THE
NAUTILUS
A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF
CONCHOLOGISTS
VOL. XIX.
MAY, 1905, to APRIL, 19O6.
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :
H. A. PILSBEY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences,
PHILADELPHIA.
C. W. JOHNSON, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History,
BOSTON.
INDEX
TO
THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XIX.
INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.
Achatina gracilior Boettger ...... 96
Achatinollidae, descriptions of new species of . . . Ill
Alaba oldroydi Dall, n. sp. . . . . . . .15
Adelomelon Dall .....'.... 143
Amastra conica Baldwin ....... 1ST
Amastra laeva Baldwin . . . . . . . .138
Amastra montana Baldwin ....... 136
Amastra rnbristoma Baldwin ...... 137
Amastra seminnda Baldwin ...... 137
Amastra sinistrorsa Baldwin . . . . . .138
Amoria Gray 143
Amnicola augustina Pilsbry (PI. V, figs. 13, 14) . . lit
Amnicola pilsbryi Walker, n. sp. (PI. V, figs. 11, 16) . 116
Amnicola walkeri Pils. (PI. Y, fig. 12) .... 117
Amnicoltdse, new and little known species of . . 97, 114
Antarctic nudibrancbs . . . . . . . .71
Arion subfusca var. cinereofusca. ..... 84
Arizona and New Mexico, the snails of . . . .68
Bifidaria pentodon and its allies. .... 121, 134
Bifidaria pentodon Say (Plates VI and VII, figs. 1-41) . 122
Bifidaria pentodon var. gracilis Sterki (PI. VI, figs. 16-27) 123
Bifidaria tappaniana C. B. Adams (PL VII, figs. 42-53) . 126
Bifidaria tappaniana curta Sterki 134
California!) helix, a new . . . . . . .41
Californian shells, two undescribed 14
Calliostoma (Leiotrochus) marionae Dall, n. sp. . . . 131
Carychium exiguum Say (figs.) ...... 140
Carychium exile Lea (figs.) 138
(Hi)
1Y THE NAUTILUS.
Carychium exile canadense Clapp, (flgs.) .... 139
Carychium stygium Call (figs.) ...... 140
Carychium nannodes Clapp, n. sp. (PI. Ill, figs. 7-9.). . 81
Cerithidea sacrata hyporhyssa Berry, n. var. . . . 133
Chiton from the New England Coast, A New . . .88
Cochliopa rowelli, a California Shell ? . . . .91
Crepidula nivea var. glottidiarum Dall, n. var. . . .27
Crepidula rugosa var. naticarum Williamson, n. var. . . 50
Crepidula rugosa var. norrisiarum Williamson, n. var. . 51
Cyeladidae of the Southern States. ..... 30
Cypraea, on some new varieties of . . . .29
Cypraea xanthodon Gray ....... 12
Cypraea capensis var. elizabethensis Rous, n. var. . . 29
Cyprrea carneola var. adonis Rous, n. var. . . . .77
Cypraea cruenta var. violacea Rous, n. var. . . .77
Cypraea exanthema var. pudica Rous, n. var. . . .75
Cypraea helvola var. aphrodite Rous, n. var. . . .75
Cypraea Isabella var. fulva Rons, n. var. . . . .77
Cypraea miliaris var. brookei Rous, n. var. . . .29
Cynraea vitellus var. fergusoni Rous, n. var. . . .76
Cypraeidae in the collection of Mr. D. W. Ferguson . . 75
Dendrotrochus eva Ptr. ....... 43
Dendrotrochus layardi Hartin. ...... 43
Diplomorpha bernieri Hartm. ...... 44
Diploinorpha delantouri var. major ..... 44
Draparnaudia singularis Pfr. var. diminuta Ancey, n. var. 42
Endodonta tenuiscdpta Ancey ...... 42
Epiphragmophora sequoicola soquela Rowell, n. subsp. . 41
Florida Keys, Land shells of ...... 37
Floridian Calliostoma, on a new ...... 131
Frenchman's Bay, Maine, dredging in . .... 128
Frenchman's Bay, Maine, shell-bearing mollusca . .110
Goniobasis columbiensis Whiteaves, n. sp. (PI. II, figs. 11,
12) . . 61
Harpulina Dall, n. gen. ....... 143
Helicina layardi Hartm. ..... .46
Helicorbis Benson ..... . . 104
Helix (Epiphragmophora) sequoicola soquela Rowell, n.
subsp 41
THE NAUTILUS. V
Indiana, notes on a collection of shells from Bass Lake . 27
Indiana, Notes on the semi-fossil shells of Posey County . 62
James Bay, Hudson Bay, list of a few species of land and
fresh-water shells, from ....... 4
Lamprocystis layardi (Thomson) . . . . .42
Loess of Naches, etc. . ....... 144
Lymnaea bulimoides var. cockerelli Pilsbry . . . 130
Lymnaea hinkleyi Baker, n. sp. . . . . . . 142
Lymnaea parva Lea ........ 52
Lymnaea sterkii Baker, n. sp. . ... . . .51
Lyogyrus brownii Carpenter, a new locality for . . 47
Macrochlamys (?) annatonensis Pfr. ... . . 42
Maculopeplum Ball, n. gen. . . . . . 143
Massachusetts slugs ........ 84
Mcellendorffia and Stegodera, note on .... 63
Moellendorffia (Moellendorfliella) erdmanni S. & B., (PI. II,
figs, 9, 10.) 66
Moellendorffia (Trihelix) hiraseana Pils., n. sp. (PI. II, figs.
4, 5, 6.) 66
Moellendorffia trisinuata sculptilis Mlldff. (PI. II, figs. 7, 8). 65
Mu rex (Puyllonotus) santarosana Dall, n. sp. . . 14
Museum Boltenianum, republication of . . .47
Natica intricatoides, on the Algerian coast . . .34
Neritina lineata var. reticulata C. & J. . . . .56
Newcombia carinella Baldw. 136
New England, anew brackish-water shell from . . .90
New Hebrides, remarks on some land and fresh-water shells
from the 42
New Mexico and Arizona, the snails of . . .68
New Mexico, shells of Grant, Valencia Co. .... 130
Nicaragua, shell-collecting on the Mosquito coast of, 8, 16, 32,
55, 78
Notes and News ... 12, 34, 47, 84, 96, 107, 120, 132
Notes on some forgotten mollusk names . . . .104
November snails 96
Nudibranchs, Antartic. ....... 71
Oliva (Agaronia) testacea ....... 18
Omphalotropis conella Sykes, var 45
Omalodiscus Benson 105
VI THE NAUTILUS.
Ordovician gastropod retaining color markings. . .101
Oreohelix yavapai compactula Ckll. . . . . .46
Oysters, Canadian ........ 107
Pachycheilus corvinus Morel . .... 56
Palaina francoisi Ancey, n. sp. . . . .44
Paludestrina salsa Pilsbry, n. sp. (PI. Ill, fig. 10) . 90, 107
Partulina carnicola Baldwin, n. sp. . . . . .112
ParUilina cooped Baldwin, n. sp. ..... 135
Partulina flemingi Baldwin, n. sp. ..... Ill
Partulina fulvicans Baldwin, n. sp. ..... 135
Partulina kaasana Baldwin, n. sp. ..... 113
Partulina lemmoni Baldwin, n. sp. ..... 112
Pearl fishing ......... 12
Physa layardi Ancey, n. sp. ...... 44
Pliysa rhomhoidea ........ 96
Pisidia, new varieties of North American . . . 80,118
Pisidiura compressum var. arrosuin Sterki. n. var. . . 82
Pisidium compressum var. confertum Sterki, n. var. . . 82
Pisidiurn compressum var. contrarium Sterki, n. var. . . 83
Pisidium comprebsum var. coosaense Slerki, n. var. . . 83
Pisidium compressum var. Isevigatum Sterki. n. var. . .81
Pisidium compressum var. liranicolum Sterki, n. var. . 81
Pisidium compressum var. opacum Ste:ki, n. var. . . 81
Pisidium compressum var. rostratum Sterki, n. var. . . 82
Pisidium compressum var. smithii Sterki, n. var. . . 83
Pisidium f'allax var. mite Sterki, n. var. . . . .84
Pisidium f'allax var. errans Sterki, n. n. for septentrionale
preoc. .......... 84
Pisidium idahoense var. indianense Sterki, n. var. . . 80
Pisidium noveboracense var. alabamense 8terki, n. var. . 120
Pisidium noveboracense var. elevatum Sterki, n. var. . 119
Pisidium noveboracense var. expansum Sterki, n. var. . 118
Pisidium noveboracense var. fVaternum Sterki, n. var. . 120
Pisidium noveboracense var. lineatum Sterki, n. var. . .119
Pisidium noveboracense var. quadrulum Sterki, n. var. . 119
Pisidium punctatum var. armatum Sterki, n. var. . . 84
Pisidium punctatum var. simplex Sterki, n. var. . . 84
Pisidium variabile var. brevius Sterki, n. var. . . . 118
Pisidium variabile var. hybrid um Sterki, n. var. . .118
Placostylus (Pcecilocharis) francoisi . . . . .44
Planorbis alabamensis and dilatatus in the Floridian Plio-
cene ....... . . 34
Planorbis alabamensis var. avus Pilsbry, u. var. . . .34
Planorbis, a new Tertiary 100
THE NAUTILUS. vii
Planorbis florissantensis Cockerell, n. sp 100
Planorbis nautileus Linn., in Illinois ... . 120
Planorbis nitidus Gray . . . . . . .105
Plejona Bolten 143
Polygyra decepta Clapp, n. sp. (fig.) 25
Polygyra ferrissi sericea Ferriss, n. sp. . . . . 67
Polygyra inflecta approxinians Clapp, n. subsp. (PI. Ill,
fig. 6) . . . . ?4
Polygyra multilineata algonqninensis Nason, n. var. . .141
Polygyra smithii Clapp, n. sp. (PI. Ill, figs. 1-4; . . 73
Potamopyrgus brevior Ancey, n. sp. . . . . .46
Prince Edward Island, shells of . . . . . .103
Publications received . . .24, 35, 48, 60,71, 92, 108
Pupa cincinnatiensis Judge . . . . . 121,124
Pupa curvidens Gould ...... 12, 124
Pupilla floridana Dall . . . . 121, 125
Pyrii'ulopsis mississippiensis Pilsbry (PL Y, fig. 15) . . 116
Quadrula archeri Frierson, n. sp. (PI. I, figs. 1,2) . . 13,
Quadrula rubidula Frierson, n. sp. (PI. I, figs. 3. 4) . . 14
Somatogyrus aldrichi Walker, n. sp. (PI. V, fig. 9) . .114
Somatogyrus biangulatus Walker, n. sp. (PI. Y, tig. 6) . 99
So'matogyrus excavatus Walker, n. sp. (PI. V, tig. 7) . . 100
Somatogyrus humerosis Walker, n. sp. (PL Y, fig. 2) . 98
Somatogyrus pennsylvanicua I ilsbry, (PI. Y, figs. 17, 18) . 116
Somatogyrus pumilus Conrad, ^ PI. Y, fig. 10.) . . . 115
Somatogyrus quadratus Walker, n. sp. (PI. Y, figs. 3, 4.) . 98
Somatogyrus strengi Pilsbry & Walker, n. sp. (PI. Y, tig.
5) . ' .99
Somatogyrus substriatus Walker, n. sp. (PL Y, fig. 1.) .97
Somatogyrus tennesseensis Walker, n. sp. (PI. Y. tig. 8.) . 114
Stegodera angusticollis Mart. (PI. II, tigs. 1, 2, 3.) . 64, 65
Stegodera, notes on Moellendorttia and . . . .63
Straparollina harpa Hudson, (fig.) . . . . .102
Strombus pugilis nicaraguaensis Fluck, n. var. . . .32
Sti'ombus pugilis, some notes on living, (PL III, figs. 11, 13) 85
Succinea floridana Pilsbry, n. sp. . . . . .40
Succinea Indiana Pilsbry, n. sp. . . . . . .28
Succinea retusa masister Pilsbry, (Fig. 2.). . . . 109
Tonicella hlaneyi Dall, n. sp. (PL IY.) . . . .88
Trivia acutidentata Gask., note on ..... 132
Trochorbis Benson, ........ 105
Unio luteolus, note on Canadian ..... 34
Unionidge from Alabama, new .....* 13
Unionidae, notes on young ....... 49
Unionidse of Wisconsin ....... 59
Yalvata bumeralis ........ 130
Yalvata lewisii ......... 2
Yalvata, note on . 28
• . •
Vlll THE NAUTILUS.
Vertigo perryi Sterki, n. sp. ...... 53
Vitrina pfeifferi Desh., note on . . . . . . 107
Vitrea rhoadsi Pilsbry (Fig. 1) 109
Yolutidse, notes on genera of ...... 143
Yoluta junonia Lam ........ 143
Volutilithes Swains ........ 143
West Coast Conchology, a second contribution to . 5,19
Wisconsin shells, list of ....... 57
Wright, Samuel Hart 105
Yukon Territory, notes on some fresh-water shells from . 1
INDEX TO AUTHOKS.
Ancey, C. F 34, 42
Baker, Frank C 27,51,120,142
Baldwin, D. D . Ill, 135
Berr}', S. S. ......... 133
Blaney, Dwigbt 110,128
Button, Fred. L. 132
Carpenter, H. F. ........ 47
Chadwick, G. H 57, 103
Clapp, Geo. H 25, 73, 91, 138
Cockerell, T. D. A 46, 68, 71, 84, 96, 100
Colton, Harold Sellers 85
Dall, Wm. H 14,26,88,104,107,131,143
Daniels, L. E 62
Ferriss, Jas. H. . . . . . . . . .67
Fluck, W. H 8, 16, 32, 55, 78
Frierson, L. S 13,49
Hemphill, Henry 5. 19
Johnson, Charles W 48, 72, 92, 105, 108
Latchford, F. R 34
Nason, Wm. A. . . . . . . . . .141
Pilsbry, Henry A. . 24, 28, 34,37, 48, 60, 63, 80, 91, 93, 109,
121,130
Raymond, Percy E 107
Roberts, S. Raymond ........ 12
Rous, Sloman, ........ 29, 75
Rowell, Rev. J. . . . . . . . . .41
Sterki, V 30,53,80,96,118,134
Vanatta, E. G. . . . . . . . . 121
Walker, Bryant 97,114
Whiteaves, J. F 1,4,61
Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton 50
Winkley, Henry W 107
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIX. MAY, 1905. No. 1.
NOTES ON SOME PRESS- WATER, SHELLS FROM THE YUKON TERRITORY.
BY J. F. WHITEAVES.
Among the zoological collections in the Museum of the Geological
Survey of Canada, there are a few fresh-water shells from the Yukon
Territory, which have not yet been reported upon, though they are
by no means devoid of interest to the student of the geographical
distribution of the mollusca.
Most of these shells were collected by the late Dr. G. M. Dawson,
in 1887, at four localities, viz., from Frances Lake, at the head of
the Liard River ; from Finlayson Lake, between Frances Lake and
the Pally River ; at the Lewes River ; and from Lake Marsh or
" Mud Lake," one of the tributaries of the Lewes River. The re-
mainder were collected by Mr. Joseph Keele in 1904, from the
Stewart River, near Mayo River.
The Cycladidae in these collections have been kindly determined
by Dr. V. Sterki, and most of the Gasteropoda by Dr. W. H. Dall.
The species represented in them are apparently as follows :
PELECTPODA.
Sphserium Walkeri Sterki.
Frances Lake, one valve ; and Finlayson Lake, two perfect speci-
mens. In 1904 Mr. W. Mclnnes collected a few living shells,
which were referred to this species by Dr. Sterki, from the Atta-
2 THE NAUTILUS.
wapiskat River, Keewatin. The type of S. Walkeri are from Lake
Michigan.
Pisidium Idahoense Roper.
Stewart River, near Mayo River ; one dead but perfect specimen
and an odd valve. Dr. Sterki writes that the " anterior part of the
hinge of the former is reversed."
Pisidium compressum Prime.
Stewart River, near Mayo River; one specimen. Mr. Mclnnes
has recently collected specimens of this species at Ozhiski Lake,
Attawapiskat River, at Kawinogans River (a branch of the Attawa-
piskat) and at the Winisk River, Keewatin.
Pisidium varidbile Prime, var.
Stewart River, near Mayo River ; two specimens. Mr. Mclnnes
has recently collected three specimens on the Kawinogans River,
which Dr. Sterki has identified with this species.
Pisidium scutellatum Sterki.
Frances Lake ; fry only, one specimen. Dr. Sterki has recognized
a few specimens of P. scutellatum in collections made by Mr. Mclnnes
last year at Ozhiski Lake and the Kawinogans River, Keewatin.
GASTEROPODA.
Yalvata mergella Westerlund.
Stewart River, near Mayo River, two specimens.
Valvata Lewisii Currier.
Valvata sincera of Haldeman, C. B. Adams, Dekay; "W. G. Bin-
ney, and many subsequent American writers, but, according to Dall,
not Y. sincera of Say.
Valvata striata of Lewis, but not of Philippi,
Frances Lake, ten specimens, and Finlayson Lake, two specimens.
Presumably similar specimens were previously recorded by W. G.
Binney, in 1865, under the name V. sincera, as having been collected
by Major Kennicott from the Peace River, Upper Mackenzie, and
Great Slave Lake. Frances and Finlayson Lakes both belong to
the Upper Mackenzie drainage system.
THE NAUTILI'S. 3
Elsewhere in Canada, V. Leivisii, as recently identified by Dall,
is now known to occur at many localities from Gaspe to Alberta, and
as far to the northeastward as Fort Chimo, Ungava.
A few specimens, in the museum of the Canadian Survey, which
Dall thinks are " probably the true V. sincera of Say, or a variety
of it," were collected on the island of Anticosti by Professor Macoun
in 1884, and on the Attawapiskat and Kawinogans Rivers by Mr.
Mclnnes in 1904. Those from the Kawinogans River have the
outer half of the last volution free and partially uncoiled.
Limncea stagnates appressa Say.
Stewart River, near Mayo River ; two specimens.
Limncea Randolphii Baker.
Frances Lake, eleven fine and large specimens ; Finlayson Lake,
eleven specimens, mostly immature ; Lewes River, one small speci-
men ; and Lake Marsh, Lewis River, seventeen fine and mostly
adult shells.
Limncea palustris Muller.
Frances Lake, two specimens.
Limncea Vahlii Beck. (Dall.)
Frances Lake, nine specimens; Finlayson Lake, twelve specimens.
Limncea arctica Lea. (Dall.)
= Limnsea Pingeli Beck, var.; (Dall.)
Stewart River, near Mayo River, two specimens.
Planorbis trivolvis Say.
Stewart River, near Mayo River ; seven specimens of a rather
large, depressed and thin-shelled form of this species, with the spiral
angulation obsolete.
Segmentina armigera (Say).
Stewart River, near Mayo River ; one specimen.
Physa sp. indet.
Finlayson Lake ; one very immature specimen.
Ottawa, April 5, 1905.
4 THE NAUTILUS.
LISTS OF A FEW SPECIES OF LAND AND FRESH- WATER SHELLS FROM
THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY OF JAMES BAY, HUDSON BAY.
BY J. F. •WHITEAVES.
The shells referred to in the following lists were collected by
Messrs. O. O'Sullivan and W. Spreadborough, at three localities
near James Bay, on behalf of the Geological Survey of Canada, and
are now in its Museum :
1. From two miles above the mouth of the Harricanaw River,
Hannah Bay, collected July 1, 1904.
(A. Land Shells.')
Cochlicopa lubrica (Muller). Several specimens.
Vitrina limpida Gould. Eight specimens.
Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Two specimens.
Pyramidula striatella (Anthony). Four specimens.
Succinea retusa Lea (S. ovalis Gould non Say). Several speci-
mens.
(B. Fresh-water Shells.)
Limncea stagnalis appressa. Ten specimens.
Limncea Vahlii Beck (teste Dall). Eleven specimens.
Limn&a truncatula Muller (teste Dall). Several specimens.
Bulinus hypnorum (L.). Eight specimens.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. Two specimens.
2. From the mouth of the Moose River, about a mile below Moose
Factory, collected July 15, 1904.
Lampsilis luteolus (Lamarck). Two specimens.
Anodonta marginata, Say (= A.fragilis, Lamarck). Three spe-
cimens.
3. From the mouth of the Albany River, about a mile below Fort
Albany, collected July 25, 1904.
Planorbis albus, Muller (== P. hirsutus, Gould). Several speci-
mens.
Ottawa, April 8, 1905.
THE NAUTILUS. 5
A SECOND CONTRIBUTION TO WEST COAST CONCHOLOGY— I.
BT HENRY HEMPHILL.
This may be considered a continuation of the article published in
the three closing numbers of Vol. XIV (1901) of the NAUTILUS,
entitled, " A Contribution to West Coast Conchology."
Since the publication of that article I have devoted the greater
part of three years or more to further exploration of the islands off
the coast of southern California, and a large part of a narrow strip
of the mainland directly along the coast opposite to the islands, ex-
tending from San Pedro, at the south, to San Simeon Point, at the
north, the latter point being about one hundred miles, more or less,
north of San Miguel Island, the most northerly island of the group.
The new material secured during this exploration is so variable in
every respect and yet so closely connected by intermediate forms,
and adds so much to our knowledge, not only of the land shells of
this region, but to the subject of variation generally, that I offer the
following notes and descriptions for the consideration of those inter-
ested in the study of our land shells.
These islands and the narrow strip of the mainland referred to
above constitute a very small portion of a large zoological province
that has its southern line at San Diego, and its northern limits at
Juan de Fuca Strait, and which may be or is known as the Cali-
fornian Province, as most of the forms of molluscan life found within
these limits have their metropolis, I believe, within the borders of
the State of California. These limits, however, like all other at-
tempts to define boundaries in nature, are more or less arbitrarily
drawn, and serve only in a general way for the purposes of study, as
dividing lines. Quite a number of genera and species that live in
this province pass beyond these limits, while a few from the more
northern region and even some circumpolar forms, disguised as
species, range across the California Province far down into the more
southern regions.
On account of their isolation or separation from the mainland and
peculiar conditions in the environment, both the fauna and flora of
the islands possess unusual attractions for those interested in the
study of the problems of life. I shall go somewhat into the particu-
lars and details of the conditions existing on these islands as I have
O THE NAUTILUS.
seen and observed them, and picture them as best I can for the
readers of the NAUTILUS. A bit of history in this connection may
be of interest.
Historians and others tell us that these islands after several un-
successful expeditions were discovered in the year 1852, by Juan
Rodrigues Cabrillo, a Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain.
BARBARA
COAST LINE AND ISLANDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.
" Cabrillo," Prof. Holder tells us in his very interesting little book-
let on Santa Catalina Island, " named the islands we call to-day San
Clemente and Santa Catalina after his ships, the former ' La Vittoria '
and the latter ' San Salvador.' "
In May, 1602, sixty years later, another expedition under Sebas-
tain Vizcaino visited these islands in the following month of De-
cember. Vizcaino ignored Cabrillo's names and renamed them San
Clemente and Santa Catalina, under which false names they have
been called ever since. According to modern conchological rules,
these later names fall into the synonomy of Cabrillo's earlier ones,
but it seems a shame to " knock out " one saint's name with another,
THE NAUTILUS. 7
if I am allowed to use a pugilistic phrase in connection with such a
saintly subject.
Prof. Holder continues to tell us that the historian of Vizcaino
was Father Torquemada, a member of the party, who has left a de-
scription of a temple on Santa Catalina. " It consisted of a large
circular place decorated with feathers, in the centre of which was an
idol bearing upon its sides representations of the sun and moon. To
this object the natives sacrificed birds, yet when the Spaniards shot
the ravens the natives raised many lamentations." '.' I believe,"
says Father Torquemada, "that the devil was in those crows, and
spoke through them, for they were regarded with great respect and
veneration. The birds were so tame that they would snatch fish
from the hands of the native women who did not dare to retaliate."
Torquemada considered the natives of Santa Catalina a superior
race and in advance of the natives of the mainland in every way.
The women were attractive, had fine eyes, and were modest and de-
corous, while the children were described as " white and ruddy."
"When Cabrillo discovered Southern California, Santa Catalina
had a large and vigorous population. To-day (1901), three hun-
dred and fifty-two years later, this is represented by a pitiful handful
of natives who are scattered about the foothills of the missions, by
graveyards despoiled, and by the quaint stone implements plowed
up by the modern ranchers.
I am indebted to the U. S. Coast Pilot for the following informa-
tion in regard to the size, distances and elevations on these islands:
" The general trend of these islands is southeast and northwest,"
or about parallel with the general trend of the coast line of the main-
land south of Point Conception, which point is a little north of San
Miguel, the most northerly island of the group.
" Santa Catalina lies about 18 miles southward from Point Fer-
min. It is about 18 miles long in an east and west direction, with
a greatest width of about 7 miles. About 6 miles from the western
end is a deep cut in a north and south direction that almost severs
it (this is known as the isthmus). The highest peak, 2100 feet high,
lies about the middle of the island."
In February, 1897, the California Academy of Sciences issued a
Bulletin on the Geology of Santa Catalina Island, written by William
Sidney Tangier Smith, which goes largely into the details and analy-
sis of the rocks of the island. As the rocks form the basis of all
8 THE NAUTILUS.
the clays and soils, and in connection with the internal heat and
moisture and external atmospheric conditions, form the basis of all
organic life, including man, Mr. Smith's list and arrangement may
be desirable to those who take a broad view and are seeking a solu-
tion of the great problems of life. His list and arrangement follows :
A — Eruptive Rocks.
1. Diorite. 3. Rhyolite.
2. Porphyrite. 4. Andesite.
B — Tuff and Diatomaceous Earth.
1. Tuff. 2. Shale.
C — Sedimentary Deposits.
D — Breccia.
E — Basement Series.
1. Quartzite. 4. Talc Shists.
2. Actinolite. 5. Garnet Amphibolite.
3. Serpentine.
(To be Continued.)
SHELL-COLLECTING ON THE MOSQUITO COAST OF NICARAGUA.
That part of the Central American coast stretching from the Car-
ribean Sea inland for about 40 or 50 miles and from the Wawa
River and Sisin Creek on the north to the Rama River on the south
has, until very recently, been known .as the Mosquito Coast. In
former times it was one of the regular haunts of those historic gentle-
men whose lives have given us some thrilling tales of the old Spanish
Main, and who had so much regard for the things of others that they
soon became their own. The well-primed flint-lock and the handy
machette were sometimes brought into play and made said transfers
of property more expeditious.
Bluefields, the metropolis of the Mosquito Coast, with its cosmo-
politan, variegated population and babel of tongues, owes itsjiame to
Blauveldt, one of those old sea-dogs. From 1655 to 1850 this land
enjoyed autonomy under Great Britain, being ruled by native kings.
But in 1850 under the terms of the Clayton-Bui wer treaty and of
the treaty of Managua of 1860 the suzerainty was transferred to
Nicaragua. The Indians enjoyed practical independence under their
native king until 1895, when Nicaragua troops took actual possession
THE NAUTILUS.
10 THE NAUTILUS.
and the last vestige of native rule disappeared. The United States
no doubt welcomed the final act, but England has never yet given
full assent to it. The political change has not been beneficial to the
native population.
A little gold in the rivers, some exports of mahogany and rubber
support a small foreign population, who import considerable foreign
food and manufactured goods. All this making the imposition of
duty possible, the Nicaraguan government was naturally attracted,
for the main function of government in many of our naughty little
sister republics is to grab the pennies.
The white people comprise the foreign traders and the mission-
aries. The Nicaraguans in Bluefields are mostly mixed; as to the
rest of the population it is made up of native Indians, except for the
West Indian negroes who have settled in Bluefields and at Pearl
Lagoon.
Of the Indian tribes the Moskos, whom the Spaniards called
Mosquitos, are the most numerous and inhabit the seacoast. On
Rama Key, in the Bluefields Lagoon, and on the mainland as far as
Monkey Point, live a few hundred Rama Indians. Near Pearl
Lagoon and near Wauks River or the Rio Coco dwell some remnants
of black Caribs. Near the headwaters of streams west of Bluefields
are to be found some Woolwas, while the Sumus inhabit the country
along the headwaters of streams to the north of the Kuringwas
River. All these interesting tribes and the Sumus especially, the
most interesting of them all, are fast dying out or mixing. The
ethnologist had better hurry or a field of research will be gone for-
ever.
In Vol. 5, p. 151, of "The American Journal of Conchology,"
Mr. Ralph Tate, who collected in the Chonatales province, says :
" A low mountain chain trends in a northwest and southeast direc-
tion through the central part of the country. . . . This region ex-
tends to the Atlantic seaboard." The italics are mine, and it is to
this latter remark I want to call attention, for I have had inquiries
from conchologists concerning shells they thought lived on the Mos-
quito Coast which could not possibly have existed in its swamps.
With the exception of the low, isolated Pratta Hills to the north-
west of Karata, a single isolated cone, known as Lappan, just west
of Wounta Haulover ; a solitary ridge near Pearl Lagoon, and some
spurs of Cord, de Yoloma south of Bluefields, the entire Mosquito
THE NAUTILUS. 11
Coast, together with much of the country beyond its limits, espec-
ially up the Kuringvvas and the Avultara (Rio Grande) is low,
swampy, savanna land. For twenty miles back from the sea, ex-
cept in the rainy season, the rivers, creeks and lakes are salty. A
glance at the map will show that the sea has invaded the laud along
the whole coast. The Indians say the coast is settling. Trees
planted 80 years ago, high and dry and back from the sea, were at
the high-tide line, being washed away in 1903. Lagoons once sep-
arated by a strip of forest or connected by a very narrow tingui
(channel) are now united as one. Banks that once sloped to the
water's edge are now being submerged.
Dense forest covers the country along all the streams and lagoons.
Near the sea is the ubiquitous mangrove. Between the rivers are
lar^e savannas on which roam the cattle of the Indians, as well as
D
deer. With few exceptions, the villages are along the rivers and
lagoons, and consist of wattled and thatched huts. The entire pop-
ulation cannot exceed 15,000. The country is a paradise for natur-
alists, although I never met any there. It abounds in insects, birds,
fish and interesting quadrupeds, such as tapirs, peccary, jaguars,
pumas and ocelots, besides lizards, alligators, turtles and manatees.
I also observed at least three kinds of monkeys. Last, and of course
not least, there are molluscs.
Along the seashore the country is sandy, and one is reminded of
the Jersey beach. There are, however, three isolated spots on the
coast which form exceptions. At the entrance to the harbor at Blue-
fields there is a strong " Bluff" standing high above the surround-
ing low stretches of country. At Walfa Siksa, the meaning of
which is black stone, are to be found on the north side of the river
mouth some black igneous rocks. They are also found under the
river bed and crop out back of the village, which stands back from
the sea, on the south bank of the river. This outcrop forms quite a
conical knoll of rocks, having remarkable, square-like cavity struc-
tures. It is hidden in the " bush," and few white men know that
the hill exists. To the north of the Wawa river there are some
high banks of clay and stones along the sea, and the place is known
as Bragman's Bluff.
The sand of the sea-beach extends back only a short distance —
from a few feet to a few hundred yards, where clay and igneous-
looking earth takes its place. Back twenty or thirty miles the river
12 THE NAUTILUS.
banks get high enough to prevent overflow, and then the country be-
gins to be stony. Rapids and falls are found on nearly all the
rivers along the western border of the old reserve, and doubtless
indicate an ancient seacoast.
From the shore line seaward there extends a very gradually slop-
ing continental shelf, making shallow water and calm seas.
From three to forty miles out there are keys of various sizes, the
largest being (Great) Corn Island. Some are treeless, while others
are covered with mangroves and cocoanut palms.
From 1899 to 1903 it was my privilege to live at Wounta Haulover,
a little Indian village of wattled and thatched huts. Being the only
white man within twenty miles in any direction, loneliness some-
times drove me out into the forest, along the rivers or down by the
sea — lo collect shells. Although my time was fully occupied with
professional duties, I succeeded in getting together a nice cabinet of
specimens. In another paper I shall name them and append some
notes.
NOTES.
CYPR^EA XANTHODON GRAY. — Dr. T. H. May, Government
Health and Medical Officer of the Port of Bundaberg, Queensland,
Australia, has sent me three beautiful specimens of Cypraea xantho-
don Gray, which he says his children picked up last Christmas when
at his seaside cottage. The shells were alive when taken and were
found under rocks at low water. This species has been supposed to
have a deep-water habitat. — S. RAYMOND ROBERTS.
WHOLESALE PEARL FISHING. — A great pearl fishery will take
place at Marichchikkaddi, in the Island of Ceylon, on or about
February 20, 1905. The banks to be fished are the southwest
Cheval Paar, which is estimated to contain 3,500,000 oysters, suffi-
cient to employ 200 boats for two days ; the mid-east Cheval Paar,
estimated to contain 13,750,000 oysters, sufficient to employ 200
boats for seven days ; the north and south Moderagam, with 25,700,-
000 oysters, sufficient to employ 200 boats for thirteen days ; the
south Cheval Paar, estimated to contain 40,220,000 oysters, suffi-
cient to employ 200 boats for twenty days, each boat being fully
manned with divers. — London Globe.
THE NAUTILUS, XIX.
PLATE I.
.
FRIERSON : NEW UNIONID/E.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIX. JUNE, 1905. No. 2.
NEW UNIONID.ZE FROM ALABAMA.
BY L. S. FRIER3ON.
Quadrula archeri n. sp. Plate I, figs. 1, 2.
Shell snail, thin, lenticular, somewhat quadrate, smooth. An-
terior margin rounded, basal margin slightly curved, dorsal margin
somewhat bent midway, posterior margin rounded or bluntly pointed,
umbones low and flattened. Sides compressed, raised slightly at the
posterior angle, which is nearly obsolete ; posterior slope wide, and
somewhat elevated ; epidermis smooth, light brown, sometimes in-
clining to orange, two or three concentric bands of green or black
mark the earlier lines of growth.
Teeth of the left valve double, anterior cardinal high, thin and
wedge-shaped, the posterior cardinal triangular, low and small,
laterals thin, rather short and nearly straight.
In the right valve the cardinals are divided by a deep cleft, ex-
tending nearly to the bottom of the anterior adductor scar, the pos-
terior tooth being much the smaller. The dorsal plate is quite wide
for so small a shell. The shell cavity is quite capacious; the beak
cavities deep and compressed. Nacre white, with brown splotches,
and very iridescent. The nacre is probably also salmon-colored in
some individuals. The pallial line in the specimens before me is
nearly imperceptible in the posterior part of shell, where the nacre
is very thin. One specimen shows in the upper part of the shell
cavity, 20 or SO almost microscopic muscle-scars extending from the
beak cavities half way to the pallial line. Long. 34, alt. 28, diam.
14 mm. Habitat : Tallapoosa River, at Tallassee, Ala.
14 THE NAUTILUS.
This shell is not closely allied to any shell with which I am
acquainted. On the one hand it resembles some of the Pleurobemas
of the group typified by P. fassinans, Lea, and on the other hand it
bears some resemblance to a young and thin Q. aurea, Lea. In the
concentric coloring of the lines of growth, it reminds one of Q.
asperata, Lea. Its deep and compressed beak cavities place it in
the genus Quadrula, while its resemblances to the latter two species
is too slight to cause any error in their direction. Four specimens
were found in the Tallapoosa River, Ala., by Mr. A. A. Hinkley,
who has kindly allowed me to retain the specimen figured.
Quadrula rubidula n. sp. Plate I, figs. 3. 4.
Shell small, heavy, somewhat triangular; base emarginate, dor-
sum arched, posterior angle biangulate; ligament elevated, light red.
Beaks not very high, umbones inflated, sides flattened, epidermis
brown, rough, obsoletely rayed, and showing traces of a greenish
tint.
Cardinals stout, short, rough, inclined to be double in both valves;
laterals rather short, heavy, rough, and slightly curved ; cavity of
shell very irregular, excavated from beak to posterior margin; beak
cavity deep and compressed, nacre white, sometimes pinkish, not
very iridescent. Long. 36, alt. 32, diam. 22 mm.
The shell is close to Q. rubida, Lea, and some forms resemble
some of the depauperated specimens of Q. trigona, Lea. From
either of these species it may be differentiated by its small size, and
by the biangulated posterior angle. Some 30 or 40 specimens from
the Mulberry River; 20 or 30 from the Black Warrior, and a single
specimen from the North River, Alabama, show a remarkable con-
stancy in size and other characters. Examples may be seen in the
cabinets of most of the collectors of Unionidae in America, contributed
by Mr. A. A. Hinkley, of Dubois, Illinois.
TWO TJNDESCRIBED CALIFORNIA!* SHELLS.
BY WILLIAM HEALEY BALL.
Murex (Phyllonotus) santarosana n. sp.
Shell small for the subgenus, with about six whorls, each bearing
from five to seven strong, low, reflexed varices, with a prominent,
THE NAUTILUS. 15
short, reflexed and inflexed grooved spine at the shoulder of the
whorl ; nuclear whorls one-and-a-half, smooth, minute ; nepionic
whorls two-and-a-half, with the whorls tabulate, two strong spiral
cords at the shoulder, the varices thin, irregular laminae low and ob-
scure ; subsequent whorls, with five (increasing in the adult to seven)
strong, anteriorly crispate, amber-brown varices, under which the
whorls are tabulate, the intervarical spaces whitish, nearly smooth
or with very obscure revolving lines or threads ; base of the whorls
somewhat constricted with a short grooved spine on each varix where
it crosses the concavity ; aperture obovate, small, with the inner lip
smooth, the outer one more or less denticulate on the edge, the
enamel whitish ; canal long, anteriorly attenuated, the margins ad-
jacent but not adherent. Height of adult 45.0 ; max. diameter 28.0 ;
max. diameter of aperture 10.5 mm.
