THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXXIII

JULY, 1919, to APRIL, 1920

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences

PHILADELPHIA

CHARLES W. JOHNSON

Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History

BOSTON

INDEX

TO

THE NAUTILUS, XXXIII

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Acella haldemani White

Achatinella buddi

Achatinella cestus

Achatinella montaguei

Achatinella phaeozona 47, 92

Achatinella viridans 56

Adula diegensis 65

Alaska, Mollusca of Forrester Island 21

Amnicola winkleyi leightoni Baker, n. subsp 125

Ampullaria (Felipponea) neritinifonnis Dall, n. sp 10

Ancylus obscurus Haldemaii and species referred to it ... 99

Anodontoid.es ferussacianus Lea in Colorado 142

Argonaiita compressa Blainv. (PL II) 75

Argonaiita nodosa Sol 76

Argouauta, some large specimens of 74

Arizona, shells from the Chiricahua Mts 70

Auriciilidge and Planorbidae from Panama 76

Buccinidae 144

Bulimulus nigromontanns Dall 20

Caecum orcutti Dall 63

California, shells of La Jolla 62

Camaena forbesi W. F. Clapp, n. sp. (PI. I) 28

Cerithidea sculariformis Say 6

Cerion, breeding experiments 142

Clausilia, a new Chinese 53

Clausilia (Enphaedusa) steetzneri Pils 53

Climatic conditions as indicated by land shells on the

Island of Oahu ' 89

Coeloeentmm gigas v. Martens 79

iii

IV THE NAUTILI'S.

Compsopleura trinodosa Conr 119

Corbicula gabbiana Henderson, n. n 120

Corbicula obliqua Whiteaves 121

Cyphoma gibbosa 6

Cypraea pacifica Ostergaard, n. sp. (PI. II) 92

Cypra-a spadicea 65

Cyrena californica Gabb 120

Cyrena obliqua Deshayes 120

Cyrena carolinensis Bosc 7

Detraeia zeteki Pils., n. sp 76

Diplomeriza Dall, 11. n 32

Donax obesa Orb 4

Donax variabilis Say 4

Dmpa walkera? Pils. & Bryan = = fuscoimbricatus Sowb. . . 71

Dupliearia, note on the name 32

Paseiolaria distans Lam 47

Fasciolaria gigantea Kien 44

Fasciolaria gigantea var. reevei Jonas 46

Fasciolaria of the southeastern United States 44

Faseiolaria papillosa Sowerby 142

Fasciolaria tulipa Linn 46

Felipponea Dall, n. subgen 10

Ferrissia. (Laevapex) dalli, n. sp 102

Ferrissia (Laevapex) obscura (Ilald.) 101

Fissurella volcano Reeve 66

Florida, an old collecting ground revisited 1

Florida, land shells of southern 18

Fluke in Philornycus 105-

Goniobases of Ohio 73

Guatemalan notes 79

Haliotis fulgens Reeve 62

Hawaii, a new Cyprsea from 92

Hawaiian Islands, collecting trip on Calm 54

Helix aspersa L 64

Helix hortensis in shell-heap, Mahone Bay, N. S 71

Helix pisana in California 63

Hodgson collection 105-

Illinois, Mollusca of Dubois 14

Lampsilis in Lodgepole Creek, Colorado 103'

Land shells of Maine 96

Lasmigona viridis Rafinesque 127

Leptinaria livingstoneusis Hinkley, n. sp 80

Limnaea (Polyrhytis) kingii Meek 119"

Litorina in-orata Say

Lucina philippiaua R^eve

THE NAUTILUS. V

Macrocallista nimbosa Sol 4

Mexican Border, along the 37

Micrarionta rixfordi Pils., n. sp 53

Mitra. amaiidi : a correction 31

Mitra orcutti Ball, n. sp 103

Mitra sigma Bartsch, n. 11 31

Mitridae, Link's names in 133

Mytilus adamsianus 65

Natica dakotensis Heiiderson, n. n 122

Natica occidental 122

Navajo Nation 109

Neritina lineolata Lam 7

Neritina virginea Linn 7

New Jersey, collecting in the vicinity of Newark 59

New Jersey, land shells of Laurel Springs 67

Notes 31, 70, 105

Nucula impressa Conrad 122

Oliva sericea miniaeea var. johnsoni Higgins, 11. var. ... 58

Opeas pumilum Pfr. in Philadelphia 31

Pallifera dorsalis Binn 80, 86

Paludina subglobosa Eminons 119

Panopea bitnmeata Conr 5

Pecten islandicus pugetensis Oldroyd, n. subsp 135

Pecten kincaidi Oldroyd, n. sp 135

Philomycus carolinianus Bosc 83

Philomycus pennsylvanicns Pils 80, 88

Philomycus rushi W. F. Clapp, n. sp 84, 87

Philomycus, Notes on 80

Physa anatina Lea 126

Physa bullata White 118

Physa bullatula White 118

Physa carletoni Meek

Physa smithiana Baker, n. n. for P. smith! Baker 142

Physa,, destroyed by insect larvae 71

Planorbis isthmicus Pils., n. sp 78

Planorbis pseudotrivolvis Baker, n. sp 123

Polita cumberlandiana G. H. Clapp, n. sp 8

Polygyra plana bahamensis Van., n. var 72

Publications received 32, 68, 106, 142

Radix ampla utahensis Call 119

Simnia uniplicata Sowb 6

Siphonaria naufragum Steams 6

Smith, Herbert Huutingtoii 136

Sonorella cayetanensis Pils. & Ferr., n. sp 19, 38

Sonorella cotis Pils. & Ferr., n. sp 20

Vi THE NAUTILUS.

Sonorella elizabethae Pils. & Ferr., n. sp 20, 41

Sonorella hinkleyi Pils. & Ferr., n. sp 19, 38

Sonorella insignis Pils. & Ferr., n. sp 21

Sonorella montana Pils. & Ferr 19, 38

Sonorella montezuma Pils. & Ferr., n. sp 20, 41

Sonorella mustang Pils. & Ferr., 11. sp 20

Sonorella patagonica Pils. & Ferr., n. sp 20, 40

Sonorella tumacacori Pils. & Ferr., n. sp 19, 38

Sphaerium hendersoni Sterki 105

Staten Island, Marine Mollusca of Ill

Subemarginula yatesi Ball 27

Tebennophorus carolinensis 80, 86

Thysanophora cascoides (Tate), fig. 4 95

Tliysanophora fuscula (C. B. Adams), fig. 1 94

Thysanophora plagioptycha group, review of the 93

Tortieella haldemani White 118

Tritonalia fraseri Oldroyd, n. sp 135

Turritidae versus Turridae 130

Ilnio pressus Lea 127

Velutina cryptospira Midd 25

Velutina rubra Willett, n. sp 25

Vertigo allyniana Berry, n. sp 51

Vertigo allyniana xenos Berry, n. subsp 52

Vertigo ealifornica diegoensis St 64

Vertigo hebardi Van 141

Vertigo ovata in Florida 141

Vertigo modesta microphasma Berry, n. subsp 48

Vitrea (Paravitrea) lamellidens Pils 115

Vitrea (Paravitrea) multidentata Binn 115

Vitrea (Paravitrea) pilsbryana Clapp, n. sp 9

Vivipara( ?) emmonsi Henderson, n. n 119

West Coast Shells

Yoldia (Portlandia) astoriana Henderson, n. n 122

THE NAUTILUS. Vll

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Baker, Frank C 11, 123

Bartsch, Paul 31

Berry, S. S 48, 130

Blake, J. H 105

Clapp, Geo. H 8, 115, 136, 141

Clapp, W. F 28, 83

Ball, Wm. H 10, 32, 103

Ferriss, Jas. H 19, 37, 109

Frierson, L. G 127

Goodrich, Calvin 73

Gouveia, J. J 54, 89

Grinnell, Jr., F 71

Henderson, Junius 103, 118

Higgins, H. C 58

Hinkley, A. A - 14, 79, 105

Jacot, Arthur Ill

Johnson, C. W 1, 36, 44, 74, 142

Oldroyd, Mrs. Ida S 26, 28, 105, 135

Orcutt, C. R 62

Ostergaard, I. M 71, 92

Pilsbry, H. A 19, 35, 53, 68, 70, 76, 93

Sterki, V 80

Tableman, Fred 59

Tomlin, J. R. LeB 133

Vanatta, E. G 18, 31, 67, 72, 96

Van Hyning, T 71

Walker, Bryant 99

Willett, George 21

Wintemberg, W. J 71

*v '•'" •

«/

HERBERT HUNTINGTON SMITH

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXIII JULY, 1919 No. 1.

AN OLD COLLECTING GROUND REVISITED.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

While a resident of St. Augustine, Florida, from 1880-88, I

made a careful study of the mollusca of the harbor and vicinity.

The habits of the various species and the factors governing their

distribution, which in many cases was much restricted, especi-

ally appealed to me. With these facts in mind it was with

great interest that I visited the old city after an absence of

thirty-one years. Time and the ever-shifting sands have played

sad havoc with many of my old collecting grounds, and I

looked in vain for some of the rarer species.

The accompanying maps can give only a general idea of the

changes that have taken place. 1 The ' ' Lagoon ' ' of the eighties

is gone and there are now two inlets with about the same depth

of water on each bar according to the government chart, survey

of 1910, although I was told that the southern channel has now

much less water on the bar than the other. Marsh Island at

the mouth of Hospital Creek is also gone, and the sand bar that

was formerly only east of the island now extends to the fort.

There is no trace of the site of the old Spanish lighthouse,

1 Figure 1 shows the harbor and vicinity about 1883, before the St. Sebas-

tian marsh was filled, also the approximate positions of the "Lagoon" and

Marsh Island. The figures refer to the species mentioned in the text that

were found at those particular places.

Figure 2 is based on the U. S. coast survey chart, No. 159, survey of

1910, and represents in a general way present conditions.

THE NAUTILUS.

which was probably at the extreme end of the now exposed

ledge of coquina and about 200 feet below the present high-

Fig. 1. St. Augustine, about 1883.,

THE NAUTILUS.

water mark. The government has endeavored to prevent the

wearing away of this portion of Anastasia Island by construct-

Fig. 2. St. Augustine at present.

4 THE NAUTILUS.

ing four jetties, one below and three above the ledge referred

to, but the erosion apparently still continues. The following

notes are based chiefly on those species that were very limited

in their distribution and which therefore may have become

locally extirpated by the many changes affecting their environ-

ments. A list of about 200 species published by the writer in

1890 l forms the basis of some of the following remarks.

Macrocallista nimbosa Sol. (1) This is the Callista gigantea

Gmel. of my list. It was found only in the shoal water at the

head of the " Lagoon," seeming to prefer the quiet water, as I

never found a trace of it on the ocean beach. At most only six

or eight specimens were found, and many of these were broken,

probably by the large ray or "clam cracker" as the butterfly

ray (Pteroplatea madura} is called by the fishermen.

Donax obesa d'Orb. (2) This little chunky species was

formerly common on the sand bars at the mouth of the

"Lagoon," where there was a slight shifting of the sand at

every tide. The larger species, Donax variabilis Say, was (and

probably is) exceedingly abundant on the ocean beaches,

especially the "South beach." I was quite amused at Day-

tona to hear the popular name of "coquina" applied to this

shell, and one young man talking about "coquina bouillon."

While this is entirely proper, as the Spanish word coquina

means, broadly speaking, shell-fish, the name has become so

generally used for the shell-rock (often made up largely of this

species) that at first it sounded like pretty hard diet. I am

sorry that opportunity did not permit my getting a large series

of this species including the young, as I should have liked to

have made some comparisons of the young of D. variabilis with

that of the typical or more northern D. fossor Say. As I re-

member I could never satisfactorily separate the two forms at

St. Augustine and omitted the latter from my list, although it

is recorded from the entire coast of Florida and westward to

Texas. Mazyck in his "Catalog of Mollusca of South Caro-

lina," says of D. fossor, "very rare, Sullivan Island."

1 An Annotated List of the Shells of St. Augustine, Florida, THE NAUTI-

LUS, vol. iii, pp. 103, 114 and 137, vol. iv, pp. 4-6.

THE NAUTILUS. 5

On one visit to the South beach I found it literally strewn

with perfect specimens of Divaricella quadrisulcata d'Orb.

{Lucina dentata of my list), but never again did I find them in

such numbers. At another time quantities of an Area referred

to in my list as Area americana Gray, were found. It is more

elongated than those found in the harbor, with a thinner and

lighter brown periostracum, and probably represents only a

variety or ocean form of A. campechiensis Dillw. (Area pexata

_

Lucina philippiana Reeve (Loripes edentula of my list). Large

single valves were frequently found and occasionally at the

mouth of Hospital creek shells were found in the mud with

both valves intact, but like the Phacoides filosa Conr. in Portland

harbor, Maine, always dead. It may also be of interest to note

that two specimens of Solemya velum Say, and a few single

valves of Mya arenaria were found on the north beach, the

most southern records for the species.

Panopea bitruncata Conr. (3) This large and variable shell

which was referred to in my list under both Glycimeris reflexa

Say, and G. americana Conr., was later the subject of a paper

by the writer * in which the synonymy was straightened out,

and a fine specimen found on the bar east of Marsh island was

figured. Common in the pliocene of the Caloosahatchie, but

recent examples are exceedingly rare. Living deep in the mud

they are difficult to obtain, unless on rare occasions extensive

harbor dredgings might bring some to the surface. They are

also very apt to be destroyed by changes such as encroaching

sand bars, sedimentary deposits, and harbor pollution.

The rocks that represented the ruins of the old Spanish

lighthouse (the tower of which fell in June, 1880, while the

keeper's house had fallen several years before) were a favorite

place for Thais floridana Conr. (Purpura haemostoma var. floridana

of my list). During my recent visit I failed to find a living

specimen of this species either on the ledge or jetties, but the

tides were not very low and it may be that they could have

been found at a lower tide. On all of the rocks including the

lrTHE NAUTILUS, vol. 18, pp. 73-75, pi. 4, 1904.

6 THE NAUTILUS.

jetties were great numbers of Siphonaria naufragum Stearns (S.

lineolata d'Orb. ). One thing that seemed to impress me more

than when I lived there, was the great abundance of oysters on

all the rocks, even around the water battery of the fort and also

on the piling. In speaking to an old friend regarding the

matter, he said he thought that around the fort it was due to

cleaning off the rocks a few years ago, thus presenting a clean

surface for the young to cling to. This array of bristling

oysters around the water battery of the fort deterred me from a

hunt for Nerita peloronta and N. versicolor (5), three living speci-

mens of which I found there together with Litorina angulifera,

being the most northern record for the three species.

Cerithidea scalari/ormis Say (6). The only place that I ever

found this species at St. Augustine was in the more sandy por-

tion of the marsh west of the city between King street and

Orange street, not far from where the Y. M. C. A. building now

stands. The filling-in of the marsh has probably locally ex-

tirpated this species. Another related species Cerithium fiori-

danum Morch (7), C. atratum of my list, was also restricted

to a small area, an old oyster bed at the west end of Marsh

island. This is now a sand bar and the species may now be

entirely absent in the harbor. At the latter place I also found

my only living example of Murex fulvescens Sowb. (M. spini-

costata Val. ).

At the mouth of Hospital creek was a large patch of the

grass-like Gorgonia — Leptogorgia virgulata. On this lived the

little Simula uniplicata Sowb. 8 ( Ovula uniplicata) , as the Gor-

gonia varied in color so did the shells of the Simnia, agreeing in

color with the bunch of Gorgonia on which they were found —

either white, light-yellow, orange or pink. On one occasion

while hunting for Simnia a conspicuous object attracted my at-

tention, its flesh-colored mantle with irregular blackish mark-

ings was very striking, and as it contracted I found I had a

Oyphoma gibbosa Linn. (Ovula gibbosa), common to the West

Indies. For some time I wondered why the animal of this

shell should be so very conspicuous; then the thought occurred

to me that in more southern waters probably most of them live

on the " sea-fans" (Rhipidogorgia flabellum) and with their

THE NAUTILUS. 7

reticulated structure as a background the animals would be

scarcely distinguishable, like the Sargassum fish (Pterophryne

histrio') in the gulf- weed (Sargassum).

Oyrena carolinensis Bosc. (9). In making a bridge across a

small branch of the St. Sebastian River I first discovered this

species. It was a large and interesting variety in which the

umbpnes were unusually high, many of the specimens closely

resembling in size and form the figure of 0. olivacea Carp, from

Mexico, as given by Prime (Monograph American Corbiculidae,

p. 17, fig. 12, 1865). Although the tide flowed freely up the

little creek, there was at low tide a small stream of fresh water

even at the driest time. At the junction of this little stream

and the high ground there was a small colony of Neritina lin-

eolata Lam. (JV. reclivata Say). I looked in vain for this species

during my recent visit, nor did I find Oyrena near the little

bridge, but it may still exist in other parts of the stream which

time did not permit me to examine thoroughly. At the mouth

of Pellican creek near the Matanzas Inlet was a colony of

Neritina virginea Linn. They were the olive-green or more

brackish water type and probably represent the most northern

limit of this species on the Atlantic coast. About seven miles

south of Matanzas Inlet was a large cypress swamp in what was

known as "Bike's Hammock," here was found Ampullaria

depressa var. hopetonensis Lea, which seems quite distinct

from those of the St. Johns River drainage. There were

also fine specimens of Ancylus peninsulae Pils. & Johns. — erro-

neously referred to A. filosus in my list. The east coast canal

has drained much of this section now called Bikes Prairie

on the coast survey chart. In many places I saw truck

arms as I passed through the canal on my way north from

Daytona.

These notes suffice to show some of the changes that can take

place in a limited area in a comparatively short time, and the

probable effect of such changes on certain species. It is not at

all peculiar to St. Augustine, for similar changes are going on

at many other places along the coast and in the vicinity of our

cities. The importance of a careful study of a local fauna can-

not be too strongly urged. The destruction of the forests, the

8 THE NAUTILUS.

draining and filling of swamps and marshes, the construction of

dams, etc., all tend toward lessening the fauna and flora of a

given area.

NEW LAND SHELLS FEOM ALABAMA AND TENNESSEE.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

POLITA CUMBERLANDIANA, n. Sp.

Shell widely umbilicated, flattened, very slightly convex

above and below, glossy, thin and translucent, light horn color,

regularly but lightly sculptured across the whorls by curved,

closely set radiating impressed lines parallel with the lines of

growth which are very faint; spire flattened; stature shallow;

whorls about 4, rapidly increasing, the last decending at the

aperture which is elongate-oval flattened above, lip very slight-

ly reflected at the columellar insertion; umbilicus wide, display-

ing all the whorls and contained about 4 times in the diameter

of the shell.

Greater diameter 3, lesser 2.5, altitude 1.25 mm.

Collected by Herbert H. Smith on the Cumberland Plateau

near Stevenson, Jackson Co., Alabama, also near Anderson,

and near Sherwood, Franklin Co., Tennessee.

Types No. 9157 of my collection. Paratypes in the collec-

tions of the Academy of Nat. Sci., Philadelphia and Bryant

Walker, Detroit, Mich.

At first glance this species may be taken for immature V.

radiatula as the general shape and the sculpture of impressed

radiating lines are the same, but it is uniformly small with the

same number of whorls, the sculpture is weaker and the shell

more flattened. Under high magnification there is merely the

faintest trace of impressed spiral sculpture. It is much smaller

than Polita rhoadsi.

THE NAUTILUS.

9

Polita cumber la ndiana: upper three figures.

Vitrea pilsbryana: lower five figures, two at the right being

immature shells, to show teeth of the neanic stage.

VITREA (PARAVITREA) PILSBRYANA, n. sp.

Shell widely umbilicate, elevated, convex above, flattened be-

low, thin, translucent, highly polished when immature but be-

coming more opaque and yellowish in adults, light horn color,

sculptured with unequally spaced radial grooves stopping at the

periphery which is rather high; suture well impressed; whorls

about 8 very closely coiled and slowly increasing, the last flat-

tened above and below; lip simple very slightly reflected where

it joins the columella, ends united by a thin callus; umbilicus

wide, contained a little more than 3 times in the diameter of

the shell, and showing all of the apex.

There are 3 or 4 pairs of large, tubercular, sometimes slightly

oval teeth, visible thru the base of the shell at all stages of

growth and in immature shells the upper teeth are visible from

above. The upper teeth, which are slightly below the periphery,

are the larger, more elevated and round at the top. The lower

teeth are about centrally located on the base and are flattened

10 THE NAUTILUS.

on top. When four pairs of teeth are present they are equally

spaced at intervals of 90° and this appears to be the normal

arrangement as only a few shells show three pairs which are

spaced from 100° to 120°. The single fully adult shell (figured)

appears to have but 2 pairs of teeth, but the shell is a dead one

and quite opaque. Two young shells, 1.5 mm diameter with

3.5 whorls and 2.5 mm. diameter, with 4.5 whorls, each have

3 pairs of teeth.

Greater diameter 5, lesser 4.5, altitude 2 mm.

Collected by Herbert H. Smith in a "Cove" on the Cumber-

land Plateau, 3 miles north of Anderson, Franklin Co. , Tenn.

Types No. 9159 of my collection. Paratypes in the collections

of the Academy of Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, and Bryant Walker,

Detroit, Mich.

This species belongs to the same group as V. capsella lacteodens

and V. andrewsx. It differs from both by the smaller size and

wider umbilicus and from andrewscs by the tubercular teeth

arranged in pairs.

I name this species after Dr. H. A. Pilsbry whose "Revision

of Paravitrea", Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1903, pp. 204-212, Pis.

X, XI, has done much to clear up this most interesting group.

A NEW FOBM OF AMPULLABIA

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

AMPULLARIA (FELIPPONEA) NERITINIFORMIS n. sp.

Shell solid, whitish or lurid purple under an olivaceous rather

strong periostracum, frequently banded with four or five purple-

black broad spiral bands which are most conspicuous on the

white inside of the outer lip, the white interspaces being subequal ;

these bands however show but little on the exterior except at

resting stages, in the specimens examined; the form of the shell

viewed from behind, strongly recalls that of Neriiina reclivata or

meleagris though with a rounded base; from in front it looks like

a short spired heavy Campeloma. The nucleus is small and

THE NAUTILUS. 11

blunt, always more or less eroded; there are about four whorls

in the adult with indications of about five resting stages; the

surface is smooth except for inconspicuous lines of growth; the

young are somewhat naticoid, with a small umbilicus, but this

shape rapidly changes; the whorls enlarge rapidly, being as it

were appressed toward the suture which is distinct but not

channeled, while the umbilicus becomes relatively larger and

more or less funicular; the aperture is egg-ovate, entire, the

posterior commissure solidly filled with callus, the outer lip

internally thickened, patulous not reflected; the inner thickened,

continuous over the body; height of shell 33; of last whorl 31;

of aperture 23; maximum diameter (in front of the middle of

the whorl) 26 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 332780.

Habitat. Rio Uruguay, Department of Paysandu.

The operculum is horny, concentric, with the nucleus at the

inner third; the radula is typically Ampullarioid and might be

quite accurately represented by Troschel's figure of the radula

of A. urceuSj in the "Gebiss der Schnecken."

The literature has been carefully searched, both on the lines

of Ampullaria and Campeloma, but nothing of the sort has been

discovered.

The subgenus is named in honor of Doctor Florentine Felip-

pone, whose energy and interest in exploring the fauna of

Uruguay are deserving of great praise.

The peculiar form of this species, and its funicular umbilicus,

so' different from that of any other in the genus, seem to authorize

its separation.

A NEW SPECIES OF PHYSA FEOM NEW YOBK STATE.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

PHYSA ONEIDA n. sp. Shell of medium size, ovate, slightly

inflated; whorls about five, slowly increasing in diameter; spire

short, broad, the whorls flattened; color yellowish-horn; surface

smooth and shining, with rarely a trace of spiral striae, but the

12 THE NAUTILUS.

lines of growth may form more or less marked raised lines in

some specimens; sutures slightly impressed, bordered below by

a wide white band; protoconch smooth, rounded, rich wine

color; aperture long-ovate, twice the length of the spire; peri-

stome bordered within by a thickened rib edged with dark

brown; columella thickened, slightly twisted; parietal wall

covered by a thin callus which is folded over into and com-

pletely closing the umbilical region.

Length, 11.0; width, 7.5; aperture length, 8.0: width,

3.5 mm. Type.

Length, 13; width, 8.5; aperture length, 10.5 mm. Para-

type.

Length, 10.5; width, 7.2; aperture length, 7.5; width,

3.7 mm. Paratype.

Length, 15.0; width, 9.0; aperture length, 11.0; width,

5.0 mm. Paratype.

This Physa has been included under warreniana Lea by the

writer for a number of years. It is a small edition of that

species agreeing in outline with Lea's figure and description in

all essential details except size (see Lea's Observations, xi, p.

120, pi. 24, fig. 81). Lea's species, however, differs not only

in size but has strong spiral lines on the surface which are ab-

sent in oneida. The shell in the smaller species is also more

swollen and less cylindrical, and the spire is more depressed

than in tvarreniana. It resembles ancillaria and has been con-

stantly associated by the writer with that species as a variety.

The shell is not as broad as ancillaria and the whorls are not

shouldered. It perhaps more nearly resembles Walker's an-

cillaria crassa, but differs constantly in being less solid, lacking

the variceal bands, the body whorl is less swollen, the columella

is not as heavy, the spire is higher, the outer lip is not as much

arched, and the aperture is more elongate. The color of crassa

is purplish-white with an opaque texture while oneida is

yellowish-horn, polished, with a translucent texture. Hetero-

stropha has a longer, more acute spire, a rounder aperture,

somewhat shouldered whorls, and a more twisted columella.

There is some variation in oneida in the height of the spire, im-

mature specimens having a somewhat longer spire than mature

THE NAUTILUS. 13

shells. The surface is usually destitute of spiral sculpture,

only a few faint impressions being observable in rare specimens.

One individual, however, had been injured when the body

whorl was about half completed and the part of the shell suc-

ceeding the injured portion is very heavily impressed with spiral

lines, while the rest of the shell is perfectly smooth.

This shell was first recorded from Tomahawk Lake, Wis-

consin, as Physa ancillaria warreniana. The same form occurs

in Lake Maxinkuckee, Indiana, on the shore of Lake Michigan

at Chicago, and a somewhat similar form has been received

from Georgian Bay, Canada. It is the most abundant mollusk

in Oneida Lake where it occurs on a wave-beaten shore. It is

probably widely distributed, and will be found in collections

labeled ancillaria and heterostropha. Specimens that have sur-

vived a second year and are of large size compare favorably with

warreniana but may at once be separated by the absence of spiral

sculpture which is especially strong in shells of Lea's species

from South Dakota and other western states.

The bibliography of the new species is as follows:

1902. Physa heterostropha Baker (non Say). Moll. Chicago

Area, Part II, p. 308, pi. 34, fig. 2 (part). Lake

Michigan.

1911. Physa ancillaria warreniana Baker (non Lea). Trans.

Wis. Acad. Arts, Sci. and Letters, XVII, p. 234. Tom-

ahawk Lake, Wis.

1916. Physa ancillaria warreniana. NAUTILUS, XXX, p. 8.

Oneida Lake, N. Y.

1916. Physa ancillaria warreniana. Tech. Pub., N. Y. State

Coll. For., Syracuse Univ., No. 4, p. 273, etseq., Fig.

45, nos. 34, 35. Oneida Lake.

1918. Physa warreniana. NAUTILUS, XXXI, p. 89. Oneida

Lake.

1918. Physa warreniana. Tech. Pub., N. Y. State Coll. For-

estry, No. 9, p. 173, et seq. Oneida Lake.

14 THE NAUTILUS.

MOLLUICA FOUND 111 THE VICINITY OF DTJBOI8, ILLINOIS.

BY A. A. HINKLEY.

For the identification of many of the species the author

is indebted to Dr. Bryant Walker, Dr. V. Sterki, Dr. H. A.

Pilsbry, Mr. F. C. Baker and Dr. Geo. H. Clapp.

Polygyra appressa (Say). Lowland timber, a small form.

Polygyra pennsylvanica (Green). Upland timber, a small

rough form.

Polygyra thyroides (Say). General distribution, variable in

size, some small and thin.

Polygyra clausa (Say). Upland timber, depauperate, few

found.

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Lowland, a few found but once.

Polygyra monodon (Rack.) Upland timber, once found in

numbers about old logs in a pasture from which the timber had

been removed. This form has been known as P. leaii (Ward).

Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). On decaying logs and under

leaves.

Strobilops affinis Pilsbry. Found with the last.

Pupoides marginatus (Say). R. R. embankment, scarce.

Gastrocopta armifera (Say). Common.

Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Common, also a variety for

which Dr. Sterki has proposed the name abrupta.

Gastrocopta corticaria (Say). Found in numbers on stand-

ing trees.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Scarce, found in small num-

bers in an outside entrance to the cellar of a deserted house.

Gastrocopta tappaniana (Adams). A common species.

Vertigo milium Gould. Scarce, under pieces of board and

sticks.

Vertigo ovata Say. But one specimen found.

Circinaria concava (Say). Only one specimen.

Vitrea hammonis (Strom.). Scarce.

Vitrea wheatleyi (Bland). Rarely found.

Vitrea indentata (Say). Common, generally found in open

situations.

THE NAUTILUS. 15

Vitrea cryptomphala Clapp. With the above but not as

plentiful.

Euconulus fulvus (Mull). Not found often.

Zonitoides arborea (Say). All situations, numerous.

Zonitoides limatula (Ward). Lowland timber, scarce.

Zonitoides minuscula (Binney). Not common.

Zonitoides milium (Morse). With the above, scarce.

Taxodonta significans (Bland). One dead specimen.

Agriolimax campestris (Say). During wet seasons they do

more or less damage to the fruit in the strawberry fields. In

the fall of 1916 they were innumerable in the orchard.

Philomycus carolinensis (Bosc.). Common.

Pyramidula solitaria (Say). Under leaves in timber; like

many of the species found here these are of small size.

Pyramidula alternata (Say). A few found in one place.

Pyramidula perspectiva (Say). Common in the bottom

lands.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Rather scarce, a few have

been found in cellars.

Punctum pygmaeum (Drap. ). Generally distributed.

Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.) One specimen only,

although careful search was made in the same place three

times.

Succinea concordialis Gould. North of the R. R. bridge on

the west side of the embankment, where they were found for

three or four years; of late they have disappeared.

Succinea avara Say. Individuals are scattering but found in

various situations; some difference in size.

Carychium exile H. C. Lea. Wet place below the reservoir,

numerous under fallen leaves.

Pseudosuccinea columella (Say). Generally distributed in

the creeks.

Galba caperata (Say). In pools of a small branch near

Sheller lake.

Galba modicella (Say). Pools and mud of a dry branch,

Hinkley farm.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Beaucoup creek and Sheller lake.

Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Little Muddy and Beaucoup

creeks and Sheller lake.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

Planorbis parvus Say. Pond north of the R. R. bridge.

Planorbis dilatatus Gould. Generally distributed.

Gundlachia stimpsoniana (Smith). Doubtfully determined.

Associated with Ancylus fuscus, in the reservoir; generally on

the under side of fallen leaves from the surrounding timber,

never on the leaves of the elm and hickory. Both species were

plentiful in 1908 and 1909, but have since disappeared.

Ancylus rivularis Say. Little Muddy creek.

Ancylus tardus Say. Beaucoup creek.

Ancylus fuscus Adams. Reservoir and Little Muddy creek.

Ancylus kirklandi Walker. Little Muddy and Beaucoup

creeks.

Physa heterostropha Say. Sheller lake. (This is a R. R.

reservoir. )

Physa gyrina Say. All streams and other bodies of water.

Physa sayi Tappan. Reservoir, one specimen; it may be a

freak of gyrina.

Physa hildrethiana Lea. Pond north of the R. R. bridge.

Physa elliptica Lea. Above the R. R. bridge.

\ Physa integra Haldeman. Pond on the Hinkley farm.

Physa oleacea Tryon. Pool near the R. R. bridge.

Physa crandalli Baker. Pond on the Hinkley farm.

Pleurocera neglectum (Anthony). Little Muddy between

Du Bois and Sheller lake; quite different from C. subulare.

Amnicola cincinnatiensis Lea. Puncheon, Locust and Little

Muddy creeks.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Low land of Little Muddy creek,

scarce.

Viviparus contectoides Binney. Beaucoup creek, a small

variety.

Campeloma subsolidum (Anthony). Little Muddy, Locust

and Beaucoup creeks.

Quadrula latecostata (Lea). Little Muddy creek.

Lampsilis distans (Anthony). Little Muddy and Locust

creeks.

Lampsilis subrostratus (Say). Little Muddy creek and

Sheller lake.

Lampsilis texasensis (Lea). Little Muddy creek.

THE NAUTILUS. 17

Lampsilis parvus (Barnes). Little Muddy, Beaucoup and

Locust creeks.

Anodonta imbecilis Say. Creeks and ponds.

Anodonta grandis ovata Lea. Creeks and ponds, plentiful.

