THE

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXIX

MAY, 1915, to APRIL, 1916

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences

PHILADELPHIA

CHARLES W. JOHNSON

Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History

BOSTON

INDEX

TO

THE NAUTILUS, XXIX.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

American Marine Conchology, Dates of publication . . 108

Amnicola deserta Pils. , n. sp .111

Amnicola neomexicana Pils., n. sp. . . .111

Anodonta danielsi Lea in Colorado . . 116

Anodonta imbecillis Say .... 8

Ariolimax columbianus, an edible slug . .143

Ashmunella danielsi Pils. &Ferriss, n. sp. (PI. II, fig. 1) . 16, 34

Ashmunella danielsi dispar Pils. & Ferriss, n. subsp.

(PL II, fig. 2) . . 16, 41

Ashmunella mogollonensis Pils. .... 29, 42

Ashmunella pilsbryana Ferriss (PI. II, f. 3) . . 16, 42

Ashmunella proxima Pils. ...... 30

Ashmunella tetrodon Pils. & Ferriss, n. sp. (PI. I, figs. 1,2. 15

Ashmunella tetrodon inermis Pils. & Ferriss, n. subsp.

(PI. I, fig. 7) 16, 33

Ashmunella tetrodon mutator Pils. & Ferriss, n. subsp.

(PI. I, figs. 3-6) 16, 31

Bifidaria (Bensonella) landurensis Pils., n. sp. . . 73

Bifidaria minuta Sterki, n. sp. 105

Bifidaria plicidens Bens. . .73

Blanfordia bensoni A. Ads 2

Blanfordia japonica A. Ads. . 2

Blanfordia nosophora Robson ... 1

Blanfordia simplex Pils, . 2

Caecilianopsis . 119

Caecilioides, notes on . . . . . .119

Callocardia (Agriodesma) felipponei Dall, n. sp. . .113

Campeloma lewisii Walker in Illinois . . . .36

Cokeria southalli Marshall . . . . .133

Conchological Museum for Japan . . 108

Cypraea, new Australian ... ... 144

(Hi)

IV THE NAUTILUS.

Dall banquet . . . . . . . . .11

Epiphragmophora ellipsostoma Pils. (PI. II, fig. 6) . 16, 102

Epiphragmophora zechae Pils., n. sp. (PI. Ill) . . 104

Eueonulus sterkii Dall in Florida ..... 143

Euglandina, appetite of . . . . . . .119

Eupera, habits of 82

Eupera singleyi in Louisiana ...... 82

Eurynia (Micromya) constricta (Conrad) . . .66

Eurynia (Micromya) nebulosa (Conrad) . . . .64

Eurynia (Micromya) perpurpurea (Lea) . . . .63

Eurynia (Micromya) vanuxemensis (Lea) . . .65

Ferriss banquet .... ... 36

Floridian land shells ....... 143

Fusinus centrifugus Dall, n. sp. .... 56

Fusinus colpoicus Dall, n. sp. . . . . .54

Fusinus, notes on the West American species of .54

Fusinus orcutti Dall, n. sp 57

Fusinus porticus Dall, n. sp. . . . . .56

Fusinus traski Dall, n. n. for F. rugosus Trask . . 55

Fusinus monksae Dall, n. n. for F. robustus Trask . . 55

Glycymeris diaphorus Dall, n. sp 12

Harmandia Rochebr. .... 82

Helices of Lower California and Sinaloa . . . .97

Helix canescens Adams & Reeve . . . . .97

Helix digueti J. Mabilla . .... 100

Helix hortensis near Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard. . 83

Helix hortensis on Nantucket ...... 109

Helix indigena J. Mabille . . . . . .99

Helix invecta J. Mabille . .... 100

Helix lohrii Gabb . .98

Helix pisana Mull, in California . . . . .72

Helix steganella J. Mabille ...... 99

Hemilastena ambigua Say 6

Ilyanassa obsoleta, migration of . . . .43

Japanese species of Blanfordia ...... 1

Karolus primus De Folin . . . . .119

Katayama nosophora Robson . ... 4

Lasmigona subviridis Conrad . .... 57

Lasmigona viridis Raf. . . . . . 59

Limax flavus L. in California . . .83

Limax maxirnus L. in California . . . . .84

Litorina litorea and L. rudis, migration of . . .43

Littorina littorea a fish ....... 96

Lymnsea (Pseudosuccinea) columella in Oregon . . 60

Lymnaeids, on the classification of ... .20

Mactrella clissia Dall, n. sp. ... 62

THE NAUTILUS. V

Mactrella (Harvella) elegans Sowb. . . . . .62

Mactrella, notes on American species of . .61

Margaritana margaritana . . 5

Margaritana monodonta ... ... 5

Marginella californica Tomlin . .... 138

Marginella varia Sowerby . . 138

Michigan, mollusca from Berrien county . . 47

Micrarionta veatchii ....... 97

Microceramus perconicus anafensis Henderson . . .137

Mollusca of Anaheim Bay, California . . . .129

Montana Mollusca . . . . . . . 124, 144

Museum Boltenianum, an index to the . . . .27

Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard, notes on collecting . 109

Najades, studies in . . . . . . . .63

New England, fauna of . . . . . .120

New Mexican Expedition of 1914 13, 29, 41

Ohio, mollusca of Geneva . . . . . .121

Oklahoma, the Gastropoda of Payne county . 88

Oliva bulbosa var. immaculata Vanatta n. n. . .68

Oliva ispidula var. algida Vanatta n. var. . . .71

Oliva ispidula var. gratiosa Vanatta n. var. . . .71

Oliva peruviana var. subcastanea Vanatta n. var. . 68

Oliva peruviana var. vadi Vanatta n. var . « . .132

Oliva, notes on ....... 67, 132

Olivella biplicata var. lapillus Vanatta n. var. . . .71

Olivella blanesi var. albata Vanatta n. var. . .71

Ontario, mollusca of Georgian Bay . . . 132

Oreohelix barbata Pils .... .30

Oreohelix cooperi berryi Pils., n. subsp. . 48

Oreohelix cooperi W. G. B. . . . . . . 142

Oreohelix haydeni utahensis Hemphill .... 139

Oreohelix strigosa magnicornu Pilsbry . . 141

Oysters of Oyster Run, Durham, N. H. . . .28

Paludestrina salsa in New Jersey . . 85

Philomycus ohioensis Sterki MS . 122

Pleistocene mollusks from Illinois . . . 87

Pleurobema cor Simp. . . ... 116

Pleurobema lewisii Lea . . ... 114

Polygyra albolabrif1., edible ...... 143

Publications received 24, 59, 106, 120, 132

Quadrula heros Say . .... 4

Reversed or sinistral shells ... . . 128

Shells of Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie . . . .18

Sierra de Cubitas, Camaguey, Cuba . . 17

Sinistral shells .... ... 128

Solenopsidae — Solenomorphidte . . 84

VI THE NAUTILUS.

Somatogyrus amnicoloides Walker, n. sp. (Fig. 3) . 39, 52

Somatogyrus, apical characters in . . .37, 49

Somatogyrus crassilabris Walker, n. sp. (Fig. 4) 40, 53

Somatogyrus wheeleri Walker, n. sp. (Figs. 1, 2) . . 51

Sonorella lioderma Pils. (PI. II, f. 7) . . ' 16, 98

Sonorella lohrii Gabb (PI. II, f. 8) . . 16, 98

Sonorella merrilli Bartsch . .100

Sonorella peninsularis Pils. (PI. II, f. 4) 16, 100

Sonorella ultima Pils. (PI. II, f. 5) . 16, 101

South Dakota, Mollusca of . 79, 90

Stain for Radula3 .... .107

Tethys (Neaphysia) californica (Cooper) . . 84

Unio cor Conrad, observations on . 102, 114

Unio crapulus Lea ... . .114

Unio lewisii Lea . . .114

Unio viridis Raf. ... . 57, 74

Unionidse, some exceptional cases of breeding among the . 4

Urocoptis cyclostoma anafensis Henderson . 137

Uruguay, two new bivalve shells from . .112

Vallonia costata montana Sterki , 126

Venezuela shells .... .82

Vitrea carolinensis Ckll .... .27

Vitrea cryptomphala Clapp, n. sp. (Fig. 1) 25

Vitrea indentata Say .... .27

Viviparus malleatus Reeve in Massachusetts 35

THE NAUTILUS. Vll

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Allen, John A. .... 18, 143

Baker, Frank C. . 20, 36, 47, 87, 144

Batchelder, C. H. . ... 28, 43

Berry, S. S. . . 124, 144

Chace, E. P. . . . 72, 129

Clapp, Geo. H. . 25

Cockerell, T. D. A. . ... 84

Dall, Wm. H. . . 56, 61, 112

Ellis, Max M. . . 116

Ferriss, Jas. H. . . 13, 29, 41

Frierson, L. S. . 57, 82, 102

Greger, Darling K. . 88

Henderson, John B. . 17, 135

Howard, Arthur D. ... ... 4

Johnson, C. W. . .35, 59, 83, 108

Latchford, F. R. . . 96

Long, Bayard ... 85

Marshall, William B. . ... 133

Oldroyd, Ida S. . . 107

Ortmann, Arnold ........ 63

Over, W. H 79, 90

Pilsbry, H. A. 1, 13, 29, 41, 48, 73, 97, 104, 106, 111, 119, 139

Sampson, F. A . . .128

Sterki, V . 105, 121

Tomlin, J. R. Le B., .... 138

Vanatta, E. G. . . 60, 67, 82, 95, 143

Walker, Bryant ... .37, 49, 74, 82, 114

Warren, Shields . 107

Winkley, H. W. . 109

WILLIAM HEALEY DALL

1915

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXIX. MAY, 1915. No. 1

THE JAPANESE SPECIES OF BIANFORDIA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

I have recently received a series of Blanfordias, representing

a new species, from Prof. Seitaro Goto of the Zoological Insti-

tute of the Science College, Imperial University of Tokyo.

Professor Goto writes as follows: "I am interested in these

snails as the intermediate hosts of the Japanese blood fluke,

whose life-history a former student of mine has succeeded in

making out. He has already published a short preliminary

paper on the subject and I hope that he may be able to quote

your authority in his full paper in regard to the specific identity

of the snails. The locality of these specimens is Sakai, Saga

Prefecture (Kyushu)."

BLANFORDTA NOSOPHORA (Robson).

The shell is perforate, turrited, solid, of a russet color, the

worn summit pink or dark vinaceous. The surface is glossy,

faintly marked with growth-striae. The early whorls are want-

ing in the adult stage, 5 to 7 whorls remaining. These are

strongly convex, united by a deep suture. The last whorl

swells out to form a rounded ridge or varix behind the peris-

tome. The aperture is vertical, ovate, somewhat diagonal;

deep within it is of a vinaceous color, then yellowish in a band

under the varix, finally olive at the edge of the lip. The per-

istome expands and is narrowly recurved at the edge, and a

transparent callus connects the outer and inner margins.

L THE NAUTILUS.

Length 7.2, greatest diam. 3 mm. (old specimen, 5£ whorls

remaining).

Length 8.2, greatest diam. 3 mm. (less eroded specimen, 1\

whorls remaining).

Length 6.6, greatest diam. 2.6 mm. (younger specimen, 6J

whorls remaining).

This species is related to Blanfordia japonica A. Adams, of

Sado Island, both having a well-developed varix behind the

lip; but the Sado shell has a higher varix, and a much more

rapidly tapering spire, the later whorls much wider. A speci-

men of B. japonica 7.3 mm. long is 4.3 mm. in greatest diam-

eter. It is usually larger, about 8 mm. long, after having lost

a whorl or two at the tip in the adult stage.

Blanfordia is probably distributed over the whole of the main

island of Japan, Sado, Kyushu and southern Yesso. The fol-

lowing species are known to me by many specimens of all of

them sent by Mr. Y. Hirase and also from other sources:

a. Outer lip of the shell strengthened by a rounded varix.

b. Shell slender, slowly tapering, the greatest diam-

eter less than half the length. B. nosophora

(Robson) Kyushu.

66. Shell stout, conic, the greatest diameter more than

half the length. B. japonica (A. Ad., 1861)

Sado.

aa. Outer lip of shell without any external varix.

6. Larger, the length 8 or 9 mm. B. bensoni (A. Ad.,

1861) Hokkaido.

66. Smaller, the length 6 to 6.5 mm. B. simplex Pils.,

1902, Uzen, etc.

I have a smaller form than B. simplex, with the apex perfect,

from Izumo and Omi, but as there are very few specimens, I do

not feel sure that it is distinct from B. simplex; especially since

a snail which seems to be not specifically distinct from simplex

has been sent by Mr. Y. Hirase from Kajima, Satsuma (his

no. 406).

Erosion of the early whorls in fresh -water gastropods seems

to be consequent upon extensive parasitization of the liver. It

may be that on breaking down of the peripheral (terminal) cells

THE NAUTILUS.

3

by the Distomata, etc., shell-material is deposited there, and

the filled-up distal end of the shell becomes dead and liable to

abrasion by mechanical, chemical or organic external agencies.

Blanfordia has been associated with the Truncatellidse by

Fischer and Tryon. The first one I saw was referred to the

genus Pomatiopsis (Amnicolidx), on account of the dentition,

which I described in NAUTILUS for May, 1900, p. 12. Two

years later I recognized that my species was a Blanfordia (c/.

Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1902, pp. 26, 27); and I retained the

FIGS. 1, la, BLANFORDIA JAPONICA. 2, 2a, B. NOSOPHORA.

3, 3a, B. SIMPLEX. 4. B. BENSONI.

genus distinct from Pomatiopsis because of small differences in

the animal as described by Dr. Arthur Adams. The dentition

is, however, that of Pomatiopsis, which is rather characteristic

from the small number of denticles on the two outer teeth —

nearly all other Amnicolida having very numerous denticles on

these teeth. My removal of Blanfordia from the Truncatellidae

and its approximation to Pomatiopsis was, I believe, justified.

The type of Blanfordia is B. japonica. If the genus be

thought identical with Pomatiopsis, the name may be retained

for the varicose species, in a subgeneric sense.

P. S. — Since the above was written, I have received (April

16) a paper "Observations on the Spread of Asiatic Schisto-

somatosis," by Dr. R. T. Leiper and Surgeon E. K. Atkinson,

THE NAUTILUS.

R. N., in the British Medical Journal, Jan. 30, 1915, dealing

with Schistosoma, and having as an appendix a note by Mr.

G. C. Robson describing the mollusk which serves as host for

its cercariae. This mollusk is called Katayama nosophora n. g.

et sp. It is undoubtedly identical with the form sent me by

Professor Goto, and described above. As I have already had

the figures for my article engraved, I allow it to stand as writ-

ten, merely substituting Mr. Robson' s specific name for my

own. It may be useful to point out that the mollusk in

question belongs to the long-known genus Blanfordia, and that

the new genus Katayama is therefore superfluous. Mr. Rob-

son was naturally misled by the wrong position assigned Blan-

fordia by the older authorities.

SOME EXCEPTIONAL CASES OF BREEDING AMONG 1HE UNIONIDJE.1

BY ARTHUR D. HOWARD.

In collecting material for the study of a somewhat peculiar

case of breeding among the Unionidse, I have incidentally come

upon some other instances, which I believe have not been re-

ported. In 1912 I undertook to work out for the United States

Bureau of Fisheries, methods of propagation of the Washboard

mussel, Quadrula heros Say, with other species of Quadrula.

This species was somewhat uncommon in the vicinity of the

laboratory where I was stationed, so that there was a question

as to a supply of material. One day I noticed a boatload of

shells containing an unusual number of Q. heros with many

young shells. Enquiring of the owner the source of these, I

learned they had come from Moline, 111., some 25 miles above.

I subsequently visited the place, finding it accessible and the

species sufficiently abundant to furnish considerable data on

breeding as well as material for experiments in propagation.

While collecting the Washboard mussel at this point I ob-

tained evidence of peculiarities in the breeding of three other

Unionidse which, although they may not be of immediate im-

1 Contribution from United States Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa. Pub-

Ushed by permission of Commissioner of Fisheries.

THE NAUTILUS. 5

portance to the commercial shell buyer, are of undoubted inter-

est to the conchologist. These forms are Margaritana monodonta

Say, Hemilastena ambigua Say, and Anodonta imbecillis Say.

Quadrula heros proved to be for this locality a fall breeder,

thus an exception to the summer breeding habit of other known

Quadrulas. Although the time of breeding is different, the evi-

dence obtained pointed to no change as to tachytlctic or short

breeding habit characteristic of the Quadrula group. October

seemed to be the principal breeding season, as an abundance of

gravid mussels was then obtainable. In November, among

many specimens examined, no gravid individuals could be

found. I have been interested to learn of cases of breeding

during later months. These come from localities further south,1

and apparently are explainable on the basis of climate. There

is, however, the possibility of two breeding times in one season,

as has been claimed for some other short-period breeders, for

example, Margaritana margaritifera. I did obtain one breeding

in May from many examined, and a similar case is reported by

Lefevre and Curtis, who questioned the correctness of placing

this form among winter breeders. These cases seem, however,

to be very rare and quite exceptional. There is a difference

here, worthy of note I believe, in that the time of retention of

glochidia in Q. heros is relatively short as compared with other

winter breeders. I have given other observations upon this

mussel and a discussion of the literature in another paper,2 so

need not cite them here.

With the collections of Q. heros, Margaritana monodonta

seemed fairly abundant, so that I saw an opportunity to in-

vestigate the breeding of this species. Certain indications

pointed to an early spring breeding season, and in one expedi-

tion in search of it on March 10th, by reason of the collapse of

the ice, I came nearer to its place of abode than I cared to be.

1 Mr. U. T. Utterbach reports gravid heros for January aud February, and

I desire here to acknowledge his kindness in submitting to me material and

notes. For other observations see Howard, A. D., 1914, "Experiments in

Propagation of Fresh-water Mussels of the Quadrula Group." Appendix to

the report of the U. S. Commissioner on Fisheries for 1913, pp. 1-52, 6 pis.

'Howard, A. D., 1914, op. ««., pp 28, 29.

6 THE NAUTILUS.

On May 2nd I succeeded in securing a gravid specimen with

eggs and glochidia. All four gills were gravid, the inner con-

taining many more than the outer. Upon removing the mussel

from the water I at once placed a portion of the inner and outer

gills in preserving fluid. Even with this precaution, the initia-

tion of abortion was evident. The remainder of the mussel,

shell and soft parts, I wrapped in cloth, not having a container

large enough to fix at once. Upon arrival at the home station

I found that complete abortion of the contents of the marsupia

had taken place.

Glochidia were present, somewhat immature, but Dnapping,

with a number of eggs presumably unfertilized. The glochidia

are sub-circular in form, i. e., circular except for the rather

short straight hinge line. Harms (1907-1909) figuring the

glochidia of M. margariti/era presents them somewhat pointed

and toothed. I can make out neither of these characters in M.

monodonta. The dimensions are: Height 0.055-0.065 mm.,

length 0.055-0.0065 mm., thus being a little larger than those

reported for M. margariti/era and among the smallest of glo-

chidia. As the ovaries are well distended with eggs near

maturity I think there is no doubt that at least two broods are

produced in a season, as reported (Conner, Harms and Ort-

mann) * for M. margaritifera.

I observed segmentation of ovarian eggs in this species in a

specimen which had been cut open and exposed to river water.

No data to my knowledge has been obtained relative to the

hosts for this species.

Hemilastena ambigua : — Nets placed near the mussel bed, for

the purpose of determining the host fishes of Q. heros yielded

some material that presented quite another problem. With the

fishes caught were a number of mud puppies, Necturus maculosus,

Rafinesque. From a total of fifteen caught twelve or 80 per

cent were infected with glochidia of mussels. Upon attempting

to identify these a few were found to be Q. heros not imbedded,

nor becoming so, after an attachment for a known period of

twenty-four hours and more. Evidently they were merely ac-

1 See Ortmann, 1914. Annals Carnegie Museum, vol. 8, no. 2, 1912, p.

232.

THE NAUTILUS. 7

cidental infections upon an inappropriate host. The great

majority of infections were by a glochidium unknown to me.

They were deeply imbedded in the external gills of the Necturus

and by keeping the animals alive all winter I succeeded in car-

rying the young mussels through to the juvenile stage, these

being shed the last week in May, soon after which 1 obtained

the young mussels. The parasitic period is a long one from the

date the infected salamanders were captured, October 17th to

the last of May, being over 7 months. By this test the appro-

priateness of the host was satisfactorily demonstrated.

These glochidia were different from any in our station collec-

tion of which we supposedly had a complete faunal set with

one or two exceptions which I knew did not answer the case in

question. I looked up all the known Najades which might

have a range to the Mississippi River in Eastern Iowa and found

that one species was given which we did not have. . This was

Hemilastena ambigua, Say or Unio hildrethianus, Lea. An in-

quiry at the Academy of Sciences, Davenport, la., disclosed

the fact that there was one record of collection for Davenport.1

Lea2 figures the glochidium of this species but it is so small

and so like that of other species that without dimensions a cer-

tain identification could not be made from it. As the likeli-

hood of finding material in some collection seemed slight I de-

cided to look for gravid mussels and make a direct comparison.

From the literature and such information as could be gathered

from experienced collectors, this rare species has the peculiar

habit of living under flat stones. This seemed to present a

difficulty in collection, for the water was deep at the point where

the Necturus had been taken. I had dredged here considerably

but no example of this species were in the hauls. Their habitat

would seem to account for this failure to secure them as an or-

dinary boat dredge would be likely to miss them protected as

they are by the stone above. The best chance for success

seemed to be to locate them in some small stream. In Mr. F.

1 1 am indebted to the Davenport Academy of Sciences for their assistance

in this matter and especially to Mr. Paarmann and Miss S. F. Sheldon who

kindly looked up the specimen and records.

1 Lea, Isaac, Observations on the Genus Unio, vol. vi, p. 49, pi. 5, fig. 31.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

C. Baker's " Mollusca of the Chicago Area," he cites the collec-

tion of this species under such conditions. By correspondence

with Mr. Baker I learned the names of the collectors1 who

kindly gave me directions for locating the species which they

had taken many years previous. The first five specimens I

found were not gravid ; so that I feared it was too early or too

late. Upon examination with a microscope all proved to be

males. Returning to the stream again I found 9 gravid mus-

sels out of a total of 17. The first of these contained glochidia

which corresponded exactly with the glochidia found on Nec-

turus in the Mississippi, thus giving me the link I desired to

make out the life history.

The glochidia are clear white in color, of the triangular type

with well-developed hooks, contrary to the description given by

Lea, who however suggested the possibility of hooks in more

mature specimens. The dimensions are as follows : Height

0.265 to 0.274 mm., length 0.247 to 0.555 mm.

All of the adult individuals were found under flat stones of

the flag-stone type characteristic of the limestone in the region.

Beneath a single rock I found four. While exploring the

under surface of these I felt and seized a wriggling animal which

proved to be a mud-puppy, demonstrating the manner in

which Necturus becomes inoculated. Glochidia shed by the

mussels in such a location would not have a rapid dispersal by

currents so that the Necturus commonly seeking such a shelter

would run the chance of a heavy infection. The finding of a

mussel parasitic upon a salamander as the appropriate host in-

stead of a fish is the first instance I have known recorded among

American mussels. Faussek2 in St. Petersburg experimented

with Amphibia artificially infected with glochidia of Anodontas.

He reported successful infection upon Axolotl and Proteus.

Anodonta imbecillis : — While endeavoring to identify the gloc-

1 1 wish here to acknowledge the kindly assistance and courtesies extended

to me by the following gentlemen : Mr. F. C. Baker, Chicago Academy of

Sciences; Messrs. J. B. Brown, J.H. Ferriss, J. H. Handweik and Dr. Alfred

Houston, of Joliet, 111., and Mr. Bryant Walker, of Detroit.

* Faussek, 1901. Ueber den parasitismus der Anodonta-Larven. Verhand-

lungen des V. Internationalen Zoologishen-Congresses (Berlin), pp. 761-766.

THE NAUTILUS. »

hidia which have been described above as parasitic upon Nec-

turus I observed a similarity to the glochidia of Anodonta imbecil-

lis, Say. A minute comparison showed differences however and I

made an effort to determine if the differences might come within

the range of normal variation. To do this I secured as many

gravid examples of A. imbecillis as I could from the place where

the Necturus were captured. In a measurement of glochidia

from 16 individuals I found that only the very lowest point of

variation in A. imbecillis corresponded with the larger of the

unknown. It was quite obvious they could not be the same

species. While making this examination which yielded negative

results to my original search I noted a peculiarity which proved

quite a diversion. In measuring the glochidia I came upon in-

dividuals which had advanced far beyond the larval stage, hav-

ing in fact reached a point of development equal to that to be

seen in most Unionidae after metamorphosis parasitically upon

fishes.

The young mussels, mostly of the same stage, lie crowded in

the marsupial gill of the parent without apparently any matrix

or conglutinate structure whatever. In this respect we have a

condition quite different from that reported by Lefevre and

Curtis ! for the non-parasitic development of Strophitus edentulus

(Say), in which there is a matrix sub-divided into the so-called

cords.

Among the six lots of marsupial juveniles that I collected the

degree of development varied slightly as to amount of shell

growth, otherwise there seemed to be little difference. This

growth consists of a narrow rim only, around the edge of the

glochidial shell. The hooks of the glochidium are still much

in evidence, but are much weaker than in parasitic forms. A

noticeable feature is the large proportion of gaping shells as

compared with a similar lot of glochidia. It would seem that

with the loss of the powerful single adductor muscle the action

of closing is less vigorous. Between the gaping valves can be

seen the ciliated foot, two adductor muscles, the mantle, on each

side, the gill papillse, etc.

1 Lefevre and Curtis. Bull, of the Bureau of Fisheries, vol. zzx, 1910

(issued 1912).

10

THE NAUTILUS.

Observations upon the seasons of breeding reveal further pecu-

liarities. Among lots examined in May and November were

found individuals carrying in the marsupial gills embryos rep-

resenting all stages of development except unsegmented eggs.

The following counts from two collections will illustrate this :

This lack of uniformity in the late fall and early spring

counts, it will be seen, does not correspond with the usual con-

ditions to be found in the bradytictic or winter breeders.

In the absence of parasitism this species must lose the usual

method of distribution through the migrations of the host fish.

What seems to be a compensatory provision for this loss is to

be seen in the peculiar light and flattened type of shell of the

juvenile, which subjects it to ready transference by water cur-

rents. I have described in another paper 1 with fuller discus-

sion the finding of this species in artificial ponds and reservoirs,

whither, in the loss of the parasitic habit, they had been carried

doubtless by the water supply.

To summarize:

1. Quadrula heros as compared with other Quadrulas and

members of the Crenodonta group shows a postponement of

breeding time from summer to autumn and winter.

2. Margaritana monodonta possesses exceptionally small glo-

chidia, and there is evidence of at least two broods in a season.

1 Howard, A. D. , 1914. A Second Case of Metamorphosis without Para-

sitism in the Unionidse. Science N. S., vol. xi, no. 1027, pp. 353-355, Sept-

4, 1914.

THE NAUTILUS. 11

3. Hemilastena ambigua is parasitic in nature upon the am-

phibian, Necturus maculosus, which in the cases observed be-

came inoculated in the fall, the young mussels being released

the last of May.

4. Anodonta imbecillis develops without parasitism and gives

evidence of broad limits in the range of the breeding season.

THE BALL BANQUET.

A banquet to Dr. William Healey Dall, commemorating the

completion of fifty years of service to science, was given by his

friends at the Cosmos Club, Washington, on the evening of

April 21.

Dr. Charles D. Walcott, Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti-

tution, was to preside, but in his absence, due to the death of

his father-in-law, Dr. Robert S. Woodward, President of the

Carnegie Institution of Washington, took the part of toastmaster

with wit and grace.

The Toasts :

Dall the Alaska Pioneer — Dr. Alfred H. Brooks.

Dall the Anthropologist — Prof. Wm. H. Holmes.

Dall the Coast Pilot — Mr. Isaac Winston.

Dall the Malacologist — Dr. Henry A Pilsbry.

Dall the Paleontologist — Dr. T. Way land Vaughan.

Dall the Zoologist — Dr. C. Hart Merriam.

Dall the Nomenclatorist — Dr. Ch. Wardell Stiles.

Dall the Poet— Justice Wendell P. Stafford.

Dall the Man — General A. W. Greely.

Dr. Dall's response.

Letters from absent friends of Dr. Dall were read by Dr.

Whitman Cross, Dr. Frederick A. Lucas, Mr. W. E. Safford

and Mr. Paul Brockett.

The speakers were in friendly rivalry to claim Dall for their

own special branches of science. Among paleontologists he is

acknowledged the great leader in all relating to cenozoic faunas.

His "Tertiary Fauna of Florida" is a classic of American

paleontology. For years he has been the foremost authority on

zoological nomenclature in America. Malacologists almost forget

that Dall's work on recent mollusks is only one phase of his

many-sided scientific activity, since that alone seems so large an

12 THE NAUTILUS.

achievement for one man. We study his works on deep-sea

mollusks, on the rich Alaskan and West Coast faunas, the

memoirs on land and fresh-water shells of Alaska, of Lower

California, the Galapagos, the Mexican boundar}% and hundreds

of others, and each has the lucidity and easy command of the

subject of a specialist in these several departments of con-

chology.

As an anthropologist, Dall is the author of several important

papers, and the editor of standard books. As a geographer

and hydrographer, the author of the Alaskan Coast Pilot, his

works are in daily practical use.

A portrait of Dr. Dall formed the frontispiece of the beautiful

and epigrammatic banquet card. The arrangements of the

committee, of which Dr. Paul Bartsch was chairman, were per-

fect at every point. It was an occasion of delightful goodfel-

lowship.

Participants. — Charles G. Abbott, Vernon Bailey, Frank

Baker, Job Barnard, Paul Bartsch, L. A. Bauer, Alexander

Graham Bell, Marcus Benjamin, Paul Brockett, Alfred H.

Brooks, H. P. Buehler, J. McKeen Cattell, Robert H. Chap-

man, George H. Clapp, Frank W. Clarke, John M. Clarke, C.

Wythe Cooke, F. V. Coville, W. T. Councilman J. C. Craw-

ford, Whitman Cross, Charles Whitney Dall, Charles A. Davis,

Henry E. Davis, F. W. De Wolf, J. S. Diller, Edward A. Fay,

James H. Ferriss, J. W. Fewkes, James M. Flint, Herbert A.

Gill, Charles C. Glover, A. W. Greely, Gilbert H. Grosvenor,

Arnold Hague, Oliver P. Hay, Otto Heidemann, John B.

Henderson, H. W. Henshaw, Arthur Hollick, William H.

Holmes, A. D. Hopkins, George F. Kay, William Bruce King,

F. H. Kuowlton, E. de K. Lemngwell, A. F. Lucas, Frederic

A. Lucas, Marcus W. Lyon, Jr., Wendell C. Mansfield, C. L.

Marlatt, Collins Marshall, J. Rush Marshall, William B. Mar-

shall, George C. Martin, George C. Maynard, Edgar A. Mearns,

C. Hart Merriam, George P. Merrill, Truman Michelson, J. D.

Mitchell, Charles E. Munroe, E. W. Nelson, S. N. D. North,

William A. Noyes, Henry Fairfield Osborn, Sidney Paige,

Theodore S. Palmer, E. W. Parker, George H. Parker, Francis

H. Parsons, Henry A. Pilsbry, Richard Rathbun, Charles W.

Richardson, Charles W. Richmond, Robert Ridgway, Henry C.

Rizer, Alfred G. Robinson, W. E. Safford, Waldo 'S. Schmitt,

E. A. Schwarz, T. W. Smillie, Erwin F. Smith, George Otis

Smith, Hugh M. Smith, J. \V. Spencer, Wendell P. Stafford,

T. W. Stanton, Leonhard Stejneger, Ch. Wardell Stiles, 0. H.

Tittmann, A. C. True, E. 0. Ulrich, T. Wayland Vaughan,

David White, Harvey W. Wiley, Isaac Winston, Robert S.

Woodward, Fred. E. Wright.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXIX. JUNE, 1915. No. 2

THE NEW MEXICAN EXPEDITION OF 1914-ASHMTJNELLA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS.

Few shells have been collected in the Mogollon range, in the

western part of Socorro County, New Mexico, prior to the re-

connaissance made by one of us and Mr. L. E. Daniels. The

only Ashmunella known from there was A. mogollonensis Pils.,

collected by Prof. E. 0. Wooton in 1900. In the limited time

spent there last summer only a few canyons on the southwestern

slope were explored, so that this paper, and those on the other

genera to follow, may be regarded as a mere sketch of the snail

fauna, to be filled out by further field-work. The localities

mentioned may be found on the Mogollon Quadrangle of the

U. S. Geological Survey Topographic Map, a rough tracing of

which is given in Fig. 1, with the positions of collecting stations

indicated by their serial numbers.

The affinities of the snails seem to be with the Chiricahuan

fauna. The species of Ashmunella are different, but they have

an unmistakable Chiricahuan appearance. This leads us to

believe that they were evolved from the same ancestral species,

which must have been in Pliocene times able to migrate over a

great area now destitute of snails.

The gorges in the canyons of the south-west side of the Mo-

gollon mountains were so narrow that the talus ran down to the

edges of the stream, well shaded by the cliffs and the trees.

Conditions were much alike with the different colonies except

14

THE NAUTILUS.

in the item of shade, and in Dry Creek it was but a stone's

throw from one colony to another for two or three miles. The

small stone-fields with sufficient depth contained the most liv-

ing examples, perhaps because these contained the shortest

routes to the outside feeding grounds. Where the trees had

MILLS

\ 2 3 4 5

Fig. 1. Tracing reduced one-half from U. S. G. S. Topographic Map,

Mogollon Quadrangle, edit, of June, 1912, showing locations of snail colonies,

numbered 37 to 80.

fallen and let in the sun dead shells were numerous. In one

thickly inhabited slide, no living specimens remained.