Types, U. S. Nat. Museum, 130628 and 133945.
Dredged by U. S. F. C. Str. Albatross off Santa Rosa Island, in
82 fathoms sand, also found off San Pedro and Catalina Island by
various collectors.
Specimens were named and distributed in 1895, but by some in-
advertence the descriptions, both of this and the following species,
seem to have remained unpublished.
Alaba oldroydi n. sp.
Shell small, polished, pale rufescent brown, with seven whorls,
the protoconch smooth, swollen, globose, the following whorl smooth
and rather inflated, the subsequent whorls sharply spirally grooved
with wider interspaces, crossed especially the earlier ones with a few
irregular, low, half obsolete wrinkles, the whorls are flatfish and
sometimes slightly constricted in front of the suture ; the aperture
patulous, recalling that of Rissoina, the base rounded with no um-
bilicus. Length 5.25 ; max. diam. 2.0 ; length of last whorl 2.5 mm.
Type, U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 158,771. San Pedro, 10 fathoms.
Collected by Mrs. Oldroyd, Mr. Roper, Mr. Lowe, and others near
San Pedro.
None of the specimens retain the operculum. The form of the
shell, and especially of the aperture, recalls Rissoina, but the irregu-
lar varices, sculpture and apex are more like Alaba. A certain
amount of doubt as to its true zoological position must remain until
the operculum is known.
16 THE NAUTILUS.
SHELL-COLLECTING ON THE MOSQUITO COAST OF NICARAGUA— II.
BY W. H. FLUCK.
I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to several naturalists who
have helped me in naming and verifying my shells, especially Messrs.
Pilsbry, Johnson, Dall, Schick, Shackleford, Hodgson and Ancey.
Without their generous help a solitary student like myself would
be like the old woman who lived in the shoe, with one difference,
trouble about shells, not children.
The localities mentioned in this and in subsequent papers may be
found by referring to my map, page 9 of this volume. The names
are somewhat blurred owing to rough paper and the reduction of the
drawing, but it answers the principal reason for its publication, the
location of Wounta Haulover, Wounta, Walfa Siksa, the Keys and
Wani.
Spirula peronii Lam.
Wounta Haulover, and everywhere along the coast. No living
specimens were found, but perfect shells of this cephalopod, immacu-
late and beautiful, were taken in quantity. I nearly always found it
on the upper reaches of the beach among the dead algae and trash
cast up by the sea.
Murex brevifrons Lam.
Wounta Haulover. A specimen is found now and again on the
beach, but the shell is not plentiful.
Murex bellus Rve.
Same locality. One dead but perfect shell.
Sistrum nodulosum C. B. Ads.
King's Keys. One shell.
Purpura trinitatensis Guppy.
Man of War Keys.
Cymatium pileare Lam.
Walfa Siksa. On the rocks and sand reaches at this place there
is good collecting, especially for bivalves.
Purpura floridana Con.
This is the shell known as P. ksemastoma L., var.jftoridana Con.
Dr. Dall considers floridana of specific value. My shells are very
variable in form and marking. Some are smooth-whorled and the
color of beach sand; others are studded with one or two rows of
THE NAUTILUS. 17
more or less prominent processes, especially on the body whorls, and
are more marked than the smooth variety. Found on the beach on
logs that were a-wash at high tide. In the dry season, when little
fresh water from the Walpa Siksa river enters the sea, these shells
are sometimes found on the rocks near the Indian village of the same
name nearby.
Purpura patula L.
King's Keys. Man of War Keys. Up to 3 inches long and very
beautiful. In the larger specimens the processes and other sculpture
are often more or less obliterated. An old and reliable Indian told
me that in former times the natives made dye for their loin-cloths —
the name of which in their tongue is palpura, strange to say — out of
molluscs from the keys.
Fasciolaria tuiipa L.
Man of War Keys, and abundant on all the others as well, where
they are sought after by the natives as an article of food.
Drillia fuscescens Gray.
A single dead shell at Wounta Haulover.
Drillia sp.
Dr. Dall says this is near D. harfordiana Rve., perhaps a variety
of it. King's Keys.
Latirus cinguliferus Lam.
Man of War Keys.
Melongena melongena L.
Man of War Keys. Also on rocks at Walpa Siksa alive, as well
as hundreds of dead shells as hermit-crab houses in the shallow water
inside the bar.
Phos f d'orbignyi Payr.
King's Keys. Two specimens.
Pisania pusio L.
Man of War Keys. Numerous. I got eight specimens.
Nassa vibex Say.
Wounta Haulover, and everywhere, in favorable places. In the
quiet September sea, when the beach is low, it can be found alive or
containing hermit crabs.
Valuta virescens Sol.
In four years I found only four dead shells at Wounta Haulover.
18 THE NAUTILUS.
Marginella apicina Mke.
Wounta Haulover. In September and March, especially in the
former month, the N. E. trade wind dies away entirely, and instead,
the wind blows from the S. or S. E. across South America. By the
time it reaches the Caribbean it is the gentlest of zephyrs. The sea
becomes as blue as the sky and as calm as a mill-pond on a hot
August day. Under such conditions the shallow sea along the shore
swarms with small forms of mollusca, and the littoral and laminarian
collector is enabled to get forms not obtainable at any other time
except by dredging. M. apicina is found at this time in quantity.
Marginella guttata Dillw.
Also found at the same place and under similar conditions, but is
not as plentiful as the former.
Oliva (Agaronia) testacea Lam.
This little mollusk seems to be absolutely at home in the sand at
the bottom of the shallow sea at Wounta Haulover. I think I am
safe in saying that this is the commonest laminarian univalve on the
Caribbean coast of Nicaragua. It is rarely cast up dead. I have
taken them alive in quantity whenever the sea was calm enough to
feel for them. With the Indian boys of my village I had a stand-
ing bargain to purchase all the small forms they brought me. That
was before I found my first Olive. I was in bathing one day, when
my foot, which soon became a good sub-marine shell-collector, acci-
dently touched something that got away. I went for it quicker than
it takes to write about it, and soon landed my first Olive. It was a
prize I was proud of. I schemed out a little plan to get more, and
confidentially let my house-boy in on the ground floor. I agreed to
pay him 5 cents (silver) for every similar shell. He smiled hope-
fully, but still I was not suspicious. My hope was to get two or
three sets for my friends. The boy soon disappeared, and quietly
marshalled the boys of the village, who immediately invaded the sea.
In less than an hour this little army confronted me with double
handfuls of these Olives. They enjoyed their corner in the Olive
market, and began unloading on me at 5 cents per. They allowed
me, after an explanation, to make a selection of several dozen at less
money. The rest went back into the sea. I kept a few alive in a
jar of water and sand for a long time. My observations were of
little interest, as the molluscs burrowed in the sand, and seemed to
want to go deeper. The foot is large and violet-colored, and with it
they dig rapidly.
THE NAUTILUS. 19
Columbella mercatoria L.
A few shells from Man of "War Keys. On the mainland nothing
but fragments were ever found.
Columbella (Anachis) varia Sowb.
Columbella (Anachis*) lyrata Sowb.
Both these forms can be found in large quantities at Wounta
Haulover, but always, so far as I remember, as hermit-crab shell.
I do not recall ever getting any alive, possibly because I never
dredged for them. Every September, for 4 years, my boys and I
collected hundreds of them. There is no doubt in my mind that
both forms can be had alive not far from the Wounta Haulover
beach. If I had known at the time that this was a new locality for
C. varia, I would have made an effort to secure living specimens.
Engina turbinella Kiener.
Man of War Keys. Two specimens.
Cancellaria reticulata L. Wounta Haulover.
Have also seen it from the keys.
Terebra cinerea Gmel. Wounta Haulover.
Abundant, especially in September, when the sea is calm. At
such times it seems to burrow nearer the surface of the sand. It is
easily kept in a jar of sea-water and is quite active. Those I had in
confinement spent much time creeping about on the sides of the jar
like Limnceas, displaying their round, disk-like foot.
Terebra hastata Gmel. Same locality.
Rare. Only 3 specimens in 4 years. It probably inhabits deeper
water than T. cinerea.
(To be Continued.)
A SECOND CONTRIBUTION TO WEST COAST CONCHOLOGY— II.
BY HENRY HEMPHILL.*
I have seen it stated several times by writers on conchology, that
in regions where limestone predominates in the geological formation,
and consequently becomes the principal element of the soil, that
snail shells were or are more abundant (and hence a greater amount
* By typographical error the date of discovery of the islands was given as
1852 on p. 6 of last number, 5th line from top. It should read 1542.
20 THE NAUTILUS.
of that form of organic life exists) than in regions where limestone
was absent.
I am not prepared to confirm or deny such statements, for I have
found land shells, both large and small, white and almost black,
banded and bandless, with all the intermediate states and conditions,
abundant and rare in limestone regions, and equally as abundant,
rare and variable where limestone was apparently absent. There is
undoubtedly a very close relationship between organic life, its form,
and the elements composing the soil, which all creatures eat as food
in a more refined state, and the elements composing the atmosphere
that we breathe into our lungs and blood and which becomes a part
of our body and being, and both of which are absolutely necessary
to the existence of all forms of life, including man.
I think, therefore, we must seek for a solution of the problem of
the origin of organic life, and the great diversity of form and action
it presents for our study and consideration, in the chemical combina-
tion of the elements, for it is certainly true as Tyndall tells us, that
" all matter is alive." In fact matter is the home of life, it is found
nowhere else. Both are necessary to a demonstration of any kind,
inseparable and truly immortal twins.
In his Essay on Man, the greatest of all philosophical poems, Pope
expresses this thought in these inspired words :
" See matter next with various life endued,
Press to one centre still the general good.
See dying vegetables life sustain ;
See life dissolving vegetate again :
All forms that perish other forms supply
(By turns we catch the vital breath and die).
Like bubbles on the sea of matter born,
They rise, they break, and to that sea return.
Nothing is foreign ; parts relate to whole.
One all-extending, all-preserving soul
Connects each being the greatest with the least.
Made beast in aid of man, and man of beast,
All served, all serving, nothing stands alone.
The chain holds good where it ends unknown."
For all of the above reasons Mr. Smith's arrangement and analy-
sis of the rocks of Santa Catalina Island, as given in our preceding
paper, may be useful to those interested in this phase of the study of
life.
THE NAUTILUS. 21
The topography of Santa Catalina Island is bold and rugged. In
many or most places the bluffs rise abruptly out of the sea in per-
pendicular masses several hundred feet in height ; occasionally they
are lower and assume the form of wall-like buttresses or small
rounded headlands jutting out more or less into the sea, back of
which the land rises in steep, abrupt elevations more or less broken,
to the general level of the main bluff. The summits of the bluffs
are sometimes jagged and rough, occasionally rounded off more or
less smooth or level, intersected by small gulches, and a few deep
canyons. The surface of the interior back of the bluffs gradually
rises and is diversified as all mountainous regions are, and stretches
off to the foot of " Black Jack," a cone with its peak 2,000 feet high,
and " Orizaba " or " Brush Mt.," ridge-like in form with its highest
elevation 2,100 feet above the level of the sea. These two peaks are
the highest on the island, and are located about its centre. They
are a mile or more apart and stand dome-like on the main ridge,
which has an average elevation above the sea of about 1,400 feet.
The main canyons, which are few in number, are narrow and
deep. The beds of these great washouts rise but a few feet above
sea level for a mile or two inland, where they divide into smaller
gulches that rise rapidly into and drain the higher slopes of the main
ridge or backbone of the island.
At the mouth of Silver Canyon, which is really the only washout
I saw on the island worthy of the name canyon, there is an immense
and grand bluff of volcanic rock that rises perpendicular to almost or
quite the level of the main ridge of the island, and crowds the mouth
of the canyon into a narrow gorge but a few feet in width, forming
a grand mass of " lava flow " for study and contemplation. This
canyon is located on the south side of the main ridge about 7 miles
from Avalon. The bluff stands on the east side of the canyon, ex-
tends a short distance inland, where it becomes broken into steep
rocky declivities and abrupt slopes, covered with a thin coating of
soil, and overrun by scrubby bushes, cactus and other plants, all
mingled together in wild confusion, barring out in most places the
foot of man. The smaller or side gulches that drain into and inter-
sect the main canyons are numerous, generally short, and sometimes
quite deep and canyon-like, with steep sides, and separated by sharp,
narrow, barren, rocky ridges that run off in every direction like the
arms of an octopus, joining the main ridge higher up and near the
22 THE NAUTILUS.
middle of the island. On these rocky ridges, which are generally
free from brush and chaparral, one may find rough trails, or get
along by some rough climbing in his search for specimens, if he has
a pair of stout legs and strong hob-nailed brogans under him. The
only wild creatures that inhabit these islands to-day, so far as my
knowledge goes, are wild goats (introduced with sheep), wild hogs
(introduced and found to-day only on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa
Islands), foxes, mice, birds, lizards, snakes (rare), snails and insects.
I have no evidence to show that any other animals except the
Indians ever did inhabit them ; but there are reports of the discov-
ery of the bones of some large creature on Santa Rosa Island some
years ago by Dr. Yates.
The northern and more shaded slopes of these island ridges are for
the most part covered with scrub-oak bushes and other chaparral of
various kinds, their branches low and reaching the ground, the twigs
interwoven in many places so that all travel through this tangled
wildwood is shut out except an occasional place where the sheep and
goats have browsed off the lower twigs and made narrow openings or
rough trails in their search for food during the dry season, or in
seeking cool, shady retreats during hot summer days. Cacti have
nearly full possession of the south and sunny slopes or exposures of
the ridges on the island, and here on Santa Catalina, so far as my
experience goes, is the breeding ground and home of the various
kinds of snails, while the north and more shaded slopes are destitute
or deserted by these children of the mist.
Notwithstanding the thin, scanty soil in most places on the steep
slopes and narrow rocky ridges, the cactus secures a tolerably firm
hold by sending strong, wiry roots down into the cracks and crevices
of the bedrock, and in spite of the long dry weather during the sum-
mer they succeed wonderfully in developing their stout, succulent
and curious forms.
Sometimes these plants are isolated, but generally they grow in
dense patches and frequently take full possession of ridge, hill and
slope where they stand in great masses, and apparently the more
crowded they are the larger and stouter they grow, and armed as
they are, with long, sharp thorns and thousands of fine needle-like
" pointers " barbed to the end, one must work among them in his
search for specimens with great care, otherwise he may receive some
painful stabs and wounds which I have frequently met with in my
THE NAUTILUS. 23
eagerness to secure some prize that imagined it was safe when within
a " crown of thorns."
A few of the main creeks and sluiceways are shallow, broad and
open, and cannot be classed as canyons. Their creek-beds are some-
times bordered by small, narrow flats or slopes, with a background
of smooth rolling hills and sunny declivities that become more ab-
rupt, rocky and broken as they rise and join the main- ridge. On
some of these little flats, directly along the banks of the creek, there
are occasional patches of small willows, intermingled with bushes
and shrubs of various kinds. On the southern sides of these open
creeks or sluiceways the land generally rises more abrupt and rapidly
than on the opposite side, is more rugged and is densely clothed with
the impenetrable chaparral, mingled frequently with cactus, and
presenting rather a strange contrast to the barren, treeless and
shrubless slopes on the opposite side of the creeks.
The aspect of these islands during the dry season is dreary
enough, and yet, even then, there is a sort of melancholy charm
about the scenery, especially to those who want to see and study old
mother nature in all her moods, which are about as changeable and
fickle as her greatest offspring, the genus Homo.
The brown and sere vegetation, the barren and dried-up soil,
ridge and slope strewn with fragments of disintegrating ledges of
vari-colored rocks, the dumb waterless streams that sing no song
and produce no " speckled beauties " to the great disgust of the
enthusiastic " fly-throwers," and the hazy atmosphere that frequently
hangs like a veil over hill and mountain, and lends a dim, distant and
dreamy appearance to the landscape, are conditions not calculated
to excite our enthusiasm, and leaves the imagination about as barren
of glow as the landscape is of flowers and green grass. With the
advent of the wet or rainy season however, all this dreariness is
changed and so quickly that one wonders at the sudden transforma-
tion of the landscape from a dreary desert waste to a beautiful bloom-
ing garden wrought by the magic chemistry of the rains and dews
upon the dry, warm earth.
Perhaps in no other part of our blessed republic is there so sudden
and rapid a transition in the growth of vegetation, and hence in the
general aspect of the landscape, as occurs in Southern California,
after the heavy rains fall and the ground becomes well saturated
with moisture. I know of no better fact that illustrates so well the
24 THE NAUTILUS.
effect of conditions in the environment, not only on vegetable but on
all other forms of life as the application of moisture to the warm dry
soil, and I may add right here, that in my opinion the proportions
of heat and moisture, especially in the early stages of growth of an
organism, is probably the most fruitful source of variation.
The rains of Southern California appear to be brewed in the
south, at least they are brought here on the wings of the south wind.
When the rains are excessive, the gulches, creeks and canyons on
these islands become raging torrents ; the thin soil in many places,
and especially on the south slopes which receive the full force of the
storms, becomes filled with water to the bedrock ; then landslides
more or less extensive occur, when rock, land and cactus are launched
into the raging waters and carried out to sea.
With these destructive occurrences whole colonies of snails are
frequently carried away and destroyed, except occasionally a few
fortunate individuals that may become stranded with other debris
lower down on the sides of the creek or canyon, where if the con-
ditions are favorable a new colony will spring up with such modifica-
tiont of the creature and the shell as the combination of the already
organized creature and the new conditions in the environment de-
termine.
(To be Continued.}
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
THE FOSSIL LAND SHELLS OF BERMUDA. By Addison Gulick
(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1904, pp. 406-425, plate 36). The
shells collected by the author from quarries of the aeolian limestone
of Bermuda are described and discussed in this valuable paper. Of
17 species of land snails found fossil, 14 are probably peculiar to
Bermuda. The recent fauna contains 13 indigenous species, 6 of
them peculiar to the island. The most notable of the fossils discov-
ered by Mr. Gulick are new species of Poecilozomtes, Euconulus,
Zonitoides, Vertigo (2 species), Carychium and a Strobilops referred
to hubbardi. " Dr. Pilsbry's conclusion, from the anatomy of Pcecil-
ozonites, that the oldest importations to Bermuda came from contin-
ental America, is thus confirmed by a large majority of the fossil
forms." Some of the commonest species in the modern fauna are
wanting in the fossil deposits, such as Polygyra microdonta and Heli-
cina convexa. Mr. Gulick gives an interesting discussion of the con-
dition of the island at the time the extinct forms flourished, too long
for abstract here — H. A. P.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIX.
JULY, 19O5.
No. 3.
POLYGYRA DECEPTA N. SP.
BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.
While collecting at Blount Springs, Ala., in July, 1904, Mr.
Herbert N. Smith gathered a good series of shells which, at first
glance, appeared to be Polygyra hirsuta, but careful examination
showed two species, a small form of typical hirsuta, gr. diain. 7,
lesser 6^, alt. 4^ mm., and the above-named new species, in the pro-
portion of about 1 of the former to 7 of the latter.
P. decepta n. sp.
P. hirsuta Say.
By comparison with hirsuta the following differences will be
noted : Lip broader and more rounded at the top so that when the
shell is viewed from below, the body-whorl joins it in a regular curve
instead of forming an obtuse angle ; parietal tooth hooked at the
outer end and curving into the aperture, the lip being deeply re-
cessed around it ; lip-notch narrow and sinuous with a well raised
margin which projects above the level of the parietal tooth ; width
26 THE NAUTILUS.
of aperture, measured from back of lip to edge of parietal callous
across the lip-notch, more than half the length, while in hirsuta it is
less ; parietal tooth not quite joining lip at basal margin ; internal
tubercle short and completely covered by the lip so that it is not
visible through the base of the shell. The parietal tooth is con-
nected to the end of the lip by a slight buttress and there is a well
developed tooth-like process on the lip, but these characters are
common to most of the species of this group. Color and hairs about
the same as in hirsuta.
The outline figures bring out the differences better than the de-
scription, decepta being drawn from the type and hirsuta from a
Blount Springs shell.
Type : Greater diam. 7, lesser 6^, alt. 4| mm., whorls 5.
Greater diam. 6^, lesser 5|, alt. 4-£ mm., whorls 4|.
These measurements show the extreme variation in size.
Type No. 5223 of my collection and cotypes in the collections of
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Bryant Walker and T. H.
Aldrich.
In the character and shape of the lip-notch this species bears a
strong resemblance to P. pilula Pils. but differs in other important
points.
NOTE ON A VARIETY OF CREPIDULA NIVEA C. B. ADAMS, FROM BAN
PEDRO, CALIFORNIA.
BY W. H. DALL.
I have recently received from several Pacific coast correspondents
a curious form of Crepidula nivea C. B. Adams, the form which on
that coast takes the place in the fauna occupied by (7. plana Say, on
the Atlantic shores, and usually occupies a situs on the interior of
dead, univalve shells, especially such forms as Lunatia ; but is some-
times found between dead, but still paired, bivalves, or in the borings
of Lithophaga or Pholas. It has as many forms as the loci have dif-
ferences, but, in general, is externally flat or concave and more or
less lamellose, of a white color, and elongate-oval shape.
The specimens referred to, however, broke all records by being
uniformly straight, convex, smooth, equilateral, white and posteriorly
attenuated. It was obvious that the uniformity was due to some
special situs, but what it was I could not imagine. The other day
THE NAUTILUS. 27
Mrs. W. H. Eshnaur satisfied our curiosity and excited our surprise
by sending several of these shells in situ, and, of all places, on the
valves of Glottidia albida Hinds ! The latter were well grown, and
the Crepidula exactly covered the outside of the valve, some speci-
mens having a Crepidula on both valves, others only on one.
It is well known that the brachiopod in question burrows in the
sand ; a mucus which exudes from it consolidates the adjacent sand
into a sort of tube, from which the distal margins of the valves pro-
trude a little. Hence the Crepidula could satisfy its instinct for
being on the inside of things, yet not out of reach of food, and the
brachiopod was supplied gratis with a well-fitting cuirass or acces-
sory armor, both benefiting. This peculiar-looking Crepidula might
appropriately take the mutational name of glottidiarum, in case one
wishes to refer to it briefly. It forms a striking instance of the way
in which form is dependent in this genus on situs, a subject some-
body would find it profitable to work up.
NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF SHELLS FROM BASS LAKE, INDIANA.
BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.
Some months ago my assistant, Mr. Frank M. Woodruff, made a
small collection of shells at Bass Lake, Indiana, which seems of in-
terest enough to list. Bass Lake is a beautiful sheet of water, the
clear, crystal depths of which teem with fish and mollusks. The
specimens are particularly large and fine.
Anodonta grandis Say. The specimens obtained are the form
called salmonia by Lea. As stated by Simpson, this form is nearly
always blistered and scaly. The salmon color is very beautiful in
some specimens.
Anodonta grandis var. footiana Lea.
Sphcerium occidentals.
Calyculina truncata.
Pisidium abditum Haldeman.
Vivipara contectoides Binney. The individuals from this locality
vary from uncolored to distinctly four-banded, and are notably large
and fine.
Amnicola limosa Say.
Amnicola limosa var. parva Lea.
28 THE NAUTILUS.
Goniobasis livescens Menke.
Physa heterostropha Say. The individuals are smooth and highly
polished, and are destitute of impressed spiral lines. One specimen
is a scalariform monstrosity.
Physa integra Haldeman. Rare.
Lymncea desidiosa Say. Many zebra-like forms.
Planorbis trivolvis Say.
Planorbis bicarinatus Say.
Planorbis parnis Say.
Segmentina armigera Say.
Note on
A collection of Valvatse from Long Lake, Lake County, Illinois,
recently received, is of some interest, especially as regards the rela-
tive numbers of individuals.
Valvata tricarinata 107.
Valvata tricarinata confusa 6.
Valvata bicarinata 1.
bicarinata normalis 33.
A NEW SPECIES OF SUCCINEA.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Succinea Indiana n. sp.
Shell obesely ovate, thin, brownish-amber or raw sienna colored,
the apex reddish. Sculpture of fine growth-lines and wrinkles, be-
coming rather coarse wrinkles on the last half whorl. Whorls 3-^,
very convex, the last large and inflated. Aperture large, oblique,
the outer lip either regularly arcuate or somewhat flattened in the
middle. Columella thin and strongly arcuate throughout.
Length 11, diam. 7, length of aperture 7.7 mm.
Length 10.7, diam. 6.9, length of aperture 7.7 mm.
Length 10, diam. 6, length of aperture 7 mm.
New Harmony, Posey Co., Indiana ; cotypes in collections A. N.
S. P., the State Museum at Indianapolis, and L. E. Daniels ; collected
by L. E. Daniels.
This species seems to be closely related by the obese shape to
S. campestris of Georgia and Florida and S. unicolor Tryon of New
THE NAUTILUS. 29
Orleans. It differs from both in color and texture. S. yrosvenon
Lea (of which S. greeri Try on is a synonym) has a longer spire and
smaller last whorl.
While it seems strange that a new Succinea should be found in so
well known a district of the middle west, yet I am unable to identify
the form found by Mr. Daniels with any described species.
It was found in 1904 just south of New Harmony on the hillside
facing the west between the marl cliffs and the highway.
ON SOME NEW VAEIETIES OF CYPRAEA.
BY SLOMAN ROUS.
Cyprcea miliaris var. Brookei n. var.
Dorsal surface light yellowish-brown with a subquadrate patch of
a shade darker color, sprinkled with very faint, scarcely perceptible
spots of lighter color, base and extremities pure, shining white, colu-
mella tinged with same color but lighter than dorsal surface.
Long. 29, lat. 17.3, height 14.5 mm. Philippines.
This beautiful little shell is in the collection of Mrs. J. M. Brooke,
of Lexington, Va., who received it from a friend in Cebu, P. I.
Cyprcea capensis var. Elizabethensis n. var.
Rather wider and higher in proportion to its length than is usual
in normal capensis, with the irregular brown patch so often found in
this species, but with the dorsal line (which in C, capensis is usually
very indistinct and often invisible, being crossed by the lira?) very
broad, distinct and smooth. The lirse on the outer side of the shell
are painted with the same color as the dorsal patch. Length 29,
width 18.2, height 14 mm. Port Elizabeth, Cape of Good Hope.
I lived in Port Elizabeth over forty years during which I collected
very many specimens of C. capensis, and saw, I think, almost all the
shells about which there was anything unusual that were taken by
the other local collectors all of whom were my intimate friends. 1
do not recollect seeing a shell like this and I scarcely think it could
have escaped my notice. The most remarkable difference between
it and the type form being the brown color of the ribs below the
dorsal line.
30 THE NAUTILUS.
CYCLADIDJE OF THE SOUTHEKN STATES.
BY V. STERKI.
The year 1904 has brought us many good things in the line of
Cycladidas, especially from the South, from Indiana and from Can-
ada. Our knowledge of these small bivalves from the Gulf States
has been very limited. Mr. H. E. Sargent had done some collect-
ing in North Alabama, and Mr. Frierson in North Louisiana, and
a few lots had been seen from other states. The collecting of Mr.
Smith in Georgia and Alabama, mainly along the Coosa river, and
of Mr. A. A. Hinkley in Alabama and Mississippi, have opened that
territory known as particularly rich in Strepornatidse and Unionida?,
and added considerably in regard to systematics as well as geograph-
ical distribution. The specimens collected by Mr. Smith were
kindly sent for examination by Mr. Bryant Walker, those of Mr.
Hinkley partly by himself and partly by Mr. Walker. The follow-
ing list and notes may be of interest to students of a much neglected
yet integral part of our mollusk fauna :
Pisidium virginicum Gm. From Georgia, Alabama and Missis-
sippi, common and rather variable. The prevalent form along the
Coosa river is decidedly oblique and rather angular in outlines; it
may represent a variety.
Pis. compressum Pr. Common and decidedly variable, making a
considerable addition to the already wide range of variation of this
species, and some forms seem to represent real varieties.
Pis. kirklandi Sterki. Shoal creek near Florence, Town creek at
Monte vallo, Ala., full grown and young specimens ; seen from the
South for the first time. There is a small but distinct roundish,
somewhat raised, granular area in the center of each beak, a char-
acteristic feature of the species, not noted in the description (THE
NAUTILUS, xiii, p. 11, 1899).
Pis. cruciatum Sterki. Shoal creek, Florence, Ala., collected by
Mr. Hinkley. This minute Pisidium, distinguished by the unique
formation of its hinge and the shape of the ridges on the beaks, had
also been known only from Ohio, Michigan and Illinois (also fossil).
Pis. fallax Sterki. Two badly eroded specimens from the Town
creek, Monte vallo, Ala. The species is widely distributed and vari-
able, and specimens of it are generally more eroded than any others.
THE NAUTILUS. 31
Pis. limatulum Sterki. Various places in Alabama.
Pi's, peraltum Sterki. Grenada, Miss., only one specimen, but
good and characteristic, collected by Mr. Hinkley. Had been known
from Virginia, Kentucky, Illinois and Iowa. A form from Mich-
igan referred to it seems to be distinct.
Pis. noveboracense Pr. Specimens from Alabama and Missis-
sippi were referred, somewhat doubtfully, to this widely distributed
and very variable species. Some forms from various places of the
three states represented partly by hundreds of specimens, are either
varieties or distinct species, and still more materials are desirable.
Pis. atlanticum Sterki. Wetumpka, Ala.
Pis. singleyi Sterki. Tuscaloosa, Ala. (over 200 specimens) and
Columbus, Miss. (Mr. Hinkley); Buxahatchee Creek, Calera, Ala.
(Mr. Smith). Somewhat different from the Texas form, rather like
those from Frierson, La. (collected by Mr. Frierson), but larger.
Several other Pisidia have been seen, represented by small num-
bers of specimens ; with more materials on hand, they may prove
distinct species or varieties.
Sphserium solidulum Pr. Several places in Alabama and Georgia,
variable. Good numbers, e. g., from the Buxahatchee creek, near
Calera, Ala., collected by Mr. Smith ; one form closely resembles
Ohio specimens regarded as typical, another, in the same lot, is
rather different, the sulcation is much finer and the young are of
somewhat different shape. The two forms are separable, one by
one; whether the latter represent a variety or a distinct species will
be ascertained with additional materials. From some places, the
specimens were small and poor, yet seemed to be true.
Sph. stamineum Con. Several places in Alabama and Mississippi;
over a hundred good specimens from the Town creek, Montevallo,
Ala., " in weeds and mud," collected by Mr. Smith. A few speci-
mens in the same lot were rather different, whether distinct, must be
made put later.
Sph. striatinum Lam. Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. Rather
different forms from various places seemed to range under this very
polymorphous species. Although many thousands of specimens of
" Sph. striatinum " were seen from a wide territory, it has not yet
been possible to define geographical varieties to any degree of satis-
faction, nor to exclude with certainty such forms as may be con-
sidered distinct.
32 THE NAUTILUS.
Sph. faba/e Pr. Several places in Alabama, evidently common ;
scarcely different from the more northern form (Ohio, etc.).
Sph. occidentale Pr. Near the Coosa river, 300 good specimens,
and a few from the Shoal creek, Ala. (low woods, Mr. Smith);
Boligee, Ala. (Mr. Hinkley).
Calyculina* elevata Hald. From various places in Alabama;
Columbus, Miss.; also received from Frierson, La.
Col. transversa Say. From a number of places in the three
States, generally small and slight, while from Frierson, La., I have
received specimens of large size.
Gal. truncata Linsl. Specimens from near Wetumpka, Ala., are
rather resembling the Cal. from New York, Ohio, etc.
Gal. securis Pr. (?) A single specimen from Spring creek, Eb-
enezer Church, Ala., seems to range under that species.
A small, greenish to brownish Calyculina from Grenada, Miss.,
collected by Mr. Hinkley, may be a variety of Cal. securis ; the
same, although somewhat different, has been seen from Frierson, La.
Of Eupera, some specimens have been collected in Alabama, but
were not examined. Eupera,\s known to inhabit all the Gulf States
(except Mississippi ?), and it is very desirable that more materials
be brought up for systematic examination.
Although the specimens seen so far hardly justify speaking of
lacking species, yet it may be noted that it was surprising not to
see a trace of such widely distributed and common species as Pisi-
dium variabile Pr. and punctatum Sterki; also none of Sphcerium
simile Say and rhomboideum Say and, as it seems, Calyculina par-
tumeia Say.
SHELL COLLECTING ON THE MOSQUITO COAST OF NICARAGUA.— III.
BY AV. H. FLUCK.
Strombus pugilis nicaraguensis var. nov.
The shell differs from the typical pugilis, especially in its smaller
size, varying very little from 55 to 62 mm. The spire is regularly
* Dr. E. von Martens thinks Calyculina Clessin should be replaced by JHus-
culium Link.
THE NAUTILUS. 33
tuberculat'ed, rather high, acute, and sculptured with distinct revolv-
ing raised lines ; prominent revolving ridges also mark the entire
body-whorl, or in some specimens a large portion of it. The color
is uniform dark salmon, except the spire, which tends to whiteness,
while the aperture is lighter and brighter than the external parts,
and anteriorly has just a suggestion of purple. The epidermis is thin.
Specimens were taken in large quantities, and were fully ma-
tured, with lip expanded in the characteristic way. I also have six
quite young shells, which contained hermit-crabs, in which the lip is
incomplete. My attention was first called to the small size of these
shells by my friend Mr. Morris Schick, of Tropico, Cal., to whom I
sent specimens from Nicaragua about 1902. I was loth, however,
to report the shell as a new variety until Mr. C. W. Johnson wrote
me, saying : " The beautiful little Stromb certainly deserves a var-
ietal name. * * * * They are gems, and are as distinct as many of
the varieties to which names have been given. They are only about
half the size of my Florida and West Indian specimens." I then
requested Mr. Johnson to describe the shell in THE NAUTILUS, but
he generously asked me to do so. I hope this will explain how I came
to " butt into" the variety-making business, and will appease the
wrath of the bunchers.
I wish to acknowledge that Mr. Johnson has pointed out to me
several of the points of difference in my shell, and has also suggested
the very appropriate varietal name.
Specimens were taken now and then all along the beach between
the Principulka and the Wawa rivers. At Kia, an Indian village
13 miles north of Wounta Haulover, the natives find it in such
quantities that it is regularly sought after as an article of food.
Boiled " atula," as the Indians call it, is tough eating, almost as
tough as old parrot, as I know from experience when dining under
the palms at Kia, but " any old thing " satisfies a hungry traveler
when plenty of green cocoanut water can be had to wash it down.
Inquiry among the people elicited the fact that most of these mol-
luscs were found just north of the Wawa river, about four miles from
the village. I went there and found large quantities of them in the
shallow water. This mollusc is a very beautiful one ; the eyes are
remarkable and seem to be eying one, and are ever on the alert.
It is about as active a snail as I ever saw, using its operculum as a
lever by which it was enabled to leap out of a glass fruit dish in
34 THE NAUTILUS.
which I placed one. The types of this shell are in my own collec-
tion and the Boston Society of Natural History. Other collectors,
however, have specimens, as I have sent out many sets.
( To be Continued. )
NOTES.
NATICA INTRICATOIDES HID. ON THE ALGERIAN COAST. — Last
year I mentioned Natica prietoi Hidalgo, as found by myself at
Algiers. Like Natica intricatoides, another very rare species from
the Spanish coast, it had not been found before on our shores ; now
Natica intricatoides has been detected also at Algiers by the General
de Lamothe, the well-known geologist, who gave me several beauti-
ful specimens. It was associated with N.filosa, N. macilenta and
N. prietoi ; of the latter he found a single specimen. In the same
lot from Sidi-Ferruch in the vicinity of Algiers, I saw a single and
very fine Nassa, in fair condition, which may be N. compta A. Ad.,
known only as a West African shell — C. F. ANCEY.
PLANORBIS ALABAMENSIS AND DILATATUS IN THE FLORIDIAN
PLIOCENE — The only small Planorbis reported from the Caloosa-
hatchee Pliocene in Ball's great work on that fauna is P. exacntas
Say. Some years ago I received from Mr. Johnson numerous
specimens of another species, P. alabamensis Pils. They differ con-
stantly from the recent form in having a decidedly smaller umbili-
cus. This variety may be called P. alabamensis avus. With these
there were a few specimens of P. dilatatus Gld., which also differ a
little from the typical form in having a smaller aperture and dis-
tinctly thickened lip — H. A. PILSBRY.
NOTE ON CANADIAN UNIO LUTEOLUS. — While examining re-
cently the shells in the collection presented to the Smithsonian Insti-
tution by Dr. Isaac Lea, I was surprised to observe that a large
green specimen of Unio luteolus, from the " Rideau Canal, Ottawa,
Canada," had written upon one of its valves in his well-known hand-
writing the name " U. radialus." The entry number of the shell is
85042. The error would not be remarkable if made by an authority
of less repute than Dr. Lea, as many of the male luteolus found in the
Rideau Canal resemble radiatus in outline, coloring and even in the
THE NAUTILUS.
texture of the epidermis, urged by some as a distinguishing charac-
teristic. A full series of the shell from the Rideau Canal here,
where it occurs abundantly, and where radiatus — common elsewhere
in this vicinity — does not occur at all, would however be readily re-
co^nized as luteolus. But Dr. Lea's identification of the Ottawa
O
shell as radiatus is liable to mislead, and notwithstanding this cor-
rection doubtless will mislead many students, who while his great
collection endures will have recourse to it for the solution of not a
few difficulties. — F. R. LATCHFORD, OTTAWA, ONT.
