THE

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXVIII

MAY, 1914, to APRIL, 1915

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy ot Natural Sciences

PHILADELPHIA

CHARLES W. JOHNSON

Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History

BOSTON

S-3//

INDEX

TO

THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Acmaea, notes on some northwest coast 13

Agaronia gibbosa Born 103

Agarouia gibbosa auraiitia Johns, n. var 103

Agriolimax from Guatemala 55

Agriolimax guatemalensis motaguensis Ckll. n. subsp. . . 57

Alasmidonta (Pegias) fabula (Lea) 65

Alasmidonta (Pressodonta) minor Lea 46

Alasminota Ortmann n. subgen. of Symphynota 41

Amygdalonaias donaciforniis Lea 67

Ancylida?, notes on the classification of 23

Annularia eburnea prestoni Ramsden n. subsp 50

Annularia mayensis Torre & Ramsden n. sp 50

Anodonta oregonensis Lea 43

Antillean Paleogeography, notes on 84

Area limula Conr. on Long Island 85

Arkansas, Unione fauna of Cache River 73

Ashmunella heterodon Pils 112

Ashmunella mogollonensis Pils 110, 112

Ashmunella pilsbryana Ferriss 110

Bathytoma from the upper pleistocene of San Pedro, Cal.,

a new form 64

Bathytoma clarkiana Rivers n. sp. (PL III, f. B. C.) .... 64

Billu'ps, A. C. (obituary) 34

Birds transporting food supplies 71

Boston Malacological Club 82

Brachiopoda, retention of color 93

Brachypodella brooksiana Gundl. (PL I, f. 5) 5, 6

Brachypodella obesa and suturalis Weinl 132

Brachypodella ramsdeni Torre n. sp. (PL I, f. 2) 5

Brachypodella torreana Ramsden n. sp. (PL I, f. 1) ... 4

British Columbia, notes on mollusks from 87

(* * " \

m)

IV THE NAUTILUS.

Bulimulus schiedeanus in Texas 132

Bursa bubo L 80

Bursa rubeta L 80

Bursa tenuigranosa Smith 80

Caecilioides gundlachi in Florida 131

Campeloma lewisii Walker n. n. (PL V, f. 3) 126

Campeloma ponderosum coarctatum Lea (PI. V, f. 4-7) . 125

Carunculina Simpson, genus 68

Carunculina parva Barnes 129

Carunculina texasensis Lea 141

Cephalopoda of the Hawaiian Islands 72

Cephalopoda, West Coast 22, 23, 47

Ceratodiscus ramsdeni Pils. (see Vol. 27, p. 134), PL I, f.

6-8 1

Circinaria caelata Mazyck, note on 12

Cochlicopa lubrica in Western Pennsylvania 96

Color ornamentation in fossil Brachiopods 93

Correspondence from Japan and China 90

Crenodonta perplicata Conr 21

Cuba, land shells from Varadera (Cardenas) 106

Cuba, land shells of 1, 49, 133, 136

Diplopoma torrei Ramsden n. sp 134

Ectracheliza truncata Gabb., a Hemisinus 84

Elliptio lanceolatus Lea 32

Emarginulinae, notes on West American 62

Fusconaia selecta Wheeler n. sp. (p. 4) 76

Fusconaja askewi Marsh 20

Gonidea angulata 143

Gundlachia, the earliest notice of a species of the genus. 128

Gundlachia or Navicella ? 132

Helix hortensis from a Maine shell heap 131

Hemisinus in Antillean Oligocene 84

Hemphillia glandulosa B. & B 87

Hemphill, Henry (obituary) 58

Lasmigona Raf 40

Lastena lata Raf 106

Leptachatina cookei Pils. n. sp 61

Lexiiigtonia Ortmann n. gen 28

Lexingtonia subplana Conr 29

Lucidella tantilla Pils. (PL II, f. 5) 50

Lymnaea auricularia Lea 119

Lymnaea emarginata mighelsi, absent in old localities ... 95

Lymnaea, classification of 116

Lymnaeids, a provisional key to the subgenera and species

of North America 119

THE NAUTILUS. T

Macroceramus richaudi liueatistrigatus Pils 51

Maine mollusca, additions to the list of 18, 48

Medionidus conradicus Lea 142

Microceramus longus Henderson n. sp 136

Modiolus demissus Dillw., and var. granosissimus Sowb. 35

Mollusca, some European 10

Molluscan fauna from vicinity of Bolinas Bay, Cal 25

Mollusks from Magician Lake, Cass and Van Buren Coun-

ties, Mich

Musculus phenax Dall. n. sp 138

Najades, studies in 20, 28, 41, 65, 106, 129

New Mexican expedition of 1914 109

New Mexico, shells of Duran 37

Newspaper conchology 70

Notes 10, 22, 35, 47, 60, 70, 83, 95, 131

Octopus 47

Oliva annulata Gmel 103

Oliva bulbosa Bolt 101

Oliva caerulea Bolt 102

Oliva carolinensis Conr 114, 140

Oliva fulgurator Bolt 115

Oliva funebralis Lam 100

Oliva ispidula Linne 102

Oliva ispidula var. samarensis Johns n. var 103

Oliva litterata Lam 114, 139

Oliva oliva Linne 99

Oliva reticularis Lam 114

Oliva sayana E,av 139

Oliva sericea Bolt 97

Oliva spicata Bolt 115

Oliva tigrina Lam 100

Oliva tricolor Lam 102

Oliva variegata Bolt 101

Olivaucillaria urceus Bolt 103

Oreohelix barbata Pils 110

Ostrea elongata Solander (0. virginica Gmel.)

Ostrea fischeri Dall n. nom 1

Ostrea serra Dall n. sp

Ostrea tubulifera Dall u. sp 3

Paludina coarctata and incrassata Lea (PL V) 121

Panopea geiierosa, possible transportation of 47

Pecten nucleus irradians, statistical study in variation of 52

Petricola dactylus Sowb. in Buzzards Bay 95

Physa acuta Drap. (PL III, f. A) 70

Physa heterostropha Say in Europe 69

VI THE NAUTILUS.

Pleistocene, a remarkably rich pocket of fossil drift from

the 80

Pleurobema fassinans Lea 31

Pleurobema friersoiii Wright 30

Pleurobema missouriensis Marsh (PL V, figs. 1, 2) 140

Pleurodonte sagemoii goodrichi Ramsden n. subsp 49

Polygyra colmttensis Clapp n. sp 78

Polygyra inflecta mobiliensis Clapp 11. var 128

Postpliocene shells of Providence and Lupus, Mo 15

Prolasmidonta Ortmann n. subgen 44

Proptera capax Green 67

Publications Received 12, 35, 59, 72, 84, 96, 108

Puncturella caryophylla Dall n. sp 63

Puncturella cognata Gould 6?

Puncturella cooperi Carp 63

Puncturella cucullata Gould 63, 87

Puncturella falklandica A. Ads 63

Puncturella galeata Gould 64

Puncturella longifissa Dall n. sp 63

Puncturella major Dall 64

Puncturella multistriata Dall n. sp 63

Pupilla muscorum xerobia Pils. n. subsp. (PL II, f. 1, 2) 38

Quadrula pustulata Lea 21

Ranella lampas of authors, notes on 80

Rhytidopoma tollini Ramsden n. sp 135

Rimula mazatlanica Carp 62

Rumina decollata in Texas 11

Shells from Sussex Co., N. J 11

Simpsonaias Frierson n. gen 7, 40

Simpsoniconcha Frierson n. gen 40

Squid, Monterey Bay and Oregon 22, 23

Subemarginula yatesii Dall 62

Symphynota (Alasminota) holstonia 43

Symphynota, observations on the genus 40

Tertiary fossils on Long Island 85

Thysanophora hornii (Gabb) 110

Tornatellides pilsbryi Cooke n. sp 79

Unionidae, remarks on classification of the 6

Unione fauna of Cache River, Arkansas 73

Unio crassa Ritz 33

Unio pictorum Linn 32

Urocoptidae, new Cuban species of 4, 5

Urocoptis mayensis Torre & Ramsden n. sp 51

Urocoptis pilsbryana Ramsden n. sp. (PL I, f. 3, 4) .... 4

Urocoptis scobinata Ramsden n. sp 133

THE NAUTILUS. vii

Valvata pisciualis in Canada 10

Valvata tricarinata basalis Van. n. var 105

Valvata tricarinata iiifracarinata Van. n. var 104

Vertigo alabamensis Clapp n. sp 137

Vertigo alabamensis conecuhensis Clapp n. subsp 137

Vertigo oscariana Sterki 137

Vitrinella from Boston, Mass., a new fossil 38

Vitrinella shimeri Clapp n. sp. (PI. II, f. 6-8) 39

Volvidens, new genus 41

Zeidora flabellum Ball 62

Viii THE NAUTILUS.

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Baker, Frank C S

Baker, Dr. Fred 90

Berry, S. S 22

Boettger, C. E 69

Chace, B. P 47, 144

Clapp, Geo. H 78, 96, 128, 131, 132, 137

Clapp, Wm. F 38, 82, 132

Cockerell, T. D. A 10, 55

Colton, Harold S 52, 116, 119

Cooke, C. Montague 79

Dall, Wm. H 1, 13, 58, 62, 128, 138

Ferriss, Jas. H 11, 48, 109

Frierson, L. S 6, 40

Gratacap, L. P 85

Greger, Darling K 93

Hanham, A. W 87

Hannibal, Harold 23

Henderson, John B 40, 106, 136

Johnson, C. W 35, 60, 95, 97, 114, 131, 144

Latchford, F. E 10

Lermond, N. W 18

Mazyck, Wm. G 139

McAtee, W. L 72

Nylander, Olof 0 89, 95

Ortmami, Arnold 20, 28, 41, 65, 106, 129, 141

Pilsbry, H. A 12, 36, 37, 60, 61, 84, 132

Eamsden, Chas. T 4, 49, 133

Eivers, J. J 64

Sampson, F. A 15

Torre, Carlos de la 5

Vauatta, E. G 11, 35, 80, 104, 143

Walker, Bryant 121, 140

Wheeler, H. E 73

Winkley, H. W 48

THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII.

PLATE I

6

1. BRACHYPODELLA TORREANA. 2. B. RAMSDENI.

3.4. UROCOPTIS PILSBRYANA. 5. B. BOOKSIANA.

6,7,8. CERATODISCUS RAMSDENI.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol.. XXVIII. MAY, 1914. No. 1

NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN OYSTERS.

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

On endeavoring to review the oysters of the Pacific Coast some

notes were made which seemed likely to be of use to students.

OSTKEA IUIDESCENS Gray, 1854; Cpr. Maz. Cat., 1856.

The brief diagnosis of the earlier name is not sufficient to identify

this with 0. prismatica Gray, 1825. 0. spathulata Sowerby, 1871,

is based on a worn upper valve of 0. iridescens. The species is

known to range throughout the Gulf of California and to Mazatlan.

I have not compared the African species listed by Carpenter under

the same name.

O. MEGOUON Hnnley, 1845. (0. yallus Val., 1846, and 0. taylori

Gabb, 1866).

From the Gulf of California to Peru. Fossil in the West Indies.

O. FISIIEKI Dall, n. nom. (O, jacob&a Rochebrune, Bull. Mus.,

Paris, 189-'), not of Linne. 1758).

Rude, dark purple, sharply plicated, with an inner purple margin,

valves subequal,and interior opaque white. Named in honor of W.

J. Fisher who made large collections in the Gulf of California and

Alaska. This species grows large and heavy, and is only known

from the Gulf of California.

O. VEATCHII Gabb, 1866.

Large, rather roundly plicated, internally with olive, brown stains

'/ THE NAUTILUS.

and white margin. Lower California and the Gulf. Fossil at San

Diego and Cerros Island.

O. CUMINGIANA Dunker, Abbild. II, 1847. (0. amaraCpr., 1857;

O. angelica Rochebrune, 1895. A variety, 0. mexicana Sowerby,

1871).

The typical form has olive greenish interior, the margin with

many small plic.ntions, the exterior white. The variety is deeply

cup-shaped with blackish interior margin. The species ranges from

Lower California to Panama.

O. PALMUI.A Carpenter, 1857 (0. lucasiann Rochebrune, 1895).

Puget Sound to La Paz, Mexico.

Margin bounded inwardly by a line of minute pustules, interior

dark or greenish. This might well be an extreme mutation of the

preceding species but needs connecting links and has a more north-

ern distribution.

O. SERRA Dall, n. sp.? Lower California to Panama.

Like the West-Indian species which grows on gorgonians, narrow,

plicate, with flatfish upper valve, deep lower valve, greenish outside?

inside white with black margin ; shell two to three inches long, about

an inch wide. If mexicana occupied a similar situs the result would

be somewhat similar.

O. COLUMBIENSIS Hanley, 1845. (O. ochracea and tulipa of

Sowerby, 1871, not 0. tulipa Lamarck ; 0. turturina of Roche-

brune, 1895). On mangroves. Lower California to Peru.

Large, thin, purplish.

O. LURIDA Carpenter, 1864. Sitka to Cape St. Lucas.

0. rufoides is (he thin, long variety grown in a current. 0.

expansa the form adhering to a flat surface ; sometimes reaching the

shape called by Carpenter laticaudatus.

O. ELONGATA Solander, 178fi. (0. virginica Gmelin, 1792; 0.

rostrata and floridensis Sowerby, 1871 ; 0. virginiana, canadensis

and borealis Lamarck, 1819.)

Transplanted from the middle Atlantic coast it has failed to re-

produce its kind, as the water is too cold for the spat to live in.

THE NAUTILUS.

O. CONCHAPHILA Carpenter, 1856. Mazatlan to Panama. This

prettily painted form seems likely to retain specific rank.

0. CHILENSIS Philippi. Gulf of California to Chile.

This is the large edible Gulf species, referred by Carpenter to 0.

virginica, which it much resembles except in wanting the purple

muscular impression. It has numerous synonyms. 0. retusa Reeve,

of the Hawaian Pliocene is also very similar.

O. CHILOENSIS Sowerby, from southern Chile, is small, round, and

feebly plicate, but may be a degenerate variety of 0. chilensis.

O. MULTISTRIATA Hanley, 184G. Gulf of California to Panama.

Usually small and flat with brown and purple blotches on the

white inner surface. Easily identified by the sharp radial stria; of

the outer surface which is usually a purple tint.

OSTREA TUBULIFERA Dall, n. Sp.

The specimen serving as type for this species was collected in the

Gulf of California by Henry Edwards ; it is suborbicular, about 45

mm. in diameter, nearly flat, with a whitish nacre, brilliantly pol-

ished inside, purple clouds showing through, and with a translucent

irregularly crenulated margin. The ligamentary area is narrow and

very inconspicuous ; on each side of it the margin is pustulate for a

short distance ; the outer surface is mostly dark purple, dull, minutely

corrugated and densely covered with small erect tubules of a dark

reddish-brown color, 2 to 4 nim. high and from f to 1 mm. in diam-

eter. Only those at the extreme margin communicate with the

interior of the valves, and these are fissured on the distal side.

Those of the surface behind the margin are completely tubular. The

attached valve was not obtained. Several beachworn specimens

from Panama have lost their tubules and exhibit only a vermicularly

corrugated surface. The attached valve is very flat and irregular

with a very wide but very short area. These specimens are of •<*

faded purple, but are probably the same species as the valve from

the Gulf of California. The only species at all approaching this in

character is the 0. spinosa Quoy, which comes from a widely differ-

ent region, and has a very prominent, direct and produced ligament-

ary area.

THE NAUTILUS.

NEW CUBAN SPECIES OF UROCOPTID.E.

BY CHARLES T. RAMSDEN.

UKOCOPTIS (!DIOSTEMMA) PILSBRYANA n. sp. PI. I, figs. 3, 4.

The shell is white, truncate, retaining 14 or 15 whorls in the adult

stage, the truncation closed by a very convex plug ; upper third

tapering, the remainder cylindrical. Whorls flat, the last two or

three convex ; base with a very weak revolving cord or none. The.

surface is dull, with sculpture of low axial ribs, which are narrow

and weak in the middle of each whorl, enlarged at both ends, which

abut against ribs above and below, the ribs being, as it were, con-

tinuous from whorl to whorl. In the upper part of the shell, some

of the ribs are hollow, as in U. uncata. Where unworn, the surface

between ribs is finely, sharply striate axially. The last whorl is

shortly free in front, and near the aperture it is dilated peripherally

and flattened above and below. The aperture is small, shortly

fusiform, the narrower part peripheral in position. The peristome

is expanded at the outer part, elsewhere reflected. Internal axis is

simple and slender in the first three whorls, then a spiral lamella

bearing a few projections arises, soon followed by corresponding

hooks from below, forming a stage of about two whorls where there

are pairs of converging hooks. This is followed by a stage in which

there is a broad, smooth superior lamella, and strong hooks arising

from the basal partition at intervals of about half a whorl (fig. 4).

Finally, in the last two whorls the hooks disappear and the spiral

lamella becomes low and finally disappears.

Length 15.5, greatest diameter 3.8 mm.

Length 16.5, greatest diameter 3.6 mm.

Locality, " La Hembrita," Monte Toro, Guantanamo.

This remarkable species closely resembles U. uncata externally,

but differs widely from that, and from all other known species, by

having a smooth spiral lamella in the whorls of the cylindrical part

of the shell. The peculiar axial armature of U. uncata and other

species of the subgenus Idiostemma has been figured by Pilsbry in

his monograph of Urocoptidf.

BRACHYPODELLA (GYRAXIS) TORREANA, n. sp. PI. I, fig. 1.

The shell is extremely slender, retaining the apex perfect (two

THE NAUTILUS. O

left figures) or losing very few whorls (two right figs.) in the adult

stage; widest at the upper third; white. Whorls 25—26, rather

strongly convex, the first four smooth, the rest regularly and closely

striate, the striae nearly straight, strongly oblique, about as wide as

the intervals. Last half whoi 1 free and deeply descending, sharply

striate. The free part is cylindrical and forms about one-fifth of the

total length of the shell. Aperture circular, oblique, with broadly

flaring, trumpet-like peristome. Internal axis very slender and

gyrate.

Length 17.3, greatest diameter 1.8 mm.

Length 15, greatest diameter 1.7 mm.

Locality, "La Hembrita," Monte Toro.

This charming species is related to B. brooksiana, but differs by

the less swollen shape, more numerous whorls and shorter " neck "

of the last. Moreover, the last whorl is cylindrical in U. torreana,

but in U. brooksiana it has a conspicuous basal keel. Specimens of

U. brooksiana are figured, pi. I, fig. 5, for comparison with the new

species. By the want of a basal keel and the convex whorls, B.

torreana is more nearly related to B. turcasiana, a far smaller

species. Named in honor of my friend Dr. C. de la Torre.

The figured types have been deposited in the collection of the

Academy of Natural Sciences.

A NEW CUBAN SPECIES OF BRACHYPODELLA.

BY CARLOS DE LA TORRE.

BRACHYPODELLA (GYRAXIS) RAMSDENT, n. sp. PI. I, fig. 2.

The shell is very slender, the greatest diameter contained 12 or 13

times in the length, whitish, slightly shining, widest at about the

upper fourth, composed of about 25 whorls, adult shells usually hav-

ing lost a few. The whorls are convex, and the last five or six have

a rounded ridge (or basal carina) above the suture, and a slight con-

cavity above the ridge. The last half whorl is free and descends

spirally in a long " neck," the basal carina prominent on the upper

half of the neck, but gradually disappearing, leaving it nearly cylin-

drical near the aperture, which is triangular-rounded, oblique, and

very small. Sculpture of rather irregular, very oblique striae ; the

D THE NAUTILUS.

free part of the last wliorl having sharper, more widely-spaced rib-

lets. Internal axis slender, moderately gyrate in the later whorls.

Length 24, greatest diam. 1.8 mm.

Length 22.5, greatest diam. 1.9 mm. (truncate).

Collected at " La Lechuza," Monte Toro, by Mr. Charles T.

Ramsden, to whom the species is dedicated.

This is a much larger shell than B. booksiana Gundl., with less

swollen spire, and much less strongly gyrate axis. The basal carina

is visible on more whorls, the neck is shorter, and the sculpture less

regular. It is a very interesting addition to the subgenus Gyraxis.

REMARKS ON CLASSIFICATION OF THE UNIONIDJE.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

In 1820 and in 1831 C. S. Rafinesque published descriptions of a

large number of Unionidce. Of these, he is credited in the '* Syn-

opsis of the Naiades, C. T. Simpson, 1900," with but seven or eight

species. Conrad, having access to specimens labelled by Rafinesque,

gave a list of such species as he identified. Except in such cases as

when a patent error can be shown we are bound to accept Conrad's

identifications.

The fact that Conrad made mistakes at times, can have no weight,

for no author is free from these. Conrad, however, only awarded

to Rafinesque those species described in 1820. Those described in

1831 have uniformly been dumped by all subsequent authors (known

to the writer) in the trash-pile of " indeterminate Unionidse." There

is no valid reason for this, as several of these latter species are

clearly and unmistakably recognizable. In place of seven or eight

species, Rafinesque is entitled to precedence in at least thirty.

An annotated synoptical table is is process of making, and will be

published shortly. Because of the important bearing of these facts

upon modern classification, this preliminary sketch is given, from

the latter point of view, for our author was a genius in the art of

proposing genera.

(1) LEPTODEA Rafinesque, 1820. Type leptodon Rafinesque

(= tenuissimus Lea). If this species should prove to be congeneric

THE NAUTILUS. I

with fragilis Rafinesque (== gracilis Barnes) the genus Pareptera

Ortmann, 1911, must become a synonym.

(2) ELLIPSARIA Rafinesque, 1820. Type (by elimination)

fasciolaris Rafinesque (= phaseolus Barm-s) must reduce to

synonymy the genus Ptychobranchus Simpson, 1900, type phaseolus

Barnes.

(3) AMBLEMA Rafinesque, 1820. Type (by elimination) costatus

Rafinesque, 1820, must take the place of Qrmodonta Schluter, 183G.

(4) HEMISTENA Rafinesque, 1820, (a contraction of Hemilastena)

proposed tentatively for Lastena lata, is of course a synonym. Hence

the application of this generic term by Mr. C. T. Simpson, to the

ambigua Say (= hildreihianus Lea) can not stand. For this shell,

ambigna Say, I therefore propose the new generic term Simpsonaias.

(5) EPIOBLASMA Rafinesque, 1831. Type biloba Rafinesque,

1831, (=foliatus Hildreth) must replace the subgentis Dysnontia

Agassiz, 1852.

(6) TOXOLASMA Rafinesque, 1831. Type (by elimination) liv-

idus Rafinesque, 1831, (=glans Lea) must take the place of the

subgenus Carunculina Simpson, 1900, type texasensis Lea, and the

group really should have generic standing.

(7) LEMIOX Rafinesque, 1831. Type rimosus Rafinesque, 1831

(== ccelatus Conrad). Since this exceedingly characteristic species

deserves generic rank, it must, for this species at least, take the place

of Micromya Agassiz.

(8) DECURAMBIS Rafinesque, 1831. A subgenus proposed for

Alasmodon marginata Say, variety truncata (= scriptum Rafin-

esque) and atropurpureum Rafinesque, 1831 (== raveneiiana Lea).

This subgenus must displace Rugifera Simpson, 1900.

(9) BARIOSTA Rafinesque, 1831. Type ponderosus Rafinesque,

1831, a synonym of crassidens Lamarck (= trapezoides Lea), is

antedated by Amblema Rafinesque, unless the U\crassedens Lamarck

(= trapezoides Lea) should prove to be, as Conrad suggested, of a

different group from the plicatus group.

(10) SULCULARIA Rafinesque, 1831. Type (by elimination)

badium Rafinesque (= Marg. holstonia Lea) must be regarded as a

subgenus of Symphynota Lea, as constituted by Simpson, 1900, re-

placing in part the subgenus Pressodonta Simpson, 1900.

(11) DIPLASMA Rafinesque, 1831. Type D. marginata Rafin-

esque, must take the place of Lamellidens Simpson, 1900, type

8 THE NAUTILUS.

marginalis Lamarck. The failure to recognize this well-defined

genus by most subsequent authors is a very remarkable fact.

In the preparation of the above remarks I am indebted in a very

large degree to my friend Dr. A. E. Ortmann.

MOLLTJSZS FROM MAGICIAN LAKE, CASS AND VAN BUREN COUNTIES,

MICHIGAN.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Magician Lake lies between Van Buren County on the north and

Cass County on the south. It is about two and a half miles long

and half a mile wide. The banks on the north border are high but

on the south, east and west they are for the most part low and

swampy. The lake occupies an elongated depression in the Wis-

consin drift and contains four deep holes, 40 to 60 feet in depth.

The shores are shallow and shelving, and, with the exception of one

or two short intervals, one may wade entirely around the lake. The

outlet is at the southeast side (known as Silver Creek), and empties

into the West branch of Dowagiac Creek, which drains into the St.

Joseph River, a Lake Michigan stream. The migrations of the mol-

lusks have probably been largely by the way of the St. Joseph,

although some of the species may have reached this spot in post-

glacial time via the Kankakee-St. Joseph portage ; but the fauna as

a whole probably reached these lakes by way of the Chicago outlet

when Lake Michigan was in the Lake Chicago stage. It is evident

that Magician Lake was once much higher, with a large, wide out-

let, for high terraces may be seen on the south, and also bordering

tlie outlet. Ancient marl beds exist, now covered by three feet of

peat, containing mollusks of a colder climate, attesting the ancient

occupancy of this lake by icy waters.

Mollusks were notably abundant in individuals and species. The

species are listed by ecological regions. My thanks are due to Dr.

Herman S. Pepoon for assistance in collecting much of the material.

Beach debris South Shore, all dead shells.

Alasmidonta calceola (Lea). Planorbis antrosus Conrad.

Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Planorbis antrosus angistomus

Lampsilis luteola (Lam.). Hald..

Sphaerium simile (Say). Planorbis parvus Say.

THE NAUTILUS.

Spliaerium striatinum (Lain.).

Musculium truncatuui (Lincl).

Valvata tricarinata Say.

Amnicola limosa (Say).

Amnicola lustrica (Pilsbry).

Physa heterostropha Say.

Fhysa integra Hald..

Physa niagarensis Lea.

Planorbis trivolvis Say.

Planorbis campanulatus Say.

Planorbis deflectus Say.

Segmentina armigera (Say).

Galba obrussa decani pi (Stivng).

Succinea retusa Lea.

Succinea avara Say.

Pyramidula cronkliitei anthonyi

Pilsbry.

Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Vitrea rhoadsi Pilsbry.

Polygyra thyroides (Say).

Planorbis campanulatus Say.

Sandy beach on north side of Lake, water one to four feet deep.

Alasmidonta calceola (Lea). Amnicola limosa (Say).

Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry.

Anodonta marginata Say. Campeloma integra (Hald.).

Anodontoides ferussacianus sub- Physa heterostropha Say.

cylindraceus Lea.

Pliysa niagarensis Lea.

Planorbis antrosus Conrad.

Planorbis parvus Say (dead).

Lampsilis luteola (Lam.).

Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes).

Valvata tricarinata Say.

Marsh above marl bed, east of Magician Lake cottages.

Physa gyrina Say. Planorbis antrosus angistomus

Aplexa hypnorum (Linn.). Hald.

Paludestrina nickliniana (Lea).

Heavy damp woods south side of lake.

Succinea retusa Lea. Strobilops virgo (Pilsbry).

Pyramidula cronkliitei anthonyi Polygyra thyroides (Say).

Pilsbry.

Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Vitrea hammonis (Strom).

In swale in woods.

Sphaerium occidentale (Prime).

Aplexa hypnorum (Linn.).

Segmentina armigera (Say).

Hemlock Island, west end of lake. The center of the island is

about twenty feet above the level of the lake. All shells were found

under old bark or fallen pieces of trees.

Succinea retusa Lea (found on Zonitoides arborea (Say).

vegetation at margin of island). Vitrea indentata (Say).

Polygyra monodon (Rackett).

Polygyra hirsuta (Say).

Galba obrussa (Say).

Galba parva (Lea).

10 THE NAUTILUS.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Strobilops labyrinthica (Say).

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi

Pilsbry.

NOTES.

VALVATA PISCINALIS IN CANADA. — I found last autumn in

Homsher Bay, Toronto, inside the " sea-wall," a flourishing colony

of Valvuta piscinalis Miill. There was much rubbish along the

shore, including straw and marsh grass, such as is used abroad in

packing fragile articles for export ; and I have no doubt these little

strangers were introduced from England or Eastern Europe in some

such material. Another alien — long however known to have be-

come established in the United States and at Cornwall in Ontario —

Bythinia tentaculata L., abounds nearby, in the lagoons on the islands

in Toronto Bay. I may add that these quiet waters also harbor fine

specimens of Anodonta cataracta Say (fluviatilis Dillw.) and Ano-

donta grandis Say. Their occurrence in the same locality should

end forever the contention that one is the eastern form and the other

the western form of the same species. The same ecological con-

ditions, and the commingling in the same water of the spermatozoa

of both, would necessarily result in hybrids or extinction of differ-

ences if the two species were not naturally distinct, and each capable

of preventing fertilization by the other. — F. R. LATCHFORD.

SOME EUROPEAN MOLLUSCA. — The receipt of a new part of

Taylor's beautiful monograph of the Land and Freshwater Molluaca

of the British Isles reminds me of an observation on Helicigona

arbustorum var. alpicola Fer., a small rather elevated variety of a

yellowish color, with one band or none, which I found on the summit

of the Rigi, in Switzerland. The soft parts were uniformly pale

reddish instead of dark, and although Taylor states that the animal

of this species varies independently of the shell, it seems possible

here the two things go together, the alpicola form being perhaps a

valid subspecies. At Zurich and Gersau, Switzerland, I found

typical arbustorum ; at the latter place also the yellowish bandless

form. The varieties of H. arbustorum, with additional bands, fig-

ured by Taylor, are very interesting, but certainly the form with an

THE NAUTILUS. 11

extra hand below the principal one should be separated from the true

bifasciata, in which the extra band is above. Taylor's pi. XXXIV,

t'. 13, may accordingly be called v. infrafasciata. At Wangen, Baden,

I noted that the Helix pomatia were of full size, distinctly larger

than >he form observed in Switzerland (Gersau, Fluelen). Observa-

tions on the variation of //. nemoralis and hortensis yielded nothing

of special interest ; at Wangen H. hortensis v. lutea with bands OUOOO,

123(45) and 1(23)45. At Schaffhausen H. hortensis lutea 00000.

At Gersau H. hortensis lutea 12345. At Fluelen H. nemoralis

rubella 00000. At Zurich the Arion ater was dark reddish brown,

with bright orange-vermillion foot-fringe. At Wangen the A. ater

presented the beautiful bright red var. rubra, which I had never had

the pleasure of finding before, but also the red-brown variety. At

Troyes, France, Helix fruticum was found in both the reddish and

whitish varieties. I was pleased to find Helicodanta obvoluta, which

I had never collected before, at Brugg, Switzerland. Helicigona

lapicida was found at Brugg and at Wangen. — T. D. A. COCKERELL.

RUMINA DECOLLATA IN TEXAS. — Mr. Camp found a large colony

of Rumina decollata Linn£, in a Brownsville, Texas, garden, and

succeeded in getting a few without losing the points, carrying them

in cotton. They are larger than my Charleston or New Orleans

specimens and less uniform in general architecture. The largest

measured 30| alt., 11 mm. diam J. H. FERRISS.

LAND SHELLS FROM SUSSEX Co., N. J — The following species

were picked from leaf mould collected by Mr. Bayard Long, near

Big Spring, Springdale, near Newton, Sussex Co., N. J. :

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Vitrea indentata (Say).

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Euconulus chersinus (Say).

Polygyra monodon fraterna Euconulus sterkii (Dull.).

(Say). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn).

Bifidaria armifera (Say). Gastrodonta suppressa (Say).

Bifidaria contracta (Say). Pyramidida alternata (Say).

Bifidaria corticaria (Say). Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi

Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Pils.

Vertigo gouldii Binn. Punctum pygmseum (Drap.).

Vertigo milium Gld. Garycldum exile H. C. Lea.

Cochlicopa labrica (Miill.).

12 THE NAUTILUS.

The entire set was donated to the Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia.

C. exile and P. c. anthonyi were the most abundant forms in the col-

lection, and E. sterkii is, I believe, new to the State. — E. G.

VANATTA.

NOTK ON CmciNARiA c^ELATA MAZYCK.— In the Catalogue of

American Land Shells published in NAUTILUS XI. (p. 128), this

form was subordinated lo C. duranti, as a sub-species. By the cour-

tesy of Mr. Mazyck, I have been able to examine the type specimen

of c&lata. On going over the series in the collection of the Acad-

emy, no specimens were found connecting it with duranti, and I now

believe it to be a distinct and well-characterized species, one of the

handsomest of the genus. — H. A. PILSDRY.

MR. A. A. HINKLEY made a brief mid-winter journey to Guate-

mala, obtaining some interesting additions to his former collections

there. A fine series of the large Pachycheiti of Lake Ysabel and

environs was taken. Among the land shells he secured a good series

of the splendid Ccdocentrum gigcts \. Mart. — II. A. P.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE MOLLUSC A OF MISSOURI (ex-

clusive of the Unionida). — By F. A. SAMPSON. Trans, of the

Academy of Science of St. Louis, xxii, July 18, 1913. The various

State catalogues which have been brought out in the last ten or fifteen

years have recorded data of great value to the student of distribution

of mollusks, indispensable to inquiries into the origin and migrations

of the several groups of our fauna. Missouri is an especially inter-

esting state. Lying near the western border of the humid area,

the northern border of the Ozarkian fauna, and within the peri-

pheral range of some Austral forms, it is an area where numerous

species reach their extreme range. Mr. Sampson has given in this

catalogue the results of many years of work in the state, a total of

117 species and varieties, and some 900 locality records. Among

the species first described from Missouri we note two not in Mr.

Sampson's list : Polygyra blandiana Pils. and Ferr. and Amnicola

missouriensis Pils. — H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVIII. JUNE, 1914. No. 2

NOTES ON SOME NORTHWEST COAST ACMAEAS.

