THE

NAUTILUS

« -I 'AllTEKLY Jon-; J,

DEVOTED TO THE INTEKSTS

OF CONCHOLOGISl

VOL. XXXII

JULY, 1918, to APRIL,

EDITORS AND PUBLISHER.1-

HENRY A. PILSBR

« urator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy Natural Sciencee

PHILADELPHIA

CHARLES W. JOHNS N

• iirHtur of the Boston Society of Natural i&N.n

-TON

INDEX

TO

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII.

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Acanthina angelica Oldroyd, n. sp 26

Achatinse, types of generic names proposed for 98

Amnicola oneida or bakeriana Pils. (pi. 2, figs. 9, 10) .... 21

Anodonta parallela White 60

Archachatina Albers 99

Avieula caudeana of d'Orb., from Bermuda 37

Basilochitou Berry, n. gen 12

Boston Malacological Club 33

Bryan, Mrs. Elizabeth Letson (obituary) 142

Bulimulus (Protoglyptus) brunoi von Ihering (pi. 4, fig. 7) 54

Blue and White Mountains, Arizona, journey to the 81

Caecum in New England, new forms of 73

Caecum anuulatum Brown (pi. 5, fig. 1) 75

Caecum auriculatuni de Folin (pi. 5, fig. 4) 76

Caecum clarkii Carp. (pi. 5, fig. 5) 76

Caecum cooperii Smith (pi. 5, fig. 2) 75

Caecum johnsonii Winkley (pi. 5, fig. 3) 75

Caecum nitidum Stimp. (pi. 5, fig. 6) 76

Camping in the Sierras and desert 3

Carpenter collection 35

Cerithium teuerum Hall 62

Cochlitoma Fer 99

Cochlostyla metaformis Fer 59

Cochlostyla polychroa buriasensis Bartsch, n. subsp 16

Cochlostyla rufogastra Less 59

Colorado mollusk notes 71

Cuspidaria (Tropidomya) nana Oldroyd, n. sp 28

Connecticut, shells at Monroe 134

Cuban mollusk colonized in Florida 104

iii

IV THE NAUTILUS.

Daniels, Lorenzo E. (obituary), portrait 99

Elliptio dilatatus var. Sterkii Grier, n. var 9

Epiphragmophora tudiculata colusaensis Bartsch, n. subsp. 126

Euryiiia (Micromya) venusta (Lea) 13

Fnndella candeana (d'Orb.) (pi. 3) 38

Fuseonaia flava var. Grier, n. var 11

Gillia altilis (Lea) (pi. 2, figs. 1-8) 19, 22

Gillia and Amnicola, notes on uidification of 19

Glochidia of Strophitus edentulus pavonius (Lea) 17

Gonave Island shells 72

Helcion pellucidum in America 77

Helix areolata 55

Helix levis Pfeiffer 56

Helix occidentals M. & H 63

Helix pandora? 56

Hemiplecta sagittifera batauensis Bartsch, n. subsp 15

Lampsilis brevicula Call 14

Lampsilis ventricosa cohongoronta in the Potomac Valley. 51

Land shells of Monroe, Connecticut 134

Lasmigona costata var. eriganensis Grier, n. var 10

Liguus fasciatus, varieties from Cuba in Florida 104

Lirnax maximus in Colorado 71

Limuasa tenuicosta M. & H 64

Liopistha (Cymella) montanensis Hend., n. n. for Phola-

domya undata 60

Loboa bruuoi von Ihering, the status of 53

Lymnaea auricularia L. in Colorado 71

Lymnaea hendersoni Baker 71

Macrocallista orcutti Dall., u. sp 24

Malleus rufipunctatus Reeve 38

Malleus vesiculatus Reeve 38

Marine mollusca about New York City, some 90

Martyii's universal conchologist 28

Meioceras, n. sp. (pi. 5, fig. 7) 76

Melania. convexa var. impressa M. & H 61

Melania (Goniobasis?) sculptilis Meek 61

Melauia multistriata M. & H 62

Naiades from Lake Erie, new varieties of 9

Nenia cooki Pils., n. sp. (pi. 7, figs. 11-13) 80

Nomenclature and systematic positions of some North

American fossil and recent mollusks 60

Notes 34, 71, 103, 143

Obba listeri batanensis Bartsch, n. subsp 16

Olivella biplicata angelena Oldroyd, n. var 34

Oncaaa Gistel 99

THE NAUTILUS. V

Opisthosiphon berryi Clapp, n. sp. (pi. 7, tig. 14) 86

Opisthosiphou from Cuba, a new 86

Oreohelix cooperi minor Ckll

Oreohelix cooperi obscura Hend., n. form

Paludina burroughiana Lea 120

Paludina carinata Auet 109, 110

Paludina cuniingii Rve 113

Paludina multicarinata Hald 120

Paludina multiliueata M. & H 62

Panomya ampla Dall 106

Panope (generosa Gould var.?) taeniata Dall, n. sp.? ... 25

Parachatina Bourg 99

Philippine snails, some 58

Philippines, new land shells from the 15

Philippines, Viviparidse of 109

Pholadomya undata M. & H 60

Pintoa Bourg 99

Plauorbis altissinius Baker, n. sp. (pi. 7, figs. 7-10) 95

Planorbis campanulatus, from Blue Sea Lake, Quebec,

notes on variation 127

Planorbis from post-glacial deposits, description of new

species and varieties 9-^

Plauorbis parvus urbanensis Baker, n. var. (pi. 7, figs. 4-6) 94

Planorbis vetulus M. & H 64

Pleistocene fossils of Magdalena Bay, Lower California.

collected by Charles Eussell Orcutt 23

Pleuroclonte rnarginella in Florida 104

Polymita auricoma in Florida 104

Polymita muscarum in Florida 104

Praticolella campi Clapp & Ferriss, 11. sp. (pi. 6. figs. 1-4) 78

Praticolella griseola Pfr. (pi. 6, figs. 5-7) 79

Pressodoiita redivwa 35

Priotrochatella constellata Mor

Priotrochatella stellata Vel

Priotrochatella torrei Clapp, n. sp. (pi. 4, figs. 1-6) 47

Publications received 35, 69, 106, 144

Rare shells collected in Puget Sound, Washington 105

Rhysota ovum Val 58

Serpaea Bourg

Shells from Angel and Tiburon Islands, Gulf of California 26

Strophitus edentulus pavonius, notes on the Glochidia of 17

Stylobates, a warning 79

Stylobates aeneus Dall (pi. 6, figs. 8-10)

Suter, Henry (obituary) 72

Systematic position of two species of mussels from the

Ozarks . 13

V) THE NAUTILUS.

Tapes pliilippinarum okupi Bryan 124

Tkracia curta Con 105

Thracia trapezoides Con 105

Thyasira bisecta Con., note on 103, 105

Trachydermon Carpenter, notes on the genus 1

Trachydermoii Carpenter, a further note on the genus. . . 12

Unio fasciata Baf 139

Unio luteolus Lamarck 139

Unio rectoides White 60

Unio whitei Hend., 11. n., for U. rectoides White 60

Urceus Jouss 99

Viviparus coutectoides linii, n. n., for V. c. compactus Pils. 71

Vivipara angularis Bartsch 114, 120

Vivipara carinata Bartsch 113

Viviparus angularis (Mull.) 114

Viviparus burroughianus trinominis Wkr., n. subsp 120

Viviparus costatus (Q. & G.) 117

Viviparus cumingianus Wkr., n. n 113, 114

Viviparus javanicus luzonicus Kob 122

Viviparus tricarinatus (Anton) 121

Viviparus zainboangeusis Bartsch 123

Willcox, Joseph (obituary) 101

THE NAUTILUS. Vll

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Baker, Prank C 19, 94, 97

Bartsch, Paul 15, 53, 126

Berry, S. S 12

Bryan, Win. A 124

Clapp, Geo. H 78, 104

Clapp, W. F 47, 86

Cockerell, T. D. A 58

Ball, Wm. H 1, 23, 79, 103

Ellis, M. M 17

Ferriss, Jas. H 3, 78, 81, 99

Frierson. L. S 139

Grier, N. M 9

Hedley, Charles 72

Henderson, Junius 40, 60, 71, 137

Humphrey, E. G 34

Jacot, Arthur 90, 134

Johnson, C. W 36, 37, 69, 101, 107

Keim, Maria 17

Marshall, Wm. A 51

Morse, Edw. S 73, 77

Oldroyd, Mrs. Ida S 26, 28, 105

Oldroyd. T. S 34

Orcutt, C. R 55

Ortmann, Arnold 13

Pilsbry, H. A 70, 71, 80, 98, 106

Vanatta. E. G 72

Walker, Bryant 28, 35, 109

Whittaker, E. J 127

Willett, George 65

THE NAUTILUS. XXXII.

PLATE I.

SNOWBANKS IN AUGUST-GODDARD PASS, SIERRA NEVADA.

NINETY ABOVE IN JANUARY-TWIN CACTI CAMP. ARIZONA.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXII. JULY, 1918. No. 1

NOTES ON THE GENUS TRACHYDERMON CARPENTER.

BY WILLIAM HEALET DALL.

Iredale has already called attention to the two names for

Chitons by Gray in 1821. A little fuller discussion of the

consequences of the adoption of Gray's name Lepidochitona

seems desirable to make the situation perfectly clear. The

synonymy which is pertinent is as follows :

Lepidochitona, Gray, London Medical Rep., XV, p. 234, 1821.

Chiton marginatus (Penn&ut, = cinereus L., not of Mon-

tagu).

Stenosemus Middendorff, Malae. Boss. 1, pp. 103, 109, 117, 122,

1848; (1st sp. C. marmoreus Fabr.).

IschnocMton sect.tt, Gray, Guide Moll., p. 182, 1857 (Chiton

marginatus} .

Trachydermon Carpenter, Suppl. Rep. Br. Assoc., 1864, p.

612 (Chiton dentiens Gould) ; ibid., p. 649: Bull. Essex

Inst., p. 153, 1873 (Chiton ruber (L.) Lowe, not of

Spengler) .

Craspedochiton G. 0. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 114,

1878 (Chiton marginatus Pennant, = cinereus L., not of

Montagu).

Leptochitona Pilsbry, Man. XIV, p. 150, 1892 (err. typ.).

Section Tonicella Carpenter.

Platysemus Middendorff, (part) Mai. Ross. 1, p. 98, 1848 (C.

submarmoreus Midd.).

2 THE NAUTILUS.

Tonicella. Carpenter, Bull. Essex Inst. V, p. 154, 1873 (Chiton

marmoreus Fabricius) .

Boreochiton G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 116, 1878

(Chiton ruber L., and C. marmoreus Fabriciua).

TonitieUa Thiele, Gebiss d. Schnecken, II, p. 389, 1891 (T.

marmorea Fabr.) ,

Section Cyanoplax Pilsbry.

Cyanoplax Pilsbry, Man. XIV, pp. 40, 44, 1892 (Chiton hart-

wegii Carpenter).

Submenus Spongioradsia Pilsbry.

Spongioradsictr Pilsbry, Man. XV, p. 65, 1894 (Trachyradsia

aleutica Dall).

In view of the similarity of names the following synonymy

may be useful :

Genus LEPIDOPLEURUS Risso.

Lepidopleurus (Leach Ms.) Risso. Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid. IV,

p. 267, 1826 (1st sp. L. cayetcmus (Poli) Risso) ; G. 0.

Sars, MoU. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 110, 1878.

Section Leptochiton Gray.

Leptochiton Gray, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 127 (Chiton cinereus Mon-

tagu (not Linne) = C. asellus Spengler) ; Carpenter,

Suppl. Rep. Brit. Assoc., pp. 530, 612, 650, 1864 (1st sp.

mentioned as a real member of the genus is Leptochiton

nexus Carpenter).

? Lepidochiton Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Assoc., pp. 317, 349,

1857 (1st sp. C. lividus Midd.). Includes also C. inert en-

sii Midd., C. scrobiculatus Midd., and C. proprius Reeve ;

the latter = C. dispar Cpr., not Sowerby.

I confess to an inability to get anything like systematic

order out of Middendorff's extraordinary tangle of names,

except where some subsequent author has fixed a species as

type, as in the case of Symmetrogephyms (Midd., Feb. 1848),

which Chenu (Man., p. 383) has declared to be typified by

THE NAUTILUS. 6

Chiton pallasii Middendorff, thus displacing the more familiar

Amicula (auct. not Gray, 1847) for that group.

Lepidochitona Gray, supersedes Traehydermon as indicated

by Iredale (Proc. Mai. Soc. London, XI, p. 127, 1914). With

the first mention of the latter genus Carpenter associates only

two species, C. pseudodentiens Cpr. (—dentiens Gould) and

an undescribed C. gothicus. The former must therefore be

taken as type, instead of flectens, though they are really con-

generic. As type of Lepidochiton Carpenter, I select his first

species, C. lividus Midd., which is an Ischnochiton, but Car-

penter apparently regarded it as synonymous with Lepto-

chiton, to which he refers the species in his index of 1872.

Pilsbry refers the species, in the order above cited, respec-

tively to Ischnochiton, Lepidozotia, Ischnochito-n, and Ischno-

radsia. The genus would best be considered a synonym of

Ischnochitan, especially as no one seems to have quoted it after

Carpenter, and he did riot clear it up in his MS.

In regard to Leptochiton, I am inclined to agree with Berry

that the west coast and Arctic forms are so different from the

typical Lepidopleurus cayetanus that a sectional separation is

appropriate.

CAMPING IN THE SIERRAS AND THE DESERT, PLATE I.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

Late in June of last year, facing westward I departed from

the home snailery in search of adventure, and returned about

the first of May this year.

At the Grand Canyon of the Colorado a couple of very warm

days was devoted to the Bright Angel trail, digging vainly

for SanoreUa betheli.

The Vernal Falls, Yosemite Valley, California, offered an-

other opportunity, with a yield of three Epiphragmophoras,

one of these the E. httlebrandi yosemitensis, discovered there

by Mr. Herbert N. Lowe. This was the opening of another

season of delight in the California mountains. For nearly a

4 THE NAUTILUS.

month, we camped with the Sierra Club at the Tuolumne

Meadows, making side trips from there in search of snails and

other kinds of trout. Then eastward with our own pack train

for more than another month over the high passes, with a side

trip to Silver Lake, down into the branches of the San Joa-

quin, and over the John Muir Pass to the Middle Fork of the

Kings River. At Tehipite valley we left the Middle Fork,

westward crossed the North Fork, and hit the main river at

Trimmer, where we left our mules and took the auto stage

for Sanger and Fresno.

Out for health, and in no hurry, the opportunities for col-

lecting were the best. The high altitudes, glaciers and snow

banks were another world. In the valleys, with a wealth of

flowers, birds, and trout, and the grandest scenery upon the

continent, we rested several days at every camping place, as a

rule. At Palisade creek we halted nearly a week and had

golden trout for every meal.

But the snails were small, and few in number of specimens

and species. Riding up the zigzag out of the Tehipite valley

the silvery track of a snail was found on the trail, and in half

a day I dug up a dozen Epiphragmophoras, looking like E.

tra$ki, the only large shell found since leaving the Yosemite.

Like a Souorella, they were living in a pile of rocks well cov-

ered with leaves and rotten wood.

Between trips we hunted up old friends and collections.

Some of these were mail-order friends of long standing, and we

were greatly pleased to see what they looked like. At Berke-

ley it was the Alaska bear skins, H. S. Swarth and Robert

Grinnell. At Oakland, Fred L. Button, who gave us a two-

night exhibition of his shells. At the Academy of Sciences,

Golden Gate Park, Barton W. Evermami and the Henry

Hemphill collection of western land shells. At the Leland

Stanford University, Mr. and Mrs. Oldroyd and the Hemphill

duplicates. At Los Angeles, the fossil bones from the asphalt

beds. The collections and the collectors demonstrate the Cali-

fornia spirit, and were far beyond our expectations.

Tucson likewise, Thornber, Cummins, Voorhies and Taylor

at the University of Arizona, McDougal and Shreve at the

THE NAUTILUS. 5

Carnegie Desert Laboratory are "live wires" in the natural

sciences. Also explorers. Exploring begets good health, and

good health begets enthusiasm. Also, Arizona is apparently

the head center of natural history, so many species in botany

and zoology have their beginning here. By the way, a news-

paper reporter at Tucson gave us a reputation for the dis-

covery of 650 new species of snails in Arizona ! In figures it

is well to give out type-written copy to the press. Then no

embarrassing apologies to university clubs will be needful.

To eliminate a limp which interfered with snail-catching

more and more, I went into a hospital at Tucson, and a month

or two was taken out of this great vacation ; but on the whole

a large collection was made. With mules for the high desert

ranges and a Ford for the smaller ones, one in the conva-

lescent stage may make a good showing. Some of the hills are

only 150 feet in height, and with a level desert floor we could

almost collect from the machine. At one point it was not

more than ten feet from snails to Ford. We seldom walked

ten miles in one day, for with the larger mountains and their

long and rough mesas we could ride within a half-mile of the

snails.

Within the recent geologic period apparently there was a

heavy rainfall (Noah's perhaps), so heavy that the large

boulders were thrown out upon both sides of the channel, and

thus these gulches are often heavily diked on the lower slopes

of the mountain. These dikes are often the best collecting

grounds, especially in dry weather; the fortifications of five

or six feet in depth and twenty wide are easily explored. To

catch a live snail at home in some of the larger slides higher

up, a steam shovel and a full equipment of quarrymen is

needed.

On horseback, with Frank Cole as guide, a trapper, hunter,

prospector, forester, now a good snail-hunter and a wonderful

cook, I made another trip through the Catalinas and Rineons,

finding more of the rough-barked Sonorellas. Then into the

Oaluras, where we captured a smooth-bark Sonorella with a

diameter of 32 millimeters. At Tucson my partner on the

California trips and many others joined the party for a winter

6 THE NAUTILUS.

in the desert. To her it seemed a dreary prospect, but a short

trip into the Tucson range with its mesas forested with

orchard-like trees and giant cactus, the ever-changing botan-

ical societies, wild pigs, deer, mountain sheep, quail and very

toothsome cottontails, told another story. The desert was as

interesting as the mountains, and the weather in winter was

summer-like without excessive heat or annoying insects. With

extra tanks of gasoline upon our running-board, any place was

home, the tent a parlor, and auto cushions a mattress. There

was no lack of firewood or water.

The Tucson range, only an hour or so from the city, was

particularly home-like. The first day in camp, Cole brought

in a wild pig and baked it. With hot biscuit and steaming

coffee, and the fruit and goodies brought from town, we had

such a Christmas dinner, with surely as good an appetite, as

in ye good old days, and it was on Christmas day. And, toor

in a dining hall with columns and arches of living green, with

prickers so long an unruly guest would not scratch the var-

nish. Our mistletoe decorations were generous, for there are

eleven species and varieties in Arizona. Here we found our

largest catch in Sonorellas, the rare fern CheiUanthes pring-

leyi and the most beautiful member of the fish-hook group of

cactus, Echinocactus lecontei. From our camps westward

towards! the Silver Bell range, twenty miles away, it was a

thick forest of the giant cactus, paloverde, mesquite and iron

wood as far as the eye could see. Cole brought in a good pair

of mountain sheep horns laid out by some lion or wolf about a

year ago, and I dug up a nice diamond rattler the second day

out. There are eleven species and varieties of rattlers in this

state also.

We made seven camps on the west side of the range — Pic-

tured Rocks, Rattler, Sheephorn, Wild Pig, Twin Cacti (Plate

I), Cat Mountain and Limekiln. Sonorellas were found at

37 stations in five weeks. I worked about half time.

We also gave about the same amount of time to the ranges

west, going as far as Ajo, and then I was in trim to work full

time. These mountains west of the city of Tucson rise from

a lower level than the Catalinas, Santa Ritas and the ranges

THE NAUTILUS. 7

eastward. The higher peaks are supposed to run up to 8,000

feet above the sea. Very few are named, and so far as we

could learn none have been surveyed. The Baboquivari sys-

tem starts at the Mexican line and runs a little west of north.

As the Baboquivaris, they are 40 miles in length, then known

as Coyotes for 7 miles, as the Roskruge 20, as the Abbie

Waterman 10, and as the Silver Bell 10 miles. We hit only a

few high spots in the first three, and I collected at one small

slide in the latter.

On the road to Ajo we had good success in Sonorellas in the

small hills along the Comovo route, and here we first saw the

organ cactus and the crucifix tree. Around the Ajo moun-

tains— Wall's Wells and Montezuma Head — and the several

nearby ranges, we were unable to find any traces of Sono-

rellas. The last Sonorella station west was at a small group

of hills where the sign board of the Interior Department read

"Tucson 101 miles". Beyond that the basalt rocks were cov-

ered with white dust that may have been alkali, or the granite

had a face so sharp and dry the snails on a hike would require

tennis shoes and a canteen. A mining prospector afterwards

told us shells were to be found near the south end of the Big

Ajo range where there was a small spring and walnut trees,

and that they were also in the Mesquites, a range near the

Mexican border. We anticipated a change in conditions, and

perhaps Mexican or new groups of snails, and we still feel

that something may be found in this field — perhaps in the

Mesquite and border ranges, or in the Growlers, a forty-mile

range west of Ajo — when the Mexican bandits are a little less

active among the southern cattle ranges.

On the back track we returned by way of the Covered Wells

and White Wells crossing the Quijota range, but found only

a few Pupas, Succineas, and other small ones until we camped

near some abandoned silver prospects in the southern end.

We hunted the placer holes for rattlers without success but

found a tiger rattler and Sonorellas in the rocks. We also

had further luck in the foot-hills at the southern end of the

Cababi range, where Mr. Cole had found Sonorellas in 1914.

Nearly all of this western half of Pima County is occupied

8 THE NAUTILUS.

by the Papago Indians. Their horses, cattle, corn and wheat

fields, and villages are numerous, and we were under many

obligations to them for their good wells. Converted by the

Catholic Fathers some three hundred years ago, and with the

assistance of the Presbyterians since, they have become an in-

dustrious people, fat and very rich. Their housing is not

pretentious, as with wealthy white men, but evidently sani-

tary, for the male in weight averages about 260 and his help-

meet about 180. The white men covet the Papago 's grass

and browsing, and would like a mix-up ; but Uncle Sam at

present is plainly giving the Indian a square deal.

Between the Tucson Range and the Ajo we collected at 55

stations, sampling the hills here and there. Other expeditions

were made to the Serritas, to the Rosemont and Greaterville

mining districts on the east side of the Santa Ritas, and to the

Empire and Mustang Ranges on our way to visit old friends

in the Huachucas. A. F. Berner, an old friend of the botan-

ists and snail hunters, was found in hard luck. He is now

blind and has been confined to his bed with rheumatism for

two years. The entomologist, Biedermann, is more fortunate.

He has been remarkably successful with beetles and moths,

and he is now an acknowledged leader in grafting. With 99

per cent success he has made the Carr Canyon walnuts pro-

duce the best of European walnuts, and the Black Hamburgs

are now picked from the wild vines of his homestead. He

hopes to exhibit home-grown chestnuts in another year, from

the mountain oaks. They do it in France. Happy Jack is a

prosperous merchant on the Ocean-to-Ocean auto way.

In the Empire Range, draining into the Santa Cruz River,

and the Mustangs, draining into the San Pedro, we found both

Holospira and Oreohelix as well as Sonorella. Here was fur-

ther evidence of ancient "Noah flood" mischief. Deep in the

clay of the gulches of the Mustang slopes were Sonorellas and

Oreohelix, not to be found alive, or mixed in with the species

now living. I worked hard a day and a half to find them

alive or freshly dead, but other peaks and gulches had only

subfossils of their kind. A like condition existed along the

Bright Angel trail in the Grand Canyon. Since my former

THE NAUTILUS. 9

visit floods had cut the clay banks and turned up a subfossil

species of Oreohelix not now found alive on the south rim.

Thus ends my longest adventure, and perhaps the most

fruitful. Collections were made at 187 stations, and with

something over 140 sets of duplicates thrown into the basket

by generous California friends, we will have about 500 sep-

arate lots to check up and discuss later.

JoUet, III., June, 1918.

NEW VARIETIES OF NAIADES FROM LAKE ERIE.

BY N. M. GRIER.

While the general distinction between the Naiades of Lake

Erie and their parent forms of the Ohio drainage have already

been commented upon by Walker, ( 1 ) representatives in Lake

Erie of at least three of the parental forms have never been

given the varietal distinction they deserve. The parent species

following the nomenclatorial changes proposed by Friersoii

(2) and Vanatta (3) are Fusconaia flava (Raf.), Elliptio dtta-

tatus (Raf.), and Symphynota (Lasmigona) costata (Raf.).

The comparisons between them and their Lake Erie represen-

tatives were made with the aid of Simpson's Descriptive

Catalogue.

ELLIPTIO DILATATUS var. STERKII, new variety.

Differs from typical dttatatus by its smaller size, less elon-

gated and proportionately higher shell. Always inflated, not

so pointed posteriorly. Ventral line rather straight, beaks

more anterior in position. Epidermis in dilatatiis dark brown

and horn or yellowish, surface usually with uneven growth

lines. In sterkii, epidermis always smooth or polished, light

olive green to yellowish brown to reddish brown. Nacre in

dilatatus mostly dark purple, salmon and white ; that of sierkvi

ia lavender, light reddish purple, pearl-blue.

The following table gives maximum, minimum and mean

dimensions of 52 shells each of parent and variety :

10 THE NAUTILUS.

E. dilatatus Var. sterkii

Length Height Diameter Length Height Diameter

130 min. 60 mm. 35 mm. 87 mm. 46 mm. 28 mm.

86 mm. 41 mm. 24 mm. 59 mm. 31 mm. 18 mm.

30mm. 16mm. 7mm. 26mm. 13mm. 7mm.

Factors obtained from above by comparison of length with

height and diameter show that greater height and inflation

rest with sterkii — 51% and 30%, as against 48% and 25%.

In variety sterkii, the average distance of the beaks from the

anterior extremity of the shell is 18% of the total length ; in

•dilatatus this is 25%. There appears to be no substantial

difference between values obtained with Simpson's measure-

ments and my own.

This new variety is respectfully dedicated to Dr. V. C.

Sterki, who first commented upon the distinction between it

and the stream forms. (4) Type no. 61. 4268, card catalogue

Carnegie Museum.

LASMIGONA COSTATA var. EREGANENSIS, new variety.

Variety eriganensis is smaller, less elongated and propor-

tionately lower than costata. Ventral line straight. Epider-

mis in costata light horn-color to dark chestnut in old speci-

mens, surface usually with uneven growth lines. In eriga-

nensis always smooth or polished, greenish olive to reddish

brown to chocolate-brown, even growth lines. Nacre in costata

cream-color to lavender or blue. In variety eriganensis, pink-

ish, buff or salmon-color.

Average for 20 shells :

costata var. eriganensis

Length Height Diameter Length Height Diameter

137 mm. 78 mm. 42 mm. 90 mm. 46 mm. 31 mm.

96 mm. 55 mm. 27 mm. 72 mm. 40 mm. 23 mm.

55 mm. 31 mm. 14 mm. 65 mm. 36 mm. 19 mm.

Factors secured as previously show that costata is propor-

tionately higher than var. eriganensis, 56% against 53%, but

THE NAUTILUS. 11

is not so inflated 27% against 32%. My measurements of

costata check readily with those of Simpson.

Type no. 61.4720, card catalogue, Carnegie Museum.

FUSCONAIA FLAVA var. PARVULA, new variety.

Variety parvula differs chiefly in size from flava, being

smaller although proportionately higher and more inflated.

Epidermis of flava yellowish to dark horn-color ; in var. par-

vula, yellowish green, greenish olive. Surface with even

growth lines. Nacre of typical flava mostly white, tinged

with salmon in the beak ; of parvula, pinkish-color or to pale

blue.

Dimensions :

flava var. parvula

Length Height Diameter Length Height Diameter

91 mm. 60 mm. 37 mm. 59 mm. 45 mm. 30 mm.

36 mm. 43 mm. 25 mm. 36 mm. 28 mm. 18 mm.

27 mm. 24 mm. 25 mm. 13 mm. 11 mm. 8 mm.

Ratio of length to height and diameter in flava — 77% and

42%.

Ratio of length to height and diameter in var. parvula —

79% and 51%.

Similar results are obtained from Simpson's measurements

of flava.

Type no. 61.4513 card catalogue, Carnegie Museum.

The type specimens of the above three new varieties were

collected by Dr. A. E. Ortmann at Big Bend, Presque Isle

Bay, Lake Erie, July 8-12, 1910, and kindly entrusted to me

for description. They appear to be generally distributed

throughout Lake Erie.

1. Walker, Bryant. "Unione Fauna of the Great Lakes."

Nautilus, 27, 1913.

2. Frierson, L. S. "Remarks on Classification of UnionidaB."

Nautilus, 28, 1914.

12 THE NAUTILUS.

3. Vanatta, E. S. "Rafinesque Type of Unio." Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, 1916.

4. Sterki, V. "A Preliminary Catalogue of the Land and

Freshwater Mollusca of Ohio." Proc. Ohio Acad. Sci-

ence, IV, pt. 8.

A FURTHER NOTE ON THE GENUS TEACHYDERMOW.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY, REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA.

Since the publication of my note on the chiton genus Tra-

chydermo-n in the Proceedings of the California Academy of

Sciences, (4), vol. 7, p. 245, September, 1917, Mr. Tom Ire-

dale has supplied me with the interesting information that

Trachydermon Carpenter 1864 is preoccupied, and hence can-

not be used in Polyplacophora in any sense. This consider-

ably clarifies the whole situation by rendering needless any

further investigation as to which species is properly to be re-

garded as the type of the genus. At the same time the pecu-

liar group of West American chitons comprising the old Tra-

chydermon- flectens Carpenter and the remarkable Mopalia,

heathii of Pilsbry is automatically left without a name. Hav-

ing ascertained from Mr. Iredale that he is chiefly concerned

with certain other consequences of the noinenclatural tangle

we have discussed and has, himself, no intention of taking up

the present question, I feel at liberty to propose the new

generic name, BasUiochitan, based upon Mopalia heathii Pils-

bry 1898 as its typical representative. A cogent argument for

the selection of this rather than the older species as the type

of the genus is that the whereabouts, if not the very existence,

of the type specimen of Carpenter's flectens appears to be

unknown. I had supposed it to be in the British Museum,

but Mr. Iredale writes me that it is not there. It is possible

that it was destroyed along with so many other Carpenterian

specimens in the San Francisco conflagration of 1906.

A further and fuller discussion of this group of chitons will

appear in a forthcoming publication.

THE NAUTILUS. 13

THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF TWO SPECIES OF MUSSELS FBOX THE

OZARKS.

BT DR. A. E. ORTMANN.

EURYNIA (MlCROMYA) VENUSTA (Lea).

Lampsilis venusta Simpson, Synopsis, 1900, p. 543. — Descr.

CataL, 1914, p. 89.

A large number of specimens has been received from L. S.

Frierson, collected by A. A. Hinkley on July 30, 1914, in

James River, at Galena, Stone Co., Mo.

Specimens of this lot have been sent to B. Walker, who also

believes them to belong to U. venustus Lea, a species closely

allied, on the one hand, to L. ellipsiformis (Conr.) (Simpson,

1914, p. 128), and, on the other hand, to L. pleasi (Marsh)

(Simpson, p. 129). In fact, the latter is hardly anything else

but a smaller and thinner venusta. I have no doubt that all

three group together, and very likely the anatomy will be the

same. Utterback (Amer. Midi. Natural, 4, 1916, p. 141) places

ellipsiformis in the genus Nephronaias, but I do not think that

this is correct, since he describes the papilla: on the mantle

edge.

Call (Tr. Acad. St. Louis, 7, 1895, p. 57) believes that pleasi

is identical with venustus, and, according to Frierson (in

litt.), v&nustus is the same as ellipsiformis. Meek & Clark

(Bur. Fisher, Doc. no. 759, 1912, p. 19) mention, from Big

Buffalo Fork, Lampsilis venusta, which, according to their

remarks, is this form.

Anatomy: Soft parts (366 and 3 sterile 9 9 are at hand)

of the usual E'wn/mo-structure. Anal and supraanal openings

separated by a moderate mantle connection. Anal with dis-

tinct crenulations, branchial with papillae. Posterior margins

of palpi connected at base only. Inner lamina of inner gill

entirely connected with abdominal sac.

Marsu-pium in posterior half of outer gill, with a rather

larger non-marsupial section at posterior end. Ovisacs about

15 to 20. Mantle margin, in front of branchial, slightly

lamellar, with small, irregular papillae, which are not crowded.

14 THE NAUTILUS.

and extend forward nearly to the middle of the lower margin^

becoming quite distant and small in front.

Color of soft parts whitish, with black pigment around anal

and branchial openings, and a brown or blackish streak run-

ning forward on mantle margin on the inside of the papillae.

Edge of marsupium with brown pigment.

This species undoubtedly belongs near the group, of which

E. vanuxeniensis may be regarded as the type. The anatomy

is practically the same, and the papillge on the mantle margin

are very much alike. Also in the shell are certain common

peculiarities, since E. venusta has, in the female, an indication

of that peculiar "constriction" seen in the vanuxemens-is

group. Our species, however, differs in the more elongate

shell, weak development of postbasal expansion of the female,

which is located rather more anteriorly, thus suggesting, to a

degree, the shape seen in Medwnidus plateolus (^conradi),

with which species U. pleasi has been compared by Marsh.

My specimens have a strong tendency to become more or less

intensely of a salmon-color in the nacre.

This seems to be a species characteristic for the Ozark region,

LAMPSILIS BREVICULA (Call).

L. brevicula and L. brevicula brittsi Simpson, 1900, p. 533. —

1914, pp. 57, 58.

L. brittsi Simps, is an absolute synonym of brevicula Call :

the differences mentioned by Simpson do not hold good at all.

The emargination of the posterior basal margin of the female

shell is not always present, probably only in old specimens [as

in L. satura (Lea)]. Among my material there are no speci-

mens which show it.