If one of the moulds or a mouse or a chipmunk family moves

in, there is trouble in snaildom. Otherwise, with a well-drained

rock pile, not too deep nor too shallow, a little leaf mould and

THE NAUTILUS. 15

the shade of a gooseberry, an elderberry or a rose, there is snail

happiness. Perhaps the small gnawers like some snails better

for dinner than others, but it has not been proven. For weeks

of collecting there may be no broken shells, but the next day,

another range or canyon, dead and broken shells will be the

rule. Very few broken Oreohelix were found in the summer of

1914, but in 1913 the same species of Oreohelix met with terri-

ble slaughter from the gnawers ; some colonies were entirely

destroyed. A group of Sonorellas equipped with an offensive

odor seem to be well protected. Of the thousands turned up in

1913 not more than half a dozen had been broken, and these

were probably mistakes made by meat-eaters lacking in the

knowledge of conchology.

ASHMUNELLA TETRODON n. Sp. Plate 1, figs. 1, 2.

The shell is umbilicate, width of umbilicus contained nearly

six times in the diameter of the shell; depressed, angular in

front, the angle situated above the middle, and nearly or quite

disappearing on the last third of the last whorl; spire and base

convex; thin, cinnamon or cinnamon-brown above, fading on

the base. The surface has a silky luster, and is very weakly

marked with growth-lines; on the base some excessively weak

spiral lines may be seen under strong magnification. There

are 5£ convex, closely-coiled whorls, the last descending a little

in front, having a deep, narrow constriction or gutter behind the

peristome; behind this gutter it is rather swollen and distinctly

striate. The umbilicus is cylindric within, and enlarges at the

last whorl. The aperture is very oblique; peristome white or

pinkish, reflexed throughout, with a recurved edge, the face

rounded. Outer margin bears a long, very slightly retracted,

flat-topped or slightly notched tooth. Basal margin is armed

with two marginal teeth, the outer one slightly larger. These

two teeth are somewhat compressed laterally, and are yoked

together by a callus on the edge of the broad lip. The spaces

between the three teeth are about equal. The transparent

parietal callous bears an obliquely radial tooth, set rather far

in, and in old examples having the inner end slightly curved

towards the basal lip. The outer end often has a low callus

outwardly and sometimes one running in.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

Young shells form a quite thin lip-callus at resting stages,

but these seem to be absorbed subsequently, as no opaque

streaks are visible in the adult stage.

Height 6.7, diam. 15 mm.

Locality. — A mile or two above the box of Dry Creek Canyon,

Station 70, south slope of the Mogollon Mts. (4 miles south of

the Little Whitewater station) ; elevation from 6000 to 7500

feet. Also at various stations mentioned below, in the same

canyon.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

NOTE. — Figures on plate I, and figs. 1-3 on plate II, are If

natural size; figures 4-8 on plate II are natural size.

Plate I. Fig. 1. Ashmunella tetrodon. Type and paratypes.

Station 72.

Fig. 2. Ashmunella tetrodon. Station 79.

Figs. 3, 3a. Ashmunella tetrodon. Variety with small

parietal tooth. Station 60.

Fig. 4. Ashmunella tetrodon mutator. Station 60.

Fig. 5. Ashmunella tetrodon mutator. Type and paratypes.

Station 80.

Fig. 6. Ashmunella tetrodon mutator. Station 67.

Fig. 7. Ashmunella tetrodon inermis. Type and paratypes.

Station 69.

Plate II. Fig. 1. Ashmunella danielsi. Type and paratypes.

Station 57.

Fig. 2. Ashmunella danielsi dispar. Type and paratypes.

Station 55.

Fig. 3. Ashmunella pilsbryana Ferriss.

Fig. 4. Sonorella peninsularis Pils. Type. Lower California.

Fig. 5. Sonorella ultima Pils. Type. Sinaloa.

Fig. 6. Epiphragmophora ellipsostoma Pils. Type. Lower

California (?).

Fig. 7. Sonorella lioderma Pils. Type. Lower California.

Fig. 8. Sonorella lohrii (Gabb). Type. Lower California.

( To be continued)

THE NAUTILUS, XXIX.

PLATE I.

3a

l-3a. ASHMUNELLA TETRODON PILS. & FFRR.

4-6. ASHMUNELLA TETRODON MUTATOR P. & F.

7. ASHMUNELLA TETRODON INERM1S P. & F.

THE NAUTILUS. XXIX.

PLATE II.

6

:-

8

1. ASHMU,NEIA\ DANIELSI PILS. & FERR.

2. ASHMUNELLA DANIELSI DISPAR P. & F.

3. ASHMUNELLA PILSBRYI FERRISS.

4-8. SONORELLA OF LOWER CALIFORNIA.

THE NAUTILUS. 17

THE SIERRA DE CUBITAS, CAMAGUEY, CUBA.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON.

Modern railway extension in Cuba has opened many new

fields of exploration in that delightful island which were denied

to the past generation of collectors. This is especially the case

in the central provinces of Santa Clara and Camaguey. In

northern Camaguey there is an east and west range of hills

known as the Sierra de Cubitas which raise their limestone crests

about six or seven hundred feet above the level plains of the

province. Like all limestone elevations in Cuba these present

a forested region of great variety and richness which in this in-

stance contrasts strongly with the almost treeless prairies that

surround them.

The first mollusk record from the Cubitas was made by Carlos

de la Torre who gathered there a few shells some ten years ago.

Stillman Berry traversed one of the passes of the range about two

years ago and took a few specimens en route. These he gener-

ously divided with me and at the first glance I then and there

decided to take the very first opportunity to visit the region.

All his shells were new. In December last, Mrs. A. C. Reed of

Camaguey, an American who takes a great interest in Cuban

land shells, spent a day collecting at the Loma de Borje, an

outlaying isolated hill of the Cubitas system, and her catch was

remarkable in the number of new operculates and long slender

Microceramus belonging to quite a new group. Save for two

species (Macroceramus hendersoni Torre and Microceramus longa

Hend.) none of the novelties obtained here have been published.

In February last the looked-for opportunity arrived, and

Charles T. Simpson, Carlos de la Torre and I proceeded to

Camaguey, where we outfited for an assault upon the hills.

Four days were spent in an almost frenzied siege upon the mol-

lusks along a ten or twelve mile front, and I believe we have

overlooked very little. We made little or no effort to collect

the larger tree snails of wider distribution, but persisted in our

search for the special things that are confined to this range.

The two particular and striking elements are the development

of a series of operculates that cannot very definitely be placed

18 THE NAUTILUS.

in any genus unless in Dr. Dall's Opisthosiphon, although even

there they fit only by virtue of having a siphon back of the

aperture, but otherwise do not resemble nor have much in

common with the Ctenopomas that form the bulk of Dall's genus;

and secondly, the remarkable development of large Macroceramus

of the M. hendersoni group and of long, slender Urocoptis-like

Microceramus. Like the operculates these all appear to be new

in species and groups.

The absence of all Urocoptids (save the one U. camagueyana

Torre) is striking. None of the other shells that do seem refer-

able to published species are typical except the Pleurodonte and

Liguus, which are widely distributed over the island, and signify

but little in questions of local distribution.

The strangeness of this mollusk group which appears to be

removed from the Oriente and Trinidad groups gives rise to some

perplexing queries in distribution. There seems to be a sort of

vague line of connection with northern Santa Clara and diagon-

ally south across the island and including the Isle of Pines.

This is hinted at by a few species rather than proclaimed by

the total. We have still much to learn about Cuban land shells.

What we had anticipated would be a very hard trip turned

out to be one of our easiest ones. The open, level country made

travel in a volanta-like trap possible and the few natives living

in this sparsely settled country are hospitable to the point of

embarrassment. We slept in our own hammocks and strangely

enough our only discomfort was occasioned by the cold nights.

We nearly froze to death.

SHELLS OF PUT-IN-BAY ISLAND, LAKE ERIE.

BY JOHN A. ALLEN.

Put-in-Bay is a beautiful island in Lake Erie, nearly all

cultivated with orchard and vineyard, but retaining some rocky

forest. It is of limestone formation, contains caves, and at

places is faced with cliffs, and in the wilder parts is adorned

with brilliant flowers, scarlet Silene and blue Pentstemon .

The island is about three miles from the Ohio shore, is about

THE NAUTILUS. 19

three and a half miles long and about one and a half miles across

at the broadest place. It is divided into two unequal parts by

an isthmus. Nearly the whole breadth of this isthmus is occu-

pied by a pool, which until lately was bordered on one side by

a little patch of woods.

Here are found:

Polygyra albolabris (Say), a reddish form characteristic of

marshy woods on the Lake Erie islands; Polygyra multilineata

(Say); Polygyra monodon (Rack.).

Vallonia pulchella (Miill.); Vallonia excentrica Sterki; Vallonia

parvula Sterki.

Bifidaria armifera (Say); Bifidaria contracta (Say); Bifidaria

pentodon (Say); Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki.

Vitrea hammonis (Strom); Vitrea indentata (Say).

Zonitoides arborea (Say); Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.).

Agriolimax campestris (Binn.)

Succinea retusa Lea var. higginsi Bland.

In 1914 a monument to Commodore Perry was set up at one

corner of the pool, and incidentally this interesting shell station

was ruined. It was doubtless the type locality of Succinea

retusa higginsi Bland. However, the same Succinea was found,

though less copiously, beside a little bay west of the village.

Still farther west a considerable piece of dry, rocky woods

extends along the shore, and contains:

Polygyra albolabris (Say), ordinary light-colored form; Poly-

gyra zaleta (Binn.); Polygyra ihyroidus (Say); Polygyra profunda

(Say); Polygyra fraudulenta Pils. ; Polygyra infiecta (Say).

Philomycus carolinensis (Bosc.).

Pyramidula solitaria (Say).

Succinea ovalis Say ?

(This Succinea, of which only fragmentary dead shells were

seen, and also the two slugs enumerated, are given from

memory. )

Elsewhere on Put-in-Bay Island were found:

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pils.

ffelicodiscus parallelus (Say).

Carychium exiguum (Say).

While Pyramidula alternata (Say) is generally distributed.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

A single shell of Lymnaea dalli (Baker) was found in a meadow

jnst east of the isthmus, clinging like a land shell to the under side

of a piece of wood. The pool of the isthmus has been ruined

for shell life by the application of oil, and probably no fresh-

water shells now inhabit any enclosed water on Put-in-Bay

Island.

Kelley's Island, about five miles southeast of Put-in-Bay,

was partially explored. It yielded:

ljolygyra albolabris (Say), ordinary light-colored form;

Polygyra albolabris (Say), reddish form in marshy woods.

Polygyra zaleta (Binn.); Polygyra thyroidus (Say^ ; Polygyra pro-

funda (Say); Polygyra fraudulenta Pils. ; Polygyra inflecta (Say);

Polygyra mullilineata (Say); Polygyra monodon (Rack.).

Vallonia pulchella (Mull.).

Bifidaria armi/era (Say); Bifidaria contructa (Say); Bifidaria

holzingeri Sterki.

Zonitoides arbor ea (Say).

Pyramidula solitaria (Say); Pyramidula alternata (Say).

Helicodisats parallelns (Say).

Sucdnea ava.ra Say; Succinea retusa Lea.

ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE LYMN.EIDS,

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Recently several interesting contributions have appeared

which contain valuable data bearing on the classification of the

family Lymnseidse, These treat somewhat critically of the pre-

vious classifications which have been attempted. Roszkowski 1

presents a handsomely illustrated paper full of data on the

structural and biological aspects of the Lymnreas of Lac

L6man. This lake has already provided material for the pens

of several distinguished malacologists; among them Forel and

Brot. Roszkowski' s researches add greatly to what we already

know concerning the deep-water and littoral fauna of this

interesting lake.

'Contribution a 1'^tude des Limn6es du Lac Le"man. Revue Suisse de

Zoologie, xxii, No. 15, July, 1914, pages 457-539, plates 14-17.

THE NAUTILUS. 21

In the first part of this paper (anatomical and systematic) the

author describes the anatomy, radula and genitalia of Lymnsea

stagnalis, Radix auricularia and ovata, and Galba palustris. It is

apparent that there is great variability in the radula of many of

the species of Lymnasids. In the paper in question, auricularia

is described and figured with both bicuspid and tricuspid lat-

erals, the first lateral being invariably tricuspid. In the indi-

viduals of the American form (introduced) which have been

examined, the first lateral wyas always tricuspid, but the bal-

ance were bicuspid or with a small entoconic swelling. Palustris

in Roszkowski's paper has both bicuspid and tricuspid laterals,

while in the American form examined the laterals have in all

cases been bicuspid. This is true also of reflexa, emarginata,

catascopium and others of this group. As remarked elsewhere,

the writer has not been able to observe a normal central tooth

of LymnaBa which was other than unicuspid, though several

pathological examples have been seen in which there were one

or more side cusps. Very high powers have been used and

great care has been exercised in making examinations.

In order to verify the form of teeth of American Lymnaeas

published by the writer, several species, among them palustris,

reflexa, mighelsi, danielsi, stagnalis, auricularia, obrussa, and col-

umella, were reexamined, and no deviation from the published

figures was observed. All of the lateral teeth of the palustris

group were bicuspid. Stagnalis has a slight endoconic swelling

which might be taken for a typical cusp. If the difference

pointed out by Roszkowski for both stagnalis and palustris would

prove stable there might be grounds for separating the European

and American species, in which cases the latter species would

become appressa Say and nuttalliana Lea. In auricularia the lat-

eral teeth vary as shown by Roszkowski (plate 16, figs. 183-186)

being, according to this author normally tricuspid though some-

times with the first lateral tricuspid and the balance bicuspid,

as figured by the present writer. Upon reexamination, the

laterals of the Lincoln Park specimens were found to be as

figured by the writer and by Roszkowski on plate 16 figure 183.

Additional comparative studies are needed in which many

individual radulae are observed to ascertain the amount of var-

22 THE NAUTILUS.

iation and whether this variation increases with wear and age.

Biometric studies upon hundreds of radulae would be of great

service. A variable radula renders tooth formulas of little value

as has been stated by Roszkowski. In the American species

examined this variability has been of such small percentage as to

cause little or no difficulty in placing species in their appro-

priate groups.

The genitalia seem to provide characters of greater stability

than do the radulae. The genitalia of the European and Amer-

ican species agree in all essential details and it seems true that

these organs offer characters sufficiently stable for the separation

of groups of species as has already been done in the writer's

monograph of this family. Some years ago the opinion was

expressed in a letter to Roszkowski, that the short, pyriform

receptaclum seminis without long canal which is found in ovata

Drap and profimda Clessin would seem to provide a character

of group importance (see Roszkowski, plate 17, figs. 196-197).

The length of the epiphallus allies these species with auricularia

in the genus Radix. The writer hesitates to add another name

to this already overburdened family, and simply suggests that

this character may be found of value in a future classification

should it occur in other species. This form of receptaculum

seminis has not been observed in any American species of Lym-

naea. Roszkowski' s paper is a valuable contribution to our

knowledge of the Lymnaeas and similar studies on other species

(American as well as European) would greatly aid in providing

reliable data for a satisfactory classification of this family. We

wish that some American post-graduate student would elect

such a theme for his doctorate dissertation.

In a recent paper,1 Mr. Harold S. Colton publishes some

valuable suggestions on the classification of the Lymnseids.

While the writer would not for a moment claim that he has

said the last word on the classification of this family, he does

not believe that anything would be gained by a return to the

old use of the name Lymnaa. While the differences proposed

for the separation of the names admitted to generic rank in the

1 NAUTILUS XXVIII, pages 116-120, Feb., 1915.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

writer's monograph are slight, they have thus far proven reason-

ably stable. In any classification it must be the sum-total of

characters that provide diagnostic features of value, and even if

these be small they are sufficient if they include certain groups

to the exclusion of others. No single character, as the radula

or the genitalia, will prove satisfactory. A case in point is

Radix, in which the lateral teeth of the radula are now known

to be either bi- or tricuspid. As the writer stated in his mono-

graph diagnostic features must be based on the sum of the char-

acters presented by the shell, radula, genitalia, or other organs.

Colton says " our present knowledge will not allow us to make

a comprehensive classification of the Lymnaeids based on the

anatomy of the snail." This result cannot be attained by re-

casting the data now available, but rather by the addition of new

data on old species or on species now unknown anatomically.

The writer can by no means agree with the statement made

twice in this paper that generic names should not be added un-

less based on undebatable grounds because of the inconvenience

to the cataloger. If this criticism should be recognized we

would revert to the use of many of the older names in the Pul-

monata as well as in the Naiades. It is recognized, of course,

that generic subdivision can be overdone, but in the advance-

ment of science the convenience of the cataloger or teacher is

not considered. Generic or other divisional names are simply

for the purpose of bringing together groups of similar organisms

which we designate as genera, subgenera or sections. In some

cases the criteria for the separation of these genera will be of a

distinct and decided character; while in others, where there are

many species of similar characteristics, these distinctions will

necessarily be founded on data of a less decided character.

Such a condition obtains in the family under discussion and

whatever the criteria used for the separation of genera or other

groups, they can apparently be of only quantitative character.

The relative value of these criteria will vary with the import-

ance ascribed to them by different authors.

We welcome all additions to knowledge and we know full

well that the work of yesterday is rendered obsolete by the work

of to-morrow, but the writer cannot see how the reduction to

24 THE NAUTILUS.

subgenera and sections of the names used as genera and sub-

genera in the monograph in question advances our knowledge

of the family any more than the raising of a number of sub-

genera and sections to generic rank, as Colton believes the writer

to have done in his monograph. This rather resembles a game

of see-saw !

The provisional key of Colton (page 119) is good, and the

writer would also be interested to know how useful it may prove

to the workers in this family. We would suggest that there is

a vast fund of useful information to be acquired from a bio-

metric study of both the radula and the genitalia of the Lym-

naeas. If we knew the range and the relative amount of varia-

tion of these organs we could more intelligently use these criteria

for purposes of classification. An abundance of time is needed

for this work but the results would compensate for the time ex-

pended. The studies which have thus far been made upon this

family serve to emphasize the one fact which stands out clearly,

the great variability of the shells and organs of the fresh-water

pulmonates, a condition in strong contrast with the terrestrial

pulmonata where the radula? and genitalia are much more stable

in character and hence more satisfactory for purposes of classi-

fication.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

AN INDEX TO THE MUSEUM BOLTENIANUM. By Wm. H. Dall.

Smithsonian Institution Publication No. 2360. The republica-

tion of Bolten's work by Messrs. Sherborn and Sykes (1906) made

it accessible to conchologists generally, but its use has been diffi-

cult on account of the absence of any index to the great number

of names, combined with the unfamiliar nomenclature, which

often made even well-known Linnsean species hard to find. Dr.

Dall has very appreciably lightened this labor by a full and

cross-referenced index. It is prefaced by a historical account

of the work, a discussion of its nomenclature, and translations

of the Latin Preface and the German Introductions. The Insti-

tution desires to give the widest usefulness to this Index, and

will supply copies to all who may be interested. — H. A. P.

IHE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXIX. JULY, 1915. No. 3

VITREA CRIPTOMPHALA N. SP., WITH NOTES

ON THE INDENTATA GROUP.

BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.

VITREA CRYPTOMPHALA n. sp. Fig. 1.

Shell thin, polished, very light horn-color to white, generally

white, translucent ; whorls 5 to 5£, those of the spire regularly

increasing, the last widening very rapidly and doubling the di-

ameter of the shell. Aperture broadly lunate, sutures well

impressed, all whorls showing through the shell. Surface

sculptured with rather evenly spaced, radiating grooves contin-

ued to the base as in V. indentata and carolinensis, there being

from 23 to 34 on the body whorl. Micro-sculpture of even,

close, clear-cut spiral engraved lines like those of carolinenais,

best seen with a magnification of 25 diameters or over. Spire

much depressed, almost flat, the termination of the last whorl

slightly raised at the lip which is straight on the lower edge

and well curved forward above, projecting about 1 mm. beyond

the lower lip ; at the columellar end the lip is thickened and

joined to a tongue-like callus ivhich completely covers the umbilicus at

all stages of growth. There is a thin, microscopically granular

parietal callus, as in V. indentata. Base of shell well rounded

and less impressed in the umbilical region than indentata or

carolinensis.

26 THE NAUTILUS.

Shell figured (Knox Co.,) 5. 1x4. 2x2. 1mm., whorls 5, 23

grooves on body whorl.

Largest, Knox Co., 5. 7x4. 8x2. 7mm., whorls 5, 26 grooves on

body whorl.

Largest, Knoxville, 5. 9x5. 0x2. 8mm., whorls 5, 34 grooves

on body whorl.

Smallest, Knox Co., 2. 1x1. 9x1. 1mm., whorls 3, umbilicus

completely covered.

The largest shell seen is from "along Coosa River, 2 miles

N. of Wetumpka, Ala.," it is 8. 0x6. 8x3. 3mm. whorls 5|, 28

grooves on body whorl.

FIG. 1. — VITREA CRYPTOMPHALA.

Types from a lot of over 400 shells collected by the late Mrs.

George Andrews and labeled "Knox Co., Tenn." A lot of 18

shells in her cabinet series are labeled " Knoxville, Tenn." : they

all probably came from near Knoxville, perhaps from a favorite

' ' hunting ground ' ' of hers, ' ' The Cliffs ' ' on the south side of

the river. Type No. 7365 of my collection. Cotypes in Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila. (No. 112421), U. S. Nat, Mus., and collection

of Dr. Bryant Walker.

At first I was inclined to consider this a variety of V. caroli-

nensis, but the flatter spire, the umbilicus covered at all stages oj

growth, the less excavated umbilical region and the wider aper-

ture indicate a good species. I examined 250 V. indentata from

41 localities and 110 carolinensis and var. wetherbyi from 15 lo-

calities and found no intermediates.

In addition to the Knox Co. shells I have cryptomphala from

14 localities in Alabama, San Antonio, Tex., McComb City,

Miss., Fayetteville, Tenn., and Albion, 111., nearly 600 shells

in all. A sectioned shell shows the thickening of the columella,

caused by the callus, clear to the apex.

THE NAUTILUS. 27

In the box with the Knox Co. cryptomphala were over 70

shells which from the sculpture should be V. carolinensis

wetherbyi, but if they were found in the North would be called

indentata, and a single example of V. rhoadsi. I am indebted to

Mr. Walker for the suggestion of the very appropriate name.

Some notes on Vitrea indentata (Say) and allies may be given

here.

In the Journ. Acad., 11, 372 (1822) Say described Helix

indentata as imperforate, stating: "umbilicus none, but the

umbilical region is deeply indented ". Pilsbry, in The Nautilus,

xii, p. 102, shows that this was an error : — "In Say's types the

perforation may be seen with a good lens, though it was not

noticed by Say, who probably worked with what would now be

thought an inferior glass ' ' .

The Texas form of indentata is generally larger than the typical

eastern form and was at one time identified by W. G. Binney

as sndpt;ilis Bid. In the British Naturalist, April 1893, p. 81,

Cockerell speaks of the Texas form as ' ' Z. indentatus var. um-

bilicatus Singley " (See also Nautilus, xii, p. 120). This variety

has a very distinct umbilicus.

" Zonites carolinensis" Ckll., is very inadequately described in

Binney 's Supplement iv, p. 167, pi. Ill, fig. 7, and it will be

noticed that the figure shows a distinct perforation. In the

Nautilus, xii, p. 120, Cockerell gives his "original descrip-

tion", although I have been unable to find it in any other

place. In this he says : "Umbilicus small, narrow ".

In Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.. 1900, p. 130, Pilsbry describes the

microsculpture of carolinensis as a character which separates it

from indentata and calls all of the Great Smoky shells carolinensis.

In a review of this paper, ' ' Mollusca of the Great Smoky Moun-

tains", published in the Nautilus, vol. xiv, p. 45, Cockerell

says : " Thus in place of Vitrea indentata there is an abundance

of V. carolinensis of a small type (var. wetherbyi Ckll. ined.)

intermediate between indentata and carolinensis proper, the exact

locality of which is unfortunately unknown". This is the only

"description" of var. ivetherbyi that I have been able to find,

except that in Proc. A. N. S., 1902, p. 430, "The Mollusca of

the Mt. Mitchell Region, No. Car.," Pilsbry says: " The type

28 THE NAUTILUS.

specimens ( V. carolinensis) have 5 whorls with a maximum

diameter of 10 mm". Under V. carolinensis wetherbyi Ckll.,

he says : — " In the report of the expedition of 1899 the speci-

mens of V. carolinensis were found to belong to a small race,

ranging from 5^ to 7 mm. in diameter. Cockerell has since

distinguished it under the above varietal name". ... "It is

intermediate between typical V. carolinensis and V. indentata."

From this it would seem that shells from say 7^ mm. up to 10

mm. diameter are carolinensis and under 7 mm. diameter are

var. wetherbyi, and as there is nothing said to the contrary it is

safe to assume that the variety is umbilicate.

Under the above differentiation by size the only carolinensis

in my collection are 5 specimens collected by the late Mrs. Geo.

Andrews at Cranberry, Avery Co., N. C. ; they are narrowly

umbilicate. All of the balance are either "Var. wetherbyi" or

the new species described above.

Cockerell says that carolinensis has about 26 grooved lines on

the body whorl, my three largest Cranberry shells have 38, 34

and 32 respectively, while a 6^ mm. diameter shell from Mitchell

Co., N. C. , (labeled carolinensis by A. G. Wetherby) has 35

and a 6£ mm. shell from Paint Rock, N. C. has 32 lines.

THE NATIVE OYSTERS OF OYSTER RIVER, DURHAM, N. H.

BY C. H. BATCHELDER.

A natural bed of native oysters has persisted in Oyster river,

Durham, New Hampshire, ever since the settlement of the town

in 1635. This persistence of the oysters is interesting in view

of the fact that they have been fished almost constantly. A

superficial survey of the beds reveals the following very general

information.

The beds are found in from six to fifteen feet of water at low

tide, in the channel of the stream, which varies from five to

about twenty yards in width, and the bed extends along this

channel for a half mile, in such quantities that one can rake

a bushel easily in less than an hour. I am confident however,

that the bed extends into deeper water for half a mile beyond

THE NAUTILUS. 29

this. Wild oysters are also found on ledges and boulders at

the half-tide mark along the entire river bank for a distance of

two miles. A few of these fail to survive the exposure in win-

ter but where Fucus fronds cover them completely and they are

not molested they often grow to six inches in length. In these

situations they are subjected to protracted low temperatures

during the winter months and a short season for the growth of

the "spat". The water temperature in the month of Septem-

ber drops to the vicinity of 15° C. by the 30th. In the middle

of October the temperature is down to 12° C. and by the middle

of November down to 8° C. The density of the water varies

between 1.015 and 1.0225. The " spat" first appeared, or per-

haps more correctly, were first discovered on the twelfth of Octo-

ber. At this time they were about 6.5 mm. in diameter. On No-

vember 23 they were again measured and were about 11.5 mm.

Notes and specimens taken at this time were only for idle curi-

osity and are not absolutely reliable.

The only enemies beside man that I know of are the boring

sponge and Urosalpinx cinerea. Inquiry and repeated examina-

tion have failed to discover the presence of the starfish or any

of the commensal crabs and I believe they fail to ascend the

river as far as the Durham beds. The beds are entirely self-

propagating. No attention is ever paid to the need of the ' ' spat ' ' ;

and clean shells or stones for their attachment have never been

placed in the river. I have never heard of the oysters having

been taken for commercial purposes, but many are gathered for

"home consumption ".

THE NEW MEXICAN EXPEDITION OF 1914— ASHMUNELLA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS.

[ Continued from p. 16.]

ASHMUNELLA TETRODON P. & F.

In the type lot the diameter varies from 12.8 mm. with 5J

whorls to 15 mm. with 5^ whorls. This is the usual range of

variation in size. In stations 75 and 71 all are rather small, in

the former from 12 to 14 mm. — mostly about 13 mm., and at

30 THE NAUTILUS.

71 from 11.3 to 13 mm. The smallest have barely 5 whorls.

Probably some local condition dwarfs all the individuals in these

stations.

In several stations, 70, 71, 72, 73, there are very beautiful

albino specimens of a transparent marguerite-yellow tint among

the dark ones. See first two figures within second row, repre-

senting an albino and one of the darkest examples, from station

72.

Compared with A. proxima Pils. of the Chiricahua range, this

species differs as follows : It is less depressed. The peripheral

angle becomes weak and then nearly or quite disappears at the

last part of the whorl where it is more swollen above. There is

a furrow behind the lip up to the suture, and the upper lip is

reflexed, while in A. proxima the upper lip is straight, not ex-

panded, and there is a whitish triangular patch and no gutter

above the end of the outer lip. A, proxima has one more whorl.

The aperture is larger in A. tetrodon when specimens of the

same diameter are compared. A. tetrodon is less depressed and

less angular than A. pilsbryi, which further differs by its papil-

lose surface.

All of these colonies in the box of Dry Creek Canyon were

found in company with Oreohelix barbata Pils. The colonies

farther up the stream had also A. mogollonensis for company.

In color and teeth, A. tetrodon is much the same as the Cave

Spring A danielsi, with the addition in this of a parietal lamella.

Dry Creek is dry at the crossing of the Silver City and

Mogollon road. Six miles above it becomes a large and beau-

tiful trout stream, boxed in for two miles so closely and roughly

that the banks are not used for grazing purposes, and are never

disturbed. Twenty snail colonies were found in the rock slides

during a hasty search of these, two or three more miles above.

Above the box shells were found in the grass and weeds also.

In nearly every instance the colonies differed in size and in the

character of the teeth. Some had no teeth (var. mermis);

others, as with A. heterodon Pils. , of the Huachucas, ran from

no teeth to four, with all the variations between (var. mwfator).

In the colony at Station 60 there are some individuals differ-

ing from typical tetrodon by having the parietal tooth reduced

THE NAUTILUS. 31

(pi. 1, figs. 3, 3a). These are partly transitional to var.

mutator.

The following two are named as sub-species in order that we

may have a convenient means of referring to them. They inter-

grade, but their modification has been as great as that usually

distinguishing species of Helicidse.

ASHMUNELLA TETRODON MUTATOR n. SUbsp. PI. 1, figS. 3 to 6.

In color, shape and sculpture this subspecies is like A. tetrodon.

As in that species, the upper lip is well reflected from the inser-

tion out; former resting stages are often marked by an opaque

light streak on the base. In the typical colony there is no

parietal tooth and the lip-teeth are much reduced; there are

vestiges of the long tooth within the outer margin, and of the

two teeth of the basal margin, but in many individuals of the

typical colony these vestiges are exceedingly weak, hardly

noticeable. There are about 5£ whorls.

Height 6.25, diam. 14 mm. -\

Height 6.9, diam. 13.8 mm. [-Station 60.

Height 6, diam. 12.5 mm. 3

Height 7, diam. 14 mm., whorls 5J } Q, ,. g.

Heights, diam. 15 mm., whorls 5f i

Locality. — Station 80 (1914), in Dry Creek Canyon, Socorro

Co., N. M. Also Stations 60, 61, 62, 68, in the same canyon.

6,000-7,000 feet elevation.

This is very abundant in some places, where large series of

fresh (< bones " were taken, but living ones were rare. It is one

of those lawless species, such as we have described from the

Huachucas — a species which has been caught in the act of los-

ing its teeth. Its affinities are clearly with A. tetrodon of the

same canyon, and there seems to be no decided break between

the most fully toothed mutator and the tetrodon with smallest

teeth.

The specimen described as type of mutator is from a colony in

which no specimens have a parietal tooth. Varying forms from

this colony (Station 80) are represented in Fig. 5, all being

perfectly adult shells. Similar are those from Stations 61, 62, 68.

In the lot from Station 60 all the shells are rather distinctly

32 THE NAUTILUS.

striate. The most fully toothed example (pi. 1, figs. 3, 3a)

agree with A. tetrodon, except that the parietal tooth is smaller.

There are other examples, with all of the teeth smaller than in

tetrodon, and still others, found with them (No. 60 A) have the

lip-teeth very small, partly wanting, the parietal tooth either

wanting or minute (pi. 1, figs. 4). This is the only instance

where almost fully toothed tetrodon and mutator occur in the same

colony ; but without transitional individuals.

Lots from Stations 67 (pi. 1, figs. 6, four adult shells) and

78 vary from shells having four small teeth (like the tetrodon

from Station 60) to shells having only weak rudiments of teeth.

The lots from these stations therefore connect tetrodon and mu-

tator, and cause us to rank the latter as a variety of the former.

The varying condition of the teeth in different colonies may be

briefly indicated in a few, to give an idea of this variation.

Station 78. In nineteen examples, 10 were toothless ; 2 had

a full set of teeth and a lamella ; 3 had a lamella and thickened

in both lip positions ; 1 had a lamella only ; 4 had three "pim-

ples " upon the lip in place of teeth, no lamella ; 1 had a "pim-

ple" at the basal position. Diameter 12 to 14.5 mm.

Station 61. Eight had a full set of teeth and lamella ; 13 had

teeth upon the lip in different degrees of development. 1 had

a lamella only, 6 were toothless. Diameter 13.4 to 15.2 mm.

Station 62. In 75 shells 12 had a lamella and a full set of

teeth, varying from mere ' ' pimples ' ' to fully developed teeth,

28 had a full set of teeth on the lip only, also varying as much

in development, 19 with one or two basal teeth, only 12 without

teeth. Nearly all were dead or broken shells. Diameter 14.6

to 11.4 mm.

Station 67. Coarser growth-lines and striations more distinct ;

not guttered deeply back of the lip ; angulation more pronounced,

umbilicus enlarged in the last half of last whorl. Spire more ele-

vated than the two preceding colonies. Diameter 12^ to 14 mm.

In a lot of 125 (dead and broken) 34 had a lamella and the

full set of teeth, 54 had three teeth upon the lip, 6 had a basal

tooth only, and 11 were toothless.

Station 68. Same as the preceding, but smaller and smoother.

Nine were collected alive. These measured 7 mm. in alt. and

THE NAUTILUS. 33

12.6 in diameter. Two or three were toothless, the other had

3 teeth upon the lip.

ASHMUNELLA TETRODON INERMIS n. Subsp. PI. 1, fig. 7.

Larger than the other forms, biconvex, indistinctly angular

above the middle in front, the periphery becoming rounded on

the last third of a whorl. There are 5J to 6 convex, closely-

coiled whorls, the last descending a little in front, guttered

behind the lip, swollen behind the gutter. Surface lightly

marked with growth-lines, without spiral stria?. The aperture

has no teeth, or in some specimens shows extremely weak

traces of them. The lip is reflexed, the edge recurved, but it

is very narrow.