Anodonta grandis salmonia Lea. Beaucoup creek.

Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say). Little Muddy and Beaucoup

creeks.

Sphaerium sulcatum (Prime). Little Muddy and Puncheon

creeks.

Sphaerium striatinum (Lam.). Little Muddy and Locust

creeks.

Sphaerium stamineum (Conrad). Little Muddy and Locust

creeks.

Sphaerium solidulum (Prime). Little Muddy and Beaucoup

creeks.

Sphaerium occidentale (Prime). Little Muddy creek.

Musculium transversum (Say). Little Muddy, Beaucoup

and Locust creeks.

Musculium contractum (Prime). Little Muddy creek.

Musculium truncatum (Linsley). Little Muddy creek.

Musculium elevatum (Hald. ). Little Muddy and Beaucoup

creeks and pond on the Hinkley farm. Closed to Musculium

hodgsonii.

Pisidium compressum Prime. Little Muddy creek, Sheller

lake and pond north of the R. R. bridge.

Pisidium fallax Sterki. Little Muddy creek.

Pisidium fraudulentum Sterki. R. R. reservoir.

Pisidium illinoisensis Sterki. Reservoir and pond on the

Hinkley farm.

Pisidium politum decorum Sterki. Pond north of the R. R.

bridge.

Pisidium punctatum Sterki. Little Muddy and Puncheon

creeks.

Pisidium punctatum inerme Sterki. Beaucoup creek.

Pisidium sargenti Sterki. Puncheon creek.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

LAND SHELLS OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

The following species of land shells were picked from leaf

mould collected in Lee County, Florida, by Mr. Clarence B.

Moore on Keys not mentioned in THE NAUTILUS, volume XXVI,

page 16.

Weeks Place, Crawford's Key near Marco.

Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana Gastrocopta rupicola Say.

Bid. Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Qastrocopta p. hordeacella Pils. Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Addison's Key near Marco.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bid. Polita dalliana ' Simps. ' Pils.

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Pils. Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Gastrocopta rupicola Say.

Demorey Key.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Gastrocopta rupicola Say.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bid. Strobilops hubbardi Br.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Shutt. Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Pupoides modicus Old. Zonitoides singleyana Pils.

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Pils.

Josselyn Key, Pine Island Sound.

Truncatella c. succinea Ad. Gastrocopta rupicola Say.

Helicina orbicidata Say. Strobilops hubbardi Br.

Thysanophora plagioptycha Euglandina rosea parallela

Shutt. Binn.

Thysanophora cxca Guppy. Polita indentata Say.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Bid. Guppya gundlachi Pfr.

Gastrocopta contracta Say. Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Pils. Zonitoides singleyana Pils.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

NEW LAND SNAILS COLLECTED BY THE FERRISS AND HINKLEY

EXPEDITION OF 1919.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS.

Sonorella montana. Resembling S. walkeri in form. Umbili-

cus one-eighth to one-tenth the diameter. Embryonic whorls

densely granulose with rather sparse protractive threads, the

next whorl indistinctly granose, later whorls very smooth.

Aperture large, the outer margin expanded, basal somewhat re-

flected. Anatomically it is distinguished by the extremely

short and slender penis, smaller than in any other species ex-

amined. Montana Peak, near the Montana mine, not far from

Oro Blanco, and Bear canyon, further southeast, Pajarito range.

Alt. 14, diam. 23.7, umbilicus 3 mm.; 4f whorls.

Alt. 16.3, diam. 25.5, umbilicus 2.6 mm.; 5 whorls.

Sonorella hinkleyi, n. sp. The shell is small, depressed, solid,

umbilicus about one-sixth the diameter. Embryonic shell

radially rugose with sparse, irregular divaricating threads, later

whorls slightly striate. Peristome very little expanded. A

dark band is normally present, but at Station 244 albinos were

found in abundance. Alt. 8.5, diam. 16 mm.; 4^ whorls.

Cayetano Mountains. Anatomically characterized by the long

penis and vagina, the latter with a weakly marked muscular

dilation. Papilla spirally plicate.

Sonorella cayetanensis, n. sp. Shell thin, light, the band pale-

bordered above and below, umbilicus contained about 8 times

in the diameter. Embryonic sculpture about as in S. hinkleyi,

the later whorls polished, faintly striate. Peristome thin, little

expanded. Alt. 11.7, diam. 21 mm.; 4f whorls. A thinner,

larger, more capacious shell than S. hinkleyi, resembling it con-

siderably in soft anatomy. Highest peaks of the Cayetano

Mountains.

Sonorella tumacacori, n. sp. Except by its larger size, the

shell is similar to S. hinkleyi. The genitalia differ by the larger

node on the vagina, the more tapering penis-papilla and the

very short penial retractor muscle. Alt. 10.4, diam. 17.8mm.;

4^ whorls. Stations 209, 210, in a large gulch draining the

northeastern side of Tumacacori Peak.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

Sonorella patagonica, n. sp. The shell is rather capacious with

umbilicus about one-seventh the diameter, polished, rather

solid, the band rather wide, pale-bordered on both sides, sculp-

ture and form about as in S. papagorum P. & F. The vagina is

swollen at base; penis-papilla large, tapering, conspicuously

wrinkled transversely; flagellum distinct. Alt. 13, diam.

22 mm. ; nearly 5 whorls. It is often larger. Mt. Washington,

Patagonia Mts.

Bulimulus nigromontanm, n. subsp. Differs from B. uigro-

montamis by the narrower umbilicus, and is therefore tempor-

arily separated as a subspecies. Pina Blanca in the Pajarito

Mountains.

Sonorella mustang, n. sp. The shell is rather openly umbili-

cate, dilute cinnamon-buff with a pale-bordered dark band,

glossy, nearly smooth, the embryonic shell coarsely, irregularly

wrinkled with some irregular pro tractive threads. Last whorl

descending rather deeply. Peristome expanded, the edge of

parietal callus usually distinct. Alt. 15.3, diam. 26.5mm.;

5 whorls. Mustang Range. Albinos were taken at Station 284.

Sonorella montezuma, n. sp. The shell is small, narrowly

umbilicate, cinnamon, fading to nearly white on the base and

on both sides of the chestnut-brown band. Embryonic whorls

without protractive threads. Peristome slightly expanded.

Alt. 9.4, diam. 15 mm.; 4£ whorls. Montezuma Canyon,

Huachuca Mts. It is smaller than any known Huachucan

species except S. g. parva, which inhabits the opposite end of

the range.

Sonorella elizabethae, n. sp. Shell dilute cinnamon-buff fading

on the base and on both sides of the narrow chestnut-brown

band. Embryonic whorl having numerous, irregular portrac-

tive threads; later whorls microscopically lineolate-granulose.

Aperture small, the peristome slightly expanded. Alt. 10.7,

diam. 19.2, umbilicus 3.2 mm. Canillo Hills.

Sonorella cotis, n. sp. Shell dilute cinnamon-buff fading on

base and on both sides of the chestnut-brown band. Embry-

onic whorls with weak protractive threads. Last whorl rather

deeply descending in front. Peristome somewhat expanded,

edge of the parietal callus distinct. Alt. 12.3, diam. 20, um-

THE NAUTILUS. 21

bilicus 3.3mm.; 4£ whorls. Whetstone Range. Most speci-

mens taken this year are larger than the type lot, collected by

Ferriss and Daniels in 1914.

Sonorella insignis, n. sp. The shell is much depressed, rather

solid, openly umbilicate. Band is broad with pale borders.

Surface roughened by low wave-like ribs in the direction of

growth-lines, and microscopic incised lines. Aperture small.

Peristome very little expanded, blunt. Alt. 9.8, diam. 20.5

mm. ; 4% whorls. Whetstone Range. One of the finest Sono-

rellas collected in 1919, recalling S. dalli by its depressed form.

MOLLU8CA OF FORRESTEB ISLAND, ALASKA.

UNIVALVES (Continued from page 69).

BY GEORGE WILLETT.

Tornatina carinata Gld. Tornatina culcitella Gld. Cylichna

alba Brown. These three species were taken occasionally in the

dredge, the latter being the most uncommon.

Dentalium pretiosum Nutt. Very plentiful in 10-40 fathoms.

Dentalium dalli Pils. A few young specimens secured in 50

fathoms.

Limacina pacifica Dall. Appeared swimming in the water in

great numbers at times during calm weather. Extensively

eaten by several species of fish.

Siphonaria thersites Cpr. Abundant in some localities, mostly

in short moss growing on the rocks considerably above low tide

line.

Crassispira perversa Garb. Dredged occasionally in 40-50

fathoms.

Crassispira rotula Dall. More plentiful than the last in about

same depth.

Crassispira (Suavodrillia) sp.? A specimen dredged is now in

National Museum. Stated by Dr. Dall to be undescribed.

Mangilia oldroydi Arnold. Mangilia eriopis Dall. Mangilia

crebricostata Cpr. A very few specimens of each of these three

species were taken in the dredge.

22 THE NAUTILUS.

Bela tabulata Cpr. Beta fidicula Gld. Beta impressa Beck.

Bela pyramidalis Strom. The two former fairly common, the

two latter rare, all being taken in dredge.

Taranis strongi Arnold. Fairly common in 45-70 fathoms.

Dr. Dall informs me that my Forrester Island specimens are

the first living ones known to science, the species having been

described from fossils taken in California.

Cancellaria modesta Cpr. A few dredged in 40-50 fathoms.

Taken in inside channels, between Dall and Prince of Wales

islands, in less than 15 fathoms.

Cancellaria couthouyi Jay. Three dead specimens dredged in

about 50 fathoms.

Olivella pedroana Conr. Very abundant 15-40 fathoms. Ap-

parently much larger than along the California coast; many

specimens being well over 20 mm. in length and correspond-

ingly broad.

Volutetta pyriformis Cpr. Dredged occasionally; taken at

Waterfall, Prince of Wales Island, under rocks near low tide

line.

Mitromorpha gradlior Hemp. A few taken in dredge.

Alectrion mendicus Gld. Common 15-25 fathoms.

Buccinum cyaneum Brug. Common under rocks in many

localities well above low tide mark. Occasional on rock walls.

Buccinum plectrum Stimp. Dead shells dredged occasionally

in 40-60 fathoms. Not taken alive.

Buccinum erronis Dall. Very few dead specimens taken in 50

fathoms.

Chrysodomus phoeniceus Dall. One dead shell taken in 40

fathoms.

Chrysodomus liratus Mart. One dead young shell dredged.

Rather plentiful in some localities in inside waters.

Chrysodomus rectirostris Cpr. Fairly common 40-70 fathoms.

Beringiiis crebricostatus undatus Dall. A dead young speci-

men taken in 50 fathoms. Possibly brought to the locality by

currents.

Columbella tuberosa Cpr. Columbella gouldi Cpr. Former

rather common 10-30 fathoms, and latter common in about 50

fathoms.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

Columbella californiana Gask. One living specimen taken

from root of kelp washed ashore in storm. Common under

rocks at Waterfall.

Amphissa corrugata Rve. Common on rocks near low tide

line.

Amphissa versicolor reticulata Dall. Abundant 15-20 fathoms.

Purpura foliata Mart. Rather common on rocks near low

tide line. Most specimens on Forrester Island are much worn

by heavy seas.

Boreotrophon stuarti Smith. Boreotrophon tenuiscidptus. Cpr.

Both of these forms dredged occasionally in various depths, the

latter the most plentiful.

Boreotrophon padficus Dall. Occasional on rocks near low tide

line, much more abundant at waterfall.

Ocinebra interfossa Cpr. Ocinebra lurida aspera Baird. Fairly

common on rocks near low tide line.

Thais emarginata projecta Dall. Locally on rocks well up to-

ward high tide mark. Extremely variable in color, running

from gray through brown, purple and green into yellow and

red. Practically all seem to have drawn-out spire typical of

this form.

Thais lima Mart. Thais canaliculata Duel. Both these species

are common on the rocks near low tide line. The former is the

more gregarious and appears to favor the smoother rocks, while

the latter is more scattered and is found mostly among short

moss or in mussel beds. T. lamellosa Gmel., abundant in in-

side waters, apparently does not occur on Forrester Island.

Epitonium wroblemski Morch. Epitonium pluricostatum Dall.

Both dredged at various depths, the former common, the latter

rare.

Epitonium gronlaudicum Perry. Only noted from fragment

dredged.

Epitonium indianorum Cpr. Epitonium columbianum Dall.

Epitonium catalinae Dall. The first dredged quite commonly in

25-60 fathoms. The latter two taken in about same depths but

much less frequently.

Melanella micans borealis Bartsch. Melanella macra Bartsch.

Melanella tacomaensis Bartsch. Four specimens of the first,

24 THE NAUTILUS.

three of the second and one of the last species, represent all the

Melanellas taken during the four seasons spent on the island.

They were all dredged.

2urbonilla lordi E. A. Smith. Dredged occasionally in 25-50

fathoms.

Turbonilla canadensis Bartsch (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 52,

p. 640). The type and eight more specimens dredged in 25-50

fathoms.

Odostomia satura Cpr. Odostomia cookeana Bartsch. Odos-

tomia amtchitkana Dall. Odostomia vancouverensis D. & B.

Odostomia stephensi D. & B. Odostomia columbiana D. & B.

Specimens of all of these forms were dredged, though in small

numbers. Satura and Amtchitkana were seemingly the most

common. At Waterfall I also secured specimens of 0. talpa

D. & B., grippiana Bartsch, and willetti Bartsch (Proc. U. S.

N. M., Vol. 52, p. 666).

Priene oregonense Redf. Common from the low tide line to

about 15 fathoms. Specimens in former locality are shorter

and heavier than those found in deeper water.

Ceriihiopsis stephensae Bartsch. A few dredged. Specimens

of two other, apparently unnamed, species were also taken.

Bittium filosum Gld. Bittium attenuatum Cpr. Common, the

former a little above low tide line and the latter in 10-20

fathoms.

Alvania dinora Bartsch (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 52, p. 678).

The type and four additional specimens dredged.

Alvania carpenteri Wein. Dredged occasionally.

Rissoina newcombei Dall. Dredged with last.

Trichotropis cancellata Conr. Rather common from low tide

line to about 20 fathoms.

Trichotropis conica Moll. Two specimens dredged in 50

fathoms. Dr, Dall informs me that this is the first record for

the Pacific coast.

Caecum crebricinctum Cpr. Dredged abundantly in 20-30

fathoms.

Veremetus squamigerua Cpr. Abundant on rocks near low

tide line.

Tachyrhynchus lacteolus Cpr. Rather common 50-60 fathoms.

THE NAUTILUS. 25

Littorina scutulata Gld. Littorina stitchana Phil. The former

not very common, the latter abundant and varying greatly in

color.

Lacuna divaricata Fabr. Fairly common on rocks.

Calyptraea mamillaris Brod. Common in 15-25 fathoms.

Orepidula nivea Gld. Orepidula dorsata Brod. Neither very

common, but found occasionally from low tide line to 30

fathoms. The young of the former species is frequently found

on the operculum of Priene.

Natica clausa B. & S. Rather common 15-40 fathoms.

Lunatia pallida B. & S. Not rare in 50-60 fathoms.

Velutina laevigata Linn. Fairly common in spongy growth

on rocks near low tide line.

Velutina cryptospira Midd. Found common only in one local-

ity. A short distance off shore was a large rock with a crevice

ten to fifteen ft. wide worn right through the center from one side

to the other. The water in this crevice was deep and the walls

nearly perpendicular. On these walls at about the extreme low

tide mark were great numbers of Ascidians and in these crypto-

spira was found in abundance. Though it was seldom smooth

enough to allow me to enter this crevice with a boat at extreme

low tide, I was able to do so on two or three occasions and

obtained a fine series of living specimens. Some of these were

very large, one measuring 31 by 28 millimeters. I am very

much averse to referring this and the next species to the genus

Velutina, as in life they are so entirely dissimilar to laevigata,

the type of that genus. In laevigata the shell is mossy and is,

so far as I have seen, entirely bare, while in these two species

the shell is smooth and completely covered by the animal. On

the other hand, both the animal and shell differ markedly from

the genus Lamellaria.

Velutina rubra, new species. Description. In life similar to

V. cryptospira but animal bright vermilion in color (this color

soon disappears in alcohol). Shell smaller than that of crypto-

spira, rounder and with only a trace of spire. The type meas-

ures 13£ mm. in length by 9 mm. in breadth. This type to-

gether with four additional specimens were taken on Forrester

Island by the writer. Three of these specimens were found at

26 THE NAUTILUS.

extreme low tide mark and the other two were dredged in 40

fathoms.

Lamellaria stearnsi Ball. Two living specimens taken from

among Velutina cryptospira.

Acmaea persona Esch. Acmaea pelta Esch. Acmaea patina

Esch. Abundant on rocks, the first being found in somewhat

more exposed positions than the other two.

Acmaea instabilis Gld. Three living specimens were taken on

stems of holdfast kelp at extreme low water line. One dead

specimen also found, as well as a few fragments.

Lepeta concentrica Midd. Dredged rarely.

Molleria quadrae Dall. Two specimens dredged.

Leptothyra carpenteri Pils. Rather common on rocks.

Calliostoma costatum Mart. Calliostoma annulatum Mart.

Calliostoma variegatum Cpr. The first was common on rocks

near low water line, the second rather common from low water

mark down to 20 fathoms, and the third was much less plentiful

and taken only with the dredge in from 15-40 fathoms.

Margarites pupillus Gld. Margarites helicinus Fabr. Marga-

rites succinctus Cpr. Margarites laevior Jeff. All rather common

about low water mark. Over 900 of the latter species were

taken from the craw of a surf duck (Oidemia perspidllata).

Tegula pulligo Mart. Fairly common along extreme low tide

line.

Solariella peramabilis Cpr. Abundant in from 15-50 fathoms.

Some specimens taken were very large, measuring over twenty

millimeters in height.

Solariella cidaris A. Ad. Fairly common in from 30-50

fathoms.

Solariella obscura Couth. Seven specimens dredged in about

50 fathoms.

Halistylus pupoidet Dall. Three specimens dredged.

Haliotis kamtchatkana Dall. Common at low water mark.

Puncturella multistriata Dall. Puncturella cucullata Gld.

Puncturella galeata Gld. Puncturella cooperi Cpr. All four of

these species were dredged in from 15-50 fathoms. Culcullata

was also taken rarely at extreme low tide mark. Multistriata

and galeata were rather rare.

THE NAUTILUS. 27

Subemarginula yatesi Dall. It was a very pleasant surprise to

find this species — previously known, I believe, only from near

Monterey, California — occurring at Forrester Island. It was,

however, quite rare and, though particularly sought for, only

nine specimens were taken. Five of these were living when

found and the other four dead. One small live one was taken

at extreme low water mark and all the others were dredged in

from 15-30 fathoms. The largest, a dead one, measures 77 x 57

millimeters.

Fissuridea aspera Esch. Common along low water line.

Megatebenmis bimaculatus Dall. Fairly common on rock walls

near low water mark. Largest measuring 18x13 millimeters.

Leptochiton cancellatus Sby. Dredged in 20 fathoms.

Tonicella lineata Wood. Adults common along low tide line.

Young rather common in 15-20 fathoms.

Tonicella ruber Linn, lonicella submarmorea Midd. Dredged

in from 15-30 fathoms; the latter the most plentiful.

C'yanoplax raymondi Pils. Schizoplax brandti Midd. Common

locally along low tide line, generally in crevices in rocks.

Ischnochiton interstinctus Gld. Ischnochiton mertensi Midd.

Abundant at from 10-20 fathoms.

Ischnochston willetti Berry. (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 7, p.

236). Ischnochiton trifidus Cpr. Taken at about the same depth

as the last but in much smaller numbers, willetti being fairly

common and trifidus rare. /. radians was taken at Waterfall

but not on Forrester.

Ischnochiton retiporosus Cpr. Occasional in from 15-50 fathoms,

occuring in deeper water than any other chiton found in the

locality.

Trachydermon flectens Cpr. A few dredged in from 15-30

fathoms.

Mopalia ciliata Gld. Mopalia ciliata wosnessenskii Midd. Fair-

ly common from a little above low water line to about 15

fathoms. I find considerable difficulty in differentiating these

two forms but Dr. S. S. Berry tells me that, while most of my

specimens are referable to wosnessenskii, there are a few that are

nearer true ciliata.

Mopalia hindsi Rve. Mopalia lignosa Gld. Rather rare on

28 THE NAUTILUS.

rocks between tides. Seven specimens of the former and two

of the latter were taken. All the former were exceptional in

size, one measuring 90 x 45 millimeters.

Mopalia imporcata Cpr. Mopalia sinuata Cpr. Dredged in

from 15-25 fathoms, the former fairly common, the latter rare.

Placiphorella velata Cpr. Only two specimens, both taken at

extreme low tide line.

Placiphorella rufa Berry (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 7, p.

241). The type and about fifteen additional specimens of this

new form were dredged in from 15-25 fathoms.

Katherina tunicata Sby. Cryptochiton stelleri Midd. The

former abundant, the latter common between tides. The

Katherina is eaten to a considerable extent by the natives.

LAND MOLLUSCS.

Circinaria vancouverensis Lea. Common.

Ariolimax columbianus Gld. Abundant in following colors:

white, black, gray, yellow and mottled.

Polygyra columbiana Lea. Abundant.

Pupa (sp. ?). A single Pupa was seen in a dead spruce

cone. It was lost before being identified.

A NEW CAMAENA FBOM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

BY WM. F. CLAPP.

CAMAENA FORBESI n. sp. PLATE I.

Shell solid, globose, depressed, opaque, with numerous faint

oblique growth-wrinkles throughout, faintly spirally striate

only on the post-nepionic whorls; the ultimate whorl naples

yellow with a narrow russet line at the suture, a russet band

between the suture and the periphery and a broader russet

band just below the periphery, the bands becoming fainter on

the earlier whorls; whorls five, consisting of two nepionic and

three post-nepionic, slightly convex, the last slightly deflexed,

suture very slightly impressed, last whorl rounded; peristome

expanded, light purple drab, excepting where the light sutural

zone terminates; the slightly thickened and reflexed edge wal-

nut brown, margins connected by a very thin transparent

THR NAUTILUS, XXXIII

PLATE I

Type

C<\MAENA FORBESI W. F. CLAPP

THE NAUTILUS. 29

callus; columellar lip reflexed over one-third of the umbilicus;

aperture oblique showing the bands within.

Four specimens give the following measurements:

1 type No. 35601

2

3

4

Specimens of this new species were included in a large col-

lection of Philippine shells given to the Museum of Comparative

Zoology by W. Cameron Forbes, former governor of the Philip-

pine Islands. They were collected by Mr. C. W. Weber at

Bacuit, northern Palawan. I have named this shell for Gov-

ernor Forbes as a slight acknowledgment of the great interest

that he has taken, and the work that he has accomplished, in

adding to our knowledge of the fauna of the Philippine Islands.

The specimen selected as the type, and described, is the most

typical of the species. The specimen designated as number

two in the table of measurements, is exactly similar to number

one in color, and in the arrangements of the bands, differing

only in being more depressed. Number three is very similar to

number two in size and shape, but differs from numbers one

and two in color, the lower band in this form having spread

over the entire base, the upper band extending to the suture,

leaving only at the periphery a narrow band of the typical

naples yellow. Number four is similar to the type in size and

form, and to number three in color. The variation is therefore

expressed along two independent lines; first, a tendency for the

shell to become more or less depressed; and secondly, for the

bands to become broader and darker. Intermediates between

all forms are in the series before me. The tendency in each in-

dividual specimen for the color to become darker as the shell

increases in size, is constant in both the light and the dark

forms.

The differences between this species and the description of

what appears to be the most closely related species, Camaena

30 THE NAUTILUS.

avus. as described by Pfeiffer (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1852,

p. 83) are constant and may be tabulated as follows;

Camaena avus Camaena forbesi

whorls 4 whorls 5

last whorl carinated last whorl rounded

aperture scarcely oblique aperture oblique as usual in

Camaena

peristome thick peristome slightly thickened

peristome white peristome dark

margins joined by thick callus margins joined by very thin

transparent callus

altitude 18 mm. altitude 29.5 mm.

The figures of Camaena avus in the Manual of Conchology

(ser. 2, vol. 6, 1890, pi. 27, f. 15, 16, 17) were copied from

Pfeiffer' s original figures in the Conchylien Cabinet, t. 157,

f. 12-14, and, besides showing a much more widely expanded

and thickened peristome than occurs in C. forbesi, also show that

C. avus is far more widely umbilicate.

Hidalgo (Obras Malacologicas, Estudios preliminares sobre

la fauna malacologica de las Islas Filipinas, 1901, p. 196) states

that the C. avus in the Quadras collection is similar to the C.

avus of Mollendorff (Verz. Philipp. Landmollusk. , 1898, p. 64)

but differs from C. avus of Pfeiffer in size, in the bands, and in

the umbilicus. It is possible that the C. avus of Quadras and

Mollendorff is equal to C. forbesi. The figures of C. avus given

by Hidalgo (loc. cit. pi. 133, fig. 4y5), however, do not repre-

sent C. forbesi.

Note. — In the figures (pi. I) reproduced from photographs

by Mr. George Nelson, the reflected light on the glazed surface

of the parietal wall greatly exaggerates the parietal callus, mak-

ing it appear somewhat heavy and opaque, whereas in the apec-

imen photographed it is very thin and transparent. The photo-

graphs have also failed to show sufficiently well the dark color

of the lip.

THE NAUTILUS. 31

NOTES.

MITRA AMANDA: A CORRECTION.1 — In my little preliminary

paper "New Marine Mollusks from the Philippine Islands,"

Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume

31, pp. 181-188, December 30, 1918, I published Mitra amanda

new species from the Philippines, type Cat. No. 221815, U. S.

N. M., collected by the author at Dumurug Point, Cataingan

Bay, Masbate.

In monographing this group I note that the same combina-

tion was used by Lowell Reeve, Proceedings of the Zoological

Society London, 1842, p. 59, and Conchologica Iconica, 1845,

species number 318, type "from the islands of Burias and

Negros, Philippines," now known as Turricula amanda Reeve.

It is therefore necessary to bestow a new designation on my

shell, which may now be known as Mitra dgna. — PAUL BARTSCH.

OPEAB PUMILUM PFR. IN PHILADELPHIA. — This snail has been

living in the decayed boards of fences at the rear of the houses

in the 1800 blocks of North 17th and N. Willington Streets for

some time. I found the first specimen in 1917 and collected

eight others April 30 and May 22, 1919. It may be of interest

to record this West Indian species as it is new to Philadelphia.

The colony is in the built-up part of the city, at the sides of a

cemented alley and not near any hothouse. The animal ex-

cretes a white froth like soapsuds when it retracts into the shell.

The eyes are very small and black. The body of the living

specimens is pale yellow in color, with lighter tentacles. They

are quite active in daylight after a rain. — E. G. VANATTA.

DR. HERMANN VON IHERING, formerly Director of the State

Museum of Sao Paulo, Brazil, has accepted the position of

Director of the State Museum of Sta. Catharina, to be organized

by him. During the last few months he has been sent by the

government on a scientific expedition to Argentina and Chile,

charged with the study of the fishes and fisheries of these Re-

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

publics. He hopes to be back and take up his new work in

May. His address is: Director do Museu do Estate,

Flerianopolis (Estado de Sta. Catharina, Brazil).

NOTE ON THE NAME DUPLICARIA. — In 1908, in THE NAUTILUS,

volume XXI, p. 124, I used the name Duplicaria for a subdi-

vision of the old genus Terebra. I had omitted to notice that

Rafinesque had used the same name for a species of Chilina in

1833, in his Atlantic Journal, p. 165. I propose, therefore, to

substitute for the preoccupied name the new appellation Diplo-

meriza, with the same type, Terebra duplicata Lamarck. — W. H.

DALL.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Two NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE EPIPHRAGMOPHORA TRASKII

GROUP. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp.

523-524, pi. 83, 1918). The new subspecies are E. cuyama-

censis loivei and E. traskii isidroensis.

NEW MARINE SHELLS FROM PANAMA. By Paul Bartsch

(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 571-573, pi. 88, 1918).

The new species are Cylichnella zeteki, Odostomia zeteki, Heliacus

panamensis, Discopsis panamensis and D. argentea.

NEW MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. By

Paul Bartsch (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 31, pp. 181-188,

1918) . Eight new species and two new subspecies are described.

THREE NEW PHILIPPINE ISLAND LAND SHELLS. By Paul

Bartsch (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 31, pp. 189-202, 1918).

A REVIEW OF THE AUSTRALIAN REPRESENTATIVES OF THE

GENUS ISCHNORADSIA. MONOGRAPH ON THE GENUS STENOCHITON

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF Two NEW SPECIES. NOTES ON SOUTH

AUSTRALIAN POLYPLACOPHORA, WITH ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNA,

TOGETHER WITH A LlST OF AUSTRALIAN POLYPLACOPHORA, SHOW-

ING THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN THE AUSTRALIAN STATES. By Ed-

win Ashby (Trans. Royal Soc. South Australia, vol. 42, pp.

62-87, pis. 13 and 14, 1918).

THE NAUTILUS. 33

THE DOLABELLINAE. By F. M. MacFarland (Mem. Museum

Comp. Zool., vol. 25, pp. 301-348, pis. 1-10, 1918). The

systematic characters of the Opisthobranchiata, the bibliography

of the described species of Dolabella and description of a new

species Dolabella agassizi, is followed by a most extensive ac-

count of its internal anatomy, beautifully and clearly illustrated.

A NEW WEST INDIAN FOSSIL LAND SHELL. By Paul Bartsch

(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54, pp. 605-6, pi. 93). Pleuro-

donte debooyi, from kitchen-midden deposits on Salt River, St.

Croix. This is the flat-whorled form long known from St.

Croix as P. caracolla. The same form occurs living in Vieques

and some places in Porto Rico, such as Arecibo and Utuado.

At Guayama and in the Sierra de Luquillo the whorls are not

quite so flat, and it is rather difficult to say where the line is to

be drawn between this race and typical P. caracolla. — H. A. P.

ON THE GENERIC POSITION OF SONORELLA WOLCOTTIANA

BARTSCH. By H. A. Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Phila.,

p. 139, 1918). The soft part shows that it belong to genus

Micrarionta. — C. W. J.

THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, SEPT., 1918, VOL. 15, No. 10.

The Pisidium Fauna of the Grand Junction Canal in Herts, and

Buck. By A. W. Stelfox, pp. 298-304, pis. 7-9. One new

species P. tenuilineatum.

Descriptions of a new Zebina and a new Liotina. By J. R. le

B. Tomlin, p. 305, pi. 10. (Z. Us and L. cycloma, Japan.)

Description of three new species of Mar ginella from South Africa,

with a note on M. sutoris Dunker. By J. R. le B. Tomlin, pp.

306, 307, pi. 10. (M. aphanacme, M. ithychila, and M. atractus. )

Neritina fluviatilis at Chester. By W. H. Davies, p. 307.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,

AUG., 1918, VOL. 13, PARTS 1 AND 2.

On the Radula of the genus Acanthina, G. Fischer. By the

Rev. A. H. Cooke, pp. 6-11. A paper of special interest to the

West Coast Conchologists. A new subgenus Acanthicella is

proposed for A. punctulata Sowb. , (=lapilloides Conr. ) ; A. unicar-

34 THE NAUTILUS.

inata Sowb. (=engonata Conr. ) and A. puncilirata Stearns. The

subgenus Neorapana is proposed for Monoceros muricata Brod.

and M. grandis Sowb.

On the Taxonomic Position of Zemira H. and A. Adams. By

the Rev. A. Cooke, pp. 12-14. The character of the radula

would place it in the family Muricidae.

On the Occurrence in England of Hygromia odeca (Locard) [Helix

limbata Drop., 1804, non Da Costa, 1778\. By A. S. Kennard

and B. B. Woodward, pp. 14, 15.

On Siliquaria wilmana n. sp., from South Africa. By J. R.

le B. Tomlin, p. 16.

Note on a white specimen of Ena mo'fitana (Drop. ) By H. Over-

ton, p. 17.

Description of two new species of land Mollusca. By G. K. Gude,

pp. 17, 18 (Khasiella fultoni, Assam; Plectotropis chondroderma

var. subinflata) Tonkin.

On Everettia klemmantanica n. sp. from Borneo. By G. K.

Gude, p. 19.

Note on the Malacophagous Propensities of Helix nemoralis Linn.

By Dr. W. T. Elliott, p. 20.

On the North American genus Oreoheliz. By Junius Hender-

son, pp. 21-24.

On the dates oj issue of the parts of Forbes and Hanley' s History

of British Mollusca. By Alexander Reynell, pp. 25-26.

The Index Testaceologicus of W. Wood and S. P. Hanky. By A.

Reynell, pp. 26-27.

Molluscan Nomenclatural Problems No. 1. By Tom Iredale, pp.

28-40. The author starts this interesting article with the fol-

lowing summary:

Tritonia, Cuvier discussed.

Euphurus, Rafinesque, 1815, should replace Triopa, Johns-

ton, 1838.