A number of individuals is at hand from James River, Ga-

lena, Stone Co., Mo., and from White River, at Cotter and

Norfolk, Baxter Co., Ark. (L. S. Frierson donor). From

Galena and Cotter I have specimens with soft parts, collected

July 31 and August 2, 1914 (by A. A. Hinkley). Among

them is a gravid female, caught in the act of discharging

glochidia (July 31), so that this date indicates the end of the

breeding season.

THE NAUTILUS. 15

Anatomy of the Lampsilis type, and agreeing almost com-

pletely with that of L. luteola- (see: Ann. Cam. Mus., 8, 1912,

p. 348). The mantle flap is of the same shape as in this

species, with the edge irregularly toothed, the largest teeth

standing on the free, anteriorly projecting lobe, giving it a

lacerated appearance. Also the color markings are the same

(streak of black or brown pigment, and I think I can distin-

guish in some of my specimens an indistinct eye-spot).

Glochidia suboval, agreeing in shape and size with those of

L. luteola; their L. is 0.23, their H. 0.28 mm. Surber has fig-

ured them [Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish, for 1914, App. 1915 (Fish.

Doc. 110. 313), pi. 1, f. 14]. His measurements are: 0.230 X

0.290, while TJtterback (for var. brittsi, Am. Midi. Nat., 4,

1916, p. 173 gives : 0.250 X 0.305.

According to its anatomy, this species falls in the luteola

group of Lampsilis, and represents a peculiar type of it, which

seems to be restricted to the Ozark region, and may be re-

garded as having the same relation to L. luteola as has L.

fasciola (= multiradiata) to L. ventricosa. (Smaller, thin-

shelled form, with numerous fine, broken rays ; the shell is, in

the average, less elongated than that of luteola}.

I do not understand why Utterback (1. c.) places this species

in the genus Eurynia, since he describes very well the flap of

the mantle margin.

NEW LANDSHELLS FROM THE PHILIPPINES.1

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

HEMIPLECTA SAGITTIFEBA BATANENSIS, new subspecies.

Mr. Walter F. Webb, of Rochester, N. Y., has sent to the

U. S. National Museum two Hemiplectas from the island of

Batan, off northern Luzon, which belong to the sagittifera

complex. This is a dark-colored race, which agrees fairly well

in size with typical sagittifera from the Sinait region of Luzon,

the type locality of Hemiplecta sagittiffera, but is considerably

i Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian

Institution.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

more depressed and of much darker coloration. The basal

portion of the last whorl is also less inflated. The aperture is

proportionately longer and more compressed. The type, Cat.

No. 218765, U. S. N. M., has 4.4 whorls and measures: alti-

tude, 23 mm. ; greater diameter, 50.2 mm. ; lesser diameter,

38.5 mm.

OBBA LISTERI BATANENSIS, new subspecies.

The Obba from the island of Batan, is also distinct from

any of the other forms known from the Philippines, as shown

by specimens received from Mr. Webb. It belongs to the Obba

listen complex. It is nearest related to Obba listeri costata

Semper, from the island of Camigin, of the Babuyan Group,

north of Luzon. It differs from this markedly by its more

regularly conic outline, somewhat greater elevation, paler

ground color, and rougher incremental sculpture. The type,

Cat. No. 218764, U. S. N. M., has 4.4 whorls and measures:

altitude, 10 mm. ; greater diameter, 26.7 mm. ; lesser diam-

eter, 22.1 mm.

COCHLOSTYLA POLYCHROA BURIASENSIS, new subspecies.

Specimens of the Cochlostyla polychroa complex sent to the

U. S. National Museum for determination have made it neces-

sary to critically examine that group. This examination has

revealed the fact that most of the specimens in collections

passing under this name are from the island of Burias. The

type locality for Cochlostyla polychroa is Temple Island, an

island adjacent to Burias. A series of specimens from this

island in the collection of the National Museum show that the

shells of the typical form, that is Cochlostyla polychroa poly-

chroa, are larger, decidedly more elevated and conic than the

specimens from the island of Burias. The coloration, too, is

much more vivid in the Burias shells than those from Temple

Island. I shall therefore bestow the name Cochlostyla poly-

chroa buriasensis upon the shells from Burias Island.

The type of this shell, Cat. No. 218788, U. S. N. M., has 4.7

whorls and measures : altitude, 35 mm. ; greater diameter,

30.7 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 17

NOTES ON THE GLOCHIDIA OF STROPHITUS EDSNTULUS PAVONIUS

(LEA) FROM COLORADO.

BY M. M. ELLIS AND MARIE KEIM.

While collecting material for class use from St. Vrain Creek,

near Longmont, Colorado, December 6, 1817, 25 specimens of

Strophitus edentulus pavonius (Lea) (det. J. Henderson)

were obtained. Of these, 15 contained large numbers of well-

developed glochidia. These glochidia soon freed themselves

from the cords when the cords were placed in water after

being removed from the gills of the parent mussels, and each

individual glochidium began active snapping movements.

Many individuals lived for two or three days after leaving

the cords and continued active all the while.

This record of gravid specimens of Strophitus edentulus

pavonius is later in the year than any record given by Surber

(Bur. Fish. Doc. 771, 1912) for Strophitus edentulus from the

Mississippi River, November being the last month in which he

found glochidia-bearing individuals of that species.

When compared with the figures and description given by

Surber (1. c.) for Strophitus edentulus, the glochidia of these

Colorado mussels of the variety pavonius were found to differ

in both size and proportion from the Strophitus edentulus

type. As these differences may have some taxonomic signifi-

cance, occurring as they do in the glochidia of a variety of

Strophitus edentulus taken near the western edge of the range

of that variety, the following description of the glochidium of

Strophitus edentulus pavonium is given.

General shape that of the Anodonta type as given by Surber

(1. c.) but of a form intermediate between that of Strophitus

edentulus (fig. 3, 1. c.) and that of Anodonta grandis (fig. 45,

1. c.) ; hinge line straight; depth slightly greater than the

length; marginal spines three, well developed, the median

spine being slightly longer than the two lateral spines; from

seven to ten rows of spines, counting the marginal row, on

each valve ; end of the adductor muscle showing from 35 to

50 distinct bundles of fibers. The exact measurements of 20

specimens are given below.

18

THE NAUTILUS.

Length in micro,

254

256

258

260

260

260

260

260

260

260

The modal average of the specimens examined gives an aver-

age length of about 260 and an average depth of about 270,

the range of variation being 254 to 272 for the length and 260

to 280 for the depth. Surber (p. 8, 1. c.) states that the

length is greater than the depth in Strophitus edentulus and

gives 350 for the length and 285 for the depth as average

measurements.

The behavior of the living glochidia was interesting in the

light of the work of Lefevre and Curtis (Bur. Fish. Doc. 756,

1912) on the metamorphosis of Strophitus edentulus without

parasitism. These writers state (p. 173) that they were un-

able to bring about the attachment of the glochidia to fish.

Our glochidia of Strophitus edentulus pavonius were offered

gills from the Topminnow, Fundulus zebrinis Jordan & Gil-

bert and of the Sunfish Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque (these

two species of fishes are found in St. Vrain Creek) imme-

diately after the gills were removed from the body of the fish.

Fish blood caused an evident increase in the activity of the

glochidia and several glochidia seized gill filaments. Once

attached the glochidia remained on the gill filament until the

experiment was discontinued, i. e. for several hours. No

attempt to infect living fish with the glochidia of Strophitus

edentulus pavonius was made, but the behavior of the living

glochidia suggests physiological differences between the glo-

chidia of Strophitus: edentulus and these western specimens

of Strophitus edentulus pavonius.

University of Colorado, May, 1918.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

NOTES ON NIDIFICATION IN GILLIA AND AMNICOLA.

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

Observations on the nidification and embryology of our

American fresh- water mollusks are rare ; and contributions to

our knowledge of this subject, though they may not be exten-

sive, are of value. With this need for additional knowledge

in mind, the writer ventures to present the following frag-

mentary notes on the nidification of two common genera of

American Amnicolidae, two species of which have but recently

been described.

The observations were made while conducting quantitative

studies of the animal life of Oneida Lake, New York State's

largest inland body of water. The eggs of four genera of

mollusks were observed at this time (the latter part of July

and the first part of August), Gillia, Amnicola, Galba, and

Physa. Only the first two genera are considered in this paper.

It was hoped that time would permit a more extensive study

of these embryos, but the quantitative studies extended to

such a late date that there was no opportunity to carry on

the very interesting studies on the development of these

snails, which would have been of great interest and some

value. The information gathered, however, may be consid-

ered a contribution to our knowledge of the embryology of

these mollusks and may stimulate other students to a study

of our fresh- water gastropods.

Gillia, altilis (Lea). PI. 2, figs. 1-8.

Gillia altilis is a very common species in Oneida Lake in

the quiet bays, among vegetation. Egg-laying apparently

takes place late in June or early in July. In eggs examined

July 31st, the embryos were nearly ready to be hatched, the

embryonic shell being fully formed. Eggs were observed on

six species of plants; Vallisneria spiralis (abundant near

base), Pomatogeton robbinsii (on lower three or four leaves),

Potamogeton perfoliatus, Scirpus smithii, Scirpus americanus,

and Sagittaria latifolia.

The eggs are laid singly (never in a capsule as in the

20 THE NAUTILUS.

fresh- water pulmonates) , either alone or in groups of one,

two, or more, but never exceeding six in any one group (as

far as observed). As a rule, many eggs were crowded in a

small space on the plant surface (see figures 1-3). On some

plants but one side of a leaf contained eggs while other leaves

contained eggs on both sides of the leaf. Several areas of the

leaves of different plants were measured and the number of

eggs in this area were counted, with the result shown in table

No. 1. These figures indicate the great abundance of the eggs

of this mollusk. The leaf used for attachment was generally of

a living plant, but in many cases the dead and partly decayed

leaves and pieces of plants were utilized for this purpose.

In the table all leaves were about 6 mm. wide.

TABLE No. 1. Number of Eggs of Gillia altilis on Plants.

Plant. Length of Leaf. No. of Eggs.

Vallisneria spiralis 50 mm. 70

60 mm. 160

50 mm. 22

100 mm. 69

75 mm. 132

75 mm. 73

90 mm. 68

45 mm. 33

The eggs are somewhat hemispherical in form, 1.25 mm. in

diameter, the thickness being about a third of the diameter.

Upwards of 80 per cent of the eggs contained living embryos,

the balance being dead; a number of these were filled with

protozoa. The envelope of the egg is very transparent and

the embryo is transparent enough to permit some of the

organs of the body to be seen through the mantle and trans-

parent shell. The heart, placed near the aperture of the shell,

was observed to pulsate very rapidly in all the embryos, in

one individual 87 pulsations per minute.

Nearly all of the embryos were in an advanced stage of de-

velopment, the embryonic shell as well as the external organs

of the body — rostrum, tentacles, eyes, operculum, etc. — being

fully formed (fig. 4). The embryos moved about in the egg

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII.

PLATE II.

10

BAKER: GILLIA AND AMNICOLA.

THE NAUTILUS. 21

in the same manner that adult Gillia and other Amnicolidae

browse over vegetation, the proboscis moving slowly about and

the radula being protruded as in the adult animal. There

appeared to be a regular circular movement of the embryo

around the area of the egg capsule. A favorite position of

the young animal when at rest is shown in figure 5. The

rostrum appears to be cleft at the extremity in some individ-

uals and the anterior part of the foot varies greatly in form

when the young animal is active (fig. 6).

The embryonic shell is transparent, spermaceti-white in

color and about 1.25 mm. in diameter. It consists of rather

more than one whorl which enlarges rapidly (fig. 7). The

nucleus and a large part of the shell is covered with very fine

spiral lines, the lines of growth beginning abruptly near the

aperture. The umbilicus is of medium size and rather deep

(fig. 8).

Amnicola oneida or bakeriana Pilsbry. PI. 2, figs. 9, 10.

The lenticular eggs of Amnicola (figs. 9, 10) were notably

abundant in many localities covering all objects on the bot-

tom, including living and dead vegetation, dead and living

shells, and bottom debris. Two species, recently described,1

are represented. It is impossible to differentiate the eggs of

the two species, as both occurred with the eggs, but it is sus-

pected that the narrower form of egg (fig. 9) is from oneida.

and the wider form from bakeriana. (fig. 10). It will be

noted that the form of these eggs differs from the figure given

by Stimpson - for Amnicola limosa in which the egg is much

attenuated at both ends. The eggs of the new Amnicola were

especially abundant in filamentous algae (Cladophora fracta

and (Edogonium species), the long filaments often being cov-

ered with the lens-shaped eggs. Scirpus, Vallisneria, and

other plants were also used for attachment. An effort was

made to ascertain the number of eggs on certain species of

plants in a measured area, with the result shown in table

No. 2. In Vallisneria, eggs occurred on both sides of the leaf.

1 Pilsbry, NAUTILUS, XXX, pp. 44-46, 1917.

2 Researches upon the Hydrobiinae, etc., Smith, Miss. Coll., fig. 7, 1865.

22 THE NAUTILUS.

TABLE No. 2. Number of Eggs of Amnicola on Plants.

Plant. Size. No. of Eggs.

Vallisneria spiralis 70 x 5 mm. 44

70 x 5 mm. 27

153 x 5 mm. 257

140 x 5 mm. 58

140 x 5 mm. 222

89 x 5 mm. 23

53 x 5 mm. 93

Potamogeton perfoliatus, leaf . . 64 x 10 nun. 16

165x28 mm. 150

25 x 5 mm. 21

Potamogeton perfoliatus, stem . . 72 x 2 mm. 42

Potamogeton robbinsii, leaf .... 19 x 10 mm. 55

" " 38 x 10 mm. 42

Scirpus occidentalis 95 x 12 mm. 33

111x12 mm. 54

77 x 6 mm. 76

77 x 8 mm. 141

Scirpus americanus Ill x 3 mm. 200

" lllx 3 mm. 36

165 x 3 mm. 150

Quantitative studies show that Amnicola is the dominant

genus of mollusks in the part of Oneida Lake examined, and

the vast number of the eggs of this snail indicates that the

group is fully maintaining itself. This fact is of importance

economically, as several fish of food value — perch, pumpkin-

seed, bluegill, sunfish, catfish, sucker — as well as a few smaller

fish preyed upon by larger and valuable food fish, use these

snails as food. The eggs of Amnicola were observed in mid-

summer (July 25 to Aug. 4), and the condition of the em-

bryos (in the trochosphere stage) indicate that they would be

hatched from the middle to the latter part of August.

EXPLANATION OP FIGURES, PLATE 2.

1. Eggs of Oillia altilis on leaf of Scirpus smithii.

2. Eggs of Gillia altilis on leaf of Vallisneria spiralis.

3. A single egg of GiUia on leaf of Vallisneria.

4. Embryo of Gillia about ready to hatch.

5. Embryo of Gillia in resting position.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

6. Embryo of Gillia; forms assumed by fore part of foot.

7. Shell of Gillia altilis, top view showing rapid enlarge-

ment of whorl.

8. Shell of Gillia viewed from the front.

9. Egg of Amnieola ( ? oneida) on leaf of Valli&neria.

10. Egg of Amnieola ( 1 bakeriana).

PLEISTOCENE FOSSILS OF MAGDALENA BAY, LOWER CALIFOENIA,

COLLECTED BY CHARLES RUSSELL ORCUTT.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

In a recent visit to Magdalena Bay, Mr. Orcutt obtained a

series of Pleistocene fossils from a deposit on Magdalena

Island which prove very interesting. A number of the species

average larger than the recent forms of the same name, others,

like 8 trombus granulatus, are uniformly smaller. Many of

the species have not been reported from so far north in the

recent state, and on the whole the assembly has a more topical

aspect than that of the recent fauna. One or two of the

largest forms appear to be new. The list follows :

Bullaria aspersa A. Adams. Vasum caestus Broderip.

Terebra annillata Hinds. Oliva incrassata Solander.

Conus fergusoni Sowerby. Olivella dama Mawe.

Conus vittatus Hwass. Phyllonotus stearnsii Dall, n.

Conus, cf. ximenes Gray. sp.

C onus purpurascens Broderip. Phyllonotus bicolor Valenci-

Conus lucidus Mawe. ennes.

Conus tornatus Broderip. Phyllonotus princeps Brod-

Surcula maculosa Sowerby. erip.

Crassispira nigerrima Sow- Solenosteira anomala Reeve.

erby. Patellipurpura patula La-

Cancellaria obesa Sowerby. marck.

Cancellaria Candida Sowerby. Thais biserialis Blainville.

Cancellaria cassidiformis Thais kiosquiformis Duclos.

Sowerby. Macron aethiops Reeve.

Lyria (Enaeta) cumingi Arcularia tegula Reeve.

Broderip. Strombina dorsata Sowerby.

24

THE NAUTILUS.

Strombina solidula Reeve.

Strombus gracilior Sowerby.

Strombus granulatus Wood.

Cypraea annettae Ball.

Trivia radians Lamarck.

Cerithium gemmatum Hinds.

Turritella nodulosa King.

Neverita recluziana Deshayes,

small variety.

Polinices uber Valenciennes.

Crepidula excavata Broderip.

Crucibulum imbricatum Sow-

erby.

Crucibulum spinosum Sow-

erby.

Fissurella volcano Reeve.

Fissuridea murina Carpenter.

Astraea undosa Wood.

Ostrea veatchi Gabb.

Pecten circularis Sowerby.

Cardium biangulatum Sow-

erby.

Cardium procerum Sowerby.

Metis alta Conrad.

Tagelus violaceus Carpenter.

Parvilucina approximataDall.

Phacoides lamprus Dall.

Phacoides lingualis Carpenter.

Diplodonta (Felaniella) seri-

cata Reeve.

Diplodonta orbella Gould.

Divaricella eburnea Reeve.

Aligena cerittensis Arnold.

Dosinia ponderosa Gray.

Macrocallista squalida Sow-

erby.

Macrocallista orcutti n. sp.

Chione succincta Valenci-

ennes.

Chione undatella Sowerby.

Anomalocardia rugosa Sow-

erby.

Cyathodonta undulata Con-

rad.

Cryptomya californica Con-

rad.

Schizothaerus nuttallii Con-

rad, var. capax Gould.

Panope generosa var. taeniata

n. var.

Macrocallista orcutti n. sp.

Shell ovate-triangular, convex, inequilateral, solid and very

heavy, six inches long, the beaks two and one-half inches be-

hind the anterior end, incurved, prosocoelous, having neither

lunule nor escutcheon; the surface smooth except for slight

incremental undulations, irregular, but stronger toward the

ends and near the base, where they are sometimes supple-

mented by fine striations; anterior slope more abrupt than

the posterior, both ends rounded, the posterior moderately

attenuated, the base roundly arcuate; hinge of the type of

that of M . squalida but more concentrated, the posterior car-

THE NAUTILUS. 25

dinal more than half as long as the nymphal callosity; mus-

cular scars large, the anterior deeply impressed ; there is no

subumbonal cavity; pallial sinus short, extending forward

less than half the length of the shell, acute, subtriangular ;

margin of the valves smooth. Length of shell 158; height

135+ ; diameter of right valve 40 mm.

A single slightly imperfect right valve was obtained on

Magdalena Island. Than its nearest recent relative, M. squa-

lida, it is larger, more rounded, much heavier, with a less

uniformly smooth surface, and more concentrated hinge. In

M. squalida the right posterior cardinal is less than one-third

the length of the nymph, and the pallial sinus somewhat more

than half as long as the shell. The type specimen is in the

National Museum collection. It seems to be the heaviest

Venerid of the coast except Tivela stultorum.

Panope (generosa Gould var. ?) taeniata n. sp.?

Shell in a general way resembling P. generosa, from which

it is best distinguished by a differential diagnosis. The shell

of taeniata, is more arcuate, more attenuated behind, less

squarely truncate, the valve more inflated, with more of a

cavity under the beak, with a shorter ligament, and with the

posterior adductor scar nearly circular, while in generosa it

forms an elongate oval; the anterior scar is also larger and

wider than in generosa. Length of shell six and three-quarter

inches, height three and seven-eighths, diameter of left valve

an inch and a quarter. Compared with generosa the dimen-

sions are as follows in millimeters.

M. taeniata, Ion. 170, alt. 103, diarn. 60, truncation 65.

M. generosa, Ion. 172, alt. 97, diam. 48, truncation 78.

The left valve of taenwta, from which this description is

drawn up, has a narrow rounded low rib extending from near

the beak to the lower margin near the base of the truncation,

but none of the specimens of generosa show anything of the

kind. This, however, may be an individual mutation and re-

quires confirmation by other specimens. The valve described

was found on the beach, probably washed out of the deposit

from which the fossils were obtained.

26 THE NAUTILUS.

Murex (Phyllonotus) stearnsii new species.

Shell small, white, tinted with reddish brown on the varices

of which there are eight, thick and wide, on the early whorls

and seven on the last whorl; nucleus small, smooth, of two

whorls, followed by about five subsequent whorls; shoulder

high, rounded, the space between it and the suture pit-like

between the varices; spiral sculpture of nine or ten low,

strong ridges, incurved and guttered on the summit of the

varices, with an intercalary series of smaller cords, the whole

sharply spirally threaded and crossed by fine, rather sharp

axial threads between the cords ; aperture oval, hardly lirate,

canal short, broad, almost closed, the base of the whorl some-

what constricted. Height 50, diameter of shell 35, length of

aperture and canal 33 mm.

Fossil on Magdalena Island. Recent from Acapulco to

Manta, Ecuador.

This is nearest to P. humilis Broderip, of Panama, which

has recurved spines, is generally more compact, and when

adult much smaller.

LIST OF SHELLS FROM ANGEL AND TIBURON ISLANDS, GULF OF CALI-

FORNIA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES.

Collected by L. C. Decius and A. D. Fyfe, November, 1917.

BY I. S. OLDROYD.

ACANTHINA ANGELICA, n. Sp.

Shell elongate with sloping shoulders, surface with heavy

revolving striae crossed by fine longitudinal ribs, which over-

lap forming a net- work; color grayish with markings of

chocolate-brown here and there. Whorls five ; aperture pur-

plish within; columella straight, same color as aperture;

outer lip thickened, dentate and with a strong tooth at its

base. Alt. 26, diameter 13 mm. Canal short, open. It is

nearest to Acanthina engonata Conr., but differs from it in

slope of shoulders, sculpture, and color of aperture.

Type is in the Stanford Collection.

THE NAUTILUS.

27

Type locality, Redondo Bay, Angel Island, Gulf of Cali-

fornia.

ANGEL ISLAND SPECIES.

Polinices recluziana Desh.

Columbella- fuscata Sowb.

Trivia solandri Gray.

Pecten subnodosa Sowb.

Fusinus dupetithouarsi Kieu.

Bullaria gouldiana Pils.

Pecten dentatus Sowb.

Pododesma adamsi Gray.

Area multicostata Sowb.

Chione undatella Sowb.

Crucibulum imbricatum Brod.

Turbo flexuosa Wood.

Mnrex elenensis Ball.

Cassis abreviata Lam..

Conus dalli Stearns.

Pimm rugosa Sby.

Trivia solandri Gray.

Cypraea annetta Dall.

Phacoides sp.

Cardita affinis Sby.

Hipponix barbatus Sby.

Nerita sp.

Diplodonta orbella Gld.

Opalia crenatoides Cpr.

Terebra variegata Gray.

Natica bifaciata Gray.

Aca/nthina sp. worn.

Cassis coarctata Gray.

Pecten circularis Sowb.

Phyllonotus bicolor Val.

Olivella da ma Mawe.

Pa-phia grata Say.

Modiolu-s modiolus Linn.

Glycimeris giganteus Rve.

Crepiduld anyx Sby.

Cerithium interruptum C. B.

Ad.

CMIUS regularis Sowb.

ThU'is haemastoma Linn.

Acanthina muricata Brod.

Surcula olivaceus fumiculata

Val.

Chiton 2 sp.

Chione fluctifraga Sowb.

Turritella, gonostoma Val.

Alectrion versicolor C. B. Ad.

Area solida Sby.

Tegula viridula reticulata

Wood.

Alectrian affinis Sby.

Area reeviana Orb.

Diplodo-nta sericata Rve.

Paphia grata Say.

Pecten dentata Sby.

Hipponix antiquata Linn.

Heterodonax bimaculatusOr}).

Area reeviana Orb.

TIBURON ISLAND SPECIES.

Diplodonta orbella Gld.

Olivella dama Mawe.

Conus ximenes Gray.

Cardita affinis Brod.

Hipponix barbata Sby.

Pododesma adamsi Gray.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW SPECIES OF CU8PIDARIA FROM MONTEREY

BY I. S. OLDROYD, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CALIFORNIA.

CUSPIDARIA (TROPIDOMYA) NANA, n. sp.

Shell small and slender; subventricose, the surface sculp-

ture with numerous fine concentric lines of growth ; the umbo

anterior to the middle of the shell. Anterior portion obese,

posterior slender, prolonged and slightly twisted, not gaping ;

with a sulcus reaching from the umbones to the rear of the

shell. Hinge with no lateral teeth, a small anterior cardinal

in the right valve, ligament obsolete, internal resilium strong,

set in a prominent, posteriorly inclined resilifer with a strong

quadrate lithodesma immediately in front of it. Pallial sinus

short rounded, margins entire. Length 25, height 13 mm.

Type in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University, Cal.

Type locality, Monterey Bay, California. Living in clay.

Two specimens were found.

There is one specimen in the Hemphill collection, collected

by Mr. Hemphill at Bolenas, California.

ANOTHER "MARTYN".

BY BRYANT WALKER.

The arrival in this country of a third l four-volume copy

of Martyn's "Universal Conchologist" seems worthy of

record, especially as this differs in several details from those

that have been described by Ball, Johnson and Dautzenberg.

It was obtained from Messrs. William Wesley and Son of

London, England, and is now in my library. There is nothing

to show who had previously owned it.

The four volumes are bound as two in finely-tooled calf,

i This is probably a fourth copy, as a four volume set was acquired

• few years ago by the Academy of Natural Sciences, No. 406 Conch.,

of the library.— EDS.

THE NAUTILUS. 29

which was rather the worse for wear when received. The

plates measure 12 13/16 by lO1/^ inches.

None of the circulars mentioned in connection with certain

other copies are found with this.

Bound in with the original indices is a MSS. index written

in a large engrossing hand. The plates are numbered con-

secutively in the upper right-hand corner in ink and evidently

by the same hand that wrote the index, with the following

exceptions : Plate 5 has no number at all ; twenty-four plates

have the original engraved numbers in the upper right-hand

corner and eleven others, in addition to the written numbers

in the upper corner, have the original engraved number, run-

ning longitudinally with the page, in the lower right-hand

corner. Of these thirty-five engraved numbers, three are

simply numerals. The others have in addition to the number

a letter appended. Thus plate 8 is engraved "Fige 8 — d"

and plate 153 is engraved "Fige 153 --ppp". All of the

plates with written numbers in volumes I and II are written

"No I", &c., while those in volumes III and IV, down to and

including plate 155, are written "Fig. 81", &c. The remain-

ing plates have simply the numerals.

In all of the four volumes there are considerable differences

in the neat-lines surrounding the figures. Some have an inner

border of three lines, of which the center one is much the

heavier and an outer narrow one, while others have only a

single heavy line for the inner border. Eighteen of the plates

in volumes III and IV have no neat-lines at all. The neat-

lines, when present, were evidently added by hand and not

engraved.

Plate 73 and eighteen others in volumes III and IV are

initialed "H", evidently in the same handwriting as the

written index, and plate 82 has endorsed on it: " (26 plates)

H".

Two of the additional plates in volume IV are signed "E.

Sewell ' ', one in plain Roman letters and the other entirely in

capital letters.

Volumes I and II, with the possible deviations noted above,

are in all other respects the same as the copy in the National

Museum described by Dr. Dall in 1905, excepting :

30 THE NAUTILUS.

(1) That the French title-page reads "Les Figures", &c.,

instead of "Des Figures", as in that copy.

(2) There are two plates numbered "30—1" and "30—2"

giving an upper and under view of the shell figured, and two

numbered "72—1" and "72—2". The written index states

that "72—2" is a variety of "72—1".

(3) Plates 43 and 59 have two views of the shell as in

the Henderson copy, but plate 57 has only one figure as in the

National Museum copy. The figures on plates 61 and 63 are

also arranged as in the Henderson copy.

Volumes III and IV have no separate title-pages, simply the

engraved explanatory tables. These tables agree with those

quoted by Dr. Dall from the Sydney copy except that the

generic name is frequently omitted in the second column,

usually from lack of room when a varietal name was given.

The first species on plate 109 is given as "Pellis Armeni-

ana" and not Arminiana.

Plate 129 is indexed as (Voluta) " Aplustre Ducis Navalis".

The second species on plate 135 is given as "Denrachates".

The first species on plate 137 is indexed as "Cselata".

Plate 143 is given as (Cochlea) "Albida".

Plate 154 is given as "Ostrea Echinata".

The first species on plate 156 is indexed as "Tellina cin-

namea".

There are forty- three plates in volume III.

Plate 88 is a costate shell and would seem to agree with the

name given in the engraved index. Plate 88* is a smooth

shell. No specific names are given for either species in the

written index.

Plate 115 is duplicated. The first plate contains two fig-

ures of the typical form of Amphidromus aureus (Martyn)

corresponding to those given in the Manual of Conchology,

XIII, pi. 54, figs. 70 and 71. The front view is of a sinistral

specimen, the back view is from a dextral one. The second

plate gives two views of a dextral specimen of the unstriped

form corresponding to fig. 72 of the plate in the Manual of

Conchology.

Plate 116 is also duplicated and represents two color forms

THE NAUTILUS. 31

of a beautiful sinistral Amphidromus, which I cannot assign

to any of the species figured in the Manual of Conchology.

The habitat is given as "Barbadoes", an impossibility, and

the shells figured are stated to be in the cabinet of Mr. For-

ster. In the introduction (p. 18) Martyn states that "For

exquisite taste and judgment in the various subjects of Con-

chology, Mineralogy and every other species of fossil bodies,

perhaps no collector has more distinguished himself than Mr.

Jacob Forster, to whose constant application in the pursuit

of everything rare and beautiful in these branches it is chiefly

owing that such matchless specimens now adorn his own, as

well as other principal cabinets of Natural History in this

kingdom".

A very large proportion of the shells figured in volumes III

and IV are stated to be in Mr. Forster 's collection. His ad-

dress is given as "Piazza, Covent Garden".

There are fifty-two plates in volume IV.

In addition to the forty plates enumerated in the engraved

index, there are twelve additional plates numbered 161 to 172

inclusive. It is probable that these plates are part, at least,

of those prepared for the fifth volume before the project waa

abandoned as stated by Chenu (Dall, 1905, p. 420).

No names are given on any of the plates except No. 169,

which has the following legend in ink :

"Strombus Fusus."

"This curious shell was taken up by the anchor of the

Albion, East Indianman, in the Straits of Macassar (quere

Sunda) in 1794 by Wm. Wells Esq'r and given to Mrs. Rob-

son, who sold it and it was afterwards in the possession of

Mr. Troward."

Only a portion of the species represented by these plates

are identified in the written index. The following are named :

Plate 161. Murex neritoideus (Ricinula Lam.).

162. M. hippocastaneum

165. Cook's Turbo.

169. Strombus fusus.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

170. "Same as 89."

172. Murex babylonius.

Plate 156 was represented only by a blank, but numbered,

page in this copy when received. Through the courtesy of

Mr. C. W. Johnson, I have been able to supply the omission

by an admirable water-color copy of the plate in the copy

owned by the Boston Society of Natural History.

The written index, while of course of no scientific value, is

of interest both as showing the changes that had been adopted

in current nomenclature between the date of the engraved

index and that of the written one and as affording an, at least,

approximate date when the present copy was put together

and bound.

In the nomenclature of the species represented on the 160

plates covered by the engraved index, there are no less than 89

changes in generic and 87 in specific names in the written

index. The accepted nomenclature of the written index is

apparently that Gmelin, whose Systerna Natura was published

in 1788-1792. Thus the two species illustrated on plate 67 are

given in the engraved index as Limax nucleus and L. faba.

The former is now known as Cassidula nucleus (Martyn) and

the latter as Partula faba (Martyn). In the written index

both are referred to "Helix'". According to Pilsbry (Man.

Con., XX, p. 236) Gmelin was the first to designate the latter

as ''Helix faba" in 1791, and according to Kuster (Con. Cab.,

Auriculacea, 1841, p. 29) he also referred nucleus to the same

genus.

Everything in the make-up of this copy seems to indicate

that it must have been one of the latest copies issued and was

made up of such plates as were then on hand. The entire

omission of plate 156 would seem to show that there were no

copies left of that plate. The numeration, part written, part

engraved, and some both written and engraved; the lack of

uniformity in the matter of the neat-lines and the addition

of twelve plates not included in the original work, all point

in the same direction.

In the written index under plate 67 (Cypraa aurantium)

is appended the following note: "N. B. See Ency. Brit., v. 9,

THE NAUTILUS. 33

p. 508. A fine young shell of this species was brought from

Guam, one of the Ladrona Islands in the Pacific Ocean near

Japan, in 1822 and was sold for £25".

This clearly fixes the date of the written index as later

than 1822.

Plate 67 has written on it in the lower corner in pencil and

in a handwriting entirely different from that of the written

index (presumably by some subsequent owner), "This is not

plate 69". The same note and in the same handwriting also

appears on plates 94, 111, 135 and 152. Possibly a comparison

with a perfect copy would show that the missing plates are

included in the additional plates in volume IV and were mis-

placed by careless handling in arranging the plates for the

binder.

BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB.

The Boston Malacological Club has held its regular meet-

ings during the past season — its eighth year. These meetings

have been well attended ; many interesting papers have been

given and specimens exhibited. The general enthusiasm and

good-fellowship prevailing shows that the Club has a perma-

nent place among the scientific activities of Boston.

At the October meeting Mr. William F. Wells, Scientific

Assistant in Shell-fish, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, gave an

interesting communication on the "Possibilities of Scientific

Oyster Culture." The Club also had the pleasure of a visit

from Dr. William H. Dall, of the U. S. National Museum.