Height 8, diam. 17.5 mm.

Height 7.3, diam. 15 mm.

Locality. — Station 69, Dry Creek. Also Station 63, where it

is rare.

This is a smaller and especially more depressed shell than A.

mogollonensis, differing, moreover, by the noticeable peripheral

angle in front and the absence of spiral incised lines. While it

seems at first rather absurd to connect this form with A. teirodon,

yet except by its greater size it does not differ in any important

respect from the least toothed of the variety mutator. We regard

it as a final stage in the degeneration of teeth, like Ashmunella

esuritor in the Chiricahuas.

At first glance it seems to be without teeth, but it carries a

suggestion of teeth in the slight thickening of the lip in the

outer margin and a mere pimple at the basal position. TWTO in

twenty-four had two "pimples" at the basal position. Seven

had none. One with a " pimple " also had the mere suggestion

of a parietal lamella. Parietal callus thin and colorless. One

or two varix-streaks in every specimen, usually at or near the

end of the penultimate whorl.

This colony and the next seem farthest removed from the

typical telrodon. At this station also were found a few of the

full-toothed form of tetrodon, but without transitional specimens.

Station 63. Growth-lines deeper than in Station 69. Shell

more depressed, larger. Three in six had the suggestion of a

basal tooth.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

Two largest — Height 8, diam. 19 mm.

Height 8J, diam. 16.5 mm.

Two smallest — Height 7, diam. 16.4 mm.

Height 8, diam. 15.6 mm.

ASHMUNELLA DANIELSI 11. Sp. PI. 2, figs. 1.

The shell is similar to A. tetrodon in shape, luster and color ;

but it differs in the following characters. The fine spiral lines,

when the surface is perfectly preserved, are numerous and dis-

tinct. There is never any trace of a parietal tooth. The two teeth

of the basal margin are closer together, and the inner one is

much smaller than the outer, the umbilicus is a trifle smaller.

Finally, the callous rim strengthening the lip of the young, in

resting stages, is not absorbed, but remains visible as an internal

varix, producing an opaque streak in the adult, visible extern-

ally on the base, or if the surface is dulled, it may be seen by

holding the shell up to the light.

Height 7, diam. 14.5 mm. ; 5J whorls.

Height 7, diam. 13.3 mm. ; 5£ whorls.

Locality. — Cave Spring Canyon (near the south fork of White-

water Creek, Range 19 West on the parallel of 33° 20', U. S.

G. S. Topographic Map, Mogollon Quadangle). Socorro Co.,

New Mexico.

This species is remarkable for retaining large lip-teeth while

the parietal tooth has totally disappeared, showing that these

teeth are not connected in inheritance, though from the diminu-

tion of all together in A. t. mutator a connection would be

supposed to exist. The large series taken at stations 57, 58,

59 show very little variation. As in A. tetrodon, the basal

teeth are yoked together, by a callus resembling the letter U.

About seventy of these were collected in the lower station (56)

of Cave Spring Canyon, a large number broken by the mice.

Elevation about 7,000 feet. This canyon is about two miles

north, running parallel with the Little Whitewater. No other

large shells were found there.

Station 57. About two miles farther up the canyon on large

slides, one-half mile below Kitt's new mine and cabin, were

Ashmunellas in unlimited numbers, in company with Oreohelix

THE NAUTILUS. 35

barbata Pils. A stiff shower during the night brought them out

upon the rocks, and with sycamore shade in plenty they re-

mained active during the following forenoon. The teeth upon

the lower margin were smaller than at Station 56, lip more

rounded, but no other difference of importance was noted.

Compared with the former station, one example measured 7.4

mm. alt., 15 diam. Smaller examples were found than in the

former colony. Two of these measured, alt. 6.2, diam. 13.5

mm.; alt. 6.4, diam. 13.4mm.

Sections 58, 59. Above the cabin, in a branch of the canyon

north of east, and in the rocks around and above Cave Spring,

were found shells smaller in diameter but otherwise unchanged.

Three of this colony measured:

Height 6. 6, diam. 13.6mm.

Height 6.8, diam. 12.6 mm.

Height 6.8, diam. 12.4 mm.

These stations were at an altitude above 8,000 feet, the high

point of the range. The upper two miles of this canyon was

left unexplored.

(To be continued.}

NOTES

Mr. Frank C. Baker announces that he has resigned his posi-

tion as Curator and Acting Director of the Chicago Academy of

Sciences. His address for the summer will be 1555 Highland

Avenue, Rochester, N. Y.

VlVIPARUS MALLEATUS REEVE IN MASSACHUSETTS : — In April,

1914, Mr. William J. Clench brought in two specimens of

the above species for determination, collected in Muddy River,

a small stream dividing Boston from Brookline. Shortly

afterwards a third specimen was found by Mr. Kendall Foster.

At the time I was inclined to consider it a recent introduction

from some aquarium, as the animals were dead when found and

probably killed by the cold, being unable to stand the winter.

On Nov. 2, 1914 a fourth specimen was found by Mr. P. S.

Remington. On April 1, of this year four specimens were again

36 THE NAUTILUS.

found by Mr. Foster, the largest measuring 47 mm., the small-

est 11 mm., the other specimens found showing all gradations

in size between these two. The length of time between the

rinding of the first and last specimens and the presence of both

young and adult, would indicate that the species is probably

established. They may have been introduced when goldfish

were placed in the stream, which, I have been told, was done to

destroy mosquito larvae. In THE NAUTILUS, vol. 25, p. 31,

1911, Mr. Harold Hannibal records this species in California.

C. W. JOHNSON.

CAMPELOMA LEWISII WALKER IN ILLINOIS. — This characteristic

Campeloma extends into Illinois, as suggested by Dr. Walker. l

Specimens are in the collection of the Chicago Academy of Sci-

ences from Cache Creek, Pulaski County and Clear Creek, Union

County. These conform closely to the published figure (Nauti-

lus, plate v, fig. 3). As Dr. Walker remarks, they are much

thinner than subsolidum and the whorls are not as convex. Union

and Pulaski counties are in the extreme southern part of the

state and probably mark the northern limit of the range of this

species. The specimens were collected by Dr. Howard N. Lyon,

a Chicago physician, who has long been interested in the study

of the Mollusca. — FRANK C. BAKER.

A banquet was given for Mr. James H. Ferriss by his friends

in Joliet, on the occasion of his retirement from newspaper

activity as editor of the Joliet Daily News. Incidents of the

struggle for good government and social betterment of Joliet

were recounted in the toasts by business men, professional men

and clergymen of Joliet, most of whom had been associated with

the editor of the News at one time or another during the thirty-

eight years of Ferriss' s control of that newspaper. The high

ideals of the editor of the News and their influence on the civic

development of Joliet were alluded to. Mr. E. E. Hand of Chi-

cago spoke of Mr. Ferriss's attainments as a conchologist. His

scientific tastes were further recognized by the gift of a micro-

scope, the presentation speech being made by Professor Willard

N. Clute, the well-known writer on ferns.

1 Nautilus, XXVIII, page 127.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXIX. AUGUST, 1915. No. 4

APICAL CHAEACTERS IN SOMATOGYRUS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS

OF THESE NEW SPECIES.

BY BRYANT WALKER

In his description of Somatogyrus walkerianus, (NAUT. , xviii,

p. 140), Aldrich stated that ' ' the nucleus is obliquely placed

and projects markedly beyond the outline of the spire on the

left side." This is the only observation that has been pub-

lished with reference to any special apical characters in this

genus.

Recently, while studying several lots of Somatogyrus collected

by Messrs. Hinkley and Wheeler in Arkansas, I noticed, while

examining an uneroded specimen with an ordinary glass, that

not only was the apical whorl decidedly everted, but that it was

apparently punctate. On putting it under a compound lens

the spirally punctate sculpture was clearly developed. This

led to a careful study of all of the described species with some

very interesting results.

The irregular coiling of the apical whorl, or partial eversion,

as it were, is very common in Somatogyrus and is found, to a

greater or less extent in all of the species in which the spire is

more or less conically elevated and acute. In species having

the apical whorls flattened, of which S. strengii is a conspicuous

example, no eversion is found.

The amount of apical eversion varies not only in the different

species, but also in individuals of the same species. But when

38 THE NAUTILUS.

it does occur in any species, it is, apparently, always present

to some degree. As a specific character, therefore, the presence

or absence of eversion can be relied upon, but the amount of

eversion, when present, would seem to be an individual, rather

than a racial or specific peculiarity.

The amount of eversion is usually coincident with the height

and acuteness of the spire. In species having a comparatively

high, acute spire, the apical whorls are more closely coiled and

the apical whorl, itself, is very convex and separated from the

succeeding whorl by a deep, constrictive suture. In species

with a blunter apex the apical whorl is less convex, being well

rounded above, but less constricted below b}^ the suture. In

all of these forms, the apex itself, when viewed laterally, is not

acutely pointed. It is more or less obliquely flattened on top

and the tip, or what would be the tip if it were everted, is

below the level of the surrounding whorl and often is, as it

were, immersed in the axis.

In species with flat or planorboid apices, there is no eversion

of the apical whorl, which is not constricted by the suture, but

is flatly rounded above and separated from the succeeding whorl

by a well defined, but vertical suture.

In nearly all of the species that have been examined, there is

a well defined apical sculpture. In Somatogyrus, apparently,

the embryonic shell has only a single whorl and the apical sculp-

ture, when present, is confined to that whorl. It is wholly

epidermal in character. The epidermis being very thin and

delicate, it is extremely subject to erosion and frequently has

entirely disappeared in specimens, which, so far as the shape

of the whorl is concerned, are substantially uneroded. For this

reason, in several of the described species none of the specimens

on hand were sufficiently perfect to afford any information as

to their apical sculpture and in others the apices of all of the

specimens were entirely eroded.

The apical sculpture, when present, is exceedingly fine and

delicate and, even in perfect specimens, usually requires a lens

of 100 diameters to develop it fully. It is, apparently, quite

constant in its character in each species and, when different in

detail, would seem to be a good specific character.

THE NAUTILUS. 39

The apical sculpture begins with the earliest formation of the

shell covering and, so far as I have observed, does not extend

beyond the embryonic portion. Usually, at first, it consists of

irregular wrinkles, which are, often, quite regularly transverse

in position. After about the first half of the apical whorl, these

develop into small punctations and become regularly spiral in

arrangement. In some species these spiral lines of punctations

extend back to the very tip of the shell. In the next stage of

development, these rows of spiral pits become fused into a con-

tinuous, more or less, perfect groove and the divisions between

them become fine, spiral lirse. The tendency to become lirate

is stronger on the lower part of the apical whorl and, perhaps,

the most usual form of sculpture is punctate-lirate above and

lirate below. But not unfrequently the lirate sculpture covers

the whole of the last half of the whorl.

With the exception of the species with a planorbiform apex,

I have not been able, as yet, to discover any sufficient differences

in the apical characters that would serve to differentiate the

characteristic species of the Alabama drainage, having a flat-

tened, very heavily calloused columella, from those of the Ohio

system with a relatively thin, rounded columellar lip.

In the following species I have not been able to ascertain the

apical characters on account of the eroded condition of all of the

specimens on hand: S. aldrichi, biangulatus, cotistrictus, crassus,

pitmilux, pygmxus, tennesseensis and umbilicatus.

The following notes give briefly the results of my examina-

tion of the rest of the described species:

S. amnicoloides Walker. Apex blunt, flatly rounded. Apical

whorl scarcely at all everted, not constricted by the suture,

which is well impressed, but vertical. Sculpture practically

obsolete under 100 diameters.

S. aureus Tryon. Apex prominent. Apical whorl everted,

sometimes very much so, convex, constricted by a deep suture,

which varies as the whorl is more or less everted. Sculptured,

at first, with strong, irregular wrinkles, then regularly, spirally

punctate, becoming obsoletely lirate on the second half of the

whorl. The tendency to liration is stronger on the lower part of

the whorl towards the suture.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

S. coosaensis Walker. Quite different from any other species.

Apex not prominent nor much elevated. Apical whorl flatly

rounded, very rapidly enlarging, scarcely everted, not constricted

by the suture, which is deep, but vertical. Apical tip not

turned down, but up. Sculpture, wrinkled and punctate above,

lirate below.

S. crassilabris Walker. Apex subelevated. Apical whorl

rounded, constricted by a rather deep suture, everted and ob-

liquely flattened above. Sculpture, strongly and regularly

spirally punctate above from the tip, lirate below.

S. currierianits Lea. Apex rather prominent. Apical whorl

rather low, nearly flat above, convexly rounded, but not con-

stricted by the suture and not everted. Sculpture, spirally

punctate-lirate above, lirate below.

S. decipiens Walker. Apical whorl very slightly everted,

obliquely flattened above, low, not constricted by the suture.

Sculpture, wrinkled at first, then spirally punctate above, lirate

below.

S. depressus Tryon. Apex rather blunt, but higher and more

rounded than in integer. Apical whorl slightly everted, obliquely

flattened above, but not constricted by the suture. Sculpture,

punctate or malleated, more decidedly than in integer ; no trace of

lira?.

S. excavatus Walker. Only a single specimen sufficiently

perfect to show any trace of the sculpture. In this, the erosion

is not sufficient to destroy the shape of the apical whorl, but

the sculpture is very indistinct. Apparently, it is irregularly,

transversely wrinkled, but no distinct punctations are visible.

The apical whorl is flatly rounded above, but not constricted

by the suture. The apical tip is not immersed, but projects

above the surrounding whorl.

S. georgianus Walker. Apical whorl prominent, elevated, not

much constricted by the suture, much everted and obliquely

flattened above. The second whorl is shouldered. Sculpture

spirally punctate.

S. hendersoni Walker. No specimens with perfect apices.

Apical whorl much elevated, though variable in this particular,

more or less everted, usually much so, and constricted by the

THE NAUTILUS. 41

suture. Sculpture, evidently irregularly punctate, no signs of

lirae.

S. hinkleyi Walker. Apical whorls more or less elevated,

bluntly rounded. Apical whorl liatly rounded, not constricted

by the suture, apex immersed. Sculpture, very finel}7 and

irregularly punctate above and more or less lirate below.

S. kumerosus Walker. Apical whorl much elevated, everted,

rounded and constricted by the suture. Sculpture, punctate

above and lirate below.

S. integer Say. Apical whorl not everted, flatter than in

subglobosus. Sculpture, scarcely more than wrinkled, no liree.

S. mexicanus Pilsbry. Apical whorls elevated, rather pyra-

midal, more so than in any other species, closely coiled, rather

acutely pointed. Apical whorl only slightly everted, not con-

stricted by the suture. Sculpture, closely, finely and irregu-

larly punctate, no lirae.

( To be continued. )

THE NEW MEXICAN EXPEDITION OF 1914— ASHMUNELLA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS.

( Concluded from page 35 ).

ASHMUNELLA DANIELSI DISPAR n. subsp. PI. 2, fig. 2.

Smaller than A. danielsi, composed of 5 whorls, and like that

in having no trace of a parietal tooth. The long tooth in the

outer lip is strongly developed. The two basal teeth are nearer

together, and more or less completely united or sometimes fused into

one. The umbilicus enlarges very little at the last whorl.

Height 5.8. diam. 11.2 mm.

Smallest adult, diam. 9.8, largest 11.25 mm.

Locality. — Station 55 (1914), Little Whitewater Canyon,

Mogollon Mountains.

One of the smallest Ashmunellas. It runs parallel to A.

duplicidens of the Chiricahua range in structure of the basal

teeth .

One hundred examples were collected. No other shells were

found at this station except a few of the smaller families.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

The locality is at an elevation of about 7,500 feet, six miles

east of Glenwood, Socorro Co. , N. M. The canyon was ex-

plored only to Kitt's mining cabin.

ASHMUNELLA PILSBRYANA FeiTlSS. PI. 2, figS. 3.

Ashmunella pilsbryana ~Fernss, Nautilus Vol. 27, p. 109 (1914).

Distinguished from other species of this region by its acutely

angular periphery and granulose surface.

Ashmunella pilsbryana has not been taken in the Mogollon

range, but in the region westward. It has been found only in

a small territory along the San Francisco river, and in company

with no other large shell except Sonorella. A mile or so back

in the hills from the Harper ranch, and four miles above Clif-

ton, Arizona, a few dead shells were found in the rock slides.

The removal of timber had apparently killed the snails. Only

a couple of living Sonorellas were found here in half a day, but

no living Ashmunellas.

Two miles above the mouth of the Blue river colonies of A.

pilsbryana and a small Sonorella were found in a thrifty condi-

tion, and a couple of smaller colonies were located in between

this station and the Harper ranch. All of these are within

some twenty miles of river front. These colonies were in shaded

talus that ran down to the flood plain. A. pilsbryana will

probably be found farther up the San Francisco river, but none

were found in the vicinity of Alma, New Mexico. The rock in

that stretch of river may have held mineral qualities distasteful

to all snails.

ASHMUNELLA MOQOLLONENSIS Pils.

This fine species is rather widely spread in the Mogollons.

It was found in 24 colonies in Silver Creek canyon, in the village

along the Bursam road (a trail running east from Mogollon

across the crest of the range) to Willow Creek, and again in Big

Dry Creek Canyon. The latter were large and bright-colored,

distinctly striated with incised spiral lines on all but the em-

bryo whorls. One measures 10.8 mm. alt. by 22 mm. diameter.

Shells from the colonies upon Silver and Willow Creeks varied

much in size, though some colonies had large and small. The

THE NAUTILUS. 43

smallest on these streams was 7.6 mm. alt. by 15 diameter;

the largest was 20 mm. in diameter. One colony had fine

albinos.

MIGRATION OF ILYANASSA OBSOLETA, LITORINA LITOREA

AND LITORINA RTJDIS.

BY C. H. BATCHELDER.

The migration of a species is an important event in the his-

tory of a brackish water stream. It marks at once, the depar-

ture of somebody's food and the passing of somebody else's enemy;

it means that the biological relations of the remaining species will

be upset and that readjustment must take place. With the

passing of an enemy, a species that has lived in seclusion pros-

pers, multiplies and assumes other abodes previously inacessible.

In new situations new foods become available, — and so things

change. The snails of a brackish-water stream are as subject

to annual migrations as the other inhabitants and some of them

are extremely interesting to observe. Migrations of Nassa obso-

leta, L. litorea and L. rudis were observed on Oyster river,

Durham, N. H. in 1914-15 and the following is an account of

the movements.

The most notable molluscan migrations that I have observed

are the annual movements of Ilyanassa obsoleta. During late

spring, summer and early fall it inhabits the mud flats exposed

at low-tide. This environment becomes impossible, however,

during the colder months when ground-ice may form and this

forces the snail to migrate to the deeper waters for the winter.

Migration of Ilyanassa downstream was first observed on the

18th of October in 1914 and it had probably proceeded then

during five or six days. Migration continued during the next

two weeks but the greater number of healthier individuals

moved down-stream in the week ending October 25. The rate

of their movement appeared to depend somewhat on the tem-

perature but no measurements were taken in support of this.

The healthy individuals moved out into the deep water of the

channel to depths varying from ten to fifteen feet at low tide.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

This meant a journey of from five to fifty yards and sonqe of

them may have gone farther. After deep water is reached the

operculum is not drawn entirely over the foot but just suffici-

ently so to permit the gray, wrinkled flesh to protrude all around

the operculum and just level with the aperture of the shell.

This is the condition of hibernation for the winter. This was

evidenced by examination of all stations in February 1915 when

the dormant condition was found to be characteristic even for

the older and weaker individuals who had completely lost

their opercula. Some of the feebler individuals were unable to

reach the deeper water and stopped where the water always

runs in a swift current. Here, they bedded in pockets to the

number of several hundreds. A few were discovered in the

mud-flat channel where there is an inch of water at the lowest

tides but these always present the appearance of extreme old

age.

Migration of Ilyanassa upstream began on either April 6th or 7th

and continued during the following two weeks, the more vigor-

ous of the migrants proceeding upstream in the interval between

April 8 and 15. Showers fell during the 5th and 6th which

warmed the water and reduced its density. Crawling steadily

they reached their summer habitat in four days. At this time

their distribution on low-tide flats was very characteristic. A

dozen snails picked up at random would include smaller, older

and more eroded individuals than would be the case if the lot had

come from the channel. Evidently, these snails were the last

to migrate in the fall. They were followed by a larger lot with

spires worn very little, opercula unbroken and with a more

brilliant cuticle. These spread out over the flats and inter-

mingled with the cripples already in possession. This differ-

ence in the general average was quite perceptible in the first

stages of the migration but was soon obliterated. An economic

distribution of the species is probably never accomplished and

adjustment is probably not attained before the summer. Even

in summer Ilyanassa roves about a great deal on the mud flats

and they may always be found in the channels in small num-

bers.

The migrating Ilyanassa are very interesting to watch. At

THE NAUTILUS. 45

times tne channel bottom is purple with the migrating snails.

Each one will be seen to be poking his siphon out an inch

ahead of him testing the water to the right and to the left and

always moving along with a characteristic persistency. He only

stops where the current has swept everything else away and

then only until the tide favors him again. I have seen, him

crawling along where the crabs were hanging on to the sea weeds

for dear life, and even while stopped for a while one sees him

still testing the water ahead of him. He eats his lunch on the

march, troubles himself not at all about his shelter for the night

but ploughs his way along even though the water in his path

be fresh, opaque with sediment or a briny salt pool. It matters

nothing to him : over the obstacles in his path he crawls, reaches

the channel bank and then seeks out a new environment in the

water below or if it be in spring on the mud flats above.

One more interesting habit of Ilyanassa and we shall be done

with him. He is not always submarine in his habits. While

traveling over the surface he must have water running over him.

He stops wherever the tide uncovers him. When the tide

comes in again it may find him perched on a rock. This ap-

proach of the water may loosen his hold and he may tip back-

ward curling in his foot as he tumbles. Many times he simply

rolls over and is submerged ; but as often the current catches

him and bears him along upside down with his inturned foot

preserving the buoyancy of the mass. I have seen dozens float-

ing along in just this manner, but whether it is an accident or

purposeful activity, I have been unable to find out. Sometimes

he steals a ride on the back of his neighbor, or on a floating

weed or stick and quite often on the shell of L. litorea.

Litorina litorea migrates with Ilyanassa but is far less active.

They move very slowly, rest frequently and often explore the

rocks and ledges that line the channel. They follow Ilyanassa

down stream in the fall part way, winter with them in the

shallower, ice-free basins and return with them in the spring.

During the winter L. litorea may be found clinging fast to the

rocks in the channel bed or may go no farther than the lowest

of the shore bowlders where they hibernate with L. rudis under

the Fucus hovers. They migrate at most 25 or 30 feet.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Litorina rudis and L. pulliata are two other inhabitants of the

brackish waters which must migrate annually to escape the

ground ice of winter. These forms inhabit the Fucus fronds

and rocks along the shore between tides. They do not leave

these situations until driven out by the cold. Hence, they do

not leave their stations until the middle of November and then

move very slowly down over the Fucus and rocks to some point

below the level of ice formation. In February they are most

frequently discovered beneath the lowest living fronds of Fucus

which hang down over the lowest line of exposed bowlders

forming a hover for the snails. They may also be found packed

into the crevices between the rocks and under the over-hanging

ledges. The larger snails apparently lead an active life during

the severest winter weather, for I have found them still feeding

at 12° C. I have also discovered them in active copulation in

every month of the winter. The younger individuals are less

fortunate in their migration. Apparently they become ex-

hausted and crawl beneath the stones of the upper tide limits

where they hibernate during the winter months. They are the

first of the snails to appear, however, coming forth this year

during the week of March 1st. Active migration of the larger

snail did not begin until the fourteenth of the month and the

upper limits were reached on the twenty-first of March. The

migration continued for some time later though less perceptibly

and less actively.

I have not observed any one cause for the migration of these

snails except temperature. The Ilyanassa offers a perplexing

problem indeed. If it isn't absolutely necessary, why do they

go into very deep water ? They leave the flats and return when

the water at low tide is at or near 13.5° C. L. litorea apparently

wanders about until by pure accident he stumbles onto a place

favorable for hibernation. L. rudis and palliata migrated most

actively when the temperature of the water at high tide was

11.5° C. Density changes in the water were so slight that they

cannot be held responsible for the migrations. A shortage of

food material may be important ; but the causes, whatever they

are, seem complex enough for a special study of the subject.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

MOLLUSKS FROM BEKEIEN COUNTS, MICHIGAN.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Some time ago a day was spent in the virgin woods known

as the Warren Woods, situated near Three Oaks. The wood-

land borders the Galien River and is in the southwestern part

of Berrien County, only a few miles from Lake Michigan. The

forest is untouched by man and is a veritable paradise for the

botanist and nature-lover. It is probable that systematic search

would greatly increase the number of species listed, which were

gathered while engaged in general nature work. The Sphaerii-

dae were identified by Dr. V. Sterki.

Pisidium scutellatum Sterki. Galien River.

Sphserium occidentale amphibium St. Galien River.

Symphynota costata (Raf.). Galien River.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say). Galien River.

Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis (Lea). Galien River.

Physa gyrina Say. Small stream flowing into Galien River.

Physa walked Grand-all. Small stream flowing into Galien

River.

Galba parva (Lea). Small stream flowing into Galien River.

Galba humilis modicella (Say). Small stream flowing into

Galien River.

Succinea ovalis Say. Warren Woods.

Succinea avara Say. Warren Woods.

Succinea retusa Lea. Warren Woods.

Pyramidula alternata (Say). Warren Woods.

Pyramid ula perspectiva (Say). Warren Woods.

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry. Warren Woods.

Agriolimax campestris (Say). Warren Woods.

Zonitoides nitida (Muller). Warren Woods.

Vitrea hammonis (Strom). Warren Woods.

Circinaria concava (Say). Warren Woods.

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Warren Woods.

Polygyra thyroides (Say). Warren Woods.

Polygyra palliata (Say). Warren Woods.

Polygyra fraudulenta (Say). Warren Woods.

Polygyra tridentata (Say). Warren Woods.

48 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF OREOHEL1X COOPERI.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Mr. S. S. Berry has recently sent me specimens of a pygmy

race of 0. cooperi, which he found on July 4th, in the snowy

mountains, Fergus Co., Montana, at an elevation of somewhat

over 5000 feet. " The dead shells " he writes, " were abundant

among loose rocks on the mountain slope forming the east wall

of Swimming Woman Creek canyon, about half a mile above

the mouth, and I found no spot free of them in the area

searched, either at the foot of the slope or higher up. The living

ones were harder to find because not only less abundant, but

distinctly harder to see. Over the entire slope, all the shells

were remarkably uniform in size, those sent you being an average

lot. I noted that the young lenticular shells are ornamented

more or less conspicuously with epidermal projections and

fringes, some being quite hirsute."

OREOHELIX COOPERI BERRYI, n. subsp.

The shell has the shape characteristic of 0. cooperi except that

the last whorl is distinctly angular in front, the angle disap-

pearing on the last half or third, leaving the periphery rounded.

Color cinnamon to snuff brown, from the third whorl on pro-

fusely marked with white patches and narrow streaks ; last

whorl having a chocolate band below the periphery (frequently

also a narrower or paler band in the middle of the upper sur-

face, and several dilute brownish bands on the base, interrupt-

ing the white markings). The surface is irregularly striate and

shows traces of spiral striation in places. Whorls 4^, all con-

vex : embryonic shell of nearly two whorls, which are finely

striate and covered with very fine spirals, the last half of the

second whorl having more distinct spiral striae. Umbilicus

narrow, contained 5^ times in the diameter of shell.

Alt. 6.3, diam. 9.4 mm. (type, No. 112489 A. N. S. P.).

Alt. 6.1, diam. 9.3 mm. (paratype, coll. S. S. Berry).

In some examples the stria? are distinctly granose in spiral

series on the base. This shell is much smaller and less de-

pressed than 0. cooperi minor Ckll. 0. alpina Elrod is more

depressed with a wider umbilicus.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXIX. SEPTEMBER, 1915. No. 5

APICAL CHARACTERS IN SOMATOGYRUS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS

OF THREE NEW SPECIES.

BY BRYANT WALKER

(Continued from page

S. nanus Walker. Apical whorl prominent, blunt, flatly

rounded, only slightly everted, not constricted by the suture,

very rapidly enlarging, a peculiarity apparently confined to a few

species. Sculpture punctate above and lirate below.

S. obtusus Walker. Apical whorl obtuse, flatly rounded, not

everted, not constricted by the suture, which is well impressed,

but vertical. Sculpture, very delicately wrinkled, in some

scarcely visible under 100 diameters, practically smooth, no

liraB.

S. parvulus Tryon. Apical whorl prominent, decidedly ever-

ted and obliquely flattened above. Sculpture, strongly punctate-

lirate, the liraa extending well up on the whorl.

5. pennsylvanicus Walker. Apical whorl rather small, elevated,

very much everted and obliquely flattened above, well rounded

and constricted by the suture. Apex immersed. Sculpture,

strongly spirally punctate on the first half of the apical whorl,

running into punctate lira? on the second half, lirate below.

S. pilsbryanus Walker. Quite variable in the elevation of the

apical whorl, which may be prominent, everted, and obliquely

flattened above, rounded and constricted by the suture below or

blunt, scarcely everted and less constricted by the suture.

Sculpture, spirally punctate above, obsoletely lirate below.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

S. quadratus Walker. Only a single example shows any trace

of the sculpture, which though eroded above, is distinctly lirate

below. Apical whorl not everted, rounded and shouldered

above, not constricted by the suture.

S. sargenti Pilsbry. Variable as to the elevation of the apical

whorl, (which is usually rather blunt) ; some amount of ever-

sion and constriction by the suture. Sculpture, distinctly

spirally punctate above, lirate below.

S. strengii P. and W. This species is remarkable free from

erosion, probably on account of the depressed apical whorls,

which are planorboid, flattened above, with a well impressed

vertical suture. Apical whorl flatly rounded, not everted,

quite rapidly increasing. Apex somewhat immersed. Sculp-

ture very minutely wrinkled and spirally punctate, hardly dis-

cernible with 100 diameters, no lirse.

S. subglobosus Say. Apical whorl prominent, rather small,

slightly everted, rounded, but not greatly constricted by the

suture, obliquely flattened above. Sculpture, at first wrinkled

or malleated, then more or less punctate on the upper surface,

which rapidly becomes punctate-lirate, lirate below.

S. substriatus Walker. Apical whorl prominent, elevated,

somewhat everted and obliquely flattened above, rounded, but

not greatly constricted by the suture below. Sculpture, more

or less irregularly wrinkled and malleated on the first half of

the whorl, but becoming obsolete on the second half, no lira?.

S. trothis Doherty. Apical whorl bluntly elevated, everted

and obliquely flattened above, not greatly constricted by the

well impressed suture, rapidly enlarging. Apex not depressed

below the surrounding whorl. Sculpture, quite well wrinkled

at first, then spirally punctate above and obsoletely lirate below.

S. virginicus Walker. Quite similar to pennsylvanicus, to

which it is allied, but the apical whorl is rather higher, rounded

and more constricted by the suture, being more closely coiled.

Sculpture, substantially the same in both.

£ walkerianus Aldrich. Apical whorl much elevated, more

so than in any other species, except wheeleri, closely coiled,

very convex and greatly constricted by the suture, everted and

obliquely flattened above. Sculpture, strongly wrinkled at the

tip, then spirally punctate-lirate.

THE NAUTILUS. 51

S. wheeleri Walker. Apical whorl small, very much elevated,

more so than in any other species, closely coiled, very convex,

greatly constricted by the suture, much everted and obliquely

flattened above. Sculpture, very strongly spirally punctate on

the first half of the whorl, becoming punctate-lirate above on

the second half, lirate below.

The examination of the material from Arkansas collected by

Messrs. Hinkley and Wheeler furnished the following forms,

which seem to be new.

SOMATOGYRUS WHEELERI, n. sp. Figs. 1 and 2.

Shell turbinate, umbilicate, rather thick and solid, greenish-

horn color, smooth, with fine, regular, distinct lines of growth.

Spire prominent, elevated, subturreted and rapidly acuminating

to the apex. Apical whorl small, much elevated, closely coiled,

FIG. 1. — SOMATOGYRUS WHEELERI. FIG. 2. — APEX OF SAME.

very convex and much constricted by the suture, much everted

and obliquely flattened above, tip immersed: the first half of

the whorl is very strongly spirally punctate, becoming punctate-

lirate on the second half and lirate below. The second whorl

is less convex and the suture below it is less impressed ; as it

passes into the third whorl it tends to become more or less

shouldered. The third whorl is roundly shouldered above and

distinctly flattened below the shoulder. The body-whorl is

large, strongly shouldered, obliquely flattened above the shoul-

der with a distinct groove between it and the suture, distinctly

flattened peripherally and rather rapidly rounding into the um-

bilicus. Aperture large, outer lip obliquely flattened and some-

what concave above the angle formed by the shoulder, from

which it curves regularly to the columella. Columella narrow

and oblique, adnate for only a short distance on the parietal

52 THE NAUTILUS.

wall, the entire aperture is quite heavily calloused within

Umbilicus quite large.

Alt. (apex eroded) 4, diam. 4 mm.

Types (33900 Coll. Walker), from the Ouachita River,

Arkadelphia, Ark. Cotypes in the collection of Rev. H. E.

Wheeler.

This species, named after its discoverer, while related to the

shouldered species of Somatogyrus from Alabama, is quite dis-

tinct by reason of its larger umbilicus, flatly shouldered body

whorl and elevated apical whorls.

SOMATOGYRUS AMNICOLOIDES n. sp. Fig. 3.

Shell small, subglobose, narrowly umbilicate, rather thin,

pale horn-color, smooth, with very fine, regular lines of growth.