PUBLICATIONS KECEIVED.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE TYPES OF INVERTEBRATE CRETA-
CEOUS FOSSILS in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia. By Charles W. Johnson. Proc. A. N. S. Phila.,
1905, pp. 4-28. Four hundred entries, exclusive of synonyms, are
comprised in this catalogue of types, which is one of the fruits of Mr.
Johnson's labor in working over the entire collection of American
Cretaceous invertebrates in the Academy's collection. The follow-
ing groups are represented : Corals, 5 species ; Annelida, 8 species ;
Polyzoa, 31 species; Brachiopoda, 4 species; Echinoderms, 23
species; Crustacea, 4 species; Mollusca, 325 species. No attempt
at full synonymy is made, but the author's broad acquaintance with
the subject enables him to add many critical notes and to bring the
list abreast of the times in nomenclature. Three new species are
introduced : Nemodon conradi Johnson, Cucullsea gabbi Johnson,
Straparolhis deplanatus Gabb. — H. A. P.
NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCS, REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS OF ON-
TONAGON Co., MICHIGAN. By A. G. Ruthven. Sixth Ann. Rep.
Mich. Acad. Sciences. Records of Mollusca from the Upper Pen-
insula have been very rare hitherto. This list of 71 species therefore
fills a gap in the map.
FOSSILS OF THE BAHAMA ISLANDS, with a list of the non-marine
Mollusks. By Wm. H. Dall. Extract from "The Bahama Islands."
The marine fossils noted are all of recent species. Phacoides penn-
sylvamcus, Codakia orbicularis, Tellina radiata, Area occidentalis
36 THE NAUTILUS.
and Area reticulata are figured. The list of non-marine forms com-
prises 147 species and numerous varieties, the following being de-
scribed as new: Cerion rhyssum, Cepolis (Hemitrochus) exumana, C.
(ff.) agassizi, (7. (Plagioptycha) gregoriana, C. (P.) inaguana, C.
(P.) pharcida, and a number of varieties. All are figured. An in-
teresting discussion of the relationships and history of the fauna pre-
cedes the descriptions.
CHECK LIST OF THE MOLLUSCA OF NEW YORK — By Elizabeth
J. Letson. (Bull. 88 N. Y. State Museum, 1905).1 Miss Letson has
brought together references to the New York mollusca from all
sources from the time of DeKay (1843) to the present time ; so that
her check list is a bibliography as well. The marine fauna is not a
rich one. Of non-marine forms, 243 species and some varieties are
recorded ; and though a few given on the authority of old records
will probably be deleted, yet the number of species remaining is re-
markably large for a Northern State. The work will be useful to all
interested in the species of our northern and middle States. — H. A. P.
BEMERKUNGEN UEBER DIE CHITONEN-SAMMLUNG IM ZOOLOG-
ISCHEN MUSEUM zu LEIDEN — Von Dr. H. F. Nierstrasz. Notes
Leiden Mus., vol. xxv. Dr. Nierstrasz is known as a careful and
competent author on Chitons by his report on those of the Siboga
Expedition. In the present paper he describes as new Callistochiton
leidensis from Santa Elena and Callistochiton porosus from Rio Jan-
eiro, and gives interesting notes on various species of Liolophura,
Onitho chiton and other genera. Full details are given of Dr.
Nierstrasz's genus Squamipleura, from a series of 40 examples from
near Timor. It stands between Acanthopleura and Liolophttra, but
nearer the latter. A few locality records, on the authority of
specimens in the Leiden Museum (no collector mentioned) are un-
doubtedly erroneous. Ischnochiton magdalensis surely never came
from Martinique, nor 1. punctulatissimus from the Gulf of Mexico.
The record of Nuttallina scabra from Chili is almost as doubtful;
and only the most definite data would justify us in adding Acan-
thopleura granulata to the faunas of Magellan Strait and the Cape of
Good Hope H. A. P.
1 Pp. 112, New York State Educational Department, Albany.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIX. AUGUST, 1905. No. 4.
LAND SHELLS OF THE FLORIDA KEYS.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
During the spring of 1904 Mr. Clarence B. Moore made an
exploration of the Keys of Florida primarily for archaeological re-
search, from Key Marco southward to Cape Sable and Long Key,
then northward on the East Coast to Lake Worth. During this
cruise he collected shells, particularly Liguus and Oxystyla. The
latter will form the subject of special report. Subsequently he sent
Messrs. Fowler and Brown, of the academy staff, to the outer keys,
Key West to Duck Key. The land shells collected are enumerated
below. In addition to the species of the Keys I have included those
taken at Cape Sable. The fauna of the mainland at that place is
related to that of the Keys, being practically insulated by the ever-
glades which extend across the peninsula.
With the exception of Key West and Key Largo, very few
records of land shells have heretofore been made from the Keys, and
from many of them no mollusks whatever have hitherto been repor-
ted. The prevalence of the same species on most of the Keys sup-
ports Professor A. Agassiz's theory that that land area is in process
of disintegration, the present islets being remnants of a once con-
tinous land-mass.
Cyclostornatidse.
Ghondropoma dentatum Say. Two miles east of Planter, Key
Largo, East end Windly's Island or Umbrella Key, Lignum Vitte
Key, West end Upper Matacumbe Key, Summerland Key, Big
Pine Key, Little Pine Key, Sugar-loaf Creek, Sugar-loaf Key and
Key West.
38 THE NAUTILUS.
Truncatellidse.
Truncatella ca.ribee.nsis 'Sby' Rve. Rabbit Key, Monroe county;
Bahia, Honda Key, Key Largo, Big Pine Key, Sugar-loaf Key,
Key West.
Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Blue Hill Island near Goodland Point,
Key Marco, near Punta Rassa, Fakahatchee Key, Ten Thousand
Islands, Pavilion Key, Bahia Honda Key, Key Largo, Big Pine
Key, Sugar-loaf Key, Key West.
Truncatella sp. Sugar-loaf Key.
Helicinidse.
Helicina orbiculata Say. Little Palo Alto Key, Big Palo Alto
Key, Lignum Vitse Key, Snipe Key, Key West, Pineland, north-
west end of Pine Island, Fakahatchee Key in Ten Thousand Islands,
East Cape, Cape Sable, Little Pine Key.
Helicina tantilla Pils. Duck Key and Grassy Key. Originally
described from Palm Beach, on the east coast.
Helicidse.
Gepolis varians Mke. South end of Key Biscayne, Cape Florida,
West end of Upper Matacurnbe Key.
Polyyyra cereolus (Miihlf. ). East end Lower Matacumbe Key ;
Long Key ; Big Pine Key ; Little Pine Key ; Sugar-loaf Key at
Sugar-loaf Creek ; Boca Chica Key ; near Blind Pass, Middle Cape,
Cape Sable, and a small Key opposite Flamingo, in the same
region.
Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana (Bid.). \Vestern end of Upper
Matacumbe Key; Lignum Vitae Key; Summerland Key; Cudjoe
Key; Key West near Punta Rassa; Blue Hill Island near Good-
land Point, Key Marco ; Fakahatchee Key in the Ten Thousand
Islands; Turner Key; Rabbit Key; Pavilion Key.
Polygyra uvulifera (Shultlw.). Big Pine Key; Blue Hill Island
near Goodland Point, Key Marco ; Turner River, Turner Key ;
Middle Cape and East Cape, Cape Sable.
Tlysanophora selenina (Gld.). Big Pine Key ; Blue Hill Island
near Goodland Point, Key Marco; Fakahatchee Key in the Ten
Thousand Islands. (Helix selenina G\d.=Helix vortex Pfr., preoc.).
Tliysanophora plagioptycha (Shuttl.). Mainland at Middle Cape
Cape Sable ; Duck Key; Big Pine Key.
Thysanophora sp. undet. Little Pine Key.
THE NAUTILUS. 39
Bulimulidse.
Drymseus dominions (Rve.). Cutler; Fakahatchee Key, Ten
Thousand Islands.
Drymeeus multilineatus (Say). Big Palo Alto Key; Western end
of Upper Matacumbe Key ; Lignum Vitae Key ; Eastern end of
Lower Matacumbe Key; Noname Key; Big Pine Key; Little
Pine Key ; West end of Cudjoe Key ; Sugar-loaf Key ; Summerland
Key; Boca Chica Key; Blue Hill Island near Goodland Point, Key
Marco.
Liguus fasciatus (Mull.).
Oxystyla undata reses (Say).
Oxystylafloridensis (Pils.).
These species will form a special report.
Urocoptidse.
Urocoptis poeyana (Orb.) var. Big Pine Key.
Microceramus pontificus (Gld.). Lignum Vitae Key; Big Pine
Key ; Summerland Key.
Microceramus floridanus Pils., var. Fakahatchee Key, Ten
Thousand Islands ; Turner Key.
Cerionidse.
Cerion incanum (Binn.). Southern end of Key Biscayne, Cape
Florida ; Western end of Long Island or Cantation Key ; Eastern
end of Windly's Island or Umbrella Key ; Indian Key; Eastern end
Lower Matacumbe Key ; Long Key ; Grass Key ; Vaca Key ; Bahia
Honda Key; Little Pine Key; Noname Key; Big Pine Key;
Summerland Key; Cudjoe Key; Sugar-loaf Creek, Sugar-loaf Key;
Snipe Key ; Boca Chica Key ; Key West. Found everywhere in
copious quantity.
Strobilops sp. undet. Big Pine Key. A young shell of the Iciby-
rinthica type.
Pupillidse.
Pupoides modicus (Gld.). Fakahatchee Key, in the Ten Thou-
sand Islands.
Bifidaria pellucida (Pfr.). Big Pine Key, mainland at Middle
Cape, Cape Sable.
Bifidaria rupicola (Say). Pineland at northwest end of Pine
Island ; Fakahatchee Key, Ten Thousand Islands ; mainland at
Middle Cape, Cape Sable.
40 THE NAUTILUS.
Bifidaria contracta (Say). Pineland, northwest end Pine Kry;
mainland on Middle Cape, Cape Sable.
Vertigo rugosula oralis Sterki. Mainland at Middle Cape, Cape
Sable.
Vertigo sp. undet. Grassy Key. An imperfect shell.
Achatinidse.
Melaniella gracillima Jloridana Pils. Big Pine Key.
Glandinidce.
Glandina truncata (Brug.). Hammock near north mouth of
Suwanee river, near Punta Passa ; Pineland, northwest end Pine
Island, also northeast end Pine Island ; Blue Hill Island near Good-
land Point, Key Marco ; Fakahatchee Key, in the Ten Thousand
Islands ; Russell's Key ; Wiggins' Key, Sandfly Pass ; Lossman's
Key ; Big Pine Key.
Glandina truncata minor Binn. Mainland, Middle Cape, Cape
Sable ; East end of Lower Matacumbe Key ; Big Pine Key.
Zonitida:.
Guppya gundlachi (Pfr.). Pineland, Northwest end of Pine Is-
land ; Fakahatchee Key in the Ten Thousand Islands ; mainland at
Middle Cape, Cape Sable ; Sugarloaf Key.
Guppya miamiensis Pils. Grassy Key.
Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Mainland at Middle Cape, Cape
Sable.
Zonitoides dallianus (' Simpson ' Pils.). Fakahatchee Key in the
Ten Thousand Islands.
Zonitoides minusculus (Binn.). Big Pine Key; Fakahatchee Key
in the Ten Thousand Islands ; mainland at Middle Cape, Cape
Sable.
Zonitoides minusculus alachuanus (Dall.). Pineland at northwest
end of Pine Island.
Succineidse.
Succinea campestris Say. Lignum Vita? Key ; Long Key.
Succinea Jloridana Pilsbry, n. sp.
Shell obesely ovate, thin but strong for the genus, opaque, flesh-
tinted or pinkish-white, marked with corneous-fleshy streaks, and
usually a few scattered clear dots, readily seen by holding the shell
up towards the light; apical whorl usually reddish-brown. Interior
more or less deeply tinted with ochre-yellow. Whorls 3^ to 3f, very
THE NAUTILUS. 41
convex, the last whorl evenly convex. Sculpture of. fine, unequal
growth-lines and coarse but low wrinkles, with some indistinct
mulleation on the last whorl. Aperture ovate, short ; outer lip well
arched ; columella oblique and nearly straight.
Length 12.3, diam. 7.2, length of aperture 8 mm.
Length 12.2, diam. 7, length of aperture 7.8 mm.
Length 12.8, diam. 7, length of aperture 8 mm.
Northern end of Big Pine Key, abundant in long grass, types no.
87358 A. N. S. P., collected by Messrs. Fowler and Brown, June,
1904. Other localities are Summerland Key, Cudjoe Key, Sugar-
loaf Key, Boca Chica Key, Key West. On the mainland and keys
of west Florida at Blue Hill Island, near Goodland Point (C. B.
Moore), and one mile east of Marianna, Chipola river (C. W. John-
son, 1900, one bleached specimen).
This species has hitherto been considered a form of S. luleola,
from which it differs in the much shorter contour and more convex
last whorl. I have seen no specimens from Florida referable to
luteola. S. floridana is also closely related to S. campestris, which
is still more obese, and more strongly corrugated, with the spire less
slender. The most nearly related forms are, however, the Antillean
S. ochracina Gundl. of eastern Cuba and S. dominicensis Pfr. of
Santo Domingo. In both of these, however, the color is more lemon
than ochre-yellow. S. dominicensis is a smoother, white and very
beautiful shell. S. ochracina is somewhat rough, streaked white and
corneous with a pale lemon tint throughout, and with a longer aper-
ture than S.floridana.
S. floridana varies a good deal in size. The largest seen is from
Key West, 14 mm. long, and the smallest adults are from Boca
Chica Key, $>\ mm. long, with 3^ whorls.
A NEW CALIFOKNIAN HELIX.
BY REV. J. ROWELL.
Helix (Epiphragmophord) sequoicola soquela n. subsp.
Shell broadly umbilicate, thickly and regularly striate, very dark
brown approaching black, of uniform color with the exception of two
parallel white bands above the middle of the body-whorl, shell de-
pressed with depressed spire, whorls seven, the last much inflated,
strongly banded within. Greater diameter 28 mm., height 12 mm.
42 THE NAUTILUS.
Differs from dupetithouarsi and sequoicola in much darker color,
more inflated aperture, depressed form, greater breadth, and enclosed
band of the same color as the body of the shell.
Habitat, Santa Cruz mountains midway between Sequel creek and
Sky land.
REMARKS ON SOME LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM THE
NEW HEBRIDES, WITH DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES.
BT C. F. ANCET.
The following species represented in my collection were obtained
from various sources, principally from my regretted friend E. L.
Layard, the well-known student, and from Dr. Ph. Francois, who
collected somewhat extensively in the Archipelago several years ago,
and has explored chiefly the northern group. To the latter I am
particularly obliged for useful data on several of the localities he vis-
ited, and for the liberal gift of specimens, most of these, however,
having been examined by the late Mr. Mabille and forming part of
the collection of the Paris Museum.
1. Lamprocystis Layardi (Thomson).
Hab. Vate island (Glisson, fide Layard). This form is united to
L. gitltula Pfr., by Mr. E. R. Sykes (Proc. Malac. Soc., London,
1902, p. 196), but having specimens of both I do not share this opin-
ion, the general aspect being the same, but the columellar insertion
being different. It was well described and figured by Mr. J. H.
Thomson (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1885, p. 25, with fig.).
2. Macrochlamys (?) Annatonensis (Pfr.).
Hab. Vate island (Glisson).
This form is closely allied to " Zonites " Vitiensis Mousson, of the
Viti group. The generic reference is doubtful, but I consider they
are more nearly related to Macrochlamys than to the European gen-
era Vitrea or Polita.
3. Endodonta tenuiscripla Anc.
Hab. Mallicollo island.
The original description states that the shell is " widely umbili-
cated." One must read " not widely umbilicated " (see NAUTILUS,
1896, p. 90).
4. Draparnaudia singularis Pfr., var. diminuia Anc.
Hab. Aneitum (= Annaton) island (fide E. L. Layard).
THE NAUTILUS. 43
I venture to give this varietal name to the shell I have mistaken
for the true H. singularis Pfr. (see NAUTILUS, 1897, p. 27), which
is described from Aneitum. According to Mr. Sykes (loc. supra cit.,
p. 197), specimens of the latter, so named by Dr. Pfeiffer, are in the
British Museum, and are the ordinary, large, strongly-keeled form
usually met with in collection. The present one is also strongly but
obtusely angled, has 6 whorls only and the last whorl is not deflected
at all in front. It is 6-3- mm. high and 6 mm. wide. In size it is
quite like D. Walkeri Sykes (loc. supra cit., p. 197, fig. II), but the
latter appears to have a higher body- whorl and more rounded peri-
phery. It was collected on Espiritu Santo island, very distant from
that of Aneitum.
5. Dendrotrochus Eva (Pfr.).
Hab. Vate island.
It is peculiar, I think, to the above island. The specimens are
more commonly white, sharply keeled, with or without a brown lip.
In others the keel is more obtuse, while in some cases there is a
brown zone between the keel and the suture.
6. Dendrotrochus Layardi (Hartm.).
Hab. Aura (= Aurora island), fide Layard ; also Espiritu Santo
island (J. J. Walker, Dr. Ph. Fran9ois).
I have seen an extensive series of this fine shell, originally de-
scribed as "Oxychona." It is now well established that Oxychona is a
genus of Bulimulidfe allied to Zaplageus and Drymczus, restricted in
its distribution to Brazil. The present species is related to D. Eva,
which it appears to replace in the northern group. The following
variations occurred to my notice :
a. Plain ashy-white.
b. Ornamented with a narrow brown line on the keel and the
suture.
c. "With a wide dark-brown band between the keel and the sutures,
sometimes extending, sometimes fading on the upper whorls.
The lip is either brown or whitish and the base, around the axis, is
frequently tinged with brown. There are always some minute spots
and black, oblique lines on the pale ground.
7. Diplomorpha Brazieri Hartm.
Hab. Espiritu Santo island. A scarce species, never found, I sup-
pose, in fresh condition.
8. Diplomorpha Delantouri Hartm.
44 THE NAUTILUS.
Hab. Aura (= Aurora island), Delantour, fide Hartman.
The numerous specimens from Espiritu Santo island (Ph. Fran-
9013), belong to a variety major (long. 21-25, diam. 15-16 mm.), but
otherwise are quite like the type.
9. Diplomorpha ruga Hartm.
Hab. Espiritu Santo island.
10. Diplomorpha Bernieri Hart.
Hab. Espiritu Santo island. I am informed that " Segon island,"
quoted by Dr. Hartman, does not exist in the New Hebrides. The
locality is to be corrected to " Canal du Second," Espiritu Santo
island.
11. Placostylas (Pcecilocharis) Franqoisi Mab.
The types which I have had the opportunity of examining through
the kindness of Prof. Joubin, in the Paris Museum, appear to be
conspecific with P. hebridarum of the same author.
12. Partula Auroniana Hartm.
Hab. Buka-buka, Torres group (Dr. P. Fran9ois).
13. Opeas oparicum Pfr.
Hab. Espiritu Santo island (Dr. P. Frai^ois).
14. Auriculus elongatus Pfr.
Hab. Espiritu Santo island (Dr. P. Francois).
15. Physa Layardi Anc., n. sp.
Testa oblongo-attenuata, tenuis, nitida, pallide corneo-virens, indu-
mento ferrugines plerumque cooperta. Spira conoidea, satis pro-
ducta, regularis, acuta. Anfractus 5 convexi, sutura subappressa,
obliqua divisi, lineis increment! vix conspicuis, in ultimo antice
curvatis; ultimus ovalis, basi attenuates. Apertura subobliqua,
superne angustata, irregulariter ovalis, intus nitida, basi interdum
lacteo-subincrassata, margine sinistro antrorsim flexuoso. Columella
crassa, lactea, intus late pliciformis, plica parum prominente. Peris-
toma simplex, acutum, ad columellam anguste reflexum, marginibus
callo tenui junctis.
Long. 9j, diam. 5^, alt. apert. 5| mill.
Hab. Vate island (Glisson, fide E. L. Layard).
An inconspicuous little form, like many of those described from
Australia and New Caledonia, but sufficiently distinct. No species
of this genus has hitherto been recorded from the New Hebrides.
16. Palaina Franfoisi Anc.
Testa sinistrorsa, oblique et compresse rimata, subcylindraceo-
THE NAUTILUS. 45
oblonga, tenuis, pullide cinereo-fulvescens, acute costulata, costulis
filiformibus, parum nitens. Spira oblongo-attenuata, apice minuto.
Anfractus 6^ convex!, sutura impressa discreti, embryonales laeves,
sequentes remote et argute chordato-costulati, penultimus multo
densius costulatus, dorso subgibbosus, ultimus antice distincte planu-
latus, infra attenuatus, ad aperturam valde ascendens, dorso laxius
liratus. Apertura fere recta, circularis, columella intus obscure sub-
inflata. Peristoma continuum, undique modice expansum.
Long. 2|, diam. vix 1^-, alt. apert. 1 mill.
Hab. Espiritu Santo island. A single specimen found in the
aperture of Helicina Layardi, Hartm.
The genus has not yet been recorded from the New Hebrides.
Some have been ascribed to '' Lord Howe's island, New Hebrides,"
but this particular island is the one lying between the coast of New
South Wales and Norfolk island, although another islet in the New
Hebrides bears the name of " Lord Howe." The present species is
allied to Palaina Montrouzieri, of New Caledonia, but of different
sculpture.
17. Omphalotropis conella Sykes (??) var.
Testa minute umbilicata, conico-turbinata, solidula, castanea, haud
nitens, costulis cuticularibus verticalibus remotis, subobliquis, atque
lineis elevatis spiralibus parum conspicuis, infra peripheriam dis-
tantibus et validiusculis sculpta, carina peripherica et lira circa
umbilicum distinctis. Spira conoidea, obtusiuscula. Anfractus 6
convexiusculi, sutura impressa, ultimus medio angulatus, infra 5
liris spiralibus munitus. Apertura leviter obliqua, supra angulata.
Peristoma simplex, acutum, ad columellam subsinuatam vix ex-
pansiusculum.
Long. 4^, diam. vix 3^, alt. apert. 2 mm.
Hab. Espiritu Santo island.
Only one specimen was obtained. This little shell is shaped like
Sykes' 0. conella, of which it may perhaps be considered a variety
or a fresh example; however it comes from a very distinct locality
and it may prove to be specifically distinct.
18. Helicina Layardi Hartm.
Hab. Espiritu Santo. All the specimens have a reddish band. It
is the form recorded by Mr. Mabille as H. Bairdi, and I am dis-
posed to share Mr. Sykes' opinion that it is simply a form of H. sub-
Icevigata Pfr. The sculpture is precisely the same, as described by
46 THE NAUTILUS.
Mr. E. A. Smith in his report on the Land and Freshwater Shells
of the Challenger Expedition.
19. Potamopyrgus brevior Anc.
Testa parva, oblongo-attenuata, nitidula, pallide cornea, fere im-
perforata, lineis incrementi indistinctis, indumento ferrugineo tecta.
Spira sat producta, conoideo-attenuata, obtusula. Anfractus 5 con-
vexiusculi, sutura impressa, ultimus oblongus, infra altenuatus.
Apertura recta, imo basi antice leviter provecta, oblique oblongo-
ovata, basi ad sinistram distincte prodiens, supra attenuata, margini-
bus continuis, externo subobtusato.
Long. 2^, diam. l£, alt. apert. 1 mm.
Hab. Vate Island (fide Layard).
Very near to P. whiteleggei Braz., from Lord Howe's Island, but
with shorter spire. This is the first record of the genus in the New
Hebrides. Only one specimen was seen. The genus is also found
in the Viti group, and I have from them a very closely allied species.
20. Melania setosa Swains.
Hab. Aurora Island (Layard).
21. Melania mauiensis Lea.
Hab. same island (Layard).
22. Septaria suborbicularis Sowerby.
Mr. Layard wrote me he procured one specimen nearly 2 inches
long.
Hab. Aurora Island.
A FOSSIL FORM OF OREOHELIX YAVAPAI, PILSBRY.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
Oreohelix yavapai compactula, n. subsp.
Shell compact ; spire elevated, pyramidal ; last whorl somewhat
gibbous above, with a strong cord-like keel extending to the aper-
ture; shell with coarse, oblique striae, especially prominent on the
last two whorls above, and also with fine spiral lines, most prominent
on the last whorl, where they are more or less beaded; sometimes the
spiral lines are scarcely apparent, but this is probably the result of
weathering. Five specimens, two with the spire broken ; the dimen-
sions are :
Max. diam. 13, 12£, 11, 13, 12 mm.
THE NAUTILUS. 47
Alt. (at right angles to axis) 8^, 7^, 6^ mm.
Hab. — Found in a pleistocene deposit in the Pecos Canon, New
Mexico, a few miles above the Valle Ranch, by my wife and Dr. M.
Grabham, in 1903. With them occurred a form of 0. strigosa,
which seems not to differ essentially from the smaller forms of the
huachucana group. The largest has max. diam. 17^, alt. 10 mm.1
NOTES AND NEWS.
REPUBLICATION OF THE MUSEUM BOLTENIANUM, PART 2, 1798.
The rarity of part 2 of this work, which relates to Mollusca, is
well known to students. In response to a number of inquiries it is
proposed to reproduce a few copies, by photographic facsimile, from
the Crosse copy now in the British Museum (Natural History).
The large number of pages (204) must render this a somewhat
costly task, and we should be glad to know if you would care for a
copy to be reserved for you at the price of £2 (two pounds).
The work would be done, under our supervision, by Mr. F. W.
Reader.
The issue will be limited, numbered and signed, and could be
prepared for distribution during autumn.
It must be clearly understood that unless sufficient subscribers are
forthcoming no issue can be made.
Please address reply to Mr. Sykes E. R. SYKES, C. DAVIS
SHERBORN.
NEW LOCALITY FOR LYOGYRUS BROWNII CARPENTER. —
Several years ago the lakes in Roger Williams Park, Providence,
R. I., were drawn off, the bottoms dredged out and the contents
thrown out upon the land. They were left empty, exposed to the
sun for two years and all the species of mollusks destroyed. There
were fourteen species in the lakes and thousands of specimens.
Among others were the Lyogyrus Brownii, and as they were never
discovered anywhere else, I supposed (the locality being exhausted)
that they were extinct. Last week a young collector here, Mr.
Frank Perry, has found in Old Warwick Pond, about four miles
'0. y. compactula seems to me to be a form or subvariety of 0. y. neomexicana,
which occurs living in the same general region. — H. A. P.
48 THE NAUTILUS.
from the Park Lakes, and having no connection whatever with them,
a new locality for the Lyogyrus, and he assures me that he found
them there in great quantities. — H. F. CARPENTER.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
THE MUD SNAIL: NASSA OBSOLETA — By Abigail Camp Dimon.
(Cold Spring Harbor Monographs, V, 1905.) This is a very
exhaustive treatise on its distribution, structures and functions,
breeding and development ; experiments on its relation to external
factors, such as light, gravity and currents: resistance to desiccation,
and different densities of water; response to mechanical stimuli,
food, etc. — C. W. J.
NOTES ON SOME FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM THE YUKON
TERRITORY. — By J. F. Whiteaves (The Ottawa Naturalist, xix, p.
63, 1905). Five species of Pelecypoda and ten species of Gastero-
poda are recorded.
LIST OF LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS FROM THE DISTRICT
OF KEEWATIN. — By J. F. Whiteaves (Geological Survey of
Canada, 1905). About forty species are recorded.
A NEW GENUS AND SEVERAL NEW SPECIES OF LAND SHELLS
COLLECTED IN CENTRAL MEXICO BY DR. EDWARD PALMER —
By William Healey Dali (Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 48, pp. 187-194,
plates 43, 44). Tlie new genus Hendersonia, dedicated to Mr. John
B. Henderson, Jr., is a flattened, discoidal, many-whorled snail
somewhat like PoJygyra cereolus, with the last whorl free and up-
turned, Anostoma fashion, and with anatomical characters showing
it to be related to Holospira. Nothing of the sort has been known
among Cylindrelloid snails hitherto, and the new genus materially
enlarges our conceptions of that type of snails. A single species, H.
palmeri, is described. Subsequently learning that the name Hender-
sonia had been used by Wagner (in f/elicinidae, 1905), the new
genus was renamed Hender&oniella. Five new species of the genera
Xanthonyx , Streptostyla, Schasicheila and Sphserium are described.
The new Xanthonyx potosiana is the greatest of its kind, with a
shell 18 mm. in diameter. — H. A. P.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIX. SEPTEMBER, 1905. No. 5.
NOTES ON YOUNG UNIONIDJE.
BY L. S. FRIERSON.
Recently while searching for young Unionidse I was rewarded by
obtaining a dozen little fellows averaging a quarter of an inch long.
One of these, a magnificent little Lampsilis anodontoides Lea, less than
one-fourth of an inch in length, exhibiting the glochidial valves, was
provided with a byssus four or five inches long, thus confirming my
previous observations. Several specimens of L. gracilis Barnes, and
one of L. Isevissimus Lea, were also taken so provided. The byssus
of one of these was fully eight inches in length. Several L. texasensis
were also taken, as already recorded by me. Several very small
Anodonta imbecilis Say, were captured, but these did not seem to
have byssi. Some time after, I was rewarded in an hour's search,
by a single specimen of Unio tetralasmus Say, perfect in every re-
spect, and only ^ of an inch in length. It was a jewel, but no sign of
its being provided with a byssus could be detected.
Thus these preliminary and very scanty observations seem to limit
the possession of a byssus to Lampsilis (including in this term the
allied genus Medionidus).
The byssi of these specimens came out of a narrow slit in the cen-
tral ridge of the foot, and located about the anterior third of the shell,
and all were firmly enough attached to support the weight of the
shell in the air, and of course amply strong to suspend the shell
while partially supported by the water.
These baby shells revealed some facts about the so-called beak-
50 THE NAUTILUS.
sculpturing, which, when further studied, may form a subsequent
note for THE NAUTILUS.
NEW VARIETIES OF CREPLDTJLA RTJGOSA NUTT. FOUND ON NATICAAND
ON NORRISIA.
BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON.
In the July number of THE NAUTILUS, Dr. Wm. H. Dall de-
scribes a variety of Crepidula nivea C. B. Adams, from San Pedro,
California, and this reminds me of a variety found upon Natica that
has not, to my knowledge, been described.
When I began collecting shells in San Pedro Bay some years ago,
I found a specimen of this variety and it was for years a puzzle to
me. Although only a dead, white shell, it would not classify with
specimens in any tray of Crepidulas. It did not look like an aber-
rant form, so I was loth to label it as such. It was a white, porcel-
lanous specimen, shaped like some Crepidula rugosa, but much
more pellucid-looking, but differed from Crepidula excavata Brod.,
in being thicker and in not having either the remote apex or the
oblique growth of that form. It was also larger in size than any
Crepidula excavata I had seen. Some seven or eight years after
finding this dead specimen, two live ones, excepting that the animal
had recently been removed, were found in the bay. I immediately
recognized the white, granular form, and these specimens were
maculated with cht-stnut-colored spots, and as would be expected,
these live forms were thinner and more pellucid. I afterward found
this puzzling variety in situ on a piece of Natica, Lunatia Lewisii.
If a specimen varies from the type sufficiently to be detected,
dead or alive, it merits a varietal name, and for my own convenience
I have labeled it on my cards. For the convenience of other
students this white porcellanous shell with its brown spots might be
labeled Crepidula rugosa Nutt. var. naticarum.
There is another variety of Crepidula rugosa Nutt. found on
Norrisia norrisii Sby. This Norrisia is a smooth, reddish-brown
turban shell, whose habitat appears to be on kelp. The Crepidulas
found on these shells are of a light magenta-pink in the interior.
These slipper shells are usually much flatter than typical C. rugosa,
THE NAUTILUS. 51
and the form of the septum or deck also varies. Besides variation
in color and form the Norrisia specimens are more porcellanous
than Crepidula rugosa (but not so much so as the form found on
Lunatia), and the texture does not run into layers as in the typical
C. rugosa. Some years ago this form was often distributed by col-
lectors and labeled Crepidula adunca Sby. In notes on the mol-
lusks of the vicinity of San Diego, Cal., and Todos Santos Bay,
Lower California, by Charles R. Orcutt, he lists Crepidula adunca
Sby. as " not rare on Norrisia norrisii." While some of the forms
found upon Norrisia have the remote apex of C. adunca, I have
never seen one with the "short, deeply sunk and slanting deck, and
a hole above it passing up the spire," as described by Philip P. Car-
penter in his catalogue of Mazatlan Mollusca in his note on the
adunca form. Then again, C. adunca is found upon smaller uni-
valves where the base for it is much contracted ; for instance, I have
seen it in situ on Drillia penicillata Cpr., and as one would infer,
the shell has its sides closer together than the form found upon
Norrisia. For the Norrisia form I would suggest Crepidula rugosa
Nutt., variety norrisiarum.
A NEW SPECIES OF LYMNAEA FROM OHIO, WITH NOTES ON IYMNAEA
PARVA LEA.
FRANK COLLINS BAKER.
Lymncea sterkii n. sp.
Shell small, elongated, turreted, rather thin ; color light yellowish-
horn ; surface dull to shining, marked by distinct, raised, crowded,
growth lines, without spiral lines ; protoconch very small, rounded,
smooth, wine-colored ; whorls 5^, very convex, the last distinctly
shouldered ; spire narrow, rather acute, turreted, a trifle longer than
the aperture ; sutures very deeply impressed ; aperture ovate, almost
continuous in some specimens ; peristome thin, acute ; columella
almost straight, without a plait but with a faint thickening ; inner
lip reflected to form a broad, flat callus which is appressed to the par-
ietal wall and projects widely over the umbilical region ; umbilicus
rather wide and deep.
Length 7.75; width 3.50; aperture length 3.50; width 1.75 mm.
52 THE NAUTILUS.
Length 7.75; •width 4; aperture length 3.25; width 2 mm.
Length 8; width 3.50; aperture length 3.50; width 2 mm.
Length 7; width 3.50; aperture length 3.25; width 2 mm.
Habitat: Twelve miles west of Cleveland, Ohio, in a small, swampy
brook.
This curious species was at first thought to be Lea's exigua but his
description does not cover the present species and the figure is totally
unlike it. The type of exigua is not in existence. It is probably a
small form of desidiosa and its best disposition would seem to be as
a synonym under that species.
L. sterkii is narrower than Jiumilis, the whorls are more shouldered
and the aperture is much more oval. The wide-spreading columella
callus is also different and peculiar. It has a superficial resemblance
to owascoensis Baker, but that species has six full whorls, the whorls
are more shouldered, the aperture is more elliptical, the umbilicus is
more open and the columella callus is not so wide. Juvenile speci-
mens are rounder and more robust than the adult forms.
The specimens were collected by Dr. Victor Sterki, to whom the
species is dedicated.
Lymnea parva Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., II, 33, 1841.
Shell very small, thin, ovate-conic, turreted ; color greenish-horn ;
surface dull, marked by heavy, crowded growth lines ; protoconch
very small, rounded, light-horn colored ; whorls 4-J, rounded and
shouldered ; spire obtusely conic, turreted, a trifle longer than the
aperture ; sutures very deeply impressed ; aperture roundly ovate ;
peristome thin, acute ; columella almost straight, covered with a
rather heavy callus which is reflected over the flat parietal wall and
also forms an erect border to the umbilicus, which is open and deep.
Length 3.25; width 2; aperture length 1.50; width 1 mm.
Length 4 ; width 2 ; aperture length 2 ; width 1 mm.
Length 3; width 2 ; aperture length 1.25 ; width .9 mm.
Length 4.25 ; width 2 ; aperture length 1.75 ; width 1 mm.
Habitat: marsh on Lake James, Steuben Co., Indiana (Daniels);
Cincinnati, Ohio (Lea); Lilycash Creek, Joliet, 111. (Handwerk);
Northern Illinois, in drift (Sterki).
This little species, the smallest of our American Lymna^as, belongs
to the section of this genus typified by humilis Say and curta Lea.
It is more nearly related to curta, appearing at first sight to be a
THE NAUTILUS. 53
small example of that species. Besides its small size it differs from
that species in having the sutures more impressed, the aperture
longer, the spire slenderer and the whorls more shouldered. It
seems to be quite distinct and easily recognized.
There is some variation in the length of the spire, many specimens
having a rather long spire while in others the spire is much depressed
and the whorls humped, this last being in abnormal forms.
• This species was at first thought to be a new one, but after careful
study it seems to agree very well with Lea's description of parva and
with specimens so named by him in the Smithsonian Institution. In
his remarks under parva he says, " This is the smallest species which
has come under my notice. In general form it resembles L. curta,
herein described. It is rather less inflated, has a longer aperture,
and is diminutive. The perforation, too, is smaller and the colu-
mella more curved.
In a paper entitled " Critical Notes on the Smaller Lymnaeas," in
the March NAUTILUS, the writer made this species a synonym of
curta, but a study of the material from Lake James, which is unusu-
ally abundant, would make it seem to be a well-recognized species.
Specimens were submitted to the writer by Dr. Sterki, Mr. Bryant
Walker and Mr. L. E. Daniels, the latter gentleman having col-
lected them.
