INDHX

tah NAUTIOUS, XXX V.

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

memes bestuaimals amona Say . 2.22.0. ..ese.e esc ee es 86

Acteocina Gray, notes on the genus ............. 44, 96, 122

Aeolis (Flabellina?) opalescens Cooper .............-- 75

IN REPS Sst Pe 1) ss late, alld sh woe « joveiess siew oles © 78, 80

Prensa, NOUCTOM 8... ec cies ce cic eee ele ales 84

Seer erpernratay CPR iS. isle asec nee ees ces eee 85

2 Sve 0 SD 0 87

Amnicola lustrica gelida Baker, n. var. ................ 22

Pepe tC GOME FSAKER . 0s 5 05)e 2 be es a sieie see's wise eee 23

00 hs SCS TnI 7210 3g 0 ge ee 9

PMC (MMAEMEET ON AY 2 kos owe cca ewww ene eens 1

PUMICIMOMEEENUTICH EA OLY |. 62)... cle ales eas esl cave cciseses 10

Anculose north of the Alabama drainage .............. 9

Anmoviastrum bourcuionat, Type of ..........--00.0e 5

Jo VLD RC So nea en Ei Bey ia a 6

Ancylus fluviatilis Miller, generic position of .......... Sy

PP rom a SOmenmIne ADOUL 22... e. ccc oe ces ee ences 58

RE MRTE ON NICE Tero fats ons Rat Wore Gk Gg cold eomyabe wienp sue: ae 80

RM Rs OFS Pee cre s vivduier warded widisccrs diac ate cas’ 40, 217

EMETNIRE eee oe Sy net te ethics ssi alee «| Gam « 85

Buccinum undatum L., egg-capsules of (pl. 1)........ 33, 87

Maponmnvcrasscoriis’ Hsch. (oof. .)6 eels ace oe eee ress: 74

Central American species of Naides .................- 24

Chamberlain, Frederick Morton (obituary)............ 60

Renee uconina Gould. ooo el ee al eda ee 51

Deere Ne Mitts OF |)... ce eee. we eee ce eee eee 50, 100

iicon- trom Southern Brazil, a new ..............s06 4

Chrysodomus decemcostatus, egg-capsules (pl. 1)....... 30

Re EP UVIGN *. ks pe win ccc ee wee cop eae ws 93

Collecting mollusks on a beam-trawler ................ 29

Crepidula fornicata im the British Isles ............... 62

(111)

lv THE NAUTILUS.

Cubamotlusks or Guantanamo). i ee 120

Cyprea ostergaardi Dall, n. n. for C. pacifica Osterg.,

HAL a6 218 ae Re COSA OnE LONG ORAM AL SL

Pralav aA PMORea: OC PPayic'aifesisiole doaislatneneleielevercius na auete aatatane 85

Gap Vella c Ae ONS. BVA e Nan CTR Mien RUM eA ha UN ea a 84

UTC US EGE NEY i (i APR Hapa ie\ elite Vey ele pelea CNC HM IR aH aK LAL eat ie

Disenlella: Pilsbry, the! Helicoid ‘sronp! ioe vee es 12

Dreissensia polymorpha in the British Isles ............ 63

Pillaptror catamitarum, Morelet: 21. 80M Saale Seek iy woe 26

HULiptiov Ortmann He rsOn! (2). Maer) Nun chad alee eye 25

Pilaptio ravistellusiMoreletii cue wee ake laws 27

Rilipiopyzabalensisy© WGcOBle Chia Wai side. AV Ua tat ae 26

Epiphraiemophora Mrrosa ose O noe kale ane hate eteee 35

Epiphragmophora fidelis near San Francisco Bay ...... 34

mma) Moquin’ Bamdomy eye anneal oy sane teen ate 78

iabellina opalescens Cooper sy. oecuivic sis heats etal anes 75

Moriday west coast) Lactate i Ge fee eee 20

Geomitra (Disculella) cenourensis Ckll., n. sp. ......... 12

Glochidta. an ‘surface towines isi ae Me Loe kleine othe enters 16

Gray Garden Slug with notes on allied forms .......... 97

Hawaiian Islands, shore reef hunting in the ........... 82

Ppexecalearea Pir ieee eae thaiere es ee ante ae 39, 100

Pebxiastulate’ Lowe (se fcr iia eels ope loc ee Ree 40, 100

iermissenda opalescens Beroh: (oes) 3.2'0.0. cies cite eis 75

etal, (COCO isa ey 5 eels! sich toate ere seve ee keke tedena enero tele ete 62

Reryanekalins) Kalen ile ar us lses wi voisi ner tk tae ee 79

Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin, mollusea’of .............. 130

hacuna vincta pertusa Coma) 20). tein. 1c ies toed eee 89

Lampsilis gracilis lacustris Baker, n. subsp. ........... 131

Land mollusea of the Madeira Islands ................ 39

Land shells from Palm Canyon, Cal. and Grand Canyon. 48

ibeptaxas, ‘The Helicoidiieenus iG Vai. Oo ae ae 101

Leptaxis chrysomela bifasciata Ckll., n. subsp. ......... 103

Leptaxis furva grandissima Ckll., n. subsp. ............ 103

Piensa SGarCh! TON sie ensitiel einen ahs eke tancnertlen eee ete 65

ihiouus,. Florida west, COast) cic mania. ans meee ee 20

Banaacella Brand (6.33 Quake os sceccse mie tae lakers otal ieee 18, TAY

LOG L071 0 SR eNO ea Mg nC ae ile 3 i, (home inly'

inna oracilis Rak: (yhoo 6 a atest etn Cae na aera Oa 79

iniray cavern: Shells ini.) 4:6 eicpatotaneus one lacie ake eevee 64

LAT Lia 08H Go as Gane PON UL URED Mos le V TREE a daa rw fLE Ra ye 79

Meacearites, johnsoni Wall ras Son ais civics eheyeye ieee hid atnlehoe 50

meermel ta, NOPE is Me UNOS aCe Rete Mee cnet aia 79

Meta tinbriata An \& AN es co evel veer delete han igen 51

Mollusea of Pisgah Forest, North Carolina ............ 40

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

EL Gs ELS CS ES do 62

Nenia belahubbardi Pils., n. sp. (pl. 2)................ 93

Nenia bryantwalkeri Pils., n. sp. (pl. 2)............... 95

Nenia flachi tingamarie Pils., n. subsp. (pl. 2) ......... 94

New forms of Pleistocene mollusks from Illinois ....... 22

Pope SUMAN OTIOGES® ©.".72'.00'.'.'2t0'.'atoccla lalate’ alec dese es sae. 49

Be hae eS I er ane aaa 27, 62, 99, 132

Nudibranchiate mollusca from the Pacific coast of North

RS LES) 2S A Pe ea ee 74

Observation on living Gastropods of New England ..... 85

Oreohelix maculata Henderson, n. sp. ................ 15

Sreahenie Walcottiana Darteclt *.).'.)..'.'.1.\.'se'slélelceie o's cele 48

Cree aom@ensid PHS! 22.35 tk Gb ees bles oe 20

ear mie SR TIMISCE! IRN? OW 227..7.'.7 7s. otalatalolate'e'e'e's e'e!eiere oie a ee 28

2 OLE CeO Bea a SOS aS 93

Polygyra columbiana shasta Berry, n. subsp. (pl. 2).... 37

Povevra sierrana berry, 0. sp. (pl. 2) .....5.0..50000% 3

PMMPIEM EPRI ILCCELVER 0 2 ce Linke ce hence ces neeess 60, 97, 1385

Pearse tenis ENS. TSO. 6. sales oa ee cee ecw ens 49

fiver barriers to aquatic animals ................0.4. 1

piged ihe mamenclature Of... so ccc ewww ces COUT

ECU AIMIOPOENETY, «wa ccs cee sec eseccees 123

pee NO i om ace eine cccecewcues 104

Strobilops labyrinthica, the anatomy of ............... 91

Sem A NNT eg kro) apcieras aiareld evlalele ow lasia sac e's 99

Tethys willecoxi in New England waters ............... 80

Pypnlochiton felipponel Dall, n. sp. .. 2.0... c eee dae 4

Peretage PEICATINAGA OAY <.. occa cles sca cdeclncw cas 23

Valvata tricarinata supracarinata Baker, n. var. ....... 24

I MMEANCONSLIGIN, 61 afeic ic clas dele acces sca seeds wegen 62

MITRE ey Set rahe cd Suites wie we shaw Pac era) die viet & 22, 130

MEMIIRBETERIUI ee ok i a IE 8 Nee 85, 99

PIRI Scie. Yel aeie Cal cise blerete edie wie a's & 35

MEH ea hecho is cag AK Ski ple ele, Geis dclsrwicla daa 16

EUR AS So) e cial lak clgargereiag cele Sige deere 12, 39, 101

Ms ela ci. icin ad id adede dle ewes 4, 49, 84, 96

EE et coh cl Aone Ses sl dure Be eae 29

EMR RNELES 222! soya dS, Sucre! Mai ble ao, elds din Carsales ¥,. 9:58

MITT Biro ie) ss rai ook. de ea ele ec ale hareritaw ve sletcunlcle 123

OE TLIAS. oe, ods Sie dese, bese giedasiaieleve staas 34, 60, 91, 97

RIOR CLETTUNS, So) nC dol sk we cg bile tag a ota caer 14

ORV he ak SO ulNewtad dawdanea ec ceases 28, 62, 98

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Reersch Ow A SersbOre. wie) Bee) s)accleic sere isis’ 6/0.) s lelaleraroretarans 50

PMAMET RR MS COMES) occ ie Se Ba hake S./ay bite" ave tastevel silsGe blot pnohbheh shade Ru 82

MV BRR CUTAN CH CKe | asi’ aietlss s Alien Sey Sin vohaiie lolcraser Gale oo hallo Siu neastaetelane 100

UNTILL OD. EN cle ecartv ns 5 al cyatclinia ii loveduei ie esece fe ae eoneeane 33

SGM om Oo NIE CE IER S40. js o'nd «0.4 won wel serach e: Hieie eid elope Benen 74

RUBISIAPALTATNS (ACS WET! 12 e 6 ues 0 lea ole te laateteis wine wold wine oteuene 24

EUROPE ACA STA, Seisiars bie he's aelavoretawanaisihe 48, 49, 77, 938, 117

PSTTMUTTON MORN NES Sw Se ciao Sk ie fay ss ple yeretaeys ieee Nope tet lane 8 tale seamen 118

VEU BIOIL ANON ING ED: Vets in: Soe e Winiss lose on tesla town ale foto etieue tose taunlonenene 80

nS ETN OYS C10 GME NEY REPRE Moora aru eas Aan sayy rary SM Ae | 20, 65

REE TETEOS Sh tatie) og fo. sete tale et suse’ < jahaeees hone hares, eect See ale 16

RS TRSEIGTIV GS hac vo seers 4h atic lo lw. tr apagetarlo een aioe etcetera 104

SE GIMCE NAL INDE A! SiH! Giles’ cries else (ate ohete uate euaiene tebe Wetonets 44, 122

Deere chen HT Maes hee F aie than ane are lanes aise hae -oietee Reva be oes eae 64

ker MDT AIL . access eile cos oieislolerans is oye lous et? torogen ets lets D, OF

yerislow,) Mam 8 1144) .22).43's bs ioiscensbetomeeashs ois eae sae elaniaeeaRiee 40

rie . ie i i ¢

ty Ne Greene K

€.

ee NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXV JULY, 1921. No. 1

RIVER BARRIERS TO AQUATIC ANIMALS.

BY CALVIN GOODRICH.

Contending that the genus was purely a creek form, Dr.

James Lewis? questioned the existence of Goniobasis in the

Holston river. Tryon,? with little waste of good-nature, re-

torted that Dr. Lewis was in no position to know about this,

since the information upon which the assertion was based had

to do with only twenty-five miles of the Holston.

Dr. Lewis seems to have glimpsed a fact in the distribu-

tional history of Goniobasis, but not all of the fact. The

genus does exist in parts of the Holston, but it is where creek

conditions obtain or river conditions are no more than begin-

ning. It ceases to live in the true river. The twenty-five

miles which had been painstakingly explored by Lewis’s cor-

respondent were apparently below the line of creek charac-

teristics, within the barrier across which Goniobasis of the

region could not go.

Dr. Paul Bartsch,* describing the restrictions which the

sediment-laden Missouri places upon the distribution of the

Unionidae, remarks: ‘‘We have, therefore, the curious condi-

1 Amer. Jour. of Conchol., vol. vi, p. 216.

2 [bid., vol. vii, p. 86.

3 Nautilus, Dec., 1916.

2 THE NAUTILUS.

tion of a river forming a barrier to aquatic animals.’’ It

may be of interest to recite similar instances as they apply to

Gonwobasis.

Say’s G. semicarinata lives in streams upon both sides of

the Ohio river. It does not, I am convinced, inhabit the river

itself. Shells that one may identify as semicarimata have

been sent out from Cincinnati, and it has been assumed that

the material came from the Ohio. The collection of the Uni-

versity of Cincinnati leads me to believe that the shells were

taken, not in the Ohio, but in the Little Miami river and in

Mill creek, close at hand. A barrier is plainly indicated by

the difference in the species on the two sides, the semicarimata

of the Kentucky streams being smaller, darker, the carine

less pronounced, than in Ohio and Indiana streams.

In the Blue river of southern Indiana, Daniels found a

Gomobasts that Pilsbry described under the name indianensis.

So far as the records show, the race is confined to that stream.

In Hardin county, Ill., the streams of which are tributary to

the Ohio; occurs a plicate Goniobasis which is identified as

costifera Hald. In Pigeon creek at Evansville, Ind., I found

a species of the genus which, if not new, is exceedingly rare

in collections. It has no counterpart in streams explored else-

where in Indiana and iff Ohio and, so far as I know, in Ken-

tucky and Illinois. To the list of isolated races of the region

can be added G. elaminata Anth. In all these instances, the

Ohio river has acted as a barrier, preventing the interbreed-

ing of the races of one species, permitting the development of

small, distinct races, acting as a wall between the inter-

distribution of the Goniobases of the Licking, Kentucky and

Salt rivers on one part and of the Green river Goniobases on

another.

Gonobasis depygis Say is recorded as from the Falls of the

Ohio. I have collected there three times and never found

specimens of the genus. None appears in the Daniels collec-

tion, and in a large sending from this locality to Dr. Bryant

Walker, from Billups, there were no Gomobases. My own

suspicion is that depygis is a Lithasia as surely as is the G.

louisvillensis of Lea.

THE NAUTILUS, 3

The characteristic Gontobasis of the upper Wabash river is

livescens Menke, a species which, with the possible exception

of virginica Gmel., is the most adaptive of all members of the

genus. It appears as far down the river as Logansport. But

somewhere below that point the conditions become inimical.

It does not occur in the extensive collections made by Daniels

in the Wabash at Lafayette. A small depauperate form was

taken by Hinkley under stones at the ‘‘Chains’’ in Posey

county, and he reports it also from Mt. Carmel, higher up the

river. Its relationship is with livescens. We have here the

ease of a fairly robust species that has been isolated by river

conditions but which, by reason of its adaptiveness, has been

able to plant struggling colonies in an unfavorable environ-

ment, the colonies developing subspecific characters.

This isolating effect of river conditions is compactly illus-

trated at Big Stone Gap, Virginia. In a collection from the

south fork of Powell river at this point — made without dis-

eriminating among species—Plewrocera wnciale Hald., a river

form, was exceedingly abundant; G. simplex Say, a race of

the creeks, was rare. In the north fork of the Powell, a

smaller stream about a mile away, nearly 16 percent of the

Pleuroceride were simplex, the rest wnciale. In a brook tribu-

tary to the south fork, 78 percent of the specimens taken

were simplex, 22 percent wnciale. Near Arthur, Claiborne

county, Tenn., the Powell seemed to contain no Goniobases.

Conditions were suitable in the brook at Big Stone Gap. The

genus survived, but under difficulties in the north fork of the

Powell. The struggle was all but over in the south fork and,

farther down stream, the isolation had been made complete.

The inhospitable nature of the true river to most species of

Gonobasis may again be indicated by a quotation from a

letter from Herbert H. Smith to Dr. Walker in November,

1909, writing while collecting at the Muscle (Mussel) Shoals

of the Tennessee. ‘‘It is remarkable,’’ Mr. Smith says, ‘‘that

we have found no Goniobasis in the river except a few creek

forms evidently washed in. The predominating genus is

Plewrocera.’’

A great many forms of Goniobasis occur in east Tennessee.

4 THE NAUTILUS.

Yet of all the species and in spite of their seemingly great

powers for existing under such harsh conditions as those of

flood, shifting stream bed and chemical erosion, none seems

to have been able to survive the river conditions of the middle

Tennessee. Not one, present study appears to show, has

rounded Walden Ridge and become located in the streams of

central Tennessee or of Alabama. Nor, the literature to the

contrary, is there clear evidence that Goniobases characteristic

of central Tennessee thrive east of the mountains.

A NEW CHITON FROM SOUTHERN BRAZIL.

BY W. H. DALI.

Among some shells sent for identification by Dr. Florentino

Felippone of Montevideo is a chiton with quite unique sculp-

ture, and a combination of characters which does not admit

of its being placed in any of the subdivisions which have

hitherto been proposed in the restricted group of Chitonide.

I therefore suggest for it the following designation.

TYPHLOCHITON.

Chiton without dorsal eyes, the end valves with numerous

slits, the intermediate valves with one slit on each side; the

insertion plates externally grooved; the eaves not spongy;

the gill rows long but not extending to either head or tail, the

margin of the sinus entire.

Type:

TYPHLOCHITON FELIPPONEI N. sp.

Chiton with brownish velvety girdle with rare minute,

short, silvery spicules sparsely irregularly distributed; gills

about 25 on each side with the ends of the series separated by

a marked vacant space from both head and tail; valves rather

acutely ridged and medially posteriorly produced; the an-

terior valve with ten, the intermediate valves with one slit on

each side, the tail valve with 12 slits; the eaves pale blue and

not spongy ; the insertion plates are radially sharply grooved

THE NAUTILUS. 5

but the distal margins remain practically entire; sutural

plates narrow, the sinus shallow with entire margin; a brown

streak on each side of it internally but the rest of the interior

white; external sculpture of the intermediate valves with

lateral areas but no defined jugal tract; the surface micro-

scopically reticulate with, on the central and pleural tracts,

rather sparse slender bluish beaded longitudinal threads on a

brownish ground, about 15 threads on each side with wider

interspaces ; lateral areas with two to four similar threads of

which not more than two run the whole length of the area,

the others being irregularly broken up and short; the anterior

valve with about 20 similar threads, tending to pairs; the

posterior valve with a feeble subcentral mucro, in front of

which it is threaded like the pleural tracts, behind it there

are about a dozen sparse feeble radial threads. There are no

eyes or visible sense organs on the surface of the valves.

Length of specimen (after soaking) 23; breadth 16; height

8mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. no. 333091.

WHAT IS THE TYPE OF ANCYLASTRUM BOURGUIGNAT?

BY BRYANT WALKER.

In a paper recently published in the Proceedings of the

Malacological Society (XIV, 1920, p. 86), Messrs. Kennard

and Woodward, after stating that in their opinion the type of

Ancylus of Geoffrey was the Patella lacustris of Linné, and

that as that species is the type of Beck’s Acroloxus, the latter

consequently becomes a synonym of Ancylus s. s., suggest

that as fluviatilis Mull. must be placed in a distinct genus,

“‘recourse must be had to the subgeneric name of Ancylas-

trum, proposed by Bourguignat in 1853 and that name must

now be raised to generic rank.’’

Assuming that the premises of the authors are correct,

which is by no means free from doubt, the question is at once

raised as to whether Ancylastrum Bgt. can properly be used

for the group typified by the European fluviatilis Mill.

If so, it is evident that the Tasmanian species represented

6 THE NAUTILUS.

by Ancylus cumingianus Bgt., which are generically distinct

from the European group of fluviatilis, will have to be known

by another name.

As the establishment of the proper type of Ancylastrum

thus becomes of very considerable importance in the elassifi-

cation of the Ancylide, and as I have not been able to agree

with the position taken by the authors of this paper, it seems

proper to state the reasons that have influenced my decision

of the question before their suggestion has been generally

accepted.

STATEMENT OF FACTS.

Ancylastrum was first proposed by Bourguignat in the

Journal de Conchyliologie, IV, p. 63. This number of the

Journal is dated February 15, 1853. His paper is entitled

‘*Notice sur le genre Ancylus, suivie d’un catalogue synonym-

ique des especes de ce genre.’’ Only the preliminary part,

the ‘‘Notice’’, was published at this time. On p. 63 the

author defines his new ‘‘S. G. Ancylastrum,’’ but neither

names a type nor lists any species that he would include in it.

In the next number of the Journal, issued May 1, 1853, in

a paper, which is entitled ‘‘Catalogue des especes du genre

Ancylus, 2e Article,’’ Bourguignat published a complete

catalogue of all of the species of the genus then known to

him. Under the caption ‘‘ANcYLASTRUM’’ (p. 170) the first

species mentioned is Ancylus cumingianus Bet., which he

states ‘‘is the type of the section Ancylastrum,’’ and remarks

that ‘‘Cette magnifique espece, remarkable par 1’excessive

deviation de son sommet, contourné sur lui-meme, habite la

terre de Van Diemen, dans la Nouvelle Hollande.’’ He fur-

ther states that he regrets that he is unable to give the diag-

nosis of this and certain other new species from the Cum-

ingian collection for the reason that he had promised Mr.

Cuming that they should appear first in the Proceedings of

the Zoological Society of London. He then proceeds with his

catalogue, which shows that he included all of the known

Ancyli in Ancylastrum except those having the apex directed

to the left side.

THE NAUTILUS. fi

On July 12, 1853, Bourguignat’s paper was presented to

the Zoological Society and was published on July 25, 1854.

The A. cumingianus was fully described in this paper on p. 91

and beautifully figured. And the author again states that it

is the type of his section Ancylastrum.

In 1864 Bourguignat (Mal. Algerie, II, pp. 188-9) repeated

his diagnosis of Ancylastrum, citing A. simplex Buch. (=

fluviatilis) and A. cumingranus as examples.

In 1881 Fischer in his Manual cited fluviatilis as an example

of Ancylastrum. Clessin in his monograph in the Conchylien

Cabinet (1882) gave fluviatilis as the type of Ancylastrum,

and in this has been followed by Tryon, Germain and prac-

tically all of the recent European writers.

Hedley (Prac. Mal. Soc., I, 1895, p. 118) was the first to

eall attention to the fact that Bourguignat had designated

cumingianus as the type of Ancylastrum.

ARGUMENT.

The publication of Bourguignat’s paper in 1853 in two

distinct parts with an interval of nearly three months must

be considered as two separate publications.

If so, it follows :—

I. That Ancylastrum in the first instance was a genus pub-

lished not only without any specified type, but also without

any accompanying list of species. It therefore comes within

the ruling of Opinion 46 of the International Commission on

the ‘‘Status of Genera for which No Species was Distinctly

Named in the Original Publication,’’ and consequently con-

tained all of the species of the world which would come under

the generic description as originally published. And the

generic type could be designated by the first subsequent

author dealing with the subject.

II. That the subsequent publication of Bourguignat’s cata-

logue was not a part of the original publication and that con-

sequently the subsequent designation of the type was not

restricted to the species listed in that catalogue.

This does away with the criticism that the designation of

cumingianus in the catalogue of 1853 was ineffective because

8 THE NAUTILUS.

it had not then been described and was therefore simply a

nude name.

If there is any question as to this position, it may be well

claimed that the characterization of cumingianus in the cata-

logue of 1853, taken with the subgeneric diagnosis of Ancy-

lastrum given by Bourguignat, was sufficient to identify the

species, even though he refrained from giving a formal de-

scription of it at that time. His remarks give an ‘‘unmistak-

able picture, which applies to no other form yet known.”’

The only other known species of that group, A. irvine Petterd,

is quite different in the manner of the enrollment of the per-

sistent spire, which has practically no lateral twist at all.

III. No other species having in the meantime been desig-

nated as the type, it follows that Bourguignat’s second desig-

nation of cumingianus in the P. Z.S. as the type of his section,

cumingianus having then been formally described, was fully

operative, even though that of 1853 was insufficient.

IV. When later it was discovered that cwmimgianus was

generically distinct from the European Ancyli, Ancylastrum,

of which it was the type by designation, necessarily followed

its type and became the name of the new genus.

The argument of Kennard and Woodward, as I gather from

several letters from Mr. Kennard, is substantially as follows:

I. ‘‘It is clear that Ancylastrum Bourg. is really a synonym

of Ancylus s. s. of authors. Bourguignat in 1853 when he

used the word type did not use it in the modern sense and

had no idea that it was generically distinct from the forms

with which he associated it.’’

The reply to this is that under the Code the original diag-

nosis ‘‘cuts very little ice’’. The generic name follows the

type regardless of the specifications of the original diagnosis.

Very many of the ancient genera now in accepted use have

wandered far from the specifications of the original author.

II. “‘Bourguignat never intended to separate cumingianus

from the rest and he uses the word type in a different sense.

He meant example, a very different thing. The present idea

of “‘type’’ is quite a modern one and when the older men

used it they meant example.’’

THE NAUTILUS, 9

The answer to that is that Bourguignat twice explicitly

stated that cwmingianus was the type of Ancylastrum. I can-

not see how we can go behind his positive statement and argue

that he meant something else. The fact that in 1864 he men-

tions cumingianus and fluviatilis as ‘‘examples’’ of Ancylas-

trum has no bearing on the validity or intention of his orig-

inal designation. If this can be done, all of the older desig-

nations of typical species can be overthrown.

III. That when cumingianus was designated as the type in

1853 it had not been described and therefore could not be so

used.

This has been answered by my paragraph II.

CONCLUSION.

Ancylus cumingianus Bgt. is the type of Ancylastrum by

designation and consequently that name cannot be used for

the European group typified by A. fluviatilis Mull.

ANCULOSAE NORTH OF THE ALABAMA DRAINAGE.

BY CALVIN GOODRICH.

Work upon the Alabama drainage Anculose collected by

Herbert H. Smith, compelled a more or less thorough study

of the species and forms which occur in other parts of the

country. I submit the impressions and conclusions for what

they are worth, realizing that a painstaking examination

might greatly modify my present views.

Group of Anculosa carinata (Brug.).

1—A. carINATA (Brug.), 1792.

Synonyms: Paludina dissimilis Say, 1819; Anculotus n-

grescens Conrad, 1834; Anculotus monodontoides Conrad,

1834; Anculotus dentatus Couthouy, 1839; Anculosa carinata

Lea, 1841; Anculosa dentata Lea, 1841; Anculosa variabilis

Lea, 1841; Anculotus carinatus DeKay, 1843; Anculotus tri-

vittata DeKay, 1843.

Some of these may deserve recognition as local races.

10 THE NAUTILUS.

la—A. CARINATA NICKLINIANA Lea, 1841.

Tryon’s insistence to the contrary (Monograph of the

Streptomatide, p. 395), this is an Anculosa. I think the

reason for Tryon’s error may lie in the fact that a dwarf

form of Goniobasis virgimca Gmel. was in his day distributed

as nickliniana. I have specimens from the type locality which

were sent to me by Mr. Robert Patterson of Chase City, Va.

Their generic position cannot be questioned.

2—A. CORPULENTA Anth., 1860.

3—A. CANALIFERA Anth., 1860.

4—A. piuaATaTaA Conrad, 1834.

Synonyms: Anculotus rogerst Conrad, 18384; Melania inflata

Lea, 1888; Anculotus kirtlandianus Anth., 1840; Leptoxis

rapeformis Hald., 1843(?) (on the authority of Tryon) ;

Anculotus carmatus Anth., 1860.

5—A. ORNATA Anth., 1860.

This is a form with Atlantic drainage antecedents which,

like dilatata, has crossed over into a western drainage. So far

as I know, it is confined to the Hiawassee of the Tennessee.

Group of Anculosa trilineata Say.

J—A. TRILINEATA Say, 1829.

Synonym: Melani viridis Lea, 1841.

2—A. costaTa Anth., 1840.

Synonym: Melania occidentalis Lea, 1841.

3—A. virGATA Lea, 1841.

A distinct species, quite different from subglobosa Say

where Tryon placed it.

4—A. minor Hinkley, 1912.

5—A. ARKANSENSIS Hinkley, 1915.

THE NAUTILUS. 11

Group of Anculosa prerosa Say.

1—A. pPR#ROSA Say, 1824.

Synonyms: Melania cruentata Menke, 1828; Melama angu-

losa Menke, 1830; Anculotus angulatus Conrad, 1834; Mela-

nopsis neritiformis Deshayes, 1838; Melania cincinnatiensis

Lea, 1838.

2—A. TINTINNABULUM Lea, 1834.

3—A. TRYONI Lewis, 1870.

4—A. pinauis Lea, 1852.

5—A. TROOSTIANA Lea, 1841.

6—A. PLANISPIRA Anth., 1854.

The figure given of this species by Tryon suggests a variant

very common among the prerosa of the Holston and Cumber-

land rivers. The Green river material mentioned in Tryon is

Inthasia obovata Say with the spire worn away.

7—A. Lewis Lea, 1861.

8—A. viripuLA Anth., 1860.

Cited from Tennessee. It suggests some of the forms taken

by A. picta Conrad in the Alabama river. Tryon links it

with kirtlandianus Anth. of the carinata group.

9—A. uMBILICATUS Wetherby, 1876.

10—A. HARPETHENSIS Pilsbry, 1896.

11—A. suBGaLOBOSA Say, 1825.

Synonym: Melania globula Lea, 1841.

12—A. atpsosa Lea, 1841.

A form from Abram’s creek, Blount county, Tenn., is the

only one I have seen which consistently corresponds with the

description of this species.

13—A. tirrortina Hald., 1840.

Synonym: Melania pilula Lea, 1841.

It seems to me to be of significance that this species, re-

12 THE NAUTILUS.

corded from the Holston river, does not appear in the exten-

sive collections of Mrs. Andrews and Professor Wetherby.

Aberrant specimens of virgata agree with the description ex-

cept in the matter of size. It may be suspected that littorina

is a form of swbglobosa varying in a similar manner.

The entire prerosa group is something of a confusion.

Particularly in the smaller rivers and creeks of central Ten-

nessee does it take peculiar aspects which may or may not

deserve differentiation from the parent stock. In the Elk

river are forms ranging from undeniable prerosa to subglo-

bosa. The same thing is true of the Duck river. A. pingws

is in the Caney Fork of the Cumberland river, but typical

prerosa is there also, and I have not had means of learning

whether pinguis is a true local race or represents specimens

selected from sendings of species previously named. The

suspicion holds good against troostiana and lewisu. The only

subglobosa outside of southeastern Virginia and eastern Ten-

nessee that may not be challenged as variants of prerosa

comes from Lookout creek, a tributary of the Tennessee river

in northern Alabama. There is still a great deal to be learned

about the forms of middle Tennessee.

THE HELICOID GROUP DISCULELLA PILSBRY.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Lowe gave the name Placentula to a small group of Ma-

deiran Helices, typified by H. maderensis Wood. This shell,

in general form and coloration, resembles the H. polymorpha

group (Discula Lowe), but is easily distinguished by the lack

of the surface sculpture of elongate pustuliform granules, the

round aperture (hence the synonym H. cyclostoma Menke)

and strictly continuous peristome. Eight species are referred

to Disculella by Pilsbry, and a ninth must now be added:

Geomitra (Disculella) cenourensis n. sp.

Shell with max. diam. 7.2 to 9.5 mm., with the form of G.

dealbata Lwe., to which it is nearly related, but dark reddish-

THE NAUTILUS. 13

brown, varying to whitish, with the surface dull, above and

below, minutely granular, not very conspicuously striate;

aperture round, the peristome continuous, livid brown. The

umbilicus is rounder than in dealbata; in the latter species it

is distinctly contracted, and therefore not round. In the dull

surface the shell resembles G. (Spirorbula) depauperata, but

it differs by the wider umbilical region, with much more of

the penultimate whorl showing. In the form of the umbilical

region it resembles G. (Disculella) fictilis Lwe., but it is con-

siderably larger than fictilis and lacks the glistening surface.

The animal is pellucid whitish.

I found this abundantly on Cenouras Island, off the east

side of Porto Santo, January, 1921. The snails of this small

island have not previously been collected, so far as I can learn.

The island is barren, with a scanty vegetation consisting of

Microstigma maderensis (Matthiola maderensis Lowe), Lotus,

ete. I could not find any ants or millipedes. The same plants

and the same general conditions are found on the Ilheo de

Nordeste, a short distance away, yet the snail faunas of these

two islets are very different. Nordeste possesses a fine Lep-

taxis (forensis Woll.), and swarms with a Discula (gomesiana

Paiva). On Cenouras I found no Discula, except a single

dead and broken G. cheiranthicola (Lowe), which, as Mr. A.

©. de Noronha suggests, may have been brought by a bird.

On Nordeste we found a small variety of G. (Caseolus) abjecta

(Lwe.) in some numbers, but the shells were all dead.

The group Disculella contains rather discordant elements.

G. leptoticta (Lwe.) of Madeira, and the related G. microm-

phala (Liwe.) of the Desertas stand apart, having a granu-

lated surface, small umbilicus, no keel, and peristome not

strictly continuous. They should, I think, be transferred to

Caseolus. G. spirulina n. n. (Helix spirorbis Lowe, 1852, not

Linné, 1758) is the smallest of the series, and G. compar

(Lwe.) is easily known by the elegant ribbing.

I recently received G. micromphala from the Southern De-

serta (Bugio), collected by Mr. C. B. Cossart. According to

Paiva, spirulina and leptosticta also occur there, but several

of Paiva’s Bugio records are improbable and in need of con-

14 THE NAUTILUS.

firmation. Mr. Cossart’s collection from Bugio (1921) con-

sists of the following forms:

Plebecula vulgata saxipotens (Woll.). Six.

P. punctulata avellana (Lowe). Common.

Geomitra micromphala (Lowe). Six.

G. polymorpha poromphala (Lowe). The most abundant

shell.

G. coronula (Lowe). Two examples of this beautiful little

species.

G. actinophora descendens (Woll.). This form can only be

segregated on average characters, I think. Three were found.

OREOHELIX MACULATA, NEW SPECIES.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

In 1917 I collected several species of Oreohelix in abun-

dance in Shell Creek Canyon and White Creek Canyon,

northern Wyoming. The first-mentioned canyon is the type

locality of O. pygmaea Pilsbry, and the other, near by, is the

only other recorded locality for that species. Supposing that

I was at the type locality of pygmaea, and misled by the size

and shape of the smallest species of Oreohelix I found there,

the specimens were labeled pygmaea in the field and so desig-

nated in the field notes. Apparently they were not re-

examined upon returning to Boulder, but were unfortunately

placed in a drawer and published as pygmaea (NAUTILUS,

XXVII, pp. 45-46), and specimens have since been distrib-

uted in exchange to several conchologists and institutions

under that name. A few days ago I examined a few of them

with a lens, just after looking at some true pygmaea, and at

once saw that they bear no very close resemblance to that

form or to any other described Oreohelix. Indeed, the differ-

ence may be readily seen without a lens. An examination of

the records in comparison with the latest map of the region

also shows that the pygmaea localities are several miles far-

ther up both canyons than our 1917 stations, and none of the

material found in 1917 is pygmaea.

THE NAUTILUS. 15

OREOHELIX MACULATA, new species.

Shell below medium size for the genus, spire elevated,

whorls 514, with convex periphery, somewhat flattened above

near the suture, resulting in a deeply impressed suture, con-

vex below. Embryonic whorls dark brown in most examples,

at first nearly smooth, with very fine growth-lines crossed by

microscopic spiral lines, which, at about the beginning of the

third whorl, develop into beaded ribs easily detected with a

low-power lens. The last two whorls of the shell bear numer-

ous rather strong, rude, blunt, irregular ribs, parallel with

the growth-lines, crossed by about equally numerous rude

spiral ribs, this sculpture being especially well developed on

the base of the last whorl. This sort of sculpture is typical

of the depressa-coopert group, as distinguished from the

sharp-ribbed haydent group, but the sculpture is very much

stronger in maculata than is usual in either depressa or

coopert, and the two latter are smoother below than at the

periphery and above, while in maculata the opposite is true.

Aperture rounded, outer and inner lips approaching. Um-

bilicus deep and narrow. Color exceedingly variable, a large

number seen collectively appearing quite dark because of a

preponderance of brown. The great majority of examples

have irregular, poorly defined hight brown patches on a white

ground color, particularly noticeable under a lens, with

usually one spiral band or more of the same color above the

periphery and stronger bands of darker brown, varying in

width and number, just below the periphery and on the base.

A few albinos were found, without intergradation to the

typical color, as is also true of O. coopert obscura at the same

locality. A considerable number of examples are almost en-

tirely dark brown, but, except in a very few specimens, there

is a wide, conspicuous lighter band at or just above the peri-

phery of the melanistic shells, which shows just above the

suture on the spires.

Type, width, 14 mm.; height, 11.5 mm. Univ. Colo. Mus.

Cotype No. 1, width, 13.5 mm.; height, 10.8 mm. Univ.

Colo. Mus.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

Cotype No. 2, width, 14 mm.; height, 11 mm. Univ. Colo.

Mus.

Cotype No. 3, width, 12.8 mm.; height, 10.6 mm. Univ.

Colo. Mus.

Cotype No. 4, width, 13 mm.; height, 10.8 mm. Univ. Colo.

Mus.

Cotype No. 5, width, 138.5 mm.; height, 12 mm. Univ. Colo.

Mus.

Cotype No. 6, width, 14 mm.; height, 10.8 mm. A. N.S.

Phila.

No. 5 is a melanistic example with no light band.

GLOCHIDIA IN SURFACE TOWINGS.

BY H. W. CLARK AND SAMUEL STEIN.

In their article on ‘‘Reproduction and Parasitism in the

Unionide,’’ by LeFevre and Curtis (Journ. of Experimental

Zoology, Vol. [X, No. 1, p. 98), under the caption, ‘‘ Behavior

and Reactions of Glochidia,’’ occurs the following statement:

‘‘At the time of spawning the glochidia, already free from

the egg-membranes and more or less loosely held together in

slimy strings, are discharged at irregular intervals through

the exhalent siphon. Being heavier than water, they sink

rapidly to the bottom, coming to rest with the outer surface

of the shell directed downward and the valves gaping widely

apart.’’ The belief was formerly general that they ‘‘swim’’

about by rapidly opening and closing the valves, after the

manner of Pecten, and in spite of frequent denials by Schier-

holz (’88), Latter (’91) and others, the same statement is

still occasionally encountered. In the recent volume on Mol-

lusea in the Treatise on Zoology, edited by Lankester, this

inexcusable error is represented. ‘‘The glochidia,’’ we are

again informed, ‘‘swim actively by clapping together the

valves of the shell’’ (p. 250). They are, on the contrary, as

is now well known, entirely incapable of locomotion and re-

main in the spot where they happen to fall, and that ‘‘The

THE NAUTILUS. aly;

glochidia remain in this helpless situation until they die, un-

less they happen to come in contact with the host on which

they pass through the post-embryonic development as para-

sites.”’? The same statement occurs in the ‘‘Studies on the

Reproduction and Artificial Propagation of Freshwater Mus-

sels’’ by the same authors in the Bulletin of the U. S. Bureau

of Fisheries, Vol. XXX (Document No. 756, page 152).

The occurrence of glochidia in plankton is noted and com-

mented on in some fullness of detail by Kofoid in his report

on the Plankton of the Illinois River, Part 2, page 287, where,

under the heading ‘‘Lamellibranchiata’’ he remarks: ‘‘This

group is represented in the plankton by the larval stages or

glochidia of the Unionide, which form an important part of

the bottom fauna of the stream and its tributaries.’’ Among

those mentioned as occurring in the plankton are Anodonta

corpulenta Cooper, glochidia ‘‘referred with some uncer-

tainty’’ to Lampsilis anodontoides, and glochidia presumably

belonging to Arcidens confragosus.

Kofoid’s remarks concerning the abundance, numbers and

percentage of occurrence, temperature relations and seasonal

distribution, as well as his remarks on identification of the

glochidia encountered, preceding as it does the strenuous

attempts at description and identification of glochidia and

ascertainment of breeding seasons of different species of mus-

sels later entered into with such avidity in behalf of mussel

propagation, form one of the most fascinating episodes in

scientific research. His discussion is unfortunately too long

to quote in a brief article like that intended here, but too

interestingly precious to be missed by anyone studying the

history of mussel propagation.

Peremptorily dismissing the temptation to quote remarks

illuminating other but what would anciently be called imper-

tinent phases of the subject here, it only remains to remark

that what is really the one pertinent query, that of the rela-

tion of the glochidia to the surface, is left in doubt. The

wording of the one introductory sentence quoted, doubtless

perfectly clear when written, develops an ambiguity which

increases with a growing interest in glochidia rather than

18 THE NAUTILUS.

mussel. Kofoid took his plankton by means of a pump, and

at all depths, from near the bottom to the surface. He may,

therefore, have obtained his glochidia anywhere between

those extremes of depth.

During the spring and summer of 1920, in an attempt to

ascertain the relation, quantitatively and qualitatively, be-

tween the river, the reservoir and the various ponds of the

Fisheries Biological Station at Fairport, Iowa, occasional

surface towings were made with a fine bolting-cloth net in all

the places mentioned. On April 12, ten short hauls were

made at the surface of the Reservoir near its outlet, in about

12 feet of water. In the portion of the haul examined (in

most eases, especially where a considerable amount of mate-

rial was taken, only a small portion, usually about one-tenth,

was examined carefully) a glochidium of the Anodonta type,

probably that of Anodonta corpulenta, was taken. It was at

first supposed that it was dead, but four hours after capture

it was observed to snap its valves.

On July 3, the river, which was high and muddy, showed a

slightly greenish cast, suggesting an abundance of plankton.

Accordingly several short draws, almost dips, were taken at

11:15 a. m. from the end of the pier, from the surface in

shallow water near shore. One glochidium, provisionally iden-

tified as that of Lampsilis anodontoides, and 12 shorter,

rounder, probably of some species of Quadrula, were taken.

On July 29 a towing was taken in water a considerable dis-

tance from shore, from a boat and in the current. Only a

small amount of the material — mostly silt — was examined ;

but in the part scrutinized was found a glochidium.

On July 30, the townet was held under the edge of the mass

of water coming up from the river and falling in an inverted

bowl-shaped mass from the vertical inlet pipe, where it enters

the Reservoir. The net was held here only about 3 minutes,

and naturally strained only a small portion of the water fall-

ing from the pipe—hardly a hundredth part. A good deal of

material, chiefly detritus, was obtained and only a small

amount of this examined; but in this small amount was ob-

tained 8 glochidia of the Lampsilis type.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

On August 14, twenty-five liters of water was dipped from

the surface out in the river in fairly deep water and in the

channel. In the part examined one very minute glochidium

was taken.