Spire obtusely elevated, flatly rounded. Apical whorl scarcely

at all everted, only slightly elevated above the second whorl,

not constricted by the suture, which is well impressed, but

vertical, sculpture practically obsolete. The second whorl is

convexly rounded, but not high. The third whorl is propor-

tionately higher, rounded above and less so below. Body-

whorl globosely rounded. Aperture angled above, wider and

FIG. 3. SOMATOGYRUS AMNICOLOIDES. FIG. 4. SOMATOGYRUS CRASSILABRIS.

obliquely rounded below. Lip sharp, but callously thickened

within, meeting the columella in a projecting, broadly rounded

angle. Columella nearly straight, scarcely at all thickened,

inner lip adnate to the body-whorl on the parietal wall. Um-

bilicus rather narrow, but conspicuous.

Alt. 3.5, diam. 2.75 mm.

Types (No. 40012 Coll. Walker), from the Ouachita River,

Arkadelphia, Ark., collected by the Rev. H. E. Wheeler. Co-

types in his collection.

THE NAUTILUS. 53

This small species is about the size and shape of an Amnicola

as suggested by the specific name. But, although the colu-

mella is scarcely at all calloused, the distinct thickening of the

outer lip and the projecting angle at the junction of the outer

lip and the colnmella forbid its reference to that genus. It is

entirely unlike any of the other species known from Arkansas

and quite different from any of the eastern forms.

SOMATOGYRUS CRASSILABRIS n. Sp. Fig. 4.

Shell subglobose, scarcely perforate, very thick and solid,

greenish horn-color, smooth with very fine lines of growth.

Spire short, subacute and small in comparison with the body-

whorl. Whorls 4. Apical whorl small, rounded, constricted

by a rather deep suture, everted, obliquely flattened above,

strongly and regularly spirally punctate above from the tip,

lirate below. The second and third whorls rather rapidly in-

crease in size, are rounded above, but less below, the suture

being well impressed. Body-whorl large, obtusely shouldered,

obliquely flattened above the shoulder, distinctly flattened be-

tween the shoulder and the periphery, below which it is rounded.

Aperture rather large, narrower, but scarcely angled above, and

obliquely rounded below. The outer lip is scarcely modified

by the shoulder, very thick and heavy, rounded and distinctly

everted below. Columella very thick and heavy, rounded.

Inner lip adnate to the parietal wall and heavily calloused.

The whole aperture is surrounded by an excessively thick de-

posit of callus. Umbilicus small, scarcely perforate, with a

distinct groove below.

Alt. 4.33, diam. 4 mm.

Types (No. 38823 Coll. Walker), from rocks on muddy bank

of the North Fork, Norfolk, Ark., collected by A. A. Hinkley.

Cotypes in his collection.

This species, though evidently related to wheeleri by reason of

its shouldered body-whorl, differs decidedly in the characters of

the apical whorls, the less pronounced shouldering of the body-

whorl, the smaller umbilicus and, especially, in the remarkable

thickening of the aperture. In this particular it is quite distinct

from any of the other described species.

54 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON THE WEST AMERICAN SPECIES OF FTTSINUS.

BY WILLIAM H. BALL.

The genus Fusinus, better known by its preoccupied name of

Fusus Lamarck, is fairly well represented by species on the

Pacific coast.

The largest, most conspicuous, and best known of these is F.

dupetitthouarsi Kiener, 1840, originally described from a Gala-

pagos Island specimen and which has since been collected at a

point as far north of Panama on the mainland as Cerros Island

in latitude 28°. It undergoes no great variation in this wide

area of distribution.

F. kobelti Dall, 1877, has been collected from the vicinity of

Monterey and south to Catalina Island.

F. sulcatus Lamarck, 1822, is found at Panama, and appears

to be distinct from F. fontainei Orbigny, 1841, which is a native

of Peru and Chile, and of which F. alternatus Philippi, 1847, is

a synonym.

F. colpoicus new species, is found off Guaymas, Gulf of Cali-

fornia, and resembles F. barbarensis Trask, when the latter is

about 60 mm. long, but differs by having 13 instead of 11 axial

ribs, which are narrower and with wider interspaces while the

revolving threads are sharper and more conspicuously alternated.

At a length of 66 mm. it has eight whorls without counting the

eroded nucleus ; three of the spirals near the periphery are

more conspicuous than the rest ; at the end of the penultimate

whorl there are 6 major and 6 minor spirals which pass over

the ribs without becoming nodulous. The aperture and canal

together measure 36 mm. in the length, and the canal is con-

spicuously tortuous. The maximum diameter of the shell is

18mm. (U. S. N. Mus. No. 111,111).

The peculiar F. (Roperia) roperia Dall, 1898, is still only

known by the type specimen from San Pedro ; F. cancellarioides

Reeve, 1848, only from the Chilean coast. An unidentified

worn shell sent from La Paz by Kantus, seems distinct from the

others but is not fit to serve as a basis for a name.

There is a group of species found in the central Californian

region which were described by Trask in 1855. F. Iraski Dall,

THE NAUTILUS. 55

(new name for F. rugosus Trask, not of Lamarck, 1804) is recog-

nized by its abruptly shouldered whorls, and ranges from San

Pedro to San Diego.

F. monksse, Dall (new name for F. robustus Trask, 1855, not of

Beyrich, 1853) is very similar to the next species, but generally

heavier and with a shorter canal. It ranges from Banks Island,

British Columbia to Pequena Bay on the west side of Lower

California.

F. barbarensis Trask, ranges from the Oregon coast to San

Diego. For a long time it was known only by adolescent speci-

mens, but I have received a pair 135 mm. long by 38 in diam-

eter, dredged off Newport, by Doctor Tremper.

F. ambustus Gould, 1851, ranges from the Gulf of California

to Topolobampo, Mexico. The burnt-sienna blotches on the

axial ribs from which the species derived its name, though

conspicuous on fresh specimens, gradually fade out after some

years in the cabinet.

F. harfordi Stearns, from Mendocino County, California, may

belong with Chrysodomus but the sculpture recalls that of Fusinus.

F. panamensis Dall, 1908, is still only known by the original

specimens from Panama Bay. There is a small mottled species

belonging to the same group (Aptyxis?) as F. pulchellus Philippi,

Mediterranean, which ranges from the Gulf of California to

Panama. It has been labeled by some error F. cinereus Reeve,

(which is Say's Urosalpinx) in the collection. It agrees very

well with the figure of Reeve's F. taylorianus in the Iconica, and

until further data are received about Reeve's type which was of

unknown habitat, may best retain that name. A specimen has

been received as from San Pedro, but I doubt the accuracy of

this attribution.

F. luteopictus Dall, 1877, ranges from Monterey to the Gulf

of California. The yellow color of the ribs fades in time, leav-

ing the prominences nearly or quite white.

A little brownish species has been received from San Pedro

Bay from several collectors, which seems to be undescribed. It

has five whorls without the nucleus, four or five strong spiral

threads between the sutures on the spire and 13-15 on the last

whorl, with a few minute and irregular intercalary threads ; the

56 THE NAUTILUS.

interspaces are crossed by minute axial lamellae and the last

whorl has eight rather ill-defined wide axial ribs, most distinct

near the periphery. The shell is about 11 mm. long by 5.5

mm. wide, and 5 mm. of the length is included in the spire.

It may take the name of F. diminutus.

F. portions n. sp. This is a small purple-brown form which

may perhaps prove not to be a Fusinus, yet seems difficult to

refer elsewhere, so I adopt the term provisionally. It has three

conic, wine-colored, polished, nuclear whorls followed by a

little more than four sculptured whorls, having the general pro-

file of a slender Alectrion; it has on the last whorl ten axial ribs

with wider interspaces ; the spiral sculpture consists of fine

rather sharp threads, two of which near the periphery are

slightly larger, and prominent where they cross the axial ribs,

with a single fine thread in the space between them ; on each

side of this pair between the sutures are three or four finer

threads ; the spire is longer than the aperture ; the outer lip

sharp, plain within, no callus on the inner lip, the canal short,

twisted and slightly recurved. Height of shell 11.0; of spire

7.0; maximum diameter 5.0 mm. It is an inhabitant of Pan-

ama. (U. S. N. M. No. 76275).

F. centrifugus n. sp. Shell with three smooth conoid nuclear

whorls, followed by six and a half strongly sculptured whorls ;

suture appressed ; axial sculpture of numerous sharp thin ele-

vated lamellae, raised into a retractively looped frill in front of

the suture and similarly but less prominently looped between

its intersections with the spiral threads : on the last whorl are

eight prominent rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, which

extend from the suture to the base ; between the sutural frill

and the shoulder of the whorl are three inconspicuous spiral

threads ; on the shoulder one very prominent cord flattened and

produced at the summit of each axial rib into a spade-shaped,

not pointed, horizontal spine ; between this cord and another

less prominent cord in front, are one to three small spiral

threads ; a third still less prominent cord forms the margin of

the base in front of which are about a dozen spiral threads which

are more prominent on the canal. The color of the shell is

brownish, more livid inside the aperture ; the canal produced

THE NAUTILUS. 57

and straight, the outer lip sharp but probably immature. Height

of shell 22 ; of spire 12 ; maximum diameter 10 mm. It was

collected at the Galapagos Island in 33 fathoms, sandy bottom.

Though evidently not full grown, the sculpture of this shell

would identify it at any age. (U. S. N. M, 96370) .

F. (?) orcutti n. sp. Nuclear whorls lost, the remaining five

whorls solid, with appressed suture ; axial sculpture of rude

lines of growth and (on the last whorl eight ) obscure low ribs;

spiral sculpture of broad, somewhat irregular, straplike spirals

and much smaller spiral threads ; of the former there is one at

the suture followed by three or four threads ; two at the shoulder

closely adjacent, followed by two threads ; and four or five in

front of the periphery alternated by single threads ; the color of

the shell is light yellow brown with axial rows of dark brown

spots on the ribs, the aperture white : the outer lip is sharp,

with three or four obscure nodules within the aperture : a thin

white callus on the inner lip, the canal short and slightly re-

curved. Height of shell 17 ; of spire (without the nucleus)

10 ; maximum diameter 8 mm.

It was collected at Mazatlan by C. R. Orcutt and resembles a

Latirus except that the pillar is without plaits. (U. S. N. Mus.

No. 252697).

LASMIGONA SUBVIRIDIS CONRAD, REDIVIVUS.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

Lasmigona subviridis, Conrad. Probably few conchologists

are aware of the validity of this name, since it occurs in no

synoptical list of Unionidss known to the writer.

Rafinesque published a species, Unio viridis, in his Mono-

graph of 1820, a work virtually introduced to American con-

chologists by Mr. Poulson's translation in 1831.

In the autumn of 1835, Mr. Hyde gave specimens of a Unio

from the Juniata River to both Dr. Lea, and Mr. Conrad. The

latter published the shell, with an excellent figure, on plate 9,

of his new fresh-water shell, under the name of Unio viridis ?

Mr. Conrad stated that he was uncertain whether this identifi-

58 THE NAUTILUS.

cation was correct, since Rafinesque' s shell came from the Ohio

drainage, and these Hyde shells from the Atlantic drainage. In

case these latter should prove distinct Conrad proposed the

name — Unio subviridis. In the following year Dr. Lea published

the same shell under the name of tappanianus, but in the mean-

time Conrad had published the shell a second time (Monography

of Unionidse, 1836) as viridis (Rafinesque). Dr. Lea up to his

death, claimed the shell, on the ground that it was not viridis

Rafinesque, and that Conrad's name viridis was a synonym.

Conrad, on his part, persisted that his identification was cor-

rect, because a single valve of this shell in Mr. Poulson's collec-

tion had been labeled viridis by Rafinesque. The confusion

thus wrought, is now eighty years old.

Rafinesque, in 1820, described very clearly a shell from the

Ohio drainage, under the name of viridis, which Dr. Lea (as he

freguently did} redescribed several years later, under the name

of compressa. In 1831, Rafinesque labeled for Mr. Poulson, a

single valve of a shell under the name viridis which valve Conrad

stated was identical with the Hyde shells. It is worthy of note,

that if this valve was not correctly named by Rafinesque, it was

an exceedingly close guess, as the two species are so close that they

are often confounded yet. That Dr. Lea was so positive that

this label was incorrect, proves conclusively that Lea was fully

aware that the true viridis of Rafinesque was the compressa, (or

pressus) of Lea. Of course, Lea was too "cute" to call atten-

tion to this fact, since he would then lose this name also, nor

did he have generosity enough to give the Hyde shells to Conrad

under the name subviridis, of which he was fully cognizant.

Subviridis Conrad was elegantly figured on plate 9, in an ap-

pendix to "New Fresh Water Shells." The appendix is dated

1835, and was only bound in a few copies of the book, and this

accounts for the total omission of the name, or plate, by Mr. C.

T. Simpson, and other authors. The correct synonymy of these

two species therefore (omitting some unimportant names) is as

follows —

LASMIGONA SUBVIRIDIS (Conrad).

Unio viridis? Conrad, 1835, New Fresh Water Shells, appen-

dix, plate 9, Fig. 1, or subviridis Conrad, if new.

THE NAUTILUS. 59

Unio viridis Conrad (as of Rafinesque), Monography, 1836 :

Synopsis 1853.

Unio tappanianus Lea, 1836.

Symphynota viridis Simson, 1900, (as of Conrad /) ; also in

Catalog, 1914.

LASMIGONA VIRIDIS (Rafinesque).

Unio viridis Rafinesque, Monograph, 1820.

Symphynota compressa, Lea, 1829.

Complanaria alasmodontina, Stimpson, 1851.

Margaron pressus Lea, 1852.

Symphynota compressa Lea, Simpson, 1900 and 1914.

Because of the Symphynota of Lea being an exact synonym

for Rafinesque's genus Proptera, and the earlier use (in Unio) of

the name compressus, neither the name compressa nor pressus, can

be used, and if Rafinesque's name be disallowed by the weak-

kneed, Sampson's name takes precedence.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE NAIADES or MISSOURI. By William I. Utterback, pub-

lished in the American Midland Naturalist, Notre Dame, Ind.

Vol. iv, 1915. In the May number the first part of this paper

appeared. It consisted of 13 pages, containing an introduction

with a general key to the families and genera. The July num-

ber contains part ii, comprising 56 pages covering the Margari-

tanidae, genus Cumberlandia and the Unionidae, genera Fus-

conaia, Amblema, Megalonaias N. gen. Type, Unio heros Say,

Quadrula and Rotundaria, With the July number was a supple-

ment containing 28 plates illustrating the species, collecting

grounds etc. The paper is to be continued. C. W. J.

THE PHILIPPINE LAND SHELLS OF THE GENUS CHISTOLOMA.

By Paul Bartsch, (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 49, pages 195-

204, pi. 15.) A new subgenus Hololoma, type Megalomastoma

quadrasi Hidalgo, and seven new sub-species are described.

THE RECENT AND FOSSIL MOLLUSKS OF THE GENUS RlSSOINA

FROM THE WEST COAST OF AMERICA. By Paul Bartsch, (Proc.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 49, pages 33-62, with plates 28-33).

An interesting introduction giving a history of the work done

in this genus, with a key to the species, followed by the descrip-

tions of 38 species of which 22 represent new species. R. signcs

is proposed for R. insignis De Folin, 1867, not R, insignis Adams

and Reeve 1850. Only one of the number is fossil. The figures

are excellent.

ETUDE SUE LE LITTORINA OBTUSATA ET SES VARIATIONS. Par.

Ph. Dautzenberg et H. Fischer. (Journ. de Conch., vol. 62,

pages 87-128, plates 2-4). A most interesting study of the

variations of this species. A complete bibliography is followed

by notes and descriptions of the varieties or form, which are

grouped under the typical obtusata and the sub-species littoralis.

The former is divided on form into typica, elatior and palliata

and 9 vars. on color, and the latter into 5 vars. on form and 12

on color. Only palliata is recorded from the mainland of N.

America. L. littoralis is recorded from Greenland. That L.

palliata was only a var. of obtusata has long been the opinion

of the writer, from the large series before me, representing 18

localities, cover the area from Eastport, Me., to Narragansett,

Pier, R. I. A large percentage have the obtuse shoulder on the

body whorl and cannot be separated from European specimens

of littoralis. The color vars. typica, lutea, castanea, balteata,

ornata lineolata and tessellata are also represented.

C. W. J.

NOTES.

LYMNAEA (PSEUDOSUCCINEA) COLUMELLA SAY IN OREGON : Mr.

John A. Allen has found this species in Oswego Lake and Duck

Pond, Oswego, Clackamas Co., Oregon. They were collected

during April and May, 1913 and in February 1914. This is

new to the west coast, I believe, and probably was introduced

from the eastern United States. E. G. VANATTA.

Dr. H. A. Pilsbry left on August 4th for New Mexico (via

San Francisco). He expects to return about the end of Sep-

tember.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXIX. OCTOBER, 1915. No. 6

NOTES ON AMERICAN SPECIES OF MACTRELLA.

BY WILLIAM H. BALL.

The species of Mactrdla are extremely elegant shells, especially

those with concentric undulations. There are but few of them

altogether, and usually not more than two species in any given

fauna, of which one is usually smooth and the other undulated,

as in the case of the genus Labiosa. They are so fragile that

they are generally broken by the waves when cast on the beach,

and, being burrowers, are rarely obtained by the dredge, hence

are rare in collections. They are confined to the warmer waters

of the globe and perhaps most numerous, though not of largest

size, among the islands off the coast of southern Asia.

There is but one species in the American Atlantic tropics,

the Mactra alata Spengler, 1802. Gmelin confounded it with

the M. striatula Linne,and Lamarck gave to the same combina-

tion of the hinge elements, Gray in January, 1853, founded his

genus Mactrella, while in April of the same year Morch proposed

for it the genus Papyrina.

The only other East American species known to date is the

Mactrella iheringi Dall (Nautilus, Mar. 1897 ; figured in Proc.

U. S. Nat. Museum, 1902, pi. 32, fig. 8) from the coast of

southern Brazil, which approaches more nearly to the typical

Mactras in general form than any other species of the genus.

The West American analogue of M. alata is the M. exoleta

Gray (1838) which differs by having the margin of the escut-

62 THE NAUTILUS.

cheon angular instead of keeled, and which was named Lutraria

ventricosa by Gould in 1851. The radial ridges on the escut-

cheon are individually variable and the worn valve for which

Morch (Nal. Blatt. 1861) proposed the name of subalata was a

specimen of alata either derived from ballast or otherwise trans-

ported from the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica.

A new species from the west coast of Mexico and belonging to

the group of M. alata is described below.

The Mactrella (Harvella) elegans Sowb,. is one the most beau-

tiful and fragile bivalves of the family. Confounded with Rceta

canaliculate, by early writers, it was referred to the Florida fauna

in the Conchologia Iconica. This error, and a certain varia-

bility of outline common to most Mactridre, led Conrad in 1867

to propose the name of pacifica for the supposed Pacific coast

form. But there is at present no evidence that such a shell

occurs in Atlantic waters.

The known distribution of the American species of the group

is as follows :

ATLANTIC WATERS.

MACTRELLA ALATA Spengler.

Porto Rico, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the north coast

of South America and south to Ceara, Brazil.

MACTRELLA IHERINGI Dall.

Santos and Sao Paulo, Brazil.

PACIFIC WATERS.

MACTRELLA EXOLETA Gray.

Mazatlan, West Mexico, to Panama and Guayaquil.

MACTRELLA CLISIA n. sp.

Manzanillo, West Mexico, to Santa Elena, Ecuador.

MACTRELLA (HARVELLA) ELEGANS Sowerby.

Panama.

MACTRELLA CLISIA n. sp.

Shell white, extremely arcuate, with the silky periostracum

THE NAUTILUS. 63

varying from pale strawcolor to blackish brown ; anterior slope

longer than the posterior, rather conspicuously compressed and

attenuate, with no circumscribed lunule ; posterior slope flat-

tened, externally bordered by a sharp angle surmounted, as in

M. alata, by an elevated thin keel ; the inner margins pout a

little near the beaks, the middle of the flattened space has in

each valve a single conspicuous rib ; the cordate space between

these ribs are somewhat concave ; the spaces between the ribs

and the keels are flat and from the distal ends of the ribs to

these of the keels the valve margin show a wide lanceolate gap ;

there is also a narrow anterior basal gap ; the hinge is normal ;

the surface of the valve smooth except for lines of growth ; the

pallial sinus short and angular ; the basal margin prominently

arcuate and the middle of the shell inflated. Length 78, height

66, diameter 34 mm.

There is a constriction in front of the keel which varies in

strength in different specimens. The shell is divided from M.

exoleta by the presence of the keel, the latter possessing only an

angle ; it differs from M. alata in its exaggerated arcuation,

much higher beaks and anterior attenuation.

STUDIES IN NAJADES.

BY A. E. ORTMANN.

(Continued from page 143, Vol. 28. )

EURYNIA (MICROMYA) PERPURPUREA (Lea) (See Lampsilis perp.

Simpson, 1900, p. 558).

I collected, on Sept. 20, 1912, a number of males in Clinch

River, at Richland, Tazewell Co., Va., and on Sept. 21, 1912,

a single gravid female, with glochidia, at Raven, Tazewell Co.,

Va.

Anal separated from the supraanal by a rather short mantle

connection, which is shorter than the anal. Inner edge of anal

•with very distinct crenulations. Branchial with papillae. In

front of the branchical, the female has about 10 subcylindrica

or subconical papillae of medium size, which are rather distant

from each other, and of slightly variable size, and do not extend

64 THE NAUTILUS.

quite to the middle of the mantle margin. In the male, these

papillae are also indicated, but very small and indistinct.

Palpi connected on the posterior margin at base only. Inner

lamina of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal sac.

Gills typically Lampsiline: the marsupium of the female is kid.

ney-shaped, and located in the posterior half of the outer gill-

with a small non-marsupial part at the posterior end of the gill-

The number of ovisacs in my specimen is 12.

Glochidia nearly subspatulate, considerably higher than long.

Length: 0.21, Height: 0.27 mm.

Color of soft parts whitish. Mantle-margin blackish in the re-

gion of the anal and branchial, the blackish pigment extend,

ing forward along the base of the papilla?. Edge of marsupium

broadly black.

Simpson places this species by the side of E. trabalis (Con-

rad). According to the anatomy this affinity is correct. Also

the glochidia are similar. Although I have called them in tra-

balis, (1. c. p. 340) "subovate," they are almost subspatulate,

as is clearly seen in the figure (pi. 20, f. 4).

EUBYNIA (MICROMYA) NEBULOSA (Conrad) (See: Lampsilis n.

Simpson, 1900, p. 553).

I collected a large number in North Fork Holston River, Salt-

ville, Smyth Co., Va. (Sept. 17, 1912), and in Clinch River, at

Cedar Bluff, Richland, and Raven, Tazewell Co., Va. (Sept. 20

and 21, 1912). The preserved gravid females all had glochi-

dia.

Anal separated from the supraanal by a moderate mantel-

connection, which is shorter than the anal. Inner edge of anal

crenulated. Branchial with papillae. In front of the branch-

ial, in the female, there are 6 to 10 rather large, conical papil-

lae, somewhat irregular in size, and remote from each other: the

largest are forward. These papillae do not quite reach the mid-

dle of the mantle margin. In the male, these papillae are also

indicated, but very small.

Palpi connected at the posterior margins at base only.

Inner lamina of inner gills connected with abdominal sac.

Gills lampsiline: the marsupium of the female is kidney-shaped,

THE NAUTILUS. 65

and occupies the posterior half (or more) of the outer gill, with

a small non-marsupial section at the posterior end. Ovisacs 10

to 17.

Glochidia almost subspatulate, higher than long; 4, length

0.22, height 0.29.

Color of soft parts whitish. Anal and branchial opening with

black pigment, and this black color runs forward along the

outer mantle edge in front of the branchial; on the inside of the

inner edge there is a reddish-brown streak, and also the papilla?

are reddish-brown. The marsupium has a broad black edge.

This species resembles much E. iris (Lea) in shell characters,

and also the anatomy and the glochidia are very similar. The

papillae of the mantle edge are not quite as large as those of E.

iris, and they are more variable in number and position. In

nebulosa the largest and most distinct papillae are in the anterior

part, where three or four sometimes stand a little closer together.

The shell of some of my females is undistinguishable from U.

amoenus Lea (Simpson, p. 555), and I think that amoenus is an

additional synonym of nebulosus (Conrad).

EURYNIA (MICROMYA) VANUXEMENSis (Lea) (See: Ortmann, 1912

pp. 342).

I collected a number of specimens on Sept. 17, 1912 in North

Fork Holston River, Saltville, Smyth Co., Va. Among them

were gravid females with glochidia.

Mantle connection between anal and supraanal moderately

long, but shorter than the anal. And with distinct crenula-

tions. Branchial with papillae.

Papillae in front of the branchial of the female as described

previously. The largest papillae are well forward. In the

male, the papillae are represented by mere crenulations. Palpi

connected only at base of posterior margin.

Inner lamina of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal

sac. Marsupium as described previously, minimum number of

ovisacs 7, maximum 14. Edge of marsupium with brown or

black pigment.

Shape of glochidia as figured (1. c. pi. 20, f. 6), but they

should be called subspatulate. Length: 0.23, height: 0.30mm;

66 THE NAUTILUS.

my former measurements, 0.22+0.28, do not differ much from

this.

This species has a very characteristic shape, chiefly in the

female, with the postbasal part greatly expanded and obliquely

truncated. In old specimens, there is a more or less distinct

" constriction " in the middle of this truncation, making the

boundary between the branchial opening and the papillar part

of the mantle edge in front of it. This constriction corresponds

to that seen in the following species (E. constricta), and shows

the close affinity of these two species. E. vanuxemensis, in its

external aspect, is very similar to E. constricta, and when I

found these specimens at Saltville, I recognized them at once as

the representative form of E. constricta of the Roanoke and James

Rivers, with which I was quite familiar. However, the charac-

ter of the constriction, found rather regularly in old females of

constricta, is not so well developed in vanuxemensis, and I have

only a few old females of the latter, which show it distinctty.

EURYNIA (MICROMYA) CONSTRICTA (Conrad) (See: Lampsilis c.

Simpson, 1900, p. 551).

Numerous specimens are at hand from the following localities:

Calf Pasture River, Goshen (May 11, 1912), North River, Lex-

ington and Buena Vista (June 7 and 8, 1912), all in Rockbridge

Co., Va. ; Jackson River, Covington, Allegheny Co. Va. (Aug.

11, 1911); Tinker Creek, Roanoke (June 10, 1912), Roanoke

River (June 10, 1912) and Mason Creek, Salem (Aug. 13 ,1911);

these in the Roanoke drainage in Roanoke Co., Va. The spec-

imens collected on August 13 were gravid with eggs and one had

young glochidia; those collected in May and June had all glo-

chidia, when gravid, and on all dates discharging individuals

were found. Thus the breeding season begins in August and

ends in June.

Supraanal separated from the anal by a moderately long man-

tle-connection, which is slightly shorter than either opening.

Anal finely crenulated. Branchial with papillae. In the fe-

male, the inner mantle-edge in front of the branchial is very

much like that of vanuxemensis and arkansasensis: it is somewhat

lamellar and carries a number (10 to 12) of small, somewhat

THE NAUTILUS. 67

distant and irregular papillae, of which the largest are placed

more anteriorly, while the posterior ones are indistinct. A black

streak of pigment is present. Also the male has this black pig-

ment, but the papillae are obsolete.

Posterior margins of palpi connected at base. Inner lamina

of inner gills entirely connected with abdominal sac. Marsu-

piuni with from 12 to 20 ovisacs. Edge of marsupium with

black pigment. Holes at the edge were observed in discharg-

ing females.

Glochidia subspatulate, higher than long. Length: 0.21,

height: 0.27 mm.

Except the black pigment on mantle edge in the posterior re-

gion, and on the edge of the marsupium, the color of the soft

parts is whitish.

This species is closely allied to E. vanuxemensis. The papillae

in front of the branchial are smaller and less crowded, and the

black pigment is not so intense.

(To be concluded}

NOTES ON OLIVA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia having pur-

chased the John Ford Collection of OUva, the following notes may

be useful to those interested in the genus.

OLIVA PERUNIANA Lam.

The typical form is illustrated in Reeve's Conch. Icon. vol.

vi, pi. 9, f. 14 d ; Tryon's Man. Conch, vol. v, pi. 18, f. 58.

Var. julgurata Mart., Eve. Conch. Icon. pi. 9, f. 14 b.;

Tryon M. C. pi. 18, f. 56.

Var livida Johns.

The types are pale lilac with ivory-yellow streaks, A. N. S.

P. Coll. No. 111726. Alt. 40, diam. 20 mm.

Habitat — unknown.

NAUTILUS vol. 24, p. 122 ; Tryon M. C. pi. 18, f. 55 ; Rve.

C. I. pi. 9, f. 14 a.

Var. castanea ' ' Ford ' ' Johns.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

The types are in the A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111603 from Peru.

Alt. 43.5, diam. 22 mm.

NAUTILUS vol. 24, p. 122 ; Eve. C. I. pi. 9, f. 14 c; Tryon M.

C. pi. 18, f. 57.

Var. sitbcastanea n. var.

This form is brown with zigzag darker brown lines. It is

similar to castanea in color but with streaks somewhat like

fulgurata. Alt. 41.5, diam. 21.5 mm.

The types are A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111688 from Peru. This

seems to be the form figured by Reeve. C. I. pi. 9, f. 14 e.

OLIVA ANNULATA Gmel.

Chenu 111. Conch, pi. 16, f. 6 ; Sby. Thes. Conch. 5 (332),

fig. 60.

Var. amethystina Bolt. Tryon M. C. pi. 19, f. 64, 66.

Var. mantichora Duel. Tryon M. C. pi. 19, f. 65.

OLIVA BULBOSA Bolt.

Tryon, M. C. pi. 20, f. 71, 74.

Var. tuberosa Bolt. Tryon M. C. pi. 19, f. 68, 69.

Var. inflata Lam. Tryon M. C. pi. 20, f. 73.

The types of ovum-ralli Ford were not found, but A. N. S. P.

Coll. No. 14709 is part of the original lot presented by Mr. J.

Ford.

Var. fabagina Lam. Tryon. M. C. pi. 19, f. 70, pi. 20, f. 72.

Var. immaculate, n. n.

Shell pure white. Alt. 45.5, diam. 25 mm. the types are

A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111630 from the Indo-Pacific. It is

Oliva bulbosa alba Johns, (not Lam.) Nautilus vol. 28, p. 101 ;

Thes. Conch, vol. IV, pi. 13 (340), f. 191.

OLIVA TIGRINA Lam.

Tryon. M. C. pi. 20, f. 77, 80.

Var. fattax Johns. The types are A. N. S. P. Coll. No.

111575 from Ceylon. Alt. 44.5, diam. 24mm. Nautilus

vol. 24, p. 65 ; t. c. vol. 28, p. 100 ; Tryon M. C. pi.

20, f. 78.

OLIVA TEICOLOE Lam.

Tryon M. C. pi. 21, f. 86.

Var. phttantha Duel. Tryon. M. C. pi. 21, f. 87.

THE NAUTILUS. 69

OLIVA VARIEGATA Bolt.

Tryon. M. C. pi. 23, f. 27.

Var. reticulata Bolt. Tryon. M. C. pi. 23, f. 28.

OLIVA OLIVA L.

Tryon M. C. pi. 1, f. 5 ; pi. 23, f. 24.

Var. fenestrata Bolt. , Tryon M. C. pi. 23, f. 23.

Var. fulminans Lam., Tryon M. C. pi. 23, f. 22.

Var. sepulturalis Lam., Tryon M. C. pi. 23, f. 21.

Var. madeaya Duel., Tryon M. C. pi. 13, f. 26.

OLIVA SERICEA Bolt.

Tryon M. C. pi. 27, f. 59, 60.

Var. tremulina Lam., Tryon M. C. pi. 25, f. 48.

Var. pica Lam. Tryon M. C. pi. 26, f. 51.

Var. tenebrosa Marr. , Tryon M. C. pi. 25, f. 49.

Var. porphyritica Marr., Tryon M. C. pi. 26, f. 53.

Var. sylvia Duel., Tryon M. C. pi. 27, f. 57.

Var. zeilanica Lam., Tryon M. C. pi. 24, f. 32.

Var. ornata Marr., Tryon M. C. pi. 24, f. 31 ; pi. 25, f. 45.

Form lignaria Marr. , Tryon M. C. pi. 25, f . 44.

Var. marrati Johns.

The types are A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111862, from the Indo-

Pacific. Alt. 71.5, diam. 30 mm. NAUTILUS vol. 24, p.51 : t.

c. vol. 28, p. 99 ; Sby. Thes. Conch, pi. 7 (334), f. 109.

Var. cryptospira Ford.

The type is A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111611 from Mauritius.

Alt. 55.5, diam. 24 mm., P. A. N. S 1891 p. 99.; NAUTILUS

vol. 28, p. 99 ; Chenu. 111. Conch, pi. 30, f. 11.

Var./orrfi Johns.

The type is A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111612 from (Mauritius).

Alt. 44, diam. 17 mm., NAUTILUS vol. 24, p. 51 ; t. c. vol. 28,

p. 98 : Sby. Thes. Conch, pi. 9 (336), f. 126 ; Chenu. 111. Conch,

pi. 30, f. 12.

Var. albescens Johns.

The type is A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111753 from Baker Island,

S. Pacific. Alt. 42, diam. 14.3 mm. Nautilus vol. 28, p. 99.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

OLIVA SPICATA Bolt.

Tryon M. C. pi. 27, f. 62.

Var. hempliilli "Ford" Johns.

The types are A. N. S. Coll. No. 111697 from San Ignacio

Lagoon, Lower California. Alt. 53.5, diam. 23mm. Nautilus

vol. 24, p. 122 ; t. c. vol. 28, p. 115.

Var. subangulata Phil. Tryon M. C. pi. 28, f. 65.

Var. oniska Duel.

The types of 0. perfecta Johns, are A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111729

from West Coast Central America. Alt. 58.5, diam. 25 mm.

Nautilus vol. 24, p. 122 ; t. c. vol. 28, p. 116 ; Rve. C. I. pi.

10, f. 16 g ; Tryon M. C. pi. 27, f. 61 ; Chenu 111. Conch, pi.

32, f. 9.

Var. pindarina Duel. Tryon, M. C. pi. 28, f. 64.

Var. maria Ducr. This is the very light colored form much

like var. venidata. Tryon M. C. pi. 29, f. 78 ; Chenu.