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

Since Dr. Philip Carpenter's review of the Acmaeas of the North-

west Coast (Am. Journ. Conch., II, 1866) all writers on the subject,

including myself, have to a large extent, if not entirely, accepted his

conclusions as to their nomenclature.

Having occasion to revise the magnificent series of these shells in

the National Museum, I have recently reviewed the whole nomen-

clature from the beginning, and to my surprise and dismay found

that Dr. Carpenter, in his desire to perpetuate the manuscript names

of his friend Thomas Nuttall, had frequently ignored the rules alto-

gether, had adopted names which he knew to be preoccupied, and in

several cases misidentified early authors' species. Mr. Robson of

the British Museum had intimated to me some time ago that the no-

menclature of these limpets was in a very bad state of confusion, but

until I came to work over them myself I had no realization of the

true condition.

In extenuation it must be remembered that fifty years ago the

necessity of strictly conforming to the rules was little appreciated,

and many excellent naturalists of that day are responsible through

their carelessness for much of the trouble now encountered.

In reviewing the work of an author who like Eschscholtz gave

several names to mutations of the same species, the most acceptable

way is to take his first name for the consolidated species and put the

others in synonymy. Dr. Carpenter, however, in choosing in such

14 THE NAUTILUS.

cases did not follow this method. However, as the first reviser, his

selection may be considered final, or we should practically have to

chauge all his names. In the space here available it is not practic-

able to give (i full discussion, but the final results may be noted.

Acmaea cassis Eschscholtz. is a splendid form of A. pelta (Esch.)

Cpr., and A. fimbriata Gould, is synonymous. Acmaea pelta Cpr.,

has five or six synonyms, and as tolerably distinct mutations includes

nacelloides Dall ; monticola pars (Nutt.) Cpr.; and olympica Dall

(Pilsbry, Man., pi. 8, figs. 92, 93, 94).

Acmaea patina (Esch.) Cpr., has many synonyms, and, as recog-

nizable mutations, ochracea Dall ; emydia Dall (the Arctic testudin-

alis of my 1871 paper); cribraria (Gld.) Cpr.; and parallela Dall;

the latter corresponding to the A. alveus of the Atlantic coast.

Acmaea persona Eschscholtz, is not Carpenter's persona (which is

a mutation of digitalis Esch.) but is the shell Carpenter called

cumingii in 1866 ; though not the same as the prior cumingii of

Reeve. A. persona is a fine species, and I have a large series rang-

ing from Alaska Peninsula to Socorro Island.

Acmaea digitalis Eschscholtz, is the northern form which merges

into umbonata (Nutt.) Reeve, southward ; and then into textilis

Gould, at its southernmost range. Part of Gould's scabra of 1846

is the same as textilis Gld. + persona Cpr. (not Esch.) + oregona

(Nutt. MS.) Cpr.

Acmaea scabra Gould, 1846 (from type), is the shell later named

spectrum (Nutt. MS.) Reeve, and is generally known under the

latter name, which of course must be discarded.

Acmaea scabra (Nutt. MS.) Reeve, 1855 (not of Gould, 1846),

must take the earliest synonym, which seems to be limatula Cpr.,

1866.

Acmaea var. funiculata Cpr., merges by imperceptible degrees

into the later tenuiscuJpta Cpr., and that into mitra Eschscholtz.

Acmaea persona Esch. (not Cpr.), merges southward into strigil-

lata Cpr.

Acmaea semirubida Dall, resembles triangularis Cpr., but is more

oval in outline, with crimson rays on a white ground ; it ranges from

the Gulf of California to Panama.

Scurria aeruginosa (Midd., 1847, as Patella, with a wrong habitat)

is an earlier name for the shell generally known as mesoleuca Menke,

1851, from the Gulf of California.

THE NAUTILUS. 15

In studying these mollusks it is necessary to remember t' at the

different species often have an almost identical series of color varia-

tions, so that if one is guided chiefly by color, there is a liability to

put together mutations belonging to different species. There is little

doubt that food greatly influences and directly changes both the color

and texture of the outer layers of the shell, while the form is directly

related to the situs of the individual.

An interesting fact in the distribution of these animals is the evi-

dence they give in favor of the probability of the former existence

of an elevated ridge or range roughly parallel with the coast of Cali-

fornia and the peninsula, and of which the Santa Barbara Islands,

Guadelupe, and Socorro are the only supermarine indications at the

present day. It looks as if there was a second gulf or inlet between

this range and that of Lower California, so that the cool-temperate

species were able to extend as far south as Socorro on the western

coast of the western range, while the more tropical forms were able

to reach far to the North in the warmer waters of the inner area

between the outer range and the continent to the east of it, including

what is now the Gulf of California.

POSTPLIOCENE SHELLS OF PROVIDENCE AND LUPUS, MISSOURI.

BY F. A. SAMPSON.

Several trips to these two places have given many specimens.

Providence, Boone County, is on the north side of the Missouri

river, a place now of only a few houses, but formerly, in the days of

steamboat travel on the river, a large town and important shipping

point. The grading for the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroad

along the river cut into the bluffs, and uncovered the deposits con-

taining great numbers of postpliocene land shells. The deposit is

of later period than the Kansas loess, and is not the fine silt of the

loess, but is of clay intermixed with stones of various sizes.

Lupus is almost opposite on the other side of this river, in Moni-

teau County, where the grading for the river route of the Missouri

Pacific railroad uncovered the b^ds with the fossil shells. A mile

above Lupus was the former town and steamboat landing of Mt.

Vernon, a town of which no trace now remains. On both sides of

the river the rocky bluffs are of Chouteau limestone, resting on beds

16 THE NAUTILUS.

of Devonian, and capped by Upper Burlington limestone. The

Chouteau fossils, especially the crinoids, are interesting, and the

type specimen of one species came from Mt. Vernon, while Provi-

dence has given the types of many fossils.

The most of the shells found at both places are now found living

in the neighborhood, while others have not been found in any nearby

county. The following species have been collected :

Polygyra profunda Say. The largest of the Providence shells

are of 31 mm. diameter, but the Lupus shells up to 34 mm. averag-

ing smaller size, but more plentiful and some preserving the color

band. So far this has not been found living in the state except at

Courtney, in Jackson County, near Kansas City.

Polygyra albolabris alleni Weth. At both places fine shells from

26 to 32^ mm. diameter are common, and more plentiful at Lupus.

The living shells have been found in the neighborhood to about the

same size, but from a rock pile in an open field near Columbia they

were only 23 to 25 mm. and very similar to the still smaller ones

found in a cemetery at Kansas City.

Polygyra thyroides Say. Of fifty shells picked up at Providence

thirty-six were thyroides edentata, and of thirty-seven at Lupus

twenty-five were the same.

Polygyra elevata Say. Not much variation in size, somewhat

smaller at Lupus, and all similar to the living ones found on both

sides of the river. Some that seemed to have been entirely mature

were edentate.

Polygyra clausa Say. Scarce at both places.

Polygyra pennsylvanica Green. This is rather uncommon at both

places. A walk of three miles along the railroad, during which

many thousand shells were picked up or seen, gave but a single one

of this species. It is not now found living in this part of the State.

Polygyra appressa Say. These are of the three-tooth variety

found rather plentifully in many places in Missouri. On both sides

of the river the shells vary much in size, many being larger than

those now living in the neighborhood. It is the most plentiful shell at

Providence, but scarce at Lupus. The shells variedjn size from 15 to

22 mm., and many of the smaller ones have only a trace of lip teeth.

Polygyra inflecta Say. Sparingly found at both places, but some-

times uncertain as to whether fossil, or simply dead shells that had

dropped from higher parts of the bluff.

THE NAUTILUS. 17

Polygyra fraterna Say. The same may be said of this as of the

last. From both places.

Polygyra monodon Rack. From both places.

Polygyra hirsuta Say. Sparingly at both places. The ordinary

size is of 7 mm. diameter, but one from Providence is of 9 mm. and

somewhat differing from the smaller ones in other respects.

Succinea ovalis Say. A single one found at Lupus.

Gastrodonta ligera Say. A single one was found at Lupus. At

some places in Boone county the living ones are plenty.

Helicina occulla Say. In my report of the Shells of Missouri this

was given as Helicina orbiculata tropica. It is rather scarce on both

sides of the river, and has never been found living in the State.

Vitrea indentata Say. From Lupus.

Vitrea hammonis Strom. Some young shells from Lupus were

probably of this species.

Zonitoides minusculus Binne. From Lupus.

Zonitoides milium. From Lupus.

Bifidaria armifera Say. At Lupus.

Bifidaria contracta Say. These and other minute shells were not

found imbedded in the dirt, but in clearing the larger Polygyra of

the dirt that filled them a number of small shells were found. These

and some smaller Pupillidce that have not been identified, were found

at Lupus.

Pyramidula solitaria Say. This at Providence is perhaps as

abundant as P. appressa, but at Lupus it is rare and somewhat

smaller.

Pyramidula alternata Say. At Providence they are of good size

and not plenty ; at Lupus rare and smaller.

Pyramidula perspectiva Say. A single specimen was found at

each place.

Helicodiscus parallelus Say. From Lupus.

Garychium exile H. C. Lea. From Lupus.

An idea of the comparative number of the species may be had

from the results of a walk along the railroad for three miles on the

Providence side, during which hundreds of shells were picked up or

seen, among which were only four prof undo, one pennsylvanica, one

clausa, and one alternata, while soltiaria and appressa were abund-

ant, and elevata next in abundance.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF MAINE MOLLUSCA.

BY N. W. LERMOND.

Since the publication of my Catalogue of the Mollusca of Maine in

1909, the following species and varieties, some new some old, have

been added to the list :

MODIOLARIA SUBSTRIATA, Gray.

One young specimen of this species was collected by John A.

Allen. It was attached to an old bottle in Portland Harbor, near

Hope Island.

MACOMA TENTA, Say.

Four dead specimens were taken by the writer in Aug., 1909, in

the Georges River, near Taylor's Point, Gushing Shore, in six

fathoms, on a muddy bottom.

Specimens were submitted to Prof. Pilsbry for determination.

ODOSTOMIA (MENESTHO) BISUTURALIS OVILENSIS, Bartsch.

The type of this subspecies was taken by Henry W. Winkley in

Sheepscott River, Lincoln County. See Bartsch's Pyramidellidae

of New England and Adjacent Region, p. 107.

TURBONILLA (PYRGISCUS) CASCOENSIS, Bartsch.

"The type and two additional specimens, Cat. no. 203,795 U. S.

N. M., come from Casco Bay, Maine." See page 96 of Bartsch's

Pyramidellidze. Dr. Bartsch does not state when, or by whom,,

these specimens were collected.

ClNGULA HARPA, ?

One specimen taken by Henry W. vVinkley, at Eastport summer

of 1913. Of this rare find, Mr. Winkley writes me as follows : "1

think my identification correct. Formerly reported from 150-500

fathoms. I like to capture a stray bird now and then — it is fine

sport."

COLUMBELLA (ASTYRIS) LUNATA Say.

Several live specimens of this species were dredged by Henry W.

Winkley in the Sheepscott River at Damariscotta and by myself

in Maple-juice Cove and Broad Cove, near mouth of the George*

River, Knox Co., during the summer of 1912. The latter locality

is the most northern record for this species.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

RETUSA OBTUSA var. TUHRITA.

Reported by Mr. Dwighr Blaney from Frenchman's Bay.

MUSCULIUM ROSACEUM Prime.

A few specimens (immature) taken by Dana W. Sweet in Sandy

River, Franklin County, and by the writer in Georges River, North

Warren, Knox County.

MUSCULIUM RYCKHOLTI Normand.

Fairly plentiful in the small ponds of Warren and Thomaston,

Knox County.

MUSCULIUM PARVUM St (?).

Six specimens of a Musculium were collected by the writer dur-

ing past season in the Georges River at North Warren, Knox Co.,

and sent to Dr. Sterki for determination.

MUSCULIUM SECURIS (" form or even variety," Sterki).

Collected August 17, 1913, in Georges River, North Warren.

They were returned labeled as above.

MUSCULIUM WINKLEYI St.

Taken at Saco, York County, by Henry W. Winkley, and at

Avon, Franklin County, by Dana W. Sweet.

PlSIDIUM MONAS St.

Six specimens — one nearly full grown, others juv. — taken August

17, 1913, in Georges River, North Warren, by the writer.

Dr. Sterki, to whom the material was submitted, remarks as fol-

lows : " rather like the type from Michigan. Some examples, prob-

ably of same, though a little larger, from Aroostook Co. (Nylander)."

PlSIDIUM PUNCTATUM Var. SIMPLEX St.

Two specimens, almost full grown, taken by the writer in George

River, North Warren, Aug., 1913.

PlSIDIUM VARIABILK, var. CICER Pr.

Eleven immature specimens taken at same time and place as

above.

PISIDIUM MINUS (Adams).

A few specimens taken by the writer in Black River, Warren,

Knox Co., season of 1909, and in Mill River, Thomaston, 1909 and

1910.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

PlSIDIUM ABDITUM Var. LACTEUM St.

Two live specimens and a few single valves taken in Georges

River, North Warren, season of 1913.

PlSIDIUM SPHAERICUM St.

About twenty specimens, mostly immaculate, a few nearly full

grown, taken Aug., 1913, in Georges River, North Warren.

AMNICOLA SCHROKINGERI Frauenfeldt.

Collected by Rev. Henry W. Winkley, at Saco, York county.

LTMN^EA DESIDIOSA var. PLICA Lea.

Collected in Buckfield, Oxford County, by John A. Allen.

PLANORBIS HIRSUTUS Gld. (= albus Mull) and P. DEFLECTUS Say.

Were inadvertently omitted from my published list. The former

has been reported from Aroostook, Knox and Penobscot counties ;

the latter from Aroostook, Knox, Oxford and Penobscot counties.

VERTIGO NYLANDERI St.

Woodland, Aroostook Co. (Nylander). See NAUTILUS, Vol.

XXII, p. 107.

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

(Continued from Vol. XXVll, p. 91.)

FUSCONAJA ASKEWI (Marsh). (See : Quadrula a. Simpson, 1900,

p. 786.)

A number of specimens, among them males, sterile and gravid

females, from Sabine River, Logansport, De Soto Par., Louisiana,

were received from D. S. Frierson, mostly collected on August 1,

1912, but one gravid female was collected on September 21.

In all females (altogether eleven) all four gills had marsupial

structure, and in five gravid ones all four gills were charged. But in

one gravid individual only the outer gills contained glochidia; but

the inner gills had distinctly marsupial structure. Since there were

placentae and fragments of them in the suprabranchial canals and the

cloaca cavity, this specimen was caught in the act of discharging.

The breeding season probably ends in August, but the gravid spec-

Jmen, with glochidia, collected on September 21, is remarkable. It

THE NAUT1LCS. 21

seems that in lower latitudes the breeding time does not depend

strictly on the season. For instance, I have a gravid female, with

eggs, of Fusconaja undata (Barnes) from the Ouachita River, Arka-

delphia, Clark Co.. Arkansas, collected by H. E. Wheeler on Sep-

tember 3, 1912, while another one, recorded previously (Ortmanm

1912, p. 241) was obtained in the same condition March 21, 1911.

F- askewi has a short mantle connection between anal and supra-

anal, which was absent (torn?) in a few cases. Anal with very fine

papillae, branchial with distinct papilla?. Inner lamina of inner gills

free from abdominal sac, except at anterior end. Posterior margins

of palpi connected for about one-half of their length or a little less.

In the female, all four gills are marsupial. Placentae well devel-

oped, subcylindrical, and, according to a communication from Frier-

son, red " in most cases." Glochidia without hooks, semielliptical,

higher than long. Length, 0.13, height, 0.15 mm.

Color of soft parts partly destroyed in alcohol, but there are indi-

cations that mantle edge, adductors, and foot, had a more or less

pronounced tendency to be orange-brown. Frierson informs me,

that in life the soft parts may be orange or whitish.

This species clearly belongs in the undata-trigona-rubiginosa

group, and is not at all related to the species with which it has been

placed by Simpson (1900, p. 786), at any rate, it is not related to

Elliptio beadleianus (Lea) (see Ortmann, 1. c. p. 268), although it

resembles this species somewhat in the shell; but this is clearly a

case of convergency.

CRENODONTA PEKPLICATA (Conrad) (See Ortmann, 1912, p. 248).

A gravid female, with glochidia, was received from H. E. Wheeler,

from the " Old River " of the Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Clark

Co., Arkansas, collected June 26, 1911. Another discharging

female, is at hand from Sabine River, Logansport, De Sota Par.,

Louisiana, collected by L. S. Frierson, August 1, 1912.

Also in this species the breeding season seems to be subject to

considerable variation : ripe glochidia are present as early as June

26, and as late as August 6.

The glochidia of the present specimens are absolutely like those

observed previously. Length, 0.20; height, 0.21 mm.

QUADRULA PUSTULATA (Lea) (See Simpson, 1900, p. 781).

Wabash River, New Harmony, Posey Co., Indiana, collected

22 THE NAUTILUS.

Aug. 8, 1912, by A. A. Hinkley. Aside from several very young

ones, the sex of which could not be ascertained, there were two large

males, and a gravid female, discharging glochidia. The date (Aug.

8) indicates the end of the breeding season.

Anal opening separated from the supraanal by a short mantle-

connection, but in the largest male the two openings are united, the

mantle-connection being undoubtedly torn. Anal with the inner

edge almost smooth, branchial with distinct papillae. Posterior

margins of palpi connected for about one-half of their length.

Inner lamina of inner gills free from the abdominal sac, except at

anterior end. In the female, all four gills are marsupial. The

shape of the placentae could not be observed, since the female was

discharging, and the glochidia filled the suprabranchial canals and

cloacal cavity in large, loose masses. But many glochidia were yet

lodged in all four gills.

Glochidia subovate, higher than long, of medium size. Length,

0.20; height, 0.24 mm.

Color of soft parts apparently of the whitish type.

This is a true Quadrula, allied in its shell characters to Q. lach-

rymosa (Lea). From Q. pustu/osa (Lea) it is rather sharply dis-

tinguished by the glochidia, which are considerably larger in the

latter species, 0.23 X 0.30 according to Lefevre and Curtis (Journ.

Exp. Zool., 1910, p. (J8, fig. 1, F), while I found them (in speci-

mens from "West Virginia) to be 0.22 X 0.29 mm.

(To be continued.}

NOTES.

ANOTHER GIANT SQUID IN MONTEREY BAY. — Since the publi-

cation of my note in the NAUTILUS of February, 1912, I have been

informed of the occurrence of another big squid in the same region

as the one previously reported. Hoping to secure further details, I

laid the note to one side, but as no further data have been forth-

coming, it may be well to publish the record that it may not be lost.

Such information as I have been able to obtain was furnished to

Dr. Harold Heath of Stanford University by Mr. K. Hovden, Man-

ager of the Booth Canning Company at Monterey, who happened to

be fortunate enough to see the specimen.

About October 12, 1912, some Italian fishermen in Monterey Bay

T11IO NAUTILUS. 23

encountered and captured an immense squid, thereupon bringing it

to shore. Its gross measurements I have been unable to ascertain,

but the animal is stated to have weighed close to 500 pounds. The

arms were about a yard long, and the general color of the animal a

dark red. Mr. Hovden endeavored to purchase the specimen for

five dollars, but this sum was refused by the fishermen, who devoured

the prize raw — S. S. BERRY.

LARGE SQUID on the Oregon coast, is thus reported by the New-

port (Oregon) Journal. — Mrs. C. L. Hansen, wife of the lightkeeper

at Heceta lighthouse, 30 miles south of here, and her daughter dis-

covered a squid half out on the rock but a few yards away. Several

of the long tentacles were reaching further, while the ugly head with

the parrot-like beak was well out of water. The huge goggle eyes

were fixed upon the two people. Mrs. Hansen called to her husband,

and the squid slipped back into the water as he approached. It

could be plainly seen, however, alongside the rock. Mrs. Hansen

then called Fred Deroy, the assistant keeper, and with a long gaff

hook and grappling rakes the two men succeeded in landing and

killing the monster. The tentacles were seven feet long and the

body 28 inches, making it over 16 feet from tip to tip. The body

proper was over six feet long and of mottled brown color. It had a

diamond-shaped tail about 27 inches across.

NOTE ON TIIE CLASSIFICATION OF THE ANCYLIDAE. — Dear

Editors: The receipt of the February number of the NAUTILUS has

recalled to my attention the fact that for nearly two years I have

before me without opportunity to complete it a paper on the classifi-

cation of the Ancylidae that had circumstances been otherwise would

have prevented a serious misunderstanding on the part of Mr.

Walker of my ideas on the ancestry of the fresh-water limpets. That

Grabau's statement that " our modern patelliform species are prob-

ably not primitive types " is, I think, plausible, but it is nevertheless

true that several families of the fresh-water pulmonates show by their

development a much more recent simple patelliform stage such as I

described that probably does not have anything to do with the prim-

itive stage indicated by Grabau.

I very much doubt that the dextral genera Lanx, Fisherola,

Laevapex, Acroloxus and Gundlachia are actually as closely related

to Ancylus, Brondelia, and Ancylastrum as supposed. The latter

24 THE NAUTILUS.

genera in their late development, if they do not maintain it to matur-

ity, possess a coiled shell and upon this the limpet-like shell of

Ancylus is secondarily developed. It may be further noticed that

these latter genera are all sinstral and I am under the impression

that the anatomy corresponds closely. At any event it is quite dif-

ferent from that of Lanx, Laevapex (Ferrissia) and Gundlachia,

which do not show any evidence in their post-embryological develop-

ment that they ever possessed a coiled shell though I suspect they

did at one time far back in their history. I have been hoping to

study the early development of one of these genera but it is a little

out of my line at present. The latter genera should, I think, at

least be segregated in another family, the Laevapecidae, with sub-

families Laevapecincz and LancincB, and probably another subfamily

for the secondarily coiled forms that may belong here. In this case

my statement regarding the simple patelliform ancestors would refer

to this family since it was the development of these and not that of

the Old World group that I studied.

In regard to the generic classification of the Laevapecidas there is

opportunity for considerable disagreement of opinion. I ' have called

attention to the fact that in Lanx, Fisherola and Zalophancylus the

sculpture is solely concentric and the apex lies along the medial line,

the genera being distinguished chiefly by the position of the apex,

which may be central, sub-central, or terminal, arbitrary characters

perhaps, but ones which run through a number of species that seem

to group together in other respects. In Gundlachia, Kincaiditta*

Laevapex, and Ferrissia the problem is much more difficult. I am

not by any means sure that I can always tell a non-septate Gund-

lachia or Kincaidilla from a Ferrissia. Our local species look easy;

but after comparing Walker's figures of African Ferrissias I would

not hesitate to call most of the latter non-septate Gundlachias,

though I believe Walker knows Ferrissias better than I do.

I am sorry that Walker has not examined the post-embryonic

stages of some large Ferrissia that actually shows the development

from Laevapex. Both Ferrissia and Lanx show unmistakable indi-

cations of derivation from a very low-spired form such as is repre-

sented by Laevapex and Walkerola respectively, as I have observed

in at least two species in the former genus and three in the latter.

This form I should regard as the least specialized modern type

among the Laevapecidse — HAROLD HANNIBAL.

!Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond. x, 1912, p. 147 ff.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVIII. JULY, 1914. No. 3

THE MARINE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA FROM THE VICINITY OF BOLINAS

BAY, CALIFORNIA.

BY BRUCE L. CLARK.

Bolinas Bay lies about ten miles to the north of the Golden

Gate. It is one of the few coves along the rocky coast of Marin

County where good collections of marine shells may be ob-

tained. W. M. Wood in vol. xi, no. 5, p. 49 the NAUTILUS, de-

scribes Bolinas Bay as the " Conchologist's Paradise;" cer-

tainly there are very few places along the coast of middle

California where specimens may be found in such great

abundance.

At Bolinas we find two different types of shore line, the long

spit which nearly cuts off the bay from the ocean and the

rocky beach. Duxbury Eeef, about two miles to the south-

west of the town of Bolinas, extends out into the ocean for

over a mile. This is bared at low tide and is one of the best

localities that can be imagined for collecting certain rock-lov-

ing species. For a more complete description of this locality

the reader is referred to the paper mentioned above.

In March, 1913, the Pacific Conchological Club took a trip

to Bolinas Bay for the purpose of making collections at that

point. The material collected on this excursion was turned

over to the writer for determination. This collection was con-

siderably augmented by Mr. Daniel Emery, who visited Boli-

nas Bay at a later date. He collected out on the reef and

26

THE NAUTILUS.

obtained certain species that had never been reported in this

vicinity before.

The list of species given below is the largest ever reported

from Bolinas Bay. It includes a number of forms that had

heretofore not been reported as far north. Two other lists of

species from this locality have been published, one by Robt. E.

C. Stearns in 1866, the other by W. M. Woods in 1897. Mr.

Stearns published a list of eighty-three marine species.1 Mr.

Wood, to whose paper reference has already been made, listed

seventy-nine species. The number of species in the collection

of the Pacific Conchological Club is ninety-seven. To this

may be added those listed by Stearns and Wood and not found

in the Pacific Conchological Club collections, making a total

of one hundred and twenty-seven species from this locality.

Species collected at Bolinas Bay by the Pacific Conchological

Club.

Amphineura

Ischnochiton raymoudi Pils.

Cryptochiton stelleri Midd.

Mopalia vespertina Gould

Mopalia muscosa Gould

Pelecypoda

Adula falcata Gould

Adula stylina Carpenter

Anomia lampe Gray

Cardita subquadrata Carpen-

ter

Cardium corbis Martyn

Chama exogyra Conrad

Chama pellucida Sowerby

Cryptomya ealiforuica Con-

rad

Macoma balthica Linnaeus

Macoma cf. inflatula Dall

Macoma inquinata Deshayes

Macoma nasuta Conrad

Macoma secta Conrad

Macoma, n. sp. ?

Modiola recta Conrad

Monia macrochisma Deshayes

Mytilus californicus Conrad

Mytilus edulus Linnaeus

Paphia tenerrima Carpenter

Paphia staminea Conrad

Paphia staminea rugerata

Desh.

Paphia staminea Conrad var.

orbella

Parapholas californicus Con-

rad

Petricola carditoides Conrad

Pecten giganteus Gray

Pecten hastatus Sowerby

Pholadidea penita Conrad

Platydon cancellatus Conrad

Saxicava pholadis Linnaeus

1 Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. iii, p. 275.

THE NAUTILUS.

27

Saxicava rugosa Linnaeus

Saxidomus uuttalli Conrad

Schizothagrus nuttalli Conrad

Seniele mbropicta Dall

Siliqua Incida Conrad

Siliqua nuttalli Conrad

Solen sicareus Gould

Spisula catilliformis Conrad

Tellina bodegensis Hinds

Tellina button! Dall

Zirphea crispata Linnaeus

Xylotrya setacea Tryou

Gasteropoda

Acmaga asmi Middendorf

Acniaea scabra Eschscholtz

Acmasa spectrum Reeve

Acmasa mitra Eschscholtz

Acmasa pelta Eschscholtz

Acmasa patina Eschscholtz

Acanthina engonata Conrad

Amalthea cranoides Carpen-

ter

Amphissa corrugata Reeve

Amphissa versicolor Dall

Bittium eschrichti Midd.

Calliostoma costatum Martyn,

Cerithidea califomica Hald.

Chrysodomus dims Reeve

Columbella (Astyris) gausa-

pata Gould

Columbella (Astyris) gausa-

pata carinata Hinds

Crepidula adunca Sowerby

Crepidula nivea Gould

Species collected by Robt. E.

not found in the collection of

Amphineura

Tonicella lineata Wood

Diala sp.?

Epitonium indianorum Hinds

Fissuridea aspera Esch.

Haliotus rufescens Swains

Haliotus cracherodii Leach

Lacuna porrecta exaequata

Carpenter

Littorina planaxis Philippi

Littorina scutulata Gould

Margarites acuticostatus Cpr.

Megatebennus bimaculatus

Dall

Nassa cooperi Forbs

Nassa fossata Gould

Nassa mendica Gould

Nassa perpinguis Gould

Ocinebra lurida munda Cpr.

Ocinebra lurida Middendorf

Ociuebra interfossa Cpr.

Odostomia tenuis Carpenter

Olivella biplicata Sowerby

Olivella intorta Carpenter

Polynices lewisii Gould

Polynices draconica Dall

Purpura foliata Gould

Tegula funebrale A. Adams

Tegula brunuea Philippi

Tegula montereyi Kien

Tegula pulligo Martyn

Thais lamellosa Gmelin

Thais lima Martyn

Thais saxicola Valenciennes

Turris incisa Carpenter

Turris ophiderma Dall

C. Stearns at Bolinas Bay and

the Pacific Conchological Club.

Pelecypoda

Clidiophora sp.

28

THE NAUTILUS.

Macoma secta var.edulis Nutt.

Pholadidea ovoidea Gould

Semele nibiolineata ' ' auct.

non Conrad"

Venempis lamellifera Con.

Gasteropoda

Acmaea insessa Hinds (Na-

cella insessa Hinds)

Acmaea instabilis Gld. (Na-

cella instabilis Gld.)

Acmaea triangnlaris Cpr.1

Fissuridea murina Dall (Gly-

phis densiclathrata Rve.)

Species collected by W. M. Wood at Bolinas Bay and not

found in the Pacific Conchological Club collections or

in the list given by Stearns.

Lacuna unifasciata Cpr.

Lacuna solidula Sby.

Muricidea californica Hinds

Murex trialatus Sowerby

Ocinebra lurida Midd. var.

aspera Bairs

Tegula montereyi Kien

(Chlorostoma pfeifferi

Phil.)

Thais lamellosa var. ostrina

Gould

Amphineura

Mopalia hiudsii

Pelecypoda

Entodesma saxicola Baird

Kellia laperousii Deshayes

Lithophagus plumulata Hani.

Lyonsia californica Conrad

Mytilimeria nuttalli Conrad

Pholadidea parva Tryon

Saxicava arctica Linn.

Gasteropoda

Crepidula navicelloides Nut-

tall (C. nivea Gould)

Haliotes fulgens Phil.

Hippouyx tumens (Amalthea

tumeus Cpr.)

Margarites pupilla Qould

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

(Continued from page 22.)

LEXINGTONIA nov. gen.

Shell subquadrate or subtrapezoidal, with slightly elevated

beaks, and well developed hinge teeth. Beaks not much an-

According to Keep probably a variety of A. paleacea Gld.

THE NAUTILUS. 29

terior. Outer surface without sculpture. Epidermis lighter

or darker brownish, with rather indistinct rays, which are

narrower or wider, and do not break up into blotches. Beak

sculpture distinct, consisting of rather numerous (six to

eight), rather crowded, subconcentric ridges, which form an

indistinct, rounded angle upon the posterior ridge, and are

in front of this somewhat wavy and corrugated, but without

showing any distinct zigzag pattern. Toward the disk, they

disappear. Nacre whitish or pinkish.

Soft parts more or less orange. Anal separated from the

supraanal by a well-developed mantle connection, which is

shorter than the anal. Anal with small, but distinct papillae,

branchial with somewhat larger papillae. Inner lamina of

inner gills free. Only the outer gills are marsupial in the

female, when gravid, they swell but little, and the placentae

are 'subcylindrical (not compressed and lanceolate), rather

solid, and of red color. Glochidia semielliptical, of medium

size, without hooks.

Type : Unio siibplanus Conrad.

This genus stands near Pleurobema and Elliptic, and differs

from either chiefly by the subcylindrical, red placentae, and

by the beak sculpture. The placentae resemble much those of

Fusconaja, but this genus has all four gills marsupial, and the

beak sculpture is much more simple. In the beak sculpture,

Lexingtonia is peculiar, and might even be said to approach

Rotundaria, The general shape of the shell much resembles

that of Fusconaja nibiginosa (Lea). Lexingtonia apparently

is a collective type, uniting characters found in several other

genera, with one character of its own (beak sculpture), and

thus the best way out of the difficulty is to create a new genus,

which stands between Fusconaja on the one side, and Pleuro-

bema and Elliptic on the other.

LEXINGTONIA SUBPLANA (Conrad). (Unio subplanus Con-

rad, Monogr. Union. 9, 1837, p. 73, pi. 41, f. 1, from " branch

of James River" (== North Eiver), Lexington, Rockbridge

Co., Va.— Simpson, Pr. IT. S. Mus., 22, 1900, p. 720: "North

Carolina and Virginia").

I found seven specimens of this species. One was found at

30 THE NAUTILUS.

the type-locality on June 7, 1912, and proved to be a gravid

female, with the glochidia fully developed. The others were

found about 7 or 8 miles below in North River, above Buena

Vista, Rockbridge Co., Va. : 2 males, 2 sterile, and 2 gravid

females, one of the latter with eggs, the other with the glo-

chidia just beginning to form. The largest is a male, length

40.5, height 27.5, diameter 13.5 mm., the next largest, a female,

measures, length 40, height 27, diameter 15 mm.

The shape of the shell is somewhat variable : Conrad's figure

represents a rather long specimen ; I have such specimens, but

others are shorter. The figure shows no trace of rays, but

sometimes these are rather distinct.

In Simpson's system (1. c., pp. 719-720), this species forms

the group of U. striatulus, together with three others: stria-

tulus Lea, amabilis Lea, and brimleyi Wright. I have no

doubt that these are indeed closely allied, and should not be

astonished, if they finally should prove to be all the same spe-

cies. Of striatulus and brimleyi I am rather strongly inclined

to think that is the case.

The essential characters of the soft parts have been men-

tioned in the description of the genus. It should be noted

that the mantle connection between anal and supraanal is

present in all of my specimens, and although shorter than the

anal, is better developed than in the species of Fusconaja,

Quadrula, Plethobasus, and Pleurobema. The comparatively

distinct papillae of the anal should also be noted.

The color of the abdominal sac and the gills is grayish-

white; foot paler or darker orange, adductors pale orange.

The charged outer gills of the gravid female are bright red

(like those of Fusconaja rubiginosa) . Also the gonads are

red. Placentae subcyliudrical, sometimes very slightly com-

pressed, but only near the base ; they are rather solid and can

easily be taken out entire, even when glochidia are present.