Sphaerostoma, Macgillivray, 1843, must be used instead of

Tritonias Cuvier, 1803, and of recent authorities not of Cuvier-

Lamarck, 1798-1801.

Dotona, gen. nov. for Melibxa fragilis Forbes=Doto, Oken,

1815, not 1807.

Eubranchus, Forbes 1838, should be used for Galvina Alder

and Hancock.

THE NAUTILUS. 35

Laskeya, nom. nov. for Eumeta, Morch, 1868, not Walker,

1855.

Collonista, gen. nov. for Collonia picta, Pease.

Talopena, gen. nov. for Monilea incerta, Iredale.

Korovina, gen. nov. for Vanikoro wallacei, Iredale.

Forskalena, gen. nov. for Trochus fanulum, Gmelin.

Enigmonia, gen. nov. for Anomia rosea, Gra,y=Aenigma aenig-

matica, Ancti.

Amyclina, gen. nov. for Buccinum corniculum, Olivi.

Pyreneola, gen nov. for Columbella abyssicola, Brazier.

Caporbis, Bartsch, is a Vermetid nucleus.

Propebela, gen. nov. for Murex ttirricula, Mont.

Calceolata, nom. nov. for Calceolina A. Adams.

Mirothyca, not Microtheca.

Turrid names discussed:

Colicryptus, gen. nov. for Buccinum fusiforme, Broderip.

Siphonorbis marshalli, nom. nov. for Fusus attenuatus, Jeffreys.

Cominella and Euthria subdivided:

Afrocominella, gen. nov. for elongata, Dunker.

Burnupena, gen. nov. for porcatum Gmel. = cincta, Bolten.

Evarna, H. & A. Adams, must be used for linea, Martyn.

Euthrena, gen. nov. for vittata, Quoy & Gaimard.

Japeuthria, gen. nov. for/errea, Reeve.

Syntagma, nom. nov. for Donovania, Bucquoy, D., & Dollfuss.

Acostsea, Orbigny, will replace Mulleria, Ferussac, 1828.

Gistel's Molluscan Generic Names, 1848, enumerated,

Damoniella, gen. nov. for Bulla cranchii, Fleming.

Muricodrupa, gen. nov. for Purpura fenestrata, Blainville.

Teretianax, gen. nov. for Scalenostoma suteri, Oliver.

Presidential Address. By J. R. LeB. Tomlin. A Systematic

List of the Fossil Margincllidae, pp. 41-56.

A SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE FRESH WATER

MOLLUSCA OF NORTH AMERICA north of Mexico, and A CATA-

LOGUE OF THE MORE RECENTLY DESCRIBED SPECIES, with notes.

By Bryant Walker. Univ. of Michigan Mus. of Zoology, Misc.

Pub. No. 6. Students of North American fresh-water molluska

of this generation have had as a basis the invaluable manuals

36 THE NAUTILUS.

by W. G. Binney, Prime and Tryon, issued by the Smithsonian

Institution, 1865-73, and the works of Lea on Unionidae, of

about the same date. Some single groups have been elaborately

treated since, the Uniones by Simpson, the Lymnaeidae by

Baker; but most of the progress in the last fifty years has been

recorded in a host of papers, by many authors and in many

journals. To systematize this material and make it readily ac-

cessible, Dr. Walker has prepared this synopsis of the classifica-

tion as understood today, giving definitions of the families,

genera and minor groups, with figures of types or typical species

of each, frequently also of anatomical structures important in

classification.

The second paper is devoted to species published since the

appearance of the monographic works alluded to above, together

with those omitted, formerly misunderstood, or concerning

which there has been diversity of opinion. The great utility of

such a catalogue will be apparent.

Together, these papers give a most interesting epitome of the

progress made by the present generation in the study of our

fresh- water mollusks, so far as classification and description are

concerned. Dr. Walker's long familiarity with the subject

enables him to present it lucidly and completely. — H. A. P.

NEW LAND SHELLS FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. By Paul

Bartsch (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 55, pp. 291-307, pi. 18-

20, 1919). Six new species and subspecies of Cochlostyla, one

new Cklorea and a new Leptopoma are described and figured.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF CHITONS FROM THE PACIFIC

COAST OF AMERICA. By William H. Dall (Proc. U. S. Nat.

Museum, vol. 55, pp. 499-516, 1919). Five new species of the

genus Lepidopleurus ; two new Nuttallina, fourteen new Ischno-

chiton, one new Chaetopleura, seven new Gallistochiton, four new

Mopalia, M, grisea being the type of a new subgenus Semimopalia,

one new Acanthochiton and two Tonicia. None are figured.

THE UNIONE FAUNA OF ALABAMA. By Bryant Walker (20th

Kept. Mich. Acad. Sci., 1918). An interesting summary. The

State has the largest Unione fauna of any area of similar size in

the world. Three faunas are represented known as the Tennes-

see, Alabama and Atlantic faunas. Of the 533 species of

Unionidae belonging to North America, more than 300 are

found in Alabama. — C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXIII OCTOBER, 1919 No. 2.

ALONG THE MEXICAN BORDER, 1919.

BY JAMES H. FERRISS.

New Year's day a turkey dinner in Tuscon with Frank Cole.

The next day Sonorellas in the Santa Catalina foothills; but it

was not until the 13th, at the Tumacacori Mission, on the Santa

Cruz river that the whole party answered roll call. A. A.

Hinkley, our Mexican and Central American explorer, of Du-

Bois, IU.; Robert Camp, collecting everything, alive or dead,

for the American Museum, of Brownsville, Texas; Miss Eliza-

beth Pilsbry, of Philadelphia, daughter of our NAUTILUS Editor,

and Mrs. Ferriss answered. I called the roll. Miss Rell Gelder,

of Detroit, Michigan, joined the party later.

This camp was in easy walking distance of the Tumacacori

and San Cayetano ranges, and in an hour by auto we attacked

the slides of the foothills south of the Santa Ritas. It was a

rich location, also agriculturally and historically. Here came

the Spanish priests from Mexico as early as 1601. The founda-

tion of the Mission was laid in 1700 and the building still occu-

pied in 1911. Here too was a mining city, Tubac, in the midst

of rich fields of gold and silver. The priests were also miners,

and later came a company equipped at Los Angeles, Texas, that

prior to the civil war took out silver by the million dollars.

In fact the Aztecs were energetic miners way back, and the

ruins of a large city in the Tumacacori mountains is supposed

to mark the town site of one of those seven cities of Cibola.

Says J. Donald Mitchell, an Arizonian historian: "On the sides

38 THE NAUTILUS.

of the mountain lie the ruins of many dwellings and on top,

carved from the solid rock, is the Aztec god standing guard over

the silent city. Near by on a large flat rock are the basins, or

cups, carved in the rock, that held the bleeding hearts of the

unfortunate victims that were sacrificed to appease the wrath of

this stone god. History tells us that often the victims were

pretty little girls chosen from among the thousands who visited

these Aztec cities every year during the great fiesta."

Aztec legends tell us 2050 burro loads of white silver and 905

of gold and silver were buried by those Indians a certain num-

ber of paces from a certain point, but the rare and noble Sonorella

walkeri aguacalientensis P. & F. was again discovered by us in a

small group of hills on Josephine Canyon between the Santa

Ritas and the Cayetanos. Three new Sonorellas were dug up

in the Tumacacoris, S. tumacacori, S. hinkleyi fraterna and S.

walkeri montana ; in the Cayetanos S. hinkleyi and S. cayetanensis.

Miss Pilsbry put the Mission on canvas and sketching pad.

Camp gathered many kinds of bats and lizards. Others have

given a lifetime here at Tubac, digging and exploring, tormen-

ted by cat-claw, cacti and rough traveling, but have not found

the Aztec gold or silver.

These many generations of miners have left but little timber

on the hills. A few oaks on the mesas and peaks, and only in

the heads of deep gulches is there anything like reforestation.

In earlier days, with Arizona snail hunters it was at least a

climb of 8,000 ft. for Sonorellas, and rock covering of three feet

or no work. In the Cayetanos without regard to elevation they

were found in the soil next to boulders and under spawls lying

about the gravelly cliffs. Often a cliff or rock slide ten feet

square would yield a cocoa-can full. Once we obtained two

cans full, 452 by count, and all albinos except 24. Near the

peak of the highest mountain at the southern end of the range,

on the north-east side, is a gentle sloping cove of about forty

acres of Sonorella rocks. But the sun was just going down as

it was discovered and only a few Sonorellas were gathered.

The Pajarita Range is a wide expanse of rolling hills, a

continuation of the Tumacacori, on both sides of the interna-

tional line, timbered, well watered and sodded. The Governor

THE NAUTILUS. 39

of the state of Sonora has built a barbed-wire fence along the

line to keep the cattle thieves on their own side. Although not

in the cattle business we did not cross over. It was a different

country in character from anything seen in Arizona, and so

pleasing we camped in these hills for three weeks.

We spread our blankets under the wide branches of the live

oaks and visited the Phil Clark ranch. A couple of caged eagles

were at the door and young Clark was found reading by lamp

light with a fool quail perched on his shoulder. This is one of

the rarest of the quail family, a good introduction. We talked

birds and things till a late hour. Clark junior led us to the

snail slides and the bat caves the following day, and ever after

was a very helpful companion in our excursions. The first day

out he heard something in an old mining tunnel he was explor-

ing for bats, and a shot in the dark brought a wild pig. We

ate about all but its head and feet. We camped again in Pina

Blanca Canyon at the Moon U. S. Forest Station, and I went

with Clark to the Bear Canyon, a scenic picnic resort, and

found Asplenium firmum, a fern rare even in Florida, and again

rediscovered Agave parvifolia, the smallest of the century

plants. We picked up a new pin-cushion cactus large as a table

bowl. Also a pair of whip snakes for Camp. We found Sono-

rella ivalkeri montana here and at the Tumacacori pass and it was

also found by Hinkley at the Montana Mine, near Oro Blanco.

Among the smaller Sonorellas in the Pina Blanca Canyon and

again across the mesa in the Tumacacori, the first Bulimulus for

Arizona was noted living in a strange situation, for it is a snail

of the grass and brush.

At old Calabasas at the mouth of Sanoita creek, emptying

into the Santa Cruz, junction also of the two branches of the

Southern Pacific Railway entering Mexico, we camped a few

days to work that end and the best of the Cayetanos. Again

we were in claw and thorn desert surroundings. At the Mission

robins by the thousand, bluebirds, thrashers, cardinals and jays

and Gamble's quail came after the hackberries, but the Calaba-

sas camp was a little tame. However Camp secured rats, mice

and gophers on the kangaroo plan, and our luck in snails was

pleasing.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

In the Eighties Calabasas was one of the wonders of that dec-

ade, according to the promoters' literature in New York. The

Metropolis of the Far West was its name. Side- wheel steamers

plied the Santa Cruz, whereas we had a hard time crossing that

stream in the dry sand. The docks were piled high with cotton

and tobacco bales in the pictures, hogsheads of sugar and pigs

of metal. Picturesque Mexicans hustled cattle into the stock

yards. The Indians just across the river were chasing buffalo,

deer and elk. Lithographs also revealed hotels, boards of trade

and banks, their corridors filled with excited investors in silk

hats and sombreros. The hotel and another large building re-

main, but the land for miles around after being in the courts for

many years is now in the possession of the heirs of a Spanish

grant — the Bacca Float.

On the west side of Mount Washington, of the Patagonia

range, Sonorella patagonica can be found in the boulder dikes and

islands of the canyons and the dead were plentiful in the foot

hills west of the Nogales-Duquesne highway. A hard half-day

in the brush and briars of the Red Mountain, property of the

Red Mountain Mining Co. , north side, netted two Sonorellas.

Mt. Washington seemed to be above 8,000 feet high, and our

camps about 5,000. There was much snow on both sides, east

and west, and the pass was long and steep. Army-truck drivers

camped with us for the night as the pass was too difficult for

anything except the best of daylight. It took three trips to

get our party over and then Hinkley with the empty auto and

empty trailer on the fourth trip was hung up on the brow of the

mountain in a snow storm all night. Merely for company I

was in the party. With a good fire we were fairly warm and

dry, and slept some.

At Duquesne Sonorella parietalis was found in the same colony

with patagonica, sixty of them alive. A large collection of

Pupas and other small ones were gathered and Mr. Hinkley is

now sorting them out of the dirt. He also has the fresh-water

collection. This mining property owned by the George West-

inghouse heirs was the liveliest camp in our journey. Copper

was being rolled out at war-time speed and the ore shipped

to El Paso via a Mexican R. R. station, at the foot of the San

THE NAUTILUS. 41

Jose peak, where Sonorella mearnsi dwelt at the time of the

Boundary Survey.

Bound for the Huachucas to pick up better sets of former

collections, we dropped down the Patagonia mesa through a

thick grove of young oaks with cultivated ranches in the can-

yons. Then out upon a Kansas prairie landscape where the

highway crosses the head of the Santa Cruz running south and

the Barbacomari running north. Here are a number of prairies,

without brush or thorns as beautiful to the eye as any state can

produce. The Canillo Hills for thirty miles or more are covered

with a thick growth of oak and juniper. At the high peak east

of our road we found Sonorella elizabethae in abundance, and in

the limestone hills west were small colonies of Holospira for

three miles under spawls close to the stratified terraces, but a

foot or so in height. Also in the rocky hillsides.

Across another beautiful prairie we were again in the Huachu-

cas at the Manilla mine, at the northwestern end. Here we

were comfortably housed at the property owned by some of my

Joliet friends, and at the home of the typical Holospira ferrissi

Pils. It seemed convenient to have lamps and a cook stove.

Again we camped in Carr Canyon, near the home of our friend

Biederman the entomologist and father of walnut grafting. Side

trips were made to Garden, Brown, Miller and Ash Canyons.

Around the southeast point of the range we went into new

territory, Montezuma and Copper Canyons, and again gathered

Ashmunella heterodonta at Ida Canyon. These are rich canyons

and so extensive they have not been thoroughly explored. One

of the smallest of Sonorellas turned up in Montezuma Canyon,

Sonorella montezuma. It was found abundant in lime, granite

and porphyry. Again we had splendid quarters, a stove and

lamp, on the State of Texas mining property. These mountain

ridges run into Mexico, and ranchmen obtain permits from the

Mexicans, when they desire to journey into Tombstone, Naco

and Douglas with a vehicle.

From the Huachuca camps several raids were made on the

Mustang and Whetstone ranges about twenty miles away. The

first range, about 6,000 feet, has shells in every stone-pile, and

the climbing is easy and clean. It is a model for collectors to

42 THE NAUTILUS.

follow. In one colony of large Sonorellas about one in ten was

an albino, beautifully modeled and with yellow lips. We

worked here into a bank of clay and broken stone until we had

a face to our mine high as our heads. The Sonorellas dwelt in

the spaces between the clay and stone and at twenty feet in live

Sonorellas were found. It was then dark and I had undermined

a large Ocotillo that rolled me over and left a bump on my head

for this summer. Again we had trouble in finding Sonorella

dalli Bartsch, at Garden Canyon (Tanner's) in the Huachucas.

Here we followed a wide crevice in the limestone filled with

soil. At a depth of about two feet we followed crevices a couple

of times and found over seventy alive. The sixty Sonorellas at

Duquesne and as many red Sonorellas in Miller Canyon were

found in like manner. In Brown Canyon at the foot of a high

cliff of limestone dead shells were abundant. Accidentally a

scale of the cliff was torn off, and here was the live Sonorella

granulatissima latior, we were looking for, with Oreohelix and

Ashmunellas.

About this time we admired our skill. After these many

years, one of us said, we have become 100 per cent, shell

collectors. On my first journey to Arizona I had raked over the

leaves and turned logs and stones lying on the soil. I walked

through the grand Tanner Canyon disdainfully past these rich

Sonorella mines.

But to follow this mutual admiration convention, we did not

find live Oreohelix in the Mustangs though dead shells covered

the ground and crowded the rock slides. Here however the

limestone cliffs did not scale. They were cracked apparently

from one side to the middle, or the other side.

We made two trips to the Whetstones before finding a shell

of any kind. We thought we knew whether a mountain had

shells or not by merely looking at it. On the third trip a long

slide facing east was discovered. This had a great abundance

of the most delicate and artistically constructed Sonorella so far

identified. All were dead except a few less than half grown.

The colony had been destroyed by some insect that had evi-

dently dissolved the lime with some of its juices, making a

hole in the shell large enough to crawl in and eat 'em up. The

THE NAUTILUS. 43

opening was usually oblong and about one or two millimeters

long. Here the trail was so thorny and the gulches so deep we

could walk only about a mile per hour in the mountain. Two

days were given to the slide.

We had good success in the Tumacacori, Cayetano, Patagonia

and other mountains on all sides of the peaks and had forgotten

that in some ranges shells lived only on the north side. On the

fourth trip to the Whetstone, while passing the north side of a

small peak to get to the largest in the range, another Sonorella

wag found alive and plentiful. Also Oreohelix huachucana and

a Holospira.

We feel certain there are a considerable number of undis-

covered snails in the limestone, well watered and timbered (8,000

feet) peaks of the Whetstones, on the north side. Some of these

we examined, on the south side.

The rains arrive in Arizona in July, which is the best grow-

ing month; but this year in the first week of May the Mariposa

group of lilies covered the slopes. The west mesa of the Santa

Ritas was a golden yellow, for the poppies were in bloom. Also

the large white thistle poppy. The Ocotillo (Crown of Thorns)

with a deep crimson spike, and cactus bloom, white, crimson

and orange, warmed up the desert hills. The last night out

blankets were spread in the dry bed of a stream in a pass of the

Mustangs. It was really a beautiful place. Gravel makes a

good bed, as desert beds run, and the banks were decorated with

spreading walnuts and oaks. The jumpers and cottonwoods

were artistically rounded and all in full leafage. Three kinds

of doves were talking, a cardinal, a thrasher and the vermillion

fly-catcher were singing just at sundown, and the black and

white scolding hummingbird in our tree, nervous in the face of

distinguished company, had settled down in his thimble nest

for the night.

The Mustangs are not large mountain, but they have pleasing

profiles, domes and table tops, for background purposes, when

the moon is up a little way and the evening star is in close con-

junction. Arizona nights are a cut-glass, crystal affair. Not

smoky and beclouded.

When the after-glow was just about right I led the partner

44 THE NAUTILUS.

who has made life so pleasant these many years in housekeeping

and business, over the shallow bank where only a few nicely

terraced oaks were to be seen, and striking an attitude, front of

stage, exclaimed " Look at that. That is perhaps the one best

view, celestial, we will ever get."

In the morning Henry was halted at the windmill to be filled

up. The owner of the pasture, we had learned to like; " he is

white" we said, with his helper was doing his chores. He

carried a double row of cartridges in his belt; a forty-five and a

telescope lay upon a barrel-head, and a rifle rested against the

derrick. The equipment was the best.

' ' Going a hunting ? " I asked, innocent-like.

"Not this morning," he answered. "The fact is," he

added, "it takes two of us to watch that fellow over in the other

house. We have been shot at in this corral several times. Our

fences have been cut and three horses and a cow shot this week.

He wants me to buy him out and I don't want his ranch at the

price he asks."

It is but a short distance from one thing to another all round

the world. On the fifth of May we were again in Tuscon hav-

ing collected at 134 stations.

NOTES ON THE SPECIES OF FASCIOLARIA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN

UNITED STATES.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

The following notes of long standing are brought together for

the purpose of pointing out some discrepancies that seem to

have passed unnoticed. Another object is to supply a demand

from some of our readers for something more pertaining to the

marine mollusks.

Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener.

F, papillosa Sowerby, Tankerville Cat. App. p. 16, 1825; Reeve,

Conch. Icon., (Fasciolaria) vol. 4, pi. 1, f. la, Ib, pi. 7,

f. Ic, Id, 1847.

F. gigantea Kiener Icon. Coq. Viv., (Fasciolaria) p. 5, pi. 10

and 11.

Tryon's Manual Conch., vol. Ill, p. 75, fig. 14-16, 1881.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

F. crocata Philippi, Zeitschr. f. Malak. p. 25, 1848: Abbild.

Besch. Conch. Ill, (Fasciolaria) Tab. I, f. 3, 1849.

F. reevei Jonas, in Philippi, Abbild. Besch. Conch. Ill, (Fasci-

olaria) Tab. Ill, f. 2, 1850.

Even this large shell is not free from a nomenclatorial tangle.

F. papillosa Sowb. , as pointed out by Tyron, seems to be the

oldest name. I have not access to the Tankerville Catalogue,

but if the young specimen as figured by Reeve (fig. la, b) and

copied by Tryon (fig. 15) is the type, then this name seems

somewhat doubtful. The spire and canal are both too long for

a specimen of that size, in fact I cannot see any difference in

figs, la and Ib, and the figure of F. coronata Lam. as figured

by Reeve (pi. VI, f. 14 a, b.) Figure Ic and d of Reeve and

copied by Tryon (fig. 16) is F. gigantea. The F. crocata Phil,

from Yucatan is undoubtedly the young of this species and not

related to F. filamentosa as suggested by Tryon.

In regard to its size, Tryon says : ' ' Length 1 to 2 feet. This

is the largest known species of univalve shell." Charles

T. Simpson (Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., v, 51, 1886), says:

" On the Keys I have seen dead shells two feet in length, the

largest Gastropod in the world." In THE NAUTILUS, XIX, 108,

I had occasion to review Mr. Charles Hedley's paper, " On a

large example of Megalatractus aruanus (L. ), and incidentally

mentioned that this Australian giant had a rival on our Florida

coast, F. gigantea, quoting one of the above references. Mr.

Hedley replied in a letter saying: " Give it in inches, I do not

like the sound of the word feet." I remember a specimen 23

inches (about 575 mm. ) in length, and there was a very large

specimen in the collection of the late Joseph Wilcox which I

cannot now locate. In writing to Dr. Dall, he says: '"The

largest specimen we have of F. gigantea measures 20 inches in

length, with probably half an inch lost from the tip of the spire

and as much more from the end of the canal; I have seen a

bigger one but I do not remember the exact length of it. Call

ours 530 mm. and it would, I think, be fair." The largest in

the American Museum of Natural History is 20.25 inches and

that in the Academy of Natural Sciences about the same.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Var. reevei Jonas.

This is not a form of F. princeps as suggested by Try on. Al-

though the type is comparatively small (135 mm. in length)

the form is easily recognized and not uncommon on the Gulf

coast of Florida. It was found by the writer at Marco. The

prominent nodes become obsolete or wanting, especially on the

body whorl ; the shell is also thinner and does not reach the size

of the typical form. While F. gigantea and F. princeps (from the

west coast of Central America resemble each other superficially,

there is a most remarkable difference in their opercula. The

former has only the prominent concentric lines of growth on the

exterior, while the latter has five deep longitudinal furrows on

the middle and inner edge and irregular diagonal ribs on the

outer edge.

The large bunches of egg-capsules of F. gigantea are conspicu-

ous objects on the Florida beaches. These are poorly figured

by Tryon (Manual, Vol. 2, pi. 7, figs. 78 and 79) as " Capsules

of an unknown Muricoid mollusk. " A bunch of capsules

from Key West, Fla., nine inches in length and containing

approximately 400 capsules *vas attached to a broad band

which has no doubt contracted considerably in drying.

Three of the capsules contained respectively 66, 70 and 76

embryonic shells. If these should average 70 per capsule, the

entire bunch would produce upwards of 30,000 shells, but the

death rate is enormous and very few ever reach maturity. Each

capsule is wedge-shaped, the angles slightly winged and the

sides with five or six irregular ridges. It is about 40 mm. in

length, attached to the band by a pedicel about 12 mm. long.

The capsules of F. tulipa are in small clusters attached to

shells and stones. It is also wedge-shaped and pedunculate,

the sides are smooth, but the upper edge is ornamented by

numerous undulations around its entire margin. In F. distans

there is only a single indentation on the upper edge, forming a

lobe that extends over the opening through which the young

shells escape. The latter is figured by Tryon (Manual II, pi. 7,

fig. 77) as F. tulipa f

Fasciolaria tulipa (Linn6).

Coins achatinus Bolten, Mus. Bolt., 117, 1798. A variable

THE NAUTILUS. 47

shell both in sculpture and color. A perfect shell of the

smooth or more typical form shows interesting phases in sculp-

ture in the early growth of the shell, the protoconch and about

half a whorl of the young shell being smooth, followed by

about half a whorl with only longitudinal ridges; this is fol-

lowed by two whorls with prominent spiral ridges which gradu-

ally become obsolete or wanting except near the suture, these

subsutural ridges increasing in prominence and often becoming

crenulated or beaded on the last two whorls. On the anterior

portion of the shell are also prominent spiral ridges. Some of

the specimens from the Bahamas have a decided shoulder on

the body whorl. Color whitish, mottled with brown or reddish

blotches and with from 26-33 dark-brown spiral lines on the

body whorl. Two specimens from the West Indies are uni-

formly light brown with the usual dark-brown spiral lines.

Simpson says: "A mahogany-colored form is occasionally

found on the Keys." It varies in length from 5 to 8 inches

(125 to 200 mm.) and is found from North Carolina to the

West Indies and Venezuela.

The varietal name of obsolete was applied to a smooth form

from St. Thomas, but this cannot really be separated. There

is, however, a form in which the spiral grooves and ridges cover

the entire shell. Tryon (Manual III, 74) says: "I figure a

rugose form which Dunker intended at one time to describe as

F. scheepmalceri but finally illustrated in his ' Novitates ' as a

variety of F. tulipa." This name might therefore be used in a

varietal sense for this form which is quite common on the Gulf

coast of Florida.

Fasciolaria distans Lamarck.

As pointed out by Dr. Dall and others, this is a good species

and not a variety of F. tulipa Linn., as stated by Tryon and

later by Miss Rogers in the "Shell Book." It is smaller and

smoother, having only faint spiral sulcations on two of the

early whorls near the nucleus, and spiral ridges on the narrow

anterior portion. There is also present an internal ridge on the

body whorl in front of the suture. Color whitish, with bluish-

gray or brown blotches and usually with five or six equidistant,

48 THE NAUTILUS.

revolving, dark-brown lines. One specimen shows ten, but five

of these are somewhat obsolete and close together near the

narrow anterior portion of the shell. I have found living speci-

mens at St. Augustine, Fla., in which the blotches were a light

rose-pink, with the six revolving lines of a similar color. Dr.

Dall records, from Belize, a pale salmon-colored specimen with

the lines obsolete. The species varies in length from 65-85 mm-

It ranges from North Carolina to Florida and westward to

Mexico.

THREE NEW ALPINE VEKTIGOS FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY.

Among numerous Pupillidae collected from the higher moun-

tain regions of California during the past few years appear

several apparently undescribed forms, diagnoses of three of

which are given below.

VERTIGO MODESTA MICROPHASMA, new subspecies. Figs. 1-6.

The shell is cylindro-conic, rimate-umbilicate, thin, very

pale horn color, by transmitted light transparent and colorless.

The surface is glossy and distinctly irregularly, obliquely

striate, especially on the upper whorls. The spire tapers from

the last whorl, at first gradually, then more rapidly, to the

obtuse apex. The whorls are strongly convex, the last with an

indentation just back of the aperture over the lower palatal

tooth, subsequently with a narrow, abrupt, axial constriction,

then swollen to form a low, wave-like crest just back of and

parallel to the lip. The aperture is rounded triangular, scarcely

constricted on the outer margin, the peristome thickened and

porcelain white in color, showing through the back of the shell

as a white line, but the sharp lip scarcely reflected except over

the columella. The posterior angle of the outer lip curves in

rather sharply to the body whorl. The number of teeth varies

from 2 to 5. The palatal and columellar lamellae are always

well developed. In addition there is almost always a well

developed lower palatal. A smaller, but variable upper palatal

THE NAUTILUS.

is frequently present, as also a minute angular lamella,

teeth are porcelain-white in color.

49

All the

1-6, VERTIGO MODE3TA MICROPHASMA. 7, VERTIGO ALLYNIANA.

8, V. A. XENOS.

Length of type 2.6; diameter to lip edge 1.5; length of aper-

ture 0.9 mm. ; whorls 5.

Type: Cat. No. 2740 of the writer's collection. Paratypes in

the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, California

Academy of Sciences, Southwest Museum, United States

National Museum, and the private collections of Mr. George H.

Clapp and others.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

Type Locality: 7,550 feet altitude, cienaga near Bluff Lake,

San Bernardino Mountains, California; under sticks and logs at

edge of forest; Nina G. Spaulding, G. E. Dole and S. S. Berry,

August, 1910; 59 specimens in this and neighboring cienagas.

Also taken at 7,200 feet altitude, west slope of Falls Creek

Canyon, near the narrows about one mile above Dobbs Cabin,

Dollar Pass Trail, San Bernardino Mountains, California; under

small sticks and pine cones on springy slope; G. E. Dole and

S. S. Berry, Sept. 29, 1918; 32 specimens.

Remarks : This very puzzling little mollusk is one of the most

beautiful of American Vertigos. It is very close to V. modesta

parietalis and may also be described as an albinistic race of that

subspecies, but it is a protean form and some shells are equally

close to V. modesta modesta or even to V. m. castanea. That it

is more than a mere ' ' albino ' ' of the recognized type is strongly

evidenced by its occurrence in such abundance and at scattered

localities, as also by the fact that its distribution is by no means

coincident with that of any of the other forms mentioned.

Nor, although usually associated, do the white or brown shells

occur in any apparent regular ratio. At the second locality

above cited diligent outlook yielded but three specimens of the

brown parietalis. It is evidently a comparatively recent offshoot

from the parent stock, but the field evidence is that it already

is a race with its peculiar characters heritable to a marked

degree.

It seems rather remarkable that such features as the color,

shell texture, and similar characters in this form should exhibit

such constancy as compared with the variability shown in the

development of the lamellae. In 39 specimens of the type lot

now before me, 1 has only 2 teeth (columellar and parietal),

15 have 3 teeth (columellar, parietal, and lower palatal), 9

have 4 teeth (an upper palatal usually the one added), and 14

have a full set of 5 teeth. No mature specimens with fewer

than 2 nor more than 5 teeth have been noted. This variation

in a single well-defined colony ^its members having, as shown

by the other characters noted, an undoubtedly close phylo-

genetic relationship with one another) throws a valuable bit of

light on the difficulty of attempting the separation of the var-

THE NAUTILUS. 51

ious races of the modesta-series by means of variations in the

number of teeth alone. It chances that the specimen chosen as

type is one of the 3-toothed forms.

The animal is bluish-gray or slate in color, the body quite

dark, the foot and peripheral portions much lighter and semi-

transparent. A rough sketch of the cephalic region of one of

the Falls Creek specimens is offered in fig. 6.

Whether the hereditary value of this race is that of a u form "

or a subspecies can only be shown by the more detailed study

which must be left for the future. Until then the personal

equation must necessarily largely govern. In any case it will

prove useful to have a name for it.

VERTIGO ALLYNIANA new species. Fig. 7.

The shell is minute, short, robust, ovate-conic in outline,

thin, dark reddish-brown in color, with only a dull gloss;

weakly, irregularly striate. The spire tapers with increasing

rapidity from the last whorl to the obtuse apex. The whorls

are convex, the last having a shallow but distinct excavation in

the palatal region and a weaker one over the upper palatal tooth,

the latter extending to the lip, which thus becomes flattened or

very slightly indented on its outer segment. The aperture is

pyriform in outline, and would be rather small except for the

quite flaring lip, which is little thickened and very fragile at

the edge. There are 5 teeth constantly developed in all the

material examined. The parietal, columellar, and upper and

lower palatal lamellae are well developed, and there is a distinct,

though small angular lamella. The columellar is situated well

back in the aperture and quite high up on the pillar. The

lower palatal is also rather deeply immersed.

Length of type 2.1; diameter to lip edge 1.3; length of aper-

ture 0.81 mm.; whorls 4f.

Type: Cat. No. 3764 of the writer's collection. Paratypes in

the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and the

private collection of Allyn G. Smith.

Type Locality: Donner Lake, California; A. G. Smith, May

30, 1916; 22 specimens.

Remarks : I am not quite certain of the relationships of this

52 THE NAUTILUS.

small Vertigo. The texture of the shell, as well as the shape,

are strongly reminiscent of V. occidentalis Sterki, a more weakly

toothed species from the San Bernardino Mountains. None of

the other species with which I am familiar require any special

comparison. V. corpulenta (Morse) has a somewhat similar

outline, but otherwise does not seem especially close.

VERTIGO ALLYNIANA XENOS, new subspecies. Fig. 8.

With the preceding occurred a single specimen of a very

similar form having the same number of teeth, but differing

abruptly in its shorter, much more robust and swollen outline,

its more transparent, glossier texture, and lighter brown color.

The columellar tooth is placed distinctly further down on the

pillar, and the remaining lamellae differ slightly from those of

the shells described above both in size and position.

Length of type 2.0; diameter to lip edge 1.5; length of aper-

ture 0. 85 mm. ; whorls 4J.

Type: Cat. No. 4128 of the writer's collection.