111. Conch, pi. 33, f. 11.

Var. mtulata Lam. Tryon M. C. pi. 28, f. 66.

Var. graphica Marr. Tryon M. C. pi. 28, f. 63.

Var. violacea Marr. Tryon M. C. pi. 28, f. 70.

OLIVA RETICULARIS Lam.

Tryon M. C. pi. 30, f. 90, 91, 94, 95 ; pi. 34, 57.

Var. formosa Marr. the small brown form. Tryon M. C. pi.

31, f. 100.

Var. nivosa Tryon Marr. Tryon M. C. pi. 31, f, 1.

Var. bifasciata Kiister. The large brown form. Tryon M.

C. pi. 31, f. 99.

var. olorinella Duel.

Tryon. M. C. pi. 31, f. 2.

var. tisiphona Duel.

This is the globose, grayish form of Northern S. America.

Tryon. M. C. pi." 30, f. 93.

OLIVA SAYANA Ravenel.

Tryon. M. C. pi. 31, f. 5.

var. citrina Johns.

The types are A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111642 from Long Key,

Florida.

Alt. 48. 5, diam. 19 mm.

NAUTILUS, vol. 24, p. 123 ; t. c. vol. 28, p. 114.

THE NAUTILUS. 71

OLIVA ISPIDULA L.

var. Candida Lam. White form.

Tryon. M. C. pi. 33, f. 32, 36.

var. flaveola Lam. Yellow form.

Tryon. M. C. pi. 33, f. 40.

var. tigridetta Duel. The form with small dark spots.

Tryon. M. C. pi. 33, f. 35.

var. taeniata Link. The form with a broad subsutural

dark band.

Tryon. M. C. pi. 33, f. 37, 39.

var. stellata Duel. The form with broad brown markings.

Tryon. M. C. pi. 33, f. 42.

var. gratiosa n. var.

Shell slender, dark brown, spire elevated, columellar callus

cream-white.

Alt. 32.5, diam. 12.5 mm.

The type is A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111869 from the Philip-

pines. This form may be Chenu 111. Conch, pi. 8, f. 13 ; Sby.

Thes. Conch, pi. 16 (343), f. 252.

var. algida n. var.

Shell oblong, bluish white with longitudinal light brown

streaks, lip yellowish brown, spire short, columellar callus

white, posterior angle of the aperture provided with a brown

and white callus.

Alt. 36.5, diam. 18 mm.

The type is A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 14986, habitat unknown,

gift of J. S. Phillips. This is probably Reeve's Conch. Icon,

pi. 17, f. 34 i.

var. samarensis Johns.

The types are A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111759 from Samar

Island, Philippine Is. collected by E. L. Moseley.

Alt. 37.5, diam. 14 mm.

OLIVELLA BIPLICATA LAPILLUS n. var.

Shell globose, white, spire short, interior of the aperture

cream-colored.

Alt. 24, diam. 14 mm.

The type is A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111977 from San Pedro,

California, collected by Mrs. E. M. Gaylord.

72 THE NAUTILUS.

It is the Olivella biplicata alba Wlms. (not Marr. ). It is fig-

ured in Sby. Thes. Conch. IV, pi. 18 (345), f. 290. Some

specimens have lilac on the columella.

OLIVELLA QRACILIS GAYLORDI Ford.

The types are A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111804 from the Gulf of

California.

NAUTILUS, vol. 8, p. 104.

OLIVELLA BLANESI Ford.

The types are A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111788 from Cardenas,

Cuba. NAUTILUS vol. 12, p. 66.

Var. albata nn.

Shell globose, white, spire elevated. Alt. 7, diam. 3.5 mm.

This is Olivella blanesi alba Ford (not Marr.), NAUTILUS vol.

12, p. 67, from Cardenas, Cuba, collected by Francisco Blanes.

The types are A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111789/

AGARONIA GIBBOSA Born.

Tryon M. C. pi. 36, f. 85, 87.

Var. aurantia Johns.

The types are A. N. S. P. Coll. No. 111739 from the Indian

Ocean. Alt. 55.5, diam. 28.5 mm. NAUTILUS vol. 28, p. 103 ;

Tryon M. C. pi. 36, f. 86 ; Chenu. 111. Conch, pi. 18, f. b.

NOTES.

HELIX PISANA MULL., IN CALIFORNIA. — While in San Diego

in July 1914 Mrs. Kate Stephens, Curator of the San Diego

Society of Natural History, showed me 4 specimens of a snail

that had been found in the garden of Miss Scripp's home at La

Jolla. These shells were not like any local snails and she be-

lieved them to be European, as some of the plants or bushes in

the garden had been imported from Belgium.

This summer Mr. Allyn G. Smith of Redlands informed

me that there was colony of Helix pisana Mull., at La Jolla and

he gave me a set of shells which he had collected in December

1914. Mr. D. L. Emery of National City, has also collected

from the same colony and reports them quite plentiful even

though he went after them in August and had to dig them out.

— E. P. CHACE.

THE NAUTILUS

VOL. XXIX. NOVEMBER, 1915. No. 7

A NEW INDIAN SPECIES OF PUPILLID.E.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

BIFIDARIA (BENSONELLA) LANDURENSIS n. sp.

Shell rimate, the rimation like a reversed comma, conical,

brownish corneous, glossy and smooth except for faint growth-

strise; the apex obtuse, whorls 5, convex, the latter part of the

last whorl straightened, slowly ascending. Aperture heart-

shaped, vertical, obstructed by three lamellse upon the parietal

wall, two on the columella, and four acute folds or plicae within

the outer and basal margins. Angular lamella not quite margi-

nal, simple continuous and deeply entering; parietal lamella

higher and thicker, not emerging quite so far, and also very

deeply entering; infraparietal lamella quite small and short,

more immersed. Columellar lamella deeply immersed, smaller

than the parietal. Infracolumellar lamella small, tubercular,

deep within. Plicae all remote from the margin, the lower

palatal largest, the basal, upper palatal and suprapalatal some-

what smaller, all lamellar. Peristome very narrowly expanded,

having a perceptibly thickened rim within the basal and outer

margins, terminating in a white tubercle above the middle of

the outer lip. Above this tubercle the lip is thin and strongly

arcuate. Length 2.2, diam. 1.5 mm.

Landour, India, with B. plicidens Bens. Type no. 16721 A.

N. S. P. This species is perceptibly smaller than B. pliadens,

74 THE NAUTILUS.

and differs from that species in the following respects: the

angular lamella does not emerge quite to the'edge of the peri-

stome, and it is continuous, not interrupted, within. The parie-

tal lamella is less remote from the lip-edge, emerging nearly

as far as the angular. The lower palatal plica is somewhat

stronger.

The only specimen seen was among specimens of B. plicidens

(Pupa plicidens) received from Benson.

Bifidaria plicidens will probably prove to be one of the most

widely distributed of Asiatic Pupillidge. Described originally

from Landour and Mussoorie, and subsequently reported from

Cherra Poonjee, Assam (Godwin-Austen), it has been found by

Mr. Y. Hirase at three Japanese localities — Yoro, Mino ; Riozen,

Omi ; and Suimura,- Awa (Shikoku). I cannot see that the

specimens show any divergence from Indian examples. I do

not know that the species has been reported from China, but

there cannot be much doubt that it occurs there. Dr. von

Moellendorff has shown that another Japanese Bi/idaria, B.

firmigerella, has a wide range on the Chinese mainland.

UNIO VIRIDIS CONRAD.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

The recent rediscovery by Mr. Frierson of the Appendix to

Conrad's New Fresh Water Shells is a very interesting one.

And in connection with it, it is also of interest to note that the

"hit or miss" method in naming a species adopted by Conrad

in reference to his subviridis has been explicitly approved by

the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.

(See Opinion 49). It seems clear that, barring the possible

reference of Rafinesque's viridis to this species, it must be known

as subviridis Con. , with tappanianus Lea as a synonym.

But the identification of Rafinesque's viridis with the compressa

of Lea is by no means so sure as Mr. Frierson assumes, and I

desire to file an ' ' interference " , as the patent lawyers say, for

the purpose of suspending the general adoption of the change

THE NAUTILUS. 75

proposed until such time as certain important and probably

conclusive facts can be obtained.

The recent tendency to revive the long buried names of

Rafinesque without argument or explanation seems to me to be

a rather regrettable one. I am quite willing to ' ' give the devil

his due", when it has been made to conclusively appear that it

is his due. But to upset the accepted nomenclature of over

half a century, based upon recognizable descriptions and figures,

without any attempt to explain why it is done is very unfortu-

nate and almost an abuse of bibliographic research. It is too

much, at this late day, to ask the busy modern student to put

aside his own work and to wallow in the Rafinesquean " Slough

of Despond " in an attempt to workout for himself the reasons,

which have influenced the rehabilitation of his species. While

it is probably quite likely that there are some of Rafinesque' s

species that can be recognized, (and if they can, they should

be), it is certainly not asking too much that those advocating

so radical a change should in every instance give in detail the

process of reasoning that has brought them to the conclusions

that they have adopted. It is only in this way that those, who

are willing to give a careful and candid consideration to the

question and who are ready to be convinced, if the facts adduced

justify the conclusion, can be expected to give any serious atten-

tion to the questions involved. There was altogether too much

of the " ipse dixit " seventy years ago, when Say and Conrad

were disagreeing with themselves and each other in their at-

tempts to secure the recognition of Rafinesque's species, to in-

cline any one at the present time to reopen the old controversy

without having a clear, impartial and impersonal statement of

facts and arguments bearing upon each species.

So far as the viridis of Rafinesque is concerned, I have had

occasion to go over the questions involved with some care.

I have had considerable correspondence with Mr. Frierson on

the subject. He has favored me with detailed statements of his

reasons for identifying that species with Lea's compressa. I

have imposed on him my reasons for questioning his conclu-

sions. As neither of us has succeeded in convincing the other,

it would seem to be a fair inference that the subject is not entirely

free from doubt.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

My reasons or asking a suspension of judgment in this case

are, briefly, these:

1. Rafinesque states explicitly that his viridis vt&s "rare in

the Ohio, more common in the Kentucky and the small rivers

adjacent". So far as I have been able to ascertain, no species

approximating in any way to viridis, compressa or tappaniaivi*

has been recorded from the Ohio, the Kentucky or the small

rivers adjacent. As a matter of fact, we know practically no-

thing of the Naiad fauna of the Kentucky, where, if anywhere,

the genuine viridis should be rediscovered. And until the fauna

of that river has been carefully investigated and it is definitely

determined what species, if any, of this group is found there,

it would certainly seem the " better part of wisdom " to suspend

hypothetical identifications of the species.

2. The compressa of Lea is most emphaticalty a creek or small

river species, ranging from western New York and Pennsylvania

west to Iowa and north to the Missinaibe River in the Hudson

Bay region. I have not been able to find any definite record

of its occurrence in the Ohio. Dr. Ortmann, (Ann. Car. Mus.,

V, 1909, p. 196), states that in western Pennsylvania, it is

" entirely absent in the Ohio", and, (Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., LIT,

1913, p. 296), that it is "a peculiar form restricted to the tribu-

taries of the upper Alleghany and also in French Creek and

Beaver River drainage". If not found in the upper reaches of

the Ohio, it is not likely that it occurs in the deeper waters of

the lower portions of the river.

The only record of its occurrence in any of the southern tribu-

taries of the Ohio is that of Dr. Ortmann, (Pr. Am. Phil. Soc.,

LIT, 1913, p. 372), from the little Kanawha River, which

empties into the Ohio at Parkersburg.

So far as I have been able to ascertain, it has never been listed

from any of the tributaries of the Ohio in Kentucky or Tennes-

see. Apparently, with the exception above noted, so far as our

present knowledge goes, the Ohio has been a barrier to any

extension of this species into its southern tributaries.

If Rafinesque' s statement as to the locality of his species is

to be relied upon, in view of these facts it does not seem too

much to ask that the actual occurrence of compressa in the Ken-

THE NAUTILUS. i i

tucky and small adjacent rivers be proved before any approxi-

mation of the two species be accepted.

3. The tappanianus of Lea, until recently, has always been

considered to be restricted to the Atlantic drainage. But Dr.

Ortmann, (Pr. Am. Phil. Soc., LII, 1913, p. 371), has very

lately discovered it in abundance in the Greenbrier and New

rivers in the upper Kanawha system. Its occurrence in the

Ohio drainage system is, therefore, established.

As the habits of compressa and tappanianus are alike, both

being creek species, in view of what we now know, it would

seem quite as probable that tappanianus might be found in the

Kentucky as compressa. At any rate, it would suggest the

desirability of getting the facts as to what the fauna of the Ken-

tucky is, before jumping at conclusions.

4. So far as I know the single valve in the Poulson collection,

said to be from the Kentucky and identified by Rafinesque as

his viridis, is not now in existence. If it is, the question as to

which of the later described species it belongs, can be easily

settled by an inspection of the shell. Conrad, who saw the

specimen, said that it was identical with the Juniata shell

described by himself as subviridis and by Lea as tappanianus.

Say, who also saw the shell, said that it was an entirely differ-

ent species. In the light of the then existing knowledge of the

distribution of tappanianus, and, indeed, of our own until 1913,

Dr. Lea was quite justified in his remark " that there is an error

in the habitat or the name". Mr. Frierson, who has not seen

the specimen, assumes that the habitat was right, but that

Conrad was wrong in identifying it with the Juniata species.

It would be quite as reasonable either to assume that Conrad

was right and the locality wrong or that both Conrad and the

locality were right. At any rate, in the absence of the specimen

itself, great caution should be exercised in making any assump-

tions about it.

5. If Rafinesque had stated that his viridis came from the

Atlantic drainage, there is scarcely any one, who would attempt

to make any identification based on his description alone, who

would not say that it was quite surely the tappanianus of Lea.

If the question of locality could be eliminated, I feel assured,

78 THE NAUTILUS.

from a very careful study of the original description in com-

parison with quite a large series of both compressa and tappani-

anus, that a strong argument could be made tending to show

that, on the whole, as between -these two forms, viridis should be

approximated to tappanianus rather than to compressa. But the

burden of proof is upon those, who advocate the change and

until a prima facie case has been presented in favor of the change,

there is no occasion to go into that question.

6. In view of the fact that nothing is known of the fauna of

the Kentucky so far as this group is concerned, it would seem

quite within the bounds of possibility that there may be a form

of this group in the Kentucky, which is neither compressa nor

tappanianus, but allied to the quadrata Lea or diversus Con.,

and which may be the real type of viridis. This may be a

mere possibility, but even so, it emphasizes the importance of

ascertaining what the fauna of that river really is.

Taking all these elements of doubt into consideration, it would

seem to me that so far as the compressa of Lea is concerned, no

change in the accepted nomenclature should be made until it

can be based upon facts so conclusive as to put an end to dis-

cussion.

For the benefit of the "weak-kneed", who, like myself,

hesitate to accept Mr. Frierson's conclusions, it may be well

to call attention to the fact that Mr. Frierson is in error in

his statement that if Rafinesque's name be not accepted, Lea's

name of compressa must give way to the alasmodontina of Stimp-

son. Lea originally described his species as Symphynota com-

pressa. The fact that an author errs in the generic reference of

a new species does not prevent the use of his specific name in the

genus to which the species properly belongs, provided, of course,

that his name has not already been used for an earlier described

species in that genus. Mr. Frierson assigns the species to Las-

migona, in which there is no other species described as compressa.

It follows, therefore that the " weak-kneed ': will still continue

to use Lea's name for this species until it is proved to be a syn-

onym of some earlier name.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

MOLLU8CA OF SOUTH DAKOTA.

BY W. H. OVER.

Inasmuch aa practically nothing has been published regarding

the Mollusca of this State, I deem it proper to submit a list,

prefaced with a few remarks in explanation of the environic

conditions for shell-life as they exist today, and to some extent

in the past.

During the last decade I have collected quite generally over

the State, yet I realize there is much study and work to be done

and in time the following list will be greatly increased. How-

ever from this locality, one would hardly expect a long list of

species.

The surface of South Dakota is usually spoken of as a rolling

plain, destitute of timber, except in the Black Hills and the

Forest Reserves in the northwest part of the State. There is,

however, considerable timber along streams locally over the State,

and the eastern part is dotted over with large groves and is really

in the humid district ; however, strictly speaking, only the south-

eastern corner is considered so. Nearly one-half of the State that

lies west of the Missouri River, except the Black Hills, is con-

sidered semi-arid, and owing to the nature of the soil the surface

has been eroded into deep-cut creeks and steppes, and merges

into a large area of " badlands ".

The average rainfall is about 14 inches in the northwestern

part of the State and increases to 30 inches in the southeastern

part.

The altitude in the southeastern part is about 1240 feet above

sea level and increases toward the west, where at Harney Peak

in the Black Hills, it is 7200 feet. However the lowest is 960

feet in the northeastern part around Bigstone Lake where a

small area was probably scooped out by the glacier, and drains

into the Minnesota River Valley. The balance of the State is

drained by the Missouri River which nearly divides the State

east and west. The eastern half is drained from north to south

by the Big Sioux, Vermillion and James rivers. The western

half is drained from west to east by the White, Cheyenne,

80 THE NAUTILUS.

Moreau and Grand rivers. A very small portion in the north-

western part is drained by the Little Missouri River which flows

north into the Missouri.

There are no lakes or ponds in the western half of the State,

and the small creeks are dry most of the year. There are num-

ber of small lakes and ponds in the eastern part, formed by the

glacier scooping out depressions and damming up small valleys.

The lakes, ponds and rivers east of the Missouri River abound

with shell-life characteristic of the northern region. Owing to

the velocity of the current and the rapid deposition of sediment,

no shell-life exists in the Missouri River. For the same reason,

and the presence of alkaline substances, the same is true of

most of the rivers flowing into it from the west. In the north

fork of the Grand River, well up toward the head in Perkins

County and in the ' ' Ft. Benton loam " , I found Anodonta gran-

dis and Sphserium striatinum var. acuminatum. Just east of the

Black Hills, in Washabaugh County, in the Yellow Medicine

Creek, I collected Anodontoides ferussacianus and Sphserium sul-

catum. I think that the former may be found in several creeks

in the Pine Ridge Reservation where the creek-bed is still in the

"Pine Ridge loam". In fact they were reported from two

other creeks by Indians whom I talked with last August, and

who said they "had roasted and eaten 'em". I have found

several species of very old ' ( recent ' ' clam shells along terraces

of the first floodplain of a number of these " badland " creeks

and rivers, which proves that, before the streams eroded down

into the Tertiary or Cretaceous clays, they were inhabited by

mussels.

The Black Hills, in the southwestern part of the State, is a

dome-shaped mountain 100 miles long and 50 wide, from 5000

to 7200 feet above sea level. The higher elevations are covered

with pine timber and lower down along the spring-fed creeks

are deciduous trees and thickets. The rainfall is one-third more

than on the surrounding plains. There are no lakes, and most

of the streams are not congenial for shell-life on account of the

extremely rapid current. From a collector's standpoint the

Black Hills were a disappointment to me. Perhaps I expected

too much. But there is a field for more work and especially

THE NAUTILUS. 81

among the limestone ridges on the western slope. In the north-

ern part of the Black Hills in Lawrence County, in Spearfish

Canyon and about on the dividing line between the deciduous

and pine woods, I found Oreohelix cooperi very abundant on

Sept. 29, 1912. A light snow covered the higher elevations and

the snails had hibernated; however I soon located them under

leaves, brush-heaps and logs. I think this is the most eastern

locality that they have been found. You will notice several

species listed from the Black Hills that are identical with those

found in the Rocky Mountain region. Mr. Vanatta writes that

"it seems that some of the shells found in New Mexico run up

the mountains into Colorado, and to the Black Hills in South

Dakota." Of course the environments would be very similar.

In the eastern part of the State, the lakes or rather the nat-

ural ponds, or "sloughs " as they are locally called, seem to be

the natural habitat for some of the species of Lymnaea and

Planorb-is. In Deuel County in the " Cotteau Hills" where

these "sloughs" are numerous and shallow and practically

grown up with vegetation, I have found them exceedingly

abundant and of large size. Many wildducks nest here, and

during migration others stop to feed, so that in season, hunting

is good. I remember one small " slough " in particular, in the

fall of 1916, that seemed literally full of Lymnaea stagnalis and

Planorbis trivolvis, that we called " Spoonbill Slough " from the

fact that this variety of duck was always to be found there.

We seldom shot them, as better ducks were plentiful; but now

I often regret that I did not think enough of it at the time to

take a few and examine their " crops " to see if they were

feeding on the young of L. staynalis, which were abundant.

It was also in this locality in \ 908 that I found the dead speci-

mens of Segmentina christyi. No live ones were there at the

time, as the " slough ' had been dry a year or two previous.

Nor could I find them at any other pond. This was the first

record for the United States, and as Mr. Bryant Walker says,

"They probably came from Canada by the duck route".

( To be concluded. )

82 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES.

ON THE GENUS HARMANDIA. — The genus ffarmandia was

proposed by Rochebrune for a couple of nearly related species

of fresh-water mussels said to be from the Mekong River, Indo-

China. His types were figured by Dr. F. Haas, and their re-

semblance to some young Nyria from South America was strik-

ing as the writer stated in NAUTILUS. Dr. Haas has critically

re-examined the types, and the following excerpt from a letter

from him to the writer will be of interest. "I am convinced

that the genus Harmandia will have to disappear, being

founded upon young Hyria. Rochebrune found the shells in

the collections of Count Harmand, and Count Castelnani, both

of whom were in Cochin China, as well as in Brazil." Hence

the error as to the habitat. — L. S. FRIERSON.

HABITS OF EUPERA. — Mr. L. S. Frierson has recently sent to

me a fine set of Eupera singleyi (Pils. ), which he collected in

the Bayou Pierre, DeSoto Parish, La., with the following

note : — "The willow trees send out their roots into the water

and there grow about a foot long. Their rootlets convert the

whole into a mat of moss-like stuff, in which these Euperas

grow. They are tied to their habitat by some thread-like bys-

sus. ' This is, I believe, the first record of Eupera in Louisiana.

— BRYANT WALKER.

VENEZUELA SHELLS, — The following species of shells were

collected by Mr. Stewardson Brown while on the Bond Vene-

zuela Expedition in March, 1911. All the small forms were

picked out of several bags of leaf mould. At Cariaquita, Vene-

zuela he found, Thysanophora plagioptycha Sh., T. bactricola

Guppy. , Strophocheilus oblongus Mull. , Bulimulus cacticolus Rve. ,

B. erectus Rve. , Drymceus flavidm debilis ' ' Bk ' ' Mart. , Opeas

micro. Orb. , 0. beckianus Pfr., 0. octogyra plicatellum Gupp, Lep-

tinaria lamellata P. & M., L. simplex Guppy, Streptaxis deformis

Fer., I'olita implicans Guppy, Ernstia ernsti Jouss., Guppya

gundlachi Pfr., G. semenlini Moric, Radiodiscus millecostata Pils. ,

THE NAUTILUS. 83

Succinea tamsiana Pfr. , Aperostoma rugatus Guppy, Diplommatina

huttoni occidentale Guppy, Helicina nemoralis Guppy, H. dysoni

Pfr. and Luddella lirata Pfr.

On a hillside on the East side of the Bay near Cariaquita on

the North shore of the Gulf of Paria, Venezuela, Mr. Brown

collected Auris distortus sublaevis Pils, Bulimulus cacticolus Rve.,

Drymseus flavidus debilis ' ' Bk. ' ' Mart. , Subulina octona strebeli v.

Mart., Caecilioides consobrina minutissima Guppy, Leptinaria

lamellata P. & M., Streptaxis deformis Per., Guppy a gundlachi Pfr.,

Aperostoma translucidum Sby., Helicina dysoni Pfr. and Luddella

lirata Pfr. Oxystyla varia v. Mart, was taken at Pedernales,

Ampullaria glauca L. , A. columbiensis "Sby." Phil. & A. met-

calfei Rve. were collected in the Manimo River and Ampullaria,

glauca L. and A. urceus Miill., in the Rio Vagre. — E. G.

VANATTA.

HELIX HORTENSIS, NEAR EDGARTOWN, MARTHA' S VlNEYARD,

MASS. — This species has recently been found by Mr. Edward

Wigglesworth, on Snow's Point, Chappaquiddic Island, near

Edgartown. The species was recorded from near Gay Head, by

John H. Thomson in 1885, (Journ. Conch. [Brit.] IV, p. 373),

but I have been unable to obtain a record of the species from

Martha's Vineyard since that time. Thomson's specimens were

all of the bright lemon-yellow variety, while this colony con-

tains practically only the five-banded form. In only four spec-

imens out of 97 was the third band wanting and of these two

were young (under 7mm.), in 12 other young specimens how-

ever the third band was the first to appear. In about six speci-

mens there was a tendency for the first and second and the

fourth and fifth bands to fuse on the outer portion of the body-

whorl. — C. W. JOHNSON.

SLUGS IN CALIFORNIA. — While in California last August I

made a few notes on two species of introduced slugs, as follows:

Limaxflavus L. Abundant on dry rocks, Sunset Boulevard,

Los Angeles. Tentacles grey-blue; mantle and body very dark

84 THE NAUTILUS.

brown, the usual pale markings white (no yellow) ; sole pale grey

with a slight yellowish tint. All were alike. In the colorless

slime this agrees with var. grisea Roebuck, but the color and

markings of the skin are those of var. umbrosa Philippi. Is the

loss of the yellow color due to the peculiar environment?

Limax maximus L. At Berkeley '.I obtained a very fine spotted

form; mantle with many black spots; body pale grey, slightly

reddish laterally, with four rows of black spots, and at sides ir-

regular small black spots. The dorsal spots are elongated, and

the animal is referable to the variety cellaria.

T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Tethys (Nea.plysia) californica (Cooper). — Last August, when

my wife and I were at La Jolla, California, we obtained six

living specimens of this species. The largest was ten inches

long, and four high, counting the parapodial lobes. The

animals exuded a deep purple substance, which soon turned

brown. The following description of the color is from life: body

rather coffee brown, marbled with dull crimson and thickly

sprinkled with large, mostly circular, dark brown or almost black

spots, irregularly placed and of different sizes; there is also a

fine dark reticulation. Inner side of parapodial lobes heavily

barred with brown-black and whitish, the dark color much

more extensive than the pale. Sole dark purplish brown, much

wrinkled. There is variation in the size of the dark spots and

the distinctness of the crimson markings, which may be very

obscure. This appears to be quite distinct from T. ritteri Ckll. ,

and I was informed that the biologists of the Scripps Institution

were familiar with a second, less-marked, species, which doubt-

less is T. ritteri.— T. D. A. COCKERELL.

THE SOLENOPSIDAE. The extinct family Solenopsidse has for

its type genus Solenopsis McCoy, the name of which, being pre-

occupied, was altered to Solenomorpha in 1903 (Nature, April 16,

p. 559). The family name has however continued in use, so it

may be well to point out that it must be altered to Solenomor-

phulac. — T. D. A. COCKERELL.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXIX. DECEMBER, 1915. No. 8

AN OCCURRENCE OF PALUDESTRINA SALSA IN NEW JERSEY.

BY BAYARD LONG.

The rapid extermination of the native flora along the Ne\v

Jersey coast, through the so-called "improvements" in re;<.l

estate, has led me during a period of some years to endeavo1,

as opportunity arose, to make as complete a survey as possible

of the plants of Long Beach. (This is a long narrow island

lying midway in the ocean boundary of New Jersey. Beach

Haven, its best known summer resort, is probably the mont

familiar name associated with this twenty miles of coast.)

When grading was accomplished mostly by the destruction and

leveling of the sand dunes, much of the brackish marsh area

escaped serious disturbance, but with the introduction of the

suction-dredge even the salt marshes, with their flora and fauna,

soon disappear under the flooding sand.

With this thought in mind, whenever I am collecting plants

in the vicinity of Tucker's, I make a point of visiting a certain

deep brackish pond-hole in the midst of the salt marshes. My

interest lies in the endeavor to find fruit on the Ruppia which

fills this pool. The several forms of this water-plant are dis-

tinguished mainly upon fruit characters, and the present colony

seems to consistently spend its energies vegetatively.

In the autumn of 1914 in picking over handfuls of this

Ruppia in hopes of finding a fruiting strand or old fruit

entangled among the leaves, I found a small Amnicoloid snail

(the size of a Ruppia fruit). On hasty examination it some-

86 THE NAUTILUS.

what resembled Lyogyrus granum, with which I had become

familiar in the Delaware River tidal marshes, living upon water-

plants of the same group. Suspecting it might be of some

interest, it was submitted to Mr. E. G. Vanatta, and though the

shell was deformed, he pronounced it to be Paludestrina salsa

Pilsbry.

As this formed a rather considerable southerly extension of

range of this little-known shell, a more satisfactory basis for the

new record was established August 5, 1915, when a good series

was obtained. The snail proved to be much more common

upon floating algal vegetation than upon the Ritppia, and the

amount of material obtained depended only upon the quantity

of algae picked over. This appears to be a thriving colony as

individuals in all stages of development were equally common.

Some slight variation seems to occur, as seen in mature examples,

but this is apparently no greater, nor of any more significance,

than previously noted in this species.1

The pond-hole where this colony of Paludestrina salsa occurs

is rather unique among the physical features of Long Beach.

Most of the pieces of brackish water on the salt marshes here

are merely shallow, muddy depressions of irregular outline, but

the present one is a deep round pool of no great area with pre-

cipitous sides. If it occurred in rocky country it would probably

be referred to as a pot-hole or a sink-hole.

In looking up the literature of the described localities where

this snail has been observed, I find in the interesting accounts

which Rev. H. W. Winkley gives of the various habitats known

to him, that there are references which very closely suggest the

Long Beach station. In Branford, Connecticut, the snail is de-

scribed as abundant on vegetable matter floating in a ditch in

the brackish marsh (to combine information from two notes).*'

In the later paper there is also reference to the station in

Wareham, Massachusetts where a colony occurs " in a pot hole

in the marsh." I have no doubt that in physical features the

Long Beach locality much resembles the one in Wareham. If

'Winkley, Nautilus, six, 107 (1906).

* Winkley, Nautilus, xix: 107 (1906) and xxii. 53 (1908).

THE NAUTILUS. 87

the snail here also occurs on floating vegetation the similarity

would be very striking.

This colon}* near Tucker's, Long Beach Island, Ocean County

New Jersey extends the range of Pcdudestrina salsa southward,

to the best of my knowledge, from Branford, Connecticut, which

is near New Haven — an extension of considerably over a

hundred miles.

My material, critically examined by Mr. E. G. Vanatta, is

deposited at the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia.

PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS FROM ILLINOIS.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Early in the year the Page Engineering Company of Chicago

submitted to the writer some specimens of mollusks and moss

obtained from a cutting near the Fox River, one mile east of

Gary Station. The sequence of deposits is as follows :

1. Black earth ... 2 feet 6 inches

2. Brown earth . . . 2 " 6 inches

3. Marl 4 "

4. Moss ..... 2 "

5. Marl. 2 "

Height of section . . 13 "

Eight species of mollusks were picked from the marl, No. 3.

Valvala tricarinata Say.

Valvata lewisi.i Currier.

Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry.

Amnicola limosa Say.

Planorbis parvus Say.

Planorbis exacutus Say.

Galba gatbana Say.

Physa species (fragments).

The moss was submitted to Doctor Edward W. Berry, Johns

Hopkins University, who determined it to be " Plagiothecium

denticulatum (Linn£) B. and S., probably near the subspecies

rosaceum (Hampe) B. and S." Occurring as this thick moss

50 THE NAUTILUS.

bed does between two strata of marl, it arouses consider-

able interest as to the method of its formation and also that of

the bed of marl above and below the moss. Professor Berry

says of this species " this moss is very common and wide-spread

in middle latitudes and may possibly be a composite form.

It grows in various moist (not necessarily swamp) situations

from the Atlantic to the Pacific."

The deposits are all post-glacial and probably represent

fluctuations in a water body, possibly connected with the Fox

River Valley. The thickness of the moss (two feet) suggests a

comparatively long period of swampy condition between two

pond formations. The mollusks are indicative of a water body

four to eight feet in depth. Samples were not secured of the

marl beneath the moss, which probably also contained mol-

lusks.

The whole Fox River Valley is worthy of study, the lower

part of the river bank bearing strata belonging to the Sangamon

or Post-Illinoian interglacial interval, which are fossil-bearing.

In view of the rich beds of molluscan fossils found near Chicago,

it would seem that these Fox River strata should be investigated,

as they may also contain remains of life indicating something

of the migration of life during this interesting interval, when

the great shell beds of Toronto were formed.

The New York State College of Forestry.

Syracuse University.

THE GASTROPODA OF PAYNE COUNTY, OKLAHOMA.

BY DARLING K. GREGER, COLUMBIA, MISSOURI.

The collection upon which the list of species given below is

based was made in the month of May, during a season of abnor-

mally wet weather. While we covered practically the whole of

Payne county, the region between Wild Horse and Stillwater

creeks and from the Cimarron River north to the town of Still-

water was studied quite thoroughly during the period of our

stay.

Of the nine families represented in the region, the Helicida

THE NAUTILUS. 89

and Pupillida are the most prolific of the land forms. The

PupiMda represented by five ?pecies, are by far the most abun-

dant of the land forms, Bifidaria procera and cristata occurring

in colonies of hundreds. Bifidaria contracta Say, however is

quite rare, being known only from a few specimens taken from

the stomach of a lizard.

Among the specimens of the Zonitidce, Vilrea indentata Say

and Zonitoides aborea Say are very plentiful in suitable spots,

while Eucomdus fulvus Drap. is rare, although the latter is

adapted to like environment in other regions. Succinea avara

Say is very abundant along the margins of small streams and

ponds where the soil is damp and well shaded.

Following each species we have given measurements of the

average sized, mature shells from the various stations in which

we collected in the county. These measurements may be ac-

cepted as representing the size acquired by each species in this

particular region of Oklahoma.

Hdicida.

Polygyra monodon Rack. Alt. 5.2 mm., diam. 8.5mm.

Polygyra texasiana Moric. Alt. 4.3 mm., diam. 9.3 mm. j

Polygyra texasiana var. Alt. 5.2 mm., diam. 11.7 mm.