In November the Rev. Oliver P. Emerson gave a talk on

"Collecting Achatinellidse. " A residence in Hawaii for

thirty-five years gave him every opportunity for studying

these interesting shells and to make a large and beautiful

collection.

In December Mr. J. Henry Blake spoke on "Collecting at

Provincetown, Mass.," noting the many changes that have

occurred affecting the molluscan fauna. Mr. C. J. Maynard

spoke on collecting Cerion in the Bahamas. The Club at this

34 THE NAUTILUS.

meeting also had the pleasure of a visit from Professor Wil-

liam A. Bryan, of the College of Hawaii, Honolulu. He gave

a very interesting account on the variation of species of

Melaniidee in different parts of the same stream.

The January meeting was devoted to paleontology, Dr.

Hervey W. Shimer, speaking on the Cephalopoda and Pelecy-

poda, and Dr. Percy E. Raymond on the Gastropoda.

In February Mr. Charles W. Johnson spoke on the varia-

tion of Litorina rudis, L. obtusata palliata and Thais lapillus,

illustrated by a large series of specimens from various local-

ities on the New England coast and Europe.

At the March meeting Dr. Edward C. Van Dyke, of San

Francisco, spoke on collecting on the Pacific slope, and gave

some interesting points bearing on the zoogeography of the

region. It being the annual meeting, Mr. J. Henry Blake

was elected president to succeed Mr. John Ritchie, Jr.

In April Mr. John Ritchie, Jr.'s subject was "Miscellany,"

and Mr. Arthur F. Gray exhibited photographs and letters

of noted conchologists.

At the May meeting an interesting discussion was pre-

sented by Professor Edward S. Morse on "Protective Colora-

tion," and by Mr. Francis N. Balch on "Problems of Colora-

tion in Mollusca. ' '

The field meeting of the year was to Fresh Pond, Cam-

bridge, classic collecting ground for fresh-water mollusks.

E. G. HUMPHREY, Secretary.

NOTES.

OLIVELLA BIPLICATA ANGELENA, var. nov.

This variety differs from Sowerby's type in being more

delicate and slender, with callous not so heavy, spire more

elevated, sloping more gradually from the middle of the shell

to the apex. Sowerby's type came from Monterey and does

not occur near San Pedro living, but is found fossil there in

the Pliocene and lower Pleistocene. Variety angelena is

found fossil in both the upper and lower San Pedro beds of

the Pleistocene.

THE NAUTILUS. 35

Length of type 27, width 13 mm.

Type is in the Oldroyd collection, Stanford University.

T. S. OLDROYD.

PRESSODONTA redwiva. — In some notes on the Uni&nicUe re-

cently published (Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., 49,

1918, p. 2) I proposed to replace Pressodonta Simp. (1900) by

Calceola Sw. (1840) on the ground of priority, both groups

having the same type. Dr. Dall has since called my attention

to the fact that "Calceola was used by Lamarck in 1799 for

a coral (long supposed to be a Brachiopod)." Thia restores

Pressodonta to its place as the proper name for the subgenus.

The error is one of the unfortunate results of not having

access to a general scientific library. — BRYANT WALKER.

Mr. Horace F. Carpenter has presented to the City of

Providence and has installed in the museum at Boger Wil-

liams Park his entire collection of minerals and shells. It

consists of about 4,000 species of shells, 75,000 specimens,

1,200 species and varieties of minerals, over 200 rare chem-

ical salts, and 50 wooden models of mineral crystals. A

microscope with accessories for conchological and mineralog-

ical work, and a library of about 200 volumes on natural his-

tory and chemistry, worth about $1,500. This collection

represents a life labor of 60 years. Mr. Carpenter has spent

nearly a year in installing, arranging and labeling these

specimens at the museum.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN CHITONS, I. By S. Stillman

Berry. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4 ser., vol. vii, pp. 229-248.,

Sept. 1917 (received May 17, 1918). These interesting notes

are based on a large and valuable collection made by Mr.

George Willett in southern Alaska, comprising 25 species and

622 specimens. Two new species, Ischnochiton (Lepidozona)

willetti and Placiphorella rufa, are described and figured,

followed by a note on the genus Trachydermon.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OP NEW SPECIES OP PULMONATA

OP THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS. By W. H. Dall. Proc. Calif.

Acad. Sci., 4 ser., vol. ii, pt. 1, pp. 375-382, Dec. 1917 (re-

ceived May 17, 1918). Thirteen new species of Bulimuliis

subgenus Naesiotus, a new Helicina and Williamia galapa-

gwui are described.

NOTE ON CHRYSODOMUS AND OTHER MOLLUSKS FROM THE

NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN. By W. H. Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., vol. 54, pp. 207-234, 1918. An exhaustive account of

the genus and the allied forms now grouped under the family

Chrysodomidse. The nuclei or larval shells of the various

genera present several distinct types and numerous mutations.

"In many cases, as in Buccinum and Busy con, it was shown

many years ago by Loven and others that a single ovicapsule

contains a number of ova fertile and unfertile. The unfer-

tile eggs serve as food for the larvas developed from the fertile

ones and there is a certain amount of competition between

the larvae in the capsule which results in the most vigorous

larvse getting more food and making a larger growth than the

more weakly coinhabitants of the capsule. Thus at the time

of leaving the capsule and coming into the outer world, it

sometimes happens that there will be perceptible differences

between the individuals issuing from a single capsule, not

only in actual size but in the length of the coil of whorls and

the size and compactness of the larval apex." The rules of

nomenclature necessitates the use of Chrysodomus instead of

Neptunea. Under the genus Searlesia is placed the C. diru-s

of the west coast. The other genera comprising the family

are : Ecphora, Colu-s, Siphonorbis, Kryptos, Plicifusus, Exilia,

Valuiopsius, Pyrulofusus, Beringvus, Liomesus and Ancistro-

lepis. Fifteen new species are described. C. W. J.

NOTES ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE MOLLUSKS OP THE

FAMILY TURRITID^E. By W. H. Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

vol. 54, pp. 313-333, 1918. A very useful and timely paper.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXII. OCTOBER, 1918. No. 2

THE AVICULA CANDEANA OF D'ORBIGNY, FROM BERMUDA.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON*.

Among the inollusca collected by Mr. Owen Bryant at Ber-

muda in the summer of 1903, was a specimen referable to the

genus Malleus of authors. At the time I urged Mr. Bryant to

describe it and he started to do so. I do not wonder that the

monographs in the Conchologia Iconica (Vol. XI) and in the

Conchylien Cabinet (VIII, 1) baffled him, and when I showed

him d'Orbigny's description of Avicida candeana in La Sagra's

Cuba, he " threw up the sponge," and on leaving Boston turned

the specimen over to me.

The specimen was put aside, and the press of museum work

has prevented me from recording this interesting shell before.

At this time the pleasure of doing so is greatly marred by the

possibility that the appropriate and familiar name of Malleus

Lamarck 1799, might have to fall before the older name of

Pivctado Bolten, 1798.

My friend Mr. Charles Hedley in his list of the mollusca of

New South Wales, ingeniously places Malleus vulgar is under the

genus Pinctado and M, albus under Malleus. This is a very

nice way of arranging them so as to retain the old genus Malleus',

but do they really represent two genera ? What shall we do

with all of the smaller, auriculate forms? Although the species

seem difficult to separate in the early stages of their growth,

the adult shells of the auriculate species are quite readily sepa-

rated from the true " hammer oysters," and the simplest plan

would be to adopt provisionally a third name to cover these.

38 THE NAUTILUS.

In 1884 De Gregorio proposed the name FundeUa for a shell,

with the hinge as in Malleus; structure of the shell and inequality

of the valves as in Ostrea] cardinal line straight, and a wing as

in Avicula, shell gaping on one side; external aspect of the

summits as in Anom la; interior as in Ostrea. Type F. lioyi ,

n. sp. , 25 mm., in a sponge from the abyssal zone of the medi-

terranean, off Tunis. E. von Martens, who compiled the mol-

lusca in the Zool. Record for 1884, in commenting on the

species says: "photograph, not very clear figure, much re-

sembles the young state of Malleus regula (Forsk.) from the

Red Sea." Fischer in his Manuel makes Fandella a section of

Malleus, with the following diagnosis: anterior ear obsolete, and

with a longitudinal, median ridge on the interior of the valves;

giving as the type, M. candeanus d'Orbigny. Did Fischer con-

sider De Gregorio's species to be the same as d'Orbigny's? I

am inclined to think he did. From the description and figures

I see no characters to separate them. Orbigny looked upon it

as a deformed Avicula (Pteria), with the characteristics of that

genus when young and of Malleus when in the adult stage. Dr.

Dall under Electroma Stoliczka, (type Avicula smaragdina Reeve)

says: "The latter (Electroma) may be represented in the recent

fauna of the Antilles by Avicula candeana Orb., which seems to

owe its characters to commensalism with sponges."

FUNDELLA CANDEANA (d'Orbigny).

Avicula candeana d'Orb. Hist, de Cuba, La Sagra, Moll. II,

343, pi. 28, figs. 25-27, 1853.

Malleus vesiculatus Reeve, Conch. Icon. (Malleus) XI, pi. 3,

fig. 12, 1858.

Malleus ruftpunctatus Reeve, Conch. Icon., XI, pi. 3, fig. 8,

1858.

Fundella, lioyi De Gregorio, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., X, 73, pi.

4, fig. 6, 1884.

Malleus candeanus Fischer, Manuel de Conch., p. 954, 1887.

Electroma (?) candeana Dall., Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci.,

Ill, pt. 4, p. 668, 1898.

The shell in question was removed from a coralline growth

and is greatly deformed as so many of the species of this group

THE NAUTILUS. 39

usually are. It measures 45 mm. in length and is of a dark

purplish color, with a dull yellowish margin; the structure of

the shell is vesieulate, making it thin and brittle; umbones

smooth followed by a radial sculpture, which soon changes to

irregular, concentric laminae. At this point the growth of the

,-ihell was arrested and commenced to grow at right angles to the

hinge; byssal opening large, affecting both valves. The pallia!

line is conspicuously raised, forming a deep, nacre-lined body

cavity; from about the middle of the pallial line and extending

to the margin of the shell is a median, longitudinal ridge. The

object of this ridge seems to be that of strengthening the thin

vesiculate portion of the shell, for it is much more prominent

in the smaller than in the larger and thicker species, including

the two "hammer oysters." This ridge is not present in

Pteria.

From the descriptions and figures given by Reeve, this species

cannot be satisfactorily separated from several species from the

Pacific, especially Malleus vesiculatus from Isle of Plata, West

Columbia. It also resembles except in color M. rufipunctatus and

M. aquatilis from the same locality.

The metropolis of the Malleaceae being the Central Pacific,

their presence in the Antillean waters might possibly be due to

water connection by the Isthmus of Panama during the late

Eocene or early Oligocene, a period when so many of the ana-

logous species now living on the west coast of Central America

and in the West Indies, probably had a common origin, but its

occurrence in the Mediterranean makes this theory less plausi-

able.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

FIGS. 1 and 2. Fandella candeana (d'Orb. ). Bermuda. Speci-

men in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

FIGS. 3 and 4. Fundelln candeana (d'Orb.). From a photo-

graph of d'Orbigny's figures.

FIG. 5. Malleus rufipunctatus Reeve. From a photo-

graph of Reeve's figure.

FIG. 6. Malleus vesiculatus Reeve. From a photograph

of Reeve's figure.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

A MOLLUSK HUNT IN WYOMING

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

The recent molluscan fauna of Wyoming is probably less

known than that of any other state in the Union. A number

of mountain chains, more or less isolated by broad expanses of

plains unfavorable to land snails, promise interesting results

from a conchological exploration of the region, especially with

reference to the genus Oreohelix. I have long looked in that

direction with covetous eyes. In 1917 it was my privilege to

spend the two weeks from August 28 to September 7 in that

region, in company with Edward L. Schwabe. We traveled

hastily by auto, with camp outfit, passing almost entirely across

the state from south to north. The great distance traveled,

together with long stretches of barren territory between collect-

ing places, and the lack of opportunity for side trips into more

favorable territory, prevented great results, but we obtained an

acquaintance with the region that will be invaluable in planning

another and longer season's work in the future. Unfortunately

the war conditions have prevented a continuance of the work

during the present year. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry has rendered val-

ued assistance in the determination of some of the land shells,

and Dr. Bryant Walker has identified or confirmed the identity

of most of the fresh-water snails. The Pmdia, of which we

found very few, were submitted to Dr. V. Sterki some time ago,

but as yet I have no report from him. In the card index of

the University of Colorado Museum, I find noted the published

records of the following species and subspecies for Wyoming:

Columella alticola (Ing.)

Euconulus fitlvus alaskensis Pils.

Lymnaa apicina Lea

Lymnaa binneyi Tryou

Lymncca- elodes var. ?

Lymncca jacksonensis Baker

Lymn&a- proximo Lea

Lymncea- traski Try on

Oreohelix cooperi (W. G. B.)

Oreohelix cooperi minor (Ckll.)

THE NAUTILI'S. 41

Orcokcli.r cooperi maxima Pils.

Oreohelix pygnuea Pils.

Oreohelix strigosa Gld. (depressa Ckll. V)

Oreohelix strigosa extremitatis Pils. & Ferr.

Physa sayi Tappati

Planorbis bicarinatus (antrosus Conr. )

PomatiopsAs robusta Walker

PupUla muftcorum (L.)

Pyramidulii cronkhitei anthonyi Pils.

Pyramidula striated Aiith.

Succinea avara Say

Vallonia cyclophorella Aucey

Vitrina pfeifferi Newc. (alaskana Ball)

Oreohelix cooperi minor should be eliminated from the list,

because, in the first place, a re-examination of the material so

recorded shows that it is true cooperi, and in the second place,

investigations recently carried on by me at the type locality

of minor convince me that the small form so named was

based upon examples merely dwarfed by adverse conditions

in one portion of a normal cooperi colony. Baker has placed

the Ft. Bridger record of Lymn<ra elodes var. in the synonymy

of L. palustris. The Pyramidula striatella record is probably

P. c. anthonyi, which would still further reduce the list, but

it may possibly be P. shimeki cockerelli Pils. Pupilla mus-

corum is probably P. m. xerobia Pils., but one cannot be cer-

tain of it. Physa sayi is doubtful, but if not that, it refers to

some other Physa, so its elimination would not reduce the

number of species. This leaves a list of about 22 species, 12

of which are confined to two genera, with no recorded pele-

cypods at all. Possibly some recorded species have been over-

looked by me. The only large land snails are in the genus

Oreohelix; Polygyra, which occurs to the northward in Mon-

tana, not having been found in Wyoming. Oreohelix is an

ancient genus in the state, 0. grangeri Ckll. & Hend. and 0.

megarche Ckll. & Hend. occurring in rocks of Eocene age.

Our two weeks' work, besides furnishing new localities for

some of the species already recorded from the state, adds the

following species, including four additional genera, two of

which are pelecypods:

42 THE NAUTILUS.

Agriolirtmx campestris (Binn.)

Ferrissia rivularis Say

Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes)

Lymna-a bulimoides cockerelli Pils. & Ferr

Lymncra caperata Say

Lymncra humilis modicella Say?

LymiKca obrussa Say

Physa anatina Lea

Physa gyrina Say

Physa Integra Hald. ?

Physa sayi warreniana Lea?

Physa walkeri Grand.

Planorbis parvus Say

Vattoma gracilicosta Reinh.

Zonitoides arborea (Say)

In a recent paper Daniels and I asserted the probable oc-

currence of L. b. cockerelli in Wyoming, which is now con-

firmed.

Following is an account of the stations visited and the mol-

lusks obtained at each :

Sta. 232, reservoir where the road from Cheyenne to Cas-

per crosses Lodgepole Creek, about thirteen miles north of

Cheyenne.

Pisidium sp.

Agriolimax campestris (Binn.)

Lymncea obru-ssa Say

Physa- saijii warreniana Lea?

Planorbis parvus Say

Succinea avara Say

Vallo-nia gracilicosta Reiuh.

Sta. 233, a branch of Bear Creek, north of Horse Creek.

Pisidium sp.

Lymncra. obrussa Say

Physa walkeri Grand.

Sta. 234, small reservoir six miles northeast of Wheatland.

Lymnfca caperata Say

Physa gyrina Say

Planorbis parvus Say

Sta. 235, bridge over Laramie river, below Uva.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes)

Lymn&a obrussa Say

Lymn&a humilis modicella Say? (two specimens)

Oreohelix cooper i (W. G. B.)

Pyramidula. cronkhitei anthonyi Pils.

Succinea avara Say

Vallonia gracilicosta, Reinh.

Zonitoid-es arborea (Say)

Physa gyrina Say

Physa Integra Hald. ?

Planorbis parvus Say

Only a single broken example of the Oreohelix was found,

in the river bottom, and it may have been brought by the

stream from far away in the spring flood.

Sta. 236, creek bottom about ten or twelve miles north of

Uva, under willows and cottonwoods.

Vallonia- gracilicosta Reinh.

Vitrina alaskana Dall.

Zonitoid-es arborea (Say)

Sta. 237, five miles northwest of Douglas, in a small spring

brook.

Lymn&a obrussa Say

Physa gyrina Say

Planorbis parvus Say

Sta. 238, Boxelder Creek, about 18 or 20 miles northwest

of Douglas.

Ferrissia rivularis Say

Lymn&a obrussa Say

Physa gyrina Say

Planorbis parvus Say

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pils.

Succinea avara Say

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.

Vitrina alaskana Dall

Zonitoides arborea (Say)

Sta. 239, a very small reservoir formed by throwing an

earth dam across a dry draw to catch the storm waters for

stock, four miles west of Arminta. A few very rotten shells

of Lymncea bulimoides cockerelli Pits. & Fer. were found.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

Many d< ;id salamanders were along the bank and a few live

ones were seen in the water. This shallow water-hole did not

look as though it could have existed very long, and it was a

long distance from any other water. We were much surprised

to see several great blue herons fly from the water at our ap-

proach, and wondered Avhat they were feeding upon, or we

should not have looked for any mollusks there. It would be

interesting to know by what agency they got there. Hand

(NAUTILUS, XXVII, 1914, p. 144) noted Planorbis vermicu-

laris in a small artificial pond in California, and raised the

same question, "How did they get there?"

Sta. 240, at base of a rocky sandstone ledge about twelve

miles north of Lost Cabin on the road to Ten Sleep.

Pupilla muscorum xerobia Pils.

Vallo-nia . cyclophorella Aucey

Sta. 241, creek bottom about three miles above Ten Sleep.

Agriolimax campestris (Biiiney).

Oreohelix cooperi (W. G. B.) ?

Physa gyrina Say ("peculiar long form")

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pils.

Succinea avara Say

Vallonia gracilicosta Reiuh.

Vitrina alaskana Dall

Zonitoides arbor ea (Say)

Only one fragment of Oreohelix was found, apparently 0.

cooperi, and it may have been brought down from up-stream

in the spring flood. Agriolimax is represented by two very

small examples.

Sta. 242, creek bottom at Hyattville, among willows, narrow-

leafed cottonwoods, etc. Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.

Sta. 243, bottom lands on Shell Creek, at mouth of White

Water Creek, about five miles east of Shell.

Lymncca obrussa, Say

Physa anatina Lea

Planorbis parvus Say

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pils.

Vallonm gracilicosta Reinh.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

Physa anatina is so identified by Dr. Bryant Walker. We

have another lot of the same species, also identified by Dr.

Walker, collected by Mr. Don W. Walker two and a half miles

east of Shell.

Sta. 244, just within the mouth of Shell Creek Canyon, on

south side of creek, about two miles above Sta. 243, 011 lime-

stone ledge devoid of shrubbery and other vegetation except

close-clinging lichens on the rock. Oreohelir yavapai extre-

mitatis Pils. & Ferr. was plentiful, clinging to the open face

of the rocks in plain sight, though the weather was hot and

dry. This form has been recorded from the same canyon by

Dr. Pilsbry. There were no rock slides or other cover, such

as Oreohelix usually requires, anywhere near. We obtained

145 live examples and over 200 dead shells in a short search,

one of the latter being reversed. I have never before seen

any member of this genus in such an exposed position.

Sta. 245, about a mile or so from Sta. 244, same side of

creek, under shrubbery. We obtained 31 Oreohelix yavapai

extrcrnitatis Pils. & Ferr. and 46 0. pygnicca Pils. alive, to-

gether with many dead shells. This is the type locality of the

latter. Two of them were albinos. We also found Pupilla

'muscorum xerobia Pils., Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh., and

Zonit aides arborea (Say).

Sta. 246, just within the mouth of White Creek Canyon, on

south side, a couple of miles south of Sta. 245, in a small brush

patch a few feet in diameter at the base of a low cliff near an

old log building.

Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pils.

Oreohelix cooperi form obscura Hend.

Oreohelix pygmcra Pils.

Oreohelix yavapai extremitatis Pils. & Ferr.

Pupilla muscorum (L.)

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.

Vitrina alaskana Dall.

Sta. 247, bluff 50 yards east of Sta. 246. 0. y. extremitatis

Pils. & Ferr. abundant, clinging to rocks and under scant

mountain mahogany, clematis, etc., a few out on open ground,

all active after the rain of the night before. Two dead shells

46 THE NAUTILUS.

of 0. pygm&a Pils. and seven dead shells of 0. s. obscura were

also found here. The extremitatis from this canyon are much

less prominently carinated than those from Shell Creek

Canyon.

Sta. 248, at base of bluff from 100 to 150 yards east of Sta.

247, under fairly good cover of shrubbery. 0. c. obscura nu-

merous, with quite a number 0. y. extremitatis (two albinos)

and a few 0. pygmcua.

Sta. 249, a short distance up the canyon from Sta. 248,

where the vegetation about small rock slides at the foot of a

high cliff forms good cover for snails, which were very abun-

dant. In a short time we observed 600 live 0. pygmcsa, the

same number of 0. c. obscura, and 58 live 0. y. extremitatis.

Pour of the pygmcua and six of the obscura- are albinos.

OREOHELIX COOPERI OBSCURA new form.

Ordinarily forms of Oreohelix based upon color alone are

of doubtful value, but in this case the color is so striking and

so uniform that I feel justified in giving to the form from

this canyon a name. Of the hundreds of live examples and

more hundreds of dead shells examined from stations 246,

247, 248 and 249, not one resembles typical cooperi in color,

though I detect no other difference. With the exception of

the eight albinos, they are all very dark, mostly quite black,

not dark red or brown usually, with a rather broad light

peripheral band, though this is wanting in many examples.

In color they resemble 0. periphe-rica. albofascictfa (Hemph.),

but would not be mistaken for that form by anyone familiar

with Oreohelices. In numbering thousands of O. cooperi in

the last few weeks I have noticed that there is a scratch be-

neath the pen, as though it were being dragged across a fine,

sharp file, quite different from the sensation experienced in

using the pen on other species, of which I have numbered

thousands recently. This scratch I noticed in the color form

now described.

Most of the shells of the yavapai group in White Creek

Canyon have the spire much more elevated, scarcely any

being as flat as those from Shell Creek Canyon, and, as would

be expected, the keel is much less pronounced. In fact, many

THE NAUTILUS. 47

of them have the keel as rounded as in 0. s. depressa (Ckll.)

and some have the color bands well developed. A striking fea-

ture of this district is the number of albinos occurring in both

pygmcpa and obscura. Another unusual feature is the occur-

rence of three forms of Oreohelix intermingled. It is seldom

that I have found even two together until the season of 1917,

and never before have I found three together, yet at all of the

stations in White Creek Canyon this occurs. These stations

are really different portions of one great colony, as scattered

dead shells were found all along the canyon as far as we

traversed it, but we divided it into stations because of dif-

ferences in cover and other conditions, and variance in the

proportionate numbers of the several forms.

A NEW PRIOTROCHATELLA FROM THE ISLE OF PINES, CUBA.

BY WM. F. CLAPP.

PRIOTROCHATELLA TORREI, n. sp.

Shell depressed, trochiform, thin, fragile, above with numer-

ous oblique plications, crossed by raised spiral lines ; below

smooth; whorls, nine, the first smooth, white, the spiral lines

beginning on the fourth. Suture of early whorls simple, of

later whorls denticulate, and of the last two or three whorls

covered with a white moderately denticulate flange. Last

whorl descending slightly, aperture very oblique. Color yellow,

with irregular white patches and white denticulate sutural

flange above, uniform yellow below.

Greatest diam. 13 mm., 1. d. 11£ mm., alt. 8 mm. Type in

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

No. 36888.

This species was discovered by Mr. W. S. Brooks near the

southern end on the eastern face of the Sierra de Casas, Isle of

Pines, Cuba, and later a large series was collected by Mr.

Brooks and Dr. Thomas Barbour.

No genus of the great host of West Indian land mollusks is

so famed for its beauty and delicacy of structure as Priotrocha-

tella. Hitherto but two well-defined species have been known,

48 THE NAUTILUS.

and it is indeed rare good fortune to be able now to associate

with a third the name of Dr. Carlos de la Torre of the Uni-

versity of Havana. No one has shown a keener or more sym-

pathetic appreciation for, or knowledge of, the shells of his

native land than has he.

P. torrei differs from the two species of Priotrochatella previ-

ously described, P. constellata Morelet and P. stellata Velasquez,

in having the base of the shell smooth, instead of granulose as

in P. constellata, or with transverse plications as in P. stellata.

The sutural flange is less coarsely denticulate than in constellata,

more strongly than in stellata. In P. constellata the average

number of teeth on the periphery of the last whorl is less than

40, in P. torrei. between 40 and 50, and in P. stellata more than

50. P. constellata Morelet,1 was described as from " Sierra de

Cristalles." In the southern part of the Isle of Pines there is a

hill called the Sierra de Cristales, but the entire local formation

is igneous and therefore this certainly was not the type locality

of the species. It is possible that some one told Morelet that

the Sierra de Casas was called the Sierra de Cristales, which he

misspelled. Poey 2 gives the habitat of constellata as "Sierra de

Caballa, esta sierra esta al Sud de la poblacion llamada Nueva-

Gerona." This locality is now definitely known as the Sierra

de Casas.1

Poey transposed the names of the two mountain ranges in the

northern part of the Isle of Pines, referring to the Sierra de

Casas by the name of Sierra de Caballa, and to the Sierra de

Caballas by the name of Sierra de Casas. Pfeiffer* repeats

Morel et's locality of Sierra de Cristales. Arango5 in 1878 gives

the habitat of constellata correctly as ' ' En los paredones de las

faldas E. y. 0. de la Sierra de Casas situada al 0. de Nueva

Gerona en Isla de Pinos," probably as a direct result of Gund-

lach's own collecting. Crosse6 repeats the last named habitat.

i Morelet : Rev. Zool., p. 144, 1847.

t Poey: Mem. Cuba, I, p. 116, t. 5, fig. 15-17, 1851.

•'• To'dcl : Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. X, plj XXVII.

4Pfeiffer: Mon. Pneum., I, p. 334, 1852.

•r> Arango: Contribueion a la Fauna Malacologiea Cnbana, ]>. 45, 1878.

o Crosse: J. de Conch., vol. 38, p. 310, 1890.

THE NAUTILUS. 49

The true habitat of Priotrochatella constellata is the northern por-

tion of the Sierra de Casas, that of P. stellata the Sierra de

Caballos and possibly in its northern extension now called the

Sierra de Columbus. I do not know of any records of either

species being found on the opposite side of the river from its

true habitat. Due to the fact that P. torrei does not possess a

rapidly descending ultimate whorl, as in P. constellata, therefore

lacking that species' pagoda-form appearance, one would be in-

clined to suppose that it is most closely related to P. stellata, in

spite of its habitat in that region theoretically occupied only by

P. constellata. Admitting as a possible premise that P. constel-

lata and P. stellata are derivatives of a common ancestor; that

due to separation on opposite sides of the river Sierra de Casa?,

the two species have assumed characters rendering them specifi-

cally distinct, there are then several possible explanations of

the origin of P. torrei. 1. A direct descent from the original

Priotrochatella stock isolated by geographical change in its own

particular habitat at approximately the same period as P. con-

stellata and P. stellata. 2. A more recent geographical separa-

tion from either P. stellata or P. constellata. In an attempt to

throw some light on this question I have examined the radulae

of three specimens of each of the three species of Priotrochatella.

That too much stress must not be placed on the value of the

radula as an important character in deciding specific values has

been repeatedly demonstrated. I nevertheless believe that suffi-

cient differences appear in the radulae of the species mentioned

to furnish some foundation for my belief that P. torrei, in spite

of its outward similarity to stellata, is probably more closely re-

lated to constellata.

The name Priotrochatella was given as a subgenus by Crosse '

to those species of Eutrochatella possessing an operculum similar

to that of constellata. Wagner8 raises Priotrochatella to a genus

and includes the species constellata Mor. and stellata Vel. As

far as I know no figures of the radulae of Priotrochatella have

been published.

" Crosse : J. de Conch., vol. 41, p. 88, 1893.

s Wagner: Denkschriften Akarl. Wissenschaften. Band LXXVII, p.

369, 1905.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

The radula of P. torrei is approximately 14.5 mm. long, and

1 mm. wide, and contains in the vicinity of 25 J rows of teeth.

The central tooth and the four laterals on each side are perpen-

dicular to the long axis of the radula, the rest of the row com-

prised of approximately 100 uncini, curves back toward the

posterior end of the radula. The central tooth (pi. 4, fig. 1, c.)

has a very slight cusp at its summit. The laterals (i, ii, iii)

possess very strong cusps which are not denticulate. The

major lateral (iv) cannot be described as denticulate, the cutting

edge being merely slightly sinuous. In this respect the radula

of Priotrochatella differs from that of any of the other Heli-

cinidae. If this major lateral is composed of two teeth, they

are so firmly interlocked that I have been unable to separate

them. The uncini (Fig. 1, u) (Fig. 2) are numerous and

densely packed. The innermost (1, 2) are simple, possessing

but one cutting edge, later (38, 39) becoming bidentate. In

the 45th (45) tooth of the radula figured, the inner denticle is

again divided, and the increase in the number of denticles con-

tinues to about the 98th row where the cusp is twelve-denticled.

The curve of the outer edge of the radula causes the cutting

edge of the outermost uncini to be turned inward toward the

center of the radula and parallel to its long axis. The three or

four outermost uncini are very broad flat plates and the denti-

cles entirely disappear.

The radulae of P. constellata and P. stellata are very similar to

that of torrei excepting in the central teeth. In P. stellata

(Fig. 4) the central tooth is large, with a very strong broad

cusp. In P. constellata (Fig. 3) and in P. torrei the central

teeth are very similar in size, differing only in the shape of a

very small cusp. There do not seem to be any constant differ-

ences in the radulae of the Priotrochatella excepting in the cen-

tral teeth.

Summary (1). The radulae of the three species of Priotro-

chatella exhibit sufficient differences in structure from other

groups of Helicinidae to sustain the raising of Priotrochatella to

generic rank.

Summary (2). The similarity of the radula of P. torrei to

that of P. constellata is of sufficient importance to lend consider-

THE NAUTILUS. 51

able weight to a theory that P. torrei is more closely related to

•P. constellata than to P. stellata.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PLATE 4.

All figures were drawn with the aid of a camera lucida.

Fig. 1. P. torrei: c. central; i, iv laterals; u. uncini.

Fig. 2. Uncini 1 and 2, 38 and 39, 45, 55, 70, 90, 102 (the

outermost) .

Fig. 3. Central tooth of P. constellata.

Fig. 4. Central tooth of P. stellata.

Figs. 5, 6, shell of P. torrei.

LAMPSILTS VENTRICOSA COHONGOKONTA IN THE POTOMAC VALLEY.

BY WM. B. MARSHALL.

In the NAUTILUS for October, 1917, I recorded the finding of

two valves (belonging to the same individual) of this shell by

Manly D. Barber in the Potomac River, at Great Falls, Mary-

land, about eighteen miles above Washington, D. C. Dr. Ort-

mann had already recorded the finding of a single specimen as

far south as the Shenandoah River, at Harper's Ferry, W. Va.,

some fifty miles above Great Falls, and the finding of others at

places farther up the river.

On July 7, 1918, Dr. C. Wythe Cooke of the U, S. Geologi-

cal Survey, found a superb specimen living in a sandy pass at

Midriver Island, which is only about a mile and a half above

the Falls.

On July 28, 1918, he and I donned bathing suits and made

a careful examination of the spot in the hope of finding more

specimens, and especially the very young. For two or three

hours we explored the sand and the mud beneath with our

fingers and toes and passed quantities of sand and mud through

our hands and through a fine mesh sieve. The spot thus in-

vestigated was about 20 feet wide and 75 feet long. Our efforts

were rewarded by the finding of four specimens of cohongoronta,

the smallest having a length of 40 mm., the largest a length of

52 THE NAUTILUS.

72 mm. The specimen found by Dr. Cooke on July 7th had a

length of 90 mm. Their occurrence thus in a colony and of

different ages establishes cohongoronta as a member of the naiad

fauna of that vicinity. That the locality is well fitted for them

is shown by the great beauty of the specimens, which are highly

polished, much rayed with dark green on a ground color vary-

ing from yellowish-olive to light green and to very dark

brownish-olive. The shells are perfect except for a slight

erosion of the beaks. The posterior ridge is high and fairly

sharp. The angle at the junction of the posterior and ventral

margins is prominent.

Other naiads found at the same station were Lampsilw cari-

osa (9), Strophitus edentidus undulatus (1), Symphynota viridis

(1 dead), Alasinidonta undulata (2), Margaritana marginata (6),

Unio complanatus (many), Unio productus (many).

Until the present time Unio productus and Unio fisherianus

have been the only naiads in this vicinity which have offered

any great difficulty in identification. They are not yet well

understood. Further study may show that they belong to the

same species or, on the other hand, it may bring to light char-

acters which will more surely differentiate them. Lampsilis

cariosa and L. ochracea have been confusing to some students.