Type Locality: Dormer Lake, California; A. G. Smith, May

30, 1916; 1 specimen.

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Figs. 1-5. Vertigo modesta microphasma Berry. Camera

drawings of type (Fig. 2) and four other specimens of the

original lot, showing variation in number of lamellae and shape

of shell.

Fig. 6. Vertigo modesta microphasma Berry. Camera draw-

ing of cephalic region of living animal as extended in crawling.

Fig. 7. Vertigo allyniana Berry. Camera drawing of type.

Fig. 8. Vertigo (allyniana var ?) xenos Berry. Camera draw-

ing of type.

All figures drawn to same scale.

Redlands, California.

THE NAUTILUS. 53

A NEW CALIFORNIA!! MICRARIONTA.

BY HEJSRY A. PILSBRY.

MICRARIONTA RIXFORDI n. sp.

The shell is strongly depressed, umbilicate, the diameter of

umbilicus contained about 5 times in that of the shell. Em-

bryonic shell of 1^ whorls at first densely pitted, the pitting

rather irregular, passing into granulation, and on the last half

whorl transformed into short strong wrinkles, roughly parallel

to the suture and often anastomosing. Subsequent whorls are

delicately marked with growth lines only, moderately convex,

the last slowly and rather deeply descending to the aperture,

rounded peripherally, and encircled with a brown band above

the periphery. The aperture is strongly oblique, irregularly

oval. The peristome is thin, basal margin narrowly expanded,

columellar margin somewhat dilated, but covering only a very

small part of the umbilicus. The parietal callus is very thin.

Alt. 9.5; diam. 16.6 mm.; umbilicus 3.1 mm.; 4f whorls.

This snail was received too late for illustration in the present

number. It was collected by Dr. Emmet Rixford among rocks

at the foot of the mountains on the southern edge of the Mojave

Desert about 10 miles west of Twentynine Palms, Riverside

Co., California. Type and two other specimens, No. 129781

A. N. S. P.

Compared with M. indioensis (Yates), which is its nearest

neighbor, this species is far more depressed and more openly

umbilicate. M. desertorum Pils. & Ferr. and M. hutsoni Clapp

are much smaller related forms from Arizona.

The specimens were picked up dead and except for the

shoulder band, show no color.

A NEW CHINESE CLAUSILIA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

CLAUSILIA (EUPHAEDUSA) STEETZNERI n. s.

The shell is very slender, slowly tapering, the outlines of the

spire straight, very slightly concave near the summit; opaque,

54 THE NAUTILUS.

not glossy, vinaceous-russet fading to cinnamon-brown at the

early whorls. First 3 whorls nearly smooth, the rest ribbed,

the ribs straight, narrower than the slightly striate intervals,

about 25 on the last whorl. The upper whorls are rather con-

vex, the penult somewhat and the last strongly compressed

laterally. The aperture is small, about one-sixth as long as the

shell, piriform, the light brown peristorne expanded and slightly

reflected. Superior lamella rather small, marginal, oblique, not

continuous with the spiral lamella, which is about a half-whorl

long. The inferior lamella is situate high, converging to the

superior; it ascends in a broad spiral a little past the dorsal line.

The subcolumellar lamella is very deeply immersed, not visible

in the mouth, but rather strong within the back. The principal

plica is rather short, dorso-lateral, its lower end visible with

difficulty in an oblique view in the mouth. There are quite

short, subparallel upper and lower palatal plicae.

The clausilium is quite broad, curved almost in a semicircle,

passing without notch or excision into the filament.

Length 13.6; diam. above aperture 2.4 mm.; length of aper-

ture with peristorne 2.3 mm.; 13 whorls.

Wenchuan (Wentschuan), Szechuan, China. Type 44660

A. N. S. P., coll. by Mr. Steetzner, received through Dr. Bryant

Walker.

The dull, strongly sculptured surface, small aperture and

large number of whorls are the more salient external features of

the species, and distinguish it from other Euphaedusae having

similar palatal structure, such as C. planostriata Hde. It is

named for the collector.

A COLLECTING TRIP ON THE ISLAND OF OAHU, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS,

BY THE GULICK NATUSAL HISTORY CLUB.

BY JOSEPH J. GOUVEIA.

Early Sunday morning on May the 25th, 1919, we started on

the first trip planned by the Gulick Natural History Club. The

purpose of this trip was to give the members of the club an

opportunity to work on different lines.

THE NAUTILUS. 55

Mr. F. Grinnell, with his necessary paraphernalia, started

out prepared to collect plants and insects, while Messrs. Bryan,

Emerson, Antone Gouveia and the writer for goats and shells.

The writer and Antone Gouveia took the first car towards

Waialae, which leaves Kalihi Street at 5:45 a. m., and, after

riding fifty minutes, we joined the rest of the members at the

end of the car line.

At 6:45 we started out for Keawaawa. We had about eight

miles to go before we could reach the foot of the valley and

about three miles to go before we reached our hunting grounds.

The day was clear, and while on our way up the valley the

talk was upon different subjects pertaining to the Hawaiian

Islands and their history, among them the decrease of the

Hawaiian population. When the white people first came to

these islands they found them thickly populated with pure

Hawaiians. To-day, about two-thirds of the Hawaiian popu-

lation are half-breeds. Discussing the cause of their disappear-

ance, we agreed that it was due to the following: wars, human

sacrifice, pestilence, oppression by kings, chiefs and priests,

liquor, wearing of clothing, and amalgamation with white

people.

After an eight-mile walk along a hard coral road we reached

Keawaawa at 8 o'clock. We were now ready to face a trail

well overgrown on both sides with the Glue Bush and Lantana.

It is not very pleasant to hike through these on account of

their thorns. After about an hour's walk we arrived at the

forest, our shelling grounds. On our way up we followed

cattle trails which led along the bottom of the valley, and up

near the drops we followed a zig-zag trail which wound to the

top of the west Keawaawa ridge.

When we reached the outskirts of the forest, Grinnell and

Gouveia followed a ravine on the right-hand side going up.

This is where our day's collecting began. The following shells

were collected in the above ravine:

Philonesia baldwini var. 6 specimens.

Lyropupa magdalenx 6 spec.

Lyropupa microthauma var. 4 spec.

Lyropupa microthauma var. 6 spec.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

Nesopupa plicifera 3 spec.

Nesopupa wesleyana var. tryphera 1 spec.

Tornatellides procerulus var. acicula 2 spec.

Tornatellides macromphala var. 63 spec.

Tornatellaria newcombi 6 spec.

Leptachatina gummea 23 spec.

Leptachatina fusca 3 spec.

Amastra tristis 2 spec.

Edwin Bryan, Oliver Emerson and the writer followed the

ridge trail. We collected shells on our way up to the backbone.

Shelling is not what it used to be, for shells are very scarce in

this section of the Koolau Range. We managed to get seven

specimens of Achatinella viridans : we considered this a lucky

find. While on our way to the backbone, we heard some goats

in the valley west of Keawaawa (Kuliouou Ike valley). Mr.

Emerson carried a 45-70 caliber rifle, an efficient weapon for

reducing the mountain pest.

Mr. F. Grinnell and Antone Gouveia joined the other mem-

bers at the backbone. After a few minutes the party separated

again, and this time we all started off in earnest for our differ-

ent aims. Emerson and Bryan started across the backbone to-

wards Kuliouou over a narrow goat trail about a foot wide in

places; barely enough for one to crawl over, while Grinnell,

Antone Gouveia and the writer started east looking for insects

and shells. We were not able to find any Achatinella. We

traveled a little further on until we came to a grove of banana

and here we found the following shells :

Nesopupa plicifera 6 spec.

Tornatellides sp. ? 4 spec.

lornatellides macromphala var. 9 spec.

Tornatellaria newcombi 3 spec.

Helicina rotelloidea 18 spec.

Leptachatina gummea 1 spec.

Amastra tristis 1 spec.

Succinea rotundata 1 spec.

We spent about forty minutes collecting and then returned to

the main ridge. On our way back we stopped about three

hundred feet east of the Kuliouou-Keawaawa ridge and hunted

THE NAUTILUS. 57

on bunch grass about 18 inches high. Here we collected the

following:

Nesopupa boettgeri 5 spec.

Pronesopupa acanthinula 5 spec.

Tornatellides leptospira 16 spec.

Tornatellides brunneus 9 spec.

Tornatellides brunneus var. 3 spec.

Philonesia baldwini var. 6 spec.

Auriculella diaphana 20 spec.

Leptachatina gummea 2 spec.

At 11:30 we ate lunch and after half an hour's rest we started

out again; this time we worked down the first ravine east of the

main West Keawaawa ridge. While on the backbone ridge we

noticed some kukui trees (Aleurites moluccana) which looked

very promising. On our way down the valley to these kukui

trees we collected the following shells:

Nesopupa plicifera 2 spec.

Tornatellaria macromphala 3 spec.

Tornatellaria newcombi 2 spec.

Helidna rotelloiden 1 spec.

Amastra eos 48 spec.

AmaMra tristis 31 spec.

Leptachatina gummea 27 spec.

Leptachatina fusca 12 spec.

After spending about an hour collecting these we headed for

the kukui trees. We found a few dead specimens of Achatinella

phxozona under these trees, and, after a careful search we found

twelve live specimens. Two were found on Lantana and the

rest were found near the tops of the kukui trees. It was a sur-

prise to us, for we were told that these shells were extinct in

Keawaawa. On Lantana and oee weed we found thirty-two

specimens of Achatinella viridans. Some of them were dark-

brown in color and many of them had broad white and light-

brown bands around the last whorl.

This was a good find. The forest is dying away fast and in

the course of time these shells will be extinct. About three

years ago the writer and Antone Gouveia collected a few dead

58 THE NAUTILUS.

specimens of Achatinella viridans in the valley east of Keawaawa.

These shells once thrived there, but the trees that they lived on

have died away and consequently the shells have died off with

them.

We all met at the foot of one of the small ridges at about

4 o'clock, ready for our homeward journey. Messrs. Emerson

and Bryan had returned from their hunting trip. They were

successful in wounding a goat and collecting a few specimens of

Achatinella viridans on the windward side of the backbone ridge.

Mr. Grinnell collected some interesting insects and native plants.

After two long hours' walking at a good gait, we reached the car

line, and about 6 p. m. we boarded the car for home.

Thus the Gulick Natural History Club finished its first trip

with quite a success in the collecting line.

The shells listed were identified by Dr. C. Montague Cooke,

Jr.

A NEW VARIETY OF OLIVA SERICEA MINIACEA.

BY H. C. HIGGINS.

Having become greatly interested in the Olividae, their

beauty and the great variation of the species are to me a never-

ending source of pleasure, marred only by the many perplexi-

ties in nomenclature. To what extent names should be given

to the various forms, authors differ in opinion, but it seems

more convenient to refer to certain well-marked forms by name

when they are well figured in standard publications, than to say

a variation of 0. sericea subspecies miniacea figured in the Thes.

Conch., Vol. IV, pi. 7, f. 110.

Having brought together a remarkable series of 250 specimens

of Oliva sericea (tremulina-miniacea group) showing all the named

varieties as well as many intermediate specimens, I was im-

pressed with the fact that a shell in the miniacea group corre-

sponding to variety pica in the tremulina group, has no varietal

name, therefore I propose the name Oliva sericea miniacea var.

johnsoni for this shell, in honor of Mr. C. W. Johnson, curator

of the Boston Society of Natural History, as a slight acknowl-

THE NAUTILUS. 59

edgment of his untiring work with, and published articles on,

the Olividae, as well as for the kindly interest he has taken in

my own collection of Oliva, and the assistance given me in

identifying specimens.

This variety is figured by Marrat in Sowerby's Thesaurus

Conchyliorum, Vol. IV, pi. 7, f. 110. It is represented in my

collection by six specimens of which one, no. 1652, has to be

selected as the type.

COLLECTING IN THE VICINITY OF NEWARK, NEW JERSEY.

BY FRED TABLEMAN.

During 1917-1918 I decided to study the molluscan fauna in

the vicinity of Newark, N. J. Limiting myself to twenty cents

car fare for each trip I started to see what I could find within

this area.

Most of the work was done in Essex County, in one instance

within walking distance from my home. Visiting the Newark

Meadows I found a station for Polygyra thyroides by seeing some

dead shells. I looked for live specimens but could not find any

owing to the density of the underbrush and flies. Going later

when they were hibernating I collected about 150 and could

have gotten more. They live under debris that is overgrown

with the balloon- vine on which I believe they feed. This

station has been destroyed by the opening of the Port Newark

Terminal.

The next place visited was Great Notch Brook, Upper Mont-

clair. On this brook is a small pond formed by a dam at the

head of which in a marshy place I found Lymnaea palustris in

great quantities, and also one specimen of Pseudosuccinea colum-

ella. I was fishing at the time and ran short of bait, so turn-

ing over a rotten log I got not only bait but a nice lot of Pyra-

midula alternata, which are now in my collection. Going to the

same place later in the season and exploring one of the moun-

tains as far as possible, I obtained a few small Pyramidida

alternata and two Polygyra alholabris, one dead and one living.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

Going to Cable Lake, West Orange, I collected Planorbis

antrosus. The lake is a small one situated on the top of a

mountain, the shore of which is partly sand and stones. Here

is the home of the Planorbes, which are covered with algae.

The Rahway River, in Union Co., was next visited in search

of Unios. Two specimens of Anodonta cataracta in perfect con-

dition were secured, but further search failed to produce more

of that species; but about fifty Unio complanatus were obtained.

I also collected Physa heterostropha along the bank in company

with Lymnea palustris, and in the shallows Campeloma rufum

was found in company with a small variety of Planorbis trivolvis

and Sphaerium sp.

The last three trips to Bloomfield proved the best. The col-

lecting was done in Great Notch Brook which flows through

part of the town where it comes from Brookdale. Starting at

the end of the trolley line and working up stream I found small

dead Planorbis trivolvis that had been washed in hollows and

crevices among the stones. Live ones were gathered farther up

stream and also Unio complanatus, which I will compare with

the Rahway River shells later.

Going still further up stream, I found the first specimens of

Goniobasis virginica in the shallow water near the bank; also

broken Campeloma decisum, later two perfect specimens were

found. The Goniobasis were large specimens ranging up to an

inch in length, many of them so eroded as to be hardly recog-

nizable except by the animal itself. Still further up the Gonio-

basis became more plentiful and also Lymnaea palmtris, both

alive and dead in the drift, which was composed of the dead of

both and a few valves of Unios.

The Lymnaeas were found on the stems of water plants and

also floating on the surface, foot up; the Goniobasis were cling-

ing to the stones and crawling on the bottom. Both the smooth

and ribbed variety (multilineata) were found, both banded and

plain. More Unios were found, so I returned home satisfied

with the afternoon work.

On the last trip I found but few specimens of Goniobasis. A

heavy rain a few days before had made the stream moderately

high, and the few specimens that I obtained were buried ver-

THE NAUTILUS.

61

tically in the sandy bottom with the body whorl only exposed.

I do not know whether they buried themselves or the shifting

sands did.

The Unio complanatus collected varies greatly with the locality.

Those from the Rahway River are cleaner than those from

Notch Brook and are not so ventricose. The anterior end is

more elongate than the brook form, and the sexes are hardly

distinguishable. The Notch Brook females are much shorter

than the males and more truncated, as the following measure-

ments of the largest specimens show:

Having collected only in two localities this year I obtained

the following species. From Branch Brook Park, Newark,

Planorbis parvus and Planorbis antrosus. These species were

found in shallow water near the shore.

At Halcyon Park (Bloomfield) in a small pond, if it can be

called such, I found large Planorbis trivolvis, the largest of which

measures 25 mm. ; also Pseudosuccinea columella and a species of

Ancylus which I have not identified. I believe the shells in this

pond came with the water-lilies that are growing there.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

SHELLS OF LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA.

BY C. R. ORCUTT.

My acquaintance with La Jolla dates back to 1879, when

there was not a human habitation on the coast from San

Dieguito on the north to the old lighthouse, 500 feet above the

beach, at the extremity of Point Loma at the entrance to San

Diego Bay. Now there are several flourishing towns along the

way, the delight of summer and winter tourists, among whom

not a few have been conchologists.

Taking charge of Hotel Strand at La Jolla in July, 1918, I

have since busied myself quite as much with the molluscan

fauna of La Jolla as with the hotel business, with some inter-

esting results.

Mr. Maxwell Smith has contributed a list of La Jolla shells

to THE NAUTILUS (volume 21, pages 55 and 65), and Mr.

Joshua L. Bailey, Jr., has contributed a supplementary list

(on page 92). A few additional notes may be of interest.

Haliotis fidgens. — In the spring of 1916 San Diego was visited

with great floods, and a great amount of silt was washed into

the ocean via San Diego and False Bay with the fresh water.

This proved to be fatal to many mollusks, and I am told that

many thousands of this shell were washed up along the shore

from False Bay to La Jolla. One gentleman told me that

a train of cars could have been filled with these shells which

were piled a foot deep on the beach in many places. Another

filled two sacks with the shells and nearly broke his back tug-

ging them to the top of the cliff at what in early days we called

Seal Rock, now named Bird Rock Beach. These he has finally

placed at my disposal, and I found the two sacks full chiefly of

this species. Haliotis cracherodii and H. rufescens were missing,

as well as H. assimilis. Out of the lot I found six specimens of

the following species and nine specimens of its variety.

Haliotis corrugata. — These were not very strongly corrugated,

but properly referable to the species.

Haliotis corrugata diegoensis. — This form differs in the entire

lack of the corrugations typical of the species, but otherwise

THE NAUTILUS. 63

with nearly the same characters. All of the corrugated speci-

mens possessed three holes, while of the nine specimens of this

variety one had one hole, two had two holes, and the rest had

three.

Haliotis calif orniens is. — The Japanese gardeners at La Jolla

are good fishermen also, and frequently gather abalones for the

meat. One of them gave me a specimen which for lack of a

better name I have given the above name. It is 5^ inches long,

4f across, 2 high, and has 11 small nearly circular holes out-

side, showing traces of two closed holes. The inside contains a

large "pearl" or muscular impression, triangular in shape, and

instead of the clear pearly white of H. cracherodii, there are

large blotches of brown, green, blue and pink iridescence. I

have had many similar specimens from the west coast of Baja

California, which have never been determined to my satisfac-

tion. Dr. Stearns I believe tentatively referred them to the

above species of Swainson.

Caecum orcutti Dall. — This seems to be absent from the lists

given in THE NAUTILUS. The type locality was at a point about

two miles south of La Jolla' s caves, where under a flat rock I

must have found more than 100,000 examples of this minute

species. I have sent the U. S. National Museum what I esti-

mated as near 50,000 specimens. Avhich 1 believe breaks the

record for any single collection in this genus. It has been

found at San Pedro, Cal., I believe, and at Todos Santos Bay,

Baja California.

Helix pisana. — This snail has been recorded in THE NAUTILUS

as from La Jolla (though not in the lists referred to above).

The first of September, 1918, I found it for the first time, and

reported its occurrence as a menace to California horticulture.

A representative of the County Horticultural Commission

counted nearly 800 living on one bush about a foot high with a

spread of three feet. A dozen would frequently be found on

one stem of the wild oak. It seemed to have no preference, but

was abundant on native and cultivated plants alike, and thou-

sands were observed on the sides of the cement curbing and on

the sides of houses near by. But the tens of thousands ob-

served were apparently confined to a district less than half a

64 THE NAUTILUS.

mile in extent in any direction. The authorities attempted

their destruction, but I have noticed hundreds yet remaining

alive. It was first reported to our local society of natural his-

tory in 1914, when three specimens donated were "all that

could be found."

Bifidaria, hemphilli.

Bifidaria calamitosa.

Vertigo californica diegoensis.

Some years ago Mr. Henry Hemphill told me that there were

no Pupas in this region, stating as his belief that they could

not exist in our arid climate. Then I found a few under the

stem of a decaying yucca on the mesas back of San Diego, and

later more than 500 under some decaying cacti in the same

vicinity. Still later individuals were found not at all rare on

decaying plants on the seashore not far south of La Jolla, chiefly

on the Hottentot Fig or Beach Strawberry (Mesembryanthemum

sequilaterale*) . These were found at Pacific Beach and no doubt

exist within the limits of La Jolla, if one will search with care.

Helix trasJcii Newc.

Helix tudiculata Binn.

These are apparently not rare in the environs of La Jolla.

The first was not previously reported.

Helix aspersa Miill. — Mr. Smith reports that he turned a few

dozen of these loose at La Jolla. They now exist by the tens

of thousands and are very destructive to the vegetables in the

gardens. Some way should be found to make Mr. Smith take

them away. It seems to be a different form from the one now

naturalized in San Diego gardens, where it is also a much hated

pest.

Mytilus calif ornianus. — Modiolus calif orniensis of Smith's list

was doubtless an error for the above, which occurs plentifully

on our coasts. Just south of the international boundary this

species has yielded many pretty pearls. The larger shells

measure about seven inches long.

Schizothaerus nuttallii. — This favorite clam was formerly

abundant in a bed of rocks just inside the entrance to False

Bay, which was formerly the home of many choice shells. This

was the type locality of Chlamydoconcha orcutti, since reported

from Monterey Bay by Dr. Berry.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

Semele decisa, Saxidomus nuttalli and other bivalves were

equally abundant, but now nearly exterminated. A list of the

mollusca from this bed would be extremely interesting, but now

hopeless of ever being written, as it is no longer the ideal home

for mollusks that it once was. Over 100 Cypraea spadicea were

found there in one day, and an equal number of Ranella cali-

fornica were yielded by the adjacent sandy beaches. While the

shells from this lagoon do not properly belong with the La Jolla

list, yet fragments or dead specimens of all noted by Mr. Smith

may occasionally be found at La Jolla.

Tagelus calif or nianus. — This is extremely abundant in False

Bay and is gathered in quantities for bait by fishermen, and

thus the shells are scattered freely all along the La Jolla shores.

Pedipes unisulcata. — Smith reports many of the dead shells

attached to sea anemones, but I found it years ago in company

with Truncatella stimpsoni on round water-washed boulders in

caves near La Jolla.

Pedipes liratus. — This was also found at La Jolla in early

days and later by Prof. Kelsey.

Milnerea minima. — Abundant. Attached to the under side

of stones. Usually reported as living on the shells of Haliotis.

Mytilus adamsianus. — This was long called M. bifurcatus, later

known as M. stearnsi. Smith and Bailey, like many other col-

lectors, seem to have overlooked it, probably mistaking it for

the young of Septifer bifurcatus which it nearly resembles, except

for the absence of the septum. It is equally abundant.

Mytilus denticulatus. — This is similar to the last but much

smaller. It is Modiolaria denticulata of former lists, and might

easily be overlooked, but is apparently not rare on our rocks.

Adula diegensis. — North of the Scripps Biological Station

about a mile north of La Jolla is a rocky beach at the base of

high cliffs. Much of the rock is a soft clay stone, and perfor-

ated by millions of pholads. In places this species has entire

possession, and often they have made their cells so close to-

gether that no partitions of rock are left to separate the shells.

Pholas pacifica. — This is one of the pholads found at the

above station with others already noted.

Petricola denticulata. — This is extremely abundant in the

66 THE NAUTILUS.

above locality also, square yards of surface of some of the flat

rocks being filled with its shells. This species seems to abound

from San Pedro, Cal., to Magdalena Bay, Baja Cal., where I

found millions of the young shells in the drift (determined by

Dr. Dall).

Acmaea patina cumingii. — This is the commonest species at

Bird Rock and all along our coast, but seems to have been over-

looked by Smith and Bailey.

Tegula ligulatum. — One of the commoner shells on all our

beaches.

Pecten hastatus. — In kelp holdfasts washed ashore at Pacific

Beach.

Pecten hericeus. — Valves frequent in the drift.

Phacoides calif 'ornicus. — Frequent in the drift on all our

beaches.

Phacoides richthofeni. — Valves occasionally washed ashore.

Mr. Emery found it living in False Bay.

Fissurella volcano. — This is probably one of the most abundant

and widely distributed species on our coast. I have generally

looked with contempt on the gathering of dead shells; but for

lack of better material I have gathered several thousand of this

from the drift, from very minute to specimens of maximum

size. It occurs from Monterey, Cal., south at least as far as

Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, where I have collected it in abundance.

The beach-worn shells show a beautiful diversity of color not

observable in the living shells. About fifteen per cent, of the

shells picked up at La Jolla are of the var. crucifera Dall, some-

times the arms of the cross extending only halfway down the

sides of the shell, sometimes wholly worn away at the apex,

often one or more arms missing; in young specimens, say 2 mm.

long, frequently only the lateral white arms appear halfway to

the lower margin of the shell. The ground work is usually

reddish, the gray or black forms being much rarer. From the

four white arms .xf var. crucifera there occurs every variation in

number up to 20 01 30 or more, the red rays on a white ground

— like red-hot lava flowing down the sides of a mountain, hav-

ing given it its name. This is probably the typical form.

Acmaea triangularis. — One specimen detected in the drift on

the beach.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

Calliostoma supragranosum Cpr. — Detected in kelp holdfasts.

Cyanoplax hartwegii. — Perhaps our commonest chiton, on

rocks near high-water mark, strangely omitted from Smith's list.

Columbella fuscata. — One specimen was found living years ago,

but no doubt estray from southern waters as well as a single

well-developed living specimen.

Thais b'iserialis, not rare. Saxicava arctica.

Corbula luteola, not rare. Saxidomus nuttallii.

Crepidula rugosa norrisianum. Terebratella transversa.

Crepidula ungui/ormis. Thracia curta.

Crepidula dorsata. Thracia squamosa.

Hipponyx antiquatus. Transennella tantilla.

Hipponyx cranioides. Turbonilla castanella.

Hipponyx tumens. Odostomia aequisadpta.

Kellia laperousii. Venerupis lamellifera.

Kellia suborbicularis. Mactra cali/ornica.

Modiola capax. Mactra falcata.

Mytilimeria nuttallii. Mactra nasuta.

Pecten latiauritus. Mactra planulata.

Psammobia californica. Phacoides nuttallii.

The above are some of the shells omitted from the lists re-

ferred to that I have noted on the beach, quite a number of

them in kelp holdfasts washed ashore.

A considerable number of minute shells yet undetermined

will add considerably to the list, besides several chitons and

larger shells that are being studied.

LA JOLLA, GAL., 21 Dec., 1918.

LAND SHELLS OF LAUREL SPRINGS, NEW JERSEY.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

The following species of land shells were picked from forest

debris collected by Mr. Bayard Long on the north branch of

Timber Creek, at Laurel Springs, Camden County, New Jersey,

during 1918 and 1919.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

Polygyra fallax (Say). Striatura milium (Morse).

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Euconulus fulvus (Miill. ).

Polygyra thyroidus (Say). Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Strobilops floridana Pils. Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.).

Pupoides marginatus (Say). Zonitoides minuscula alachuana

Gastrocopta corticaria (Say). Dall.

Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Agriolimax campestris (Binn.).

Gastrocopta armifera (Say). Pyramidula alternata fergusoni

Gastrocopta pentodon Say. ( Bid. ) .

Vertigo tridentata Wolf. Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi

Vertigo milium Gld. Pils.

Vallonia pulchella (Miill.). Helicodiscus parallelus (Say).

Columella edentula (Drap. ). Punctum pygmceum (Drap.).

Polita hammonis (Strom.). Succinea ovalis Say.

Polita indentata (Say). Carychium exiguum Say.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

OBSERVATIONS ON LIVING LAMELLIBRANCHS OF NEW ENGLAND.

By Edward S. Morse (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 35,

no. 5, July, 1919). In this valuable memoir Professor Morse

describes and figures the expanded animals of 48 species of New

England lamellibranchs. Hitherto most of the work on these

mollusks has been done with alcoholic examples, which in their

contracted condition give little idea of the beautiful and elab-

orate structures guarding the siphon openings and mantle edges

of the living animal. Only those who have attempted to draw

living mollusks can appreciate the application and patience re-

quired,— they are often stubborn, and refuse to show off; but

all will admire the beautiful line drawings of these graceful

structures. The figures of Solemya, Nucula and Yoldia are

especially interesting. Some of the genera have the foot re-

markably specialized.

Professor Morse takes the occasion to land a few resounding

whacks on the nomenclature shifters. It is obvious that many

of the changes (such as the adoption of Bolten's very German

catalogue) were unnecessary and detrimental to science; yet

THE NAUTILUS. 69

other changes mentioned were surely essential to progress. We

might even recall that Morse himself threw a grenade into the

nomenclature of land and fresh-water shells in his Maine Cata-

logue of 1864.— H. A. P.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF MOLLUSKS OF THE FAMILY

TURRITIDAE FROM THE WEST COAST OF AMERICA AND ADJACENT

REGIONS. By Wm. H. Dall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., Vol. 56,

pp. 1-86, pis. 1-24, 1919). A very exhaustive faunal work on

this family. Over 200 species are considered, of which 181 are

new. The illustrations are excellent, many of Carpenter's

species being figured for the first time. In regard to the family

name Dr. Dall says: "Some question having been raised as to

the spelling of the family name which I have retained as first

proposed by Henry and Arthur Adams in 1853, I submitted

the question of Turridae versus Turritidae to two expert Latin-

ists, who after due consideration of all the data, concluded that,

while either was correct, the latter term under the circumstances

was to be preferred. ' '

PELECYPODA OF THE ST. MAURICE AND CLAIBORNE STAGES.

By G. D. Harris (Bull. Amer. Paleontology, Vol. 6, 1919). A

valuable contribution to American Paleontology. The work

contains 268 pages and illustrated by 59 plates, every species

and variety being figured. About 250 species and varieties are

described, of which more than 50 are new. Two new sub-

genera — Mauricia and Pachecoa are proposed. The work is

dedicated by the author to the Hon. Truman A. Aldrich.

SEXUAL ACTIVITIES OF THE SQUID, Loligo pealii (Lea). By

Gilman A. Drew (Journal of Morphology, Vol. 22, No. 2, and

Vol. 32, No. 2). An extremely interesting and well illustrated

account of phenomena rarely observed. The second paper deals

with the structure and activities of the spermatophore. The

observations were made upon specimens kept in aquaria at

Woods Hole, Mass.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON WEST AMERICAN CHITONS, II. By S. Stillman

Berry. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (4), IX, 1919. In this well

considered and full}'- illustrated paper the following new forms

are described.

Leptochiton ( Xiphiozona) heathi, off Monterey.

Hanleya spicata, Monterey Bay.

Mopalia phorminx, Monterey Bay.

Mopalia egretta, Forrester Island, Alaska.

Ischnochiton (Lepidozona*) asthenes, White's Point, Los Angeles

Co., Cal.

Various points of classification are considered, and Rhombo-

chiton, a ' ' new group to rank near or under Lepidozona, with

L. regularis (Carpenter) as type" is proposed. — H. A. P.

NOTES.

SHELLS FROM THE CHIRICAHUA MOUNTAINS, ARIZONA. — Dr.

Witmer Stone camped in Pinery canyon, on the western slope

of the Chiricahua Range, from June to August of this year,

studying the distribution of the fauna and flora. Near the top,

in the forks of the head of the north branch of Pinery canyon,

at approximately 6500 to 7000 ft., he obtained the following

snails. The locality is near the high ridge separating Pinery

from White Tail canyon, where Ferriss and the writer collected

in 1906 (Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1910, p. 75, fig. 6). The

rock is limestone.

Sonorella virilis leucura P. & F.

Oreohelix chiricahuana obsoleta P. & F.

Ashmunella duplicidens Pils.

Holospira cionella intermedia P. & F.

Polita indentata umbilicata (Ckll.).

Gastrocopta ashmuni (St.).

Gastrocopta dalliana (St.).

Gastrocopta pilsbryana (St.).

The last three were found in debris, but some living speci-

mens of all the others were taken. — H. A. PILSBRY.

THE NAUTILUS. 71

HELIX HORTENSIS: I am sending under separate cover a spec-

imen of Helix hortensis Miiller. It was found in a prehistoric

shell-heap on Mahone Bay, about 75 miles west of Halifax,

N. S. — W. J. WUETEMBERG.

A SYNONYMICAL NOTE: The shell described and named by

Pilsbry and Bryan in THE NAUTILUS, XXXI, 3, 1918, p. 99,

pi. IX, as Drupa walkerae from Honolulu Harbor, is the same

species which was described by G. B. Sowerby in the Annals

and Magazine of Natural History, Ser. 8, Vol. XVI, p. 166,

pi. X, 1915, as Pentadactylus fusco-imbricatus. A recent letter

from Sowerby and Fulton suggested this after an examination

of a specimen sent to them. A careful comparison of the de-

scriptions and figures convince us of the same conclusion. All

the specimens known are from the Honolulu Harbor dredgings

from May to August, 1915. The teeth vary from 5 to 7 in the

specimens before us. We hope to make a study of the varia-

tions of this and other shells later.