On August 19, in taking a surface towing by dragging the

townet from a boat going down stream from a bar above the

station, and in fairly deep water, three glochidia were cap-

tured.

To sum the matter up, there was not a single collection of

surface plankton taken from the river in which there was not

one or more glochidia, and indeed, until the river became low

and calm, permitting the development of plankton organisms,

the glochidia usually outnumbered any other organism; the

river, except during the conditions above mentioned, being

remarkedly plankton-poor. In every instance, too, where ex-

amined repeatedly and at long enough intervals, the glochidia

proved themselves alive by a feeble snapping of their valves.

The flapping of the valves was always too feeble and too

widely separated in time intervals to be effective as a means

of locomotion. It may, of course, have been much more vigor-

ous and frequent for a time after first discharged, but there

is no probability that it could ever have resulted in swim-

ming.”’

On the assumption that the glochidia lie on the bottom

where discharged, and there die unless they become attached

to a fish, one of the most important advantages served by

parasitism is that of dissemination. In the light of the obser-

vations recorded above, it becomes evident that distribution

down stream is common and that perhaps many, if not most,

natural infections take place some distance from and below

the place of discharge. The importance of parasitism as re-

gards dispersal is therefore confined chiefly to up-stream

migration, although of course dispersal in other directions is

greatly assisted and accelerated by means of the fish.

The surface-floating habit of glochidia explains also the

occurrence of Anodonta imbecillis, a species which is capable

of developing without parasitism, in floating crates, the bot-

toms of which are considerably above the level of the bottom

20 THE NAUTILUS.

of the river, as has happened in crates moored at Fairport,

Iowa, and at New Boston, Ill.

Fisherves Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa.

FLORIDA WEST COAST LIGUUS.

BY CHARLES TORREY SIMPSON.

In the April, 1921, number of the Nautinus, Mr. M. G.

Miller states that Capt. W. D. Collier, long a resident of Key

Marco, brought tree snails from Middle Cape Sable and

‘‘planted’’ them at Caxambas, Goodland Point, and Marco,

all on Key Marco. This was done forty-eight years ago and

there were no Liguus snails on Marco previous to this, but

they multiplied and spread rapidly.

As a matter of fact there have been found no less than four

subspecies of Liguus belonging to two species, and one species

of Oxystyla in the Marco region and for some forty miles

southeast of it. Liguus fasciatus roseatus has been found on

Marco Key, Horr’s Island, near it, at Gomez Old Place, ten

miles southeast, at Caxambas, and at Chokoloskee farther

down the coast. The form of Liguus which I have called

lineolatus has been found at several places on Marco Key,

Horr’s Island, Gomez Old Place, Russell’s Key, Turner’s

River, Caxambas and Chokoloskee. Liguus fasciatus castaneo-

zonatus has been found at Rabbit Key, just below Choko-

loskee, and on the island of the latter name, but nowhere to

the northwest of these places, so far as I know. Liguus cre-

natus marmoratus, the ‘‘black snail’’, was obtained by Mr.

Clarence B. Moore, who got it from a Mr. C. G. McKinney

from land which he cleared somewhere near Chokoloskee, ac-

cording to Pilsbry in his ‘‘Study of the Liguus of Florida,’’

page 453. Some five years ago I visited Chokoloskee and was

taken by a resident to the island where he said the black

snails which Mr. Moore obtained were found. The hammock

had been cleared but diligent search brought to hght some

fragments and three dead, badly-faded specimens, one of

which is marmoratus, I believe. Oxystyla floridensis has been

THE NAUTILUS. vA

found at Chokoloskee, its northernmost limit, Pavillion Key

and Seminole Point.

Now then, what I would like to know is if Capt. Collier

brought all these forms of Liguus and Oxystyla from Middle

Cape Sable and distributed them in the various localities on

the west coast I have mentioned. Forms of most of them

have actually been found on the Middle Cape, the Oxystyla,

Liguus fasciatus roasatus, L. castaneozonatus, L. crenatus

marmoratus, and a couple of other forms of crenatus which it

seems he did not bring, or if he did they never became estab-

lished. How did it come that the Oxystyla only is found as

far north as Chokoloskee, that castaneozonatus is only known

from this locality and Rabbit Key? Why did he carry mar-

moratus to a key four miles from Chokoloskee and not put it

on the trees of the latter island — why didn’t he take all the

forms and plant them on Marco Key?

As a matter of fact I have never found any snail on Middle

Cape Sable which is really very close to any of these upper

west coast forms. The castaneozonatus are a little differently

marked ; the marmoratus I have from there is of a different

pattern from the Chokoloskee shells and something like a

single dead specimen I obtained on Key Vaca. I never found

during several visits to the Middle Cape anything that could

certainly be referred to lineolatus. While Capt. Collier may

have brought tree snails from Middle Cape Sable and planted

them on or around Marco, it is doubtless true that several

forms of Liguus and the great Oxystyla crossed from the

Upper Florida Keys to the southwest coast of the mainland

of Florida over a now destroyed land bridge, that this migra-

tion was probably made many thousands of years ago and

that they reached the Chokoloskee, Marco region after the

aborigines had built and abandoned the shell mounds, that

they made part of their migrations to the region of their most

northern distribution from island to island by water, on the

trees they lived on.

This subject of the geographical distribution of the Liguus

and Oxystylas in Florida and the manner in which they

migrate will be discussed later in a separate paper. As to the

22 THE NAUTILUS.

blue tree snails of the southwest coast, I obtained several of

them from residents of Chokoloskee. These were Ozxystyla

floridensis pure and simple, and they had been boiled in water

containing a little indigo. We made a number of specimens

of this new species aboard the boat in the same way and they

were just as nice as those sold by the natives. This receipt is

absolutely free to anyone desiring to make new species.

NEW FORMS OF PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS FROM ILLINOIS.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.*

A recent examination of Pleistocene material from Grundy

County, Illinois, submitted by Mr. Harold E. Culver, of the

Illinois State Geological Survey, reveals several new forms

of mollusks which seem to need recognition. Upwards of

twenty species and varieties occur in the marl deposit, which

is post-Wisconsin in age.

AMNICOLA LUSTRICA GELIDA N. var.

Shell differing from lustrica in being narrower, with more

convex whorls, more deeply impressed sutures, a smaller,

rounder aperture, the lip of which is usually thickened

within. There are six full whorls in adult individuals.

Length, 4.25; diameter, 2.25; aperture length, 1.25; width,

1.0 mm. Topotype, Collection Museum of Natural History,

U. of 1, No. P926.

Length, 4.50; diameter, 2.30; aperture length, 1.40; width,

1.0 mm. Paratype. Museum No. P927.

Length, 4.0; diameter, 2.50; aperture length, 1.50; width,

1.10 mm. Paratype. Museum No. P927.

Types from near Morris, Grundy County, Illinois, in marl

deposit.

This small Amnicola is one of the most abundant species

in Pleistocene deposits, and seems to be widely distributed,

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of

Illinois, No. 16.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

occurring in Ohio as well as in the known Illinois localities,

Chicago, Joliet, and Grundy County. In a previous paper

(Journ. Geol., XXVIII, p. 448, 1920) it was listed as Amm-

cola lustrica variety, its differentiation having been suggested

by Dr. Pilsbry. It is so markedly different from lustrica as

found recently, and as represented in some marl deposits,

that a name seems very necessary.

Three forms of Ammicola related to lustrica have come

under the writer’s observation. The typical form, wide, with

moderately convex whorls and a large body whorl; this is in

the collection of the Museum from Milwaukee, Wis. (30th

Street) ; a wide form like the type but with thickened lip and

solid shell; specimens of this form have been seen from

Randolph County, Indiana; and the form herein described,

which is narrower and more scalariform than the type. These

all represent, probably, different types of environments. The

likeness of gelida to Amnicola oneida Pilsbry, from Oneida

Lake, N. Y. (Nautinus, XX XI, p. 46, 1917) is striking, and

suggests that onetda may be the recent manifestation of the

fossil form. It will be remembered that the old Rome outlet,

in use for the discharge of the waters of the Great Lakes, was

by way of Oneida Lake, and western species had easy access

to this waterway.

AMNICOLA LEIGHTONI Baker.

This recently described Pleistocene Amnicola (NAuTILus,

XXXII, p. 125, 1920) also occurred in the Grundy County

material. The shells are more variable in Illinois than in the

type locality in Logan County, Ohio, the spire being long or

short and the body whorl varying greatly in obeseness. Con-

tinued study of this species in comparison with the Maine

species (winkleyi) lead the writer to consider the fossil form

as a distinct species, as indicated above.

VALVATA TRICARINATA Say.

This common species is most abundant in nearly all lacus-

trine and fluviatile deposits of the Pleistocene period. Like

the recent shells, it varies greatly in the carinate condition of

24 THE NAUTILUS.

the shell. On the whole, the fossil individuals appear to be

more variable than the recent forms. The variations in cari-

nation have been recognized to some extent and names have

been appled to the most striking of these variations. Seven

combinations are apparently possible. These are indicated in

the following table:

RIGA PATTA TE po SO Io ae Sis sik ais bee tees tricarinata Say.

Madcdlescarind absent |... o0,. <> 64 sie perconfusa Walker.

Upper and lower carine absent ...... unmcarinata DeKay.

HO Wwer.carina ADSEME 2.25. <0 sie elcys biel e' basalis Vanatta.

Middle and upper carina absent ..... infracarinata Vanatta.

Middle and lower carina absent ..... supracarinata Baker.

Auli@eaminge absent... 6255s oe. Meee simplex Gould.

VALVATA TRICARINATA SUPRACARINATA Dl. var.

Shell differing from the other described varieties of the

tricarinate series in lacking the carina on the periphery and

base. Otherwise similar. Length, 3.5; width, 4.5; aperture

length, 2.0; width, 1.8 mm. Topotype, Collection Museum of

Natural History, U. of I., No. P928. Type locality, near

Morris, Grundy County, Illinois.

This variation is apparently rare, as but four specimens

were found in sorting several hundred tricarinata. In the

deposit under study (Grundy County) the perconfusa form

was in much greater abundance, followed by the tricarinata

form. See Nautitus, XV, p. 124; XXXI, p. 36; XXVIII,

pp. 104, 105, for descriptions of the other variations of this

polymorphic species.

SOME CENTRAL AMERICAN SPECIES OF NAIDES, BELONGING OR

ALLIED TO THE GENUS ELLIPTIO.

BY A. E. ORTMANN, PH. D.

Frierson (Nauti. 27. ’138, p. 14) has described a new species

as Unio (Nephronaias) ortmanni, and says that it ‘‘ is clearly

placed in the Nephronaias division by its evident near kinship

to melleus Lea and to persulcatus Lea’’.

THE NAUTILUS. og

Later (NauTIL. 31.’ 17 p. 47) he distinguishes as Nephronaias

(s. s.) a group of species, containing plicatulus, persulcatus,

melleus, dysoni, ortmanni, ravistellus etc., of which he says that

the anatomy resembles that of Elliptio, but that it ‘‘ differs from

Elliptio in its suleated disk, in its beak sculpture etc.’’ But it

should be remembered that only the anatomy of ortmanni was

known.

My own determination of the genus Nephronaias (Ann. Carn.

Mus. 8. 12 p. 326) rested upon the examination of the soft

parts of N. sapotalensis (Lea), which surely is a Lampsiline shell;

but I have pointed out that it is all important to determine the

position of the type species of the genus, Unio plicatulus Charpen-

tier. Frierson now assumes, from the characters of the shell,

that plicatulus has the same anatomical structure as ortmanni.

This may be correct, but has not been demonstrated; but if

correct, the name Nephronaias becomes either a synonym of

Elliptio, or a subgenus of it, or a genus closely allied to it.

In view of the great deficiency in our knowledge of the Mex-

ican and Central American species, I prefer, for the present,

to leave those species, which have Elliptio-structure, in the

genus Elliptio. Of the following forms, the anatomy is more or

less known to me.

ELLIPTIO ORTMANNI (Frierson) (1. c.).

Specimens, cotypes, from Rio Conchins, Quirigua, Guatemala,

have been investigated, collected Febr. 4 and 6, 1913.

Frierson (1. c., p. 15) has already indicated the essential

features of the anatomy of this species. It should be added,

that the anal opening has crenulations, the branchial papillae;

that the mantle connection between anal and supraanal is

moderate (in most of my specimens torn by rough handling);

that the posterior margins of the palpi are connected for about

half of their length. The inner lamina of the inner gills is free

from the abdominal sac, except at its anterior end. The mar-

supium is in the outer gills, placentae are present, sublanceo-

late, not very solid. Marsupium moderately swollen, its edge

remaining sharp, when charged. Glochidium subcircular, L.

0.23, H. 0.22 mm. Color of soft parts (in alcohol) pale. Male

26 THE NAUTILUS.

and female shells indistinguishable. The breeding season seems

to fall in the winter months of the northern hemisphere.

ELLIPTIO CALAMITARUM (Morelet) (?).

This species has been mentioned incidentally by Frierson

(1. c., p. 15) from Rio Blanco, near Livingston, Guatemala,

collected Febr. 18, ’13, but there is some doubt about the

identification; in a recent letter, Frierson thinks that this is

U. dysoni Lea. I do not want to express an opinion; the speci-

mens investigated by me belong to the same lot, and they have

absolutely the same structure of the soft parts as E. ortmanni.

Also the glochidia have the same shape and dimensions: L.

0.23, H. 0.22 mm. The breeding season also is in winter (glo-

chidia in February).

ELLIPTIO YZABALENSIS (Crosse & Fischer) (Simpson Descript.

Catal. ’14, p. 276).

Two specimens, with soft parts, have been sent by A. A.

Hinkley, collected Jan. 6, ’17, in Saja River, Guatemala (trib-

utary to Rio Dulce, below Lake Yzabal). Both are females,

and are gravid, but have not yet formed glochidia.

Frierson thinks that these specimens might be a new species,

but they agree, in my opinion, quite well with Simpson’s de-

scription of yzabalensis, and very well with v. Martens’ figures

(Biol. Centr. Amer. Moll. 1900, p. 507, pl. 39, f. 9-11), and

in my identification I rely chiefly on 10 and 11 of these figures.

Their chief character is the great height of the shell as com-

pared with the length. One of my specimens has white, the

other has purple nacre.

The anatomy is identical with that of EF. ortmanni and calam-

itarum in every particular. Of course, the glochidia have not

been observed.

There is no question that the three above species are closely

allied to each other, both in anatomy and shell characters (sul-

cated epidermis), and I should not be astonished if finally they

turn out to be forms of one and the same species.

THE NAUTILUS. 27

ELLIPTIO RAVISTELLUS (Morelet). (Nephronaias rav. Simpson,

°14, p. 283).

Specimens from Lake Yzabal, at Jocolo, Guatemala, are at

hand, collected by A. A. Hinkley in January, 1914. Among

them are 1 male, and 3 females with soft parts; one of the

females is gravid, but has only eggs, no glochidia. Seven

others from Lake Yzabal were collected January 9, 1917; among

them 1 male, and 6 gravid females, three of them with glo-

chidia.

The identification is undoubtedly correct, and has been made

chiefly according to v. Martens (Biol. Centr. Amer. Moll. 1900,

p. 516, pl. 38 f. 2). The color of the nacre, in my specimens,

varies from white through lead color and pinkish to dull purple.

The breeding season seems to be similar to that of the preced-

ing species (eggs and glochidia in January).

The anatomy resembles that of E. orimagni,, but the posterior

margins of the palpi are connected at theif bases only, and re-

markably enough, the inner lamina of the inner gills, in all

specimens before me, is free from the abdominal sac only for

about one-half of the length of the latter (or very slightly more),

while it is connected with it in the anterior half (or slightly

less). This is a rather unusual condition in American Union-

inae. Of course, in this case, this character cannot be regarded

as essential, before a larger number of Central American shells

have been investigated.

Gills, marsupium, and placentae of the Elliptio-type. Glo-

chidia absolutely identical with those of K. ortmanni and cala-

mitarum: L. 0.28, H. 0.22 mm. Color of soft parts (in alco-

hol) pale, with black pigment in the region of the branchial,

anal, and supraanal openings.

NOTES.

Dr. Paut BartscH spent part of May and June in the

Bahamas and Florida, continuing his studies of Cerion.

Dr. C. MontacguE Cooke, who has been working on the

28 THE NAUTILUS.

anatomy of Hawaiian land snails at the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia for the past nine months, has re-

turned to Honolulu. He expects to resume his studies in

Philadelphia next September.

Pror. T. D. A. CocKERELL, of the University of Colorado,

returned from England early in July, stopping at New York,

Philadelphia and Washington on his way to Colorado.

Mr. Frank C. Baker, curator of the Museum of Natural

History, University of Illinois, will spend the summer in

Wisconsin, continuing his study of the molluscan fauna under

the auspices of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural His-

tory Survey.

Dr. FrED Baker has joined an expedition for work on the

fauna of Lower California.

Om InJuRING OystTERS. — A suit for $200,000 has been

brought against the Mexican Petroleum Corporation for dam-

ages done to some of the oyster beds of Narragansett Bay.

The question of sewage has also entered largely into the dis-

cussion. The oyster industry of the bay began to decline in

1914 and has steadily deteriorated ever since. Prof. T. C.

Nelson of Rutgers College, and biologist of the Shell Fish

Commission of New Jersey, said that oil was responsible for

the death of the oyster ‘‘sets’’ in 1916 and 1917. There seems

to be a general complaint that oil and sewage is gradually

destroying the marine life of our bays and harbors. During

the winter even marine birds, such as the little auks, were

brought to the museum with their feathers thoroughly satur-

ated and discolored by oil. CL Wise

fee NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXV OCTOBER, 1921. No. 2

COLLECTING MOLLUSKS ON A BEAM-TRAWLER.

BY A. B, FULLER.

Collecting mollusks on a beam-trawler while not an ideal way

to collect, is nevertheless interesting. These vessels are about

135 feet long, 22 feet beam, tonnage about 150, and run by

steam. August 6, 1920, found me on one of these steel boats

bound for the Georges Bank. Our first set was made about 118

miles southeast of the Boston light in about 45 fathoms, inside

of the Georges Bank proper. The trawl consists of a sweep net

about 90 feet wide and 9 feet deep, held apart and in position

by two heavy oak doors about three feet by seven feet, shod

with heavy iron on one long side. This makes it ride upright

and prevents it from wearing as it drags on the bottom. These

doors act as kites to the net, as it were, one at each end of the

opening, and each hung by a chain bridle toa steel cable. The

cables are attached to steam winches which work simultaneously

in lowering and pulling in the net. A heavy rope cable about

three inches in diameter stretches from door to door and drags

on the bottom, acting as a ground line to which the lower edge

of the net is fastened. In the center of the net is a large pocket

of coarse meshes, but smaller than the meshes of the net proper.

This is called the ‘‘cod end,’’ and is protected by a blanket

of heavy double-meshed netting, so that in dragging on the

bottom it will not snag and tear. A portion of the ‘‘cod end”’

30 THE NAUTILUS.

is pursed and tied with a special knot; when the bag is hoisted

aboard full of fish a pull on the knot opens the purse and the

fish are dumped upon the deck.

The net is ‘‘ fished’’ two hours at a time, and the time con-

sumed in hauling, dumping and resetting is very short. The

fish are then cleaned and are often all on the ice in the hold in

about thirty minutes after being taken from the water. Three

to four thousand pounds of good fish at a haul was fair fishing

and about the average. Most of the fishing is in water ranging

from 30 to 50 fathoms, in a zigzag course across the grounds.

The net sweeps nearly everything before it of any size and all

goes back into the ‘‘cod end.’’ The collection that is dumped

upon the deck is therefore miscellaneous in character. From

two to three tons of mixed fish, sponges, mollusks and other in-

vertebrates is quite a sight to a collector. Large monk fish,

skates, cod, haddock, hake, red snapper, halibut, flounders

and sculpins, comprise the principal fish. Owing to the large

mesh the majority of the mollusks pass through, leaving only

the very large ones or a few of the smaller ones entangled in the

net.

Each haul presented three chances to collect. First, when

the net comes up; a few minutes of hasty inspection brought to

light some fine nudibranchs (Dendronotus frondosus) and many

little hermit crabs bearing various species of shells and a few

very minute shells (Cingula carinata) imbedded in the strands

of the ground line. Second, the fish are sorted by sluicing them

down the deck with a stream of water, the men pushing the re-

fuse fish along with pitch forks and picking out the good ones

as this procession goes by, the shells, etc., may be snatched up

and not much passes by without being seen. Pecten magellanicus

Gmel. were sometimes very common, at other times missing.

Cyprina islandica Linn., Modiolus modiolus Linn., Buccinum un-

datum Linn., Chrysodomus decemcostatus Say, Colus stimpsont

Morch., Polinices heros Say, and the rare P. levicula Verr., were

taken in this way, and all varied greatly in numbers according

to bottom conditions. Some of the Buccinum and Chrysodomus

were unusually large. Attached to some of the Pecten were the

egs-capsules of Chrysodomus decemcostatus, called by the fisher-

THE NAUTILUS. 31

men ‘‘sea corn.’’ These were described and figured by Mr.

Charles W. Johnson, ‘‘ Occasional Papers,’’ Vol. 5, pp. 1-4,

pl. 1, 1921, Boston Society of Natural History. Iam indebted

to the Society for the cut illustrating these capsules. The third

method of collecting is from the fish stomachs as the men were

cleaning the fish; I was often able to get a bucket full of material

from the haddock, later washing and sifting out the shells,

wrapping them in cheese cloth and throwing them into a can of

formaline. Sometimes the contents consisted mostly of small

crustacea mixed with sand, with but few shells. The cod pro-

duced but little in the mollusk line except fragments of Cyprina

and Modiolus, which they had evidently been able to crush.

There were also pieces of large gasteropods, probably Buccinwm

and Chrysodomus. Crabs, however, seemed to be the main

food of the cod. Sometimes the net would come up plastered

with large starfish, then it would bea yellow sponge (Desmac-

adon palmata) that the fishermen call ‘* boxing gloves,’’ from

their resemblance; another haul would show large numbers of

ascidians, the ‘‘sea lemons,’’ or the ‘‘ stemmed sea peaches’’

(Pyura). Many times the net was filled with hydroids, known

to the fishermen as ‘‘ moss,’’ clusters of long rubbery worm-

tubes, dubbed by the men ‘‘macaroni,’’ as it resembles that

product, was very plentiful in one place. Thus the men would

say, ‘‘ we are on the boxing gloves,’”’ or on the moss, or in the

lemons, or in the macaroni, as the case might be.

The following is a list of species obtained from the fish stom-

achs, with the exception of Polypus arcticus. For their deter-

mination I am indebted to Mr. Charles W. Johnson.

Nucula prozima truncula Dall.

Nucula tenuis Montg.

Leda tenwisulcata Couth.

Yoldia linatula Say.

Pecten magellanicus Gmel. (young).

Anomia aculeata Mill.

Anomia simplex Orb.

Modiolus modiolus L. (fragments).

Musculus substriatus Gray.

Musculus corrugatus Stimp.

THE NAUTILUS.

Crenella glandula Totten.

Periploma leanum Conr.

Thracia truncata Migh. & Ads.

Cyprina islandica L. (young).

Astarte portlandica Migh.

Cardium pinnulatum Conr.

Macoma calcarca Gmel. (young).

Ensis directus Cony. (fragments).

Siliqua costata Say (fragments).

Spisula polynyma Stimp. (young).

Saxicava arctica L.

Solariella obscura Couth.

Odostomia sulcosa Migh.

Epitonium groenlandicum Perry.

Epitonium costulatum Migh. & Ads.

Natica clausa Brod. & Sowb.

Polinices heros Say (young).

Polinices triseriata Say.

Polinices immaculata Totten.

Polinices groenlandica MOll.

Velutina undata Brown.

Crepidula plana Say.

Cingula carinata Migh. & Ads.

Turritellopsis acicula Stimp.

Aporrhais occidentalis Beck (young).

Alectrion trivittata Say.

Anachis avara similis Rav.

Buccinum undatum L. (young).

Chrysodomus 10-costatus Say (young).

Colus stimpsonti Morch. (young).

Colus pygmaeus Gld.

Bela scalaris MOll.

Bela harpularia Couth.

Bela pleurotomaria Couth.

Bela bicarinata Couth.

Retusa pertenuis Migh.

Retusa gouldii Couth.

Cylichna alba Brown.

Polypus arcticus Prosch.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXV PLATE |

1. EGG-CAPSULES OF BUCCINUM UNDATUM L.

2. EGG-CAPSULES OF CHRYSODOMUS 10-COSTATA SAY.

THE NAUTILUS. 33

EGG-CAPSULES OF BUCCINUM UNDATUM L.*

BY OLOF 0. NYANDER.

The interesting paper on ‘‘ Egg-capsules of the Ten-ribbed

Whelk,’’ by Charles W. Johnson (Occasional Papers, Boston

Soc. Nat. History, Vol. 5, pp. 1-4, pl. 1, May, 1921), brings

to mind a collecting trip which in this connection may prove of

interest.

In the summer of 1906 I spent one month collecting Silurian

fossils in Cabscook Bay from Eastport to Whiting, Maine, and

as my work was mostly in the tidal zone I could not help but

observe the common marine shells while collecting fossils at

Broad Cove, near Eastport, where the average tide is about 22

feet. Shackford Head is at the west of the cove and near to the

deep water; there is an isolated rock outcrop just above low

water. In a part of this rock sheltered from the sun and among

the rock weeds was hanging a large bunch of Buccinum undatum

egg-capsules, and three large specimens were depositing their

eggs in different parts of the bunch, which was 6 inches long,

nearly 3 inches broad and 2 inches high. As this mass of eggs

was hanging free about 5 or 6 feet above low-water mark, the

observation was perfect. I took the shells and the egg-capsules

which are now in my collection. This large egg-cluster must

have been the nest of many individuals, as I think they only

deposit a few eggs at a time and sometimes only one. During

my collecting trip I found many eggs of B. undatum deposited

on the rocks, on the rock weeds and on dead shells, ranging

from one single capsule to 25 and probably sometimes a hun-

dred or more. See Plate I, fig. 1.

I have always been interested in the eggs of shells, and at

Newport, R. I., I collected, between 1886-92, many of the egg-

capsules of Busycon carica and B. canaliculatum, as they are very

common.on the east shore of the island. When collecting at

Lake Worth, Florida, in March, 1892, I found some very large

* The editors are indebted to the Boston Society of Natural History for the

use of the cut illustrating this and the article by Mr. A. B. Fuller.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

strings of egg-capsules of Busycon perversum ; one in my collec-

tion is 27 inches long and full of young shells. On this same

string are attached seven capsules of Fasciolaria distans full of

young shells.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA FIDELIS (GRAY) NEAR SAN FRANCISCO BAY?

BY G. DALLAS HANNA.

Several years ago Edson (Tue Nautitus, XXV, 18, 1911)

gave a list of land mollusks which he found at the high head-

land called San Mateo Point in San Francisco Bay. He there

questioned the former record by Gifford (THe Nautitvus, XIV,

p. 144, 1901) of the above species at that locality. Button

(THE Nautitus, XXV, 59, 1911) suggested that the specimens

were perhaps exotic, having been brought to that locality in the

oyster traffic which took place between Puget Sound and San

Francisco Bay some years before. This was followed by Gifford

(op. cit., p. 60) again, who stated that he was not only positive

of his identification but that he had collected the species there

a second time, in 1910.

The locality is so far from the usual range of this northern

species that the record seemed to warrant investigation on the

ground. So far as available records show it has not been taken

south of Cape Mendocino, Humboldt County, California.

The point on the bay referred to is known as Cayote Point on

many maps. It is a hill of Jurassic chert about 100 feet high

which projects into the bay about 18 miles south of San Fran-

cisco. A roadway leads to it across a salt marsh from Burlin-

game. It consists of about 300 acres, not one and one half as

stated by Edson, densely wooded with eucalyptus. A few Mon-

terey cypresses and pines have been planted here and there.

The soil is very dry. The point is an island in so far as land

snails are concerned. Under present conditions they could not

reach the place of their own accord.

It happened that in August 1921 fire swept through the forest

and consumed all leaves, sticks, grasses and underbrush, leaving

only the bare ground. Among the ashes are the charred re-

THE NAUTILUS. oD

mains of the snails that lived there, literally thousands of them.

It takes a fire such as this to bring to one’s attention the enor-

mous abundance of snails at some localities. Many of the

specimens are badly burned but there would be no difficulty in

recognizing forms so distinct as Ephragmophora fidelis and arrosa.

Of all the many thousands which I saw on August 28th, 1921

every one except three belonged to the latter species. The ex-

ceptions belonged to the £. californiensis complex, doubtless the

same as Edson recorded as E. nickliniana. A small strip of

ground aroung the northeast side was left unburned and this

was also searched without success for EL. fidelis.

E. arrosa here is exceptionally abundant. Some 200 speci-

mens were picked up incidentally during the search. Consid-

erable variation is noted in this large series. Some approximate

the size and shape of fidelis and the umbilicus is occasionally

almost closed asin that form. Moreover, numerous shells are

very dark as compared with the usual arrosa. But in no case

is the coloration and banding of jfidelis approached, and the sur-

face sculpture in all specimens is positively that of arvosa.

It must therefore be said that Gifford’s record cannot be con-

firmed. If E. fidelis existed on San Mateo Point it was a very

small and inconspicuous colony which has now apparently dis-

appeared. It will be an interesting study in the distribution of

mollusks to learn how long it will take the several species to

repopulate the area from the small number of specimens left

living.

Ariolimaz californicus Cooper was found living on the Point.

It should be added to the list given by Edson.

Museum, California Academy of Sciences.

SOME LAND SNAILS OF SHASTA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.

BY 8S. STILLMAN BERRY.

During an automobile trip through northern California and

Oregon in the summer of 1920, that industrious collector, Allyn

G. Smith, managed to find time to stop by the way long enough

to unearth a few snails. Of particular interest is a small series

36 THE NAUTILUS.

of specimens taken as chance gave opportunity in Shasta County,

still almost a virgin field for the Californian malacologist.

Along a stream band near the highway, about two miles south

of Weed, occurred a number of species, the following list of

which furnishes strange reading for California. The proportion

of eastern, or, rather, boreal types is particularly noteworthy.

A note is made of the number of specimens taken as furnishing

some indication of the probable relative abundance of the species.

Euconulus fulvus (Miller) (alaskensis Pilsbry ?), 8.

Zonitoides arborea (Say), 3.

Polita hammonis (Strom), 5.

Polita binneyana (Morse), 2.

Vitrina alaskana Dall, 1.

Polygyra sierrana n. sp., 31.

Gonyodiscus cronkhitei (Newcomb), 25.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Muller ), 4.

Succinea avara Say, 9.

A description of the new Polygyra is appended below.

Polygyra sierrana new species (plate II, figs. 1-2).

Description: Shell small, conical, thin. Growth lines

numerous and strong enough almost to resemble fine ribbing

under a lens. Embryonic whorls at first almost smooth, then

finely radially wrinkled, the periostracum soon showing a sys-

tem of dot-like papillae, bearing minute periostracal hairs over

most of the surface of the shell. Spire moderately low, slightly

convex, with impressed sutures. Whorls about 54. Body

whorl! with a suggestion of an angle at the shoulder, and a deep,

abrupt constriction just back of the peristome, the base moder-

ately swollen; slightly decending in front. Lip light brown,

thickened and reflected, but not very wide; narrowed below the

pillar, then very slightly flaring again. Umbilicus small but

distinct; contained about eleven to fourteen times in the diam-

eter of the shell. Lip sometimes with a slight extra thickening

at base, otherwise without evidence of teeth, although a small,

whitish, narrowly crescentic parietal tooth is sometimes de-

veloped. Color close to Verona brown of Ridgway’s nomen-

clature.

THE NAUTILUS. oP

Dimensions:

Type. Paratype. Paratype.

mm. mm, mm.

Greateridiameter. . 1 + = «+ + +. 9.0 9.0 8.4

WRESRCICIAIICECIN ¢ lslis sss ess se ee 0 7.4

Dare ee 5.7 5.8 5.2

Diameter of umbilicus ....... 0.8 0.7 0.6

NGmCe Gn WOH .. . - - 2. ks 5% 54 5t

Type: Cat. No. 5087 of the writer’s collection. Paratypes

have been deposited in the collections of the California Academy

of Sciences, and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-

phia, as well as the private collection of Allyn C. Smith (Cat.

No. 2236).

Type Locality: Two miles north of Weed, Shasta County,

California; Allyn G. Smith, August 10, 1920; 22 adult speci-

mens, 9 juvenals.

Remarks: From the evidently nearly allied loricata the pres-

ent species differs in its larger size and more simple toothing of

the aperture. In some ways it more nearly resembles germana,

but again is larger, has a much less tumid body whorl and dif-

fers strongly in being distinctly umbilicate. From columbiana

it differs in its compactness and smaller size, but it is neverthe-

less not very unlike this species on a greatly reduced scale.

I have a small series of a similar but rather thinner-shelled

and more depressed race of Polygyra, collected in the high

Sierras of central California between Glenbrook and Al Tahoe,

by Mr. E. P. Chace in 1919. The differences are not great,

however, and they are apparently referable to the same species

as the Shasta County form.

Near La Moine Mr. Smith collected a considerable series of a

peculiar race of Polygyra columbiana (Lea) which seems suffi-

ciently characteristic to be described. The ground was very

dry and no other species were taken there, but the Polygyras

were found almost in the water, under sticks and stones.

Polygyra columbiana shasta new subspecies (Plate II, figs, 3-4).

Description: Shell of moderate size, conic, thin; smooth, ex-

cept for the numerous and fairly strong incremental lines,

88 THE NAUTILUS.

which, however, become much weaker on the base; surface pol-

ished and lustrous, especially on the base. Embryonic whorls,

where not eroded, at first rather rudely radially wrinkled, but,

at least after the first half turn, strongly, coarsely papillose, as well.

Spire low, almost straight sided except toward the summit;

sutures well impressed. Whorls usually 53 to 6. Body whorl

subangulate at the shoulder, but becoming more rounded as the

aperture is approached; slightly decending and rather abruptly

constricted just back of the peristome, the base moderately

swollen and rounded. Lip whitish or stained a very light

brown; thickened and reflexed but not very wide; obscurely

angled and narrowed below the pillar, which is somewhat re-

flexed over the narrow but permeable umbilicus; lip often

showing a slight extra thickening on the base, but aperture

otherwise without denticles save for an occasional specimen

showing the merest trace of a parietal tooth. Color of body

whorl fairly near tawny olive, deepening to snuff brown or

Saccardo’s umber on the earlier whorls.

Measurements:

Type. Paratype. Paratype. Paratype.

mm. mm. mm. mm.

Greater diameter ....... 14.0 13.5 13.3 PALL

Wesseridiameter: 3) 2 ahi. 12.0 11.4 11.3 10.6

RSI Picea) o: Vier) Ma artes de 9.0 8.2 8.7 8.0

Diameter of umbilicus ..... 1.0 Tei 1.0 0.8

Numberlofwhorls) i) .0 asc) ie leielus 6 5s 52 5}

Type: Cat. No. 5089 of the writer’s collection. Paratypes

have been deposited in the collections of the California Academy

of Sciences, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and

Leland Stanford Junior University, as well as the private collec-

tion of Allyn G. Smith.

Type Locality: La Moine, Shasta County, California; Allyn

G. Smith, August 1921; 25 adult specimens.

Remarks: Although I have been gathering material of Poly-

gyra columbiana for several years, with a view to possible mono-

graphic treatment of the species, I am still uncertain how far it

will be wise to go in giving taxonomic recognition to the in-

numerable weakly differentiated races of this widespread snail.

THE NAUTILUS. 39

The present form is, however, not like anything which has been

seen by me heretofore. Its warm brown color, smooth, polished

surface, lack of any sort of persistent periostracal fringings, and

narrow, though permeable umbilicus, are features serving to set

it quite distinctly apart.

EXPLANATION OF FIGUREs.

Fig. 1, 2.—Polygyra sierrana n. sp. Type, from near Weed,

Shasta County, California; x 3.

Fig. 3, 4.—Polygyra columbiana shasta n. subsp. Type from

La Moine, Shasta County, California; x 2.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON LAND MOLLUSCA OF THE MADEIRA IS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Though Porto Santo is the home of so many endemic snails,

there still seems to be room for aliens from Europe. Cochli-

cella acuta is abundant in certain spots north of Villa Baleira.

Helix pisana swarms everywhere. In a spring in the valley

of the Serra do Dentro I found specimens of a small Hydro-

biid, which Dr. Pilsbry has kindly identified as Pseudamnicola

similis (Drap.). This species was already known from Ma-

deira, but is the first record of a freshwater shell from Porto

Santo.

In 1848 (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 110) Pfeiffer described

some shells from the Cuming collection, including a species

Helix calcarea, collected by Count Vargas in Porto Santo.

This shell has since been ignored ; Wollaston does not mention

it. Pfeiffer subsequently listed it as a fossil. In the British

Museum I found the type specimen. Mr. Tomlin, to whom I

showed it, recognized Pfeiffer’s writing on the label under-

neath the slab. It is a recent shell, and is a form of Helix

pisana, white without bands. The name calcarea cannot be

used even in a varietal sense, as there is an earlier H. calcarea

Born.

Also in the British Museum, from the Cuming collection

are five specimens of Vitrea miguelina (Pfeiffer), said to be

* Plate IT will appear in next issue.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

from Madeira. They are only 11 mm. diameter, but Azores

specimens in the Norman collection are 14 mm. The species

seems to me to be the European V. lucida. Probably the

Cuming specimens did not come from the Madeira group, as

the Cumingian localities are very unreliable. I found in the

Cuming collection five other Helicoids labeled as from Ma-

deira, but all known from quite other places and, with one

exception, very distinct from anything in the Madeiran fauna.

The exception is Pyramidula retexta Shuttl., a Canarian shell

resembling P. semiplicata (Pfr.) in appearance, but brown

all over, not mottled. It must be a rare species, as Wollaston

had not seen a specimen.

In the Norman collection is a subfossil Helix ustulata Lowe,

said to be from Madeira (Rev. B. Watson). It is genuine

ustulata, but is from the Salvages, as shown by the rest of

Watson’s series in the possession of Mr. Tomlin.

Punctum pygmeum and Vitrea crystallina have been re-

corded as fossil in the Pleistocene beds at Canical, Madeira,

on the authority of Boog Watson. Mr. J. R. LeB. Tomlin has

Watson’s specimens, and was so kind as to lend them to me

for examination. Both species appear to be correctly named,

though the V. crystallina is a single very immature shell. I

do not believe, however, that they are fossil. Such shells are

easily carried by the wind over the sand hills, and thus mixed

with the fossils. No other collectors have been able to find

these species in the Canical beds.

MOLLUSCA OF PISGAH FOREST, NORTH CAROLINA.

BY MINA L. WINSLOW.

The material on which the following list is based was col-

lected for the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan,

during a part of the months of July and August, 1916. The

Pisgah Forest region was approached by rail from Asheville

to Brevard, thence by wagon to Pisgah Forest station, and

by log railroad about seventeen miles northwest along the

THE NAUTILUS. 41

Davidson River and Lookingglass Creek. Headquarters were

made in the Schenck cabin in the Pink Beds at bench-mark

3278. The cabin was loaned through the kindness of the

United States Forestry Service, and is so located that it forms

a convenient base for work in the Pink Beds and the south-

east slopes of the Pisgah Ridge. The valley called the Pink

Beds is wide, covered with a dense growth of rhododendron

and laurel (whence the name), and les in Transylvania

County between the Pisgah Ridge and mountains to the south.

It is all a part of the drainage basin of the French Broad

River. Asheville lies about thirty miles northeast and

Waynesville a somewhat shorter distance northwest.

It should be remarked here that an exceptionally heavy

and continuous rainfall delayed arrival and interfered with

field work, reducing the actual time spent in the field to a

mere fraction of the expected amount. Living was compli-

eated by the isolation of the community, due to flooding and

landslips, so that supplies could not come in and communica-

tion was cut off for almost three weeks.

The mountains are heavily timbered, with an occasional

““bald’’ at the top. In some places the trees have been thinned

by lumbering operations which have been supervised to such

an extent that the forest has been left in good condition. In

the valley and along the creeks rhododendrons and laurel

grow densely. Chestnut and oak are the prevailing trees,

with intermixture of many others, such as whitewood, maple,

beech, and so forth, with an occasional pine.

There seemed to be a decided aversion for chestnut wood

on the part of the snails. Oak forests were the more favored

habitats, the woods of Rich Mountain, a long flat-topped hill,

yielding the greatest variety of snails. Gastrodonta elliottt

was found everywhere, and a small Zonitoides arboreus was

fairly abundant. Of the larger shells, Polygyra andrewsi

normalis was the common form, and often showed a decided

rosy tint. The ten specimens of Omphalina cuprea polita are

all small, possibly immature, and no others were taken. The

lack of lime in this granite country may account in part for

the scarcity of mollusks and the extreme fragility of most of

the larger shells.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

The writer is indebted to Mr. G. H. Clapp for identifica-

tions and notes on material submitted to him. All the mol-

lusks listed are in the Museum of Zoology, Catalog Nos. 10331

to 10463 inclusive.

LIST OF SPECIES WITH NOTES ON HABITAT.

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Rich Mountain, Pigeon Gap

Trail, Pink Beds. On the ground, on dead wood, on white

oak and maple trees as high as twelve feet from the ground.

6 specimens.

Polygyra andrewsae normalis Pilsbry. Pigeon Gap Trail,

Wagon Gap Trail, Asheville Road at about 4000 ft. altitude.

Crawling on the ground, on dead leaves; along the road,

under boards on a saw-dust pile, on maple and oak trees as

high as twelve feet from the ground, on a clay bank along

the road. 40 specimens.

Polygyra christyi (Bland). Pink Beds, Bennett Gap Road,

Rich Mountain. In woods on a north slope, on the ground,

on dead wood. 4 specimens.

Polygyra clarktvi (Lea). Rich Mountain, south of the Pink

Beds, Davidson River. In decayed log, on clay bank along

log railroad, in river débris. 3 specimens.

Pelygyra lirsuta altispira Pilsbry. Rich Mountain, Ben-

nett Gap Road, Wagon Gap Trail, Pink Beds. Under oak

logs, in forest débris, under old beech log. The species seems

to prefer dark habitats, under rather than on logs and stumps.

21 specimens.

Polygyra wheatleyt (Bland). Pink Beds, Chubb Gap Trail,

Pigeon Gap Trail, Rich Mountain, Wagon Gap Trail. On the

ground above a spring, near a brook, on dead wood and in

débris. 8 specimens.

Polygyra rugeli (Shuttleworth). Pink Beds. One speci-

men only, taken in woods on a north slope.

Polygyra zaleta (Binney). Pigeon Gap Trail. One speci-

men only, taken on leaves along the trail.