Glochidia semielliptical, without hooks. Length and height

the same, 0.18 mm.

PLEUROBEMA FRIERSONI (B. H. Wright) (See: Quadrula fr.

Simpson, 1900, p. 787).

A number of specimens of typical friersoni were received

THE NAUTILUS. 31

from L. S. Frierson, collected August 1, 1912, in Sabine River,

Logansport, De Soto Par., La.

Others were sent by H. E. Wheeler from the Ouachita River,

Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Ark., collected at various dates.

Among them were two gravid females, collected May 19, 1911,

one with eggs, the other with unripe glochidia.

The specimens from. Ouachita River are not typical frier-

soni, but resemble this species greatly; they are quite var-

iable in shape, but in the average more oblique. Whatever

they are, the anatomy of these two forms is identical.

The structure of the soft parts is that of the genus Pleuro-

bema, with the outer gills only marsupial. The placentae are

lanceolate and compressed. Glochidia not fully mature, but

their shape could be made out ; they are semielliptical, higher

than long, approximate size, length 0.13, height 0.15 mm.

The soft parts seem to have been whitish in all.

This species belongs near to P. riddelU, as described by me

previously (1. s., p. 262). I first thought they were this species,

till Mr. Frierson called my attention to friersoni, and I think

he is right. Whether the specimens from Jackson, Miss., are

actually riddelli, remains to be seen.

PLEUROBEMA FASSINANS (Lea) (See: Simpson, 1900, p. 762).

A number of specimens from North Fork Holston River,

Saltville, Smyth Co., Va., collected by myself on September

17, 1912.

Anal opening separated from the supraanal by a short

mantle-connection, its inner edge with fine papillae. Bran-

chial with larger papillae. Posterior margins of palpi con-

nected for about one-half of their length. Inner lamina of

inner gills free from abdominal sac, except at anterior end.

In the female (many were examined) only the outer gills are

marsupial, having much more crowded septa than the inner

gills. No gravid females were found.

In all specimens, the soft parts were grayish-white to pale-

brown ; in one case, foot and adductor muscles have been

marked as orange-brown. None of the shells has been marked

as having had red gonads.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

The natural affinities of this species remain yet to be inves-

tigated. It seems to be a true Pleurobema, but represents, in

the shell, a peculiar type, which has no closer relation to any

of those, of which the soft parts are known.

ELLIPTIC LANCEOLATUS (Lea) (See: Unio lane.., Simpson, 1900,

p. 734).

I collected, on June 3, 1912, two specimens, one a gravid

female, in Mountain Run, Culpeper, Culpeper Co., Va., and

about a dozen, part of them gravid, on June 5, 1912, in Rapi-

dan River, Rapidan, Culpeper Co., Va. All gravid females

had eggs, and thus the beginning of the breeding season falls

probably in May.

Structure of soft parts identical with that of E. complana-

tus, and chiefly with E. product us, agreeing with the latter in

the rather long mantle-connection between anal and supra-

anal (almost as long as anal). (See : Ortmann, 1812, p. 270.)

Structure of marsupium in the gravid female as described in

E. complanatus ; only the outer gills are marsupial, the eggs

are whitish, forming rather distinct, lanceolate and com-

pressed placentae.

UNIOPICTORUM (Linnaeus) (See: Ortmann, 1912, p. 274).

In 1911, I have received from W. Israel a number of gravid

specimens from Germany. They were collected on May 12,

15, 22, 27, and 28, 1911. Some of those collected on May 22,

27, and 28 had glochidia, and on May 22 some were in the act

of discharging.

The investigation of the marsupium shows that the outer

gills are only moderately swollen, when charged, and that the

edge remains sharp and is not distended. The eggs form

lanceolate and compressed placentae, which are not very

solid, and when glochidia are developed, there is no or very

little cohesion between them; they fall easily apart and pass

out of the suprabranchial canals in loose, irregular masses.

No traces of lateral water canals have been observed, and the

ovisacs remain open below.

The glochidia are of the Anodonta-type, as was known

THE NAUTILUS. 33

before, being subtriangular in outline, and having hooks. But

they are rather small, length and height being about equal,

0.21 rnm. This is entirely at variance with the statement of

Harms (Zool. Jahrb. Anat., 28, 1909, p. 332) and Haas (Pr.

Malacol. Soc. London, 9, 1910), quoted in my text, p. 275, that

they are 0.29 mm. long. But possibly this is simply a slip of

the pen or a misprint.

UNIO TUMIDUS Eetzius.

I have gravid specimens, received from W. Israel, collected

in Germany on May 22 and 27, 1911. One of the first date

had unripe glochidia.

The structure of the soft parts is exactly like that of U. pic-

torum. The glochidia are immature, and the hooks are not

yet developed. In general shape they resemble much those of

U. pictorum, but they seem to be smaller, 0.19 mm. ; but this

should be confirmed by the measurements of ripe glochidia.

UNIO CRASSUS Retzius.

W. Israel sent me gravid females from Germany, collected

on May 2, 12, 25, 26, and on June 6 and July 21, 1911. Glo-

chidia were found in specimens collected on May 26 and June

6, on the latter date they were being discharged. In addition,

a single gravid female with eggs was collected on December

24, 1910, but this is regarded by W. Israel as an exceptional

case. Also the date July 21 appears as somewhat abnormal.

The normal breeding season apparently lasts from April to

June.

Also here the structure is similar to that of U. pictorum.

Placentae distinct only, when eggs are present, and not very

solid. In the discharging female the glochidia were in the

suprabranchial canals in loose, irregular masses. Glochidia

of the same shape as in U. pictorum, but slightly smaller, and

less high in proportion to length ; length 0.19-0.20, height 0.18-

0.19.

THE WATER CANALS IN THE MARSUPIUM OF THE ANODONTINAE.

Lefevre and Curtis (Bull. Bur. Fisher, 30, 1912, p. 133) re-

gard the lateral or secondary water canals ("respiratory

34 THE NAUTILUS.

canals") of the charged marsupium of the Anodontinae as a

special device for aeration, not of the embryos, as I believe,

but of the blood of the gravid female, the mother. Their ar-

gument is, that it is hard to see that a canal shut off from the

embryos by a membrane could increase the facilities of aera-

tion. I think, this argument rests upon a complete misunder-

standing of the requirements and actual conditions; a canal,

which permits a circulation of water within the gill, although

separated from the embryos by a thin membrane, surely gives

a better chance for aeration of the embryos, than the complete

absence of such a canal, and, consequently, the complete ab-

sence of any water circulation within the marsupial gill. The

mass of embryos inside of the water tubes is of such a char-

acter, that it would completely choke up the ostia, and there

would be only a water current over the outer faces of the gill,

separated from the embryos by the whole thickness of the

gill-lamina, which is considerable. For this reason, I em-

phatically must maintain my first opinion, that the lateral

water tubes have the function of furnishing breathing water

for the embryos and glochidia, and not for the mother.

(To be continued.)

A. C. BILLUPS.

Mr. A. C. Billups died early in June at his home in Law-

renceburg, Indiana. He was known to couchologists as an

ardent collector of shells, his chief interest being in fresh-

water species. Besides his conchological work, Mr. Billups

was known as an entomologist, a pursuit in which he took

especial delight and satisfaction. In his business as a mechan-

ical engineer, Mr. Billups traveled extensively for a time, in-

stalling power plants of various kinds; and this gave many

opportunities for collecting in those branches of natural his-

tory which interested him. It also gave opportunities for

personal intercourse with brother naturalists, many of whom

will hear of his death with sincere sorrow. Mr. Billups is sur-

vived by his wife and son, Mr. C. F. Billups.

THE NAUTILUS. 35

NOTES.

MR. T. VAN HYNING has recently been appointed Librarian

of the Experimental Station, and Director of the Museum of

the Florida State University ; his address is now, Florida State

University, Gainesville, Florida.

MODIOLUS DEMISSUS Dillw. and var. GRANOSISSIMUS Sby.—

Dr. Dall, in the Trans. Wagner Inst., iii, 796, 797, has pointed

out that Modiola plicatula Lam. (An. s. Vert., vi, 1819, p.

113) is preceded by Mytilus demissus Dillw., Descr. Cat. Rec.

Shells, Vol. I, 1817, p. 314, described from Virginia and Caro-

lina. He suggests using the name demissa for the southern

form with beaded sculpture, and plicatula for the northern

specimens with smoother ribs. All the examples from the Caro-

linas loaned to me by Mr. Mazyck were the same as the north-

ern specimens; so, unless the beaded form actually is also

found in Carolina, the name granosissima Sowerby (Proc.

Mai. Soc. London, xi, 1914, p. 9) from Andaras, S. America,

and Florida, will have to be used for the Florida beaded var-

iety. M. plicatula will then become a synonym of demissa

Dillw. — E. G. VANATTA.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

ON THE ANATOMY OF CONUS TULIPA LINN, AND CONUS TEX-

TILE LINN. By H. 0. N. Shaw (The Quarterly Journal of

Microscopical Science, Vol. 60, pt. 1, pp. 1-60, April, 1914).

A clear and concise account of the anatomy of these two in-

teresting shells, illustrated by 6 plates and 12 text-figures.

ANATOMIE DBS CLAUSILIES DANOISES, I, LES ORGANES GENI-

TAUX. Par C. M. Steenberg (Mindeskrift for Japetus Steen-

strup, xxix, pp. 1-44, 1914). A well worked-out study, full of

interest to workers in the anatomy of land snails.

THE PLIOCENE MOLLUSC A OF GREAT BRITAIN. By F. W.

Harmer (Palaeontographical Society, 1913, pt. 1, pp. 1-200,

36 THE NAUTILUS.

pi. 1-24, Feb., 1914). This part covers the non-marine species

and a portion of the marine Gasteropoda. The author's treat-

ment of Buccinuni and allied genera is very interesting. Of

B. undatum 12 varieties are recognized. To the form which

is also found on the eastern coast of North America the var-

ietal name of littoralis King (1846) is used. There is appar-

ently an older name for this form — undulatum Moller

(Kroyer's Tidsskrift, vol. iv, p. 84, 1842) which was adopted

by Stimpson. Some sixteen other species of Buccinuni are

described and figured, including a number found living on the

Banks of Newfoundland. A new genus Searlesia is proposed

for the group of which Trophon costifera S. V. Wood is the

type.1 The Chrysodomus dirus Eeeve =i«cmts Old. =sit-

kensis Midd. of the Pacific coast probably belongs to this

genus. Neptunea decemcostata Say is considered a variety of

N. despecta Linne. The author is very conservative, using

most of the older generic names, rather than those now adopted

by most conchologists. The work is indispensable to one

studying the boreal fauna, from the intimate relation of

British Pliocene with recent North Atlantic species. The

figures are excellent phototypes. — C. W. J.

LAND SHELLS FROM THE TERTIARY OF WYOMING. By T. D.

A. Cockerell. (Bull. Arner. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 33, pp. 323-

325.) Professor Cockerell's studies in tertiary insects and

land shells of the Rocky Mountain region are giving us

glimpses of a fauna of surpassing interest. His last paper

describes several types new to America. Protoboysia is a

Pupoid snail with the last whorl running up the spire nearly

to the summit ; length and width 31/2 mm. It differs from the

Indian Boysia by a peculiar construction of the last whorl.

Boysia sinclairi and B. phenacodorum are forms which ' ' can-

not at present be distinguished from Boysia." With these

species which certainly seem to have Oriental relations, were

found a Vitrea, a Thysanophora, Pyramidula ralstonensis and

Oreohelix megarche. All are from the Clark's Fork Basin. —

H. A. P.

'The species of Searlesia resembles Urosalpinx rather closely. It is re-

markable that so large a number (12) should be found in one restricted area.

THE NAUTILUS, XXVI11.

PLATE II

OO U. 1 T"l <? V-OJ S -<-< ~

1, 2. PUPILLA MUSCORUM XEROBIA P1LSBRY.

3. AGRIOLIMAX GUATEMALENSIS CROSSE & FISCHER.

4. AGRIOLIMAX G. MOTAGUENSIS COCKERELL.

5. LUCIDELLA TANTILLA PILSBRY. VAR.

6-8. V1TRINELLA SHIMERI CLAPP.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVIII. AUGUST, 1914. No. 4

SHELLS OF DURAN, NEW MEXICO.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

When enroute for El Paso, over the Eock Island road, in

August, 1910, Mr. L. E. Daniels, and the writer stopped four

hours at the station of Duran, Torrance Co., N. M. This

place lies about 75 or 80 miles southeast from Albuquerque,

at an elevation of 6272 ft., and was selected because it is near

the highest point crossed by the C. R. I. & P. road. We had

thought it rather a pity to ride through the State without

trying out the collecting. After trying Duran we felt recon-

ciled to go on.

The most promising place seemed to be a large, steep, flat-

topped butte about a mile south of the station. It proved to

be composed of level-bedded white sandstone, the lower slopes

stony. We found shells most abundant under large flat stones

near the top of the north side. The sides and top are thickly

covered with scrubby junipers, some pinyons and a little knee-

high scrub-oak. We noted several cacti -- Cereus, Echino-

cactus, Opuntia and Cylindropuntia, and a couple of small

ferns ; also a small species of Yucca and a filamentous Agave.

From the top one sees low ranges and isolated barren buttes.

From about Santa Rosa to Corona the railroad runs through

similar sandstone country, modeled by erosion. At Corona,

the highest point, the road crosses one of the ranges of sand-

38 THE NAUTILUS.

stone hills. Probably the snails we found are a fair sample

of the fauna of all this country.

Zonit aides minuscula alachuana (Ball). One specimen.

Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey. Very abundant.

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Much less common.

Pupilla muscorum xerobia, Pils. Moderately abundant.

Bifidaria pellucida hordeacella (Pils.). Very abundant.

Bifidaria, pilsbryi Sterki. Two specimens.

PUPILLA MUSCORUM XEROBIA n. subsp. PL II, figs. 1, 2.

Shell small, very short, composed of 5Vs whorls, the last

three forming the cylindric portion, those above forming a

very short, obtuse cone ; last whorl ascending a little, having

a stout buff crest behind the thin, well-expanded lip. There

is a small, short, parietal lamella but no other teeth. Length

2.5, diam. 1.5 mm.

Types 110. 104005 A. N. S. P. from Duran, N. M. Others

of the same lot in collections of L. E. Daniels and J. H. Ferriss.

Mr. Vauatta looked over the collection of the Academy and

reports that he found the same small race from the following

localities, all in Colorado. Trinidad, Pilsbry and Ferriss,

1906. Magnolia, Boulder Co., 8000 ft., D. McAndrews.

Estes Park, E. H. Aslimun. Black Lake Creek, T. D. A.

Cockerell. Near Golden, 7000 ft., E. E. Hand.

The length varies from 2.25 to 2.75 mm. in the lot taken at

Duran.

A NEW FOSSIL VITRINELLA, FROM BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS.

BY WILLIAM F. CLAPP.

Through the kindness of Dr. H. W. Shimer of the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology I have been able to

examine some of the material he has received from the ex-

cavation for the Boylston street subway, Boston, Mass. The

results of Dr. Shimer 's investigations concerning the marine

THE NAUTILUS. 39

fauna which formerly flourished in this region, will appear in

a forthcoming publication of the Boston Society of Natural

History. I therefore confine myself to the description of a

new mollusk which occurs quite plentifully in the material

submitted to me, referring those desiring further informa-

tion regarding its age and the species with which it was found

associated, to the publication mentioned above.

VlTRINELLA SHIMERI, Sp. nOV. PL II, figS. 6, 7, 8.

Shell small, white, solid, depressed, whorls three, the ulti-

mate rapidly enlarging; smooth above, beneath with about

eighteen deeply incised lines radiating from the umbilical re-

gion. Suture distinct, umbilicus small, deep, aperture very

oblique, circular, not modified by previous whorl, peritreme

not continuous, modified to a more or less thin glaze on body

whorl, outer lip simple, columellar lip greatly thickened in the

direction of and encroaching on the umbilical region. Great-

est diameter 1.25 mm., height .5 mm.

It is most readily distinguished from other Vitrinellas, by

the radiating lines of the base, caused by the folding back of

the thickened inner lip at regular stages of growth. Viewed

from above the strongly curved continuation of the outer lip

from the suture to the periphery, is more noticeable than in

any related species.

The genus Vitrinella has been restricted by Miss Katharine

J. Bush (Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., vol. 10, 1897) to a group

of " small more or less hyaline " shells, etc. While V. shimeri

can not possibly be considered as hyaline it agrees well with

all of the other characters of the genus. It is possible that

its solid opaque appearance may be the result of the age

of the specimens. No species of Vitrinella have been pre-

viously recorded from New England.

Associated with Nassa obsoleta, Mulinia lateralis, Odostomia

bisuturaUs, My a arenaria and Macoma balthica. V. shimeri

belonged to the " between tide" fauna of what were formerly

the Charles River flats.

Type: Museum of Comparative Zoology, no. 2600. Para-

types: U. S. National Museum, Boston Society of Natural

40 THE NAUTILUS.

History, Mass. Institute of Technology, Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS SYMPHYNOTA, LEA.

BY L. S. PRIERSON.

In 1819 Rafinesque proposed the genus Proptera, and the

only described species placed in it by him was the Unio alata

Say, which has thus been accepted as type of the genus ever

since. Evidently unaquainted with Rafinesque 's writings at

the time, Dr. Lea, ten years afterwards (1829) proposed an

almost identical genus, Symphynota, and named as type, the

same shell, Unio alatus! (Obs. vol. 1, page 38). The genus

Symphynota therefore is a synonym, pure and simple, and

Simpson's and other's use of the name, no doubt arose from

overlooking the fact that Lea originally took U. alatus as type.

This being so, those species placed in Symphynota by Simpson

(Synopsis 1900, pages 662-666) must be placed in the genus

Lasmigona Rafinesque, 1831. Type L. costata Rafinesque

(1820).

In the May (1914) NAUTILUS, page 7, I proposed the term

Simpsonaias for Hemflastina. This name has been preoccu-

pied however, and for it I propose the term Simpsoniconcha,

in honor of Mr. C. T. Simpson.

VOLVIDENS, NEW GENUS.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON.

I am often puzzled by the generic names applied by authors

to many of the small species of Antillean land-shells ; as in the

case of the Cuban " Thysanophora" tichostoma Pfr., a fairly

common species of the Matanzas and Havana Provinces. So

far I have never succeeded in capturing a living specimen of

this and therefore cannot seek the aid of an anatomist in deter-

THE NAUTILUS. 41

mining its true position with final certainty. Obviously, how-

ever, it is not a Tkysanophora, — nor is it a Gastrodonta. It

cannot well be a Sagda, — nor Odontosagda, yet it seems to be

closely related to both. Its very prominent character of a

centrally placed continuous lamella on the parietal wall I

think justifies the creation of a genus to include it within

the subfamily Sagdincc. I therefore propose for it the new

genus, to be described for the present as follows:

VOLVIDENS, n. g.

Shell small, depressed, widely umbilicate, rather thin and

shining and of Zonites-like texture. Aperture with an inter-

nal sharply raised lamella centrally placed on the parietal

wall. Lip simple. Type : Helix tichostoma Pfr.

This lamella in fully adult specimens extends back about

one-half whorl. Back of this it appears to have been absorbed

but there are evidences of its existence from the early whorls.

It differs from all the Proserpinella group by its lack of an

apical callus.

I have not infrequently found in collections among lots of

V. tichostoma specimens of Strobilops hubbardi. To the

naked eye the two species appear very much alike, but they

can never be confused when examined under a glass. I have

seen no mention of the presence of this latter species in Cuba,

but I have found it in many localities in Havana and Pinar

del Rio Provinces, and it is quite likely it will be found

throughout the Antilles. Cuban specimens are smaller than

those from Florida, but otherwise identical.

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

(Continued from page 34.)

Genus : SYMPHYNOTA, subgenus ALASMENOTA nov. subgen.

This new subgenus is proposed for the species : Margaritana

holstonia Lea as type, which has been placed by Simpson

42 THE NAUTILUS.

(1900, p. 670) in the genus Alasmidonta. However, the chief

character of Alasmidonta is in the beak sculpture, which is

heavy and generally concentric, at the outmost with only a

slight indication of a sinus. And, further, some species of

Alasmidonta have a tendency to have the inner lamina of the

inner gill more or less connected with the abdominal sac (Ort-

mann, 1912, pp. 279, 280, 294). These are the only essential

characters which distinguish this genus from Symphynota

Lea.

Marg. holstonia has a beak sculpture which is not heavy,

consisting of four to six rather fine and sharp bars, the first

one or two subconcentric, the following ones sharply double

looped, the posterior loop smaller, separated from the anterior

by a deep, sharp, re-entering angle. This sculpture is iden-

tical with that of Symphynota compressa, viridis, and com-

planata. Aud, further, M. holstonia has the inner lamina of

the inner gills free from the abdominal sac, agreeing also in

this with Symphynota. Thus it is evident, this species should

be placed here.

Symphynota has three subgenera, according to Simpson, but

to none of these holstonia can be assigned, and thus it is best,

to create a new subgenus, Alasminota, for it. Its relation to

the other subgenera may be made clear by the following table :

Genus Symphynota Lea.

a1 Hermaphroditic. Cardinal and lateral teeth present. Beak

sculpture sharply double-looped. Shell subovate or sub-

trapezoidal, moderately long.

Subgenus: Symphynota Simpson.

a2 Gonochoristic. Cardinal teeth present, laterals rudiment-

ary or absent.

b1 Shell elongated elliptical, rather small. Surface with-

out sculpture. Beak sculpture sharply double-looped.

Subgenus: Alasminota Ortmann.

b2 Shell subrhomboid, subtrapezoidal, or subovate, moder-

ately long or short, quite large. Surface with more

or less developed sculpture of radiating ridges upon

the posterior slope.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

c1 Shell large, ovate-rhomboid, high and short. Beak

sculpture sharply double-looped. Radial ridges

upon posterior slope present or obsolete.

Subgenus : Pterosygna Rafinesque.

c2 Shell rather large, subrhomboidal or subtrapezoidal,

moderately long. Beak sculpture coarse, less dis-

tinctly double-looped (only sinuated). Radial

ridges upon posterior slope well developed.

Subgenus : Lasmigona Rafinesque.

SYMPHYNOTA (ALASMINOTA) HOLSTONIA (Lea) (See: Ala^smi-

donta h. Simpson, 1900, p. 670).

On September 19, 1912, I collected two males in Clinch

River, Tazewell, Tazewell Co., Va., and on September 20, one

gravid female, with glochidia, in the same river at Richland,

same county.

Anal separated from supraanal by a mantle-connection,

which is rather short, shorter than the anal, its inner edge dis-

tinctly crenulated. Branchial with papillae. Posterior mar-

gins of palpi united for about one-half of their length.

Inner lamina of inner gills free from abdominal sac, except

at anterior end. Structure of gills Anodontine : in the gravid

female, only the outer gills are marsupial, they have lateral

water canals, and their edge is more or less distended. Glo-

chidia of typical shape, subtriangular, with hooks, large,

slightly higher than long. Length 0.32, height 0.38 mm.

ANODONTA OREGONENSIS Lea (Simpson, 1900, p. 628).

Twelve specimens, mostly females and gravid, in part with

glochidia, have been obtained from T. Kincaid. They were

collected in autumn 1911 in ponds near Seattle, King Co.,

Washington.

Soft parts of the type of the genus Anodonta: anal opening

small, its inner edge indistinctly crenulated or almost smooth.

Supraanal somewhat longer than the anal, widely remote,

about twice its own length, from the anal.

Glochidia large, subtriangular, with hooks. Length 0.33-

0.34, height 0.32-0.33. The difference between height and

length is minimal. These Glochidia agree well with those of

44 THE NAUTILUS.

A. cygnea (Linnaeus), except in being slightly smaller (in

cygnea they are about 0.35 to 0.36 mm. ; in A. grandis and

cataracta, the glochidia are still larger, 0.36 x 0.37 ) .

This species is also in shell characters closely allied to the

European A. cygnea. The soft parts have been previously

described by Lea (Obs., 10, 1863, p. 454).

ANODONTA MARGIN ATA Say. (See Simpson, 1900, p. 632).

One gravid female, collected August 4, 1912, by 0. E. Jen-

nings in Six Mile Lake, Silver Islet, Thunder Cape, Canada

(North shore of Lake Superior).

The soft parts agree in every respect with those of A.

grandis and cataracta. The specimen had only eggs and no

glochidia.

Lea's description of the soft parts of A. fragilis (=mar-

ginata) differs in giving the posterior margins of the palpi

united nearly the whole length. In my specimen they are

united for about one-fourth on the right side, and for nearly

one-half on the left, agreeing also in this respect with A.

grandis.

THE SUBGENERA OF ALASMIDONTA Say.

Simpson 's division into subgenera does not seem, to be quite

satisfactory, some closely allied species being separated in it.

The subgenus Bullella is not known in its anatomy, but from

shell characters it is very near to the subgenus Alasmidonta.

The species A. hoist onia is, as has been shown above, a Sym-

phynota. The genus Pegias Simpson should fall as a subgenus

in this genus. It is further to be remarked, that the subgenera

Pressodonta, Alasmidonta, and Pegias are more closely related

to each other than to the two other subgenera.

a1 Lateral hinge-teeth present, but their number reversed, two

in right, one in left valve. Beak sculpture moderately

heavy, bars with an angle upon the posterior ridge, and

a slight sinus in front of it. Inner lamina of inner gills

free. Female shell recognizable by a slight swelling in

the region of the posterior ridge.

Subgeuus : Prolasmidonta nov. subgen.

Type: A. heterodon (Lea).

THE NAUTILUS. 45

a2 Lateral hinge-teeth obsolete or absent. Beak sculpture

more or less heavy, with or without a sinus. Inner

lamina of inner gills with the tendency to become more

or less united to the abdominal sac.

b1 Posterior ridge of shell indistinct or blunt, posterior

slope not distinctly truncated, without corrugations,

or only with faint traces of them. Cardinal teeth

strongly developed, triangular or squarish, stumpy.

Epidermis with unbroken rays.

c1 Beak sculpture moderately heavy, subconcentric.

Shell subrhomboid, posterior ridge moderately de-

veloped, blunt, posterior angle of shell little ele-

vated above base line. Female shell distinguish-

able by a slight swelling of the posterior ridge,

accompanied by a radial depression of the poster-

ior slope, causing a shallow emargination of the

posterior margin.

Subgenus: Pressodonta Simpson.

(Type: A. calceolus (Lea)).

c2 Beak sculpture very heavy, bars straight or with a

slight indication of a sinus in front of the posterior

angle.

d1 Shape of shell regularly ovate, with posterior and

moderately elevated above the basal line, and

upper and lower margins converging rather

uniformly toward it, without a truncation. Pos-

terior ridge indistinct. Male and female shells

undistinguishable.

Subgeuus: Alasmidonta Simpson.

(Type: A. undulata (Say)).

d'2 Shape of shell irregularly subovate, with poster-

ior end greatly elevated above base line, and an

oblique truncation below this end. Posterior

ridge present. Female shell distinguishable by

the stronger development of the posterior ridge

and the greater obliquity of the postero-basal

truncation, which is slightly emarginate.

Subgenus: Pegias Simpson (as genus).

(Type: A. fabula (Lea)).

46 THE NAUTILUS.

bc Posterior ridge of shell distinct, rounded or rather

sharp. Posterior slope more or less truncated, with

distinct corrugations. Cardinal teeth weak, com-

pressed, not stumpy, sometimes even obsolete. Epi-

dermis with rays which generally break up into a pat-

tern of spots. Beak sculpture very heavy, bars slightly

sinuate. Female shell not distinguishable from that

of the male. Subgenus: Rugifera Simpson.

(Type: A. marginata Say).

The position of A. collina (Conrad) is yet doubtful. The

type-species of Pressodonta is unknown in its anatomy, but

it is very closely allied to A. minor, in fact, the two may be

only forms of the same species, so that we may safely assume

that they agree in structure.

ALASMIDONTA (PRESSODONTA) MINOR (Lea) (See: Ortmann,

1912, p. 295).

I collected a number of specimens in the North Fork Hol-

ston Eiver, Saltville, Smyth Co., Va. (September 17, 1912),

and in Clinch River, at Richland and Cedar Bluff, Tazewell

Co., Va. (September 20, 1912).

The soft parts of this species were described previously

from a single male and a single gravid female. In these, the

inner lamina of the inner gills was free from the abdominal

sac, except at the anterior end.

From Saltville, I have preserved the soft parts of three

males and two gravid females, and they all have the inner

lamina of the inner gills entirely connected with the abdomi-

nal sac. From Richland I preserved two males and three

gravid females : of these, the males have the posterior part of

the inner lamina free for about half the length of the abdomi-

nal sac, one of the females shows the same condition, but the

second has even a larger part of the inner lamina free ( about

two-thirds), and the third has it almost entirely connected,

only a small hole remains open at the posterior end of the

foot. From Cedar Bluff I have the soft parts of a gravid

female, and here the inner lamina is free for a little more

than one-half of the abdominal sac.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

Thus, in this species, this character is variable. The fact

that those from Holston River have all completely connected

inner laminae, and those from the Clinch tend to have it more

or less free, may be purely accidental.

All females contained glochidia. The measurements are :

length, 0.32 ; height, 0.27 mm. This is larger than my former

measurements (0.31 x 0.25), but a re-examination of the old

material shows, that the former values were correct. Thus

there seems to be a variation in the size of the glochidia, but

the shape is in both cases the same.

NOTES.

POSSIBLE TRANSPORTATION OF PANOPEA GENEROSA. — I wish

to tell of an instance of the transporting of shells from one

locality to another. About a year ago I saw in one of the

Los Angeles fish markets four large "Goeducks," (Panopea

generosa}. Not having the shell in my collection I asked

about them and found that they were shipped in from Puget

Sound and were considered very fine, 50 cents each. I did not

purchase and learned a week later that they had finally been

sold to some one for fish-bait. Several months later a friend

picked up two large valves of Panopea generosa on a nearby

beach. Panopea generosa has been found in this locality

but they are smaller than the northern form and very scarce

and I am inclined to think that my two valves are from Puget

Sound having been thrown from some of the piers by the

fishermen, and finally worked upon the beach ; at least it is not

impossible. — E. P. CHACE.

A LARGE OCTOPUS. — While deep-sea fishing at Long Beach,

Cal., Capt. A. H. Mason of the launch Esther C, had a terrific

struggle with an octopus measuring 16 feet from tip to tip

of tentacles.

Captain Mason brought the octopus to the surface while

fishing for rock cod. After the devil-fish had been safely

48 THE NAUTILUS.

dumped into the boat Mason attempted to shove it into a box

when it fastened several of its tentacles aronnd his shoulder

and arm and was attempting to encompass his body when

the captain grabbed a gaff hook and killed it.

Mason was the only person aboard the launch at the time.

— (Los Angeles Express, May 22.)

MOLLUSC A OF MAINE. — The June NAUTILUS has an article

by N. W. Lermond on additions to the Maine Mollusca. A

few slight corrections are needed.

Columbella (Astyris) lunata Say.

Lowtide at Damariscotta (not dredged), not Sheepscott

River, which is ten miles away. Add also as localities : Orrs

Island and Quohog Bay, at Casco Bay.

Musculium winkleyi, St. Old Orchard (not Saco).

Amnicola schroekingeri, Saco, proves to be a new species and

is now Amnicola winkleyi, Pilsbry.

The following are also new to Lermond 's list :

Pyramidella (Syrnola) fusca, Damariscotta at low tide.

Odostomia winkleyi, Quohog Bay.

Odostomia, gibbosa, Quohog Bay.

— HENRY W. WINKLEY.

Harper's Ranch, 6 miles above Clifton, Arizona, on the

Frisco river, July 1, '14.— * * * We get a rattlesnake

(Crotalus mollossus) every day. * *

We find a Sonorella here on both sides of the river. In

three days got 4 alive, 200 dead. Also an Ashmunella (4

dead) that seems to be a beardless pilsbryi. Will try the

Copper King Mt. one day, and then move up the river four

miles.

We have a team, a lumber wagon and a high-school New

York boy of 17. We plan to go to Luna and then cross over

to the Mongollons and down the Frisco to Duncan on the

railroad. — JAS. H. FERRISS.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVIII. SEPTEMBER, 1914. No. 5

NOTES ON SOME LAND SHELLS OF EASTERN CUBA.

BY CHARLES T. RAMSDEN.

Recent collections have added two species to the Cuban

fauna, one a Haitian Macroceramus, the other a tiny Luci-

della, first described from Florida. A few other new forms

are now described, to be illustrated when enough others come

to hand to make a plate.

PLEURODONTE (Caracolus) SAGEMON GOODRICHI n. subsp.

The shell is imperforate, with elevated, dome-shaped spire,

the chief height of which is in the penultimate whorl, those

above being depressed. Last whorl indistinctly angular in

front, becoming rounded. Peristome white, its outer margin

rounded, not provided with a point. There are black bands

above and below and a faint brown line upon the periphery;

ground-color yellow (chamois) except above the upper band,

where it is hazel or kaiser brown. Summit and a band above

the suture on the spire are whitish. Alt. 21!/2, diam. 301/2 mm.

La subida a "La Hembrita," Monte Toro, Guantanamo,

very close to where Urocoptis (Idiostemna) pilsbryana was

found.

Named for my friend Mr. Calvin Goodrich, of Toledo, Ohio.

This elevated race is obviously different from the high forms

figured by Pfeiffer in Novitates Conchologicce, pi. 91, figs. 3

to 6, the latter being acutely keeled.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

ANNULAKIA EBURNEA PRESTONI, n. subsp.

Very closely related to eburnea, but flatter the whorls

smaller in caliber ; aperture with a broad chestnut band with-

in. Alt. 8.3, diam. 18 mm.

Taken on the "Ojo de Ague" Range between Guantanamo

and "Ramon de las Yaguas", nine leagues from the former,

and 4 leagues from the latter. I wish to name it for Mr.

H. B. Preston of London.

ANNULARIA MAYENSIS Torre & Ramsden, n. sp.