F. GRINNELL, JR.,

J. M. OSTERGAARD.

INSECT LARVAE DESTROYING PHYSA. — There is a small artificial

pond in Waveland Park which joined my former home grounds

in Des Moines, Iowa, that I had never considered of much im-

portance conchologically, owing to its small size and rather

recent construction. A visit to it one day in the summer of

1907, however, only added greater strength to Mr. Simpson's

motto, " Look everywhere."

I found here a form of Physa Integra Haldeman quite plenty,

but nearly all dead. They were enveloped in what at first ap-

peared to me to be a growth of moss, but which Dr. C. M.

Child of the Department of Zoology, University of Chicago,

pronounces as insect cases, ' ' probably some dipterous insect,

but none of the men in the Department are able to identify

more exactly the insect that is responsible for them." As I

have heard nothing further, it is fair to presume that the insect

is new or little known.

The deposition and multiplication of these microscopical in-

72 THE NAUTILUS.

sect larvse and their cases had in many instances formed a thick

mass over the entire surface of the shell, completely closing the

aperture, thus causing the animal within to die. Scarcely a

living individual could be found that was not more or less in-

fested in this manner.

Burr-oak trees stand near the margin of the water, and the

acorns which had fallen from them in the water were often

brought out with my little hand-dredge together with cockle-

burrs, in company with the infested shells. The cockle-burrs

were often difficult to distinguish from some of the shells,

covered as they were with the larvse cases.

When closely observed, I noticed that the majority of the

dead shells were lying on the bottom of the pond with aperture

up; some could be seen lying in this manner with but a slight

opening remaining in the aperture, in which I could see the yet

living animal struggling for freedom.

A few living ones were to be found on the vegetation grow-

ing in the water which were in all stages of infection.

I revisited the pond in the fall, after the warm weather, and

found a few living shells and plenty of recently dead ones; but

scarcely a vestige of the insect cases was to be seen anywhere,

thus showing that they flourish during the hot weather and

after maturing the cases soon decayed, leaving no trace of the

perpetrator that so rapidly devastated the colony. — T. VAN

HYNING.

POLYGYRA PLAN A BAHAMENSis Van. n. var. — This variety is

distinguished from the typical P. plana (Dkr.) of Bermuda by

frequently having a spiral internal lamina as in P. cereolus car-

penteriana (Bid.) of Florida. The surface of the spire has finer

sculpture than P. carpenteriana (Bld.'s) arid a trifle coarser than

the typical P. plana (Dkr.).

The types are in the collection of the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia, being tray number 44463, from Cur-

rent Settlement, Eleutha, Bahama Islands, collected by Mr. C.

J. Maynard in 1897.

The Academy's collection contains other specimens of this

variety from New Providence and Inagua Islands. — E. G.

Vanatta.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXIII JANUARY, 192O. No. 3.

GORIOBASES Of OHIO.

BY CALVIN GOODRICH.

Some months ago I had occasion to map the known distribu-

tion of Goniobasis livescens Menke and G. semicarinata Sav within

V

the borders of Ohio. This distribution is somewhat peculiar.

Beginning on the western gide of the state above the central

line we find that livescens is the Goniobasis of the Maumee river

system and of the shallows of Lake Erie as far as Sandusky

Bay, where G. haldemanni occurs in company with livescens in

the drift of the beaches. So far as exploration thence east

shows, livescens appears alone to the northeastern corner of

Ohio. It is the species of Sandusky River, flowing into San-

dusky Bay, of Rocky and Cuyahoga Rivers which enter the

lake at Cleveland, and of Conneaut Creek near the eastern

border. Below the divide between the lakes and the Ohio River

drainages, I found livescens in Beaver Creek, a tributary of the

Wabash. There is then a great gap in its occurrence until the

Hocking River is reached, east of a north and south central line

drawn through the state. Just east of this, again, livescens has

been collected in the Tuscarawas River of the Muskingum sys-

tem by Dr. Sterki, and in at least one of the Tuscarawas

branches. The G. gracilor Anth. of the Summit county lakes

is plainly an offshoot of livescens, as indicated by connecting

forms taken in this same region.

Goniobasis semicarinata, less variable and more easily recog-

nizable even in the field than livescens, is the species of the

Great Miami, Little Miami and the Scioto Rivers, all in the

f4 THE NAUTILUS.

Ohio River drainage. Between the Scioto and the Hocking

Rivers is a fairly large stream known as Raccoon Creek. It is

now polluted with mine waste and at the time of my visit to it

three or four years ago I found no living mollusks in the creek,

and only one or two dead Unios.

East of the Muskingum system is the Mahoning River and

Beaver Creek, crossing the Ohio border into Pennsylvania. I

know nothing of the Goniobases of these streams, but suspect

that if any occur in them it is G. pennsylvanica Pilsbry, the

Goniobasis of the upper Ohio rivers.

The chart of this distribution shows that livescens crosses the

northern section of Ohio in the drainage of the Great Lakes and

down two streams of the Ohio River drainage. Semicarinata

occupies the three largest streams of the Ohio River drainage

from the Scioto at about the center to the Great Miami, dis-

charging at the southwest corner of the state.

If we grant that the same laws which have governed the re-

peopling of Lake Erie with Naiades have controlled in the case

of livescens, this species entered the Maumee River through the

Wabash, spread eastward to the Niagara and beyond. It man-

aged— by means which the geologists might explain — to cross

the divide between the Cuyahoga and Tuscarawas River, possi-

bly thence into the Hocking.

Other species of Goniobasis than those mentioned have been

recognized as occurring in Ohio, and other local races may yet

be described, but I feel certain they can all only prove to be

descendants of the two parent stocks, livescens and semicarinata.

SOME LARGE SPECIMENS OF ARGONAUTA.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

The largest species, or the largest example of a species, is

always a subject of special interest, both to the biologist and

the collector. Individual variation is not fully understood and

cannot always be attributed to favorable or unfavorable environ-

ment, or the abundance or lack of nutrition. Individual varia-

tion has often led to arguments among conchologists as to

THE MAUTILUS. 75

whether certain species dissolve their shells and construct new

ones as their bodies increase in size.

A large example of an Argonauta in the collection of the

Boston Society of Natural History has been frequently referred

to in literature. At a meeting of the Society, held March loth,

1854 (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 5, p. 35), it was re-

corded that "Dr. A. A. Gould made some remarks upon the

collection of shells presented to the Society by the family of the

late Col. Perkins. * * To one shell in particular he called

attention, the large Argonauta, commonly called Paper Nauti-

lus, and which is the largest specimen known to exist. Its

measurements are llf by 1\ inches; the next largest specimen

in the Museum of the College of Surgeons, London, measures

f of an inch less than this. This large specimen was brought

from the Indian Ocean."

In the same vol., p. 370, this shell was again referred to

under the title "On the Animal of the Argonauta Shell," by

John C. Warren. He says: "The beautiful specimen of the

A. compressa Blain. presented to the Society by Col. Thomas H.

Perkins was also exhibited; this shell, which cost him $500, is,

according to Dr. Cabot who has made the comparison, the

largest Argonauta shell in any cabinet in Europe or America.

D'Orbigny in his great work gives as the measurements of the

largest he has examined: greatest length of the shell 9* incl; s,

while our specimen is 10 inches; greatest diameter of the open-

ing 6£ inches, in our specimen it is 6J inches; greatest width of

the opening, including the auricular appendages, 3 incl.

while in ours it is four inches."

In the Structural and Systematic Conchology, vol. I, p. 151,

Try on says: "The Boston Society of Natural History possesses

an Argonauta argo or Paper Nautilus shell, which is said to

have been purchased for 8500 by the gentleman who presented

it to that Society. It is a common species, and the only reason.

for the great valuation of this specimen is that its diameter is

about two or three inches greater than any other individual

known to naturalists."

Tryon again refers to this specimen in the Manual of Con-

chology, vol. 1, p. 136. This specimen was later figured and

76 THE NAUTILUS.

mentioned in the Bull. No. 9 of the Boston Society of Natural

History, April, 1917, where the exact size, lOf in greatest

diameter was given, as there was a discrepancy of If inches in

the two accounts in the Proceedings. The writer is indebted to

the Society for the use of the figure illustrating this article.

In regard to the nomenclature, it seems hardly necessary to

enter into any discussion when we consider that we are not

dealing with a true shell, but a shell-like structure confined to

the female, and only in part a secretion of the mantle, for a por-

tion of it is formed by the two expanded tentacles. Internal

partitions are lacking and the structure serves as a nest for the

eggs. Tryon, in the Manual of Conchology, places the Indo-

Pacific A. compressa Blainville (A. maxima Gualt. ) in the syn-

onymy under A. argo Linn., of the Mediterranean. In the

absence of a thorough knowledge of the animals it seems best

to keep the various forms described from distant regions sepa-

rate until such time as' future investigations prove them to be

either the same or distinct.

In this connection I would like to call the attention of readers

to a rival of the above specimen. It is a very large example of

Argonauta nodosa Solander, in the American Museum of Natural

History, New York, and measures 8f by 11 inches. I am in-

debted to Mr. Arthur Jacot for these measurements.

SOME AUBICULIDAS AND PLANOEBIDAE FEOM PANAMA.

BY HEJSfRY A. PILSBRY.

The Panamic fauna has a particularly rich and interesting

group of Auriculidae. The following new forms were found

among the species collected by Mr. James Zetek.

DETRACIA ZETEKI, n. sp. Figs, a, b, c.

The shell is oval with short, almost straightly conic spire and

minute, mucronate apex; dusky buff, the spire, a band near

the suture and another near the base, carob brown. Surface

glossy, rather closely marked with ripples of growth. Whorls

of the spire narrow and flat, the greatest convexity of the last

whorl above the middle. Aperture extreme!}' narrow, having a

THE NAUTILUS.

77

white, lirate callus a short distance within the outer lip. The

very short columella bears a thin, wide, entering and descend-

ing lamella. Above it, on the lower part of the parietal wall,

there is a low, subtriangular callus. It is much more promi-

nent in young than in adult shells.

Length 8.6, diam. 5, length of aperture 6.7 mm.; 11 to 12

whorls.

Panama City and Paitilla, near by.

This species is very peculiar by its many narrow whorls, very

narrow aperture, and the large, inwardly descending columellar

lamella. It seems remarkable that it was not found by Pro-

fessor Adams, but nothing described in his catalogue agrees

with it, Perhaps it is his unidentified No. 316.

Fig. a represents the type; fig. b is the basal part of the same

specimen rolled more towards the left. Fig. c is the lower part

of a young specimen, to show the larger lamellae of that stage.

PHYTIA BREVISPIRA. Fig. d.

The shell is oblong-conic, not very solid, cinnamon-brown,

glossy marked with weak growth-lines only. The spire is

straightly conic, shorter than the aperture; whorls very slightly

convex, the last somewhat concave below the suture, with one

or two spiral lines in the concavity defining a wide sutural

margin. The aperture is pinched in above, becoming moder-

ately wide and rounded below, the outer lip thin, without in-

78

THE NAUTILUS.

ternal folds or callus. There is a strong, deeply entering diag-

onal parietal lamella, a smaller one below it; columella termin-

ating in a spirally entering lamella.

Length 8, cliam. 4.1, length of aperture 5.1 mm. (fig. d,

apex lost).

Panama City and Paitilla, near the city, collected by James

Zetek, 1917. Also Taboga Island.

This species stands near P. tr/plicata (Anton) and P. acuta

(Orb.) both of which have similar teeth. It is, however, de-

cidedly narrower than the first, wider than the second, so that

while I hesitate to add another species to this genus, it appears

that none of those described will receive It. Phytia rhoadsi

(Pils. ), described as a Marinula, and P. setifer (Caop. ) are more

northern species, the former somewhat related to P. brevispira.

In this species the aperture is longer than the spire, as in Mari-

nula, but the other characters are decidedly those of Phytia

(Alexia).

PLANORBIS ISTHMICUS, n. sp.

The shell is compressed, the thickness

about one-third of the diameter, thin, very

pale brown, somewhat transparent, glossy.

Concavity of the right side showing three

whorls and a central pit, that of left side

shallow, showing 4£ whorls, the last

whorl more convex near the sutures,

rounded peripherally, not deflected to-

wards the left near the aperture. Sculp-

ture of fine growth-lines, very distinctly

decussated by fine spiral lines on the inner

whorls, the spirals weak, in part obsolete,

on the last whorl. The aperture is ob-

lique, heart-shaped, the lip thin.

Diam. 10.5, alt. 3.7 mm.

Panama City, in Chinese wells. Col-

lected by James Zetek, Sept., 1918.

Planorbis liebmanni Phil., maya and

orbiculus Morel., are flatter shells, with

the spire wider. P. boucardianus Prest. has a more oblique

THE NAUTILUS. 79

aperture, no spiral striation, and is smaller. P. fieldii Try on

is a much smaller shell without spiral lines, and higher relative

to its diameter.

Probably all of this group should be regarded as toothless

forms of Planorbida.

GUATEMALAN NOTES.

BY A. A. HINKLEY.

Coelocentrum yigas Von Martens, identified by Dr. H. A.

Pilsbry as a dark variety,1 is the largest land shell the writer

ever had the pleasure of hunting. On Feb. 20. 1913, the first

dead specimen was found !>y a large log in a banana field.

Probably an hour was spent searching for a live one but with-

out success. Leaving the banana field, I followed up a branch

of the Cavech River to where it issued from the mountain side.

The labor of working through jungle and over rocks was re-

warded by finding the finest specimens of Pachycheilus indionnn

which I secured. From here the return was around the side of

another mountain, heavily wooded; on this mountain 5 living

C. gigas were found. This was considered a great find.

The next day another place was visited beyond the mouth of

the Cavech River to where the mountain came out to the shore

of the gulf. After working through the thick undergrowth at

the foot of a mountain, the vegetation was more open, making

it easier to climb up or down. The first shell found was a fine

C. giyas in the act of depositing eggs in a round pit about f of

an inch across, and probably a half-inch deep, scooped out of

the mellow earth and containing 35 to 40 eggs.

The best part of the day was spent on this mountain, looking

for these shells, of which 19 were secured. They were nearly

always partly covered with leaves. No more nests of eggs were

found, but others were seen which had been destroyed by some

enemy.

1 The specimens are not " yellowish gray," as von Martens described it,

but between walnnt brown and burnt umber.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

LEPTINARIA LIVINGSTONENSIS, n. sp.

The shell is imperforate, oblong-conic, the length twice the

diameter, pale yellow, composed of 6 moderately convex whorls.

Apex rather obtuse, surface glossy, coarsely but weakly striate.

The sharp outer lip is strongly arched forward at its upper

third. Columellar plait strong, dividing the columellar margin

into two arcs, the lower one slightly shorter and deeper. Par-

ietal lamella present in the embryos of 1| whorls. It is quite

strongly developed in some shells of 6 mm. long, wanting in

others. In older shells it becomes very low, and not quite one-

fourth of a whorl long; or in others it disappears entirely.

Length 9.5, diam. 4.7, aperture 4.5 mm. (lamella low).

Length 11, diam. 5, aperture 5 mm. (lamella minute).

Found in rubbish about the city of Livingston, Guatemala,

with Subulina octona, taken February 19, 1913. This shell is

about the same size as L. tamaulipensis, but differs from that

species by having a parietal lamella and an imperforate umbil-

ical region. The last whorl is less enlarged than in L. lamettata,

L. elisse or L. convoluta, which resemble this species in being

imperforate with a lamellate parietal wall.

The small lot taken in 1913 seemed divisible into two ppecies,

according to whether a parietal lamella was present or not, but

in the abundant series collected on the second trip, it appears

that the lamella is variable, being present in many but not all

immature shells, but always very low or wanting in the large

ones.

SOME EOTES OH PHILOMYCUS.

BY V. STERKI.

In Ohio we had known only P. (Tebennophorus) caroliniensis

Bosc. Then a few dorsalis Binney were found here and there.

Some years ago, near Chippewa Lake, Medina Co., I found two

specimens of an entirely distinct species, as listed in the Ohio

catalogue; the genitals, etc., remain to be examined. The slug

may be the same as P. pennsylvanicus Pils. , but closer compari-

son is necessary.

THE NAUTILUS. 81

Fifteen and twenty years ago, in this vicinity, I found re-

peatedly a form which then was taken for one of the color vari-

ations of P. caroliniensis, although averaging larger, and unfor-

tunately and stupidly I did not examine it exactly. Some

time ago one specimen of exactly the same was found, with

about a dozen caroliniensis, as described by Binney and W. G.

Binney. It was evident at first sight that the animal is of a

distinct species, and it may be one of those named by Rafin-

esque, as mentioned in W. G. Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells,

p. 247, but I have not the literature for comparing. In order

to have a designation, it may be named biseriatus, provisionally

the specimen was 70 mm. long when fully extended. The

color, over most of the back, is brownish, not grayish, some-

what irregularly mottled, and not sharply defined towards the

margins. On the back there are two parallel series of 10-12

irregular black spots, streak-like when the animal is fully ex-

tended, the largest in the middle, evanescent towards the an-

terior and posterior ends. Irregularly distributed, mainly

along the outer side of each series are irregular "white" spots;

that is, they appear whitish, but the ground color is a pale tan,

and there are small dots, rather granules, of a glistening bluish

white, and such dots are also distributed over the balance of the

mantle surface. On each side, between the series of black apots

and the lateral margin, there is another series of slightly marked,

cloudy, dark spots, some of them barely visible. The sole is

whitish without any color tinge, while in caroliniensis it has a

rusty tinge from minute dots of that color, especially along the

margins. Along the middle, mostly in the posterior part, there

is an obscure line of dark, as it is also in caroliniensis and some

other snails. The head and the posterior end of the foot are

somewhat slate-colored, the eye peduncles darker. The whole

body is different in appearance from that of caroliniensis, and

somewhat more translucent.

This description may be imperfect, but I believe that any

specimens of the same kind will be readily recognized from it.

While the genital organs of two P. caroliniensis, of the same size,

were fully developed, those of " biseriatvs " will still quite rudi-

mentary, and nothing could be made out of them. The jaw

82 THE NAUTILUS.

was of nearly the same shape in both specie?, but that of

"bisci-tnttts" was dark-colored, from horn in the upper part to

black at the cutting edge, while the jaw of caroliniensis is of a

yellowish or reddish horn. The details of the surface must be

compared with more material. The radula, with its anterior

(older) end torn off, had 141 (+ . . .) rows of 45 -f C -j- 45

teeth of rather the same shape as those of caroliniensis; only the

mesodonts of the outer laterals (about 13tb-25th) seemed

larger and longer; one of the caroliniensis had 210 rows of

54 4- C + 54 teeth.

As Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell suggested, some of the so-called

color variations of P. caroliniensis may prove to be distinct

species. This, and their interrelations, and those of variation,

or varieties, should be carefully ascertained and also their dis-

tribution. It may be mentioned, in this connection, that P.

wetherbyi W. G. Binney, originally known from Kentucky, has

also been found in northern Michigan, as stated by B. Walker.

Scientifically it may not be justified to publish these rudi-

mentary notes. But there is another reason for doing so. The

season is already well advanced. These interesting slugs have

been badly neglected, and our knowledge of them is still far

from satisfactory. Besides, they are getting more and more

scarce in consequence of deforestation of the land, and will dis-

appoar in many sections before long, and faster than most other

snails. Therefore, every conchologist should pay special atten-

tion to anything in this line that can be found. And, to men-

tion it again, by the way, the term "shells" is not the proper

one to be used in books and catalogues; we should say rnol-

lusks!

With respect to the generic name, I agree with W. G. Binney

that the forms and species known should be ranged under one

genus, whether their jaws be ribbed or not, if there are no other

more significant differences. The jaw of the Chippewa slug

seems to be really intermediate between the "smooth" and

ribbed forms. W. G. Binney rejects the name Philomycus, be-

cause Rafinesque did not correctly describe this genus under

that name. There is hardly a conchologist who doubts now

but that Rafinesque really understood the slugs under consider-

THE NAUTILUS.

ation. In comparing them with Limax and Arion, he did not

find the mantle shield much shorter than the body, and plainly

evident, like the one of those slugs, and came to the conclusion

that there was none at all; conceded that it was one of the care-

less things he was in the habit of doing. Also, if Philomycus

was not the same thing as Tebennophorus, etc., the family name

Philomycidoe, in the sense as used, has no claim for recognition.

THE SHELL OF PHILOMYCUS CARQIINIANUS (BOSC).

BY WILLIAM F. CLAPP.

Through the kindness of Mr. J. Henry Blake I recently re-

ceived a specimen of Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc. ), from

Munsonville, N. H., to examine for internal parasites. On

laying open the mantle preparatory to removing the stomach

and intestine, I discovered a rudimentary shell. When first

noticed, it was not attached, either to the mantle or to the

inner membrane which covers the viscera, but was floating free

in the liquid in which the dissection was made. From its po.-i

tion I believed it to have been dislodged from some portion of

the posterior fourth of the animal, between the mantle and the

inner membrane. Losing immediately all interest, in possi

internal parasites, I gave my attention entirely to the problem

of the shell, in an endeavour to ascertain its exact position, and

also to discover whether it is to be considered a constant, or

merely an occasional character in this species.

From Dr. R. C. Rush, of Hudson, Ohio, I received fii'ty

specimens (M. C. Z. 48211) of living Philomycus in excellent

condition. The specimens in this lot show slight variation in

color, the majority being of the typical pattern, of a yellowish-

white ground color, variegated with brownish and blackish

clouds and spots, forming three ill-defined longitudinal bands,

one on the center of the back, and one on each flank. There

are, however, three specimens easily separated from the rest be-

cause of the reddish tinge in the brownish clouds and spots.

In these specimens (M. C. Z. 48211 H) the lateral bands are

84

THE NAUTILUS.

lacking entirely, there being one broad dorsal band of darker

reddish brown, bounded on each side by a narrow row of more

or less connected black spots.

In the eighteen specimens of this lot examined, all possessed

a rudimentary shell. In many cases, in spite of the greatest

care in making the incision in the mantle, the shell had become

dislodged from its normal position. In eight specimens it re-

mained attached to the animal when found. In all of these

specimens it was adherent to the outer surface of the inner

membrane or peritoneum, and not connected in any way to the

inner surface of the mantle. It also, in the specimens in which

it remained fastened, was always in the posterior quarter of the

iuiimal, and over some portion of the liver. In two of the

eight specimens it occurred on the left side, in two directly on

top, and in four on the right side of the liver. The diagram

(fig. 1) was made from a specimen (M. C. Z. 48211 II ) meas-

uring 40 mm. in length in a considerably contracted condition.

On opening the mantle, the position of the shell was found to

be 5 mm. from the posterior extremity of the animal and on

Fi»-s. 1. 2, o, Philomycm caroh'nianus (Bosc), Hudson, Ohio.

Fig. 4, P. rush!., n. sp.

tho right side. It is of a light, horn color, transparent, very

iridescent, thin, delicate, wrinkled. It measures .5 mm. in

: no tli and .25 mm. in width. In appearance it greatly re-

THE NAUTILUS. 85

sembles the periostracum of the shell of a Limax maximus which

remains when the shell has been decalcified in weak acid.

In some of the shells extracted from specimens from Hudson,

Ohio, a portion of the delicate membrane contains a few gran-

ules of what appear to be calcareous crystals. In outline the

rudimentary shell is irregular, the membrane becoming very

thin, delicate and transparent at the edge. In some specimens

it was folded on itself, but the general tendency is for it to be

oblong rather than oval, and in outline, not unlike the shell of

Limax maximus. Specimens from the following localities were

examined, in all but one of which the rudimentary shell was

found.

Spec's. M. C. Z. No. Locality. Received from.

1 18540 Isle au Haute, Me. M. C. Z.

1 48207 Munsonville, N. H. J. Henry Blake.

1 48217 Mt.Monadnock, N.H. Dr. W. H. Ball.

2 42145 Duxbury, Mass. M. C. Z. (shell not

found in one).

1 48212 Tannersville, N. Y. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry.

18 48211 Hudson, Ohio. Dr. R. C. Rush.

2 48214 York Furnace, Pa. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry.

2 48213 York Co., Pa. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry.

4 48215 Wyoming Co., Pa. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry.

This species was originally described as Limax carolinlmus

(Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, suites a Buff on, ed Deter ville, 1,

p. 80, pi. 3, f. 1, 1802. Rafinesque (Annals of Nature, p. 10,

1820) gave the name of Philomycus to species which differed

from Limax, principally, in being entirely destitute of a mantle.

Rafinesque, however, made no mention of Limax carolinianus in

this paper and it remained for Ferussac (Tab. Syst. . p. 15,

1821) to place the species, which he spells carolinien&is, in Rafin-

esque's genus Philomycus. Binriey (Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist, 4,

p. 163, 1842), recognizing the fact that carolinianus Bosc. pos-

sessed a mantle covering the entire upper surface of the animal,

removed the species from Rafinesque's genus Philomycus, where

Ferussac had placed it, and made it the type of a new genus,

86 THE NAUTILUS.

Tebennophorus, signifying "wearing a cloak". In diagnosing

the genus, Binney states that it is "without testaceous rudi-

ment". Wyman (Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., 4, p. 411, 1844)

and Leicly (Terr. Moll. U. S., 1, p. 250, pi. 3, 1851) in de-

scribing the anatomy of Tebennophorus, did not mention finding

a rudimentary shell. W. G. Binney (Terr. Moll. U. S., 5, p.

179, 1878) specifies that Tebennophorus has no external or in-

ternal shell, and adds (p. 180) that " the internal, rudimentary,

nail like shell, described by Dr. Gray, has not been noticed by

any American author". Dr. Gray's description (Cat. Pulmon.

Brit. Mus. , part 1, p. 158, 1855) of the genus Philomycus, in-

cludes the statement, "Shell minute, nail like, concealed in the

front part of the mantle". Yet (p. 155) in describing the

tribe Philomydna, in which he places the genus Phttomycus, he

states, "Shell none". From Dr. Gray's description of the

shell as being " nail-like", and "concealed in the front part of

the mantle", I doubt that he had the shell of Philomycus caro-

linianus.

An examination of the jaw and radula of each of the speci-

mens in which a shell was found, disclosed the fact that the

jaw varies considerably in specimens apparently otherwise

identical. In the fifteen specimens from Hudson, Ohio (M. C.

Z. 48211), which I consider typical mrolinianus (Bosc), as de-

scribed by Binney, thirteen possessed a smooth jaw, with very

faint longitudinal and transverse striae showing only when

highly magnified. The remaining two were strongly plaited

(figs. 2, 3). Of the three specimens (M. C. Z. 48211 H) sepa-

rated from the others because of the reddish tinge of the mantle,

the jaw of one was similar to fig. 2, the others were smooth.

This plaiting of the jaw, although it may be felt with a fine

needle, is not to be confused with the ribbing of the jaw as seen

in Palli/era dorsalis Binney (Morse, Journ. Port. Soc. Nat.

Hist., 1, p. 8, f. 5, 1864). That portion of the mouth which

carries the jaw in Philomycus carolinianus, is always deeply fur-

rowed, and it appears that these furrows may, or may not leave

their impression upon the jaw. It is possible that the presence

or absence of plaiting in the jaw may be entirely a question of

age. In all of the specimens examined none of the other char-

THE NAUTILUS. 87

acters showed noteworthy variation, and I have considered them

all P. carolinianus.

It is worthy of record that the specimens which were sent to

me in such excellent condition by Dr. R. C. Rush, were shipped

in a small wooden box filled with damp, absolutely clean moss.

Every specimen was alive. The slightest amount of dirt or

dust in the material in which the specimens are packed is fatal.

From one of Dr. Rush's letters I take the liberty of quoting

some interesting notes regarding the habits of the species.

"It is very easy to collect specimens of this species, but very

difficult to send them any considerable distance and have them

live. If kept too moist they suffocate, and if allowed too much

air they dry up. I have had five-inch specimens die in twenty

minutes in strong sunlight. To keep specimens alive, place

them on the under side of an old piece of bark on the basement

floor, making certain that they are absolutely in the dark.

Feed them with any fungi and they will live for months. Cur-

iously the large specimens of this species are not found in damp

places in northern Ohio. They are found here in high, dry,

hard-maple and beech forests, on stumps and logs which have

not decayed much, in pockets under the bark. They feed at

night and go back to tb.3 same nest every morning. Very

rarely one will find them feeding on the under side of fungi in

dayliglit. It will interest you to know that nine of the speci-

mens I am sending came from a crack in a log, seven inches

long by two inches wide, and I left seven behind. They were

packed in like sardines."

Philomycus ru»hi, sp. nov.

In alcohol, mantle smooth, drab gray above (Ridgway,

Color Standards and Nomenclature, pi. 46, 1912), lighter on

the sides, eye peduncles dark gray, eye spots black, tentacles,

situated beneath and very slightly outside the eye peduncles,

short, gray. Body terminating posteriorly in a sharp point.

Foot narrow, half the width of the body, cream- white below,

excepting at the anterior end, where it is dark red, fading at

the posterior end. The separation of the foot from the body

well defined. The body, showing at the sides between the foot

OO THE NAUTILUS.

and the mantle, only as a narrow ridge at the posterior end,

but broadening at the anterior, is also stained with red, darker

at the anterior end. Respiratory orifice, small, on the right

side, 2.5 mm. behind the anterior edge of the mantle, in the

center of the narrow mantle furrow which curves upward and

backward from the mantle edge. Total length 15 mm., width

3 mm.

Internal rudimentary shell large, similar to that of P. caro-

linianus (Bosc), 6 mm. from the posterior extremity, and fast-

ened to that portion of the peritoneum directly above the

ovotestis. Approximately 2 mm. in diameter.

The jaw ie similar to that of P. carolinianus in shape, and in

being but very slightly plicate.

The radula, fig. 4, consists of about 150 rows of teeth hav-

ing a formula of 38-1-38.

The one specimen received in sufficiently good condition to

examine the internal organs, was infested with two stages of

parasitic Trematoda. Twenty of these were found in the vicin-

ity of the lung, one beneath the shell, and one in the penis near

the retractor muscle. Therefore the reproductive organs in this

specimen may be in an abnormal condition, and on this ac-

count I refrain from figuring them. One of the most noticeable

differences is the complete absence of any glandular portion to

the cloaca, a large and constant character in P. carolinianus.

The ovotestis is nearly black, in sharp contrast to the light-col-

ored liver and other organs in the posterior portion of the

animal.

Type M. C. Z. 48220. Hudson, Ohio, collected by Dr. R.

C. Rush.

I have connected Dr. Rush's name with this species as a

slight recognition of the care and perseverance he has exercised

for many years in studying the life history of the land shells of

Ohio.

Dr. Sterki (Proc. Ohio State Acad. Sci., 4, p. 877) describee

a closely related species as " Philomycus sp. pennsylvanicus

Pile.?" Dr. Sterki's species is similar to P. ruehi in that it

possesses a ' ' sole tinged with blood red ' ' but differs in being

twice as large (30 mm. long), and in the jaw having "a num-

THE NAUTILUS.

her of rib-like irregular ridges". P. pennsylvanicus Pi!s. (Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 22, 1894) is described as being

" smaller and less distinctly marked than P. carolinensis" and

"having the jaw strongly ribbed", a description which coulcf

not be applied to P. rushi.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AS INDICAT3D BY LAND SHELLS OK THE

ISLAND OF OAHU.

BY J. J. GOUVEIA.1

Since the early part of 1913 the writer and his brother A.

Gouveia have been engaged in making a collection of Hawaiian

land shells, both ground and tree. We have accumulated spec-

imens of shells from nearly all valleys and ridges on the island

of Oahu. We have complete data as to the exact locality and

habits, so it can be seen that the writer has a good proof, from

his series, of Gulick's theories of segregation or isolation. This

idea has been written and followed out by many other collectors

and students until it is well known in the scientific world. One

of the best examples of this is seen in Dr. Cooke's paper on

Achatinella multizona.

DISTRIBUTION OF Achatinella cestus FROM MANOA-PALOLO RIDGE

TO WAILUPE-NIU RIDGE. — Achatinella cestus (Newcomb) is found

mostly on lehua or one of its related plants having a rather

large dark green and glossy leaf, on leie, Opiko and Lantana,

and nearly always under leaves, with the exception of the

Wailupe-Niu locality where they are found mostly on Lantana

stems. They are nearly always found sealed. The only time

they are found extended is when they are disturbed by wind or-

rain or accidentally brushed off, so they must be nocturnal as

Dr. Cooke surmises (1).

They are very variable in color from white to very dark

brown. They are lighter on the western part of the range and

become darker towards the eastern part. The greater part of

these shells have a white border band (2).

1 Contribution from the Gulick Natural History Club.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

The writer has specimens from five different localities. Four

of these localities are on ridges and the other in a valley. First

locality, Manoa-Palolo Ridge: Fossil specimens in collection as

catalogued, Cat. No. 487, four sinistral and No. 492 three sin-

istral, making a total of seven sinistral specimens.

Second locality, Palolo-Waialae Nui ridge: Fossil and living

specimens, Catalogue No. 61 nine dextral, No. 382 two dextral

and two dextral fossil specimens not catalogued. Total, eleven

dextral live specimens and two dextral fossil specimens.