Pupillidx.

Bifidaria armifera Say. Alt. 4.6 mm., diam. 2.8 mm.

Bifidaria contracta Say. Alt. 2.6 mm., diam. 1.4 mm.

Bifidaria procera, Gld.

Bifidaria p. cristata P. & V. Alt. 2.8 mm., diam. 1.2 mm.

Pupoides marginatus Say. Alt. 4.8 mm., diam. 2.0 mm.

Strobilops labyrinthica Say. Alt. 2.2 mm., diam. 2.4 mm.

Vertigo ovata Say.

Zonitidtz.

Eucomdus fidvus Drap. Alt. 2.9 mm., diam. 2.8 mm.

Vitrea indentata, Say. Alt. 2.1 mm., diam. 6.0 mm.

Zonitoides arborea Say. Alt. 1.9 mm., diam. 4.5 mm.

Zonitoides minnscula Binn. Ait. 0.9 mm., diam. 2.1 mm.

Limacidse.

Agriolimax agrestis Linn.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

Endodontida.

Helicodiscus parallelus Say. Alt. 1.4 mm., diam. 4.7 mm.

Sucdnidee.

Sucdnea avara Say. Alt. 12.1 mm., diam. 6.4 mm.

Succinea grosvenor Lea.

Lymncea cubensis Pfr. Alt. 11.8 mm., diam 6.6 mm.

Planorbis antrosus Conr. (bicarinatus Say). Alt. 4.9 mm.,

diam. 9.9 mm.

Planorbis parvits Say. Alt. 1.0mm., diam. 4.0mm.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Alt. 7.3 mm., diam. 19.5 mm.

Physidce.

Physa gyrina Say. Alt. 14.7 mm. diam. 7.6 mm.

AmnicolidiE.

Amnicola cincinnatiensis Anth. Alt. 4.7 mm., diam. 3.2 mm.

In this connection it may be mentioned that while gastropods

are abundant in the ponds, small creeks and the larger streams

tributary to the Cimarron, not a single form of molluscan life

was found in the Cimarron River, in Payne county, although

the dredge was used at frequent intervals along a stretch of

fifteen miles.

MOLLTJSCA OF SOUTH DAKOTA.

BY W. H. OVER.

(Concluded from pfige 81).

All species listed were collected by me and are in my private

collection of land and freshwater Mollusca now on exhibition

in the Museum of the University of South Dakota.

For the determination of species I am grateful to Messrs H.

A. Pilsbry, jE. G. Vanatta, Bryant Walker, Dr. Sterki, L. S.

Frierson, F. C. Baker and A. A. Hinkley. But for the latter

I probably never would have become interested in the study

and collecting of shells.

Vallonia costata Mull. Deuel Co.

Vallonia pidchella Mu'll. Deuel Co.

THE NAUTILUS. 91

Vallonia parvula Sterki. Clay, Deuel and Brule Counties.

Valtonia gracilicosta Reinh. Common over the State.

Vallonia perspectiva Sterki. Deuel Co.

Oreohelix cooperi W. G. B. Spearfish Canyon, Lawrence Co.

Polygyra, munodon Rack. Woods along Vermilion River, Clay

Co.

Pupoides marginatus Say. Common in the semi-arid districts.

Also Clay Co.

Pupoides inornatus Vanatta. Type lot from drift along White

River, Washington Co. Also collected along Indian Creek,

eastern Pennington Co.

Bifidaria tappaniana Ads. Clay and Deuel Counties.

Bifidaria clappi Sterki. Pennington Co.

Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki. One specimen taken in woods

along Spearfish Creek in Lawrence Co.

Bifidaria agna Pils. and Van. Quite general over the State.

Bifidaria contracta Say. Clay Co.

Bifidaria procera Gld. All through the southern part of State.

Bifidaria ami/era Say. Common over the State.

Bifidaria armifera abbreviata Sterki. Perkins Co.

Bifidaria pentodon Say. Over the State.

Pupilla muscorum L. Washington Co.

Pupilla blandi Morse. Pennington and Brule Counties.

Vertigo ovata Say. Deuel and Clay Counties. Probably

common in eastern part of State.

Vertigo milium Gld. Found in drift along Missouri River at

Chamberlain, Brule Co.

Cochlicopa lubrica Mull. Clay, Lawrence and Deuel Counties.

Vitrina alaskana Dall. Lawrence Co.

Polita hammonis Strom. Clay, Deuel and Pennington Coun-

ties.

Euconulus fulvus Mtill. Pennington. Lawrence, Harding and

Deuel Counties.

Zonitoides arbor ea Say. Locally over the State.

Zonitoides minusada Binn. Common over the State.

Zonitoides nitida Miill. Clay, Deuel and Washabaugh Counties.

Zonitoides singleyana Pils. Brule, Clay and Custer Counties.

Agriolimax campestris Binn. Harding Co. Probably in eastern

part of State.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Clay Co.

Pyramidula cronkhitei Newc. Deuel Co.

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pils. Clay, Pennington and

Lawrence Counties.

Helicodiscus parallelus Say. Clay, Washington, Deuel and

Brule Counties.

Pundum pygmxum Drap. Deuel and Lawrence Counties.

Punctum californicum Pils. Clay Co.

Succinea nuttalliana Say. Deuel Co.

Succinea higginsi Gld. Deuel Co.

Succinea avara Say. Common over the State.

Succinea grosvenorii Lea. Common over the plains and prairies.

Carychium exile H. C. Lea. Stanley Co.

Carychium exiguum Say. Clay and Deuel Counties.

Lymnxa elodes Say. Clay Co.

Lymnxa tryoni Lea. Deuel Co.

Lymnxa obrussa Say. Black Hills.

Lymnxa palustris Mull. Generally distributed over the State.

Lymnxa palustris michiganensis Walker. Deuel Co.

Lymnsea parva Lea. Perkins and Deuel Counties.

Lymnxa caperata Say. Common over the State.

Lymnxa humilis modicella Say. Deuel, Clay, Butte, Perkins

and Harding Counties.

Lymnxa stognalis appressa Say. Deuel Co. Probably over east-

ern part of State.

Lymnsea cockerelli Pils. and Ferr. Over the State.

Lymnxa techella Hald. Harding Co.

Physa sayi Tapp. Perkins, Deuel and Harding Counties.

Physa ancillaria Say. Codington Co.

Physa humerosa Gld. Spink Co.

Physa crandalli Baker. Fish ponds at hatchery, Lawrence Co.

Physa walkeri Crandall (?) Spink Co. Turtle River.

Physa integra Hald. Rare over the State.

Physa gyrina Say. Abundant over the State.

Aplexa hypnorum L. Deuel Co.

Planorbis umbilicatellus Ckll. Perkins Co.

Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Locally found over the State.

Reported by Audubon in 1840 from Missouri River. Probably

at mouth of some creek flowing in from the east.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

Plnnorbis parvus Say. Deuel, Pennington, Clap and Hard-

ing Counties.

Planorbis exacuus Say. Deuel Co. near Altimont.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Quite common over the State. Also

collected in Beadle Co. in 1895 by S. F. Adams.

Planorbis deflectm Say. Clay, Perkins, Deuel, Washington

and Washabaugh Counties.

Planorbis tumidus Pfr. Perkins and Deuel Counties.

Segmentina armigera Say. Clay and Deuel Counties.

Segmentina christyi Dall. Dead shells were abundant at a

email pond in Deuel Co. in 1908.

Ancylus parallelus Hald. Deuel Co.

Valvata tricarinata Say. Codington, Clay and Deuel Counties.

Campeloma integrum Say. Clay Co. Vermilion River. One

sinistral.

Somatogyrus subglobosus Say. Deuel Co.

Somatogyrus integer Say. Deuel Co.

Amnicola cincinnatiensis Anth. Spink Co. Turtle River.

Amnicola limosa Say. Codington and Clay Counties.

Amnicola emarginata Ku'st. Codington and Clay Counties.

Lampsilis luteolus Lam. Clay, Deuel, Codington and Spink

Counties. One "dead" specimen was found in the Little Mis-

souri River in Harding Co. It is doubtful if it exists there at

present, but may be found in the same river at higher elevation

and in a sandy loam formation in Montana.

Lampsilis ventricosus Barnes.

Lampsilis lavissimus Lea.

Lampsilis alatus Say.

Lampsilis parvus Barnes. Vermillion River, Clay Co.

Lampsilis gracilis Barnes. The above five species are no doubt

more or less common in the Big Sioux, Vermilion and James

Rivers.

Lampsilis anodontoides Lea. Clay Co.

Lampsilis subrostratus Say. Rare in Brule Creek, Union

County.

Lampsilis rectus Lamk. Brule Creek, Union Co.

Plagiola elegans Lea. Clay Co.

Strophitus edentulus Say. Lake Kampeska, Codington Co.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

Slrophitus edentulus pavonius Lea. Hidewood Creek, Deuel Co.

Anodonta dakota Frierson. Clear Lake, Deuel Co.

Anodonta grandis Say. Perkins, Deuel, Spink, Clay and

Codington Counties.

Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Deuel and Codington Coun-

ties.

Anodonta grandis gigantea Lea. Deuel Co.

Anodontoides ferussacianus Lea. Washabaugh and Deuel

Counties.

Anodontoides ferussacianus subcylindraceus Lea. Deuel Co.

Symphynota compressa Lea. Deuel Co.

Symphynota complanata Barnes. Clay and Deuel Counties.

Symphynota complanata katherina Lea. Lake Kampeska, Cod-

ington Co.

Arcidens confragosus Say. Clay Co.

Quadnda lachrymosa Lea. Clay Co.

Quadrula pustidosa Lea.

Quadnda undidata Barnes. Deuel, Clay and Spink Counties.

Sphserium sidcatum Lam. Washabaugh and Deuel Counties.

Sphs-rium rhomboideum Say. Hidewood Creek, Deuel Co.

Sphserium simile Say. Deuel Co.

Sphserium stramineum Conr. Lake Kampeska, Codington Co.

Sphseriwii striatinum Lam. Deuel Co.

Sphserium striatinum acuminatnm Prime. Ziebach, Harding,

Perkins and Butte Counties.

Musculium partiimeium Say. Deuel Co.

Musculium secure Prime. Pennington and Perkins Counties.

Musculium jayense Prime. Ziebach, Perkins and Deuel Coun-

ties.

Pisidium contortion Prime. Harding Co.

Pisidium mainense Sterki. (or near) Deuel Co.

Pisidium offi.ne Sterki. Deuel Co.

Pisidium subrotundum Sterki. Pennington Co.

Pisidium. abditum Hald. Pennington and Washington Coun-

ties.

Pisidium variable Prime. Washabaugh Co.

Pisidium. kirklandi Sterki. Deuel Co.

Pisidium compression Prime. Deuel Co.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Pisidium compression Isevigatum Sterki. Deuel Co.

Pisidium sargentii Sterki. Deuel Co.

Pisidium overi Sterki. Deep waterhole in creek one half mile

south of Clear Lake, Deuel Co.

Pisidium walkeri Sterki. Hidewood Creek, Deuel Co.

Pisidium pauperculum crystalense Sterki. Deuel Co.

The following post-glacial fossils, Wisconsin drift, were taken

from a well 20 feet beneath the surface, 3 miles north of Grand-

view, Douglas Co., in 1883 by Prof. J. E. Todd, at that time

State Geologist. The specimens were identified by Frank C.

Baker.

Pisidium compressum Prime. Lymnaea stagnalis appressa

Pisidium var labile Prime. Say.

Pisidium medianum Sterki (?) Planorbis trivolvis Say.

Valvata tricarinata Say. Planorbis bicarinatus Say.

Valvata lewisii Currier. (antrosus Conrad)

Succinea avara Say. Planorbis antrosus striatus

Physa sp. (immature) Baker.

Lymnaea (Galba) palustris Planorbis deflectus Say.

Mull. Planorbis parvus Say.

Planorbis exacutus Sav.

PUPOIDES INORNATTIS N. SP.

E. G. VANATTA.

Shell small, cylindrical, rimate ; apex obtusely rounded,

white ; the lower part, of the shell opaque flesh colored ; surface

with a few irregular growth stria? ; suture impressed, ascending

at the aperture ; whorls 5£, convex, slightly shouldered below

the suture ; base obtusely angular. Aperture more than one-

third the height of the shell ; oval, truncate, without lamellae

or plicae ; parietal callus transparent ; lip and columella opaque,

white, thick, broadly reflexed. Alt. 3.61, diam. 1.37, apert.

alt. 1.30, diam. 1.07 mm.

Type in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences,

96 THE NAUTILUS.

number 110977, in drift of White River, central Washington

Co., S. Dakota, collected by Mr. W. H. Over, August, 1914.

Associated with Pupilla muscorum L., P. blandi Mse., Bifidaria

procera Gld., B. agna P. & V., B. pentodon Say, B. armifera

Say, Vallonia gradlicosta Reinh. and Succinea avara Say. Also

in the Academy's collection from drift along Indian Creek,

Pennington Co., S. D. (W. H. Over, viii, 24, 1914); Pike's

Peak, Colo. (E. Hall) ; Trinidad, Colo. (Dr. H. A. Pilsbry,

1906) ; ant hills, near Four Mile Hill, and charcoal zone

near Arroyo Pecos, Las Vegas, New Mexico (T. D. A. Cock-

erell, 1900).

This species differs from P. hordaceus Gabb by its smooth

surface ; P. chordatus Pfr. is narrower, thinner, and has a tooth

at angle of aperture ; P. paradesii Orb. is costate and more

tapering.

NOTES.

LITTORINA LITTOREA A FISH. — In the case Leavitt vs. Clarke in

the Divisional Court, in London, Eng., on May 7th, 1915, the

question arose as to whether a winkle is a fish. The appeal

was brought from a sentence under the Larceny Act, 1861.

which makes it illegal for a person to take or destroy fish from

private water.

The Lord Chief Justice, Lord Reading, confessed he was

puzzled as to whether a winkle could be called a fish, but,

following the decision in Cay gill vs. Thwaite (1885) that cray

fish were fish, he considered that the appeal must be dismissed.

Mr. Justice Avory agreed on the ground that for thirty years

the law had been thought to be laid down in the case cited.

Mr. Justice Low said that he saw no reason why a winkle

should not be called a fish!— F. R. LATCHFORD.

Mr. Frank C. Baker, formerly Acting Director of the Chicago

Academy of Science, is at present engaged on ecological work

in the School of Forestry, Syracuse University.

THE NAUTILUS.

Voi,. XXIX. JANUARY, 1916. No. 9

HELICES OF LOWER CALIFORNIA AND SINALOA.

BY H. A. PJLSBRY.

In my "Notes upon some Lower Californian Helices," Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1913, descriptions and figures were

given of the Helices of the west coast and coastal islands of the

peninsula. The inland group remains to be considered here.1

While it seems likely that some or all of the Lower Californian

mountain Helices will prove to belong to the section Eremarionta

of the genus Micrarionta, yet none are known anatomically, and

we have as yet no way to tell them by the shells alone from

Sonorella. It seems best therefore to refer all Sonorella-like

shells of the Southwest to that genus until they are proved to be-

long elsewhere by dissection of the animal.

Group of Sonorella lohrii.

Helices of this group are much depressed, with a broadly

open umbilicus, more or less overhung by the dilated columellar

lip. They have the color and texture of Sonorella.

1 In the paper just mentioned, I ranked Helix canescens Adams and Reeve as

a subspecies of Micrarionta veatchii (p. 386). This was of course an oversight,

since //. canescens was described first. It will probably be best to leave both

stand as species until their intergradation is demonstrated ; but if they do

intergrade. then veatchii will take the trinomial.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

SONORELLA LOHRii (Gabb). PI. 2, fig. 8.

Helix lohrii GABB. American Journal of Conchology. Ill, p.

236, pi. 16, fig. 2 (1867) ; IV, p. 235 (1868).

Sonorella lohrii Gabb, PILSBRY, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1900,

p. 560 (1901). BARTSCH, Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 47, p. 197,

pi. 32, fig. 1 (1904).

Helix steganella Mabille, 1895. See below.

The prominent features of this species are the very minutely

granulated surface, the large nuclear whorl and small number

of whorls, the position of the periphery, which is above the

middle, very obtusely angular in front, the surface below it

being rather flattened and sloping inward. The peristome is

somewhat bell-shaped, flaring, reflexed outwardly and below.

The type (No. 58106 A. N. S. P.) measures, height 10, diam.

22.1 mm. ; width of umbilicus 4 mm. ; width of aperture 13,

height 11.1 mm.

Dr. Bartsch has given excellent figures of this species, but

for ready comparison with the others I have figured the type

specimen here.

S. lohrii comes "from the higher table lands near Moleje.

1 1

SONORELLA LIODERMA Pilsbry. PI. 2, fig. 7.

Sonorella lohrii lioderma PJLS., NAUTILUS XVIII, p. 59 (1904).

The shell is depressed with very low spire and broadly open

umbilicus, contained about five times in the diameter of the

shell ; very glossy, smooth except for fine growth-lines ; whorls

4J, convex, slowly increasing to the last which widens rapidly,

is rounded at the periphery, and descends rather deeply in front.

The aperture is strongly oblique, transversely ovate. Peristome

expanded and reflexed throughout, the margins strongly con-

verging and joined by a thin, short parietal callous, the colum-

ellar margin dilated, overhanging a small part of the umbilicus.

Height 10, diam. 21.8 mm. ; width of umbilicus 4.2 mm. ;

aperture 13.3 mm. wide, 11.1 high (including peristome).

This shell was originally described as a subspecies of S. lohrii,

but it is evidently distinct. It differs by the entire absence of

granulation, the equally rounded periphery, less deeply im-

THE NAUTILUS. 99

pressed suture, by having a much smaller embryonic whorl, a

more transversely lengthened aperture with shorter parietal

callus ; and by the more arched and more reflexed upper

margin of the peristome. As the original description was rather

brief and unillustrated, figures of the type are now given.

S. lioderma was collected by Gabb. It was one of the speci-

mens formerly in the tray with his type of H. lohrii, and pre-

sumably was found in the same district. The type is No. 58107

A. N. S. P. I cannot identify it with any of the species de-

scribed by Mabille.

The following species evidently belong to the group of S. lohrii,

since all are described as " broadly and perviously umbilicate" .

Their other chief characters are given below, abbreviated from

Mabille' s descriptions, as the original publication is probably

not accessible to many West Coast conchologists. None of

them were figured, and no comparisons with other species are

given.

Helix indigena J. Mabille. Depressed-subdiscoidal, solid,

subpellucid, somewhat glossy, above planulate, reddish-corneous

with a brown zone bordered by white zones, white beneath ;

beautifully rib-striate ; apex obtuse, minute, striate ; whorls 5,

the last rounded, descending a little to the aperture ; base a

little inflated, especially around the umbilicus. Peristome a

little dilated, scarcely reflexed, the margins converging, joined

by a scarcely noticeable callus. Diam. 19 to 21, alt. 7 to 8 mm.

Only found above 800 meters on the peaks of the Sierra, through-

out most of the central part of the Peninsula of California (Bul-

letin de la Societe" Philomathique de Paris, 8th Ser., vii, 1895,

p. 64).

This seems from the description to be a distinct species, dif-

fering from S. lioderma by the sculpture and the less developed

peristome.

Helix steganella J. Mabille. Depressed, destitute of color and

cuticle but with a reddish zone, rather thick, solid ; irregularly

striate, and densely covered with many minute granules arranged

in oblique series. Spire slightly prominent, the apex costulate,

obtuse. Whorls 4, the last strongly dilated and shortly de-

scending at the aperture, a little excavated above at the suture,

obscurely angular at the periphery, slopingly compressed below

the periphery, inflated around the umbilicus. Peristome thick-

ened, spreading, a little reflexed, the converging margins joined

100 THE NAUTILUS.

by a very thin callus ; the outer margin at first rather straight,

scarcely reflexed, then carved, basal margin nearly straight,

reflexed. Umbilical margin dilated, thickened, slightly cover-

ing the umbilicus. Diam. 21 to 29, alt. 7^ to 8 mm. Same

localities (Same reference).

The description of this species applies very well to H. lohrii

Gabb. I think it a synonym of that species.

Helix inveda J. Mabille. Depressed- orbiculate, without cuticle

or color, but with traces of a brownish line above ; solid, rather

thick, coarsely striatulate and under a lens beautifully stria tu-

late. Whorls 4, the last angular at periphery, rather swollen

below, at the aperture dilated and slightly descending. Peris-

tome expanded, slightly thickened, the approaching margins

joined by a rather thick callus ; columellar margin dilated in a

triangular plate over the umbilicus. Diam. 21, alt. 7 mm.

Lower California (same reference, p. 65).

Seems nearer S. lohrii than any other species I have seen.

Helix digued J. Mabille. Subdepressed, without color or cut-

icle, solid, subopaque, irregularly and densely costulate-striate,

apex nearly smooth, whorls 4, the last slightly dilated and

shortly descending to the aperture. Peristome reflexed, margins

joined by a very thin callous, columellar margin dilated, nearly

covering the umbilicus. Diam. 20 to 20J, alt. 8 to 9 mm.

No locality mentioned (same reference, p. 65).

I have seen no species answering to the description of this.

Group of S, hachitana.

SONOEELLA MERRILLI Bartsch (1904). Below San Quentin, L.

Cal.

The surface has "very dense, exceedingly minute granula-

tions, both on the upper and the lower surface." Height 12.5,

diam. 22, umbilicus about 4 mm.

SONORELLA PENINSULARIS n. Sp. PI. 2, figS. 4.

The shell is umbilicate (the width of umbilicus contained

between eight and nine times in the diameter of the shell),

moderately depressed, the spire low-conic ; pale cinnamon with

a few white streaks, having a chestnut-brown band above the

periphery, margined narrowly with whitish above, more widely

below ; whitish around the umbilicus. The surface is glossy,

lightly marked with growth-lines, and in some places above the

THE NAUTILUS. 101

periphery of the last whorl some excessively faint spiral lines

may be seen under a hand-lens. The first whorl begins with

irregular radial ripples, then is very minutely rugose with in-

conspicuous rounded papilla?, widely spaced, and arranged in

forwardly descending, curved series. Whorls 5, rather convex,

those of the spire rather narrowly coiled, the last rapidly enlarg-

ing, descending somewhat to the aperture. The aperture is

large and decidedly oblique. The peristome is thin, the upper

and outer margins narrowly expanding, basal margin narrowly

reflexed ; the columellar margin runs rather far forward, and is

much dilated at the insertion, the external edge straightened.

Height 15, diam. 22 mm. ; umbilicus 2.6 mm.

Locality. — Trinidad, on the west coast, near San Borga.

Wm. M. Gabb. Type no. 58127 A. N. S. P.

I have not been able to locate Trinidad on the map. San

Borgia is a mission in the inteiior, below the 29th parallel.

There are several other specimens in the collection, all taken by

Gabb.

This is one of several forms which W. M. Gabb determined

as Helix carpenteri Newc. — a Californian species which differs by

its " numerous very minute spiral striations". Sonorella mer-

rilli Bartsch is more depressed, with a smaller aperture and

larger umbilicus. The several species described from the pen-

insula by M. Jules Mabille differ in proportions from this one.

SONOEELLA ULTIMA n. Sp. PI. 2, fig. 5.

The shell is narrowly umbilicate (the width of the umbilicus

contained about twelve times in the diameter of shell); rather

thin ; depressed-globose, with very low conic spire ; pale cinna-

mon, fading to opaque white on the base, having a chestnut-

brown band above the periphery. The surface is glossy, weakly

marked with growth-lines, without spiral striation. Whorls

4^, moderately convex, those of the spire slowly increasing, the

last whorl very wide, deflexed in front. The aperture is large,

oblique. Peristome thin at the edge, but having a rather wide

low white callous rim within, the terminations strongly converg-

ing ; the upper margin is unexpanded, outer and basal margins

narrowly expanded ; columellar margin carried forward, straight-

102 THE NAUTILUS.

ened outwardly, broadly dilated at the insertion, partly covering

the umbilicus ; parietal film transparent but not very thin.

Height 12.7, diam. 20 mm. Aperture with peristome 12.7

mm. wide; umbilicus 1.7 mm. wide.

Locality. — Sinaloa, Mexico, Wm. M. Gabb. Type No. 58124

A. N. S. P.

The special features of this species are its narrow umbilicus,

very wide last whorl, large aperture and surface free from any

trace of spiral incised lines. The apex is slightly worn, but I

think I see traces of the same sculpture described for the first

whorl of S. peninsularis. It is one of the specimens Gabb

identified as Helix remondi Tryon — which is quite a different

thing. Gabb was a really notable geological explorer, but

sometimes he was not fussy over identifications of shells.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA ELLIPSOSTOMA Pilsbry. PL 2, figs. 6.

Described in NAUTILUS VIII, p. 81 (1894), but not figured

before. The locality given by Gabb, San Juan del Norte, is

rather ambiguous. It would be taken for the place so named

in Nicaragua were it not that the specimen was stuck on a label

with a shell of Sonorella peninsularis, suggesting a Lower Califor-

nian habitat. The malleation and epidermis recall California!!

and Peruvian Helices, but no similar species has been taken in

Nicaragua. The figures represent the type-specimen, no. 10745

A. N. S. P.

OBSEEVATIONS ON THE UNIO COE, OF CONBAD.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

T. A. Conrad published in 1834, his "New Fresh Water

Shells" describing and figuring a number of species. His

figures were not very good, and some confusion ever since has

been the result. For instance, his figure of U. prasinus is so

unlike the figure given by Dr. Lea for his U, schoolcrafti that the

two have been placed as different sub-species in our lists ; yet

both figures were drawn from the same identical specimen !

Mr. Conrad figured a shell, (presumably his Unio stramineus)

on plate 7, but he omitted it altogether from the text !

THE NAUTILUS. 103

But above all, the confusion concerning his Unio cor is the

greatest, for there is not the slightest doubt that Mr. Conrad

described one species, and figured an entirely different one

under this name !

Through the kindness of Mr. E. C. Vanatta, of the Academy

of Natural Sciences, this confusion has been cleared up.

Mr. Conrad published, in January 1834, a shell he called

Unio mytilloides (Am. Jl. Sci. xxv, pi. 1, fig. 7), and his figure

of Unio cor (New Fresh Water Shells, plate iii, fig. 3) in May,

1834. These figures were assumed by Mr. C. T. Simpson, to

represent the same species. There is little doubt but that the

"Mytilloides" figured is a Unio ebenus Lea, and the figure of

cor, is much like it, yet not identical.

No shell exactly like Conrad's cor has yet been obtainable, and

if the figure is accurate, the species is probably yet undescribed.

The true Cor, however, is well characterized, and the type,

in the collection ofthe Academy of Natural Sciences, is figured

herewith (pi. iii, figs. 1, 2, 3) through the courtesy of Dr.

Pilsbry. '

U. cor Conrad is a native of the Elk and Flint Rivers. These

are tributaries of the Tennessee River. The Unio lewisi, and

U. crapulus, of Lea, with which U. cor- has hitherto been identi-

fied, come from a different drainage system.

The true Unio cor is characterized by Mr. Conrad, as having

rays, — the young, beautifully rayed, and having a sulcus from

the beak to base. Neither of which are ever exhibited by

lewisi, nor are indicated upon the psendo-figure of cor. Mr.

Conrad says the young shells resemble the undatus, Barnes,

( Mr. Conrad's conception of undatus, was the obliquvs of

Lamark) .

The true U. cm' is to be found in many collections, under

other names, among which the writer has noted U. edgarianus,

tuscumbiensis, andersonensis, and others. The figure of anderso-

nensis Lea represents an old, much inflated specimen, rather

short behind, but otherwise quite characteristic.

1 Dr. Pilsbry believes that Conrad's figure, pi. 3, fig. 3, represents the shell

he described as Unio cor, and that it was a slightly older specimen than that

now figured, but of the same species.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Mr. Conrad also observes that mature specimens of U. cor are

sometimes produced and cuneiform behind, " like some varieties

of triangularis of Raf.," (a species, in Mr. Conrad's estimation

at that time, embracing the group of pyramidatus etc.

A NEW CALIFORNIAN LAND SNAIL.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA ZECH.E n. sp. PI. Ill, lower figs.

The shell is strongly depressed, umbilicate (width of umbi-

licus contained nearly eight times in greatest diameter of the

shell), rather thin. The whorls of the spire and as far as the

front of the last whorl are dilute cinnamon, then changing to

ecru-olive or dark olive-buff ; there is a chestnut-brown band at

the shoulder (about 2 mm. wide), bordered with inconspicu-

ous, hardly noticeable bands paler than the ground-color.

Surface is glossy, distinctly, irregularly striate, and immediately

behind the lip it is closely and minutely granulose. The spire

is a little convex, whorls 5f, moderately convex, slowly increas-

ing to the last, which is about double the width of the preceding,

and decends a little in front. The aperlure is broadly lunate,

decidedly wider than high. Lip thin, the upper margin scarcely

expanded, outer very slightly, basal very narrowly reflexed,

the columeller margin broadly dilated.

Alt. 15.2, diam. 31 mm. ; aperture, alt. 14.3, width 17.8

mm.

Habitat, San Antonio Canyon, in the San Gabriel Mts., west-

ern edge of San Bernardino Co., California, at about 5000 ft.

elevation (Miss Lilian Zech).

This fine species will probably prove to belong to the Helmin-

thoglypta group, in which it most resembles H. sequoicola

(Cooper); yet the absence of malleation on the last whorl and

of granules on the spire are features more like Sonorella.

Miss Zech gives the following account of the locality.

The specimen was found in a narrow, winding canyon branch-

ing from the main San Antonio canyon at 4700 feet and at this

point, some two or three hundred feet higher as near as I can

THE NAUTILUS, XXIX.

PLATE HI.

FRIERSON: UN1O COR CONRAD.

PILSBRY: EPIPHRAGMOPHORA ZECH/E.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

guess, — only wide enough for the creek bed, then full of rushing

water, and the trail. It is a cool, moist, deep canyon, — with

columbine, lilies, and ferns — and on the slopes much bay

laurel. The trees were incense cedar and big-cone spruce. The

snail lay on a pile of rock artificially heaped up at the creek's

mouth, and contained the dead animal when found."

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW BIFIDARIA.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

BIFIDARIA MINUTA, n. sp.

Shell minute, ovate-conical with the apex nearly pointed,

narrowly umbilicate and short-rimate, colorless whitish ; whorls

four to four and a half, well rounded with deep suture, the last

large, rounded at the base ; surface with very slight irregular

stria?, apex without stria?, microscopically rugulose ; aperture

rather large, well rounded, peristome sharp, not everted, with

the ends somewhat approximate, palate with a very slight crest

close to and parallel with the margin, inside with a very slight

callus or none ; lamella? and folds : parietal rather large, nearly

simple, columellar medium, an inferior colurnellar near the

base, or wanting ; the two principal palatals. Soft parts not

examined. Alt. 1.2, diam. 1 mm. (other exs. 1.0 : 0.9).

Hab. : Woods, north of Geneva, Ashtabula Co., Ohio. Type :

No. 1990, collection of North Am. Pnpida?.

This Bi/idaria is near tappaniana Adams, but differs from that

species as follows : it is much smaller, more conical, the whorls

are less in number, more rapidly increasing, more convex, the

last is comparatively larger ; there is no callus in the palate or

a very slight one, the palatal folds are longer and there are no

secondary ones (as supra- and interpalatal).

It was a surprise to find a new Bifidaria in this part of the

country, and it appears that the (three) specimens on hand

represent a distinct species. If not closely examined, they have

the appearance of young or half grown of some other species,

and probably were overlooked, partly due to the habit of most

Bifidarias of this group of covering their shells with dirt.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

REPORT ON THE TURTON COLLECTION OF SOUTH AFRICAN MA-

RINE MOLLUSKS, with additional notes on other South African

shells contained in the United States Museum. By Paul Bartsch.

U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 91 Pp. xii + 305, 54 plates. The basis

of this report was a collection made by Lieut. Col. W. H. Tur-

ton, late Royal Engineers, at Port Alfred. This collection, made

on the beach within 10 miles of the village, without dredging,

contained 721 species. Other South African materials, notably

the shells collected by William Stimpson on the North Pacific

Exploring Expedition, in 1853, have also been studied. Al-

though Mr. E. A. Smith, Mr. Geo. B. Sowerby and others have

described many species .from this fauna in the past few years,

Dr. Bartsch found over 200 new species to define. All are well

figured. New descriptions and figures are given of many briefly

described species of Gould, from the type-specimens.

A list is given of nearly 1500 species reported from South

Africa, not contained in the National Museum, with the sugges-

tion that the specimens should be compared with material from

the type localities of the several species, as he has found, in

many instances, that South African shells which have been

identified with species of other regions, are not specifically the

same, though superficially similar.

A full bibliography is given, references to literature being

omitted in the text.

The large number of new forms described and figured, with

the full census of previous records, give this work a high value

for those concerned with the South African marine fauna. It

must become their book for constant reference, as Krauss's

classic, "Die Siidafrikanischen Mollusken " was for a former

generation of mollusk students.

H. A. P.

MOLLUSCAN WORLD. Compiled by C. R. Orcutt. 208+62 pp.,

8vo, San Diego, 1915. This is a collection of records, descrip-

tions and notes from a multitude of sources. With the excep-

tion of a list of shells found by the author around Hartland,

Vermont (pp. 1-6), it is confined to species of California, Baja

THE NAUTILUS. 107

California and the Rocky Mountain States, and may be regarded

as a supplement to Carpenter's collection of papers on West

American Mollusks. It is not arranged systematically but an

index enables one to find any species.

H. A. P.

NOTES

A STAIN FOR RADULAE. — In many of the small mollusks it is

difficult to make out the exact shape of the teeth on the radula

because of their transparency. Moreover, a radula mounted in

balsam becomes almost invisible in a short time. I have found

that the radula may be readily stained without injuring the teeth

of even the most delicate forms and without loosening them

from the lingual ribbon.

For the marine forms, place the radula in a saturate aqueous

solution of potassium bichromate for from five to fifteen min-

utes. However, the radula may remain in the stain without

injury for an indefinite period. One radula left in this solution

for three months was not harmed in the least. After staining,

wash well in water and mount in balsam.