Simpson ' has pointed out the differences between them. To

me very rarely have they offered any difficulty. The coming

of cohongoronta into this neighborhood may probably lead to

problems in future times. With passing time this shell, in ac-

commodating itself to new surroundings, may be modified in

form and color, and these modifications may trend in the direc-

tion of cariosa, making it difficult to distinguish between the

two species. Whence cariosa came and how and why it came

we have no positive knowledge, but it has been here since pre-

historic times and its make-up must be well established and

best suited to its environment. We hardly may expect any

great change in this species. Cohongoronta is a new arrival.

It may find conditions here approximately like those in its an-

i Nautilus, VIII, pp. 121-123, 1895. Both species are figured, but the

legends beneath the figures should be transposed.

THE NAUTILUS. 53

cestral home, but it is more probable that it will find some con-

ditions different. Environment will not make a change to suit

the mollusk and hence if its residence is not to its liking the

naiad will have to adapt itself to the residence or else retire

from the field.

Then, too, there is a possibility that the two species will

hybridize and produce one or more other forms or races. Hy-

bridizing might wipe out either cariosa or coJiongoronta, or it

might wipe out both of them, replacing them by a race of mixed

blood. Bearing a resemblance to each other close enough to

suggest a common ancestry or a converging development and

living now side by side in the same spot, it seems to the writer

that a crossing of the two species will be not only possible but

highly probable. Indeed, one of the specimens of cohongoronta

collected in that spot may be a hybrid. Its anterior portion

has the glossy, peculiar straw-colored periostracum of cariosa,

while the other features of the shell are distinctly those of

cohongoronta. It will be interesting and profitable to note the

future history of the two species in this vicinity, especially as

the specimens of cohongoronta in the U. S. National Museum

(Cat. Nos. 219057 and 219058) will show the characters of the

shell at the time of its first arrival and form a basis of compari-

son with the shells of future generations. The specimens of

cariosa collected at the same time and place form catalogue

number 219059.

THE STATUS OF LOBOA BRUNOI VON IHERING.

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

In the "Nautilus" for February, 1917, vol. 30, on pi. 4, fig.

7, and in the number for March, 1917, pp. 121-122, Dr. H.

von Ihering describes a new genus and species of landshell

from the Island of Trinidad, as Loboa brunoi.

During a recent visit to Washington, Dr. Carlos Moreira, of

Brazil, submitted a shell to me for determination. This speci-

men, which is in a subfossil state, also came from the Island

54 THE NAUTILUS.

of Trinidad, off the coast of Brazil, in approximately latitude

21° S., longitude 29° W. Comparing it with the description

published by Dr. von Ihering, I feel certain that it is the

species described by him. In fact, I am not altogether sure

but what this may be the same specimen described by Dr.

von Ihering.

Unfortunately, the figure cited above is a mere outline

figure, and rather poor at that, so much so in fact that one

would not recognize the present shell were its status depend-

ent upon the figure alone, but the description is positive. The

rareness and isolated distribution of this species justifies redi-

agnosis and a good photographic figure, which are here pre-

sented. The shell will have to be known as Bulimulus (Proto-

glyptus) ~brunoi von Ihering (Plate IV, fig. 7).

Shell very elongate-ovate, dingy white. The nepionic por-

tion consists of not quite one turn, which is well rounded, and

marked by slender, slightly protractively slanting axial rib-

lets. The succeeding turns are well rounded, appressed at the

summit, and separated by a. somewhat constricted suture.

They are marked by almost rib-like, decidedly retractively

curved incremental elements and slender spiral liratious, the

junctions of which form feeble tubercles. Base somewhat

prolonged, moderately rounded, very narrowly perforated,

marked by the continuation of the rib-like elements and spiral

lirations, both of which agree in strength with those on the

spire, but becoming more crowded on the anterior portion of

the base. Aperture oval; posterior angle acute (outer lip

fractured at the edge) ; inner lip slightly sinuous and nar-

rowly reflected ; parietal wall covered by a moderately thick

callus.

The specimen, which may be the type, belongs to the Na-

tional Museum of Brazil. It has 7.3 whorls, and measures:

altitude, 19.5 mm. ; greater diameter, 8.3 mm.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII.

PLATE III.

JOHNSON: FUNDELLA CANDEANA D'ORBIGNY

THE NAUTILUS. XXXII.

PLATE IV.

101

1-6. W. F. CLAPP: A NEW PRIOTROCHATELLA.

7. PAUL BARTSCH : BULIMULUS ( PROTOGLYPTUS) BRUNOI X 5.

THE NAUTILUS. 55

HELIX AREOLATA.

BY C. R. ORCUTT.

The month of March, 1917, was spent by the writer almost

entirely on Magdalena Island, Baja California, Mexico. One

day was spent on Santa Margarita Island, separated from

Magdalena Island by a channel about ten miles wide, which

serves as the main entrance to Magdalena bay to-day, which

can be entered, though by small boats, by the two other chan-

nels north and south which separate these islands from the

peninsula. By dropping the "Santa," as is often done in

conversation, we have "Margarita Island," so often men-

tioned in shell literature, which in turn lent its name to the

bay which it helps to protect — hence ' ' Margarita bay, ' ' where

"W. Harper Pease had collected for him seventy-four species

of mollusks, as reported by Carpenter.

The industry in orchilla (Roccella tinctoria), for dye-stuff,

that was developed about forty years ago, when, I am told,

as much as a million dollars worth of this lichen was ex-

ported to Germany around the Horn in a single year, led to

the present settlement on Magdalena Island. Mining for

magnesite has now led to another settlement on Santa Marga-

rita Island in recent years, though it seems probable that this

settlement really antedated that on Magdalena Island.

Helix areolata was the only land shell reported by Car-

penter from Margarita bay in the Pease collection. In vain

I searched for the Pupas, found so abundantly further north

at San Quintm bay in 1886, on Roccella tinctoria, but I doubt

not these may yet be found in the vicinity of the bay, on the

peninsula if not on the islands, by some more persistent ob-

server upon more thorough exploration of the bay shores.

One specimen, not at hand, that may have been Assiminea

californica, two dead specimens of Pedipes (probably P. lira-

tus), and numerous living Melampus olivaceus were found.

Pilsbry is no doubt right in taking Magdalena bay as the

type locality for Helix areolata (see Proc. Phil. Acad. 1913,

391), but I would select Santa Margarita Island as probably

the exact location.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

I would select the same island as the type locality of Helix

pandorae, credited by Ball to "Margarita Island," 1 believe,

though Pilsbry selects the San Benito Islands, to the north-

west of Cedros Island, instead.

Pilsbry selects San Bartolome bay, on the peninsula, as the

type locality of Helix levis, but it seems to me that Santa

Margarita Island could be selected with equal propriety, and

this would give us these three "species" as from one "type

locality." It can never be exactly known where these types

were actually collected, so that any designation of a type

locality must be more or less arbitrary.

My series of Helix areolata was all collected on Magdalena

Island, in a space perhaps a mile square, extending from the

ocean to the bay. The species was not confined to this area by

any means, and probably occurs in equal abundance over the

entire region around Magdalena bay. In places the ground

is white with the dead shells, and millions may be found

drifting in the adjacent sand hills on Magdalena Island.

The scant desert vegetation, such as agave, fouquiera, and

other plants, often harbored considerable colonies of living

snails. The shells on the bushes would often be found in the

morning covered with sand, indicating that they burrow in

the soil, probably climbing the plants for feeding purposes

and some staying over time. All my specimens were obtained

from the plants, however, and not by digging. I doubt not

that every figure on Pilsbry ?s two plates (Proc. Phil. Acad.

1913, plants 15 and 16, figs. 1 to 52) could be matched by

specimens living in the area of the square mile referred to.

Many specimens were a solid chalky white, with no trace of

bands or color. Some have a strongly developed tooth ; most

of the individuals show no trace of one. Some specimens, old

and mature, but usually rather small, were of a uniform pale

olivaceous-browii color, without signs of bands or other color,

that would answer well for Biniiey's figure of Helix pandorae.

Some individuals were as elevated as Helix veatchii is figured

as being, and other shells are nearly as depressed as Helix

Traskii. Young individuals would answer for Pfeiffer's fig-

ures of Helix decorata or H. levis.

THE NAUTILUS. 57

A colony of these snails, on leafy shrubs growing on sand

hills near the ocean, supplied the smallest individuals. Snails

011 salicornia and other plants providing abundant shade fur-

nished perhaps the largest number of solid white shells.

Midway between the ocean and the bay, on an exposed

plateau, T found the largest number of highly-colored shells,

many immature or just come to maturity, on leafless plants

like fouquiera, where the variegated color was an excellent

protection. It was very difficult to see these snails on the

bushes, even near at hand, except as projecting knobs on the

stems against a background of sky.

The usually chalky-white shell seems to have a chocolate-

brown epidermis, which varies in intensity at different stages

of its growth, often nearly or quite absent, thus producing the

irregularly interrupted and very variable bauds. This colored

stratum is thin and can be worn away with a knife-blade with-

out injury to the shell, and in age seems to naturally but

irregularly wear away, producing as many designs as there

are individuals.

I have collected thousands of specimens called Helix lewis

at San Quintin bay, at the Rosario mission some eighty miles

southward, and on the peninsula east of Cedros Island, which

seem to me to only differ from the Magdalena Island shells in

size. All these localities are arid; rains occur at irregular

periods, sometimes three years or more apart, but copious fogs

from the sea nightly refresh the vegetation.

Pilsbry speaks of the known areas of lewis and areolata as

separated by a "long reach of coast whence no land snails

are known." From Turtle bay (a portion of, and not synon-

ymous with San Bartolome bay, as I am told) to Magdalena

bay is an arid coast unexplored by naturalists, from the lack

of water and landing places, mainly unknown because over-

land trails traverse this portion of the peninsula away from

the sea. But there is no reason to doubt the presence of this

snail in some form through the entire region from San Quintin

bay to Cape San Lucas.

I presume that the older naturalists, like many modern

naturalists, collected sparingly, but selected specimens show-

58 THE NAUTILUS.

irig the extreme variations. These were usually described by

other naturalists, not the collectors, who based upon them as

many species as they had individuals, through ignorance

rather than intent. In conclusion, therefore, I would express

agreement with the opinion of the late Dr. B. E. C. Stearns,

who said (in N. Y. Acad. Ann., 2 : 136) that he regarded "H.

areolata, pandorae, veatchii and levis as varieties of a single

species." Pfeiffer's H. decomta may evidently be added to

the long list of synonymy. Doubtless more than a hundred

varietal names may consistently be given to the various in-

sular and peninsular forms occurring between San Quintiu

bay and Cape San Lucas when the whole region is fully ex-

plored.

SOME PHILIPPINE SNAILS.

BY T. D. A. COCKEEELL.

My friend and former student, Dr. Cipriana Subejano, re-

turning from the Philippine Islands, kindly brought a number

of living snails collected by Mr. Maximo Oro at Los Banos,

Luzon. We have now had them alive for many weeks in glass

bowls, feeding them on cabbage, lettuce and sliced apples.

Some have died, but three of the immense Rhysota ovum, four

Cochlostyla metaformis and one C. rufogastra still remain in good

health. The following notes may be of interest; but I have not

access to the large works of Semper, Hidalgo, etc., and do not

know bow far the observations are new.

Rhysota ovum Val.

When giving us the snails Miss Subejauo stated that these

emitted a cry at times, resembling that of a young child or

small animal. For some time we wondered what she could

have heard, but at length the snails favored us with several

separate performances. The cry, a plaintive, high-pitched note,

is produced as the snail contracts into the shell, and is due to

the emission of air. It is very distinctive, but is only occasion-

ally noticed. The habits of R. ovum are very different from

THE NAUTILUS. 59

those of the species of Cochlostyla. It appears to be nocturnal,

and is very inactive. Never once has it been seen stretched at

full length. The animal is a remarkable creature. The mantle

is whitish, and the lung is extremely capacious, with a wide

orifice. The foot above is white, with a large caudal mucus

gland. Anterior three-fifths of sole pale brownish-grey, the

posterior two-fifths dull white, contrasting. Head blackish;

oculiferous tentacles blackish, stout basally, eye-bulb pale

ochreous; lower tentacles white at end, with the bulb pale

ochreous. The shell has a diameter of about 75 mm.

Cochlostyla rufogastra Less.

Kindly determined by Dr. Bartsch, who states that it belongs

to the typical subspecies. In both the species of Cochlostyla the

foot is emarginate anteriorly, but in other respects the animals

of the two present marked differences. C. rufogastra has the

mantle black; and the very broad sole plumbeous in the middle,

with the lateral areas (not so wide as the middle one) black;

the extreme edge of the sole is narrowly reddish. The body

above and on the sides is reddish-brown, with the conspicuous

ruga? darker ; the dorsum is strongly blackened. The eye-

bearing tentacles are very long. A couple of these snails mated,

and later one laid a great quantity of eggs, which, however, did

not develop. The eggs are spherical, soft, opaque white, with

a diameter of 7 mm.

Cochlostyla metaformis F6r.

A much smaller species than the last, with a pale-colored

shell. There are two varieties, one banded, the other bandless ;

the soft parts are the same in both. The species was identified

by comparison with a specimen determined by Dr. Bartsch.

The oculiferous tentacles are very long, 24 mm. ; head rather

elongated, lower tentacles about 5 mm. from base of eye-bearing

ones. Body anteriorly pale greyish-brown, tentacles reddish;

posteriorly the body is pale grey dorsally, the sides of the foot

washed with ochreous; mantle light reddish ochreous. The

sole is light ochreous, without longitudinal zones differentiated

by color, but the margin is suffusedly a little darker. Both

species of Cochlostyla are quite active by daylight.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

THE NOMENCLATURE AND SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS OF SOME NORTH

AMERICAN FOSSIL AND RECENT MOLLTTSKS.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

Pholadomya undata Meek and Hay den (Proc. Acad. Nat. ScL,

Phila., VIII, 1856, p. 81), now generally known as Liopistha.

(Cymella) undata, Cretaceous, Rocky Mountain region, is pre-

occupied by P. undata Dana (Wilkes U. S. Expl. Exped., X,

1849, p. 687, Atlas, PI. 2, figs. 11, 11 a, lib), Carboniferous,

Australia. It is unfortunate to have to abandon Meek and

Hayden's name for the well-known American species, but the

rules of nomenclature require it, so I propose the name Liopistha

( Cymella) montanensis, in reference to both the type locality and

the geological group from which it was described.

Anodonta parallela White, was described from the Cretaceous

of Colorado in 1878 (Hayden Survey, IV, p. 709). Binney

used the same name in his Bibliography of North American

Conchology, Pt. I. 1863, p. 46, citing Ferussac, "Hyde, in

litt." As neither Ferussac nor Binney, so far as I know, ever

published any description to accompany that name, White's

name will stand.

Unio rectoides White, Tertiary, Utah (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull.

34, 1886, pp. 11, 15, 21), is preoccupied by U. rectoides Whit-

field, "Cretaceous," New Jersey (U. S, Geol. Surv., Monog. ,

Vol. 9, 1885, pp. 250, 258). As Pilsbry and others have

shown, Whitfield'srectoide-s' is itself a synonym of Lampsilis recta

(Lam.), and is from Quaternary deposits, instead of Cretaceous.

Under the circumstances it seems too bad to abandon White's

name, but the rules adopted in the interest of ultimate stability

of nomenclature require it. I propose for it the name Unio

whitei. It should likely be removed to some other genus.

Unio broivni Whitfield, Cretaceous, Montana (Bull. Am. Mus.

Nat. Hist., XIX, 1903, p. 485), is preoccupied by U. bronmii

Lea, recent, Asia (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., VIII, 1856, p. 95),

so Pilsbry renamed it Parreysia barnumi (NAUTILUS, XVIII,

1904, p. 12), a fact that seems to have been overlooked by sub-

sequent writers, which is likely to be the case where new names

THE NAUTILUS. t>l

are proposed in brief notices of publications in reviews. Even

if Conrad's Africo- Asiatic genus Parreysia is to be considered

valid, the reference to it of Whitfield's species seems to me in-

correct. In the present unsettled condition of the classification

and nomenclature of recent Unionidse, it is doubtful whether

any good purpose is served by removing the fossil forms from

the genus Unio, though perhaps few, if any, would be placed

there if we had sufficient knowledge of the family, and had the

anatomy and perfect shells with which to work.

Melania (Goniobasis?) sculptilis Meek, Tertiary, Hot Springs

Mts., "Idaho" [Nevada] (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., XXII,

1870, p. 58), is preoccupied by Melania sculptilis Lea, recent,

Tennessee (Transac. Philos. Soc., X, 1853, p. 297; Tryon, L. &

F.-W. Shells, Pt. 1, 1873, p. 297), so Meek's name must be

abandoned, but I refrain from renaming it until further investi-

gation, for the following reasons: Meek himself later expressed

a doubt as to whether sculptilis and subsculptilis, from the same

locality and position, are distinct, and also suggested that it is

not distinct from M. taylori Gabb. Furthermore, Dr. T. W.

Stanton informs me that on Meek's separate copy of his paper

in which sculptiUs and subsculptilis are described is the following

penciled note in Meek' s handwriting: " Prob. the same named

M. decurata Con. Am. Jour. Conch. 6, p. 200, Ap. 1871, and

both are prob. synonyms of a species descr. by Gabb in Cal.

Report." The reference to Conrad's decurata probably means

decursa, which is said to have come from Colorado. The figure

does not look like any of the species mentioned. Gabb's species

to which he refers is M. taylori (Paleont. Cali. , II, 1869, p. 13,

PI. 2, fig. 21), the figure of which is much more slender than

Meek's figures, but perhaps because drawn from a more mature

specimen, as Meek suggests. If Meek's M. sculptilis is the same

as any or all of the other three, then no new name is needed.

I believe it is identical with subsculptilis.

Melania convexa var. impressa Meek and Hayden, "Tertiary '

[Cretaceous], Montana (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., IX,

1857, p. 138), is preoccupied by Melania impressa Lea (Proc.

Philos. Soc., II, 1841, p. 83; Transac., IX, p. 19; Obs., IV,

p. 19). Hence Meek and Hayden's name must be abandoned,

62 THE NAUTILUS.

but as their impressa is probably not sufficiently distinct irom

their convexa to deserve a name, I propose the use of that name

convexa, and do not rename it. Probably all should be referred

to Goniobasis, as is usually done.

Cerithium tenerum Hall was described from the western Terti-

ary in 1845 (Fremont's Expl. Exped., Ore. & Cali., p. 308,

PI. 3, fig. 6), and was transferred to Goniobaxis by Meek in

1870. Meantime, Melania tenera Anthony, was published by

Reeve in 1861 (Monog. Melania, sp. 407), and was transferred

to Goniobasis by Try on in 1872 (L. & F.-W. Shells, Pt. 1, p.

264). This gives Hall's species priority, and Anthony's should

be renamed unless it has already been renamed or is considered

a synonym of something else. A revision of the group includ-

ing G. tenera Anth., based upon adequate material, is desirable.

Melania multistriata Meek and Hayden, now known as Campe-

loma multistriata, was described in 1856 from the Fort Union

Tertiary (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., VIII, 1856, p. 124).

Wheatley used the same name in 1845, attributing it to Lea

(Cat. of Shells of U. S., p. 147). His catalogue was a list,

without descriptions, and I do not find that Lea or anyone else

ever used that specific name in either Melania or Campeloma.

Hence Meek and Hayden' s name should stand. Dr. Pilsbry

writes that he finds no specimens bearing such a name in

Wheatley 's collection in the Academy of Natural Sciences at

Philadelphia. Dr. Bryant Walker, in a letter just received,

says: "Neither Wheatley nor Lea ever described a species as

Melania multistriata. The use of that name by both of them

seems to be owing to a lapsus calami of Lea, who in his remarks

on his M. buddii compared it with ' the striate variety of Mr.

Say's virginica, which he called midtistriata.' Say's species

was M. multilineata, and Tryon makes the correction on p. 295

of his monograph."

Paludina imdtilineata Meek and Hayden, Fort Union Tertiary,

Fort Clarke, North Dakota, was described in 1856 (Proc.- Acad.

Nat. Sci., Phila., VIII, p. 120), and renamed by the same

authors Viviparus nebrascensis (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,

XII, 1860, p. 430), because they said multilineata was preoccu-

pied in Paludina by Say, 1829. Later, after the Meek and

THE NAUTILUS. 60

Hayden species had been removed to Campeloma, Meek restored

the first name, calling it Campeloma multilineata, in accordance

with his custom, a practice forbidden by modern rules of no-

menclature. Since then, everyone has followed Meek. A

difficult question as to what constitutes a description is involved,

but I believe the second specific name should be used and that

the name should be written Campeloma nebrascensis (Meek and

Hayden). Say's Paludina multilineata, now placed in Viva-

parus, was described after a fashion by indicating the species to

which he referred. He says: " I described it nearly four years

since under the name multilineata [evidently in unpublished

manuscript] ; but recently, being about to publish it, on a more

attentive examination and comparison with a specimen of the

elongata from Calcutta, I have concluded that it varies from

that specimen only in having the umbilicus a little smaller."

Tryon, after quoting this, says: " I have compared the original

specimen with shells from Calcutta, and find that it differs as

little from them, as they do from each other. It is smaller

than the foreign specimens, but I think a larger native shell

was mislaid, or placed accidentally among the foreign ones, in

the same collection; so that, rather than commit an error, I

have chosen the reputed American example for my illustration.

If this is not the bengelensis of Lamarck, it must have the name

given to it by Say; that of Swainson [elongata'] having been pre-

viously given to a fossil species." It is plain then, that the

name multilineata was definitely applied to the Florida species

by both Say and Tryon, provided it proved distinct from the

Asiatic species, which it probably is, and the designation was

accompanied by a figure of the Florida species and a brief de-

scription by comparison with the Asiatic species. All this ap-

pears to me to preclude the use of the name multilineata for

Meek and Hay den's species.

Helix occidentalis Meek and Hayden, Judith River, Cretaceous,

Montana, is another instance of the same kind. The name was

changed by Meek to nebrascensis, because occidentalis was pre-

occupied in Helix by Recluz. Then Meek, in removing the

Cretaceous species to Hyalina, restored the original name, in ac-

cordance with his custom, but contrary to present usage. From

64 THE NAUTILUS.

the figures it is impossible to definitely ascertain to what genus

either this species or H. evansi M. & H. , from the same locality

and formation, belong, but whatever the genus, the name occi-

dentalis should not be used. As to H. evansi, which is based

upon poor and probably immature material, we agree with Dr.

Pilsbry, who writes: "It is better to leave uncertain shells of

this kind in ' Helix ,' as uncertain generic reference may lead

some one to baseless deductions. Paleontology is full of the

most reckless generic references." He also calls attention to

the fact that H. jQccidentalis Recluz, is now considered a Hygromia.

ranking as a variety, but that does not restore Meek and Hay-

den's first name for their species.

Planorbis vetulus Meek and Hay den, was described from the

Tertiary of South Dakota in 1860 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,

XII, pp. 175, 431). In 1864 (Smithsonian Check-list of In-

vertebrate Fossils of North America — Miocene, p. 13) Meek

called it P. vetustus, since which time the latter name has been

almost universally used, though no reason was given for the

change. The change was likely inadvertent, though possibly

deliberate, as authors in those days did not always hesitate

about changing names to suit their own notions. Unless vetu-

lus is preoccupied, of which I have found no evidence, it must

stand as the name for this species.

A somewhat similar case is that of Campeloma vetula Meek

and Havden, which was first described as Paludina vetula. and

V

afterwards cited by the same authors as P. vetusta and changed

to Vivi-para vetusta, but fortunately in that case the original name

has been used by most subsequent authors, though White

(U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 128, p. 77) made the curious mistake

of supposing that V. vetusta and C. vetula are distinct species.

Limntza tenuicosta Meek and Hay den, Eocene, near Fort Union,

N. D., was described in 1856 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,

VIII, p. 119). In 1860 the same authors (Proc. Acad. Nat,

Sci., Phila., XII, p. 431) cited the original description but

spelled the name tenuicostata, without offering any reason, and

the majority of subsequent writers have used the latter name,

instead of the former.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCA OF FORRESTER ISLAND, ALASKA.

BY GEORGE WILLETT.

During the past four months (1914 to 1917 inclusive), which

were spent by the writer on Forrester Island, Alaska, some at-

tention was given to the study of the mollusca of the locality.

The shore line was rather thoroughly traversed and some dredg-

ing was done in various depths down to seventy-five fathoms.

Forrester Island lies well out to sea, a few miles north of the

Canadian boundary line. It is about fifteen miles west of Dall

Island, and seventy-five miles out from the mainland shore.

The island is small, being approximately five miles in length

and from a half mile to a mile and a half in width. It is very

rocky along shore but is well timbered from the high-water line

to the summits of the hills. There are a number of small islets

and groups of rocks lying off the main island and practically all

of these were visited one or more times.

As Forrester Island is well within the sweep of the Japan

current, the water is much warmer than in the inside channels

around Dall and Prince of Wales islands. The effect of this

difference in temperature is shown in the fact that several species

of shells that occur in 10-15 fathoms in inside waters were not

found in less than 40-50 fathoms at Forrester Island. Also a

number of species that were rather common on Dall and Prince

of Wales islands were not noted on Forrester Island at all. As

there are neither sand beaches nor mud flats on the island,

many forms requiring such situations were conspicuously ab-

sent. The tidal currents in the vicinity are very strong at

times, and it is quite possible that some species of which frag-

ments or dead shells were found do not properly belong to the

island fauna but were carried to the locality by the strong cur-

rents. One of the most interesting features of this region from

a conchological standpoint is the fact that in many instances it

seems to be a meeting point between boreal species and those

from the southern fauna.

A number of species taken have since been described as new.

In such cases I have mentioned the paper in which the descrip-

66 THE NAUTILUS.

tion was given. The chitons obtained were made the subject

of a paper by Dr. S. S. Berry in the Proceedings of the Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences (Fourth Series, Vol. VII, No. 10,

September 1, 1917, pp. 229-248). All species of which I was

doubtful as to identity were submitted to Dr. Wm. H. Dall

and named by him. For this kind assistance I wish to express

here my very great appreciation.

The following is a list of species of bivalves taken with brief

notes on same:

Terebratidina caput-serpentis Linn. Several young specimens

dredged in 50-60 fathoms.

Terebratalia transversa Sby. Common 5-30 fathoms.

Laqueus Jeffrey si Dall. Abundant in 65-75 fathoms.

Nucula tennis Mont. Rare. One or two dead valves and one

living young specimen dredged.

Nucula (Acila) castrensis Hds. Common 40-50 fathoms. At

Waterfall, Prince of Wales Island, plentiful in 10 fathoms.

Leda minuta Fabr. Fairly common 20-40 fathoms.

Leda penderi Dall. One dead valve dredged. Rather com-

mon at Waterfall in 10 fathoms.

Leda fossa Baird. A few dead valves dredged in 75 fathoms.

Glycymeris septentrionalis Midd. Rather uncommon.

Glycymeris corteziana Dall. Abundant 20-40 fathoms.

Glycymeris migueliana Dall. Fairly common 20-40 fathoms.

Philobrya setosa Cpr. Fairly common.

Pecten (Chlamys) hericeus Gld. Found occasionally.

Pecten (Chlamys) hindsi Cpr. Abundant from low-tide line

to 60 fathoms.

Pecten (Chlamys) islandicas Mull. A few specimens taken in

dredge with last species.

Pecten (Chlamys) caurinus Gld. Single dead valve dredged.

Pecten (Pseudamusium) randolphi Dall. Two young speci-

mens dredged in 50 fathoms.

Pecten ( Propeamusium} alaskense Dall. Fairly common in

50-60 fathoms.

Hinnites giganteus Gray. Rather common. More abundant

in inside channels.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

(Limatula) subauriculata Mont. Dead valves common

25-50 fathoms. Living specimens rarely taken.

Monia macroschisma Desh. Rather common.

Mytilus californianus Conr. Abundant. Some specimens at-

taining a length of nine or ten inches.

Modiolus modiolus Linn. Occasional. Abundant in inside

waters.

Musculus niger Gray. Musculus seminudus Dall. A few speci-

mens of each of these species were taken in about 30 fathoms.

^fu,sculus laevigatus Gray. One or two dead valves dredged.

Musculus vernicosus Midd. Common at times in sea weed at

extreme low tide mark.

Thracia curia. One dead valve dredged. Rather common at

Waterfall in 12 fathoms.

Thracia challisiana Dall. A few dead specimens taken in 30-

40 fathoms. Living specimens were probably all too deep in

gravel to be secured by the dredge.

Pandora (Kennerlyia) forresterensis Willett. (NAUTILUS, xxxi.

1918, p. 134.) Abundant in 60-70 fathoms; less plentiful in

more shallow water.

Pandora (Kennerlyia) bilirata Conr. Common 25-50 fathoms.

Lyonsia (Entodesma) saxico/a Baird. Dredged rarely. Rather

plentiful in inside waters.

Lyonsia (Entodesma) inftata Conr. One living specimen

dredged in 50 fathoms.

Lyonsia striata Mont. Occasional 30-60 fathoms.

Mytilimeria nuttalli Conr. Fairly common.

Cuspidaria planetica Dall. Not rare 50-60 fathoms.

Astarte compacta Cpr. Abundant 25-60 fathoms.

Astarte willetti Dall. (NAUTILUS, xxxi, July, 1917, p. 10.)

Abundant with the last species. Adults mostly found in the

deeper water.

Astarte alaskensis Dall. Abundant in company with the last

two. A. esquimaidti Baird, was found to occur plentifully in

10 fathoms at Waterfall, but was not noted at Forrester Island.

Venericardia crebricostata Krause. Rather common 20-50

fathoms.

Venericardia (MiodontLscus) prolongata Cpr. Rather common

with the last.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

Thyasira trishmata polygona Jeff. A few valves dredged in

50-60 fathoms Also taken at north end of Dall Island.

Oiplodonta orbella Gld. Rather common. Much less globose

than California specimens.

Pkacoides (Lucinoma) annukatus Rve. A few specimens

dredged in 40-60 fathoms.

Phacoides (Parvilucina) tenwisculptus Cpr. Fairly common

-55-50 fathoms.

Kellia laperousii Desh. Abundant in dead shells of Marcia

kennerlyi.

Rochefortia twnida Cpr. A few valves dredged.

Cardium (Cerastoderma) californiense Desh. Abundant 10-40

fathoms.

Protocardia centifttosa richardsoni Whiteaves. Common 50-60

fathoms.

Saxidamus gigantew Desh. Dead valves found occasionally.

Abundant in inside waters.

Marcia kennerlyi (Cpr.) Rve. Abundant 20-40 fathoms.

Marcia mbdiaphana Cpr. Rather common 50-60 fathoms.

Paphia (Protothaca) staminea Conr. Occasional in gravel be-

tween boulders. Very abundant in inside waters.

Psephidea ovalis Dall. Common 15-40 fathoms.

Tellina (Oudardia) button! Dall. Rather common in 50

fathoms.

Tellina (Angulus) carpenter i Dall. Fairly common with last.

Tellina (Moerella) salmonea Cpr. One pair of dead valve?

dredged in 40 fathoms.

Macoma calcarea Gmel. A few immature specimens dredged

in 50-60 fathoms.

Semele rubropicta Dall. Occasional 25-40 fathoms.

Psammobia (Gobraens) californica Conr. Rather common.

Siliqua patula Dixon. One dead young specimen dredged.

Common in inside waters.

Spisula (Hemimactra) polynyma alaskana Dall. Dead valves

found occasionally. Common in mud flats on inside waters.

My a truncata Linn. Fairly common.

Panope generosa Gld. Single valves dredged occasionally.

Panomya arctica Lam. A few specimens taken in 50-60

fathoms.

THE NAUTILUS.

Panomya ampla Dall. Several dredged in 25-50 fathoms.

Saxicava arctica Linn. Common. Many living specimens

found in dead shells of Marcia kennerlyi.

Saxicava pholadi's Linn. Less plentiful than the last.

PUPLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A CHECK-LIST OF THE MARINE FAUNA OF NEW SOUTH WALES,

PART I. MOLLUSCA. By Charles Hedley. (Suppl. Jour. Royal

Soc. N. S. W., Vol. 51, 120 pp., 1917. Issued June, 1918.)

A very useful and interesting paper. The list by T. Whitelegge,

of Port Jackson invertebrata, published in 1889, contained 802

marine mollusca. The present catalogue contains over 1200

species. The list has been purified notably by eliminating a

block of Atlantic species included by mistake in the Challenger

series of 410 fathoms off Sydney. The author estimates that

future research will recognize 2000 species from the waters of

this State. The nomenclature is up to date and one notes many

changes, and in the position of certain families some surprises.

The following new genera are proposed: Attenuata, Austrodrilla ,

Eptdeira, Etrema, Exomilus, Guraleus, Inquisitor, Hemidaphne,

Macteola, NepotiUa, Provexilhim and Scabrella. — C. W. J.

MOLLUSCA. By Charles Hedley. (Reprint from the Proc.

Royal Geog. Soc. Australasia. S. Australian Branch, Session

1916-17, 21 pp., 1 pi., 1918.) A report on some mollusca

collected in Western Australia by Dr. H. Basedow, adding

about sixty species to the fauna of that State. The new species

described and figured are: Tellina piratica, Eucithara basedowi,

and an interesting fresh-water shell Bidimm sisurnius.

REPORT ON THE CEPHALOPODA OBTAINED BY THE F. I. S.

'•ENDEAVOUR" IN THE GREAT AUSTRALIAN BIGHT AND OTHER

SOUTHERN AUSTRALIAN LOCALITIES. By S. Stillman Berry.