Circinaria concava (Say). Asheville Road, Rich Mountain,

Pink Beds. On clay bank beside the road, on leaves on the

ground. 4 specimens.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

Omphalina cuprea polita Pilsbry. Pink Beds, Bennett Gap

Road, Asheville Road at about 4000 ft. altitude. Under dead

wood near a creek, in forest débris, under stones near a spring,

under rotten wood in rhododendron thicket. 10 specimens.

Mesomphi«c rugeli (W.G. Binney). Pink Beds. Along the

log railroad. 1 specimen.

Mesomphix andrewsae Pilsbry. Pink Beds. In decayed

wood and débris in the rhododendron and laurel tangle. 2

specimens.

Vitrea carolinensis Cockerell. Asheville Road at about

4000 ft. altitude, Davidson River débris, Bennett Gap Road.

In débris above the road, and along the river. 4 specimens.

Vitrea cryptomphala Clapp. Pigeon Gap Trail. Under a

stone. 2 specimens.

Vitrea indentata (Say). Pink Beds, Bennett Gap Road,

Asheville Road, Rich Mountain, Davidson River débris. In

leaves and forest débris, under a stone near a creek, under

stones and débris beside a spring, under dead oak log. 8

specimens.

Vitrea lamellidens Pilsbry. Pink Beds. Under moss on a

beech stump. 1 specimen.

Vitrea multidentata? (Binney). Débris from Davidson

River. 5 specimens.

Vitrea sculptiis (Bland). Débris from Davidson River.

1 specimen.

Vitrinizomtes latissimus Lewis. Bennett Gap Road, Pink

Beds, Asheville Road. Under stones and in débris near a

spring, on dead leaves near a brook, in débris. 14 specimens.

Zomtoides arborea (Say). Rich Mountain, Bennett Gap

Road, Asheville Road, Davidson River débris. On rotten

wood, abundant under bark on a decayed stump as high as

ten feet from the ground, on an oak log. The shells from the

high stump are smaller than normal, and have ‘‘very fine im-

pressed radial lines’’ (Clapp). 50+ specimens.

Gastrodonta elliotti (Redfield). Pigeon Gap Trail, Pink

Beds, Rich Mountain, Asheville Road, Bennett Gap Road.

Under and in rotten wood in the open woods and in the

rhododendron-laurel thickets, under moss on a beech stump,

44 THE NAUTILUS.

in débris of Davidson River, under stones, and under a mossy

rock wet with spring water. 100+ specimens.

Gastrodonta interna (Say). Pink Beds, Rich Mountain,

Bennett Gap Road. In rotten stump, in charred wood, among

chips. 10 specimens.

Gastrodonta gularis (Say). Pigeon Gap Trail, Bennett

Gap Road, Asheville Road at about 4000 ft. altitude, Rich

Mountain, Pink Beds. Under stones beside a spring, under

logs and stones, in forest débris. 13 specimens.

Gastrodonta mtertexta (W. G. Binney). Rich Mountain,

Bennett Gap Road. In decaying wood (beech and birch),

and in forest débris. 4 specimens.

Helicodiscus fimbriatus? Wetherby. Rich Mountain. Un-

der an old oak log. Two imperfect specimens, not fully grown.

Philomycus carolumanus (Bosc.). Bennett Gap Road, near

Avery Creek, Pink Beds, Rich Mountain, Pigeon Gap Trail.

Under a stone near the road, on a stone at a spring, under

boards and beech and oak logs, under moss and bark of stumps

and trees, under mossy rock, on saw-dust heap. 16 specimens.

NOTES ON THE GENUS ACTEOCINA, GRAY.

BY A. M. STRONG.

Dr. Dall in his new ‘‘Summary of Marine Shell-bearing

Mollusks of the Northwest Coast of America’’ (Bull. U. S.

Nat. Mus., No. 112, p. 61) lists seven species of the Genus

Acteocina (formerly known as Tornatina), described by the

early workers on West Coast shells, and adds one new species.

The ranges given in the Bulletin would seem to add confusion

to an already badly confused situation. The following table

shows the ranges given by the different authors:

THE NAUTILUS. 45

Acteocina Dall! Gould? Cooper ® Arnold * Pilsbry ®

A. culeitella Kodiak Santa Monterey to Living Santa

Gld. Island to Barbara San Diego Monterey to Barbara

Puget Sound (Col. Jewett) San Diego San Pedro

A, cerealis (A.cutcitella, Santa Monterey to Living Vancouver to

Gld. Junior) Barbara San Diego Monterey to San Diego

(Col. Jewett) San Diego

A. exima Bd, Kodiak epee sth sits Living Vancouver

Island to Vancouver to Island

Puget Sound San Diego

A.inculta Monterey to San Diego San Diego sieht San Diego

Gld. Gulf of Calif, Monterey

A, infrequens Santa Monica, stale nichts 3 las Panama

C. B, Ad. Cal, to Mazatlan

Panama

A, carinata San Diego to CEES Susie autetic Mazatlan

Cpr. Gulf of Calif. San Diego

A, planata San Diego

Cpr.

A. smirna San Diego to Sent? ante alee

Dall. San Salvador

To this should be added Packard’s Molluscan Fauna from

San Francisco Bay (Univ. of Cal. Pub., Vol. 14, 1918, p. 345),

in which A. cerealis Gould is listed and the statement made

that this is the furthest north that this southern species has

been found. Also Zetek’s late list of Panama Shells (La Re-

vista Nueva, Tomo V, p. 521) in which A. carinata Cpr. is

the only member of the genus given.

Most if not all of the species given in this genus are found

living on the bottom of shallow bays. It does not seem pos-

sible that the different species could have the extreme ranges

indicated by the different authors. In citing localities they

have quoted largely from other writers, and the correctness

1List of West Coast Shells, Bull. U.S. Nat Mus., No. 112, pp. 61-202.

2 Otia conchologica, pp. 184-185,

8 Catalogue of West North American Shells, Bull. Cal. State Min. Bur.

* Paleontology of San Pedro, Memoirs Cal. Acad, of Sci., Vol. 3, p. 189.

5 Manual of Conchology, Vol, 15, p. 187.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

of the range depends largely on the accuracy with which the

identifications were made. The type localities give an idea

of the probable range. They are given as follows:

A. eximia (Baird), Vancouver Isalnd

A. culcitella (Gould), Santa Barbara

A. cerealis (Gould), Santa Barbara

A. inculta (Gould), San Diego

A. planata (Cpr.), San Diego

A. smurna Dall, San Diego

A. carinata (Cpr.), Mazaltan

A. infrequens (C. B. Ad.), Panama

It does not seem reasonable that A. culticella Gould would be

found at Kodiak Island in the Arcties, or that A. infrequens C.

B. Ad. would be found at Santa Monica, California. A. cari-

nata Cpr. looks equally out of place in Zetek’s list.

All these species are comparatively little known, and the

differences seem to be small. The confusion in range would

seem most probably to be caused by a failure to secure a cor-

rect identification. The following comparative notes are taken

from the above listed authors:

Gould. Bulla (Akera) culcitella. ‘‘B. tenwis Adams is the

only species approaching this. Some of its charac-

ters bring it close in alliance with the genus Jorna-

tina.”’

Bulla (Tornatina) cerealis. ‘‘In form and size it is

scarcely to be distinguished from B. gracilis A. Ad.,

which is transversely striated. In terms, it agrees

with B. infrequens C. B. Ad., but Prof. Adams

himself considers it a different species.”’

Arnold. TYornatina cerealis Gld. ‘‘Distinguished from T.

culcitella by more angular whorls, mammillated

apex, more keeled upper edge of whorl and smaller

size.’’

Tornatina eximia Baird. ‘‘Resembles 7. culcitella,

but has a whorl narrowed anteriorly, a spire de-

pressed nearly to the rim of the body whorl, a nar-

THE NAUTILUS. 47

rower aperture and less prominent plait on colu-

mella.’’

Pilsbry. Tornatina carinata Cpr. ‘‘Resembles 7. infrequens

C. B. Ad. more than 7. cerealis Gld.”’

These notes would indicate a close similarity between at

least several of the species, but a distinction between culcitella

and cerealis which would make Dr. Dall’s statement that the

latter is a junior form of the former to seem very doubtful.

One species of Acteocina is occasionally found on the mud

flats of southern California bays in considerable numbers.

The shells average about 4 mm in length and are of the char-

acteristic shape of the genus, but the rather flat apex is always

more or less eroded and pitted. These have been identified as

A. inculta Gld. The description of this species calls for an

ivory-white shell. As found by the writer, they are colored

to varying extents with a brownish ferruginous stain. These

are found traveling just under the surface of the mud and

their presence is shown by a trail very similar to that of a

small Olivella. Like the Olivellas, a large number are always

found traveling together.

Associated with the last few specimens of a quite different

and slightly larger species are sometimes found. Under a

hand-glass the brownish surface is seen to be covered with

very fine, slightly undulating spiral lines. The shoulders of

the whorls are sharply keeled, so that in looking down on the

apex the suture has the appearance of a deep spiral groove.

The shores of a large tide pool just inside the entrance to

Newport Bay has furnished Southern California collectors

with a considerable number of specimens of a large Acteocina

which has always been classed as A. culcitella Gld. These

vary from 10 to 20 mm. in length but otherwise are very

similar to the previously mentioned form. The microscopic

brown spiral lines are quite distinct on the under side of the

shell next to the aperture, but on the opposite side are very

faint, leaving the shell almost white. It is quite probable

that the color has been worn off the portion of the shell which

is not protected by the mantle of the animal when burrowing

48 THE NAUTILUS.

through the mud and sand. This may be the adult of the

preceding, and the identification is not at all certain.

These notes are not written in he hopes of straightening

out the seeming tangle in the ranges and identification of the

different species of the genus Acteocina, but only to call atten-

tion to the matter. A careful comparison of the type speci-

mens with specimens from all along the coast will be required

to form any definite conclusion. It is hoped that others will

be able to throw more light on the subject.

LAND SHELLS FROM PALM CANYON, CALIFORNIA, AND THE

GRAND CANYON.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Dr. C. Montague Cooke and his son C. M. Cooke 34d, col-

lected shells, as occasion offered, while en route westward in

June, among them the following:

Micrarionta wolcottiana (Bartsch). Palm Canyon, River-

side Co., California. ‘‘Found under dead plants of one

species of low-growing cactus at the mouth of the canyon,

about 6 miles above Palm Springs.’’ Small specimens, 15.5

to 21 mm. diameter, only one out of 13 exceeding 19 mm.

Sonorella coloradoensis (Stearns). Bright Angel Trail,

Grand Canyon. Small, 15.3 mm. diam., like the Bass’ Trail

specimens.

Oreoheliz s. depressa (Ckll.). ‘‘Collected along the Bright

Angel Trail, from about 1000 to 3400 ft. below the rim. I

found the first specimen very close to the last pine on the

trail, just below the foot of the high yellow cliffs. Dead

specimens were seen along the trail to just below the part of

the trail called Jacob’s Ladder. Unfortunately, we were

with a rather large party and I had a mule that wouldn’t

stop. I collected six specimens, which I am sending you,

and saw 15 or 20 additional along the trail.’’

This species has been found high on the northern side of

the Canyon, but not until now on the southern side.

Oreohelix yavapai angelica P. & F. About 50 ft. below the

rim, Bright Angel Trail, at ‘‘Hermit’s Rest’’.

THE NAUTILUS. 49

A RADIODISCUS FROM BOGOTA, COLOMBIA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Among a few shell received by Dr. Bryant Walker from Sefior

H*’: Apolinor Maria there is a species of Radiodiscus which may

be defines as follows.

RADIODISCUS MARI Nn. sp.

The shell is closely similar to R. millecostatus, from which it

differs by the narrower umbilicus and by the perceptibly greater

height of the last whorl. The sculpture is essentially similar

except that the riblets are noticeably lower as seen where they

pass over the periphery, and the interstitial sculpture of delicate

striae parallel to the riblets and fine spiral lines, is also less dis-

tinct, though present.

Alt. 1, diam. 1.85 mm.; width of umbilicus nearly 0.5 mm.

Riblets about 21 to one mm. at the periphery.

fh. herrmanni (Pfr.), R. orizabensis (Pils.) and R. pata-

gomca (Suter) differ in sculpture. I have not seen the fol-

lowing species, which from the descriptions appear to belong

to Radiodiscus: Helix coppingert and H. magellanicus E. A.

Smith, Patagonia; Helix corticaria, H. muscicola, H. bryo-

phila, H. exigua, H. hypophlea, all of Philippi, Malak. BL.,

1856, Chile.

NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES.

BY W. H. DALL.

In 1838 Sowerby figured in the Conchological Illustrations

and described in his Malacologice] Magazine an Arctic shell under

the name of Margarita acuminata. In 1842 Mighels and Adams

in the Boston Journal of Natural History identified and figured

a Margarita from the Gulf of St. Lawrence under Sowerby’s

name, at the same time pointing out (as has every subsequent

author) certain discrepancies between the two. Owing perhaps

to the rarity of the shell, which has been well figured by Morse

50 THE NAUTILUS.

in Binney’s Gould, no action has been taken. A comparison

of the figures shows at once that the two forms are distinct.

For the New England shell I propose the name of Margarites

Johnsoni, in honor of Mr. Chas. W. Johnson, author of the

valuable ‘‘ List of New England Mollusca.’’ Specimens have

been collected by the Canadian Neptune Expedition at Port Bur-

well, Ungava, Hudson Bay.

Cypraea pacifica was described by J. M. Ostergaard in THE

Nautituvs for January, 1920, p. 92, and wellillustrated. I have

had the opportunity of comparing a specimen with the varieties

of C. helvola from the dump at Honolulu, to which it bears a

suspicious resemblance, though apparently very distinct, but

the bleaching of the specimens from this dredged material plays

strange tricks with the Cypraeas. However the name is long

preoccupied by Gray, in the Conchologica] Illustrations p. 15,

pl. 7, fig. 39*, 1882. I would suggest that this interesting form,

whether variety or good species be named ostergaardi after its

discoverer.

ON THE STATUS OF CHIORAERA (GOULD)

kK. P. KJERSCHOW-AGERSBORG

From the Zoological Laboratory, University of Illinois

BeERGH’s description of various species of Melibe (1875,

Melibe capucina, M. rangi; 1880, M. vexillifera; 1884, M.

papillosa; 1888, 1890, M. ocellata; 1902, M. bucephala; and

1907, M. rosa Rang), emphasizes the following as Melibean

characteristics: ‘‘ Bulbus pharyngeus cum mandibulis ut in

Phylliroides; margo masticatorius mandibulis fortiter denta-

tus;’’ (1875) p. 362. Perhaps the only exception to this

may be found in the species collected at the mouth of the

Columbia River, in the State of Washington (1904), in

which case, the author is not sure of the mandibles. He says:

‘* Bulbus pharyngeus lingua destitutus. Die Mundrohre und

der Schlundkopf scheinen sich wie sonst bei den Meliben zu

THE NAUTILUS. 51

verhalten; die gelblichgrauen Mandibel ganz zerbrock-

elt, ...’’ Ihave previously called attention (1919, 1921) to

the possibility that this species may be the same as the one

described by Gould (1852), from the Puget Sound region.

Not all Melibes, however, have the same characteristics as

indicated by Bergh; this is shown by Alder and Hancock

(1864), and substantiated by Eliot (1902). The generic char-

acteristics as enunciated by Bergh (1875) do not necessarily

hold, even though this author thinks that Hancock’s (Alder

and Hancock, 1864) description is incorrect. Bergh says:

** Es kann kaum bezweifelt werden, dass die von Hancock

untersuchte Form, mit der von mir besprochenen congene-

risch. Es werden sich daher die bei dem englischen Verf.

vorkommenden, von den untenstehenden abweichenden ana-

tomischen Angaben wahrscheinlich als unrichtig erweisen,’’

p. 363. ‘‘ Besonders wird solehe wohl der Fall sein, wo

Hancock den Anfang des Verdauungscanals bespricht: ‘ The

buccal organ is provided with neither tongue, jaws nor collar ;

it is not by any means very distinctly marked, formed as it

were by a mere enlargement of the oesophagus, and having

little or no increase of muscular power,’ ’’ p. 364.

But Eliot (1902) verifies Hancock’s claim when he writes:

‘‘T also found Alder and Hancock’s description of the in-

ternal anatomy to be correct, particularly as regards the

absence of jaws. ... Mr. Crossland and I have, .. . dis-

sected several specimens of Melibe fimbriata, and in all failed

to detect any trace of jaws.’’

Gould’s Chioraera leonina (1852) corresponds very closely

in the general anatomy to that of Melibe fimbriata (Ald. &

Hane., 1864) ; this is also true as regards the species discov-

ered by Rang (1829) and subsequently described by Bergh

(1875), as well as other Melibes described by Bergh (1863,

1871, 1875, 1880, 1884, 1888, 1890, 1902, 1904, and 1908).

The only difference is on the point in regard to the mandibles.

Some authors, Rang, Gould, Pease, Cooper, and Fewkes, do

not touch on this point and in that way, one cannot tell

whether the particular specimens with which they dealt

actually had such organs. Without considering the mandi-

52 THE NAUTILUS.’

bles, all the generic characteristics as set forth by the earliest

writers on this type of the mollusks agree (Rang, 1829; Gould,

1852; Pease, 1860; Cooper, 1863; Alder and Hancock, 1864;

De Filippi, 1867; Tapparone-Canefri, 1876; and Fewkes,

1889; as well as the numerous descriptions of Bergh, 1863-

1908). The discovery of the genus Melibe by Rang (1829)

seems to have been unknown to Gould (1852) who created a

new genus (Chioraera) for this type. Cooper (1863) and:

Kewkes (1889) employed the nomenclature of Gould. The

generic characteristics as enunciated by the original author

for Melibe (Rang, 1829) are practically identical with those

set forth by Gould twenty-three years later for Chioraera.

Tryon, Jr., (1883) p. 382, without stating a reason, classifies

Chiraera as synonym of Melibe. Owing to the fact that

Gould, and Cooper were ignorant of the actual discovery of

the genus Melsbe, the name Chioraera was invented by Gould

and subsequently used by Cooper. The name is, in fact, a

mythical term that is related in meaning to the former; and

neither, of course, is descriptive of the form to which it be-

longs. Bergh (1904) describing a species from the territory

of Gould, Cooper, and Fewkes, does not hesitate to employ the

nomenclature of Rang (1829), so similar is this form to the

Melibes from other parts of the world. No other author

except Bergh gives mandibles as a generic characteristic, and

this feature, as stated above, is not observed by Rang (1829),

Gould (1852), Pease (1860), Cooper (1863), De Filippi

(1867), Tapparone-Canefri (1876), and Fewkes (1889). Al-

though Melibe Rang (1829) and Chioraera Gould (1852) dif-

fer somewhat in shape, they are very similar in most other

respects; Rang’s description is as follows:

‘¢ Anim. pélagien, gélatineux, transparent et limaciforme ;

la téte distinecte et comprenant un voile membraneux, con-

tourné en fore d’entonnoir, garni intérieurement de cirrhes

dirigés 4 l’extérieur, et du milieu duquel s’éléve une petite

trompe terminée par la bouche; tentacules au nombre de deux,

situés a la base du voile, trés allongés, coniques, terminés par

une petite capsule, de laquelle port un organe conique et

rétractile; pied aussi long que l’animal, mais extreémement

THE NAUTILUS. 53

étroit, en forme de sillon; branchies formées de deux séries

peu nombreuses de massues oblongues, arrondies a leur

sommet, pédiculees a leur base, et recouvertes de petits tuber-

cules; organes de la génération réunis au coté droit antérieur,

anus plus en arriere.”’

And Gould’s description of the genus Chioraera reads:

‘* Corpus limaciformis, caput enorme, pedunculatum, semi-

globosum; pagina ventrali discoidea; ore longitudinali,

seriebus binis cirrhorum cincto; tentaculae cephalice foliate,

retractiles ; lobi branchiales flabelliformi, serie unica utrinque

ordina; foramen generativum ab anali remotum, fere dor-

sali.”’

In his comment in the English he says:

‘‘ This curious and hideous animal seems to belong to

the family Tritoniadae, with which it agrees in all respects

except its curious oral apparatus. (As regards the family

rank, vide Kjerschow-Agersborg, 1919, 1921). The mouth

is inferior, surrounded by a double series of long cirrhi, each

of which has an independent motion. Two auriform append-

ages, on the back of the head, differing in no respect from the

branchial expansions except in being destitute of reticula-

tions, seem to be the true tentacles, and are retractile. The

generative aperture is at the usual place on the right side, the

vent being distant, near the back.’’

Both Melibe Rang, and Chioraera Gould, have a series of

papille (epinotidia) on each side dorso-laterally; a large

hood, cowl, or veil; a pair of tentacles, (the so-called rhino-

phoria) carried on leaf-like stalks, and situated anteriodorso-

laterally on the veil; the veil is fringed with at least two rows

of cirrhi; and a narrow grooved foot which is blunt in front

and pointed behind; the head is distinctly separated from the

body, by a neck, and in each case it is very large; the gizzard

is linéd with a ‘‘ keratinized ’’ secretion of its epithelium,

and this keratinized secretion is the so-called stomach-plates

of Alder and Hancock, or Magenzahnen of Bergh, which pro-

tects the delicate epithelium and may also help in the mastica-

tion of the food; these two types are carnivorous; both are

pelagic; and both are distinctly cladohepatic. On a priort,

54 THE NAUTILUS.

the species of the American west coast which falls within this

description must be of the same genus Melibe. The effort,

therefore, to build further on the nomenclature of Gould, as

has been done by Cooper (1863), Fewkes (1889) and more

recently by Dr. O’Donoghue (1921) seems to me to be inde-

fensible, and, owing to the fact, that the genus Melibe may

either possess mandibles (Bergh, 1875) or not, (Alder and,

Hancock 1864, De Filippi 1867, Tapparone-Conefri 1876,

Eliot 1902), the generic description may be modified to read

in part:

Bulbus pharyngeus aut cum mandrbilis aut sine ee

radula et lingua destitutus.

In point. of fact, Bergh (1908) pp. 94, 95, for the farnile

Tethymelibidae Bergh (1892) pp. 1039-1043, after consis-

tently having reported mandibles for each species of Melibe

he described during a number of years (1875, 1880, 1884,

1888, 1890, 1892, 1902, 1904) finally admits of the following:

‘‘ Forma corporis quasi ut in A®olidiidis. Caput perma-

enum et cuculliforme; rhinophoria vagina magna retractilia,

clavo perfolato; tentacula nulla. Epinotidia (papille dor-

sales) colossee sine bursis cnidogenis. Bulbus pharyngeus

rudimentarius, lingua et interdum quoque mandibulis desti-

tutus.’’

In the family Tethymelibidae there are only two genera,

Tethys and Melibe. In the genus Melibe he includes eleven

species, but he thinks that continued examination will likely

reduce this number. Among the species mentioned he in-

cludes Chioraera leonina (Gould) and now, (1908) emphasizes

the following as Melibean characteristics:

‘‘ Corpus nonnihil compressum. Branchie (proprie)

nullee. a angustius. Bulbus pharyngeus solum

lingua destitutus.’

It is thus seen that he admits, in saits of his controversy

with Hancock, that: the tongue and sometimes also the man-

dibles are entirely lacking.

None of the authors, (Gould, Cooper and Fewkes) who have

not employed the nomenclature of Rang for this type, have

described mandibles, and O’Donoghue, (1921) states defini-

THE NAUTILUS. 55

tely: “‘ The radula and jaws or any representatives of such

structures are entirely absent.’’

The reasons set forth by Dr. O’Donoghue for disagreeing

with Bergh’s classification are to my mind not warrantable.

This author, in fact, compares it with Tethys Linneus, with

which it disagrees in several respects, and he uses this as a

reason for placing it in the genus created by Gould. Neither

Cooper nor Fewkes made an intensive study of the type,

which is evident from their description; a careful study of

Gould’s Chioraera, I think, will bring out sufficient reasons

to merge it with Melibe as indicated by Tryon, Jr., (1883)

and Bergh (1908). And as shown in my work on the mor-

_ phology of Melibe (s. Chioraera) leonina (Gould), now in

press, the general characteristics as well as the structure of

Chioraera leonina Gould, correspond in many details with

those of the Melibes of Rang, Pease, Bergh, et al. For this

reason I have adopted, and indeed used in previous writings

(1919, 1921) the name as indicated by Tryon, Jr., and by

Bergh, and also suggested to me by my friend, Professor

Trevor Kincaid, viz., Melibe leonina. Chioraera leonina

(Gould) stands as synonym of this. The correctness of this

classification may be verified by comparing the descriptions

of Rang, Alder and Hancock, Gould, Pease, Eliot, Bergh,

and Kjerschow-Agersborg, et al.

References:

1864, Alder, J. and Hancock, A. Notice of a collection of

Nudibranchiate Mollusca made in India, by Walter

Elliot Esp., with descriptions of several genera and

species. Tethidae, Ald. & Hance. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lon-

don, 5.

1863, Bergh, R. Campaspe pusilla, en ny clegtform af Den-

drototidernes gruppe, samt bemezrkinger om Dotidernes

familie. Prof. J. C. Schiddte, Naturhistirisk Tids-

skrift, 8 Pekke, 1 bind, 3 hefte. Kjobenhavn.

1871. Doto, Oken; Scyllaea pelagica. Beitrage zur Kenntniss

der Mollusken des Sargassomeeres. Verh, zool,-bot.

Gesell. in Wien, Bd. 21, Seit. 1275- 1276, 1288, 1292.

1875, C. Semper, Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen, |B

Heft. 9.

1880, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Japanischen Nudibranchien

Tk, (Melibe vexillifera), Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell., 30.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

1884, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gattung Melibe Rang

(Melibe papillosa De Filippi). Z. wiss. Zool., 41.

1888, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Aeolidiaden IX, (Meliba

ocellata). Verh. zool,-bot. Gesell. Wien, 38.

1890, Die Nudibranchien des ‘‘ Sunda-Meeres ’’. C. Semper,

Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen II, 2, Heft. 17.

1892, Ibidem, wissenschaftliche Resultate III, malacologische

Untersuchungen, Heft. 15-18.

1902, Den Danske Expedition til Siam I, (1899-1900), Opis-

thobranchiata, (Melibe bucephala). D. kgl. Danske

Vidensk. Selsk. Skrif., 6 Pekke, 12.

1904. Nudibranchiata kladohepatica, (Melibe pellucida), on.

the Columbia River, Washington. C. Semper, Reiser

im Archipel Philippinen, wiss. Resultate, 9, VI. Lief I.

1908, The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa; Tethymelibide-

Trans. S. Africa Phil. Soc., 17:

1863, Cooper, J. G. On new or rare Mollusca inhabiting the

Coast of California, II. Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sei., 3,

(1863-1867) p. 60.

1902, Eliot, C. N. E. On some Nudibranchs from Zanzibar.

Proce. Zool. Soc. London, 2.

1889, Fewkes, Walter J. New Invertebrata from the Coast

of California. Printed for the Author: Boston.

1867, De Filippi, (On Jacunia papillosa, syn. Melibe papi-

losa, ete.). Atti della R. Accademia della Scienze di

Torino pubblicati dagli Accademici Secretari delle due

Classi. Volume 2, 1866-1867.

1852, Gould, Agustus A. Mollusca and Shells (Chioraera Ico-

nina, syn. Melibe leonina Gould). United States Ex-

pedition, during Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842.

Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Boston.

p. 310.

1919, Kjerschow-Agersborge, H. P. Notes on Melibe leonina

(Gould). Pub. Puget Sound Biol. Station, 2, No. 49.

1921, Contribution to the knowledge of the Nudibranchiate

Mollusk Melibe leonina (Gould). Amer. Nat., 55.

1922, The morphology of the Nudibranchiate Mollusk Melibe

(s. Chioraera) leonina (Gould). Jour. Morph.

1921, O’Donoghue, Chas. H. Nudibranchiate Mollusca from

the Vancouver Island Region. Trans. Royal Canad,

Inst., Toronto, 13, No. 1.

1860, Pease, W. Harper, Description of a new species of

Mollusca from the Sandwich Islands, (Melibe pilosa).

Proc. Zool. Soc., London, Part 28, p. 34.

1829, Rang, Sander, Mélibée melbe, Rang. Manual des

Mollusques, pp. 129-130. Paris.

THE NAUTILUS. 57

1876, Tapparone-Canefri, C. Genere Melibe Rang; Melibe;

papillosa De Filippi. Memorie della Reale Accademia

delle Scienze di Torino. Ser. 2, T. 28, pp. 219-220.

1883, Tryon, Jr., George W. Structural and systematic con-

chology. Mollusca, 2.

ON THE GENERIC POSITION OF ANCYLUS FLUVIATILIS MULLER

BY BRYANT WALKER

In discussing the availability of Ancylastrum Bgt. as a

generic receptacle for Ancylus fluviatilis Mill., in case Ancy-

lus could not be used, (ante, p. 5) I stated that the position

of Kennard and Woodward in claiming that Potella lacus-

tris L. was the correct type of Ancylus was ‘‘ by no means

free from doubt ’’. A subsequent and exhaustive considera-

tion of the argument advanced by them in support of their

proposition convinced me that from the data then known

their position was untenable. But Mr. Kennard has recently

unearthed an ancient paper, apparently entirely overlooked

by the bibliographers, which puts an entirely different com-

plexion on the question.

It appears that in 1823-4 there was published anonymously

in Vol. XV of ‘‘ The Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature

and the Arts’’ of the Royal Institution of Great Britain a

series of articles on ‘‘ Lamarck’s Genera of Shells’’. In

1823 these articles were reprinted from the original type,

with only a change of pagination, bound together and

published with a new title page and a portrait of Lamarck.

This title-page reads as follows:

‘¢Tamarck’s / Genera of Shells / Translated from the

French / By J. G. Children F. R. S. / with plates / from

original drawings / by Miss Anna Children / 1823.’’

In this paper (p. 231 of the original, p. 94 of the re-

print) there is given a sufficient generic diagnosis of Ancylus

followed by this statement:

“Type. Ancylus lacustris (Patella lacustris Linn.) aa

A very fair figure of the type species, which is the species

commonly called lacustris, is given on pl. VII, fig. 121.

58 THE NAUTILUS.

Mr. Kennard tells me ‘‘ that Children was the first Eng-

lishman to use ‘‘ Type ’’ as we do now ”’.

It follows, therefore, that this was the earliest designation

of a type for Ancylus and forecloses any further discussion

on that point. Acroloxws Beck and Velletia Gray conse-

quently fall into the synonymy of Ancylus.

Incidentally I would call attention to the fact that Geoffroy,

to whom the genus Ancylus is usually credited, was not a

binomial writer and, therefore, can not be recognized (see

Dall, Harriman Alaska Expedition, XIII, 1905, p. 80, as to

Planorbis). Ancylus should censequently be quoted as of

Miller, 1774.

But this leaves the position of fuviatilis Mull. and its alles

still to be determined. As I have already shown (loc. cit.)

Ancylastrum Bet. is not available and no other name has been

suggested, I would, therefore, propose Pseudancylus as the

generic name fer the group with Ancylus fluviatilis Mull. as

the type.

I am under great obligations to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry for the

data in regard to Children’s paper.

SOMETHING ABOUT ANGITREMA

CALVIN GOODRICH

In the Duck river at Centerville, Hickman co., Tenn., Dr.

A. BE. Ortmann last summer collected nearly 200 specimens

of Lithasia (Angitrema) geniculata Hald., 1840, young and

adult. About one-third of the material was typical geniculata,

as it is known from the Cumberland river. The rest shaded

from these forms into Lithasia fuliginosa (Lea), 1841, by

scarcely perceptible gradations.

Farther up the river at Columbia, Maury co., Dr. Ortmann

took a second lot of these mollusks. Here the form gemculata

was almost rare while fuliginosa was common. Yet examina-

tion showed them all to be of the same species.

The collections of Dr. Ortmann in the Harpeth river were

equally as novel. At Belleview, Davidson co., Tenn., most

of the shells were of the form that appears in cabinets as

Angitrema duttoniana (Lea), 1841. A single specimen was

THE NAUTILUS. 59

unmistakably adult, and that would be identified by anyone

as Iithasia (Angitrema) armigera Say, 1821. Two specimens

taken corresponded to what I have found recognized as

Inthasia (Angitrema) venusta Lea, 1841. At Kingston

Springs, Cheatham co., near the mouth of the river, armigera

was collected in numbers. In addition was collected plenti-

fully a Inthasva identical in shell characters with fuliginosa

of the Duck river. A few only show the link with geniculata.

A curious thing was the fact that all of these shells of the

fuluginosa form, when banded, had the banding formula not

of gemculata-fuliginosa, but of Lithasia obovata Say.

It is perhaps useful here to explain that though any given

species of the Plewroceridae may have several banding ar-

rangements, yet in this given species will be found one for-

mula which occurs many more times than any other, constitu-

ting a characteristic the perplexed student of this family

feels he can be depend upon. Whether the Kingston Springs

shells show a relationship between geniculata through fuligi-

nosa to obovata, or blow this rule about banding formulas out

of water, is for some one more competent than myself to decide.

On the findings of Dr. Ortmann, fuliginosa cannot be recog-

nized as more important than a variety of geniculata. Under

Inthasia armigera might be listed these subspecies:

Duttomana (Lea), nearly smooth, or smooth, and having a

prolonged basal sinus.

Angulata (Weth.), nearly smooth, or smooth, and lacking

the prolonged sinus.

Parva (Weth.), a dwarf form, seemingly occurring with

angulata,

Venusta (Lea).

Downiei Lea, 1881, possibly only a mutation of armigera.

The genus Angitrema, with chief character ‘‘ shell spin-

ous ’’, was established by Haldeman in 1841, the type to be

Melama armigera Say. Dr. Pilsbry! reduced it to the

position of a section under Lithasia. Even that leaves gent-

culata and armigera separated from some of their offspring.

There seems to me to be no other course now than to eject

Angitrema altogether.

1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1896, p. 496.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

FREDERICK MORTON CHAMBERLAIN.

On August 17, 1921 Frederick Morton Chamberlain died of

tuberculosis in a hospital in Oakland, California. The brave

and sometimes hopeful fight lasted eight years. Mr. Chamber-

lain was associated with the U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries from

1896 to 1913 and during the greater part of this time he held

one of the scientific positions on the steamer Albatross. As

Naturalist he accompanied that vessel on some of her note-

worthy cruises. Thus he helped explore the waters of Bering

Sea, Japan, Hawaii, the Philippines and the South Seas.

Thousands upon thousands of marine animals were collected

and prepared by him on these trips and many hundreds of

species have been described from his dredgings. It has been

said that Henry Hemphill collected more mollusks than any

other man who has ever lived, but if the numbers could be as-

certained in is likely that Chamberlain’s would not be far short.

Unfortunately the impersonal manner in which the work of the

personnel of the Albatross has been recorded leaves the men who

do the actual collecting almost if not entirely unknown. Thus

some pieces of iron, riveted together into a ship and named

after a bird will live for centuries in the annals of science but

the genius which made the machinery produce the treasures of

the deep sea will pass to oblivion mourned only by his circle of

personal friends. Of the enormous number of new species of

mollusks, crustaceans and echinoderms collected by Mr. Cham-

berlain, I do not know of a single one which has been dedicated

to his memory. Two fishes and an Alaska bird however have

been named for him. He was not a prolific writer and his

published reports deal chiefly with fishes and fishery industries.

All of them bear the stamp of the master workman and the

thorough scientist. One of them on the salmon and trout of

Alaska really marks an epoch in the study of these important

fishes. —G. Datuas Hanna.

Museum, California Academy of Sciences.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A REVISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN TrIDACNA. By Charles

Hedley. (Records Australian Museum, vol. 138, pp. 163-172,

pls. 27-34, 1921.) A most interesting account of the giant

clams. The Tridacna are divisible into two groups, the

smaller species that burrow and the larger ones that le on

the surface. In classification the more natural place for the

family is next the Carditide rather than the Cardiide. The

THE NAUTILUS. 61

author now considers 7. rudis Reeve as a young stage of T.

gigas Li. CW: J.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE HApits oF COCHLITOMA ZEBRA VAR.

FULGURATA (PFR.) AND C. Z. VAR OBESA (PFR.) IN CONFINE-

MENT. By Jane Longstaff, F.L.S., F.G.S. Proce. Zool. Soe.

Lond., 1921, 379. A specimen of C. 2. obesa lived 614 years.

An interesting account is given of the reproduction, food

and habits. Three plates.

A New CLASSIFICATION OF THE SHIPWORMS AND DESCRIP-

TIONS OF SomE NEw Woop-sorinc Mouuusks. By Paul

Bartsch. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 34, pp. 25-32, March,

1921.) This is a preliminary paper offered in advance of a

monograph on the American shipworms. Two new sub-

genera of Bankia (Neobankia and Bankiella) and three new

subgenera of Teredo (Teredothyra, Teredops and Teredora)

are proposed and five new species described, also two new

species of XYylophaga. C. W. J.

New Marine Mouuusks FROM THE WEST COAST OF AMERICA.

By Paul Bartsch. (Proc. Biol. Soe. Wash., vol. 34, pp. 33-

40, March, 1920.) Nine new species are described belonging

to the following genera: Turbonilla, Odostomia, Cerithiopsis,

Alvania and Vitrinella.

TERTIARY Mon“uusca FROM THE Lares District, Porro Rico.

By Bela Hubbard. (Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the

Virgin Islands, vol. iii, pt. 2, pp. 79-164, pls. 10-25, 1920;

N. Y. Acad. Sci.) An exhaustive treatise on the Tertiary

fossils of that region, representing various beds of the Oligo-

cene. Some 66 new species and varieties are described and

figured.

EGG-CAPSULES OF THE TEN-RIBBED WHELK. By C. W. John-

son. (Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Occasional Papers, vol. 5, pp.

1-4, pl. 1, May, 1921.)

Mouuusca or NortoH Daxora. By Mina L. Winslow. (Oc-

casional Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 98, pp. 1-18,

1921.)

SHELLS FRoM ALCONA, OSCODA AND CRAWFORD COUNTIES,

Micuiean. By Mina L. Winslow. (Occas. Papers, Mus.

Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 102, pp. 1-5, 1921.)

62 THE NAUTILUS.

FaunA MOoOLLUSCORUM EXTRAMARINORUM ISLANDIZ. By

Hans Schesch. (Reprint from Report Scientific Society of

Ieeland, pp. 1-35, 1921.)

HYPERTROPHY IN THE ANCYLIDZ. By Bryant Walker.

(Reprint 22nd Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci., 1920.)

RELATIONS OF THE ANCYLINE FAUNA OF SouTH AFRICA AND

Souta America. By Bryant Walker. (Reprint 22nd Rept.

Mich. Acad. Sci., 1920.)

Les VARIATIONS ET LEUR HEREDITE CHEZ LES MOLLUSQUES.

Par Paul Pelsener. (Mémoires Acad. Royale de Belgique,

Classe des Sciences, 2nd ser., Tome V, 826 pp., Dec. 1920.)

Eaes AND YOUNG OF THE River Limpert, ANCYLUS FUSCUS

C. B. Ap. By William F. Clapp. (Occas. Pap., Boston Soc.

N. H., vol. 5, pp. 5-10; plate.) Interesting account of the

pairing and the early development.

NOTES.

THE HINKLEY AND Nason CoLLEcTIONS:—The Museum of

Natural History of the University of Illinois has recently

acquired the collection of the late Anson A. Hinkley. This

collection contained upwards of 200,000 specimens of land

and fresh-water mollusca. The heirs of the W. A. Nason

estate have presented Dr. Nason’s collections of insects and

mollusks to the above museum, consisting of upwards of

50,000 specimens of insects and 10,000 specimens of mollusks.

—C. W. J.

The collection made by the late Mrs. Williams of Chicago

has been acquired by Mr. W. F. Webb of Rochester, N. Y.

It is very rich in handsome shells, containing about 4000

specimens of Cyprea, 350 species of Conus, 90 of Voluta,

100 of Oliva, 2 perfect Pleurotomarias, an Argonauta argo 12

inches in diameter, among many other fine things.

CREPIDULA FORNICATA IN THE BritisH Isues: The following

interesting note is taken from ‘‘Animal Life in Scotland,”’

Be i 5 De a

THE NAUTILUS. 63

by Dr. James Ritchie: ‘‘ Even our seas have been enriched by

strange aliens which have clung through thick and thin to

their hosts during the vicissitudes of transportation. An in-

teresting recent example is furnished by the appearance of

the American Slipper Limpet (Crepidula fornicata) in the

Thames estuary. The first sign of its presence there was a

dead shell found on the shore at St. Osyth in 1891, although

a fisherman had recollection of the ‘Crow oyster’ extending

back some fifteen or twenty years. In 1893 a living example

was found amongst oysters from the River Cronch, and there-

after records came with ever-increasing frequency, until it

was discovered that the Slipper Limpet, from being a rarity,

had become a pest. Its numbers on the oyster beds became

so troublesome that endeavors were made to eradicate it, a

special crushing apparatus being arranged for converting

into manure the ‘Limpets’ dredged from the bottom. About

1911 the Blackwater Fisheries alone yielded 35 tons of Slipper

Limpets in four weeks; and since then the multiplication of

the alien has been even more rapid, for in twelve months in

1914-15 upwards of 1000 tons, dredged chiefly from the estu-

aries of the Blackwater and the Coln, were crushed and used

for manure by the farmers of the district. The precise rela-

tionship between the Slipper Limpet and the oyster is un-

known, but whether the former be a semi-parasite or only a

constant messmate, there seems to be little room for doubt

that it was introduced with foreign and probably American

oysters brought for relaying in the oyster beds of the Thames

estuary.’’

In the same work is the following note bearing on a fresh

water mussel : ‘‘ In 1824 the Linnean Society received the first

recorded British specimens of the zebra mussel (Dreissensia

polymorpha), these having been found in abundance at-

tached to shells and timber in the Commercial Docks on the

Thames. The zebra mussel lives in fresh water in the Danube

and the rivers of Russia, and in northern France, Belgium

and Germany. It is supposed to have been originally carried

to Britain with cargoes of wood from the Volga, and it has

actually been seen attached to Baltic timber ere yet the

64 THE NAUTILUS.

timber was removed from the ship’s hold. The success of the

zebra mussel as a colonist has been remarkable. It has spread

from one locality to another until it has stations in some

twenty English counties. In Scotland it is common in the

Paisley canal and in the Forth and Clyde canal, where it

used to be found ‘in vast abundance.’ Even in the most out-

of-the-way places it has succeeded in obtaining a hold and in

making headway; it is a common member of the fauna of

water-pipes, and in 1912 a stoppage of the water supply at

Hampton-on-Thames led to the discovery that the diameter

of the 36-inch main for unfiltered water had been reduced to

9 inches by masses of zebra mussels which were growing at-

tached to the inside of the pipe. Ninety tons of the shells

are said to have been removed before the main was again put

in working order.’’ ,

These are both interesting examples of introduced species

becoming pests. It is a problem that is always confronting

us and constant care should be taken, for we already have too

many similar cases. In this country, to my knowledge, the

oystermen have never complained of the Crepidula, nor have

I ever heard of its being so prolific. The possibilities of a

fresh-water shell like the ‘‘zebra mussel’’ being introduced is

very great. There is entirely too much reckless dumping of

aquaria into our ponds and streams. A number of foreign

fresh-water shells, ete., have been introduced im this way.

