 184

bicanaliculatus, Dunker, 181

bicingulatus, Lam., 166

bicolor, Less., 191

Brazilianus, Menke, 156

—— . Byronianus, Wood, 156

callichrous, Phil., 166

calliferus, Lamk., 188

calyculus, Wood, 188

canaliculatus, Phil., 185

- —— Capensis, Gmel., 185

carinatus, Koch, 181

cariniferus, Beck., 152

carneus, Gmel., 156

castaneus, Nutt., 165

chlorostomus, Menke, 166

cicer, Menke, 181

ciliaris, Menke, 165

cinerarius, Linn., 184

, Pult., 185

cinereus, Da Costa, 156

—, Mont., 184

cingulatus, Quoy, 178

clanguloides, Gray, 158

clangulus, Gray, 158

—— Clelandi, Wood, 166

— cerulescens, Lam., 151

concameratus, Wood, 178

concavus, Linn., 152

concinnus, Phil., 154

conicus, Donov., 165

Doeeneueen

INDEX.

Trochus conuloides, Lam., 163

conulus, Da Costa, 165

——, Donov., 164

, Penn., 163

conus, Gmel., 150

corallinus, Gmel., 158

corrugatus, Koch, 159

costalis, Lovén, 190

costatus, Chemn., 153

crassus, Pult., 179

crenulatus, Broce., 164

, Gmel., 152

— crinitus, Phil., 179

cruciatus, Chemn., 156

— Cumingii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 150

decoratus, Phil., 165

—— delicatulus, Phil., 152

—— depictus, Desh., 165

—— depressus, Gmel., 153

— dentatus, Forsk., 151

—— , Gmel., 156

— diserepans, Brown, 163 ,

divaricatus, Linn., 184

—— doliarius, Chemn., 163

dubius, Phil., 165

— electissimus, Bean, 184

elegantulus, Gray, 154

— elongatus, Wood, 172

— erythroleucus, Gmel., 165

—— euryomphalus, Jonas, 181

—— euvinicus, Andrg., 185

exasperatus, Penn., 165

excavatus, Lam., 156

— exiguus, Pult., 165 |

— eximius, Reeve, 165

Fanulum, Gmel., 184

fasciatus, Born., 185

—— fastigiatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 150

— fenestratus, Gmel., 151

—— filosus, Wood, 165

—— formosus, Forbes, 163

—— foveolatus, Gmel., 151

fragilis, Pult., 163 |

—— Fulguratus, Phil., 179

—— fumosus, Phil., 186

—— fuscatus, Born., 184

—— fuscescens, Phil., 157

Gabaldianus, 185

gallina, Forbes, 182

gemmosus, Reeve, 165

—— gilvus, Phil., 166

granatum, Gmel., 164

granulatus, Born., 163

— Guianicus, Chemn., 158

Guineensis, Gmel., 158

Hanleyanus, Reeve, 154

— ignobilis, Phil., 159

— impervius, Menke, 182

— inequalis, Chemn., 153

— incarnatus, Phil., 155

— incrassatus, Lam., 154

METTTT TT

Trochus indecorus, Phil., 179

—— indistinctus, Wood, 164

inflatus, Blainy., 184

interruptus, Wood, 164

iridis, Chemn., 169

—— iris, Gmel., 169

irisodontes, Quoy, 171

jucundus, Gould, 185

jujubinus, Gmel., 165

— Kochii, Phil., 152

— levigatus, Gmel., 181, 185

——. ——, Phil., 165

— levis, Chemn., 181

Langieri, Payr., 164

Lehmanni, Menke, 172

—— leucostigma, Menke, 171

—— ligatus, Gould, 165

— limbatus, Quoy, 158

— lineatus, Da Costa, 184

» Forbes, 179

, Lam., 154

lineolatus, Potiez, 184

Listeri, Wood, 152

—— littoralis, Brown, 184

— Ludwigi, Krauss, 159

lugubris, Lam., 18]