Parva would seem to be a common species, and will probably be
found in many cabinets under the all-embracing name of " humilis"
VERTIGO PERRYI, N. SP.
BY V. STERKI.
Shell minute, dextrorse, ovate with the apex rather acute, rimate;
thin, transparent, of rather dark brown color with a slight greenish
tinge; whorls 4| rather rapidly increasing, separated by a moderately
deep suture, the last comparatively large, occupying over one-half of
altitude, rounded ; with a slight impression over the palatal fold ;
aperture well rounded, truncate, the margins slightly everted, the
outer margin barely impressed at the auricle which is marked by a
slight angle projecting over the level of the peristome ; no callus in
the palate ; lamellce and folds three or four, small, very short, of
brownish color ; the parietal, columellar and inferior palatal, and
54 THE NAUTILUS.
sometimes there is also a superior palatal ; surface with very fine
irregular strire, somewhat shining.
Size: alt. 1.5—1.6, diam. 1.1 mill., apert. alt. 0.6 mill.
Soft parts : they could not be fully examined. The dried body of
a specimen accidentally crushed was softened up, and showed a con-
siderable amount of dark pigment. Jaw yellow, rather narrow
(means really: short), slightly curved, with a shallow indentation in
the middle of the front edge, the lateral ends produced backward, in
curves, like horns ; the surface shows several (4-5) sharp, fold-like
ribs on either side, of unequal sizes. Radula: rather broad, with
13 + C + 13 teeth, about seven being laterals, the outer three or
four marginals, Nos. 8 and 9, about, marking the transition. The
central tooth, with its plate almost square, is tricuspid, the medium
cusp being about half the length of the plate, the outer ones much
smaller ; the first to third, or fourth laterals are bicuspid, but many
of the teeth show, more or less distinctly, a minute third, inter-
mediate tooth ; the fourth or fifth, to eighth, are tricuspid with the
cusps small and the mesodont at last hardly larger ; from the tenth
on, the cusps gradually disappear. Other parts of the body were
not clearly distinguishable or not well defined.1
Habitat : Warwick, Rhode Island, collected by Mr. J. Francis
Perry.
The present species resembles the low form of Vertigo ventricosa
Mse. in the shape and size of the shell, but the formation of the
aperture and its lamellae and folds is quite different, the color is
deeper and the surface less shining. From the other three described,
typically three-toothed eastern vertigos : tridentata Wolf, oscariana
Sterki and parvula Sterki, V- Perryi is also very different ; in all
of the three, the parietal lamellas and palatal folds are much larger,
longer, and of whitish color ; the aperture is higher than wide ; the
shells are more elevated and of lighter color.
A new Vertigo from New England certainly is a surprise,
and it is the more remarkable for being of a type rather different
from all our other Eastern species. No doubt careful search will
bring it to light from other localities. I take pleasure in naming
the species in honor of its discoverer.
1 In what appeared to be the mantle, or the pulmonary cavity, there was a
small, evidently parasitic, worm, coiled up, the larva of a nematode, as it
seemed.
THE NAUTILUS. 55
SHELL COLLECTING ON THE MOSQUITO COAST OF NICABAGTJA.-IV.
BY W. H. FLUCK.
Strombus bituberculatus Lam. Man of War Keys. Common.
Cyprsea exanthema L. Same locality. A common shell on all
the keys, including Great and Little Corn Island.
Dolium perdix L. Same locality.
Pyrula papyratia Say. Four dead shells on the beach near the
mouth of the Wawa river.
Pollnices brunnea Link. Wounta Haulover. Abundant.
Polinices lactea Guilding. Man of War Keys. Plentiful.
Nalica maroccana Dillw. Wounta Haulover. Abundant.
Crepidtda plana Say. Beach, north of Wawa river. One speci-
men.
Crepidula convexa Say. Beach, Wounta Haulover. Abundant.
Janthina sp ? Although I tramped the beach nearly every even-
ing for four years I found but two of these shells, but they were per-
fect, living specimens.
Vermicularia spirata Phil. Walpa Siksa. One shell.
Litorina lineata Phil. On the rock at Walpa Siksa. Plentiful in
the dry season when no fresh water from the river entering the sea
near the rocks disturbs them. Shells rather small, carinate and dis-
tinctly marked with the characteristic zigzag lines. I also have ten
specimens from the Man of War Keys which are larger, less carinate
and not so distinctly marked.
Litorina columellaris D'Orb. Wounta Haulover and everywhere
on the beach along the whole coast. Invariably attached to stranded
logs and pieces of wreckage. It often hollows out a pocket for itself
in the decaying wood. This is the commonest litorine on the whole
coast of Nicaragua.
Litorina angulifera Lam. This large and beautiful litorine is
found along all the lagoons and rivers, hanging to mangroves be-
neath the surface of the water or not many feet above it. Speci-
mens from Karata and Wounta. I never found it along the sea nor
in fresh water up the rivers. It seems to prefer the brackish water
" inside " not far from the sea. Very abundant.
Tectarius muricatus L. Man of War Keys. Plentiful.
Cerithium literatum Born. King's Keys. Abundant.
56 THE NAUTILUS.
Planaxis nucleus Wood. King's Keys. Plentiful.
Pachycheilus corvinus Morel. Tungla river, near Quiquina, Nio.
A common shell in all the rivers beyond the influence of the salt
water. Dr. Pilsbry identified this shell for me, but Mr. Ancey, who
received some of my shells from Mr. Shackleford, of Clitheroe, Eng.,
wrote me that my shells " differ from the true P. corvinus from Gua-
temala, named by the author himself." It was my intention to col-
lect more of these shells, in order to supply my friends, but when-
ever I made preparation for a shell-collecting trip, some duty turned
up and prevented me. At my request an Indian brought me about
100 specimens, and at first sight of them my heart rejoiced, but when
I discovered that he had perforated the body-whorl of each, I rejected
them in the hope of some day having opportunity to collect for
myself. That time never came. The Indian's idea of shell collect-
ing was limited to eating the inside and using the shells as beads !
What an opportunity that would have been for lady shell-collectors !
Amputtaria reflexa Swn. Wounta. Found on the beach after
heavy floods, just south of the river mouth at that place. Where
they came from I do not know, presumably from " up the river."
One had a perfect operculum, although a dead shell.
Nerita peleronta L.
Nerita versicolor Lam.
Both these forms from King's Keys and Man of War Keys. Much
larger and more beautiful than those I have from the West Indies.
A common article of food among the Indians, in turtle-spearing
season, when they spend much time on the keys.
Nerita tessellata Gmel. Man of War Keys. Abundant.
Nerita praecognita C. B. Ads. Same locality. One specimen.
Nerita fulgurans Gmel. Walpa Siksa. On the rocks. Large.
Not plentiful.
Neritina lineata Lam.
Neritina lineata var. reticulata C. & J. Common in Bluefields
lagoon and in all the other lagoons and rivers as far upas the brack-
ish water extends. The variety reticulata is by far the commoner of
the two, only one in about forty being lineata. Reticulata averages
larger, too. These shells are found on submerged mangrove roots
and logs, or on the muddy bottom itself. The " tingnis," or chan-
nels, peculiar to the Mosquito Coast are its favorite haunts. It
never ventures far from the water.
THE NAUTILUS. 57
Neritina virginea L. On rocks and stones at the water's edge,
inside the harbor, near the government wharf at Bluefields Bluff.
As I made annual trips to Bluefields from my station at Wounta
Haulover, I searched this spot and turned over the stones in April
of 1899, 1900 and 1901, but saw none of these shells until May 5,
1902, when I found them in large quantities. The spot is about 200
yards from the sea, but in the rainy season is washed with fresh
water for weeks. Have these shells been brought to Nicaragua by
schooners from Grand Cayman or by fruit steamers from other
ports? The shell is small, being about the size of Neritina pupa L.,
very uniform in its dark color and modest marking. It is very un-
like the N. virginea I have seen from the West Indies.
Astralium ccelatum Gmel. Man of War Keys. A very abund-
ant shell on and about all the keys. An article of food among the
Indians.
Astralium americanum Gmel. Same locality. Plentiful, but not
as numerous as caelatum.
The Indians use the opercula of these shells for divination. By
pouring strong banana vinegar over an operculum, the lime is eaten
and gas liberated. This causes the operculum to " dance " about in
one direction or another and in that way they find out the particular
thing they want to know. No amount of explanation was able to
convince them of their foolishness.
Turbo Jilosus Fischer. Man of War Keys. I found only two or
three dead shells.
( 1o lie continued.*)
LIST OF WISCONSIN SHELLS.
BY GEORGE HALCOTT CHADYVICK.
The following shells were collected in the summer of 1902 with
the active assistance of the members of the Wisconsin Natural
History Society, through whose bulletins a more complete annotated
list will shortly be published. A thorough survey of the State is
contemplated by the Society, for which this list will constitute a
beginning. The specimens listed are all in the Milwaukee Public
Museum.
58 THE NAUTILUS.
A. LAND SHELLS.
Hellcina occulta, Say. Whitefish Bay.
Helix pomatia, Miill. Milwaukee, teste P. Wells.
Yallonia pulchelta, Mull. Milwaukee. Common.
Polygyra profunda, Say. Milwaukee and vicinity; Crystal Lake.
Polygyra albolabris, Say. Whitefish Bay; Wauwatosa. Scarce.
Polygyra multilineata, Say. Milwaukee and vie. Scarce.
Polygyra thyroides, Say. Milwaukee and vie. Scarce.
Polygyra hirsuta, Say. Milwaukee ; Mishicot, Manitowoc Co.
Polygyra monodon, Rack. Milwaukee and vicinity.
Polygyra, monodon fraterna, Say. Milwaukee and vicinity.
Strobilops, cf. virgo, Pils. Milwaukee and vie.; Mishicot.
Pupoides marginatus, Say. Kenosha.
Bifidaria armifera, Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee.
Bifidaria contracta, Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee.
Bifidaria corticaria, Say. Wauwatosa.
Bifidaria curvidens, Sterki. Wauwatosa.
Bifidaria pentodon, Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee.
Vertigo milium, Gould. Near Milwaukee.
Vertigo ovata, Say. Near Milwaukee.
Cochlicopa hibrica, Miill. Vicinity of Milwaukee.
Vitrina limpida, Gould. Milwaukee. Rare.
yitrea cellaria, Mull. Greenhouse, Milwaukee.
Vitrea draparna/di, Beck. Greenhouses. Common.
Vitrea hammonis, Strom. Vicinity of Milwaukee.
Vitrea indentata, Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee.
Euconulus fulvus, Miill. 1 specimen.
Zonitoides nitidus, Miill. Milwaukee. Common.
Zonitoides arboreus, Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee ; Mishicot.
Zonitoides minusculus, Binn. Vicinity of Milwaukee.
Limax maximus, Linn. Greenhouses, Milwaukee.
Limaxjlavus, Linn. Greenhouses, Milwaukee.
Agriolimax agrestis, Linn. Abundant about Milwaukee.
Agriolimax campestris, Binn. Milwaukee and vie.
Philomycus dorsalis, Binn. Whitefish Bay.
Pyramidula alternata, Say. Very common about Milwaukee ;
Mishicot.
Pyramidula perspectiva, Say. Whitefish Bay. 1 shell.
Pyramidula striatella, Anth. Milwaukee and vie. Common.
THE NAUTILUS. 59
Pyramidula striatella catskillensis, Pils. Wauwatosa; Mishicot.
Helicodiscus h'neatus, Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee.
Punctum pygmaeum, Drap.? Whitefish Bay.
Succinea retasa, Lea. Vicinity of Milwaukee.
Succinea ovalis, Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee. Abundant.
Succinea ovalis, cf. totteniana, Lea. Vic. of Milwaukee.
Succinea avara, Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee.
B. UNIONID^E.
Lampsilis ventricosus, Barnes. Milwaukee River ; Clear Water
Lake, Oneida Co.; Lake Winnebago.
Lampsilis luteolus, Lam. Milwaukee River ; Okauchee Lake,
Golden Lake and Fox River, Waukesha Co.; Clear Water Lake,
Oneida Co.; Boom, Winnebago Co.; Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co.;
Lake Winnebago ; ? ancient shell heaps at Winneconne, Winne-
bago Co.
Lampsilis superiorensis, Marsh. ? Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co.
Lampsilis /igamentinus, Lam. Milwaukee River; Fox River,
Waukesha Co.; Clear Water Lake, Oneida Co.; ? Winnebago Lake
at Menasha.
Lampsilis rectus, Lam. Fox River, near Big Bend, Waukesha
Co. (pathologic).
Lampsilis iris, Lea. Milwaukee River at Milwaukee.
Lampsilis ellipsiformis, Conrad. Milwaukee River ; Fox River,
Waukesha Co.; Hika, Manitowoc Co.
Lampsilis alatus, Say. Lake Winnebago at Menasha ; Two
Rivers, Manitowoc Co.
Lampsilis (jracilis, Barnes. Fox River and Lake Winnebago at
Menasha; Boom, Winnebago Co.
Plcigiola donaciformis, Lea. Kinnikinnick River, Milwaukee.
Strophitus edentulus, Say. Milwaukee and Kinnikinnick Rivers ;
Hika, Manitowoc Co.
Anodonta cataracta,? Say. Maple Lake, Oneida Co.; Golden
Lake, Waukesha Co.
Anodonta imbecilis, Say. North shore of Lake Winnebago (juv.).
Anodonta grandis, Say. Milwaukee River; Wauwatosa; Fox
River, Okauchee Lake and Golden Lake, Waukesha Co.; Two
Rivers, Manitowoc Co.; Winnebago Lake at Menasba ; Maple Lake,
Oneida Co.
60 THE NAUTILUS.
Anodontoides ferussaeianus, Lea. Milwaukee and Root rivers,
Milwaukee Co.; Jambo Creek, Manitowoc Co.
Symphynota compressa, Lea. Jambo Creek, Manitowoc Co.
Symphynota costata, Raf. Milwaukee River.
Symphynota complanata, Barnes. Milwaukee River; Two Rivers,
Manitowoc Co.
Alasmidonta calceola, Lea. Lake Michigan, Milwaukee ; Jambo
Creek, Manitowoc Co.
Alasmidonta marginata, Say (truncata, B. H. Wr.). Milwaukee
River.
Unio aibbosus, Barnes. Milwaukee River; Fox River, Waukesha
Co.; Two Rivers and Hika, Manitowoc Co.; Lake Winnebago;
ancient shell heaps at Winneconne, Winnebago Co.
Quadrula undulata, Barnes. Fox River, Waukesha Co.; Two
Rivers, Manitowoc Co.; Clear Water Lake Creek, Oneida Co.;
ancient shell heaps, Winneconne, Winnebago Co.
Quadrula pustiilosa, Lea. Ancient shell heaps at Winneconne.
Quadrula rubiginosa, Lea. Milwaukee River ; Two Rivers,
Manitowoc Co.; Clear Water Lake Creek, Oneida Co.
Quadrula trigona, Lea ? Milwaukee River at Lindwurm.
A list of the Lhnnseidse, Sphseriidse and other fresh-water shells
will be given in a future number.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIAN AND BURMESE LAND SHELLS re-
ferred to the genera Macrochlamys, Bensonia Taphrospira (gen.
nov.), Microcystina, Euplecta, and Polita. By W. T. Blanford
(Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1904, pub. Apr. 18, 1905). Eighteen
new species are described, and the new genus Taphrospira is erected
for Macro chlamys -like snails with a trench or gutter bordering the
suture outwardly. Four species are referred to this group : T.
convallata Bens., T. bothy char ax ' Bens.' Fult., T. compluvialis Blft
and T. excavata n. sp., the last two being figured. This is an un-
usually well-marked group for the Zonitidce, quite deserving recog-
nition in nomenclature, though differing from Macrochlamys only in
the sutural gutter. The soft anatomy is unknown. To the above
list should be added Macrochlamys diadema Dall, described in a for-
mer number of this journal. — H. A. P.
THE NAUTILUS, XIX.
PLATE II.
10
STEGODERA, MOELLENDORFFIA AND GONIOBASIS.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIX. OCTOBER, 19O5. No. 6.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF GONIOBASIS, FROM BRITISH
COLUMBIA.
BT J. F. WHITEAVES.
Goniobasis Columbiensis sp. nov. Plate 2, figs. 11, 12.
Shell small (for the genus), apparently not exceeding fifteen mil-
limetres in length, elongate conical and about twice as long as wide,
spire rather short, a little shorter than the outer whorl, as viewed
dorsally. Whorls actually five or six, but probably seven when per-
fect, the apex being always eroded ; those of the spire obliquely
compressed, the later ones thereof encircled with one to three very
small spiral ridges or keels in some immature specimens, but smooth
in full-grown ones. Outer whorl moderately convex, faintly and
spirally angulate at the midlength in the immature stage but rounded
in the adult, its lower or anterior portion always narrowing rather
abruptly ; sutural line impressed. Aperture subovate, longer than
wide, acutely pointed posteriorly, produced and somewhat effuse but
narrowly rounded in front, almost equal to the spire in length ; outer
lip thin and simple.
Surface of full-grown specimens almost smooth, and marked only
with very numerous and closely disposed strias that are parallel with
the outer lip and so minute as not to be visible without the aid of a
lens ; also with one or two distant lines of growth that mark the
position of previous lips.
Epidermis uniformly brownish or greenish-brown, without darker
bands ; aperture and inner surface of the last volution a lustrous
62 THE NAUTILUS.
polished white, or with a very small, pale-purplish spot or stain on
the columella posteriorly.
Operculum and animal not preserved.
Headwaters of the Columbia River, at Upper Columbia Lake, in
the East Kootenay District of British Columbia, J. B. Tyrrell,
1883 : thirty-seven fresh and living specimens, all of which are in
the Museum of the Geological Survey of Canada at Ottawa.
This species seems to differ from the eastern G. livescens in its
much smaller size, fewer whorls, and proportionately shorter spire ;
also in the color of its epidermis and aperture. It is believed to be
the first non-plicate Goniobasis, of the type of G. livescens, that has
been found in the Pacific drainage system.
Ottawa, August 15, 1905.
NOTES ON THE SEMI-FOSSIL SHELLS OF POSEY COUNTY, INDIANA.
BY L. E. DANIELS.
Ages ago the Wabash River, which forms the western boundary
of Posey County, Indiana — the extreme southwestern county of the
State — was much wider than now, as indicated by the range of bluffs
which border and run parallel with the bottom-lands of the present
river, which, in some places are six miles in width. These bluffs or
hills are in most cases one hundred or more feet above the level of
the bottom-land, and many of them contain deposits of marl from
one to twenty feet in depth.
During the summers of 1901—4, while working for the Indiana
State Geological Survey, I had an opportunity of examining several
of the deposits, particularly at New Harmony and Grand Chain,
Posey County, and collected from them several species of recent
shells in a fossil state. The marl is usually covered with two or
more feet of soil, and the shells occur from six to fifteen feet below
the surface, being the more plentiful from the middle to the bottom
of the marl deposit.
Polygyra rnonodon (Rack.) — the shell formerly called leai Ward —
is abundant, but I have been unable to find a single living specimen
here, and nowhere else in the State except on the marshes bordering
several of the lakes in the northern part of the State, where it is
THE'NAUTILUS. 63
El*.,
plentiful. It seems strange that a species once so abundant here
should have entirely disappeared.
Following is a list of the species I have taken from the marl beds
at New Harmony and Grand Chain :
Helicina occulta Say. Abundant.
Vallonia pulchella (Miill.).
Polygyra multilineata (Say).
Polyyyra hirsuta (Say). Abundant.
Polygyra monodon (Rack.). Abundant.
Polygyra monodon fraterna (Say). Abundant.
Strobilops labyrinthicus (Say).
Strobilops qffinis Pils.
Pupoides marginatus (Say). Common.
Bifidaria armifera Say.
Bifidaria contracta Say.
Circinaria concava (Say).
Omphalina inornata (Say).
Vitrea hammonis (Strom.).
Vitrea wheatleyi (Bland).
Euconulus fulvus (Miill.).
Zonitoides nitidus (Miill.).
Zonitoides arboreus (Say).
Gastrodonta ligera (Say).
Pyramidula alternata (Say).
Pyramidula perspecliva (Say).
Pyramidula striatetta (Anth.).
Helicodiscus lineatus (Say).
Succinea retusa Lea.
Succinea avara Say.
Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Abundant.
NOTES ON MOELLENDORFFIA AND STEGODERA.
BT HENRY A. PILSBRT.
In southeastern China, Tonquin and the neighboring region, there
is a group of curious Helices with reflexed lip, toothed aperture or
plicate throat, and granose, often hairy surface. The systematic re-
04 THE NAUTILUS.
lations of these snails are still uncertain. No member of the series
has been dissected.
One of the first forms described was Steyodera angusticollis Mar-
tens (pi. 2, fig. 1, 2, 3), a sinistral snail from the Yangtse valley,
with the last whorl distorted, making the throat very narrow. It
has not before been noticed that there is a weak and shallow groove
on the upper part of the last whorl (indicated in fig. 1), and another
one, very weak and shallow, on the base. These vestigeal furrows,
which would scarcely be noticed, evidently represent structures far
better developed in the following species.
Helix triscalpta Martens, type of Ancey's group Traumatophora,
is shaped like Stegodera, but has a regular coil, and is dextral.
There are three furrows in the latter part of the last whorl, marked
inside by irregular lamellae. The texture and granose sculpture are
like Stegodera.
Helix horrida Pfr. and its allies are quite different. The spire is
sunken, as in Chloritis, the peristome continued in a cord across the
parietal wall, and the last whorl has two deep furrows, one basal,
the other above the periphery. This and all the preceding have the
apical whorl smooth and glossy. (See pi. 2, figs. 4-6.)
Another series has the apical whorl granulated. There are two
or three furrows outside, with corresponding prominences within.
Helix trisinuata type of Moellendorffia Ancey, is typical of this group
(pi. 2, figs. 7, 8).
The absence of any internal lamellae or barriers on the parietal
wall differentiate all of the above from Plectopylis and Gorilla, while
the granose surface, external furrows, etc., indicate that the various
members are related to one another. The tendency to have two ex-
ternal pits or furrows in definite positions shows a great likeness to
certain forms of Chloritis, and the very closely related group Plan-
ispira, such as C. bifoveata Bs., P. endoptycha Mts., porcellana Grat.,
infracta Marts., etc.1 The correspondence is so close that I have
now little doubt that this Chinese series of Helices is closely related
to the genus Chloritis, though the full demonstration awaits an ex-
amination of the soft anatomy. Pending this, I would suggest the
following classification of the species :
1 Mr. Sykes has proposed a section Vulnus for these pitted Planispiras. — J. oi
Malak., 1904, p. 88.
THE NAUTILUS. 65
I. Peristome continuous, free, or continued as a thick cord across
the parietal wall ; aperture subtriangular, squarish or subcircu-
lar, the throat with two or three plicae.
Genus MOELLENDORFFIA Anc.
1. Apical whorl granulated ; parietal callus free and erect or
shortly adnate.
a. Spire convex or low-conic ; surface coarsely warty ; peri-
phery angular or rounded, both sulci below it ; peristome
continuous, the parietal callus free and erect, bearing a
rounded tooth. There is often a small sulcus above the
principal outer one.
Subgenus Moellendorffia s. str., Anc.
a1. Spire flat, the periphery carinate, two sulci, one subperi-
pheral, the other basal below it. Aperture subcircular,
the adnate parietal callus very short, not toothed.
Subgenus Moellendorffiella Pils.
2. Apical whorl smooth ; parietal callus adnate, thickened at the
edge ; spire more or less concave ; aperture heart-shaped,
subtriangular or squarish ; edge of the parietal callus thick-
ened, cord -like. Surface minutely granose between larger
warts which sometimes bear hairs. Typically with a basal
and a superperipheral furrow behind the aperture, with cor-
responding prominences inside, but these may be reduced to
indistinct vestiges. Subgenus Trihelix Anc.
II. Peristome widely interrupted, the parietal callus thin through-
out ; aperture rounded-lunate ; periphery rounded and spire
convex in known forms ; apical whorl smooth.
a. Sinistral, last whorl distorted ; external sulci vestigeal ; no
internal lamellae. Genus STEGODERA Martens.
a1. Dextral, regular ; three external sulci and internal plicse.
Subgenus Traumatophora Anc.
The species now known are as follows :
Moellendorffia eastlakeana (Mlldff.), China.
Moellendorffia hensaniensis (Gredl.), China.
Moellendorffia trisinuata (Marts.), China.
Moellendorffia trisinuata sculptilis (Mlldff.), China. (PI. 2, figs.
7,8.)
Moellendorffia loxotata (Mab.). Tonquin.
Moellendorffia spurca (Bav. & Dautz.). Indo-China.
66 THE NAUTILUS.
Moellendorffia spurca deflexa (Mlldff.). Indo-China.
Moellendorffia messageri (Bav. & Dautz.). "
Moellendorffia callitricha (Bav. & Dautz.). "
Moellendorffia (Moellendorffiella) erdmanni (S. & B.), China.
(PL 2, figs. 9, 10.)
Moellendorffia (Trihelix) horrida (Pfr.). Cambodia.
Moellendorffia (Trihelix) biscalpta (Hde.), China.
Moellendorffia (Trihelix) faberiana (Mlldff.), China.
Moellendorffia (Trihelix) hiraseana Pils., Formosa. (PI. 2,
figs. 4, 5, 6.)
Moellendorffia (Trihelix) eucharistus (Pils.), Ryukyu Is.
Moellendorffia (Trihelix) eucharistus tokunoensis Pils. & Hir.
Moellendorffia (Trihelix) eucharistus diminuta Pils. & Hir.
Stegodera angusticollis (Marts.), China. (PI. 2, figs. 1, 2, 3.)
Stegodera (Traumatophora) triscalpta (Marts.), China.
Moellendorffia (Trihelix) hiraseana n. sp. Plate 2, figs. 4, 5, 6.
Shell planorboid, umbilicate, the umbilicus about one-fifth the diam-
eter of the shell, thin but moderately strong, brown (the exact color
not known, as the specimens found are dead). Sculpture of very
distinct minute granules, close but not regularly arranged, and on the
last whorl and a half, comparatively large oblong low tubercles,
rather widely spaced, and standing in somewhat irregular oblique
rows. Spire slightly sunken in the middle. Whorls 4^, convex,
the last more than twice the width of the preceding, convex above
and below, rounded peripherally, having a deep obliquely ascending
sulcus above the periphery on its last fourth, shallower as it ap-
proaches the lip, and another on the base, tangentially passing out
from the umbilicus. Aperture very oblique, heart-shaped, obstructed
within by two strong plicae representing the external furrows, the
basal plica standing transversely, the peripheral one entering.
Peristome well reflexed, whitish, the margins connected by a raised
callous parietal cord ; upper lip arcuate and tapering near the upper
insertion, then straightened and sloping, with a very slight prom-
inence within where the sulcus terminates ; basal lip but slightly
arcuate.
Alt. 7.7, diam. 18 mm.; length from lip-edge to rear end of upper
sulcus 9 mm.
Hotawa, Taiwan [Formosa]. Type no. 89999, A. N. S. P., from
no. 1406 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
THE NAUTILUS. 67
Two specimens of this fine species were obtained. It is closely
related to Mscalpta (Heude) and faberiana (Mlldff.) of China. The
former is a somewhat larger shell, in which the supraperipheral sulcus
terminates at the lip in a downward projecting prominence, causing
the upper margin of the lip to appear composed of two small arches,
a structure not seen in M. hirasei. The spire in M. biscalpta is de-
cidedly wider than in the Formosan shell. M. faberiana (Mlldff.)
has not been figured. It is the size of M. hirasei, but differs by the
shape of the last whorl, which is flat, obtusely angulated above, and
obtusely angular around the umbilicus, by the absence of a parietal
callus, sinuous outer lip, etc. It also seems to differ in sculpture and
various other features. M. hiraseana probably will be found to
bear hairs on the larger warts when in fresh condition.
A NEW SUBSPECIES OF POLYGYEA FERRISSI.
BY JAMES H. FERRISS.
Happening to look over my cabinet series of P.ferrissi by day-
light, I noticed that some shells from Balsam Mountain, Swain Co.,
N. C., differed from ferrissi in several points, especially the minute
sculpture, and I believe them to be a new subspecies.
Polygyra ferrissi sericea n. subsp.
The shell has 5^ to 5^ whorls, the inner ones but slightly paler
than the outer, with but the slightest trace of punctation. The last
whorl has perceptibly closer striation than P.ferrissi, is less glossy,
and is covered with a weak, very minute granulation in the inter-
stices between striae ; there is also a slight, fine malleation or inden-
tation ; the general effect being that of a dull silk. The color is
rich reddish brown, with a slight olive tint. The lip is broad and
flat, a little turned back. The outer edge is dark, the inner rim
white. There is a very small parietal denticle, smaller than in P.
ferrissi. Alt. 12.7 to 13, diam. 23 mm.
Balsam Mountain, Swain County, N. C.
68 THE NAUTILUS.
THE SNAILS OF NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA.
T. D. A. COCKERELL.
MOLLUSCA OP THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. 1. UROCOPTID.E;
HELICID^E OF ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO. BY H. A. PILSBRY.
(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., March, 1905.)
Several years ago I was walking at night in the streets of Albu-
querque, N. M., looking for a building where a certain meeting was
to be held. Accosting the first person I met, I asked the way. The
stranger at once said that he was going to the same meeting, and we
walked together. I do not know how it was, but through some
inevitable necessity, the conversation soon led up to snails. My
companion was from the Pacific coast ; his name was Ashmun ; he
was interested in snails ; did I suppose he could find any in New
Mexico? Thus I had run across the only person in New Mexico,
except myself, who cared anything about the mollusca. The infor-
mation I gave him was not particularly encouraging ; he was not
likely to find much, but there were some little Pupidte and other
miscellanea in the debris on the banks of the Rio Grande.
The next time I met Mr. Ashmun was in the train between Las
Cruces and Albuquerque. His first remark was, " I have found
three new Polygyras ! '' I well remember my almost incredulous
astonishment; I thought I knew there were no" such things in that
region ; for even the Santa Fe Canon records had become semi-
mythical in the absence of recent confirmation.
Thus the corner of the veil was lifted; but how little we then
realized that Arizona and New Mexico contained a whole new snail-
fauna, including new genera of many species, large and varied in
form ! Fifteen years ago, the man who should have predicted the
discovery of a very distinct genus of comparative large snails, with
26 different species and subspecies, within the borders of New Mexico
and Arizona, would have been considered a veritable Munchausen ;
to-day we are prepared for almost anything, and humbly confess that
we scarcely begin to know the fauna of the Southwest.
Astonishing as Mr. Ashmun's discoveries were, it remained for
Mr. J. H. Ferriss to reveal even more wonderful forms. In 1902
and again in 1904, he visited the Chiricahua and Huachuca moun-
tains in southern Arizona. The results of these journeys, together
with the accumulated fruits of other investigations, are presented by
THE NAUTILUS. 69
Dr. Pilsbry in the paper before us, so far as they relate to the
Urocoptidse and Helicidse. A second paper, on the small species, is
to appear later.
The paper is full of detail and profusely illustrated, so that it
practically covers the ground, so far as present knowledge will per-
mit. It has the lucidity and precision which we have learned to ex-
pect in Dr. Pilsbry's writings, presenting the facts in such a manner
that the reader can judge for himself, whether he will agree with the
conclusions reached or not.
In the Urocoptidse, the genera Holospira and Microceramus are
described. The latter includes M. texanus (Pils.), of Texas, but
does not enter New Mexico or Arizona. Holospira has a species
confined to Texas, one common to Texas and adjacent New Mexico,
five apparently peculiar to New Mexico, and four only known from
Arizona. They seem to be often confined to a single range, two
species being sometimes found living together. Four new ones are
described : H. ferrissi from the Huachuca Mts., H. cionella from
Fort Bowie, Ariz., H. regis Pils. and Ckll., from near Kingston,
N. M., and H. chiricahuana from the Chiricahua Mts.
The Helicidse of Arizona and New Mexico include five genera :
Ashmunella, Sonorella, Oreohelix, Polygyra and Thysanophora. The
last is to be treated later on, and Polygyra is dismissed with the re-
mark that it just enters New Mexico, one species — P. texasiana —
having been found in the Pecos Valley. It is worth while to note
here that these Polygyras were collected by Professor Tinsley, who
subsequently took me to the locality where they occur. They exist
exclusively, so far as I could learn, in a bed of white marl close to
the Pecos river, and they are to be regarded as pleistocene fossils.
It is quite probable that Polygyra has been long extinct in New
Mexico ; but if it still survives there the fact remains to be discovered.
The fossil shell is probably worthy of a subspecific name, as it is not
typical texasiana.
Incidentally, one may be excused for remarking that the pleisto-
cene beds of the southwest urgently need investigation. They are
abundant in New Mexico, at least, and there is no doubt that they
will throw much light on the past history of the snails of that region.
Unfortunately, it is usually impossible to form any good estimate of
their age, for shells are well preserved in the dry soil, and speci-
mens ten thousand years old may not look materially different from
70 THE NAUTILUS.
weathered shells which flourished ten years ago. When mammalian
remains can be found with the shells, of course they afford valuable
clues.
The account of Askmunella begins with an interesting general dis-
cussion occupying four pages, in the course of which it is argued, ap-
parently on valid grounds, that the ancestor of all the forms had a
tridentate aperture. It is to be noted that this is the case with A.
thomsoniana pecosensis, the most ancient form yet known. The
toothless forms have arisen independently in several localities, and
have come to resemble each other so much that they are only sepa-
rated readily by those intimately acquainted with the genus, or in
some cases by the aid of the anatomy. In this connection I may
note that I once found at Pecos, N. M., a toothless shell which was
plainly an individual variation of the thomsoniana series ; but anyone
could have taken it for A. ashmuni. Recalling this specimen, and
more particularly on geographical grounds, I will venture to prophesy
that when the anatomy of A. ashmuni becomes known, it will be
seen to be related to the thomsoniana series, rather than to the rhyssa
series, where Dr. Pilsbry provisionally places it.
The classification of the Ashmunellas is as follows :
(1.) GROUP OF A. RHYSSA. A. rhyssa; rhyssa miorhyssa; r.
hyporhyssa ; r. townsendi ; altissima ; pseudodonta ; p. capitanensis ;
ashmuni; a. robusta (new name = the so-called chiricahuana of the
Jemez Mts.).
(2.) GROUP OF A. THOMSONIANA. A. thomsoniana ; t. portercs ;
t. pecosensis — the last a fossil.
(3.) GROUP OF A. LEVETTEI. A. levettei ; L angigyra (new);
1. heterodonta (new; extraordinarily variable); L proxima (new);^s-
sidens (new); duplicidens (new); angulata (new); ferrissi (new, most
extraordinary, acutely carinate, with the keel continued up the spire,
projecting above the sutures); walkeri ; mearnsi.
(4.) GROUP OF A. ESURITOR. A. esuritor (new; aperture tooth-
less, anatomy peculiar).
(5.) GROUP OF A. CHIRICAHUANA. A- chiricahuana; c. mogol-
lonensis (new).
(6.) GROUP OF A. METAMORPHOSA. A. metamorphosa (new ;
shell like chiricahuana, anatomy quite different.)
The account of Sonorella is not so exhaustive, because the genus
has so recently been treated in detail by Mr. Bartsch. The follow-
THE NAUTILUS. 71
ing are proposed as new : S. hachitana bowiensis, S. granulatissima
parva, S. g. latior, S. virilis (looks like a variety of hachitana, but
anatomy peculiar), S. v. circumstriata, S. v. huachucana.
Oreohelix is carefully defined, but only the species of Arizona and
New Mexico are treated, and not even all of those. The very var-
iable series grouped under 0. strigosa huachucana is fully described
and illustrated. The new forms are 0. strigosa socorroensis (allied
to metcalfei'), 0. barbata (very remarkable, the adult with an epi-
dermal fringe), 0. yavapai, 0. y. neomexicana (this species and sub-
species separated mainly on the anatomy ; the neomexicana has been
reported heretofore as hemphilli, which it much resembles), and 0.
• chiricahuana. The last, along with 0. clappi Ferriss and 0. aval-
onensis Hemphill, goes in a new subgenus, named Radiocentrum,
distinct by the smaller number and the sculpture of the embryonic
whorls, and the somewhat modified genitalia.
I wish to call attention to a few apparent peculiarities of distribu-
tion, which should be confirmed or disproved by future observers:
(1.) On the east side of the Rio Grande, Oreohelix appears to get
no further south than the Sandia Mountains. It is totally unknown
in the Organs, Sierra Blanca, etc. On the west side of the river it
goes nearly to the Mexican boundary, at least.
(2.) Sonorella gets as far east as the Organ Mts., but I have not
seen it from Sierra Blanca or the Sacramentos ; nor does it seem to
range northward even as far as the Sandias.
(3.) The Organ Mts. mark the eastern limit of the levettei group
of Ashmunella, the species found there being mearnsi. One has only
to cross the valley to the Sacramentos to meet with the very different
rhyssa series.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
Antarctic Nudibranchs — Sir Charles Eliot has just published in
the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh a very inter-
esting paper on the Nudibranchiata of the Scottish National Ant-
arctic Expedition. In the preface he remarks on the absence or
extreme rarity of Dorids in the Antarctic, while in the tropics Dorids
are greatly more abundant than Aeolids. This seems the more
singular from the fact that the Dorids are tough and well-protected
animals for the most part, while the Aeolids would seem too delicate
for the stormy and cold seas (often below 30° Fahr.) of the extreme
72 THE NAUTILUS.
south. Possibly the prevalence of other forms of life, including
enemies of Nudibranchs, in the tropics may have something to do
with it, especially since so many tropical Dorids (Chromodoris) show
what seem to be warning colors, and are probably inedible.