Why not the mussel? This was the way the water-hyacinth

was introduced into the St. Johns River, Florida.—C. W. J.

SHELLS IN LuRAY CAVERN: The loose dirt collected from

shelving places in the Luray Cavern, Luray, Page County,

Virginia, by Mr. James B. Clark on October 9, 1921, was

found to contain many fragments of Polygyra fraudulenta

Pils. and Polygyra thyroidus Say, associated with bones of

bats and mice. The material was gathered about 200 feet

down and about 14 of a mile from the entrance of the cave.

All the specimens are in the collection of the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

K. G. VANATTA.

mae NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXV JANUARY, 1922. No. 3

A SEARCH FOR LIGUUS.

BY CHARLES TORREY SIMPSON.

For a considerable time in the past I have been making

annual trips to the Florida Keys for the purpose of studying

the life of the region, its geographical distribution and the

geology. Sometimes I have gone by boat but oftener by train,

running to the most southern point visited and tramping back,

I formerly went alone carrying no load and like an invading

army trusting for sustenance on the territory I visited; but I

have been so regularly taken for a tramp or bad man and

driven from the doors of the natives, that of late I carry a small

tent, bedding, provision, even drinking water, and by that

means J.am independent and can camp whenever and wherever

night overtakes me.

Several islands of the lower chain have a considerable growth

of the Carribean pine (Pinus caribaea), found generally in the

southernmost part of the State. Big Pine Key is pretty well

clothed with this kind of forest; and it is found on No Name,

Little Pine, Cudjoe and several other keys.

Big Pine is a sort of headquarters from which I make trips to

nearby islands. It is the largest of the lower keys, being over

eight miles in length and about two and a half in width at its

widest part. It runs from north northwest to south southeast

and in shape reminds one somewhat of one of the modern Ku

66 THE NAUTILUS.

Klux clothed in full regalia, its robe flowing irregularly down

its body and ending above in a comical, twisted headgear.

There are two projections on its eastern side, the southernmost

being a considerable island at high tide but connected when the

water is low, and the whole is called ‘‘ Doctor’s harm’’ (arm).

A long strip of swamp stretches southward from its southeast

corner which suddenly turns to the westward and the projection

is called ‘‘ The helbow.’’ All the island except the long strip

on the south is oolitic limestone, the latter part being an old

coral reef and a part of the upper chain which ends with the

nearby Newfound Harbor Keys.

One who visits the islands for the purpose of collecting tree

snails may be said to almost be ‘‘ between the devil and the

deep sea.’’ It is probable that not more than 35 inches of rain

fall yearly on a considerable area of the Lower Keys, and the

greater part of this comes in the warmer season. During the

drier part of the year what few arboreal snails still remain on

the keys hide away in holes or crevices of the trees or even

deep under rocks so that it is well nigh impossible to find them.

This is the period which is supposed to be free from mosquitos

and the only one during which a collector can have any com-

fort. During the warm season when most of the rain falls the

keys are generally an inferno caused by these insects. Sand

flies are in order at all times of the year. I generally go the

latter part of October, hoping to find the mosquitos departing

and the snails still somewhat active, and come back early in

November.

On a recent visit to the keys I stopped as usual on Big Pine

and made my way back on the railroad to the ‘‘ helbow’’ where

a noble piece of hammock, covering perhaps forty acres or

more, once stood. Part of it was long ago cleared and planted

but later abandoned. Charcoal burners have cut the best of the

timber for their business and hurricanes have wrought great de-

struction in it, as it is in a badly exposed locality.

Between the railroad embankment and the hammock a tide-

way, about twenty feet wide and three feet deep, drained the

great swamp into the open sea. I would either have to wade

it and get my clothes wet or take off trowsers, shoes and leggins

THE NAUTILUS. 67

and on my return go through the same operation. I set my

wits to work to contrive a bridge from the timbers which were

thickly scattered about by a former hurricane. I laid a track

of plank, got a piece of an oar and a broken gaff out of which I

made a couple of rollers. Then I strained and lifted onto these

a twenty-foot timber, six by twelve, which had done duty in

some old railroad bridge, and rolled it down into the water. I

shoved the far end of it into a little cove on the opposite side,

staked the near end to keep it from drifting away and triumph-

antly walked across it, saying to myself, ‘‘ When a man uses

his brains he can save himself a lot of discomfort.’’ In front

of me grew perhaps a half acre of saltwort (Batis maritima), a

dense, half-erect shrub with very succulent leaves, and I strode

through this on my way to the sandy shore beyond. Suddenly

I bogged down, going over my knees into water and mud that

the deceptive shrub had entirely concealed, and after flounder-

ing across a couple of rods of this loblolly I crawled out on the

opposite side completely bedraggled and disgusted. I reached

the sandy shore and a little farther on the hammock. This

piece of forest is doubtless classic ground. In the first half of

the nineteenth century there lived in Key West a Dr. John

Blodgett, who practiced medicine and carried on a drug store.

He became greatly interested in the botany of the keys and

made collecting trips among them. He discovered two Clusias,

tropical strangling trees, and a Cupania, a member of the soap-

berry family on Big Pine, and as this hammock was very ac-

cessible to any one coming from Key West he no doubt col-

lected in it and in all probability discovered these trees in it. I

have searched the forests of Big Pine, and Dr. John K. Small

of the New York Botanical Garden has done likewise, but no

vestige of any of them has been found, and they are probably

extinct so far as our flora is concerned. Henry Hemphill, per-

haps the best conchological collector of his time, worked, I be-

lieve, on this key (perhaps in this hammock) and the adjoining

No Name and found beautiful Liguus solidus in variety.

Without a doubt these snails have lived in this hammock

until lately, perhaps until the dreadfully disastrous hurricane

of September, 1919. I visited it a couple of months later and

68 THE NAUTILUS.

found many dead and broken Liguus along the shore in front

of it, some of them still well colored, probably washed out by

the exceedingly high tide which covered much of the floor of

the forest with sand and debris. At the time of my last visit I

spent the better part of a day carefully combing it over in the

hope of finding this snail alive, but in vain. My search only

brought to light a few dead, faded shells inhabited by hermit

crabs.

This hammock although nearly ruined seems to be headquar-

ters for cacti on the Lower Keys. Chapman’s ‘‘ Flora of the

Southeastern States’’ only gives six species, two of which are

introduced, for the entire region covered by his book, but Dr.

Small lists no less than eight natives from this hammock alone.

Among them is a tall, columnar Cereus with trunks as large as

a man’s body and twenty feet high, and another more slender

but erect form which I discovered on Lower Matecumbe Key

several years ago. One of the prickly pears (Opuntia) is nearly

prostate and has joints about the size and shape of an old-

fashioned hunting-case watch—a most striking form. In fact

whatever time and attention one is not compelled, when in this

hammock, to give to fighting mosquitos and sand flies, must be

devoted to crawling through and avoiding cacti.

A few days later I was joined by my friend Dr. Edward

Mercer, formerly of Philadelphia but now of Miami, who has

been with me on several recent trips. In the village of Big

Pine I was told of a man, who, not long before, had found

Liguus solidus in variety on the northeastern part of the island

where he had gathered a quantity and could have taken a

‘‘hatful.’? That has become a stereotyped word, and every

time I visit the Lower Keys I am told of some one who could

have filled his hat with them. And when traced down it turns

out that he has perhaps gotten a few Oxystyla, which still

sparingly persists on some of these islands, or Drymaeus multi-

lineatus, a very abundant but much smaller form. In some

cases the bona fide sworn-to Liguus turns out to be Litorina

angulifera. I have come to believe that the spot where Liguus

solidus is abundant is either at the end of the rainbow or where

you pick up the will-o-the-wisp. One man volunteered for a

THE NAUTILUS. 69

consideration to guide us to the exact hammock where these

snails had been found, but when we had arrived at a couple of

tumbledown houses in the northern part of the island he

didn’t know just where it was, but swept his hand around the

horizon in a vague way and said the hammock was “off

yonder.’’ We found nothing, not even a bone.

We determined to tramp across the island and make an at-

tempt to find Watson’s Hammock which lay on the opposite

shore. We had been told that we would find the walking fairly

good and were given the general direction. In two minutes we

ran into a buttonwood swamp which I have since learned covers

the greater part of the interior of the island. This is not the

buttonwood or sycamore of the northern states, or any kin to it,

but a tropical tree with dark, greenish, very combustible wood

which inhabits brackish swamps or their immediate vicinity.

It is a strange tree, having many forms, sometimes erect with a

height of 70 feet and a trunk diameter of two feet; again it falls

over and becomes a gigantic, writhing half-vine. On drier

ground it is a small, somewhat erect tree, and in this swamp it

‘grew in this fashion, only it threw out a good many stiff, crooked

branches just at the ground which admirably served to trip our

tired feet. It was only a short time until we came to more or

less extensive pools and ponds of beer-colored, brackish water,

which we tried for awhile to avoid by making a circuitous

tramp around them. Soon, however, it became apparent that

we must wade, and we plunged in, often to the depth of three

feet, blundering and even falling over the very irregular bottom.

Then for a long distance we encountered stands of buttonwood,

dense scrub hammock and water. This hammock was, without

exception, the most difficult to get through I eversaw. A con-

siderable part of it consisted of a small tree or large shrub, a

Bumelia or ant’s wood, with narrow leaves and innumerable

branches. The whole purpose of the tree seemed to be to de-

velop and carry an immense load of long, excessively sharp

thorns which for their ability to catch hold and hang on cannot

be surpassed anywhere. It formed thickets, not quite as dense

as a haystack, but the next thing to it, and we could no more

crawl through it than we could through the side of a battleship.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

This growth which belongs in slightly brackish ground bordered

the hammocks and we had to get through it in some way to get

across the latter. Often we got into a pocket and after fighting

our way along for a while we were obliged to turn back and get

out the way we came in. At other times I got down and cut

my way through with my pocket knife so that we could push

our bags ahead and crawl after. In the real dry hammocks the

Bumelia was replaced by the pull-and-haul-back (Pisonia acu-

leata), and a tropical prickly ash (Zanthoxylum), to such an

extent that they were nearly impassable. Wherever we found

hammock I strained my eyes to find Liguus but saw none.

There was only the ordinary development of sand flies and

common gray mosquitos, but we had scarcely gotten into the

swamp before we began to encounter swarms, or herds, or

droves, whichever they might beet be called, of an enormous

black mosquito, the largest and most terrifying I have ever

seen. They shone as if freshly varnished and came on with a

steady, leisurely flight as if they were sure of their victims.

The fore part of these monsters bent down in a remarkable way,

probably to allow the proboscis to get into action for some time

before the rest of the insect arrived. The doctor at once called

them ‘‘ Dirigibles’’ which we soon shortened to ‘‘ Blimps’’ on

account of the inconvenience of using a word of four syllables

whenever we encountered them. When one of these became

filled with blood and slowly sailed away with its various ap-

pendages trailing below and after, it suggested a zeppelin in a

remarkable manner.

For five dreadful hours we fought our way through this in-

ferno. Often the growth was so dense that we could not see the

sun and we constantly consulted our pocket compasses and bore

off to the west or northwest whenever it was possible. Some-

time before sundown I saw an open spot in front, then I caught

a glimpse of the sea and a date palm which some one had long

ago planted near the shore. In a moment we stepped out onto

a level, smooth, grass-covered prairie that stretched to the Torch

Key Channel, and we swung our hats and capered about like

boys. Taken all in all, I believe this was about the most diffi-

cult short tramp I ever made, and when we got near the shore I

was glad to throw myself down on the grass and rest.

THE NAUTILUS. in

The doctor is a delicate man of 60 whose health is none the

best, and when he first proposed to go tramping with me I felt

very doubtful whether he would be able to endure the hardships

of such a rough-and-tumble life. Instead of lying down and

resting that evening he took a long walk through the pine

woods apparently for mere relaxation. In our various excur-

sions I found him always ready to lead, and he never gave any

intimation that he felt the slightest fatigue.

We pitched our tent on a growth of sedges (Eleocharis), so

dense and tall that we could walk on it without pressing it to

the ground—an admirable bed. Then we crawled in and after

driving out the mosquitos carefully closed, as we thought, every

aperture and congratulated ourselves on the prospect of a fine

sleep. I did sleep but uneasily and was vaguely conscious that

the doctor was much disturbed. When daylight came we could

see that the inside of the walls and roof of the tent were so

covered with mosquitos gorged with our blood that in places

one could not have put his finger on them without touching an

insect. We discovered a minute opening, just large enough to

admit them in single file, and they had been industriously pass-

ing in all night.

We searched some small hammocks which lay to the north-

west of us without results and then turned southward along the

shore, finally reaching the great Watson’s Hammock. Form-

erly this covered a considerable area and consisted of a magnifi-

cent growth of tall, closely-set tropical trees. Much of it has

been cut out; but there still remains a splendid remnant, and

this we diligently searched but found only a few faded bones.

I first visited this forest in 1885, arriving just before sundown.

My boatman who was anxious to get on only consented to

allowing me a few minutes on shore, but during that brief time

I could see that the trees were full of splendid Liguus. Had I

been allowed a little time I could have actually gotten ‘‘a hat-

ful.’ As it was I found the type of my Liguus solidus crassus,

a form with a very solid shell and truncate columella, ivory

white with a narrow bronze-green peripheral line, also a couple

of specimens of the form graphicus.

We struck off down the island in a general southeast direc-

72 THE NAUTILUS.

tion, but in trying to avoid the swamps were obliged to zigzag

about considerably. The walking on the lower islands is much

better than that of the upper ones, the general surface being

level and comparatively smooth. This is an oolitic limestone

much like that of the Miami region, but it was deposited in a

shallow sea while the latter formed a retreating shore and is

irregularly stratified. In many places the rock of the Lower

Keys has split loose in thin layers and become broken up, and

between the pine trees there is often a dense growth of a pal-

metto (Thrinax microcarpa). The whole is generally tied to-

gether with a villainous climbing smilax which is most liberally

provided with thorns.

After a long tramp we reached the village, and the next morn-

ing had my old friend Joseph Sears take us across the strait to

No Name Key. Sears is a powerful Bahama negro, good-

natured and voluble, and in time past he has taken me to many

of the keys in his boat, the ‘‘ Three Fannies.”’

We camped in the front yard of an abandoned place, again

getting a bed of the Eleocharis, and this time were fortunate

enough to entirely shut out the mosquitos, but we could hear

their angry humming all night, music which lulled us to sleep.

No Name is nearly three miles long and about a mile wide, its

northern part being pine forest with a dense undergrowth of

palmettos. There is, or has been, a great central hammock of

magnificent tall, closely-set tropical trees, but about 60 acres

of it have been cut out. Much of the southern part of the

island has been hammock but most of it is now destroyed. We

carefully searched this interior forest, almost tree by tree, but

found no living Liguus. In places the ground was thickly

strewn with broken and bleached shells, some of the fragments

still retaining color.

It may be asked, ‘‘ What has become of them?’’ Their dis-

appearance is due to several causes, man being the chief. The

building of the extension of the Florida East Coast Railway

wrought terrible destruction among the hammocks on the keys.

One of the finest pieces of this growth was located on Key Largo

where sparks from the engines set the timber cleared from the

right-of-way on fire and destroyed hundred of acres of splendid

THE NAUTILUS. Te

Liguus-bearing forest. There has been a series of years with a

deficiency of rainfall, twelve in number according to a well-

informed settler on one of the keys, and the snails have been

driven to take refuge in crevices of trees and under the rocks

while doubtless many have been exterminated. Birds have

killed many more. Possibly dry weather has made food scarce

and caused the birds to prey to a greater extent on the snails

than usual.

I am strongly inclined to believe that a few colonies of the

solidus may still exist on the Lower Keys. Three years ago I

found three adult specimens of the typical form of this on trees

back of the village of Big Pine. Several years ago Henderson

and Clapp found a large colony of solidulus on Stock Island,

but at my last visit to this only a few dead shells could be ob-

tained. Within a couple of years I have found several tolerably

fresh shells of graphicus on No Name, two on Sugarloaf and a

fairly good young solidulus on Summerland and Boca Chica.

There is still a good deal of hammock, some of it second growth

according to my friend, J. T. Knowles, of Big Pine Key, on

several of the islands, and the fact that settlement is decreasing

rather than extending on the lower chain makes it probable

that this growth may spread. If we could have a series of wet

years it is easily possible that these snails might increase and

be abundant again in places. There is no group of land snails

on earth with more wonderfully beautiful shells than those of

Inguus solidus. Their texture is of a marvellously delicate por-

celain, their polish is remarkable and the colors of some are

bizarre and extremely rich.

Notre.—The above forms part of a chapter of my forthcoming book entitled

**Out of Doors in Florida.’

74 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON THE TAXONOMY OF NUDIBRANCHIATE MOLLUSCA FROM

; THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA.

I. On THE IDENTIFICATION OF Cavolina (1. e. Hermissenda)

crassicornis OF EscHSCHOLTZ.

BY CHAS. H. 0’ DONOGHUE, D. 8C., F. Z. S.,

Professor of Zoology, University of Manitoba.

In 1831 Eschscholtz described three nudibranchs collected by

Captain von Kotzebue in Alaska in 1824,—the first to be re-

corded from the Pacific Coast of North America. The second

of these (7, p. 15) is named Cavolina crassicornis, and in view

of the rarity and consequent inaccessibility of this work, it may

be permissible to quote from it in some detail:

‘‘Corpore pallido; capite tentaculisque anticis crassis flavis;

collo lineis tribus rubris; appendiculis dorsalibus atris apice

rubris.

‘©An der Nordwestkiiste Afrika’s (sic) an der Insel Sitcha,

wo diese Art auf breitem Seetange und Ulven lebt.

‘‘Liinge drei Zolle. Der Leib hell hornfarben, der Riicken

blass grau. Kopf und vordere Fuhler gelb; letzere sind an ihrer

Wurzel sehr dick und ubertreffen die hintere stark geringelten

braunen Fihler, welche eine gelbe Spitze haben, an Lange be-

trachlich. Auf der obern Flache der vordern Fihler beginnt

von der Spitze ein gelber Streifen und setzt sich auf dem Nacken

fort, wo er sich sehr breit wird und allméalig eine perlblaue

Farbe annimmt; auf der Mitte des Nackens ein brennend oranger

Streifen, ein gleicher an jeder Seite; jeder orange Streifen ist von

einer weissen Linie eingefasst. Auf der Mitte des hell horn-

farbenen Rtickens bemerkt man eine Stelle, unter welcher das

Herz pulsirt; tiber dem ganzen Riicken bis zur Schwanzspitze

estreckt sich ein perlmutterfarbener Streifen. Der kiemenartiger

Fortsiitze an den Seiten des Leibes unterscheidet man vier bis

funf Bundel; jeder einzelne Fortsatz is 2-4 Linien lang, an der

ganzen untern Seite hornfarben, oben schwarz mit einem breiten

weissen Langestreifen und breiter oranger Spitze. Auf dem

platten weissen Schwanze bemerkt man ausser der mittlern

Linie noch zwei weisse Lingestreifen. Auch der hornfarbige

Fuss hat eine weisse Randlinie.”’

From the itinerary and the context it is obvious that ‘‘ Nord-

westkiiste Afrika’s’’ is a misprint for ‘‘ Nordwestkiiste Amer-

ika’s,’’ and the island referred to is Sitka, Alaska.

THE NAUTILUS. 75

In 1862, Cooper (5, p. 205) described a species Aeolis ( Flabel-

lina?) opalescens with an opaline color on the dorsal tentacles

and an orange stripe between them. Again in 1863 (6, p. 60)

the same author also records this species as Flabellina opalescens,

mentioning a pale variety with white-tipped branchie (i. e.

papille).

Bergh in 1878 (1, p. 573) and again in 1879 (2, p. 81)

formed a new genus Hermissenda for this species. It is closely

allied to Phidiana but differs in the produced angles of the foot,

the form of the teeth, but especially in the absence of a hook on

the penis; and in these papers he identifies the Aeolis or Flabel-

lina opalescens. of Cooper as Hermissenda opalescens, the only

member of the genus. The rhinophores are stated to be yellow

with an orange stripe between (cf. Eschscholtz). The papille

are yellow with the purple-red liver diverticula shining through.

Uockerell in 1901 (3, p. 122) also described the same form,

calling attention to the two ‘‘opal-blue”’ lines forming prac-

tically one, but dividing on the head and just behind it to ad-

mit ‘‘a bright orange streak’’. He also mentions the ‘‘ broad

orange stripe on each side of the head’’, the fact that the

papille possess an ‘‘ orange subterminal ring’’ and that they

are ‘‘ easily deciduous.”’

The same author describes this species in conjunction with

Eliot in 1905 (4, p. 50) but strangely enough gives no reference

to his previous paper. This paper also mentions the “‘opal-

escent stripe down the back, bifurcating anteriorly so as to in-

clude an oblong area of bright orange.’’

The first full account of the coloration of this species was fur-

nished by O’ Donoghue in 1921 (8, pp. 201 and 202) but at the

time this paper was written the author has overlooked Cocker-

ell’s paper of 1901 for the reason given above and had not ac-

cess to Eschscholtz’s Atlas. A second paper by the same author

(9, ) deals with the range of color variation met with in

the same species and also its spawn (11, ). In these two

papers practically every point in regard to color mentioned in

Eschscholtz is also described; the opalescent line along the back

bifurcating at the front to include a bright orange area and then

passing on to the oral tentacles; the orange area on each side of

76 THE NAUTILUS.

the head and neck; the light-colored opalescent line below this

area; the interior of the cerata may be almost black and they

have a white line on their outer border; the cerata in the dark

varieties have an orange tip; the two lateral light lines in the

tail region; and the light opalescent line along the margin of the

foot.

These points are taken from O’ Donoghue and arranged in the

order in which they are dealt with in Eschscholtz and I think

it will be obvious at once that such a closeness of description

makes it certain that the same species is under consideration in

both cases. If only the intervening observers had given a

closer account of the color of the living specimen, I think the

identity of Hermissenda opalescens with Cavolina crassicornis would

have been established earlier. Examination of the radula

shows that Bergh, Cockerell and Eliot and O’ Donoghue were

all dealing with the same specics. The name opalescens, there-

fore, must be discarded in spite of its familiarity and of the fact

that it describes the characteristic opalescent appearance of the

lines of this beautiful species so well, and the older name crassi-

cornis substituted for it.

The classification and synonymy of this form is, therefore, as

follows:

Family: olidie Eliot, 1910.

Genus: Hermissenda Bergh, 1878.

Species: HERMISSENDA CRASSICORNIS (Eschscholtz, 1831).

Aeolis (Flabellina ?) opalescens Cooper, 1862.

Flabellina opalescens Cooper, 1863.

Hermissenda opalescens Bergh, 1879; Cockerell, 1901; Cock-

erell and Eliot, 1905; O’ Donoghue, 1921; O’ Donoghue

and O’ Donoghue (in press).

List oF REFERENCES.

1. Bergh, R. Beitr. zur. Kenntniss den Aeolidiaden, vi. Verh.

d. K. Zool-bot. Ges. in Wien xxviii, 1878, p. 578.

2. Bergh, R. ‘‘On the nudibranchiate Gasteropod Mollusca

of the North Pacific Ocean, with special reference to

those of Alaska,’’ Pt. I. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Philadel-

phia, Pt. I, 1879.

THE NAUTILUS. 77

3. Cockerell, T. D. A. ‘‘ Notes on Two Californian Nudi-

branchs.’’ Jour. Malacol., Vol. viii, No. 4, Dec., 1901.

4. Cockerell, T. D. A. and Eliot, C. ‘‘ Notes on a Collection

of Californian Nudibranchs.’’ Jour. Malacol., xii, Pt.

3, 1905.

5. Cooper, J. C. ‘‘Some new genera and species of California

Mollusca.’’ Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. ii, 1862.

6. Cooper, J. C. ‘‘New or Rare Mollusca Inhabiting the

Cost of California,’’ Pt. II. Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci.,

Vol. iii, Pt. I, 1863.

7. Eschscholtz, F. ‘‘ Zoologischer Atlas.’’ Viertes Heft.

Berlin, 1831.

8. O'Donoghue, C. H. ‘‘Nudibranchiate Mollusca from the

Vancouver Island Region.’’ Trans. Roy. Canadian

Inst., Vol. xiii, No. 1, 1951.

9. O’ Donoghue, C. H. ‘‘ Notes on the Nudibranchiate Mol-

lusca from the Vancouver Island Region,’’ I. Colour

Variations. Trans. Roy. Canadian Inst. (in press).

10. O’Donoghue, C. H. Jbid., III. Records of Species and

Distribution. Trans. Roy. Canadian Inst. (in press).

11. O’ Donoghue, C. H. and O’Donoghue, E. Jbid., II. The

Spawn of Certain Species. Trans. Roy. Canadian Inst.

(in press).

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE NOMENCLATURE OF SLUGS,

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In preparing a faunal work the writer had occasion to men-

tion the types of Limaz, Agriolimax and Arion. The attempt

disclosed various irregularities in the current use of these names.

Before incorporating radical changes into a formal work, it

has seemed well to give the data here, in order that others in-

terested may criticize the inferences drawn, and possibly sug-

gest some mitigation of the unpleasant situation. While the

facts bearing on the names discussed have been carefully col-

lected, it is always possible that some name or publication has

been overlooked.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

I. Limazx L. replaces Arion Fér.

Limax Linneeus, Syst. Nat. (10), I, p. 652, for L. ater, rufus,

maximus, agrestis, flavus. Lamarck, Syst. An. s. Vert. 1801, p.

64. JL. rufus mentioned as an example. Children, Lamarck’s

Genera of Shells, 1823, p. 99. ‘‘Type, Limaz rufus [idem.

Linn.].’’ Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 170. Type, L. rufus.

ARIoN Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. 1819, p. 53, for A. empzri-

corum Fér. (including as varieties ater and rufus L., etc.), A.

albus Miill., A. fuscatus Fér., A. hortensis Fér.

Férussac’s action in dividing Limax L. was perfectly proper

and a great advance. He created Avion for the first two Linn-

sean Limaces and others, and restricted Limaz to Linneus’ last

three species. Unfortunately he did not name types for either

genus; so that his work was overturned by Children, in 1828,

who selected Linnzeus’ second species (an Arion) as the type of

Timax. This restriction of Limaz to the Arions was confirmed

by Gray in 1847, though as often happened, he did not know

what he was doing.

So far as I know, the only modern author to substitute Limax

for Arion was F. Jousseaume, in the Bull. Zool. Soc., France,

I, 1876, p. 26. He took this stand on account of the publica-

tion of Limacella for the maximus and agrestis groups by Brard.

II. Eulimax Mogq.-Tand. replaces Iimax Auct.

Limax being relegated to what we have called Arion, it re-

mains to provide a name for what has hitherto passed as Jimaz.

The group has been named several times, and the older names

included both the large and small limaces. EuLimax Moquin-

Tandon, Hist. Nat. Moll. France II, 1855, pp. 18, 22, origin-

ally proposed to distinguish Limaces from Amalias, has subse-

quently been restricted to the maximus group. It may be used

in a generic sense with Limax maximus L. as type.

III. Limacella substituted for Agriolimaz.

In his useful Check-list of the Slugs’ Professor Cockerell

called attention to the nomenclature of the group generally

known as Agriolimax. He found that there were several names:

1The Conchologist, II, 1893, p. 199.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

earlier than Agriolimaz, but as their authors did not mention

truly generic characters, the name in common use was allowed

to stand, though evidently with misgivings. It may be men-

tioned that Mérch also had little idea of the true generic char-

acters of Agriolimaz.

The names preceding Agriolimaz are as follows:

LimacELLa Brard, Hist. des Coquilles, env. Paris, 1815, p.

107, for Limacella parma, unguiculus, obliqua, concava. Limacella

obliqua (== Limaz agrestis L.) here selected as type. Not Lima-

cella Blainville, 1817.

Deroceras Rafinesque, Annals of Nature, 1820, p. 10; Binney

and Tryon’s reprint, p. 65. For Limaz gracilis Raf.’

Krynicxia Kaleniczenko, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 1839,

p. 30, for K. melanocephala Kalen. A nude name.

KRryYNIcKILLUs Kalen., Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, XXIV,

1851, p. 220, for K. melanocephalus,* minutus, cristatus, maculatus,

eichwaldii, dymezeviczii, all new species.

The type of Krynickia and Krynickillus Kalen. and Megaspis

Krynicki, is K. melanocephalus Kalen.

Krynickia melanocephala was published as a bare name in 1839,

but cited as a synonym of Krynickillus melanocephalus in 1851,

together with Megaspis melanocephalus. Krynickillus therefore

takes precedence if any use is found for the name.

Ma.ino Gray, Catalogue of Pulmonata, Brit. Mus., Pt. I,

1855, p. 178, for Limaz lombricoidss Morelet.

Me@aPELTaA Morch, Journ. de Conchyl., 1857, p. 282, for

Limax (Megapelta) senvitectus Morch. (Described from a draw-

1*Tamaz gracilis. Body slender, head and lower tentacula fulvous, neck

grey, upper tentacula brownish, mantle dark fulvous, back smooth brown, be-

neath dirty white; tail brown, obtuse above, mucronate and acute beneath. —

Probably a real Limaz, yet it has the two long tentacula inserted above the

neck, while the small ones are terminal, and all slightly club shaped. It may

perhaps form a sub-genus Deroceras. Length over one inch. Found near

Hendersonville in Kentucky, and in woods.”’

There can be very little doubt that this is Limaz campestris Binn.

* With the synonyms Krynickia melanocephala Kalen., 1839, and Megaspis

melanocephala Krynicki, unpublished.

See Agriolimaz melanocephalus Simroth, Die Nachtschnecken fauna des

Russischen Reiches, 1901, p. 154.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

ing. Thought by von Martens to be probably not distinct from

Timax levis, in the wide sense. )

AGRIOLIMAX Morch, Journ. de Conchyl., 1865, p. 378. L.

agrestis here selected as type.

Since 1865 several additional names have been proposed,

some of which have been used for subdivisions, such as Hydro-

limax Malm., for the levis group. Of the names given above,

it will probably be best to revive LimaceLLa Brard, with the

type L. obliqua = L. agrestis. Brard’s name has been discred-

ited because he founded a genus upon the shell as distinct from

the animal; but after all, he was only following the example of

Linné, who based his genera of testacea wholly upon the shells,

prefacing the conchological definition with ‘‘ animal a Limax.’’

Brard’s nomenclature was indisputably regular, being on abso-

lutely Linnean lines. He left Limaz for the slugs without a

shell (ZL. rufus Linn.).

Jousseaume in 1876 (Bull. Soc. Zool. de France I, p. 25),

followed by Mabille in the same publication (p. 96), used

Timacella for the L. maximus, flavus and agrestis groups, without

selecting a type.

Limacella of Blainville, 1817, was incorrectly defined, but

Prof. Cockerell has shown that its type is a Philomycus. Being

later than Brard’s Limacella, this use of the name is not admis-

sible under the existing rules of nomenclature.

TETHYS WILLCOXI IN NEW ENGLAND WATERS.

BY 8. N. F, SANFORD.

On Oct. 9, 1921, a number of those curious tectibranch mol-

lusks known as Sea Hares, Tethys (Aplysia) willcoxi (Heilprin),

appeared in the West Passage of Narragansett Bay, R. I., com-

ing in on the flood of the tide and disappearing with its ebb.

As the tide was going out only two specimens were secured by

the writer and his companion, Mr. Orville C. Minkler, although

several others had been seen during the day. A second trip to

the same station, on Oct. 16, yielded two more specimens, but

THE NAUTILUS. 81

none was found on any other R. I. or Conn. shore as far south

as New London.

All of the specimens were alive when captured, two of them

swimming by the undulation of their fleshy pleuropoda or

swimming lobes. When not in motion the swimming lobes

were folded over the dorsal organs, affording some if not full

protection. When handled they exuded from their mantlesa

red-purple fluid which became bright crimson or wine color when

diluted by sea-water or alcohol.

In life the colors were dark purplish-brown, variously mottled

with large areas of dirty white. The distribution and relative

quantity of these colors differed much, however, according to

the degree of extension or contraction of the animals. It was

also noted that the dark pigmented surfaces were thin and easily

rubbed off, making color description an uncertain factor except

with fresh specimens. In alcohol the dark portions turned

nearly black, and the light areas at first changed to a bright pea-

green, then back again, in the course of a week, to the original

dirty white.

Two of these specimens, now in the collection of the Boston

Society of Natural History, measured 8 inches in length, 7 in-

ches across the expanded swimming lobes. These measurements

were dorsal and taken before relaxation following death. The

other specimens were much smaller.

The shell, covered by a tough membrane, was oval in general

outline, very thin and fragile, and composed of two plate-like

layers. A test with dilute acid proved the inner layer to be a

thin surfacing of lime, not quite covering the outer chitinous

plate. White, concentric lines, describing smaller arcs towards

the hook-like apex, were crossed by finer, radiating lines con-

verging at this point.

The odor of the colored fluid (possibly mixed with other

secretions) was slightly unpleasant, and the dyeing quality, un-

like the *‘ Tyrian purple’’ of some mollusks, was not very good.

When fresh it was readily washed from the hands, and almost as

easily from cloth, but unsized paper appeared to hold the stain

rather persistently. No fixing agents, except hot water and dry

heat, were tried, however.

82 THE NAUTILUS.

While other members of this genus are not uncommon in

Florida and the West Indies, the New England records for this

particular species are few, and, according to Mr. C. W. Johnson,’

are nearly all from Buzzards Bay, Woods Hole and adjacent

Massachusetts waters. Although the Sea Hares belong to

warmer regions, it is interesting to note that all the New England

specimens were taken in October. The mollusks disappear as

mysterously as they come, and neither the cause of their pres-

ence so far north, nor where they go, seems to have been defi-

nitely determined, although the high summer temperatures of

1906, 1910, and 1921 may be significant.

SHORE REEF HUNTING 1N THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

BY CHARLES F. MANT.

Being anxious to visit the shore reefs by night on the western

side of this Island, Oahu, a friend and myself agreed to start

on the first occasion when tides were at their lowest.

Having made all arrangements we left Honolulu at 3:00 p. m.

on October 18th., and motored to Kawaihapai, a two and a half

hours trip, part of the distance being over very bad roads and

trails, but our little car was staunch, and we arrived safely.

After a brief meal we changed into overalls, and filled our

torches—large iron cylinders stuffed with a sack for wick. Then

slinging our collecting bags over our shoulders we started off

along the railroad track which here follows the shoreline for

some miles. The scenery was very wild, the mountains coming

down almost to the shore on the one side, whilst on the other

the reef-lined shore stretched as far as one could see bordered

with a white fringe of surf.

After about an hour’s tramp we decended to the shore, and

lighting one of the torches commenced our search.

At first nothing much except a few common things were

'Oce, Papers, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, Fauna New England 13, Mollusca,

pp. 153-4.

THE NAUTILUS. 83

found, the raised portions of reef at high-water mark being

covered with thousands of Littorina pintado, L. picta, and Nerita

picea. We proceeded a mile or so further, and then examined

a rocky ‘‘ flat’’ where the reef was full of deep holes in which

brilliant little fish of many colors were swimming, whilst on the

rocks were numbers of the Rough Sea Urchin (Podophora pedi-

fera) the ‘‘ Haukeke’’ of the Hawaiians who esteem this and

other species as food. One had to be careful, as here and there

were ‘‘ blow holes’’ which spouted the water high into the air

when a wave came in.

Presently the first ‘‘ find’’ was made of a fine Cypraea maurt-

tiana. Then a specimen of Acanthochites viridis was discovered

on a raised coral rock. It was whilst trying to remove this shell

that a big wave came in unexpectedly, knocked me over the

rock, whilst my torch, collecting bag, etc. went in different di-

rections, and a sandwich that I carried in my upper pocket was

reduced to pulp! However, things were soon put right, and

now we began to find the shells. In the rocky pockets were

many Cypraea caput-serpentis, and various Cones, on the weedy

rock Ricinulas, on the raised reef Chitons, Helcioniscus, Littori-

nas, Purpuras, nerites, etc.

The luck of the evening came to my friend who had ventured

out to where the surf dashed from time to time on the large

rocks, for he discovered five magnificent specimens of Cypraea

mauritiana.

We had hoped to collect some specimens of Cypraea reticulata

which had been found upon a former occasion, but this time we

were disappointed.

It was now getting late, and the tide had turned; so we re-

traced our steps and returned to our headquarters, the light of

the full moon making the track clearly visible.

After some supper and a change into dry things we took our

blankets to the beach and slept until 5:00 a. m., being awakened

by the piping of Alaska Plovers busily feeding along the shore.

The view in the early hours was very lovely, the moon still

shining whilst in the distance the orange and yellow rays of the

sun rising behind a bank of dark clouds with the loom of the

mountains and coast beneath. For miles on either side of us

84 THE NAUTILUS.

stretched the shore with the blue Pacific and endless lines of

snowy surf.

We started for home at 6,30, arriving at 9:00 a. m., tired and

well pleased with our trip.

Among the shells collected were:

Cypraea mauritiana L. Nerita picea Recluz.

Cypraea caput-serpentis L. Nerita polita L.

Purpura harpa Conr. Iittorina pintado.

Purpura intermedia Kien. Iittorina picta Phil,

Ricinula horrida Lam. Littorina feejeensis.

Ricinula morus Lam. Acanthochites viridis Pse.

Ricinula ricinus L. Helcioniscus exaratus Nutt.

Ricinula tuberculatus Blain. Strombus maculatus Nutt.

Conus ceylonensis Hwass. v. Siphonaria amara Nutt.

pusillus. Stphonaria amara var.

Conus hebraeus L. Columbella zebra.

Conus lividus Hwass.

Conus abbreviatus Nutt.

NOTE ON ALABA AND DIALA.

BY W. H. DALL.

In working over some of the minuter Hawaiian shells it be-

came necessary to make comparisons with Diala and Barleeia,

etc.

Examination of the Pacific coast species referred to by Car-

penter revealed some unexpected peculiarities.

The genus Alaba was named by Arthur Adams in December,

1853, in the ‘‘Genera of Recent Mollusca,’’ p. 241. It contained

two species, both West Indian, of which the first, Rissoa me-

lanura C. B. Adams, is now selected as the type.

The genus Diala was proposed by Arthur Adams in 1861, with

five species of which the first, D. varia A. Adams, is now selec-

ted as type. This group closely related to Alaba, differs by the

absence of varices, and generally more compact and flatsided

shell. Diala was adopted by E. A. Smith in 1875, who figured

THE NAUTILUS. 85

a shell and operculum under the name of D. leithii from Cali-

fornia, where it has not since been recognized, but probably is a

Lower Californian shell.

Alaba supralirata Carpenter, was described in the Mazatlan

Catalogue and is an abundant Lower Californian shell. An ex-

amination of a dry specimen shows it to have an operculum

paucispiral and like that figured for Diala leithii Smith, with no

spur or outstanding spiny process. The radula is not quite like

that figured by Troschel. The rhachidian tooth has a squarish

base with three rounded cusps, the central one larger than the

others. The extreme minuteness of the object and the tangled

condition of the radula did not enable me to determine the form

of the stems of the inner laterals, but the outer ones and appar-

ently the others were slender, the distal ends forming a semi-

circular curve with extremely fine serrations on the edge. The

radula and operculum of Alaba have not previously been de-

scribed.

The shell listed by Carpenter as Diala marmorea though shaped

and colored like some of Adams’ Dialas, does not belong to the

genus. It has the operculum and radula of Barleeia but differs

in having a smooth nucleus while that of Barleeia rubra is

thimble-pitted. The rhachidian tooth of marmorea is more

squarish than that of B. rubra as figured by Troschel, and has

five rounded cusps, the middle one larger. The styliform pro-

cess of the operculum is remarkably long in proportion to the

size of the operculum, Whether the difference in the nuclei

warrants a distinctive name for B. marmorea need not now be

decided.

OBSERVATIONS ON LIVING GASTEROPODS OF NEW ENGLAND

By Edward 8. Morse, Peabody Museum, pp. 1-29, plus. 1-1X.

BY PAUL BARTSCH

Two years ago Professor Morse published his paper ‘‘ Ob-

servations on Living Lamellibranchs of New England ’’, in

the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History,

(Vol. XXV, No. 5) in which forty-eight species are described

and figured.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

The present paper is a companion to that one, dealing with

Gastropoda and one Scaphopod. Forty-six forms are figured

in the 118 sketches, on nine plates illustrating the paper.

The first twenty-two pages are given to a discussion of the

anatomic structures figured, while the last seven are devoted

to an arraignment of modern nomenclatorial methods.

In it interesting to note that of the forty-six species figured,

ten bear names that were originally bestowed upon East

Atlantic specimens. These species were later recognized

as existing in American waters. Experience has taught me

to look upon such a distribution with a critical eye, and for

that reason I have subjected, in this instance, these ten

species to an examination, comparing our splendid collection

of East American specimens with the fine lot of material con-

tained in the famous Jeffreys Collection of European Mol-

lusca now resting in the National Museum, with the follow-

ing results:

Figure 2, ACMAEA TESTUDINALIS Miller. The American shells

average much larger than the European. Some of the

specimens actually attain more than double the size of

the largest contained in the Jeffreys Collection. There

are other essential differences in color pattern, etc.}

enough, I should say, as Acmaeas go, to separate the

American from the European form, at least subspeci-

fically. We may therefore call it Acmaea testudinahis

amoena Say, a name that was bestowed upon the Ameri-

can species by Say in 1821, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

vol. 2, p. 223.

Figure 8, CemorIA NOACHINA Linnaeus. The American shell

has long since been recognized as distinct from the Euro-

pean, under the name of Puncturella princeps Mighels

& Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 42, 1842.

Figure 14, Lacuna vincta Montagu. An examination of the

East and West Atlantic specimens passing under this

name shows that there are sufficient differences in the

form of shell, shell texture and finer sculpture to separate

the West Atlantic from the East Atlantic form, at least

THE NAUTILUS. 87

subspecifically. The name available for the West Atlan-

tie will be Lacuna vincta pertusa Conrad, Journ. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila., vol 6, p. 266, 1829.

Figure 20, MeNestHOo ALBULA Moller. The specimens re-

ferred to under this name are not that species, but

Couthouyella striatula Couthouy.

Figure 21, VELUTINA LAEVIGATA Linnaeus, and Figure 23

LAMELLARIA PERSPICUA Linnaeus I do not know.