(Biol. Results of the Fishing Experiments carried on by the

F. I. S. " Endeavour," 1909-14. Commonwealth of Australia,

F>ept. of Trade and Customs, Fisheries, Vol. IV, pt. 5, pp.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

203-298, pis. 59-88, 1918.) A valuable contribution to our

knowledge of the Cephalopods of that region. The material

studied consisted of 104 specimens, representing 9 genera and

13 species. On the whole the material was in good condition,

but the author can find little to commend the use of formalin

in preserving Cephalopods, unless it be for some of the more

delicate and transparent pelagic forms. Nine new species are

described and figured and two new subgeneric names are pro-

posed— Austrossia, a subgenus of Rossia, type R. australis, and

Tev.thidiscus, a subgenus of Opisthoteuthis, type 0. pluto. The

illustrations based on the preserved specimens themselves,

which are apparently much contracted and distorted, often fail

to convey as clear an idea of the animal in life as a good draw-

ing.—C. W. J.

FRESH-WATER BIOLOGY. By Henry Baldwin Ward, Ph. D.,

and George Chandler Whipple, with the collaboration of a staff

of specialists. Pp. viii -f 1111. New York: John Wiley and

Sons Inc., 1918. This work treats of all groups of fresh-water

plants and animals. In each group (except the Bacteria and

fishes) there is a comprehensive outline of the system arranged

in the form of a key, so that any form in hand may be run

down to its genus or subgenus with the least labor. Typical

species in each genus are described and in most cases figured.

The figures, of which there are 1547, appear to be admirably

selected, and as a rule are well engraved. The chapter on

mollusks, by Dr. Bryant Walker (pp. 957-1020, 144 figs.)?

forms an excellent introduction to this group, as the clear defi-

nitions and abundant figures carry the classification to subgenera.

As most of the figures represent the more common forms, a

large number of the species most likely to be encountered can

be determined. The well-illustrated synopsis of Unionid groups

will be especially useful. There is no other publication giving

an up-to-date and complete classification of our fresh-water

mollusks, the data being scattered in many books and peri-

odicals.

The chapter on Conditions of Existence, by Prof. Victor E.

Shelford, will be of value to collectors of fresh-water shells for

THE NAUTILUS. 71

its clear though condensed exposition of modern methods of

observation and study.

The typography of the volume is particularly agreeable.

The work deserves and will doubtless have a wide circulation.

— H. A. P.

NOTES.

COLORADO MOLLUSK NOTES. — The latest find in Colorado is a

tine specimen of Limax maximus L., found out-of-doors by D.

M. Andrews, the well-known botanist, in one of his nurseries

at Boulder, under a board. As he has imported some plants

from France, it is possible that it came from there.

Several years ago a few Lymnsea auricularia (L. ) were re-

ported from Colorado Springs. Lately G. B. Warner sent me

about 200 dead shells of that species found by him on the shore

of Dotson Reservoir near Fowler, which is in the same drainage

basin as Colorado Springs.

Lymnxa hendersoni Baker, therefore known only from the

type locality west of Fort Collins, has been found by Dr. M. M.

Ellis in a small pool west of Louisville. Like the one at the

type locality, the pool contains water during only a few months

each year. — JUNIUS HENDERSON.

VIVIPARUS CONTECTOIDES LiMi, new name for V. c. compactus

Pils. , NAUTILUS, Vol. 30, p. 42. Dr. \Yalker has kindly called

my attention to the prior use of compactus in Viviparus (Kobelt,

Syst. Conch. Cab., Vivipara, p. 113, 1906), and the name is

accordingly changed. — H. A. PILSBRY.

COMMANDANT PAUL DUPUIS, of the Belgian Army, and well

known to malacologists for his useful papers upon the shells of

the Belgian Congo, having been severely wounded, has been

transferred to the garrison of Paris, where he is employing

leisure time in zoological studies, particularly upon the chitons.

72 THE NAUTILUS.

GONAVE ISLAND SHELLS. — The following species of land shells

were collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott at La Mahotiere on the

S. W. coast of Gonave Island, off the west coast of Hayti:

Pleurodonte semiaperta v. Mart, (this is the same as Helix gas-

koini gonavensis Crosse), Cepolis loxodon Pfr. , Urocoptis gaigouana

Petit, Gastrocopta pellucida Pfr., Chondropoma broivniana Weinld.,

Alcadia gonavensis Weinld., and Trochatella brownia Weinld. -

E. G. VANATTA.

HENRY STJTEE.

The well-known conchologist, Mr. Henry Suter, died at

Christchurch, New Zealand, on July 30, 1918, at the advanced

age of 77 years. He will be remembered best for his important

work, the " Manual of New Zealand Mollusca." published in

1913.

Mr. Suter was a native of Zurich, Switzerland, and from hip

boyhood was an enthusiastic naturalist. He was educated as

an analytical chemist and was engaged for several years in var-

ious commercial pursuits without much success. At last, to

improve his prospects he emigrated with his family to New

Zealand in 1887.

He commenced his colonial career by taking a farm in a

rough bush district. When a middle-aged foreigner, accustomed

to a town life, turns back-woodsman it is only in a novel that

he ever succeeds. But when this last venture came to the in-

evitable end, Mr. Suter had fortunately attracted the attention

of Capt. Hutton, who obtained scientific employment for him.

Thereafter the remainder of his life was spent in the congenial

work of zoology. He held no regular post, but was engaged in

turn by various institutions to arrange collections, to make re-

ports or as relieving officer.

So long did he continue in harness that he used finally to

claim to be the oldest man in New Zealand earning, not draw-

ing, government pay. His last occupation was the preparation

of palaeontological bulletins for the geological survey. — CHARLES

HEDLEY.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII.

PLATE V.

7

MORSE-. NEW ENGLAND CAECUM.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXII. JANUARY, 1919. No. 3

NEW FORMS OF CAECUM IN NEW ENGLAND.

BY EDWARD S. MORSE.

A few years ago I collected from several scoops of sand from

Easton's Beach, Newport, R. I., over two hundred specimens

of Caecum. From the variety of forms discovered, not includ-

ing the three New England species * which were more or less

abundant, one might imagine that the Marquis de Folin had

been wrecked off the coast of New England at this place and his

collection of Caecidae had been washed ashore. In de Folin' s

monograph of the group he says that the species vary greatly

among themselves. The same species may vary from a smooth

to a ribbed surface, not only that but the three sub-genera

established by Carpenter2 under the names of Elephantulum,

Anellum and Fartulum are not based on permanent characters.

A reference to Carpenter's monograph of Caecidae shows that

he gave little value to his groupings, for he says "The groups

described under Caecum can scarcely be regarded even as sub-

genera, so very gradually do they pass one into the other ; but

they are found convenient, to avoid the frequent repetition of

characters, and to aid in the identification of species." He

does not give a single illustration, which greatly diminishes the

value of the monograph.

Bearing in mind this dictum of de Folin, one might believe

that here is a distinct group of mollusks in which permanent

1 C. pulchettum, Stimpson. C. coopcrii, Smith. C- johnioni Winkley.

1 Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, 1858.

74 THE NAUTILUS.

specific characters had not been established — nascent species,

in fact. Marquis de Folin published a monograph of the family

but I have never been able to refer to his memoir. So far as I

can learn it is not to be found in any scientific library in the

United States. Tryon in preparing his Manual of Conchology

has been equally unfortunate. He was unable to obtain the

memoir. Agents of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences in

Europe were specially instructed to obtain the work but without

success.1

Tryon in his Manual presents two plates of figures of Caecum

depicting thirty-nine species. I have compared my forms with

these figures and under the names given have presented a few

drawings of these forms which more or less resemble the figures

as given by Tryon.

The family Caecidae consists for the most part of minute

tubular shells from one to two millimeters in length. These

shells are slightly curved backward. The earliest stage shows

a closely coiled shell discoid in form ; after a few symmetrical

whorls it abruptly straightens out into a tubular shape and ag

the shell grows the coiled nucleus is discarded, leaving a tubular

shell which in many species is also discarded after the perma-

nent shell begins to form. The end exposed after this separa-

tion is closed by a plug, or septum having a form which may

be ungulate, mucronate or mammillate. The tubular shell may

be smooth, longitudinally ribbed or transversely marked by

encircling ribs, these annulations being more or less prominent

and crowded. They vary in color from a light brown to a

chalky white resembling a dead shell, though often preserving

the operculum. When smooth the shell is often hyaline.

If one desires specimens of this interesting group he may

usually find them in the sand which drops out of sponges kept

in a druggists' box or drawer.

It must be understood that the following designations do not

imply that I regard the forms as representing the species as-

signed to them. Doubtless some of them are different; but re-

1 De Folin' s work, " Les Fonds de la Mer,' ' is now contained in the library

of the Academy.

THE NAUTILUS. 75

calling what de Folin and Carpenter say in regard to the extreme

variability of what are supposed to be species, I judge it better

not to encumber the synonymy by creating new names.

Caecum annulatum Brown. PI. V, Fig. 1.

A single specimen in the collection resembles the figure given

by Try on. At first sight it suggests pulchellum but enlarges

more rapidly towards the aperture. It differs also in having

three or four large costae next to the margin or lip.

Caecum cooperii Smith. PI. V, Fig. 2.

This species was discovered by Sanderson Smith in Gardiner's

Bay at the end of Long Island in five fathoms. This is a very

distinct form. From one specimen which was white and chalky

and resembled a dead shell I obtained the operculum which

was orbicular, thick, brown in color, concave with six sharp

revolving ribs, sinistral in direction, indicating that the shell

was dextral. In various references to the operculum of Caecidae

no mention is made of the direction of the revolving striae.

Stimpson in his "Shells of New England " figures accurately

the operculum of Caecum pulchellum, showing the sinistral spiral

of the lines of growth, yet makes no reference to its significance.

Even Carpenter in his monograph while describing a number of

opercula of different species makes no mention of the direction

of the striae. He describes the shape of the operculum,

whether flat, convex or concave, whether thick or thin, the

color, etc., but not a word is given as to whether the spiral

lines are dextral or sinistral. In his examination he used a

^in. obj. and the direction of the lines must have been very

plain. With the lowest power of Zeiss the direction of the

spiral was easily detected.

Caecum johnsoni Winkley. PI. V, Fig. 3.

This was first discovered at Woods Hole. The drawing is

made from a co-type in the collection of the Boston Society of

Natural History. I am indebted to Mr. C. W. Johnson for

the loan of it and for other kindnesses. The septum is sub-

ungulate and has transverse lines of growth. It resembles the

figure in Tryon of C. achirona of de Folin.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

Caecum auriculatum de Folin. PI. V, Fig. 4.

A number of specimens in the collection resemble the figure

of this species as given by Tryon. The shell is thin, white,

hyaline, very narrow for its length, faintly enlarging toward the

aperture. Near the aperture faint lines of growth are seen.

The septum is distinctly hemispherical or mammillate.

Caecum clarkii Carpenter. PI. V, Fig. 5.

A number of these glassy tubes were found identical in shape

to C. auriculatum but only half the size. It cannot be an early

deciduous stage because the diameter of the tube is much

smaller. C. clarkii as figured by Tryon bears some resemblance

to this form. It has the same hemispherical septum. The

operculum is light corneous in color, flat with a central smooth

area with a distinct knob in the centre ; this area surrounded by

minute lines of growth. The form approaches C. cornubovis of

Carpenter.

Caecum nitidum Stimpson. PI. V, Fig. 6.

This form of which a number of specimens were found is

without question Stimpson' s species described as a Florida

shell.

Meioceras sp. , Carpenter. PI. V, Fig. 7.

Two specimens in the collection are identical with the figure

given by Tryon. Its distribution is given from Florida to Rio

de la Plata.

Stimpson described under the name of pulchellum the first

Caecum discovered on the New England coast and gives an ex-

cellent figure of it in his " Shells of New England." The species

was dredged in ten fathoms of water in New Bedford harbor.

The other two species of New England Caecum were also found

south of Cape Cod. By far the larger number of Caecum col-

lected at Easton's Beach consisted of C. pulchellum. Miss M.

W. Brooks also collected a number of Caecum at Narragansett

Pier and most of these were C. pulchellum. The shell is light

horn color and easily distinguished. The second deciduous

stage of pulchellum was very common in the collection. The

shell enlarges quite rapidly towards the aperture and is more

THE NAUTILUS. 77

sharply curved than in the adult. A few of the forms figured

by Tryon suggest the second deciduous stage of other species.

In the foregoing attributions I am indebted to the two plates

of Caecidae given in Tryon' s Manual of Conchology, Vol. 8. I

may remark that all the species referred to are Atlantic coast

forms, the west coast of Europe, the east coast of the United

States south of Cape Cod, Teneriffe, Florida, West Indies and

Brazil.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

1. Caecum annulatum, Brown. 5. Caecum clarkii. Carpenter.

2. Caecum cooperii, Smith. 6. Caecum nitidum, Stimpson.

3. Caecum johnsoni, Winkley. 7. Meioceras sp. , Carpenter.

4. Caecum auriculatum, de Folin.

A EUROPEAN MOLLUSK, HELCION PELLUCIDUM, NEVER BEFORE

RECORDED IN AMERICA.

BY EDWARD S. MORSE.

In looking over the sand from Easton's Beach, Newport, con-

taining Caecum, I discovered a minute specimen of the beauti-

ful limpet Helcion pellucidum of Great Britain. It was not over

a millimeter in length. I first detected it by the opalescent

markings like iridescent glass. These markings appeared as

four irregular-shaped areas near the anterior margin. In my

paper on An Early Stage of Acmaea (Proc. B. S. N. H., Vol.

34, pp. 313-323), I became familiar with the protoconchs of

Acmaea testudinalis and A. alveus and they do not even remotely

resemble the young pellucidum. The shell is corneous, narrow-

ing slightly behind. Without the metallic markings it would

have suggested Helcion pellucidum, but with these iridescent

spots it was unmistakable. So far as I know this species has

never been found on this side of the Atlantic. Miss M. W.

Brooks discovered another European species, Homalogyra atomus

at Newport and Narragansett Pier.

In the American Journal of Science, Vol. 20, 1880, Verrill in

a brief note records finding in the docks at Newport a European

species never before recorded as American, Truncatella truncatula.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

With the tremendous traffic going on for nearly two years in

the conveyance of troops and provisions we may confidently

look for other introductions of European species.

PEATICOLELLA CAMPI, 8P. NOV. (PLATE VI, FIGS. 1 TO 4.)

BY GEO. H. CLAPP AND JAS. H. FERRISS.

Shell narrowly umbilicated, globose, shining, opaque white

with translucent corneous bands, usually one just above the

periphery, one just below and numerous bands down to the

umbilicus, or the shell may be all opaque or all translucent be-

low the periphery. Whorls 4 with well impressed suture, body

whorl rounded, periphery high some shells showing a slight

angularity at the periphery. Aperture lunate-rounded, slightly

oblique, somewhat dilated above, lip thickened within and

widely dilated at the columellar insertion; there is a distinct,

though thin, callous deposit connecting the ends of the lip.

Diameter 6, altitude 4 mm. There is a slight variation in

size but above is about the average. Animal not observed.

Type locality, Fort Brown, Brownsville, Texas. " In sandy

soil from 1 to 6 inches below the surface, at the foot of the brick

piers" (J. H. F. ). It was also found in the "axils of banana

plants " and in the soil on the eastern side of the parade ground,

in both instances with a number of other snails. Collected by

Jas. H. Ferriss and R. D. Camp in midwinter, 1913-1914.

Camp reports, Nov., 1918, that "the old building where we

found it has been removed and the parade ground torn up by

changes for the war."

We take pleasure in naming this species after Mr. R. D. Camp

who, for several years, has been collecting in the Brownsville

region.

Mr. Ferriss noticed this form when first collected and insisted

that it was not the young of either P. berlandieriana or griseola

which were found with it; there was too much evidence of

maturity and its subsequent detection in drift from the Rio

Grande confirms this opinion.

It differs from the young of the other species in being more

THE NAUTILUS. 79

solid and less translucent, and by the constantly thickened and

dilated lip and the presence of the callous deposit. The umbilicus

is also wider, being nearly double the diameter of that of the

young shells. The aperture is wider and more rounded, that

of the young of the above-named species being distinctly sub-

angular at the base. As a rule the spire of the young shells is

more prominent and the suture deeper, the young shells are

also distinctly angular at the periphery.

Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, Praticolella campi Clapp and Ferriss.

Figs. 5, 6, 7, Praticolella griseola (Ph. ) juv.

STYLOBATES, A WARNING.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Some fifteen years ago a colleague interested in Crustacea and

whose habit it was to bring me the empty shells from which he

had extracted hermit crabs, left on my desk a jar of alcohol

containing half a dozen horny objects having the aspect of a

large gastropod shell, flexible, yet keeping shape fairly well

while moist. The specimens were of a brownish color with

beautiful coppery or bronze reflections. Some were torn, but

several retained their shape in a nearly perfect manner. Of the

most perfect one, the drawings were made which illustrate this

note (Plate VI, figs. 8, 9, 10). The specimens recall the large

horny Velutina so common in Bering Sea, but of course being

nearly three inches in greatest diameter are immensely larger.

They were obtained in water between 220 and 436 fathoms deep

between Oahu and Molokai islands of the Hawaiian group, by

the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross, in 1903.

The "shells" when collected contained each a hermit crab

of large size and served as a pedestal for from one to three large

Actinias.

After due consideration, and the exhibition to my colleagues

in the Museum of these singular specimens, I described them as

a new genus in the NAUTILUS. * Had there been any marked

1 Stylobatts aeneus, NAUTILUS. Vol. XVII, No. 6, pp. 61-2, October, 1903.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

irregularity in the different specimens I should have been more

cautious, but this was not the case in this instance. However,

a year or two later another batch was received, and this time

the "shells" were no two alike, and most of them with com-

paratively little resemblance to a normal shell.

The blunder was clear. These specimens were secretions

from the bases of the Actinias, but how the first lot attained the

regularity shown by the figures is still a mystery. The readers

of this article must assess my culpability.

NENIA COOKI N. SP. (PLATE VII, FIGS. 11,12, 13.)

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The shell is thin, obesely fusiform, the diameter contained

about 2£ times in the length, composed of six whorls, the first

H strongly convex. The first four whorls form a rapidly en-

larging cone ; the next whorl is much inflated ; and the last

whorl is large, somewhat flattened peripherally in its first half,

then rapidly contracting, concave a short distance below the

suture; the neck rounded and shortly descending, free in front.

Surface mat. of a chamois tint, but darker on the antepenult,

paler on the last whorl; covered with a very thin cuticle. The

apex is entire, obtuse. First whorl smooth, the next having

delicate striae; on the third whorl low, coarse wrinkles appear,

and the following whorls have coarse sculpture of irregular, re-

tractive wrinkles. On the neck they become sharper, more

crowded, and less oblique to the growth lines. The aperture is

but slightly longer than wide, rounded, ivory-yellow within.

Peristome^broadly expanded, faintly flesh-tinted within, with a

narrowly reflexed white edge. The superior lamella is high,

sinuous, continuous with the spiral lamella. The inferior

lamella is strongly developed. Subcolumellar lamella is deeply

immersed. The principal plica is lateral, running in to the

middle of the dorsal side, where its inner end is closely con-

tiguous to the upper end of the lunella. The lunella is cres-

centic, deeply curved, and wholly visible in the aperture (seen

foreshortened in fig. 11).

THE NAUTILUS. 81

Length 27.8 mm., diam. 11.5 mm.; aperture, length 9.7 mm.,

width 8.6 mm.

The clausilium is widest in the middle, tapering towards both

ends. It is a little thickened at the distal end, and the main

curvature is near the filament.

Type, Cat. No. 215084 U. S. Nat. Mus., from the Peruvian

Andes, in the vicinity of San Miguel (6,000 ft.), Urubamba

Valley, Province of Caxamarca, Peru, collected by Dr. O. F.

Cook, and referred to the writer by Dr. Wm. H. Dall.

This species is strongly differentiated from all known Neniae

by its very obese figure and small number of whorls, none be-

ing deciduous. The sculpture allies it to such forms as N.

taczanowskii (Lub. ), which also agrees in the armature of the

throat. The inflation of the penult and contraction of the last

whorl give the shell an appearance of deformity. Dr. Paul

Ehrmann has remarked of the genus Nenia l that Ecuador and

northern Peru are its distribution center; the group here reaches

its acme of differentiation, and is most numerous in species.

The present species, of a shape hardly to be matched in the

whole family Clausiliidas, is a further illustration of the diversity

of forms found in this focal region for Nenia.

MY JOURNEY TO THE BLUE AND WHITE MOUNTAINS, ARIZONA.

BY JAS. H. FEERISS.

At the close of a summer in the Catalina mountains, Frank

Cole, the guide for tourists and bug hunters to the wilds, led

me into the seventh heaven. Something over 200 miles north-

east of Tucson, Mt. Thomas, also known as Sierra Blanca and

Old Baldy, in this region of perfect delight, stands 13,496 feet

above sea level, the highest in Arizona, and at that time un-

known to conchology. Here was the chance at that mythical

Oreohelix " big as a tea saucer."

JThe late Dr. C. Boettger (1909) and most other recent authors on this

group consider Nenia generically distinct from Ctausilia. Its nearest affinity

in the old world appears to be the Indo-Chinese genus Garnieria.

82 THE NAUTILUS.

We left Tucson early in September, 1913, and the second

night out camped at the Shaw goat ranch in the southern foot-

hills of the Rincon group. Those hills seemed too naked and

dry for our purpose and were left undisturbed. However, with

more knowledge of the ways of the snail, passing that way

again late in the winter of 1918, we dug into the Shaw ranch

and filled two cans with Sonorellas (S. hesterna).

On the eastern side of the San Pedro river, John Lyon's

mountain and the southern end of the Bonito range gave up

only a couple of Thysanophora hornii. Snails have been re-

ported in the Little Dragoons, only four miles from our trail,

but were passed by. The White mountains were ahead and

high. Physas and Succineas were abundant at the watering

places for cattle, and box tortoises and rattlers plentiful in the

desert.

The Graham mountains on the south bank of the Gila river,

so high that there is yellow pine and quaking asp, plentiful

enough for saw-mills, has Sonorella and Oreohelix. Camp was

made in Stockton pass for a day, and a collection gathered at

Mud Springs on the summit. However, between climbing and

the descent made by moonlight, only a couple of hours could

be given to the real work, and the collection was small. The

Sonorella reminds one of the odorous species of the Santa Cata-

linas, and has been described as a new species, S. grahamensis.

The deep forest on the north side of this range is promising.

Safford, on the railway not over ten miles from the peak, with

an easy ascent, would be a convenient base for an explorer.

From Solomonville to Coronado (on other branches of both

river and railway) a toll road is graded more or less, between

low hills of the Peloncillo range. Rock slides were plentiful,

but at that time also seemed to be too naked and dry. Only

one slide, six miles from Coronado, was disturbed, and this one

had Sonorella (S. delicata) and one of the rare Price's rattlers.

The snake was hustled into a Velvet Joe tobacco can with the

snails, and all drowned in the Gila. Here I had another walk

by moonlight in a strange country, but Cole had a hot supper

ready. This Peloncillo range needs further investigation. It

is about 130 miles in length, from Clifton to a point on the

THE NAUTILUS. 83

Mexican border, and has been worked less than half a day.

Daniels and I discovered Sonorella hachitana peloncillensis

near Rodeo, New Mexico, in 1907, and F. H. Fowler found the

same species in Doubtful Canyon, S.-W. New Mexico. Other-

wise the shells of the range are unknown.

The wagon was stored at Clifton, a $30 saddle horse pur-

chased, of course including saddle and bridle, and two pack

mules hired. Here is a beautiful and prosperous city of about

ten thousand people, out on the side of the world. The dwell-

ings seem to hang on brackets from the cliffs. The smelters

and business houses are huddled together in pockets along the

San Franciso river wherever the castellated cliffs will permit.

There were some attractions for weary travelers and it was

late in the day when our train got under headway. Before the

packs were lashed the new mules had sung out symptoms of

homesickness, and to hold them true to the trail the pack

animals were tied together in a string, Cole leading, and leading

fast. At a sharp turn in the trail the swing mule was swung

upside down into a creek. A few groceries were dampened this

time and a mule repacked. Then the mules were turned loose.

Going up a steep hill a packhotse heavily loaded, carrying two

guns on top of its pack, tipped over backwards, unhorsed Cole

and came down the hill like a wheel on its spokes. A fat,

shiny, blue-black stage driver, so joyful he was not attending

to his business, ran his four-in-hand into our belongings, add-

ing considerably to both annoyance and oratory.

A new and wide trail from Clifton to Metcalf, high up on the

cliffs, ended in the blacksmith shop of the trail builders, forc-

ing us down the hill upon the old trail along a railroad track

with many tunnels. By that time it was dark in the open

country, and not a time-table or a lantern in the outfit.

At Metcalf one of the new mules dashed through a group of

celebrating miners and hid under an outside stairway. That

intellectual animal would have missed a glorious trip had it not

been for the assistance of those helpful miners.

With the mule tied in line again we ate a cold snack in the

o

saddle and pushed on and on in search of a country level

enough to tie up mules and spread blankets. At a late hour we

84 THE NAUTILUS.

compromised and camped anyhow. Beds were made in the

trail. Before saying good-night a couple of heavily armed men

came riding rapidly up the trail in search of a horse thief. We

were questioned closely and our steeds inspected by flashlight.

They did not find a chestnut horse, and we escaped.

Next a ranchman, we had heard helping the Metcalf Mexi-

cans celebrate their independence day, came riding, roaring,

questioning and horse inspecting. Easily satisfied or some-

thing, and without declaring intentions, he dropped his bridle

reins on the ground and plumped into bed with Cole, hat, boots

and pistol.

These adventures of an afternoon were all we had. In the

morning light Cole recognized in the roaring midnight rider an

old and generous acquaintance, and gave a monster breakfast in

his honor. Every day after is a delightful memory — in snails,

venison, bear meat, mountain trout, interesting people, mag-

nificent forests, beautiful parks and newness botanically. Here

was a paradise in gentian time, fringed and unfringed, with

mountain asters and pentstemons.

From Clifton to the Double Circle ranch on Eagle creek it is

a rough country, mostly forested and with sufficient rock slides

for cover; but the snails do not like it. The trail here ran

northwesterly for about 35 miles. Then directly north on

Eagle creek to the south rim of the Blue mountains, 16 miles,

except a short diversion eastward to get an easier climb.

Pupas and Vallonias were found near the Honeymoon U. S.

ranger station, and a mile or two farther came in the Oreohelix,

fifty miles from Clifton and fourteen days from Tucson. Here

Cole found the bear. A party of Tucson friends in camp had

been looking for it, so we split fifty-fifty, the rug going with the

snail collection.

The rim of the Blue has a wall of broken granite. We found

Ashmunella mogollonensis and a greyish form of Oreohelix cooperi.

The latter is also found in the quaking asp and cork-bark fir

groves of the vicinity, and upon the slopes of the White moun-

tains. Our route lay northwesterly again across the K. P.

citnaga, down Corduroy and Fish creeks and across Black river

to Reservation creek, the eastern boundary of the Apache

nation, perhaps 20 miles. This is in Apache county.

THE NAUTILUS. 85

Here were the mountain trout, the Colorado river Cut Throat

(Salmo mykiss pleuriticus, Cope), a pound each; wild turkeys

in flocks of one and two hundred, blue grouse, beaver, Abert's

squirrel with its tufted ears, and a deep forest untouched by axe,

fire or wind; and please do not complain if the shell collection

is not as large as it ought to be. Upon this high plateau it was

a continuous forest of the largest yellow pine, blue spruce,

Douglas spruce, thickets of quaking asp 150 feet high, alder

and cork-bark fir — (Abies arizonica, Merriam). There are wild

peas and black gama grass, and cattle fatter than the average

corn-fed herds.

The Black river, known as the Salt river farther down, is one

of the beautiful streams of America. No dirty water or naked

banks here, but a robust forest and a sodded turf. It takes a

good part of an hour to climb to the plateau above. Well

swept lawns with enough of the large pines for landscape beauty,

and wide enough for the snail-hunter's camp and his horse

feed, either on one or both sides of the stream, and Oreohelix

from white to black, from high to low, in every rock pile.

Physas and Pisidiums were plentiful in Reservation creek and

a few Oreohelix were in the rocks. The next twelve or fifteen

miles north the country was higher, with prairie parks and a

few lakes. Besides the few Oreohelix cooperi on the south slope

of Mt. Thomas there was an abundance of the Vertigos, Pupillas

and other small species. The trees were so close together here

that the horses were left at the camp and we climbed the easy

slope on foot. The dome-like summit of Thomas, with its

stunted spruces, bogs and moss, had a few shells, and none

were found alive.

The scenic effect was concealed by flurries of snow. At camp

in the morning the snow was ankle-deep and still falling. It

was cold. Our packing ropes were like rods of iron, and we

moved. In an hour we rode into pleasant weather and the

days after were perfect. On the return trip the Raspberry trail

from the rim of the Blue mountain to the Blue river was taken,

landing us at Cosper's ranch.

Down the Blue and San Francisco rivers Ashmunellas (A.

pilsbryana\ two new Sonorellas and Oreohelix were found in

86 THE NAUTILUS.

the slides investigated, but it was again a hurried journey. The

next year with the assistance of L. E. Daniels the work was

thorough.

Oct. 17th, a month and a half from Tucson, the collector,

snails, snakes and ferns were on the train homeward bound,

and Cole wending his way over the toll road Tucson-ward.

Theodore, that splendid thirty- dollar horse, and also one of

Cole's, ate too much of a dry, short, delicate, mischievous

grass, and died at the end of the trip.

A NEW OPISTEOSIPHON FEOM CUBA.

BY WILLIAM F. CLAPP.

Opisthosipfion berryi sp. nov. Plate VII, fig. 14.

Shell longitudinally, finely plicate, ochraceous buff, encircled

with a broad chocolate-brown band on the periphery of the last

whorl and on the lower half of the earlier whorls; slightly shin-

ing; decollated; suture deep, crenate; four or five spiral ridges

appearing in the umbilical region; whorls (remaining) four, very

convex; aperture vertical, circularly oval, peristome white,

double; the inner, a brief continuation of the whorl; the outer,

on the right side, smooth, slightly expanded, at the suture

broadly expanded and excavated over the breathing tube, ad-

nate to the penultimate whorl; columellar margin expanded

horizontally above in a broad flange adnate to the penultimate

whorl, a large lobe curving over and nearly covering the umbil-

ical region, interrupted below by a broad sinus where the lip is

abruptly reflexed and attached to the whorl, a smaller lobe ex-

panded horizontally below. A minute breathing hole within

the aperture near the posterior angle, connects with a tube,

somewhat concealed in the expanded and excavated lip, which

curving back to the suture, descends and ends in the narrow

space between the ultimate and penultimate whorls. Numerous

strong raised lamellae mostly originating on the inner lip but

occasionally extending along the parietal lip, cover that portion

of the tube visible within the lip. Operculum as in Opistho-

siphon pupoides.

THE NAUTILUS. 87

Length (type) 13.5 mm. g.d. 9 mm. Id. 7.3 mm. g.d. aper-

ture 4.7 mm. Id. 4 mm.

Length (paratype) 14.5 mm. g.d. 9.7 mm. id 7.5 mm. g.d.

aperture 5.5 mm. l.d. 4.3 mm.

Collected by Dr. S. S. Berry, March 1, 1814, at Cariji, Cerro

de Tuabaquey, Prov. Camaguey, Cuba.

Type M. C. Z. No. 42005; Paratype, collection of Dr. S. S.

Berry.

The chocolate-colored band is the most striking character of

Opisthosiphon berryi. Compared with 0. pupoides Mor. it has

more convex whorls, more numerous and finer plicae, the outer

lip is smooth, much less broadly expanded below and over the

breathing tube is bent forward rather than being reflected back,

as in 0. pupoides. The columellar lip does not completely

cover the umbilicus, as in pupoides. and its two lobes are much

more widely separated. The operculum is very similar to 0.

pupoides, differing only in being slightly more oval. In the

larger specimen very faint traces of fine chestnut-colored widely

interrupted spiral bands may be seen on the upper half of each

whorl, very similar in arrangement and color to those seen in

0. pupoides. A young specimen shows the embryonic shell to

consist of about 1£ smooth whorls, the brown band and longi-

tudinal plicae beginning at about the second whorl, the plicae

becoming gradually more numerous and the intervening spaces

less wide.

I am indebted to Mr. Berry for the opportunity to examine

this species. It is closely related to Opisthosiphon pupoides

Morelet from the Isle of Pines. The similarity of the shell

fauna of Camaguey, Santa Clara, and the Isle of Pines, has been

noted by Mr. John B. Henderson (NAUT., Vol. 27, p. 137;

NAUT., Vol. 29, p. 18). Mr. Henderson also calls attention to

the confusion in the genera of the Cyclostomatidae.

The species described above belong to Opisthosiphon, Dall

(Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 209). Shells which possess

the operculum of a Rhytidopoma and in addition are provided

with a tubular projection behind the outer lip belong here.

Undoubtedly when all of the characters of the species placed in

this group are known, it will be found to be a natural one, and

88 THE NAUTILUS.

yet it is true that the value for showing relationships, of acces-

sory breathing apparatus among the land operculates, is to be

questioned. The necessity for obtaining air when the aperture

is tightly sealed with the operculum has apparently caused

many genera not at all closely related to develop ingenious and

occasionally somewhat similar breathing contrivances. Species

of Pterocyclos, Spiraculum, Rhiostoma and Tomocyclos, while

not closely related to our American land operculates have de-

veloped breathing apparatus similar to that of some of the

American species. The American shells belonging to the

Ericiidae, the genera of which are founded to a great extent on

the characters of the operculum, show great variation in the

apparatus through which air is introduced into the lumen of

the whorl when the aperture is closed by the operculum. At

least three types of accessory breathing apparatus may be seen.

First. With perforation connecting with visible external tube.

a. Operculum of Rhytidopoma.

1. Tube greatly prolonged, entering umbilicus.

Opisthosiphon rugvloaum Pfr. Matanzas.

Opisthosiphon deneyntum Poey. Isle of Pines.

2. Tube short, external opening towards and close to

preceding whorl.

Opisthoviphon bahame»se Sh. Bahamas.

S. Tube short, disappearing in the suture between

the ultimate and penultimate whorl.

Opisthosiphon pupoides Mor. Isle of Pines.

4. Tube short, straight, not recurved.

Opisthosiphon scidptum Gundl. Cabo Cruz.