Closely related to A. interstitial/is from which it differs in

sculpture ; the larger threads being more numerous and closer,

especially on the last half whorl, the smaller, interstitial

threads are more minute than those of inter stitialis. The

last whorl remains adnate or is only very narrowly free from

the preceding at the aperture. Wing of the lip well de-

veloped, the peristome well built out in front of it in females,

less so in the males. Color very pale brown.

Alt. 11, diam. 15 mm. ; 4i/2 whorls. The males are about

4 mm. smaller in diameter.

"La Ysabelita' de Ramsden, La Maya, Oriente Province,

Cuba.

LUCIDELLA TANTILLA (Pilsbry). PI. 2, fig. 5 (enlarged).

This species was at first thought to be new, but Dr. Pilsbry,

on comparing it with his L. tantilla (described as a Helicwia)

from Florida, decided that the two were identical. It adds

one more Cuban species which has extended its range to the

tropical margin of Florida.

The shell is minute, depressed, glossy, light pinkish cinna-

mon. Sculpture of regular and rather close grooves in the

direction of growth-lines. Whorls 3%, moderately convex.

Aperture oblique. Outer lip slightly thickened, brown, ex-

panded and a little reflected, retracted slightly at the upper

insertion. There is a shallow notch at the junction of the

basal lip and the short columella. Axial callus large and

thick. Alt. 1.2, diam. 2.1 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 51

Between La Victoria and Nimfitas, on Monte Toro, Guan-

tanamo, in deep woods; found in dirt at the root of a large

tree.

MACROCERAHUS RICHAUDI LINEATISTRIGATUS Pilsbry.

A single perfect specimen of this Haitian shell was taken

on the beach at the mouth of a small port 12 miles to the

east of Guantanamo harbor, by Oscar Tollin, who was with

me on that trip. The name of this port is "Puerto Escon-

dido" which translated means "The Hidden Port." It was

used in the old days by the pirates as a haven.

Dr. Pilsbry kindly compared the specimen with the type,

and states that it has larger, bolder markings, more whorls,

and slightly coarser striation, but there can be no doubt of

the identity of the Cuban shell with that of Haiti. It re-

mains to be seen whether this is a drifted specimen, or a real

inhabitant of the region, which washed down upon the beach.

It measures, length 17, diam. 5y2 mm., 133/4 whorls.

UROCOPTTS (Gongylostoma) MAYENSIS Torre & Ramsden, n. sp.

The shell is very slenderly fusiform, usually retaining the

apex perfect ; corneous, somewhat transparent, maculate with

opaque white. Surface sculptured with close, fine, but rather

weak, strongly oblique striae, the first 9 whorls smooth, last

half of the last whorl pale brown with, thread-like strise on

the back. First ten whorls convex, the rest flattened, last

half of the last whorl free, tubular, whitish above. Aperture

oblique, circular, the peristome reflexed above, elsewhere flar-

ing. Axis encircled with a single thin, obtusely serrate la-

mella, obsolete in the later whorls, where the axis is extremely

slender and somewhat sinuous.

Length 18.5, greatest diam. 2.1 mm. ; 22 V2 whorls.

"La Ysabelita" de Ramsden, La Maya, Oriente Province.

Belongs to the group of U. ivrighti, but is distinct by its

large size and weak sculpture.

52 THE NAUTILUS.

EESULTS OF A STATISTICAL STUDY OF VARIATION IN THE BLUE

SHELLS OF PECTEN NUCLEUS IRRADIANS FOUND AT

ATLANTIC CITY, N. J.

BY HAROLD S. COLTON.

Upon the beach of the Atlantic shore of New Jersey are

found dead shells colored blue by clay particles infiltered

into the shell. These shells have obviously been buried in

the mud or clay of the bottom, out of which they have been

washed by the surf.

In collecting shells from along the beach at Atlantic City

in 1904, the author fancied that the blue Lunatia heros dif-

fered in shape from the uncolored ones.

Not having sufficient material with which to base a con-

clusion, he returned in the Spring to Atlantic City to collect

Lunatict: Although in January they were abundant, now

not a single one could be found. At once it was seen that

Pecten would be a much more favorable form on which to

work, as it was abundant and the ribs of the shell would be

easy to count, therefore a few hundred of white and blue ones

were collected.

In the course of time the writer happened to mention to

Dr. E. F. Phillips, the present chief of the Bureau of Api-

culture at Washington, on what material he was working.

Dr. Phillips became interested, and in 1905 a joint trip to

the coast was made and over five hundred blue right valves

of Pecten were collected near Ventnor.

The ribs of these were counted, applying the arbitrary

rules of Davenport (1900). The number of ribs of each

shell was counted independently and compared. When there

was a difference of opinion the ribs were recounted, and no

record was made until both agreed.

This study was not completed and therefore not published.

While sufficient blue ones were at hand, not enough white

ones (representing the form of Pecten now living) were col-

lected for comparison. However, in looking over the results

it seemed that it might be of interest to publish them as they

THE NAUTILUS. 53

stand and let some one else take up the problem and bring it

to a conclusion.

In some places along the Atlantic coast of New Jersey are

exposed at low tide stumps of trees and also such turf as is

now forming in the meadows behind the line of sand dunes.

By this we can infer that the coast line is sinking. This

being the case, the dunes are progressing inland, covering up

the meadow turf and exposing it again in the ocean beach.

Between the dunes and the mainland is oftentimes a bay or

a channel. This bay or channel has a muddy bottom as a

rule and there the Pecten lives. As the dune line pro-

gresses forward the meadow encroaches on the bay, burying

the dead shells of the Pecten which are later exposed by the

action of the surf and cast on the beach after the dune line

has passed over them.

It would be interesting to test if such a theory were correct

and note the direction of the evolution of the Pecten or other

form during the time that they were buried.

An examination of well borings made in the beach might

help throw light upon this point.

Experiments also might be made as to the rate of infiltra-

tion of the clay particles into the shell which may be rapid.

The author made sections of the shells. These sections show

that the clay has penetrated the shell to the center, the pearly

layer alone excepted.

With the geologic evidence from well borings, with the

experimental evidence from the rate of infiltration of the clay

particles and the comparison of the variation of the blue

forms with those now living, a conclusion might be drawn as

to the direction of evolution in Pecten.

In the table which follows, N = the number of shells the

rays of which were counted, — A==the mean, — a- the stand-

ard deviation from the mean, — C = the coefficient of varia-

tion,— and P. E. the probable errors of the mean, the stand-

ard deviation, and the coefficient of variation. These have

been computed by the ordinary methods. With them in

lower case are placed similar counts made by Davenport

(1900) on Pecten irradmns from several other localities.

54

THE NAUTILUS.

These comparisons show that the average number of ribs of

the blue Pecten at Atlantic City is less than the same species

at Cold Spring Harbor but about the same as at Fire Island

and Cutchogue. That they are more variable than any of

these that Davenport reported is also shown by the statistics.

To determine the significance of these differences will require

much more work.

The author wishes to thank Dr. E. F. Phillips for his share

in the work, and also for first introducing him to modern

statistical methods.

Literature.

Davenport, C. B. — 1900. On the Variation of the shell of

Pecten irradians Lamarck, from Long Island. Am. Nat.

XXXIV, pp. 863-877.

Davenport, C. B. — 1903. A Comparison of the Variability

of some Pectens from the East and the West Coast of the

United States. Mark Anniversary Volume, pp. 121-136,

New York, Henry Holt.

Davenport, C. B. — 1903. Quantitative Studies in the Evo-

dution of Pecten opercularis from three localities of the

British Isles. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts and Science XXXIX,

pp. 123-159.

Davenport and Hubbard, M. E.— 1904. Ray Variability

in Pecten varius. Jour. Exp. Zool., Vol. 1, p. 607.

Davenport, C. B.— 1904. Statistical Methods. Wiley &

Sons, New York.

THE NAUTILUS. 55

SOME SLUGS (AGRIOLIMAX) FROM GUATEMALA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

When my wife went to Guatemala early in 1912, I begged

her to look for slugs, which I supposed would be found in

abundance. To her surprise and mine, they proved extremely

scarce, the only one obtained being two specimens of Agrio-

limax, of the type of A. Iccvis. These may be described as

follows :

(1). From Antigua, a locality in the highlands. PI. II,

fig. 3. About 12 mm. long in alcohol; mantle 5 mm. long,

the respiratory orifice 3*4 mm. from its anterior end; color

light brownish suffused with slate grey, the mantle dark slate

grey ; sides below mantle pallid ; sole yellowish white ; lateral

pedal furrow a little above middle of lateral margin of sole ;

median area of sole a trifle broader than lateral areas, except

posteriorly; shell 2% mm. long, 114 broad, narrow, slightly

convex, not very thick, the anterior (nuclear) end distinctly

emarginate ; jaw of the same type as that of A. Icevis, the

median projection very large. Penis sac like that figured for

A. tevis by Taylor, Monog. L. & F. W. Moll, Brit. Is., part 10,

f. 141, with the rounded end curled over, but the whole struc-

ture rather more slender, its length a fraction over 2 ram.

The lingual membrane of which a beautiful preparation was

kindly made for me by Miss Rosamond Patton, shows 31-15-1-

15-13 teeth, formed essentially as in A. Icevis (Taylor, f. 136),

except that the central tooth has the mesocone a trifle broader,

and the long and slender marginals have no sign of an ecto-

conal angle. The stomach was full of fragments of leaves,

which exhibited cells containing very characteristic crystals,

which my colleague Dr. F. Ramaley at once recognized as be-

ing exactly like the crystals in leaves of Begonia, on which

common tropical plant the slug doubtless fed.

(2). From Quirigua, a locality in the tropical lowland

jungle. PI. II, fig. 4. About 10 mm. long in alcohol, of the

usual form ; mantle 5 mm. long, respiratory orifice 3 mm. from

56

THE NAUTILUS.

anterior end ; color dark coffee brown, including sole ; mantle

a shade darker than body ; no markings ; lateral pedal furrow

below middle of sides of sole; median area of sole about as

wide as either lateral area. Penis-sac curled like a letter s.

Shell 2y2 mm. long, a fraction over 1 mm. broad, formed as

in the Antigua specimen. Marginal teeth mostly simple, but

the inner ones with small side cusps. The stomach contained

vegetable remains, including numbers of two-armed hairs,

which Dr. Eamaley identifies as being almost certainly those

of a leguminous plant.

The character of the penis sac, wholly without any apical

branched gland, places both these species in the group of

A. l&vis, and separates them from A. agrestis. The jaw also

is entirely of the l&vis type. It is a most extraordinary thing

that slugs from the moist tropical coast region of Guatemala,

and others from the highlands of that country, apparently

native species, should so closely resemble the slug found at

high altitudes in the mountains of Colorado, and that common

in northern Europe. The fact of the wide distribution of the

l&vis type has long been known, but one remains amazed at

such migrations combined with such conservatism !

The same type of slug occurs at high altitudes in Asia. The

character of the marginal teeth in the Quirigua slug agrees

quite closely with that of A. tibetanus God win- Austen (Rec-

ords Indian Museum, II, 1908, p. 414), from an altitude of

14,500 feet. The inner angle of the first laterals (admedians

of God win- Austen) is less prominent in the Tibet slug, but

the drawing is not very detailed. In attempting to distin-

guish the Guatemalan slugs from veritable A. Iccvis, we are

almost at a loss. The total absence of any angle or tooth on

the marginals in the Antigua slug appears distinctive, but the

far northern A. lavis hyperboreus is figured as having just

such marginals. The shell in our specimens, except for the

narrow form, shows nothing characteristic; it has not the

obtusely keeled form of that of A. berendti and A. hemphilli

pictus. The slight differences shown in the figures of the

middle and first lateral teeth of the Antigua and Quirigua

specimens are apparently of no particular significance, as the

THE NAUTILUS. 57

teeth of the different transverse rows are not precisely alike.

Both forms, however, show very distinctly the inner angular

projection of the first laterals, which is (probably in error?)

omitted from Strebel's figures of A. stenurus and A. berendti,

and also from Semper 's figure of A. brasiliensis. The figures

of stenurus and brasiliensis do indeed show an inner angle,

but from its position it is evidently neither an angle or endo-

conal point. On comparison with A. guatemalensis Crosse

& Fischer the shell in our slugs is seen to be narrower than

the figure in Miss. Sci. Mex. (1878) pi. 9, f. 2; and the lateral

teeth have a well-marked endocoue, whereas the figure in Miss.

Sci. Mex., pi. 9, f. 4, shows none. Much has been made of the

inner tooth of the inner laterals, but I suspect that some of

the published figures may be faulty, since when the focus is

not exactly right it cannot always be seen. Von Ihering's

figures of the teeth of A. brasiliensis show the inner tooth very

well, and differ from Semper 's figures of the same species.

It is at present somewhat uncertain whether the Antigua

and Quirigua slugs represent different species or subspecies;

but since they occupy entirely different life-zones, and present

some tangible structural differences, it seems probable that

they should be given different names. A. guatemalensis is

said to be 15-18 mm. long, bluish-black, the mantle darker,

the sole pale ; central tooth plainly tricuspidate. This might

well apply to the Antigua slug, allowing for the usual varia-

tion. The teeth of guatemalensis were 35-14-1-14-35, which is

sufficiently near the formula of the Antigua slug. The local-

ity of guatemalensis is Totonicapan, where it was obtained by

Bocourt. This, like Antigua, is in the midst of the mountain

country, and may be expected to have a similar fauna. All

things considered, then, I believe I am justified in calling the

Antigua specimen A. guatemalensis Crosse & Fischer, 1870.

The Quirigua slug, from the tropical lowlands of the Motagua

Valley, may for the present be known as A. guatemalensis

motaguensis n. subsp.

I will take the opportunity to note that Taylor (op. cit.,

p. 126) is surely in error when he refers my A. Iccvis maculatus

to A. lavis lacustris (Bonelli). The marginal teeth of

58 THE NAUTILUS.

lacustris, as well figiired by Lessona and Pollonera, are very

unlike those of A. Icevis, and appear to indicate a distinct

species, as the Italian authors maintained.

HENRY HEMPHILL.

We have just received notice of the death, July 25, at Oak-

land, Cal., of Henry Hemphill, in his eighty-fifth year. Mr.

Hemphill was born in Wilmington, Del., in 1830, but for

many years had been a resident of the state of California.

He was a mason by trade and took great pride in his pro-

ficiency. More than fifty years ago he became interested in

the shells of the Pacific coast and formed one of a group of

enthusiastic collectors which included Kellogg the botanist,

Harford, Voy, Stearns and others, of which he was the last

survivor. His trade brought him in, at California union

wages, such a good income that he could not only lay away

a fair nest egg for his old age, but take long vacations. Dur-

ing these periods he visited Florida and all parts of the

Pacific coast south of British Columbia, and became one of

our most expert collectors of mollusks. The genus of slugs,

Hemphillia, was named in his honor by the late W. G. Binney,

and a host of species commemorate in like manner Ms suc-

cess as a collector.

He published but few papers himself, but was the cause

indirectly of much publication by others. He had a keen

eye for relationships and differences, and at times mounted

on large tablets series of land shells with radiating lines of

variation which were most instructive, and which found a

place in some of the most important museums. He had been

long a widower, and, as age diminished his energies, he re-

tired to Oakland, where for the last few years he made his

home with an only daughter. His kindly ways and gener-

osity to others will keep his memory green among those who

knew him. He left what is doubtless the best and most com-

plete collection of Pacific coast shells, up to the time of his

retirement, that is to be found anywhere except in the Na-

tional Museum. It is particularly rich in series showing

THE NAUTILUS. 59

variation, and in the land shells; also including much valu-

able exotic material received in exchange. It is to be hoped

that this collection may be preserved intact in one of the

public institutions of the Pacific coast, as at present a col-

lection of shells worthy of the State of his adoption does not

exist in any university or museum west of the Rockies.

(Science, August 21, 1914). WM. H. DALL.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE NAIADES OB PEARLY

FRESH-WATER MUSSELS. By Charles Torrey Simpson. Pub-

lished by Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich., pp. xi,1540. Mr.

Simpson's Synopsis of the Naiades, 1900, next after the

Observations of Lea, has done more than any other work to

stimulate and direct the study of fresh-water mussels. Very

little work had been done on our fauna for many years until

Simpson's investigation inspired renewed research. The

large mass of work which has appeared in the last few years,

extending the lines initiated by Simpson, is the best testi-

monial to the value of his Synopsis.

After the Synopsis was launched, Mr. Simpson began the

more comprehensive work now before us, in which all of the

species are described. It was intended that all should be

illustrated, but this expectation could not be realized, and

on the removal of the author to Florida in 1902, the work

was laid aside. Unwilling to see the progress of Naiad study

delayed for want of a descriptive work fully developing

Simpson's system, Mr. Bryant Walker undertook the publica-

tion of this monumental monograph, assisting Mr. Simpson in

completing the descriptions of the period from 1902 to Janu-

ary, 1913. The labor and expense of bringing out the book

must have been very great, and Mr. Walker has earned the

gratitude of conchologists for his part in it.

Mr. Simpson has adhered to the classification of the

Synopsis, with few changes, in the belief that subsequent

work on taxonomy and nomenclature has not yet progressed

far enough to warrant such a general revision as will even-

60

THE NAUTILUS.

tually become necessary with the progress of science. A few

corrections have been made in generic nomenclature. We

note that the new name Cristidens was misspelled in the

heading on p. 1154. The synonymy is given in full, and

keys have been made to the species of many genera. The

index contains about 7600 entries.

The Descriptive Catalogue gives students access to descrip-

tions of all the species, which otherwise could be had only in

a large library, which would take years to accumulate; and

it also contains the full exposition of the principles of

Simpson's classification which has revolutionized the study

of Naiads. It should certainly be in the hands of all inter-

ested in fresh-water mussels.

The division of the book into three parts, each with title-

page, was an excellent idea, since each makes a volume of

about 500 pages.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF A THOUSAND SHELLS. By Y. Hirase,

Kyoto, Japan. Part One of this exceedingly interesting pub-

lication has been received. It contains 95 beautifully colored

figures, arranged in Japanese style on twenty double folding

plates. The coloring and drawings are as a whole remark-

ably good ; many of the more recently described species, such

as — Cyclophorus hirasei Pils., Ornithochiton hirasei Pils.,

Chlamys hirasei Bavay and the rare and beautiful Pleuro-

tomaria hirasei Pils. are figured. It forms a unique con-

chological work. — C. W. J.

NOTE.

In a recent number of the Bulletin du Museum National

d'Histoire Naturelle (1913, p. 476) M. Germain proposes the

new subgenus Pseudoclavator for Bulimus favannei Brug.,

Clavator heimburgi Kob. and Bui. crassilabris Gray. He

omits B. procteri Sowerby, which belongs to the same group,

and does not explain why the name Leucotcunius is not avail-

able for the same series of species, B. favannei being its

type.— H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII.

PLATE III

*

v

A. PHYSA ACUTA DRAP.

B. C. BATHYTOMA CLARKIANA RIVERS.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVIII. OCTOBER, 1914. No. 5

A NEW SPECIES OF LEPTACHATINA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

LEPTACHATINA COOKEI n. sp.

The shell is perforate, ovate-conic, weakly marked with

growth-lines, or nearly smooth, and glossy in the best pre-

served specimens. Apex small, obtuse, the spire straightly

conic above, convex below ; the last whorl more or less notice-

ably compressed, more flattened than the penultimate whorl;

the base is convex, compressed around the axial crevice.

Whorls 6y2 slowly enlarging the penultimate somewhat con-

vex, those above nearly flat. The suture is superficial; in

the last third of a whorl it ascends slightly and at the aperture

it is rather abruptly, arcuately deflexed. The aperture is

oblique, ovate, contracted ; outer lip obtuse ; columellar lip

reflected, thickened on the face, and appressed above the

narrow perforation, continuous with a callous cord which

bounds the rather thick parietal callus, and terminates in an

enlargement or tubercle which is separated from the termin-

ation of the outer lip by a narrow groove or posterior com-

missure of the aperture. The columellar lamella is thin,

broad and subhorizoutal, outwardly emerging to the edge of

the columella.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

Length 10, diam. 5, aperture 4 mm. G1/^ whorls.

Length 9.5, diam. 4. 9 mm.

Length 9.3, diam. 5 mm.

Length 9.2, diam. 4.4 mm.

Oahu: Kawaihapai, on a steep wooded bluff about 500 ft.

above the coastal plain, and perhaps % mile from the sea.

Type no. 110593 A. N. S. P. Paratype in Bishop Mus.

This is a much larger, more robust species than other forms

having a parietal callus and posterior commissure. The

columellar lamella is broader and less oblique. By its form

and texture it recalls L. resinula, which differs in apertural

characters.

Kawaihapai is near the western cape of Oahu, and the bluff

there is the last terrace of the Waianae mountains. My com-

panions there were Dr. Cooke and Mr. Forbes of the Bishop

Museum.

NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN EMARGINULINAE.

BY WM. H. BALL.

The large SubemarginulayatesiiDall, 1902, from Monterey Bay,

seems to be represented by a fragment from the Bay of Panama.

S. bella Gabb, described in 1865 is apparently very rare. I

have an uneasy feeling that it may prove to be the young of ya-

tesii; at all events the point will bear investigation; the speci-

mens at my disposal are insufficient to decide the question.

Zeidora flabellum Dall, 1895, is only known by the type speci-

men from deep water off Clarion Island. Rimula mazatlanica

Carpenter, 1857, is likewise represented only by its type.

Puncturella (Cranopsis') expansa Dall, 1896, we have from

Panama Bay and the Galapagos Islands in deep water.

The typical Puncturellas have the internal septum, below the

slit, buttressed by props. P. noachina of British seas is the

type. But a large number of the species are destitute of this

feature. The northern species have thickish tentacles, with the

THE NAUTILUS. 63

eyes on protuberances at their outer bases; the antarctic forms

have long slender tentacles with the eyes about one third the

length from the insertion of the tentacle. Behind the true ten-

tacles is another pair, shorter and without eyes, probably really

belonging to the epipodial series of cirri, but separated by a

gap from the other shorter ones behind them. These pseudo-

tentacles were figured from life by Couthouy and from a spirit

specimen by Strebel, and are not represented in the forms of

the northern hemisphere. The males in both groups have a

well developed verge behind the right tentacle. This of course

disposes of the identity claimed on conchological grounds for

the antarctic and northern species like noachina.

Beginning with those species destitute of props to the septum

we have P. cucullata Gould, 1849 ; high, with strong ribs, wide

interspaces which may be smooth or radially grooved. It ranges

from Kadiak Island to La Paz, Mexico. Nearest to this is P.

multistriata Dall, n. sp. with small, slightly alternated, rather

close set radial threads. This has generally been associated

with cucullata as an extreme variation ; but the very large series

I have indicates that it is distinct. It ranges from the Aleutian

chain south to San Diego, and the Cortez Bank, Cal.

P. cooperi Carpenter, 1864, has been received from southeastern

Alaska and extends to the Santa Barbara Islands, Cal. It is

small, erect and very feebly sculptured.

P. caryophylla Dall, n. sp. minute, high, cylindro-conic, with

strong, even, radial threads, resembles nothing so much as a

miniature solitary coral, and has been dredged off San Diego,

Cal., in 40 to 80 fathoms.

P. longifissa Dall, n. sp. is low, narrow, small, with an arcuate

back, strong radial threads, very posterior apex, and the slit

half as long as the distance from the apex to the anterior margin.

It has been found only in 10 fathoms, off Bering Island, Bering

Sea.

The Antarctic species are P. cognata Gould, 1849, from Orange

Harbor, Patagonia, which has been often identified as P.

noachina, being one of the species with props. P. falklandica

A. Adams, 1862, is without them, while P. conica Orbigny,

1841, has only the faintest traces of a supporting callus. Both

64 THE NAUTILUS.

are common to the southern part of Chile, the Magellanic region,

and the Falkland Islands.

The largest species of the genus, which reaches 58 mm. long

and 28 mm. high, is P. major Ball, 1891, ranging from the

Pribiloff Islands, Bering Sea, to Boca de Quadra in southern

Alaska. It has faint transverse lines of callus but no pits, and

the shell is very thin for its size. Lastly P. galeata Gould,

1849, has strong pits and props, with a finely threaded, close-

set, radial sculpture. It ranges from Unalashka, Aleutian

Islands, to the Santa Barbara Islands, California.

A NEW FORM OF BATHYTOMA FROM THE UPPER PLEISTOCENE OF BAN

PEDRO, CAL.

BY PROF. J. J. RIVERS.

Plate III, figs. B, c, represent two examples selected from six

discovered by Dr. F. C. Clark, who has been for several years

an investigator of the coast species of both fossil and recent

Mollusca.

Dr. Clark and myself have a partnership in Paleontology,

each holding equal rights under the firm name of "Rivers and

Clark". Dr. Clark does most of the excavating of strata, while

I have the delight to nominate the species when I am able.

Our material is great, and unless we can obtain assistance, years

will elapse before a complete catalogue will be forthcoming.

Bathytoma clarkiana Rivers. I name this in honor of my

colleague, Dr. F. C. Clark of Santa Monica, Cal. The fossil is

heavily charged throughout the whole of its structure with car-

bonate of lime. The columella is thicker than in any described

species. If the shell be placed with its aperture downwards,

many conchologists would think it an exotic species of Mitra.

But there are none of the known species of Bathytoma that re-

presents this form in its attenuate outline. This figure will ex-

plain the oblique condition of the sutures that divide the whorls.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

The sculpture has mostly been eroded, but in parts the sculp-

ture remains, resembling that of other members of the genus.

Bathytoma clarkiana if restored, would measure 116 mm, over

all, the body whorl measuring 68 mm, the spire 48 mm.

The photos submitted to you have also been sent to the

scrutiny of Dr. R. H. Tremper of Ontario, and his reply reads

thus; — "The photo is very interesting. I suspect your shell

represents some extinct form of Bathytoma. I have not seen a

specimen of this genus so long, nor so attenuate. Your fossil

is not B. tremperiana of Ball. The latter is a very different

shell and very much smaller, good-sized specimens measuring

67 mm. ; body whorl 82 mm., spire 35 mm., making the body

whorl shorter than the spire, while in your specimen the body

whorl measures 68 mm., and the spire 48 (if restored)."

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

(Continued from page 47.}

ALASMIDONTA (PEGIAS) FABULA (Lea) (See: Pegias f. Simp-

son, 1900, p. 661).

Three males and two gravid females (with gjlochidia)

from North Fork Holstoii River, Saltville, Smyth Co., Va.,

collected Sept. 17, 1912.

Anal opening separated from the supraanal by a well de-

veloped, but rather short mantle-connection. Inner edge of

anal crenulated, that of branchial with papillae. Posterior

margins of palpi connected for about one third of their length.

Inner lamina of inner gills free in about the posterior half

of the length of the abdominal sac, or a little more, so that

the connection in front is distinctly longer than usual. Gills

of Anodontine structure, in the female only the outer ones

are marsupial, have lateral water canals, and are distended

at the edge. The glochidia fill the ovisacs in a mass, which

66 THE NAUTILUS.

does not form distinct placentae. Glochidia very large, of a

specific, peculiar shape. They have the general Anodontine

character, and possess the typical hooks, but the anterior and

posterior margins are strongly convex, so that the hinge-line

is considerably shorter than the length of the glochidium.

The general shape thus becomes almost transversely ellipti-

cal, with the upper margin straight in the middle, the lower

with a slightly projecting point, which bears the hook.

Length 0.40, height 0.36 mm.

Color of soft parts whitish, mantle margin with square

black spots posteriorly, entirely black on the inside of supra-

anal and anal.

The structure of the soft parts of this species is truly

Anodontine, and does not show any essential differences from

that of the genera Symphynota, Anodonta, Anodont aides, and

Alasmidonta. Thus we are to rely only on the shell charac-

ters. The most important one, the beak sculpture, clearly

places this species with the genus Alasmidonta, but the gen-

eral shape of the shell, chiefly the peculiar truncation at

the posterior end and the rather strong sexual dimorphism,

give it a rather isolated position. Simpson created the

genus Pegias for it, relying, as it appears, chiefly on the

shape of the shell. But shape of shell is rather variable in

the genus Alasmidonta, and I think enough justice is done

to this, if we regard Pegias as a subgenus of Alasmidonta.

The shape of the glochidia is unique, and although of the

common Anodontine type, the triangular outline is changed,

in consequence of the great convexity of the anterior and

posterior margins, into a transversely elliptical. But since

the glochidia also of other species of Alasmidonta show dif-

ferences in shape, also this character is hardly of more than

subgeneric value.

In Simpson's diagnosis of the genus Pegias, the radial de-

pression in front of the posterior ridge is unduly emphasized :

it is very faint, and indicated only in the female. The state •

ment that anal and supraanal are not separated is not correct.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

AMYGDALONAJAS DONACIFORMIS (Lea) (Plagiola d. Simpson,

1900, p. 605).

One male and one gravid female, with glochidia, from

Wabash River, New Harmony, Posey Co., Ind., collected by

A. A. Hinkley, Aug. 8, 1912.

Soft parts agreeing with those of A. elegans (Lea), as

described previously (Ortmann, 1. c. p. 328). The posterior

margins of the palpi are connected for about one-fourth of

their length. Inner lamina of inner gills in both specimens

connected with abdominal sac, leaving only a small hole open

at posterior end of foot. Marsupium of the female formed

by 25-30 ovisacs. Glochidia extremely small, subovate, agree-

ing in shape with those of A. elegans, but even a little smaller.

Length 0.05, height 0.06 (in elegans they are said to be

0.075 X 0-09 mm.). These are the smallest glochidia known

to me.

PROPTERA CAPAX (Green) (See: Lampsttis c. Simpson, 1900,

p. 529).

I have males and females of this species from Wabash

River, New Harmony, Posey Co., Ind., collected by A. A.

Hinkley, Aug. 8, and from the Mississippi River, Martins

Landing, Rock Island Co., 111., collected by Dr. Coker, October

5, 1912.

Coker and Surber (Biol. Bull. 20, 1911, p. 179, pi. 1, f. 4)

have first discovered that this species has the glochidia of

Proptera. Among both of my sets are gravid females with

glochidia, and I have been able to confirm this, and to study

the rest of the anatomy.

Mantle connection between anal and supraanal rather long,

slightly longer than the anal, the latter crenulated ; branchial

with papillae. In the female, the inner edge of the mantle

in front of the branchial is slightly lamellar, with few remote,

fine crenulations, which resemble minute papillae posteriorly

(near the branchial) ; but these "papillae" are in propor-

tion to the size of the animal extremely small, much smaller

than in the genus Eurynia; the lamellar edge is nowhere

flap-like, as in Lampsilis, and runs forward about one-third

68 THE NAUTILUS.

of the mantle margin, passing gradually into the smooth

anterior section, of the edge. Posterior margins of the palpi

connected for about one-third or one-half of their length.

Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with ab-

dominal sac. Marsupium kidney-shaped, consisting of many

ovisacs, located in the posterior section of the outer gill.

Glochidia celt-shaped, agreeing with the figure given by

Coker and Surber. Measurements length 0.09, height 0.18

mm. They are much smaller than those of P. alata (0.21 X

0.38), but about as large as those of P. laevissima (0.12 X

0.18), but the latter are more dilated at the lower margin.

Soft parts whitish throughout, with the mantle margin

brownish-black, more intensely so posteriorly.

Nobody, except Coker and Surber, has doubted hitherto,

that this species, according to the shape of the shell, is closely

allied to Lampsilis ovata and ventricosa, in fact, the shape

of the shell is very much like that of old females of L. ventri-

cosa. Anatomical investigations has shown now, that this is

no Lampsilis at all. It is a true Proptera, and a close exam-

ination of the shell reveals, that the resemblance to L. ven-

tricosa is indeed only superficial. This is shown first of all

in the character of the hinge teeth, of the ligament and the

symphynote character of the upper margin, and then by the

lack of a distinct differentiation of the male and female

shell. In the female, the postbasal region is indeed slightly

expanded ; but this difference is very indistinct, in fact, I was

unable to tell the males from the females, before I had looked

at the soft parts: the sexes are even less distinct than in

the other species of Proptera.

The present specimens show that glochidia are present at

the beginning of August and the beginning of October, but

they do not give an indication as to the duration of the

breeding season.

Genus: CARUNCULINA Simpson, 1898 (as subgenus, Simpson,

1900, p. 563, and Ortmann, 1912, p. 337).

I think now, that Carunculina is entitled to generic rank.

Characters of the shell (chiefly the beak sculpture), and

THE NAUTILUS. 69

characters of the soft parts (the "caruncle" in front of the

branchial opening, and the inner lamina of the inner gills,

which is more or less free) sufficiently distinguish it from

Eurynia. In addition, there seems to be a difference, from

Eurynia, in the glochidia, which are suboval, with the mar-

gins rather regularly curved, not much higher than long, and

smaller in the two species of Carunculina, in which they are

known. In Eurynia, subgenus Micromya, the glochidia are

larger, distinctly higher than long, and nearly subspatulte,

with the anterior and posterior margins nearly straight. In

the typical Eurynia, the glochidia are subovate, but larger

and higher in proportion.

I have given (1. c.) U. parvus Barnes as type of the sub-

genus, while Simpson (1900) names U. texasensis Lea.

However, when Simpson first published the subgenus (as

section, in : Baker, Bull. Chicago Ac. Sci. 3, 1898, p. 109,

misprinted as Corunculina^), he used it only for one species,

U. parvus, and this, consequently, is to be regarded as the type.

(To lie continued.}

PHYSA HETEROSTROPHA SAY" IN EUROPE.

BY CAESAR R. BOETTGER.

In the NAUTILUS, Vol. xxvii, No. 10, pp. 112-113, Mr. Fran-

kenberger states that all the Physas lately introduced into Cen-

tral Europe are not the European Physa acuta Drap. but the

North American Physa heterostropha Say. He believes that

Babor and Novak were the first to record this North American

shell in the waters of Central Europe. This is not the case.