Figure 34, Buccinum unpAtum Linnaeus. This species was

described from Europe. As at present conceived it is a

most variable form and will require intensive anatomic

study and breeding to decide whether we are dealing

with a fluxed hybrid element, or whether this name is

made to cover a host of species. With the present state

of our knowledge it would be folly to attempt a differen-

tiation of the American from the European forms.

Figure 39, TRoPHON CLATHRATUS Linnaeus. The size, shape

and sculpture differentiate the American from the Euro-

pean form. The West Atlantic members will have to be

ealled Trophon scalariformis Gould, Invert. Mass., p.

378, 1870.

Figure 44, ALexia Myosotis Draparnaud. More detailed

anatomic study will have to be made before we can be

sure that the European species is really the same as the

American.

A bit of rectification, where needed, of the rest of the

nomenclature may not be out of place, and I am sure

that Professor Morse will be only too glad to have some-

one relieve him of this task, so we give the following:

Figure 1, ENTALIS sTRIOLATA Stimpson is now Dentalium

(Antalis) entale stimpsoni Henderson.

Figure 11, Trocuus occipenTALIs Mighels & Adams. This

is Calliostoma occidentale Mighels & Adams.

Figure 13, RissoA miNuTA Totten is Paludestrina minuta

Totten. °'

Figure 24, NaticA HEROS Say.

Figure 25, NaTIcA TRISERIATA Say.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

Figure 27, NaticA IMMACULATA Totten; all three must be re-

ferred to the genus Polinices.

Figure 29, Beta pEcuUsSATA Couthouy becomes Lora decus-

sata Couthouy.

Figure 30, COLUMBELLA LUNATA Say becomes Alia luwnata

Say

Figure 31, CoLUMBELLA AVARA Say becomes Anachis avara

Say.

Figure 32, NASsA OBSOLETA Say becomes Alectrion (Ilyan-

assa) obsoleta Say.

Figure 33, Nassa TRIviTTaATA Say becomes Alectrion (Tritia)

trwittata Say.

Figure 35, BucciInuM cCINEREUM Say is now Urosalping

cimerea Say.

Figure 36, Fusus 1ishANDIcuS Gmelin. This should bear the

name Colus stimpsonit Morch. It is interesting, in this

connection, to call attention to the fact that an error has

slipped into Johnson’s ‘‘ Fauna of New England ’’, in

his citation under this species on page 137. He cites

the type locality as as Faero. The fact is, Morch states

at the reference cited that Fusus stumpsoni (F. corneus

Say, Amer. Conch.), is the American species; that the

Faer6 specimens differ from it, are thinner shelled, and

have flatter whorls than Ff’. stimpsonw. Say misidentified

this as the corneus of Linnaeus.

Figure 37, Fusus pyemarus Gould is Colus pygmaeus Gould.

Figure 38, Fusus pECEMcosTAaTuS Say is now Chrysodomus

decemcostatus Say.

Figure 41, RaNELLA. cAuDATA Say is now known as Eupleura

caudata Say.

Figure 46, MELAMPUS BIDENTATUS Say is now generally con-

sidered to be Melampus lineatus Say.

There have been so many changes and so much discussion,

in the preceding remarks that it might seem as if Professor

Morse’s paper had been criticised. I wish here to dispel any

such impression. All that we have attempted is to bring up

to date an involved nomenclature that will render his con-

tribution the more intelligible to those who do not have the

mass of literature necessary to effect these needed changes.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

Professor Morse’s drawings and anatomic notes will be

always extremely useful, since they add materially to the

sum total of our knowledge of our northeastern mollusks, and

it is only to be hoped that Professor Morse will continue to

employ the wonderful gift which he possesses to fix on paper

observations on all the other forms with which he will come

in contact in the future.

The only criticism in the entire paper pertains to figure 18,

that of Aporrhais occidentalis Beck, in which an appendage

is described which is evidently an abnormality, a curious ac-

cidental development, which Professor Morse himself tells me

in a letter is the case, although he did not recognize it as such

when he prepared his manuscript.

As to the appendix, pp. 23-29, we agree with Professor

Morse that it is an arduous task to keep pace with the ever

shifting nomenclature. Some of the changes produced might

be dispensed with, but the major part reflects the advance of

our knowledge, and is necessary. I have recently had oc-

casion, in revising the Vitrinellidae, to refer specimens that

had been assigned to this family at various times, to six other

families than the Vitrinellidae, their operculum, radula and

other anatomic features demanding this shifting. Changes

like these will continue to be required until the final adjust-

ment has been made.

We in the Government offices are constantly called upon to

furnish the very latest in nomenclatorial dictum and a large

part of our time is taken up with the chase after the correct

name. I have frequently wished that some organization could

be prevailed upon to undertake the preparation of a card

catalog of scientific names, generic and specific, beginning

with Linnaeus, giving in addition to the name and citation

of publication, the family to which a given genus belongs

and for species in addition the type locality. In the case of

secondary combinations, a cross-reference card should be pre-

pared for filing under the proper places. Such a work care-

fully executed would eliminate at once almost all the changes

in nomenclature due to priority only, the names, that seem to

irritate most grievously the men who are not actually en-

gaged in revisional work.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

The reviser usually has only one aim, or should have only

one aim in mind, and that is to achieve stability by applying

the rules of the international code consistently, no matter

how much he may dislike to so do. No nomenclatorial

stability can be achieved if each of us follows an independent

method. A catalog of the kind above referred to would make

a quick revision possible, the main points of which would

stand for a long time to come, and the minor shift could

easily be kept current by the small force that should pre-

pare the cards for the new things published year by year.

I wish to heartily recommend this undertaking to the National

Research Council. I am sure that the whole zoological frater-

nity, yes, not only zoological but botanical fraternity, would

be grateful for such a work.

Another point that should find expression in this review

is the fallacy, or should I say dogma, entertained by many

that the soft anatomy of mollusks expresses more nearly the

true phylogenetic relationship than does the shell. It has

come to be believed, why I do not know, that shell characters

are readily modified, and that the soft parts only remain con-

stant. The facts adduced by our breeding of Cerions do not

accord with this. Here, at least, we have found the shell

characters not affected by changed environment. By hybri-

dization we have produced not only changes in shell charac-

ters but even greater changes in the organization of the soft

parts. This would show that the soft parts are at least as

readily changeable, if not more so, than the skeletal char-

acters. Furthermore, we should not lose sight of the fact

that the gastropod shell, in its nuclear whorls, retains a lot

of embryologic and subsequent metamorphic developmental

history which is largely, if not entirely, lost in the adult

anatomy of the animal. The shell therefore furnishes ever

so much more phylogenetic information than the adult soft

parts, since it records almost the complete ontogeny of tha

species. No single set of characters tells the whole story—

shell, cytology, embryology, anatomy, not to forget physio-

logy, all furnish helpful hints to a complete understanding,

and Professor Morse’s notes and figures will prove exceedingly!

useful to all of us who may not have ready access to living

material.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXV PLATE II

Digestive tract of

Strobilops istyrinathica

S r\ \ { / |

9 XNA | 16 | ei:

Ret. \ / —_ —

Genitalia of Strobilops latyrinthica = \ a es

1, 2, 15, 16, 17, NENIA BELAHUBBARDI. 3, N. F. TINGAMARI#.

4,5, 12, 13, 14, N. BRYANTWALKERI. 6,7, POLYGYRA C. SHASTA.

8.9, P. SIERRANA,. 10, 11, STROBILOPS LABYRINTHICA.

THE NAUTILUS. 91

NOTES ON THE ANATOMY OF STROBILOPS LABYRINTHICA (SAY).

BY G. DALLAS HANNA.

(Contribution No. 102, from the California Academy of Sciences.)

Several years ago, some examples of Strobilops labyrinthica

(Say) were collected alive at Great Falls of the Potomac River,

in Virginia, and advantage was taken of the opportunity to as-

certain some points regarding the anatomy. Drawings and

notes were made at the time of dissection but other activities

have prevented their preparation for publication until now.

The small, ribbed, dome-shaped shells with internal lamelle

are common in the eastern part of the United States and their

familiar forms need no special mention here. Say described

the first species as Helix labyrinthica. (Journ. Phila. Acad. Sci.,

I, 124, 1817.) Morse in 1864 (Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist.,

Vol. I. p. 26, 1864) created the genus Strobila for it; but this

name, unfortunately, was preoccupied several times. Pilsbry

( Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1892, p. 408) renamed the group,

Strobilops in 1892. (See also in this connection, Pilsbry, Navt.,

VI, p. 56, 1892. Navut. XXII, p. 78, 1908.) According to

him the genus is represented by numerous species in the Euro-

pean Tertiary from the Eocene; also in America it is found from

Maine to Venezuela, west to the Rocky Mountains and possibly

it is found on the Galapagos Islands. Several species are found

in Japan, Eastern Asia and the Philippines.

A cursory examination reveals the following names which

have been applied to American material: labyrinthica (Say):

strebeli (Crosse and Fischer): virgo (Pilsbry): affinis Pilsbry : morset

(Dall): salvini (Tristram): hubbardi (A. D. Brown): vendreyesi-

ana (Gloyne): texasiana Pilsbry and Ferriss. There may be

others.

The anatomy, Plate 2, figs. 10, 11, indicates that the genus is

distinctly Pupillid in its relationships. The kidney, being par-

alle] to the rectum, separated therefrom and leading directly to

the mantle margin, places it in the superfamily or tribe, Orth-

urethra Pilsbry. Fundamental shell characters are sufficient to

segregate the group as a distinct family, Strobilopside. (When

92 THE NAUTILUS.

SrropiLops replaces STROBILA, then STROBILOPSIDEH must replace

STROBILID according to the rules of priority and synonymy. )

The following description applies only to S. labyrinthica.

How closely the other species come to this, and the amount of

variation in the group, can only be ascertained by more ex-

tended anatomical investigation.

Animal without pedal grooves or caudal mucous pore but

having a network of incised lines on the surface of the skin.

The meshes of this are quite large. Tentacles and eyestalks,

normal. Genital opening just back of the right eyestalk. Fore

part of the body, black: tail region light gray and sole of foot

white.

Kidney, long and slender, very little larger than the duct, the

ureter, which leads directly therefrom to the mantle margin.

The duct is separated from the rectum by a distance equal to

the diameter of the latter. It appears to discharge immediately

above the breathing pore.

The genitalia are characterized by the excessively long fla-

gellum on the penis. One branch of the bifurcated retractor

muscle is attached at the junction of the penis and flagellum:

the other is attached to a bend of the vas deferens a short dis-

tance above its union with the penis. The distal end is at-

tached to the right optic retractor muscle. The vas deferens is

considerably swollen in the section nearest the penis. Here it

is almost as large as the latter organ. It gradually becomes

smaller however and discharges high up on the oviduct. The

appendix is swollen in its distal end to the diameter of the penis

and it has there an abrupt flexure. Whether this is due to the

retraction of the organs and therefore accidental or whether it is

natural, has not been ascertained. The penis and vagina unite

at the point of exit. There is no appreciable atrium or cloaca.

The vagina is a thin-walled, slightly pouched organ, smaller

in diameter at its junction with the penis than elsewhere. The

upper end corresponds to what is usually called the oviduct in

land snails, but there is not a point of demarcation between the

two in this species. The upper end is folded into a series of

lamellar pouches, all of which fit close together like plates.

The walls in this region appear to contain some glandular tissue.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

The albumen gland is large and finely granulose. Its separa-

ion from the vagina-oviduct is not well marked. The herma-

phroditic duct empties at the junction of the two. This duct is

greatly convoluted and swollen in its lower portion. Upwards,

it is thin and slender. The hermaphroditic gland is composed

of two portions, grape-like granules embedded in the coarsely

granular liver. The spermatheca is pear-shaped and empties

into the vagina a considerable distance below the termination of

the vas deferens.

The digestive tract is composed of the usual elements; buccal

mass, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach and intestine. Two

features seem to benoteworthy. The oesophagus is not a slender

duct as usual, but the walls are ‘‘ knotty ”’ or slightly convoluted

throughout. Also on the stomach there appears to be an acces-

sory gland, closely appressed to the walls of that organ. The

salivary glands are united into one but they seem to discharge

into the buccal mass at the usual two points.

The jaw and radula were not examined but the description of

these organs has been repeated so many times that it does not

need to be quoted. Binney in the Manual of American Land

Shells, p. 263, 1885, considers them in detail.

SOME PERUVIAN CLAUSILIIDE.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The species of Nenia noticed below were collected in the

valley of the Huallaga River, eastern Peru, by Dr. Bela Hub-

bard, in the course of geological exploration in that region. I

owe the privilege of studying them to Dr. Bryant Walker.

NENIA BELAHUBBARDI n. sp. PI. 2, figs. 1, 2, 15-17.

The shell is fusiform, rather slender, widest at the penult

whorl, attenuate above; quite thin; light brown variegated with

white, which appears on the striae only, in many small, irreg-

ular patches. Sculpture of fine, close, oblique striz, 12 or 13

in 1 mm. on the face of the last whorl. They are continuous,

very slightly irregular or waved, but appearing more so from

94 THE NAUTILUS.

the white variegation; below the suture there are spaced groups

of slightly enlarged white strie, giving the appearance of very

low, protractive folds there. The first 14 whorls are smooth

and glossy, apex flattened; following whorls are slightly con-

vex; last whorl flattened, projecting in a short, rounded neck.

The aperture is squarish-ovate, vertical, light brown within.

Peristome pale brown, rather broadly expanded. The superior

lamella is vertical, strong but thin, concave on the left side,

curving to the left where it joins the spiral lamella, which pene-

trates scarcely deeper than the dorsal side. The inferior lamella

is moderately developed, becoming strong within, and penetrat-

ing to a mid-ventral position. The principal plica is about half

a whorl long, running from the middle of the right side toa

little past the beginning of the neck. The lunella is dorso-

lateral, well developed and strongly arched.

Length 27.8, diam. at penult whorl 4.7 mm.; longest axis of

aperture 5.4 mm.; 12 whorls.

Length 26.3, diam. 4.6, aperture 5 mm.; 12 whorls.

The clausilium is bluntly pointed at the palato-distal ex-

tremity, slightly excised at the filament.

Caspisapo, Rio Huallaga, Peru. Cotypes in A. N.S. P. and

Bryant Walker coll.

Nenia pampasensis (Pils.) has about the figure of this species

but differs in sculpture among other features.

NENIA FLACHI TINGAMARLE n. subsp. PI. 2, fig. 3.

This form agrees in the main with NV. flachi Boettger, but

differs by the more widely spaced strie. In N. flachi the strize

are crowded, 16 to 18 in one millimeter on the face of the last

whorl. In this race there are 8 to 9in one millimeter. Coarse,

low, spiral strizee are present and well developed. The color is

a very pale brown, somewhat translucent, the shell being quite

thin.

Length 23.2, diam. at penult whorl 5.2, largest axis of aper-

ture 6.6 mm.; 64 whorls remain.

Length 23.5, diam. 5.2, aperture 6.8 mm.; 64 whorls.

Tinga Maria, Peru. Cotypesin A. N.S. and Bryant Walker

collections.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

The group comprising N. peruana (Trosch.), N. slosarskii

(Lub.) and N. flachi Bttg. is a rather intricate one, the species

being closely related and likely to give trouble as more races

turn up; but the striation of the new one, very much more

spaced than in the specimens of these three species compared,

appears to make another race necessary.

Two forms I have not seen, Clausilia granulosa Sykes and C.

s. rosenbergi Prest. are placed in the synonymy of N. flachi by

Boettger, in his latest consideration of the subject (Nachr.-bl.

D. M. Ges., 1910, 77). These two and N. flachi are from

Chanchamayo, Peru.

Nenia bryantwalkeri n. sp. Pl. 2, figs. 4, 5, 12-14.

The shell is fusiform with entire summit. Color undeter-

mined, as the type is bleached. Sculpture of slender, widely

separated riblets, 5 riblets and intervals in 1 mm. on the face

of the last whorl. On the neck they became closer. The

whorls are quite strongly convex, the last becoming free and

descending more rapidly, the neck rounded. The aperture is

carried a little forward, vertical, ovate, with strongly expanded

peristome. The superior lamella is strong, vertical, concave on

the left side, continuous with the spiral lamella, there being no

bend or sinuosity marking their junction. The inferior lamella

is inconspicuous in a front view but rapidly becomes high

within, penetrating to the mid-ventral line. The principal

plica is half a whorl long, dorsal in position. The lunella is

strong, subdorsal in position, strongly arched.

Length 15, diam. at penult whorl 3.4 mm.; 74 whorls.

The clausilium is thickened along the oblique distal end, and

pointed at the palato-distal extremity. There is a quite small

excision at the filament.

Province of Huallaga, Peru. Type in the Bryant Walker

collection.

This species is probably nearest to Nenia filocostulata (Lub. ),

a decollate species retaining 8 whorls, with a length of 17 mm.,

according to Lubomirski, or having 7 whorls, length 15, diam.

3 mm. in a specimen measured. Besides the constant decolla-

tion, it differs from our new form by the unevenly spaced cos-

tulse, less swollen shape and longer neck.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTE ON ACTEOCINA.

BY WM. H. DALL.

Mr. A. M. Strong in the October Nauritus calls attention to

some apparent discrepancies in the distribution of the West

Coast species of this genus as recorded in my ‘‘Summary’’ of

the West American Shells.

My record of the distribution as published is taken from the

series contained in the collection of the National Museum and

not (except when otherwise verified) from the literature. The

only real discrepancies in Mr. Strong’s table are those of A.

culcitella (+ cerealis) and A. infrequens C. B. Adams. I have

127 different lots of A. culcitella comprising about 500 specimens

and see no reason for changing my identification. Mr. Strong

errs in supposing that the Kodiak fauna is Arctic. On the con-

trary it is Oregonian and contains a large proportion of Puget

Sound species. The question of the identity of cerealis and

culcitella has been in dispute for more than forty years. The

trouble is that eliminating cerealis one finds no specimens of

young culcitella, and they are generally found together. I pre-

sume it will take anatomical study to settle the question. The

color of the periostracum varies from white to ruddy brown just

as in Cylichna alba.

In the case of infrequens, in taking off the distribution from

the collection, I did not notice that the Santa Monica specimens

were fossil. Our ‘‘live’’ series begins at Cape St. Lucas with

the Panamic fauna. Otherwise there is nothing to change in

my record of distribution.

I may add that the fine spiral striation is inconstant in

strength in these shells, as is also the carination at the shoulder.

A good example of this variability will be found in any large

series of our common East Coast Acteocina canaliculata Say,

where the channel at the shoulder varies from clear-cut and

sharp, to a state so obsolete as to be hardly perceptible.

Mr. Strong’s criticisms are welcome, and I hope he will con-

tinue his scrutiny of what appear to be doubtful cases. It is

only by such means that we shall finally attain a perfect list of

the fauna.

THE NAUTILUS. 97

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE GRAY GARDEN SLUG witH NoTEs oN ALLIED Forms. By

A. L. Lovett and A. B. Black. Bulletin 170, Oregon Agricul-

tural College Experiment Station, pp. 1-43, pls. I-IV, text fig-

ures 1-14, June, 1920.

Under the above title two entomologists have given one of

the most instructive accounts of the ‘‘ garden slug, Agriolimaz

agrestis, the greenhouse slug, Milax gagates, and the reticulated

slug, Prophysaon andersoni,’? which has probably appeared.

The paper deals particularly with the depredations of these

mollusks, methods of control, life history, etc. The technical

descriptions of anatomy are quoted from such well recognized

authorities as Taylor (Monog. Land and Fr. Water Moll. of the

Brit. Isles, Vol. II, 1907) and Pilsbry and Vanatta (Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci., Phila., 1896 and 1898). Many original observations

on the food and breeding habits are given. It was found after

much experimentation that Bordeaux mixture made an excel-

lent repellent to prevent slugs from entering restricted areas and

a poisoned bait of calcium arsenate on lettuce was the best erad-

icator. The three species are shown lifelike in six heautiful

colored illustrations on Plate I.

From the standpoint of the conchologist there is little to

criticise. The spelling of the specific name andersoni with a

single ‘‘7’’ might be mentioned since Cooper used two in his

original description. Also citations of reference are sometimes

too brief for ready location. A partial bibliography is given on

page 43.

I think our chief regret should be that workers from another

field should have had to be called upon to contribute this valu-

able investigation. Most of the original information should

have been known long ago but it was not. This paper illus-

trates forcibly the great field of research on the life histories of

the mollusks whether they be land, freshwater or marine. It

is a subject which is practically untouched. Unfortunately

there have been no Fabres in conchology.—G. DaLiuAs Hanna,

California Academy of Science.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL Society oF Lonpon, Oct.,

1921, Vol. 14, parts 5 and 6.

Notes on the Distribution of British Land and Freshwater

Mollusca from the point of view of Habitat and Climate. By

Dr. A. E. Boycott, pp. 163-167, pls. 5 and 6.

Oecological Notes. By Dr. A. E. Boycott, pp. 167-172.

Description of a New Phasianella (P. tomlini) from Western

Australia. By J. H. Gatliff and C. J. Gabriel, p. 173, figs. 1-3.

On Helicella, Ferussac. By G. K. Gude and B. B. Wood-

ward, pp. 174-190.

The Anatomy and Relationships of Helix subplicata Sowerby.

By Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, pp. 191-195.

Helix pisana in Porto Santo. By Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell.

pp. 196, 197.

Molluscan Nomenclatural Problems and Solutions, No. II.

By Tom Iredale, pp. 198-208.

Notes on some Species of Pisidium. By B. B. Woodward,

pp- 209-220.

Notes on pearl formation and Japanese culture pearls. By

T. H. Haynes, pp. 221-226, pls. 7 and 8.

The Mollusca as material for genetic research. By Guy C.

Robson, pp. 227-231.

THE PrioceNE MotiuscA oF GREAT Britain. By F. W.

Harmer (Palaeontological Society, Vol. II, pts. 1 and 2, pp.

485-705, pls. 45-56, 1920-21), These parts are a continuation

of the author’s valuable work covering this field. The intro-

duction contains a summary of his views as to the relation of

the various horizons of the English Crag, to each other and to

those of Belgium and Holland. The nomenclature used is

largely that of Fischer’s Manual, but in the very full synonymy

most of the genera now being used are referred to. Under

Littorina littorea L. 15 vars. are recognized, six being new, and

under L. rudis 12 vars. one new. The author considers L.

palliata Say a distinct circumpolar species and not a var. of

L. obtusata. The figures are excellent.—C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS. 99

Some Marine Mo.iivuscan SHELLs oF BEAvForRT AND VICINITY.

By Arthur P. Jacot (Jour. of the Elisha Mitchell Soc., Feb.,

1921, pp. 123-145, pls. 11-13). This has been a favorite col-

lecting place since the days of Dr. Stimpson, who published a

paper ‘‘ Mollusca of Beaufort, N. C.,’’ in 1860. Being the

meeting ground of a northern and southern fauna, it is an inter-

esting locality to study distribution. The fauna is also divided

by two marked local conditions—those frequenting the ocean or

outer beach and those of the sounds or quiet waters. The

Pteria eximia Reeve, referred to, may represent only the young

or a variation of P. colymbus. Panopea floridana Heilp. = P.

bitruncata Conr., the type locality of the latter was Fort Macon,

N.C. The species figured as Alectrion ambigua Montg. is A.

acuta Say. One new species Odostomia (Menestho) beauforti is

deacribed.—C. W. J.

NOTES.

In the Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London,

volume 14, page 202, 1921, just at hand, I find a statement by

Iredale in which he says that the name Syncera Gray, 1821, is

a nomen nudum, and therefore unavailable in the ‘‘ connexion ”’

used in my paper ‘‘ The West American Mollusks of the fami-

lies Rissoellidae and Synceratidae and the Rissoid genus Bar-

leeia.’’

If this be true, then my understanding of a nomen nudum

must be at fault. In order that there may be no misunder-

standing in the matter I quote from Gray’s paper ‘‘ A Natural

Arrangement of Mollusca, according to their Internal Struc-

ture,’”’? by Mr. John Edward Gray, in ‘*The London Medical

Repository, Monthly Journal and Review,’’ volume XV, page

238, 1821.

‘* Nerita Syncera Hepatica, N. S.—The animal of this shell

differs from all the others of this order, by the eyes appearing

to be at the ends of the tentacula; but, I believe, that they are

placed on a peduncle, as long as the tentacula, and the peduncle

and tentacula are soldered together.’’

100 THE NAUTILUS.

Iam at a loss to account for the mental process which has

led Mr. Iredale to his deductions.—PavuL Barrscu.

Errata.—In the article: On the status of Chiorera, by H. P.

Kjerschow-Agersborg, on p. 55, second reference, for ‘‘ Den-

drototidernes’’ read Dendronotidernes, and for ‘‘ Pekke’’ read

Rekke.

The second correction should also be made in the reference to

Bergh, 1902, p. 56.

CoNCERNING HELIX CALCAREA Prr.—In his interesting notes

on Madeiran Land Shells in the October Nautiius, Dr. Cocke-

rell states that Heliz calcarea ‘‘ has been ignored since its publi-

cation by Pfeiffer in 1848’’. He is mistaken; for Lowe, as long

ago as 1854, reached Cockerell’s conclusion regarding the shell

in his admirable List of the Land Shells of Madeira in Proc.

Zool. Soc., London, p. 171, where he says of it, under H. pisana

Miill.: ‘‘ Var. albida decolorata (nec subfossilis) est H. calcarea

Pf. in Proceed. Zool. Soc., 1848, p. 110: Kust. M. et C. p. 275,

no. 757, t. 123, f. 8, 4. (Hx autopsia exempl. in Mus. Cum-

ing!)”’

On the same page Lowe names the type locality of his H.

ustulata ‘‘In insulis ‘Salvages’.’’—Wittt1am G. Mazyck.

The life story of Sir Marcus Samuel, who has purchased from

the Earl of Berkeley for the sum of $25,000,000 a parcel of the

fashionable residential section of London, known as Berkeley

Square, furnishes one of the real romances of the business world.

Sir Marcus, in his early days, kept a little shop in one of the

poorer quarters of the British metropolis, where he made and

sold for a shilling or two ornamental boxes made of shells from

the seashore. Later he invested his savings in oil, made money

and started a company called the ‘‘Shell,’’ thus identifying his

big new venture with his original struggling business. Since

those days he has accumulated a fortune of many millions and

has been honored with a baronetcy. And all from selling shells

from the seashore—mixed with an abundance of brains and

energy.— Washington Evening Post.

PLATE III

THE NAUTILUS, XXXV

1-13, STERKI: HINGE OF SPHARIIDE.

14, 15. COCKERELL: ANATOMY OF LEPTAXIS.

fee NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXV APRIL, 1922. No. 4

THE HELICOID GENUS LEPTAXIS LOWE

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL

Professor Pilsbry, in his guide to the Helices, treated Len-

taxis as a valid genus, including the groups Leptaxis proper,

Pseudocampylea Pfeiffer, and Lampadia Albers. Cryptaxis

Lowe and Katostoma Lowe were merged in true Leptazvs.

Unfortunately the anatomy of only one species, wndata, was

known. I am greatly indebted to Mr. C. B. Cossart for living .

specimens of Z. erubescens Lowe and L. vulcana Lowe,

which he collected last month on Deserta Grande. The geni-

talia of erwbescens prove to be of the same general type as

those of L. undata, but with some striking differences, the

most noticeable character being the regularly globose sperma-

thecal bulb, in contrast with the boot-shaped structure of LD.

undata. That this feature of the spermatheca is not purely

a specific one is shown by L. vulcania (pl. 3, fig. 14), which

has the boot-shaped form of uwndata. Other features of eru-

bescens (pl. 3, fig. 13) are: albumen-gland very large; penis-

sac elongate, abruptly contracted at the beginning of the

flagellum, which is about 5 mm. long; spermatheca with duct

8 mm. long; dark-sac as usual in the genus; filiform glands

about 11, simple, three attached longitudinally. In ZL. vul-

cania the flagellum is much longer, about 12 mm., but the

snail is much larger. I examined the radule of erwbescens

and undata in the Gwatkin collection. They differ appre-

102 THE NAUTILUS.

ciably, erubescens having well-developed outer cusps on first

laterals, and marginals with outer cusp bifid or trifid.

We must, I think, conclude that Pilsbry’s Leptazis s. str.

is divisible into two subgenera, if not genera. Typical Lep-

taxis includes erubescens, furva, chrysomela, fluctuosa, and I

believe membranacea, which is not to be associated with Lam-

padia webbrana (Lowe). The other subgenus, Cryptaxis

Lowe, will include wndata, vulcania, leonina, mvosa, psammo-

phora, wollastom and forensis. Pseudocampylea includes

loweti and portosanctana.

The species of these groups require some revision, toward

which I offer a few notes, partly dealing with nomenclature.

Pseudocampylea lowei Fer. First described and figured

by Lowe as Helix portosanctana var. gigantea, but Lowe’s

name is preoccupied in Helix, and cannot be taken up.

P. lowet var. mimor (Paiva). This variety, with whorls

flattened above, and spire depressed, is very distinct. Mr. A.

C. de Naronha gave me a specimen, and showed me others.

It occurs fossil at the Zimbral d’Areia, Porto Santo, and is

absent from other localities where lowei abounds. Paiva’s

varieties must apparently be recognized as named according

to the rules, although the word in italics is always the first

word of the diagnosis, and the proposal of definite names

seems more an accident of printing than a deliberate purpose.

Leptaxis (Cryptaxis) groviana (Fér.). This must be the

name for the common Madeiran wndata Lowe, the latter name

being preoccupied (Helix undata Gmelin). The name corru-

gata Solander cannot be taken up, as H. corrugata Gmelin

was earlier published.

Leptaxs fluctuosa (Lowe). I ean only conclude that this

is a distinct species, in spite of the existence of forms more

or less intermediate between it and L. chrysomela Pfr. On

Jan. 23 I was very fortunate in finding some splendid speci-

mens of L. fluctuosa, of unusually recent appearance, in the

gulch east of the Pico d’Anna Ferreira, Porto Santo. The

largest has max. diam. 20 mm. One specimen, with max.

diam. 18.5 mm., is beautifully ornamented with interrupted

THE NAUTILUS. 103

clear ferruginous bands, one a short distance below the

suture, the other just above the keel. These bands are inter-

rupted by irregular white opaque flecks at frequent intervals.

The shell is much thinner and more sharply keeled than JL.

chrysomela. The species is considered to be extinct, but the

finding of such fresh specimens suggests that it may yet be

found alive.

L. chrysomela var. bifasciata n. var. Max. diam. 11 mm.,

with the usual solid form and orange mouth. Two very broad

(diam. about 1.5 mm.) grey bands, flecked with white, one

above, the other below the periphery. The bands have a faint

reddish tint, and were doubtless dark or red in life. Fossil

in Porto Santo. The typical form is chalky white, unbanded.

Leptaxis exornata (Deshayes). This seems to be the proper

name for L. erwbescens, Lowe’s name being invalidated by

H. erubescens Solander, Portland Cat., 1786, as Mr. Tomlin

kindly pointed out to me. The description of exornata agrees

exactly, except that the pale band between the dark ones is

not really white, with a small elevated form of erubescens

found in Madeira. My specimens are from the Pico do In-

fante, collected by the Rev. Drummond Paterson. H. simia

Ferussac is also apparently erwbescens, but if so, the figure is

extremely bad, and Pfeiffer in Conchylien Cabinet remarks

that he might have thought it a variety of H. splendida had

not Beck declared it to be from Madeira. Pfeiffer had not

seen the shell, but described it from Férussaec’s figures. The

shell is rather unusually depressed for erubescens.

Leptaxis furva var. grandissima n. var. Shell very large,

almost 26 mm. max. diameter; last whorl swollen and aper-

ture large; one band in the usual position, but the shell is

white and the band is colored as in the specimen of fluctuosa

described above. In the R. McAndrews collection at the Uni-

versity of Cambridge. The label gives only Madeira as the

locality, but the specimen is probably a fossil from Canical.

Leptaxis forensis (Wollaston). This is certainly very close

to L. wollastoni Lowe, and if considered only a variety, it

must take the name L. wollastoni var. minor (Paiva), which

has priority.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

SOME NOTES ON THE HINGE OF THE SPHAERIIDAE

BY V. STERKI

The configuration of the hinge of the Spheriide has at-

tracted the attention of malacologists for a long time, and

there has been a good deal of discussion about some of the

features. It appears that a few points are still open to con-

troversy, and some may have been overlooked. The notes

following contain part of the results of examining many

thousands of specimens during the last thirty years. Speciai

attention has been paid to the primitive formation of the

hinges in the early nepionic stages of these mussels, with the

subsequent changes to maturity, and to the particularly in-

teresting subject of variation, with respect to the classifica-

tion and the standing of species. This last topic, however,

can be only summarily sketched here, and will have to be

considered in a special article.

General Configuration. — In all of the Spheriide now

known, principally the genera Pisidium, Spherium, Muscu-

lium and Eupera, the hinge is uniform so far as essential

features are concerned. It is much of the same configuration

as that of the Cyrenid@, yet with some significant differences,

especially in the cardinals, and there are probably some dif-

ferences in the soft parts. On the other hand, this hinge is

markedly different from that of the Naiades, not only by the

presence of all ‘‘teeth’’ in all species, but also by the fact

that there is no such embryonic larval stage as the glochidium

and lasidium.

Of teeth, there are the CARDINALS at the center, in front of

the ligament, one in the right valve and two in the left, and

the LAMINA, two anterior and two posterior in the right and

one of each in the left valve. The term ‘‘lateral teeth,’’ for

the same, is not only cumbersome but inadequate, inaugurated

at a time when the parts of the mussel, i. e. the animal, were

misunderstood. The term ‘‘lamine’’ appears to be prefer-

THE NAUTILUS. 105

able, and it has been used long ago by some writers, e. g. for

the ‘‘lateral teeth’’ of the Naiades.

It may appear somewhat surprising that the hinge of Pzsi-

dium, as a whole, is generally better formed, and much more

diversified, than those of the other genera. Even in mussels

two millimeters long or less when full grown, the hinges are

perfect. But there are considerable, or extreme, differences

as to the general shape, and the configuration of the several

parts, as exemplified in pl. 3, figs. 4-6.

In order to simplify description, symbols—that is, letters

and numbers — have been used by F. Bernard and others,

especially for the cardinals and lamelle; see pl. 3, figs. 1 to 3

and explanation.

THE RIGHT CARDINAL. It has been stated by earlier writers,

e. g. Baudon, Prime, Clessin, Westerlund, that in the right

valve of Pisidium amnicum Miller and dubium Say? there

are two cardinals, and a group, or subgenus, has been estab-

lished principally on the strength of that feature. But it was

a misconception, due to careless examination; in adolescent

and mature mussels, C3 is more or less deeply emarginate

in the middle, and the anterior and posterior parts were

taken for two teeth. (See Sterki, 1. c.) It should be noted

that in some other species of Pisidium the crest of C3 is more

or less emarginate, and also generally and markedly so in

Musculium.

This mistaken view has been applied indiscriminately to all

species of Pisidiwm by some authors, e. g. T. Prime, and even

to all Spheride (Prime, ’65, pp. 2, 33, 36 ete.), and it was

copied, evidently without examining a specimen, by some

American writers, e. g. R. E. Call (1900, p. 488 ete.).

While in the sense pointed out the right cardinal is single,

its posterior part is more or less distinctly complex in most

species, and also in Spherium and Musculium. In many de-

scriptions it has been stated that in Pisidium the posterior

1Generally known as virginicum (Gmelin) Jenyns; but its identity

has been doubtful. Recently, upon careful investigation, Dr. Pilsbry has

restored T. Say’s name dubium (Cyclas dubia).

106 THE NAUTILUS.

part is thicker, and grooved, ‘‘suleate’’, to bifid or bifurcate.

In fact, it is complex from its early nepionic formation, even

when quite small (see pl. 3, figs. 11, 12).

Aside from that feature, which will have to be considered

later, C3 shows considerable differences as to shape. In some

species with thin shells and slight hinges, apparently more

primitive, it is straight or nearly so, longitudinal, with its

posterior end not or little thickened, barely or not complex.

But in most, the anterior and posterior parts, especially the

latter, are more or less curved downward, and generally the

posterior is more or less complex, as in pl. 3, figs. 1, 4, 6, 8).

The extreme of this formation is reached in P. amnicum and

dubium, when C3 is horseshoe or A-shaped. These species

have another feature which may be worth mentioning: the

two shanks or rami of C3 show a slight but distinet forward

direction in their lower parts. That is evidently caused by

the growth and shape of the mussel: its anterior part be-

comes much larger than the posterior and directed downward,

the dorso-ventral axis forms a curve, and in concordance with

that, the cardinals, C3 and C2, also grow obliquely.

THE LEFT CARDINALS. The anterior, C2, fitting in below

C3 in the closed mussel, is generally of similar shape, except

that it is simple. Its base is straight, or more or less curved,

and then its lower face is more or less coneave. The crest is

rounded or more often pointed, and from being bent more or

less upward, appears to be massive in lateral view. Its posi-

tion shows marked and significant differences: in some

species it is on the edge of the hinge plate and often even

more or less projecting downward over it, while in others it

is rather high up on the plate, which then is usually broader.

The left anterior, C4, near the anterior end of the hgament

in its upper part, and adjacent to the posterior part of C3,

is usually more or less oblique and curved, its edge straight

(truneate) to somewhat rounded. In species with C3 and C2

straight and longitudinal, C4 is usually conform and parallel

with them. Generally its anterior (upper) part passes for-

ward above part of C2, and sometimes its whole length.

And very often it becomes connate with the end of the an-

THE NAUTILUS. 107

terior valve margin (the ‘‘nymph’’) and may even appear

to be a downward continuation of it.”

Baupon, 1857, p. 42, etc., states that P. amnicwm has two

eardinals in the right valve ‘‘réunies par leur sommet,’’ and

says the same of the two in the left, which are in fact sep-

arate from the nepionic stage. More surprising is the state-

ment that casertanum has three cardinals in each valve, due

to a misconception from insufficient examination and pre-

conceived ideas. The author evidently has never examined

young specimens and observed the devlopment from the

primitive formation to the adult.

Cuessin, 1879, pp. 8, 9, and WESTERLUND, pp. 18, 19 divide

the Pisidia in three groups: Fluwminina (P. amnicum) with

two cardinals in each valve, standing ‘‘side by side’’; Rivu-

dina (type P. supinum) has one cardinal in the right and two

in the left valve, also ‘‘side by side’’; in Fossarina there is

one in the right valve and two in the left, ‘‘one behind the

other,’’ which really means: one above, resp. below, the

other; just as in place of ‘‘side by side’’, above, it should

be: one behind, or in front of the other, if the parts of the

animal are considered (anterior and posterior, dorsal and

ventral). This by the way. But between the two last groups

there are intermediate forms, and it appears that they are

not clearly separable.

In Musculium, the right cardinal is markedly different

from that of Pisidiwm and, it might be said, of a quite pecu-

liar formation (see pl. 3, fig. 13). Its anterior part may be

strictly longitudinal, straight, and rather long, but more often

it is oblique, more or less curved with the convexity below;

at the center it is strongly and sharply curved down with

C3i directed at right angles towards the plate edge, or more

often even forward, forming a hook, C3o is large and wing-

like, somewhat different with the several species, and rather

2The fact has often been overlooked that the dorsal shell margin of

each valve is not continuous but interrupted by the ligament. The

proximal, or central, end of the anterior part is slightly bent inward

under the anterior ‘‘end’’—the initial part—of the ligament.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

variable as to size and shape. In the middle, above, there is

usually a rather deep emargination in the crest.

The anterior left, C2, is nearly straight to shghtly curved

at its base, triangular, directed obliquely backward, and bent

upward, with the apex pointed, or nearly so, and opposite the

emarginate middle of C3. From its aspect in lateral view it

appears to be massive, and must be examined from other

angles also in order to see its real shape. C4 is more or less

oblique, little projecting, generally rather short, and occa-

sionally vestigial. It is evidently of less consequence in the

mechanism of the hinge than its equivalent in Pisidiwm.

It may be added that this combination of ‘‘teeth’’ with

their interlocking is quite an interesting object of study.

The primitive shape in the young nepionic mussel, especially

of C3, should be compared and then the gradual changes

followed up to the final configuration in the adult.

In Spherium the shape of the cardinals is somewhat the

same, but they are comparatively smaller and plainer; C4 is

quite small, short and often rudimentary or wanting. With

Eupera, the hinge is generally slight, and the cardinals are

small and plain, and C4 is more often rudimentary or want-

ing than developed.

The Lamine. It is well to distinguish between a lamina

am toto and its cusp, or apex as it is also termed, that is a

more or less projecting part of its crest, usually pointed.

Many laminz have no cusps or only rudimentary. Quite

generally the laminar cusps of the left valve, alI and pl,

fitting into the grooves, or fosse, between al and alll an-

teriorly, resp. pI and plIII posteriorly, are projecting over

the median plane, or the level of the valve-edges, while the

right ones are not so, or only exceptionally and slightly, and

except in reversed hinges (q. v.).

In Spherium, Musculium and Eupera, the posterior lamin

are longer than the anterior, but the latter, al and all, are

generally stouter and have well-formed, pointed cusps, and

so has alll, though it is usually quite small. Spheria gen-

erally have a distal, rounded cusp on plII, and a slighter one

THE NAUTILUS. 109

on pl, and Musculia have the same, still less marked, and in

nearly all species the lamine are very slight.

In Pisidium, having the anterior part of the mussel larger,

with a few exceptions, the anterior lamine, al and all, are

generally somewhat longer and stouter than pI and pill.

The whole hinge and the lamine, with their cusps, show great

differences of configuration, that it is out of place here even

to sketch the principal forms; pl. 3, figs. 4-6 show a few of

them, and some notes will be found later on. The outer

lamine of the right valve, alII and plIII, are generally much

smaller than al and pl, in some species constant, in others

occasionally only vestigial or wanting.

Some lamine, especially the stouter ones, and again especi-

ally those of the right valve, on the surfaces surrounding the

grooves between them, are microscopically rugulose. It may

be noted in this connection that the feature is especially de-

veloped, locally, with species of Spherium, e. g. solidulum, sul-

catum, rwicola, ete. In these, on the upper face of al, there

is a circumscribed, rather small area, somewhat concave, and

often walled in by a more or less raised rim, not only rugu-

lose but densely beset with separate, round, wart- or tubercle-

like prominences; the opposite, lower face of alII shows the

same, though less marked: the place where the tip of the

cusp of all enters; yet the latter is smooth or shows only

very slight rugosity.