Third locality, Waialae-Nui valley: Catalogue No. 38 seven

dextral specimens, No. 383 one dextral specimen, No. 39 seven

dextral specimens. Total, fifteen dextral specimens.

Fourth locality, Waialae Iki-Wailupe .ridge: Catalogue No.

28, fifty-two sinistral specimens.

Fifth locality, Wailupe-Niu ridge: Catalogue No. 14, two

hundred and twenty-two sinistral specimens.

Summary,

Fossil. Live.

Dextral. Sinistral. Dextral. Sinistral.

1st locality . . 7

2nd . . 2 11

3rd . . 15

4th " . . 52

5th " — — — 222

Totals. . . 2 7 78 222

Thus it can be seen from the above given data the specimens

increase in number from west to east, the first ridge having no

live specimens and the last having the most. What does this

signify ? Does not this signify that since Diamond Head and

Punchbowl came into eruption, climatic conditions have

changed which resulted in the elimination of cestus from the

neighborhood of the two now extinct volcanoes ?

Now, in relation to the fossils found on location one, this is

the nearest locality to Diamond Head; the second locality a

little further away; the third still further; and the fourth and

THE NAUTILUS.

91

fifth, the furthest of all, say about seven miles comparing with

about two and one-half miles, locality one.

The fossils were found lower than the live specimens on the

ridges, and as we go east the live specimens are found higher

up on the ridges or further away from the lower limits as indi-

cated by the fossils.

tit /'

In 1916 while the Honolulu Water Works were digging a

ditch for a pipe line, fossils of AchatineUa montaguei and buddi

were found by A. Gouveia buried about four feet deep in Manoa

valley near Manoa tennis court. The montaguei is now extinct

and the buddi nearly so in other localities. They are however

extinct in the above given locality. These shells thrived very

low once, and owing to the climatic changes the forest has dis-

appeared, thus explaining the present distribution.

The strongest evidence yet is indicated by fossil ground shells,

catalogue numbers 932 to 942 inclusive, Leptachatina oryza and

a few other unnamed varieties which were collected on the

western slope of Diamond Head, also catalogue Nos. 859 to

869 inclusive. Amastra transversal! s also Endodonta and Lepta-

chatina, Nos. 972 to 975 inclusive, collected on the town side of

92 THE NAUTILUS.

Punchbowl. These shells are frequent in occurrence and now

extinct. Dr. C. H. Hitchcock gives a very good account of the

geological occurrence or position of these shells on Diamond

Head and Punchbowl (3).

We have also collected Amastra fossils from Kahuku, Moku-

leia and Kwaihapai.

The cause of recent disappearance is the destruction of the

forest, collecting by people, and ravages of cattle and goats.

An example of this is found on Olomana where Dr. Gulick col-

lected in or about 1850. In the fifties this peak was covered

with forest which has disappeared. AchatineUa phxozona was

found on Olomana where it is not now found owing to the dis-

appearance of the forest.

Papers referred to.

1. Cooke, C. Montague. — Distribution and Variation of Acha-

tinella multizonata from Nuuanu Valley. Occasional Papers,

Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Vol. II, No. 1-5, pp. 65-76.

2. Thwing, E. \V. — Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi

Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History,

Vol. Ill, No. 1, 1907, pp. 13. Original Descriptions of Acha-

tineUa.

3. Hitchcock, C. H., and Dall, W. H.— Geology of Oahu,

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Vol. II, pp. 15

to 60, February, 1900. Notes of Fossil Land Shells on pp.

54-55.

A NEW CYPKAEA FROM HAWAII.

BY J. M. OSTERGAARD.

CYPRAEA PACIFICA, n. sp. Plate 2, lower five figs.

Whitish to cream color, richly ornamented with chestnut-

brown spots, evenly sprinkled over the dorsal surface; base,

aperture and teeth, white; resembles C. cernica Sowb. in form,

having in common with that species elevated and pitted mar-

1 Contribution from the Gulick Nat, Hist. Club.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXIII.

PLATE II.

THE LARGE ARGONAUTA COMPRESSA

CYPRAEA PACIFICA OSTERGAARD

THE NAUTILUS.

gins, though less pronounced; teeth small and delicately cut,

not confined to aperture, all extending evenly over a narrow

zone of the base.

The largest and the smallest of five specimens, dredged from

Honolulu harbor channel in 1915, measure in length 20 and

14 mm. respectively. The shells were all dead, but in a good

t4ate of preservation.

Type, one specimen in the author's collection.

REVIEW OF THE THYS&HOPHORA PLAGIOPTYCHA GROUP.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In the course of identifying specimens of this group from

Mexico and Panama it became necessary to examine all of the

material in the collection of the Academy, some 46 lots of from

one to several hundred specimens each. As some synonymy is

involved, it may be well to put the results on record.

Fig. 1. Thysanophora fmcula (C. B. Ad.), Jamaica. Fig. 2,

T. plagioptycha (Shuttl. ), Humacao, Porto Rico. Fig. 3, T.

plagioptycha, Fikahatchee Key, Florida. Fig. 4, T. cxcoides

(Tate), Panama City.

These forms were'considered to belong to the genus Acanth-

inula by Strebel and some other authors. The sculpture, how-

ever, is only superficially like that genus, but exactly like such

94 THE NAUTILUS.

typical Thysanophoras as T. crnispurcatella and hornii. There

are also species intermediate in shape, such as T. fuscula and

T. intonsa, leading from the depressed to the conic forms. It-

would be easy to tell absolutely where these snails belong if

specimens containing the animal were available.

Though not strictly germane to the subject of this paper, it

may be mentioned that Trichodiscina crinita Fulton, Proc.

Malac. Soc., London, XII, 240, from Colombia, is a species of

Ihysanophora. Some allied forms are known from Venezuela

as well as from Mexico. It has about the shape of T. conspurca-

tella or hornii. The latter, when perfectly preserved, also has

hairs.

THYSANOPHORA FUSCULA (C. B. Adams). Fig. 1.

Helix fuscula C. B. Ad., Contrib. to Conch, no. 2, 1849, p. 35.

Ihysanophora fischeri Pilsbry, Proc. A. N. S. Phil a. 1903, p.

763, pi. 49, fig. 6, 6a.

This Jamaican species has a wider umbilicus than others of

the group, contained about 6.4 times in the diameter of shell.

The figures are from a specimen from Adams, measuring: Alt.

2.15, diani. 2.55 mm., umbilicus 0.4 mm.

The sculpture of rather coarse growth wrinkles and minute,

oblique, retractive cuticular threads, does not differ materially

from that of T. plagioptycha.

I can see no material difference between the Jamaican shells

and those taken near Victoria, Tamaulipas by S. N. Rhoads,

and in the region of Tampico by A. A. Hinkley, and which I

described as T. fischeri. In these the umbilicus is contained

about 7 times in the diameter. When describing this form I

did not think to compare with the Jamaican snail. Like some

other minute species of the region, it will probably be found to

be more widely spread than now known.

THYSANOPHORA PLAGIOPTYCHA (Shuttleworth). Fig. 2.

Helix plagioptycha Shuttl., Mittheil. der Naturforschenden

Gesellschaft in Bern, 1854, p. 37 (Porto Rico and Vieque).

Helix ierensis Guppy, Proc. Scient. Asso. Trinidad. 1869, p.

242; Amer. Journ. of Conch. VI, 1871, p. 307, pi. 17, fig. 4.

Pfeiffer, Mon. Hel. Viv. VII, p. 549.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

A specimen from Humacao, Porto Rico, which may be taken

as type locality, is figured. It scarcely shows growth striae, but

the oblique cuticular threads are very well developed, extend-

ing upon the base. The umbilicus is contained between 10 and

11 times in the diameter. Alt. 2.25, diam. 2.5mm., umbil-

icus 0.23 mm.; 4J whorls.

The specimens from Florida (fig. 3, Fikahatchee Key) are

often larger, diam. 3 to 3.2 ram., with the umbilicus slightly

larger, 7% to 8 times in the diameter. The sculpture is rarely

so perfectly developed (or preserved) as in the Porto Rico

shells. It is a common species on the keys and in some places

on the mainland, as at Miami and Osprey.

A single small example from Brownsville, Texas, has the

umbilicus remarkably small, contained about 14 times in the

diameter. It is more depressed than T. csecoides. It may rep-

resent a distinct race, but further material is needed.

Guppy has recorded the species (as Helix ierensis} from Trin-

idad. Specimens are at hand from St. Lucia (Tate), Cariaco,

Venezuela (F. R. Cocking) and the U. S. of Colombia (R. Swift

coll.)- All of these are rather openly umbilicate, like the most

widely umbilicate Florida shells, but not as open as T.

fuscula.

The late Mr. E. A. Smith, in his excellent paper on Trinidad

shells (Journ. of Conch. VIII, p. 239), considered plagioptycha

and -ierensis synonyms of fuscula Ad., but while the difference

is not great, I have been unable to trace a real transition in the

size of the umbilicus, and for the present it seems best to recog-

nize the distinction. I have seen but three Jamaican speci-

mens, however.

THYSANOPHORA C^ECOIDES (Tate). Fig. 4.

Helix csecoides Tate, Amer. Journ. of Conch. V, p. 153, Feb.,

1870.

Helix guatemalensis Crosse et Fischer, Journ. de Conchyl. XX,

p. 222, 1872; XXI, p. 274, pi. 9, fig. 3, 1873; Miss. Sci. Mex.,

Moll., II, p. 664, pi. 71, figs. 9-96 (Guatemala, Sarg.).

Acanthinula yranum St.rebel, Beitrag Mex. IV, 18SO, p. 31,

pi. 4, f. 13 (Plantage Mirador).

Yucatan: Progreso (Heilprin Exped. 1890). Guatemala:

96 THE NAUTILUS.

Quirigua (W. P. Cockerell, 1912). Nicaragua: Chontales

forest, in moss on trees (Tate, type of H. c&coides). Rep. de

Panama: Boco del Toro (Tate, in A. N. S. P.); City of Panama

(James Zetek).

This species differs very little from 2'. plagioptycha or fuscula

in size, general shape and sculpture, but is readily distinguished

by the very small, partly covered umbilical perforation. The

umbilicus, while small, is much larger in the other species.

Part of the type lot of T. ccecoides is in the collection of the

Academy, No. 12159, received from Prof. Tate. The original

figures of H. guatemalensis are hardly recognizable, but those in

the Mexican monograph are fairly good. I am not quite sure

that the East Mexican Acanthinula granum Strebel (1880) be-

longs to this species, but the photographic figure shows only a

very small umbilicus as in csecoides. This may be taken up

when topotypes are available.

The locality records are all for specimens in the collection of

the Academy. Specimens from Costa Pica are still wanting.

LAND SHELLS OF MAINE.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

While botanizing in Maine in 1916 Mr. Bayard Long col-

lected leaf mould containing land shells at numerous localities.

A list of these stations with brief statement of the conditions

and the dates is given below, the locality being condensed to a

single word in the following list of species.

While most of the species have been known from Maine, it is

hoped that the list will have interest to those who may study

the details of distribution in the State.

York Co. — In moist woods bordering the salt marsh at

Kittery, viii, 11; in moist woods at York, viii, 9; at the edge of

a spring rill on the border of the salt marsh at Wells, viii, 8; in

moist thickets along a small stream at Limington, viii, 29.

Cumberland Co. — In a moist wooded gulley near Steep Falls

in Baldwin, viii, 28; around Sand Pond, Baldwin, viii, 30;

Douglas Hill in Sebago, viii, 30.

THE NAUTILUS. 97

Sagadahoc Co. — Back River Creek, Woolwich, ix, 15; near a

marsh at Bowdoinham, ix, 9 and ix, 14.

Hancock Co. — In a deciduous woods near Green Pond, viii.

18.

Kennebec Co. — On wooded-terraces along Kennebec River at

Sidney, viii, 18.

Somerset Co. — On wooded terraces along Kennebec River at

Fairfield, vii, 24.

Piscataquis Co. — Under logs and boards along the Piscataquis

River at Abbott, viii, 15.

Penobscot Co. — On the wooded gr.ivel terrace along Souadab-

scook Stream at Hampden, ix, 8 and ix, 11; from the wooded

rocky ledge along the Penobscot River near Hampden Corner

in Hampden, ix, 8; near the Penobscot River at Veazie, viii, 4;

Orono, viii, 3 and viii, 24; in alluvial woods along the Penob-

scot River at Old Town, vii, 27; Otter Chain Pond at Milford,

viii, 25; in moist river shore thickets at Winn, viii, 10.

Aroostook Co. — In rich woods near Maduxnekeag River at

Monticello, vii, 12; in rich woods at Houlton, viii, 13, 1916.

Polygyra fraterna cava P. & V. Sebago, Sidney, Fairfield,

Hampden, and Hampden Corner.

Strobilops labyrinthica Say. Kittery, Green Pond, Sidney,

Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden, Winn, and Monticello.

Strobilops affinis Pils. Sebago.

Gastrocopta pentodon Say. Sidney, Abbott, Hampden Corner,

and Winn.

Gastrocopta pentodon tappaniana Ad. Old Town.

Vertigo ventricosa Morse. Kittery, Green Pond, Fairtield,

Orono, and Winn.

Vallonia excentrica St. Kittery and Orono.

Acanthinula harpa Say. Fairfield.

Columella edentula Drap. Sidney and Monticello.

Cochlicopa lubrica- Miill. Bowdoinham, Sidney, Abbott. Fair-

field, Hampden, Hampden Corner, and Orono.

Circinctrin conraia Say. Bowdoinham. Sidney, and Fairfield.

Vitrina limpida Gld. Kittery, Old Town, and Winn.

Polita hammonis Strom. York, Limington, Bowdoinham,

Green Pond, Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden, Orono, Old

Town, Winn, and Monticello.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Polita binneyana Morse. Sebago, Sidney, Abbott, and

Hampden.

Polita indentata Say. York, Green Pond, and Fairfield.

Paravitrea lamellidens Pils. Green Pond, Sidney, and

Abbott,

Euconulus chersinus Say. Abbott.

Euconulus fulvus Mull. Sebago, Bowdoinham, Hampden

Corner, and Winn.

Zonitoides arborea Say. Kittery, Sebago, Bowdoinham, Green

Pond, Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden Corner, Orono, and

Monticello.

Zonitoides minuscula Binn. Sidney.

Striatura ferrea Mrse. York, Steep Falls, Green Pond, Sid-

ney, and Houlton.

Striatura exigua Stm. Steep Falls, Sebago, Green Pond,

Fairfield, Abbott, Old Town, Winn, Milford, and Monticello.

Striatura inilium Mrse. York, Baldwin, Green Pond, Sidney,

Abbott, Hampden, Old Town, and Winn.

Agriolimax campestris Binn. Orono.

Agriolimax agrestis L. Orono.

Arion circumscriptus Jhn. Orono.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Sidney, Fairfield, Hampden, and

Hampden Corners.

Pyramidula c. anthonyi Pils. Kittery, Sidney, Fairfield,

Abbott, Hampden, Orono, and Winn.

Pyramidula c. catskillensis Pils. York, Limington, Sebago,

Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden Corner, Winn, and Monticello.

Pyramidula (Planogyra*) asteriscus Mrse. Winn.

.Helicodiscus parallelus Say. York, Steep Falls, Green Pond,

Sidney, Abbott, Fairfield, Hampden Corner, Orono, Old Town,

Milford, and Monticello.

Punctum pygmaeum Drap. York, Green Pond, Sidney, Fair-

field, Abbott, Hampden Corner, and Winn.

Succinea retusa Lea. Bowdoinham and Fairfield.

Sacdnea ovalis Say. Kittery, Limington, Woolwich, Bow-

doinham, Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, Hampden, Hampden

Corner, Veazie, Orono, Old Town, Milford, Winn, and Monti-

cello.

THE NAUTILUS. 99

Succinea avara Say. Limington, Bowcloinham, and VTeazie.

Succinea aurea Lea. Weils.

Carychium exile canadense Cl. Sidney, Fairfield, Abbott, and

Monticello.

Carychium exiguum Say. Bowdoinham, Old Town, and Winn.

ANCYLUS OBSCURUS HALBEMAN AND SPECIES REFERRED TO IT.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

I.

The available information down to 1903 in regard to Halde-

man's species was summarized in niy paper in the NAUTILUS,

XVII, p. 25. The re-discovery of A. obscurus by Goodrich in

1913 (NAUT., XXVII, p. 92) in the South Fork of the Powell

River at Big Stone Gap, Wise Co., Va., has enabled the specific

standing of that species to be definitely determined and given

a basis for comparison with other forms that have been referred

to it.

Through the courtesy of Miss Crystal Thompson, the Curator

of the Amherst College Museum, I have been able to examine

all of the Ancylidx in the C. B. Adams collection. This

material with some other in mv own collection obtained from

•/

different sources has enabled me to come to conclusions, more

or less definite, in regard to the recorded citations of Halde-

man's species in Florida and the West Inclias.

The doubt expressed by Bourguignat, Tryon and Clessin as

to the correctness of the West- Indian citations proves to be

fully justified.

In the Adams collection are two lots labeled "A. obscurus?

Hald." These contain three very distinct species, none of

which is obscurv^. They will be considered separately.

One of these, however, is identical with a set in my own col-

lection received as " A. ohscurus''' from Sowerby and Fulton

and these again are the same as a set in the MacAndrew collec-

tion labeled "A chittyi Ads." from Guadeloupe. The original

100 THE NAUTILUS.

label is with these specimens, but I have not been able to

identify the handwriting. It is quite possible that they came

from Marie as MacAndrew had considerable material from the

Marie collection. These shells do not at all agree with Adams'

description of chittyi nor with the figure of that species given by

Bourguignat in the J. de Con,, IV, 1853, p. 172, pi. VI, fig.

10. Unfortunately Bourguignat does not state whether his

figure was drawn from the unique type in the Chitty collection

or not. It seems possible that the citation of obscurus from

Guadeloupe by Fischer in 1853, which Maze in 1883 states had

not been verified to his knowledge, may have been based on

similar specimens. Curiously enough, however, I have a speci-

men of this same species received from Geret of Paris as from

the Crosse collection, which has no specific name attached

whatever.

The citation of A. obscurus from St. Thomas rests entirely

upon Shuttleworth's citation in his " Catalogue of the Terres-

trial and Fluviatile Shells of St. Thomas" (Ann. Lye. Nat.

Hist., N. Y., VI, 1854, p. 72) and repeated in his paper on

"The Land and Fresh-water Shells of Porto Rico" (Diag.

NeuerMoll., No. 6, 1854, p. 99). Shuttleworth expressly states

that he relied on Adams' identification for the name. In the

Adams collection is an unidentified set of a small Ancylus from

St. Thomas received from Bland and, no doubt, collected by

him on his visit to that island in 1852, which is entirely differ-

ent from Haldeman's species. Bland in his notes to Shuttle-

worth's paper (1. c. p. 68) states that he had sent to Shuttle-

worth specimens of all the species that he had collected on St.

Thomas and, though it is possible that Shuttleworth's speci-

mens were received from his own collector, Blauner, it is prob-

able, especially as he relied on Adams' identification, that were

received from Bland and, if so, were, no doubt, part of the same

lot in the Adams collection.

As suspected at the time and intimated in my paper (1. c. 26)

the Floridan species referred to obscurus by Dall is quite differ-

ent also.

I have not been able to obtain any additional information in

regard to the species from Porto Rico referred to obscurus by

THE NAUTILUS. 101

Shuttleworth (1. c. p. 98). But it is very improbable that it

is really Haldeman's specie?.

All this leads to the very definite conclusion that A. obscurna

Hald. is restricted to the head-waters of the Tennessee system

in Virginia and Tennessee and does not occur in Florida or the

West Indies.

Clessin (Con. Cab., Ancylus, p. 14) designated A. obscurus as

the type of his group, Haldemania. As both ihe genuine ob-

scurus and the species that he took for it are Lsevapices it is

immaterial which should be considered to be his type. Halde-

mania having been preoccupied by Tryon (1862), Clessin' s

name can not be used and must fall into the synonymy of

Lsevapcx.

II.

FERRISSIA (L/TCVAPEX) OBSCURA (Hald.).*

Ancylus obscurus Haldeman, Mon., 1844, p. 9, pi. I, fig. 5;

W. G. Binney, L. and F.-W. Shells, Pt. II, 1865, p. 139, fig.

232.

Haldeman's unique type came from the Nolachucky River,

below Greeneville, Tenn. It measured: Length 5, width 3.5,

alt. 1.5 mm. I have before me three specimens (Coll. Walker,

No. 36292) collected by Goodrich in the South Fork of the

Powell River at Big Stone Gap, Wise Co., Va. They measure

respectively: Length 6.5, width 5, alt. 2.5 mm.; length 6.3,

width 4.5, alt. 2 mm.; length 5.3, width 4, alt. 1.5 mm.

It will be noticed that the dimensions of the smallest speci-

men agree quite exactly with those of Haldeman's type. It

also agrees in other particulars with his description and I have

no doubt but that it is the same species. If so, the type was

not fully matured and the largest specimen given above and to

be figured hereafter represents the fully matured form. As

shown by the figures it is an obovate shell, broadly rounded

anteriorly and regularly, though more narrowly, rounded pos-

teriorly, the lateral margins being about equally curved; the

*The species will be figured in connection with the concluding part of this

paper.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

anterior slope is nearly straight; the posterior slope slightly

concave; the left lateral slope nearly straight or only slightly

convex and the right lateral slope concave; the apex is ohtuse,

smooth except for concentric wrinkles, situated nearly on the

nedian line, slightly turned toward the right and at about one-

third of the length; the lines of growth are tine, but distinct

and regular, the surface is somewhat obsoletely wrinkled to-

wards the margins, but there are no indications of radial striae;

the color is a yellowish horn-color, slightly tinged with green.

Compared with F. diaphana < Hald. ) and F. kirklandi (Walk. )

to which it is most nearly related, it is less circular in outline,

the apex is more prominent, the lateral and posterior slopes are

unlike and the color is different from the former, and it is less

elongated and has the apex more obtuse and less excentric than

the latter.

So far as appears from the small series examined, it would

seem to be clearly entitled to specific distinction.

III.

FERRISSIA (L.^VAPEX) DALLI, n. sp.

? Ancyliis obscurus Clessin, Con. Cab., Ancylus, 1882, p. 19,

pi. VI. fig. 4.

Ancycus obscurus? Walker, NAUT., XIII, 1903, p. 26, pi. I,

figs. 16-18.

Type locality, Lake Helena, Volusia Co. , Fla.

Type No. 25521 Coll. Walker. Cotypes in the collection of

A. A. Hinkley.

Tne doubt expressed in my paper of 1903 (1. c. ) as to the

identity of the Floridan species referred to obscurus Hald. by

Ball proves to have been well taken. As shown by a compari-

son qf the description and figures given in 1903 as cited above

and those of the genuine obscurus herein, the Floridan species

is entirely different and is more closely related to F. peninsulas.

(P. and J. ) than it is to obscurus.

I have already (1. c. ) called attention to the resemblance of

the shell described and figured by Clessin as A. obscurus to this

form. He gives no information as to the history of the speci-

THE NAUTILUS. 103

men figured, but it is so different from the genuine obscurus,

that I have but little hesitancy in referring it to this species.

As the Floridan form is a well-marked and distinct species,

it must be recognized and I take pleasure in associating with it

the name of Dr. Dall, who first called attention to its occur-

rence in Florida.

( To be continued. )

A NEW SPECIES OF MITSA FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY WM. HEALEY DALL.

MITRA OECUTTI, new species.

Shell small, white, mottled with yellow brown, with five

whorls of which the white smooth blunt nucleus comprises one;

suture distinct, whorls moderately convex; spiral sculpture of

(between the sutures four, on the last whorl about a dozen)

strong rounded close-set cords closely undulated behind the

periphery by numerous low narrow axial riblets with about

equal interspaces; the cords in front of the periphery are not

undulated, but extend to the end of the canal; there are also

very fine axial striae in the interspaces: aperture narrow, simple,

the pillar with two plaits, the canal hardly differentiated.

Height of shell 5.6; of last whorl 2.6; diameter 2.7 mm. U. S.

N. Mus. Cat. No. 334567. La Jolla, near San Diego, Cal. ;

C. R. Orcutt.

CHANGES IN WESTERN MOLLUSC AN FAUNAS.

BY JUNTOS HENDERSON.

In 1889 Professor T. D. A. Cockerell (Jour. Conch., VI, 61)

reported the following species as obtained by Mr. Charles T.

Simpson in Lodgepole Creek, Northeastern Colorado:

Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea).

Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes).

Lampsilis luteola (Lam.).

Anodonta grandis gigantea Lea.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Except the Anodonta these species have not yet been recorded

anywhere else in Colorado, though we have in the University of

Colorado Museum unreported specimens of the Anodontoides

from Julesburg, Denver and Boulder. Possibly Lampsilis no

longer lives in the State. In 1912, in company with Dr. Max

M. Ellis, I visited Lodgepole Creek and searched the stream

from the northern state boundary to its junction with South

Platte River. We found no Unionidae except some dead shells

of Anodontoides. Perhaps that species was still living in a deep

pool a few rods south of the state boundary, though in seining

it for fishes we found none. A rancher near by told us there

were " clams " in the pool. The rest of the stream was shallow

and so narrow one could step or jump over it in most places.

Probably later in the summer of dry, hot seasons, when the

natural flow was diminished and the demand for irrigation

water is great, it may entirely dry up in its lower course. 1

wrote to Mr. Simpson, calling his attention to present condi-

tions and the evident disappearance of the Lampsilis, and ask-

ing what the conditions were when he was there. He replied

that as he recalled it the creek was then from 6 to 10 feet wide,

but that the taking of water from the South Platte for irrigation

had caused the river to go dry at Julesburg during his three

years residence, and suggesting that the same thing had likely

since happened in the creek. This seems exceedingly probable.

Mr. Simpson also added: "The Unio anodontoides is probably

Lampsilis falladosus, not then recognized." My intention in

1912 was to publish an account of our experience, but it was

side-tracked and finally passed out of mind. It has recently

been brought forward by finding in the report of the Fremont

Expedition, 1845, p. 25, the statement that on July 6, 1842,

Lodgepole Creek was a "clear, handsome stream" (hence at

low water stage), with a "uniform breadth of twentj^-two feet

and six inches in depth." This confirms the supposed dimin-

ution of water in the stream in recent times.

In 1906 the bed of the lower portion of Crow Creek, east and

northeast of Greeley, Colorado, was dry, except just after storms,

the water percolating through the deep sand in the channel, a

characteristic of many western streams. Up stream, just above

THE NAUTILUS. 105

where the water disappeared, was a series of clear, rather deep

pools, called '' water holes," connected by a tiny, clear rivulet.

In one of these pools was collected that year the type lot of

Sphaerium hendersoni Sterki. Then came the "boom" in dry

lands in Eastern Colorado. Scores of small tracts of prairie

sod, many of them on steep slopes, were broken by the settler's

plow. The dry soil, no longer held together by the sod, w«s

carried into the valley by summer storms, filling many of the

pools and depositing a thick coat of mud over the whole stream

bed. In June, 1912, I revisited the locality, and found no

clear water at all, and not a single mollusk of any species. The

sluggish stream carried a heavy load of silt so fine it would not

settle. Probably the Sphaerium is extinct at the type locality.

It is likely that innumerable changes in the faunas of the

West are occurring as a result of the settlement of the country

and consequent changes in environment. This is known to be

true of birds and mammals. For this reason it is desirable that

biological work in this vast region be pushed as rapidly as pos-

sible, to provide data for future estimates of biological changes.

NOTES.

HODGSON COLLECTION. I have just secured the collection of

the late Chas. S. Hodgson, containing some 2500 to 3000

species, a few fossils and books. Besides his work in Illinois

he did considerable collecting in other places and added to the

collection by exchange and purchase. — A. A. HINKLEY.

DR. G. DALLAS HANNA, who for eight years has been an

assistant in the United States Bureau of Fisheries, has been ap-

pointed curator of invertebrate paleontology in the California

Academy of Sciences. Dr. Hanna has for seven seasons been

engaged in scientific work on the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, hav-

ing taken the census of the fur seal herd for five consecutive

years. He brings to the museum of the Academy his collection

of mollusks which numbers about 100,000 specimens.

FLUKE IN PHILOMYCUS. It may be of interest to the readers

-

~: ; ' \i-

:

-

-

:«L

- •

-

- - ^i - — _ -

•

• - " : -7

" P6-

•

- - •-

_

-

108 THE NAUTILUS.

On the generic names for two British Ellobiidae [plim Auricu-

lidae]. Myosotis, Draparnaud, (_= denticidatus Montagu) and

bidentatus, Montagu. By A. S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward,

pp. 136-139.

E. Forbes* s notes in his copy of S. Loven's Index Molluscorwn

Scandinaviae occidentalia habitantium. By A. Reynell, pp. 140-

141.

On Opens strigile (M. & P.) and its allies. By M. Connolly,

pp. 142-144, 4 figs.

Addendum to remarks on the recent species of Morum, Bolten.

By J. C. Melvill, p. 145.

Notes on the non-marine Mollusca observed in East Ross and the

Orkney and Shetland Islands. By K. H. Jones and A. S. Ken-

nard, pp. 146-152.

Description of Ampullaria mermodi, n. sp. By G. B. Sowerby,

pp. 152-153, with fig.

On Ammonites navicularis Mantell. By the late G. C. Crick,

pp. 154-160, pi. 4.

On a Sandstone cast of Aturia aturi (Basterot~) f from the miocene

of Western Australia.. By R. B. Newton, pp. 160-167, pis. 5, 6.

The MoUusca of Marsascirocco Harbor, Malta. By G. Despott,

pp. 168-183, with map.

THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY, VOL. 16, No. 2, AUGUST, 1919.

Brachypodella oropouchensis, nov. qj. from Trinidad, W. I. By

Geo. C. Spence, pp. 42-43, pi. 1.

Tropidophora standeni, nov. sp. from Madagascar. By Geo. C.

Spence, p. 43, pi. 1.

Field Notes on Helicodonta obvoluta Midi By H. Beeston, pp.

44-50.

Spirula peroni Lamarck in North Devon. By Alan Gardiner,

p. 50.

Occurrence of Hartmannia septemspiralis and H. patula in Eng-

land. By H. C. Huggins, pp. 51-52.

Genitalia of Azeca tridens and Cochlicopa lubrica. By A. E.

Boycott, pp. 53, 54, figs.

Parthenogenesis in Paludestrina jenkinsi. By A. E. Boycott,

p. 54.

Sinistral Limnaea pereger Mull, and its progeny. By J. H.

Hargreaves, pp. 55-57.

Notes an Limnaea pereger m. sinistrorsum. Bv W. H. Hutton,

pp. 58, 59.

On a colony of Cochlicopa lubrica Mull. By S. S. Pearce, p. 59.

Note on the reproduction of Obeliscus obeliscus. By Geo. C.

Spence, p. 67.

H C r.

Z™

s

< ' .

> < =

< i

z t

X

X

X

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXIII APRIL, 1920. No. 4.

THE NAVAJO NATION.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

Sixty miles west of the corner post of Arizona, New Mexico,

Colorado and Utah, the 1919 summer class in archasology,

Arizona University, encamped at the foot of Navajo Mountain.

Here is the greatest number of ancient cliff cities and villages

and the greatest of known natural bridges. In scenery, colors,

heroic size and architecture, it is Grand Canyon in character.

Navajo Mountain astraddle the Arizona- Utah line stands on the

south rim of the Grand Canyon, a short distance above Marble

Canyon and Lee's Ferry.

In reality the region from the Mesa Verde National Park,

Colorado, on the east, to the Zion National Park, Virgin River,

Arizona, on the west, it is something of a wonder-spot of the

world, and all of it astonishing. The greater cliff ruins, Mesa

Verde, Keet Seel, Betatakin and many others as interesting; the

Monument Park, a plateau of natural pinnacles and steeples,

and the Chinle and Canyon de Chelly valleys are along the

eastern border. Then westward lie the painted deserts, petrified

forests, the Grand Canyon, the Kaibab forest, underground

lakes of Kanab, lava cones of Mount Trumbull, Hurricane

Fault, Grand Wash, canyons of Virgin River, plains of wild

horses and the largest Indian population in the United States

still living in the Indian way. Except to the explorers, archae-

ologists, geologists and mineralogists it is the great unknown of

America, and the farthest from a railway.

Dr. Byron Cummings, dean of archaeology, Arizona Univer-

110 THE NAUTILUS.

sity, and his explorer-companion, John Wetherill, post-trader

and postmaster at Kayenta, A.riz. , have explored and studied

conditions here at this eastern border for more than twenty

years, and by right of discovery (as in conchology) should

have their names attached to the greater number of ruins and

bridges, for they have been the first discoverers, scientifically.

Herbert E. Gregory ' for the government has made a thorough

geologic survey of this eastern section covering the Navajo

nation, some 22,725 miles. Others before Gregory have written

and surveyed, but he is the latest and best authority. Col.