In 1907 D. Geyer already mentioned (Jahreshefte des Vereins

fiir Vaterl. Naturkunde in Wiirttemberg, 1907, pp. 426) that

it is possible that the ancestor of our form is Physa heterostropha

Say. It may be that now and then Physa heterostropha Say is

introduced into Germany with American fishes and plants of

aquaristic commerce. But this must be very rare and the ex-

70

THE NAUTILUS.

ception. As a matter of fact, however, I have never seen

among the many specimens examined any true Physa heteros-

tropha Say from a German locality. Even if Frankenberger had

seen introduced specimens of the American form, he ought not

to have generalized this fact. He would not have arrived at such

exaggerated conclusions, if he had seen such large series of the

introduced German shell as well as such quantities of the South-

ern and Western European Physa acuta Drap. from so many local-

ities as I have been able to study. Had Mr. Frankenberger asked

me for information, — it would not have been the first time we

corresponded, — I should have been glad to give him any de-

sired. This is especially the case with my Physa acuta thermalis

(Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft,

1913, p. 161). But this information was even rather superflu-

ous, as I have stated (1. c.), that I had a series showing all in-

tergradations from typical Physa acuta Drap. to my new form

(Plate III, fig. A.)

This latter shell has reached such a large size by reason of the

prevailing favorable conditions. The accompanying figures

clearly illustrate this fact. There can be no doubt that all Physas

— rare exceptions admitted — found in Central Europe and not

belonging to Physa fontinalis L. are specimens (and their descen-

dants) of Physa acuta Drap. from Southern and Western Europe

introduced by aquarists. In many cases it is even still possible

to trace their history, as their local forms may often be recog-

nized. Apparently Mr. Frankenberger believes every large Physa

with elongated spire and rough surface to be Physa heterostropha

Say, quite ignoring the fact that in the natural range of Physa

acuta Drap. there are also races showing these characters.

NOTES.

NEWSPAPER CONCHOLOGY — The following choice specimen of

newspaper science has appeared in several western papers.

" TEST SNAILS SPEED RECORD. TUCSON, ARIZ., Aug. 29. — Prof.

Farniss, a naturalist of Joliet, 111., whose specialty is snails,

THE NAUTILUS. 71

has gone into the White Mountains with Frank Cole, a trapper

and guide, to study the effect of altitude upon some snails he

is taking with him.

"It is well known that snails travel plowly at low altitudes.

What their running time is in the more invigorating climate of

the mountains will be one of Farniss' problems."

BIRDS TRANSPORTING FOOD SUPPLIES. - - Mr. Charles T.

Rarnsden's interesting note 011 "The Bobolink as a conveyor

of mollusca" suggests to me the desirability of drawing at-

tention to two other instances of similar phenomena. Pro-

fessor G. E. Beyer of Tulane University, who has been a

close student of Louisiana birds for many years, has col-

lected numerous Upland Plover (Bartramia longicauda) soon

after their arrival upon the Gulf Coast, which bore beneath

their wings from 20 to 40 small snails of the genus Physa.

In reply to a query about this point Professor Beyer in a

letter of August 7, 1911 says : The peculiar habit which this

bird has in concealing the snails among the under wing

feathers has been known to me for many years. When first

discovered I pointed out this singular fact to several of my

hunter friends. The occurrence, however, w-as so regular

and was confirmed so often in after years, that I expected

the habit to be generally known. I used to count the num-

ber of snails regularly; at one time I found as many as

forty-one, oftener between twenty and thirty, never less than

ten or twelve. The stomachs of the birds always contain a

number of crushed shells of the snails. Furthermore, the

finding of these snails is only possible if the birds are ob-

tained shortly after their arrival from the South, the earliest

date of which I always placed about March 22. I was at the

time unable to determine whether the species of snail was the

same or different from ours, for the genus contains several

species. At the time the Papabotte's arrive here, Physa is

not common with us and does not become plentiful until

May and June. I am sorry to say that I became as it were

side-tracked in after years as I had intended to continue this

72 THE NAUTILUS.

inquiry and extend it to other migratory birds of a similar

nature. — W. L. McATEE, Biological Survey, Washington, in

The Auk, July, 1914, p. 404.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE CEPHALOPODA OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. By S. Still -

man Berry. Bull. Bur. of Fisheries, vol. 32, Document no.

789, 1914. A monographic, illustrated account, based chiefly

upon material collected by the Fisheries steamer Albatross. The

fauna contains about 25 named species, together with about

half as many uncertain forms. The absence of the great genera

Loligo and Sepia is an unexpected peculiarity. Sepia being a

littoral group, the author suggests that "wide oceanic areas

may in some wa}^ form a special barrier to its dispersion. If

this be true, we should perhaps expect other littoral forms,

such as the Polypi [Odopiis], to be distributed in accordance

with the same principle, but this does not appear to be the

case. An explanation of this anomaly may be found in the

hypothesis that the dissemination of these other forms took

place at a more ancient period." The case of Sepia seems to be

analogous to that of Fulgur and other gastropods of our coast

which pass the veliger stage in the egg-capsule, and thus have

never reached Bermuda, whilst genra with swimming embryos

are common to Florida and Bermuda. The presence of Polypus

in Hawaii indicates, probably, a less isolated condition in

former times.

In summing up, Mr. Berry concludes that "although the

ensemble of Hawaiian Cephalopods shows many features pecu-

liar to itself, it appears reasonable to regard it as an offshoot,

now largely isolated, of the great Indo-Malayan fauna, and

therefore impossible of any definite or satisfactory correlation

with that of other regions of the north Pacific." The conclu-

sions of students of other groups of animals are quoted, sup-

porting this estimate of the faunal relations of the islands.

THE NAUTILUS. XXVIII.

PLATE IV.

FUSCONAIA SELECTA WHEELER.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVIII. NOVEMBER, 1914. Is'o. 7

THE UNIONE FAUNA OF CACHE RIVEB, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW

FUSCONAIA FEOM ARKANSAS.

BY H. E. WHEELER.

Conchologists have seldom visited the "Sunken Lands" of

Northeastern Arkansas, and little is known of their molluscan

fauna. Through these vast flood-plains flow long sluggish

" bayous" which for most of the year develop into respectable

streams, but in long-continued droughts dwindle to a chain of

muddy hollows. Such a river is the Cache. It is formed b}'

the confluence of several small creeks which rise in the swamps

of southeastern Missouri and on the western slopes of Crowley's

Ridge in the upper part of Clark County, Arkansas. It flows

through, or forms the boundary of, eight counties in this state.

The only settlement on its banks is a small saw-mill hamlet,

and the two nearest towns along its course have less than 500

inhabitants each. For more than one-half of its course of more

than one hundred and eighty miles it parallels Black River,

then, maintaining a more southerly direction, it continually

approaches the easterly bearing course of White River, into

which it empties near Clarendon in Monroe County.

Since Crowley's Ridge is the great divide between the St.

Francis basin and the Sunken Lands on the east, and the wide

valleys of the Cache and other (and more important) rivers on

the west, a few notes on its geologic origin and history may be

of interest.

Crowley's Ridge extends from southeast Missouri in a some-

74 THE NAUTILUS.

what regular curve to Helena, Arkansas, on the Mississippi

River, varying in width from less than a mile to more than

fifteen miles. Its greatest distance from the Mississippi River

is sufficiently indicated by the line between Nettleton and

Osceola, approximately forty miles. Near Greenville in Green

County the Ridge reaches a maximum elevation of 250 feet

above the valley of the Cache, and in many sections there are

denuded areas or " ampitheatres" of great extent, but of lim-

ited agricultural promise. The lowest beds are clays on which

are imposed great deposits of sand and gravel, and the whole

capped with loess. The loess is of early Pleistocene age, the

gravels are Tertiary, the sands are also Tertiary but of a much

older period, while the clays at the base are Eocene as estab-

lished upon paleo-botanic data. Thrice alternately this region

has been depressed and elevated during Tertiary times and be-

fore the great depositary and erosive activities of the glacial

period began. As Professor Call* truly observes, Crowley's

Ridge is " the residual product of long-continued erosion. It

is in no sense an upheaval, nor does it, in Arkansas, contain a

rock of crystalline character or of Paleozoic age. Its existence is

due to the resistance it has offered to erosive forces which have

leveled the greater part of the region. It stands now a silent

witness to a history so wonderful that the imagination is taxed

by any attempt to compass all the details."

The fauna of all the rivers west of Crowley's Ridge and east

of the Paleozoic escarpment f in Arkansas possesses a peculiar

interest owing to the fact that they are the modern representa-

tives of the ancient Mississippi, which in pre-glacial times did

not cut through the solid rock southeast of Cape Girardeau,

Missouri, but swept through the lowlands of Black, White and

Cache rivers, uniting with the Ohio south of Helena. For the

same reason the fauna of St. Francis basin will claim attention

as this was the subsequent channel of the Mississippi when it

broke through Crowley's Ridge at Chalk Bluff on the Missouri-

* An. Kep. Geol. Surv. Ark., 1889, Vol. II, p. 131.

| This boundary is accurately enough marked for descriptive purposes by the

Saint Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad.

THE NAUTILUS. 75

Arkansas line, and followed in general the present course of the

St. Francis River.*

In the Cache River bottoms occasional forests of cypress are

found, though not as frequently as in the swamps east of the

Ridge. Generally the lowlands are so flat that, as has been well

remarked, " near the North boundary of Clark County it seems

to be a matter of indifference to many streams whether they flow

into the Cache or into the Black River." The ecologist will

find in Harper's " Phyteographical Notes on the Coastal Plain

of Arkansas,"! data of much value concerning the vegetation on

Crowley's Ridge and the adjacent Prairie regions.

The writer collected a large number of mussels from Cache

River at Nemo in Craighead County, on the Bonnerville and

Southwestern Railroad, on June 19th, 1914. Since then col-

lecting has been done in Black River and also in the St. Francis.

Little and Tyronza rivers on the East of the Ridge, and a com-

parative study of the forms obtained will be shortly undertaken,

Of the nineteen species listed from the Cache, the Quadrula,

which is described below, proved to be the most abundant form,

though Crenodonta trapezoides (Lea) and Lampsilis hydiana (Lea)

were very common. No univalves were found except Vivipara

contectoides (W. G. Binn) and Campeloma lewisii (Walker). I

am indebted to Dr. Bryant Walker for a revision of my identi-

fications.

LIST OF SPECIES.

Lampsilis hydiana (Lea).

Lampsilis fallaciosa (Smith) Simpson.

Eurynia subrostrata (Say). A peculiar form approaching

nasuta, but only a few females were obtained.

Eurynia lienosa, (Con.)? A single young shell, but most

probably of this species.

Carunculina parva (Barnes).

Proptera purpurata (Lam.).

Paraptera gracilis (Lea).

Obovaria castanea (Lea).

*See Branner, An. Kep. Geol. Sur. 1889, Vol. II, p. xiv.

tThe Plant World, February 1914, Vol. 17, pp. 36-48.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

Plagiola elegans (Lea).

Anodonta imbecilis (Say). The species suborbiculata which

might be expected here was not found. Undoubtedly it will be

found in the adjacent swamp ponds.

Anodonta grandis leonensis (Lea).

Anodonta texasensis (Lea).

Arcidens confragosa (Say).

Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say).

Crenodonta perplicata (Con.).

Crenodonta trapezoides (Lea).

Quadrula (TritogonioC) tubercidata (Bar.).

Qvadrula pustulosa (Lea).

FUSCONAIA SELECTA n. sp. Plate IV.

Shell large, solid, quadrate to rhomboidal, much inflated, and

inequilateral; dorsal margin evenly curved, gradually curving

into the anterior and posterior margins; anterior margin some-

what projecting but regularly rounded; posterior margin obli-

quely curved, meeting the basal margin in a blunt, rounded

point on the base line; basal margin nearly straight, slightly in-

curved in front of the posterior ridge; umbonal region greatly

inflated, flattened in the centre, the greatest diameter of the shell

being through the anterior portion; beaks prominent, incurved,

their sculpture indeterminate by reason of erosion; posterior

ridge strong, roundly angled, extending to posterior point; a

shallow medial depression extends from the beaks to the basal

emargination, in front of the posterior ridge: the central portion

of the disk is decidedly flattened; the posterior area is wide, flat-

tened toward the margin, and markedly incurved from the pos-

terior ridge; surface smooth, with regular and even growth-lines,

having the rest-periods clearly defined; epidermis polished and

shining in young and half-grown shells, rougher in mature spec-

imens; colored bright reddish-brown, with an undercast of yel-

low or ochre or occasionally green, becoming with age dull red-

brown, deeping to black on the umbonal region; young shells are

faintly and beautifully rayed; in young shells the epidermis is

" faintly, radiately puckered or festooned, giving an appearance

of superficial, radiating stria3" extending from beaks to basal

margin, and these are stronger on the dorsal area immediately

THE NAUTILUS. 77

behind the posterior ridge; ligament moderately developed, red-

brown; hinge strong; interdentum short and flat; in the right

valve there is a single, strong, high, triangular and rather smooth

pseudocardinal which is ragged apically, and separated from the

dorsal margin by a deep, narrow, straight pit for the reception

of the anterior pseudocardinal of the left valve and cut away be-

hind to accommodate the posterior pseudocardinal and a long

sharp curved lateral; in the left valve the pseudocardinals are

low, ragged, and nearly confluent, the anterior one flat, and

nearly parallel with the hinge line, the posterior one sharp and

triangular, laterals long and somewhat curved; muscle scars

deeply impressed, the anterior confluent, the posterior separate;

beak cavities deep and capacious; nacre white, sometimes faint-

ly salmon-tinted, irridescent posteriorly.

Length 67.5, height 55.5, diameter 43 mm.

Type locality: Cache River, Nemo, Craighead County,

Arkansas.

Type in cabinet of H. E. Wheeler; co-types in collection of

Dr. Bryant Walker, Mr. L. S. Frierson, Alabama Museum of

Natural History, and Academy of Natural Sciences.

Remarks. — This species is closely related to Fusconaia undata

(Bar.), but is readily distinguished from it by having the ante-

rior portion of the umbonal area and the posterior ridge almost

equally inflated, thus making a remarkably wide and flattened

area in the middle of the shell, and by its broad, flattened and

incurved posterior area. It further differs from undata in not

having its narrow, elevated beaks, and in being without the

flattened area in front, which is called by Mr. Simpson the

"secondary lunule." It is too inflated to be confused with

rubiginosa (Lea) or with cerina (Con.), and too inequilateral, as

well as too inflated, to be taken for hebetata (Con.), from which

it also differs in lacking the peculiar posterior end characteristic

of that species.

Dr. Walker points out that young shells of the size of the one

figured are rhomboid and only moderately inflated. But with

increasing growth the inflation of the umbonal region is rapidly

developed, and half-grown specimens are proportionately higher,

shorter and more inflated than the adults. An example at this

78 THE NAUTILUS.

stage measures: length 43, height 41, diameter 33 mm. At this

period the resemblance to typical undata is quite striking.

Mr. L. S. Frierson was the first to call my attention to the

peculiarities of this species, and both he and Dr. Bryant Walker

have generously aided me in its description.

A NEW POLYGYRA OF THE STENOTREMA HIRSUTA GROUP FROM

GEORGIA.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

POLYGYRA COHUTTENSIS n. Sp.

Shell imperforate, thin, reddish-horn color; densely hirsute

with very fine, short hairs. Whorls 5, those of the spire con-

vex with a well-impressed suture; the body whorl with the per-

iphery situated high, very convex below, impressed in the

umbilical region, abruptly deflected at the aperture and con-

tracted behind the lip. Aperture transverse, narrow, widening

anteriorly; parietal tooth large, erect, parallel to the lip in its

lower half, then curving outward and in the upper third inward

terminating in a hook which passes under the lip between the

notch and the lip tooth, outer end connected with the peristome

by a low ridge; outer lip reflected back against the body-whorl

buifree its entire length; lip notch stretched out so that it forms

a regular curve in the lip for over half its length with the edge

raised from the lip; beyond the notch the lip sweeps around the

inner end of the parietal tooth and then forms a small tooth

above; fulcrum medium.

Largest shell (type), diam. 7£, alt. 5 mm., smallest 6x4,

average 7 x 5 mm.

The character of the lip at once differentiates this species

THE NAUTILUS. 79

from all others of the group ; it is apparently closest to P.

brevipila.

Collected by Herbert H. Smith on " Fort Mountain and foot-

hills below 1500 feet, Cohutta Mountain, Murry Co., Ga,"

Aug., 1914.

Type in my collection, cotypes in collections of Academy of

Natural Sciences (No. 110919), Geological Survey of Alabama,

U. S. National Museum.

DESCEIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF TOBNATELLIDES.

BY C. MONTAGUE COOKE, PH. D.

TORNATELLIDES PILSBRYI n. Sp.

Shell minutely perforate, elongate-conic, corneous, glossy, un-

der a lens minutely striate with growth lines ; thin, diaphanous.

Spire elongate-conic, with almost straight outlines ; apex slightly

obtuse. Suture hardly impressed, margined with a broad line.

Whorls nearly 7, the embryonic increasing rapidly, convex,

minutely, indistinctly, spirally striate, the rest increasing slowly

and regularly, nearly flat, the last whorl long, tapering towards

the base. Aperture narrow, obliquely truncate-ovate. Parietal

lamella large, oblique. Columella narrow below, tumid above,

furnished with two well developed, deeply seated lamellae, of

which the lower is the stronger. Peristome thin, erect, the

outer margin regularly arcuate. Length 3.1, diam. 1.5, ofapert.

1.1, parietal lamella 0.29, umbilicus 0.3 mm.

Oahu : Popouwela, in the Waianae Mts. (Cooke). Type no.

36261 Bishop Museum, cotypes no. 110764 A.N.S. Phila.

All the specimens were collected on the trunks of a species of

Urera, a foot or two above the ground. It was not abundant at

that time, and a later visit to the exact spot did not yield a sin-

gle specimen. Pilsbry and Spalding were along on the first trip,

but apparently neither collected specimens.

This species is characterized by its very strong parietal lam-

ella and the columellar lamella?, which persist in the adult

stage. The columellar lamellae are rather long, fairly strong

and oblique ; the upper is situated just below the parietal wall.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

The parietal lamella is remarkably strong and extends inward

for nearly a whorl.

In an immature specimen with 5^ whorls the parietal lamella

is 0.27 mm. in height. The lower columellar lamella is 0.2y

the upper 0.14 mm. in height.

NOTES ON RANELLA LAMPAS OF AUTHOES.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

Having gone over the specimens in the collection of the Acad-

emy of Natural Sciences, using Mr. E. A. Smith's enlightening

article (Journal of Conch., vol. 14, p. 226, 1914), I would like to

supplement it by recording my impressions. It seems to me

that there are three species involved.

I. BURSA BUBO (L. ). The first name for any of the shells

in question is Murex rana [var.~\ bubo Linnseus, 1758. Also in

Gmelin. T. bufo Bolten is a synonym. Var. gigantea Smith is

a name applied to the extra large size, and var. lissostoma Smith

for these with a darker-colored aperture.

II. BURSA RUBETA (L. ). The second species was named by Lin-

nffius Murex rana \yar.~\ rubeta. Also of Gmelin; T. rub eta Bolt.,

B. rubeta Smith. T. tuberosum Bolt, is a synonym, and has

page-priority over rubeta if the names were to date from Bolten.

III. BURSA TENUIGRANOSA Smith. (B. rubeta var. tenuigranosa

Sm. ). The Academy has a fine specimen 10 inches long, from

"India," the gift of M. Thomas. It seems to me to be a dis-

tinct species.

A REMARKABLY RICH POCKET OF FOSSIL DRIFT FROM THE

PLEISTOCENE

BY T. S. OLDROYD.

In digging away the dirt from a side hill on my place in the

Los Cerritos two miles back from the ocean at Long Beach and

over 100 feet above sea level, I found some drift in a fissure or

pocket in a hard calcareous formation under seven feet of top

soil. It consisted mostly of fine sand and broken shell? and

would measure up about one cubic foot. I call it drift from

THE NAUTILUS.

81

the difference in the habitats of the various species when found

living : some were common — those usually found at low tide in

estuaries or on mud flats ; some from rocky beaches and some

usually found in deep water. I found one species, the only

specimens I ever obtained living, in a piece of coral brought up

from 200 fathoms. The shells, most of them very small, were

remarkably well preserved. After sieving and sorting and

saving nothing but good specimens, I obtained 105 species and

over 4000 specimens, as follows.

Marginella varia Sby., 17 Turbonilla ambusta D. & B., 2

Marginella subtrigona Cpr., 2 Turbonilla laminata Cpr., 18

Turbonilla torquata Old., 20

Turbonilla undetermined, 1

Turbonilla undetermined, 1

Olivella pedroana Conr., 662

Olivella biplicata Sby., 3

Olivella intorta Cpr., 15

Crepiclula adunca Sby., 135

Eulima micans Cpr., 21

Drillia hemphilli Stearns, 81

Acteon punctocaelatusCpr., 16

Acteon traskii Stearns, 2

Platidea anomioides Scacchi, 1

Cadulus nitentior Cpr., 13

Dentalium neohexagonum

Pils., 18

Crepidula excavata Brod., 12

Dentalium pseudohexagonum Crepidula nivea Old., 6

Dall, 125

Caecum californicum Dall, 18

Caecum hemphilli Stearns, 6

Vermetus (tips only), 5

Cylichna alba Brown, 15

Volvula cylindrica Cpr., 15

Tornatina harpa Dall, 3

Tornatina carinata Cpr., 228

Tornatina cerealis Gld., 57

Cyclostremella californica

Bartsch, 2

Mangilia angulata Dall, 123

Mangilia variegata Cpr. , 17

Epitonium hindsii Cpr., 10

Epitonium bellastriatum Cpr.,

2

Epitonium tincta Cpr., 2

Epitonium undetermined, 3

Crepidula onyx Sby., 3

Crepidula dorsata Brod., 1

Crucibulum spinosum Sby., 11

Siphonaria peltoides Cpr.. 1

Megatebennus bimaculatus

Dall, 3

Lucapinella callomarginata

Cpr., 2

Ischnochiton conspicuus Cpr.,

1

Acanthina spirata Blainv., 27

Acanthina engonata aurantia

Dall, 3

Tritonalia poulsoni Nutt,, 11

Tritonalia foveolata Hds., 1

Tegula viridula ligulata, Mke. ,

Calliostoma gemmulatum Cpr. ,

22

82

THE NAUTILUS.

Turbonilla tenuicula Gld., 20

Cerithiopsis pedroana Bartsch,

I

Cerithiopsis cosmia Bartsch, 4

Odostomia tennis Cpr. , 54

Odostomia io D. & B. (?), 10

Turris ophiderma Dall, 5

Melampus olivaceus Cpr., 10

Amphissa versicolor Dall, 2

Cohimbella carinata Hds., 238

Columbella gausapata Gld.,

200

Columbella tuberosa Cpr., 2

Columbella oldroydi Arnold,

18

Columbella oldroydi var., 10

Phasianella compta Gld., 215

Eulithidium substriatum Cpr.,

1

Lacuna unifasciata Cpr., 412

Nassa cerritensis Arnold, 8

Nassa mendica Gld., 3

Nassa perpinguis Gld., 148

Nassa fossata Gld., 21

Nassa tegula Reeve, 3

Con us californicus Hds., 22

Polinices recluziana Petit, 52

Thracia curta Conr. , 1

Saxicava arctica Linn, 1

Astarte branneri Arnold, 10

Nucula suprastriata Cpr., 413

Corbula luteola Cpr., 77

Calliostoma canal iculatum

Mart., 1

Calliostoma tricolor Gabb, 1

Cerithidea californica Hald., 5

Myurella simplex Cpr., 10

Leda taphria Dall, 6

Petricola denticulata Sby., 20

Donax laevigata Desh., 8

Donax californica Conr., 1

Pecten aquisulcatus Cpr., 1

Pecten latiauritus Conr., 3

Pecten monotimeris Conr., 10

Phacoides nuttallii Conr., 6

Tellina meropsis Dall, 1

Mactra faloata Gld., 2

Cardium procerum Sby., 1

Anomia lampe Gray, 5

Ostrea lurida Cpr., 1

Metis alta Conr., 1

Cryptomya californica Conr. , 1

Platyodon cancellatus Conr., 1

Chione succincta Val., 1

Chione undatella Sby., 1

Paphia laciniata Cpr., 1

Paphia staminea Conr., 1

Semele decisa Conr., 1

Saxidomus giganteus Desh., 1

Amiantis callosa Conr., 1

THE BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB.

The Boston Malacological Club has completed successfully its

fourth year. It is a hopeful sign that although the first flush

of enthusiasm and novelty has passed by, the club still flour-

ishes. The character of the organization is extremely informal.

THE NAUTILUS. 83

While the membership includes a number of distinguished pro-

fessional scientific men, it also includes members who make no

pretensions to scientific training, but from one point of view or

another, find common ground in their interest in, and love of,

shells. In recognition of this varied membership it has been

sought to make the meetings of varied character. Some even-

ings have been devoted chiefly to technical papers; others to a

comparative study, exhibition and exchange of shells. The

meetings are held monthly from October to April.

Among the important papers given during the year were:—

one by Dr. Hervy W. Shirner on the very interesting semi-fos-

sil mollusks from the subway excavation in the Back Bay, Bos-

ton, based on the same material from which the Secretary has

described a new Vitrinella; one by Professor R. T. Jackson on

stages of growth in the Mollusca, particularly Nautilus and Hin-

nites, illustrating the recapitulation theory; one by Dr. P. E.

Raymond discussing the probable cause of the peculiar double-

looped beak sculpture of the Naiades, which we found to be in

the tooth or spur of the glochidial embryo; one by Professor E.

S. Morse on the differences between shells from shell mounds

and their living local descendants, which differences he found to

be very appreciable, and singularly constant in trend not only in

New England, but in Japan and (so far as investigated) in Europe.

In June the club held its first field meeting, making an ex-

cursion to the varied shores of Cohasset which, if not produc-

tive of any novelties, was, at least, well attended, much en-

joyed, and the occasion of some interesting observations. —

WILLIAM F. CLAPP, Secretary.

NOTES.

Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd, of this city, will leave for Oakland to-

morrow on the Beaver, having been summoned north to arrange,

classify, and pack away, preparatory to their display, more

than 1000 shell specimens that are valued at $6,000. This

collection was recently bequeathed to the California Academy

of Science, San Francisco, by the late Henry Hemphill, who,

while alive, was considered the dean of shell collectors. — Los

Angeles Tribune, Sept. 30.

84 THE NAUTILUS.

Note on Antillean Paleogeography. — A recent paper by A. P.

Brown and the writer, describing the freshwater shells of the

Oligocene of Antigua (Proc. A. N. S. Phil., 1914, p. 309)

seems to throw some light upon the little-understood paleogeo-

graphy of the West Indies. The presence of three species of

Hemisinus indicates that although a large area of the present

Antillean islands was submerged in the Oligocene, there must

have been considerable extent of land, since these are river

snails, and a number of species would not be likely to have been

evolved, or to exist, unless permanent streams existed at least

equal to those of the larger Antillean islands. The Oligocene

fossil Ectracheliza truncata Gabb, from Santo Domingo, further

supports this view. This shell is not marine, as Gabb supposed.

It is really nothing but a Hemisinus, though a very large one,

equal to the large South American species. It may be regarded

as certain that at the stage of the Oligocene when the Antigua

bed was formed, as well as those of Santo Domingo, a considerable

land area existed in the eastern Antillean region, and that this

land was, or had been, connected with continental South Amer-

ica, the original home of Hemisinus. The marine fossiliferous

beds of northern Santo Domingo and of Haiti, as well as that

of Bowden, Jamaica, were deposited in shallow water near the

shore, judging from the character of the fossils. —

H. A. PlLSBRY.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Littoral Marine MoUus&s of Chincoteague Island, Virginia. By

John B. Henderson and Paul Bartsch. Proc. U.S.N.M., Vol.

47, pp. 411-421, plates 13, 14. New species are Epitonium vir-

ginicum, Turbonilla powhatani, T. pocahontasa, T. toyatani, T.

virginica, Odostomia toyatani, 0. virginica, 0. pocahontasa, Tri-

phoris pyrrha, Diastoma virginica, Cerithiopsis virginica. The

large, typical form of Urosalpinx cinereus was found, up to

51.5 mm. long. In a protected cove, in which cold springs keep

the bottom temperature down to about 8° below that of the open

sea, the northern species Yoldia Umatala and Nucula proxima

were found. H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVIII. DECEMBER, 1914. No. 8

TERTIARY FOSSILS ON LONG ISLAND.

BY L. P. GRATACAP.

Myron L. Fuller in his Geology of Long Island 'p. 79) writes:

"Long Island has never yielded any fossils of Tertiary Age,

the diatoms from Rockway and elsewhere described by A. M.

Edwards, being from deposits that are clearl}- interglacial or

post-glacial."

Mr. Thomas C. Topping of Bridghampton, Long Island, a

highway commissioner, in digging out the side of a bare hill to

widen a road, six miles east of the village of Southampton,

lately uncovered some fossil shells, which interested him, and

were b}' him given to Mr. William S. Pelletreau, the historian

of Southampton.

The shells taken from a light yellow sandy marl, at a depth

of eight to ten feet below the surface, were in excellent preserva-

tion, and unmistakably of tertiary origin. The locality is

three or four miles from the sea, and has an approximate eleva-

tion of seventy five feet above high tide water-mark.

The shells were kindly shown to me by Mr. Pelletreau who

recognized their interest. They consist entirely of Areas, and

number in all twelve separate valves. There are ten valves of

Area (Scapharca} transversa Say and two of Area limula Conrad.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

The latter species is significant. It is referred by Dr. Dall to

the Miocene of North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, S. Carolina

and New Jersey, and to the Pliocene in Florida, Georgia and S.

Carolina. Dr. Dall writes of it (Contributions to the Tertiary

Fauna of Florida, 1898); " Area limula is with little doubt the

progenitor of A. ponderosa, Say, from which it differs by a more

quadrate outline and more anterior beaks. The sculpture is

usually more elegant." This species does not survive in the

recent molluscan faunas.

A. (Scapharca) transversa, Say, very familiar to-day along the

eastern sea-board of the United States, apparently began its life

history in the Pliocene, and in the upper beds of that formation,

(Dall): attaining its maximum development perhaps in the Plio-

cene also. The determination of the formally correct reference

in time of these fossils, which are unquestionably contempor-

aneous with each other, is — without more evidence — uncertain.

But assuming as fixed the datum point of A. transversa as some-

where in the Pliocene, and allowing weight to the probability of

A. limula finishing its career in the Pliocene, an age not later

than that formation may be safely predicated for the shells at

Southampton. And the deduction seems legitimate that at

that day the climatic conditions along the edges of Long Island

were more mild than to-day. It is to be hoped that explora-

tions in this neighborhood will establish more valuable and ex-

tended conclusions.

In view of the discussions now pertinaciously continued as to

the stability of our coast line, it is, in this connection, interest-

ing to learn that at Southampton, according to the old records

(Pelletreau) the ocean has encroached on the land to an extent

of the whole width of the beach, and fence-posts formerly set up

back of the "beach banks " (sand dunes) are now down to the

level of the water at ordinary high-water mark. These dunes

("beach banks") also retreat before the incessant whipping

and pressure of the winds, and deserted whaling boats, formerly

abandoned behind them, viz., on their northern slopes, have

been overwhelmed and have subsequently re-emerged on the

south side of the northwardly shifting sand mounds, whose

transgression for a time buried them.

THE NAUTILUS. 87

NOTES ON MOLLUSKS FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA.

BY A. W. HANHAM.

Puncturella cucullata Gould.

My daughter Phyllis took a full-grown living specimen at low

tide this season at Maple Bay, B. C., crawling on the under side

of a ledge of rock. Previously I had the species only from

Departure Bay, where it was taken rarely by dredging in fairly

deep water.

Hemphillia glandulosa Bl. & Binn.

My acquaintance with this species is very limited. I never

met with it during several season's careful collecting in the dis-

trict around Victoria, B. C. Here I have taken it twice — but

only in small numbers — by scraping over the dead leaves in

small thickets in pastures close to the Corvichan River; in sim-

ilar surroundings, further back from the river, I could not find

any. With it may be taken Prophysaon hemphilli Bl. & Binn.

(abundant), Polygyra columbiana Lea (frequent), and Polygyra

germana Gould (occasional). In the thickets back from the

river our big slug Ariolimax columbianus Gld. may be found in

some numbers. In my garden, the last two seasons, both this

slug and P. hemphilli have shown up in great numbers and have

done some damage. Another slug — perhaps Ariolimax niger

Cooper — was noticed on Mt. Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, at

an elevation of 4,500 feet, in 1913 and again this year. It was

quite rare, however.

Selenites sportella Gld.

I took a fine sportella this summer for the first time, although

I have often tried to imagine that some of the smaller S. van-

couverensis taken were this species. One good specimen and

some remains were taken from the cliff a little above high-water

88 THE NAUTILUS.

mark on Salt Spring Island towards the end of August, only a

few miles from Maple Bay, "as the crow flies." If it had not

been the dry season I dare say I might have discovered more

or had better success.

Pisidium sp.

Two or three small shells, one living, were found in a very

shallow pond, fed by the surrounding enow banks, on Mt.

Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, at an elevation of over 5,000

foet, on August 6th, 1914.

Contents of Wild Duck's Crop and a few other notes. In Octo-

ber my son shot some ducks (Canvas-backs) on Quamichan

Lake, which lies a quarter of a mile below, or distant from, our

house, and when cleaning them he came and told me that their

" crops " appeared to be full of shells. I got him to empty one

of them on to a newspaper, and later sorted them out, with the

following result:

Lymnsea sp. Several dozen, mostly juvenile, but some half

an inch long.

Physa sp. About the same number and size.

Planorbis exacutus Say. Three specimens.

Valvata virens Tryon. Over 200 specimens. The species is

greenish and perfectly smooth, and I give this name, as it is the

name mentioned by the late Rev. G. W. Taylor in his catalogue

of the mollusca of this province, and no other species is listed.

Sphxrium or Pisidium sp. Two, one fairly large — but both

may be Pmdia — in about the same quantity as the Valvata.

An examination of the crops disclosed absolutely no sign of

food of any other kind, and all the crops — there were six birds

— appeared to be crammed with shells.