luridus, Nutt., 166

—— Lyonsii, Leach, 163

maculatus, Linn., 153

— magulus, Desh., 184

magus, Linn., 184

margaritus, Gray, 189

marginatus, Nutt., 181

Martini, Smith, 166

marmoratus, Lam., 150

Matonii, Payr., 164

Maugeri, Wood, 158

mauritianus, Gmel., 151

—— maximus, Koch, 150

—— mediterraneus, Wood, 158

—— melaleucos, Jonas, 156

melanoloma, Phil., 179

merula, Chemn., 181

—— metaformis, Phil., 166

—— microstomus, D’Orb., 181

—— miliaris, Scacc., 166

—— millegranius, Phil., 166

—— miniatus, Anton., 166

— minutus, Chemn., 165

modestus, Koch, 156

— mesius, Jonas, 180

— Montagui, Gray, 164

multicolor, Krauss, 185

nassaviensis, Chemn., 185

—— neritoides, Gmel., 189

—— nigerrimus, Gmel., 180

— niloticus, Linn., 150

— nitens, Woodw., 185

— nitiduius, Phil., 169

—— nitiligineus, Menke, 190

—— noduliferus, Lam., 151

INDEX. 303

Trochus notatus, Gmel., 169

nucleus, Phil., 188

obeliscus, Gmel., 151

— obliquatus, Gmel., 186

obliqueradiatus, Chemn., 185

obscurus, Wood, 172

occidentalis, Migh., 163

— occultus, Phil., 156

ochroleucos, Gmel., 154

ochroleucus, Phil., 159

odontis, Wood, 182

ornatus, Lamk., 164

papillosus, Da Costa, 163

parvus, Da Costa, 165

patholatus, Dillw., 185

—— pellis-serpentis, Wood, 152

—_ perforatus, Smith, 184

—— personatus, Phil., 159

perspectivus, Koch, 166

— Pfeifferi, Phil., 181

—— Pharaonis, Linn., 157

— Philherti, Recl., 185

pictus, Wood, 172

— porcatus, Phil., 172

prasinus, Menke, 151

Preissii, Menke, 172

pulcherrimus, Wood, 172

—— pulligo, Martyn, 182

punctatus, Ren., 164

— punctulatus, Blainy., 179

—— purpuratus, Martyn, 169

—— pustulosus, Phil., 155

— pyramidatus, Lam., 164

—— Pyramis, Gmel., 164

pyrgos, Phil., 172

— quadratus, Gmel., 184

— quadricarinatus, Gmel., 156

—— quadricostatus, Gray, 156

Rackettii, Payr., 184

radiatus, Chemn., 152

, Phil., 185

radula, Phil., 178

rarilineatus, Mich., 184

— regius, Chemn., 153

reticularis, Wood, 178

reticulatus, Gray, 154

— Richardi, Payr., 181

rotelliformis, Phil., 186

—— rubro-flammulatus, Koch, 156

— rusticus, Gmel., 180

saga, Phil., 152

sagittiferus, Lam., 181

Sartorii, Arad., 165

sauciatus, Koch, 181

scaber, Linn., 184

scabrosus, Phil.,, 159

—— scalaris, Anton., 156

— Sedgwickii, Sow., 163

—— Selectus, Chemn., 163

—— signatus, Jonas, 172

sinensis, Gmel., 181

304

Trochus Sisyphinus, Macg., 163

Smithii, Gray, 158

—— spadiceus, Phil., 159

— Spengleri, Chemn., 154

—— spinosus, Lam., 150

stellatus, Chemn., 153

stenomphalus, Jonas, 181

striatus, Forbes, 164

—— ——, Linn., 165

strigillatus, Anton., 152

strigosus, Gmel., 166

striolatus, Quoy, 178

—— suavis, Phil., 182

— subucula, Chemn., 158

—— subviridis, Phil., 154

— sulcatus, Wood, 178

tabularis, Krauss, 181

—— teniatus, Quoy, 178

, Wood, 191

Tamsii, Dunker, 179

—— Tentorium, Chemn., 153

—— tenuis, Mont., 163

tergestinus, Phil., 179

-— tessellatus, Chemn., 178

tiaratus, Quoy, 154

—— tigrinus, Chemn., 180

torulosus, Phil., 156

Tranquebaricus, Chemn., 164

tricolor, Risso, 164

— tridens, Jonas, 18]

triserialis, Lam., 151

tuberculatus, Da Costa, 184

—— tumidus, Mont., 184

turbinoides, Desh., 185

turgidulus, Broce., 159

—— turris, Phil., 155

—— umbilicalis, Da Costa, 185

— umbilicaris, Lamk., 184

—— ——, Linn., 156

—— ——,, Penn., 185

— umbilicatus, Mont., 185

varians, Desh., 185

variegatus, Chemn., 156

varius, Gmel., 185

— vermis, Gmel., 154

—— vernalis, Chemn., 154

verrucosus, Gmel., 153

—— versicolor, Andrg., 184

vinctus, Phil., 166

violaceus, Risso, 163

virgatus, Gmel., 151

—— viridescens, Chemn., 154

— viridis, Gmel., 154

viridulus, Gmel., 156

— vittatus, Lam., 165

— vuilneratus, Phil., 185

Zealandicus, Quoy, 178

zebra, Wood, 178

— zebrinus, Phil., 179

ziziphinus, Linn., 163

Troglodytes Gorilla, 263

INDEX.

Troglodytes europeus, Selby, 145

Tubicanthus, Swains., 232

Tudicla spirillus, Link, 231

Tugali, Gray, 88

Tugali carinata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 89

cicatricosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 89

—— cinerea, Gould, 88

— decussata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 89

—— elegans, Gray, 88

—— intermedia, Reeve, 88

— ossea, Gould, 88

parmophoroidea, Quoy, 89

—— radiata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 89

scutellaris, 4. ddams, n. sp., 89

Turbinellus, Gray, 230

Turbo carneus, Lowe, 190

cinereus, Couth., 190

declivis, Forsk.,’ 184

helicinus, O. Fab., 189

inearnatus, Couth., 190

inflatus, Totten., 189

lineatus, Da Costa, 179

lunaris, Chemn., 178

—— margarita, Mont., 189

—— nigerrimus, Gmel., 178

obscurus, Couth., 190

—— pica, Chemn., 179

—— sanguineus, Gmel., 184

Turdus iliacus, Linn., 145

merula, Linn., 142

—— musicus, Linn., 145

Tyrannula, Swains., 51

Tyrannula Cooperi, Nutt., 51

crinita, Linn., 51

Gossii, Bonap., 51

—— Mexicana, Kaup, n. sp., 51

—— stolida, Gosse, 51

Umbonium, Link, 232

Umbonium excisum, Chemn., 232

vestiarium, Linn., 232

Upupa epops, Linn., 145

Vanellus cristatus, Meyer, 146

Vanganella, Gray, n. g., 125

Vanganella Taylorii, Gray, n. sp., 125

Vasum, Link, 123

Vasum ceramicum, Linn., 231

Velasia, 235, 239

Velasia Chilensis, 239

Velutina Sitkensis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 225

Verpa, Bolten, 232

Verpa penis, Linn., 232

Volema, Link, 230

Vultur iota, 53

papa, Linn., 53

Vulture, The King, 53

Xancus, Bolten, 230

Xancus maculatus, Link, 230

pyrum, Linn., 230

Xenurvs, Wagler, 214

Xenorvs antiguus, Lund, 215

nudicaudis, Lund, 215