6. Operculum of Choanopoma.

1. Tube as in Opisthosiphon pupoides Mor.

Choanopoma uncinatum Arango. Sta. Clara,

Cuba.

Second. With perforation opening directly into umbilical

region or exterior of shell.

a. Operculum of Choanopoma.

Choanopoma hlaini Gundl. Galalon, Cuba.

6. W7ith operculum of Cistula.

Cistula limbijera Mke. Matanzas.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

c. With operculum of Chondropoma.

Chondropoma egregium Gundl. Pinar del Rio, Cuba.

d. With operculum unknown.

Licina percraasa Wright. Pinar del Rio.

Third. With perforation not penetrating to exterior of whorl

but connecting with an internal air space

which is situated in the upper angle of the

whorl and extends back from the aperture for

a considerable distance. In some specimens

it may be traced for over two whorls.

Rhytidopoma bilabiatum Orb. Pinar del Rio.

The first group has a restricted geographical distribution ex-

tending from the Bahamas through central Cuba to the Isle of

Pines. Choanopoma uncinatiim Arango while possessing the

typical Opisthosiphon breathing tube has the very different

operculum of a Choanopoma. It therefore cannot be included

in Opisthosiphon, and until a careful study of the animal shows

its true relationships may be retained as an aberrant Choano-

poma.

The second group is confined to western Cuba and while con-

taining species with very different opercula, and therefore a

group of apparently no systematic value, is nevertheless inter-

esting, in that it is confined almost entirely to Pinar del Rio,

and entirely to western Cuba.

The third group, of which I have seen but one species, is of

interest because of the fact that in this case the perforation and

internal tube appear to be of no practical value; for, though one

might be led to expect that at certain stages of growth, com-

munication to the exterior might exist through the external

sutural flanges, I have been unable to find any structural evi-

dence of such connection.

It would appear from the above that if the breathing tube is

to be considered of value as a generic character together with

the operculum, as in the case of Opisthosiphon, Choanopoma

uncinatum Arango would have to be placed in a new genus, the

operculum being very different from that of Opisthosiphon;

while the breathing tube, having been considered of sufficient

90 THE NAUTILUS.

importance to separate Opisthosiphon from Rhytidopoma,

would also have the same consideration in separating C. un-

cinatum from Choanopoma.

It would also seem that if the breathing tube restricted for

Opisthosiphon is of generic importance that the modified per-

foration seen in so many of the Ericiidae from western Cuba

should also be considered of value generically. This would

mean, providing that the operculum was still considered of

generic value, the removal of species of Choanopoma, of Cistula

and of a large number of Chondropoma to new genera.

This would merely be substituting chaos for confusion and,

until the anatomy of many of the species has been carefully ex-

amined, it would seem better to merely call attention to the

peculiarly restricted distribution of those species of the Ericiidae,

which have made structural changes in the shell, probably, as

Dr. Ball suggests (Proc. Mai. Soc. Lond., 1905, p. 309) to en-

able them to obtain air when the aperture is closed by the

operculum.

SOME MARINE MOLLUSCA ABOUT NEW YORK CITY.

BY ARTHUR JACOT.

To aid any New-Yorkers interested in the shells of their

vicinity, I am taking this opportunity of giving them the re-

sults of a few studies which were made during the past year

in that region.

The coast of Staten Island from Fort Wadsworth to Great

Kills was carefully gone over at low tide several times. Along

this strip are three definite stations. The first (1) is an ex-

panse of red sand flats (exposed only at low tide) at the

mouth of the stream, which drains the marshland between

South and Midland Beaches. This is the only place where

I found Periploma leanum, Pandora gouldiana and Lyonsia

hyalina. Another station (2) opposite the Oakwood Heights

station on the steam railroad to Tottenville, is a "sod-bank"

formation, beautifully sli owing the encroachment of the sea on

THE NAUTILUS, XXXII.

PLATE VI

1-4. PRATICOLELLA CAMPI CLAPP & FERRISS. X5.

5-7. GRISEOLA PFR.. YOUNG. 5.

8-10. STYLOBATES /CNEUS DALL, SLIGHTLY OVER Vz NAT. SIZE.

THE NAUTILUS. XXXII.

PLATE VII.

1-10. BAKER: ON PLANORBIS.

11-13. NENIA COOKI PILSBRY.

14. OPISTHOSIPHON BERRYI W. F. CLAPP.

THE NAUTILUS. 91

the land. The "banks" wherever submerged, are covered

with Modiolus plicatulus among which and over which crawl

Littorina littorea and L. rudis. The third station (3) is inside

the isthmus which encloses the bay near the second station.

Here there is an eel-grass bed which is exposed at low water.

The only species of note at Rockaway Beach (4) is Astarte

castanea which can be picked up in front of or a little beyond

the hospital to the west of the pleasure beach. Far Rockaway

Beach (5) yielded the greatest number of species. This is

especially due to the rift of fine shell material left by the

receding tide at the angles of the bar which begins to the

west of the "bathing beach."

The numbers in the following list correspond to the stations

as designated above.

Pelecypoda.

Nucula proximo, truncula Dall. A valve at 5.

Yoldia sp ? Fragment at 5.

Area campechiensis pexata Say. Generally distributed.

Area transversa Say. Less common than preceding.

Ostrea virginica Gmelin. Generally distributed.

Pecten gibbus borealis Say. Most common at 4 and 5.

Anomia simplex d'Orbigny. Generally distributed.

Mytilus edulis Linnaeus. Generally distributed.

Mytilus edulis pellucidus Pennant. Not as common as on

Conn, coast.

Modiolus demissus plicatulus (Lam.). Local. Abundant

where found.

Periploma leanum (Conrad). Rare and only at 1.

Pandora gouldiana Dall. One valve at 1.

Lyonsia hyalina (Conrad). Only at 1.

Astarte castanea (Say). At 4, very small specimens at 5.

Venericardia borealis (Conrad). Only at 5.

Divaricella quadrisulcata (d'Orbigny). Occasional at 4

and 5.

Rochefortia planulata (Stimpson). Occasional at 5.

Aligena elevata (Stimpson). Not as common as preceding.

Cardium pinnulatum Conrad. One valve at 5.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

Callocardia morrhuana (Linsley). At 1 and 5.

Venus mercenaries Linnaeus. Becoming less common.

Venus mercenaries notata Say. True form very rare.

Gemma gemma (Totten). Generally distributed.

Gemma gemma purpurea (H. C. Lea). Different habitat

than preceding.

Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck. Generally distributed.

Tellina tenera Say. Fine specimens at 1.

Tellina tenella (Verrill). One valve at 1.

Tellina versicolor De Kay. Fine specimens at 5.

Macoma balthica (Linnaeus). Commonest at 2.

Tagelus gibbus (Spengler). At 5.

Ensis directus (Conrad). Generally distributed.

Siliqua costata (Say). Found only at 5.

Spisula solidissima (Dilhvyn). Very abundant at 4.

Spisula solidissima similis (Say). Occasional.

Mulinia lateralis (Say). Generally distributed.

Mya arenaria Linnaeus. Generally distributed.

Corbula contracta Say. Found only at 5.

Earned truncata (Say). At 1, 3 & 5, but especially common

at 3.

Zirfaea cripata (Linnaeus). One valve at 5.

Teredo navalis Linnaeus. At 5.

Gasteropoda.

Dentalium sp? Fragment at 5.

Pyramidella fusca (C. B. Adams). Several specimens at 5.

Pyramidella winkleyi Bartsch? Two or three specimens

which seem to be this species.

Turbonilla nivea (Stimpson). Only at 5, where it is the

commonest Turbonilla.

Turbonilla aequalis (Say). I have referred 7 of my speci-

mens to this species.

Turbonilla vinea Bartsch. Two specimens from 5.

Turbonilla areolata Verrill. One specimen, but with six

rather than five spiral rows of pits, from 5.

Turbonilla interrupta (Totten). This is the typical form,

not as described by Bartsch, but as described by Bush. The

THE NAUTILUS. 93

color band is well marked in all my specimens (six). Found

only at 5.

Odostomia (Chrysallida) sp? Two specimens at 5.

Odostomia impressa (Say). Several specimens at 5.

Odostomia trifida ( Totten) . Abundant at 5, found also at 3.

Odostomia bisuturalis Say. At 3 and 5.

Epitoneum multistriatiim (Say). Three specimens at 5.

Polinices duplicata (Say). Generally distributed, fine

specimens at 4.

Polinices heros (Say). Generally distributed, fine speci-

mens at 4.

Polinices triseriata (Say). Occasional.

Crepidula fornicata (Linnaeus). Generally distributed.

Crepidula glauca Say. Found only at 2.

Crepidula glauca convexa Say. Generally but thinly dis-

tributed.

Crepidula plana Say. Generally distributed.

Paludestrina minuta (Totten). Occasional at 5.

Paludestrina laevis (De Kay). Common at 5, a few at 3.

Adeorbis supranitidus lirata (Verrill). Several specimens

at 5, all being of this subspecies.

Litorina littorea (Linnaeus). At 2, 3 and 4.

Litorina obtusata palliata (Say). Only found at 5.

Litorina rudis (Donovan). Abundant at 2.

Lacuna vincta (fusca) Gould. Found at 2, 3 & 5.

Triphoris perversa nigrocincta (C. B. Adams). Several

specimens at 5.

Certhiopsis greenii (C. B. Adams). Several specimens at 5.

Bittium alternatum (Say). Fine specimens at 5.

Eupleura caudata (Say). Generally distributed.

Urosalpinx cinerea (Say). Generally distributed.

Columbella avara similis Ravenel. A specimen at 2.

Columbella lunata (Say). Generally distributed.

Alectrion obsoleta (Say). Generally distributed.

Alectrion trivittata (Say). Generally distributed.

Busy con canaliculata (Linnaeus). Generally distributed.

Actaeon punctostriatus (C. B. Adams). Several speci-

mens at 5.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

Tornatina cwialiculata (Say). Fairly common at 5.

Cylichna oryza (Totten). Several specimens at 5.

Melampus lineatus Say. Most common at 2.

Alexia myosotis (Drap.) Fairly common at 3.

On a tramp up and down the western end of Long Beach

point, Long Island, I picked up the following interesting

forms, besides forty-eight of the commoner species:

Yoldia limatula (Say). 1 valve.

Area ponderosa Say. 3 valves.

Astarte castanea (Say). Common.

Tellina tenella (Verrill). 1 valve.

Tellina versicolor De Kay. 2 valves.

Barnea cost at a (Linne). 1 valve (fragment).

Cavolina telemus (Linne). 1 specimen.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES AND VARIETY OF PLANORBIS

FROM POST-GLACIAL DEPOSITS.*

BY PRANK C. BAKER.

Planorbis parvus urbanensis n. var. PL VII, figs. 4-6.

Shell differing from parvus by having a round aperture,

the last third of the body whorl being depressed below the

general level of the spire, deeper sutures, channelled in most

individuals, and a deeper umbilical region. The body whorl

has not quite as great transverse diameter as in typical parvus.

In parvus (pi. 1, figs. 1-3), the whorls are typically in the same

plane, the aperture is oblong or long ovate and the sutures are

impressed but not channelled. The umbilical region is also

less impressed and has a "reamed out" appearance.

Height at aperture, 1.00; greatest diameter, 3.00 mm.

Holotype.

Height at aperture, 1.00; greatest diameter, 3.00 mm.

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois,

No. 1.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Height at aperture, .80 ; greatest diameter, 2.75 mm, Cotype.

Height at aperture, .80 ; greatest diameter, 2.50 mm. Cotype.

Holotype, number Z 10772 and paratypes number Z 10773,

Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois. Cotypes

of urbanensis and altissimus have been placed in A. N. S. Phila.

About 40 specimens of this form of parvus occur in the

marl collections taken from the University of Illinois campus.

The characteristics mentioned above appear to be very con-

stant and the race or variety of parvus seems distinguishable

enough for a distinct name. There were none of the parvus

form in the material. This may be a Pleistocene species that

has become extinct. Nothing similar has been seen in other

marl collections available for study, but it would seem that it

should be looked for in marl deposits, especially the older marl

beds overlying the earlier drift sheets, or in deposits between

these sheets — interglacial.

Planorbis altissimus n. sp. PI. VII, figs. 7-10.

Shell depressed, with flatly rounded periphery7 which is

placed below the center of the whorl; lines of growth fine,

crowded, but surface without spiral ornamentation ; whorls

4, regularly increasing in diameter, sloping flatly to the

rounded periphery; spire whorls sunken below the general

level of the surface, the whorls forming a rather sharp v-

shaped suture, causing the shell to resemble a miniature

Planorbis antrosus and producing a subacute cariua on the

upper surface of the whorls; base of shell deeply concave,

forming a wide, saucer-shaped depression and umbilicus; the

earlier whorls are carinate on the under side but the last

whorl is rounded ; the last half of the last whorl is markedly

deflected, forming a contact with but half of the preceding

whorl; aperture roundly ovate, shouldered above, the dorsal

margin much produced over the ventral margin, the parietal

callus joining the margins and causing the aperture to be

continuous.

Height at aperture, 2.00; greatest diameter, 4.50 mm.

Holotype.

96

THE NAUTILUS.

Height at aperture, 1.75; greatest diameter, 4.25 mm.

Cotype.

Height at aperture, 2.00 ; greatest diameter, 4.00 mm.

Cotype.

Height at aperture, .90; greatest diameter, 2.00 mm.

(young, 3 whorls).

Holotype; number Z 10775 and eotypes number Z 10776,

Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois.

This small Planorbis is related to deflectus, but differs mark-

edly in the form of the upper whorls which are more sharply

carinated, and in the spire which is more sunken below the

general level of the whorls. The umbilical region is deeper

and the aperture is higher than wide. The lower part of the

body whorl is more exposed below the first half of this whorl

than in deflectus. Young specimens very strongly resemble

Planorbis camp anulat its in form.

Specimens of deflectus from marl deposits in Milwaukee

(30th Street) Wisconsin, have occasional individuals that

somewhat resemble alUssimus in the greatly deflected last

whorl but these are otherwise quite different. The new

species may be looked for in marl deposits associated with

Galba obrussa decampi and the Pisidia peculiar to the north-

ern marl beds. Only 5 adult and 9 immature specimens oc-

curred in the Urbana marl deposit and the new species was

not, seemingly, a common inhabitant of the pond or lake.

The new forms described above occurred in a lot of post-

glacial fossils found in a deposit on the campus of the Uni-

versity of Illinois, in a ditch and in excavations for the base-

ment of the new greenhouses. The shells were about four

feet below the surface, in a deposit of marl underlying two

feet of black, clayey soil. The fauna contains several species

which now have a more northern range, as Pisidium costatum,

P. tenissimum calcareum, Valvata sincera, and Galba obrussa

decampi, and there is reason to believe that the pond in which

these fossils lived occupied a kettle hole 011 the inner face

of the Champaign moraine when the ice of the late Wisconsin

glaciation was at or near Chicago. If this is so, then the

THE NAUTILUS. 97

deposit is interglacial between the early and late Wisconsin

invasions. A paper covering this point is in preparation.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PLATE VII.

1-3. Planorbis parvus Say. Owasco Lake, N. Y. X9

4-6. Planorbis parvus urba-nensis Baker, new variety. X9

7. Planorbis altissimus Baker, young. X9.

8-10. Planorbis altissimus Baker, new species. X7.

MOLLUSKS INFESTED WITH PARASITIC WORMS.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

While carrying on biological work for the New York State

College of Forestry at Oneida Lake in the fall of 1917, many

animals were examined to ascertain the degree of parasitation

by worms. The hosts studied included fish, birds, batrachians,

reptiles, and mollusks. Among the latter many interesting

cases occurred, both of infestation and absence of infestation,

the degree of infestation varied from none to fifty per cent.

Of the twelve species examined, five were without trace of

parasites and seven were infested in varying degrees. It is

noteworthy that none of the Amnicolidae or Valvatidae were

parasitized, and that no worms were found in the small

Planorbes (parvus and hirsutus). Of those infested, five are

fresh water pulmonates. The examinations were carried on

under the direction of Dr. H. S. Pratt, of Haverford College.

The table below indicates the species infested and the degree

of infestation. All are trematode worms the species of which

have not yet been determined.

Bythinia tentaculata 17 examined ; no worms.

Amnicola limosa 20 examined ; no worms.

Valvata tricarinata 20 examined ; no worms.

Planorbis parvus 3 examined ; no worms.

Planorbis hirsutus 1 examined ; no worms.

Planorbis antrosus 2 examined ; 1 with cercariae, 1 without.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Planorbis campanulatus 15 examined; 3 with cercariae, 12

without.

Galba catascopium 10 examined ; 6 with sporocysts and cer-

cariae, 4 without.

Galba emarginata 5 examined ; 3 with cercariae, 2 without.

Campeloma, integrum 3 examined; 2 with cercariae, 1

without.

Physa warreniana 9 examined; 3 with cercariae, 6 without.

Small leech in mantle cavity of 3 specimens.

Goniobasis livescens 2 examined ; 1 with cercariae, 1 without.

University of Illinois,

Museum of Natural History.

TYPES OF GENERIC NAMES PROPOSED FOR ACHATINAE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

When working on Congo Valley mollusks I noticed that

while the generic names applied to the Achatinae were discussed

in Manual of Conchology, vol. xvi, genotypes were not selected

for some names there considered absolute synonyms. This lack

is supplied in the following list. Where a type had already

been selected the authority and date of selection are added in

parentheses.

Achatina Lam., 1799, type Bulla achatina L. (Lam., 1799).

Ampulla Bolten, 1798, type A. priamus Bolt. (Pilsbry, 1908).

Chersina [Humphrey], 1797, type Bulla achatina.1

Achatium Link, 1807, type A. elegans Link = A. achatina (L. ).

Achatinus Montfort, 1810, type A. zebra (Montfort, 1810). 2

1 The Museum Calonnianum has been rejected as a source of nomenclature

by the International Commission.

2 De Montfort appears to have confused A. zebra and A. panthera under the

former name, but as he stated that Achatinus zebra is the type, the name be-

longs rather to Cochliloma than to Achatina. Since he says that Lamarck

founded the genus, it is evident that he intended Achatinus merely as an

emendation of A chatina Lam , and not as a new name. It cannot therefore

displace Cochlitoma, but will be regarded merely as a variation in orthography.

THE NAUTILUS. 99

Cochlitoma Fer.. 1817, type Bulimus zebra Brug. (Pilsbry,

1904).

Archachatina Albers, 1850, type A. bicarinata Brug. (Pilsbry,

1904). 3

G codes Gistel, 1848, type Bulla achatina.*

Oncaea Gistel, 1848, type Oncaea perdixf = A. perdix Lam.,

= A. achatina (L. ).

Parachatina Bourguignat, 1889, type A. dohrniana Pfr.

(Pilsbry, 1904).

Serps&a Bourguignat, 1889, type A. hortensiae Morel. (Pilsbry,

1904).

Pintoa Bourguignat, 1889, A. pfeiffer Dkr. (Pilsbry, 1904).

Urceus (Klein) Jousseaume, 1884, type Achatina achatina

(L.).6

LORENZO E. DANIELS.

L. E. Daniels was born at Mazon, Grundy Co., Illinois,

March 4th, 1852. The son of a farmer, his early life was spent

on the farm, and so far as known his education was in the local

schools.

While a farmer in Illinois, though a Democrat in politics, he

was called from the plow in that strong Republican community

to take the office of sheriff. Though modest to a fault and with

none of the politician or office-holder in thought or manner,

the administration was nevertheless a success. The term of

office was enlivened by puzzling criminal cases, including

murder, and there were also serious strikes in the coal fields;

3 A. bicarinata, the type of Archachatina, is a decidedly aberrant species.

For the dextral continental species, which have the surface smoothish and

even, I propose the subgenus Calachatina, A. marginata (Swains.), Man.

Conch., XVI, 109, being the type.

* Gistel, Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs fur hohere Schulen, 1848. p. viii.

Geodes is a substitute for Achatina Lam., no species mentioned.

5 Gistel, torn, cit., p. 168. Oncaea is a substitute for Achatina Auct. ; several

species are briefly described.

6 Jousseaume merely mentioned " le genre Urceus Klein (Achatina Lam.) "

without any species. It therefore takes the same type as Lamarck's genus.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

but thie quiet farmer had courage, a known reputation for fair

play, and was trusted by both workmen and employer. There

were no complaints of violence in labor disputes during the

Daniels regime.

The sheriff's rooms in the Grundy county court house at that

time contained one of the best collections of Mazon creek fossils;

for back in boyhood days the sheriff had become interested in

those famous Upper Carboniferous beds near his home. In

types, especially of insects, the collection contained many of the

rarest species. They were worked up in a memoir by Dr.

Handlirsch of Vienna, published by the National Museum. Mr.

Daniels still owned this collection, together with the accumula-

tions of many years of research in conchology, and the old

Illinois homestead at the time of his death.

Mr. Daniels became interested in mollusks while a young

man, and for many years collected assiduously, particularly in

Indiana. For some years he was Assistant State Geologist of

Indiana. Some of the results of his investigations during this

period were published, in collaboration with Dr. W. S. Blatch-

ley, the State Geologist, under the title "On some Mollusca

known to occur in Indiana," and by Daniels alone, " A Check-

list of Indiana Mollusca." Both appeared in 1903. At this

time herpetology was added to his other interests, and in later

trips the collection of snakes, horned toads and especially turtles

claimed part of his attention.

Subsequently with Dr. Pilsbry, Junius Henderson and the

writer, he was associated in field work many seasons in the

wild places of North Carolina, Tennessee, Arizona, New Mexico,

Utah and Idaho. In 1910 he joined Dr. Pilsbry and the writer

in a collecting trip of several months in southern New Mexico

and Arizona, and in 1914, in company with the writer, explored

the Blue River region in Arizona and the Mogollon Mts. , New

Mexico. Many new species of Sonorella, Ashmunella, Oreohelix

and Holospira were found on these excursions. In 1915 and

1916 Mr. Daniels joined forces with Prof. Junius Henderson in

hunting Oreohelices in Utah and Idaho. Their results were set

forth in two admirable papers, published jointly, the first exact

and critical records for this fauna.

THE NAUTILUS. 101

As a collector Daniels was untiring. His bag was always

among the largest. He seemed to have the knack of finding

unusual or abnormal shells. Some of these were illustrated by

him in a special article.

Species of the molluscan genera Sonorella, Ashmunella, Holo-

spira, Hemphillia, Pisidium, Lymnxa, of Oerarus and Asemoblatta

(Upper Carboniferous insects), and probably other groups, have

been named in his honor. His collections of land and fresh

water shells, and of Mazon creek fossils are among the best.

Mr. Daniels was unmarried. Of late years he made his home

with a sister, Mrs. James Foster, at La Porte and later at Roll-

ing Prairie, Indiana. While on the farm be became interested

in Masonry, often driving across the unbroken prairie a dozen

miles on winter nights to attend lodge sessions at the county

seat. He continued up to the thirty-third degree and the final

services at La Porte were conducted by the Masonic fraternity.

In person Daniels was of the tall, strongly but loosely built

Illinois type, of which Lincoln was an example. He was rather

serious, but by no means lacking in humor, a good camp-fire

companion. In character enterprising, interested, upright.

Seemingly in good health, nevertheless for some years he had

need of a surgeon, and in October submitted to an operation at

a Chicago hospital. Unforseen complications developed and he

died October 23, 1918. By his death conchology has lost one

of its best explorers, and his associates a loyal and loving

friend. — J. H. FERRISS.

JOSEPH WILLCOX.

Mr. Joseph Willcox, a member of the Board of Trustees of

the Wagner Free Institute of Science for forty years, died in

Philadelphia, October 1, 1918. Mr. Willcox was born at Ivy

Mills, Delaware Co., Pa., August 11, 1829. After graduating

from St. Mary's College, Baltimore, he became engaged in

paper making with his father. This business was founded in

1729 by Thomas Willcox, who made paper for the continental

102 THE NAUTILUS.

currency, the firm continuing to make paper for the government

up to 1875. Mr. Willcox was in the Pennsylvania militia dur-

ing the Civil War, and attained the rank of colonel.

On retiring from business Mr. Willcox took up the study of

mineralogy and geology, and during his frequent visits to

Florida became greatly interested in the geology of that State.

In the spring of 1886, under the auspices of the Wagner Free

Institute of Science, he organized with Prof. Angelo Heilprin of

the Academy of Natural Sciences, an expedition to explore the

gulf coast of Florida. Leaving Cedar Keys and proceeding

south, they examined the silex beds of Tampa Bay, and in as-

cending the Caloosahatchie to enter Lake Okeechobee. dis-

covered the Caloosahatchie Pliocene. An account of this ex-

pedition appeared in Transactions Wagner Free Institute,

Vol. I. In company with Dr. Wm. H. Dall, he again visited

these beds in the spring of 1887, and with the writer in 1888

made another trip to this and adjacent streams, making large

collections to aid Dr. Dall in his great work on the Tertiary

Fauna of Florida, also published in the Transactions of the

Wagner Free Institute (Vol. Ill, six parts, 1654 pages, 60

plates, 1890-1903). In the work of obtaining additional

material in other southern states and in many ways assisting

Dr. Dall and others, he took great pleasure. On the various

collecting trips he always obtained many undescribed species,

of which some sixteen have been named in his honor. He

made a large collection of Miocene and Pliocene shells and

specialized on the genus Busy con (Fulgur) both recent and

fossil. This collection he presented to the Academy of Natural

Sciences.

For many years Mr. Willcox was Honorary Curator of the

Isaac Lea collection of Eocene fossils at the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia. He was Chairman of the Committee

on Museum of the Wagner Free Institute, and always took the

greatest interest in the development of both institutions. A

warm friend of Dr. Isaac Lea and Dr. Joseph Leidy, he lived

to see the scientific work and progress of practically two gener-

ations. He is survived by a son, Mr. C. Percy Willcox, of

Philadelphia. — C. W. JOHNSON.

THE NAUTILUS. 103

NOTES.

NOTE ON THYASIRA BISECTA CONKAD. — In 1889 I gave an ac-

count of the microscopic anatomy of a species of Thyasira (under

the name of Cryptodon) in my report on the Blake dredgings,

p. 438. This was I believe the first general account of the

unique features of this genus, the data on Cryptodon furnished

by Pelseneer in the Challenger report relating to Lyonsiella or a

similar genus rather than to Thyasira. Pelseneer himself re-

ferred them to " Cryptodon " with doubt. The specimen de-

scribed in the Blake report was 17 mm. high, and regarded as

exceptionally large. The species referred to Thyasira, under

the name of bisecta Conrad, was so placed by me because of its

agreement conchologically with that genus, although it had been

referred to several different genera and a new genus had been

proposed for it by Gabb.

I had long been anxious to examine the anatomy of this

mollusk, which reaches a height of 75 mm., to see whether it

conformed to the primitive features of the small typical forms

of the genus, and by the kindness of Mrs. Oldroyd and Dr.

Frye of the Friday Harbor Biological Station, Puget Sound,

tbis wish has been granted. The specimen was found in about

four fathoms, muddy bottom among the San Juan Islands.

Kather to my surprise I find that the description written of

the small species nearly thirty years ago applies almost word

for word to this giant of the genus. The only difference seems

to be the greater proportional length of attachment of the W-

shaped gills, and the only addition is the presence of a glandular

area within the basal edges of the mantle extending nearly the

whole length of the free edges. Something of this sort might

have occurred in the earlier specimen but have been overlooked

on account of its minuteness. The arborescent hepaticogenital

organs occupy the greater part of the mantle cavity, while the

absence of papillae on the mantle edge and around the efferent

aperture in the mantle, and of oral palpi, the worm-like foot,

etc., are essentially the same as in the smaller forms.

Geologically, T. bwecta recedes to the Miocene. — W. H. DALL.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

CUBAN MOLLUSKS COLONIZED IN FLORIDA. — Last April Mr. C.

T. Simpson sent me 10 fine Pleurodonte auricoma (Fe>. ) and 2 P.

marginella (Gmel.), one adult and one immature, which he had

collected in his ''hammock " at Lemon City, Fla. The largest

auricoma measures 40 x 29 and the smallest 30 x 20 mm. The

adult marginella is 27 x 16 mm., while the young shell would

probably have grown larger.

As these species appear to be permanently established I

wrote for further information, and below give his response. —

"Little River, Fla., April 20, 1918. I have Pleurodonte auri-

coma living on the place but cannot give locality from whence

taken. It has become completely established and every year I

find hundreds of living and dead examples scattered throughout

my cultivated pine land, but never in the hammock. I find

most of the living specimens when hoeing, buried just under

the surface of the sandy soil, sometimes in dry weather with a

sort of epiphragm. The other day I found a perfect var. pro-

visoria in fine condition. I do not remember whence it came.

"Two varieties of Liguus fasciatus, which were derived from

the general Camaguay to Holguin (Cuba) region, seem to be

established here. The ground color of one is a warm slate and

the other has some yellowish on it. I have found two speci-

mens lately in fairly fresh condition and as it has been about

four years since any were brought in I am sure they have grown

here, especially as one was not fully grown.

" Polymita muscarum, white var. with dark dots, is occasion-

ally seen and the dead shells are rarely found. J. B. Hender-

son sent the parents of these and they are from some part of

Eastern Cuba. Our specimens are large, solid and fine.

" Pleurodonte marginella seems to be pretty well established in

my hammock, probably from Cayo del Key, and there are

several variations. Most are bluntly keeled and rather dark

colored. They keep strictly in the hammock and tho not yet

numerous they seem to be spreading and slowly increasing.

They remain under trash and the fallen leaves of palms during

most of the dry season, but have just begun to appear since we

had a heavy shower yesterday. They climb palms and live

THE NAUTILUS. 105

oaks, sometimes to a height of seven feet and seem to be given

greatly to breeding.

" I have introduced a number of other snails from Cuba and

Bimini including some of the land operculates, but have never

found living or dead specimens since. That does not prove

that they may not be living, as it seems to take a long time for

a species to become established. Until a short time ago I sup-

posed that no Cuban Liguus were living in my hammock. I

have none of the original stock of these that I can be sure of; I

simply introduced the things for ' company ' and not for any

' scientific results.' "

I think the above is well worth putting on record. — GEO. H.

CLAPP.

SOME RARE SHELLS COLLECTED IN PUGET SOUND, WASHINGTON,

DURING JULY, 1918. — Thinking it would be of interest to the

readers of the NAUTILUS, I send you a short list of some of the

very rare species we collected this summer at the Biological

Station of the University of Washington at Friday Harbor, San

Juan Island.

Thyasira bisecta Conrad.

This rare shell we dredged in mud in between 3 and 4 fms.

Three live specimens and a few dead ones were obtained.

Macoma nasida kelseyi Da.ll.

This species we found with the above; the specimens were

larger than those from California.

Thracia curia Conrad.

One specimen of this species was obtained in 25 fms. between

San Juan Is. and O'Neal Island.

Thracia trapezoides Conrad.

This species is the pride of the collection. So far as we have

been able to find out, this has never been reported living. One

living and two dead specimens were obtained in about 20 fms.

off O'Neal Island. This with the first two are found in the

Pliocene at San Pedro, Cal.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

• A fine species in the Naticidae may prove to be a new genus.

Velutina laevigata Linn.

The specimens we obtained were the largest and finest I have

ever seen. The largest one is 8.2 mm. in length.

Panomya ampin Dall.

Of this odd and rare species we were fortunate to obtain sev-

eral specimens.

A report will be published about April, 1919, and will have

a full description of each species; and we hope to have figures

of most of them. — IDA S. OLDROYD, Stanford University, Cali-

fornia.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

FOREIGN LAND SNAILS IN MICHIGAN. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.

Univ. of Mich., no. 58. By Bryant Walker. The following

are recorded:

Avion ater (L. ), garden in Detroit, one specimen.

Arion circumscriptus Johns. " Cat Hole," near Ann Arbor.

Subulina octona (Brug. ) and Opcas clavulinum kyotense Pils. ,

conservatory in Lansing.

Vitrea lucida (Dr.), conservatory. Bell Isle Park.

PLEUROBEMA CLAVA (Lam.) AND PLANORBIS DILATATUS BUCH-

ANENSIS LEA IN MICHIGAN. Occ. Pap., etc., no. 51. By Mina

L. Winslow. P. clava was taken by the author in Hillsdale

Co., the Planorbis near Harbert, Berrien Co. Excellent figures

of P. dilatatus and P. d. buchanensis are given, with a biblio-

graphy of the species and notes on distribution. — H. A. P.

MOLLUSCAN FAUNA FROM SAN FRANCISCO BAY. By. E. L.

Packard (Univ. of Cal. Publications, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 199-

452, pis. 14-60, 1918). This valuable publication is the re-

sults of the work of U. S. Steamer " Albatross," commissioned

in Oct., 1911, by the Bureau of Fisheries to make a biological

THE NAUTILUS. 107

survey of San Francisco Bay. A thorough study of the fauna

of a given area presents many interesting facts pertaining to dis-

tribution, and a basis for making further observations. The

number described are 173 species and 13 varieties collected by

the survey or previously recorded from the San Francisco Bay,

San Francisco Co., or the Farallon Islands. The number ob-

tained by the survey within the limits of San Francisco Bay

comprises 81 species and varieties. The illustrations are ex-

cellent, and charts show the local distribution of 18 of the more

common species. A map of San Francisco Bay showing the

dredging stations is also given. — C. W. J.

THE PRODUCTIVITY OF INVERTEBRATE FISH FOOD ON THE

BOTTOM OF ONEIDA LAKE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MOL-

LUSKS. By Frank C. Baker (N. Y. State College of Forestry,

Tech. Pub., no. 9, vol. 18, no. 2, 1918, pp. 1-264. A most

interesting publication that brings to our attention a great factor

little considered by most conchologists, i. e. , the importance of

the smaller fresh-water mollusks as fish food. Animal life was

found to be most abundant at the 6-foot contour and a sandy

bottom the richest in animal life. — C. W. J.