I have found the bivalves fairly abundant in this lake about

the roots of the \vater lilies, but the Valvata only rarely, not

more than 20 having been taken, so this catch was quite a

"find."

Quamichan Lake, B. C. (Vancouver Island).

THE NAUTILUS. 89

FRESH WATER SHELLS IN MOOSE RIVER, SOMERSET COUNTY, MAINE.

BY OLOF O. NVLANDER.

Moose River is made up of many lakes and is the main trib-

utary to Moosehead Lake. I have visited this part of Maine twice

to make collections of the lower Devonian fossils, and in explor-

ing the lake shores for long distances I have had favorable

opportunity to also collect some of the recent shells.

Anodonta maryinata Say, Common in Brassua Lake, and

Long Pond.

Alasmidonta undulata Say. One living specimen from Brassua

Lake and a few dead shells in Long Pond, it seems to be quite

rare.

Unio complanatus Sol. Plentiful in the above lakes.

Sphsermm. sulcatum Lam. One large specimen and many

small ones from the South and of Brassua Lake.

Musculium secure Prime. A few dead shells in Misery stream,

a tributary to Moose River.

Campeloma decimm Say. Common in Brassua Lake.

Amnicola. limosa Say. Common on aquatic plants in the

Lakes.

Lymntea emargimta^ var. migheki W. G. Binney. On the east

side of Brassua Lake above the outlet, on a rocky shore a colony

of this interesting shell was discovered, a dozen living specimens

were collected and about the same number of dead ones. They

all compare very well with the large form obtained at Square

Lake inlet, some years ago. All of the specimens were the var.

mighelsi, no young shells were seen, only old and full grown

specimens.

Planorb is bicarinatus Say. Common in Brassua Lake, a few in

Long Lake, and at Baker Brook Point, Moosehead Lake.

Planorbis companulatus Say. Dead shells were quite common

at the south and of Brassua Lake.

By any one having time to work in this part of Maine, I

think many interesting things might be found.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

CORRESPONDENCE FROM JAPAN AND CHINA.

TOKYO, JAPAN, April 28, 1914.

Dear Dr. Pilsbry: I have [intended writing you any time

during the past fortnight — but these are busy times and little

gets done except what is absolutely necessary. I thought you

would be interested in an account of a call I made on Mr. Hirase

at his Conchological Museum —

We landed at Nagasaki, ran down to Kagoshima where we

inspected the still active volcano of Sakurajima, which erupted

so alarmingly in January — We were on the Transport Logan

and received wireless reports that thousands were killed. Act-

ually the death toll is said to have been eighteen, for the dis-

turbance began twenty-four hours before reaching its full height

and the three or four thousand people living on the island es-

caped to the mainland.

The scenery on the run down to Kagoshima is really fine-

one long gorge surpassing the Rhine in beauty, though not hav-

ing the historical and legendary associations of that river.

We came back via the Inland Sea, stopping at Miyajima, one

of the three brag beauty-spots of Japan. I had a fine afternoon

on the beaches — getting a lot of stuff that was new to me, and

some old friends.

At Kyoto I sent a note to Mr. Hirase, asking if I might call

that afternoon, and received a cordial note in return. Mr.

Hirase is a dignified Japanese gentleman, nearly of my own

age I should judge, full-bearded and fine-looking. After half

an hour spent in tea drinking and conversation, Mr. Hirase and

his assistant spent a couple of hours in showing me over the col-

lection. They have about ten thousand species and varieties of

Mollusks — three thousand Japanese and seven thousand foreign.

The collection is beautifully mounted, each specimen or species

with Latin names and additional notes and names in Japanese.

Being Japanese, the arrangement is artistic, as all things are in

this country, and it is a delight to go over it. There has been

no economizing of space at the expense of fine appearance, so

there is room for few foreign shells besides the Japanese. Mr.

THE NAUTILUS. 91

Hirase informs me that several times a year all foreign shells

are changed in their cases, so that all of these shells are gone

over completely each year, each set being exhibited several

weeks.

I scarcely had time to make any specific notes but recall a

few striking things. At one place they have various sets of

land shells arranged in series to include several recognized species

in such a manner as to leave almost no breaks perceptibly de-

marking specific limits, after a manner with which Mr. Hemp-

hill has made us familiar at home with his Helix strigosa group.

At another point a case is given up to an exhibition of freaks,

each mounted with a perfect specimen of the same species.

Among them is a large Haliotis gigantea with two full series of

holes. Some of the others are even more striking. Among

rarities is a splendid series of Pleurotomarias.

Last week I ran down for a couple of days to Misaki to visit

the Biological Station connected with the Imperial University.

There I met Dr. C. Ishikawa who was down with a class of

advanced students for the University vacation and Mr. S. Fujita

who has charge regularly. Mr. Fujita has done some work on

mollusks but his most important work is the artificial produc-

tion of marketable pearls — a process which he has but recently

perfected. After our return from the Kyoto-Obama trip I hope

to run down again and do some careful collecting. A single

day on the beaches verified Mr. Fujita' s statement that the fauna

is very rich.

We are having a truly delightful visit in Japan ; though I

never was so helpless, — the language, with no connection to any

other that I am familiar with, and offering an entirely new set

of roots and word forms, is unbelievably difficult, and I have

gotten no hold on it whatever.

ON BOARD S. S. AMPING MARU.

October 29, 1914-

It is some time since I reported, so here goes. We are on

our way to Formosa but have a two-day stop off Foochow,

China before making the last 24-hour run. Have had a very

rapid run through Korea and China, most interesting every-

92 THE NAUTILUS.

where, but not very productive of shells. We spent about a

week in Korea — half in Seoul and three days in a trip to visit

Dr. Borrow, an English lady-physician who is doing a marvel-

lous lot of surgical work in a very primitive hospital in an out-

of-the-way place, twenty-six miles from the R. R. On this trip

I picked up about two hundred Melanias in a little stream we

followed for a mile or two; I also got about thirty species of

flowers, although the season is late.

Korea is almost absolutely free of timber, a tradition stating

that early Koreans cut it all out to make the country appear

barren and to prevent invasion by envious neighbors. It is

closely cultivated however wherever it is level enough and the

yield is generally good.

The most striking thing to the tourist is the costuming of

men and women and the hair dressing of the men. All married

men wear the hair in a closely tied topknot projecting about

four inches from the vertex. The unmarried men and boys

part their hair in the middle and braid it into a long pig-tail.

So that we took them all for girls till we learned that no girl or

woman is seen without a skirt.

From Seoul we ran through Manchuria to Peking, where we

spent a week, doing the ordinary stunts including a two-days

run out to Nankow to see the great Wall and the Ming tombs.

Then we ran to Hankow by rail where we took boat down the

Yang Tse to Nanking where we put in two delightful days as

guests of Mrs. Thurston, an old friend of my wife's who is pres-

ident of a Woman's College, already endowed but yet to be

built.

I am astonished at the educational and hospital work being

carried by the various missionary boards in the cities of China.

There are seventeen separate establishments, churches, chapels,

hospitals, and schools and a university under control of the

American Episcopal board in the three cities Hankow, Han

Yang and Wuchang grouped about the junction of the Han and

Yang Tse rivers.

At Nanking around the old examination halls I took about a

hundred Helices of three species, and later — on the way to the

tomb of the first Ming Emperor I got two or t^ee hundred

THE NAUTILUS. 93

Planorbes, thanks to some helpers — men, women and children.

When I gave them the enormous sum of twenty cents Mexican

—about eight cents — they pretty nearly mobbed me. Mrs. T.

said I should have given them four or five coppers and that for

months to come every foreigner who went that way would have

shells offered to him in the hope of finding another crazy man

like me.

At Soochow I met Professor N. Gist Gee of Soochow Uni-

versity who took me out on the canals and lake for a beautiful

afternoon's collecting. We saw the river life of the Chinese,

the Sampans or house boats in which they are born, live and

die ; also we saw the fishing with trained cormorants, a queer

sight of which I had read. More important we took some-

where from seven to ten species of shells which were everywhere

plentiful : Anodonta, Unio, Vivipara ( at least three species) a

Bythinia, Corbicida and Sphceriwn. It was most interesting and

profitable day.

Very sincerely yours, FRED BAKER.

ON THE RETENTION OF THE ORIGINAL COLOR ORNAMENTATION IN

FOSSIL BRACHIOPODS.

BY DARLING K. GREGER.

In 1908 the writer published what he believes to be the first

recorded American occurrence of the preservation of the orna-

mental color design of a Palaeozoic brachiopod.* In this

notice the species described, Cranaena morsli Greger, came from

the Craghead Creek Shales (Middle Devonic) of central Mis-

souri, and at the time, we had in mind the remarkable fact of

the preservation of the original color design rather than a sug-

gestion that the markings described were a remnant of the orig-

inal pigmentation. Our observations, however, since the pub-

lication of the article, lead us to believe that in rare instances

the original pigment is retained, in a more or less altered con-

dition.

* 1808, Greger, D. K , American Journal of Sci., Vol. 25, pp. 313-314.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

In his work on the Middle Devonic of Wisconsin, Dr. H. F.

Cleland* figures three species of Brachiopoda, on which the

original color design is preserved, viz., Lingula milwaukeensis

Cleland, PL 12, Figs. 3 and 4; Lingula sp. indet, PI. 12, Fig. 5;

and Craenaena iowensis Calvin, PI. 13, Figs. 8 and 9. To this

interesting list of occurrences we are able to add three more in

which the preserved markings assume a definite pattern and

another in which the entire shell is colored and of which we are

somewhat dubious.

Greger Coll., No. 35-17. Lingula sp., Rowleyf from the

Grassy Creek Shale (Upper Devonic) of Pike County, Missouri,

frequently shows dark blue bands, concentrically arranged, and

these we at first attributed to variation in the thickness of the

test, but after carefully removing the shell from the matrix, their

true character was discovered. The ornamental design of this

species is identical with that of Lingula milwaukeensis Cleland.

That these bands of color are a vestige of the original ornamen-

tation of the species can scarcely be questioned.

Greger Coll., No. 282-5. Dielasma Calvini, H. & W., from

the upper beds of the Craghead Creek Shale, in two examples,

show rays of color, the design being quite similar to the mark-

ings shown on Oranaena iowaensis Calvin, in Dr. Cleland' s fig-

ures. In our shells the lines are very faint and at best afford

little more than a suggestion of the color design.

Greger Coll., No. 70-10. A specimen of Orbiculoidea humilis

Hall, from the Hamilton shales of the Canandaigua Lake region

of New York, retains the color pattern, which consists of alter-

nating concentric bands of light greenish horn and dark chestnut

brown.

Greger Coll., No. 79-12. Crania modesta, W. & St. J., from

the Cherokee Shale (Pennsylvanian) of Central Missouri, at-

tached to a section of a large Crinoid Column, are dark blue or

slate-colored, their host being pearl-gray or nearly white.

*1911, Cleland, H. F., Wis. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., No. 21,

PI. 12, figs. 3, 4, 5 ; PI. 13, figs. 8, 9.

1 1908, Rowley, R. R., Mo. Geol. Surv. , Vol. 8, 2nd Series, p. 74, PI. 17,

fig. 14.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

The finest example of the preservation of color pattern in a

fossil Brachiopod that has yet come to the writer's notice, con-

sists of two specimens of Coenothyris vulgaris Schl. , from the

Muschelkalk (Triassic), the design assuming the form of fasci-

culated rays of bright red, the body color varying from light

buff to dull horn. The fresh bright color shown in these shells

suggests the retention of original pigment, practically unaltered,

during the process of the silization. Greger Coll., No. 351-4.

In conclusion, we would also call attention to Discinisca

lugubri* Conrad, from the Choptank Formation (Miocene) of

Maryland. All specimens of this Brachiopod that have passed

under the writer's observation are blue-black and on one small

example faint concentric bands are present.

NOTES.

PETRICOLA DACTYLUS SOWERBY. — In a recent letter from Mr.

G. W. Pepper he says: "In all published accounts pertaining

to the habits of Petricola pholadiformis it is stated that they are

' found living in hard clay.' This seems to be entirely at vari-

ance with my collecting in Buzzard's Bay, Mass., where I ob-

tained over 100 specimens from a colony living in sand and

gravel in company with the common clam (Mya arenaria). In

fact I have been unable to find them except associated with the

common clam." In writing to Mr. Pepper I obtained some of

the specimens, and was pleased to find that they were P. dactylus,

a much scarcer species on the New England coast than P.

pholadiformis, and from which it is readily distinguished by its

less cylindrical form, due to the wider and more flattened

valves. The dividing line between the larger and smaller ribs

is less clearly defined. In well-preserved specimens the very

young, yellowish shells, described as Gastranella tumida, can be

distinctly seen on the umbones. — C. W. JOHNSON.

EMARGINATA MIGHELSI ABSENT IN ITS OLD LOCALI-

TIES.— In September I visited Square Lake Inlet, where L.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

emarginata mighelsi was formerly so abundant, and 'not a single

living or dead shell could be found. The same was true at

Cross Lake. — OLOF 0. NYLANDER.

COCHLICOPA LUBRICA IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. About the

middle of October a friend living in Sewickley, Pa., first noticed

a lot of small shells on a flagstone walk at the side of his house.

He called me up by telephone and I requested him to get some

of the shells, which he did and they proved to be Cochlicopa

hilrica Mull. On Nov. 30 I visited the place and found the

living shells present in large numbers as I gathered over 100

fr*>m along the edge of the walk in a few minutes. In 25 years

collecting in the Sewickley Valley I have found this species de-

cidedly rare so their sudden appearance in the center of the

village is very interesting. With the lubrica were a number of

Vallonia excentrica St., which has become very common all

through the valley in the past few years. The specimens of lu-

brica, you will note, area small compact form averaging 5 mm in

length. — GEO. H. CLAPP.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A new Pearly Fresh-water Mussel of the genus Hyriafrom Brazil.

By L. S. Frierson. Proc. U.S.N.M., Vol. 47, p. 363, pi. 12.

Hi/ria amaznnia n. sp.

List of Moilusca of Harding and Perkins counties. South Da-

kota Geological Survey, Bull. No. 6. 1914, pp. 95, 96. By

Wm. H. Over. In this little-known region, every contribution

is of value, giving records from the wide gap between the

better known States on the east and west.

The Land and Fresh-water Molluscs of the Dutch West Indian

Islands. By Dr. J. H. Vernhout. Notes Ley den Museum,

Vol. 36, pp. 177-189. A useful compilation, with a bibliogra-

phy, and some new records for Curacao.

THE NAUTILUS

VOL. XXVIII. JANUARY, 1915. No. 9

FURTHEB NOTES ON THE OLIVIDAE.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

I. ORIENTAL SPECIES.

As one very important work (Chenu's Illustrations Conchyl-

iologiques, Oliva by Duclos)was not available at the time I

wrote my previous notes (NAUTILUS, xxiv, pp. 49-51, 64-68,

121-124) on several species of Oliva, the names of which were

affected by adopting the oldest recognizable characterization, it

seems well at this time to briefly review the subject. I will

therefore give a more complete synonymy of the species, together

with some additional notes, hoping thus to show more clearly

the changes in nomenclature and the relationship of the species

and varieties.

1. OLIVA SERICEA (Bolten).

Porphyria sericea Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 33, 1798.

0. textilina Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., xvi, 309, 1810.

Var. tremulina Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 310, 1810.

granitella Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 314, 1810.

obtusaria Lam., Anim. sans vert., vii, 436, 1822.

hepatica Lam., (not Marrat) Ann. du Mus., xvi, 320,

1810.

fumosa Marrat, Thes. Conch, iv, pi. 9, f. 119.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Var. olympiadina Duel, (pars) in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 13,

f. 11, 12.

Var. nobilis Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 2, figs 3 a-c, 1850.

Var. pica Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 310, 1810.

concinna Marr. , Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 7, f. 100, 101.

Var. tenebrosa Marr. , Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 13, f. 177.

Var. ponderosa Duclos, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 14. f, 8, 9.

Var. miniacea Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 33, 1798.

miniata Link, Besch. Rostock Samml. , pi. 2, p. 95, 1807.

erythrostoma Lam., Ann. Du Mus., xvi, 309, 1810.

magnified Ducros, Revue critique du genre Oliva, p. 30, pi.

1, f. 4. 1857.

azemula Duclos, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 15. f. 10, 11,

(decorticated)

Var. porphyritica Marr. (pars) Thes. Conch., pi. 7, f. 105.

Var. sylvia Duclos (pars) in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 14, f. 12.

Var. marrati Johns., Naut., vol. xxiv, p. 51, 1910.

la. Subsp. irisans Lamarck, Ann. du Mus., xvi, 312, 1810.

Var. zeihmica Lam., Anim. sans vert., vii, 436, 1822.

mazaris Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 22, f. 7, 8.

Var. ornata Marrat, Illus. Conch., iv, pi. 7, f. 102, 103.

cylindrica Marr. (not Sowerby) Thes. Conch, iv, p. 14, f.

193, 594.

lignaria Marr., Illus. Conch., iv, pi. 14, f. 195, 196.

Var. cryptospira Ford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, p.

99, f. 3, 4.

Var. fordii Johnson, Naut., vol. xxiv, pi. 51, 1910.

Both Bolton and Lamarck refer to the same figure in Martini

(Conch. Cab., ii, tab. 51, f. 559) which represents the finely

marked, indistinctly banded form, with a light cream-yellow

aperture. Length 70-85 mm.

Under the Var. tremulina is grouped a large series connecting

sericea with miniacea, but typified by having a white or bluish

white aperture. It was not figured by Lamarck but all the

authors seem to agree — although several intermediate figures

are given. The typical form is that figured by Reeve, pi. 4, f.

6c ; Weinkauff, pi. 17, f. 2 ; Marrat, pi. 8, f. 117. 0. fumosa is

only a dark smoky form. The Var. olympiadina is restricted to

THE NAUTILUS. 99

figures 11 and 12, an albinic form. Nobiiis represents the large

three-banded form, pica the brown form with large white sub-

triangular spots, and tenebrosa the almost or entirely brown form.

Length 70-100 mm.

The thick, light-colored var. ponderosa is intermediate between

forms referable to tremulina on the one hand and miniacea on

the other. The latter both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the

same figures by Martini (Conch. Cab., ii, tab. 45, figs. 476,

477). I have restricted the porphyritica to the small form (45-

55 mm. ) with bands of bright purple spots, of which I have

recently received specimens through Mr. Wm. N. Southern,

collected by Mr. Frank E. Rand, at Ponape, Caroline Islands.

The name of sylvia is applied to the orange-yellow form with a

red aperture, and marrati to the dark brown red-mouthed form

as figured by Marrat, (Thes. Conch., pi. 7, f. 109), represent-

ing a parallel variation to that of tenebrosa and fordi.

The subspecies irisans, though poorly defined, is the oldest

name and has already been applied to various forms of this

group by authors. There is only one figure referred to by

Lamarck that can be considered as irisans (Martini, Conch. Cab.

II, Tab. 561); the others are questioned. This figure has not a

callous spire and the description " spire acuminate" does not

apply to the low callous-spired forms, figured by WeinkaufT,

Marrat and Duclos, but to the form figured by Reeve (PL 6,

fig. 8b). Figure 8d is the orange-yellow acutely spired zeilanica

and fig. Sa the low callous-spired ornata. The typical cryptospira

is light yellow with only slight traces of dark marking (Thes.

Conch., pi. 9, f. 125) while furdi is the dark brown, callous-

spired form (Thes. Conch., pi. 9, f. 126). There is also a pure

white, callous-spired form (albescens}.

2. OLIVA OLIVA (Linne).

Valuta oliva Linne", Syst. Nat., 10 ed. p. 729, 1758.

Porphyria vidua Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 35, 1798.

CylindrusnigellusM.eu.scla.Qn, Mus. Gevers. , p. 376.

0. maura Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 309, 1810.

0. mauritiana (Martini) Marrat (pars) Thes. Conch., iv,

pi. 10, 1870.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

Var. fenestrata Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 34, 1798.

fvsca Link, Besch. Rostock. Samml., p. 95, 1807.

Var. fulminans Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 312, 1810.

Var. sepulturalis Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 311, 1810.

Var. madeaya Duel.; in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 23, f. 13-16.

fabreii Ducros, Revue critique du genre Oliva, p. 43, pi. I,

f, 8, 1857.

The species oliva Linne cannot be ignored, in the light of

our present ruling in nomenclature ; while a composite species,

the prevailing form is readily recognized as Hanley in his "Shells

of Linneus " page 215 says : — "Still it is not unworthy of remark

that the Oliva nigrita of Karsten (0. maura of Sowerby, Genera

Shells) has been indicated as the principal variety or form in

the 'Museum Ulricae' and that all cited engravings (Argenville

alone excepted) of the tenth edition of the 'Systema' wherein

the species originally appeared, pertain to that shell". The

plain olive-green or yellowish form is fenestrata; with broad ir-

regular longitudinal stripes, fiihnmans ; with narrow irregular

stripes and bands sepulturalis ; with a light pearl-gray ground

color and less conspicuous markings the more pronounced var.

madeaya.

3. OLIVA TIGRINA (Lamarck).

0. tigrina Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 322, 1810 (not

Menschen).

0. holoserica (Martini) Marrat, Thes. Conch., pi. xiii, f.

179, 181.

0. atkonia Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 5, f. 22, 23

(Pv- )

0. stainforthii Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 19, f. 40 (juv. )

Var. fallax Johnson, Nautilus, xxiv, 65, 1910.

The dark brown form resembling 0. oliva is the var. fallax,

representing the color variation common to many species.

4. OLIVA FUNEBRALIS (Lamarck).

0. fnnebralis Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 332, 1810.

0. labradorensis (Bolten) Marr. , Thes. Conch., pi. xi, f.

146-148.

THE NAUTILUS. 101

0. leucostoma Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 29, f. 14-16.

0. propinqua Marr., Thes. Conch., pi. xi, f. 141-142.

0. avelana (Lam.) Marr. Thes. Conch., pi. xi, f. 149-150.

0. glandiformis Marr. (not Lam.) pars, Thes. Conch., pi.

xii, f. 174, 175.

0. giliola Duel., in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 30, f. 5, 6.

An extremely variable species, the limits of which are very

difficult to define. The figure cited by Bolten is unrecogniza-

ble. 0. avelana as figured by Marrat probably represents faded

examples, of which I have seen similar colored specimens.

Under glandiformis Marrat figures at least two species ; figure 173

is a form of elegans, the others probably variations of this spe-

cies. The figure referred to by Lamarck as glandiformis can not

be identified.

5. OLIVA BULBOSA (Bolten).

PorphyriabulbosaBolt., Mus. Bolt., p. 34, 1798.

Olivaundulata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 318, 1810.

Valuta ventricosa Dillw. , Cat. Recent Shells, i, 515, 1817.

Var. inflata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 319, 1910.

picta Reeve, Conch. Icon. Oliva, sp. 79, pi. 26, f. 79 (juv.)

ovum-raUi Ford, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, p. 139.

(decorticated).

Var. tuberosaBolt., Mus. Bolt., p. 37, 1798.

bicingulata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 319, 1810.

bicincta Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. xiii, f. 189.

Var. fabagina Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 325, 1810.

crassa (Martini) Marrat, Thes. Conch., iv, pi. xiii, f. 186,

The typical form has undulating longitudinal stripes, both

Bolten and Lamarck referring to the same figures (Conch. Cab.

ii, Tab. 47, f. 507, 508). Var. inflata has only small bluish-

gray spots and bicingulata two dark brown bands. Var. fabagina

is irregularly clouded with dark brown. Pure white examples

constitute the var. alba.

6. OLIVA VARIEGATA (Bolten)

Porphyria variegata Bolt, , Mus. Bolt., p. 33, 1798.

0. evania Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 22, f. 3, 4.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

0. zebra Kuster, Conch. Cab., Oliva, Tab. 5, 6, 1878.

Var. reticulata (Bolten).

Porphyria reticulata Bolt. , Mus. Bolt., p. 33, 1798.

0. sanguinolenta Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 316, 1810.

The grayish-white reticulated form is typical. The dark

olive-green, finely reticulated form is the var. reticulata. In the

latter case both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the same figures

(Martini, Conch. Cab. ii, Tab. 48, f. 512, 513).

7. OLIVA TRICOLOR Lamarck.

0. tricolor Lam., Ann. du Mus., 316, 1810.

0. guttida (Martini) Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. xii, f.

165-168.

var. philantha Duel., in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. 22, f. 5,

6.

This species is more closely related to variegata than to elegans.

The var. philantha is the light-colored form often approaching

0. caerulea in external appearance.

8. OLIVA OERULEA (Bolten).

Porphyria caerulea Bolt., Mus. Bolt., xvi, p. 313, 1810.

0. episcopalis Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 313, 1810.

Var. lugubris Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, 317, 1810.

The var. lugubris is based on the small form heavily clouded

with brown, as figured by Duclos, (Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi.

xi, f. 5, 6.) also by Marrat (Thes. Conch, iv, pi. 4. f. 48). It

was not figured by Lamarck.

9. OLIVA ISPIDULA (Linne)

Valuta ispidula Linne, Syst. Nat., 10 ed. p. 730, 1758.

0. hispidula Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., Oliva p. 14,

ispidula pi. 8.

0. tigridella Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 9, f. 13, 14.

Var. stellata Duel. Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 8, f. 11, 12.

Var. taeniata Link, Besch. Rostock Samml. , pi. 2, p. 98,

1807.

Var. fiaveola Duel., Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 7, f. 17-20.

Var. Candida Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 322.

This extremely variable species, most readily distinguished

THE NAUTILUS. 103

by its brown aperture, has several well marked varieties. Var.

stellata is white Avith coarse brown markings and low spire,

taeniata white with a broad subsutural b&nd,—flaveola is yellow

with a white aperture and Candida is an albino form. Speci-

mens from Sarmar, Philippines, collected by Mr. E. L. Moseley,

are all uniform in color, representing the dark reticulated form

(Thes. Conch., fig. 248). This might bear the varietal name

of samarensis.

10. OLIVA ANNULATA (Gmelin).

Valuta annulata Gm el. , Syst. Nat., p. 3441, 1790.

0. leucophaea Lam. Ann. du Mus. , xvi. p. 314, 1810.

Var. amethystina Bolten., Mus. Bolt., p. 35, 1798.

aurata Link, Besch. Rostock. Samml., pi. 2, p. 97, 1807.

guttata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 315, 1810.

cruenta (Solander) Dillw., Cat. Recent Shells, i, 514, 1817.

maculata Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 16, f. 1-5.

Var. mantichora Duel., Chenu's 111. Conch., pi. 16, f. 7, 8.

emicator Marrat. (Pars), Thes. Conch., pi. 5, f. 57, 60.

It seems unfortunate that the pale abnormal form should

have to be the type of the species, instead of the beautiful ame-

thystina. To the latter both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the

same figures by Martini (Conch. Cab. ii, Tab. 46, f. 491, 492).

Many specimens of the var. mantichora show the same malfor-

mation of the typical form — an elevated ridge at the periphery.

11. AGARONIA GIBBOSA (Born).

Valuta gibbosa Born, Test. Mus. Caes., p. 215, 1780.

Valuta utriculus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3441, 1790.

Oliva gibbosa Marrat, Thes. Conch, iv, pi. 19, f. 307 (pars).

Oliva (Agaronia} gibbosa Tryon, Manual Conch., v, 90, f.

85-87, 1883. '

The dark brown specimens are usually decorticated. The

orange-yellow form might bear the varietal name of A. g. auran-

tia, n. var.

12. OLIVANCTLLARIA URCEUS (Bolten).

Porphyria urceus Bolt., Mus Bolt., p. 37, 1798.

Oliva brasilana Lam. , Ann. du Mus., xvi, 322, 1810.

104

THE NAUTILUS.

Valuta pinguia Dillw., Cat. Recent Shells, i, 516, 1817.

Oliva ( Olivancillaria) brasiliana Tryon, Manual Conch., v,

90, pi. 36, f. 88.

TWO NEW VAKIETIES OF VALVATA.

BY E. G. VAN ATT A.

VALVATA TRICARINATA INFRA CARINATA n. var. fig. 1, 2.

Shell globose, depressed, translucent, early whorls orange

colored, body-whorl greenish gray, spire moderately elevated,

apex obtruse, suture linear, whorls 3£, rapidly increasing, last

whorl flattened above, with an impressed line near the suture,

slightly angular at the shoulder, periphery rounded, surface

polished, provided with irregular growth lines. Umbilicus

wide, deep, funnel-shaped, surrounded by a strong carina.

Aperture oblique, orbicular, slightly angular at the suture and

base, parietal wall short, lip thin.

Alt. 2.53 diam. 3.48 apert. alt. 1.74 diam. 1.55 mm.

Type in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences

number 12087 from White Pond, New Jersey, collected by Dr.

H. A. Pilsbry and Mr. S. N. Rhoads in 1895. Also in the

collection from Hamilton, Ontario (Robert Walton); Mohawk,

New York (Dr. James Lewis); Post Pliocene at Halcyon Lake,

THE NAUTILUS.

105

Duchess Co., New York (W. S. Teator); Post Pliocene at White

Pond, New Jersey (Dr Joseph Leidy); and Saginaw Bay,

Michigan (Prof. M. Miles.)

Differs from V. t. xi/n/i/c.r, Old by having a basal carina and

from F. t. confusa Wkr. by lacking a keel at the shoulder.

VALVATA TRICARINATA BASALIS n. var. figs. 3, 4.

Shell discoidal, thin, translucent, greyish corneous, spire

truncate, slightly elevated, apex impressed, suture linear, shal-

low. Whorls 3^, the first ones with a median carina, body-

whorl slightly descending at the aperture, with two strong

carina?, the upper surface between the suture and the shoulder

keel flat, slightly convex between this and the peripheral ca-

rina, base evenly rounded to the rather large deep umbilicus,

surface rather dull, sculptured with irregular growth striee.

Aperture irregularly truncate orbicular, lip thin, angular at

the suture, upper carina and peripheral keel ; base and colum-

ella evenly arcuate, upper lip straight.

Alt. 2.56 diarn. 4.15, apert. alt. 1.69, diam. 1.74 mm.

Type in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences

number 11995 from the Hudson River, New York (W. M.

Gabb). Also in the collection from Vermont (J. S. Phillips).

Differs from V. tric.arinata Say by lacking the basal carina,

and from V. t. confusa Wkr. by the absence of a basal keel and

in having a peripheral carina.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

LAND SHELLS FKOM VARADERO (CARDENAS) CUBA.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON.

Varadero is a little settlement of winter cottages planted in

the sands of a long narrow peninsula that encloses the Bay of

Cardenas. There is a core of pleistocene coral rock more or

less densely covered with scrub growth with many cacti as a

feature. Besides this there is only the beach sand on the one

side and mangrove swamps on the other making altogether a

most uninviting field for land-shelling. The following list

represents only a few hours collecting but is probably almost a

complete census of the region.

Oleacina solidula Pfr. Cerion sagraianuni Pfr.

subulataPfr. " hologlyptum

Obeliscus homalogyra Shuttl Pils.

Varicella (Pich. ) gracillima Pfr. Liguus fasciatus Mull.

Thysanophora selenina Gould Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

' ' boothiana Pfr. Pupoides marginatas Say

Volvidens tichostoma Pfr. Bifidaria sp.

Cepolis cubensis penicillata Chondropoma pictum Pfr.

Urocoptis poeyana variegata Pfr. dentatum Say

" garceana Presas (var) Alcadia hispida Pfr.

Macroceramus gundlachi Pfr. Eutrochatella rupestris Pfr.

Microcerarnus gossei Pfr.

u denticulatus Gundl.

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

LASTENA LATA (Rafinesque).

Simpson, Pr. U. S. Mus. 22. 1900 p. 654.— Descr. Cat. 1914

p. 453.

I have collected a number of specimens in Clinch River, at

Cleveland, Russel Co., Va., and at St. Paul, Wise Co., Va.,

among them three gravid females (May 13 and 14, 1913), one

THE NAUTILUS. 107

of which (May 13) had glochidia, the others eggs. Additional

specimens, the females not charged, were found on Sept. 7 and

8, 1914 in Clinch River at Clinton and Edgemoor, Anderson

Co., Tenn.

This shell has been taken by Simpson (1. c. ) for a form

allied to Anodonta, and I have accepted this view, and have

treated the genus Lastena with the subfamily Anodontincs (Ann.

Carnegie Mus. S. 1912 p. 297); but in the description (p. 298)

of the soft parts of the sterile female, I have called attention to

the fact, that typical Anodontine characters have not been ob-

served in the marsupial gills : there were no traces of lateral

water tubes, and no thickened tissue at the edge.

The present specimens show conclusively that Lastena does

not belong to the Anodontina, but that it is a member of the

subfamily Union inse. Also the fact that in May females with

eggs were found, indicates that this is a tachytictic form (sum-

mer breeder), and not a bradytictic, as the Anodontina are.

My previous description, as far as it concerns the anal and

supraanal openings, the branchial opening, the palpi and gen-

eral features of the gills, is confirmed by the present material.

To this, however, should be added the peculiar shape of the foot,

described by Simpson as : "very large club shaped,

capable of great extension ". This is a very important charac-

ter of the genus, and is found in no other North American Naiad,

and in this feature Lastena can be compared onl}1 with the

South American Mycetopoda, which, however, belongs to an

entirely different family. When contracted, the foot does not

show its remarkable features ; but in life, when extended, it is

extremely elongated, at least as long as the shell, of subcylin-

drical, somewhat compressed shape, with a distal swelling.

Apparently, the foot serves as a permanent anchor, and is not

withdrawn into the shell under ordinary circumstances, even

when the shell is closed, and hence the closed shell is gaping at

the anterior end.

The marsupium of Lastena lata is restricted to the outer gills,

and not the whole outer gill is marsupial, but only the middle

portion of it, about one half of the length of the gill. The an-

terior and posterior sections remain non-marsupial. The

108 THE NAUTILUS.

charged part is moderately swollen, with the edge remaining

sharp. The ova or glochidia form lanceolate, moderately devel-

oped placentae. Glochidia almost semicircular, slightly oblique,

inequi valve, with one one end somewhat narrower, the other

somewhat wider. They are distinctly longer than high. Length

0.19; height 0.15 mm. The lower margin is uniformly and

broadly rounded, and there is no trace of a point or a hook.