Reversed Hinges.—In some specimens the hinges are re-

versed, that is: the teeth of the left valve have the formation

of the right ones, and vice versa, as the normal ones would

be seen in a mirror reflection. The hinge is either (1) totally

reversed, each valve showing all the features of the opposite

one, or (2) only the anterior part is reversed, namely the

cardinals and the anterior lamin, or (3) only the posterior

laminze. No specimen has been seen in which only the an-

terior lamine were reversed, or only the cardinals, or the

posterior lamin plus the cardinals. This is certainly of in-

terest morphologically. Such hinges are quite frequent with

the species of Spherium, e. g. striatinwm, solidulum, ete.;

twenty-five or even more per cent of the specimens in a lot

110 THE NAUTILUS.

have often been seen. With Pisidiwm they are less frequent,

though noticed in many species, and with Musculium they

are apparently scarce. (See B. Walker, 1896, 1899.)

Reversed hinges, whether totally or partially so, are not

the result of abnormal growth, tantamount to monstrosity ;

for, aside from the reversal, they are perfectly formed. And

they are formed that way from the earliest stages of the

nepionic shell. On the other hand, they are not hereditary,

or at any rate not regularly or even prevalently so: nepionic

mussels with reversed hinges have been taken from normally

hinged parents, and vice versa; also, young with normal and

others with reversed hinges may be found in one parent.

What is the explanation? Has this tendency been the

same with their early ancestors and transmitted, or has it

developed later? Examination of good numbers of tertiary,

eretaceous and earlier fossils might show—and such are

needed even more for the study of phylogeny. The question

is of interest also in view of the fact that with the Naiades

reversed hinges are at least very rare. It might be worth

while to examine large numbers of the related Cyrenide.

Early Nepionic Formation.

Félix Bernard (’95-’97) has made careful studies on the

hinges of the Pelecypoda. In looking over his publications,

somewhat hurriedly, I failed to find the exact statements on

the points to be considered here, and cite the following from

Pelseneer and B. B. Woodward.

‘““The permanent hinge teeth are only formed at a later

period, by the growth of distinct lamine on the surface of the

hinge. Thus, in the typical Eulamellibranchia, the first

lamelle originate at the extremities of the hinge surface,

below the provinculum [= a series of little transverse den-

ticulations|, and grow towards the center of the hinge area;

the internal ends of the anterior lamelle become hook-shaped,

and their hooks become separated from their external ends;

the latter form the outer lateral teeth’’ (Pelseneer 1. ¢., p.

213).

‘In the group to which Pisidium belongs, in the right valve

THE NAUTILUS. pe

C3 is at first continuous with alll, and in the left valve C2

with alI, C4 with a subsequently suppressed alV’’ (B. B.

Woodward, 19138, p. 3).

The mode of formation as set forth has not been seen in

any of the hundreds of young nepionic mussels carefully ex-

amined, of many species of Pisidium, Spherium and Muscu-

lium. This does, of course, not mean to deny its existence in

other forms of Eulamellibranchia. Those under considera-

tion may be somewhat aberrant.

In the very young shelly nepionic valves, deposited on the

primitive continuous shell membrane to be the periostracum,

the initial hinge-plates are formed centrally, one in each

valve, callus-like, and growing out towards either end (pl. 3,

fig. 9). At a somewhat later stage (fig. 10) the cardinals are

forming, as small nodules, and the lamine al and all, pI pl!

and pIlI are beginning to form. Of alll and plII, there are

not even ‘‘vestiges’’; they appear later, at least in some in-

stances, apparently branching out from al and pI, when C3

has grown somewhat, is generally larger than alll, and well

confined. From this it is evident that the right cardinal can-

not be the ‘‘internal’’ or proximal end of alll; so far as

seen, the two are never connected.

In the left valve, as stated, C2 is present, and well confined

before there is really an anterior lamina, and so it also can-

not be the internal, and last formed, end of all. In some

Pisidia, however, e. g. pauperculum, with a peculiar thicken-

ing of the hinge-plate in the adolescent and adult, all be-

comes subsequently connected with C2; but in other speci-

mens of the same, the proximal end of C2 curves upward

and stands above C2, without connecting. In Musculium, C2

is often prolonged anteriorly, at it base, and is parallel to the

proximal part of all. Of an early formed—and subsequently

suppressed—alV, not a vestige has been seen, and C4 has

been growing out on the plate at the same time with C2

and C3.

It should also be noted that nothing of a provinculum has

been seen in any specimen, and that stage of development

appears to have been skipped in the Spheriide.

2 THE NAUTILUS.

Changes with Growth.

While the morphology of the adult shells has been studied,

and also the formation of the young, the intermediate stages

and changes have been somewhat neglected. Yet they are

essential for a real understanding of at least some of the

features of the full-grown. The growth of each valve at the

periphery is accompanied by a gradual turning outward

around the axis in the ligament, to an angle of about 80 to

120 degrees in the mature mussel, or twice as much for the

two. With this turning the ‘‘teeth’’ have to keep step, grow-

ing, in order to maintain their contact and interlocking.

Each cardinal thus forms a widening spiral, though somewhat

modified by growth not only towards the opposite valve and

cardinal but also upward. But at the same time its base is

lengthening, and in most of the species the anterior and

posterior ends grow more or less downward over the thicken-

ing or widening hinge-plate, and it thus becomes curved or

angular. It has been noted before that in some species C3

and C2 remain straight or nearly so, and these grow out

mostly at their anterior ends. With C4, growth is somewhat

different, except for the last-mentioned forms: it is mostly

the posterior or lower part which grows, and obliquely down-

ward. Of the posterior part of C3, the two components may

remain closely connate, as in P. compressum, variabile, cruci-

atum ete., or they grow more and more apart.

There is another element which affects the configuration of

the cardinals. With growth and the turning of the valves,

the hinge-plate grows, as in length, so in thickness. But the

increase in thickness is slight in some species and forms, and

in these the cardinals generally stand out free, e. g. splendi-

dulum, tenuissimum ete. In others the hinge-plate becomes

much thicker, broader in lateral aspect, and it grows around

the cardinals so that they are projecting only slightly, or

partially not at all; these again are: P. compressum, supinum,

kirkland, fallax ete., and equilaterale, variabile, pauperculum

ete., in which C3i and Co are connate in a compact mass,

as there is no space to expand in. There is a well-confined,

THE NAUTILUS. 113

deep fossa or excavation below C3, between it and the plate

edge, which just at that place is sometimes even raised over

the general level, tooth-like, and it may be mentioned that

such a form of variabile has been described as mirabile by

Clessin. That fossa is left unfilled for the accommodation of

C2, and a similar one is in the left valve, between C2 and C4,

for the reception of the posterior part of C3.

A large number of species are in a broad sense intermediate

between these extremes, not counting dubiwm and amnicum,

which have been mentioned above. In many, the hinge-plate

is moderately broad with the edge in its whole length some-

what projecting, the cardinals are moderately curved, in

many partially ‘“‘buried’’, with a more or less marked groove

below, and with C3i and C3o generally distinct and more or

less divergent. Some of these species are: P. noveboracense,

abditum, politum ete.

With the growth in length of the valves, the LAMIN&/ grow

distad, but they not only lengthen but move, change their

positions, somewhat as the adductor muscles and their inser-

tions do; that is, the lamine of the young mussel have dis-

appeared in the adolescent and adult, inclosed first in the

growing hinge-plate and later in the proximal part of the

thicker lamine. With them proceed also the cusps, the fosse

of the right valve and the rugose areas described above. As

growth in many mussels is not continuous but interrupted

by rest periods, marked by lines on the outer surface, so it is

to some extent with the laminez, and they often can be dis-

tinctly seen in al and all of the larger Spheria.

At the same time the lamine grow medianward, as the

cardinals do, and show a more or less distinct curving up-

ward. Also they gain in thickness, though moderately so in

Spherium and little in most species of Musculium. With

both of these, the hinges do not change very much in shape

during growth, after the nepionic stages, and also the essen-

tial features of the mature mussels are rather the same in the

several species of each genus. (The shape of the lamine of

a Spherium is shown in fig. 3, with the ‘‘history’’ of its

growth).

114 THE NAUTILUS.

The same cannot be said of Pisidium. In quite young

nepionic mussels the lamine are about of the same shape in

the several species, but differences become manifest early, and

in the adolescent and mature are extreme. In some species

the lamine are at slight angles to the hinge-plate, in others

at strongly marked angles (conf. figs. 5, 4) ; in some they are

very slight, in others very massive; the cusps may be little

marked or strongly so, may be at the distal ends of the

lamine or near the center. In some they are very short at

the bases, very abrupt, spine-like, fig. 71, and there are

forms where a small cusp is about all that can be seen of a

lamina.

The Hinge wm Classification.

Up to date, some authorities have insisted on treating Mus-

culium as a subgenus of Spherium. There is hardly a speci-

men which cannot be recognized as being of one genus or the

other, by its hinge; but there are other features also proving

that Musculium is decidedly distinct.

As to specific distinction in Spherium, we may simply re-

peat what has been said above. True, there are very con-

spicuous differences in regard to size, curvature and heavi-

ness of the hinges, as exemplified by sulcatwm and stamineum

or solidulum. But they are more of quantity than quality,

so to say, and moreover, extreme forms of one species are

often more different from each other in this respect than

some manifestly distinct species are from others. Other fea-

tures of the mussels must be considered also, such as size,

shape, prominence of the beaks, surface sculpture ete. Though

outside of the subject under consideration, it may be added

that many species show considerable variation in these re-

spects also, and exact identification is in many instances

rather difficult. The same is generally true with Musculiwm.

In Pisidium the hinge formation is much more diversified

than in the other genera, as has been pointed out, and is a

principal factor in distinguishing species. It has been pro-

posed to consider the hinges alone, excluding all other fea-

tures of the mussel as too variable, and consequently worth-

THE NAUTILUS. 115

less. But it must be stated that, in the first place, two or

several manifestly distinct species may show the same essen-

tial hinge characters, as e. g. P. compressum, supinum,® frau-

dulentum, forms of variabile, equilaterale, and one or two

others, so that they could not be recognized with certainty

by the hinges alone; in amnicum and dubium the hinges are

practically alike; and the same must be said of species of

some other groups. Consequently it is necessary to consider

other features also, and upon careful and judicious examina-

tion it will be found that they are not worthless.

In some species the hinges are quite peculiar, with features

seen in no others, just as there are some characteristic and

recognizable irrespective of their hinges.

On the other hand, in examining numerous specimens it

will be found that the hinge also shows more or less of varia-

tion in most of the species. A description carried to minute

details, as thus postulated, is liable to disrupt an actual

species the hinge of which is variable. And to state again:

if the hinge alone is considered in establishing and recogniz-

ing species, regardless of other features, manifestly distinct

‘species will be ‘‘lumped”’ into one.

Even Baudon, ’57, p. 17, came to the conclusion that dif-

ferences of the hinge and its teeth are applicable for the dis-

tinction of groups, but not of species and varieties. ‘‘It is

consequently necessary to rely on other features also in order

to separate each type.’’

Literature Cited.

Baupon, Auguste, Essai Monographique sur les Pisidies

Frangaises. Paris, 1857.

Bernarp, Fevrx, Premicre (to Quatriéme) Note sur le de-

veloppement et la morphologie de la coquille chez les

Lamellibranches. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, sér. III, tome

XXIII & seqq., 1895-1897.

Cau, R. E., A Descriptive Illustrated Catalogue of the Mol-

8 supinum comes very close to compressum.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

lusea of Indiana, in Indiana Dept. of Geology, 24th An-

nual Report, 1900, pp. 487 & sqq. (Corbiculade).

CLESSIN, S., Die Familie der Cycladeen, Martini & Chemnitz,

Vol. 9, pt..3,_ 1879:

PELSENEER, Pauu, A Treatise on Zoology edited by E. Ray

Lankester, Part V Mollusca, London, 1906.

Prime, TEMPLE, Monograph of American Corbiculade. Smith-

sonian Inst., 1865.

SrTerKI, V., The Nautilus, XXV, p. 1, 1911.

Waker, Bryant, On Certain Abnormal Spheria, The Nau-

tilus, LX, -p.135, 1896; Cont: Axe.) XAT, p07, 1899:

WESTERLUND, CARL AGARDH, Fauna der... Palearctischen

. . . Binnenconehylien, VII, Malacozoa Acephala.

Woopwarp, B. B., Catalogue of the British Species of Pisi-

dium. British Museum, 1913.

EXPLANATION OF Figures, PuAte ITI.

Hinges of Spheriide; in all figures, the right valve is on

the right, and the left on the left hand, the posterior is above,

the anterior below.

Fig. 1: lateral view of the hinge of Pisidium, diagram-

matic; 1, hgament; m, dorsal valve margin; p. (in figs. 9

and 10, periostracum = shell membrane; pl, hinge plate;

u, umbones (beaks) ; cardinals: C3 of the right valve; C33i,

posterior part of the same, proper, or inner; C3o, additional

or outer component; of the left valve: C2 anterior, C4 pos-

terior; laminz: al anterior inner or principal, alll anterior

outer of the right valve; all anterior left; pI and pIII pos-

terior inner and outer of the right valve, pII posterior left.

Fig. 2: the same, viewed from below; notice that the cusps

of the left lamin are projecting over the level of the valve-

edges, and thus over the median or sagittal plane, and the

same in figs. 3 and 7; symbols the same as in fig. 1.

Fig. 3: Spherium solidulum Prime, viewed from below in

partly open (gaping) mussel.

Figs. 4, 5, 6 to show differences in the configuration in some

species of Pisidium; 4, P. compressum Prime, form, half-

diagrammatic; mussel about 4.5 mm. long; the separate fig-

ures show cardinals somewhat in detail.

Fig. 5, P. fabale Sterki (from Montana), about 7 mm.

long (the plate of the right valve is somewhat too broad).

Fig. 6, P. vesiculare Sterki, mussel about 2 mm. long; the

THE NAUTILUS. 17

hinge, in profile, is somewhat like that in fig. 7, but of the

lamine little is to be seen but the small, pointed cusps not

much larger than the cardinals.

Fig. 7. P. ovum Sterki (Montana, Alaska), hinge viewed

from below.

Fig. 8. Cardinals of P. dubswm Say.

Fig. 9. Very young nepionic mussel of Spherium stamt

neum Conrad, 0.6 mm. long, showing the valves deposited on

the continuous shell membrane, the very short ligament, and

the primitive hinge plates; very fine and slight radial lnes

are seen on the beaks of most Sphzriide.

Fig. 10. Nepionic of the same, somewhat more advanced,

1.3 mm. long; the cardinals are just beginning to form on

the plate.

Fig. 11. Young nepionic hinge of Spheriwm occidental2

Prime, viewed from below in the open mussel; the cusps of

the lamine are just beginning to form and are smaller than

the cardinals; alII is very small and remote from C3, which

is plainly complex; pIII is not yet formed.

Fig. 12. Musculium transversum Say, nepionic, at an early

stage; the plates are somewhat too broad.

Fig. 18. Musculiwm sp., cardinals.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF SLUGS. II

BY H. A. PILSBRY

The notes on this subject in the January Nautius, p. 77,

provoked several letters on the subject, bringing out facts

which materially alter the tentative conclusions of that paper.

Mr. Tom Iredale, who has run to earth so many stray names,

writes as follows:

‘‘Upon investigation I find that when Férussae introduced

Arion (Hist. Nat. Moll., Vol. II, pt. I, 1819, p. 50), dealing

with the anatomy on p. 67 he wrote: ‘L’on peut consulter

d’ailleurs, pour se convaincre de leur analogie, les descrip-

tions que Swammerdam a donnée de l’anatomie du cochlea

nuda domestica, et du cochlea agrestis sive viarum, types de

ces deux genres.’

‘““As Férussac had previously cited Swammerdam’s two

118 THE NAUTILUS.

species correctly in his synonymy [of Arion empiricorum (=

A. ater) and Limax maximus, respectively], I conclude that,

in the strictest sense, this can be regarded as type designa-

tion, and consequently the type of Arion was fixed by orig-

inal designation, and the type of Limaz was first selected by

Férussac at the place cited. As this agrees absolutely with

conventional usage, it is a delightful result.’’

This passage in Férussac’s long account, which I had over-

looked or not recognized as significant, therefore leaves A. ater

the type of Arion, and A. maximus the type of Limaz.

Mr. B. B. Woodward has called my attention to the fact,

hitherto overlooked, that Turton, in his Manual of Land and

Fresh-water Shells of the British Is., 1831, p. 4, said under

Inmacellus (evidently an emendation of Limacella Brard)—

“Type Limacella parma Brard’’. This = L. maximus L.,

thus making Limacella an exact synonym of Limaz, and fin-

ally eliminating it from zoological nomenclature. Hulimazx

Mogq., with the same type, is also finally disposed of.

RAMBLES OF A MIDSHIPMAN. I

BY P. S. REMINGTON, JR.

In 1918 I had the good fortune to receive a senatorial ap-

pointment to the U. S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, and

entered it with visions of opportunities to collect in foreign

stations on my cruises. I went on my first cruise the follow-

ing summer, in June 1919, and began to realize these visions.

Our first port of call was St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, and

we were one and all glad to see the rocky shores of these

islands rising sheer out of the water, after a week at sea. It

was my first experience with the West Indies and I was see-

ing everything through a many-colored glass. To heighten

the tropical aspect, we had no sooner dropped anchor off the

harbor entrance than our ships were surrounded with bum-

boats loaded with fruit, corals, sea fans, huge Strombus gigas,

THE NAUTILUS. 119

and other things. The negroes dove expertly for coins, tread-

ing water and calling, ‘‘ You heave, I dive, chief!’’

I was all on fire to get ashore, and had the opportunity

next day. We went in and tied up to the dock to coal, all

hands donning khaki and going on liberty. With a friend,

whom I had managed to interest in collecting (to his subse-

quent sorrow), I set off across the hills. The heat was in-

tense and we were anxious to reach the shore for other reasons

than conchological. On the way up a large hill I turned

over some fallen boards near an old shanty, and was sur-

prised te find hundreds of live Bulamulus exilis, in company

with a few Subulina octona. I picked a boxful and we then

moved on. That was all ‘the land collecting I was able to do

in St. Thomas, for reasons which will appear shorily.

We came out at last on a smooth beach and hastened to

strip and get in for aswim. While my companion was sport-

ing in the waves, I was seurrying over the rocks picking up

Neritas, Thais, Littorina, Planaxis, Fissurella, large Livona

pica, and many Chitons. Compared to the drab and meager

fauna of New England which I was familiar with, this was a

riot of wealth.

Alas! I reckoned not on two things. The first was the

West Indian Eechinus. I had the misfortune to stumble

through a bed of these infernal black, long-spined fellows

twice, and for a moment forgot collecting. Even the volu-

minous vocabulary of the Navy seemed inadequate to do jus-

tice to the occasion, but the worst was yet to come.

The second thing I disregarded was the tropical sun. Those

of my readers who have been in the tropies will scarcely resist

smiling when I say that after our swim we stretched out on

that beach sans raiment for two hours in the full glare of

the sun, broken by short dips in the delightfully warm ocean!

We soon repented our folly and learned to respect the power

of the sun’s rays.

At length we leisurely dressed, gathered up our concho-

logical treasures, and started back to the ship, intending to

visit the town also and pay our respects to the ice-cream

parlor there. This last we never did, for we had not been

120 THE NAUTILUS.

on the road ten minutes before the punishment we had been

taking from the sun’s rays began to assert itself and we

began to realize that we were ‘“‘sunburnt’’! By the time we

reached the ship we felt exactly like two live broiled lobsters.

In addition, we had a dizzy feeling, which we tried to ease by

lying down. But we could no more lie down than fly, for

we were sunburnt on every blessed inch of our bodies! After

a night of misery, we presented ourselves at sick bay next

morning and asked to be relieved and turned in. The doctor

certainly told us what he thought of us and ordered us to be

painted with picric acid and turned in. I had just fore-

thought enough before turning in to dump my shells in a

bucket and stow it in an unused bulkhead. For three mortal

days we twisted in agony, getting no rest or sleep, while the

skin peeled off us in slabs. Meanwhile we had left port and

put to sea. But to crown my misfortunes, while I was laid

up some able seaman found my bucket of shells and dumped

the smelly mess overboard! I didn’t mind the sunburn and

the loss of liberty (though my companion did), but I did be-

wail the loss of my beloved shells.

Our next port was Guantanamo, Cuba, where I found all

the species I had taken at St. Thomas, as nearly as I could re-

member, and more too. On the coral cliffs near the marine

encampment I found Tectarius muricatus way above high

water, four species of Nerita, two Littorinas, Trochus, Li-

vona, and many others. The rocks were just paved with

thousands of Acanthopleura granulata and Chiton squamosus.

These last were way out where the surf was crashing and

many times I had to drop my knife and hang on like a limpet

while a wave broke over me and soaked me to the skin. This

time, however, I took the precaution to keep my skin well

covered. On a nearby beach I found Modulus modulus and

Cerithium atratum in company on the eel grass, also my old

friend the Echinus. Burrowing through the mud, I found

several Strombus gigas, S. bituberculatus and Vasum muri-

catum. On the way back I noticed a white land shell plentiful

on all the bushes, which I later identified as Cepolis ovum-

THE NAUTILUS. 121

regult. I also found a single specimen of Macroceramus,

which I have not yet identified.

Of course I was much handicapped by the fact that I was

in uniform, and consequently rather conspicuous, also that I

had no means of properly caring for the shells on board

once I had collected them. For these reasons I didn’t collect

as intensively as I might have, and I have often kicked myself

since for it. Some day I hope to return to these interesting

islands.

The following is a list of the mollusks I collected in the

West Indies, as far as I have been able to determine them.

Mr. Charles W. Johnson and Mr. W. F. Clapp have kindly

aided me in identifying the material.

St. Thomas, Virgin Islands.

Bulimulus exilis Gmel. Subulina octona Brug.

Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

Thais patula L. Nerita peleronta L.

Thais undata Lam. Nerita tesselata Gmel.

Sistrum nodulosum C. B. Ad. Chlorostoma excavatum Lam.

Cymatium aquatile Rve. Livona pica L.

Leucozonia cingulifera Lam. Vasum muricatum Born.

Strombus bituberculatus Lam. Fissurella nodosa Born.

Strombus gigas L. Fissurella barbadensis Gmel.

Cerithium litteratum Born. Acmaea candeana Orb.

Cerithium atratum Born. Cepolis ovum-reguli Lea.

Littorina ziezac Gmel. Macroceramus sp.

Littorina z. lineatus Lam. Chiton tubereculatus L.

Tectarius muricatus L. Chiton squamosus L.

Kchinella nodulosa Pfr. Acanthopleura granulataGmel.

Modulus modulus Lam. Codakia orbicularis L.

Planaxis nucleus Wood. Lucina chrysostoma Morch.

Nerita praecognita C. B. Ad. Arca occidentalis Phil.

Nerita versicolor L. Arca deshayesii Hanley.

122 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON ACTEOCINA

BY A. M. STRONG

Dr. Dall in the January Nautinus gives the reasons for

some of the confusion in the published ranges for the West

Coast members of the genus Acteocina to which I called at-

tention in the October number. Unfortunately he does not

give the corrected range for A. culcitella, which is much

greater than that given in his ‘‘Summary’’. For the present,

at least, it will be well to consider that the known ranges are

fixed by the large amount of material that has accumulated

in the United States National Museum. If this is done the

ranges given in the older publications will have to be con-

siderably emended. It would also seem that the published

descriptions should be extended to cover the variations found

in the different individuals of the several species.

This would give us, as I understand it, the following known

ranges for the West Coast species:

A. eximia (Brd.). Confined to the Oregonian fauna as a

living shell, extending from Puget Sound northward to Ko-

diak Island. Also found as a fossil in Southern California

but not living as given by Arnold.

A. culcitella (Gld.). A variable species with a wide range,

Puget Sound and northward to Kodiak Island, off the Golden

Gate, and through the Santa Barbara Channel, Santa Bar-

bara to at least as far south as San Diego. Also fossil in

Southern California.

A. cerealis (Gld.). With the last and probably only a

junior of it, but listed as a separate species in collections and

literature, both as living and fossil.

A. inculta (Gld.). Through the Santa Barbara Channel

and extending northward to Monterey and southward to San

Diego.

A. carinata (Cpr.). A Gulf of California species extend-

ing as far north as San Diego, and if Zetek’s list is correct,

as far south as Panama.

THE NAUTILUS. 123

A. smirna (Dall). With the last, San Diego to San Sal-

vador.

A. infrequens (C. B. Ads.). A Panama species extending

as far north as Cape San Lucas. Also found as fossil in

Southern California.

A. planata (Cpr.). Described by Carpenter from speci-

mens labeled from San Diego, but seemingly not known from

there by present-day collectors.

There would seem to be a probability that further collect-

ing and a careful examination, both as to identification and

locality, of the material in other collections, would extend

these known ranges.

SONORELLAS AND SCENERY

BY EDWIN E. HAND

““Master of human destinies am I.

I knock unbidden once at every gate.’’

As Senator Ingalls said, it was my ‘‘hour of fate’’. For

years I have had a great desire and a standing invitation to

go snailing in Arizona with the veteran collector, James H.

Ferriss. Last summer, opportunity knocked, the gate opened,

and my dream came true.

With Dr. W. T. Miller of Los Angeles to initiate us into

the mysteries of Dame Nature’s landscape and all their beau-

ties, botanical, geological and the rest, we three left Tucson

on the afternoon of June 27th, headed toward the Grand

Canyon. We made no schedule. We were to stop whenever

and wherever any of us wished and stay as long as we could

find entertainment. A joyful trio were we. Everything was

new, strange, pleasing. We shall never forget the sights,

sounds, thrills of this Arizona trip. We not only found

“‘landseapes’’, under his magic spell, but we found snails.

And if the learned artist becomes not too deeply engrossed

in his chosen work, be not surprised to meet a ‘‘milleri’’ from

California in the near future.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

Our first camp was in the desert solitude miles away from

anywhere. We made our frugal fire, our magic meal, and

then our bed in the open under the stars, amidst sand and

sage, in the shade of a palo verde. Scattering desert vegeta-

tion and sand extended in every direction, and over all the

blue, and the stars so bright, so near, so friendly to us. It

was hot awhile, then cool, and ere dawn, with all our blan-

kets, we were cold.

We are often asked: ‘‘ But weren’t you afraid of rattle-

snakes?’’ There are ten rattlers in Arizona and Mr. Ferriss

needs only three to complete his collection. Therefore, we

were looking for them all the time but saw not one. A horned

toad, mailed home, presented her new owner with seventeen

little ones just after her arrival. That is the most exciting

adventure we had *mongst reptilia.

The giant cacti (Carnegiea gigantea) were abundantly

decorated with what I thought were flaming scarlet flowers,

but friend Ferriss soon taught us that they were ripe fruits.

Long poles enabled us to get enough to thoroughly appre-

ciate their fig-like lusciousness. The birds, bees and other

creatures enjoy them too and it seemed a shame to rob them

of their harvest. But the miles and miles of the ‘‘trees’’ in

every direction seemed evidence that there was plenty for all.

This first taste of the quiet of the desert was repeated many

times on our trip and we city dwellers loved it so we never

tired of its restfulness.

Our chariot was a Ford, and it is still beyond my compre-

hension how anything made of metal by mere man ean stand

up under the millions of maulings administered.

But on we go past Florence and Superior. Here on Picket

Post Mountain we found our first shells and got a good taste

of desert savagery, as we nearly perished from thirst in our

too eager attempt. But it taught us to go slower next time,

and after cooling off at Superior we were all right again.

Passing over the finished part of a new road, we ran upon

a peculiar and decided novelty re the road-builders near

Miami. This region used to be an Apache stronghold and as

late as fifty years ago was dangerous for a white man to

THE NAUTILUS. 125

traverse. Now, these same Indians are found to be very

faithful road workers. Their villages are pitched near by

and the braves are helping their white brothers build the

roads. But no, they are not quite willing to fraternize with

us. For in conversation with the big, young fellows, unusual

specimens of the physical man who have been educated at

the government schools, we learn that: ‘‘The teachers don’t

know anything,’’ and ‘‘All the white men are dishonest.’’

Our efforts to argue this away were unavailing, for these men

spoke from experience. Later facts, to our shame be it said,

showed that they spoke the truth.

Soon we sight Salt River and learn that it is dammed at

Roosevelt. We skip along over knolls and mesas, skirting the

south shore of the lake for twenty miles or more and detour

one mile to cliff dwellings. A stop here and a tramp up the

fine trail to the former abode of an ancient people, leads us

to our next Sonorella. A new one, Mr. Ferriss said, and right

in Chief Montezuma’s dooryard. We camped here, found

the accompanying spring of the people of long ago, drank,

bathed, loved the tropical grove of walnuts, cottonwoods,

willows, but found no more snails.

We lingered long on the Roosevelt Dam boulevard, the

most impressive work of man our eyes ever beheld. We ate

a fine dinner at that ‘‘shadow of a rock in a weary land,’’

Apache Lodge, replenished our gas, air, water, and then on

to Mills Canyon, where we easily found a large colony of

Sonorellas. On the top of a hill overlooking the water we

made our camp. The lake is nearly fifty feet lower than

usual. And now we are to see so many signs of suffering

man and beast when no rain falls in a dry climate and the

water-holes fail. One woman had a dozen young calves she

was trying to raise whose mothers had perished of thirst.

Whitening bones, some covered with dried hides, some naked,

were frequent sights.

Now we are in the Mogollon Mountains, Tonto Basin re-

gion, Zane Grey’s country. We did not see him this time and

forebore to visit his hunting lodge, sixteen miles by trail

from Payson. But we heard much about him and his Pleas-

126 THE NAUTILUS.

ant Valley and had long talks with his guide, Al Doyle, at

Flagstaff. Mr. Ferriss knows everybody, as this is his fif-

teenth trip to Arizona. We found no snails but the cutest

little cacti ever! One I mailed home is watching me as IL

write and holding for me on each of its curved spines a

pleasant memory.

Three miles off our road we see two acres of grapes and

alfalfa right on top of a natural bridge. And you cannot

realize that you are on an arch 150 feet high, 140 wide, 400

long and 75 thick until you follow the path around and

down, get underneath and gaze upward. It was as interesting

as geometry to solve this ‘‘pons’’ saeculorum. A large spring

carries lime compounds in solution. It flows to the granite

canyon walls of Pine Creek. On evaporating, the deposit of

calcareous tufa tries to fill the canyon bed of the creek. Here

a battle royal is fought and the overwhelmed stream capitu-

lates with a subway, Q. E. D. Just like the ice bridges we

crossed in the Sierras, the avalanche blocks the stream, which

bores its way through, and the gentle murmurs from below

whisper its presence.

Before leaving this oasis we found a Sonorella which Mr.

Ferriss declared to be the queen of them all. And here I

solved my mystery—how to find new species. When I am

tired out and have said very decidedly, ‘‘Come on, let’s quit.

There is absolutely nothing here,’’ my companion hears not,

heeds not, but soon sings out, ‘‘Sonorella, one bone. A fine

one. New species.’? Then J go to work again and soon find

a ‘‘live’’ one. Dark catches us with fifteen or twenty good

dead ones and four or five live ones. And how we had to dig

for them! The sun shone merrily. It was very hot but

patience, perseverance, and hard work accomplished the im-

possible. And is not this a key to success in every walk

of life?

We were glad to run into Pine in Pleasant Valley. A

place ever to cherish and to which we are to return after our

mentor, Dr. Miller, leaves us at Grand Canyon. Pine is in a

valley about three miles long and one wide. Its elevation is

5500 feet and black lava mountains 3000 feet higher covered

THE NAUTILUS. 127

with noble pines hem it in. A clear stream, fed by springs

miles away, runs through Main Street and the people dip

their pails into this and carry the water into their homes

only a few feet away. They also use this stream to irrigate

their orchards and gardens. Peaceful Pine, Pleasant Valley,

balm for tired humans! How we worked the slides on those

lava mountains! And we worked our ‘‘secret’’ too ’midst

soaking rain and pelting hail, often finding shells after all

hope was gone. Here we decided that the rainy season is

not the best time to find snails. Scores of ‘‘marks’’ on the

rocks but no ‘‘markers’’ led Mr. Ferriss to announce that

‘‘“Madam snail had gone gadding’’. We found one right

out in the open on her way home.

Through Coconino County (200 miles by 150 miles, larger

than several eastern states), over natural roads good when it

doesn’t rain, we ride to Flagstaff. As we left the desert and

approached the forest preserve, how the trees ran to meet us!

First the youths, then their parents by scores and hundreds

hemmed us in and gave us a royal welcome. The pine forest

through which we ride is second only to the President’s pre-

serve on Kaibab Plateau beyond the north rim of Grand

Canyon. (Read Emerson Hough in Saturday Evening Post.)

On past the snow-capped San Francisco peaks, Sunset

Crater, and the edge of the Painted Desert to Grand View,

we speed our way. Now we camp in the desert and now in

the pine forest. But there are no snails to be found here.

And then the sunset and sunrise views of Grand Canyon, the

pictures, mid storm and sun—the despair of artists and poets

—what can a poor snailer say or do? Just drink it in and

afterward try to remember. That’s all. Down Bright Angel

Trail, not as Dr. Cooke on a mule, but on our own feet, we

took two days for the trip. Where he saw his fifteen or twenty

we found several hundred, all dead. There is an an immense

dike of limestone here in the midst of the sandstone and

snails must have recently flourished. But there were very

few live ones. We spent the night in an old mine tunnel

‘midst age-old granite walls. Theodore Roosevelt says truly:

“The sullen rock walls towered hundreds of feet aloft, with

128 THE NAUTILUS.

something about their grim savagery that suggested both the

terrible and the grotesque. No one could paint or describe it

save one of the great masters of imaginative art or literature

—a Turner or Browning or Poe.’’

This night, ere we went to sleep, Dr. Miller told us of the

Arnold Arboretum of Bailey’s Cyclopedia of Horticulture

and of many interesting phases of his hfe. He said he was

going to put us to sleep. But his stories had the opposite

effect. The morning bath in the pools edging the roaring

Colorado, the little fire on its clean sand, to boil our coffee,

the walk back, the odor of fragrant shrubs in the rain; these

are delightful memories of the Grand Canyon. We made

good use of Harvey’s restaurant, of Kolb Brothers’ studio,

and Uncle Sam’s post-office, mailing cacti, agaves, etc. to

Washington and to our homes. And we spent part of two

days and nearly all night with the grand old scout, W. W.

Bass. If you visit this region do not fail to meet Bass. And

the treatment he has received from ‘‘the white man’’ makes

that of the Indian read like a romance of benevolence. Tis

Sunday, July 17th, and more than one-third of our life de-

parted when Dr. Miller left for his home in Los Angeles.

Mere chance took us to Walnut Canyon, the fourth of the

great, outstanding features of our trip. Here we spent a

week under very pleasant auspices. The meeting of Mr. Fer-

riss and his old friends of the Catalina Mountains, Mr. and

Mrs. Erickson, who are now the custodians of this National

Monument, was worth traveling miles to see. The dinners

served by this estimable couple to two auto-campers were

worth traveling miles to taste. The scenery and cliff dwel-

lings of Walnut Canyon are worth a stop over at Flagstaff

to visit. They are only ten miles from town over an excellent

road. There are miles and miles of cliff dwellings, two and,

in some places, three tiers high in this rugged, twisted gash

in the earth. There must have been a half-million inhabi-

tants here, judging by the broken pottery scattered so thickly

about. We found a few hundred large shells and hundreds

of thousands of little fellows. Your humble correspondent

had the wonderful privilege of going clear to the bottom of

THE NAUTILUS. 129

the canyon with Dr. Thornber of Tucson, who was making

first-hand notes on the shrubs of Arizona. Here I found for

the first time the wild potato, and an Oenothera with corolla

tube seven inches long and caulis reduced to zero. The flower

came from a dandelion-like rosette of leaves and was a deli-

cate rose color. It grew on the edge of a wet swale on the

rim and there were nineteen individuals in the colony.

Mount Elden and the craters and canyons called us. We

found small shells everywhere, but few large ones in the

next four weeks. The rain descended upon us and soaked us.

The sun or camp fire dried us. We did not catch cold as we

would have done at home. We were living the outdoor life

and loved it so. When the rainy season came we added

mushrooms to our menu. Mushrooms both edible and ques-

tionable sprang up everywhere. For weeks we saw a dozen

new kinds a day. What a paradise for a mycologist! There

were all colors, shapes and sizes. Near the forest lookout on

Mt. Mahan we measured a big one. It was only eleven inches

in diameter. We thought surely it was a foot!

We returned to Peaceful Pine, eighty-five miles, for some

property we had cached there, expecting to return to Flag-

staff to entrain. The rains had made the roads impassable,

so we turned to the right, toward Winslow. This wild road

was as good as a boulevard, and soon led us from the pine

forest to the desert edge with its scanty junipers and pinons.

This was a remarkable change and the bleak desolation of

those last twenty or thirty miles seemed to rise and strike us

in the eyes. The mirage did not plague us as it did the

prairie schooners of yore, for we had plenty of water and

gas and speed.

One of us must return to civilization, and one go on and

on, ever westward, through the great desert, to California.

This is the realization of a beautiful dream of searching for

beautiful Soronellas ’midst the beautiful scenes of Arizona.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF MOLLUSCA FROM LAKE WINNEBAGO,

WISCONSIN, WITH NEW RECORDS FROM THIS STATE *

BY FRANK C. BAKER

Winnebago Lake is the largest inland body of fresh water in

eastern America as itis also the shallowest in relation to its area.

Its greatest length is about 28 miles, its greatest width about 10

miles, and its maximum depth 20 feet. The lake is fed by

several large streams, Wolf River emptying into Lake Poygon

and Fox River entering Lake Butte des Morts. Lakes Butte

des Morts, Poygon, and Winneconne extend to the west of Lake

Winnebago and are marsh-bordered bodies of water. Butte des

Morts has a maximum depth of 15 feet, as has also the lower

part of the Fox River. All of these lakes are really widened-

out parts of the Fox and Wolf rivers, which encountered these

shallow basins when the ice receded to the north during the

waning of the Wisconsin ice cap.

The Lake Winnebago region offers unusual opportunities for

the study of ecological variation. The Fox River, which flows

for many miles as a typical river, expands to form Lake Butte

des Morts, then narrows to form another river, which at Osh-

kosh again widens into the great body of water known as Lake

Winnebago; from this lake a river flows, the lower Fox, which

empties into Green Bay of Lake Michigan. The river, both

above and below the lakes, contains a typical river fauna of

mollusks. The lake fauna, however, although but a continua-

tion of the Fox River, it is not like the river fauna, the species

being smaller and otherwise differing from the typical river

species. This variation was almost universally noted among

the naides, the lake shells being easily distinguished from the

river shells. The gastropods also varied in like manner. The

fauna reached its present location by way of the Wisconsin-Fox

valley, following the retreat of the continental ice cap, and the

varieties in Lake Winnebago and Lake Butte des Morts were

probably evolved subsequently.

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of

Illinois, No. 21.

THE NAUTILUS. 131

The study of this lake region was carried on under the

auspices of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Sur-

vey as part of a wide field study to ascertain the distribution of

the molluscan fauna of the State, preliminary to the prepara-

tion of a monograph of the aquatic species. An extensive

paper is in preparation covering in detail the ecological features

of the Winnebago fauna, both molluscan and general inverte-

brate, in which all of the molluscan species are discussed.

This will be published in the Transactions of the Wisconsin

Academy of Sciences, Art and Letters. Only new forms and

the more interesting new records are discussed in this paper.

Truncilla triquetra Raf. A single specimen of this Truncilla

was dredged at Omro, Fox River, from gravel bottom, at a depth

of 84 feet. This is a young shell, measuring, length 23, height

17, width 12mm. Triquetra has not heretofore been reported

from Wisconsin and its presence in the Fox River is surprising.

It is known from southern Michigan and from Will County,

Illinois. The specimen was living when dredged.

Lampsilis recta (Lamarck). Lakes Winnebago and Butte des

Morts. The recta inhabiting the lakes are uniformly smaller

than individuals living in Fox River. The relative difference

is shown in the table below in which the largest lake shells are

measured:

Length 115, height 50, width 36 mm. Male, Doemel Point,

Lake Winnebago.

Length 121, height 52, width 34 mm. Female, Long Point,

Lake Winnebago.

Length 138, height 62, width 41 mm. Male, Princeton, Fox

River.

Length 135, height 59, width 39 mm. Female, Princeton.

This is a dwarf form produced by lake conditions and is par-

alleled by Lampsilis ventricosa canadensis and L. luteola rosacea.

The Winnebago shells are somewhat different from the Lake

Erie form named recta by Lamarck, the posterior ridge not be-

ing as well marked, but they seem clearly referable to the same

type. They are different from the ordinary river form of recta

(latissima) which is abundant in Wisconsin.

Lampsilis gracilis lacustris n. var. Lakes Winnebago and

132 THE NAUTILUS.

Butte des Morts. Common on rock and sand bottoms in water

one to ten feet in depth.

As in Proptera and Lampsilis, the lake environment has pro-

duced a shell somewhat different from typical gracilis, which is

a river species. Compared with gracilis from the Fox River at

Omro, the lake shells are rounder, higher in proportion to their

length, the dorsal margin is strikingly alate in the male, form-

ing a distinct wing, the shell is more compressed, the color is

usually pale straw-yellow with few or no radiating lines, and

the rest periods are very distinctly marked. The largest speci-

men from Plummers Point, Lake Butte des Morts (the type)

measures as noted below, a small specimen of gracilis from Omra

being also added for comparison:

Length 94, height 61, width 30 mm. Butte des Morts. Type.

Length 100, height 67, width 35 mm. Omro, Fox River.

Gracilis from Illinois and other localities in the Hinkley col-

lection (about 15 lots) are without the marked wing so well de-

veloped in the males of the Winnebago Lake individuals and

are also much larger. Female shells of lacustris are smaller,

more ovate and narrower, but there is not as great difference in

the dorsal wing as in the male shells. They are uniformly

yellowish and have well marked rest periods.

Ortmann (1920, p. 249) has noted a difference between the

Lake Erie form of gracilis and the Ohio River form, but does

not believe the difference of enough value to distinguish. The

material from Wisconsin is quite strikingly different and the

separation of the lake form seems warranted. This, as well as

the other lake forms, are true ecological varieties, produced by

the change in environment.

Strophitus edentulus rhombicus (Anthony). Lakes Winnebago

and Butte des Morts, on a rocky or sand bottom, in one to five

feet of water. The edentulus of the lakes differ markedly from

those individuals living in rivers. They are much smaller,

more regularly elongated or subelliptical, and the umbones are

more depressed. A large individual from Lake Winnebago

(Long Point Island) measures, length 57, height 35, width

23 mm. This is a characteristic lake form and is probably the

same as that mentioned by Ortmann as living in Lake Erie

THE NAUTILUS. 133

(Ortmann, 1920, p. 200). Anthony’s rhombica appears to fit

this form and renders a new name unnecessary (see Amer.

Journ. Conch., I, p. 158, pl. 12, fig. 5). The same form

occurs in Lake Michigan near Chicago. Walker has apparently

recognized the variety in Michigan (1911, p. 127).