The species obtained by the expedition in the southern seas were
only five in number, and two of these were not in the Antarctic.
Nevertheless all these except one proved new, and two are made the
types of new genera. The first of these genera, Notaeolidia, is based
on an animal nearly five inches long, obtained at the South Orkneys.
This is so distinct that Sir C. Eliot believes it to represent a new
family, standing between the Aeolidids proper and the Dendronotines.
This would be a family in the sense of Bergh ; a subfamily of Alder
and Hancock. The Notaeolidiidre (or NotaeolidinaB) are defined
thus to include a single genus and these species:
" Large animals of Aeolidiform appearance. Oral tentacles large
rhinophores perfoliate without sheaths. Foot rounded and grooved
in front. Dorsal margin undulated, and bearing one or more rows
of close-set cerata. Jaws not denticulate. Radula consisting of a
central tooth and four (rarely five) laterals on each side. Central
tooth with a strong median cusp and side denticles ; laterals denticu-
late on inner side. The liver forms a lobed, flocculent mass within
the body cavity, and in the body walls a thick, spongy layer, from
which rise the diverticula which enter the cerata. The hermaphro-
dite gland lies above the liver."
The other new genus is Tritoniopsis, based on a species (T. brucci)
from Gough Island, 40° 20' S. It differs from Tritonia principally
in the dentition, the central tooth being narrow and pointed, not
broad, and provided with accessory cusps. The outer laterals are
much elongated — T. D. A. C.
AN ARRANGEMENT OF THE AMERICAN CYCLOSTOMATID^ WITH
A REVISION OF THE NOMENCLATURE. By Win. H. Dall. (Proc.
Mai. Soc., London, vi, 208.) A new subgenus (Parachondria) of
the genus Chondropoma is proposed, type, C. fascia Wood, Jamaica.
Also a new genus Opisthosiphon, type, Chondropoma bahamense
Shutt.
A new Chiton from the New England coast, by Win. H. Dall.
(Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, xviii, 203.)
This new species, Tonicella blaneyi, was dredged by Mr. Dwight
Blaney in 20 fathoms, off Ironbound Island, Frenchman's Bay,
Maine. Including the deep-sea species, this makes twelve species
of Chitons recorded on and off the New England coast. — C. W. J.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vox,. XIX. NOVEMBER, 19O5. No. 7.
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW FORMS OF POLYGYRA.
BY GEO. H. CLAPP.
Polygyra smithii n. sp. Plate III, figs. 1-4.1
Shell imperforate, depressed, thin, horn-color, densely covered with
elevated epidermal processes, giving the shell a scaly appearance, the
hairs following the weak growth lines ; embryonic whorls sculptured
with elongate granules ; spire low, convex, rounded, sutures well
impressed, whorls about 5^ ; body-whorl obtusely carinated above the
periphery in its first third; rounded, swollen and very deeply constricted
back of the peristome, sharply descending in front ; upper half of the
aperture, viewed from the under side, forming a half circle ; below
the periphery almost straight, so that the whole effect is like a human
ear ; lip wide, white, concave above and flat below, at the periphery
a wide, flat entering tooth, basal lip straight, slightly thickened on
the upper margin ; parietal wall bearing a large, high, very slightly
curved tooth extending from the lip-tooth to the axis, a thin wash of
whitish callus connecting the upper and lower ends of the lip.
Gr. diam. 16^, lesser 14, alt. 10 mm.
Gr. diam. 15^, lesser 13^, alt. 9 mm.
Gr. diam. 15, lesser 13, alt. 8^ mm.
Gr. diam. 14^, lesser 12^, alt. 8j mm.
Gr. diam. 13^, lesser 11|, alt. 7-| mm.
The first and last measurements given are the extremes of a con-
siderable series, the average size being about 15 mm.
Near the top of Monte Sano, at an altitude of about 1,600 feet,
about 5 miles east of Huntsville, Ala., under large logs, piles of
stones, etc.
1 This plate will appear in a future number.
74 THE NAUTILUS.
"Almost always it is on the ground or on the lower surface of a
stone which rests on the ground. I have never seen the snail crawl-
ing abroad, even in wet weather. The shells are invariably covered
with a dark deposit, which is removed with some difficulty." (H. H. S.)
Also found, but more rarely, on Smithers Mountain and near
Gurley and Princeton.
Animals almost black, very shy in confinement, spending most of
their time either half or completely buried in the earth.
This most interesting and strongly-marked species is another of
Herbert H. Smith's finds, and I take great pleasure in naming it
after him. While bearing a striking resemblance to an overgrown
P. inflecta, it is readily separated by the character of the hairs and
the absence of the basal lip-tooth ; it is also close to P. subpalliata,
but is apparently most closely related to P. inflecta.
Monte Sano is an outlier of the Cumberland Plateau, so that this
may be considered a species of that most interesting faunal region.
Types No. 5388 of my collection and co- types in the collections of
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Bryant Walker and T. H. Aldrich.
Polygyra inflecta approximans n. subsp. Plate III, fig. 6.
Differs from typical inflecta in the closely approximated lip teeth,
the space between them measuring only about \ mm. in width, while
in the typical form it measures 1 mm. and over. The aperture is
also wider, in proportion to its length, and less rounded in front;
body-whorl narrower at the aperture, not swollen back of the lip.
In other characters like the type — whorls about 4|.
A considerable proportion of the shells have the umbilicus partly
open, and while this can hardly be considered a specific character
the proportion is greater than in any lot of inflecta I have seen.
Greater diam. 7-|, lesser 6^, alt. 4£ mm.
Greater diam. 8, lesser 7, alt. 5 mm.
Greater diam. 8|, lesser 7^, alt. 4| mm.
Greater diam. 8|, lesser 7|, alt. 5 mm.
Marion, Ala., where it practically replaces the typical form as
only four dead shells of the latter were found. Collected by Her-
bert H. Smith in May, 1905. A specimen of P. inflecta from Jack-
son, Ala., is figured for comparison, pi. 3, fig. 5.
Types No. 5389 of my collection and cotypes in the collections of
the Academy of Natural Sciences, Bryant Walker and T. H. Aid-
rich.
THE NAUTILUS. 75
ON SOME CYPRAEIDAE IN THE COLLECTION OF MR. D. W. FERGUSON,
OF BROOKLYN, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVERAL NEW VARIETIES.
BY SLOMAN ROUS.
In this collection — which Mr. Ferguson kindly allowed me to in-
spect— the Cypraeidse are especially interesting. There are several
varieties that appear to me to have been not hitherto noticed, and
some which, though not attaining varietal dignity, are well worthy
of remark.
CYPRAEA HELVOLA var. APHRODITE, var. nov.
More pyriform and much wider than the type, and considerably
depressed. Very pale yellowish-brown, sides slightly darker, again
changing to the paler dorsal color on the base, the interstices of the
teeth a full shade darker, back flecked with numerous small snow-
white spots, and a few larger spots of a still pale brown, but darker
than the ground color. Edges of base rather heavily thickened.
I am not sure that this shell may not claim specific rank, while it
is close to C. helvola, the differences are many. Beside its pyriform
shape the outer half of the base is about two and a half times wider
between the aperture and outer edge than the opposite, and the teeth
are prolonged almost half-way over this space, making them appear
finer and more elegant than in helvola. The aperture is almost straight
and narrower than the type. This is accentuated by the columellar lip
being much less arcuated than is normally the case, so that the
anterior portion of the lips are almost as close together as the pos-
terior. Long. 27, lat. 20, alt. 14 mm. It is a very lovely shell
and undoubtedly very rare. Hab. Sandwich Is., W. H. Pease.
A specimen of C. arabica is curiously marked. On the inner side
of the dorsal line the pattern is normal, but on the outer side, while
some of the white spots are irregular in shape, most of them are
round and annulated with dark brown. The dorsal line is very
crooked and would seem to indicate a malformation of the mantle.
There is also a specimen of arabica var. eglantlna Duclos. Mr.
J. Cosmo Melvill, in his description of this shell in his " Survey of
the Genus Cypraea," says it is shining brown. All the specimens I
have seen have been the color of Portland cement, and decidedly
not brown.
CYPRAEA EXANTHEMA var. PUDICA, var. nov.
Shape normal, small, color very pale brown, with spots of gray-
76 THE NAUTILUS.
white, minutely — almost microscopically — thickly irrorated all over
with dots of still lighter color than the spots, and showing on them as
well as the rest of the shell, thickly, minutely granulated at the
extremties, and less thickly so over dorsal surface, sides smooth.
Long. 55, lat. 36 mm.
Notwithstanding the dull coloring and that the granulation de-
tracts somewhat from the lustre of the shell, it is still a very pretty
and striking addition to the handsome suite of exanthema in the
collection.
A dwarf G. cervinetta is a very pretty little shell of a dark umber-
brown, with whitish spots and dorsal line down the centre of the
back, base fawn color with faint brownish blotch and bright choco-
late-brown teeth. Long. 31, lat. 17, alt. 13.5 mm.
In the suite of C. lynx is a very interesting example. It is longi-
tudinally corrugated from one side to the other by lines of growth.
The earlier lines are narrow, numerous striations running from the
spire obliquely to the base in which they disappear; on the back they
are parallel to the sides, only bending near the anterior extremity;
on the outer side they become parallel to the edge of the base. From
the earliest to the latest stage of growth the intervals between the
striae gradually and regularly increase in width until those on the
outer side are shallow sulci between sharp costulae, the width of the
last sulcus being 3 mm. It is a young shell, probably waiting its last
deposit of enamel, which would very likely obliterate the growth
lines ; as it is, it is a very beautiful illustration of shell-formation.
Another specimen of lynx is interesting for its size ; it is adult,
normal in every respect, except size. Long. 21, lat. 11.5 mm.
CYPIUEA VITELLUS var. FERGUSONI, var. nov.
Teeth, base and sides normal, dorsal line wide, lighter in color
than the back, dorsal surface rather dark fulvous brown, obscurely
banded with lighter shade and spotted with bluish-white or light
lead-colored spots, which seem to solve themselves into rows of three
or four in various directions, each spot surrounded by a narrow
blackish ring; the spots at sides are not annulated. Long. 37, lat. 23,
alt. 19 mm.
The difference between this and the type lies in the annulation of
the spots and their disposition in short rows. It is fully developed
though small in size. Loc. ?
THE NAUTILUS. 77
CYPR.EA CRUENTA var. VIOLACEA, var. nov.
There are two specimens of cruenta, one typical in shape, the other
stunted, broader, somewhat depressed, with the strong teeth of var.
coloba Melvill, but each having a large, bright violet patch on the
base. The brownish-violet spots on the sides are also unusually
bright. I propose the above name for such specimens as possess the
violet basal blotch.
CYPR^EA CAPUT-SERPENTIS var.
Base and sides normal, back almost pure white but very faintly
tinged with blackish on which the snow-white spots are just per-
ceptible, the brown of the sides merging a little into the white of the
dorsum, showing a narrow border of the typical white spots ; ex-
tremities of the usual smoky white. The white back accentuated by
the dark sides is curiously suggestive of a bald head.
Another specimen of caput-serpentis has the dorsal surface a
lighter brown than the sides, and sparsely spotted and blotched with
whitish-brown.
There is also a dwarf specimen : Long. 20, lat. 13, alt. 10 mm.
CAURICA var.
Back light yellowish-brown with three brown bands, rather pro-
fusely sprinkled with small brown spots. Base and sides creamy
white, striated with fine pure white lines. Sides with a few large
dark-brown purplish-shaded spots.
CYPR^EA ISABELLA var. FULVA, var. nov.
Uniform yellowish-brown, only very faintly tinged with orange at
the extremities, base creamy-white.
Length 301, diam. 16 mm. (Coll. Ferguson.)
Length 35, diam. 19 mm. (Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci.)
There is another specimen of isabella the same color but with the
normal longitudinal black markings and orange extremities.
CYPR^EA CARNEOLA var. ADONIS, var. nov.
Base pure white, extending a little up the sides, above which the
sides are light yellowish-brown, thickly irrorated with minute white
spots. Dorsum whitish, banded with four faint orange bands. Sides
thickened. Teeth yellow, turning to orange anteriorly. More pyri-
form in shape than typical carneola.
There is a diversity of opinion respecting this shell among our
78 THE NAUTILUS.
local collectors, some considering it a variety of G. arenosa, and
others C. carneola var. propinqua Garrett. I think it is closer to
carneola than arenosa, but it differs from propinqua in having no
violet ring and in the color of the teeth.
SHELL COLLECTING ON THE MOSQUITO COAST OF NICARAGUA.— V.
BY W. H. FLUCK.
Liotia cruentata Miihlf.
Omphalius viridulus Gmel.
Omphalius indusii Ch.
Livona pica Linn.
All from Man of War Keys. The last-named species is found by
the dory-load, and is used as an article of food by the natives. When
perfect, the shell is beautifully mottled with white and black, but
most specimens from " the keys " are badly incrusted. The beau-
tiful spiral operculum is a study in itself.
Fissuridea alternata Say. Wounta Haulover. I found about a
dozen in four years, the locality being, I suppose, not rocky enough
for them.
Subemarginula octoradiata Gmel. Man of War Keys.
Acmcea melanoleuca Gmel. King's Keys. A white variety.
Guppya biolleyi Mart. Eama Key. This little island is in the
Bluefields lagoon, about 10 miles south of the town of Bluefields.
The shell was found in the yard of the Moravian Mission.
Epiphragmothora coactiliata Fer. Weilawas Hill, near Wani,
Nicaragua, near where the Ulli river and Wani river meet to form
the Prinzapolka river.
Bulimulus corneus Sowb. Bluefields, in the garden of the Mora-
vian Mission, among flags and other plants and under stones.
Macroceramus caracasensis Rve. Bluefields. Same locality and
station.
Macroceramus concisus Morelet. Weilawas Hill, Wani, Nic.
Bifidaria sp. ? Bluefields. Numerous. Clinging to stones. Dr.
Ball has seen specimens, and says they much resemble B. eyriesii
Drouet, of Venezuela, or P. wolfii Miller, of Ecuador, adding :
" There are so many of these described that I don't dare attempt to
name it, especially as our series of these species from the tropics
is very incomplete."
THE NAUTILUS. 79
Oxystyla princeps Brod. Near Kukallaya, in the plantation clear-
ings of the Indians, along the Kukallaya river (sometimes called
Wounta river). Quite numerous. I have one specimen that lacks
the characteristic zigzag markings, being quite plain, except for the
dark-brown spot at the very point of the blunt apex, together with a
faint suggestion of some narrow brown bands on the whorls.
Subulina octona Linn. Bluefields, under stones and beneath foli-
age in damp places.
Subulina mimosarum Orb. Bluefields, Rama Key, Wounta Haul-
over, Kukallaya. Under stones, wood, leaves, in damp places.
Succinea recisa Morelet. Wounta Haulover, in a puddle left by
the rainy season, between the sea and the lagoon and not more than
100 yards from either. The bottom of the pool was grass-covered.
Shells were clinging to a stem of cocoanut leaf, which had fallen and
was submerged. 25 specimens. In the dry season the spot is dry
and the grass dead, and the lagoon and all the water courses for miles
around are salty. 1 never saw this shell anywhere else except on the
banks of a little run in Bluefields, where they were rare.
Melampus flavus Gmel. Man of War Keys. Large, banded
and unbanded specimens.
Melampus coffea Linn. Wounta.
Exceedingly numerous. Used as beads by Indians. The un-
banded variety will average larger than the banded. In March,
1903, I collected some of these shells at the Bluff near Blueflelds,
but the shells were all small, none being larger than M. lineatus say
of the North Atlantic. In the spring of the three years preceding
1903, I searched the same spot, but found none of these shells. I
am inclined to regard them as newcomers to Bluefield.
Teredo sp ? Wounta Haulover and everywhere on the coast.
Pholas campechensis Gmel. Wounta Haulover, Prinzapolka, etc.
Of the hundreds of valves cast up daily, I never found anything but
right valves. Cannot some one who knows write an article on why
it is that single right or left valves, as the case may be, are often
found, to the exclusion of the other valves ?
Tagelus poeyii Dall. Prinzapolka. On the beach toward the
south from the town. Rare. Only 3 specimens.
Periploma inequivalvis Sebum. Wounta Haulover. Right valves
only.
Mactra (Mactrella} alata Spengler. Wounta Haulover, and along
80 THE NAUTILUS.
the whole coast. Abundant, both alive and dead ; fragile, white
and beautiful.
Mulinia gaudeloupensis Recluz. Single valves on the shore at
Wounta Haulover.
( To be continued.}
NEW VARIETIES OF NORTH AMERICAN PISIDIA.
BY V. STERKI.
During the twelve years' study of our Pisidia, on about 350,000
specimens examined, many new forms were found. Some of them
have been published from time to time, since 1895, in the NAUTILUS,
others were held back, mostly for years, in the hope of getting ad-
ditional materials which would more clearly show their relations and
positions. Owing to the great variation of most of our species, with
some apparently endless, it is often difficult to know, or even to
estimate, whether a new Pisidium represents a new species, or a
variety, and it seemed preferable to be rather over-cautious with
regard to " n. sp." than too hasty. Yet new forms, more or less
different from those published or regarded as typical for a species,
should be named and described, and short descriptions of a number
of such are offered in the following lines. They are ranged under
species already known, as varieties, in many instances with some
doubts, leaving it for further evidence to prove their real affinities
or their claims to representing distinct species. A few short notes
are necessarily added, but a more detailed discussion of the affinities
etc., of the various species and forms is left for a forthcoming re-
vision of our Pisidia.
Pisidium idahoense Roper var. indianense n. Smaller than the
types, less inflated ; beaks much narrower, low, little prominent over
the hinge margin ; surface with several well-marked lines of growth,
more horn-colored than in the other forms ; shell and hinge slight,
the right cardinal tooth less curved ; long. 8, alt. 7, diam. 4 mill.
Hab.: Lake Maxinkurkee, Ind., collected in considerable num-
bers by Drs. Evermann and Bartsch, for the U. S. Fish Commission.
As compared with the types from Idaho and the larger, much
inflated form from Seattle, Washington, the Indiana Pisidium ap-
pears to be of a distinct species. Yet a form, eventually a var., from
THE NAUTILUS. 81
Lake Michigan : Charlevoix (Walker) and the South end (Daniels)
is somewhat intermediate, although more like the Idaho form, and
so it appears to be safer to regard the above as a variety of the same
species for the present.
Pisidium compressum 1'r., is very variable, but a number of its
forms and varieties are characteristic and rather constant. As
typical is accepted the common river and creek form: beaks high,
narrow, with well developed appendages, above which there are
small flattened or even impressed smoothish areas, usually with more
or less distinct radial lines ; balance of the surface with rather
coarse, sharp, regular, concentric stria?, dull, with microscopic
wrinkles, color whitish to grayish, and often there are marginal
zones of straw to yellow color, with more shallow, irregular stria?,
more or less shining; shell and hinge stout, with whitish nacre.
Var. opacum n. In shape and size near the typical form, well
inflated, but the surface is finely and irregularly striate, dull to shin-
ing, color often plumbeous above ; beaks with the appendages
slighter, or merely flattened on top ; shell and hinge stout, the for-
mer opaque.
This is a form of sloughs, ditches, pools, etc.. along rivers and
creeks, quiet places in such, with muddy bottom, also of lakes and
ponds near inlets; it seems to be a retrograde one, with respect to the
surface sculpture, and it is notable that also the young in such places
have the fine, obsolete striae.
Var. Iceviyatwn n. Moderately oblique, of medium to rather
large size, generally well inflated ; beaks less elevated, rounded or
more or less flattened on top with slight or obsolete ridges ; surface
with fine, irregular stria? to nearly smooth, more or less shining ;
color light to dark horn; shell slight, translucent, nacre, more glassy;
hinge slight, generally less angular than in the type.
Widely distributed, in quiet waters. These mussels often have
considerable resemblance, in shape, with Pis. variabile Pr. (which is
variable on somewhat corresponding lines), and it is sometimes very
difficult to distinguish dead or fossil specimens of the two, and even
fresh shells of certain forms.
Var. limnicolum n. Near Icevigatum, but much smaller, some
specimens have ridges or well-formed appendages on the beaks ;
shell and hinge slight, cardinal teeth well formed. A form of
deeper, quiet water, lakes, etc. Hundreds of specimens at all stages
82 THE NAUTILUS.
of growth were collected in the Fox River, Wisconsin, by the late
Geo. T. Marston.
Var. roslratum n. Of medium size, moderately to rather well
inflated, oblique, outlines slightly angular ; beaks little prominent,
rounded or with slight ridges around the slightly flattened central
areas; angles at scutum and scutellum well projecting, slightly
rounded, especially at the latter, the projecting part of the mussel is
somewhat rostrum-like, pinched, surface with fine, irregular strias,
somewhat glossy ; color pale to yellowish or brownish-horn, shell
rather thin, translucent, hinge slight, with the teeth small but well
formed.
The typical form (of the var.) from Reed Lake (Dr. Kirkland),
Blue Lake, and other waters in Michigan, Clear Lake, Indiana
(Daniels).
Var. arrosum n. Rather small and low, not very oblique, outlines
somewhat angular, moderately inflated, beaks not much elevated,
narrow, rounded or slightly flattened on top, without appendages,
and with barely any radial lines ; surface with very fine striae above,
becoming somewhat more distant and irregular towards the margins,
slightly shining, color pale to yellowish or reddish-horn, shell thin,
somewhat translucent, hinge slight.
Michigan : Grand Rapids in several lots (Streng, Kent Scient.
Inst.), Blue Lake, Allegan Co. (Dr. Kirkland), Brooks Lake,
Newaygo Co. (Streng), Green Creek, Allegan Co. (Walker). A
peculiarity of this rather constant form is a disease found on the
shells of almost all specimens : small white spots of erosion gradually
becoming confluent and extending over a large part of the surface.
Var. confertum n. Of medium size, somewhat oblique, well and
compactly inflated ; beaks broad, not much prominent, slightly
flattened on top, or rounded, without appendages; upper margin
moderately curved, with projecting angles where passing into the
supero-anterior and posterior slopes which are well marked, rather
long, straight, the former steep, the latter nearly perpendicular ;
scutum and scutellum marked in some specimens ; surface with
irregular, slight striae and lines of growth, dullish to slightly shining;
color straw to yellowish, reddish or brownish-horn, generally with
irregular, lighter and darker, concentric zones ; shell rather stout,
slightly translucent, nacre whitish, muscle insertions well marked,
hinge moderately stout, as compared with typical compressum, median
THE NAUTILUS. 83
part (plate) rather long and slightly curved ; cardinal teeth small
and rather defective,1 of the right, the posterior end is small, simple,
the anterior small, low and nearly obsolete, the left anterior short,
somewhat massive, the posterior oblique, short, slight and not pro-
jecting over the level of the valve-edge, lateral teeth at strong angles
to the plate, the right ones little elevated, the cusps of the left
rounded ; ligament stout, covered in younger, partially or quite un-
covered in adult specimens.
Size : long. 4, alt. 3.8, diam. 2.8 mill, (average).
Habitat: Blue Lake, Muskegon co., Michigan, collected by Dr.
Kirkland, in good numbers, remarkably uniform.
This is certainly a remarkable form, and has rather the significance
of a species, yet seems to be connected with other forms of P. com-
pressum.
Var. coosaense n. Of medium size, straw to light horn colored ;
in shape near the typical form, with rather posterior, narrow, ele-
vated beaks bearing appendages ; superior margin somewhat less
curved and rather long, the supero-anterior slope somewhat more re-
mote from the beaks ; surface with fine to very fine striae, dull to
slightly shining. Shell and hinge rather strong.
Hab.: Georgia and Alabama, along the Coosa river (collected by
Smith, sent by B. Walker).
In younger to two-thirds grown specimens, the features of this
form are especially well marked : the outlines rather angular, all mar-
gins little curved, while full-grown examples are approaching the
typical form, except as to surface sculpture.
Var. contrarium n. Of medium size, well inflated, moderately
oblique ; outlines various from near those of coosaense and the typ-
ical form, though less angular, to rounded, nearly oblong or oval,
with only the supero-anterior slope more or less marked ; beaks gen-
erally less posterior, moderately elevated, rather narrow, with a
small, more or less flattened area on top, and a slight ridge or even
small appendage ; surface with rather fine, crowded, sharp, regular
stria?, dull ; color pale to grayish horn, often with a light zone along
the margins ; shell and hinge rather stout. This Pisidium, although
.rather variable in itself, and probably connected with other forms,
marks an interesting contrast to coosaense as well as to the type, and
laevigatum, etc.
Alabama : Attalla, Calera, Ebenezer Church, Montevallo. (Smith
collected, B. Walker sent.)
Var. smithii n. Of rather good size, little inequipartite, somewhat
oblique, moderately to rather well inflated, more so near the beaks,
while the lower parts of the disks are rather flat ; outlines rather
angular, with the angles more or less rounded, superior and inferior
margins moderately curved, the superior rather long ; supero-anterior
slope nearly straight, steep, posterior part subtruncate ; beaks not
1 In several specimens examined.
84 THE NAUTILUS.
much behind the middle, prominent, rather narrow, more or less
flattened on top, with ridges or slight appendages ; surface with
rather crowded, sharp, regular striae, dullish ; color from light horn,
in the younger, to brownish ; light chestnut in adult specimens.
Hab. : Shoal creek, Alabama (Hinkley).
This form is mainly characterized by its beaks being less posterior
than in most others, and, as it seems, by its brownish color.
The above are a lew of the more marked forms of the very poly-
morphous P. compressum Pr. More have been noticed, and some of
them will probably also have to be named and described ; besides,
more will be brought up with new materials.
Pisidium fallax Sterki var. mite n. Rather smaller than the
typical form, beaks without appendages, or slightly flattened on top;
shell and hinge slighter.
Hab. : Grand river, Michigan (Dr. Kirkland), Nimishillen creek,
Canton, Ohio (Sterki).
Var. errans Sterki. Has been published as var. septentrionale
Sterki. (The NAUTILUS, XII., p. 78.) The name, being pre-
occupied,1 had to be changed. This well-characterized Pisidium has
been seen from northern Maine, northern Michigan, Minnesota and
Keewatin. (Mclnnes Col., Whiteaves sent.)
Pisidium punctatum Sterki var. armatum n. Higher, and often
larger, than the typical form, beaks very prominent, with strong
appendages, which give the mussel quite a different shape and
appearance.
Hab. : Tuscarawas river, Ohio (Sterki), and other places.
Var. simplex n. Beaks without appendages, rounded or slightly
flattened on top ; striation slighter ; mussel sometimes smaller than
the typical form.
Hab. : Joliet, Illinois (Ferriss, Handwerk), Carp Lake near
Mackinaw, Michigan (Walker), Fox River, Wisconsin (Marston).
(To be continued.)
GENERAL NOTES.
MASSACHUSETTS SLUGS. — 1 am indebted to Mr. John Ritchie,
Jr., for two lots of slugs collected in the vicinity of Boston. The
first lot included Avion subfl/scus, Draparnand, of the form called
cinereo-fuscus, Drap., and Limax maxinnts, L., of three forms, the
first nearly typical, the second var. obscurus, Moquin-Tandon, and
the third var. ceHarius, Moquin-Tandon. A series received to-day,
collected by Mr. Abner Hatfield at Jamaica Plain, includes A. sub-
fuscus, v. cinereo-fuscus, L. maximus and Ayriolimax agrestis. The
A. agrestis unfortunately are dead and somewhat spoiled, but they
are of the dark and reddish forms, not the very pale kinds so com-
mon in England. I was glad to confirm the Boston Arion as A. sub-
fuSCUS. T. D. A. COCKERELL.
1 T. Prime, Cat. of 1895, " undescribed."
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"XIX
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIX. DECEMBER, 19O5. No. 8.
SOME NOTES ON LIVING STKOMBUS PUGILIS.
BY HAROLD SELLERS COLTON.
In the latter part of January a severe norther cast many indi-
viduals of Strombus pagilis upon the beach of Sand Key near Clear-
water Harbor, Florida. I sent many north to Dr. Burnett Smith,
of the University of Pennsylvania, who had intended to determine if
there was a case of sexual dimorphism in this species. Circum-
stances preventing him from touching the material for the present,
he persuaded me to work upon it. The results of my measurements
were published in the March NAUTILUS. As the natural history of
the Mollusca is so little known, I hope a few notes of my observa-
tions will not be out of place.
Strombus pugilis is very hardy and easily transported. J ex-
pressed alive twenty-five individuals in a starch box. Each one I
wrapped in dry newspaper ; two weeks afterward, and a week and
a half after they had rested in a warm room, a number were yet
alive and none had as yet begun to decompose. Another lot I packed
in damp seaweed and four days afterward I unpacked them and
placed them in an aquarium in Philadelphia. They started to
crawl about at once. When I left Philadelphia in the early part of
June one was yet alive. Several were killed by the starfish and the
others lived for four months and then died from unknown causes.
I had occasion to break open a number of the shells with a hammer
in order to remove the soft parts for anatomical purposes. This I
found a very difficult task. The shell is so resisting that many blows
in the same place were required to make even a small hole. This
86 THE NAUTILUS.
great strength of shell shows how well they are protected to with-
stand the surf of the exposed beach.
On such a beach Strombus pugilis is the most common visible
Gasteropod in the winter. Others may be abundant at other seasons
of the year. I found none alive nor did I find a dead shell within
the still waters of Clearwuter Harbor, although the flats and bottom
were composed of sand as is the outside beach ; and a series of ex-
tremely low tides allowed me to traverse miles of bottom not ordi-
narily exposed at low tide. Since they are cast up by the surf in
large numbers in a storm they must be abundant just beyond the
breaker line.
Within the mantle cavity I found a species of oyster crab that
Miss Rathbun has given the name of Pinnotheres strombi. A com-
mensal of this sort I believe is unique in a Gasteropod shell.
Every collection of tropical marine shells contains the shells of
Strombus. Tlie bright colors exhibited by most of the species are
perhaps its chief attraction. Its activity when alive is noted all
through the literature. Not alone are its movements described but
pages are covered with beautiful colored drawings of the animal.
Most of the activities have been described from animals under ab-
normal conditions, and the drawings made from animals out of the
water. Nowhere can I find a sketch nor a description of the animal
in a living attitude.
Locomotion in Strombus and its allies is peculiar. This is due to
the structure of the foot. The operculum has changed from an
organ of protection to one of locomotion. Situated as in most Gas-
terpods on the dorsal surface of the metapodium, it is peculiar be-
cause it is joined to the foot by about one-third of its surface. The
two-thirds free extends downward and in a posterior direction, with
its slender point turned toward the left side. The propodium and
mesopodium compose one-sixth the ventral surface of the foot, the
rest is metapodium.
I quote from the voyage of the " Astrolabe :" " Le form particu-
lier de leur pied ne permet pas de marcher comme les Gasteropodes.
Ne pouvent pas ramper ils sautent en prenant un point fixe sur le sol
a 1'aide de leur opercule." Adams in the voyage of the " Samar-
ang " describes their method of locomotion as rolling over and over.
Both of these observations are founded on fact ; the former was ob-
served in the water and the latter on land.
THE NAUTILUS. 87
By placing them very close to the glass of the aquarium I was able
to observe their movements with some detail. When preparing to
move they extend their propodium in an anterior direction, at the
same time contracting their metapodium (Plate III, fig. 11). They
bend the anterior end of their propodium down into the sand, and as
the natural position of the operculum is downward and backward at
an angle, when the metapodium is thrust out, the operculum sinks
into the sand. With the propodium and operculum as anchors the
heavy shell is slid forward (Plate III, fig. 12). Sometimes I have
seen them project the end of their metapodium out as far as the tip
of the spire. The movement is about an inch and a half per step.
The track is represented by a series of little ridges. There is a de-
pression on the edge of the lip of the aperture that would on a
superficial examination seem to correspond to the anterior siphon
canal that is found in many Gasteropods. Through this groove the
right eye-stalk protrudes, and the left eye-stalk comes through the
true groove of the anterior siphon canal, although no fold of the
mantle extends beyond the interior of the shell. (Plate III, fig. 13.)
The sight of this mollusk is remarked on in almost every account
of it. It was my own experience that they would draw within their
shell whenever I came within four feet of the aquarium. They also
react to a jar. They react definitely when a solid object is passed
between them and the source of light. Just how keen their sight
really is I was unable to determine.
All the time I had them in the aquarium I never succeeded in
getting one to eat. I tried fresh oyster meat and oysters that were
opened and placed in salt water for two or three days. I also tried
raw beef. It is described as a " buzzard among mollusks," but I
was not able to observe it feed. When crawling in the sand it
swings its proboscis from side to side like an elephant, sometimes
dipping the tip into the sand and working its powerful radula. But
I could never observe the presence of food of any kind. In the four
months I had them in captivity they did not seem to waste away
appreciably.
Strombus is a very interesting mollusk, and would repay study
in several fields. Its hardiness assures its easy transportation, and
it will live months in confinement. Its eye is wonderfully well
adapted to study the histology of the Gasteropod eye, as it can be pre-
served without distortion. The large size, abundance and bright colors
of the shell make it a conspicuous object on the beach.
88 THE NAUTILUS.
LITERATURE.
Adams. Voyage of the Samarang.
Arnold, 1901. Sea Beach at Ebb Tide, p. 375.
Colton, 1905. NAUTILUS, April, vol. xviii, p. 138. Sexual Di-
morphism in Strombus pugilis Linne.
Fluck, 1905. NAUTILUS, July, vol. xix, p. 32. Shell-Collecting
on the Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua.
Quay and Gamard, 1834. Voyage de PAstrolabe, vol. iii, p. 55-60.
Rathbun, 1905. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. Ivii, part ii,
p. 371. Description of a New Species of Commensal Crab.
Souleyet, 1852. Voyage de la Bonite, vol. xii, p. 164.
A NEW CHITON FROM THE NEW ENGLAND COAST.
BY WILLIAM HEALET BALL.
Mr. Dwight Blaney of Boston, while dredging in twenty fathoms
off Ironbound Island on the Maine coast, was fortunate enougli to
discover a species of Chiton which, after comparison with Northeast
American and North European species, appears to be new.
Seven species of Chitonidas are known from the coast of New
England in less than 100 fathoms. All these have been known for
many years. One Arctic species is reported from the Gulf of St.
Lawrence and may reach the Maine coast. Besides these there are
two species known only from abyssal water in the North Atlantic,
not from the coast and not properly belonging to the New England
fauna. It is therefore a matter of more than common interest to
have a new species discovered, and, because the circulation of the
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington may probably
not reach the mass of malacologists, it was thought desirable to re-
print the diagnosis here and add to it a careful illustration of the
type.
TONICELLA BLANEYI Dall. Plate IV. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
xviii, 1905, pp. 203-4, Sept. 2, 1905.
Shell of a deep rose-color, with fine white lineations and reticular
markings ; girdle brown, apparently naked, but exhibiting under
high magnification a microscopic granulation with a row of small
spinules at the extreme edge, as in T. marmorea ; the coloration of
THE NAUTILUS. 89
the valves outside, in the type specimen, is fairly uniform but prob-
ably more or less variable among individuals ; the valves inside are
of a deep rose-pink, paler toward the edges ; surface minutely more
or less quincuncially punctate, but this is visible only when magni-
fied ; the sculpture consists of (on the midvalves usually three) radial
riblets with a tendency to bifurcate or break up into segments dis-
tally ; there are no distinctly marked areas on the midvalves, but the
part of the valves which bears what in many chitons are called the
lateral areas, in this species carries two or three, sometimes bifurcate,
thread-like ribs which are flattened above and rarely reach the mucro
of the valve, being usually'evanescent dorsally ; there are also more
or less deeply impi-essed lines of growth ; the median part of the
valves is nearly smooth except for the microscopic punctation ; an-
terior valve semicircular, with numerous, more or less irregular,
radial riblets that resemble those on the midvalves ; the eaves are
conspicuously spongy ; the insertion plates are blunt, crenulate at the
edge, but not radially striate ; the anterior valve in the type has 10,
but would seem normally to have either 9 or 11 slits, as one seems
missing or in excess, on one side ; the midvalves have one slit on
each side, their anterior lamellae are nearly continuous across the
dorsal sinus; the posterior valve is small, without a mucro, the in-
cremental lines strong, the ribbing obsolete or nearly so ; in the type,
while there is not a posterior sinus like that of C/ifetopleura, there is
a certain flattening and the insertion plates bordering this part of the
valve are poorly developed ; there are 7—9 slits between which the
distal edges of the plates are more or less irregularly crenate ; in the
dried specimen the muzzle has a prominent " veil " or tegumentary
margin ; the ctenidia number about 15 on each side and extend for-
ward on each side of the foot to the fourth valve ; length over all
(dry), 13mm.; width, 8 mm.; dorsal angle, 120°.
Dredged in 20 fathoms off Ironbound Island, Frenchman's Bay,
near Mt. Desert Island, Maine.
From Trachydermon ruler, ToniceUa marmorea, and similar
species, this form can be at once distinguished by the ribbing. If
the type specimen be characteristic in its color, the pattern and hue
would be equally distinctive. In T. ruber the girdle is pubescent
and parti-colored ; in T. marmorea and the present species it is of a
uniform brown. The type specimen has been generously donated to
the U. S. National Museum.