Roosevelt and his boys, Zane Grey, the Kolb Brothers and other

strenuous persons have visited the Rainbow Bridge but not over

150 white people all told have made the journey. Thus to the

students in botany, archaeology, conchology, entomology and

the reptile hunters, it is a field of great promise. The health

seeker and tourist will soon follow, and with profit.

The Indian population of the Navajo country as estimated in

1912 was 32,000, of which 30,016 were Navajo, 2,272 Hopis

("Moquoi" is a Navajo nickname for the Hopis), and 200

Piutes and 521 white Indian agents, teachers and traders. North

of the San Juan River in Utah and Colorado adjoining is another

large reservation of Utes.

From a high elevation this country appears to be and it is a

plateau formation. The average elevation is about 5,500 feet

above the sea. The mountains rise above and the canyons fall

below this level. To the traveler negotiating the sand dunes,

diving into water-worn gulches, and sliding over the wind-swept

bed rocks, the plateau definition may seem a gross exaggeration.

However it is a plateau, 32 per cent, from 6,000 to 7,000 feet,

and 10 per cent, from 7,000 to 9,000 feet above sea level. The

water of the Colorado River is but 3,400 feet at this point, and

in a distance of eight miles to the peak of Navajo Mountain,

10,416 feet, a horizontal difference of 4,016 feet.

The mean annual rainfall at eight stations in and around the

1 Geology of the Navajo Country, Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. By

Herbert E. Gregory, 1917, U. S. Professional Paper. 93. Also by the same

author, The San Juan Oil Field, Bui. 431.

THE NAUTILUS.

Nation runs from 5 to 13 inches, but the variation by months or

years shows a wide range, varying from one-half to twice the

average. Over one-third of the rainfall may be credited to July,

August and September ; about 12 per cent, to April, May and

June.

( To be continued)

ON THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF STATEN ISLAND, N. Y.

BY ARTHUR JACOT.

During the past summer I was enabled to continue a study

of the shells to be found along the southeast shore of Staten

Island working beyond the region reported upon in the January

(1919) number of " THE NAUTILUS."

A week was spent at Great Kills Bay and vicinity. This bay

was formed by a sand-spit dropped by the lower New York Bay

waters as they struck the current of the Kills which flow out at

this point. Though half a mile narrower than its width (one

mile), the bay is very shallow; the upper section, enclosed by

high grasses except at the base of the sand-spit, is but two feet

deep at low tide and covered with eel-grass, while the lower

section is lined on the land side with cottages, hotels, piers, etc. ,

is free from eel-grass, averages six to seven feet deep at low tide

and is choked with launches and oyster boats. Throughout its

extent, the bottom is formed of a soft, sticky clay, which mixes

readily with the water. Due to this clay, the number of gaso-

line boats, and possibly the sewers near the entrance, the mol-

luscan fauna consists of the hardiest species only.

Although we diluted and strained clay for hours at a time at

the stations indicated, we found very few species. At one

locality, dug-up clay mixed with a little sand yielded shells

which from their leached-out appearance might be considered

fossil. These fossil shells were much more numerous than those

found above them on the surface. Baraen truncala, whose

valves I have found in abundance lying on the bottom of the

upper part of the bay a year and a half before, was not noticed.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

Alectrion obsoleta was everywhere very abundant, the shell reach-

ing a length of an inch, and occasionally having the surface

largely eaten away. One was found with a prominent, biangu-

late carina just above the center of the body whorl so that it

appears immediately above the suture on the penultimate whorl,

becoming obsolete half way around that whorl. The other

shells found, not including the countless fragments, were:

Macoma balthica (Linne) few, mostly young.

Mya arenaria Linne few, mostly young,

Odostomia impressa (Say) few.

Odostomia trifida (Totten) fairly common.

Odostomia bisturalis (Say) few.

Crepidula fornicata Linne occasional.

Paludestrina minuta (Totten) rare.

Lacuna vincta fusca Gould one.

The fossil shells include:

Mya arenaria (Linne) few.

Crepidula fornicata Linne few.

Crepidula glauca convexa Say few.

Crepidula plana Say rare.

Bittium alternatum (Say) The only specimen found meas-

ures 7.25 mm. in length by 2.5 mm. in width and has

eight closely crowded spiral bands on each of the last two

whorls.

Alectrion obsoleta (Say) abundant.

Alectrion trivittata (Say) few.

Urosalpinx cinerea (Say) occasional.

At the base of the sand-spit there is a small influx of sand

where the waters of the bay have been cutting across during

the last two or three years, and a new fauna is being introduced

consisting of:

Venus mercenaria Linne young.

Gemma gemma purpurea (H. C. Lea) abundant.

Mya arenaria (Linne") few.

Ensis directus (Conrad) few.

Crepidula fornicata Linn£ few.

Alectrion obsoleta (Say) occasional.

THE NAUTILUS. 113

Alectrion trivittata (Say) common.

Eupleura caudata (Say) few.

Urosalpinx cinerea (Say) occasional.

The sod-bank or Modiolus demissus association was to be

found on any clay or hard-mud bank exposed between tides.

This association consists principally of Modiolus demissus pli-

catulus packed tight one against the other or separated by

Mytilus edulis packed just as closely, over both of which crawl

Litorina littorea and L. rudis. Modiolus demissus demissus is found

very thinly scattered among the individuals of the northern

form. That the southern variety was once the predominant

form over this area is evident from the fact that the sod banks

on which plicatuliis is now living contain the dead valves of the

southern form exclusively, in large numbers and buried to a

depth of 8 or 10 inches below the surface in company with My a

arenaria. I do not think the two forms interbreed.

Half a mile southeast of the bay where there is a stone jetty

running out into water four to five feet deep at low tide, the

rocks and bottom were searched but with very discouraging re-

sults. The water all along this section of the island is heavily

laden with fine mud from the red dirt characteristic of that part

of the island. This we believe to be the reason for the scarcity

of mollusca along the beaches southeastward. A shattered but

uneroded and still united pair of valves of Modiolus modiolus

(Linne) were found at Seaside Beach.

Our survey of the island showed the north and northeast

shore of the island to be rocky and built over by commercial

interests. From Fort Wadsworth to Prince's Bay (the south-

east cost) there are sandy beaches interrupted by sod-banks.

As one progresses southeastward these beaches become more

and more rocky to Prince's Bay, from which point and around

the southern end of the island the shore is characteristically

rocky. The remaining (western) coast line is lost in a maze of

salt marsh. Thus there are but two places along the southeast

coast of Staten Island where Mollusca are of special interest,

namely, the sand flats between South and Midland Beaches and

the complex about the base of the Great Kills Bay spit. The

southern end of the island was not studied.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

In connection with this work I have endeavored to learn what

work has already been done on the Mollusca of Staten Island.

The literature is as follows:

Wheatley, Charles M., Catalogue of the Shells of the United

States and their Localities, 12 pp., 1842 & 1845.

Eleven species are here listed as coming from S. I., of which

Periploma leanum, Pandora gouldiana, Lyonsia hyalina and Astarte

castanea are mentioned as fairly common or abundant. The

last one I have not as yet found on the island although it is

found on the Long Island ocean beaches in increasing abund-

ance with distance from the city.

DeKay, James E., Nat. Hist, of N. Y., Zoology of N. Y.,

Mollusca, 271 pp., 40 pis., 1843.

Pandora gouldiana, Pkolas truncata, Odostomia triftda, Colum-

bdla avara and ('. lunata are recorded from the island on the

authority of Wheatley.

Hubbard, Eber ' Ward & Smith, Sanderson, Catalogue of the

Mollusca of Staten Island, Annals of the Lyceum of Nat. Hist,

of N. Y., vol. 7, pp. 151-154, 1865.

This paper is revised in:

Smith, S., Catalogue of the Mollusca of S. L, Nat. Sci. Ass.

of S. L, Proc., vol. 1, p. 35, 1886 and p. 50, 1887.

Of the 78 species listed, Solemya velum, Yoldia limatula, Nucula

proxima, Venericardia horealis, Rochefortia planulata, Cardium

mortoni, Cumingia tellinoides, Siliqua costata, Zirfaea wispata,

Epitonium lineata, E. humphreymi, Triphoris per versa nlgrocincta,

Cerithiopsi* greenii, Bittiwn aUernatum, Columbella avara, Man-

gilia cerina (M. plicata not mentioned), and Acteon pundostriata

are the rarer species listed. Anomia aculeata, Pholas costata,

Martesia tmithii, Litorina irrorata, Natica pusttla, Aledrion vibex

and Hami.nea solitaria are of special rarity. I do not know of

their having been again reported from the vicinity of the city.

Astarte castanea is included on authority of Wheatley. The list

is largely based on dredgings made about the southern end of

the island by Hubbard whose collection was later sold to Crooke,

whose collection now forms part of the American Museum col-

'The " J" in the literature is an error.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

lection. Of these rarest species Marietta sinithii [Martesia car-

ibaea] is the only one now in the Am. Mus. (local) collection.

Davis, W. T., Variations of My a arena-rid on the shores of

S. I., Nat. Sci. Ass. of S. I., Proc., vol. 1, p. 20, 1885.

On rocky ground the valves are of moderate size, the ends

often broken and the exterior corrugated; in sandy ground the

valves are very thin, of even growth, the markings complete,

they are beautiful in form and color and of largest size; in peat

the valves are very much deformed and much rounded.

On the distribution of Litorina littoralis, idem., vol. 1, p. 61,

1888 and vol. 3, p. 50, 1893.

It was first noticed by Mr. Hollick at the Narrows in 1888.

Smith, S., & Prime, Temple, Pteport on the Mollusca of L. I,

and its Dependencies, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. 9, pp.

377-417, 1870.

Herein Odostoniia trifida, 0. bisutural-is, Polinices triseriahi,

Paludestrina mlnuta, Litorina rndi», L. littoralis and Lacuna,

vincta are recorded as having their southern limit at S. I. This

is certainly not the case with the first four species.

From these records one is struck by the decrease in the fauna

accompanying the expansion of the city. One of the important

factors in the extermination of the less hardy species is the

crowding of the beaches for miles beyond the city limits with

cottages and bungalos and the accompanying gasoline boats.

This evil is obviated by the purchase of the land for large

private estates and clubs.

VITREA (PARAVITREA) MULTIDENTATA AND LAMELLIDENS.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

Having recently received a specimen of V. lamellidens from

Norway, Me. , I have gone over my collection with the idea of

trying to find if lamellidens as it occurs in the north is really the

same as the typical form from the Great Smoky Mountains or,

as Dr. Pilsbry suggests in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1903, p. 209,

merely "accelerated individuals (of multidentata), sporadically

occurring. ' '

116 THE NAUTILUS.

The figures on PI. Ill are from camera-lucida drawings all

magnified 10 diameters. The shells were selected for size only,

that is as near the same size as possible from material at hand,

and from localities as near together as I had them in my collec-

tion. Figs. 13 to 16 are large shells of each species.

1 — lamellidens Thunderhead, Gt.

Smoky Mts Diana. 2.70 mm., Umbilicus .29 mm. i

2 — multidentata Oakdale, Morgan Co.,

Tenn " 2.70 " " .52 " J

3 — lamellidens Anderson, Franklin

Co., Tenn " 1.96 " .29

r

4 — multidentata Sherwood, Franklin

I

Co., Tenn " 2.19 " .15

5 — lamellidens Banners Elk, Wautauga ->

Co., N. C " 2.40 " " .29 "

6 — multidentata Cranberry, Mitchell

Co., N. C " 2.65 " " .46 "

7— lamellidens Litchfield, N. Y . . . " 2.40 " " .29 " "I

8— multidentata Litchfield, N. Y. . . " 2.53 " .46 " /

9— lamellidens Deering, N. H. . . . " 2.13 " " .20 " 1

10— multidentata Hoosic, N. Y. . . . " 2.53 " .46 " /

11 — lamellidens Norway, Me " 2.08 " .23 " 1

12 — multidentata Quebec, Can. ... " 2.70 " " .40 " /

13 — lamellidens No. 1, large shell . . " 3.90 " " .46 "

14 — multidentata Stevenson, Ala., large " 3.11 " " .69

15 — lamellidens No. 1 same size as No.

14 " 3.11 " .35

16— multidmtata largest Quebec .... " 3.07 .63 "

17 — lamellidens No. 1 same size as 7, 9

and 11 " 2.21 " .29 "

18 — lamellidens No. 1 same size as 7, 9

and 11 " 2.27 .29 "

From the measurements given above it will be seen that in

shells of approximately the same diameter the umbilicus in

lamellidens is about three-fifths of the diameter of that of multi-

dentata, the single marked exception being Nos. 3 and 4.

In figures 13, 14, 15 and 16, mature shells, it will be noticed

that in multidentata the umbilicus widens rapidly in the last

whorl while in lamellidens it does not. This can also be seen

in the other figures, but it is not so pronounced.

THE NAUTILUS. 117

A series of 76 multidentata from 13 localities and 45 lamelUdens

from 8 localities were measured. Where I had only a few from

a given locality all were measured, but in the case of large series

a few were picked out at random. These shells ran from 1.85

to 3.28 mm. diameter in multidentata^ 9 of them being 3.00 mm.

diam. and over, and from 1.55 to 4.03 mm. diameter in lamelli-

dens, 23 of them being 3.00 mm. and over.

42 multidentata and 28 lamelUdens, 2.50 mm. diameter and

over, gave the following averages:

V. multidentata &v. diam. 2.79mm., diam. umbilicus 0.51 mm.

V. lamelUdens av. diam. 3.39 mm., diam. umbilicus 0.39 mm.

These averages show that the umbilicus is contained 5.5 times

in the diameter of the shell in multidentata and 8.7 times in

lamelUdens.

Another difference which is well shown in the figures is the

angle made by the teeth and lamella? to lines drawn parallel to

the lip and at right angles to it.

The rows of teeth and the lamella? were counted in all of the

121 shells measured and were found to vary from 1 to 4 in

multidentata and from 0 to 3 in lamelUdens. In both species

there is a tendency to complete absorption in the fully adult

shell and in my largest lamelUdens, 4.03 mm. diam. from

Thunderhead, Gt. Smoky Mts., I cannot distinguish a trace of

the lamella?. A lamelUdens from Thunderhead has 4 lamella?,,

one of the apparently 3 being double.

The largest multidentata have from 6 to 6.25 whorls while the

largest lamelUdens have 6.5 to 7.

V. multidentata when adult has a well-defined callus connect-

ing the end of the lip which is entirely absent in lamelUdens.

In both species the lip is slightly thickened when adult while

in immature shells it is very thin and generally broken in cab-

inet specimens which accounts for the apparent difference in

the shape of the aperture of the shells figured, as it was very

hard to trace.

I believe that the figures and data given above prove that the

two species are distinct and that the northern shells, though

smaller, are the same as typical lamelUdens from the southern

mountains. Compare Figs. 17 and 18, from the type locality ,,

118 THE NAUTILUS.

with Figs. 7, 9 and 11 northern shells. An examination of the

youngest shells that I have seen would seem to indicate that

lamettidens may be the ancestral form as in very young midti-

dentata the teeth are generally fused, so much so in fact that in

one of two cases I had separated them as lamellidens; but care-

ful focusing of the microscope brought out the fused teeth, and

measurements showed the relatively larger umbilicus.

THE NOMENCLATURE AND SYSTEMATIC POSITIONS OF SOME NORTH

AMERICAN FOSSILS AND RECENT MOLLUSKS. II.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

Planorbis cirrus White, 1879, from the Tertiary of Wyoming,

was the next year cited by the same author as though it were

spelled cirrattis. Since then the latter name has been univers-

ally, but improperly, used instead of cirrus.

Physa bullata White, 1886 (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 36),

from the Eocene of Utah, is preoccupied by P. bullata P. and

M., 1838, and P. bullata Gould, 1855. However, on page 12

of hig bulletin, and in the legend of plate 3, White used the

name bullattda for the same species, the use of bullata on page

22, where it was described, perhaps being unintentional.

Hence White's species should be known as Physa bullatula.

Whether Gould's species should be renamed depends upon

whether it is a valid form or a synonym of some other form,

which I am now unable to determine.

Physa carletoni Meek, 1872, from the Cretaceous of Utah, is

incorrectly referred to as P. carltoni by Grabau and Shinier,

1900. Such a mistake is easily made, but unfortunately there

is a prior use of carltoni in this genus by Lea, 1869. Though

confusing, I suppose the names are sufficienty distinct so that

Meek's name may stand. His species has been so frequently

mentioned in various reports that it would be a shame to dis-

turb the name unless required by the rules.

Ac.ella haldemani White ( = Tortacclla haldemani, in Auricu-

lidae), from the Cretaceous of Wyoming, is preoccupied by

fji/mnaea haldemani Deshayes, 1867 (—Acella haldemani, accord-

THE NAUTILUS. 119

ing to Baker). White's species may hereafter be known as

Tortacetta wyomingensis. To disturb a name so well known is

regrettable.

Paludina subylobosa Emmons, 1858, from the Tertiary of

North Carolina, is preoccupied by P. sabglobosa Say, 1825.

The type of Emmons' species is lost and the figure too poor for

definite generic reference. Indeed, it may even be marine.

However, it may sometime be recovered, and as there is no way

of eliminating it from the published literature and it must be

included in any complete list of described species, it should

perhaps have a name. It may be known as Vivipara f emmonsi.

Conrad identified it with V. glabra, which is very doubtful.

Ball, (Contrib. Tert. Fauna Fla., 1892, p. 277) says Compso-

pleura trinodosa Conrad— $ca/ar/ia trigemmata Conrad, " which is

a Goniobasis." Harris (Bull. Amer. Paleont. , III, No. 11, p.

71) places trigemmata in Melania, says probably related to

" Terebra'' plicifera (the quotation marks are Harris's), and

omits trinodosa from the synonymy. I have not at hand the

means for determining whether trigemmata is a Melania or a

Goniobasi^, if, indeed, it can be determined. If Dall is correct

in referring it to Goniobasis, and if Harris is correct in suppos-

ing that it is related to T. plicifera Heilp., a Tertiary fossil, then

it would follow that the latter is also a Goniobasis, in which

case its specific name would be preoccupied by Melania= Gonio-

basis plicifera Lea, a recent species, unless the latter should be

removed to some other genus, as Hannibal has done. The

easiest way out of the dilemma is to leave trigemmata in Melania,

where Harris placed it. I pass the puzzle on to the next fellow,

with these clues as a starter.

Limnaea (Polyrhytis) kingii Meek, 1877, was described from

beds designated as "probably Miocene," in Cache Valley,

Utah. I had supposed these beds to be Pleistocene, and Han-

nibal has suggested the same thing, but Dr. T. W. Stanton

writes me that they are now generally considered Pliocene, or

at least older than the Lake Bonneville beds, because they are

more disturbed, though I believe Lake Bonneville extended

into Cache Valley during its greatest expansion. I believe that

Radix ampla var. utahensis Call, 1884, is a synonym of Lymnaea

120 THE NAUTILUS.

klngi Meek. It occurs in Utah Lake and Bear Lake, both

draining into Great Salt Lake, one from the south and one from

the north. Obviously it could not pass from one river system

to the other through Great Salt Lake as that body of water now

is. Its distribution suggests that it may have passed through

during the Pleistocene expansion, when its waters were fresh-

ened by overflow to the north. It probably has had a long

history in the region, and there is 110 reason to doubt that it

occurred during Pliocene time and so was contemporaneous

with kingi, if not identical with it. As the lake at its maximum

overflowed to the north, it may occur now in Port Neuf River

drainage also, though Daniels and I did not find it there during

a brief visit. Dr. Dall writes:

"I think your identification of the Lymnaea is correct.

However it is to be borne in mind that the plications which led

Meek to propose a genus for his species are pathological and

not specific characters. They are directly due to the increase

in alkaline salts in the water inhabited by the mollusks and

have been imposed upon various gastropods in the same situa-

tion."

Cyrena californica Gabb, 1869, described from the Pliocene of

California, is preoccupied by C. californica Prime, 1865, which

is itself a synonym of C. californiensis Prime. Prime's species

was described by Deshayes in 1854 as Cyrena subquadrata.

That name being preoccupied, Prime changed it to californiensis

in 1860, without description, but citing Deshayes' publication.

In 1865 Prime described it as Cyrena californica, citing subqua-

drata Deshayes and californiensis Prime as synonyms. The

name of Prime's species must therefore stand as californiensis.

Dall in 1903 transferred Gabb's species to the genus Corbicula,

subgenus Cyanocyclas. Under the circumstances it is unfor-

tunate that Gabb's name should have to be displaced. I pro-

pose that it be called Corbicula gabbiana.

Cyrena obliqua Deshayes, 1824, from the Tertiary of Europe,

has been placed in Corbicula by Vincent (Ann. Soc. Roy. Malac.

Belgique, XXI, 1886, p. 136) and Taylor (Monog. L. and F.-

W. Moll. Brit. Isles, No. 7, 1900, p. 413). Newton (Brit.

Olig. and Eoc. Moll, in Brit. Mus., 1891, p. 57) left it in the

THE NAUTILUS. 121

genus Oyrena. If correctly referred to Corbicula, it would have

priority over Corbicula obliqua Whiteaves, 1885, from the Cre-

taceous of Canada. Not having access to the literature neces-

sary for the determination of this question, I wrote to Dr. T.

W. Stanton about it. He referred it to Dr. W. H. Dall, who

replied as follows :

" Deshayes in his revision left obliqna in Cyrena. Cosmiumn.

puts it in Corbicula. The lateral teeth are smooth as in Cyren.a

but long as in Corbicula. It belongs to a small group of ovoid

species which is neither typical Oyrena nor true Corbicula. Of

the two attributions I regard Deshayes' as the most nearly cor-

rect, but I should include these small oval species in a distinct

group from either. However, as the species has been referred

at various times to Corbicula it would probably be best to regard

the combination as preoccupying Whiteaves' name if it was

made before 1885, but not otherwise."

I have no citation indicating that the combination referred to

was made before 1885. Under the circumstances I feel that

Deshayes' species should be left in Cyrena or placed in a dis-

tinct genus, and Whiteaves' name retained for the Cretaceous

species. If anyone thinks the latter should be renamed, then

it would be quite fitting to name it in honor of Whiteaves, a

name that has not been used for any species of Corbicula as far

as I can ascertain.

Some of the fossil Mollusca described by Hall in the report of

the Fremont Expedition, 1845, are exceedingly troublesome.

Though all assigned by Hall to marine genera, he stated that

he would have considered several of them fluviatile shells ex-

cept for the occurrence of Nucula impressaa.nd Cerithium fremonti

"in the same association." White, in his Review of North

American Fossil Non-marine Mollusca, says they probably be-

long to a fresh-water fauna, and several have been definitely

transferred to fresh-water genera, being now well known. Fol-

lowing is the list of Hall's species under discussion:

Nucula impressa==Yoldia impressa.

Mya tellinoidea=Unio tellinoides.

Cytherea parvula.

Cerithium fremonti.

122

THE NAUTILUS.

Cerithium tenerus=Goniobasis tenera.

Turbo paludinaeformis=Vivipara paludinaeformis.

Turritella bilineata.

Natica? occidentalis.

Pleurotoma uniangulata.

I have been unable to locate the types of any of these species.

They do not appear to be at Albany, New York, Washington

or Philadelphia. The last hope seems to be the Hall material

at the University of Chicago, which has not been unpacked.

The latitude given for the Mya, Nucida, Pleurotomnria, Cerithiutn

tenerum, and C. fremonti (Lat. 40), is incorrect, as they are

definitely reported to have come from where Fremont crossed

the mountains from Muddy River, which flows eastward to

Muddy Creek, which flows westward into Bear River. This-

would be in southwestern Wyoming, above Lat. 41, probably

not far from the locality of the Twrbo and Cerithium paludinae-

formis, which is given as Lat. 4H, instead of being 115 miles

to the southward, as stated by Hall. It is not certain that

these were all from the same formation or the same past locality.

The Cytherefi; Natica and Turritella are said to be from Lat. 43

N., Long. 115 W., which would place them in the Snake River

Valley of southwestern Idaho, in a region occupied by fresh-

water Tertiary Rocks, according to Dr. Stanton.

Nucula impressa Hall is a Yoldia, and has priority over Nucida

impressa Conrad, 1848, from the Tertiary of Oregon, which, as

Dr. Dall informs me, is a Portiandia, and both are preoccupied

by Nucida impressa Sowerby (Min. Conch., V, 1825), a Cre-

taceous shell of Europe. Hall's species may be known at

Yoldia fremonti, and Conrad's species may be known as Yoldia

(Portlandia) astoriana.

Natica f occidentals Hall, a "delicate shell," is said to be

based upon one "perfect specimen," the mouth of which is not

entire but shows that the lip was somewhat expanded, and

several casts. Hall was in doubt as to its systematic position,

and if the locality given is correct, it is probably not a naticoid

shell. However, the name has priority over Natica occidentalia

Meek and Hayden, 1856, from the Cretaceous of South Dakota,

for which I propose the specific name dakotensis.

THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW PLANORBIS FROM ILLINOIS/

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

While making a study of the larger Planorbi/< of the Big Ver-

milion River, Illinois, for a paper on the distribution of the

mollusks of that stream, it became apparent that two forms

were included under trivolnx which were quite separable. One

of these is the large, wide form to which Say gave the name

t.rivolvix. The other is a narrower form which the writer and

others have been calling glubratus (see Baker, Cat. 111. Moll.,

p. 106) but which is not the true ghibrvttt* of Say, which, ac-

cording to Walker (Synopsis, p. 99), does not range outside of

the State of Florida. Say credited his original specimens to

Charleston, S. C. The new Illinois form may be characterized

as follows:

Planorbis pseudotrivohis n. sp.

Shell sinistral, whorls 5; body whorl rounded above and be-

low, the inner whorls carinated on both spire and umbilical

region; the spire whorls are very flat and slightly concave; the

earlier whorls are coiled so that they form a union with the

carina of the preceding whorl but the last whorl gradually

divides from this line, leaving a V-shaped depression between

the dorsal carina and the body whorl; this condition is uniform

for the dozen or so specimens examined: the base or umbilical

region exhibits three full whorls to the umbilicus; aperture

somewhat lenticular, rounded above and below, sometimes a

trifle expanded, and bordered with red; color of shell yellowish

or corneous inclining to brown; surface notably shining.

Height, 9; greatest diameter, 20.5; aperture height, 8; breadth,

9 mm. Holotype.

Height, 9; greatest diameter, 19; aperture height, 8; breadth,

9 mm. Paratype, 5 whorls.

Height, 6; greatest diameter, 11.5; aperture height, 5; breadth,

o mm. Immature, 4 whorls.

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois,

No. 8.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

Height, 5; greatest diameter, 5; aperture height, 5; breadth,

2.5 mrn. Young, 3 whorls.

(Collection Mus. Nat. Hist., U. of I., No. Z11393A.)

This Planorbis differs from typical trivolvis in being less high

in comparison with its diameter, in the separation of the last

whorl, above, from the carina of the preceding whorl leaving a

V-shaped trough, which is not present in trivolvis, and in show-

ing three full whorls on the umbilical side while in trivolvis

there are but two full whorls. The sculpture is also more

regular than in trivolvis, the rib-striae being more clear cut with

wider interstices. The carina on the upper whorls in pseudo-

trivolvis is also sharper and forms a raised keel bordering the

spire whorls.

This Planorbis has perplexed Illinois conchologists for many

years, being uncertainly referred to Say's glabratus as figured by

Haldeman in the Monograph, plate 2. Whether all of the

shells listed under this name in the Illinois Catalogue (p. 106)

are referable to the new form is not known, specimens from

these localities not being available for examination. The same

Planorbis occurs in Pleistocene deposits in and about Chicago

and has been referred to trivolvis in papers and references (cf.

Trans. 111. State Acad. Sci., iv, p. 112). The fossil specimens

referred to this species occur at the following places (see the

writer's Life of the Pleistocene, now in press by the University

of Illinois, for the data concerning these and other sedimentary

strata in the Chicago region):

200 feet north Dempster Street, station 47, stratum ix, silt.

200 feet south Dempster Street, station 45, stratum iv, silt.

200 feet north Oakton Avenue, station 42, stratum vii, silt.

Lemont, Lincoln Park extension office, Santa Fe R. R. ,

stratum ii, silt.

Two fossil specimens measure as follows:

Height, 8; greatest diameter, 23; aperture height, 8; breadth,

8 mm. No. P396 (Chicago).

Height, 9; greatest diameter, 21; aperture height, 9; breadth,

9 mm. No. P401 (Lemont).

Pseudotrivolvis is not found in the earlier deposits in Wilmette

Bay, Chicago, the Planorbis there being true trivolvis, while in

THE NAUTILUS. 125

the later deposits the new form is the only large Planorbi* found,

an interesting case of distribution in point of time in the same

locality.

Whether the new Planorbts is to be considered a variety of

trivolvis or a distinct species the writer is not prepared to decide

at the present time. In the material examined, both fossil and

recent, there are no intermediate specimens. Until more is

known it had better be considered a separate species.

A NEW FORM OF AMNICOLA FROM THE OHIO PLEISTOCENE DEPOSIT!

WITH NOTES ON A PHYSA FROM THE SAME FORMATION.*

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

Recently, Dr. M. M. Leighton, of the Department of Geology

of the University of Illinois, placed in my hands for study a

large collection of Pleistocene fossil mollusks from a marl de-

posit near Rush Lake, Logan County, Ohio. One of the species

represented appears to be a new race of a recent species. The

deposit is in the older Wisconsin drift. A paper is in prepara-

tion describing the fauna of this deposit as well as that of a

possibly older deposit in Bartholomew County, Indiana, in both

of which a number of interesting cases of distribution occur. I

am indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry and Dr. Bryant Walker for

assistance in determining the affinities of the species discussed

in this paper.

AMNICOLA WINKLEYI LEIQHTONI n. var.

Shell differing from A. winkleyi in being larger, heavier, wider

in proportion to its height, the body whorl being more globose

than in the typical form; there are 4^ whorls, the upper part of

which is somewhat flat-sided just below the suture; this is

especially marked on the last whorl of some individuals; the

spire whorls are rounded and the sutures deeply impressed; the

first whorl is flatter than in winkleyi ; the umbilicus is wider and

deeper and the aperture is wider in proportion to its height than

In winkleyi.

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois,

>To. 10.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

Length, 5.0; diameter, 3.7; length of aperture, 2.5; width..

2.0 mm. Topotype.

Length, 4.5; diameter, 3.9; length of aperture, 2.4; width.

2.0 mm. Para type.

Length. 4.0; diameter, 3.0; length of aperture, 2.0; width,

1.5 mm. Para type.

Specimens of A. winkleiji measure:

Length, 4.8; diameter, 3.1; length of aperture, 2.2. Nau-

tilus, Type.

Length, 4.8; diameter, 3.0; length of aperture, 1.8; width,

1.5 mm. Topotype.

Winkleyi is a species of the New England States, its original

locality being Saco, Maine, and that a form of this Amnicola

should be found in Ohio, and in a Pleistocene deposit, is sur-

prising. It is not unlikely, however, that winkleyi may occur-

in recent collections in the central States. The Ohio specimens

seem to depart varietally from the typical form as described by

Pilsbry (NAUTILUS, XXVI, p. 1, pi. 1, figs. 9-10). Some

thousands of specimens from this Pleistocene deposit show little

departure from the race as described above. Occasional globose

forms occurring with winkleyi show the relationship of the form,

although none have as wide a body whorl as the fossil race. It

is possible that this race may occur in other Pleistocene marl'

deposits.

PHYSA ANATINA Lea.

A large Physa occurring in the Rush Lake deposits differ*

slightly from anatina in being larger with shallower sutures and

more flat-sided spire whorls; the body whorl is wider as is also

the aperture; the spire is very sharply pointed and the colu-

mella has a distinct plait. Characteristic specimens measure

as follows:

Length, 16.5; width, 9.0; aperture length, 11.5; width, 5.0

mm. Fossil.

Length, 17.5; width, 10.0; aperture length, 13.0; width. 5.5

mm. Fossil.

Length, 12.0; width, 7.0; aperture length, 8.5; width, 3.7

mm. Fossil.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXIII.

PLATE III.

CLAPP: VITREA MLILTIDENTATA AND V. LAMEI.LIDENS

THE NAUTILUS. XXXIII.

PLATE IV.

-

..

OLDROYD: WEST COAST SHELLS

THE NAUTILUS. 127

Length, 12.0; width, 6.0. Lea's specimen.

This Physa is related to Physa anatina which is so common

in the States west of the Mississippi River. The occurrence of

this species so far east of its usually recorded range (it is said

by Walker to extend clear across southern Michigan, however)

is as surprising as is the presence of the race of the New Eng-

land Amnicola wi/iklciji It was at first thought to be a recog-

nizable race of anatina but the presence of narrow individuals

indicates its relation to Lea's species. It differs from Physa

walkeri in having flat-sided whorls, walker! having rounded

whorls and deeply impressed sutures. Many of the Pleistocene

mollusca differ somewhat from their living representatives but

in most cases this difference is not enough to cause their sep-

aration as new species or varieties. Among the Physas, also,

the range of variation in the different species is known for but

a few species; when this important characteristic is more gener-

ally known it will be safer to describe new species in this poly-

morphic genus.