Lasmigona costata eriganensis Grier. Long Point Island, Lake

Winnebago. The two specimens of this form found in beach

debris appear to be referable to the Lake Erie form described hy

Grier. Measurements are given below:

Length 90, height 53, width 30 mm.

Length 80, height 43, width 24 mm.

These conform to the diagnosis of Grier and are certainly dis-

tinguishable from the river form.

Elliptio gibbosus sterkii Grier. Lake Winnebago, sand and

gravel bottom, in water as deep as 10 feet; Lake Butte des

Morts, gravel and stone bottom, water from one to three feet

deep.

( To be continued)

NOTES.

Fiso-catcHinc Mussets.—When the U.S. 8. Albatross went

through San Francisco Bay from Sausalito into dry dock at

Mare Island in preparation for the cruise of 1914, three mussels

which were subsequently found attached to the bottom had

made a curious mistake. They had each been so unfortunate

in closing their shells as to catch a little fish called anchovy by

the head. It would be interesting to know which animal was

most surprised by the encounter.--Epwarp C. JOHNSTON.

Mr. Edward C. Johnston of the U. 8S. Bureau of Fisheries has

recently transferred his large collection of shells to the California

Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. The collection consists

of about 30,000 specimens, chiefly land and fresh-water species

of the Mississippi Valley. Almost all of the material was cata-

loged, identified and indexed, ready for reference at once. It

is not often that a museum receives a collection which requires

134 THE NAUTILUS.

so little labor for its installation. It is hoped that a man who

has so distinguished himself as an expert collector as Mr. John-

ston has in the past, will continue his conchological explora-

tions. —G. DaLias Hanna.

Norte on DtaLa LEITH. SmitH.—In the last number of the

‘*Nautitus’’ Dr. Dall calls attention to this species and con-

jectures that it may be a native of Lower California.

There appears to have been some inexplicable confusion be-

tween Smith’s paper on this species and the paper on Carinifex

ponsonbu which immediately precedes it in the P. Z. S. for 1875.

It is obvious that the figures in these two papers are transposed.

I have examined the type lot of D. leithii in the Brit. Mus.

(eleven shells and two opercula, reg. no. 75.6.17.1) and find

that it is labeled ‘‘ Bombay Harbour, Dr. A. H. Leith.” I

have no doubt that this is the correct locality, and I have in

my own collection a single example collected by the late Dr.

Archer at Singapore.—J. R. LEB. ToMLin.

CYTHEREA VIRGINEA A. ADAMS AND REEVE.—This species is

described and figured in the ‘‘ Mollusca of the Voyage of H. M.

S. Samarang,’’ p. 78, pl. 24, f. 10, and the locality given is

‘* astern Seas.’’ The British Museum possesses the figured

type of this shell, received from the famous Lombe Taylor col-

lection, into which many of the ‘‘Samarang’’ treasures found

their way, as well as two other examples, and all three are juve-

nile specimens of Tivela stultorum Mawe.

Hinds was probably responsible for the introduction of this

impostor amongst the Samarang’s collections.—T. R. LEB.

TOMLIN.

Limax FLAvus AT Bar Harsor, Marne.—I found several

specimens of this slug in 1920, and again last year.—C. W.

JOHNSON.

In Proc. Cincinnati Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1875, A. G. Wetherby

described Lithasia plicata as from Green River, Jackson Co., Ky.

Green River does not enter Jackson county and there are no

THE NAUTILUS. 135

streams in the county large enough to require a ferry. As the

shells occur in the Kentucky River, it may be assumed that

Wetherby meant the Clay’s Ferry of that stream. It is upon a

part of the river forming the border of Clark and Madison

counties. Richmond is the nearest large town.

A letter-writers’ controversy that raged for several days in a

New York newspaper brought out little known facts about the

spelling of the ‘‘ Muscle’’ part of Muscle Shoals. Philologists

who contributed to Murray’s exhaustive dictionary have mobi-

lized no less than 26 English spellings for the mollusk called

mussel. A writer of 1584 informed his readers that witches

**can saile in an egge shell, a cockle or muscle shell.’”? A

traveler’s book of 1681 reported that ‘‘The natives of Brasile

use muscle shells for spoons and knives.’’ In Glover’s History

of Derby (1829) mention is made of ‘‘a stratum of muscle

shells.’? The poet Browning, in 1873, said that:

‘‘Granite and muscle shell are ground alike

To glittering paste.’’

Messrs. Wharton Huber and Fletcher Street sailed for Blue-

fields, Nicaragua, Feb. 28th. They are to collect zoological and

botanical specimens for the Academy of Natural Sciences of

Philadelphia.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Recent Mouuusca OF THE GULF OF MEXICO, AND PLEISTOCENE

AND PLIOCENE SPECIES FROM THE GULF States. Part 2. Scapho-

poda, Gastropoda, Amphineura, Cephalopoda. By Carlotta Joa-

quina Maury (Bull. Amer. Paleontology, Vol. 9, No. 38, pp.

34-142, 1922). A useful list with bibliography and distribu-

tion. We notice a few cases where the author has overlooked

some important changes in nomenclature. Siphonaria lineolata

is preoccupied and S. naufragum Stearns should be used instead.

In place of Oliva circinata Marr. C. sayana Ravenel should be

used (Navurtitus, Vol. 28, p. 1388; 1915). Scaphella junonia is

136 THE NAUTILUS.

the type of the genus Maculopeplum Dall, 1906. Busycon eliceans

is at most only a variety of carica. In using Janthina janthina

Linn. J. communis Lam. becomes a synonym. The species

showaltert is left in Neritina. There are various misspellings

such as Apicinca for Apicina, Epitomium for Epitonium, Petro-

trochus for Perotrochus, ete.—C. W. J.

FinaL REPORT ON THE STUDY AND APPRAISAL OF MussEL RE-

SOURCES IN SELECTED AREAS OF THE Upper Mississippr RIVER.

By N. M. Grier (Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 8, pp. 1-33, 1922).

An interesting paper on the economic problems of the mussel

fisheries. A may showing the various areas considered is given.

THE Lire OF THE PLEISTOCENE OR GLACIAL PEeRIoD. By

Frank Collins Baker (Univ. Ill. Bull. 41, Vol. 17, pp. 1-476,

pls. 1-57). This great work on the ‘‘ Life of the Pleistocene ”’

was begun about nine years ago when a drainage canal called

the North Shore Channel was being excavated; all of the ex-

posures in this as well as those of the Calumet-Sag Channel

were carefully studied. The study of the Chicago region led to

the consideration of other regions once covered by the great ice

sheet, and the results of these studies are embodied in this vol-

ume. ‘There isa most exhaustive study of the life of the old

bed of glacial Lake Chicago, with a chapter on the post-glacial

biota of the great lakes region and pre-glacial conditions and

life. The various ice invasions and a summary of the life of

the Pleistocene is followed by a full bibliography.—C. W. J.

On THE CEPHALOPODA obtained by the Percy Sladen Trust

Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905. By G. C. Robson.

Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XVII, pt. 4. The most interest-

ing form is a very minute Benthoteuthid about 9 mm. long, but

believed to be adult, for which the new genus Chunoteuthis is

proposed.

New EocEnE SPECIES FROM ALABAMA. By T. H. Aldrich

(Bull. Amer. Paleont, IX, No. 37). Many new species had

one new genus, Tenwiactzxon.

REDE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOUR NAL APR 26

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS- ~

VOL. XXXVI

JULY, 1922, to APRIL, 1923

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences

PHILADELPHIA

CHARLES W. JOHNSON

Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History

Boston

OF TOMY Ss

Scena SSIS a

cal

| ‘AY ¥ i AOA A

ta “oH {:

t? \ We t } i vars

Kt : i A, a mi yl

‘ in

. + Y A ,

it ’ {

' ‘ q ah Ate ie

ene ae he c Weak oe ?

a | Ww

3 1 ' 1 iz ay. ny ri p

ee) ii} a 9 4 pr me. Pe, i }

{ i i ‘7 * 4

y ) ik yi . :

‘ ‘ ; ‘h ( yy py

i) : ' Bath 7 ih uit i

} r 7 j ‘ rae Servtad \

; We i nT one A i 7 f hy ch iv wan hi) ain

Mie iain ; i ' Vie . ay .

Ba bch wa VAT a Hier. |

i rin (ia ey! J j t "4 ey

Te a ‘) i Lye) bith Ni Pay,

Th ahs Bh) ey) } \

Y , ; MAY OS ; A ah} au j };

eating gana ree)

5 awe ty ak iy! 4

i, tr a

r et if

Ve a \

ne \ Ni i) ’ , 4 { My ) pA ny r

AM ty) is virgin y cet r-

i! Avy ah a

Ni if di 65; ints ve i" me

in ¢ ho i } a)

ay 1 ae! ye ah i yA sal i a) nea

‘ oe Us ay ht it rf Ky iy i Mi sn om

Nahin + Pe

men ie Wane PAM

; ny? |

tae a Hea he h Ha it Ne

ivan A ek bi

; 1 ig

aan ua i

ae . '

ie ADM 7

Ae iy

ra MA 2 \

a my) elie,

Oy \

7 ny tia

ie 4 LN ; sunt ate.

ny é san Lei fan

thy ink Nia sie nee Ruy.

; ; (ioks apy a A in a

Wine q nS

ARNE 5: es

ay)

il ia

vel)

INDEX

PAE NAUTIOUS, xX xvi

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

ated ONS OCC TIT OUD AY 5 aac wilehini phew fe odie st vip ale eles ais iy

Remea patna MSCH!, NOTE OW i). 53 oc. eee eee eee ss 71

Aicimondias Carinaia Barnes ... 2.0.6. eee re eee ee ee 100

PMN OP i CAUCCOLA TIGR oo. oes ee ww ewan eso ace said 98

pwlabinar abl oomilWenellia A. AGS. 2... cee sine eee fe 27

POTTER reper CUTE PUT a oso a aie a) cirailaiieyieso afalalin: aia leveiays «9 058 48

Amblema perplicata elliotti Lea ...................6.- 75

Peibenatsudayy IaWer T. SP) sc 5 0 de 00-10 slelo sje sisineins @ 10)

Dimmcola Moga POrata SAY... <2... ssc sede decane nai 20, 25

PCR TES OSU IIS) PUR. co. 5) 6 aie coe icllaysinc ele clewlacicw ces cise 8

PRIETO OPAMGIS OY. 5... 5, sieves) <x ace Scrap aa de wine ehdinae 97

Anodonta frandis erijalve Morelet ..............0++5. 9

Anodontites, observations on the genera Leila and ...... 7

Angcontoides birgel Baker, n. Sp. ... 2.02.06 66e0ee0: 123

Anodontoides ferussacianus Lea .................20--- 98

Aperostoma Troschel, Type Cyclostoma mexicanum Mk.. 14

eae TSE U REE 8 2 ose) 5 clin) alsin chavniwis alain)g. a/94 eyxsdisie ntsc! 14

EMEC IER AVCONIFASOSIS SAY, 4 4 oi ci<ic von slain memes eee 97

Argentina, two new bivalves from .......0.....0..00- 58

SOU LCMAIS TTL NEAING:. op. co's 0 a's occ dd sjalnfaine cis eves 105

Ashmunella hebardi Pils. & Van., n. sp. ............46- Lg

Easycon maximum var. tritonis Con. ............0..+: 10

Serveninm maenificum Hanna .............00eeeeeees 141

REMIND ATV GATTIES .. 6 osc ce le ec enisenceses 100

Chiorera dalli, a critique on Professor Harold Heath’s.. 86

Game deanetbe M. (obituary) .......0.c.c nce ececeees 30

Crenella faba Miller on the coast of Maine ............ 104

Pvmonaras qupercuiata Raf. 1. cc. c ene cen cee ees eens 48

PTE SO TOU UAL, 6 ogc igcnia ns sve moana e eek eee 71

Cypraea pacifica Ostergaard, note om .............+6-- 71

(iii)

iv THE NAUTILUS.

WONAK, VATIADIIS Saiyids oo ica as) ws tie Bal aets nee eee ee 60

Drallia Toseobasis -Pusue Vian... o2i\4 see ee eee 132

Dysnomia (Truncillopsis) triquetra Raf. .............. 102

lino: Gilatatus bedi io cooks byes oe eace ioe awe ees Ee 97

Epiphragmophora fidelis Gray destroying creepers...... 61

Epiphragmophora fidelis Gray climbing trees ......... 144

Epiphragmophora fidelis oregonensis Lea ............. 14

Epiphracmophora mormonom: Pir.3.5 62. 6 cs . ee 12

Euparypha pisana mut. taylori Ckll., n.n. ............ 45

Fasciolaria gigantea var. reevel Jonas ..............0-- BEG

‘Menella VAS Adams. “note om 63) oon eee Oiieate cere t Colas 27

Merriss cotlechion ain jired vy sire lan eerce lei aeieis/ sic ae 104

Florida, fossil shells from the St. Lucie Canal .......... 10

Fusconaia rubiginosa parvula Grier .................. 19

I MSCOnaiA succissy. Lied... <4 cicites fs te pee Gee ein cee 73

Muscona ja tebenas ies (2h 85 Fe ee eee secre ences eae 48

Gemma gemma purpurea in Florida .................. 32

Gomobasis eaeariania, Wea fos 22 onc. Gc weucicys see os ss oes 115

Hahions tal censir his Fine fe SNe ee cateas «ie Bere 18

Hayanamamarine sielig.! 26.20. Sere 2 ee ae 120

Helix depressiformis and H. prostrata Pease, the iden-

PiU AVORER Mone Sena nee eh bent Meds ons tee 5) tence Sie ee Ly,

Helix orevonensis Thea, the status of ....... 0.0.2 s ee 12

Hemastena Ambioud Say %.).). bas ss ns oe ee ee eee 98

ampsilis ahodontoides Thea °°... ce ss ee LOR

Ranpswiseraciia Barnes.) 66200055) Soo0 Seer eee 99

Lasmigona (Alasminota) holstonia Lea ............. 83, 129

Posomepnn complanata Barnes !\..... 0... oriee cee ee men 96

Leila grayana Frierson n. n. for Anodonta exotica Gray.. 9

Leila sowerbyana Frierson n. n. for Anodonta trautwini-

SMASOWD. ssc Po.s sales heh nee ee oe pinto eee 9

Lemniscia calva race veterna Ckll. nov. ............... 46

Leptinaria charlottei n. n. for L. imperforata Baker not

Emenee eS 5252.92 Se ee Se ee ee ee eee 32

heprodeamentodon “Rat: 552.5) 6.0 eee, ee ee eee 99

isammacenipsifornis Con.) 2. & See Gen en oe eee 100

Mieuassedr Cape Sable, Wiomda 2 teh 204 ee on ok onc 109

Rimaatiay ers Ly. |! fe)... 5 Oe See Oop mien ce are oie 105

Lioplaxisnocartnata Say ' ic cect Pee eee See ts. 6 oe 20

Loealities of N. Californian land snails—a correction.... 32

Lymneza (Galba) minnetonkensis Baker, n. sp. ......... 23

Lymnea (Galba) winnebagoensis Baker, n. sp. ......... 22

Lymneza caperata warthini Baker, new subspecies ...... 125

Macoma (Psammacoma) platensis Dall, n. sp. ......... 59

Marearitana monodonta ‘Says asc ewes <a eee ee ee 47

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

Wearstaricana murinaEeude ))i22eh esse ee ek ee 43

Margaritana, observations on the genus ............... 42

Marcaruana sunpularis: Heude ............-. 0522.00.00. 3

Marine mollusea found about New York City, review of.. 59

ew immtanieantien, Bare. 2626. eee co oe ae sic nse 48

Megalonaias triumphans Wright ........... 74

Melibe leonina Gould, with special reference to the use of

the foot in the nudibranchiate mollusk (Pls. 2-5) ... 86

Mollusks dredged from San Diego Bay, Cal. ............ 33

Mya arebaria, an abnormal shell of.............05.0.... 28

Pivecmpedatonfinn Spix . 6.2.2 jl... ode ee le alee 9

Naiades, A new genus and species of American ......... i

Naiad fauna of the Upper Mississippi River, Notes on

ees OL Ss 5 log ER BARU Ss oo CRAG 46, 96

Nematurella in Californian Miocene .................. 140

Nodalaria cronina Walker, n. sp. (Pl. I, f. 2, 3)........ 5

Dib kona lca NAS bs Ra 31, 71, 104

Nudibranch, a new Cladohepatic :...................- 133

NPR TENT, PRAT So on a we ON as wes Oe ee as SLs 99

errr ummm areca 3 5S): 0. Le. ee ea 99

Ochthephila (Callina) rotula mut. grisea Ckll. nov. ..... 45

Ochthephila (Discula) attrita mut. nigra Ckll. nov. .... 45

Ochthephila (Discula) attrita race contracta Ckll. nov... 45

Ochthephila (Tectula) bulverii mut. albescens Ckll. nov.. 45

Olea hansineénsis Agersborg, new genus and species .... 153

Oxstyla floridensis Pils. near Cape Sable .............. 109

Pearl mussels, an indication of the value of artificial prop-

LT STO SC ea ee tees oaks oe ed RP 53

Pecten (Chlamys) felipponei Dall, n. sp. ............. 58

Pie aeine notes On minute . 2.00250 oe elo 39

RMMMVOEUGIAGHIN SbCTIG, ).. lec ck ice wea ees 40

Plagiola lineolata Raf. (P. securis Lea) ............... 99

Planorbis caloderma Pilsbry, new species ............. 143

Planorbis opercularis Gould (Helix prostrata Pease) ... 17

Panorhis umbilicatellus CRI. oo.) re eee. PAE

Peemnus cyphyus Raf. 2c). 0. SS rac eee 49

Peemeopemsa cordatum Raf) ...... cele oe ee oe 49

fecuropema georginum Lea... ... 0... 5... ale leew e's 78

Premeupemia Hacleri Wrierson 0.0... 0.00000 0i. ee 81

Semmrememin modicum, Lea .... 0... cece eee Ue eee 82

Prcurenenia pyramidatum Lam. .............00... 0056s 96

Recumnamaa roseotineta Dall... 0c dc ce tee ee ea 132

Pleurotoma testudinis Pils. & Van., new name ......... 132

Polygyra germana vancouverinsule Pils. and Cooke, n.

ctr ed VN et BAe ot Reka See or 38

v1 THE NAUTILUS.

Polygyra multilineata algonquinensis Nason ........... 21

OORT Di MOTELS, |) cere MRA AOE! RY GRO be eats Din agen 14

PArOserpinellicse | !/i/c egy ae oon oGg@ia en a Ue eas ea 84

EEO SSE PLATES ie BAIN (its a 5'El ihe & hl Mba etARa Ee clot eon eee 85

EEO LOLA alata) aay ae» ole ls Ley el a i sails hese ee 99

Pseudoleila, Type anodonta ciconia Gould ............. 8

Publacations receinveds yi us i hisiae Oa Rms ial, 34, 62, 106, 139

Onadrula asperata dealin. sh hile mpneaies mabe take Geum 76

Onadrula, heros Saya dare wee eee ele ec an eee 25

Guadrula, pustula dues! 0. Va Sete al atelier ade 47, 54

Quincuncina burkei Walker, n. sp. (Pl. I, f. land 4).... 3

Ominicnncina LO rtimawn tar wens ieee ee toa |Win Uh eee il

Rambles of) aamidshipman 20002 Waic R eek hk ae 49

SL psonIconcha ambigia Say sl,.s sie sisisishs ieee, veces lee 98

Snails destroying creepers and their eggs, notes on...... 61

Strophitus) conasaucaensis: Lea 7.1.28 siac ool ble ee ole alee 130

SON OPO LLMS CLeNEUMUES ALY, Vii). 21s OU) «ols cey diel nleneieds elete sine e 98

Sympbynote compressa Tear: isc. vale pine sts anvak bs. cde Clee 97

ritosonia moO pilisy CONES allah lia shee tis oie ete be ae 47

Trochomorpha swainsoni Pfr. (Helix depressiformis Pease) 17

Types of Ferussac’s subgenera of Helix ............... 31

Mniovcrassideng Taminguey. 3 eisetele side d Viet Ss See 96

UNIO E CHIVAS SRY 1 Herat iis eae alias 2 28 6 ee eee 127

mao eeomennicCus Leal c0 ed SANs bo ce he eee 127

Wino dialeienras: Tee aon) iaik i. ieee leis alk 4 wlailst ahs lat ete nen ee 128

Wino atet ral ass: any cles 6s 2s tele AS the ae ee 127

Unionine and Anodontine from the Gulf Drainage, Anat-

OMy rand taxonomy OP bis cei.) ais ie eee ie eee 13

Waneouver Island, land shellssof (4.1.2 6.4. see ee ae 37

Vancouver, B. C., Observations on land shells of Stanley

Lets ch A AME CPIM SE Ny ihe ort ade cy ae od 106

Viviparus japonicus from another locality in Boston .... 105

Viviparus contectoides W.'G. Binney 2722.20 2 25.5 ee 105

Wiheatpolasi©, (oOpitlary 2:4). Reece eRe eet Heer 103

Wisconsin and Minnesota, ney Lymneas from ......... 22

Wisconsin, new species and varieties of mollusca from

Make wvanmebacd:) 2 head 0 SNM ae phoa ee ele nae epee 19

Zonitoides cooke: |Pils,, n. sp. (fis: 2) 2. eee kei etek 38

Zonitoides minusculus alachuanus Dall, a scalariform

SPECIMEN (OL 05's Gos RiGee a ERE EERE ic ons [2 eee 105

THE NAUTILUS. vil

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

pene MNTANS Oy) s)) ok ain dik Wee a big ed ae eee « 19, 22. 123, 125

Seem MEE eat) al tee ik Sto SEG ala Gielacee giale 8.3 30, 32

eee MOE eS Un a a Shi vwie wc kaie's so belo a eloldy e's 14, 84

Posi) Ts LO ae oie ee D3

eam CCIM IB. o 0 5) \5 55 a's cies orthal dla lele old lad a dee aioe vc 32

pe IP MPEERMRELOTE 020.8 ae 5.2 in os Sls. dial du Gee loyn oa. dl dvole oe Si 61

pee 0 oY lo oie Jick bigdeel on Sidlele nm o's lee ed eitales ia

Pee EE PIAS ok oa 55.6 cbc) ai alard a deine Sieve b. «fe midimiie a's 44

CART MAES, oo ces eee a i ae ce ces ea ees eee nee i .3a7

IEP hore) 6. 55 o/b 4 abu alacs os Galles oe ¢ «Nic was 27, 58

een ME 2 8 ou, 6.5/3 \2 Sais: eels s)sieid 86 «cele las 7, 42, 126

RUMP REL ovr oid 6 5./-0 32, /ceel 4 dosha eis wi alaseieie © als aide ersile 115

eee lg a ldid a did biccow 4 ech weavers 46, 96

Rama te) si cla eoig siciw ojaile ele'slaiaovidc.e eon es 12, 141

MMRNEGE OMEN ONS!) alo sea diss gai las.a Wa\eis sane ne 144

Pape rmPERE IN ERED Vege ote Jie ety ka! 5 ot a svalole’d doo oa sede pam oie 59

Sear WY ta bale a slave eld a ee bce ais 10, 103, 105

wg LN ee Se ivf

yerecnow-Aserspere, TH. Po oo. cess coches wesae 86, 133

DEPUTIES o cc) shc kc a) s a lb/diaacsehele ince e-eleldie view dias 104

SUE MMR ELPA oe eo) 5) 25s id's gh dpa se) abet alesse ale iu « 106, 120

Marshall, Satta sane, 2k. oe fe ouaratatiita la tats lalla ala ete a4 aie 25

Morse, Edw. PEM PE Casi fice ha cieikae La htacres kid siahaleialy es 28

Mueller, Siw ty eRe Aid CAEN AAS ae Ee 46, 96

SpmRTI Ey eee Ed) og, a ralcl 4 2/6 cr ateua eve 's's\aye.'s' sie # 6.00! 62 33

Ortmann, Sea Ee UREN NRC Chapel ten ba ba iysat chide sod Ls '73; 129

am MMe a 2/8 cs) c cass oda o ale! Seeie 16 gy Bae | as Pay pe 119, 132

Sie RUMEN EEA eC Se) 22 Sie a oc oy a og USS y biatg whole 49

IRM a 1) 2 eto A ew PNAS bliss Uiev nub! ol odie wie as 109

NR ene 285 1.2 ok cry a argh atddules AU dlere aie, aie did wi evel x 39, 62

EMM ee 00s 0) ooo s/h 4, 2) sald sev aia ta shel ayeiaus Ww eyal'e as 119, 132

ERIE ME 3.0/5 fe) slip ti sh gs AE a iat abel dm pia sia'e ws 0s 105

a Soo ari Oe ean Raa et if

eerepee wee

Ue ume RAAB fo ahah sh RS

VLAN Le Heh es , eid beled eure i te watts Gaon. ail

Rah di ck Cae oa ee ee € £6,468, 6€ OPERA © te eee Te 3 ? inn UY,

ny i, DN) Sy) ca : bien Obie seed Pee Ree Tt » i

aaa 4h 45 eae Paihia tanya, his hi, 1 oa

| P's, dba we Uae ee ale ret Lee, Pate: 4]

Boe it

a <

; ia | ay iri

i )) i ae He

in in M fe

‘

PLATE I

THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XXXVI

1,4. QUINCUNCINA BURKEI WALKER.

2,3. NODULARIA CRONIN WALKER.

Ame NAUTLLUS.

Vol. XXXVI JULY, 1922. No. 1

————

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF AMERICAN NAIADES

BY A. E. ORTMANN AND BRYANT WALKER

The generic diagnosis, and the anatomical work on which it

is based, was done by Ortmann. The determination of the

specific distinctness of the form was made by Walker before any

anatomical work had been done and the specific description has

been prepared by him.

QUINCUNCINA Ortmann.

The genus Quincuncina is founded upon the new species Quin-

cuncina burkei Walker. I have received from the late H. H.

Smith from the Choctahatchee River, Blue Springs, Barbour

County, Ala., several shells and the soft parts of seven other,

five males, one barren and one gravid female, the latter col-

lected May 12, 1915.

Supraanal opening present, separated from the anal by a

short mantle-connection. Anal opening about as long as the

supraanal, its inner edge finely crenulated. Branchial opening

about as large as the anal with distinct papille. Palpi sub-

falciform, their posterior margins connected for about one-half

of their length.

Gills of normal Unione shape and structure. Inner lamina

of inner gill free from abdominal sac except at its anterior end.

Since the gill is rather short, the connected portion is about

2 THE NAUTILUS.

one-third the length of the abdominal sac. Gill diaphragm of

the usual type.

Septa of the gills, in the male, moderately developed, not

very closely set; in the female, all four gills serve as marsupium,

and the septa are strongly developed and stand close together.

When gravid, the gills do not swell much and the ovisacs

(water-tubes) are filled with subcylindrical placente.

The gravid female at hand had only embryos in an early

stage, but no glochidia. The color of the placente could not

be ascertained in consequence of the preservation in alcohol,

in which they appear grayish-white.

The most characteristic anatomical feature of the present

species is found in the marsupium, which is formed by the four

gills, and has subcylindrical placente. In these particulars it re-

sembles only one genus, Fusconaia, and also the rest of the

anatomy does not differ from that of this genus.

However, in sheli characters, this species is distinct from all

known species of Fusconaia. In the latter we never see any

sculpture on the disk and the beak sculpture is quite poorly de-

veloped, simple and concentric. In Quincuncina we have a

rather complex zig-zag sculpture on the shell, following the

subconcentric beak-sculpture.

Certain species of Quadrula have indications of the sculpture

(Q. cylindrica, for instance); but these species differ from the

present one by the lanceolate and compressed placente. How-

ever, there are two species which have been placed in Quad-

rula, U. infucatus Conrad and U. kleinianus Lea, which have a

sculpture much like that of Quincuncina burkei. Of U. kleini-

anus, Lea (Journ. Acad. Phila., 1863, p, 404, and Obs. 10,

1863) has described the soft parts and, so far as the description

goes, it agrees very well with the present species, except that

the inner lamina of the inner gill is said to be free only half the

length of the abdominal sac and that the anal opening is de-

scribed as smooth; these are very insignificant differences, in-

deed. The most important character mentioned by Lea is that

all four gills of Aleinianus are marsupial.

H. H. Smith has sent me the soft parts of two males of in-

fucatus. Also here the anatomy is the same so far as can be

THE NAUTILUS. 3

observed. The inner lamina of the inner gill agrees with Q.

burkei, while the anal opening is smooth as in U. &leinianus.

It is more than probable that U. infucatus and kleinianus also

belong to our new genus Quincuncina, the type of which is Q.

burkei. It is a very primitive form of the subfamily Unionine

and stands, in its anatomy, close to Fusconaia, from which it

differs, however, by the very peculiar sculpture of the shell,

which, indeed, is rather unique among North American Naiades.

The generic diagnosis of Quincuncina would be as follows:

Soft parts of the type of the family Unionidae, subfamily

Unionine, much like those of the genus Fusconaia. All four

gills marsupial, when charged not much swelled, and with sub-

cylindrical (not lanceolate and compressed) placente.

Shell sculptured. The beak sculpture subconcentric, and

followed upon the disk by bars of zig-zag type extending to a

considerable distance and being much broken up so as to offer,

at least upon parts of the disk, a quincuncial arrangement of

nodules.

QUINCUNCINA BURKEI Walker. Plate I, figs. 1 and 4.

Shell of moderate size, subrhomboid, very inequilateral, sub-

solid, somewhat inflated; beaks only slightly elevated above the

hinge-line, their sculpture consisting of strong, subcircular

ridges, stronger along the umbonal ridge and curved up sharply

behind, fading out anteriorly and becoming nearly parallel with

the growth-lines; anterior end regularly rounded; base line

curved; posterior end somewhat produced, subtruncate, curving

down rather abruptly and subangulated as it approaches the

posterior point, which is below the median of the disk; pos-

terior ridge strong and angulated by the junction of the surface

ridges; posterior slope with strong ridges, curving upwards, ex-

tending from the posterior ridge to the posterior margin, these

form a sharp angle on the posterior ridge with heavier ridges

extending downward and forward, which become more or less

broken and tuberculous toward the margin and much weaker

on the anterior end where they assume a rather quincuncial

arrangement; epidermis in mature shells black or sometimes

dark brown, in young shells brown or occasionally greenish-

4 THE NAUTILUS.

yellow, in which case obscure radial stripes of darker green are

visible; pseudocardinals double in both valves; in the right

valve the anterior is low and oblique, the posterior strong and

erect; in the left valve the anterior is rather long and projects

obliquely forward, the posterior is larger, erect and more or less

split up; the laterals, two in the left valve and (usually) one in

the right are only a little curved, that in the right valve is

sometimes more or less inclined to be double; beak cavities not

very deep nor compressed; anterior muscle scars well marked,

the superior one deep and extending under the base of the an-

terior pseudocardinal; posterior muscle scars distinct, but not

deeply impressed; nacre light purplish, deeper in the beak cavi-

ties and iridescent behind.

Length 51.4, height 31.5, diam. 18.5 mm.

Type locality, Sikes’ Creek, a tributary of the Choctahatchee

River, Barbour County, Ala. Also in the Choctahatchee River,

Blue Springs; Pea River at Elamville, Clio and Flemings’ Mill

and Campbell’s Creek near Clio, Barbour County, and Hurri-

cane Creek, near Hartford, Geneva County, Ala.

Type, No. 41626, Coll. Walker. Cotypes in the Alabama

State Museum and the Carnegie Museum.

This very distinct species was first discovered in the Pea

River at Elamville, Ala., by Joseph B. Burke and is named

after him by the request of the late H. H. Smith.

So far as known it is restricted to the Choctahatchee drainage

system.

There is some variation in shape and considerable in sculp-

ture shown in the series from the several localities listed above.

As shown by the figure the type is quite distinctly biangulated

at the posterior extremity, but in many specimens the upper

angle disappears and the dorsal outline curves directly down to

a sharp posterior point. The surface sculpture is some times

nearly obsolete. This is quite marked in the shells from Hur-

ricane Creek and the Pea River at Clio. On the other hand the

series from Campbell’s Creek are larger and have a much coarser

sculpture than any of the other lots. The largest specimen

seen is in this lot and measures 67.5 x 38 x 23 mm.

The species is extremely subject to erosion and for this reason

THE NAUTILUS. 5

the type was selected from the series from Sikes’ Creek, which

were in much better condition than those from the Choctahat-

chee, which supplied the alcoholic material on which the gen-

eric diagnosis is based.

The description of the beak sculpture is based on a single

young shell from the Pea River, which is nearly in perfect con-

dition.

As stated in the generic diagnosis the affinities of this species

lie clearly with U. infucatus Con. and U. kleinianus Lea. It

differs from both in its more elongated shape and less com-

pressed beak cavities. But the peculiar surface sculpture is the

same in all.

NoDULARIA CRONINZ n. sp., Walker. PI. I, figs. 2-3.

Shell of moderate size, oblong, subinflated, rather solid;

beaks obtuse; situated at about one-third of the length from the

anterior end, heavily radiately folded; anterior end regularly

rounded; basal margin curved, fullest in the middle, more

rapidly anteriorly and less so towards the posterior end; dorsal

margin nearly straight to the end of ligament where it is ob-

tusely angulated as it passes into the posterior margin, which is

oblique, meeting the basal margin in a broadly-rounded point

below the median line; posterior ridge low, rounded, wider and

flatter as it approaches the posterior point; the posterior slope

has a series of strong corrugations, which curve upwards to the

posterior margin, the upper ones are prolongations of the beak

sculpture, the lower ones are wider and more or less irregular

and disappear below the median line; in front of the beaks is a

series of small ridges curving upwards, the upper ones con-

nected with the beak sculpture, the lower ones are not and

gradually disappear before reaching the median line; the beak

sculpture in the centre extends only a short distance from the in-

curving of the beaks; entire surface elsewhere smooth with very

fine lines of growth; color brownish or reddish-yellow, slightly

tinged with green towards the beaks and in that region with

fine, radiating lines of a darker green than the general tinge;

pseudocardinals in the left valve two, triangular, flattened,

¢crenate, especially the inner one, on the edge, practically united

6 THE NAUTILUS.

on the ligamental side, but separated below by an oblique

groove, which receives the inner pseudocardinal of the right

valve; pseudocardinals in the right valve two, the inner the

larger and quite heavily crenated, the outer narrow and smooth;

laterals two in the left valve and one in the right, rather slender

and nearly straight; beak cavities deep; anterior muscle scars

separate and impressed; posterior only slightly impressed; nacre

salmon color, more intense towards the beaks, shading into

bluish-white below the pallial line and at the ends where it is

very iridescent.

Length (type), 42.1, height 28.5, diam. 19.2 mm.

Length (paratype), 38.3, height 24.3, diam. 17.6 mm.

Length (type), 100.00, height .677 %, diam. .456 %.

Length (paratype), 100.00, height .637 %, diam. 4595 %.

As shown by the comparative measurements the paratype is

proportionately not quite so high and a little more inflated than

the type as might well be expected from the fact that it is evi-

dently a younger shell. The color is a brighter yellow, which

extends to the basal margin, otherwise it is in all respects sim-

ilar to the type.

Type locality, Zambesi River, at Mongu Sealu in the Barotze

Valley, North Rhodesia.

Type, No. 59694, Coll. Walker. Paratype in the collection

of Mrs. Howard of Somerset East, Cape Province.

Two specimens of this fine species were sent in by Mr. H. C.

Burnup of Maritzburg, Natal, who received them from Mrs.

Howard. They were collected by Mrs. Edwina Cronin after

whom it is named.

It differs from all of the described African species in the dis-

tinctive sculpture of the anterior and posterior slopes.

In order to be sure that the species had not been already de-

scribed I submitted photographs of the type to Dr. Louis Ger-

main of the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, the well-

known authority on African mollusca, and he assures me that

it is quite distinct from all of the described species.

THE NAUTILUS. 7

OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENERA LEILA AND ANODONTITES

BY L. 8. FRIERSON

The edentulous shells of South America, classed by Dr. Lea

as Anodonta, were placed by Simpson (1900) in the two genera

Leila and Glabaris, both of Gray.

The latter genus was subdivided into three sections: Glabaris

proper, s.6., Styganodon, and Virgula.

This arrangement was practically retained in Simpson’s Cata-

logue of 1914, but the generic name of Glabaris (with the typi-

cal section of course) was changed to Anodontites Bruguiere.

But because of the radical difference between the Anodontites

crispata Brug., type of the last named genus, and the Anodonta

exotica Lam., type of the displaced genus Glabaris, the two

genera can scarcely be considered synonymous, though thus

treated by Simpson, as shown.

As Ortmann has recently hinted (in Memoirs of the Carnegie

Museum, Vol. VIII, 1921) the type of the section Anodontites,

8. s., and that of the section Styganodon really belong to the

same subgeneric group, and in consequence, when the genus

Anodontites is adopted, the subgenus Styganodon must be

dropped.

But as constituted by Simpson, in his two works, but notably

-in his Catalogue, the Anodontites is easily seen to be composed

of radically diverse elements, and a need of segregating the

units thereof into groups more closely and naturally allied

inter se, becomes more and more apparent. This can be done

expeditiously, and in the writer’s opinion, most naturally, by

the wholesale removal from the genus Anodontites, of the group

whose leading member is, perhaps, the Anodonta trapezialis

Lamarck, and placed them in the genus Leila.

This will be the more easily done since it will but in large

measure restore the status quo ante Simpson; many conchologists

having so written many, if not all of the species thus indicated.

The enlarged genus Leila will then embrace all of those South

American Naiades, whose general outward appearance so closely

resemble that of the North American Anodonta grandis Say.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

These shells differ from the emended Anodontites in having

shells of greater size, yet, in proportion, of thinner texture, and

of greater inflation. Their coloring and polish of epidermis are

also noticeable differences. Internally, they differ in a more or

less sinuous post-pallial line. Most of all, probably, they are

to be differentiated by the greater extension of the pallial line,

beyond the posterior adductor muscle scar. In some instances

this extension reaches the ligamental sinws. This extended

pallial line may be noted in the figure given by Lea of his

Anodonta forbesiana; and also in the recent figure given by Ort-

mann (Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, Vol. VIII, 1921,

Plate XLIV, Fig. 2) of the Anodontites riograndensis [hering.

It is shown perfectly in a fine example of Leila bahiensis

Kuster before me. Lastly, it is shown in a large specimen of

Leila trapezialis Lamarck. It is likely that this feature follows

from the usual gaping posteriors of the group, thus throwing

the work of excluding undesirables from the cavity of the gill

chambers, upon the post-mantle edges; this in turn brings about

a development of the pallial muscles in that region, and the

pallial line noted, evidences their presence.

The genus is naturally divided into two subgeneric groups.

Leilas. s. Type, Anodonta blainvilliana Lea.

Pseudoleila. Type, Anodonta ciconia Gould.

The latter section being proposed by Crosse & Fischer, 1893.

A study of the species listed in Anodontites leads to some con-

clusions at variance with those of the Catalogue and Synopsis.

Some of the more interesting are submitted herewith.

Anodon longinus Spix., 1827.

This species is listed in the Catalogue as an Anodontites (Pg.

1446), but the writer agrees with Clessin, Sowerby, Dr. Lea

and Von Ihering, that it is really a Mycetopoda.

Both Lea and Sowerby place it as a synonym of Mycetopoda

siliquosa D’Orbigny, but that species is almost square posteri-

orly, while the present species is roundly pointed.

It agrees much better with that very poorly named species

Mycetopus subsinuatus Sowerby, 1868, a species quite often devoid

of the subsinuate basal margin for which Sowerby named it.

THE NAUTILUS. 9

A shell lies before the writer, collected in Guatemala by A.

A. Hinkley, which has exactly the shape of Kuster’s figure of

longinus, a species recently identified as the M. subsinuata

Sowerby, by Ortmann, and I think correctly.

The writer therefore writes the species as follows:

Mycetopoda longina Spix., 1827.

Mycetopus subsinuatus Sowerby, 1868.

Anodonta grijalvae Morelet, 1884.

Simpson placed this species in Glabaris, 1900 = Anodontites,

1914.

A study of the fine figure given by Crosse and Fischer (1893)

seeming to show the usual small, semi-oval, ligamental sinus,

characteristic of the North American Anodonta grandis Say, the

type specimen in the British Museum was critically examined

for the writer by the late Curator, Mr. Smith, who confirmed

this impression.

Specimens of Anodonta grandis Say, from southern Texas,

haying very full, high umbones, and very inequilateral in

shape, so closely approximate Morelet’s shell that the writer

places it as one of the myriad phases of that shell.

Anodonta grandis grijalvae Morelet, 1884.

Anodonta grijalvae Morelet.

Glabaris grijalvae Simpson, 1900.

Leila sowerbyana, new name.

Anodon trautwiniana Sowerby, Fig. 134.

This species is of course nothing like that of Lea’s as Sowerby

had it. From its nearest of kin, Anodon rioplatensis Sowerby,

it differs most remarkably in the extremely short anterior

margin, as well as in some other less obvious characters.

Leila grayana, new name.

Anodonta exotica (Gray) Sowerby, Fig. 57.

This species differs from Anodonta moricandi Lea (with which

Simpson doubtfully identifies it) in being considerably larger,

with higher umbones, and the posterior point is on a line with

the base, instead of about half-way the altitude, ete.

10 THE NAUTILUS.

Simpson gives for the genus Anodontites a masculine ending,

but Ortmann observes that since the type was originally written

Anodontites crispata by its author, the genus should be regarded

as feminine.

FOSSIL SHELLS FROM THE 8T. LUCIE CANAL, FLORIDA

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON

I recently examined a small but interesting collection of

shells secured by Mr. Frederick Nelson, an engineer, while at

work on the dredge that is digging the St. Lucie Canal to Lake

Okeechobee. This canal is to be a deep water canal with locks.

About eight miles from the east coast the canal passes through

a strip of pine woods and it was while excavating there at a

depth of about 40 feet below the surface that the shells were

obtained.

There were six specimens referable to Busycon maximum var.

tritonis Conr. of the Duplin beds of North Carolina. The

younger specimens were almost typical of that horizon, but in

form the older ones resemble small examples of the recent B.

carica Gmel. They are broad and thick in proportion to their

size, but lack the very large spines and enlarged canal of the

body whorl, characteristic of the recent var. eliceans Montf. of

the Indian River, Florida. In all cases the enamel of the aper-

ture was well preserved. The four Busycon perversum L. were

also peculiar, one young specimen was a typical var. contrarius

Conr. of the Duplin, while a second was a form common in the

Caloosahatchie Pliocene, called obrapwm by Grabau (Amer.

Nat., Aug., 1903), characterized by a small rounded body

whorl, with a long straight cana]. The others are huge adult

shells, with broad low spires, the body whorl slightly encroach -

ing on the preceeding whorl at the suture, the canal short and

somewhat curved; as a whole they resemble the recent shells of

the eastern coast of Florida. One was perforated by the boring

sponge, and the other had the enamel of the aperture well

THE NAUTILUS. 11

preserved. Some grayish sand that was obtained from the in-

terior of the latter shell contained the following species:

Crepidula fornicata L (juv.). Plewromeris tridentata Say.