90 THE NAUTILUS.
The species seems somewhat intermediate between ToniceHa and
Trachydermon, with a leaning toward the former, while it seems to
be most nearly related specifically to Tonicella marmoreaof Fabricus.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.
Fig. 1. Middle valve, interior, from below ; 2. The same valve
from above ; 3. Front valve from above ; 6. The same valve from
below ; 4. The tail valve from above ; 5. The same valve from be-
low ; owing to the spongy condition of the margin the artist has
slightly exaggerated some of the vertical striae so that they are liable
to be taken for true notches, the number of which is as stated in the
diagnosis above. All the figures are considerably magnified, and to
a uniform scale.
A NEW BRACKISH-WATER SNAIL FROM NEW ENGLAND.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Mr. Owen Bryant collected at Cohasset, Massachusetts, the past
summer, specimens of an Amnicoloid snail which appears to be un-
described. It was found living in company with Paludestrina minuta
(Rissoa minuta of authors) and Odostomia impressa.
PALUDESTRINA SALSA n. sp. PL III, fig. 10.
Shell very thin, perforate, oblong-conic, about the shape of Amni-
cola lustrica ; corneous-gray or a little greenish ; the. surface having
the luster of a dull silk, very finely striatulate, weakly decussated
with faint spiral stride.
Whorls 5-^, moderately convex, with the suture impressed but not
so deep as is usual in Amnicola or Paludestrina. Aperture ovate, a
little less than half as long as the shell, subvertical. Peristome thin
and sharp, a little sinuous, the outer lip being somewhat retracted
below its upper insertion ; columellar margin concave, thin ; the inner
margin adnate, thin and straightened for a short distance near the
upper angle of the aperture. Length 3.1, diam. 2, length of aperture
1.5 mm.
Cohasset, Mass. Cotypes in collections of the A. N. S. Phila.
(no. 90445), Boston Society of Natural History, and Owen Bryant.
Compared with the common P. minuta (Totten), this new species
differs in its more broadly conic shape, less deep sutures and larger
THE NAUTILUS. 91
last whorl and aperture. Moreover, the apex, in all the specimens
seen, is perfect, while P. minuta is almost invariably eroded above,
several whorls being lost from the tip in adult specimens.
CARYCHIUM NANNODES N. SP.
BY GEO. H. CLAPP.
In shape this species (Plate III, figs. 7, 8, 9) resembles C. exile,
being long and slender, but differs in being absolutely smooth, with-
out any trace of growth lines, even when magnified 60 diameters;
under high magnification the surface shows a faint granulation ;
color waxy-white, transparent, the columeliar fold showing distinctly
through the shell ; whorls about 4^, regularly tapering from the body-
whorl to the apex ; sutures deep, whorls slightly shouldered ; lip
wide and well reflected especially at the columella where it forms a
distinct umbilical chink, outer curve of lip decidedly flattened,
hardly thickened within ; viewed from the back the lip is more
squared below than in exile and exiguum ; upper columeliar fold of
good size, lower one almost obsolete.
Length 1.4, diameter 0.5 mm.
Collected by Herbert H. Smith on Monte Sano, about 5 miles
east of Huntsville, Ala. " Abundant among leaves in a shady ditch
in damp forest near the top." (H. H. S.) Altitude about 1600 ft.
Types No. 5401 of my collection and cotypes in collections of
Acad. Nat. Sci., Bryant Walker and T. H. Aldrich.
Th.is is a most distinct species, as its size alone at once separates
it from all of the other American representatives of the genus.
With this species Mr. Smith also found some C. exile, which agree
with the northern shells, except that they are more coarsely ribbed.
They are beautiful shells under the microscope.
IS COCHLIOPA ROWELLI A CALIFORNIAN SHELL?
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
Cochliopa roivelli is a small, solid umbilicate snail, somewhat heli-
ciform or F«A>«ta-shaped, and with an operculum like Fluminicola
or Amnicola. It was described by Tryon from specimens received
92 THE NAUTILUS.
from Gabb, who stated that Mr. J. Rowell, well known as a concholo-
gist, found them in Clear Lake, California. Specimens are in the
collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences and the Smithsonian
Institution labeled as from this place ; and Binney (Land and Fresh-
water Shells of N. A., part iii, p. 73) gives no other information.
So far as I know, no other writer on Californian shells has noticed
the species. Its status as a member of our fauna has rested for forty
years only upon the information given by Gabb.
In the collection of the Academy there are also specimens of the
same species from Panama, received from the late Dr. Wesley New-
comb. The other described species of the genus Cochliopa, some
four in number, are from Central America.
As the occurrence of the genus in California waters is a matter of
some importance from a zoogeographic standpoint, we would ask all
collectors in Central California to give what information they can
upon it, whether relating to the original finding of the snail or to its
present distribution. The experience of any who have collected in
Clear Lake will be of interest, whether the species in question has
been found or not.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
SHELLS OF PORTLAND AND VICINITY. — This is the title of an
article by J. W. Mighels, which appeared in the Portland Tribune,
1841, page 64. The exact date of publication is not given on the
clipping, which was found by Mr. Owen Bryant in an old book pur-
chased in Boston. It probably represents the first catalogue ever
published of the shells of Maine. A few remarks commending the
study of concliology, and soliciting exchanges, is followed by a list,
without notes, containing about 154 species, exclusive of the barna-
cles, etc., arranged according to the Lamarckian system. C. W. J.
THE OYSTER. — A popular summary of a scientific study. By
Wm. K. Brooks, Ph. D. (The John Hopkins Press, Baltimore.)
One of the most interesting and readable books pertaining to the
mollusca that has ever been published. It points out clearly the
possibilities of oyster culture, the anatomy and development of the
oyster ; artificial cultivation ; the cause of the decline of the oyster
industry and the remedy. C. W. J.
THE NAUTILUS. 93
LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSKS OF ALASKA AND ADJOIN-
ING REGIONS. By William H. Ball (vol. xiii of the Harriman
Alaska Expedition. The scope of this handsomely printed volume
of 171 + xii pp. is as follows : "• The first object of this work is to
sum up the known molluscan fauna of the land and fresh waters of
Alaska. This has involved an examination not only of the species
obtained within the political boundaries of Alaska, but also those of
the adjacent regions to the west, east and south. The result is that,
for North America north of latitude 49° north, the work includes a
summary of our present knowledge of the mollusks, deduced in part
from the literature and in larger part from material actually exam-
ined. To this is added a briefer examination of the mollusk fauna
of the adjacent parts of eastern Siberia, which has to some extent
modified that of Alaska."
Four faunas are recognized as influencing the Alaskan non-marine
mollusks : that of northern Canada, that of the northern Pacific
States of the U. S., and in a much less degree the fauna of north-
eastern Asia, and the Holarctic group of mollusks common to all
northern regions. From all sources, 65 species of land and fresh-
water mollusks are known from within the boundaries of Alaska.
In the list of species, references are restricted to original descriptions
and records of occurrence in the boreal region. Most of the species
are illustrated by text figures from the works of Binney and Prime,
a feature largely adding to the usefulness and attractiveness of the
work. Besides records from the literature, a great mass of new data
is presented. Frequently vast areas are added to the known distri-
bution of our species, supplying numerous localities where before
only isolated or frequently doubtful records existed. The amount
of new information is so great that no attempt to condense it here
would be satisfactory. A few interesting points about particular
species may be mentioned. Epiphragmophora fidelis and Polygyra
columbiana are the only large Helices which actually reach Alaska,
though a good many others are recorded from north of 49°. The
figure of P. monodon (p. 26) represents P. m. fraterna. It is re-
ported from Moose Factory, James Bay. Vertigo arctica Wallenb.
is given as from Port Clarence, collected by the Vega Expedition,
and V. krauseana Reinh. from Chilkat Inlet, Alaska. The name
Vitrea radiatula Alder is preferred for V. hammonis, and many
Alaskan localities are given. An addition to the American fauna is
94 THE NAUTILUS.
Vitrea nitidula Drap., from Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake. The
name Euconulus trochiformis Montagu is used in place of E. fulvus
Miill., in my opinion improperly. The unusual distribution of Suc-
cinea grosvenori Lea, from Louisiana to Fort Simpson on the upper
Mackenzie, is noticed. I \vas also impressed with the disregard of
this snail for altitude or latitude some time ago, when studying the
Texan forms, yet could find no character in the shells to separate
southern from northern individuals. Succinea chrysis, " the com-
monest and largest land shell of the boreal American region," is
reported from many places from the Mackenzie river west. A
synonym which Dr. Dall seems to have overlooked is S. rotundata
Sowerby, Conch. Icon, xviii, pi. 11, f. 78 (1872). This name would
have precedence if it were not preoccupied.
In the Lymnasidae an interesting and valuable discussion of the
generic and subgeneric synonymy of the groups is given. No
attempt is made to distinguish the races of L. stagnalis, of which
several have in recent years been brought into use by some of our
students. Lymnsea atkaensis Dall, from Atka, Aleutian chain, is
figured. The name of this species was given as atkinensis by Clessin
in the Conchylien Cabinet, p. 390. The difficult group of L. mighelsi,
emarginata, binneyi, randolphi, etc., is discussed at some length ; and
the synonymy given will prove interesting to those who have worked
with these perplexing forms.
The generic and subgeneric synonymy of Planorbis is discussed at
length, and long-needed rectifications in the nomenclature are made.
Say's original spelling of P, exacuous is restored in place of the
emended form exacutus. Planorbis opercularis Gld. includes as
varieties planulatus Coop., centervillensis Tryon and oregonensis
Van. Planorbis nathorsti Westerl., described from Greenland, is
recognized from Labrador. A new section, ffaldemanina, is pro-
posed for Segmentina wheatleyi Lea.
In the Unionidce, the northwestern Margaritana margaritifera is
recognized as var. falcata Gld. It differs from the typical form by
the purple nacre. It has invaded the head-waters of the Missouri in
Montana, and occurs also in Alaska. The new species and varieties
are as follows, most of them are illustrated on two handsome helio-
type plates :
Polygyra germana var. megasoma. '' More than four times the
size of the typical germana, but otherwise quite similar. Northern
California" (p. 26).
THE NAUTILUS. 95
Circinoria vancouverensis var. chocolata. " A variety of a dark
chocolate-brown color, otherwise like the ordinary form, was found
rather commonly at Sitka,"
Vitrina alaskana Dall, new name for V, pfeifferi Newc., " not V-
pfeifferi Deshayes in Fer. Lima9ons, 1822." I have been unable to
trace any V- pfeifferi in Ferussac's work which is cited without page
reference as above. Vitrina is not recognized as a genus in that
work, which so far as I recollect was published before Deshayes had
begun publishing on land shells. It would be well to await fuller
data proving preoccupation before rejecting Newcomb's well-known
name for this species.
Oreohelix strigosa var. stantoni. Dwarfed, measuring in maximum
diam. 10, min. 8.5, height 8 mm., with about 5 whorls, umbilicus
1 mm. Assiniboia, 33 miles s.-e. of Medicine Hat., near top of
Cypress Hills, alt, 4700 ft,
Lymn&a petersi Dall. Koyukuk River, north of the Yukon, in
Alaska. A delicate species of the typical group of Lymnsea, 16 mm.
long.
Lymncea (binneyi var.?) preblei Dall. A large and peculiar form
from Manitoba and Keewatin, 37-38 mm. long.
Lymnaa perpolita Dall. A small, dark, smooth and polished form
from Nushagak, Bristol Bay, Alaska.
Lymnaea anticostiana Dall. Pleistocene marl of Marl Lake,
Anticosti Island.
Planorbis campanulatus var. rudentis Dall. Wider and flatter
than the type. Knee Lake, Keewatin.
P. exacuous var. meyas Dall. Whitish, and larger than the
typical form. Manitoba.
Segmentina (Planorbula) christyi Dall. Manitoba. Larger, flatter
and more sharply sculptured than S. armigera Say.
Valvata (sincera var.?) nylanderiDall. Aroostook Co., Maine.
Valvata leivisi var. helicoidea Dall. With typical lewisi especially
northwestward. More depressed, with the last half whorl more
peripherally diverted.
The work will take a place hitherto unfilled in America, that of a
standard fauna of the region north of the United States boundary.
It is a pleasure to add that the mechanical execution, paper, typog-
raphy and press-work, are worthy of the subject-matter, and are a
credit to the publishers, Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co.
H. A. P.
96 THE NAUTILUS.
NOTES.
ACHATIXA GRACILIOR Boettger — This fine species described
from Camroon in the Nachrichtsblatt for this year, p. 167, pi. 7, f.
1, 2 (issued about Nov. 1, 1905), seems to be quite identical with
A. papyracea var. adelince Pils., Manual of Conchology, part 67, p.
118, pi. 20, f. 4, 5 (issued March 1, 1905).
PHYSA RHOMBOIDEA. — The name Physa rhomboidea was originally
applied by Meek and Hayclen (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856)
to a Cretaceous fossil. Hence P. rltymboidea Crandall becomes a
homonym. It does not seem necessary to propose anew name since
Miss Springer's recent paper in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (1902
p. 513) indicates that it is not essentially different from P. burner osa.
T. D. A. COCKERELL.
NOVEMBER SNAILS. — At noon of Nov. 21, I was out for an hour,
to look after some mollusks, along a dry, gravelly bank exposed to the
sun nearly all day, during summer. A few trees, shrubs and herbage
were shading part of it. We had had severe frosts night after night,
and the soil was usually frozen till late in the forenoon. Under
boards, bricks and stones, the following mollusks were found ap-
parently none the worse from being frozen in most of the time.
Agriolimax campestris Say, several hundred specimens, some of
them only half grown, others young, only a few millimeters long ;
newly laid ova were found, and one containing a nearly mature
embryo. Two specimens were seen in the characteristic attitude
ready for copulation. Freshly deposited ova have also been found ii?
the earliest spring days, some years ago.
Zonitoides arboreus Say, common.
Patula striatella Anth., common, more at shaded places. Vallonia
al>out 40 specimens, 33 of which were costata Mull., 5 pulchella Mull,
and 2 excentrica St. In general V. pulchella, and also excentrica are
found in comparatively larger numbers, or exclusively in more shaded
and damp localities.
Bifidaria armifera Say, several under a tree; but often it is found
at exposed dry localities.
Succinea avara Say, common.
Succinea aetusa Lea, one specimen, nearly full grown, another
rather small. — V. STERKI.
THE NAUTILUS, XIX.
PLA'l t V
7-
13.
n.
10.
n
WALKER: NEW AMNICOLID^E
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIX. JANUARY, 1906. No. 9.
NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES OF AMNICOLIDAE.
BT BRYANT AVALKER.
Most of the following species were found by Mr. A. A. Hinkley
of Du Bois, Illinois, while on a collecting trip through Tennessee,
Mississippi and Alabama, in the fall of 1904. A few others re-
ceived from different sources have also been included.
SOMATOGYRUS SUBSTRIATUS, 11. Sp. PL 0, fig. 1.
Shell subglobose, imperforate, shining, light greenish-yellow, lightly
but distinctly striate, spire somewhat elevated, apex obtuse. Whorls
4-4^, those of the spire prominent and roundly shouldered ; body-
whorl large and well rounded ; suture deeply impressed. Aperture
large, quite oblique, suborbicular, slightly emarginate at the base
and somewhat roundly projecting at the juncture of the lip with the
base of the columella ; lip thin, projecting above and drawn back
below. Slightly thickened within. Columella rather narrow, with
a heavy rounded callous, which is thinner on the body-whorl and
separated below by a narrow axial groove.
Alt. (apex eroded) 6, diam. 4 mm.
Types (No. 22370 Coll. Walker) from the Tennessee River at
Florence, Ala. Also Tombigbee River at Columbus, Miss. Cotypes
in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences and A. A.
Hinkley.
This is one of the largest species of the genus, being exceeded in
size only by S. subglobosus. It is a well marked form, very much
like a small Fluminicola nuttattiana Lea, in appearance, and is easily
98 THE NAUTILUS.
distinguished by its size, elevation of spire and striate surface. It
occurred in considerable abundance at both localities.
SOMATOGYRUS HUMEROSTJS, n. sp. PL 5, fig. 2.
Shell small, subglobular, imperforate, pale green, smooth, shining ;
spire prominent, short, sub-conic with a small, obtuse apex. AVhorls
3^, roundly shouldered above and flattened toward the suture, body
inflated, somewhat flattened on the periphery and at the base ; suture
deeply impressed. Aperture large, subcircular, slightly emarginate
below. Lip thickened throughout, the callus rounding out to a sharp
edge. Columella concave, with a heavy, flat callus which extends
from one extremity of the lip to the other, and entirely covers the
umbilicus.
Alt. 4, diam. 3.75 mm.
Types (No. 22372 Coll. Walker) from the Tennessee River at
Florence, Ala. Cotypes in the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences and A. A. Hinkley.
The only species to which this can be compared is the S. crassus
from the Coosa. It differs, however, in being less solid and more
globular, in the heavily shouldered whorls and the flattening of the
periphery and base.
SOMATOGYRUS QUADRATUS, n. sp. PL 5, figs. 3 and 4.
Shell subglobose, turbinate, imperforate, thick, solid, greenish-yel-
low, smooth, except for fine lines of growth. Spire elevated, obtuse,
whorls 3^, strongly and roundly shouldered, flattened above and on
the sides ; body-whorl large, quadrate, sometimes somewhat swollen
above. Aperture rounded but not expanded. Columella with a
very heavy, rather narrow, flattened callus which extends over the
parietal wall and is separated below the axis from the body-whorl by
a deep axial groove. Lip sharp, heavily thickened within ; its inser-
tion on the parietal wall is below the periphery.
Alt. (fig. 3, apex eroded) 4, diam. 3 mm.
Alt. (fig. 4, apex eroded) 4.25, diam. 3.5 mm.
Types (No. 22373 Coll. Walker) from the Tennessee River, Flor-
ence, Ala. Also Shoal Creek at the same place. Cotypes in the
collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences and A. A. Hinkley.
This species is closely allied to S. georgianus, but differs uniformly
in being smaller and imperforate, in the flattened, heavily-shouldered
whorls and smaller aperture. As shown by the figures there is con-
THE NAUTILUS. 99
siderable variation in the shape, some examples being almost sub-
cylindrical, while others are more inflated toward the shoulder.
This is perhaps a sexual difference, and has been noticed in one or
two other species.
SOMATOGYRUS STRENGi Pilsbry and Walker, n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 5.
Shell small, globose, umbilicate, pale green, smooth, with very fine
lines of growth. Spire short, depressed, flattened at the apex.
Whorls 3, convex, slightly flattened toward the suture, which is well
impressed ; body-whorl large, inflated. Aperture broadly ovate,
angled above and rounded below. Lip sharp, somewhat roundly
expanded at its juncture with the base of the columella. Columella
concave, narrow ; columellar callus flattened, extending over the
parietal wall, separated below by a well-defined axial groove.
Alt. 3, diam. 3 mm.
Types (No. 22374 Coll. Walker) from the Tennessee River, Flor-
ence, Ala. Also Shoal Creek at the same place and Bridgeport, Ala.
Cotypes in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences and
A. A. Hinkley. This very distinct little species was found in con-
siderable abundance at both localities at Florence. It is the Ten-
nessean analogue x)f the Coosan S. umbilicatiis, but differs in the
depressed spire, more inflated form, flattened columella and axial
groove.
A single immature example of this species from Bridgeport, Ala.,
received from Mr. L. H. Streng, of Grand Rapids, Mich., lias been
in the collection of the Academy for several years, but has been
withheld from publication until further material could be had. Dr.
Pilsbry and myself unite in naming this interesting form after Mr.
Streng, who for more than fifty years has been actively interested in
conchology, and who is the last survivor of the group of collectors
that for many years made Grand Rapids the scientific centre of the
State.
SOMATOGYRUS BIANGULATUS, n. Sp. PI. 5, fig. 6.
Shell small, obtusely-conic, turbiniform, umbilicate, light greenish -
yellow, smooth, lines of growth very fine, spire elevated, flattened at
the apex. Whorls 3^, regularly increasing, angularly shouldered
above, flattened above and below the shoulder ; body-whorl moder-
ately large, biangulate, shoulder flattened, sloping obliquely from the
100 THE NAUTILUS.
suture to the superior angle, which is quite obtuse, periphery cari-
nate, the whorl being almost straight between the two angles,
obliquely flattened below. Aperture moderate, subcircular; slightly
modified by the angle of the body-whorl, and slightly expanded at its
juncture with the columella. Columella very narrow, rounded ;
columellar callus not very heavy, thin and transparent on the
parietal wall.
Alt. 3, diam. 2.75 mm.
Tennessee River, Florence, Ala. Types (No. 22376 Coll. Walker).
Cotypes in collection of A. A. Hinkley.
Only two specimens of this remarkable little species were found.
But it is so entirely distinct from all the known species that I have
no hesitation in describing it. With the exception of S. aldrichi,
herein described, it is the only carinate species known.
SOMATOGYRUS EXCAVATUS, n. Sp. PI. 5, fig. 7.
Shell small, globosely-conic, imperforate, rather thick, solid, pale
green, smooth, lines of growth very fine. Spire short, conic, obtuse ;
whorls 3^; those of the spire convex, with a well- impressed suture;
body-whorl rather inflated, convexly rounded. Aperture subcircular,
slightly angled above and broadly rounded below. Columella very
concave, with a moderately wide, heavy, flat callus, which extends
over the parietal wall, and below the axis is separated by a wide
axial groove. Lip simple, but thickened within and somewhat
emarginate below.
Alt. 3^, diam. 3 mm.
Shoal Creek, Florence, Ala. Types (No. 22378 Coll. Walker).
Cotypes in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences and
A. A. Hinkley. A solid little species, distinguished by its globosely
conic shape, thickened lip and axial groove.
(To be continued.)
A NEW TERTIARY PLANORBIS.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
PLANORBIS FLORISSANTENSIS, n. sp.
Diameter about 2§ mm., flattish, with about 4£ slightly convex
whorls, the last rapidly enlarging, much in the manner of P. albus,
THE NAUTILUS. 101
Miiller; color very pale ; sculpture weak, consisting of fine lines of
growth crossing tlie wliorls somewhat obliquely, the more distinct
ones on the last whorl occurring at rather regular intervals, some 55
micromillemeters apart. Diameter of last wliorl ahout three times
that of penultimate ones.
Hah. — Oligocene beds at Florissant, Colorado, collected by Judge
J. Henderson and Dr. F. Ramalley, of the University of Colorado,
1905. The exact locality is southwest of Florissant, in plant-bearing
beds, containing among other things Firmer a longifolia, Lx. On the
same slab as the Planorbis is a small Sphaerium, badly crushed and
broken. The Planorbis is not very well preserved, but I believe that
it will be readily recognized from the above description. Of the
species belonging to the same geological period, it is most like P.
sequaJiK White, from Wyoming ; but that species appears to be more
convex, and, with the same number of wbor?s, is at least twice as
large. I take it that P.jlorissanlensis is a Gyrcmlus, which P. cegualis
does not seem to be. It is rather curious that several of the fossil
species of Planorbis found in America remind one rather of European
forms, than of those living in this country to-day.* Possibly the
dominant Planorbis of modern America may represent in part an in-
vasion from the south, which has displaced some of the older types.
Scudder (Tertiary Insects of N. America, p. 31), mentions a
Planorbis from Florissant, probably the species now described.
AN ORDOVICIAN GASTROPOD RETAINING COLOR MARKINGS.
BY PERCY E. RAYMOND.
While examining some small fossils collected in the Chazy, (lower
Ordovician), limestone at Valcour Island, New York, the writer was
surprised to find two small specimens of Straparollina harpa Hudson,
which retain with remarkable distinctness the lines of color mark-
ings and possibly some trace of the original colors. The specimens
are very small, the larger being less than one quarter of an inch in
diameter. The body color of the shells is a light yellow, which is
the prevailing color of the fossils in the particular stratum from which
these specimens were taken. Around the top of the body-whorl, ad-
* Thus, P. cirratus White is extremely suggestive of P. vortex and P. spiror-
bis; other species recall P. contorlus.
102
THE NAUTILUS.
joining the suture, is a narrow, brownish gray band. Below it is a
band of the yellow body color, and then, about the middle of the
whorl, another brownish-gray band, more deeply colored than the
one on the top of the whorl. Below this principal band is another
light yellow band, and adjoining the umbilicus, the color is orange.
The position of these bands is shown on the accompanying figures.
Straparollina harpa Hudson, X 10.
The yellow color is undoubtedly due to the iron of the decomposed
limestone from which the fossils were obtained, but the brown tints
may give some hint of the original coloring of the revolving bands.
These are probably the oldest shells on which color markings have
been observed, dating as they do, from Middle Chazy times, (Ma-
clurites magna fauna). The oldest instances of color preservation
previously recorded in America are those reported by Professor 0.
C. Marsh, and Dr. Theodore G. White. Professor Marsh described
(Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Soi. xvi, p. 326, 18G8) certain markings
on the shell of a specimen of Endoceras (Cameroceras) proteiforme
Hall from the Trenton formation in New York. Dr. White men-
tions (Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vol. xv, p. 85, 1896) two specimens
of Holopea symmetrica Hall from the Black River formation of the
Rathbone Brook, N. Y., section, which preserved the original shell
material, and one showed the iridescent lustre of pearl.
Quite a number of cases of color preservation have been recorded
from the Devonian and Carboniferous, but examples from the older
formations are exceedingly rare.
Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa.
THE NAUTILUS. 103
SHELLS OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.
BY GEO. H. CHADWICK.
The following list has been compiled from data supplied by Mr.
Charles Ives, of Miscouche, an intelligent resident student of the
natural history of Prince Edward Island. The asterisk indicates
that specimens have been examined by me.
* Urosalpinx cineren Say. Northumberland Strait, deep water,
quite rare, but large.
* Purpura lapillus Linn. Carleton Head, plentiful.
Nassa trivittata Say. Northumberland Strait, rocky bottom in
deep water.
llyanassa obsoleta Say. Bedeque Bay, very abundant on mud flats.
* Lunatia heros Say. Bedeque Bay and Northumberland Strait,
abundant.
* Lunatia triseriata Say. Bedeque Bay, common. (The fine
suites of these two forms fully support Mr. Ives' contention that they
are distinct, as maintained by many writers, notably Dr. Gould.)
The dead shells of Lunatia heros usually contain * Eupagurus
acadianus Benedict.
* Crepidula fornicata Say. Bedeque Bay, common.
* Crepidula plana Say. Bedeque Bay, common in Natica shells.
* Turbonilla interrupta Totten, var. fulvocincta, Jeffreys. Bedeque
Bay, very rare.
Litorina littorea Linn. Bedeque Bay, very abundant.
Litorina palliala Say. Carleton Head, Northumberland Strait.
*Turnatina canaliculata Say. Bedeque Bay, not common.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. "Wright's mill-pond."
* Ensis directus Conrad. Everywhere plentiful in sandbanks and
shoals.
* Cyrtodaria siliqua Spengler. Off Richmond Bay, common in
codfish.
* Mya arenaria Linn. Bedeque Bay, abundant.
* Pandora gouldiana Dall. Bedeque and Richmond Bays, scarce.
* Spisula solidissima Dillw., var. curta Gould (?). Bedeque Bay,
not very numerous ; formerly abundant.
Venus mercenaria Linn. Bedeque and Richmond Bays, plentiful.
* Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck. Bedeque Bay, very rare.
* Anodonta cataracta Say. Brook south of Bedeque Bay, common
104 THE NAUTILUS.
* Anodonta marginata Say. With preceding and at Barlows,
common.
* Mytilus edulis Linn., var. Bedeque and Richmond Bays, on
oyster beds.
Modlolus modlolus Linn. Northumberland Strait, rare and in
deep water.
* Modlolus demissus Dillw., var. plicatii/usl^am. Abundant in all
salt-marshes.
Ostrea virginica Gmel. Bedeque and Richmond Bays, very
abundant.
Pecten gibbus L., var. boreal is Say. Richmond Bay and North-
umberland Strait, not very abundant.
NOTE ON SOME FORGOTTEN MOLLTJSK-NAMES.
BY WILLIAM H. DALL.
In preparing my report on the land and fresh-water mollusks of
Alaska and adjoining regions for the Harriman Expedition series
(now published), I searched the available literature for data on the
nomenclature of Planorbis, and supposed I had gathered references
to all names which had been applied to members of that group above
the rank of species. A chance remark by von Martens caught my
eye while searching the Malakozoblogische Blatter a few days ago
for something else, and following up the clue, I came upon a group
of names given by Benson in 1841, but not published until 1855,
which do not occur in any nomenclator I have been able to examine.
As it seems eminently desirable that such mavericks should be duly
recorded, even when they do not supersede others more familiar, I
take that duty upon myself.
In the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, volume xxiv,
part 2, 1855, is published a report on the shells of Chusan which had
been prepared in 1841, but never before put in type. It contains
certain new generic names which have found their way into the
nomenclators, viz., Indiana, Balillaria and Laguncula. In addi-
tion to these there is a revision of the subdivisions of the genus
Planorbis, to which I have never seen any reference, and von Mar-
tens seems to have been the only person who has ever cited any of
the names there given, and he mentions only Helicorbis.
THE NAUTILUS. 105
They are as follows : Helicorbis Benson, subgenus of Planorbis, to
which are referred PL mtidus of Gray's Turton, PI. hemisphserida,
and PL umbilicalis Benson ; this group is equivalent to Hippeutis
Agassiz, 1837. Trochorbis Benson is based on PL trochoides Ben-
son, which is a typical Segmentina, well figured by Hanley and
Theobald in the Conchologia Indica, p. 18, pi. xxxix, figs. 4-6, 187G.
As Segmentina dates from 1817, it follows that Benson's name is
synonymous. Lastly Omalodiscus Benson is proposed ostensibly for
the group called by Swainson Spirorbis (1840, not Spirorbis Duudin,
Verities, 1800), but the species mentioned under it belong respectively
to Tropidiscus Stein, 1850, and Gyraulus Agassiz, 1837. If we re-
gard the contents of the group as wrongfully referred to it and take
the name merely as a substitution for the preoccupied Spirorbis (of
which the type was PL rotunda/us Poiret), it may be applied to a
valid section of Planorbis, but if we regard the contents only, the
name must be considered a synonym. Under Helicorbis the only
species for which a figure is cited is PI. nitidus of Gray's Turton
( = fontanus Lightfoot) which was already the type of Agassiz's
Hippeutis, 1837. The others also belong to Hippeutis, but approach
more nearly in form to Drepanotrema Crosse and Fischer, 1880.
While referring to this paper of Benson's it may be mentioned
that his genus Laguncula, which is described in it, and has been
generally referred to the Assimineidce, but I believe never figured,
resembles a very young thin-shelled Lanatia, with a thin horny
pauci-spiral operculum recalling that of Chondropoma. On the
whole I suspect it more nearly approaches Gremnoconchus than
Assiminea, and may eventually be referred to the Litorinidce. It
cannot properly be referred to the Viviparida:, where it was placed
by H. and A. Adams, and has none of the shell characters of
Assiminea. The aperture, while slightly expanded, does not show,
in specimens sent from China by Hungerford, anything which may
be strictly termed a reflected peristome, and there is no thickened
ledge inside the mouth or shelly deposit on the operculum.
SAMUEL HAKT WRIGHT.
We regret to announce the death of Dr. Samuel Hart Wright,
father of Mr. Berlin H. Wright. Doctor Wright was born Febru
106 THE NAUTILUS.
ary 18, 1825, and died at his home in Penn Yan, N. Y., October 7,
1905.
" At the age of twenty, while struggling to gain a livelihood from
the soil, the subject of this sketch had the fires of educational en-
thusiasm lighted. Two carpenters employed on the farm carried
books on astronomy and mathematics in their chests and brought
them out nights for study and discussion. Participation in this even-
ing and noon-hour work resulted in a fixed determination by the boy
to possess books of this character and to master them. Books ac-
companied him into the field ; when the horses were resting new
problems were fixed in the mind and when following the horses the
solutions were worked out mentally.
" When added responsibilities began with wife and family, in-
creased effort was put forth and directed towards mathematical as-
tronomy. In 1848 after three years of close application, the first set
of astronomical tables was brought out, but no purchaser found.
This was repeated for 1849 and again for 1850, when they were sold
to the Neio York Tribune — the first ' Wliig Almanac.' Thereafter the
business increased. In 1876 his son, Berlin H. Wright succeeded to
this business, and other branches of science claimed increased atten-
tion, especially microscopy. Meanwhile, he studied medicine and
was a practitioner until 1870, when deafness came upon him.
" The study of botany was begun in 1856 and he became an au-
thority in this branch, as the great herbarium he left testifies. Dur-
ing the last two decades, the study of pure mathematics claimed most
of his time, though he did much in surveying. In pursuit of recrea-
tion, with his son and grandsons he became enthusiastic in geology
and conchology.
" A large library of standard reference works along all these lines
and in general literature was brought together. Among these he
spent his last years and was happy."
Mr. Wright contributed a number of interesting articles on the
Unionidas of the Southern States, among which may be mentioned :
"Notes upon the Unionidae of Southern Florida," ( The Concholo-
gist's Exchange, vol. ii) ; " Unionidae of Georgia, Alabama, South
Carolina, and Louisiana in South Florida," (THE NAUTILUS, vol.
iv), and " Contribution to the Knowledge of United States Uni-
onidae," (THE NAUTILUS, vols. x and xi). In the latter paper seven
new species were described. C. W. J.
THE NAUTILUS. 107
NOTES,
CANADIAN OYSTERS. — It is reported from Halifax that there is
danger that the famous oyster-beds of Prince Edward Island, which
supply the Malpeques, the great favorites in the leading Canadian
markets, will be wholly exhausted in ten yean? at the present rate of
fishing.
This is in part due to the fact that nearly all the Canadian oysters
are shipped in the shell. In the United States the fishermen shell
a great many of the oysters and return the shells to the beds, which
is a distinct aid to propagation.
The Canadian government is exerting itself in restocking the
oyster beds which, however, are being depleted rapidly — Boston
Globe.
PALUDESTRINA SALSA, Pils., described in the December NAUT-
ILUS, occurs abundantly at Branford, Conn. At one locality, 3 miles
from the Sound where a brook enters the marsh it occurs on stones
and decaying vegetable matter. The form here is more slender than
the type. Another locality reveals it in ditches in the marsh near the
railroad. Here it is larger than the Cohasset form, and it occurs on
the vegetation floating in the ditch. — HENRY W. WINKLEY.
NOTE ON VITRINA PPEIFFERI DESHAYES. This species is cited
in Pfeiffer's Mon. Heliceorum Viventium, vol. iii, p. 7, 1853. I did
not look it up further, but added the date, which Dr. Pilsbry's criti-
cal eye detected as improbable, under the impression that the citation
referred to Ferussac's " Prodrome" of 1822. On a second inspec-
tion I suspect that Pfeiffer's " Fer. Lim." refers to the " Histoire des
Moll. Terrestres," a work not accessible to me here, but to which
Deshayes made contributions, 1839-41.* Deshayes gives exactly
the same references as Pfeiffer, in his MS. catalogue of Vitrina in
my possession, and as the name had entered into literature a second
time, as early as 1853, there can be no doubt as to its being prior to
Newcomb's pfeifferi of 1861.
I may add for the benefit of those who may like to make correc-
* The name Vitrina pfeifferi was proposed by Deshayes in Ferussac's Histoire,
ii, p. 96184, 1851, in the text under V. angularis, for some figures in Ferussac,
plate 8 F, pp. 18-22, of a Vitrina supposed to be new, but which Deshayes had
never seen. There is no statement of locality. It was omitted from the index
of the work, and has not been recognized by any subsequent author. The figures
look like almost any Vitrina. — ED.
108 THE NAUTILUS.
tions in their private copies of the " Land and Fresh Water Mol-
lusks of Alaska," that, since it was stereotyped, it has come to my
knowledge that Benson proposed some new names for subdivisions of
the genus Planorbis as early as 1855, which he seems afterward to
have abandoned and which have not been included in the Nomencla-
tors. They were published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, and two of them appear to be prior to names adopted by me
in the work above cited. Omolodiscus Benson, will therefore take
the place of Paraspera Dall (1. c., p. 82), and Helicorbis Benson, of
Drepanotrema Crosse and Fischer, 1880. — WM. H. DALL.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
SOME WEST AMERICAN SHELLS, including a new variety of
Corbula luteola Cpr., and two new varieties of Gastropods. By
Mrs. M. Burton Williamson. (Bull, of the South. Gal. Acad. of
Sciences, Vol. iv, No. 8, p. 118.) This interesting paper adds sev-
eral species to Prof. Keep's list, making the number of species to
date from the West Coast 1,377. Corbula luteola var. rosea, Drillia
moesta var. maculata, and Calliostoma canaliculatum var. parvum,
are described as new.
ON A LARGE EXAMPLE OF MEGALATRACTUS ARUANUS L. By
Charles Hedley. (Records of the Australian Museum, Vol. vi, p. 98,
pi. 21 and 22.) This large shell, which the author says "appears
to be the largest recent Gastropod," has a weight of ten pounds
twelve ounces, with a length of 22% inches, (he loss of the styliform
embryo, etc., curtailing its total length by f of an inch. We beg to
state that this Australian giant has a rival on our Florida coast,
JFasciolaria giyantea Kiener. I have seen a living specimen of this
shell measuring 23 inches in length. Mr. Chas. T. Simpson, in his
" Contributions to the Mollusca of Florida" (Proc. Davenport Acad.