Color of soft parts (in life) pale, as described previously ;

placenta whitish.

Lastena belongs to the subfamily Union in tie of the family

Unionidae, and is most closely allied to Elliptic. This is also

supported by the shape of the shell and the beak sculpture.

However, Lastena differs from Elliptic (and from all other genera

of the Unioninae) by several important characters, which are

unique, and would possibly entitle it to the rank of a subfamily,

in case the Unioninae should be elevated to a family. In the

shell, the most prominent feature is the reduction of the hinge,

a case very rarely observed in the Unioninae (the only other one

known to me is Gonidea'). In the soft parts, the structure is

like Elliptio, but the restriction of the marsupium to the middle

part of the other gills is peculiar, and so is the extreme develop-

ment of the foot. Also the glochidia, although of the general

Unionine type, are unusual on account of their obliquity.

Lastena represents a unique specialization of the Elliptio-type,

and is a very good genus, which, in the systematic arrangement,

should follow Elliptio and Uniomerus.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PALEONTOLOGY, No. 24. New and

interesting Neocene fossils from the Atlantic Coastal Plain, by

Axel Olsson. Numerous new species from the Miocene of Vir-

ginia to Florida are described. The blue clay marls of the lower

James river valley are considered to belong to the Yorktown

formation, and not, as some geologists have stated, to the Calvert.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVIII. FEBRUARY, 1915. No. 1O

OUR NEW MEXICAN EXPEDITION OF 1914.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

The Ashmunella territory, so far known, lies in the south-

western corner of New Mexico and the south-eastern corner of

Arizona. A line drawn south-westerly from Sante Fe, N. M.,

500 miles to Nogales, Arizona, will mark the northwestern side.

A line starting 125 miles eastward of Santa Fe, in San Miguel

county N. M., running parallel with the former line to the

Organ Mountains in Donna Anna county will mark the south-

eastern boundary. Southward the genus is not known below

the Mexican line. There is much territory near at hand that

remains unexplored.

Following the scouting expedition of 1913 a second scout-

ing expedition, assisted by Mr. L. E. Daniels was made into

this territory in the summer of 1914. In a heavy farm wagon,

accompanied by Mrs. Ferriss and Miss Nellie Shepherd, artist

of Oklahoma city, and with plenty of time, canvas and provis-

ions, the steps of the expedition of 1913 were retraced from Clif-

ton up the San Francisco and Blue rivers to Cosper's ranch, a

distance of 50 miles ; then continued up the Blue to its head,

and to Luna, New Mexico, all in a northerly direction. From

Luna the party turned south-easterly across the San Francisco

Mountains of New Mexico, (not Arizona,) to the Mogollon

mountains of New Mexico by the way of Alma. The state of

Arizona also, by the way, has a range of Mogollon Mountains,

further west.

110 THE NAUTILUS.

Colonies of Ashmunella pilsbryana were found about the Har-

per ranch, Copper King Mountains, four miles above Clifton,

continuing to the mouth of the Blue river ; and Sonorellas of

different groups to the mouth of the little Blue, a distance by

river of about 25 miles.

Many of these colonies were dead, and in others it was diffi-

cult to find more than two or three shells alive. The removal of

the trees has changed natural conditions ; formerly where deep

shade and a moistened leaf-mould existed, the soil now baked

by the sun, is barren of vegetation. Particularly is this true

within twenty miles of the cities and villages. The Mexican is

an industrious wood cutter. A white fungus growth also takes

posession of the rocky slides which in death turns black, and

carries all the lower vegetable life with it. Larger shell life is

seldom found in these fungus-stricken areas, where the dead

shells lie thick.

While the Sonorellas are found often in the shady, ideal snail

talus, some of the colonies survive the timber stripping, and

thrive fairly v/ell among dry rocks on southern exposures,

often in company with Thysanaphora hornii, and if in limestone,

with Holospiras.

For thirty miles above the Little Blue river only the smaller

species were obtained — mostly Vallonias, Thysanophoras, Eu-

conulus and Helicodiscus. In the next twenty miles a dozen col-

onies of the larger Oreohelix were located. Again Oreohelix was

found at about 8000 ft. elevation, while crossing the San Fran-

cisco range from Luna to Alma ; also on Lisa Creek, draining

the San Francisco Mountains.

The upper San Francisco river upon this trail had nothing to

offer ; but at Mongollon, 7500 feet, the snails were again found

friendly. A colony of small Oreohelix barbata Pils. , was found

in the suburbs of that city and from that point to Willow creek,

9000 feet, Ashmunella mogollonensis and the larger Oreohelices

were never out of sight, presenting interesting variations in size,

color and form, and also with the numerous albinos.

At this altitude vegetation and snails thrive equally as well as

in eastern Tennessee, also grazing grasses, and the party camped

here for a couple of weeks. The trout were fine. Another

colony of Oreohelix barbata was found at this elevation.

THE NAUTILUS. Ill

Turning south and eastward from Mogollon, the larger Oreo-

helix disappeared from the gulches. The higher peaks, and the

largest and most promising canyon, Whitewater, were left un-

explored. The wagon needed a broken road, and as the track

down the San Francisco had been destroyed by floods we kept

the Silver City road for about thirty miles, then turned south-

west at Cactus Flats, driving through a beautiful pasture coun-

try for about forty miles. It was so beautiful that we went in-

to camp and cleaned shells for a couple of days on the bank of

a shaded stream.

Leaving this pasture country, where we trotted the horses the

only time on the trip, the party returned easterly again, and

over a rough hilly country of Juniper and rattle-snakes, drove

for two and one-half days, to Steeple Rock, a mining town in

its resting period. South again fourteen miles to Duncan on

the Gila, then thirty-two miles down the river, northwestward,

to Clifton. The cowboys cross from Mogollon to Clifton in one

day, but it took seven days of travel with a farm wagon. Al-

together in three months we made a journey of 335 miles.

Apparently the same snails inhabit this land here, in a direct

and pure line of ancestry from those living upon the land before

the mountains were uplifted. The conditions after the uplift

upon the White and Blue Mountains of Arizona and the north-

ern slope of the Mogollons in New Mexico remain about the

same, and with the isolation and the 100 miles of deserts, rivers

and mountains between, the Ashmunellas and the Oreohelix

are the same. This also remains true of the shells in the

Kaibab plateau, northern Arizona.

On both the northern and southwestern slopes of the Mogol-

lons are found all the forms, colors and sizes of 0. barbata, that

the Chiricahua mountains, 125 miles south, have given. This

is the only member of the southern mountain groups that has

traveled, outside of the small forms, such as Pupas, Thysanophora

and Vallonias. Where the peaks are sharper, divided by dry

gulches, the snails divide into species, varieties and groups.

In one limestone slope of the Dragoon mountains a dike of

granite 50 feet in thickness divides the Holospiras into two dis-

tinct species.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

Upon the slopes of the mountains of southern Arizona and

New Mexico and the knobs and peaks of the desert this specific

development is intensified, and it is but a short distance from

one species of Sonorella to another. Of the four leading genera

of this region, the Sonorellas are best fitted to cope with the

drouths and the woodchoppers. If it is limestone country, the

Holospiras are tenacious. Both are found in very hot and dry

rocks, doing fairly well. Sonorellas, two alive, were found

near Castle Rock upon the homeward journey. Other promis-

ing prospects were left for another season. This Sonorella fam-

ily follows the mountains down to 3,000 feet in Arizona. Nearly

every little hill in Pima count}7, Arizona, has its own species of

Sonorella.

Returning to our subject, the Mogollons, two side trips were

made into the mountains on foot from Glenwood, New Mexico.

In the Little Whitewater canyon one of the smallest of Ash-

munellas was obtained. A two-days journey in the Cave Creek

Canyon secured a larger Ashmunella and Oreohelix barbata, in

large quantities. One juvenile of the larger Oreohelix only came

to the net.

Another journey of two days was taken up the Dry Canyon,

six miles south of Glenwood. Six miles up the Valley a

camp was made. Here the precipices boxed in the stream so

completely the canyon was not scarred by man or cattle, the

stream was full of pound trout, and the slides full of snails.

The Glenwood Ashmunellas had teeth upon the lip, but no

lamella or tooth upon the parietal wall. One species measured

ten mm. in diameter, the other twelve to fourteen and one-half.

In the Dry Creek canyon, measurements ran from ten to sixteen

mm. and as to teeth, ran the scale from none to three and a

lamella. In twenty colonies there were about as many varia-

tions in species and forms, and in some colonies, as with Ash-

munella heterondon. Pils., all variations in teeth existed.

Oreohelix barbata varied still more in size and form, with some

liberality in color.

Ashmunella mogollensis came in about six miles above camp,

and here the vegetation was so luxuriant that Ashmunellas were

found in the weeds they slept in. The miner who owned the

THE NAUTILUS. 113

cabin at that point was a tight-wad and had locked the door

when he left, and thus we slept out a couple of nights.

The Mogollon Mountains at this point run up to 10,500 feet

and are termed rough. The roughness consists of granite,

quartzite, and various forms of igneous rock, so far as snail

hunters have explored. Rocks resembling limestone, and so

termed, were found to be a volcanic product.

Above 7,000 feet the timber is heavy and plentiful. Yellow

and White Pine, White and Cork Bark Fir, Pseudo Hemlock,

Oak and Quaking Asp predominate. Cotton woods, Sycamore and

Walnut dominate the lower valleys, and the Junipers rule in

the foot-hills.

It is a large range for the Southwest, at least 100 miles long

and thirty to forty wide ; drained southward by tributaries of

the Gila, the San Francisco and the Membres rivers.

The indications furnished by these few canyons in a large

number opening to the South point to a fruitful field. A well

equipped party would require at least one year in which to

make a hasty survey. The rainy season starts about the first

of July and continues until the middle of August. The sum-

mer of 1914 was something unusual however and we had a

shower every day except three. Rain however is pleasing to

snails. After a good shower they travel over the stones for half

a day. The climate above 5000 feet is cool enough for comfort

at that season of the year — in truth the temperature is perfect.

The mountains of the Southwest are inexhaustible to the con-

chologists of this generation. Should any desire to assist in this

work, in the Mogollon or other ranges of which we have know-

ledge, the}' will find us prompt with both information and advice.

There is a larger country than we can hope to explore, all

within the states of New Mexico and Arizona.

In another article we hope to give a detailed account of the

snails collected, in cooperation with Dr. Pilsbry, — a companion

on other Arizona and New Mexico expeditions.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

FUKTHEB NOTES ON THE OLIVIDAE.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

II. OCCIDENTAL SPECIES.

OLIVA CAROLINENSIS (Conrad).

0. cylindrica Sowerby, Quart. Jour. Geol., vi, p. 45, 1849

(pars) not cylindracea Borson 1820 = cylindrica Duel.,

not cylindrica Marr. 1870.

0. litterata Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 315, 1810 (not

Bolten 1798) Dactylus carolinensis Conr., Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci., Phila., xiv, p. 563, 1863.

0. circinata Marrat, Thes. Conch., iv, p. 21, pi. 17, f. 277,

1871 ; Johnson, NAUTILUS, xxiv, p. 123, 1911.

Var. citrina Johns. , NAUT., xxiv, p. 123, 1911.

In substituting a name for 0. litterata Lam., pre-occupied, I

used 0. circinata Marr. , overlooking the fact that it had previ-

ously been described by Conrad as a fossil from the Miocene of

North Carolina, the synonymy being given by Dr. Dall in his

work on the Tertiary Fauna of Florida (Trans. Wagner Free

Inst. Sci., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 44, 1890). As Sowerby's name

cannot be considered, I have adopted that given by Conrad.

The Miocene and Pliocene forms cannot be separated from the

recent. The var. citrina is the bright yellow form occasionally

found on the Gulf coast of Florida.

OLIVA RETICULARIS Lamarck.

0. reticularis Lam., Ann. du Mus,, xvi, 314, 1810.

0. tisophana Duel., in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. 17, f. 17,

18.

0. memnonia Duel., in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. 17, f.

19, 20.

0. olivacem (Meuschen) Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 4, f.

46, 47, 51-53.

0. sowerbyi Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. f. 114, 115.

0. reclusa Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 17, f. 264.

0. mercatoria Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 17, f. 269.

Var. m'vosa Marr. , Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 17, f. 276.

Var. bifasciata K lister ; Conch. Cab., Wienkauff, Oliva, p.

38, tab. 10, f. 8, 9.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

hepatica Marr. (not Lamarck), Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 3, f.

27, 28.

formosa Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 3, f. 29, 30.

Var. olorinella Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii. pi. 7, f.

15, 16.

quersolina Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. 11, f. 7, 8.

pallida Marr. (not Svvainson), Thes. Conch, pi. 25, f.

472.

Although not as variable as its Pacific analogue, 0. spicata,

from the west coast of Mexico and Central America, there are

several well marked variations and some confusion owing to

many of the older authors uniting some forms of the two species.

Var. nivosa is the large cylindrical form ; when banded with

brown it is the bifasciata. The white form is olorinella. 0. pal-

lida Marr. may possibly represent the albino form of another

species.

OLIVA FULGURATOR (Bolten).

Porphyria fulgurator Bolten, Mus. Bolt., p. 36, 1798.

0. fusiformis Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 318, 1810.

0. ispidula Link, Besch. Rostock, Samml., part 2, 1807 ;

Marrat, Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 2, f. 15-17.

bullata Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 24, f. 448.

Var. obesina Duel., in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. 17, f. 9, 10.

Both Bolten and Lamarck refer to the same figure by Martini

(Conch. Cab. ii, tab. 51, f. 562). Specimens are frequently

more or less clouded with brown.

OLIVA SPICATA (Bolten).

Porphyria spicata Bolt., Mus. Bolt., p. 35, 1798.

P. arachnoidea Bolt., Muss. Bolt., p. 36, 1798.

P. litterata Bolt., Mus. Bolt., p. 36, 1798 (not Lamarck,

1810).

0. araneosa Lam., Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 315, 1810.

0. melchersi Menke, Zeit. fur Mai., p. 24, 1851.

Var. hemphilli Johns., NAUTILUS xxiv, 122, 1911.

Var. subangulata Philippi, Abb., xix, tab. 1, f. 2.

Var. oniska Duel., in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. 32, f. 9.

perfecla Johns. , NAUTILUS xxiv, 122, 1911.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

Var. pindorina Duel., in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi. 12, f.

10, pi. 17, f. 7, 8.

punctulata Marr. Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 2, f. 12, 13.

harpularia (Lam.) Reeve, Conch. Icon., pi. 14, f. 28

(decorticated).

Var. venulata Lam. Ann. du Mus., xvi, 313, 1810.

reticularis Reeve (pars) Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 10, f. 16 b.

obesina Reeve (pars) Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 10, f. 16 c.

mariae Ducros, Rev. crit., p. 50, pi. 2, f. 26.

Var. graphica Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 3, f. 36.

porcea Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 3, f. 35.

oblonga Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 2, f. 14.

Var. violacea Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 4, f. 56.

Var. ustulata Lam., Anim. sans vert., v, 620, 1822.

oriola Duel, (not Lam.), in Chenu's 111. Conch., ii, pi.

11, f. 1, 2.

fuscata Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 2, f. 20-22.

brunnea Marr., Thes. Conch., iv, pi. 4, f. 54, 55.

Var. polpasta Duel, in Chenu's 111. Conch., PI. 17, f. 1, 2.

Var. cumingi Reeve, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. xi, f. 19.

ligneola Reeve (pars) Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 21, f. 57 a b

(juv.)

Bolten and Lamarck again refer to the same figure by Martini

(Conch. Cab., ii, tab. 48, f. 509). Bolten refers to it a second

time as his type of arachnoidea, while the figure he refers to as the

type of his litterata (Conch. Cab., ii, tab. 46, f. 488) is not suffi-

ciently characterized for varietal distinction. The above varie-

ties were briefly diagnosed in my previous paper (NAUTILUS,

xxiv, p. 122, 1911).

ON CLASSIFICATION IN GENERAL AND THE GENUS

LYMNAEA IN PARTICULAR.

BY HAROLD SELLERS COLTON.

The value of the generic name is the subject of this paper.

To illustrate this, the genus Lymnaea is considered.

The most recent classification of this group is that of F. C.

THE NAUTILUS. 117

Baker in his admirable " Lymnaeidae of North and Middle

America" (Chicago Academy of Sciences Pub. No. 3, 1911)

p. 120. Whereas the older classifications considered shell

characters alone, this author "proposed to classify the Lym-

nreids by the characters of the shell, genitalia (shape of pros-

tate, relative size and form of the penis and penis-sac) and

radula. ' '

On a basis of these criteria he has split the genus Lymnsea as

defined by Haldeman 1840, Gould, Binney 1868, Dall 1871,

Tryon 1872 & 1884 and more recently by Dall in 1905, into six

genera: — Lymneea^ Pseudosuccinea, Radix, Bulimntfct, Acella and

Galba. He has done this mainly by raising a number of sub-

genera and sections of former authors to generic rank. I wish

to ask this question : Is this at the present time justifiable ?

(1) Baker lists 103 species arid varieties of the old Lymntza in

this work. Of but 33 have anything of the anatomy, radula and

genital organs been studied. Therefore the shell characteristics

are the important ones after all. (2) All these new genera are

based largely on quantitative characters. The only qualitative

character mentioned is the radula and this is given quite a sub-

ordinate place in the classification. (3) In his diagnosis of the

genus Galba in his key he states that the " Penis (epiphallus) is

shorter than the penis-sac" (Penis).1

However, for two of the species of this genus the epiphallus is

longer than the penis. See Baker p. 263 and 277.

In the mind of the writer our present knowledge will not al-

low us to make a comprehensive classification of the Lymnseids

based on the anatomy of the snail. We know too few species

well. On the other hand the shell characters alone in a mollusk

with such a generalized form of shell as have the Lymnseids

are not characters on which one can base much reliance.

On account of these reasons the writer would make the rec-

ommendation that the old genus Lymncea should be retained in

the sense that it has been used for the past seventy years. These

1 1 am indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry for calling my attention to the fact that

Baker has called the e/ iphalins the penis, and the true penis he has called the

penis-sac. In this paper I will adhere to the general usage and refer to the epi-

phallus and penis instead of penis and penis-sac.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

new genera of Baker will then become sub-genera. The sub-

genera of Baker will be reduced to sections with one exception,

viz. , that of Simpsonia, now Pseudogalba, be retained as a sub-

genus. This form seems to the writer, on account of the char-

acter of the radula, to be sufficiently different to cause its re-

moval from the sub-genus Galba. We have then the following

classification :—

Genus Lymncea Lamarck.

Subgenus Lymnsea contains the stagnalis group.

Subgenus Pseudosuccinea contains the columella group.

Subgenus Radix contains L. auricularia.

Subgenus Bulimnsea contains L. megasoma.

Subgenus Acella contains L. haldemani.

Subgenus Pseudogalba (Simpsonia) contains the humilis and

obrussa, umbilicata and parva groups.

Subgenus Galba contains the section Galba, and the palustris,

catascopium and emarginata groups.

The classification recommended above has certain advantages

over that proposed by Baker in that it indicates differences be-

tween groups of snails but does not commit one to place a shell

the anatom}^ of whose animal is unknown in a given genus. It

can be provisionally placed in a subgenus by superficial resem-

blance and if later changed will not affect the generic name.

It is by the generic name that animals are catalogued. This is a

very important practical matter and one that cannot be too

much emphasized. To change generic names without an over-

whelming amount of evidence in favor of the change is hinder-

ing instead of advancing the science. Species and minor groups

on the other hand cannot be too much subdivided. It is an

advance to describe every variation that can be distinguished.

Of this work Bateson (Problems of Genetics, p. 249) says :-

"They will serve science best by giving names freely and by

describing everything to which their successors may possibly

want to refer and generally by subdividing their material into

as many species as they can induce any responsible society or

journal to publish." It must not be thought that the writer of

this is trying in any way to slight the value of Baker's work.

It is a work of very great value and splendidly arranged. The

clear statement of what we know of the group and what we do

not know is most important. It is a model which many

should follow. It has been the constant companion and guide

of the writer for the past two years. He does not wish this

paper to be considered a criticism but rather as an appendix to

THE NAUTILUS. 119

that work, making it, if possible, still more valuable to stu-

dents of American mollusks.

To recapitulate : generic names are those by which animals are

catalogued, therefore should not be changed without overwhel-

ming evidence in favor of the change. This value of the genera

in cataloguing has not been sufficiently emphasized.

A PROVISIONAL KFY TO THE SUBGENERA AND SPECIES

OF NORTH AMERICAN LYMNAEIDS.

BY HAROLD S. COLTON.

The following is a preliminary key to some of the best known

species in the genus Lymnaea. It is based on a careful study of

the wealth of material in Baker's Lymnaeidae of North and

Middle America. To this the writer has added a little that has

come under his observation during the past eight years that he

has been working with this group.

It must be noted that L. auricidaria appears in two places in

the key. This is because the radula of the Philadelphia form

is different from the radula of the Chicago form.

It must be remembered also, as stated in the preceding article

that the radula and character of the reproductive organs are the

important characters in classification as the shell is such a gen-

eralized form. This being the case it will be of value in locat-

ing but 33 species and varieties as the other 73 have been de-

scribed by shell characters alone. When they have been stud-

ied the key no doubt will have to be much modified.

The writer found it impossible to sub-divide the groups in his

key. The species within a group are distinguished by shell

characters alone, and although one familiar with species can dis-

tinguish them without much difficulty, it is almost impossible

to state the differences in a few words.

This key is intended as a supplement to that of Baker p. 125.

It makes no pretense of completeness. The writer, therefore,

would be glad to hear of any practical difficulties arising in its

applicaton.

In the following key the ratio between the aperture length

and the shell length is referred to as the " ratio."

GENUS LYMNAEA :-

Fresh-water pulmonate mollusks. Shell : normally dextral,

rarely sinistral, ovately oblong to elongate. Animal: with a short,

wide, rounded foot. Tentacles : flattened. Central tooth of the

radula unicuspid ; laterals bi-or tri-cuspid. Male and female

genital openings separate and on the right side. Mantle margins

contained within the shell.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

(I) The first lateral tooth of the radula has three cusps, the

others two.

The epiphallus longer than the penis. Color pat-

tern of the mantle conspicuous. Adult with a

flaring lip (Subgenus Radix) L. auricularia p. 179

(II) The lateral teeth of the radula with two cusps.

(1). 1st cusp grooved : epiphallus less than penis. (Subgenus

Acella) L. haldemani. . . . .p. 192

(2). 1st cusp ungrooved.

(A) Axis gyrate : epiphallus J of penis — (Subgenus

Lymnaa} — Stagnalis Group. . . .p. 136

(B) Axis not gyrate. Epiphallus equal or less than the

penis but over £. (Subgenus Gaiba).

(a) with not evident spiral sculpture—

Galba Group . .... p. 200

(b) with evident spiral sculpture,

(aa) Ratio between two and three —

Palustris Group . . . . .p. 298

Ratio between 1^ and two.

(aaa) Ovate shell, narrow inner lip, no true

umbilicus — Catascopium Group . . p. 377

(bbb) Bulbous shell, wide inner lip and umbil-

cus — Emarginata Group . . .p. 408

(III) Lateral teeth with three cusps.

(1) Axis gyrate.

(A) Epiphallus less than the penis ; shell succiniform

Subgenus Pseudosuccinea — Columella Group . p. 162

(B) Epiphallus less than the penis.

(a) Shell thin and transparent — color pattern of

mantle visible through shell — lip flaring in

adult — ratio less than 1|. (Subgenus Radix)

L. auricularia . . . . p. 179

(b) Shell solid bulimiform — ratio greater than

1^. (Subgenus Bulimnea).

L. megasoma . . . . .p. 183

(2) Axis not gyrate (Subgenus Pseudogalba).

Epiphallus usually shorter than the penis.

(aa) Inner lip flattened out and excavated.

L. umbilicata . . . . .p. 236

(bb) Inner lip erect. L. parva . . .p. 243

(b) Epiphallus usually longer than the penis,

(aa) 10 mm. long, has 5 whorls

L. humilis. . . . . . p. 25

(bb) 10 mm. long, has 4 whorls

L. obrussa. . . . . .p. 270

THE NAUTILUS. XXVIII.

PLATE V

WALKER: ON CAMPELOMA, ETC.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVIII. MARCH, 1915. No. 11

ON PALTJDINA COARCTATA AND INCRASSATA LEA.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

The descriptions of both of these species were read by Dr.

Lea before the American Philosophical Society on Dec. 16,

1842 and were published on or before Jan. 3, 1843. Since that

time they have led a varied and precarious existence at the

hands of subsequent authors. Lea's types were, in both in-

stances, single, imperfect specimens received from Dr. Foreman

without any more precise locality than that of "Alabama."

Lea never figured either of his species. But this was done by

W. G. Binney twice, though the two figures in each case are so

dissimilar that it does not seem possible that they could have

been drawn from the same specimens, were it not so stated by

the author.

Binney in his preliminary "Descriptive Catalogue of the

species of Amnicola, Vivipara, etc. of North America", pub-

lished by the Smithsonian Institution in 1862 and purporting

to be " proof ", not only published a figure of the type of coarc-

ata, but also one of "a perfect specimen " from the Lea collec-

tion. In this paper he recognized the species as a valid one,

but added to it as synonyms the exilis and lima of Anthony.

In the same paper he also figured the incrassata and gave it

specific rank.

In this final work, "Land and Freshwater Shells of North

America, Part III," (1865), he omitted the figures of covrrtata

122 THE NAUTILUS.

published in 1852 and gave a new figure of the type, (fig. 108)

and also presented his own description of the form as he under-

stood it, which he illustrated by two figures under one number,

(fig. 106). Both his description and these figures are excellent

and represent a well marked form, which is abundantly found

in the southern states from Alabama to Arkansas. He also re-

tained the synonymy given in 1862.

In this work he referred incrassata to Lithasia and gave a new

and better figure of the type.

In the Conchologia Iconica, (1863), Reeve followed Binney

in uniting coarctata Lea and exilis Anth., but considered lima as

specifically distinct. His figure of coarctata represents exilis and

was drawn from the same specimen figured by Binney, as

Anthony's type.

In 1869, Dr. Jarnes Lewis, (Am. Jour. Con., V, p. 34), from

the examination of a series from the Coosa River in the Wheatley

collection, came to the conclusion that "all the probabilities of

the case point very strongly to the supposition that the true

coarctata is a young shell from the Coosa River which, when

mature, received the name^owderosa." While express!}7 refus-

ing " to decide any question of difference or of identity between

' ponderosa'1 of the Coosa and of the Ohio system of rivers,"

Dr. Lewis was evidently very strongly inclined to the opinion

that the two forms were specifically distinct. On p. 36, Dr. Lewis

also refers to specimens from Corinth, Miss., in the Wheatley

collection labeled " coarctata Lea," which seem to be identical

with the coarctata of Binney and concludes : " It is needless to

add that this species is not coarctata} it is one, which in a care-

ful review of this genus, should receive a distinct designation."

Apparently, Dr. Lewis has long before come to the same

conclusion, as Binney states that as early as 1862, there were

in the Smithsonian Museum, specimens of his, Binney 's,

coarctata from Jackson, Miss., labeled " compressa Lewis."

Dr. Lewis, however, never published any description of his

compressa and, so far as I have been able to ascertain, never re-

ferred to it in any of his writings.

Later, however, in his "Fresh-water and Land Shells" of

Alabama, (1876), he somewhat modified his opinion. In the

THE NAUTILUS. 123

body of the Catalogue, he lists nolani, coarctatus Lea and incras-

satus as varieties of ponderosus and the coarctatus of Binney as

decisus (coarctate var. ) In the appendix, however, he states

that " it is inferred that coarctata and incrassata are identical

with the shells Mr. Tryon calls nolani" and "if the species

really be distinct from ponderosus, it should receive the name of

coarctata or incrassata, either of which has priority of nolani."

He also says "a slender variety of M. decisa occurring in Big

Prairie Creek has been confounded with the Coosa shell that Mr.

Lea calls coarctata. There are peculiarities of form and color

that should forbid the association of the Prairie Creek shell with

the Coosa River coarctata. "

Tryon, in his Continuation of Haldeman's "Monograph of

the Fresh- water Univalve Mollusca of the United States,"

(1870), separated the Coosa River form of ponderosus as a dis-

tinct species under the name of nolani. He gave incrassata

specific rank with decapitata Anth. as a synonym and figured

both, apparently, from the type specimens. He also recog-

nized coarctata as a distinct species with exilis Anth. as a syn-

onym, and thinks "the Alabama locality (for coarctata) some-

what doubtful." His figure represents the typical form and

not the coarctata of Binney.

In 1886. R. E. Call published an elaborate paper "On the

Genus Campeloma Rafinesque with a revision of the Species,"

(Bull. Wash. Coll. Lab., I, pp. 149-165). His treatment of

Lea's coarctata is very blind. Apparently by some oversight,

he makes no reference to Lea's coarctata in his synonymy. But

he includes Binney's (1865) figure of Lea's type, (PI. IV, fig.

10), in the figures stated on p. 155 to represent subsolidum Anth.

Why he did not give precedence to Lea's name, if he intended

to unite the two forms, is difficult to understand.

He refers both incrassata Lea and decapitata Anth. to decisum

as synonyms and adds :

" Melantho (Paludina} coarctata, ex auctores in partim non Lea

( = subsolidum Anthony)." Just what this was intended to

mean is perplexing, as he refers Binney's figures of his coarc-

tata (PI. iv, figs. 8 and 9), to subsolidum on p. 155. With this

exception, there is no reference to Lea's species in his paper

save some cursory remarks in his discussion of lima Anth.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

In a later paper, ( " On Geographic and Hypsometric Distribu-

tion of North American Viviparidae," Am. Jour. Sci., xlviii,

1894, pp. 132-141), however, he seems to have adopted Bin-

ney's conception of coarctata, which he recognizes as a valid

species. In connection with C. subsolidum, he states that "to

the south of Missouri, it is replaced by its congener, Campeloma

coarctatum Lea". And on p. 137, he says "over all the

states from Arkansas south to Texas and east to central Ala-

bama ranges a form, to which Mr. Lea gave the name of Camp-

eloma coarctatum. It appears to be most nearly related to Camp-

eloma subsolidum, being related to it as Campeloma lima, is related

to Campeloma rufum ' ' .

From a careful study of a very considerable amount of ma-

terial from Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas

and Missouri collected by Wheeler, H. H. Smith, Hinkley,

Singley and others, including the Lewis collection, I have come

to the conclusion that Dr. Lewis was entirely right in his judg-

ment as to these several forms. Figures 4 to 7 on my plate

are from shells in his collection and no doubt, were considered

by him at the time he prepared his Alabama Catalogue.

Lea's incrassata is a deformed, depauperate specimen. Mr.

W. B. Marshall of the National Museum has kindly compared

the original of my figure 4 with Lea's type and writes : " It is

like Lea's type of incrassata in practically every detail. Your

shell is a trifle larger". Figure 5 is a larger example of the

same kind, less aberrant and connecting up directly with the

typical form. Figure 6 is the typical coarctata of Lea and is

also the normal 37oung shell of Try on' s nolani. Figure 7 is the

mature form of fig. 6 and the usual manifestation of the Coosa

form known as nolani. It grows larger than that occasionally

and is frequently more inflated. But, on the whole, the Ala-

bama form is differentiated from the typical ponderosum of the

Mississippi system by its more elongated, more cylindrical and

less inflated form. I have seen no specimens that agreed ex-

actly with Tryon's figure 10. It would seem either to be an

extreme, aberrant example or to have had its peculiarities ex-

aggerated in drawing. But there can be no doubt but that the

three forms described as incrassata Lea, coarctata Lea and nolani

THE NAUTILUS. 125

Tryon are individual variants of the same species. Whether

the Alabama race should be considered simply a variety of the

typical ponderosum of the Mississippi system or be given speci-

fic rank is largely a matter of individual opinion. Dr. Lewis

was evidently, at one time, inclined to consider them specific-

ally distinct, but his latest opinion was, apparently, different.

Personally I am inclined to consider them local races of a com-

mon species.

The name that should be used for the Alabama race presents

an interesting question. Incrassata and coarctata were not only

described at the same time, but both descriptions were pub-

lished on the same page, incrassata preceding coarctata. If the

rule of priority applies to page precedence, it would be neces-

sary to use Lea's first name, incrassata. But this would be very

unfortunate ; for the specific type would be an immature, de-

formed and depauperate example. On the other hand, while

the type of coarctata is also a young shell, it is, nevertheless, a

perfectly normal one and represents the species much more cor-

rectly. It is, therefore, very desirable to use that name, if it

can be done without violating the provisions of the International

Code. On referring the question to Dr. Pilsbry, he replies :—

"In this kind of a case, it is held that the first reviser may

select which name may hold. Jordan and some others consider

position on a page as giving "precedence," a view which has

been vigorously combated and which has not been supported

by the International Committee on Nomenclature, who hold

that all names on one page, or indeed in one work, were pub-

lished simultaneously (see Opinion 40 of the International Com-

mittee on Nomenclature). Personally I believe in Jordan's view,

as an artificial precedence is better than no rule. You have,

however, the right to decide either way under the rules".

Under this opinion and for the reason above given, I select

"coarctata Lea" as the name to be used for this form.

The synonymy, therefore, becomes as follows :

CAMPELOMA PONDEROSUM COARCTATUM (Lea). PI. V, figs. 4-7.

1843. Paludina coarctata Lea, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., II, p. 243.

1862. Vivipara coarctata W. G. Binney, Desc. Cat., p. 30,

figs. 50-51.

126

THE NAUTILUS.

1865. Melantho coarctata W. G. Binney, L. & F. W. Shells,

III, p. 53, fig. 108.

1869. Melantho coarctata Lewis, Am. Jour. Con., v, p. 34.

1870. Vivipara coarctata Tryon, Mon., p. 32, pi. 15, fig. I.

1876. Vivipara (Melantho) ponderosus coarctatus Lewis, Fauna

of Ala., L. & F. W. Shells, pp. 24 and 40.