A NEW MARINE MOLLUSK OF THE GENUS CERITHIOPSIS FROM

FLORIDA. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., vol. 31,

p. 135, 1918). Cerithiopsis vanhyningi, Tampa Bay.

FOUR NEW MOLLUSKS FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. By

Paul Bartsch (Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., vol. 31, p. 153, 1918).

CHANGES AND ADDITIONS TO MOLLUSCAN NOMENCLATURE. By

W. H. Dall (Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., vol. 31, p. 137, 1918).

The following new generic and section names are proposed:

Tromina, Algaroda, Littorivaga, Algamorda, JBoetica, Iselica,

Elachisina, Kurtziella, Progabbia, Crawfordia, Boreomelon, Phena-

coptygma and Alrimitra.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

THE HOMING HABITS OF THE PULMONATE MOLLUSK ONCHIDIUM.

By L. B. Arey and W. J. Crozier (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 4,

pp. 319-321, 1918).

GROWTH AND DURATION OF LIFE OF CHITON TUBERCULATUS

AND GROWTH OF CHITON TUBERCULATUS IN DIFFERENT ENVIR-

ONMENTS [2 papers]. By W. J. Crozier (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.,

vol. 4, pp. 322-328, 1918).

THE NAYADES (FRESH WATER MUSSELS) OF THE UPPER TENN-

ESSEE DRAINAGE, WITH NOTES ON SYNONYMY AND DISTRIBUTION.

By A. E. Ortmann (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. 67, pp. 521-

626, 1918). Exhaustive studies of this character of the mol-

luscan fauna of our rivers constitutes one of the most important

works in biology. The constantly increasing pollution of our

streams will locally exterminate many species. The author

says: "The region in question is known as one of the chief

centers of nayad development, and may be called the most pro-

lific section of the world in this particular group." The species

often assume different shapes in the larger rivers than in the

smaller streams and headwaters. Some 88 species and varieties

are recorded from this drainage. — C. W. J.

Los MOLUSCOS DE LA REPUBLiCA DE PANAMA por James Zetek

(Revista Nueva, Jul.-Aug., 1918). This catalogue of the mol-

lusks is prefaced by a discussion of the distribution, peculiari-

ties of the fauna, etc. , and followed by a list of synonyms and

a bibliography. Besides having many species additional to

those of C. B. Adams's well-known catalogue, it has the advan-

tage of modern nomenclature.

CEPHALOPODA, AUSTRALIAN ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. By S.

S. Berry. A new species of Stauroteuthis and four of Moschites

are described and well figured in this interesting report.

L. E. DANIELS

THE NAUTILUS. XXX IT.

PLATE VI!!.

7

8

11

BRYANT WALKER: PHILIPPINE VIVIPARID/E.

THE NAUTILUS. XXXII.

PLATE IX.

4

8

7

11

BRYANT WALKER: PHILIPPINE VIVIPARID/E.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXII. APRIL, 1919. No. 4

NOTES ON CERTAIN PHILIPPINE SPECIES OF VIVIPAEUS.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

Several months ago Mr. Walter F. Webb, of Rochester,

N. Y. , placed in my hands for identification a small collection

of Philippine Vivipari. The very considerable search of the

literature that was found necessary to determine the proper

names to be used for certain species has brought about some

interesting results in the matter of nomenclature.

I.

PALUDINA (VIVIPARA) CARINATA Auct.

No less than four distinct species have been described by as

many different authors as Paludina carinata or Vivipara carinata,

viz:

1820-3. Paludina carinata Swainson. Ganges.

1827. Paludina carinata Valenciennes. Mexico.

1863. Paludina carinata Reeve. Philippine Is.

1867. Vivipara carinata Bartsch. Philippine Is.

It will be more convenient to treat these species separately.

II.

PALUDINA CARINATA Sw. PI. VIII, fig. 1.

Paludina carinata Swainson. Zool. Ills., Series I, 1820-3,

pi. 93, center figure.

Swainson's original figure is reproduced as above and his

brief description is as follows:

110 THE NAUTILUS.

" P. testa parva, olivacea; spira apertura loagiore, apice obtuso,

rufo; anfmctu basili medio leviter carinato; umbilico obsolete.

"Shell small, olive; spire longer than the aperture; the tip

obtuse, rufous; basal whorl slightly carinated in the middle;

umbilicus obsolete.

' 'A distinct species which is never found larger than the figure.

I once saw near 100 which had been picked up on the banks of

the Ganges; the spire is rather lengthened, always obtuse, and

the umbilicus even less than the last " (P. unicolor).

No measurements are given, but the figure (there is only one)

measures: alt. 21, diam. 16 mm.

This species seems to have entirely dropped out of sight in

recent years. It has been referred to V. dissimilis (Mull.) by

Morch (Cat. Yoldi, 1852, p. 52), Troschel (ubi?) and von

Martens (Mai. Blatt, 1865, p. 148). Frauenfeld (Verzeich-

niss, Paludina, 1864, p. 584) referred it to V. remossii (Phil.).

Hanley and Theobald (Con. Ind., 1876; p. xvii, n. 7) simply

give the above opinions. The species is not referred to by

Kuester (Con. Cab., Paludina, 1852) nor by Reeve in the Con-

chologia Iconica (1863) except as hereinafter stated, nor by

Kobelt in his recent (1906-9) monograph in the Conchylien

Cabinet, nor by Bartsch (Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907,

pp. 135-150), nor by Preston in " The Fauna of British India "

(1915).

But it is clear that Swainson's species was an Indian one and,

whatever may be its standing at the present time in the Indian

fauna, it is entirely different from any Philippine species and

by its priority prevents the use of the name by any subsequent

author either in Paludina, Vivipara or Viviparus.

III.

PALUDINA CARINATA Valenciennes.

See No. X.

IV.

PALUDINA CARINATA Reeve.

Paludina carinata Reeve. Con. Icon., Paludina, 1863, Sp.

53, pi. IX, fig. 53.

Reeve in his text gives no authority for the specific name and

THE NAUTILUS. Ill

the species is usually credited to him, but in the index the

species is credited to Swainson. It is possible that he thought

that the shell that he described and figured was the same as

Swainson' s species. Frauenfeld (Verzeichniss, Paludina, 1864,

p. 584) expresses the opinion that Reeve's species is really the

same, but the figure, description, such as it is, and the locality,

if correct, renders it quite improbable.

I do not think either that the shell figured by Bartsch as this

species is really the same.

Reeve as usual gives no dimensions, but his figure measures:

alt. 25, diam. 20; aperture, alt. 13.5, diarn. 12 mm.

The type, said by Reeve to be in the Cuming Collection,

seems to have been lost or mislaid as Mr. H. C. Fulton, who

made a search for it at my request, was unable to find it at the

British Museum.

I have before me four shells that I believe represent this

species and which are figured on pi. IX, figs. 1-4. Two (figs.

1 and 2) are from the Andrews collection and were sent to Mrs.

Andrews by Dr. Wesley Newcomb as V. amplior Rve., and as

from the Philippine Islands. They are clearly not Reeve's

amplior, which Frauenfeld (Verzeichniss, p. 569) considers the

same as Mousson's V. lineolatus amplus and Kobelt (Con. Cab.,

Viviparidae, 1908, p. 260) calls a variety of V. javanicus.

The third specimen (fig. 3) is No. 3252 of the collection of

the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, and formed a

part of the collection of Joseph Monds, of Salem, Mass., pur-

chased by the University in 1855. It was originally unnamed

and is labeled "Manilla."

The fourth (fig. 4), (Coll. Walker, No. 31774) was part of

the Quadras collection and has his original label ' ' Pal. carinata

Rve., Rio Pasig, Manila." With it was a larger shell of appar-

ently a different species.

As Reeve's type has disappeared, I propose to call the species

represented by these specimens Viviparus pseudocarinatus, fig. 1

being the type and the others paratypes. If Reeve's type

should be found and prove to be identical, his specific name

will be superseded by pseudocarinatus.

Viviparus pseudocarinatus may be described as follows: Shell

112 THE NAUTILUS.

globose-conic, apex obtuse, narrowly but deeply, umbilicate;

whorls five; apical whorls dark purple, which after the third

whorl becomes lighter and gradually fades into a yellowish-

green on the body- whorl; the dark color of the upper whorls

is lighter towards the sutures; on the last half of the body-

whorl of Nos. 1 and 3 are several darker, longitudinal striga-

tions representing, probably, rest periods. The lips of Nos. 1

and 2 are sharp and uncolored, having been taken apparently

between rest periods; No. 3 has the remains of a dark brown or

blackish margin on the lip, and on No. 4 the lip is thickened

and deep black. All four shells are quite acutely carinated on

the periphery of the upper whorls and in the three larger ones

the body-whorl drops slightly below the carina of the preceding

whorl and exposes it above the suture, but the carina rapidly

diminishes in prominence and is practically obsolete before

reaching the lip, which is regularly rounded. The lines of

growth are regular but very light, and the entire surface is

covered with exceedingly fine, spiral strias, scarcely discernible

on the upper whorls, but becoming stronger on the base of the

body-whorl; these lines especially on the upper whorls are more

or less interrupted by the growth lines giving the appearance of

very minute punctations.

The four shells measure as follows:

No. 1, alt. 22.5, diam, 17.5; aperture, alt. 12.8, width,

11.4 mm.

No. 2, alt. 20.00, diam. 14.5; aperture, alt. 11.2, width,

8.9 mm.

No. 3, alt. 22.1, diam. 17.1; aperture, alt. 13.0, width,

10.0 mm.

No. 4, alt. 16.9, diam. 12.8; aperture, alt. 9.6, width,

8.4 mm.

Unfortunately No. 4 is the only one with its operculum.

This (PL 8, fig. 7) is like that of V. costatus (Q. and G.) in

having the inner surface divided into three distinct areas with

the central and outer portions smooth and polished, but it

differs from that species in having the intermediate area with-

out granulation, it being finely and concentrically striate.

THE NAUTILUS. 113

V.

VIVIPARA CAEINATA Bartsch. PL IX, fig. 5.

Vivipara carinata Bartsch. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII,

1907, p. 141, pi. XI, fig. 14.

As already stated I do not think that the shell figured by

Bartsch as carinata Rve. is really that species. Bartsch' s speci-

men apparently belongs to a larger, more elongated species and,

if mature, lacks the black peritrerne that seems characteristic of

carinata Rve. The color is also different.

The specimen that I have figured for comparison with what

I believe to be the genuine carinata Rve. and which seems to

agree very exactly with that figured by Bartsch, was sent by

Dr. Wesley Newcomb to the late Mrs. George Andrews with

another, which was correctly named as V. cumingii Rve. It is

No. 47035 Coll. Walker and measures: alt. 28.5, diam. 21.7;

aperture, alt. 16.2, width 13.1 mm.

As " carinata " can not be used for either Reeve's or Bartsch' s

species and the two are evidently different, the better course

would seem to be to rename the form figured and described by

Bartsch and to leave Reeve's carinata to stand for further con-

sideration. I would propose that the species figured and de-

scribed by Bartsch be called V. bartschi, the type being No.

103666, U. S. Nat. Museum.

VI.

PALUDINA CUMINGII Reeve. PI. IX, fig. 7.

Paludina cumingii Reeve. Con. Icon., Paludina, 1862, Sp.

11, pi. Ill, fig. 11.

This species will also have to be renamed, as ' ' Paludina

cumingii" was used by d'Orbigny in 1835 for the South Amer-

ican species now known as Littoridina cumingii (d'Orb. ). Reeve

himself says that the name had been used by d'Orbigny, but

attempts to avoid the duplication by stating that d'Orbigny' s

species is a Paludestrina. This, of course, is impossible under

the international code.

To make the change as inconspicuous as possible, I would

propose that the species hereafter be known as Viviparus cum-

ingianus.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

Cumingianus is a large, well-marked species and was excel-

lently figured by Reeve. It was the first of the more-widely

umbilicated Philippine species to be described and is not likely

to be confounded with any of its contemporaneous species.

The characteristic specimen figured is from the MacAndrew

collection (Coll. Walker, No. 46916) and measures: alt. 39.7,

diam. 30.5 mm. Another with it measures: alt. 36.5, diam.

29 mm. This specimen has its operculum, which is of the

characteristic javanicus type.

The specimen figured by Bartsch (Pr. U. S. N. M., XXXII,

1907, pi. X, fig. 7) is apparently immature as it measures only

alt. 17.1, diam. 14.8 mm.

Autoptically unknown to Frauenfeld, von Martens and Ko-

belt, the first two express no opinion in regard to it, but the

latter (Con. Cab., Viviparidae. 1908, p. 273) thinks that it is

probably a thick-shelled variety of V. costatus (Q. and G.); but

that view is not tenable.

VII.

VIVIPARUS ANGULARIS (Miiller). PI. VIII, figs. 4-5.

Nerita angularis Miiller. Hist. Verm., II, 1774, p. 187.

Helix angularis Chemnitz. Con. Cab., IX, 1786, p. 160, pi.

134, figs. 1222-1223.

Miiller' s description of his Nerita angularis is as follows:

' ' Nerita testa imperforata, virescente, anfractibus spiraliter angu-

lat'is, fauce alba.

1 ' Cochlea virginiana e fiavo viridescens non fasciata. ' '

"List. Syn. t. 127, 1 27.

"Dan. Kant-neriten.

long. 12 lin. lat. 6 lin.

' ' Testa opaca, conica, glabra virescens striis transvers'is subtttlimis,

spiralibus tribus in singulo anfractu elevatis, acutis. Anfractus

quinque prope perpendiculares.

' 'Apertura retundata, ad anfractum vicinum in angulum producta.

Foramen vel umbilicus nullus. Faux calcarea. Striae spirales in

quibusdam evanescunt.

" Figura Listeri nostril major, caeterum refert. In flumine

Chinensi emporium Canton alluente. ' '

THE NAUTILUS. 115

His reference to Lister was an unfortunate one as the two

species have nothing in common. Chemnitz in 1786 expressed

his surprise at the approximation. Lister's species was un-

doubtedly that subsequently described by Say (1817) as Limnsea

decisa and now known as Campeloma decisum. As the facsimile

of Lister's figure given by Binney (L. and F.-W. Shells, III,

1865, p. 43, fig. 86) is not a satisfactory reproduction of the

original figure, I give a photographic copy on pi. VIII, fig. 6.

As to whether Muller's species was the Chinese species com-

monly known as V. quadratus (Bens. ) or the Philippine species

often referred to V. costatus (Q. and G.), there has been a very

radical and long-continued difference of opinion among con-

chologists.

Mousson in 1849 (Moll. Jav., p. 62) according to von Martens

(Moll. Weber, 1897, p. 21) recognized that the shell figured by

Chemnitz as Helix angularis was different from that figured by

Philippi as Paludina angularis, but overlooked the fact that it

was the P. quadrata of Benson.

Philippi (Abbildungen, I, 1845, pi. I, fig. 10) identified it

with the species described by Quoy and Gaimard in 1832 as P.

costata.

Kuester(Con. Cab., Paludina, 1862, p. 26) followed Philippi.

Reeve (Con. Icon., Paludina, 1862) referred the Philippine

species to angularis, which he considered distinct from costata,

though he remarks that the two species are very closely allied.

Frauenfeld in 1864 (Verzeichniss, Paludina, p. 571) also re-

ferred the Philippine species to angularis.

Von Martens in 1869 (Mai. Bliitt., p. 145) seems to have

been the first to refer Muller's species to the well-known Chinese

form commonly called quadrata Bens.

Morelet in 1869 (J. de Con., XVII, p. 403) argued the ques-

tion at considerable length and refused to follow von Martens.

But he makes no reference to Chemnitz either in his synonymy

or in his discussion.

Issel in 1874 (Moll. Born., p. 90) followed von Martens.

The Sarasins (Suessw. Moll. Celebes, 1898, p. 59), while they

make no reference either to angularis Mull, or to quadrata Bens. ,

refer the Celebes species to costata Q. and G. and therefore irn-

pliedly endorse von Martens' position.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

In 1897 von Martens (Moll. Weber, p. 20) reaffirmed his

position of 1865.

Bartsch in his monographic paper on "The Philippine Pond

Snails of the Genus Vivipara" (Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII,

1907, pp. 135-150) followed Philippi and referred the Philip-

pine species to angularis Miill.

Kobelt in his recent monograph of the Viviparidse (Con.

Cab., 1908, p. 230) adopts von Martens' position and calls the

Philippine species costata Q. and G. But while he states (1. c.

p. 122) that in his opinion the smaller, spirally-sculptured

Chinese species should be divided into groups represented by

angularis Miill. and quadrata Bens., he retains Benson's name

for practically the whole Chinese series and neither figures nor

describes, except in a very general way, the particular Chinese

form that he would consider to be the real angularis.

None of the above-mentioned authors with the excer tion of

Philippi, Kuster and von Martens, refer in any way to the fig-

ures and remarks of Chemnitz in the original Conchylien Cab-

inet. If they were acquainted with that work they omitted to

make any reference to it, and if they were not it is difficult to

understand how they came to refer costata Q. and G. to Miiller's

species.

I am indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for the reference to Chemnitz,

the photographs of his figures reproduced on pi. VIII, the trans-

lation of his remarks and for permission to use the illuminating

note that follows.

The translation is as follows:

Tab. 134. Fig. 1222. 1223.

Ex Museo Spongleriano.

The greenish river-snail with three-fold keels on each

whorl.

" Helix angularis, testa cornea, viridescente, in quovis anfractu

tricarinata, apertura rotunda subangulari. ' '

M filler, Histor. Verm. no. 373, p. 187.

Then follows Miiller's diagnosis.

"This river snail is covered with a dark green coat. It has

a quite conic formation, and a mainly circular, but still some-

what angular, aperture. It will be most conspicuously and

(4

II

I i

THE NAUTILUS. 117

recognizably distinguished from other snails by the three white

angles or perceptibly raised, parallel, transverse stria?, which

are seen upon the whorls. Because it is seen to be thus some-

what angular in its formation and aperture, our renowned

Miiller has called it Cochleam angularem. It lives in the Chinese

rivers, has a length of only sixteen lines and is certainly un-

known at present to most lovers of shells; hence it is rare and

uncommon. I do not comprehend how Miiller could find it

like the figure of Lister, tab. 127, no. 27, which he refers to in

his Hist. Verm."

Dr. Pilsbry adds: " Miiller's angularis does not depend upon

Lister, he notes a discrepancy in size. I have therefore had

Chemnitz's figures copied. Nearly all of Miiller's exotic shells

were from the Spengler collection, and there is every reason to

believe that Chemnitz figured one of the type lot from the same

collection."

It is only necessary, in addition, to compare Chemnitz's fig-

ures with a typical specimen of quadrnta Bens, from China

(Coll. Walker, No. 46135) figured on pi. IX, fig. 10, and Quoy

and Gaimard's figures of the Celebes type of their costata (pi.

VIII. figs. 9-10) to come to the conclusion reached by von

Martens.

Morelet's remark (1. c. p. 407) that Paludina quadrala is dis-

tinguished by its more elongated form, less shouldered spire

and a proportionately smaller aperture is a very apt statement

of the difference between Chemnitz's and Quoy and Gaimard's

figures and practically convicts him out of his own mouth.

To which of the many described forms of the protean Chinese

species, angularis should be referred is "another story" and

outside the purview of this paper. But there can be no doubt

but that Miiller's specific name should be associated with the

Chinese rather than with the Philippine species.

VIII.

VIVIPARUS COSTATUS (Quoy and Gaimard . PI. VIII, figs. 9-13.

PL IX, fig. 6.

Paludina costata Quoy and Gaimard. Voy. Astrolabe, III,

1832, p. 170, pi. 58, figs. 1-5.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

Type locality: Lac de Tondano, N. Celebes.

It is not entirely certain that Quoy and Gaimard's name can

be retained for this species.

Frauenfeld (Verzeichniss, Paludina, 1864, p. 571) has con-

sidered it to be the same as Lesson's P. tricostata from New

Guinea described in 1830 (Voy. Coquille, Zool., II, p. 349).

Von Martens (Moll. Weber, 1897, p. 21) has also made the

same suggestion. If so, Lesson's name would have priority.

Lesson did not figure his species, but his description may be

translated as follows:

' * Shell conic, inflated, of a uniform yellowish-green color,

ornamented with vertical strije, very fine and very close to-

gether. Spire moderate, conic, acute, with convex whorls sep-

arated by a linear and excavated suture. The fifth whorl is

the largest, inflated and dilated, three prominent keels mark its

contour, beginning on the preceding whorl. These three light

lineations form a ribbon-like, flat carina. The aperture is as

high, as wide, rounded, with a thin, sharp lip and smooth on

the columellar border, thickened a little at its base by a small

lamella, which covers in part the narrow umbilicus.

"Several individuals in all respects alike were 7 lines in height

and 6 in diameter. This Paludina inhabits the sweet, fresh

waters of the brooks of New Guinea."

While in some respects this description would apply to V.

costatus, the dimensions given, alt. 17, diam. 15 mrn., if from

mature specimens, would indicate a much smaller and more

globose species and his statement that the three lirations form

a flat, ribbon-like (rubanee et aplatic) carina would seem to in-

dicate that they were close together and, probably, at the peri-

phery of the shell.

Moreover, Tapparone-Canefri (Fauna Moll. N. Guinea, Pt. I,

1883, p. 23) states that Beccari and d'Albertis found nothing

like it in their collections. On the other hand, Pilsbry in com-

menting on another of Lesson's lost species, Partula lineata

(Man. Con., XX, 1909, p. 312), remarks on "the general re-

liability of the locality records in the Zoology of the Coquille."

Thinking that possibly Lesson's type had been preserved in

the Paris Museum, I requested Dr. Louis Germain to ascertain

THE NAUTILUS. 119

whether they were in the Museum. But he replied that much

of their collection and nearly all of their types had been stored

in the cellars for safety and that consequently the desired in-

formation could not be obtained at present. Now that the war

is over, the Museum collections will, no doubt, be returned in

due time to their normal condition and then, if the original

types have been preserved, a critical examination can be made.

In view of the uncertainty as to just what Lesson's species is,

it does not seem to be desirable to change the well-known and

unquestioned name for the species until more definite informa-

tion can be had in regard to the earlier one.

Viviparus costatus (Q. and G.) came from Lake Tondano,

North Celebes and is described as being "very ventricose,

fragile and thin, spire obtuse, whorls rounded, carinated by a

considerable number of acute lirations, of which two or three

are more prominent, and very finely longitudinally striate.

Aperture almost circular, slightly angled above, umbilicus

narrow and deep. Length 27.66, diam. 22.56 mm."

As shown by the original figures copied on pi. IX, figs. 9-10

and fig. 6 on pi. X from a specimen from Sukur, Celebes,

labeled " angular is Mull." by Brot, the shell has two principal

carinas, one at the periphery and the other forming the edge of

the prominent, wide shoulder; between these are a number of

lesser lirations, of which two are usually somewhat stronger

than the others. The penultimate whorl is much smaller than

the body-whorl owing to the width of the shoulder, and the spire

is short and obtusely conical.

I have not seen any typical V. costata from the Philippine

Islands.

Kobelt (Con. Cab., Viviparidse, 1908, p. 230) has called at-

tention to the fact that the shell figured by Bartsch (Pr. U. S.

Nat. Mus., XXXII, 1907, pi. X, fig. I) from Luzon as typical

" angularis" (costatus) does not represent the type from North

Celebes. It was very properly united with V. burroughianus by

Bartsch and will probably, when large series are obtained, be

found to intergrade with it quite completely, but at present, at

least, it seems entitled to varietal rank.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

IX.

VlVIPARUS BURROUGHIANUS (Lea).

Paludina burroughiana Lea. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. , V, 1834,

p. 113, pi. XIX, fig. 80; Obs.. I, 1834, p. 225, pi. XIX,

fig. 80.

Paludina angular i# Reeve. Con. Icon., Paludina, 1862, Sp.

14, pi. Ill, fig. 14.

Vivipara angularis burroughiana Bartsch. Pr. U. S. Nat.

Mus., 1907, p. 136, pi. X, fig. 1.

Vivipara costata burroughiana Kobelt. Con. Cab., Viviparidae,

1908, p. 232, pi. 46, figs. 7-8.

This is a characteristic species of the Philippine Islands. It

differs from the F. costatus from Celebes by its larger size, more

sloping shoulder, more elevated spire and stronger carination.

As the oldest available name Lea's becomes the specific desig-

nation.

X.

VlVIPARUS BURROUGHIANUS TRINOMINIS n. n.

Paludina carinata Valenciennes. Rec. d'Observ. de Zool. ,

1833, p. 252, pi. LVI, figs. 2a-b; Haldeman, MOD., 1841, p.

27, pi. VIII; Kuster, Con. Cab. Paludina, 1852, p. 28, pi. VI,

figs. 6-7; non Swainson, 1820-3.

Paludina multicarinata Haldeman. Mon. , 1842, Pt. 4, p. 4

of cover; W. G. Binney, L. and F.-W. Shells, Pt. Ill, 1865,

p. 22, fig. 40; non Cailliaud, 1826.

Vivipara angularis Bartsch. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII,

1907, p. 135, pi. X, fig. 1; non Miiller, 1774.

Valenciennes states that his species came from Mexico, but

W. G. Binney (J. de Con., XV, 1867, p. 430), and Morelet

(Ibid., XVII, 1869, p. 405) from an examination of the types

have confirmed the opinions of Frauenfeld (Verzeichniss, Palu-

dina, 1864, p. 583) and von Martens (Mai. Blatt., 1865, p.

149) that it is undoubtedly the Philippine species commonly

known as V. costatus (Q. and G.). The author himself states

that his specimens were given to Humboldt by a member of the

Royal Council of Manilla. Valenciennes' figure copied by

THE NAUTILUS. 121

Haldeman is almost exactly the same as that given by Bartsch

(1. c. ) as the typical form of V. angularis (Miill. ).

Haldeman's name was proposed on account of the priority of

Paludina carinata Sw. , but multicarinata has already been used

by Cailliaud (Voy. Meroe, 182£j, pi. IX, fig. 6) for another

species, so that it is not available at the present time even in a

varietal sense.

None of the earlier names proposed for this form being avail-

able and, as in the light of our present knowledge, the race

seems worthy of varietal recognition, .a new one is given as

above.

Frau'enfeld (Verzeichniss, Paludina, 1864, p. 571) considers

this form as the same as tricarinata Ant., but if the figures given

of that species by Philippi and Kuester correctly represent it, it

is quite different.

XI.

VlVIPARUS TRICARINATUS (Anton).

Paludina tricarinata Anton. Verzeichniss, 1839, p. 52.

Anton did not figure his species and I have not been able to

consult his original description. Kuester (Con. Cab., Paludina,

1852, p. 27) considered it to be a variety of angularis Miill.

(costatus Q. and G. ) "differing only in the sharper carinas, two

on the upper whorls and three on the last," and remarks that

every gradation between the two forms is to be found.

Tricarinata is not mentioned by Reeve in the Conchologia

Iconica nor by Kobelt in his recent monograph in the Conchy -

lien Cabinet.

I have not seen any Philippine specimens that are referable

to this species, but Bartsch' s zamboangensis evidently groups

with it, if we are justified in assuming that Kuester' s figure (pi.

6, fig. 5), which he gives as a "mittelform " in the series be-

tween the typical form and the variety, fairly represents the

species.

I have two specimens in the James Lewis collection (Coll.

Walker, No. 12553) from Celebes (pi. IX, fig. 11), which agree

fairly well with Kuster's figure above mentioned. They differ

from typical costatus by their more elevated form, the sloping

122 THE NAUTILUS.

shoulder of the whorls and in the accentuation of the three

principal carinas.

Philippi's figures of tricarinatus copied on pi. VIII, figs. 2-3,

are not quite so much elevated and look not unlike V. javanicus

luzonicus as figured by Kobelt (pi. 46, fig. 9) and herein.

Philippi notes several minor differences between his specimens

and Anton's description, but "has no doubt" but that his

shells are correctly identified.

In the absence of specimens with their opercula, the standing

of Anton's species and its relations to both costatus and javanicus

must remain uncertain.

XII.

VIVIPARUS JAVANICUS LUZONICUS Kobelt. PI. IX, fig. 8.

Vivipara javanica luzonica Kobelt. Con. Cab., Viviparida;,

1909, p. 378, pi. 46, figs. 5, 9 and 10.

The Sarasins (Suessw. Moll. Celebes, 1898, p. 59) were the

first to call attention to the radical difference in the opercula of

the two species, V. costatus Q. and G. and V. javanicus v. d.

Busch, which in their shell characters are often quite indis-

tinguishable.

In javanicus and its allies the central part of the inner side of

the operculum is occupied by a granulated area, which is sur-

rounded by a smooth, polished border.

In costatus, on the other hand, the central portion is smooth

and polished, but is surrounded by a narrow, distinctly granu-

lated area and outside of this the remainder of the surface is

smooth and polished like the centre.

Kobelt (1. c. ) has described a race from Daraga, Luzon,

which has the typical javanicus operculum, but in other re-

spects closely resembles costatus. I have similar specimens with

their opercula, figured above, which were collected in the Phil-

ippines by Steere, but no exact locality is given.

Among the shells received from Mr. Webb was a single speci-

men from Panique, Tarlac Prov., Luzon, which agrees in its

shell characters with the Steere specimens, but unfortunately

has no operculum.

If Anton's tricarinata should prove to be identical with this

form, his name would have priority.

THE NAUTILUS. 12H

XIII.

VIVIPARA ZAMBOANGENSIS Bartsch. PI. VIII, fig. 8.

Vivipara zamboangensis Bartsch. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mue. .

XXXII, 1907, p. 137, pi. XI, fig. 19.

This species was also collected by Steere many years ago at

Zamboanga. The operculum (fig. 8) shows that it belongs to

ihejavanicus group. I have also received it from the Geneva

(Switzerland) Museum, but without exact locality, labeled

u angularis Mull." by Brot.

A single specimen (pi. IX, fig. 9) from Bugasong, Antique,

Panay, was received from Mr. Webb, which resembles the

typical form in shape, but differs in the details of the carina-

tion. The peripheral and shoulder keels are as in the type,

but the central one has disappeared and the space between the

two that remain is divided by four lesser keels, of which the

two in the middle are a little more prominent; the whole surface

is very finely, spirally lirate as in the type but rather stronger.

The lip is black-edged and bluish-white within. The apical

whorls are dark purple, which passes into a yellowish-green on

the intermediate whorls and become a darker green on the body-

whorl. The umbilicus is as in the typical form.

This form may be called V. zamboangensis duplocinctus.

The type (No. 45204 Coll. "Walker) has 5^ whorls and meas-

ures: alt. 25.2, diam. 17.2 mm.

I am indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for photographic copies of

Lister's description and figure and also of P. carinata Sw. and

N. angularis Miill. And to Miss Mina L. Winslow of the

Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, for the reproduc-

tion of Philippi's figures of P. tricarinata Ant.

SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE.

Since the foregoing paper was written I find that Bavay

found the original and unique type of Paludina tricostata Les-

son in the Museum of Paris and figured it in his paper on the

" Land and Fresh-Water Shells of New Guinea " (Nova Guinea,

1908, p. 270, pi. XIV, fig. 1). Unfortunately he added noth-

ing to the meagre description of Lesson, but contented himself

with giving an apparently excellent, life-size figure. Although

124 THE NAUTILUS.

he followed von Martens in considering it identical with P. cos-

tata Q. and G. , I do not think that the figure in any way sup-

ports his conclusion. As shown by his figure, tricostata is a

small, globose form with two visible carinas, the upper one

scarcely more than a strong angle, the peripheral one is well

developed, the third (and intermediate?) one, if it exists, is not

shown in the figure.

Bavay associates with this as varieties two forms, one much

larger and the other about of the same size, both of which are

much more strongly carinated and have a funicular umbilicus

surrounded with a strong carina. Tricostata has no indication

of an umbilicus of this form and no umbilical carina. Bavay' B

varieties are certainly clearly distinct from costata and appar-

ently so from tricostata.

Lesson's type came from Lac Sentani at Ase.

So far as can be determined from Bavay' s figure tricostata is

apparently specifically distinct from costata and Quoy and

Gaimard's name should be used for the species described by

them.

A HAWAIIAN FOEM OF TAPES PHILIPPINAKUM.

BY WM. ALANSON BRYAN.

From a reliable native fisherman I learn that this species of

clam was plentiful at a certain locality in the mud-flats at Ewa,

on Oahu, more than thirty years ago, but that it apparently

completely disappeared from that locality. The native name

' ' Okupi ' was commonly used for the species then though

more recently the name " Mahamoi " is sometimes used to dis-

tinguish it from the more common edible " Olepi ' (Tellina

rugosa Born).

The story given in accounting for the unusual nature name

" okupi," which means leg- weary, tired or exhausted, is that 4' a

Jong time ago a native chief with his family and attendants,

while spending a day at the seashore, accidentally discovered

this clam as they were wading in the soft oozie black mud, de-

posited in the estuary of the stream. None of them knew a

name for the clam; no one had ever seen it before; it was a new

THE NAUTILUS. 125

comer and a stranger to the oldest inhabitants. After wading

about in the sticky mud for a time and having gathered a quan-

tity of the shells, the company, exhausted from their labor, sat

down on the shore to rest. It was decided that the chief must

name the malihini (stranger). Being a stout man and not ac-

customed to such strenuous labor as he had just been engaged

in, he declared that the name of the new clam should be

"okupi."

A few hours spent collecting specimens was sufficient to con-

vince me that the name was most appropriately bestowed.

The species seems to be entirely restricted to brackish water

mud-flats and is easily killed by either fresh or sea water. My

native informant states that after the okupi had been abundant

for several years during his youth, there came a period of very

heavy rain which flooded the lowlands about his home in Ewa.

After the flood went down there was not one of this species of

clam alive in that locality. Although he is a professional fisher-

man he had not seen the clam either in Ewa or at Kalihi (where

he had resided since 1886) until a few months ago, when the

natives began to secure them in quantity from the Kalihi and

Moanalua mud-flats, not a mile distant from his home.