Nat. Sci., v, 51), says : u On the Keys I have seen dead shells two
feet in length. The largest Gastropod in the world." C. W. J.
MOLLUSCS AND BRACHIOPODS OF BALLYNAKILL AND BOFIN
HARBORS, COUNTY GALWAY, and of the Deep Water off the West
and Southwest Coasts of Ireland. By E. R. Sykes. (Ann. Rep.
Fish., Ireland, 1902-03, PI. ii, App. iii [1905].) An interesting
faunal list, with copious notes on the various species.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL xrx.
FEBRUARY, 1906.
No. 10.
VITREA RHOADSI AND STJCCINEA RETUSA MAGISTER.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Illustrations of the two species named below have recently been
prepared for Mr. Bryant Walker's hand book
of the Mollusca of Michigan. We are in-
debted to Mr. Walker for the use of these
figures here, in advance of his own publi-
cation.
VITREA RHOADSI Pils. Fig. 1.
The figures represent one of the cotypes
from White Pond, Warren Co., N. J. (NAU-
TILUS, xii, 101). Mr. Walker has extended
the range by identifying the species from
Michigan, Ontario, Virginia, and other
places (NAUTILUS, xiv, 8). Specimens
have been sent from Buckfield,
Oxford Co., Maine, by Mr.
John A. Allen.
SUCCINEA RETUSA MAGISTER
Pils. Fig. 2.
One of the cotypes from Rock
Island, 111., is here figured. This fine,
large form attains the size of S. concordialis.
The latter differs from it by having a very full,
sack-like base. Described in NAUTILUS, xii,
103.
110 THE NAUTILUS.
SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF FRENCHMAN'S BAY, MAINE.
BY DWIGHT BLANEY.
In addition to the one hundred and twenty seven species and five
varieties of Mollusca collected in Frenchman's Bay, Maine, by the
writer during 1901-4 (a list of which was published in the Proceed-
ings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 23-
41, 1904), the following six species (one of which is new to science)
and two varieties were added during the summer of 1905, making a
total of one hundred and thirty-three (133 plus 7 varieties) species
and seven varieties from this locality.
Astarte quadrans Gould.
One valve, identified by Dr. W. H. Ball, dredged off Great Head,
Ironbound Island.
Astarte portlandica Mighels.
Many valves, and a few live specimens dredged off Heron Island
on shelly bottom, 10 fath. From study of these specimens Dr. Dall
writes us that he now thinks this " a good species as described by
Mighels in 1843, provided a larger series of' A. quadrans' than I
have been able to consult does not show gradations between the two
species."
Cochlodesma leanum Couthouy.
Two valves dredged off Seal Cove, Ironbound Island, about 15
fath. This shell which is commonly found much further south will
probably be found alive in the warmer waters up the bay.
Sipho stimpsoni Mb'rch, var. liratulus Verrill.
A few have been dredged the past few years at the same stations
as the u stimpsoni," but were only lately identified for us by Prof.
Verrill and Miss Bush. They were all young specimens.
ColumbeHa (Astyris) dissimilis Stimpson.
ColumbeXla zonaHs Linsley.
Two specimens dredged off the Spar Landing, Ironbound Island,
15 fath., shelly bottom, October, 1905. One alive.
Crepidula fornicata ( Linne).
Found on stones of Soward's Island at very low water. Verrill,
THE NAUTILUS. Ill
U. S. Fish Comm., p. 650, 1871-72, says: "Has not been found
east of the Kennebec River, Maine.
Solariella obscura (Couth.), var. bella Verk.
Machaeroplax obscura var. bella Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. v,
p. 531. A few dredged off Ironbound Island, and identified for us
by Prof. Verrill and Miss Bush. " Variety ' bella ' is the pre-
dominant form at Eastport, Me., and in the Bay of Fundy." —
Verrill, op. cit.
ToniceHa blaneyi Dall.
For description see Pro. Biol. Soc., Wash., vol. xviii, p. 203, and
NAUTILUS, vol. xix, no. 8, p. 88, pi. iv, 1905. Dredged near
station 22, in about 20 fathoms.
The following species, whose occurrence in Frenchman's Bay was
based on the finding of dead specimens or valves, have since been
found alive :
Thracia truncata Mighels and Adams.
Pandora (Clidfophora) gouldiana Dall. Off Ryefield Point and
Heron Island ; 10 fathoms.
Ensis directus (Conrad). Off Ryefield Point, 10-15 fathoms;
shelly mud. Our live specimens usually cut in two by the dredge.
Vehitina zonata Gould. Off Ryefield Point, Aug., 1905.
Marsenina glabra (Couth.) Station 19, 20 fathoms. Verrill, op.
cit., p. 5, 7, says : " This species is not uncommon at Eastport, Me."
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF ACHATINELLIDAE FROM THE
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
BY D. D. BALDWIN.
Partulina fleming "i, n. sp.
Shell dextral, minutely perforated, somewhat solid, elongately
conical, apex acute ; surface shining, striated with delicate incre-
mental strife, and under a lens exhibiting very close delicate decus-
sating spiral lines which extend almost to the apex. Color white or
brownish-white, with two dark-brown bands, one bordering the suture,
and one at the periphery continued on the spire just above the suture ;
in many examples the sutural band is absent. Whorls 6, narrowly
112 THE NAUTILUS.
margined above, somewhat convex ; suture moderately impressed.
Aperture oblique, oval, white, the outside band visible within. Peri-
stoine acute, slightly thickened within, dark-brown, the columellar
margin reflexed over the minute perforation. Columella terminating
in a strong, plaited, pinkish-brown, projecting tooth.
Length, 19; diam., 9 mm.
Habitat, Nahiku, East Maui.
Animal when extended in motion as long as the shell. Mantle
intensely black with a narrow white band encircling the outer edge.
Foot above and below very light-brown, granulated above. Tentacles
long and slender, slate color.
There occurs also a pure-white form of the shell without any bands.
We dedicate this shell to Mr. D. T. Fleming of Maui, to whom
science is indebted for its discovery.
Partulina lemmoni, n. sp.
Shell sinistral, imperforate, solid, acuminately ovate conic, apex
acute ; surface shining, striated with fine growth-lines, and under a
lens showing close, delicate, decussating spiral strioe ; nuclear whorls
smooth. Color white, variously striped with numerous dark-brown
lines and bands, the constant ones being two broad bands, one en-
circling the base, and the other at the periphery, continued on the
middle whorls above and below the suture, obsolete above; apex white.
Whorls 7, narrowly margined above, convex ; sutures deeply im-
pressed. Aperture oblique, oval, white, exhibiting the outside color-
ing within. Peristome acute, thickened within, narrowly reflexed.
Columella terminating in a long, flexuous, white plait.
Length, 23; diam., 11^ mm.
Habitat, Nahiku, East Maui.
Animal in motion as long as the shell. Mantle brownish-black,
mottled with white streaks, with a broad yellowish-brown border
somewhat interrupted. Foot above and below very light-brown.
Tentacles slate color.
Named in honor of Mr. N. E. Lemmon, of Nahiku, who discov-
ered it.
Partulina carnicolor, n. sp.
Shell dextral, minutely perforated, solid, acuminately oval conic,,
apex subacute; surface lusterless, marked witli delicate incremental
THE NAUTILUS. 113
striae, and under a lens exhibiting a fine pattern of decussating spiral
stria;; nuclear whorls faintly decussated. Of a uniform brown color,
a narrow white line below the periphery, which enters the aperture,
and a very narrow white line traversing the suture. Whorls 6,
slightly marginate above, a little convex; suture lightly impressed.
Aperture oblique, oval, livid-white, showing the exterior coloring
within. Peristome acute, expanded, columellar column broadly
reflexed. Columella white, terminating in a well developed, flexu-
ous fold.
Length, 25 ; diam., 14 mm.
Habitat, Nahiku, East Maui.
>
Partulina kaaeana, n. sp.
Shell sinistral, subperforated, solid, globose, with a conical spire,
apex subacute; surface rather lusterless, covered with rather coarse,
wavy growth-lines, and under a lens exhibiting close and delicate de-
cussating spiral lines; nuclear whorls faintly decussated. Color ashy-
brown, with a light brown band just below the periphery and enter-
ing the aperture; whole surface covered with minute longitudinal
white flecks or streaks; apex tessellated white and brown. Whorls
6, not margined above, flatly convex; suture lightly impressed.
Aperture a little oblique, oval, livid-white, showing the outside color-
ing within. Peristotne acute, slightly thickened within, expanded,
columellar margin reflexed, light brown on both face and the reverse.
Columella white, terminating in a strong, plaited, projecting tooth.
Length, 21; diam., 13 mm.
Habitat, Mt. Helu, 4000 ft. alt., West Maui.
Animal extended in motion longer than the shell. Mantle brown-
ish-black, with outer edge bordered with a narrow white line. Foot
below and side light slate color. Head above and tentacles dark
slate and granulated.
This shell was found on a mountain-peak quite isolated from the
main mountain mass of West Maui. We dedicate it to Mr. W. F.
Kaae, who seems to have been the only one in quest of shells who has
ventured to climb this lonely peak. He found the shell in company
with Perdicella ornata Nc. a species supposed long since to have be-
come extinct.
( To be continued. )
114 THE NAUTILUS.
NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES OF AMNICOLIDAE.
BY BRYANT WALKER.
SOMATOGYRUS TENNESSEENSIS n. Sp. PI. 5, fig. 8.
Shell subglobose, perforate, greenish-yellow, smooth with fine lines
of growth. Spire short, obtuse; whorls 3£, those of the spires de-
pressed, rounded, with an impressed suture; body-whorl large, in-
flated, regularly rounded. Aperture large, transversely expanded,
sub-triangular, broadly angled above, and somewhat flattened below.
Columella narrow with a moderately heavy, rounded, callus, which
extends over the parietal wall and, below the minute umbilicus, is
separated by a wide axial groove. Lip thick and sharp.
Alt. 41, diam. 4.2o mm.
Shoal Creek, Florence, Tenn. Types (No. 22377 Coll. Walker).
Cotypes in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences and
A. A. Hinkley.
This species was at first taken to be a form of Conrad's S.
pumilus. But on removing the animal it was found to differ so
radically in the character of the columella as to forbid its reference
to that species. Compared with the specimens of that form from
Cahatchee Creek, Ala., while of a similar contour, it differs in being
larger, thinner, with a more expanded aperture, and in the narrow,
rounded columella.
SOMATOGYRUS ALDRICHI, n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 9.
Shell subglobular, perforate, greenish-yellow, smooth, with very
fine, but distinct, lines of growth. Spire very short, depressed, ob-
tusely rounded. Whorls 3^, those of the spire slightly convex with
an impressed suture ; body-whorl very large, inflated, with a strong
carina in front below the periphery, which emerges from below the
upper insertion of the lip, and continues about two-thirds around the
whorl, where it gradually disappears, not reaching the lip ; the upper
portion of the whorl above the carina is regularly, but not strongly
convex, but below it is obliquely flattened toward the impressed base
of the axis. Aperture large, subcircular, obtusely angled above and
regularly rounded below. Columella concave, with a broad, heavy,
flat callus, which extends over the parietal wall, and is separated be-
low the perforation by a broad axial groove. Lip sharp, thickened
within as it approaches the base of the columella
THE NAUTILUS. 115
Alt. 3^, diam. 3^ mm.
Types (No. 21944 Coll. Walker), from the Coosa River, Chilton
Co., Ala. Also Catawba River, Ala. Cotypes in the collection of
T. H. Aldrich. A single specimen of this extraordinary species was
detected in a set of S. georgianus from the Catawba River, in the
Lewis collection, when my former paper on Somatogyrus (Naut., 17,
p. 140), was in preparation. But it was of such unusual form that it
seemed more likely to be a monstrosity than a distinct species. Re-
cently, however, Mr. T. H. Aldrich has submitted a set from the
Coosa, which are remarkably uniform, and leave no doubt but that it
is entitled to specific recognition. The discovery by Mr. Hinkley of
another but very distinct carinated form in the Tennessee River
at nearly the same time is an interesting coincidence, and, like the
similar case of S. umbilicatus and strengi, affords a striking example
of evolution along parallel lines in two different drainage systems.
SOMATOGYRUS PUMILUS (Conrad). PI. 5, fig. 10.
Conrad's original description of this species is very meagre and no
dimensions are given. His figure subsequently published in the
American Journal of Conchology V, PI. 15, fig. 5, is on too small a
scale to be entirely satisfactory. Fortunately, however, his type has
been preserved in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences, and until now has been the only specimen known.
Recently Mr. T. H. Aldrich has submitted a small form from
Cahatchee Creek, Shelby Co., Ala., which seemed to be very similar.
Dr. Pilsbry has kindly compared them with the type and writes
" they are not quite pumihis, as the columella is decidedly too wide
and calloused." A careful comparison made during a recent visit to
Philadelphia, however, satisfied us both that these specimens could
not be distinguished from Conrad's species. In the absence of topo-
types, it seems desirable to describe and figure the Cahatchee form for
comparison with the new species that have recently been described
from the same region.
Shell small, sub-globular, imperforate, thick, solid, pale-green,
becoming somewhat yellowish towards the aperture, smooth, with
very fine growth-lines. Spire depressed, obtuse, whorls probably
3-3^ (apex eroded), those of the spire slightly convex with a well
impressed suture ; body-whorl large, inflated, regularly rounded.
Aperture subcircular, broadly angled above, regularly rounded below,
116 TiIK NAUTIU'S.
coluraella concave with a heavy, broad, flat callus which extends over
the parietal wall, and separated below the axis by a rather wide axial
groove. Lip simple but thickened within, especially below.
Alt. 3^, diam. 3^ mm.
This species is distinguished from other described species with an
axial groove by its small size and sub-globular shape. It is most
closely related to S. tennesseensis. but differs in being smaller, more
globular ; more solid, smaller aperture, narrower axial groove, and
broad, flat columella. S. excavatus, which is about the same size, is
too entirely different in shape to be confounded with it.
SOMATOGYRUS PENNSYLVANicus Walker. PI. 5, figs. 17 and 18.
In the Spring of 1905, I collected a few specimens of this species
under stones at the upper end of Island Park in the Potomac River
at Harper's Ferry, Va. The occurrence of this species in a different
drainage system is of interest. The shells are rather larger than
those of the original lot from Columbia, Pa., and exhibit the two
forms noticed in S. virginica and quadrata. The dimensions of the
specimens .figured are :
Fig. 17, alt. 3.75, diam. 2.5 mm.
Fig. 18, alt. 4, diam. 3 mm.
PYRGULOPSIS MISSISSIPPIENSIS (Pils.). PI. 5, fig. 15.
Pyrgula scalariformis mississippiensis Pils., American Naturalist, January,
1886, p. 75.
Pyrgulopsis mississippiensis Call and Pilsbry, May, 1886.
One of the most interesting discoveries made by Mr. Hinkley dur-
ing his trip was the finding of this species living in great numbers in
Shoal Creek near Florence, Ala. This is the first time the species
has been found alive ; the original specimens having been all dead
shells. We are thus enabled to supply two particulars in which the
original description was necessarily defective. The epidermis is of
a clear yellowish-horn color and the operculum agrees with the
generic diagnosis in being " ovate, thin, corneous, spiral, with the
polar point well forward and approximating the columella." The
apices of all the mature Shoal Creek specimens were eroded.
AMNICOLA PILSBRYI, n. sp. PL 5, figs. 11 and 16.
Shell very small, umbilicate, globose, conic ; light horn-colored,
THE NAUTILUS. 1 17
smooth, with faint growth-lines ; spire somewhat elevated, apex ob-
tuse ; whorls 3^—4, regularly rounded and somewhat inflated ; body-
whorl large ; suture well impressed. Aperture subcircular, slightly
angled, above ; peristome nearly continuous, being appressed to the
body-whorl for only a short distance.
Fig. 11. Alt. 2.25, diam. 2 mm.
Fig. 16. Alt. 2.25, diam. 1.75 mm.
Types (No. 3354 Coll. Walker) from Rock ford, Ills. Also from
Meyer's Lake, Canton and the Ohio Canal, New Philadelphia, 0.
Cotypes in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
This little species in years past must have been largely distributed
both as Lyogyrus grand and Amnicola parva, as I have received it
under these names from several different sources. From the former
it differs generically, and from the latter in its much smaller size and
regularly rounded whorls. It is in general appearance very much
like a minute A. limosa, but can at once be separated by its diminu-
tive size. As in many species of Amnicola, there are two forms, one
more slender than the other. From A. walkeri (pi. 5, fig. 12, cotype,
High Island Harbor, Mich.), which is about the same size, it differs
in being more globose, with less convex whorls, the suture being not
so deeply impressed, larger aperture and the appression of the inner
lip to the body-whorl. Named in honor of Dr. H. A. Pilsbry.
AMNICOLA AUGUSTINA Pils. PI. 5, figs. 13 and 14.
Mr. Hinkley collected this species at Tuscumbia, Ala. Dr. Pils-
bry, who kindly compared specimens with the types, writes: "It
seems to me too close to augustina to be specifically separable, though
there are differences. Your shells have the whorls a trifle less con-
vex, the sutures therefore somewhat less deeply constricting, and the
narrow phase (males?) is narrower than the corresponding form in
augustina, but I would prefer to attribute what differences there are
to local causes."
As A. augustina has not been figured, and the discovery of Mr.
Hinkley not only widely extends its range, but adds a new species to
the fauna of Alabama, it seems of sufficient interest to figure the
Alabama form and to record its occurrence at Tuscumbia.
Fig. 13. Alt. 3, diam. 2 mm.
Fig. 14. Alt. 3.25, diam. 2.25 mm.
118 THE NAUTILUS.
NEW VARIETIES OF NORTH AMERICAN PISIDIA.— 2.
BY V. STERKI.
( Continued.}
Pisidium variabile Pr. var. brevius n. Much shorter than the
usual form, oblique, moderately to well inflated, beaks comparatively
large, generally slightly flattened on top ; color darker ; so far as
known, the mussels are usually smaller. This Pisidium is consider-
ably different from the " typical " form, and an analogue of P.
compressum var. confertum.
Hab.: Michigan : Houghton Lake ; Gogebic Lake and Slate
River to same, Carp River and Lake, Ontonagon Co., Walker ;
Crystal Lake (Dr. Kirkland); Minnesota : Clear Water Lake (Sar-
gent); Keewatin: Attawapiskat River (Mclnnes, sent by Whiteaves).
Var. hybridum n. Smaller than average variabile, of nearly the
same shape ; but the shape. of the beaks, surface appearance, color
and opacity of the shell are those of Pis. sequilaterale Pr. This is an
interesting form, and might be taken for a hybrid between the two
species, both of which were found at the same places ; but it is
markedly constant, so far as known.
Vicinity of Mohawk, N. Y.: Wide Water Canal (Jas. Lewis col-
lection, now Mr. Bryant Walker's), Chepachet Pond (received from
Mr. H. E. Sargent).
There are some other forms of Pis. variabile, rather characteristic
and constant, and with more material will probably prove real
varieties. Even the more typical form is rather variable with re-
spect to size, shape, striation, color, thickness of shell and hinge.
Pisidium noveboracense Pr. The form regarded as typical seems
to be common in New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio, prevalent in
springs and small brooks. But the species is almost endlessly vari-
able and seems to readily respond, in that respect, to various kinds
of habitat, so that it often seems impossible to decide whether a
certain form has to be ranged under it or not. But there are a
number of forms characteristic and more or less constant, and must
be described as varieties.
Var. expansum, n. Anterior part of the mussel higher ; supero-
anterior slope more curved, anterior end more rounded ; postero-
inferior curve generally broader ; outlines in general more rounded;
more regularly inflated, beaks less prominent, young specimens less
THE NAUTILUS. 119
inflated comparatively, and of cheracteristic shape ; surface with
very fine, more regular striation, and generally more even dullish;
color grayish to brownish, whitish to straw-colored in the young but
soon changing.
Various places in Michigan : Grand river, Lamberton creek, a
small stream, etc. (Kent co., Dr. Kirkland) ; a very similar form
from a ditch on Cameron Run near Alexandria, Va. (Sterki).
Vctr. elevatum, n. Smaller than the type, shorter, well inflated,
anterior part higher, anterior end more rounded; superior margin,
slightly or scarcely curved with sharply projecting angles before and
behind, which are, however obsolete in some specimens; color straw
to yellowish- horn. This is quite a characteristic form but seems
connected with the type by intermediate specimens.
Creek and pond at Castalia, Erie co., Ohio (Sterki), Joliet, 111.
(Ferris and Handwerk); similar forms from other places.
Var. quadrulum n. Smaller, slighter, of more quadrate outlines
but with no sharp projecting angles ; supero-anterior slope rather
steep ; beaks not much prominent ; surface with rather fine, some-
what irregular striae ; color pale to grayish-horn ; shell thin and
somewhat translucent, hinge rather slight.
This Pisidium appeared to be distinct from noveboracense ; yet
intermediate forms may be found. It is a form of ditches and
marshes, and widely distributed, as it seems ; quite common, e. g., in
the vicinity of New Philadelphia, Ohio (Sterki).
A larger form, stouter, higher, more inflated, with the shell
scarcely translucent, was called proclive ; it may prove to be a real
variety. Ditches, New Philadelphia, O., and similar forms from
other places.
Var. lineatum n. Smaller, shorter, somewhat oblique, moderately
inflated, especially so towards the inferior margin, somewhat triang-
ular in outlines ; beaks narrow, little prominent ; surface with rather
fine, subregular striae, and usually with a few fine lines, dark lines of
growth ; color straw to yellowish, horn to reddish ; shell and hinge
rather slight.
Reed Lake, Michigan (Dr. Kirkland), and similar forms from
elsewhere. This is somewhat analogous to Pis. compressum var. ros-
tratum, of the same lake, and it may be noted that the same is in-
habited by nearly typical forms as well as several rather different
forms, or varieties of both species ; at least one of each has not been
described here.
120 TIIK NAUTILUS.
Var. fraternum, n. Less elevated ; superior and inferior margins
slightly curved, and the former long ; beaks not much prominent ;
surface with irregular, shallow striae, shining; color horn to yellowish-
horn, usually in irregular, alternating zones, also more or less
translucent. In its surface appearance it resembles the " eastern
form " of Pis. abditnm Hald.
New Philadelphia, and Akron, Ohio (Sterki); similar but smaller
forms from Kent Co., Mich. (Dr. Kirkland).
Var. alabamense, n. Higher; beaks quite prominent; superior
margin more curved and sloping down into the anterior and posterior
without or with slightly prominent, rounded angles ; mussel rather
large and well, regularly inflated ; surface with rather sharp, sub-
regular striae, slightly shining to dull, and microscopically rugulose ;
color yellowish to grayish-horn ; size, long. 6, alt. 5, diam. 4.6 mm.,
a few even larger, but most specimens are smaller.
Hab.: Alabama, along the Coosa river, common (H. H. Smith),
Tennessee river (Sargent, Hinkley), Columbus, Mississippi (Hink-
ley).
This Pisidium is rather variable. While most specimens are as
described, and appear to represent a distinct species, others approach
the " typical " New York and Ohio form in shape.
NOTES AND NEWS.
A NEW LOCALITY FOR PLANORBIS NAUTILEUS LINNE. — While
identifying a lot of shells recently for Dr. William A. Nason of
Algonquin, Illinois, a single specimen of Planorbis nautileus was dis-
covered in a lot of other small Planorbes, — parvus, albus, deflectus.
The single specimen is rather large, 2^ mill, in diameter, and the
ribs on the base of the shell, which give it its strong nautiloid ap-
pearance, are very large and distinct. The flat upper surface is also
conspicuous. This habitat, Algonquin, Illinois, adds a new southern
and western locality to the range of this interesting species. — FRANK
COLLINS BAKER.
ERRATA. — NAUTILUS. Jan. 1906, p. 101, line 5, for "ones"
read " one;" p. 101, line 7, for " Ramalley read " Ramaley." — T. D.
A. COCKERELL.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vol.. XIX. MARCH, 1906. No. 11.
ON BIFIDARIA PENTODON AND ITS ALLIES.
BY K. G. VANATTA AND H. A. PII.SBHY.
The group of B. pentodon has been for many years the subject of
much perplexity to conchologists, on account of the great variability
of the shells in size, shape, and dentition of the aperture. It is easy
to select forms which seem perfectly distinct species, but when large
series are examined, there is always a residuum of intermediate
specimens which can as well be placed in one as another of the se-
lected groups. The difficulty is increased by the fact that practically
all of the forms occur over the whole area of the group, though one
or another of them may predominate in any given locality. This led
Dr. Gould to the conclusion that P. curvidens and tappaniana are
forms of pentodon (Boston Journal N. H. IV, 1844, p. 35), an opin-
ion adopted by Binney, and commonly prevalent until recent years,
when Dr. Sterki revived curvidens. It is the purpose of this article
to ascertain the exact forms which have been described, and to
show by figures the various modifications of form.
In all the forms the shell is of a white-corneous color and the teeth
within the lip stand upon a white callus, in this respect differing
from B. pilsbryana of the Southwest.
The following names have been applied to the group:
1. Vertigo pentodon Say, 1821.
2. Pupa curvidens Gld., 1841.
3. Pupa tappaniana Ward, C. B. Adams, 1842.
4. Pupa tappiana Ward, Pfr., 1842.
5. Papa cincinnatiensis Judge, 1878.
6. Pupilla floridana Ball, 1885.
122 THE NAUTILUS.
7. Pupa montanella Ckll., 1889.
8. Pupa curvidens var. gracilis Sterki, 1890.
9. Pupa pentodon for f. curta Sterki, 1894.
The original descriptions of these forms are given below, most of
them in full, while of others (nos. 4-6) only the important parts
are quoted.
Having examined many hundreds of specimens from all parts of the
range of the species in question, it appears that there is intergrada-
tion throughout the series in a small proportion of specimens ; but
the vast majority of specimens fall into two groups which may be
given the nominal rank of species, the proposed classification standing
as follows :
B. pentodon (Say). Synonyms, cincinnatiensis, curta, montanella,
" Form " curvidens, \nc\ud\ngjloridana.
Var. gracilis St.
B. tappaniana (C. B. Ad.). Synonyms, tappiana Ph., pentodon
auct.
NOTE. — The figures are all drawn to one scale (X 13.8), and any may be
accurately measured by plotting on paper a scale with the lines 13.8 mm.
apart ; each space then representing 1 mm. Thus fig. 1 is 1.8 mm. long.
BIFIDARIA PENTODON (Say). Figures 1 to 41. Fig. 1 is typical.
The shell is small, varying from conic to subcylindric in shape.
Teeth typically 5, of which the parietal, columellar and lower pala-
tal are larger and compressed, the lower palatal entering a little more
deeply than its fellows in the outer margin ; but often subcolumellar,
basal, and interpalatal denticles are developed. Figs. 1 to 8 are
from Maine specimens, showing the ordinary variations. The de-
velopment of a crest behind the lip varies a good deal, from weak to very
strong, with all intergrades. P. cincinnatiensis (fig. 35, a cotype) is
a small form of pentodon.
The increase in number of accessory denticles or teeth culminates
in the form named curvidens, represented in figs. 9 to 15, also 3, 6,
32 and perhaps some others, as there is absolutely no line to be drawn
between pentodon and curvidens. The number of teeth varies from
5 to 9 in perfectly adult shells of the same gathering from one
spot. The development of an infraparietal denticle is also extremely
variable in many lots, as in that from Buckfield, Me., figs. 1 to 4, 8.
P. ftoridana (fig. 9, a cotype from the author) is absolutely identical
\\ ith curvidens.
THE NAUTILUS. 123
It may be stated as proven that some colonies consist of " pento-
don " and intermediate forms; some of "pentodon," intermediate and
" curvidens " forms ; and some of the intermediate and " curvidens "
forms. We have found no large gathering of wholly typical pentodon
or entirely curvidens. Either form may be found with a low or high
crest — this being usually more constant in any one colony than the
number of teeth or the size and shape of the shell. The only theory
upon which curvidens could be retained as a species or subspecies
would be to assume that two species are living in a state of hybri-
dism— an assumption which seems to us baseless.
Bifidaria pentodon gracilis Sterki. Figs. 16 to 27.
This is usually larger, more cylindric, with 5 teeth, though per-
fectly mature shells may have as few as 3 (figs. 19, 26,) or as many
as 6 or 7 (figs. 16, 18, 21). It was originally described from New
Philadelphia, Ohio, but those figured are from Alabama; figs. 16, 17,
21 to 27 from around Wetumpka, 18, 19, from Woodville, 20 from
Big Wills Valley, coll. by H. H. Smith and H. E. Sargent. None
of them has an infraparietal denticle.
While this race seems to be tangibly differentiated in the hill
region of Alabama, specimens may be selected from other lots of
pentodon which could not possibly be distinguished if mixed with the
Ala. shells ; for instance fig. 31, Henry Co., Ind., and fig. 33, Des
Moines, la., both taken from lots varying in shape from long and
cylindric to shorter and more conic.
The original descriptions of forms referred to pentodon here follow.
" V. pentodon. Shell dextral, stibovate, whitish horn-color ; apex
obtuse ; whorls five, glabrous, convex ; suture not very deeply im-
pressed ; aperture semioval ; labium two-toothed, of which a single
very prominent one is on the middle of the transverse portion or true
labium, and the other is remote, much smaller and placed in the
basal angle of the columella ; labrum regularly arcuated, tridentate,
tooth nearest the base very small and placed near the smaller tooth
of the columella, the two others larger, subequal ; umbilicus distinct.
Length less than one-tenth of an inch.
" Animal. Tentacula two, rather long and thick, cylindrical-ob-
conic, retractile, with a rounded oculiferous extremity ; two hardly
elevated truncated tubercles instead of the anterior tentacula';
white ; head and neck, as far as the mantle, black.
124 THE NAUTILUS.
" Inhabits Pennsylvania. The lower tooth of the labrum is some-
times obsolete." (Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences Phila., vol. 2,
1821, p. 376.)
NOTE. — This is not the comparatively large and conic multidentate form commonly
known in recent years as pentodon ; but a five- or six-toothed form which has
hitherto been referred to curvidens.
" Pupa curvidens. Shell minute, ovate, but much elongated, of a
spermaceti-white color ; whorls five, convex, smooth, gradually di-
m'inishing to an obtuse apex ; suture deeply impressed, aperture sub-
triangular, with the front and outer angles rounded, and the outer lip
curved inwards, so as almost to make the aperture heart-shaped ; the-
transverse margin is straight, and slightly oblique ; the inner lip is
also nearly straight, so that these two form a rightangle at their
junction ; lip widely reflected, flattened, white ; throat armed with
nine teeth ; the longest, somewhat curved to the left, compressed
and pointed, is situated on the middle of the transverse lip, and has
a small one seated at its left side ; at the front, nearly opposite the
large tooth, almost as large and inclined to the left also, is a quad-
rangular, blunt tooth, more slightly curved ; on the left margin are
three teeth, of which the upper one is larger, and about the size of
the basal tooth, of a blunt quadrangular figure; the other two are
minute ; on the outer lip are also three teeth, of which the two upper
are very small and pyramidal ; umbilicus open. Length ^ inch,
breadth ^ inch.
" This minute species I first found under a loose stone on the
ledges at Phillips Point, Lynn, near the Ocean House. * * * *
Four of the teeth are very small, and would scarcely be discerned
without being highly magnified, and they seem to be seated farther
within the aperture ; the small one on the transverse lip, the basal
one, and the upper one on the right lip are liable to be wanting. So
far as I can ascertain, it has not been previously described, unless
several of the teeth have been overlooked. It is nearest allied to
P. pentodon " (Gould, Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts,
1841, p. 189, f. 120).
" Pupa cincinnatiensis Judge. * * * peristome simple, heavily
thickened near the margin, the callus extending over the parietal
wall ; aperture contracted by five prominent denticles, seated on thf
callus, one prominent on the parietal wall, two on the columella, the
THE NAUTILUS. 125
lower being the smaller of the two, and two on the outer portion of
the peristome, more deeply seated in the throat, and occasionally
one or two very minute rudiments on the peristome. Length 1.56,
diarn. 84 mm. This shell is found on both sides of the Ohio River,
near Cincinnati." (Judge, The Quarterly Journ. of Conch., p. 343,
1878.)
" Papilla floridana Ball. * * * subcylindrical * * * teeth
about 9, of which there are generally 3 larger than the rest, their
tips nearly meeting and their bases mutually nearly equidistant ; one
is on the pillar, one on the body-whorl, and one on the anterior mar-
gin ; on either side of the latter are two generally subequal, much
smaller denticles. Lon. 1.6, lat. .75 mm. Archer, Alachua Co.,
Fla." (Dall, Froc. U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. 8, 1885, p. 261, pi.
17, f. 11.)
The figure seems to have two teeth on the parietal wall, two on
the columella and five in the palatal region. This is practically
identical with the arrangement described under curvidens.
" Pupa montanella. A minute Leucochila which 1 have found
very sparingly at about 8400 feet in West Custer Co. (Colorado), to
which I have given the name P. montanella sp. nov., but do not
describe it pending further investigations." (CklL, The Journ. of
Conch., Leeds, Vol. vi, 1889, p. 63.)
" P. montanella, indicated on the same page as P. coloradens/'s,
proves to be a form of P. pentodon." (CklL, The Brit. Nat., 1891,
p. 101.)
Since no definition of any kind has been published, this name
becomes an absolute synonym of B. pentodon.
" Papa curvidens var. gracilis. On a gravelly bank at New Phil-
adelphia, Ohio, there is a peculiar form of our species ; long, slender,
nearly cylindrical, with only 5 typical lamellae, no accessory ones.
* * * 1 thought it not out of place to name it var. gracilis" (Dr.
V. Sterki, NAUTILUS, iii, 1890, p. IT,).)
" Pupa curvidens gracilis Sterki. Scarce. New Philadelphia. A
peculiar form intermediate in shape between the type and Pupa
holzingeri Sterki. It has also been seen from Rhode Island, Ten-
nessee and Alabama." (Sterki, The Land and Fresh-water Mollusca
in the Vicinity of New Philadelphia. A contribution to the Nat.
Hist, of Tuscarawas Co., Ohio, 1894.)
" Pupa pentodon f. curia. Examples from wet places are small
126 THE NAUTILUS.
and short ovoid (f. curta)." (Sterki, Land and Fresh-water Mol-
lusca in the Vicinity of New Philadelphia, etc., p. 5, 1894.)
BIFIDAKIA TAPPANIANA (C. B. Adams). Figs. 42 to 53.
The shell is larger than pentodon, markedly conic though obtuse ;
only one tooth on the parietal wall, usually 6 on the columellar,
basal and outer margins, those on the latter standing on a strong rib.
Lower palatal tooth usually not so long and entering as in B. pentodon.
Distribution, Ontario to the Gulf of Mexico, west to Iowa and
Kansas, southwest to Arizona, but not known from the southeastern
Atlantic States, Virginia to Florida.
This is the form now everywhere known as "pentodon Say." It
is often a difficult question, upon which no two experts might agree,
whether to refer a certain specimen to tappaniana or to some form of
pentodon, since while the larger size and globose-conic shape are
characteristic of tappaniana, yet intermediate sizes and shapes occur
occasionally, so that we disclaim any intention of setting up a defi-
nite boundary between the forms. It can only be claimed that the
great majority of lots are quite readily separable. The variations in
size and shape are well shown in the figures. Figs. 42, 43, Phila-
delphia; 44, Buckfield, Me. ; 45, Ithaca, N. Y. ; 46-48, Duchess Co.,
N. Y. ; 49-52, Washington, D. C. ; 53, Oak Creek, Arizona. The
original description follows :
" Pupa tappaniana Ward, inedit. Shell very small, pale horn-
color, translucent, tapering above the penultimate whorl ; whorls a
little more than five, convex, with a well-impressed suture ; aperture
sub-orbicular (the penult, whorl cutting oflf about one-third of the
circle), about one-third of the length of the shell ; margin sharp, with
a narrow contraction in the submargin, beneath which is a thicken-
ing within, on which are the labial teeth ; teeth eight, five primary
and three secondary ; of the former the largest is on the penultimate
whorl, the next largest on the left side of the aperture ; at the base,
beginning at the left hand, is a primary, then a secondary, a primary,
a secondary, a primary and another secondary, extending nearly to
the upper extremity of the right margin ; the last three primaries are
not constant in size ; umbilicus open. Length 0.08 inch ; breadth
0.05 inch.
" This species is easily distinguished from the preceding (P. con-
tracta) by its teeth." ((?. B. Adams, History of Vermont, Z.
Thompson, 1842, p. 158.)
THE NAUTILUS, XIX.
PLATE VI.
22 23
Hifidaria pentodon. 1-t, 8. Bnckfield, Me. ; 5. Woodland, Me.; <>. Fuirlield, Me.: 7. West-
brook, Me.: li. Alachua Co., Fla.: Id. Volusia Co, Flu.; II. Sun Marcos, Tex. ; 12. Comul Co.,
Tex.; i;i, lt>, 17. Wetumpku, Ala.: 14, 15, '20. Near Valley Head, Ala.; 18, 19. Wooclville, Ala.:
•-'1--J7. Wetnmpkii, Ala.
THE NAUTILUS, XIX.
PLATE VII.
49 50
Bijiilaria pentodon. •>$, 2ii. Ti;o.y, N. Y.; 30 Greenwich, N. Y.; 31, 37. Henry Co. Ind. : 3-'.