1886. Campeloma subsolidum Call, Bull. Wash. Coll. Lab., I,

pi. iv, fig. 10.

1843. Paludina incrassata Lea, Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., II, p. 243.

1862. Vivipara incrassata W. G. Binney, Desc. Cat., p. 34,

fig. 58.

1865. Lithasia incrassata W. G. Binney, L. & F. W. Shells,

III, p. 65, fig. 65.

1870, Vivipara incrassata Tryon, Mon., p. 29, pi. 15, fig. 7.

1876. Vivipara (Melantho) ponderosus incrassatus Lewis, Fauna

of Ala., L. & F. W. Shells, pp. 24 and 40.

1886. Campeloma decisum (part) Call., Bull. Wash. Coll. Lab.,

I, p. 156.

1870. Vivipara nolani Tryon, Mon., p. 25, pi. 12, figs. 10-11.

1876. Vivipara (Melantho) ponderosus nolani Lewis, Fauna of

Ala., L. & F. W. Shells, pp. 24 and 40.

1886. Campeloma ponderosum (part) Call, Bull. Wash. Coll.

Lab., I, p. 154, pi. Ill, figs. 8-9.

This disposition of Lea's coarctata necessitates a new name for

the coarctata of Binney. I propose to call it Campeloma lewisii

in memory of Dr. James Lewis, who was the first to recognize

its specific distinctness from Lea's coarctata.

The synonymy will be as follows :

CAMPELOMA LEWISII n. n. PI. V, fig. 3.

1865. Melantho coarctata W. G. Binney, L. & F. W. Shells,

III, p. 52, fig. 106.

1869. Melantho sp.? Lewis, Am. Jour. Con., v, p. 36.

1876. Vivipara, (Melantho) decisus (coarctate var. ) Lewis,

Fauna of Ala., L. and F. W. Shells, pp. 24 and 41.

1886. Campeloma subsolidum (part) Call, Bull. Wash. Coll.

Lab., I, p. 155, pi. iv, figs. 8-9.

1894. Campeloma coarctatum Call, Am. Jour. Sci., xlviii, p.

137.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

Binney's description of his Melantho coarctata, is very apt and

his figures, (fig. 106), are excellent, though smaller than the

species frequently attains in its maximum development. For

this reason and because there is no locality indicated for the

shells figured by Binney, I have chosen as the types a series

from the Yallabusha River, Grenada Miss., collected by Hinkley.

The figured type, apex eroded and with only three whorls re-

maining, measures alt. 38.75, diam. 23.5 mm. I have before

me a specimen from Village Creek, Hardin Co. Texas, collec-

ted by Singley, which, with only two whorls remaining, meas-

ures alt. 42, diam. 25.5 mm.

Campdoma lewisii is an abundantly distributed species in the

southern states, ranging west from Alabama, through Missis-

sippi and Louisiana, to Texas and north to Missouri and (pos-

sibly) to southern Illinois, (See Baker, Bull. Ills. St. Lab. N.

H., vii, 1906, p. 89). Apparently it flourishes to the best ad-

vantage in the warm waters of the southern rivers as the speci-

mens from Mississippi and Texas are larger and heavier than

those from northern Alabama and Arkansas.

Compared with subsolidum, which it apparently replaces in

the Gulf States, it is a thinner, lighter shell, the spire is usually

more or less flattened and the suture less impressed and the

whorls lack the shoulder, which is usually well marked in sub-

solidum. It is more closely related to decisum but differs in size,

shape and texture, the suture is less impressed, the spire more

produced, the body whorl proportionately longer and the aper-

ture is a more elongated oval.

I have it before me from the following localities : Flint River,

Gurley ; and the Tombigbee River, Demopolis, Ala. ; Big Black

River, Durant ; Tombigbee River, Columbus ; Tallahatchee

River, Abbeville ; Yallabusha River, Grenada ; Pearl River and

Conway's Slough, Jackson and a branch of the Tangipahoa

River, Pike Co., Miss.; Lake Bisteneau, Bienville, La.: Caddo

Lake and Village Creek, Hardin Co., Texas, Cypress Creek,

Ouachita River and Old River, Arkadelphia ; Big Deciper Creek,

Clark Co. ; Cache Creek, Nemo and the St. Francis River, Lake

City, Ark. and "Missouri."

128 THE NAUTILUS.

POLYGYRA INFLECTA MOBILENSIS NEW VAE.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

A very interesting form of P. inflecta has recently been found

by Mr. L. H. McNeill in Mobile, Ala., and as it seems to be

constant, having been found in two different parts of the City

and on Dauphine Island, I have named it as above.

It differs from the type in being flatter, with the last whorl

less swollen beneath, the teeth small and weak, and in always

having the umbilicus partly uncovered ; white to light-horn-color

but " when found the shells are covered with a black, very ad-

herent coating".

On Dauphine Island, in the Gulf just at the entrance to

Mobile Bay, Mr. McNeill found dead shells of the same form.

The majority of the shells have about one half whorl less than

the typical form, from Mobile, as shown by measurements

below.

Six examples, the largest to smallest, measure :

Gr. cliam, 11^, alt., 6 mm. whorls 5

5| « « 41.

" 5£ "

" 5 " 4i

10 J, "5 4f

10, " 5J " 4|

Five typical shells from Mobile measure : —

Gr. diam. lOf, alt. 6f mm. whorls 5

" lOf, " 6| " " 5

" IQi, « 6^ " 5

IQi "6 "5

" 10^ " 6i " " 5

Types number 7163 of my collection.

THE EARLIEST NOTICE OF A SPECIES OF TBE GENUS GUNDLACHIA.

BY WM. H. BALL.

Rummaging through the volumes of the "Skrivter" of the

Natural History Society of Copenhagen in which Lorenz Spengler

THE NAUTILUS. 129

printed many of his papers toward the end of the 18th century,

1 recently came on a little paper by Martin Vahl on a new spe-

cies of Patella. Vahl was a Danish Naturalist who wrote chiefly

on vertebrates, and after whom Morch named the Greenland

species of Lymncea.

It is probable that he was also interested in botany, as he

relates that he found his Patella (in the Linnean sense) on the

blades of a species of the genus Aponogeton from the East Indies.

He states that of the Linnean species of Patella, it is nearest to

P. fornicata and porcellana (both now placed in the genus Crep-

idula).

His shell was of about the size of a grain of wheat, horny,

fragile, smooth, with a reticulation of brown lines ; the apex

short, blunt, basal and somewhat incurved ; the base with a

transverse horizontal lip less than a quarter of the basal length.

The station of the shell in fresh waters on the blades of Apono-

geton in the East Indies. The shell is not figured, but it seems

certain that nothing but a species of the group called Gundlachia

can correspond to this description, read in 1796, and published

in 1798, in the fourth volume of the Skrivter, part 2, pp. 153-5.

He called the species Patella aponogetonis. It was not until

1849 that Pfeiffer proposed the name Gundlachia for a Cuban

species.

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

( Continued from page 69. )

CARUNCULINA PARVA (Barnes). (See Ortmann, 1912, p. 338.)

I received a number of specimens from Arkansas through

H. E. Wheeler. Gravid females, with glochidia, were collected

in the Ouachita River, Arkadelphia, Clark County, on May 19

and June 23, 1911. Among many specimens collected in Saline

River, Benton, Saline County, on July 13, 1911, no gravid

130 THE NAUTILUS.

females were present. The same was the case in specimens

from Big Deceiper Creek, Gum Springs, Clark County, collected

September 25, 1911. Of two gravid females collected in Mal-

vern Creek, Malvern, Hot Springs County, June 10, 1912, one

had eggs, the other glochidia. Another female, collected August

9, 1912, by A. A. Hinkley in Big Creek, Solitude, Posey County,

Indiana, was gravid with eggs. As will be remembered, I

found myself gravid females with eggs in Pennsylvania on June

17, 1909.

Thus eggs are known to occur on June 10, June 17 and Au-

gust 9, while glochidia were present on May 19, June 10 and

June 26. These records are rather confusing. It may be that

the beginning of the breeding season is irregular (June to Au-

gust), and that the glochidia are discharged in June, so that the

end and beginning of the season overlap. But this should be

studied more closely.

In the female the inner mantle- edge in front of the branchial

has the following structure: First, immediately in front of the

branchial, there is a group of four to six small papillae with

black base and whitish tips; then follows a slightly lamellar

expansion of the inner edge, which is right in front of those

papillae thickened, so as to form the "caruncle." This carun-

cle may be white or brownish (chestnut), of various shapes,

cylindro-conical, or pyramidal, or semi-globular, sometimes

somewhat divided. In front of the caruncle the edge is slightly

wavy and disappears soon. The group of small papillae, with

their black base, form a more or less marked black spot, and

sometimes this black color extends forward and backward, for-

ward so as to enclose the base of the caruncle, backward along

the base of the papillae of the branchial. Also in the male the

group of small papillae is present and marked by a black spot,

and in front of this the inner edge is slightly lamellar, but

without a caruncle.

In most of the specimens recently investigated, the supraanal

opening was not closed, but normal, separated from the anal

by a mantle connection a little shorter than the supraanal, but

as long as or slightly longer than the anal. But in one speci-

men from Malvern, a male, the supraanal is undoubtedly

THE NAUTILUS. 131

closed, thus confirming my previous observation in Pennsyl-

vanian specimens; but this character is apparently not constant.

Glochidia subovate, anterior, ventral, and posterior margins

forming a rather regular curve. They are somewhat higher

than long, but not quite so high as in Lea's figure (Obs. 13,

1874, pi. 21, f. 3). Length, 0.18; height, 0.20 mm.

( To be continued. )

NOTES.

HELIX HORTENSIS FROM A MAINE SHELL HEAP. — Dr. Glover

M. Allen, in company with Mr. James F. Porter, while exca-

vating in a shell heap on Great Spruce Head Island, Penobscot

Bay, found Helix hortensis at a depth of from one to two feet

below the surface, associated with bones of the large extinct

mink — Mustela macrodon Prentiss. Although this mink has

probably not been extinct for any great length of time, the asso-

ciation of the two forms is another evidence in support of the

conclusion that the presence of H. hortensis in North America

is in no way associated with its settlement by Europeans. Mr.

Porter also found a fresh specimen! of H. hortensis near Duck

Harbor, Isle au Haute, Me., anew locality for the species.

— C. W. JOHNSON.

C^CILIOIDES GUNDLACHI (PER. ) IN FLORIDA : — In March, 1914

Mr. John B. Henderson sent me two bags of dirt gathered on

the south bank of the Miami River about two miles above Mi-

ami, and in it I found four specimens of the above species.

This may be the species collected by Bartlett in Florida many

years ago and called " C. acicula" by Binney ; Manual, p. 429,

as acicula has never been found there';,by recent collectors. Pils-

bry, Manual of Conchology, second series, Vol. XX, p. 43,

states that the shells found by A. D. Brown at Princeton N. J.,

"no doubt imported with West Indian plants," are gundlachi

although Binney recorded them in the Manual as acicula.

— GEO. H. CLAPP.

132 THE NAUTILUS.

BULIMULUS SCHIEDEANUS ( PER. ) IN TEXAS : — In May 1913,

Mr. Walter E. Koch found dead shells of this species near Ter-

lingua, Brewster Co. , Texas which are indistinguishable from

Mexican specimens. The largest measures 41^x2H mm, with

seven whorls. — GEO. H. CLAPP.

Dr. Ortmann informs us that he has received a letter from Dr.

F. Haas, of the Senckenburg Museum, Frankfurt a. M. He

is in Spain. At the beginning of the war, he was in the High

Pyrenees, and descending into French territory, was seized. All

his belongings were taken from him by the French authorities,

including his collections, and he was finally permitted to pass

over into Spain.

After many hardships, on account of lack of funds, he was at

last taken care of by a branch-plant of an electric company of

his home town. He is now there, and his address is : Care of

Sociedad Electro-Quimica, Flix (Tarragona) Spain.

VIVIPAROUS UROCOPTID^E — While going over Urocoptids in the

Museum I noticed that Brachypodella (Liparotes) obesa and sutu-

ralis (Weinl.) are both viviparous. Shells of both species con-

tain young of two or three whorls. You may already know

this, but I do not find it recorded. — W. F. CLAPP, Museum of

Comparative Zoology.

GUNDLACHIA OR NAVicELLA ? — As a supplement to Dr. DalFs

article on the earliest notice of Gundlachia it may be as well to

mention that on looking over Vahl's paper I was struck by the

resemblance of his "Patella" to the genus Navicella. I see

that Tryon (Man. Conch. X) has taken the same view. — H.

A. PILSBRY.

THE NAUTILUS, XXVIII.

PLATE VI.

2a

1-3,5. RAMSDEN: CUBAN LAND SHELLS.

4. HENDERSON : MICROCERAMUS LONGUS.

6-8 CLAPP: NEW SPECIES OF VERTIGO.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXVIII. APRIL, 1915. No. 12

ON SOME NEW CUBAN LAND SHELLS.

BY CHARLES T. RAMSDEN.

Among numerous interesting finds in the district of Guanta-

namo during the winter, three very distinct forms are selected

for the following descriptions. Others are being worked up,

and the descriptions will shortly follow.

UROCOPTIS (ARANGIA) SCOBINATA Torre and Ramsden, n. sp.

Plate vi, figs. 3.

The shell is column-shaped, the upper half tapering to a

rather wide truncation ; waxen white, the base livid brown

near the lip, both within and externally ; without gloss ; sculp-

tured with thin, delicate rib-strise which are stronger near the

lower suture on each whorl, and are distinctly crimped ; the

irregularities being regular in successive riblets give an appear-

ance of spiral sculpture. The whorls are nearly flat, parted

by a distinctly impressed suture. The upper breach is closed

by a flat, vertical septum, usually concealed by persistence

of part of a whorl above it. The last whorl has a very

prominent carina defining the base, which is slightly con-

vex. The aperture is vertical, irregularly rounded, bluntly

angular at the termination of the keel. Peristome thin, reflected,

adnate for a short distance above. The internal axis bears a

134 THE NAUTILUS.

single smooth median lamella which becomes very much weaker

in the penultimate whorl.

Length 33.5, diameter 6.5 mm ; 13 whorls remaining.

Length 31.5, diameter 6.5 mm.

Locality. — Subida a "La Hembrita", Monte Toro, Guanta-

namo. Type No. 111446 A. N. S. P., paratypes in collections

of Torre and Ramsden.

This species differs from U. sowerbyana Pfr. in the following

details. The delicate riblets are distinctly crimped, while in

sowerbyana they are even ; the basal carina is decidedly more

prominent ; the axial lamella is thinner, and in the penultimate

whorl it is weaker ; the lip is shortly adnate above ; finally the

color of the aperture differs.

The mantle of the animal is black, with white flames widest

at the upper suture, and some small white spots between the

flames. In life it shows through the shell, as in the figure.

The jaw and radula of this species have been examined by

Dr. Pilsbry, who supplies the following notes. The jaw is ex-

tremely thin, composed of about 65 delicate narrow plaits, the

middle ones forming a triangular area of short plaits. The radula

has about 19.1.19 teeth, shaped like those of U. (Esochara)

fabreana. The central tooth is very narrow as in Esochara. The

dentition of the subgenus Arangia was not known before, but it

confirms the inferences drawn from the shell as to the general

position of the group. By the greater number of teeth it is more

generalized than the other Cuban subgenera of Urocoptis.

DIPLOPOMA TORREI, n. sp. Plate vi, figs. 1, la.

The shell is scarcely perforate, pupiform, truncate, slightly

more than four whorls remaining in the adult stage ; russet

vinaceous or almost white, with some small darker spots dis-

posed in vertical series and upon the subsutural projections.

Sculpture of very low, rather wide, rounded spirals on the

last 2 or 2^ whorls, becoming strong at the base and in the

umbilicus of the last whorl ; about seven of these spirals visible

on the penultimate whorl. Vertical sculpture of crowded, fine

rib-striae, which are slightly thickened where they pass over

the spirals. The whorls are moderately convex, broadly ap-

THE NAUTILUS. 135

pressed and irregularly, deeply lacerated above. The aperture is

slightly longer than wide : peristome narrowly reflexed, thin,

fluted, and having a small lobe at the upper extremity.

The operculum shows three whorls and a gray sunken nucleus

externally, the whorls flat and tangentially striate, separated by

a deep narrow7 suture. The inner face is concave and light

yellow. The edge shows the two layers separated by a very

deep cleft.

Length 15, diam. of last whorl, above the aperture 7 mm. ;

longest axis of aperture outside peristome 6 mm.

Locality. — Ojo de Agua range, between Guantanamo and

Ramon de las Yaguas. Types No. 111445 A. N. S. P., para-

types in Ramsden collection.

This species differs conspicuously from D. architectonicum in

both shell and operculum, but the latter has the very deep peri-

pheral cleft characteristic of the genus. It was a great surprise

to come upon a new species of this group.

RHYTIDOPOMA TOLLINI, n. sp. PI. vi, fig. 5.

The shell is umbilicate, conic, composed of 4^ strongly con-

vex whorls. The summit is somewhat mamillar and distorted,

the first whorl extremely convex, smoothish, next half whorl

narrower. The last two whorls have a sculpture of very irreg-

ular, in part twinned axial lamina? which are enlarged at inter-

vals in spiral bands, of which there are about 12 on the last

whorl at the aperture; those on the inner (umbilical) side

crowded, the rest widely spaced and larger, giving the appear-

ance of coarse, low, spiral cords. The suture is irregular by

the unequal prominence of the lamina?. The last whorl is

barely free at the aperture. Peristome is simple, not expanded,

but having a small lobe at the sutural extremity.

The operculum lodges lid-like upon the edge of the peris-

tome. It is circular, concave within, flat externally, composed

of about 7 narrow, closely-wound whorls, which are obliquely

striate and parted by a rather deep, narrow suture.

Length 7, diam. 7 mm.

Locality. — Fifteen miles south of Media Luna, on the Pilon

road, collected by 0. Tollin. Type no. 111444 A. N. S. P.,

paratypes in coll. Ramsden.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

A species of peculiar form. No other Rhytidopoma (= Cteno-

poma, preoccupied) is of this shape. A slight approach to the

sculpture of R. tollini is seen in R. perspectivum. In life the

shells are thickly coated with soil.

MICROCERAMUS LONGUS, N. SP.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON.

Among a lot of shells recently received from a limestone hill

belonging to the Cubitas range in northern Camaguay Province,

Cuba, is a new Microceramus belonging to the gossei group but

quite distinct from that well-known and widely-distributed

species. It is figured on plate vi, fig. 4. I give the following

diagnosis :

Shell imperforate, turrited, tapering above the tenth whorl

to an entire apex. Nuclear whorls two, ribbed. Opaque cor-

neous brown streaked with wide white patches. Sculptured

with oblique, closely pressed strire, about 50 on lower whorls.

Below and sometimes crossing the suture an irregularly spaced

row of white nodules or bosses, less frequent in upper whorls.

Whorls 15, well rounded in upper series becoming almost flat

on cylindrical portion of shell. Base shows a very faint keel.

Aperture slightly oblique, almost round, with white and very

feebly expanded lip, the converging ends separated by smooth

parietal wall. Axis simple.

Length 14, diam. 3.5 mm.; length ap. 2.75 mm.

Length 12, diam. 4 mm.

Length 10, diam. 3.25 mm.

In the lot received there is but little variation in color or dis-

position of white sutural nodules, but some range in size. The

large number of whorls and the general facies of the shell at

once suggests the Spiroceramus group, but the absence of an

axial lamella precludes it.

Type no. 111447 A. N. S. Phila. ; topotypes in coll. J. B. H.

THE NAUTILUS. 137

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF VERTIGO, WITH

NOTES ON OTHER FORMS.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

VERTIGO ALABAMENSIS n. sp. Plate vi, figs. 6, 6a, 66.

The shell is cylindric-oval, perforate, convex, sutures well

impressed, the last whorl somewhat tapering below, bulging

above, and deeply constricted over the palatal folds ; crest well

marked. Lip well reflected, pale brown, and deeply constricted

opposite the upper palatal, simple above the constriction, and

with a strong callous or internal collar running down and con-

necting with the columella. Denticles 7, the parietal high,

sinuous and deeply entering ; angular strong, flat ; upper pal-

atal deep, very high in front and tapering to the rear, lower

palatal very deeply seated, inner end back of the subcolumellar

lamella, both palatals distinctly showing from the outside as

white lines. Columellar lamella strong flat ; subcolumellar

bifid, strong ; basal fold distinct, set on the callous collar just

below the subcolumellar lamella.

Length 1.8, diam. 1.0 mm. — Length of aperture 0.69, width

0.63 mm.

"Among rotting leaves in a ravine near junction of North

River with Black Warrior, Tuscaloosa Co., Ala." (H. H.

Smith 1909).

VERTIGO ALABAMENSIS CONECUHENSIS n. subsp. Plate, vi, figs.

7, 7a.

At Evergreen, Conecuh Co., Ala., Mr. Smith found a variety

(No. 9158) which differs from the type in being shorter and

more globose with the teeth less strongly developed and the

basal fold absent in all shells examined. Length 1.53, diam.

1.0 mm. Length of aperture 0.58, width .63 mm.

The types of these are in my collection ; paratypes in coll.

A. N. S. Phila.

VERTIGO OSCARIANA Sterki, variety. Plate vi, fig. 8.

This rare species was taken at Evergreen, Conecuh Co., Ala-

bama. The specimens are more transparent than the types,

and a little less strongly striate, but they agree in the characters

of the aperture.

138 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW SPECIES OF MODIOLARIA FROM BERING SEA.

BY WILLIAM HEALY BALL.

Iredale has selected as type of Musculus Bolten, 1798, the

species Mytilus discors Gmelin, the Musculus of Klein having no

nomenclatorial standing. Therefore the familiar name Modio-

laria becomes a synonym.

In a handful of dry algae sent from the Pribiloff Islands,

Bering Sea, by Mr. G. Dallas Hanna, and profusely in-

habited by the fry of Mytilus edulis, Turtonia minuta and young

Haloconcha reflexa, a number of specimens which seemed un-

duly inflated for young Mytilus were noted. Placed under the

microscope these were recognized as something new, though a

casual glance would hardly have led to their separation.

Musculus phenax n. sp.

Shell small, very solid, inflated, brownish or bluish black,

mytiliform; anterior end very short, but with the beaks extend-

ing slightly in front, attenuated, rounded, compressed below,

with two or three radial impressed sulci; posterior end widen-

ing, rounded, the dorsal margin with an obscure angle about

midway, the base behind the sulci convexly arcuate; the beaks

blunt, inflated, conspicuous; surface polished, with inconspicu-

ous incremental irregularities; interior blackish purple, with a

very strong nymph for the ligament, and three or four denticles

where the external sulci meet the margin. Length 7.7, maxi-

mum breadth 4.5, maximum diameter 4.0 mm.

Habitat. St. George Island, Pribiloff group, Bering Sea,

living among algae, to which the specimens adhere by a strong

byssus. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 271733.

This would certainly be taken for a young Mytilus without

careful examination. The most obvious differences are the

greater inflation; the anterior portion (which is usually pale in

the Mytilus) is dark; the inflated beaks which do not quite

reach the anterior end, and internally the hinge characters. It

agrees with M. vernicosa Midd. in not forming a byssal net over

the valves.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

OLIVA LITTERATA, LAMARCK.

BY WM. G. MAZYCK.

In the February Nautilus Mr. Johnson substitutes Conrad's

name Oliva carolinensis for 0. circinata, Marrat, which he had

previously used for this well-known shell, Lamarck's name

having been pre-occupied by Bolten, overlooking the fact that

Dr. Edmund Ravenel had published the name Oliva sayana

twenty-nine years before Conrad's description of Dactylina

carolinenis.

The little shelf of books which I dignify with the title of

" my Library" furnishes the following facts :

In 1834 Dr. Ravenel published a Catalogue of the Recent

Shells in his Cabinet, on page 19 of which we find these entries :

" 0. litterata, Lam. 20 Ceylon.

* 0. Sayana, South Carolina.

* 0. litterata, Say.

* These shells are certainly distinct, and therefore should be

distinguished by different names. The 0. Sayana, sometimes

exceeds 3 inches in length — fine specimens are rare — worn speci-

mens not uncommon on the coast of South Carolina."

In 1874 a second edition of this Catalogue was issued and on

page 16 we read :

" 512 0. litterata, (0. Sayana, Rav. ) Sull. L, S. C. " —

a clear indication that he recognized the specific identity of the

shells which he had formerly considered distinct.

I find no further allusion to Ravenel's name until 1889 when

Dr. Dall mentions it as a synonym of 0. litterata Lam., in Blake

Moll., part 2, p. 133. With these facts before us it appears

that the correct synonymy is

OLIVA SAYANA, Ravenel.

Oliva litterata, Lamarck, Ann. Mus., xvi, p. 315, 1810.

Oliva literata, Say, Am. Conch., pi. 3, 1830.

Oliva sayana, Ravenel, Cat., p. 19, 1834.

Oliva cylindrica, Sowerby Quar. Jour. GeoL, vi, p. 45, 1849,

pars. 1

1 Fide Johnson.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

Strephona literata, Tuomey & Holmes, Pleioc. Foss. S. C., p.

140, 1857.

Olivancillaria ( Utriculina) litterata, H. & A. Adams, Gen. i,

p. 141, 1858.

Dactylina carolinensis, Conrad, Pro. Ac. Nat. Sci., p. 563, 1862.

Oliva circinata, Marrat, Thes. Conch., iv, p. 21, 187 1.1

Olivet litterata, (0. Sayana. Rav. ) Ravenel, Cat., p. 16, 1874.

PLEUROBEMA MISSOURIENSIS MARSH.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

This species was described by the late William A. Marsh in

1901 in THE NAUTILUS, xv, p. 74. The types were collected by

the late Ellwood Pleas in the Black River near Poplar Bluff,

Butler Co. , Mo. It has not as yet been found by any other

collector. It was not figured by the author, and owing to this

fact and the rather unfortunate comparisons with other species

made in the remarks accompanying the description, it has

always been a conundrum to other students of the Unionidse.

After Mr. Marsh's death in 1913, his collection of Unionidse

was acquired by Mr. L. S. Frierson and myself. The four

specimens of missouriensis mentioned by Marsh were found and

the type and one other are now in my collection. The other

two belong to Mr. Frierson.

The specimen now figured (pi. V, figs. 1, 2) is marked

"Type" on the interior of the right valve.

The examination of these specimens shows that the systematic

position and relationship of the species was misunderstood by

Mr. Marsh.

Missouriensis is not a Pleurobema, but is a Quadrula of the

subrotunda group as defined by Simpson. It has no resem-

blance to P. bigbyense Lea at all. The comparison with P. hart-

manianwn Lea is equally fallacious and would seem to have

been based upon a misapprehension of that species, for which,

perhaps, he is not to blame. Hartmanianum is restricted to the

1 Fide Johnson.

THE NAUTILUS. 141

Alabama drainage system, but Simpson states that Lea, him-

self, had identified certain shells from the Clinch River as that

species. This may have been the source of the erroneous com-

parison. At any rate, in the collection of the late Mrs. George

Andrews were shells from the Holston River, which had been

identified by Marsh as hartmanianum, and it seems probable

that it was with such shells that the comparison was made.

These shells are identical with the form that he subsequently

described as Q. beauchampii. Both this species and his Q. an-

drewsii are hardly distinguishable from globata Lea and pilaris

Lea and, indeed, all of these forms, together with lesueurianus

Lea, form a natural group of inosculating races, which ma}'

represent simply a phase of subrotundum Lea. In the French

Broad, Tellico and Hiawassee rivers there is found a form that

is more compressed than typical pilaris and which would seem

to be nearer to lesueurianus. It is with this form that missouri-

ensis is most closely allied and, until a final and authoritative

disposition can be made of the entire group, it must be con-

sidered as the western representative of that very perplexing

aggregation .

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

(Continued from page 131.)

CARUNCULINA TEXASENSIS (Lea) (See Ortmann, 1912, p. 339).

I have specimens from the Old River of the Ouachita River,

Arkadelphia, Clark Co., Ark., among them gravid females,

collected by H. E. Wheeler on July 17, 1911, which had in

part eggs, in part young glochidia, and females with eggs col-

lected August 20, 1912. L. S. Frierson sent gravid females

with eggs and ripe glochidia, collected August 1, 1912, in

Sabine River, Logansport, De Soto Par., La. Thus also here

the breeding season remains obscure, but conditions might be

the same as in C. parva. A specimen from Logansport, col-

lected Aug. 1, was discharging.

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Soft parts very much like those of C. parra, but the black

spot behind the caruncle is not well marked, but represented

by a black streak, extending along the branchial opening for-

ward to the base of the caruncle, and beyond. Caruncle globu-

lar, subcylindrical, or pear-shaped, brownish or white, and

quite conspicuous upon a black base. In the male, the black

streak may be distinct or obscure, and the caruncle is entirely

missing.

Rest of the anatomy as described previously; in one specimen,

however, the inner lamina of the inner gills was free for only

about one half of the length of the abdominal sac. In all spec-

imens, the supraanal was open.

Glochidia identical with those of C. parva, Length: 0.18.

Height: 0.20 mm.

Garunculina glans (Lea.) (see: Lampsilis (Carunndwa) glans

Simpson, 1900, p. 565).

A sterile female from the Old River of Ouachita River, Arka-

delphia, Clark Co., Ark., collected by H. E. Wheeler, July 17,

1911.

Inner edge of mantle, from branchial to caruncle, and a little

in front of the latter, with a black streak, this streak, most in-

tense just behind the caruncle, forming an ill-defined black

blotch. Caruncle subcylindrical, brown.

Edge of sterile marsupium dark brown (no dark pigment

seen here in C. parva and texasensis") .

MEDIONTIDUS CONRADICUS (Lea). (See Ortmann, 1912, p. 335.)

Only one male and a gravid female were at hand when I de-

scribed the anatomy of this form. Recently I have collected a

large number in North Fork, Holston River, Saltville, Smyth

Co., Va. (September 17, 1912), and in Clinch River, Richland

and Raven, Tazewell Co., Va. (September 20 and 21, 1912),

and preserved the soft parts of six males, two sterile, and six

gravid females. All of the latter have glochidia, but in some

they are immature, thus indicating the beginning of the breed-

ing season early in September.

Soft parts as described, and inner lamina of inner gills always

free, except at anterior end. Marsupium as described, but

THE NAUTILUS. 143

larger in larger specimens. Ovisacs as distinct as in other

forms; their number may go up to 20 and even more. The

marsupiuin assumes, when larger, the normal, kidney-like

shape, but there is always a considerable part of the gill, at the

posterior end, non-marsupial.

Inner edge of mantle, in front of the branchial, with very

variable papillae. My former description apparently represents

not the normal condition, for in the present material the papillae

are posteriorly (near the branchial) generally very indistinct,

often absent, and only anteriorly there are one, two or three

rather long ones, of subcylindrical shape (but hardly "hair-

like").

Glochidia as described before, almost subspatulate (with

anterior and posterior margins nearly straight and forming an

indistinct angle with the lower margin). They are much

higher than long. Length 0.28, height 0.27 mm. (former

measurements 0.22 x 0.28).

I have seen in none of the specimens from the Holston and

Clinch Rivers a trace of the byssus of the adult shell.

Color of soft parts: whole mantle, and also the gills and pos-

terior part of abdominal sac, suffused with black. Mantle

margin intensely black posteriorly. The charged marsupium

is white, without pigment on the edge, and contrasts strongly

with blackish color of the rest of the gills.

I think Medionidus is a good genus, distinguished by char-

acter of shell and soft parts. The location of the marsupium,

and of the marsupial swelling of the female shell is different

from that of the allied genera (chieliy Eurynia), but also shell

sculpture and papillae of mantle offer good characters.

( To be concluded. )

NOTES.

GONIDEA ANGULATA Lea. In a letter from Mr. John A. Allen

who has been collecting shells in Oregon, especially about his

home in Oswego, he states, that Gonidea angulata Lea was in

great abundance in the canal which connects Tualatin River

with Oswego Lake, Clackamas Co., Oregon. Only a few young

ones were seen. The Gonidea were well sunk in the gravel,

144 THE NAUTILUS.

probably were obliged to be, to escape being washed out by the

winter floods. Perhaps the juvenile specimens were sunk so as

to be practically invisible. Where the canal passed through

hard clay, the Gonidea live in holes something like Petricola

ploladi/ormis Lam. " I wonder how they made the holes?" The

canal is not for boats, but carries water for power. At most

places it is a trough blasted through rock, and here the Gonidea

are very abundant in the running water ; but it also lives in the

still water of the lake. — E. G. VANATTA.

A REPAIRED SHELL. — While digging Zirfaa gabbi Tryon, at

Anaheim Bay, Cal. recently I took one about 2-J inches long

that had repaired a very bad break in its shell. One valve was

whole but the other had been broken from end to end, the break

being nearly straight and not far from the umbones and a piece

of the shell as large as a 25-cent piece was entirely gone from

the lower end of the valve. At the line of the break the pieces

of shell had separated \ inch and were fastened together by

new shell nearly to the original outline. The new shell was

somewhat translucent and lacked the characteristic sculpturing

of the shell. In the same bank of red clay I get Pholas pacifica

Stearns, Platyodon cancellatus Conrad, and Schizothcerus nuttallii

Conrad. — E. P. Chace.

On the occasion of the dedication of the Mellon Institute of

Industrial Research of the University of Pittsburg, February

26th, the honorary degree of Doctor of Science was conferred

upon Mr. George Hubbard Clapp, president of the board of

trustees of the University.

Dr. Paul Bartsch has been made Curator of Marine Inverte-

brates of the National Museum. As conchologists we hope that

his new responsibilities will not diminish his activities along

molluscan lines.

PUBLICATIONS EECEIVED

ILLUSTRATIONS OF A THOUSAND SHELLS, part 2, By Y. HIRASE,

Kyoto, Japan, Jan. 1915. The second part of this unique work,

is fully as interesting as the first. It contains 105 excellent

figures making the total for the two parts 200. The author

shows indomitable zeal in promoting the study of Japanese

mollusks. He deserves all the encouragement possible, and we

wish him success. — C. W. J.

MBl.

y i?yy