Land and freshwater forms cannot be handled in this way.

For these a five per cent, solution of chromic acid works admir-

ably. Place the radula on a slide, cover with four or five drops

of the acid, and heat until the acid precipitates at the edge of

the drop. If heated too long, the teeth may become detached

from the lingual ribbon. Wash in water and mount in balsam.

These stains seem permanent in balsam, specimens so pre-

pared having kept for eight months without fading, while spe-

cimens in glycerine jelly fade in a month or two. Though I

presume other stains for radulae are known, these appear to be

practical both in the simplicity of the process and the perma-

nency of the stain. — SHIELDS WARREN.

A NEW VARIETY OF CYPRJEA. — Cyprsea undata buttoni, n. v.

White, ornamented with three zigzag zones of chestnut, show-

ing fine hair lines of chestnut between the zones ; sides and base

white ; anterior extremity edged dark chestnut. Length, .50 to

.75 inch.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

Fiji Islands. It is named in honor of Mr. F. L. Button of

Oakland, who has made a study of Cyprsea and Trivia. The

type is in the Stanford Collection. — IDA S. OLDROYD.

THE DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN MARINE CON-

CHOLOGY, BY TIMOTHY A. CONRAD. — In the library of the

Boston Society of Natural History are parts 1 to 3 of this work

in their original dull yellow (probably somewhat faded) covers.

Part one or No. 1, was published April, 1831. With this part

was issued the title-page, with precisely the same wording and

type except that on the cover the date, April, 1831, and No. 1,

appear in the upper left and right hand corners, while on the

title page the date (1831) only is at the bottom of the page.

No. 1 contains pages 1 to 12 and plates 1 and 2. No. 2 was

published September, 1831 (date at the bottom of the cover

page) ; it contains pages 13 to 28 and plates 3 to 5. No 3 was

published in May, 1832 (also dated at the bottom of the cover

page) ; it contains pages 29 to 40 and plates 6 to 8. The entire

work contains 72 pages and 17 colored plates. It would be of

interest to know just when pages 41 to 72 appeared : if in two

parts with the same interval between, the last part would have

appeared in 1833. The above makes the date of publication

for Cardita borealis 1832, while Lyonsia hyalinaand Leptonfabag-

ella would probably have the same date. — C. W. JOHNSON.

THE CONCHOLOGICAL MUSEUM. — Mr. Y. Hirase has recently

published another interesting album of his Conchological Mu-

seum. The 30 excellent illustrations show clearly the enor-

mous amount of work he has accomplished and its great diver-

sity in order to make the exhibit both popular and instructive.

Nowhere in the world are the economic and artistic applications

of the Mollusca so fully exhibited.

With the Album is sent an "Application for aid." For those

in sympathy with his work and who wish to support his Mu-

seum, "The Supporting Club of the Hirase Conchological

Museum has been formed, the dues per year are : Supporting

member $2.50. Special supporting member $5.00. Life mem-

bership $30.00."

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXIX. FEBRUARY, 1916. No. 1O

COLLECTING AT NANTUCKET AND MAKTHA'S VINEYARD.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

Helix hortensis has been recorded from both of these islands.

My visit gave these results — At the town of Nantucket the

species occurs sparingly in gardens, and abundant in the older

cemeteries. It has a fondness for marble grave stones, espe-

cially in shady places. No banded forms occur in the town,

but both white and yellow colors occur. In one cemetery I

found white in one colony, and yellow a few rods away. The

specimens from this island are all small, about f the diameter

of those from the coast of Maine.

Knowing there was a colony at Siasconset, seven miles away,

at the eastern shore of the island, we drove over to examine a

farm where I was told they occurred. I searched the place with

negative results. Knowing their propensity for grave stones I

asked the farmer's daughter if there was a cemetery at "Scon-

set". She didn't know the meaning of the word so I said

burying ground. Oh yes! she said, half a mile down that road

is where we pick blackberries. So I depended on my instinct

and eventually located plain and five-banded forms near the

shore. At Marthas Vineyard we lodged at Edgartown, but H.

hortensis was not there, so we took an auto trip and examined

cemeteries, woods, bushes etc., at Oak Bluffs, Vineyard Haven,

Tisbury, Chilmark and Gay Head. I found no trace of it, but

did get Succinea ovalis in one spot. I have in my cabinet a few

specimens from Indian shell-heaps at Edgartown gathered some

110 THE NAUTILUS.

years ago by Rev. Geo. D. Reed; but that spot is now covered

with cottages. Diligent inquiry of the natives failed to reveal

the hiding place of H. hortensis. Though two men assured me

they had seen it, when they gave their descriptions I concluded

one had found hermit crabs and the other fiddler crabs. Some

people lacks " eddication."

Dredging and dip-net work revealed a few interesting facts.

In Nantucket harbor Odostomia seminuda is large and abundant,

while other Odostomias are scarce. The opposite is the rule at

Woods Hole. Crepidida fornicata is exceedingly abundant.

Every haul of the dredge brings up many clusters of from ten

to twenty specimens clinging to each other.

Katama Bay, near Edgartown, is an interesting dredging

ground. Results there were similar to Nantucket. The species

found at Nantucket are :

Crepidida fornicata, Nassa trivittata,

Crepidula plana, Astyris lunata,

Busycon canaliculatus, Anachis avara,

Busy con carica, Bittium nigrum,

Venus mercenaria, Melampus lineatus,

Area transversa, Tornatina canaliculate,

Anomia simplex, Bela plicata,

Odostomia seminuda, Cingula minuta,

Odostomia bartschi, Cerithiopsis terebralis,

Odostomia bisuturalis, Lacuna vincta,

P. (Syrnola) producta, Turbonilla winkleyi,

Nucula proxima, Turbonilla nivea,

Montacuta plamdata, Turbonilla vinae,

Chaetopleura apiculata, Turbonilla elegantv.hi.

At Katama Bay, Martha's Vineyard :

Crepidula fornicata, Nassa trivittata,

Callocardia morrhuana, Astyris lunata,

Venus mercenaria, Bittium nigrum,

Anomia simplex, Tornatina canaliculata,

Laevicardium mortoni, Bela, plicata,

Tagelus gibbus, Cerithiopsis terebralis,

Odostomia seminuda, Eupleura caudata,

P. (Syrnola) producta, Busycon carica, _

Nucula proxima, Haminea solitaria,

Nucida later alls, Turbonilla winkleyi,

Tellina tenera, Turbonilla elegantula.

Chaetopleura apiculata,

THE NAUTILUS. Ill

FEW SPECIES OF AMNICOLA FROM NEW MEXICO AND UTAH.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

AMNICOLA NEOMEXICANA n. sp.

The shell is very small, minutely perforate, globose, corneous,

rather solid. Surface smooth, not glossy. Whorls 3, moder-

ately convex, the suture not deeply impressed. Aperture

ovate, strongly oblique, angular above. Peristome continuous,

the outer margin regularly arched, inner margin straight,

slightly thickened. Length 1.6, diam. 1.3 mm.; longest axis

of aperture about 1 mm.

Socorro, New Mexico, in warm springs. Types no. 121,113

in the Wheatley collection, deposited in Mus. A. N. S. P.

This species, known by many specimens, is smaller than

Amnicola micrococcus, with a narrow aperture, straight inner lip

and less impressed suture. Nearly all of the shells are eroded,

the spire being deeply corroded in fully adult individuals.

This gives an abrupt outline of the suture, in front view.

AMNICOLA DESERTA n. sp.

The shell is ven- small, perforate, broadly ovate, corneous,

translucent, thin ; surface glossy, very minutely marked with

delicate growth-lines. The outlines of the spire are convex,

the apex somewhat pointed. Whorls 3J, strongly convex, the

last more rapidly descending close to the aperture. The aper-

ture is ovate, somewhat oblique, angular above. Peristome

continuous and free from the preceding whorl. Length 2.4,

diam. 1.7 mm.; longest axis of aperture 1.25 mm. Length 2.2,

diam. 1.6 mm.

Washington Co., Utah. Types no. 121,112, Wheatley col-

lection, in coll. A. N. S. P.

This little shell resembles the larger Bythinella palomasensis,

from Lake Palomas in northern Chihuahua (NAUTILUS IX, 68,

Oct., 1895 ; Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XIX, 1897, p. 369, pi.

31, fig. 9). The present species is broader, and evidently old

individuals are smaller. The generic position is uncertain. As

between a short Paludestrina and a long Amnicola there is little

choice.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

Washington county is in the southwestern angle of Utah,

drained by the Virgin river, flowing into the Colorado. The

specimens are "dead" shells, but not fossil, I think. Accord-

ing to the label, Oreohelix strigosa was found in the same place.

The collector was not given for this or the preceding.

All of the adult specimens of A. deserta have the last whorl

shortly free at the aperture. It is a senile form, probably ex-

tinct or on the verge of extinction, Amnicolidse lead a precarious

existence in the arid states. The rivers do not afford suitable

stations. They have apparently never gained access to the

small perennial streams of the higher mountains; and permanent

springs and streams are so rare on the lower levels that the

colonies are small, few and widely separated. The large pro-

portion of extremely diminutive species in the arid region is

remarkable. It may, perhaps, be looked upon as a permanent

dwarfing due to unfavorable conditions.

Figures of both species have been prepared, to be published

on a future plate.

TWO NEW BIVALVE SHELLS FROM URUGUAY.

BY WM. H. BALL.

In a small collection of shells from Uruguay recently received,

among the marine bivalves were the following species which

appear to be undescribed.

GLYCYMERIS DIAPHORUS n. sp.

Shell subcircular when young, in the adult higher than wide;

the outer surface nearly smooth, with faint indications of obso-

lete radial ribs; the color whitish with reddish brown spots or

small maculations; beaks small, not prominent, prosocoelus;

the subumbonal area inequilaterally triangular, the anterior

portion very short in proportion to the posterior, about 1 to 3,

crossed by seven or eight diverging grooves and ridges; height

of the area about one-fifth its length in the adult; hinge with

ten or twelve teeth on each side, separated by a striated space;

in the adult a large part of the posterior series may be obsolete

or absent; anterior dorsal slope long and nearly straight, the

THE NAUTILUS. 113

posterior short and rounded; interior smooth, the muscular

scars prominent, the anterior more rounded than the other; basal

margin with ten or twelve crenulations in the adult, more in

the young; lateral margins smooth. Height of adult 38;

breadth 35; diameter 18 mm.

Shell heap near Montevideo, Uruguaj7'. U. S. N. Museum,

No. 215083. Coll. Felippone No. 556.

Though the valves received are not fresh, they show the color

markings. The most characteristic features of the species are

the narrow umbonal angle (100°) and unusually inequilateral

umbonal area, recalling the conditions in some species of

lAmopsis.

CALLOCAKDIA (AGRIODESMA) FELIPPONEI n. sp.

Shell most closely resembling C. morrhuana Linsley (+ C.

convexa Say) of the New England coast, and best described by

a differential diagnosis from that well-known species. Surface

of the present species similar in color, texture, and concentric

sculpture; form more triangular, the umbones smaller, the

anterior dorsal slope more depressed, the lunule somewhat

longer; the posterior slope longer and less roundly arcuated into

the less arcuated basal margin; the ligament markedly shorter,

the hinge teeth larger and heavier; the pallial sinus similar in

form and length but somewhat wider; the beaks appear more

prominent, and the posterior cardinal tooth in both valves is

relatively much larger and stronger.

Height of t}7pical specimen 40 ; length 50 ; diameter 27 mm.

Maldonado, Uruguay ; U. S. N. Mus. No. 215082. Coll.

Felippone, No. 582.

Young specimens of this species were collected by the U. S.

Fish Commission Steamer Albatross in 59 fathoms, mud, off

Rio de Janeiro ; the bottom temperature 57° F. These were

referred to C. aresta Dall, of my Porto Rico report, not being

old enough to display the differential characters. There is a

thin, dirty grey, dehiscent periostracum on the present species.

The species is named in honor of Dr. Florentine Felippone of

Montevideo, who has devoted much time to the study of the

Natural History of Uruguay.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

PLEUROSEMA LEWISII (LEA).

BY BRYANT WALKER.

As the result of some recent correspondence between Mr. L.

S. Frierson and the writer, it has become evident that the

synonymy, in which this species was included by Simpson in

his Synopsis and Descriptive Catalogue, will have to be revised.

We are both of the opinion that this species is entitled to specific

recognition for the following reasons.

The synonymy given by Simpson is briefly this :

1834. Unio mytilloides var. Conrad. Type locality, Alabama

River.

1834. Unio cor Conrad. From the Elk and Flint rivers, Ala.

1861. Unio crapulus Lea. Type locality, Etowah River, Ga.

1861. Unio lewisii Lea. Type locality, Coosa River, Ala.

Just what Conrad's mytilloides var. was, is not certain. If it

was not a Pleurobema, it is entirely immaterial what it was so

far as the species under consideration is concerned. But it was

apparently a Pleurobema from the Alabama River. If so, it is

equally immaterial what it was, so far as nomenclatorial pur-

poses are concerned. In 1820 Rafinesque described a species

from the Wabash as Pleurobema mytilloides. As in the case of

so many of the species described by this author, there has al-

ways been an element of uncertainty as to what his species really

was. By a general concensus of opinion among the earlier stu-

dents of American Unionidas, it was considered to be the same

as the species subsequently described by Lea as Unio pyramida-

tus. Dr. Lea, himself, gave it doubtful recognition as a valid

species and placed it near pyramidatus in his Synopsis. Simp-

son states that, in his opinion, the shells under this name in the

Lea collection are an elongated form of pyramidatus. Conrad

in his Synopsis of 1853 considered it a synonym of Lamarck's

clava. It is quite probable that he was entirely correct in this

disposition of this species, which would be a very satisfactory

solution of the problem. It seems to be reasonably certain,

however, that it was either clava Lam. or pyramidatus Lea. Ac-

cording to Dr. Ortmann, pyramidatus Lea is a Pleurobema and

THE NAUTILUS. 115

not a Quadrula. But even this is immaterial, if Rafinesque's

species can be satisfactorily identified as either of those species.

If mytilloides Raf. is the same as clava Lam., it disappears in the

synonymy. If it is the pyramidatus Lea, it would take prece-

dence of that species. But in either event, and that is the im-

portant point here, the specific name mytilloides can not be used

again for a different species of Pleurobema. So that, although

Conrad's mytilloides was described as an Unio, his name, even if

the species is ciearty identified, can not be used if his type was

a Pleurobema.

The shells, on which Conrad based his Unio cor, came from

the Elk and Flint rivers, Ala. Both of these streams are tribu-

taries of the Tennessee River. It is probable that the form

described by Conrad as cor represents some species also described

by Lea. Mr. Frierson has investigated that question (NAUTILUS,

Jan., 1916, p. 102). But whatever U. cor is, it is quite clear

that it is not the same as either of Lea's species, crapulus or

lewisii. With the great increase in recent years of our knowl-

edge of the faunas of the Alabama and Tennessee drainage

systems, it has become more and more evident that there are

very few species of Pleurobema that are common to both systems.

The fauna of the Tennessee has been very thoroughly worked

over and there can be no doubt that there is no species in that

fauna that can by any approximation be referred to either of

Lea's species.

The elimination of cor from further consideration leaves the

two species from the Alabama system to be dealt with. As-

suming, for the purposes of the argument, that they are synon-

ymous, what name shall be used ? Both were described in the

same paper, but crapulus has page precedence. This, however,

under the Code (see NAUT. xxviii, p. 125), is immaterial. I am

of the opinion that precedence should be given to the name of

lewisii for the following reasons:

1. The lewisii Lea is a well-defined and well-known species of

the Coosa, and there can be no doubt as to what it is.

2. Lea's crapulus came from the Etowah River, Ga.. and was

described from a single specimen. It does not seem to have

been found by any of the recent collectors. While it may be

116 THE NAUTILUS.

an absolute synonym of lewisii, on the other hand, in view of

the well-known variation of the species of this genus in the

different rivers of the Alabama system, it is quite possible that

it may be varietally or even specifically distinct. Its final

position in the system must necessarily await its re-discovery in

sufficient quantity to enable its standing to be definitely deter-

mined. If its accidental page priority were to be recognized, it

would leave the specific type a matter of uncertainty for an

indefinite period.

3. By adopting lewisii as the specific name, Dr. Lea's inten-

tion to perpetuate the memory of one of the leading concholo-

gists of hig time will be effective.

In view of these considerations and assuming the two forms

to be synonymous, I select Unio lewisii Lea as the specific type.

The synonym, therefore, would be as follows:

PLEUROBEMA LEWISII (Lea).

1861. Unio lewisii Lea, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 40.

1862. Unio lewisii Lea, Jl. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, p. 71, pi.

vii, fig. 220; Obs., viii, p. 75, pi. viii,

fig. 220.

1861. ? Unio crapulus Lea, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 39.

1866. ? Unio crapulus Lea, Jl. Ac. Nat. Sci. vi, p. 42, pi. xv,

fig. 40.

1867. ? Unio crapulus Lea, Obs., xi, p. 46, pi. xv, fig. 40.

1900. Pleurobema cor Simpson, Syn., p. 754 (not of Conrad).

1914. Pleurobema cor Simpson, Desc. Cat., p. 765(not of Conrad).

NOTE. — The foregoing article was received before the publication of that on

U. cor in the January number. Most of the matter relating to cor has there-

fore been eliminated. — EDS .

ANODONTA DANIELSI LEA IN COLORADO.

BY MAX M. ELLIS.

While collecting fishes during October in Black Wolf Creek,

a tributary of the Arikaree River in eastern Colorado, a large,

isolated colony of bivalves was discovered, specimens from

THE NAUTILUS. 117

which have been identified by Mr. Bryant Walker as Anodonta

danieki Lea. This collection constitutes the first record of this

species from Colorado. The only other species of Anodonta

known to occur in Colorado is Anodonta grand-is, listed from two

localities, Lodgepole Creek in the extreme northeastern corner

of the state and a reservoir about 30 miles north of Denver.

(Henderson, Mollusca Colo. 1912).

The stream, Black Wolf Creek, is a small, rapid, spring-fed

brook, about seven miles long and averaging two feet wide dur-

ing low water. It joins the Arikaree River about eight miles

from the Colorado-Nebraska line. As the Arikaree River fre-

quently goes dry in Colorado during the summer months, Black

Wolf Creek which carries water throughout the year from its

small springs, is left an isolated unit during these dry seasons.

The bottom of this stream is coarse sand or fine gravel except

in the backwaters upstream from the two artificial dams which

have been placed across the stream to deflect water for irrigation

purposes. Back of each of these dams the stream widens to 20

feet or more for a distance of several hundred yards, in which

portions of the stream the water averages four feet in depth.

In this quiet water the fine blue clay carried by the stream has

been deposited on the bottom in a compact layer about 20

inches thick.

The colony Anodonta danielsi was found in the deep water

back of the upper dam on Black Wolf Creek, which is located

about two and one- half miles north and a little west of the

Indian battleground known as Beecher's Island. This dam is

little more than a low mud wall and it has not increased mate-

rially the depth of the water in a naturally deeper portion of the

stream. This fact together with the finding of large numbers of

broken shells on and in the banks of the stream where they had

been carried by mammals, and the absence of shells in the deep

water back of the lower dam (a more elaborate wall which has

changed the water-level back of it) suggests that the colony

found has been established for a long time. The individuals

were very abundant, often six or more large adults occurring in

a space a foot square. Each shell was securely buried in the

dense blue clay so that a rather strong pull was required to

118 THE NAUTILUS.

loosen it, and the projecting siphonal portion was usually

covered with soft silt.

The one hundred specimens collected at random from this

colony were very uniform in size. A typical shell has the fol-

lowing measurements: length, 140 mm.; height from margin to

hinge, 80 mm. ; diameter, 55 mm. ; thickness of the individual

valve, 2 mm. A comparison of these measurements with those

given by Simpson (Cat. p. 428, 1914) for this species shows the

average Colorado specimen to be almost one-half longer than

specimens from the type locality, Topeka, Kansas. Moreover,

a few shells from Black Wolf Creek are 180 mm. long. Only a

few juvenile specimens were found, the smallest of these meas-

uring 70 mm. in length. These small specimens are of a

brilliant green color and have a more or less definite pattern of

rays. The adult shells were a rich, pitchy black when first

taken from the water and as dried and cleaned specimens they

have a polished or varnished appearance. The umbonal half of

each valve is black or greenish black, and the marginal half a

bistre brown, the color transition between the two portions of

the shell being rather abrupt. The soft parts of the adults were

also highly colored, among the individuals collected two forms

not correlated with sex, were evident : a bright salmon-pink

type and a dull chocolate-brown type.

While cleaning the shells it was noted that most of the

females were distended with eggs. Many shells contained large

irregular pearls, several of which were at least 15 mm. in

length. These pearls were invariably irregular and more or

less attached to the shell. Although their lustre was excellent,

showing a good deposit of lime, they were very frail. Several

were opened and found to contain masses of blue clay like that

in which the mussels themselves were found. Ranchers living

along Black Wolf Creek told of several freshets during the past

three years which swept out numbers of shells from the deep

water back of dam. It is possible that these mud pearls may

have been caused by the sudden introduction of mud into the

shells during these floods.

It may be added that there is a large specimen of Anodonta

in the Museum of the University of Colorado marked Anodonta

THE NAUTILUS. 119

grandis, which is one of a few collected about 30 miles north of

Denver. This shell, which is 160 mm. long and 100 mm.

high, and the specimens from Black Wolf Creek were com-

pared, as Anodonta danielsi is a member of the Anodonta grandis

group. The oral end of this Anodonta grandis is rather abruptly

truncated, the same portion of the eastern Colorado shells being

broadly rounded ; the umbonal region is reddish brown shading

to almost black along the margin of the valve, the shell as a

whole lacking the greenish cast so evident in the specimens

from Black Wolf Creek ; and the Anodonta grandis shell is

more inflated and broader than the others. The umbonal

sculpture of this Anodonta grandis and of the Anodonta danielsi

from Black Wolf Creek seemed identical, and the contour of

the siphonal end of each valve is the same for both species.

Department of Biology,

University of Colorado.

NOTES.

APPETITE OF EUGLANDINA. — M. L. Vignal gives an interesting

account of the behavior of Glandina guttata C. & F. from Mexico

kept alive and under observation for some time (Bull. Soc. Nat.

d'Acclimatation, Nov. 1915, pp. 344-349). Ordinarily a large

Glandina ate an adult Helix aspersa every 2 or 3 days. Between

June 6 and Aug. 28 (1911) it devoured 28 Helix aspersa, weigh-

ing, without the shell 121 grams (about 65J ozs. ) Five Glan-

dinas ate 102 Helix variabilis and 7 H. nemoralis in 17 days, an

average of over 6 per day for the five.

NOTE ON C^ECILIOIDES. — In 1907 the Avriter proposed a group

Ccec'dianopsis to include the very small Cxcilioides of tropical

America, C. iota (C. B. Ad.), C. consobrina (Orb.) and their

varieties (See Manual of Conchology XX, p. 38). Not expect-

ing to find a land snail in a book dealing with marines, I over-

looked the publication by De Folin of Karolus primus, a minute

shell found at Vera Cruz (Les Fonds de la Mer I, p. 182, 189,

120 THE NAUTILUS.

pi. 26, fig. 7, 8 ; 1870). This is evidently identical with C.

consobrina veracruzensis (Crosse & Fischer), 1877. As the name

is prior, the eastern Mexican race will be called Caecilioides con-

sobrina prima (De Folin) ; and the subgenu? Csecilianopsis will

be replaced by Karolus De Folin. So far as I know, Karolus

has not been noticed by any author since its publication. In

Scudder's Nomenclator and the Zool. Record Index it is re-

ferred to as a genus of Hym [enoptera]. — H. A. PILSBRY.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

FAUNA OF NEW ENGLAND, 13, LIST OF THE MOLLUSCA, by

Charles W. Johnson (Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol.

VII). 231 pp., Dec., 1915. The 200-fathom line has been

taken as defining the seaward limit of the New England area, as

the 100-fathom contour would exclude part of the Gulf of

Maine. 710 species and subspecies are listed, of which 450 are

marine. Probably about 80 per cent, of these are deep-water

species. There are 80 species and subspecies of land shells, 83

fresh water gastropods, and 6 Auriculidx. The Unionidse

number 26, Sphaeriidffi 65. References are given to the original

descriptions, and to New England records. Type-locality is

given, and the New England distribution in detail. The nomen-

clature has been brought up to date, a valuable feature, which

will be appreciated by many naturalists beyond the limits of

New England, since the information could only be obtained

elsewhere by consulting a great number of books and papers,

abounding in conflicting use of names. The localities given

include all published records, and many not before in print,

from the collections of the author and his associates.

Mr. Johnson's List is a valuable addition to the catalogues of

New England animals which the Boston Society is publishing.

It should be in the library of every working conchologist. It

may be obtained from the Society, price $1.00. — H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXIX. MARCH, 1916. No. 11

MOLLUSES OF GENEVA, OHIO.

BY V. STERKI.

About a mile and a half north of Geneva, Ashtabula countjr,

Ohio, in the northeast corner of the state, and about three

miles from Lake Erie, there are some low woods, an ancient

lake-bottom land. The soil is a sandy clay, and at some places

mucky. During spring, the lower parts are more or less cov-

ered with water ; in summer, the soil often becomes dry as a

bone, for weeks and even months.

From 1909 to 1915, I had chances to do more or less collect-

ing there ever}' year, and at various seasons. The following

list may be of some interest, for being approximately complete,

and for some notes on ecology, etc. Some species found on the

open land near those woods, and originally part of them, are

added and marked with a *. The species are numbered for

easy reference.

1. Gastrodonta intertexta Binney, common especially at low

places where Sphserium occidentale and Succinea ovalis are living,

and on which probably they are principal!}1 feeding.

2. Zonitoides arboreus Say, common.

3. Z. minusculus Binney, frequent.

4. Z. exiguus Stimpson, common at some places.

5. Z. milium Morse, scarce.

6. Omphalinafuliginosa Griffith, not common, and apparently

quite scarce in the last years.

122 THE NAUTILUS.

7. 0. inornata Say, frequent. — Some years ago I found a

specimen of Polygyra thyroides in the body whorl of which there

were two 0. inornata, on opposite sides, entered through holes

made in the shell; inside of the apical whorls of the same was

one Gastrod. intertexta; all had been feeding there, and of the

victim's body only a few scant remnants were left.

8. Hyalina [ Vitrea~] indentata Say, not common.

9. H. radiatula Alder (hammonis Strom.), not rare.

10. H. wheatleyi Bland, not rare.

11. H. ferrea Morse, not rare.

12. H. multidentata Binney, rather common.

13. Eucomdus chersinus, common.

14. E. sterkii Dall, scarce.

15. Agriolimax campestris, common.

16. *A. agrestis Linne, in a brick yard near by.

17. Circinaria concava Say, common.

18. Helicodiscus lineatus Say, not rare.

19. Patula [Pyramidula] alternata Say, common.

20. P. perspectiva Say, rather common.

21. ':<P. cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry, not in the woods, but

outside.

22. Pwnctum pygtn urn Draparnaud, common.

23. SphyradiumedentulumT>iap., rare.

24. Polygyra albolabris Say, rather scarce.

25. P. zaleta Binney, very rare; only one living specimen and

a dead shell were found, of a form much larger than the one

generally known.

26. P. thyroides Say, common, large, with thin shell and lip,

and of brownish color, rather different from those found on

limestone soil. Repeatedly they were found gathered on and

around old ash heaps from brush fires.

27. P. palliata Say, not common.

28. P. tridentata Say, common.

29. P. monodon fraterna Say, scarce.

30. P. hirsuta S&y, rather common.

31. Philomycus carolinensis Bosc., rather common.

32. Ph. ohioensisSt., MS., a single specimen.

: In 1900, I found two specimens of this near Chippewa

THE NAUTILUS.

Lake, Medina Co., 0., and then looked for others in vain, for

over a dozen years. It is evidently none of the described spe-

cies ; the jaw and radula are different from those of both caro-

linensis and dorsalis, but the jaw is more like that of the former,

without strong ribs. The other parts of the anatomy have not

been examined, and so it remained unpublished. The body,,

when extended, is about 28 mm. long, slender ; the dorsum is

tan-colored, without any markings.

33. Ph. dorsalis Binney, not scarce.

34. Strobilops labyrinthiciis Say, rare.

35.* Vallonia pulchella Miiller, not in the woods, common

around a barn near by.

36.* F. excentrica Sterki, with the preceding.

37. Bifidaria contracta Say, common.

38. B. pentodon Say, common; variable with respect to the

apertural lamella and folds.

39. B. minuta Sterki; for description see page 105.

40. B. corticaria Say, scarce.

41. Vertigo goiddii Binney, not rare.

42. V. ovata Say, scarce.

43. V. elatior Sterkii, scarce. Appears to be distinct from

rentricosa, to judge by material from a number of States.

44. V. tridentata Wolf, rare.

45. V. milium Gould, rather scarce.

46. Cionella lubrica Miiller, rather scarce.

47. Succinea ovalis Say, common.

48. S. retusa Lea, scarce.

49. S. avara Say, scarce.

50. Carychium exiguum Say, scarce.

51. C. exile H. C. Lea, common.

52. Lymmea parva Lea, scarce.

a. * L. parva sterkii F. C. Baker (probably, according to F.

C. Baker) ; ditch, outside.

53. L. ? (small, slender, probably immature), two speci-

mens in siftings, with land snails.

54. Planorbis trivolvis Say, in a permanent pool, or small

pond.

55. P. exacutus Say, pools (with 61), not rare.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

56. Segmentina armigera Say, rather scarce, but found living,

under dead leaves, even after prolonged drought.

57. Physa gyrina Say, rather scarce, a small form, under the

same conditions as 56 and 60 ; a larger form is common in a

drainage ditch, outside, which is usually dry in summer except

after heavy rains.

58. Aplexa hypnorum Linne, with 61, scarce, small ; one

specimen was found with 53.

59. Amnicola Cincinnati ensis Lea, one dead shell was found in

a small ditch (with 52 a), far away from a creek.

60. Sphserium occidentale amphibium St., common at lower

places in the woods ; even after the ground has been dry for

weeks, these mussels are found living, at all stages of growth ;

not found with 61!

61. Musculium truncatum Linsley, frequent in pools where

water lasts longer, but which are usually dry during summer.

62. * Pisidium abditum Haldeman, not rare in the ditch

mentioned under 57.

It appears to be worth noting that some species have not

been found, which should be expected at such a place rather

than many of those listed, e. g. Zonitoides nitidus, Enconulus

fulvus, Polygyra multilineata, Bifidaria tappaniana.

NOTES ON MOLLUSCA OF CENTRAL MONTANA.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY,

Redlands, California.

Some two years ago I published in the NAUTILUS (vol. 26,

pp. 130-131) a short list of mollusks taken at Winnecook,

Meagher County, Montana. Having had occasion to visit the

same locality, and hence the opportunity to make further col-

lections, every summer since, it now seems worth while not

only to record the additional species which have been found,

but to revise the first list in its entirety. A fairly good idea

THE NAUTILUS. 125

may be gained of the way the various species run by the num-

bers of specimens taken, recorded in parentheses after each

species. In 1914 I kept a fairly accurate census of the living

specimens collected (first number in parenthesis), and in 1915

did the same for the drift specimens, and these figures indicate

fairly well the relative abundance of the different forms. All

this drift material (listed in the second number in parenthesis)

was taken from three quarts, gross measure, or one and a half

pounds of fine flotsam, scooped up from one little pocket on the

bank of the Musselshell River.

Mollnsca of Winnecook, Montana.

Vallonia costata montana Sterki (88 ; 390).

Pyramidula cronkhitei (Newc. ) (68; 98).

Vitrea hammonis (Strom.) (5 ; 22).

Zonitoides arborea (Say) (70 ; 15).

Zonitoides minuscula (Binn. ) (0 ; 41).

Euconulus fulvus (Mull.) (12 ; 4).

Agriolimax campestris (Binn.) (7 ; 0).

Pupilla blandi (Morse) (0 ; 4).

Vertigo binneyana Sterki (7 ; 81).

Vertigo ovata (Say) (0 ; 1).

Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull.) (8 ; 14).

Succinea avara Say (1 ; 9).

Succinea oregonensis Lea (1 ; 0).

Succinea retusa Lea (21 ; 0).

Lymnaea caperata Say (unrecorded ; 12).

Lymnaea palustris Mull, (unrecorded ; 1).

Lymnaea parva Lea (0 ; 19).

Planorbis antrosus Conrad (taken in 1914).

Planorbis parvus Say (0 ; 11).

Planorbis umbilicatellus Ckll. (0 ; 10).

Physa gyrina Say (taken 1914).

Aplexa hypnorum (Linn.) (taken 1914).

The list brings out a somewhat curious mingling of eastern

and western forms at a point which is well to the eastward of

the Continental Divide. The intimate association of apparently

126 THE NAUTILUS.

typical Succinea oregonensis (a characteristic western species)

with equally representative S. avara in the self-same swale is

very interesting.

The Euconulus are E. fulvtts all right, but a few of the speci-

mens furnish at least an approach to the alaskensis of Pilsbry.

Vallonia costata montana has been by all odds the most

abundant species taken. Mr. Vanatta kindly compared some

of the Winnecook shells with Sterki's types of this form in the

collection of the Philadelphia Academy, so that the identifica-

tion seems a comfortably certain one. He writes that "the

smallest-sized Vallonia are just about the size of the types," so

that it would appear that Sterki's specimens were not charac-

teristic in size or represented a somewhat smaller race.

The single Planorbis, previously reported with considerable

doubt as P. callioglyptus Vanatta, was also sent to Mr. Vanatta.

He was unable to confirm the identification, so that the species

is here rejected from the list. The specimen is probably too

young for safe determination.

Despite diligent search I have as yet discovered not a single

mussel shell in the Musselshell River. I one day picked up a

single worn and minute fragment on the shore, and that is all.

Mollusca of Oxford, Montana :

In a small stream called Elk Creek at a point about one mile

south of Oxford Station, Meagher County, the following species

were taken in the month of June, 1914 and 1915.

Pisidium compressum Prime.

Pisidium compressum laevigatum Sterki.

Planorbis parvus Say.