Ocean City, X. ,1 . • ;;:;. Des Moines. la : 34, 35. New Philadelphia, O.; 36. Cincinnati, o. : 38.
Miami. Fla. : 351. Des Moince, la. ; 40 .lasper Co., Mo. : 41. Silver Lake, Kans.
Bifldaria tappaniana. 4-2,43. Philadelphia, Pa.; 44. Ltncktield, Me.: 4.i. Ithaca, \. Y. : 4ii-
4S. Duchess Co., N. Y. : 4S1-5-2. Washington, D C. ; a.'!. Ouk Creek, Ariz.
THE NAUTILUS. 127
It is not known whether this description was published before or
after the following, both appearing in 1842. This is the compara-
tively large shell commonly known as P. pentodon, and figured as
such in Binney's Manual.
'•'•Pupa tappiana (Ward) Pfr. * * * conical-ovate, with 1 strong
parietal tooth, 1 columellar, 4 or 5 smaller on outer lip; length 2,
diam. 1^ mm. Vermont." (Pfr., Symbols ad Hist. Heliceorum,
ii (1842), p. 55.)
This may well be considered a synonym of tappaniana Ad.
PLATE VI.
Bifidaria pentodon (Say).
Figures 1-4. Buckfield, Maine. John A. Allen, Acad. Nat. Sci.
No. 87304.
5. Woodland, Maine. O. Nylander. No. 58249.
6. Fairfield, Maine. J. H. Thomson. No. 58248.
7. Westbrook, Maine. A. D. Brown Collec. (Bolles). No. 4263.
8. Buckfield, Maine. John A. Allen. No. 87307.
9. Cotype of P.floridana Dall. Alachua Co., Fla. W. H. Dall.
No. 58242.
10. Mt. Taylor, S. of Volusia, Volusia Co., Fla. H. A. Pilsbry.
No. 72769.
11. Drift of Sinking Spring, San Marcos, Texas. H. A. Pilsbry.
No. 90454.
12. Drift of Guadalupe R., 4 m. above New Braunfels, Texas.
H. A. Pilsbry. No. 90456.
13. Wetumpka, Alabama. H. H. Smith. No. 87151.
14, 15. Near Valley Head, Alabama. H. H. Smith. No. 90451.
16, 17. Near Wetumpka, Alabama. H. H. Smith. No. 90458,
18, 19. Woodville, Alabama. H. E. Sargent. No. 66901.
20. Big Wills Walley, 2 m. S. of Valley Head, Alabama. H. H.
Smith. No. 90453.
21-27. Near Wetumpka, Alabama. H. H. Smith. No. 90425.
PLATE VII.
Bifidaria pentodon (Say).
Figures 28, 29. Troy. New York. T. H. Aldrich. A. N. S.,
No. 58251.
30. Greenwich, New York. T. Bland. No. 3924.
31. Henry Co., Indiana. R. Walton Collec. No. 58240.
32. Ocean City, New Jersey. H. A. Pilsbry. No. 72709.
33. Near Des Moines, Iowa. T. Van Hyning. No. 88439.
34. 35. Near New Philadelphia, Ohio. Dr. V. Sterki. No. 58239.
36. P. cincinnatiensis Judge. Cincinnati, Ohio. Wm. Doherty.
No. 58244.
128 THE NAUTILUS.
37. Henry Co., Indiana. R. Walton Collec. No. 58240.
88. Miami, Florida. S. N. Rhoads. No. 58253.
39. Des Moines, Iowa. T. Van Hyning. No. 79G41.
40. Jasper Co., Missouri. M. A. Mitchell. No. 58254.
41. Silver Lake, Kansas. J. B. Quintard. No. 58246.
Bifidaria tappaniana (Ad.).
42. School Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. R. Walton.
No. 58250.
43. West Fail-mount Park, near Chamounix, Philadelphia, Pa.
Vanatta. No. 58224.
44. Buckfield, Maine. John A. Allen. No. 58219.
45. Ithaca, New York. No. 62486.
46-48. Upper Red Hook, Duchess Co., New York. W. S. Teator.
No. 58218.
49-52. Washington, D. C. E. Lehnert. A. N. S., No. 58225.
53. Drift of Oak Creek, Page's Ranch, Oak Creek, Arizona.
E. H. Ashman. No. 82925.
DREDGING IN FRENCHMAN'S BAY, MAINE.
BY DWIGHT BLANEY.
Professor Edward Forbes has said, in speaking of the under-
water world, " The difficulties which attend the inquiry add to the
zest of the research ; and there is a charm in travelling mentally over
the hills and valleys buried inaccessibly beneath their thick atmos-
phere of brine."
There are other pleasures, however, associated with what we call
the " adventure " of dredging — as dredging for shells, like many
another adventure is full of surprises — and suggests untold possibil-
ities in the way of new discoveries. One never knows what treas-
ures will be in the next haul, and the most discouraging day still
leaves us with enthusiasm for the next trip. We indeed believe
that it matters little how poor a haul may be : each trip always
yields us something of interest. Any day we may come upon a
colony of some species we have looked upon as rare — and the next
haul the dredge may disclose fine live specimens of species pre-
viously found dead.
For several seasons the Mesalia erosa, (Couth.) was represented
in our collection by a single dead and much eroded specimen, until
one lucky day we came upon a colony of them, fine large live ones.
The shells were quite crimson in color, and the animals so tenacious
THE NAUTILUS. 129
of life as to live for days in salt water, giving us good opportunity to
make drawings of them under the microscope.
Another shell which we had looked upon as rare, and whose sculp-
tured whorls we had always admired, is the Scala ffrcenlnndica
(Perry). Last summer we found it in comparative abundance in one
locality. Our boat being out of repair, we made a number of hauls
from the ledges, well out toward the sea. One of us would take the
dredge out about one hundred yards from shore and drop it, while
the others on the rocks would laboriously pull it in. The haul thus
radiating from one spot would cover quite an area, varying of course
in depth. On this bottom, composed of quantities of fragments of
barnacles scraped from the ledges by the ice in previous winters, we
found a number of interesting northern species, among which was
the Scala above mentioned. The barnacle fragments formed a most
excellent protective background for this species, and it required
sharp eyes to pick them out after the material had been washed over.
Associated with the Scala was the Menestho striatula (Couth.),
which was equally hard to pick out from among the broken shells.
As many as thirty specimens of Scala would be found in each haul
of the dredge, and the Menestho proved to be also common here.
Here we also found the Bela bicarinata (Couth.) and a great many
of the Cylichna alba (Brown).
One of the unexpected surprises occurred one day, when in mak-
ing a haul in deep water, our precious dredge caught in some
obstacle which came to the surface with great reluctance. It proved
to be a " gang " of lobster traps, which had been carried off into
deep water and so lost. It was duly recognized and claimed by one
of our men, who had lost it the previous winter. On the stones with
which each trap was weighted, we found many specimens of Chitons;
the Trachydermon ruber (Linne), the T. albus (Linne), and a few
Tonicella marmorea (Fabr.), also a number of Lepeta caeca (Miiller).
It is interesting to note, in relation to the last species, that Gould in
his " Invertebrata of Massachusetts," 1st edition, 1841, says: " Only
three specimens of this shell are yet known." This is repeated in
the edition of 1870. We have found it, however, fairly common.
Another surprise in our dredging was to come upon tlie '' Dump
ing Ground " of the Bar Harbor Refuse Scow. On this spot Bar
Harbor has deposited its refuse for some years. The lighter material
being carried out by the tide and the heavier sinking to the bottom
130 THE NAUTILUS.
to become encrusted with the red nullipore — Lithothamnion poly-
morphum — broken bottles, bones, broken cliina, and similar refuse
forming good hiding-places for many shells. The Chitons mentioned
above, and the Solariella obscura (Couth.), also the pretty Margarites
grcenlandica (Gmelin) and the Margarites cinerea (Couth.) are found
at this spot. The past year has seen a renewal of the industry of
dredging the great scallops Pecten magellanicus (Gmelin). Many
natives have fitted good-sized sailboats with power, and with power-
dories and large, chain-meshed dredges have given the bottom of the
Bay a good scraping. This industry has paid well for a while, but
the increasing number of boats devoted to this work is beginning to
tell on the supply, and it is bound to give out shortly.
SHELLS OF GKANT, VALENCIA CO., NEW MEXICO.
BY II. A. PILSBRY.
During a brief stop at this place, which is on the Santa Fe Pacific
R. R., near the western boundary of New Mexico, above the middle
of the Territory, Messrs. Albert and Joshua Baily, Jr., of this city,
collected a series of shells, including several forms of considerable
interest. The specimens of Lymnsea bulimoides are a very globose
and short-spired variety, which I have before received from Prof.
Cockerell and others. It will be described as var. cockerelli in a
paper on Southwestern Mollusca now about to be published.
Valvata hnmeralis is a Mexican species, new to the fauna of the
United States, and its occurrence so far north of the Mexican bound-
ary leads us to expect it in suitable places over a considerable terri-
tory within our limits. It is quite unlike V. virens of the Rocky
Mountain region, having more in common with the northern V. sin-
cera Say. The list follows :
Zonitoides nrborea (Say). Bifidaria pelhicida hordeacella
Z. minuscula (Binn.). (Pils.).
Pyramidula striatella (Anth.). Vertigo ovata (Say).
Belicodiscus parallelus (Say). V- coloradoensis arizonensis
Vnllonia gracilicosta (Reinh.). (Pils. & Van.).
V. cyclophorella (Anc.). Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull.).
.Pupoides marginatus (Say). Succinea grosvenori (Lea).
P. hordaceus (Gabb.). Lymnaa bulimoides cockerelli
Papilla muscorum (L.). (Pils.).
P. blandi (Morse). Planorbis parvus (Say).
P. syngenes dextroversa (Pils. Physa sp. undet., not adult.
& Van.). Valvata humeralis (Say).
THE NAUTILUS. 131
ON A NEW FLORIDIAN CALLIOSTOMA.
BY WILLIAM HEALET DALL.
In March, 1903, the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk
obtained some casts of the dredge in the straits of Florida. This
material has recently been turned over to the National Museum, and
proves to contain several items of interest. At Station 7511, in 45
fathoms, off Fowey Rocks, was dredged a species of Calliostoma
which appears to be new ; at Station 7516 fragments of Oniscidia
dennisoni were obtained, with a specimen of Scala (Acrilla) retifera
Dall, 28 mm. in length, and at Station 7511 a fine specimen of the
rare Subula floridana Dall, described originally from the Blake dredg-
ings. As it has been shown that the name Eutrochus Adams is pre-
occupied, J replace it by Leiotrochus Conrad, 1863, typified by L.
distans Conrad, of which the type has turned up in the National
Museum (see Trans. Wagner Inst., iii, pp. 399 and 402), and proves
to be a mature specimen of the shell named Trochus conus by H. C.
Lea in 1845. Astele Swainson, 1855, seems to be more closely re-
lated to Solariella, and is described as " with no columella," the inner
lip being simple and arcuate. Conrad's diagnosis is incorrect, as the
reader will see by referring to the above-mentioned data. His type
is smooth, with, in the adult, a narrow, deep umbilicus and a distinct
Calliostomoid pillar. Owing to Conrad's contradictory diagnosis of
1863, I hesitated, in 1892, to accept his name, but as things now
stand it seems necessary to do it or to propose a new one. The
description of the species is as follows:
Calliostoma (Leiotrochus) marionas ri. sp.
Shell acutely conic, with the sides of the spire slightly concave,
ten-whorled, brilliantly polished, color a rich brick-red, mottled near
the periphery with whitish fiammules; nucleus translucent white,
tilted obliquely ; sculpture, on the subsequent four or five whorls, of
five (5) granular, spiral ridges, separated only by narrow incised
lines, with a more conspicuous ridge just above the suture ; subse-
quently the ridges become flattened, wider and more or less spirally
striate on their tops, while the original five incised lines retain a
darker color than the rest of the surface ; the suture is not strongly
marked, and runs just below the periphery of the preceding whorl ;
base slightly convex, with ten or eleven similar incised spiral lines
132 THE NAUTILUS.
stronger toward the umbilicus, where the interspaces become feebly
nodulous, the last one on the brink of the umbilicus more strongly
so ; umbilicus moderately large, funicular, its walls white, smooth,
and slightly excavated just within the basal margin ; pillar white,
thin, arcuate, ending in a blunt projection separated by a small notch
from the basal margin of the aperture, which, with the outer lip, is
thin and sharp ; throat pearly, without lirations or callus on the body.
Alt. of shell 19.0, max. diam. 18.0 ; diam. of umbilicus 2.5, min.
diam. of base 16.0 mm.
The periphery is subangulate, becoming rounded in the adult. The
operculum is thin, horny, multi-spiral, with about 14 whorls. The
animal is of a reddish color somewhat like the shell, the sides of the
foot granular, the muzzle concentrically wrinkled, the tentacles long
and slender, with no epicephalic veil between them ; the eyes large
and black, on short but distinct peduncles, behind and above the
tentacles ; epipodial lobes with papillose edges and two or three more
elongate processes on each side, but none project from the opercular
lobe ; the foot is short and rather blunt behind. As contracted from
immersion in alcohol, the tentacles and epipodial processes seem
smooth, and show no such ciliation as is figured by Adams in Callios-
toma, while the absence of the " veil " is noteworthy.
Altogether, though not very large, this is one of the most attractive
East American species, both in form and coloration. Only one
specimen has yet been obtained, No. 187233, U. S. Nat. Mus. register.
NOTE ON TRIVIA ACUTIDENTATA GASK. — A few years ago,
among a few shells obtained by me in San Francisco on board a
schooner direct from the Galapagos Islands, I found one beach-worn
Trivia which puzzled me, as it differed widely from any species then
known to me. Upon a recent careful reading of the original descrip-
tion of Trivia acutidentata Gask.. I find that this specimen corre-
sponds exactly to Gaskoin's description.
This species, thus far unfigured, was described (Proc. Z. S., 1835,
p. 201) from a single worn specimen collected by Cuming in the Bay
of Guayaquil, and which, after description, was broken into unrecog-
nizable fragments. As the locality of my specimen is also substan-
tially the same, it would seem that this long-lost species has at this
late day been again found — FRED L. BUTTON.
FEEDING HABITS AND GROWTH OF VENUS MERCENARIA. By
Jas. L. Kellogg (N. Y. State Museum, Bull. 71). A very interest-
ing and instructive paper illustrated by four plates — C. W. J.
THE NAUTILUS, XIX.
PLATE VIII.
Figs. 1, 2, 6, 7. Carychium exile canadense.
Figs. 8, 9. Carychium exiguum.
Figs. 3, 4, 5. Carychium exile.
Fig. 10. C. stygium.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XIX.
APRIL, 1906.
No. 12.
NOTE ON A NEW VARIETY OF CERITHIDEA SACRATA GLD., FROM
SAN DIEGO, CAL.
BY S. S. BERRY.
There is present in several Califqrnian collections, and also
National Museum and elsewhere, a form of the
common Cerithidea sacrata Gould, which is " peculiar
in appearance, and might be none the worse for a
mutational name " (Dall). It differs from the ordi-
nary form, with which it intergrades, by being
smooth, or nearly so, and more tapering, as shown
in the accompanying figure. It is quite heavy and
solid, and in my specimens the callus of the aperture
is of a lighter and browner tint than is usual, and
the aperture is smaller and less inflated. Length
30 mm. The original C. sacrata was pretty smooth,
but for convenience in designating this form, espe-
cially as opposed to the heavily ribbed var. pullata
Gould, the name hyporhyssa is here suggested. All
the specimens seen are from San Diego, although it doubtless
elsewhere.
Stanford University, Feb. 10, 1906.
in the
occurs
134 THE NAUTILUS.
ADDITIONAL NOTES ON BIFIDARIA PENTODON AND B. TAPPANIANA.
BY V. STERKI.
We are indebted to Messrs. Vanatta and Pilsbry for their expose
of these species and their forms, in the March NAUTILUS. The es-
sence of it is that what we called B. pentodon Say is really tappani-
ana Ad., and the forms ranged under curvidens are pentodon Say.
After once more looking over part of my materials l and the crit-
ical forms, I find occasion for a few notes which it may be permitted
to add.
The form curta does not belong to pentodon? but to tappaniana.
In some places it has almost the significance of a variety. The
shells of pentodon from wet situations are usually also more ventri-
cose, ovoid, than those from more elevated and comparatively dry
stations.
Fresh, good shells of pentodon from many places are glassy, trans-
parent, colorless, while others are of a horny or milky hue ; those of
tappaniana are more generally so. B. pentodon from some places
has no callus or a very slight one in the palate.
The " parietal " lamella in both species and all forms is really
composite,3 i. e., composed of the parietal and angular, although the
latter is generally quite small, a mere appendage of the former,
especially in tappaniana, while in many specimens of pentodon it is
quite distinct, and in some the whole lamella is even bifid, somewhat
like that of B. holzingeri.
The habits of the two species are rather different, and they are not
often found associated. Thus B. pentodon is common among moss
and grass in forest and on open slopes, even steep, stony and rocky
hillsides, where tappaniana is hardly ever found. The latter is prev-
alent in low, damp places, under wood, etc.
One feature of interest may be mentioned here. Like those of
1 About 250 entries on the two species.
* The names in the following are used in the sense of Vanatta and Pilsbry in
the article referred to.
8 Conf. Pilsbry and Vanatta, A Partial Revision of the Pupae of the United
States, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc., Phila., 1900, p. 593, key (Vertigopsis). In some
figures on the plates VI and VII in the NAUTILDS, the angular is shown, e. g.,
Figs. 3, 12, 21, 27, 32.
THE NAUTILUS. 135
B. armifera and contracta, the shells of many specimens, especially
of pentodon, are covered with mucus and dirt, often completely, and
frequently forming a somewhat irregular ridge along the middle of
the whorls. This is not accidental, but evidently done by the animal
on purpose, probably for additional protection against drought.
DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF ACHATINELLIDAE FROM THE
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
BY D. D. BALDWIN.
Partulina cooperi, n. sp.
Shell clextral, very minutely perforated, rather thin, acuminately
ovate conic, apex acute; surface shining, striated with fine growth-lines
and under a strong lens exhibiting very close and minute decussating
spiral striae, which extend to the apex. Color light yellowish-brown,
sometimes dark reddish-brown, variously banded; the constant charac-
ters being a white band at the periphery, a black line traversing the
suture, with two white lines one above and one below the suture, all
three lines extending to the tip of the apex. Whorls 6, somewhat
convex, narrowly margined above, suture well impressed. Aperture
oblique, oval, white within. Peristome brown, acute, slightly, thick-
ened within, basal and columellar margins narrowly reflexed. Col-
umella terminating in a strong, flexuous tubercle, tinged with red-
dish-brown.
Length, 17 ; diam. 9^ mm.
Hana, East Maui.
Named in honor of Mr. G. O. Cooper of Hana, to whom we are
indebted for the discovery of both this and the following species.
Partulina fulvic cms, n. sp.
Shell dextral or sinistral, very minutely perforated, rather thin,
acuminately ovate conic, apex subacute ; surface shining, marked
with delicate incremental striae, nuder a lens exhibiting extremely
close, minute decussating spiral striae ; unclear whorls faintly cross-
lined. Color very light yellow, or sometimes white with one or two
light yellowish transverse lines ; a conspicuous dark band near the
apex. Whorls 6, somewhat convex, narrowly margined above ;
136 THE NAUTILUS.
suture well impressed. Aperture oblique, oval, white within. Per-
istome acute, slightly thickened within, columellar margin narrowly
reflexed. Columella terminating in a strong, white, flexuous fold.
Length, 18^ ; diam. 10^ mm.
Habitat, Kipahulu valley, Hana, East Maui.
The sinistral variety may prove to be a distinct species.
The molluscan life of this rather secluded valley has only recently
been explored.
Newcombia carinella, n. sp.
Shell dextral, very minutely perforated, solid, acuminately turrited ,
apex subacute ; surface lusterless, rather coarsely and irregularly
wrinkled by growth stria?, and covered with numerous rather prom-
inent decussating spiral striae which extend to the apex, with a cord-
like carination at the periphery. Color white and brown, alternating
in irregular longitudinal undulations, upper whorls with regular
white and brown tessellations ; apex light brown. Whorls 6, slightly
convex ; suture lightly impressed ; the suture of second and third
whorls are margined by the continuation of the peripheral keel or cord.
Aperture oblique, oval, livid-white or light-brown within. Peris-
tome light-brown, acute, very lightly thickened within, columellar
margin reflexed over the small perforation. Columella very slightly
developed, plain and smooth.
Length, 15 ; diam., 6^ mm.
Habitat, Nahiku, East Maui.
•
Amastra montana, n. sp.
Shell dextral, imperforate, rather thin, ovately conical, apex acute ;
surface lustreless, sculptured with fine incremental lines ; the nuclear
whorls finely radiately sulcated. Color light-brown, covered with a
dark fugacious epidermis. Whorls G, the upper ones slightly convex,
the last one somewhat inflated, forming the larger part of the shell.
Aperture a little oblique, elongately oval, white within. Peristome
simple and thin. Columella terminating in a thin, arched, lamellar
plait.
Lenth, 14; diam., 9^ mm.
Habitat, Mt. Kukui, summit of West Maui, 6,000 ft. alt.
Animal in motion as long as the shell. Mantle dark-brown with
alight-brown border. Foot and tentacles almost black. Head above
O
coarsely granulated.
THE NAUTILUS. 137
This species was found in company with Laminella alexandri,
Newc. at an altitude incongenial to most Acliatinellidse species.
Amastra rubrisloma, n. sp.
Shell dextral, imperforate, solid, elongately ovate-conic, apex acute f
surface striated with irregular growth striae ; nuclear whorls radi-
ately sulcated. Color reddish-brown, sometimes almost white, upper
whorls darker ; generally covered with a dark fugacious epidermis.
Whorls 7, convex, suture well impressed. Aperture a little oblique,
oval, red within, sometimes livid-white. Peristome acute, very
slightly thickened within. Columella terminating in a strong arched
lamellar plait, tinged with red.
Length, 19^ ; diam., 12 mm.
Habitat, Island of Lanai.
This species was discovered by Mr. D. Thaanum of Hilo, Hawaii,
who has done much to encourage the study of Hawaiian land fauna.
Amastra seminuda, n. sp.
Shell dextral, imperforate, solid, ovate, spire convexly conical,
apex acute; surface covered with rather irregular growth striae, the
embryonic whorls finely radiately sulcated. Color white or light-
brown, lower half of body-whorl covered with a densely black epi-
dermis, rest of the shell destitute of epidermis. Whorls 5, slightly
convex, suture moderately impressed. Aperture a little obliquer
sublunate, white within. Peristome acute, thickened within, not re-
flexed. Columella terminating in a broad, thin, arched, lamellar
plait.
Length, 14; diam., 9 mm.
Habitat, Waikolu, Is. of Molokai.
Amastra contca, n. sp.
Shell fossil, dextral, minutely perforated, thin, elongately conical,
apex acute ; surface sculptured with fine growth lines, apical whorls
radiately sulcated. Color of living shell unknown. Whorls 7, con-
vex ; suture well impressed. Aperture oblique, oval. Peristome
simple, very thin. Columella terminating in a slightly developed
fold.
Length, 15^; diam., 8 mm.
Habitat, Hamakua, Island of Hawaii.
138 THE NAUTILUS.
This and the following species were discovered by Prof. H. W.
Henshaw of Washington, D. C. He found them in deposits of fossil-
ized shells at a place called Mana. The existence of living ex-
amples of either of these species now, or within any recent period, is
highly improbable.
Amastra (Laminella) sinistrorsa, n. sp.
Shell fossil, sinistral, imperforate, thin, acuminately turrited, spire
conical; apex subacute ; surface sculptured with delicate growth
lines, embryonic whorls radiately sulcated. Color of living shell un-
known. Whorls G, convex, suture well impressed. Aperture oblique,
einuately oval. Peristome simple, very thin. Columella terminat-
ing in a slightly developed lamellar plait.
Length, 14^; diam., 6^ mm.
Habitat, Hamakua, Island of Hawaii.
Amastra (Laminella) Iceva, n. sp.
Shell sinistral, imperforate, rather thin, conically turrited, apex
acute ; surface striated with fine incremental lines, embryonic whorls
with delicate radiating sulcations, color brown, with irregular
patches of a dark fugacious epidermis. Whorls 6, somewhat con-
vex ; suture well impressed. Aperture oblique, oval, livid-white
within. Peristome simple and thin. Columella terminating in a
thin lamellar plait.
Length, 12; diam., 5 mm.
Habitat, Haleakala Mt., East Maui.
This species is the counterpart of Laminella soror, Nc. found on
West Maui, but the latter is a larger and more obese shell.
NOTES ON CAEYCHIUM AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY.
BY GEO. H. OLAPP.
In examining a series of Carychium recently, I noticed that there
is a large northern race of C. exile Lea which is found from Maine
to Winnipeg, Manitoba, the latter being the most western point from
which I have material. It differs from typical exile by its greater
size, which is very constant throughout its range. Topotypes of (7.
exile from Wissahickon Creek, Philadelphia, Pa., kindly loaned me
THE NAUTILUS. 139
for examination by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, measure 1.70 x .6 mm., and
the lot from Kent, O., from which Dr. Pilsbry defined this species,
NAUTILUS, Vol. VIII, p. 63, measure 1.75 x .6 mm.
The average size of 0. exile from a large series of measurements
may be put down as 1.75 x .6 mm.
The northern race is, so far as I have seen, confined to the
so-called " Canadian Zone," and I therefore propose the name C. exile
canadcnse for this variety, taking shells collected at Kennebunkport,
Me., as the types. These measure 2.1 x .75 mm., which is about
the average size. The series of measurements below show the slight
variation in this variety :
Kennebunkport, Me. (types), 2.1 x .75 mm.
Islesboro, Me., 2.15 x .75 mm.
Aroostook Co., Me., 2.00 x .75 mm.
Hartland, Vt., 2.0 to 2.10 mm. long.
Bobcaygeon, Ont., Can., 2.00 x .70 mm.
Ottawa, Ont., Can., 2.10 x .65 mm.
Winnipeg, Manitoba, 2.05 x .75 mm.
Huron Mtn., Marquette Co., Mich., 2.05 x .75.
Lime Id., Chippewa Co., Mich., 2.0 to 2.1 mm. long.
Gogebic Lake, Ontanogen Co., Mich., 2.0 to 2.1 mm. long.
White Earth Lake, Minn., 2.1 mm. long.
The Ottawa shells are the most slender that I have seen.
All of the Michigan C. exile in the collection of Mr. Bryant
Walker are var. canadense with the exception of one lot from Shelby,
Macomb Co., which measures 1.75 to 1.80 mm., and a lot from Sag-
inavv where they run from 1.7 to 1.9 mm.
The only southern shells which I have seen approaching var. can-
adense in size is a lot collected by Herbert H. Smith in mountain
forests near Princeton, Ala. These measure 1.90 x .70 mm., and
are unusually heavily ribbed, but other shells collected in the same
general locality are typical exile.
Plate VIII, where the figures are magnified 18 diameters, shows the
difference in size very plainly.
C. exiguum also appears to run somewhat larger in the North, but
as there is more variation in this species than in exile, the northern
race is not well defined. The average size of exiguum is about 1.75 x
.75 mm., but there is a wide variation as shown by measurements
given below :
140 THE NAUTILUS.
Valley Head, Ala., 1.55 x .65 mm.
Lemon City, Fla., l.GO x .70 mm.
Staten Island, N. Y., 1.65 x .75 mm.
Edgewortli, Pa., 1.70x.75 mm.
Des Moines, Iowa, 1.85 x .75 mm.
Iowa City, Iowa, 1.80 x .70 mm.
Crooked Lake, Emmet Co., Midi., 1.75 to 1.85 mm.
Kennebunkport, Me., 1.85 x .80 mm.
Pigeon Lake, Ont., Can., 1.90 x .80 mm.
Orono, Me., 1.80 to 1.90 mm.
Ann Arbor, Mich., 1.65 to 2.00 mm.
Huron Mtn., Marquette Co., Mich., 2.15 x .85 mm.
These figures seem to indicate an increase in size in the north, but
the Ann Arbor lot shows almost as much variation as in the balance
of the range. The Huron Mountain shells are unusually large, much
larger in fact than any others seen from Michigan, and their size is
probably due to favorable environment as in other parts of the state
typical shells are found.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.
Fig. 1. Carychium exile canadense n. v., Kennebunkport, Me.,
2.1 x .75 mm.
Fig. 2. Carychium exile canadense n. v., Winnipeg, Manitoba,
2.05 x .75 mm.
Fig. 3. Carychium exile Lea, topotype, Wissahickon Cr., Phila.,
Pa., 1.70 x .60 mm.
Fig. 4. Carychium exile Lea, Mt. Vernon, Va., 1.50 x .55 mm.
Fig. 5. Carychium exile Lea, Edgewortli, Pa., 1.75 x .60 mm.
Fig. 6. Carychium exile canadense n. v., Ottawa, Ont., Can.,
2.10 x .65 mm.
Fig. 7. Carychium exile canadense n. v., Huron Mtn., Marquette
Co., Mich., 2.05 x .75 mm.
Fig. 8. Carychium exiguum Say, Huron Mtn., Marquette Co.,
Mich., 2.15 x .85 mm.
Fig. 9. Carychium exiguum Say, Valley Head, Ala., 1.55x.65 mm.
Fig. 10. Carychium stygium Call, cotype, Mammoth Cave, Ky.,
2.00 x. 85 mm.
THE NAUTILUS. 141
A NEW SUBSPECIES OF POLYGYRA MULTILINEATA SAY.
BY WM. A. NASON.
Polygyra multilineala algonquinensis n. subsp.
The shell is smaller than multilineata, color varying from white
translucent to dark horn or chestnut, banded with reddish brown or
unicolorous, rather thin and fragile, peristome moderately reflected,
white.
Greater diameter 17 mm., 32 specimens.
Greater diameter 17.5 mm., 24 specimens.
Greater diameter 18 mm., 72 specimens.
Greater diameter 18.5 mm., 41 specimens.
Greater diameter 19 mm., 54 specimens.
Algonquin, McHenry Co., Illinois.
Cotypes in collections of Bryant Walker, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
Chicago Academy of Sciences, and Arthur F. Gray.
All the specimens collected were examined, 284 in number, and
their average size is expressed in the above table of measurements.
The largest specimens found were three which measured 21 mm. in
greater diameter, and the two smallest specimens only measured
14.50 mm. in greater diameter. No larger specimens than those
mentioned were found in the region, although the ground was well
explored for many years.
The specimens were all found in crevices and hollows about the
roots of a clump of willows, growing in a marshy and boggy place.
Associated with them were numerous specimens of Polygyra mono-
don Rack., Succinea ovalis Say, Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say, Pyra-
midula striatella Anth., and other moisture-loving land shells.
A comparison made with 48 specimens of P. multilineata from
Ohio, Michigan, and other localities, in my collection, showed great
difference in measurements. 33 specimens of this series measured
22 mm. to 24 mm. in greater diameter, and only two specimens
were as small as 21 mm. in diameter.
The uniformity of size of the variety algonquinensis, the fact that
no other forms or sizes of the species were found in this region, and
the fact that they breed true, for the series was the result of three
years' collecting on the same small space of ground, entitles this shell
to varietal rank. And also, the perfect development of all the char-
acters, as found in the normal P. multilineata, and the fact that this
142 THE NAUTILUS.
new subspecies is not in any way pathological, confirms the claim.
The smallest forms mentioned above are as well characterized and
symmetrical as the largest forms.
An interesting fact in regard to the specific value of the bands in
this variety is exhibited by two or three specimens. In these the
shell is unicolorous until half-grown, and banded from that point to
the reflected lip. And one specimen is the reverse in this respect,
being banded when young, and later in its growth unicolorous.
This would seem to indicate that the bands and color are not even a
stable individual character.
LYMNAEA HINKLEYI N. SP.
BT FRANK COLLINS BAKER.
Shell varying from ovate to globose, very thin ; color of periostra-
cum light greenish-horn ; surface dull to slightly shining, rough, the
growth lines uneven and raised at intervals to form pseudo ribs ; the
surface is sometimes malleated and occasionally ornamented by five
or six heavy spiral ridges ; fine spiral, impressed lines present and
very marked in some specimens ; whorls 3 + (the apex invariably
decollated), rounded, tumid in some specimens, the last whorl glo-
bose ; spire of variable length but generally shorter than the aperture,
broadly conic ; sutures distinctly appressed and frequently distinctly
impressed ; aperture roundly ovate, not expanded, acutely narrowed
at the posterior angle; outer lip thin, acute; inner lip very tightly
appressed to the parietal wall, where it shows as a very thin wash of
callus; the anterior part of the inner lip is reflected over the umbili-
cus, leaving a very small chink ; axis slightly twisted, forming a dis-
tinct ascending plait.
Length 12, breadth 8.5, aperture length 8, breadth 5 mm.
Length 11.5, breadth 7.5, aperture length 7.25, breadth 4.5 mm.
Length 12, breadth 7.75, aperture length 7, breadth 4 mm.
Length 11, breadth 6.75, aperture length 6.25, breadth 3.75 mm.
Length 15.25, breadth 9.25, aperture length 10.5, breadth 5.5 mm.
Length 11, breadth 6.75, aperture length, 6.5, breadth 3.75 mm.
North fork Snake River, East Idaho. Collected by Mr. A. A.
Hinkley in 1905. Types: Chicago Academy of Sciences ; cotypes :
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and Mr. A. A.
Hinkley.
THE NAUTILUS. 143
This is apparently a very distinct species and does not appear to
be exactly comparable with any Lymnoea. It was thought to be L.
binneyi, but the shell is very much smaller and thinner, with no um-
bilicus and without the acute spire of binneyi. It apparently belongs
to the typical group of Lymn<za despite its globose shape, which might
place it in Radix, excepting for the lack of the raised and continuous
lips of the aperture. It has something of the aspect of a young
Bulimnea.
I take great pleasure in naming this species in honor of Mr. A. A.
Hinkley, of Du Bois, Illinois, in whose collection the shells were
found.
NOTES.
NOTE ON SOME NAMES IN THE VOLUTID^E. — A revision in which
I have been engaged for some time of the nomenclature and classi-
fication of the Volutidse, has shown several errors which have attained
a wide currency owing to the failure of authors to attend to the de-
tails of early publications on the subject. This has rendered it
necessary to give new names to several groups, and to shift some
names to groups agreeing with their original types, which had been
neglected or lost sight of. Some of the more conspicuous instances
are as follows :
Adelomelon Dall ; new name for the dull-colored group of South
American volutes usually called Scaphella, but not the Scaphella of
Swainson, 1832. Type, Voluta ancilla Solander.
Harpulina Dall ; new name for Harpula auct. non Swainson,
1832. Type, Voluta arausaica Solander, 1786.
Maculopeplum Dall ; Type, Voluta junonia, Lamarck. This was
originally included with the species of Scaphella by Swainson, whose
type was Scaphella undulata Lam., but the American shell belongs
to a totally different group from the enamelled species for which
Swainson's genus was proposed. Amoria Gray, is probably a syno-
nym of Scaphella.
Volutilithes Swainson, was proposed for the shells to which Fischer
later gave the name of Eopsephsea. The type is Voluta muricina
Lam. The shells typified by Voluta spinosa, and which are usually
called Volutilithes, will probably take the name of Plejona Bolten,
1798.
144 THE NAUTILUS.
When discussing the Volutidse in the Wagner Inst. Transactions
in 1890, I stated that I had not attempted to revise the nomen-
clature of the group at that time ; but if I had been aware of the
serious reformation needed in the accepted nomenclature, 1 should
have felt obliged to undertake it without delay. — WM. H. DALL.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
LOESS PAPERS: The Loess of Nachez, Mississippi ; The Loess
and the Lansing Man ; Loess and the lowan Drift ; Evidences (?)
of Water-deposition of Loess. By B. Shimek (Bull. Lab. Nat.
Hist. Iowa State University, V., no. 4). The question of the genesis
of the loess of the Mississippi Valley has interested two generations
of geologists. Until quite recently the great majority of American
writers, and among them Prof. Shimek himself, ascribed its deposition
to the action of water. Later studies by Shimek, covering ex-
posures over practically the whole loess area, caused him to advocate
the view that our loess is of ^Eolian origin. This thesis is dis-
cussed with great ability, and it is not possible here to give an ade-
quate outline of the argument. It is shown that the highest and
thickest deposits of loess lie along the larger streams, and their
deposition by water would require vast inland lakes, of which there
are no traces of shore-lines. The fine and homogeneous deposits
containing fragile shells unbroken and unworn, are not such as would
be deposited by aqueous action. Moreover, fluviatile shells are ab-
sent, the loess i'ossils being chiefly land shells, and exceptionally
those of small pools. A great mass of evidence, geological and
faunal, is brought forward to show that the loess is of the nature of
an upland dune formation.
The argument for aeolian origin from the fossil shells will be read
with great interest by conchologists. Prof. Shimek's thorough knowl-
edge of both the loess and the modern faunas enables him to deal
hard blows to those who attempt to defend the aqueous theory on
palreontologic grounds. The last essay of the series is a damaging
critique of the papers of Prof. G. Frederick Wright and Luella A.
Owen. There are fourteen excellent plates, two representing fossil
land shells of the Nachez loess.
This brochure contains the most complete and authoritative exposi-
tion of the subject of loess formation in the English language, and
will be invaluable to all students of the loess and its fossils. — H. A. P.