In a large series of 456 specimens 68 have deep purple in-

teriors; 374 bluish-white and 14 are from yellow to salmon

colored, the proportions remaining the same in full grown and

immature shells. When this clam is cooked the varied dark

greenish-brown or purple-brown markings1 change to a rich

chestnut (or between russet and cinnamon-brown of Ridgeway)

but the interior of the shell is not affected. The majority of the

colored figures of this genus that we have examined are appar-

ently made from sun-bleached shells or those that have been

opened in hot water and accordingly do not show the color as

in life.

While these shells agree in the main with the figure and de-

scription of Tapes philippinarum, and with Japanese specimens

they differ by the somewhat larger size and bolder markings.

It may be as well to have a varietal name, Tapes philippinaruni

okupi, for the Hawaiian form.

1 Bone-brown to clove-brown in the dry shells.

• N V -

.< > : • ..::-. S A. | . : C048T &A1TO1 >.' V

LS

|

-..••••.••-.

$.';• — . . :d. pale- twroTi

-

. - . - . . - .

.

- ... - .

mark; V - irths,

! .i. inir. . I; the si ted bj

less regular obliqw .. - -

. half us - - •». rhe

..-:::- . - . riy dis

upper surf a,

.vi bv '. '.la, --.-.r-

>

..nd marks\l by the cv;

nation.- . \ial rib'.;> whicb extend feeblj into the uinbil-

^iva, . .: crowded in this T:^- periph<

half of th: ~ rs auiuervn^ imvile.

ioal hf... is .. -v - -U- 1- atdy b^u&d tlu>

rejected v -. & thei - t-iv pus:

.ire densely soattertni over about one-: tiu>

.--. whorl: within the umbilicus they ext« A b:\ck a little far:

._;-.. ... .. :- : a turn. Aiwture l::rt:i%. -

:.,i'.y o-. . Si - :-.'d. inner lip

I raU covired :\v a thin oallus.

The tyre. Cat N 21, U, >. N. M.. and t\so additional

.imeiis were :cd by Mv. ii. \Villett "in an old ;

p. the north s'. summit -f a hill about a mile

- itheaust Sites C lusa County, California. January -JO.

that is. on the east slope of i. as( rai ge north of ^an

Franeisoo B.iy. The ;ype has o*- turns and measures: altitude

lo mm . _' ••..-.: or diameter '24.4 mm., lesser diameter li\o nnr.

bv the Sou tety of the Smithsonian InetitntMa.

THE NAUTILUS, XXX11.

PLATE X.

f

V

(D

(0

in

-

CM

WHITTAKER: VARIATION IN PLANORBIS CAMPANULATUS

THE NAUTILUS. ! 27

The largest of the three specimens, a dead individual, measures:

altitude, 16 mm.; greater diameter 27,1 mm.; lesser diameter

21.2 mm.

No race of Epiphragmophora tudiculata appears to have been

described from that general region. The general form and the

weak malleations of the surface distinguish this race from the

other members of the tudiculata group and strongly suggest

Epiphragmophora traski, but the nuclear characters as well as the

other sculptural features all ally it with the tudiculata complex.

MOTES ON VABIATION IN PLANOKBIS CAMPANULATU3 SAY, FBOH

BLUE SEA L&KE, QUEBEC.1

BY E. J. WHITTAKER.

Variability in Planorbis campamdatus is much less common

than it is in a related species, P. trivolvis, in which variation

with reference to size and aperture of the shell has resulted in

many varieties being established by conchologists. The shell

in P. campanulatus may vary in size in certain localities, due to

differences in bottom environment and food supply, but in the

same area the form is apt to be constant. While at Blue Sea

Lake, Wright County, Quebec, about eighty miles north of

Ottawa, in the summer of 1918, the writer secured a large series

of P. campanulatutSj in which several well-marked deviations

from the normal type were observed.

PREVIOUS OBSERVATIONS.

Various observations have been made on variation in this

species among which are the following:

Tryon2 remarks: " The plan of the spiral in this genus (i. e.

Planorbis) is such as to yield readily to pressure, hence mon-

strosities are rather frequent. This consists of a tilting-up of

the whorls on one side, or even a conical elevation of the spire.

The smaller forms appear to be most liable to this distortion."

'Published by permission of the Director of the Geological Survey of

Canada.

'J Tryon, Geo., Jr., Manual of Conchology, vol. 3, p. 106.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

Dall1 remarks of P. campanulatus rudentis: "Very similar

specimens were obtained from Anticosti, and from Marl Lake,

Michigan, in which the coil is even more irregularly wound, a

condition I take to be pathological."

Bryant Walker2 remarks of P. multivolvis: " When it (i. e.

the abnormality) occurs, it bears the appearance of an abnormal

extension of the last whorl being more or less irregular in form

and usually deflected from the plane of the rest of the whorls; '

and adds that occasionally P. campanulatus has a similar ab-

normality. This would appear to be the closest approach to

No. 8 in the plate accompanying this paper.

Dr. Frank C. Baker 3 describes P. campanulatus smithii. This

species would seem to be very similar, with regard to the de-

flection of the last whorl, to the ones discussed here, but the

whorls of that variety are "strongly carinated above and below,

the last whorl being particularly so marked." This serves to

distinguish the forms. Mr. Baker observes, however, as in the

specimens from Blue Sea Lake, the presence of the typical form

of P. campanulatus which shows marked variation toward the

gmithii type.

Robertson4 states: "Often distorted so that the tops of the

whorls are inclined at various angles. Varies considerably in

the length of campanulate expansion and thickness of shell."

This is of interest because the area, which his report covers, lies<

within the Archaean region of Georgian Ba3r, where similar

conditions to those at Blue Sea prevail.

Tryon5 describes and illustrates an abnormal specimen of

Planorbis bicarinatus, which has developed in exactly the same

'Dall, W. H. , Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca, Harriman Alaska Ex-

pedition, vol. XVIII, p. 90.

'Walker, B. , Mollusca of Michigan, NAUTILUS, vol. 6, p. 136.

s Baker, F. C., A New Planorbis from Michigan, NAUTILUS, Yol. 26,

p. 119.

4 Robertson, A. D. , Mollusca of Georgian Bay, Contributions to Canadian

Biology, Supp. 47th Annual Report, Dept. of Marine and Fisheries, Fish-

eries Branch, Pt. 2, p. 101.

5Tryon, Geo., Jr., An Abnormal Specimen of Planorbis bicarinatus.

Jonrn. of Conchology, vol. 2, p. 3.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

manner as has the specimen No. 8 of this plate. From the

illustration it would be taken for an ordinary dextral shell.

DESCRIPTION.

In the following description only the characters of interest in

this discussion are noted: "Shell sinistral, discoidal, more or

less rounded; surface shiny, lines of growth oblique; whorls

four, rounded above and below, rather subcarinated; gently and

regularly expanding; spire flat or on a level with the general

plane of the whorls; periphery rounded, aperture lunate, mouth

of the aperture dilated to a great extent forming a bell-shaped

expansion; last whorl contracts slightly just before the dilation

commences; heavy ridge inside aperture beneath constriction

forms narrow throat."

The last whorl in many cases shows a tendency to turn

slightly upwards, the effect of which is accentuated by the

rapidly flaring aperture. In the normal type this is so incon-

siderable as to be omitted in most descriptions of the species.

Gould1 and Haldeman,' however, mention this feature. The

former says : ' ' The whorls enclose each other in a very regular

spiral to the last fifth of the outer one, where there is a sudden

enlargement and distortion toward the left" (i. e. upward).

The latter says: " Remarkable for the deflection and dilatation

of the last whorl." The figures accompanying the above show

the deflection of the lower edge of the aperture to be not more

in any case than one-quarter the height of the body whorl.

Binney's figure 184, reprinted by Call3 and others, shows a

similar slight deflection. Dr. Baker's4 plates show no such

deflection, and the writer has many specimens in the collections

here in which that feature is very inconsiderable. It appears

from the fact that so many descriptions are silent on this point,

' Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, ed. Binney, p. 493-

'Haldernan, Monograph of the Fresh-water Univalve Mollusca of the

United States, part 7, p. 9.

'Call, R. E. , A Descriptive Illustrated Catalogue of (he Mollusca of In-

diana, p. 410, pi. 8, fig. 12.

4 Baker, F. C., Mollusca of the Chicago Area, Bull. 3, pt. 2, Natural His-

tory Survey. Chicago Academy of Sciences.

1HO THE NAUTILUS.

that this distortion upwards is not readily observed on normal

specimens, and any large degree of upturn of the aperture would

peem to be a variation worthy of note.

VARIATION (PLATE X).

In the form from Blue Sea Lake this tendency of the extrem-

ity of the last whorl has been greatly accentuated, as a study of

Series c in the accompanying plate will show. Fig. cl, a form

from Mackay Lake, near Ottawa, shows no deflection at all.

The others are all from Blue Sea. In this series there is a

gradual elevation of the extremity throughout. In c7 the lower

edge of the aperture is more than half-way up the preceding

whorl. In c8 the last whorl has been removed completely from

the plane of the others, and the aperture is directed upwards at

a high angle. The gradation throughout is such that all must

be considered as variations within the species, though the end

members are quite different. Such variation, however, if fol-

lowed by the disappearance of intermediate forms would result

in new species.

The last shell of the series, No. 8, represents the extreme de-

velopment of the tendency to deflection from the plane of the

shell of the outer whorl. Viewed by itself, it would appear to

be merely a rather odd dextral form. On closer inspection it

proves to have four and a-half whorls to the point, where there

is a small campanulate expansion and where the distortion

commences. Therefore, so far, it is normal. The contraction

forming the throat of the shell is much less than usual. The

last whorl turns upward rapidly and, in a horizontal plane,

almost at a right angle to the one preceding as shown in Figs.

c8 and b8 respectively. In contrast to the latter, which is sub-

carinated above and below, the last whorl is broadly rounded

above, and irregularly sub-carinated below. The lines of growth

on the body whorl, though inconspicuous, are spaced normally,

and those on the small campanulate portion are much finer.

However on passing this enlargement, the striae become coarse

again, though more oblique and irregular than on the preceding

whorl. A short distance from the aperture the shell thickens

slightly but there is no pronounced expansion at the extremity

of this additional whorl.

THE NAUTILUS. 131

In addition to the variation noted above, which is observable

throughout the series, certain individuals show others. Nor-

mally the spire is on a level with, or slightly below, the plane

of the whorls. Shells 1 and 4 conform to this feature fairlv

V

well. But in 2 and 3 the second to the last whorl is higher

than either those preceding or the body whorl, and in 3 its

plane is quite oblique. Shell g shows this in a less degree.

Series c and d show this variation well.

Normally the whorls increase slowly and gradually to the be-

ginning of the campanulate expansion. From this nearly all

the specimens show various diversions, as shown in series a.

Shells 4 and 5 approach the type most closely. In 3 and 6 the

second to the last whorl is proportionately much the largest.

In 3, 4 and 5, the whorls are rounded above except for the last

volution, which is sub-carinate. In 2 and 7 the tops of the

whorls are quite carinate. From the umbilical aspect as shown

in series 6, these differences are not apparent, the whorls being

rounded to sub-carinate below.

The lines of growth are coarser, though not to a large degree,

in some specimens than others. Shell 5 is unique in having a

series of revolving lines as well. These fade away as they ap-

proach the aperture, and are most numerous about the middle

of the whorl. Several individuals have also rib-like striae on

the campanulate portion of the body whorl, but not elsewhere.

Revolving lines on the shell were seen only on this one speci-

men of those from Blue Sea Lake.

The aperture itself is subject to considerable variation. There

is a considerable difference in the degree of flare, and as one

would expect from the varying amounts of upturn of the last

whorl in the obliquity of the aperture also. Shell 6 and of

course 8 are extreme in this regard. In 1 the degree of obliqu-

ity from the vertical of the plane of the aperture is 15°; in 6 it

is 40°.

One feature, seldom seen in Planorbis campanulatus, but which

is comparatively common in these specimens, is a rudimentary

color banding. Unfortunately, this feature has not shown well

in the plate. These colored areas are generally confined to the

lower half of the whorl and consist usually of two brown re-

132 THE NAUTILUS.

volving lines whose upper and lower boundaries are well defined.

Occasionally the two are merged into one broad band. The

majority of the specimens in this collection show traces of this

ornamentation and in many the lines are quite clearly marked.

FACTORS AFFECTING VARIATION.

As seen from the above paragraph, considerable variation

occurs in Planorbis campanulatus in the area under discussion.

Although, in the literature, references to deviations from type

are not common, this form would seem to be a somewhat plastic

species reacting to some unusual external condition. In this

case the writer attributes these modifications mainly to bottom

environment. The habitat of P. campanulatus is usually given

as ponds or streams with a muddy bottom, or weedy areas with a

muddy or sandy bottom, presumably in well-protected places. At

Blue Sea we have an entirely different set of conditions. This

lake is wholly within the Archaean granite and limestone area;

its shores, especially toward the north, are precipitous and

rocky; and its floor, with the exception of some small muddy

bays is composed of bed rock. No streams of any size enter

the lake and consequently little sediment is being deposited.

The larger of these bays are at the south end, and none of the

specimens here discussed were collected there. The shells are

often found in from one to three feet of water attached to the

rock. Upon these rocks, absolutely devoid of sediment, the

waves during a storm beat with great force. Yet, while waves

of considerable strength were beating upon the shore, causing

small pebbles, which were placed as markers, to be tossed vio-

lently to and fro, this gastropod would remain firmly attached

by its foot to the rock. This habitat differs vastly from the

muddy bottom of rivers or ponds. The animal holds its shell

erect. Any increase in obliquity of the aperture causes the shell

to be carried more horizontal^, and consequently better adapted

to resist wave action. In all probability this environment has

developed the high degree of obliquity of the specimens from

Blue Sea. Planorbis defiectus is an example of a form which has

a somewhat oblique aperture so that it can lie almost flat, and

is found occasionally on exposed rocky shores.

THE NAUTILUS. 133

The problem of food may have some influence in the produc-

tion of these forms. The discrepancies in size of the whorls

may be connected with periods of scarcity and abundance of

food. With the exception of the small muddy bays above men-

tioned, the bottom is very free from weeds and algae, the usual

food of this gastropod. It is indeed remarkable that the lake

can support so large a molluscan fauna as it does. Of plankton

there is none. The gastropods are not abundant, but certain of

the Unionidae in the bays occur in thousands.

The temperature of the water and range in depth of the gas-

tropods are not sufficiently distinctive to be an important factor

in this connection. The average water temperature is not much

colder than it would be in the Ottawa valley.

SUMMARY.

To summarize the results of this study it would appear that

the specimens of P. campanulatus from Blue Sea Lake show con-

siderable variation as follows:

a. Progressively in an increasing deflection upwards of the

extremity of the last whorl and aperture from the general plane

of the whorls.

b. In degree of elevation and obliquity of the spire.

c. In size and shape of the whorls, which vary from rounded

to sharply carinate.

d. In presence in one specimen of well-marked revolving

lines.

e. In the flare and obliquity of the aperture.

f. In presence or absence of color-banding.

Of these the first only is regularly progressive, and the latter

deviations bear no relation either to it or to each other. To the

writer, bottom environment, wave action, and food conditions

appear to be the main factors in producing such a series of

forms as have been above described. Such conditions are favor-

able for the development of new varieties and species.

Note. — The writer wishes to gratefully acknowledge the as-

sistance and helpful criticism received from Dr. E. M. Kindle

of the Geological Survey of Canada, and from Mr. Frank C.

Baker.

134 THE NAUTILUS.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Variation in Planorbis campanulatus Say.

Series a. Apical aspect.

1. From fossil marl beds Mackay Lake, Ottawa.

2-8. From Blue Sea Lake, Quebec.

Series b. Umbilical aspect of the above.

Series c. Profile view, showing aperture of the above.

Series d. Profile view, from side opposite aperture, of the

above.

The four views of each specimen are shown in vertical rows,

e. g., the four figures at left of plate represent a single shell.

All figures natural size.

ON THE LAND SHELLS OF MONROE, CONNECTICUT,

BY ARTHUR JACOT.

Twelve miles north of Bridgeport, Conn, is situated Monroe

Center. That part of the town of Monroe lying between the

Center and the Housatonic River was searched at several locali-

ties for terrestrial mollusca by my wife and me. This region pre-

sents five well-marked biological associations in which land

shells are common. Of these, the upland swamp ( 1 ) was found

to be richest in number of species and individuals. A tract

which has not been burned over for a great number of years

lying west of my father's house and barns (1) we considered to

be the best example of the upland swamp association. Water

can here be found throughout the year, though much less in

summer than at other times. The trees are mainly elm and

soft maple with clumps of black ash rising here and there from

the water. On each side of the wet area, among the maples and

elms are yellow birches, white ashes, and various swamp or

wet-land oaks. Lichens and mosses are very numerous, among

the latter being sphagnum. The cinnamon fern grows waist-high.

The dry wooded hill slopes to the south and southwest of this

tract represents the second (2) association, characterized by

Polygyra fraterna and Succinea retusa. The lowland swamp as-

THE NAUTILUS. 135

sociation (3) was chiefly studied as typified by the swamp at

the head of Cargyles Pond to the east of the above-mentioned

localities and at the foot of the hill. This association seems to

be characterized by Succinea ovalis (totteniana*) . A limestone cave

association (4) was merely outlined by the fauna found in a

limestone fissure known as Devil's Den, situated on the north

side of the Boy's Half-way River (the brook flowing from the

above-mentioned artificial pond) a mile below the pond. The

limestone is partly leached out, with three entrances, and parti-

ally blasted out, making a fissure cavern. Here the larger shells

were quite common while the small ones were not noticed. The

fifth or fluvio-terrestrial association (5) borders the Housatonic

River and is characterized by Succinea avara. Although many

other localities were examined, all the species found are repre-

sented in at least one of the above associations as outlined in

the following list.

The method of collecting the smaller species was to gather

leaf mould, moss and rubbish (always keeping each collection

separate), dry the material in the oven, pass it through a graded

series of sieves and carefully sort over each sifting. The method

used for finding the larger shells, as well as the smaller, was to

carefully scrutinize old wood and stones, especially the under

or moist side, bases of stumps and trees, especially the "saw-

dust" in their cavities, the underside of bark, etc. My wife

rendered me the greatest assistance in all of this tedious work.

Notice is called to the absence of Cochlicopa lubrica which I

have found near Bridgewater, fifteen miles further north. The

Omphalinas also were not found. No distinctly Canadian fauna

species were noticed.

Carychium exiguum (Say). Common at 1, less so at 8.

Polygyra tridentata (Say). Found at 4.

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Occasionally at 1, 3 and 5, com-

mon at 2 and 4.

Polygyra thyroides (Say). Found at 4.

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Found at 2 and 4.

Polygyra fraterna (Say). Found at 2 and 4.

Circinaria concava (Say). Found only at 4.

Vitrea binneyana (Morse). Rare, and only found at 1.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

Vitrea indentata (Say). Occasionally at 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Vitrea rhoadsi (Pilsbry). Uncommon, found at 1.

Striatura ferrea (Morse). Rare, and only found at 1.

Striatura milium (Morse). Common at 1, occasionally at 2,

3 and 5.

Euconulus fulvus (Miiller). Not satisfactorily distinguished

from the next species.

Euconulus chersinus (Say). Common at 1, fairly common at

3 and 5.

Zonitoides hammonis (Strom). Common at 1, 2, 3 and 5.

Zoniloides arborea (Say). Abundant everywhere.

Zonitoides minuscula (Binney). Rarest of the Zonitidae, found

only at 1.

Zoniloides exigua (Stimpson). Common at 1, fairly common

at 3.

Philomycus carolinianus (Bose). Occasional at 2 and 3.

Pallifera dorsalis (Binney). Occasional at 2 and 3.

Pyramidula alternata (Say). Occasional at 2, common at 4.

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi (Pilsbry). Occasional and

generally distributed.

Helicodiscas parallelus (Say). Common and generally dis-

tributed.

Punctum pygmaeum minutissimum (Lea). Occasional at 1.

Succinea retusa (Lea). Fairty common at 2.

Succinea ovalis (Say). Uncommon at 2 and 3.

Succinea ovalis totteniana (Lea). Common at 3.

Succinea avara (Say). Common at 5.

Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). Common in one spot (about a

decaying tree-top) at 1.

Bifidaria contmcta (Say). Found at 1.

Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Common at 1 and 3, the com-

monest Pupillid.

Bifidaria lappaniana (C. B. Adams). Found at 1 and 3.

Vertigo gouldii (Binney). A few specimens from 1 were con-

sidered to be this species.

Vertigo bollesiana (Morse). Occasional at 1.

Vertigo ventricom (Morse). Fairly common at 1.

Vertigo ovata (Say). Fairly common at 1.

Vallonia pulchella (Miiller). Rare, at 1 only.

THE NAUTILUS. 137

SOME FURTHEH COMMENTS UPON THE WORK OF LORENZO EUGENE

DANIELS.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

My good friend Ferriss, in the interesting account of the life,

character and scientific work of Mr. Daniels, has briefly men-

tioned the principal items of his work, but there is opportunity

for enlargement upon some of the items. Daniels' work is a

good text for a sermonette upon the great value of the non-

professional and semi-professional in science. His vocation was

agriculture, which furnished the means for carrying on his avo-

cation, the collection and study of natural history material.

Perhaps there is no branch of natural science that has profited

more from the labors of such men than has conchology. There

are few strictly professional conchologists or malacologists — that

is, men whose living is derived from such work. Therefore,

the progress of the science is dependent upon those to whom

the work is an avocation, done for the pure love of it, with no

thought of financial remuneration. After all, is not that the

best reward ?

Many of us may not realize the extent and value of Daniels'

work so fully as we would had his modesty not kept him so

much in the background. His mind was a fountain of infor-

mation concerning the habits and habitats of snails and methods

of caring for material, which information was freely at the dis-

posal of his friends. He was usually content to allow others to

do the publishing, or to appear only as joint author. I only

recall seven papers bearing his name as the sole author. Prob-

ably there are others. In the former account his Minnesota and

Montana work was not mentioned. His Minnesota paper

covered a field where work was much needed, for the literature

of that state was scant compared with that of many states. His

Montana work, published by Vanatta, was in a vast territory

that has only been scratched in a few places by students of

Mollusca. His two seasons in Indiana, prior to 1903, forming

the basis for nis Catalogue, added 91 to the 184 species and

varieties listed for that state by Call, and he has since added

138 THE NAUTILUS.

others. It is impossible to estimate, without a great deal of

time spent in searching the literature, the forms new to science

discovered by him individually or joivitly with others, or the

extent to which his discoveries have added to the known range

of species. Only a small proportion of the species he discovered

bear his name. In view of the large amount of work he did in

collecting snails of the genus Oreohelix in six states, sometimes

by himself, sometimes with others, and the number of new

forms of Oreohelix discovered on those expeditions, it is a shock

to realize that no member of that genus is dedicated to him by

name.

Another thought has been in my mind for some time. In

estimating the work of such an enthusiastic and indefatigable

collector, do we place a high enough value upon the benefit to

science of the wide distribution of the material, accompanied by

reliable data, to other collections and particularly to museums ?

Material obtained by Mr. Daniels in out-of-the-way places has

reached many institutions where it will be studied by hundreds

of students for perhaps a century to come, and doubtless will

result or assist in adding many facts to our knowledge of natural

history, especially of the distribution and variation of species,

and straightening out problems of nomenclature and classifica-

tion, in the years to come.

Mr. Daniels' collections in eleven states have resulted in pub-

lished reports. I believe he also made one or two trips to

Florida, but do not know whether those trips resulted in any

publications. Wright, in his description of Unio danielsi, from

Georgia, stated that Mr. Daniels partly financed some work in

that state too.

In addition to the loss to science, those of us who have en-

dured hardships with him in a difficult countn , and enjoyed

his quiet companionship, looking forward to other trips, feel a

deep personal loss in his removal from our midst.

THE NAUTILUS.

BEMAEKS UPON THE IDENTITY OF " UNIO FASCIATA,'1 RAFINESQTJE.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

Lampsilis fasciata, Rafinesque.

Unio fasciata, Rafinesque, 1820.

Unio siliquoideus, Barnes, 1823.

Unio inflatus, Barnes, 1823.

Unio distans, Anthony, 1865.

Unio luteolus, Auct. as of Lamarck.

The above wide-spread, common, and well-known Naiad, is

seldom given the name which we adopt ("fasciata, Rafinesque")

but is all but universally known as " luteolus" as of Lamarck.

The use of the latter as the specific name of the shell is merely

the unquestioning acceptation of the dictum of Dr. Lea, who on

returning from Europe in 1833, wrote that the " specimen cited

by Lamarck ' ' seen by him in the ' ' Garden of Plants ' ' was a

"true siliquoideus ': of Barnes. Against this application of

Lamarck's name for the species, the following reasons seem just.

(1) Lamarck's description does not describe the species in

question, but does fairly well describe the Unio cariosus,

Say, as evidenced by the unanimous opinion of all writers

previous to Lea's pronouncement of 1833 (as well as by some

of the more courageous spirits since that event).

(2) Lamarck gives as habitats (he must have seen more than

one?) the "Susquehanna and Mohawk Rivers."

The cariosus abounds in these streams, but from neither

of them did Lamarck obtain specimens of the species luteolus,

Auct. (The shell does not live in the Susquehanna; but accord-

ing to Marshall the species is now an immigrant in the Mohawk

through the Erie canal, and this is confirmed as to the Genesee

by Ortmann. )

(3) Lea claimed that the specimen seen by him, "cited by

Lamarck," was a "true siliquoideus, Barnes;" but his ident-

ification was disputed by Ferussac, who stated that according

to Lamarck's "example" the shell was "cariosus, Say."

1 III

A.UTILUS.

The use of "luteolus" as he specific name of the species in

question is therefore unwarinted by the description; is abso-

lutely contradicted by the hitats assigned, and rests solely

upon the identification of -peeiinen made by one student,

which was at once contradicid by another of equal ability, for

it must not be overlooked t in 1832 Lea was by no means

the "authority" that he at \ard> l-eraiue.

ijn l,s-J'.» Lea considered l " l'ni.> eornutus " to be a "pro-

tean species" whose "vari. •< run into the u< sopus," and em-

braced those species which la afterwards knew as " Unio per-

plexus" and "foliatus." I as still later before lie appreciated

the sjieeilic differences exisng between •• I'nio verrucosus "

and " pustulosus; " or l.ei\\ i the " Unio i.lieatus and multi-

plicatus. ' ' )

Notwithstanding that Le: in IJvlJ . -.UIN <•]>< -d with 1-Yrussac

over the cabinet of the latt. concernm- their "favorites, the

Unios," the latter student • ho had specimens of the present

species in his cabinet) stuck . his opinion that the "luteolus

of Lamarck" was the "car .-, Say."

In view of the above the .ntinued use of Lamarck's name

for the present species is early unwarranted, except by the

rather flimsy claim of usage.

Turning now to the nan we adopt (faseiata. Rafinesque)

we find from its descrij><: --n .[ RafinesMue had before him an

extremely wide-spread . found practically all over the

Ohio drainage, occurring, h« rites, "in tin- rivers Ohio, Alle-

ghany, Muskingum, Kentuck, Green, Salt, etc."

Aside from other charactei he states that In- species (which

though ordinarily small, att 3 a i. n-th of three inches) is in-

equilateral, elliptical, ventri. • and rather thiek.

Its epidermis is olive, with.rownish rays; a variety has dark

rays; another is greenish wii blackish rays, alternately wider

and narrower; others are copjr-colored, with olive rays.

The nacre is bluish, exc : that in the last variety it is

:-y- white. The cardina tooth is " divaricate."

.indsome species approching the " ochraceus, Say."

ibove characters can bascribed to no known Naiad from

drainage except to te species in question.

THK NAVTII I. 141

iK-lusiun made doubly certai when we know that even

Dr. 1 :it that tb- " Lainjilis fasciola, Rafinesque"

which he(Li) bad afterwards named

11 l"i.:" multiradur

It i.- true that the nan.' I ":.: I'asciata, Rafinesque," was

given by Con] - 'dmen of " ligamentinus,

rck" (M i. -->G), an error which may

t quit' duplicated i cabinets.

But • ' -carcely militates against

Irawi:. 111 the same work (Mon-

nens of the very diverse

-.•> . I 1 I io nasutus, Say (Plate 18).

\\ nder the name of " Unio

iry dififerent Unio perpur-

tc.

.\ - erred to, Dr. Lea cogently

r.inar 1 thin- -sus, Say,' is the l fasci-

ata ' of l; uiinat , of his description ought

that t: iy' could not have been

unili-r tb- thor wh« made his description of

•f.>.

A the idenl i of "fasciata" with the

•• ; -tin- •• l .oideus, Barnes," it is a

ii. • TV that Kali; si-nt to Ferussac speci-

ni ihr \\ ring names given by the

donor.

I»r us of the " siliquoideus,

by him in tb« ibinet of Ferussac in 1832,

lab.-l.il •• I';

All «-f thr available rviilciu-'- tlif ''"re goes to show that the

iata, l: iqne' -upplant as the specific

nam.- ,.f tbr -uarck," the latter being

a pyii • arly " Ui s Say."

THE NAUTILUS.

ELIZABETH LETSON BRYAN, SC. D.

Elizabeth Letson Bryan died on February 28th at her home

in Honolulu, of an organic heart affection after an illness of

nearly eight months.

Mrs. Bryan was born April 9, 1874, at Griffin's Mills, Erie

Co., New York, the only child of Augustus F. and Nellie Webb

Letson. She was a direct descendant from Governor Bradford,

first governor of Massachusetts, and was a member of the May-

flower Society of New York. She early became interested in

natural history, especially conchology. In 1892 she entered

upon her long service in the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences,

of which she became Director in 1899, finally retiring, after a

connection of seventeen years, upon her marriage to Professor

William Alanson Bryan in 1909. This long period was inter-

rupted by several years given to study in the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the United States National

Museum.

In 1899 the Conchological Society of Buffalo was organized

by her, and a new period of local enthusiasm for the study of

mollusks began. In 1906 Alfred University conferred the hon-

orary degree of Doctor of Science. She was a member of the

American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Con-

chological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, and various

other scientific bodies.

Dr. Letson' s publications relate chiefly to the mollusks of

New York, the more extensive being a Check List of the Mol-

luscaof New York, Bull. 341, N. Y. State Education Depart-

ment, 1905; Post- Pliocene Fossils of the Niagara River Gravels,

published in a Bulletin of the State Museum, 1901; a partial

list of the shells found in Erie and Niagara counties and the

Niagara frontier, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat, Sci., IX, 1909. At

the time of her marriage to Professor Bryan, of the College of

Hawaii, and her removal to Honolulu, she was working on a

monograph of the New York Mollusca.

In Honolulu Mrs. Bryan engaged ardently in the collection

THE NAUTILUS. 143

of marine shells. Professor Bryan, who had before been chiefly

known for his work on birds, added the mollusks to his other

interests, and together, on many an island collecting trip, they

amassed the largest collection of Hawaiian marine shells yet

brought together.

For several years she had served as librarian of the College

of Hawaii, a congenial task bringing many young people under

her influence.

In 1917-18 Professor and Mrs. Bryan traveled in California

and the East, spending several months at the Academy of

Natural Sciences in studying Hawaiian shells. For the same

purpose the museums of Cambridge and Washington were also

visited.

Mrs. Bryan's gracious personality and sunny outlook, no

less than the genuine love of nature which determined the

course of her life, made her many warm friends who mourn her

untimely death. H. A. P.

Dr. Herbert Huntington Smith, Curator at the Museum of

the University of Alabama, was killed by a train on March 22.

A notice of his life and work will appear later.

NOTES.

THE INTRODUCTION OF ACANTHINULA HARPA (SAY) AND CIRCI-

NARIA VANCOUVERENSIS (LEA) INTO ST. PAUL ISLAND, ALASKA.

-In order that there may be a definite record of the introduc-

tion of these two species by man into St. Paul Island, I wish to

state that I placed about ten specimens of each of these species

behind the laboratories on St. Paul Island, of the Pribiloff

Group, in June, 1916. It may also be well to note that I was

unable to find any trace of these in 1918. This, of course,

does not mean that they may not still be in existence there. —

G. DALLAS HANNA.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

HENDERSON COLLECTION OF ANTILLEAN LAND MOLLUSKS.-

The National Museum has recently received as a gift from Mr.

John B. Henderson, one of the Regents of the Smithsonian In-

stitution and a prominent malacologist, his entire collection of

Antillean land mollusks, comprising approximately 400,000

specimens. The bulk of the collection is the result of expedi-

tions to the Antilles made by Mr. Henderson and his assistants

for the sole purpose of visiting unexplored or little known

regions, or for collecting specimens in the identical localities

from which the original types were obtained.

Dr. H. A. PILSBRY has recently been elected a Corresponding

Member of the Zoological Society of London.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA OF GREAT BRITAIN. By F. W.

Harmer (Palaeontographical Society, Vol. I, parts 3 and 4, pp.

303-483, plates 33-44, 1918 and 1919). This completes Vol. I.

Part 1 was published in 1914 and part 2 in 1915, the whole

being supplementary to S. V. Wood's Monograph of the Crag

Mollusca. It brings the subject up to date and adds much to

our knowledge of the distribution of some of the American

species in Pliocene times. Aside from some of the species

which are circumpolar in distribution, Sipho pygmaea, Beln hi-

carinata, a var. of Eupleura caudaia. Turritella erosa and Nassa

trivittata are also recorded from the pliocene and pleistocene of

Great Britain. Part IV contains the title page and index to

the volume. — C. W. J.

POST-GLACIAL MOLLUSCA FROM THE MARLS OF CENTRAL ILLI-

NOIS. By Frank C. Baker (Jour, of Geol., Vol. 26, pp. 659-

671, 1918).

ON SOME TERTIARY FOSSILS FROM PRIBILOF ISLANDS. By

W. H. Ball (Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., Vol. 9, 1919).

The collection of some 47 species made by Mr. G. Dallas

Hanna, is of interest as linking up the age of the strata with

the beach deposits at Nome which are referred to the late

Pliocene.

MBL WHOI LIBRARY

UH 17UY .