Physa gyrina Say (very large).

Lymnaea caperata Say.

Lymnaea obrussa Say.

Lymnaea palustris Mu'ller.

Lymnaea parva Lea.

Vallonia costata montana Sterki (dead).

THE NAUTILUS. 127

Swimming Woman Creek Canyon.

On July 4, 1914, a very brief visit to Swimming Woman

Creek Canyon in the Big Snowy Mountains resulted in the fol-

lowing collection:

East Canyon

wall floor

Vallonia costata montana Sterki ... 30 5

Thysanophora ingersolli convexior Ancey (dead) 14

Oreohelix cooperi berryi Pilsbry. . . .55

Pyramidula cronkhitei (Newcomb) ... 2 2

Zonitoides arborea (Say) (very large) 6 1

Euconulus fulvus (Miiller) .... 7 3

Vitrina alaskana Dall (dead) .... 2 2

Pupilla muscorum (Linn.) (dead) ... 1

Vertigo modesta parietalis Ancey (dead) . . 4

The Euconulus seem to me for the most part intermediate be-

tween typical fulvus and alaskensis. They could perhaps be

classified with equal exactitude either way.

The Oreohelices listed are members of a very small race de-

scribed in a recent number of this periodical by Pilsbry ( NAU-

TILUS vol. 29, p. 48), but it is so much the most conspicuous

snail of the region that such figures of population as those given

in the above columns indicate the relative abundance of all the

smaller forms in a very unsatisfactory way. I doubt very much

whether Oreohelix actually does replace Vallonia as the most

abundant snail, even at this altitude. Live shells of both were

fairly common, and dead ones abundant all over the eastern

wall of the canyon at the spot visited, occurring at or near the

surface among the mass of small loose rock and shrubbery which

covered the slope. The other species, where so noted, were in

the same situation, while those taken on the floor of the canyon

were found under sticks and small logs in rather moist situations

along the creek.

The locality for both slope and floor is jnst within the mouth

of the canyon, and is probably just south of the present county

line. If so, this would bring it into Musselshell County and

not Fergus, as stated in the original description of 0. c. berryi.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

I am unable to find that any previous collecting has been

done either in the Big Snowies or the neighboring ranges, but

Mr. Robert Wellington brought me a few specimens of a larger

and more typical race of Oreohelix cooperi from near the head of

Neil Canyon, on the same side of the range as the present lo-

cality, but some miles to the westward.

It might be added that I have taken Planorbis antrosus, Physa

gyrina, and Lymnaea caperata in some abundance in the pools

and ditches along the river bottom at Harlowton, Montana.

I am indebted to Mr. Frank C. Baker for determinations of

the Lymnaeidae mentioned in this article : to Mr. E. G. Vanatta

for various help in verifying and comparing specimens ; and

likewise to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry and Mr. George H. Clapp.

REVERSED OR SINISTRAL SHELLS.

BY F. A. SAMPSON.

In NAUTILUS, vol. ix., 1895, p. 94, Prof. Wetherby told of

three reversed shells which had belonged to him. A P. thy-

roides and a P. multilineata he had given to John G. Anthony

for the Cambridge collection, and at that time he had another

thyroides in his collection. He did not give the locality of the

shells, but as he had formerly lived at Cincinnati, it is probable

that the shells were from that neighborhood. He knew of a

third thyroides collected near Cincinnati by Mr. Stannage, and

of a mitchelliana collected by Prof. F. W. Bryant near the same

place. Dr. Lewis had an albolabris in his collection.

In NAUTILUS, vol. x, January, 1897, p. 104, C. F. Ancey

gave a list of 21 sinistral specimens of shells that were normally

dextral. Only two of them were American — Polygyra thyroides

from Connecticut, and Campeloma decisum from New York.

In the February number of the same volume Pilsbry reported

that he had a collection of Campeloma decisum made by W. W.

Jefferis, of Philadelphia, collected at Fort Edward on the Hud-

son River, New York, examined for sinistral shells, and among

THE NAUTILUS. 129

681 specimens from one-fourth to full size there was no sinistral

shell, but of 410 uterine young three were sinistral.

A note from Jennie E. Letson in NAUTILUS, vol. xi, July,

1897, page 33, stated that the collection of about a hundred

species of Ampullaria in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural

Sciences had only one sinstral shell, and that was A. conica

Wood, but she did not state the locality of it.

In NAUTILUS, vol. v, page 83, Leslie M. Cockerell of Nor-

wood, San Miguel County, Colorado, reported a sinistral Patula

cooperi. Pilsbry added a note that while this was a rare malfor-

mation in America, it occurred more frequently with this than

in most species, and that several cases were on record.

F. C. Baker in "The Lymnseidse of North and Middle

America," says that a sinistral Lymna?a is rarely found. A

Galba obrussa was found in the collection of Henry Hemphill,

and a Galba palustris in the collection of Dr. W. A. Nason.

I have in my collection two sinistral shells of Campeloma sub-

solidum, from Flat creek, in Pettis County, Missouri, and a

Pyramidula alternata Say, from near Columbia, Mo. This is

the first sinistral land shell I have ever found.

In the neighborhood of this town I have found more abnor-

mal crinoids, than in all other localities combined ; but whatever

the causes may have been to produce these malformations, they

have not noticeably operated to produce abnormal shells.

Columbia, Mo.

MOLLTISKS OF ANAHEIM BAY, CALIFORNIA.

BY E. P. CHACE.

I am enclosing a list of shells that were collected at Anaheim

Landing by myself and wife with a little help at times, the shells

being all in my collection. I have done no dredging and think

that if I did I would add several species to the list. The total

length of shore included in the collecting is less than 3k miles,

about £ being in the bay and the rest ocean beach, and no rocks

in sight within 4 to 5 miles.

130

THE NAUTILUS.

Collected at Anaheim Bay.

Acanthina spirata, Blainville Conus californicus Hds.

Alectrion fossata, Gld.

Alectrion mendica cooperi, Fbs.,

Alectrion perpinguis, Gld.

Arcularia tegula, Rve.

Bullaria gouldiana, Pils.

Calliostoma gemmulatum, Cpr.

Calliostoma tricolor, Gabb.

Cerithidea californica, Hald.

Cerithiopsis carpenteri, Bartsch. Olivella biplicata. Sby.

Cerithiopsis pedroana, Bartscb. Olivella pedroana, Cpr.

Columbella gausapata, Gld. Phasianella coinpta, Gld.

Columbella gausapata carinata, Polynices lewisii, Gld.

Hds. Polynices recluziana, Desh.

In the vicinity of the Bay :

Cardium quadragenarum, Conr. Paphia staminea laciniata,

Crepidula onyx rngosa, Nutt.

Crucibulum spinosum, Sby.

Haminea vesicula, Gld.

Littorina scutulata, Gld.

Lucapina crenulata, Sby.

Lucapinella calliomarginata,

Cpr.

Melampus olivaceus, Cpr.

Cardium substriatum, Conr.

Chione fluctifraga, Sby.

Chione succincta, Val.

Chione undatella, Sby.

Cooperella subdiaphana, Cpr.

Diplodonta orbella, Gld.

Donax californica, Conr.

Heterodonax bimaculatus,

D'Orb.

Macoma indentata, Cpr.

Macoma nasuta, Conr.

Mactra californica, Conr.

Modiolus capax, Conr.

Ostraea lurida rufoides, Cpr.

Paphia staminea, Conr.

Cpr.

Pecten circularis aequisulcat-

us, Cpr.

Petricola denticulata, Sby.

Pholas pacifica, Stearns.

Platyodon cancellatus, Conr.

Psammobia californica.

Sanguinolaria nuttallii, Conr.

Saxidomas nuttallii, Conr.

Schizothaerus nuttallii, Conr.

Tagelus californianus, Conr.

Tagelus californianus subteres,

Conr.

Tellina carpenteri, Dall.

Zirfaea gabbi, Tryon.

Collected alive, on the sandbars and beach near the

entrance of the Bay.

Bursa californica. Tivela cra*satelloides, Conr.

Donax levigata, Desh. Turris ophioderma, Dall.

Murex festivus, Hds.

THE NAUTILUS.

131

Washed up on the beach after storms, alive or very fresh.

Amiantis callosa, Conr. Metis alta, Conr.

Chama exogyra, Conr. Modiolus flabellatus, Gld.

Charna pellucida, Sby. Modiolus rectus, Conr.

Cryptomya californica, Conr. Paphia tenerrima, Cpr.

Glottidea albida, Hds. Periploma discus, Stearns.

Macoma secta, Conr. Periploma planiuscula, Sby.

Mactra hemphilli, Dall. Siliqua lucida, Conr.

Mactra planulata. Solen rosaceus, Cpr.

Dead shells collected on the beach.

Bathytoma tryoniana.

Dentalium neohexagonum,S&P.

Epitonium hindsii, Cpr.

Sinum debilis, Gld.

Turritella cooperi, Cpr.

Epitonium bellastriatum, Cpr.

(fragment).

Anomia peruviana (upper

valves).

Labiosa undulata, Gld. (bro-

ken valves).

Mactra catilliformis, Conr.

Panopea generosa, Gld.

Pecten giganteus, Gray.

Thracia plicata,

Yoldia cooperi, Gabb. (valves

only).

Collected on the piles of the bridge across the entrance of the Bay.

Acmaea patina, Esch. Lasaea rubra, Mont.

Acmaea persona, Esch. Myrina diegensis, Dall.

Littorina planaxis, Nutt. Mytilus californianus, Conr.

Littorina scutulata, Gld.

Cypraeaspadicea,Gray. (1 only)

Occasionally a rock washes in on the beach containing some

Lithophagus plumula, Cpr. and Kellia laperousii, Desh. and

the kelp brings in Acmaea incessa, Hds. Eulima (species un-

determined) has been found in a kelp holdfast and a dead

Polynices lewis with 7 Crepidula excavata, Brod. on it washed

in after a storm.

Most of the shells listed above were collected by Mr. and

Mrs. E. P. Chace within the last three years. The others were

collected by Mrs. J. E. Herbst, Valentine Herbst and Otto

Keim, and were collected during the same period of time.

132 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES.

OLIVA PERUVIANA VADI, new name. — This is the brown variety

*•

of Oliva peruviana Lamarck, described in THE NAUTILUS volume

24 (1911), p. 122 and also referred to in THE NAUTILUS volume

29 (1915), p. 67 as Oliva peruviana castanea ' Ford' Johnson,

from Peru; but it is not Oliva flammulata castanea Dautzenberg

from West Africa, described in the Actes de la Societe Linne-

enne de Bordeaux volume 64 (1910), p. 79. The name castanea

' Ford ' Johnson being preoccupied by castanea Dautzenberg, I

propose the name vadi for the Peruvian shell. The types are

tray number 111703, in the collection of the Academy of

Natural Sciences from Peru. This variety is figured in Reeve's

Conchologia Iconica volume 6 (1850), Monograph of the genus

Oliva plate 9 figure 14c. , and also in Try on' s Manual of Con-

chology volume 5, plate 18, figure 57. — E. G. Vanatta.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

The Mollusca of Georgian Bay. By A. D. Robertson, B. A.,

University of Toronto. Contrib. to Canadian Biology, Fasci-

culus II, Ottawa, 1815, pp. 95-111 ; 3 plates. An interesting

study of the forms of a restricted area. 37 species are listed

from Go Home Bay, with notes on their stations and characters,

especially such as seem correlated with the conditions of life.

1 ' In general the species of Mollusca exhibit great flexibility in

their environmental relations. In many cases ecological selec-

tion is operative within broad limits, while in a few the

environmental type is more or less specific. The chief factors

in this selection appear to be (a) exposed or protected situation,

(b) depth of water, (c) degree of aeration, (d) character of the

bottom, and (e) food conditions. In the genus Lymnaea, the

long-spired forms occur in the stagnant bays, while the short-

spired ones inhabit rocky shores." Most of the species are

illustrated on three excellent plates.

THE NAUTILUS. XXIX.

PLATE IV.

COKER1A SOUTHALLI MARSHALL.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOL. XXIX. APRIL, 1916. No. 12

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF NAIAD FEOM THE JAMES RIVER AT

HURON, SOUTH DAKOTA.

RY WILLIAM B. MARSHALL.

COKERIA, new genus.

Characters those of the new species described below.

COKERIA SOUTHALLI, new species. Plate IV.

Shell gaping anteriorly, moderately thin, subquadrangular

tending to subtriangular ; abruptly rounded anteriorly, pos-

terior margin nearly straight and perpendicular, dorsal margin

straight, ventral margin gently curving throughout its entire

length. Valves widest just in front of the posterior ventral

angle. Umbones at about the anterior third of the dorsal mar-

gin, high and incurved, the second growth line nearly horizontal.

'Posterior dorsal ridge very high, obtusely angular. Posterior

area descending abruptly from the ridge and somewhat wing-like.

Greatest inflation is along the umbonal ridge. A pronounced

furrow extends from the umbo to the lower third of the posterior

margin. Seven rest-periods distinctly marked by concentric

dark lines. Anteriorly from the middle portion a bold rounded

rib occurs just below each rest-period. Dorsal area faintly

radiately striate. Color, varying shades of chestnut, lighter

(nearly straw color) anteriorly, darker posteriorly, rest stages

sharply defined by blackish lines. Umbonal region faintly

134 THE NAUTILUS.

tinged with greenish. Periostracum thin, slightly glossy,

closely adhering.

Nacre anteriorly lustrous white and thickened, posteriorly

thin, violaceous and brilliantly iridescent. Pallial line not

sharply defined and with several concentric striae above it, its

anterior portion radiately striated. Anterior adductor and

retractor scars separated, deep and rough, posterior scars super-

ficial. Dorsal muscle scars concealed by the incurving of the

upper portion of the valve.

Lateral tooth of right valve thin, very high, wing-like, stri-

ated longitudinally. Laterals of left valve similar to that of

right valve, but smaller, the groove between them being very

narrow. Pseudocardinals of right valve two, thin, opposite,

the upper one being the stronger. Pseudocardinals of right

valve coalescing, standing in the same straight line, the anterior

one high, slightly curved, the posterior low, its summit irregu-

larly crenulated. The sculpture of each umbo consists of four

concentric ridges, highest (almost a nodule) at their posterior

ends, and numerous concentric striae.

The type U. S. National Museum, Cat. No. 215130 comes

from the James River at Huron, South Dakota, and was col-

lected by theTJ. S. Bureau of Fisheries. It measures : Length,

81 mm. ; Height 53 mm. ; Diameter 44 mm.

Robert E. Coker and John B. Southall, both of the U. S.

Bureau of Fisheries, first called attention to this shell in their

" Description of Shell found in the James River at Huron, S.

Dak., July 27, 1913," l in which the shell is described and fig-

ured, with the following statement: — u Characteristic features

of the shell are its triangular or pyramidal form and its remark-

able inflation, which are strongly suggestive of the inflated types

of L. luteola ; its compressed sharp teeth which are of the Lamp-

silis type to an extreme ; the color of epidermis and character-

istic color of nacre, which find correspondence only in species

of Quadrula, especially in Quadrula undulata. The pyramidal

shape of the shell is also suggestive of Q. undulata. It is not

'"Mussel resources in tributaries of the Upper Missouri River" in Rep.

U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries for 1914 (1915).

THE NAUTILUS. 135

possible at the present time to place the specimen in any de-

scribed genus."

The resemblance to L. luteolus is remote and is confined to the

character of the teeth. The resemblance to Quadrula undulata

is more intimate. The undulations of the umbones are of the

Quadrula type and of course entirely different from the double-

looped, fine, wavy undulations of luteolus. The teeth are as

different from those of Quadrula as the undulations of the um-

bones are different from Lampsilis, and consequently the shell

cannot belong to either of those genera. There seems to be no

possibility that the shell can be a smooth Q. undulata nor a hy-

brid of L. luteolus and Q. undulata and consequently it requires

a new generic name.

LAND-SHELLS FROM ANAFE HILL IN THE HAVANA

PEOVINCE, CUBA,

JOHN B. HENDERSON.

The Havana province has been so much exploited by natura-

lists it could hardly be expected to offer any more novelties to

a conchologist. On the contrary it appears to yield almost as

much in the way of new species as does any other and larger

province of the island, — and this, too, despite a denser popula-

tion, a minimum of forest, a greater relative area under culti-

vation and an insignificant mountain system. So rich is this

state in numbers of species, the many Cuban naturalists who

have lived in or near Havana and three generations of visiting

collectors who have ransacked the province, have not yet ex-

hausted it of its treasures. Doctor Torre has quite a formidable

collection of novelties from Madruga and its neighboring hills,

and what is even more remarkable, a new sinistral Urocoptis

from the golf-course of the country club scarcely more than

without the city limits of Havana. Upon my return to Havana

after roughing it in the wilds of remote Cuba I always detect a

twinkle in Dr. Torre's eye as he matches my hard- won discover-

136 THE NAUTILUS.

ies with equally interesting ones from, as it would seem, his

very back yard.

The reason for all this is obvious. Havana province is all

limestone and the mountain system that once occupied it and

developed its rich fauna is now reduced to a number of isolated

hills, — large, small and tiny, each standing alone and harboring

a little faunula of its own of more or less modified species. One

of the larger of these hills is in the northwest corner of the

I>rovince (near Guanajay) and hardly an hour's ride by trolley

from the city of Havana. It is about five hundred feet high,

about a mile long, of limestone and well wooded. Its name is

4> Loma de Anafe," — the word " loma" meaning hill. Barring

a few dead shells gathered there recently and sent to Dr. Torre

by a friend, I know of no mollusk records from it. Out of

curiosity, and in a holiday spirit, I visited it last fall. The

morning was given to the south side and the base; the afternoon

to the top and to a deep gorge that fairly splits the hill on the

north side, — called La Barranca. Within the deep gorge, with

its precipitous walls and lush tropic vegetation and its generally

wild aspect, it is hard to realize that the smoke of Havana is in

sight above the eastern horizon.

The following list of land-shells from Anafe show a very

typical Havana province assembage of names with just a sug-

gestion of Pinar del Rio in the Chondropoma otionis. Those

with a " B " indicate the Barranca, or gorge, of the north side,

while "S" indicates the south front :

Thysanophora boothiana Pfr. (S).

Thysanophora selenina Old. (S).

Thysanophora saxicola Pfr. (S).

Thysanophora stigmatica Pfr. (B).

Pleurodonte (Thel. ) auricoma Fer (S).

Cepolis (Jeann.) multistriata Desh (S, B).

Cepolis (Cyst.) cubensis Pfr. (S).

Liguus fasciatus Mull (western form of the Organ Mts. (S) .

Urocoptis cyclostoma anafensis, n. subsp. (B).

Urocoptis poeyana Orb (S).

Microceramus perconicus anafensis, n. f. (S).

THE NAUTILUS. 137

Oleacina o. straminea Desh. (S, B).

Oleacina solidula Pfr. (S, B).

Oleacina incisa Pfr. (B).

Rectoleacina suturalis Pfr. (S).

Varicella (Pich.) gracillima Pfr. (S)

Varicella (Pich.) acuticostata horrida Pils. (B).

Helicina adspersa Pfr. (S, B).

Emoda submarginata Gray (B).

Alcadia minima Pfr. (S).

Alcadia rotunda Orb. (var. ) (B).

Eutrochatella sloanei Orb. (S, B).

Eutrochatella rupestris Pfr. (S).

Eutrochatella conica Pfr. (S, B).

Proserpina depressa Orb. (B).

Megalomastoma apertum Poey (B).

Chondropoma poeyanum Orb. (S).

Chondropoma (?) n. sp.? (B).

Chondropoma ottonis Pfr. (S, B).

Ctenopoma rugulosum Pfr. (S, B).

Ctenopoma nodulatum Poey (B).

Had I gathered some dirt in proper places several minute

species could no doubt have been added.

The subspecies anafensis of Urocoptis cyclostoma differs from

type only in the riblets. The number of these is about the

same, but instead of "threadlike" they resemble little knife-

blades projecting up from the whorl and with their sharp edges

more or less bent forwards in the direction of the shell growth.

They are oblique as in the type but describe a double curve

from suture to suture.

The form anafensis of Pilsbry's Microceramus perconicus is

smaller, with narrower, more convex whorls, and somewhat

flatter base.

The Chondropoma left without a specific name is a puzzle. It

belongs to the peoyanum-pfeifferianum-pictum complex with cer-

tain peculiar characters of each, the facies of all, but is not any

one of the lot — or all of them. The reflected peristome is the

trouble. I dare not name it.

138 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTE ON THE MARGINELLA VARIA OF SOWEKBY.

BY J. R. LE B. TOMLIN.

This species was originally described in the Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond. 1846, p. 97 (not p. 47 as stated by1 Redfield) and

figured the same year in the Thesaurus vol. I, p. 390, pi. 76,

figs. 137-141. Sowerby gives the W. Indies and Belieze (sic)

as localities, but there is no clue as to his types.

There can be no doubt, however, that, of his four figures,

138, 139 and 140 represent three color varieties of the ubiqui-

tous West Indian M. avena Kiener (ex Valenciennes MS.),

while fig. 141 as obviously depicts M. albolineata Orb. This

has been generally recognized, as for example by Redfield,

Jousseaume and Try on.

The name varia Sow., has, however, for many years — prob-

ably on Carpenter's initiative — been 2 applied to a well-known

Californian shell.

Tryon s indeed considers that this West Coast species is iden-

tical with albolineata Orb. from the West Indies, but I have no

hesitation in rejecting this identification, and I do not think

that it has ever found much evidence. The specimen which

he figures is the true albolineata Orb.

I wondered at one time whether * M. J'asciata Sow. could be

the west-coast shell, but a careful study of the description and

figure leads me unhesitatingly to endorse Tryon' s surmise and

to refer it to M. mustelina Angas. M. fasciata Sow. (rubrifasciata

Jouss.*) was described from unknown locality on "specimens

in the British Museum," but the types are no longer there and

are presumably lost.

I propose, therefore, to give the name of M. californica to the

Californian species which has so long passed as varia Sow.

The type specimen, which is in my own collection, may be

1 Amer. Journ. Conch. VI, p. 244.

»Cf. Keep's West Coast Shells, p. 43.

* Manual, vol. V, p. 55, pi. 13, f. 37.

4 Thesaurus, vol. I, p. 389, pi. 76, f. 142.

4 Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1875, p. 221.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

briefly described as follows : Shell subcylindrical, smooth,

vitreous and polished, yellowish white, variously banded with

chestnut ; spire short and completely glazed over ; whorls 4^ ;

aperture narrow, dilated, below ; columella sinuous, obliquely

truncate, with 4 fairly strong oblique plaits ; outer lip thick-

ened without ; suture marked by a narrow white line.

Length 9 mm.; diam. max. 4.5 mm.; length of aperture 7

mm. I have selected as type the form with 3 broad chestnut

bands on body whorl — the uppermost band being rather nar-

rower than the other two — as this corresponds most nearly with

the usual coloration of Marg. albolineata Orb.

M. varia Sow. , quoted by Deshayes from Reunion, must of

course have been a misidentification. According to von Mar-

tens it was in reality M. lienardi Jouss. , but I should be inclined

to suggest M. sordida Reeve. In Reeve's description of this last

' ' triplicata ' ; is an error for " quadriplicata," judging from

the presumable type in the Brit. Mus.

ON SOME ILL-UNDERSTOOD OREOHELICE5.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

OREOHELIX HAYDENI UTAHENSIS (Hemphill).

This form has a somewhat complicated history. The first

notice is contained in a letter from Mr. Henry Hemphill, quoted

by Mr. Binnej in "A Second Supplement to the fifth volume

of the Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States,"

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. XIII, No. 2, p. 30 (Dec., 1886). The

account reads :

' ' I then returned to Salt Lake City, and crossed the valley to

the west, camping on the west side of a range called the Oquirrh

Mountains. Here commenced a series of finds that was quite

exciting and very interesting to me. At the foot of the moun-

tain my attention was attracted to a pile of detached rock,

usually a good place for snails. After a few moments' work

among these stones I was rewarded by finding quite a number

1 Conchyl. de 1'Ile de Reunion, p. 136.

8 Beitriige zur Meeresfauna. . ..Mauritius, p. 258.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

of specimens of the variety I call Utahensis. (See p. 33. ) This

has the form of HemphillL but is destitute of the revolving ridges

of Haydeni. The specimens were all constant in sculpturing,

but varied very much in size and somewhat in form."

According to labels sent out with specimens at the time, Mr.

Hemphill considered utahensis to be a variety of hemphilli Nc.,

but this does not appear in the printed account.

On page 33 of the same work (Second Supplement to Vol. V,

T. M. ), Binney gives the following account :

" Var. UTAHENSIS, Hemphill.

" For locality, see ante p. 30. This is a rough, coarse, cari-

nated strigosa, figured in Terr. Moll., V, p. 158, fig. 66. The

peristome is sometimes continuous by a heavy raised callus,

connecting its terminations. It is sometimes smaller and more

elevated."

It appears from both of these extracts that the type locality of

var. utahensis is the Oquirrh Mountains, in Utah, west of Salt

Lake City. The diagnosis of the form given in Hemphill' s

letter leaves much to be desired. Even with the type locality,

the form could hardly be recognized with certainty without

specimens from the author. Yet in the absence of any com-

peting name for the same form, we may accept Hemphill's

notes as a description, since they are accurate as far as they go.

Binney, while reiterating Hemphill's locality, introduced con-

fusion by referring to fig. 66 of Terr. Moll. V (same cut was

reprinted as fig. 154, in Man. Amer. Land Shells), and adding

characters from the shell that cut represents. This fig. 66 was

originally published in Land and Fresh- Water Shells of N. A.,

part I, p. 78, figs. 135, 137, with the note, "It is sometimes

strongly carinated, and the peristome is sometimes made con-

tinuous by the heavy, raised callus connecting its extremities."

At this time (1869) no shells Avere known from the Oquirrh

Mountains. The figures in question were drawn from a shell

from the Big Horn Mts., in northern central Wyoming, collected

by the geologist F. V. Hayden. This shell was collected in

quantity, and there are specimens from the same source (and

also received through Binney) in the collections of the Academy

of Natural Sciences, the National Museum, and the American

THE NAUTILUS. 141

Museum of Natural History. While resembling the smoothest

examples of var. utahensis, this shell from the Big Horn Moun-

tains is certainly a distinct species from the Oquirrh shell. It

is the species to be described below as Oreohelix strigosa magni-

cornu.

Var. utahensis Hemph. should stand, I believe, as 0. hayd&ni

utahensis. It has very much the shape of 0. hemphilli, but

differs by the much less convex whorls of the embryonic shell.

It is typically without spiral sculpture on the last whorl, but

some of Hemphill's specimens show widely spaced spiral

beaded lines, making a transition to var. gabbiana Hemph. A

typical specimen, without spirals on the last whorl, measures,

alt. 10, diam. 16.5 mm. (No. 23051 A. N. S. P. collected by

Hemphill).

On account of the variability of the Oquirrh shells, I have

some doubt whether, with larger collections, it will be possible

to recognize more than one subspecies of 0. haydeni in that

range, in which case I would select the name 0. A. oquirrhensis

to cover all. Mr. Hemphill recognized in the Oquirrh varieties

utahensis, oquirrhensis, and gabbiana, also "typical haydeni,"

and on his labels he called some H. hemphilli. Until we have

adequate collections it may be possible to define three races in

the Oquirrh range, but certainly not five.

The synonymy of Oreohelix haydeni utahensis will stand thus :

[Patula strigosa var.] Utahensis HEMPHILL, in Binney, Second

Suppl. Terr. Moll. V., p. 30.

[Patula strigosa'] var. Utahensis Hemphill BINNEY, t. c., p. 33

(locality, but not figure cited or description given) ; see Man.

Conch, viii, p. 118, pi. 42, figs. 10, 11.

Binney 's paragraph under " Patula strigosa, var. Utahensis,

Hemphill " in the fourth Supplement, 1892, p. 173, is largely

a repetition, and excepting for his reference to the Second Sup-

plement, it belongs to 0. s. magnicornu,

OREOHELIX STRIGOSA MAGNICORNU, n. subsp.

The shell is solid, the first 3J whorls but slightly convex,

pale brown with a faint darker spiral band (or none), the later

whorls nearly white (the shell being more or less bleached).

142 THE NAUTILllS.

Last whorl carinate in front, the carina weakening to an angle

on the last § whorl, very weak near the outer lip; deeply de-

scending in front. Sculpture of fine, low growth-lines on the

early whorls, the last 1^ having coarse, irregular but low growth-

lines. Aperture shortly oval, the peristome continuous as a

short, raised ledge across the parietal wall.

Alt. 11, diam. 18 mm.; width of umbilicus 3.5 mm.

Big Horn Canyon, Big Horn Mts., Wyoming. Type and

cotypes no. 1907 A. N. S. P., from the A. D. Brown collection.

Three lots of this species have been in the collection for many

years, one of them collected by F. V. Hayden, the others prob-

ably from the same source, though the labels do not state the

collector. They are certainly distinct from any of the named

subspecies and forms.

Although now fully described for the first time, this form has

been figured and noticed in several publications. The synonymy

will stand thus :

Helix cooperi W. G. BINNEY, Land and Fresh-water Shells of

N. A., I, 1869, p. 78, figs. 135, 137.

Fatida cooperi W. G. B., Terr. Moll. Vol. V, 1878, p. 158,

fig. 66.

Patula strigosa Gould, W. G. B. , Man. Amer. Land Shells,

1885, p. 166, fig. 154.

[Patula strigosa] Var. Utahensis Hemphill, W. G. BINNEY,

Second Suppl. Terr. Moll. Vol. V, 1886, p. 33 (exclusive of

reference to p. 30).

Patula strigosa var. Utahensis Hemphill, \V. G. BINNEY, Fourth

Suppl. T. M. Vol. V, 1892, p. 173 (exclusive of reference to

Second Suppl., p. 30).

These references all contain substantially the same descriptive

matter, and the same figures. Both originated in the wo k of

1869, and were afterwards reprinted with a change of the spe-

cific name.

OREOHELIX COOPERI (W. G. B. )

It may be noted that the basal views in figs. 152 and 153, on

page 166 of Manual Amer. Land Shells, were tranposed. The

umbilical view of 0. cooperi, fig. 152, was placed under fig. 153,

which is a form of 0. strigosa depressa, and vice versa. The

same mistake appeared in Terr. Moll. V, p. 158, figs. 64, 65.

THE NAUTILUS. 143

NOTES.

EDIBILITY OF POLYGYRA AND ARIOLIMAX. — A native New-

Englander told me that he and others ate Polygyra albolabris

(Say) at Plymouth, Massachusetts. He likened the taste to

lobster.

I have learned of Ariolimax Columbians s (Gld. ) being eaten

in Polk County, Oregon, by a German, and in Clark County,

Washington, by a family from Artois in France. The latter

washed these slugs in water containing vinegar to remove the

slime, which they said was bitter, then cleaned them like fish,

and fried them in butter. They found the flavor good.

Snakes eat Ariolimax columbianus. Large, conspicuous and

often very abundant, it must need some protection from birds.

This is probably afforded by its copious and sticky slime.

Domestic ducks attack this slug; but the slime inconveniences

them and is said sometimes to cause their death by accumulat-

ing in their bills. — JOHN A. ALLEN, Manzanita, Oregon.

FLORIDA SHELLS. — Mr. Morgan Hebard collected a small

quantity of leaf-mould at Brickell's Hammock, Miami, Florida,

on March 2 and 4, 1916, from which I picked Euconulus sterkii

Dall. This is an addition to the list of Miami shells published

by Mr. S. N. Rhoads in the NAUTILUS, xiii, p. 43 (1899).

The following species were picked from the leaf-mould which

Mr. Hebard collected on February 29 and March 2, 1916, at

Snapper Creek, about 15 miles south of Cocoanut Grove. Dade

County, Florida :

Helicina orbiculata Say. Polita dalliana ' ' Simps. ' ' Pils.

Thysanophora selenina Gld. Polita indentata Say.

Thysanophora plagioptychaShuti. Euconulus slerkii Dall.

Thysanophora diosocricola Ad. Guppya gundlachi Pfr. (The

Praticolella jejuna Say. typical form. )

Drymseus dominions Rve. Zonitmdes arborea Say.

Bifidaria contracta Say. Znnitoides minuscula Binn.

Vertigo milium Gld. Zonitoides singkyana Pils.

Opeas micra Orb. Carychium exiguum Say.

Varicella gracillima floridana

Pils.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

All these shells are in the collection of the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. — E. G. VANATTA.

The table of Winnecook, Montana, Mollusca, which was of-

fered in my paper in the March Nautilus (p. 125), suffered edi-

torial deletion of two of its original columns of data.1 From the

list as printed it would appear that my subsequent note on the

coincident occurrence of Sucdnea oregonensis and S. avara was

based on the discovery of but a single specimen of each. It

should be stated that in 1913 both species were found living to-

gether in some numbers. The specimens differed with absolute

uniformity in both animal and shell and there were no inter-

grades.

On p. 127 occurs a lapsus calami of my own : July 4, 1915 is

the correct date for the collection in Swimming Woman Creek

Canyon. — S. S. BERRY.

CYPRAEA VENUSTA var. BAKERI, Western Australia, and C.

MILIARIS var. GABRIELI, Northern Territory, Australia, are new

cowries described and figured by Mr. J. H. Gatliff, in The

Victorian Naturalist for February, pp. 147-149.

Mr. Frank C. Baker, Zoological Investigator for the New

York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, addressed

the Syracuse Chapter of the Society of Sigma Xi on February

25; his subject was "The Relation of Mollusks to Fish in

Oneida Lake." The address embodied an outline of the

biological survey carried on during the fall of 1915 by Doctor

C. C. Adams, Professor T. L. Hankinson and Mr. Baker, the

ol jcct sought being to ascertain the fitness of this largest of

New York's inland lakes for the maintenance of fish fauna.

At this meeting of the Society, Mr. Baker was installed as an

active member of the Syracuse Chapter of Sigma Xi.

1 The two columns deleted merely recorded the species taken in two years

preceding those in the printed record, without indication as to abundance,

association or any other data. As all appeared also in the subsequent

records the Editors failed to see their importance.

MBL WHOI LIBRARY

UH 17LJV Y