LASMIGONA VIKIDIS, RAJFINESftUZ, 1820.

BY L. G. FRIERSON.

The adoption of the above as the correct specific name of the

old Unio pressus Lea having been urged by the writer (NAU-

TILUS, XXIX, Sept., 1915), Mr. Bryant Walker filed an "in-

terference" (NAUTILUS, XXIX, Nov., 1915) for the purpose

he stated ' ' of suspending the general adoption of the proposed change

until such time as certain important and probably conclusive facts can

be obtained. ' '

As the current year will round out a century since Rafinesque

published his viridis the acquisition of any new facts concern-

ing the case would seem rather remote; and as silence might be

construed as consent, and the proposed ' ' suspension ' ' become

permanent, the writer, with the consent of NAUTILUS, makes

bold to again appear in court.

Rafinesque ascribed to his species the following characters:

Shell inequilateral, elliptical, obliquely truncate posteriorly.

A little convex; hardly thick.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

Smooth, olive green; sometimes radiate with pale yellow;

others are olive-brown. The beaks are seldom eroded, being

thickened there by rlexuous wrinkles — remarkable because the

rest of the shell is smooth.

Nacre bluish. The cardinal tooth is compressed, and de-

current in shape.

Being thin, it is crenulate instead of being furrowed (other

members of the aubgenus have them furrowed); truncature ob-

lique, convex.

Lateral tooth thin. Muscle scars lightly impressed, confluent

behind.

A small species, at most one and a half inches in altitude.

(The members of the sub-genus described just previously by

Rafinesque are among the largest of the Ohio Naiades. )

Altitude £ of length; diameter T75.

Rare in the Ohio, but common in the Kentucky and ad-

jacent " petites rivieres."

While to the writer the above description can be mistaken for nothing

else than the Sytnphynota compressa Lea, further evidence seems neces-

sary, as Lea quotes one of his friends to the effect that "it equally

applies to iris."

Luckily there remains further evidence which we may ad-

duce. Rafinesque, as is well known, divided the Naiades into

numerous Genera. These divisions being founded upon the

more evident features of the shell, it follows therefore that the

contained species of any Genus would naturally sustain a general

outward resemblance to each other.

Rafinesque described this species under the name of Unio

(Elliptio) viridift. The Elliptio contained the Unio nigra ; Unio

purpureus, Say ; Unio crassa, Say, and a few other shells, all

having a general outward similitude, and in such an assemblage the

Symphynota, compressa finds congenial associates.

Rafinesque moreover mentions the fact that the u Unio

(Elliptio) leptodon and Unio (Elliptio) frag His" also "resemble"

the viridis (with some others'). The reader can easily select speci-

mens of the two species mentioned, which resemble the Sym-

phynota compressa to a remarkable extent — differing, however (as

Rafinesque observes), in their teeth.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

Finally, we observe that Rafinesque in his description of a

variety of " alasmidonta " wrote that the latter is so much like

Unio viridis, as to be easily mistaken for it — for which cause he

named the shell Alasmidonta viridis.

Ihis statement may be compared with an observation made by Mr.

C. T. Simpson, who wrote that the ' ' Unio pressus Lea, and the

Margaritana rugosa Barnes sometimes resemble each other so much

that one is labeled with the name of the other by competent students. ' '

An Ohio shell, of subsolid texture, elliptical in shape, with

an oblique posterior truncature; green, sometimes brownish,

sometimes rayed with yellow; having its beaks crowned with

flexuous wrinkles; a cardinal tooth thin, compressed and decur-

rent, bearing an outward similitude to the old Unio gracilu

Barnes, and a still more striking likeness to an " alasmidonia " can

but be, the writer thinks, the Symphynota compressa Lea.

The main objections offered by Mr. Walker for his "inter-

ference" arose from the failure of his records to show that the

compressa Lea ever occurs in the Ohio River — the shell, Mr.

Walker informs us, being "most emphatically a creek or small

river species. ' '

Mr. Walker's records however might be profitably amended by the

inclusion of the interesting circumstance that the type locality of Lea's

Symphynota compressa 'is the Ohio River at Cincinnati (Index

Obs. Genus Unio).

Mr. Walker's "reason No. 4' is a slight variant of a state-

ment made by Dr. Lea (Rectification, P. 35).

If Conrad and Say radically differed as to what an identical

valve was (which it is said was seen by both) the writer fails to

see how their disagreement should be chargeable to Rafinesque' s

diagnosis of the Unio viridis.

Walker's "reason No. 5" need be discussed no longer, as it

was categorically rejected by Dr. Lea long ago (Rectification,

P. 34) with whom the writer is heartily in accord.

The writer has seen it stated that the ratio which the altitude

bears to the length, given by Rafinesque for viridis (5 to 9)

does not agree with specimens of Symphynota compressa.

Mr. C. T. Simpson (Catalogue, 1914} gives dimensions of

three examples of the compressa. The writer takes it, that the

130 THE NAUTILUS.

average of these three, given by such an authority, should satisfy the

most exacting.

The average of the examples given by Simpson, gives a per-

centage of .556. The percentage which Rafinesque gives for

viridis (5 to U) is .555.

A closer agreement is not to be found in the history of the Naiades !

Note — The translation of Poulson contains many errors.

1. The dimensions, one and a half inch is that of the altitude,

not as in Poulson.

2. The lateral tooth is thin, not slender.

3. The cardinal tooth is not divergent, but is decurrent — quite

a different thing !

TTJBRITIDAE VS. TURRIDAZ.

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY,

The unfortunate rehabilitation of the nondescript names of

the Museum Boltenianum has brought about as one direct con-

sequence the overturning of the time-honored generic name

Plearotoma Lamarck in favor of Bolten's Turris. Accepting the

change as most seem to have been impelled to do, it thereupon

follows that since Pleurotoma was the typical genus of its family,

a change in the generic name necessitates a similar alteration in

the family name to conform. The reigning regulation in

Article 4 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

is ostensibly so explicit regarding such matters as the formation

of family names that at first thought one would not anticipate

much disagreement among students in its specific application.

In the instance under consideration, however, two opposing

views have found t.ieir way into print.1 Both cannot be equally

correct, and since the family is an abundant one and frequently

referred to, while a general principle of orthography is likewise

involved, it becomes a matter of some importance to determine

which of the two, as we may adopt the spelling Turritidae or

Turridae, is strictly the proper form to use. Curiously enough

1 NAUTILUS, v, 23, pp. 131, 144.

THE NAUTILUS. 181

each variant appears to date back to the brothers Henry and

Arthur Adams, who, although using the genus Tnrris as of

Humphrey rather than Bolten, wrote the family name Turritidae

in the first volume of their great review of molluscan genera,1

and then later corrected it to Turridac.2 Their more mature

judgment is therefore plainly in favor of the simpler spelling.

It is mainly very recently that the insertion of the extra syllable

has been revived.

The essential facts of the case are believed to be fairly stated

thus:

1. "The name of a family is formed by adding the ending

idae, the name of a subfamily by adding inae to the stem of the

name of its type genus."

2. The name of the type genus of the particular family in

question is Turrts, presumably an exact transcription of the

Latin noun turris, meaning in English, "tower."

3. The name of the family in question is variously spelled

Tnrridae and Turritidae in the literature. The spelling Turriidae

has also been suggested for consideration.

4. In Latin grammars (e. g., Allen and Greenough), turns is

often given as the example par excellence of an i-stem noun, the

stem therefore ostensibly turri-.

5. A recent proponent of the spelling Turritidae writes that

he "submitted the question of 'Turridae versus Turritidae' to

two expert Latinists, who, after due consideration of all the

data, concluded that, while either was correct, the latter term

under the circumstances was to be preferred. Here the matter

now appears to rest.

Now the writer has been one of those adhering to the spelling

Turridae, and being still unconvinced of his error, yet eager to

arrive once for all at a correct and therefore permanent usage,

he submitted the case essentially as outlined above to a friend,

a well-known student of Latin, Professor B. 0. Foster of Stan-

ford University, adding thereto the following specific queries:

1 Genera of Recent Mollusca, v. 1, p. 87.

' Op. cit., v. 2, p. 614.

s International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature, Article 4 (Smallwood

edition, p. 4).

132 THE NAUTILUS.

(1) What is the stem of Turris? (2) Is it possible to insert

a t in the second syllable of this stem without changing the

nature of the word itself? (3) In view of the facts as stated,

and in strict adherence to Article 4 of the International Rules,

what do you consider to be the preferred orthography for the

family name based on this genus? (4) Do you consider any

alternative spellings permissible?

Professor Foster's reply is so detailed and withal so interest-

ing that with his kind permission I am reproducing the major

portion of it here, especially since it seems conclusive regarding

the points at issue.

"The stem of turris is turn; and the ending ides would give

us turriides. But it is a rule of word-formation that ' the final

vowel of a stem is lost before the initial vowel of a suffix, e. g.,

aur-eus ('golden') from auro- (aurum).' (Hale and Buck,

Latin Grammar, 205.2.) Therefore we may at once rule out

Turriidae as a possible derivative, in favor of Turridae (I give

the plural, as this seems to be what you want; the singular

would be turr ides').

"The ending in question is really a Greek suffix, used to

denote that the name in question means the son (or descend-

ant) of the person designated by the simple noun. Thus

lurrides would mean 'son of a Tower,' and Tnrrldae, 'the sons

of a Tower,' or 'the Tower family.' When I say that it is

Greek, I do not mean that it is not found in Latin; it is found

frequently, but always, I think, in Greak patronymics (or Latin

patronymics consciously formed in imitation of the Greek ones),

which the Latin writer (usually a poet) has occasion to intro-

duce into his text. Examples would be: Pelides ' son of Peleus,'

Philyridex 'son of Philyra.'

" As to the form Turritidae, it is obviously meant as a deriva-

tive from the adjective turritus. The stem of this adjective is

turrito, but, as above, the final short vowel would be dropped

before the initial vowel of the ending -idae, and Turritidae is

therefore correctly formed. But it is to be observed that the

suffix, or ending in question is employed in Latin authors only

in composition with the names of persons, nouns substantive,

and that Turritidae would therefore be decidedly anomalous.

THE NAUTILUS. 133

We might translate it 'family of a the-turreted,' but the fact

remains that the Latin authors would not have said anything

like that. . . . Unless there exists some zoological reason for

preferring a word that would mean ' members of the family of

the thing that is provided with towers ' to one meaning ' mem-

bers of the Tower family,' I should much prefer the shorter

and more Latin (or may I say less wn-Latin?) Turridae.^

The facts therefore seem decisive that Turritidae is an impos-

sible construction as a direct derivative of Turris, and that

Turridae is correct and should be used. The spelling Turrinae

for the typical subfamily logically follows by the same rea-

soning.

REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA, December 29, 1919.

ON CERTAIN OF LINK'S NAMES IN THE MITRIDAE,

BY J. R. LE B. TOMLIN.

The rarity of Link's work entitled Beschreib. Nat. Sammi.

Univ. Rostock (1807) is doubtless the reason why his specific

names are but little known. Coming as it does before Lamarck

or Dillwyn began to make their extensive contributions to no-

menclature, it will, I believe, eventually be found to have an-

ticipated these two authors in many cases. Link in the above

work lists 20 Mitras, of which the following are noteworthy:

Pt. iii, p. 127. Valuta stictica Link; V. papalis B. Gmel.,

3459; Mart, iv, 147, 1356.

It is curious that this shell was not differentiated by any

18th century author. Most of them considered it a var. of

papalis; Bolten confused it with cardinalis. The synonymy is:

1807. V. stictica Link.

1811 (early in). Mitra abbotis Perry.

July, 1811. Mitra pontificalia Lamarck.

p. 127. Voluta digitalis Link; V. pcrtusa J. Gmel. 3458;

Chem. x, 151, 1432, 1433.

This specific is generally ascribed to Dillwyn. Synonymy as

follows:

134 THE NAUTILUS.

1807. V. digitalis Link.

July, 1811. Mitra millepora Lamarck.

1817. Valuta digitalis Dillwyn.

p. 127. Valuta papilio Link. No fig. quoted, but the ex

cellent description enables one to recognize this as a synonym

of sphcerulata Mart.

p. 127. Valuta dathrata Link. No fig. quoted, and the de-

scription is not determinable. It is said to be like pertusa

Gmel. but not coronate, cancellate, deeply punctured in the

furrows. The name dathrata Gmel. is already in use in Mitra

and therefore dathrata Link may conveniently be dropped.

p. 127. Valuta elegans Link; V. plicaria B. Gmel. 3452:

Chem. x, 151 (by error 157), 1444, 1445.

This is a much earlier name for the Mitra universally known

as regina Sow., which dates from 1828; but Link's name

cannot be used as it is preoccupied by Gmelin.

Mitra elegans Reeve, Conch. Ic. pi. 29, f. 233, may be called

buriasemis, and M. elegans H. C. Lea, Am. Journ. Sci. & Arts,

40.102, alabamensis.

p. 128. Valuta ornata Link. No fig. quoted, but I do not

think that there can be any doubt that the description is a clear

and accurate one of taeniata Lamarck as now understood.

Mitra ornata will therefore supersede M, taeniata.

M. ornata A. Ad., P. Z. S. 1851, 135, may be renamed M.

adornata.

M. ornata Kien.=3/. rossiae Rve.

M. ornata Schubert and Wagner never seems to have been

subsequently recognized.

p. 128. Valuta variabilis Link. Mart, iv, 148, 1364.

This is a synonym of Mitra rugosa (Gmel.*)=corrtigata Lam.

M. variabilis Rve., Conch. Ic., pi. 13, f. 95, is thus preoccu-

pied and I rename it polymorpha.

p. 128. Valuta schroteri Link; Schroter's Einl. I, 221, pi. i,

f. 13. Dillwyn quite independently founded a Valuta schroeteri

on the same figure, which has been considered by Martens and

E. A. Smith to = Mitra picta Rve. (cf. Ann. Natal Govt. Mus.

I, pt. i, 32). It seems impossible to identify with certainty.

THE NAUTILUS.

NEW SPECIES OF WEST COAST SHELLS.

BY MRS. IDA S. OLDROYD, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CAL.

Tiitonalia fraseri n. sp, Plate IV, figs. 1 and 2.

Shell of medium size, very elongate, narrow; whorls includ-

ing the nucleus, which is present on nearly all the specimens

collected, suture distinct and deep, whorls strongly shouldered,

with six strong ribs spinose at the shoulder; body whorl with

nine strong spiral cords and with incremental ones between.

The shoulder is very strongly rugose, and has from one to two

spiral cords, the second whorl has four strong spiral cords and

three incremental ones; the third has three strong spiral cords

and no incremental ones; aperture elongate-oval, interior yel-

lowish to purple-brown, columella thickened and nearly straight,

canal long, straight and closed in the adult. It differs from

the typical form in the very elongate form, and the absence of

the basket-like sculpture in some specimens on the fifth and

sixth whorl the basket sculpture shows faintly.

Type locality is Brandon Island, Departure Bay, Vancouver

Island.

It is named in honor of Dr. C. Mclan Fraser, of the Domin-

ion Station, through whose help we were given every facility pos-

sible for collecting while at the Station in May, 1919. The

type is in the Oldroyd Collection, Stanford University. Cotypes

are at Dominion Station and U. S. N. M.

Peden kincaidi n. sp. Plate IV, figs. 8, 4.

Shell subcircular, the height and length being nearly equal;

equivalve, both valves slightly convex ; ears as in P . islandicus ;

base evenly rounded; color yellowish-white with reddish-brown

markings. Left valve with 28 narrow round-topped imbricated

ribs, and very faint intercalaries, the interspaces wider. Right

valve with 25 broader flat-topped ribs, some of which are

divided toward the margin. Anterior ear (the larger) with 7

ribs, the posterior ear with 5 ribs. This species resembles P.

jordani Arnold, but the valves do not tend to contract suddenly

at the basal margin as in P. jordani, and the right ear is larger.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

The ribs on the right valve of jordani are all divided from near

the umbones.

One fine specimen (the type) living was obtained in July,

1919, and one was taken in July, 1918, but is much thicker

shell, a little larger than the type. Named in honor of Prof.

Trevor Kincaid, of the Univ. of Washington, to whom we owe

so much good material. Type is in Oldroyd Coll., Stanford

University, No. 89.

Pecten islandicus pugetensis n. var. Plate IV, figs, 5, 6.

Shell much smaller than the typical, sculpture coarser in pro-

portion to the size. Shell more elongate and the ribs spinose.

Ribs 17 with a very fine one in the interspaces.

The type is in the Oldroyd Collection, Stanford University.

Type locality off San Juan Island, Puget Sound. 12 specimens

were obtained, two from the dredge, and ten from rocks on

shore.

HERBERT HTJNTINGTON SMITH.1

BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.

The sudden death of Herbert Huntington Smith on March

22nd last, at University, Alabama, meant more, perhaps, to the

conchologists of the United States than we now realize, although

the collecting and serious study of shells was the work of the

later years of his life.

Born at Manlius, New York, on January 21, 1851, and grad-

uated at Cornell University in 1872, he early in life became in-

terested in natural history, and made some collections in differ-

ent branches. Mr. Smith told me that his first real work was

on fossils; and he later became interested in insects. When he

began to collect the mollusca, I do not know; but when he

joined the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh, he had quite an ex-

tensive general collection. Between the years 1870 and 1886

he made several trips to Brazil and altogether spent about eight

1 A portrait of Mr. Smith was published in the number for July, 1919.

THE NAUTILUS. 137

years in exploring and collecting. He collected such shells as

he saw, but did not specialize on them.

In answer to my inquiry Mrs. Smith wrote:

"In Brazil I only remember a few odd lots of land shells

until we got to Corumbii on our way home; it was rich in land

shells, but Mr. Smith said that the mosquitoes were ' frightful.'

In order to do a morning's work of collecting, he had to tie his

sleeves tight at the wrist, do the same thing with his ankles; tie

a bandana around his neck; fill his pockets with cigarettes and

matches; put a cigar in his mouth, 'grit his teeth,' and start.

All the collecting there was almost a torture, so I imagine shell

collecting was quite a cursory affair."

The number of shells collected on that trip was very large,

although the species were not numerous; but a number of them

were new to science. These shells were widely distributed,

probably by Dr. Newcomb, and when we see the locality

;' Corumbii, Brazil," we may feel pretty sure that we are look-

ing at Smith's shells.

During the time he was in the West Indies, for the Royal

Society, and in Mexico, for Mr. F. D. Godman, he collected

" everything," and naturally shells proved to be no small part

of his "catch."

When he went to Colombia, in 1898, I arranged to take all

of his land shells, but he got so interested in collecting mam-

mals, birds and plants that the return in shells was not very

large, except in some of the larger and more conspicuous species.

There he again ran into the "insect pests," and at one place,

near the coast at Santa Marta, he said the " sand flies " poisoned

him so that the skin even peeled off the palms of his hands.

His final breakdown in 1902, he always attributed to the poison

of sand flies, gnats, mosquitoes, and the thousand-and-one

other curses of the tropics.

In 1903 his health still being poor, he gave up the fight, and

resolved to go to the South to live. He settled at Wetumpka,

Ala., and at once started after shells. His first collecting there,

so different from work in the tropics, was rather disheartening,

and he wrote that there were no shells in that region. A little

later he began to get results, and then he wrote, " I didn't know

how to collect," and when the first lot came in, it was seen that

138 THE NAUTILUS.

he had struck a remarkably rich region. Then a " Syndicate "

was formed of T. H. Aldrich, of Washington, D. C., Mr.

Bryant Walker, of Detroit, Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, of the Academy

of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa., and the writer, and the

work was carried on steadily for over six years. Dr. Pilsbry

dropped out in 1906, and he was replaced by Mr. John B.

Henderson, of Washington, D. C.

The naming and distribution of the thousands of land shells

collected in all parts of Alabama, fell to the part of the writer,

and the new species have all been described by him; 13 species

and 4 varieties up-to-date, with probably several more to follow,

as the material is more carefully studied. After the regular

work for the "Syndicate" was stopped, Mr. Smith continued

collecting fresh-water shells for Mr. Walker, and land shells for

the writer, while collecting Tertiary fossils for the Geological

Survey of Alabama, by which he was employed as Curator of

the Museum at the University of Alabama. The sorting,

naming and distributing of the fresh- water shells, was done by

Mr. Walker, and I cannot do better than quote from a letter

from him, on this subject:

" I enclose the meager list of n. sp. and vars. that have been

described from Mr. Smith's material. But that does not begin

to show the enormous amount of work that he did in develop-

ing the fauna of Alabama. Besides going the whole length of

the Coosa from Gadsden to Wetumpka by boat, he did the

Black Warrior thoroughly before it was spoiled by the Govern-

ment improvements (?) and spent a season on the Mussel Shoals

of the Tennessee. Two or three summers were spent on the

Connasauga and other head-waters of the Coosa, and in numer-

ous side trips he had covered practically the whole state.

Then, too, through local collectors, many of them trained by

him, he had reached into many localities that he did not per-

sonally visit. By these means he collected an enormous

amount of material, practically none of which has been worked

up.

' While he worked for the ' Syndicate ' he collected every-

thing; but when that arrangement ceased, he specialized in the

Unionidse and Pleurocerida. I have not any very accurate fig-

ures on the number of specimens of Unionidse. that he collected,

but I think that from 40,000 to 50,000 would not be an over-

estimate. His Black Warrior collection alone he reported as

10,000. No report on this material has ever been made, and a

THE NAUTILUS. 139

very large proportion of it still remains to be worked over.

This I shall do as rapidly as I have time. I also have on hand

many thousands of specimens of Amnicolidas that haye not been

sorted out. And the same is true of a very large amount of

Ancylidx from the Coosa and its tributaries.

" But it was especially in the Pleuroceridce that he put in his

best work. He became exceedingly interested in that family

and the many perplexing problems that its protean species pre-

sented, and it was his expectation to work it up himself. The

enormous collection, thousands upon thousands of specimens,

and the familiarity that he had acquired in his many years of

field work, especially fitted him for the work. But unfor-

tunately the multitude of duties that pressed upon him, as

Curator of the State Museum, prevented him from carrying his

plan into execution. He had planned to publish a paper on

the Anculosce of the Coosa for some time, and expected to write

it up this last spring. He had gone so far as to arrange a series

of the species in the order that he intended to present them,

but his untimely death prevented the completion of the work.

Beyond this, and a somewhat similar arrangement of the

Gyrotomas, nothing has been done and, except the manuscript

names attached to many species that he believed to be new, and

which he intended to describe, there is absolutely nothing left

to show the vast knowledge that he had acquired of that mar-

velous fauna. He had it all in his brain, and it all perished

with him. I do not suppose that any other man ever had such

an intimate knowledge of the variation of that family, and to

think that it is all gone, is truly pitiful.

"I do not believe that the fauna of any other State in the

Union has ever been so thoroughly worked as was that of Ala-

bama, by him."

I do not know how many new species were collected by Mr.

Smith in Brazil, the West Indies and Mexico, but the follow-

ing is the list from Colombia and Alabama:

COLOMBIA.

Glandina callista Pilsbry and Aperostoma smithi Pilsbry

Clapp. and Clapp.

Circinaria porisonbyi Pilsbry Helicina sancttemartha3 Pils-

and Clapp. bry and Clapp.

Circinaria ponsonbyi var. Helicina cacaguelita Pilsbry

clara Pilsbry and Clapp. and Clapp.

Aperostoma sanctsemarthse

Pilsbry and Clapp.

140

THE NAUTILUS.

ALABAMA.

Musculium transversum de- Neoplanorbis uinbilicatus

cisum Sterki. Walker.

Pisidium compressum coosa- Clappia clappi Walker.

ense Sterki.

Pisidium compressum con-

trarium Sterki.

Pisidium limatulum Sterki.

Pisidium noveboracense ala-

bamense Sterki.

Pisidium atlanticum dispar

Sterki.

Pisidium atlanticum albidum

Sterki.

Rhodacmea cahawbensis

Walker.

Rhodacmea gwatkiniana

Walker.

Somatogyrus decipiens

Walker.

Somatogyrus hendersoni

Walker.

Somatogyrus pygmaeus

Walker.

Neoplanorbis carinatus

Polygyra smithi Clapp.

Polygyra inflecta approxi-

mans Clapp.

Polygyra decepta Clapp.

Polygyra barbata Clapp.

Polygyra brevipila Clapp.

Polygyra brevipila chero-

keensis Clapp.

Polygyra cohuttensis Clapp.

Vertigo alabamensis Clapp.

Vertigo alabamensis conecu-

hensis Clapp.

Vertigo oscariana ' ' Var. ' '

(not named.)

Omphalina pilsbryi Clapp.

Vitrea lewisiana Clapp.

Vitrea aldrichiana Clapp.

Vitrea cumberlandiana Clapp,

Vitrea (Paravitrea) conecu-

nensis Clapp.

Vitrea (Paravitrea) pilsbry-

ana Clapp.

Walker.

Neoplanorbis smithii Walker. Carychium nannodes Clapp.

Dr. W. J. Holland, Director of the Carnegie Museum, Pitts-

burgh, has written a very appreciative article on the life and

work of Mr. Smith, in Science, N. S. Vol. XLIV, No. 1273,

pages 481-483, May 23, 1919, where other fields of activity are

touched upon; but to cover the whole subject would demand a

volume. It is to be regretted that Mr. Smith was not able to

carry out a plan he long had in mind, of working up his ex-

tensive series of notebooks into a story of his life as a collector,

as it would have been an inspiration to future collectors, and

would, I feel sure, have been worthy to place alongside of the

THE NAUTILUS. 141

classic works of Bates and Wallace. He was a remarkably keen

observer, as shown by his letters, so his notebooks undoubtedly

contained a vast amount of most valuable observations. Even

when feeling "down in his luck," he always saw the funny

side of life, and had a large stock of humorous stories, which

he would frequently insert in his letters, for no other reason,

apparently, than that he just happened to think of them.

NOTES.

VERTIGO OVATA AND V. HEBARDI IN FLORIDA. — Both Vertigo

ovata and V. hebardi appear to be rare in Florida, as you will

see by the list below giving records from my collection. The

number found is added for each locality.

Vertigo ovata Say.

Snapper Creek Hammock, south of Miami (2).

Madeira Hammock, southern Florida (1).

Lower Matecumbe Key (5).

Vertigo hebardi Van.

Pumpkin Key (3+fragments).

Big Pine Key (1).

Elliotts Key (2).

Porgy Key (9 -{-fragments).

Little Palo Alto Key (3).

No Name Key (1).

Lignum Vitae Key (1). — GEO. H. CLAPP.

In a most interesting article by W. J. Wintemberg, "Arch-

aeology as an Aid to Zoology ': (Canadian Field-Naturalist,

Vol. 83, Oct., 1919, pp. 68-72). an error in the distribution of

Litorina irrorata Say has crept into print, in quoting from G. G.

MacCurdy, "The Passing of a Connecticut Rockshelter "

(Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. 38, p. 517, 1914). L. irrorata is not

confined to Florida, but is found more or less common along

the entire coast from New England southward. Vineyard

Sound, "sparingly" (Fem'M). New Haven, " not at all com-

mon " (Perkins). Stratford, Conn., "on high sedges" (Linsley}.

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Huntington, L. Isl. (S. Smith'). It is locally common in the

marshes along the New Jersey coast. — C. W. JOHNSON.

FASCIOLARIA PAPILLOSA SOWERBY. In regard to my reference

to this species in the October NAUTILUS, p. 45, Mr. J. R. LeB.

Tomlin says: " I have the Tankerville catalogue before me and

on p. xvi of its Appendix I find: 1552, Fasciolaria papillosa.

F. testa fusiformi, apice papillosa, anfractibus transverse stri-

atis, mediane nodosis; apertura intus laevis; cauda longa, long.

3T77, lat. IfV unc.

"It is not figured nor is any locality given." It may possi-

bly be a young F. yigantea but from the above description it

seems unrecognizable. — C. W. JOHNSON.

PHYSA SMITHIANA new name for PHYSA SMITHII. — Dr. Bryant

Walker has kindly called my attention to the fact that the

name Physa smithii used in my paper "Fresh-water Mollusca

from Colorado and Alberta" (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

XLI, p. 535) is preoccupied by Clessin (Conch. Cab., Plan-

orbis, p. 294) for a Physa smithii from Australia. I therefore

change the name to Physa smithiana. — FRANK C. BAKER, Uni-

versity of Illinois.

AN AMENDMENT. — In the January number of the NAUTILUS,

on page 103, I inadvertently omitted from the list of Simpson's

catch of Unionida3 at Lodgepole Creek, Anodontoides fermsacianus

Lea. The omission makes the next sentence unintelligible or

misleading, according to the interpretation placed upon it by

the reader. — JUNIUS HENDERSON.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

EXPERIMENTS IN THE BREEDING OF CERIONS. By Paul Bartsch

(Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1920). It is well known

that in this genus each colony " presents certain slight char-

acters by which we can distinguish its members from those of

other colonies. The question arises, are the forms in the var-

THE NAUTILUS. 143

ious colonies fixed forms; that is, will generation after genera-

tion yield the same mode in measurements, or will changes in

the local environment from season to season affect the develop-

ing organisms to such an extent as to produce an unending

series of slight variations ? These were the problems that called

for a solution. The hope of throwing some light upon these

questions prompted the breeding experiments which were started

in 1912."

Colonies of 200 each of two species from Andros, (,'erion casa-

blancee and C. viaregis Bartsch were originally introduced on

certain of the Florida Keys. In 1915, 800 C. cmssilabris from

Porto Rico, and in 1916, 8,317 C. uvn from Curacao were

planted on Loggerhead Key. The shells were marked by filing.

Some of these colonies have now produced a second generation

of Florida-grown offspring. The present paper contains records

of the results. In the case of C. viaregis Dr. Bartsch finds that

the variations in the first and second generations are entirely

within the range of the species in its original locality; the

changed environment ''has not affected them in such a way as

to produce such differences as one observes between the various

colonies in the Bahamas." C. casablancae gives practically the

same result. The same holds with the first Florida generation

of (/'. crassilabris.

On Newfound Harbor Khy C. viaregis has hybridized with

the native C. incanum. The offspring show a remarkable range

of variation; forms near typical C. incanum and typical viaregis,

all intermediates between these, but also forms closely resem-

bling the mottled C. martensi group of the Bahamas. A state

of flux has been produced by cross-breeding. The experiments

indicate also an unusual fertility, and the suggestion is made

that "crossing has an energizing effect which seems to enable

the new product to surpass its associated congeneric forms in

the production of offspring."

Dr. Bartsch suggests that during the glacial period, when the

low state of water united the numerous Bahaman Keys, ex-

tensive crossing took place, this resulting in the efflorescence of

new forms which we find to-day.

A valuable section treats of the soft anatomy, which shows

144 THE NAUTILUS.

considerable divergence among the species. Other biologic

notes and information on the ecologic relations of Cerions are

given. 59 plates fully illustrate the material.

Dr. Bartsch's experiments clearly have important bearings

upon systematic zoology as well as upon the doctrine of evolu-

tion generally. — H. A. P.

MOLLUSCA OF THE CROCKER LAND EXPEDITION TO NORTHWEST

GREENLAND AND GRINNELL LAND. By Frank C. Baker (Bull.

Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 41, pp. 479-517, pis. 25-27, Dec.,

1919). An interesting review of some of the arctic mollusks,

especially of the Buccinidae of which Buccinum tanquaryi and

B. ekblawi are described as new.

FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA FROM COLORADO AND ALBERTA. By

Frank C. Baker (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. History, Vol. 41, pp.

527-539, Dec., 1919). Planorbis similaris, Physa smithi and

Galba alberta are described and figured as new.

NEW SHELLS FROM THE NORTHWEST COAST. By William H.

Dall (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 32, pp. 239-252, Dec.,

1919). Ten new species and varieties and a new genus Pantel-

laria (type Megerlia monstruosa Scacchi) are described.

LOCOMOTION IN TWO SPECIES OF THE GASTROPOD GENUS ALEC-

TRION WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF PEDAL CILIA.

By Manton Copeland (Biol. Bull., Vol. 37, pp. 126-138, 1919).

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF NUCULA AND MALLETIA.

By W. A. Hilton (Jour. Ent. and Zool., Vol. 11, pp. 75-78,

1919).

NEW SPECIES OF MOLLUSCA FROM VARIOUS DREDGINGS TAKEN

OF THE COAST OF NEW ZEALAND, THE SNARES ISLANDS AND THE

BOUNTY ISLANDS. By Miss M. K. Mestayer (Trans, and Proc.

N. Zealand Inst., 1919, Vol. 51, pp. 130-135, pi. 8). Liotia

suturi, Orbestella hinenioa, Crossea cuvieriana, Leucosyrinx thomsoni,

L. cuvierensis and Vepecula cooperi are described as new.

M.?J: *'H«I LIBRARY

WH 17UZ