Crepidula aculeata Gmel. Chione cancellata L.

Eulima sp? (polished) Chione pygmaea Lam.

Astyris lunata (with color Dosinia discus Rve. (juv.).

markings). Donaz variabilis Say (common).

Oliva mutica Say. Donax fossor Say ?

Mangelia cerina K. & S. Mulinea lateralis Say.

Arca transversa Say. Corbula sp?

Glycymeris pectinata Gmel.

The other large shells were two Fusciolaria gigantea Kien.,

about 20 inches in length. One has small nodes on the shoul-

ders of all the whorls, the other has the shoulders and nodes

both wanting, except in a few of the early whorls. If recent,

the latter would be considered a very large example of the var.

reevei. Jonas. A number of Oliva sayana Rav. (0. litterata Lam.)

were highly polished and some some showed the dark brown

letter-like markings, a large Crepidula fornicata L., two large

thick shells of Venus campechensis Gmel. (V. mortoni Con.), a

large valve of Glycymeris americana Defr., and two modern

looking oyster shells, constituted the collection.

With the meager data and material at hand, it is difficult to

draw any definite conclusions. Mr. Nelson said that shells

were first obtained at about 35 feet and as deep as 45 feet. Two

beds may therefore be involved. Dr. Wm. H. Dall in his

“‘Tertiary Fauna of Florida’’ (Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci.,

Vol. 9, pt. 6, p. 1594) says: *‘The Miocene appears as a soft

limestone rock in the vicinity of Jacksonville, and has been

traced by material from artesian wells on the east side of the

peninsula as far south as Lake Worth.’’ Although many of

the recent shells listed are found in the Miocene, Busycon maxi-

mum tritonis and B. perversum contrarius, are the only ones in

any way characteristic; the form obrapum I have only seen from

the Florida Pliocene. The formation deserves a careful study.

i THE NAUTILUS.

THE 8TATUS OF HELIX OREGONENSIS LEA

BY G. DALLAS HANNA

Lea described Helix oregonensis in 1838' from an immature

specimen collected by Thomas Nuttal near the junction of the

Willamette and Columbia Rivers in Oregon. The type is now

deposited in the U. S. National Museum but through some

curious error it has catalogued with it an adult shell of typical

dupetithouarsii such as grows only in the vicinity of Monterey

Bay, California. How this happened may never be known.

Certainly if they were collected together Lea would have de-

scribed the adult shell. Whether the association of these two

specimens influenced Binney or not may likewise never be

known; but he placed oregonensis as a synonymy of dupetithou-

arsii in his writings and most conchologists have followed him.

Matters stood thus until 1912 when Henry M. Edson’ re-

vived Lea’s name as a substitute for the widely known Epiphrag-

mophora mormonum of central California. Some western con-

chologists have accepted his reasoning at its face value and have

proceeded to change the names on their labels asa result. It

would seem that Edson’s article contains too many assumptions

and misstatements to warrant such acceptance without further

inquiry. I have attempted such an investigation and have

arrived at a very different conclusion.

Edson appears to have relied upon Pfeiffer’s original descrip-

tion of mormonum and had no authentic material for compari-

son. He states that the species has been collected at Klamath

Falls, Oregon, ‘‘ which is close to the original locality of oregon-

ensis.’? The two places are across the state from each other,

250 miles apart. Moreover the Klamath Falls record is based

upon reputed material in the ‘‘ Washington State Museum, fide

H[arold] Hannibal.’’ Mr. F. S. Hall, Curator of that Museum

has advised me (letter dated March 2, 1922) that there is no

such material in the institution from Klamath Falls.

1Qbservations, Vol. II, p. 100, pl. XXVIII, fig. 9, Trans. Am. Phil.

Soc., Vol. VI, p. 100, pl. XXIII, fig. 85, 1839.

2 Navuritus, Vol. XXVI, p. 49.

THE NAUTILUS. 13

Through the courtesy of Dr. Paul Bartsch I was permitted to

make a careful examination of the type specimen oregonensis in

Washington in January, 1922. It is unquestionably a young

shell of the fidelis group. This might be suspected since it

came from the heart of the fidelis country. It seems to belong

to the small race afterwards called minor by Binney * and should

replace that name. The small subspecies has been reported

from Seattle and other places and the collection of the Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences contains many specimens from

Portland, Oregon (near the type locality of oregonensis) The

Dalles, Oregon and elsewhere in that state.

The name mormonum should therefore remain as it was be-

fore, applicable to the shells from Mormon Island, Sacramento

California. It really represents a group of variants similar to

tudiculata, trasku and californiensis groups and typical mormonum

seems to be restricted solely to the type locality. Fortunately,

through the aid of Dr. Emmett Rixford we have considerable

collections from there for comparison and others from that gen-

eral region, but it is not yet time to revise all of the various

elements which may be grouped about mormonum; some other

territory must be visited before the work can be done well.

There is a small race of mormonum which is similar to the small

race of fidelis and with a sufficient amount of material from in-

tervening country the two species might be connected with in-

tergrades. This however may be said of arrosa, tudiculata, cal-

iforniensis, etc.

Lea described H. nuttalliana at the same time as oregonensis;

and it is generally admitted that with the first he was dealing

with fidelis, the same having been placed in the synonymy of

that species for many years. It may seem strange that he did

not place his oregonensis with his equivalent of jidelis. The two

however are so different in the extremes that without a large

series of specimens intergradation would probably not be sus-

pected. With the same scanty material to-day, any reputable

conchologist would probably duplicate Lea’s action.

The following summarizes my conclusions:

'Man. Am. Land Sh., p. 121, fig. 91, 1885.

14 THE NAUTILUS.

Epiphragmophora fidelis (Gray), Proc. Zool. Soc., London,

1834, p. 67. H. nuttalliana Lea, Observations, Vol. II, p. 88,

1888. Chiefly found in the Coast Ranges.

Epiphragmophora fidelis oregonensis (Lea), Observations, Vol.

II, p. 100, 1838. A. f. minor Binney, Man. Am. Ld. Shells,

p. 121, fig. 91, 1885. Chiefly found at some distance inland

from the coast.

Epiphragmophora mormonum (Pfeiffer), Proc. Zool. Soc., Lon-

don, 1857, p. 109. So far as known found only at the type

locality. Subspecies hillebrandi (Newe. ) cala Pilsbry and buttone

Pilsbry have been described.

Epiphragmophora dupetithouarsit (Deshayes), Rev. Zool. 1839,

p. 860. Confined to the vicinity of Monterey Bay, California.

APEROSTOMATINAE

BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER

As indicated below, three exceedingly unfortunate changes

from the customary usage are necessary.

1. Aperostoma becomes the generic title of what is usually

known as Cyrtotoma mexicanum.

2. Poteria (genus and subgenus s. 8.) replaces both Ptychoco-

chlis and Plectocyclotus as the name of the West-Indian group

usually regarded as a subgenus of Neocyclotus.

3. The closely related mainland species forming the subgenus

Neocyclotus (Aperostoma of authors), also take Poteria as their

generic title. Gray allowed Poteria to remain as a nude name

for ten years after its proposal, but finally defined it in the

British Museum Catalogue of the Cyclophoride (1850). Her-

mannsen (1852) and Pfeiffer (1852) recognized the name, but

it appears to have been entirely omitted from later authors.

List of generic and subgeneric names

Megalomastoma Swainson (1840). Type (designated) M.

brunnea ‘*‘ Guilding’’ Swainson (1840), from St. Vincent.

Aperostoma Troschel (1847). Type (Hermannsen, 1852)

Cyclostoma mexicanum Menke (1830), from Mexico.

THE NAUTILUS. ifs)

Farcimen Troschel (1847). Type (Gray, 1847) Turbo tortus

Wood (1828), from Cuba.

Poteria Gray (1840-1847, nude; 1850). Type Turbo jamaic-

ensis (Chemnitz) Wood (1828), from Jamaica.

Platystoma ‘‘ Klein’? Moerch (1852), not Meigen (1803).

First used by Moerch as a synonym of Cyclotus.

Cyrtotoma Moerch (1852). Type (monotype) Cyclostoma

mexicanum Menke.

Crocidopoma Shuttleworth (1857). Type Cyclostoma floccosum

Shuttleworth (1857), from Haiti.

Buckleyia Higgins (1872). Type (monotype) Aperostoma

montezumi ‘‘ Hidalgo’’ Higgins (1872), from Ecuador.

Tomocyclus Crosse and Fischer (1872). Type T. gealei C. and

F. (1872), from Mexico.

Amphicyclotus Crosse and Fischer (1879). Type Cyclostoma

boucardi ‘‘Salle’’ Pfeiffer (1857), from Mexico.

Habropoma Crosse and Fischer (1880). Type Cyclostoma

mexicanum Menke,

Neocyclotus Crosse and Fischer (1886). Type Cyclostoma

dysoni Pfr. (1851), from Honduras.

Ptychocochlis Simpson (1894). Type Turbo jamaicensis

(Chemnitz) Wood.

Plectocyclotus Kobelt and Moellendorff (1897). Type Turbo

jamaicensis (Chemnitz) Wood.

Ceratodiscus Simpson and Henderson (1901). Type C. solutus

S. and H. (Naur., 1901). Compare Pilsbry (Naurt., 1914).

Neopupina Kobelt (1902). Type Megalomastoma flavula

Swainson (1840), from Porto Rico.

Key to genera and subdivisions

A, Shell heliciform to planorbiform.

B. Operculum corneous ( Amphicyclotee).

C. Shell planorbiform. Ecuador to southern Colom-

bia. Genus Buckleyia.

C’. Shell heliciform.

D. Peristome reflected and thickened. Mexico.

Genus Aperostoma (+ Cyrtotoma -+ Habro-

poma).

16 THE NAUTILUS.

D’. Peristome simple or thinly reflected. Mexico

to Lesser Antilles. Genus, Amphicyclotus.

B’. Operculum calcareous (Neocycloteae). Tropical Amer-

ica. Genus Poteria.

E. Periphery of operculum double because of ob-

liquely raised, spiral, calcareous lamella, which

overlaps the outer edge of the basal plate.

Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti. Subgenus Crocidopoma.

E’. Periphery of operculum simple, or briefly double

at the termination of the last whorl; spiral,

calcareous lamella almost vertical along inside

of whorls. Tropical America.

F. Spiral lamella of operculum prominent; re-

mainder of basal plate with oblique, sup-

porting riblets. Antilles. Subgenus Poteria

s. 8. (+ Ptychocochlis + Plectocyclotus).

F’, Whorls of operculum simply thickened at

their inner edges; oblique riblets scarcely

visible. Typically mainland. Subgenus

Neocyclotus.

B”’. Operculum unknown; shell discoid and minute (max.

diam. 5 mm.). Cuba and Haiti. Genus Cerato-

discus.

A.’ Shell pupiform to turrite; apex usually deciduous; operculum

corneous. (Megalomastomeae. )

B. Shell rimate to perforate; either pupiform or with per-

istome but slightly reflected. Antilles, Ecuador (??).

Genus Megalomastoma.

©. Shell pupiform; peristome reflected and thickened.

Cuba and Haiti. Section Farcimen.

C’. Shell elongate; peristome simple. Porto Rico.

Section Neopwpina.

OC”. Shell elongate; peristome thin, slightly reflected

and often double. Porto Rico and Lesser An-

tilles. Section Megalomastoma s. s.

B’. Shell perforate, turritiform, and with broadly reflected

peristome. Southern Mexico and Guatemala. Genus

Tomocyclus.

THE NAUTILUS. 17

THE IDENTITY OF HELIX DEPRESSIFORMIS AND H. PROSTRATA PEASE

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND C. MONTAGUE COOKE

Two of Pease’s Helices described ' from the ‘‘ Central Pacific’’

have baffled all attempts at identification by other naturalists.

The present writers, separately and together, had time and

again gone over the descriptions, finally giving them up, as the

types could not then be found in the Pease collection. One of

us (C. M. C.) recently worked over Pease’s shells at Cambridge,

finding the original specimens of both H. depressiformis and H.

prostrata, which had been misplaced in the collection. These

have now been examined by both of us.

The specimens of H. depressiformis were contained in a vial

also containing examples of Pterodiscus alatus (Pfr.). Labels

of both species in Pease’s handwriting were present. Pease’s

species proves to be a very young shell of Trochomorpha swainsoni

(Pfr.), a Raiatean (Society Island) species. We find that the

unique type of Planamastra peaseana Pils. (Man. Conch., X XI,

130) is a still younger example of the same species. Its local-

ity ‘‘ Hawaiian Islands’’ (from Pease) was clearly erroneous.

Helix prostrata Pease turns out to be Planorbis opercularis Gld.,

a common West American shell. We were able to examine the

dentition, as the animal was dried in one of Pease’s specimens.

Pease’s description is fairly good, but it is hardly surprising

that the species was not recognized before; the generic reference

and locality effectually disguised it.

COLLECTING ON AN ABALONE

BY F. W. KELSEY

Some of my young friends who collect shells at the seashore

may be interested in the following method of getting specimens

for a collection, when better means are not at hand.

1 Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1864, p. 670. They were placed with doubt in

the genus Planamasira in Manual of Conchology, X XI, pp. 131, 132.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

On May fourteenth of this year I took a boat trip to the Cor-

onado Islands, in Mexican waters, about twenty miles south-

west of San Diego. Arriving at the anchorage at high tide,

shore collecting was out of the question, so I went out with the

skipper and mate in a glass-bottomed boat to a portion of the

cove known as the ‘‘ Marine Gardens’’. The water is very

clear and at points where it is from two to three fathoms deep

the view of the waving kelp, sea moss, grasses, shells and many

colored fish is exceedingly interesting.

With a long-handled trident, or spear, the skipper would

occasionally dislodge an abalone from the rocks, turn it over on

its back and with a prong of the spear pierce the flesh of the

mollusk and bring it up to the boat. About a dozen fine speci-

mens were thus obtained, one being Haliotis corrugata Gray and

all the remainder Haliotis fulgens Phil. The backs of several

shells were covered with moss and other growths which I re-

moved with my pocket knife from the backs of seven shells to

be brought home for examination. The scrapings were treated

to an all-night bath in a three-percent solution of formalde-

hyde, then rinsed and thoroughly dried, when they were shaken

out and carefully examined for shells. From the material

scraped from the seven shells I picked ninety-four specimens,

including the twenty-five species which follow.

Amphissa versicolor Dall. Crepidula dorsata Brod.

Assiminea californica Cooper. Columbella aurantiaca Dall.

Cerithiopsis columna Cpr. Columbella gausapata Gld.

Lasea rubra Mont. Eulithidium substriatum Cpr.

Lacuna unifasciata Cpr. Acmaea paleacea Gld.

Lacuna solidula Loven. Acmaea rosacea Cpr.

Mangjilia striosa C. B. Ads. Acmaea asmi Midd.

Littorina planaxis Nutt. (juv.). Saxicava rugosa Linn.

Odostomia americana D. & B. Philobrya setosa Cpr.

Odostomia tenuisculpta Cpr. Marginella regularis Cpr.

Phasianella compta pulloides Cpr. Psephis tantilla Gld. (1 valve).

Fissurella volcano crucifera Dall. Cardita subquadrata Cpr.

Pecten, sp. (juv.).

THE NAUTILUS. 19

NEW SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF MOLLUSCA FROM LAKE WINNEBAGO,

WISCONSIN, WITH NEW RECORDS FROM THIS 8TATE

BY FRANK C. BAKER

(Concluded from p. 133)

The lake forms of gibbosus are all referable to Grier’s sterkii,

which is the lake manifestation of this species, though they are

smaller than the Lake Erie specimens listed. The Winnebago

shells are like Ortmann’s figures (1920, pl. 8, fig. 3). Meas-

urements of the Winnebago form are given below:

Length 61, height 33, width 19 mm., per cent 31.

Length 63, height 32, width 20 mm., per cent 31.

Length 64, height 34, width 20 mm., per cent 31.

Fusconaia rubiginosa parvula Grier. Winnebago Lake, gravel

and boulder bottom, one to ten feet in depth. The Lake Win-

nebago shells seem referable to the Lake Erie form distinguished

by Grier. Measurements of the Wisconsin shells are given

below:

Length 56, height 44, width 32 mm.

Length 55, height 40, width 25 mm.

Length 34, height 33, width 24 mm.

Length 38, height 32, width 19 mm.

Parvula is an offshoot of rubiginosa rather than of trigona, if

the Lake Winnebago specimens are referable to the Lake Erie

variety. Rubiginosa is common in the Fox River and it is from

this stock that the lake shells have sprung. The parvula here

considered are wider than the river form, more trigonal and

strikingly swollen anteriorly. A single specimen from Lake

Winnebago (number 3 in the measurements above) is markedly

trigonal and approaches trigona in general shape. ‘The epi-

dermis is yellowish-brown, becoming darker in old specimens.

Amnicola judayi n. sp.

Shell ovate conic, rather wide, widely umbilicated, with

rather more than 5 very convex whorls separated by deeply im-

pressed sutures; whitish or corneous, sometimes light brown,

shining, lightly striate longitudinally; apex acute; aperture

20 THE NAUTILUS.

roundly ovate, a trifle oblique; peristome continuous, somewhat

flattened where it is in contact with the preceding whorl.

Length 5.0, width 3.3; length of aperture 2.0, width 1.5 mm.

Holotype.

Length 4.4, width 3.1; length of aperture 2.0, width 1.6 mm.

Paratype.

Off Doemel Point, Lake Winnebago, on a sandy mud bottom,

in nine feet of water.

Associated with Amnicola limosa porata is a large form of

Amnicola which cannot be referred to any described species. It

resembles cincinnatiensis in general form, but is smaller with

more rounded whorls and a wider umbilicus. It is larger than

winkleyi Pilsbry (Naut., Vol. 26, p. 1), with wider whorls and

more upen umbilicus. It resembles Tryon’s figure of schrdkin-

geri Ffld. (Con. Hald. Mon., pl. 17, fig. 1), but is very much

larger than that species. It belongs to the group with project-

ing first whorl and not to the limosa group which is flat on the

apex. Judayi is one of the most graceful of the Amnicolas, and

I take great pleasure in dedicating it to Dr. Chancey Juday, of

the University of Wisconsin.

Lnoplax subcarinata (Say). Lakes Winnebago and Butte des

Morts, sand and mud bottoms, in water one to 13 feet in depth;

Omro, Fox River, mud bottom, water 2-3 feet deep. There

appear to be several forms of Lioplax included under the name

subcarinata. The Winnebago Lake shells have subcarinate

whorls, which in a large majority of specimens are rounded

without a sign of a ridge or carina. Say especially mentions

the apex which he describes as ‘‘ truncated and re-entering’’.

is a peculiar feature which seems to be characteristic of all the

material examined from Wisconsin. This is a physiologic

character, the truncation and subsequent replacing of the spire

with a rounded plug taking place after the shell has acquired

five full whorls. All of the young have perfect spires with

regularly coiled, rounded whorls. Young shells 8} mm. long

have five whorls, mature shells 16 mm. long have but 44

whorls; the adult shells, if unmodified, would have 6-7 whorls.

Binney’s figure 118 fairly well represents the true subcarinata.

The Winnebago shells measure as follows:

THE NAUTILUS. 21

Length 18, width 11.5; aperture length 8, width 6 mm.

Length 14, width 10.1; aperture length 7, width 5 mm.

Subcarinata lives in shallow water in the river and deep water

in the lakes. Probably the deeper water of the lake provides

the same cool temperature and oxygen supply as the shallow

parts of the flowing river.

Planorbis wmbilicatellus Ckll. This little-understood species

occurred in several places near Lake Winnebago, always in

swales or quiet pools. These specimens are somewhat larger

than specimens from Colorado and the west. A few individuals

have fine, regularly disposed ribs on the base of the shell, where

the growth lines are somewhat raised.

Polygyra multilineata algonquinensis Nason. The shells from

the Winnebago region are all smaller than typical multilineata

and the spire is more elevated. These seem nearer Nason’s

variety algonquinensis than any other form (see Nauriiuvs, Vol.

19, p. 141). Three specimens measured as follows:

Greatest diameter 21.5; height 15 mm.

Greatest diameter 22.0; height 15.5 mm.

Greatest diameter 18.5; height 13.0 mm.

LITERATURE CITED.

Anthony, John G. 1865. Descriptions of New Species of

North American Unionidae. Amer. Jour. Conch., I, pp. 155-

164.

Grier, N. M. 1918. New Varieties of Naiades from Lake

Erie. Navutiuus, Vol. XIX, pp. 9-12.

Ortmann, A. E. 1919. A Monograph of the Naiades of

Pennsylvania. Part III. Systematic Account of the Genera

and Species. Mem. Carnegie Mus., Vol. VIII, No. 1.

Pilsbry, H. A. 1912. A New Species of Amnicola. Nauvti-

Dus, Yol. XXVI, p. 1.

Walker, Bryant. 1911. A Check-list of the Michigan Mol-

lusca. Mich. Acad. Sci., 13th An. Rep., pp. 121-129.

Tryon, Geo. W., Jr. 1870. Monograph of the Fresh-wster

Univalve Mollusca of the United States. Continuation of Hal-

deman’s Monograph.

22 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW LYMNAEAS FROM WISCONSIN AND MINNESOTA WITH NOTES

ON SHELLS FROM THE LATTER STATE*

BY FRANK C. BAKER

LyMNAEA (GALBA) WINNEBAGOENSIS 0. sp.

Shell elongated; rather thick and solid; periostracum very

light horn color; surface dull, lines of growth crowded, coarse,

crossed by more or less deeply incised spiral lines; nuclear

whorls 14, small, well rounded, dark wine or light horn colored;

whorls 7, flatly rounded, the body whorl more convex; spire

long, forming a very regular sharp-pointed cone, longer than

the aperture; sutures impressed; aperture ovate; peristome

slightly thickened within by an inconspicuous varix edged with

purple; inner lip rather wide, reflected and appressed tightly to

the columellar region, leaving a very narrow umbilical chink,

and forming a wide callous deposit on the parietal wall; colu-

mella with a heavy, oblique plait, twisting the axis.

Length 26, width 12.2; aperture length 12, width 6 mm.

Type.

Length 22.5, width 10.4; aperture length 10, width 5 mm.

Paratype.

Length 19, width 10; aperture length 10, width 5mm. _Par-

atype.

Length 18, width 9.1; aperture length 9.1, width 4.2 mm.

Paratype.

Length 15.5, width 7.1; aperture length 7.2, width 3.5 mm.

Paratype.

Length 6.9, width 3.2; aperture length 4, width 1.6 mm.

Paratype.

Types No. 211826, Museum of Natural History, University

of Illinois.

Type locality. Oshkosh, Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin.

Habitat. When young and immature on vegetation in pro-

tected places, like coves and bays. When adult in deeper

water on gravel and sand bottom.

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of Illi-

nois, No. 18.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

This characteristic species evidently belongs to the catascopium

group of Lymnaeas, having the same texture of shell as the

lake forms of that species and occupying the same kind of

habitat. It differs from all varieties of catascopium in its long,

pointed spire, small aperture, and flat-sided whorls. It some-

what resembles some large individuals of Lymnaea catascopium

adamsi Baker from the St. Clair flats near Detroit, Mich., but

is much larger and has a differently shaped spire and aperture

(see Mon. Lym., p. 393, pl. 42, figs. 5-8). It somewhat re-

sembles Lymnaea nashotahensis Baker, a Pleistocene fossil found

in Wisconsin, but the whorls of that species are more rounded

with deeper sutures. Lymnaea danielsi Baker also approaches

this species in general form, but the whorls are rounder, the

aperture more elongate with a heavier plait on the columella.

The aperture is also peculiarly effuse, a character not shared by

winnebagoensis.

Winnebagoensis is an abundant mollusk in all parts of Lake

Winnebago, the shore debris often being made up largely of

this species. A more detailed paper on the ecology of this and

other species found in this lake is being prepared.

LyMNAEA (GALBA) MINNETONKENSIS 0. sp.

Shell elongated, fusiform, rather thin; periostracum light horn

color; surface dull to shining, sometimes spermaceti-like, lines

of growth crowded and crossed by deeply incised spiral lines;

nuclear whorls 14, small, well rounded, light horn or dark wine

colored; whorls 6-7, flatly convex, the body whorl often much

flattened; spire long, pointed, forming a rather wide cone about

as long as the aperture; sutures well impressed; peristome

thickened within by a heavy varix edged with dark red or

purple; inner lip rather wide, reflexed and tightly appressed to

the columellar region leaving a small umbilical chink; a wide

callous deposit is formed on the parietal wall; columella with a

heavy oblique, twisted plait.

Length 27, width 13; aperture length 14, width 7 mm. Type.

Length 31, width 15.6; aperture length 16.7, width 8 mm.

Length 27, width 14.5; aperture length 14.5, width 7 mm.

Length 22.5, width 12.4; aperture length 12, width 6.1 mm.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

Length 26.5, width 18; aperture length 13.7, width 7 mm.

Length 22, width 12; aperture length 12, width 6 mm.

Length 22.6, width 18; aperture length 12.5, width 5.6 mm.

Length 24, width 12; aperture length 18, width 6 mm.

Types No. 211827, Museum of Natural History, University

of Illinois.

Type locality. Assembly grounds, Lake Minnetonka, Min-

nesota.

Minnetonkensis is also a species of the catascopiwm group of

Lymnaeas, in which the spire is lengthened and more acute

and the body whorl is more elongated and compressed than in

the typical catascopium as found in Michigan and New York.

It is also much larger than catascopiwm. It resembles two

species of Lymnaeas which occur in lakes ; danielsi Baker, which

has a longer spire with rounded whorls and a peculiarly effuse

aperture with a marked columellar plait; and winnebagoensis

(herein described) which has a longer spire, flatly and sharply

conical, with flat-sided whorls, a narrower shell and a shorter,

wider aperture (compare the measurements on previous page).

Winnebagoensis also has a thicker shell. The Minnesota shell

occurs in countless numbers in Lake Minnetonka, the shore

debris being composed largely of this species. No living speci-

mens were found, the time spent at the lake being limited.

The three species of Lymnaeas mentioned and described

herein are evidently related and are probably expressions of a

response to habitat conditions, hence ecological species. The

lakes of the northern part of the United States and Canada

abound in such ecological species, to which region most of these

variations are confined.

Several days were spent in southeastern Minnesota during

the latter part of June, 1920. Lake Minnetonka and the

vicinity of St. Paul were the principal localities visited. The

following were collected.

Beach debris, south side of lake near assembly grounds, Lake

Minnetonka, Hennepin County.

Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. Planorbis deflectus Say.

Lampsilis luteola rosacea (De Planorbis exacwus Say.

Kay). Planarbis parvus Say.

THE NAUTILUS. 25

Sphaerium sulcatum (Lamarck). Physa sayit Tappan.

Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say Physa niagarensis Lea.

symnaea (Galba) minnetonkensis Vulvata tricarinata (Say).

Baker. Ammnicola limosa porata Say.

Lymnaea (Galba) obrussa de- Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry.

camp? Streng. Succinea retusa Lea.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Succinea avara Say.

Planorbis campanulatus Say. Vitrea hammonis (Strom. ).

Planorbis antrosus Conrad.

Planorbis a. unicarinatus Hald.

Banks of Mississippi River, St. Paul, Hennepin Co.

Polygyra profunda Say.

Polygyra profunda pleistocenica Baker. A specimen compar-

ing in size and shape with the form named pleistocenica (see

NavtiLvus, XXXIV, p. 66) occurred with normal profunda. It

was marked by one wide band of color above the periphery.

Zonitoides arborea (Say). Helicodiscus parallelus (Say).

Vitrea hammonis (Strom. ). Strobilops virgo (Pilsbry).

Pyramidula alternata (Say).

Small stream flowing through ravine on bank of Mississippi

River, St. Paul.

Aplexa hypnorum (Linn. ). Lymnaea (Galba) eaperata Say.

Physa walkeri Crandall. Succinea ovalis Say.

A LARGE QUADRULA HEROS SAY

BY WILLIAM B. MARSHALL

Assistant Curator Division of Mollusks, United States National Museum

The collection of the United States National Museum contains

the left valve of an unusually large and internally fine specimen

of Quadrula (Crenodonta) heros Say. Mr. Ernest Danglade of

Vevey, Indiana, formerly of the United States Bureau of Fish-

eries obtained the specimen from a pearl fisherman who had

crushed the other valve. In transmitting the shell to the Mu-

seum Mr. Danglade sent the following note: ‘‘The shell was

26 THE NAUTILUS.

found in Eagle Creek, near Eagle Station, Kentucky, on October

10, 1917. This stream flows through a fertile soil on a lime-

stone formation and of course the water is naturally hard. This

condition, in connection with an abundance of food, no doubt

accounts for the unusual size and thickness of the shell, as well

as the quality of the material.’’ The locality is in Carroll

County, Eagle Creek flowing into the Kentucky River a few

miles above the junction of the latter with the Ohio River.

This is the largest shell of its kind ever seen by Mr. Danglade,

who, as an attache of the Bureau of Fisheries, has observed and

handled thousands of shells of this species. It is much larger

than any other specimen in the National Museum.

The following data relating to size should be of interest:

Length 216 mm (about &4 inches).

Height 150 mm. (about 6 inches).

Diameter (if both valves were present would be) 70 mm.,

about 2% inches.

Perimeter 600 mm. (nearly 2 feet).

‘* Circumference’’, (i. e., around the shell crosswise to the

length) would be 144 inches. This is two inches larger than

the specimen whose measurements were given by W. 8. Strode

in the Nautilus, IX, p. 116.

Weight of this valve about 723 grams (1 pound, 94 ounces).

Weight of whole shell must have been about 1446 grams (3

pounds, 3 ounces).

Capacity of this valve, 295 c. c., about 18 cubic inches.

Capacity of whole shell about 590 c. ¢., about 36 cubic inches.

Amount of material in this valve 263 c. c., about 16 cubic

inches.

Amount of material in whole shell about 526 c. c., about 32

cubic inches.

When gorged with water the specific gravity of the animal

must have approximated that of water itself, so that it is rea-

sonable to believe that the contents of the shell when living.

weighed about 590 grams (about 1 pound, 5 ounces) and that

the shell, the animal and the water enclosed in the shell had a

combined weight when collected of about 2036 grams (nearly 4

pounds, 8 ounces).

THE NAUTILUS. 27

The beak is somewhat eroded but the rest of the exterior of

the shell is in good condition and most of the periostracum is

well preserved. Internally the shell is rather fine, the nacre

being silvery and iridescent. The cardinal and lateral teeth as

might be expected are massive, the muscular scars and pallial

line are deeply impressed.

Doubtless the shell was at about the limit of size attainable to

this species but there is nothing about the shell itself (other

than its great size) to indicate that there will be no further

growth. Apparently the shell-secreting organs of the animal

were in full vigor and in readiness to perform their function

should further growth of the animal require enlarged accomoda-

tions. It seems probable, too, that the secretion of calcareous

matter was still going on and that if the animal had been per-

mitted to live there would have been a further thickening.

The specimen is Cat. No. 346631, U. S. N. M.

NOTE ON FENELLA A. ADAMS

BY WM. H. DALL

Fenella (originally spelled Finella by a typographical error)

was described by Adams in 1860 and has suffered many vicissi-

tudes. The species have been referred to the Rissoidae, Pyra-

midellidae, Cerithiidae, and Litiopidae. Carpenter made the

error of identifying West American species with Mesalia, Styli-

ferina, and Alvania, and a species of Halistylus with Fenella,

which, as well as Adams’ typical species, is figured by Tryon in

his Manual.

The fortunate discovery in the collection of the National

Museum of specimens of Adams’ typical species received directly

from him many years ago, has enabled me to positively identify

Fenella with Alabina described by me in 1902. It has anormal

protoconch of about three smooth brown turbinate whorls

which definitely removes it from the Pyramidellidae. The data

given by Fischer about the animal might apply to a Bittium or

a Rissoid, but from an examination of dried specimens I have

28 THE NAUTILUS.

been able to determine that the operculum is multispiral and

circular, which definitely removes it from the Rissoidae. Dried

Japanese and Hawaiian specimens were tested for the radula

without success but finally a specimen of Alabina diomedae

Bartsch from California yielded the desired item, which proved

to resemble the radular structure of Lampania, as figured by

Troschel in Das Gebiss der Schnecken. This definitely settles

the Cerithioid relations of the genus, which may find a place

near Bittiwm in the general system, as I placed it in my sum-

mary of the Marine Mollusks of the Northwest Coast of America.

AN ABNORMAL SHELL OF MYA ARENARIA

BY EDWARD 8. MORSE

The many deformations in the shells of Mollusca have often

been described and figured and their causes easily explained.

Some of these deformations have been due to injuries to the

shell in its early stages, others are due to an arrest of develop-

ment—atrophy, or an access of growth—hypertrophy, as are the

usual causes of malformations among the higher animals and

man. In shells these malformations generally consist in the

case of gasteropods of the whorls being separated, elongation of

the spire, extra knobs, spines, ribs or keels or simple monstrosi-

ties; reversed twirls of the spire in dextral shells, supernumer-

ary teeth in the aperture. These and other modifications of the

shell are readily understood. I now present an example of an

abnormal growth which has go far been inexplicable to me, and

it is hoped that some reader of the Nauti.vs will solve the prob-

lem. Recently I received the right valve of the common clam,

Mya arenaria, from my friend Major John M. Gould, who re-

ceived it from Levi C. Carter of Loudville, Maine, who got it at

Marsh Island, midway between the Kennebec and Penobscot

Rivers.

On the anterior portion of the shell a conspicuous raised flat-

tened rib appears which starts near the beak and continually

widens with the growth of the shell, and at the margin projects

THE NAUTILUS. 29

a considerable distance beyond as shown in the figures. An

examination of the shell under a lens reveals that by some acci-

dent at a very early stage the margin of the shell was broken

and there began to form a shallow raised ridge very narrow at

first but continually widening as the shell increased in size until

at the margin of the shell it was not only 20 mm. in width, but

projected 7 mm. beyond the margin of the shell. This flattened

rib radiated from the umbone as any rib would radiate in a

lamellibranchiate shell. The extraordinary character of this rib

is that it is hollow, the interior is open throughout, as the wire

A-—B in the figure shows, the posterior half is interrupted by col-

umns of nacreous material which run from the shell to the upper

portion of the tube, indeed there seems to be a partition sepa-

rating the tube into halves. The upper part of the ridge is

broken away for a distance of 25 mm. from the umbone, en-

Fig. 1. Abnormal Mya arenaria.

abling one to examine the floor of the ridge, and this shows a

distinct depression in the shell; on the inside of the shell there

is a marked swelling or thickening of the nacre to the extreme

border. The upper wall of this ridge projects 5 mm. below the

lower wall, which in itself projects 3 mm. below the margin of

the shell, thus one is enabled to examine the inner wall of the

tube and it is nacreous. Dried animal matter was picked out of

the tube. To build this tube a membrane must have had a

mantle margin which would secrete layer after layer of shell as

the strong lines of growth indicate, as well as epidermis, and the

surface of the membrane must have poured out its nacreous layer

as the tube is so lined, yet the normal growth of the shell is not

interrupted in any way. In some manner a portion of the

mantle must have been displaced at the time of the injury to the

young shell, if turned back it must have again become reflexed

30 THE NAUTILUS.

to bring the edge of the mantle free again. It is unfortunate

that the specimen was not preserved alive. The other valve of

the shell was perfectly normal.

I cannot recall among the lamellibranch or gasteropod shells,

either normal or abnormal, a tubular process, indeed the nearest

approach is seen in the little tubular processes on the periphery

of Aspergillum.

JEANETTE M. COOKE

Miss Jeannette M. Cooke died at her home on Point Loma in

the city of San Diego, California, on October 21st, 1920. She

was widely known among conchologists on account of the valu-

able material which she had accumulated from Lower Califor-

nia, which has gone into many of the great museums of the

world and into a very large number of private collections.

She was born at Westford, Vermont, on March 10th, 1848,

but went to Elyria, Ohio, when about nine years old. She

came to San Diego in 1882 and opened ‘‘The World Curio

Store’’ in 1886. This she maintained until about 1908 when

she retired from business and moved to Point Loma.

Karly in the history of the store she sent out a boat in charge

of Captain George D. Porter and John Johnson for the purpose

of collecting all sorts of marine life on the coast of Lower Cali-

fornia. She made several changes in her boats and, about 1895,

she purchased a small Chinese junk which had been built in

San Diego, and which they rechristened ‘‘The World’’. In

this boat these two men went for a more extended cruise into

the Gulf of California.

Tiburon Island, the largest island in the Gulf of California,

is inhabited by the notorious Seri Indians, who are the Ishmae-

lites of that region, their hands having been against all of their

neighbors from their earliest recorded history. Miss Cooke told

the writer that Capt. Porter had promised her that under no

circumstances would they land on Tiburon Island. Neverthe-

less, about the end of October, 1896, they did land on this large

island, were ambushed and killed by the Seris, and their boat

THE NAUTILUS. 31

was looted and burned. An investigation made by the Mexican

Government at the request of our State Department elicited the

fact that they had landed from a small boat and gone along the

beach to collect. A band of Indians ambushed them upon

their return, killing Johnson at the first fire, but Porter man-

aged to reach the small boat on the beach and killed five of the

Indians before they killed him.

After this Miss Cooke made no attempt to organize further

collecting along the Lower California Coast, contenting herself

with the purchase of stock and the turning over of the large ac»

cumulations of former years. She early became interested in

the conchological side of her work and started many years ago

to make a private collection which had reached rather large

dimensions at the time of her death. She furnished the types

of a large number of new species and varieties, most or all of

which were described by the late Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, Dr. W.

H. Dall and Dr. Paul Bartsch. Probably the most remarkable

one of these was taken on Guadelupe Island off the Lower Cali-

fornia Coast and was described by Dr. Stearns as Uvanilla regina.

This shell seems to be a perfect Uvanilla, but specimens taken

long after the description was written showed the operculum to

be Trochoid.

In accordance with Miss Cooke’s expressed desire, her private

collection has become the property of the Theosophical Society

and Universal Brotherhood, of which she was a member, and

is held at their International Headquarters on Point Loma.

Frep BAKER.

Point Loma, Cau., May 25, 1922.

NOTES.

Types or Férussac’s SuBGENERA OF Hetix. A few of the

subgenera of Férussac’s Tableau Systematique seem to be still

without definitely designated types, or at least I have not found

them. Types are here selected.

Cochlodina Fér., p. 61. Type Clausilia bidens Draparnaud.

Cochlohydra Fér., p. 26. Type Helix putris L.

382 THE NAUTILUS.

Cochlogena Fér., p. 53. Type Bulimus guadalupensis Brug.

These designations have no effect upon current nomenclature

of the groups concerned. The type of Helicogena Fér. is some-

what doubtful. Gray (P. Z. §., 1847, p. 171) mentions Helix

acutangula, but that species is not in Férussac’s list. On p. 173

he mentions H. candidissima, which is one of Férussac’s species.

The name Helicogena has generally been used for the Helix

pomatia series, but I have not seen any early designation of one

of that group as its type.—H. A. Pitssry.

GEMMA GEMMA PURPUREA (Lea) was recently found by Mr.

Frank J. Keeley in vast numbers in Indian River, near Hawks

Park, Florida. They occurred in a patch of about a foot di-

ameter, the layer of living shells about 2 inches deep. It was

on a mud bar about a foot above low water. Handfulls of pure

shells could be scooped up.—H. A. P.

Note on LEPTINARIA IMPERFORATA Fred Baker. In my re-

port on the Land and Fresh-Water Mollusks of the Stanford

Expedition to Brazil, published in the Proceedings of the

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for December,

1911, I described, at page 646, and figured, a new species as

Leptinaria imperforata. J have just discovered that this name

was used by Strebel in 1882, as reported fully in the Manual

of Conchology, Second Series, Vol. 18, p. 317, pl. 42, fig. 28,

so that my name becomes a synonym. I suggest that my

species shall be known as Leptinaria charlottei.—FRED BAKER.

Localities oF NORTHERN CALIFORNIAN LAND SNAILS: A COR-

RECTION. There is a regrettable error in my paper on ‘‘ Some

Land Snails of Shasta County, California,’’ appearing in the

Nautitus for October, 1921, which should be corrected before

it is perpetuated. Not having access at the time the paper was

written to a sufficiently detailed map of California, and being

ignorant of the point myself, I perforce followed the field label

which accompanied the specimens reported upon. This read

‘¢Two miles north of Weed, Shasta County, California.’? Ac-

cess to a better map, which I did not gain until too late to

THE NAUTILUS, 30

change the statement on the printed page, has since shown that

Weed is really in Siskiyou County. To avoid being misleading

the title of my paper should therefore have read, ‘‘Some Land

Snails of Siskiyou and Shasta Counties, California.’’

It may be added that the date ‘‘1192”’ on p. 38 of the same

paper should read ‘‘1920’’, as correctly appears elsewhere.—

A. STILLMAN BEerry.

Mo..usks DREDGED FROM SAN Dieao Bay. Near the foot of

State Street, San Diego, California, a long strip of ground

formerly covered at high tide, has been filled in by dredgings

from the adjoining portion of San Diego Bay. A large portion

of these dredgings consist of pure sand, but many tons of shells

have also been taken from the bay and used in this new-made

ground. in spots probably more than 10,000 cubic feet of

broken shells have thus been deposited, and a few notes on

these dredgings may be of interest.

Chione contributes the greatest bulk to these shell masses; in

my boyhood days C. fluctifraga was the most abundant clam

collected for food from San Diego Bay. C. wndatella and C.

succinata being comparatively rare in the gatherings for food;

C. fluctifraga is vastly in the minority, however, in these dredg-

ings, C. succinata being easily the most abundant content.

Tagelus californianus is a very prominent constituent in some of

these beds, but in many places I find Crucibulum spinosum lead-

ing easily numerically. Among the Macomas, M. nasuta is the

most abundant; Semele pulchra is not rare though not conspicu-

ous; Donaz is nearly absent—only a few valves of our two com-

mon species being observed in the acre or more of ground in-

spected.

In my boyhood Cardium elatum was not rare in our bay, but

I have not heard of a living specimen having been found here

in the last thirty years; a few fragments were found in these

shell heaps, while C. substriatum was abundant, and a few frag-

ments of C. quadragenarium were observed; C. procerwm seemed

to be absent, indicating that the dredge had not touched any of

the pleistocene deposits surrounding portions of our bay—the

shell sands containing nothing that could be ascribed to a past

age.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

Moerella meropsis and Angulus carpenteri, and a few valves of

Cooperella subdiaphana, Metis alta (few), Pecten acquisulcatus, P.

monotimeris, fragments of Modiolus capax, many valves of Ostrea

lurida, a single valve of Leda, another of a Nucula, and many

valves of a Glycymeris, Lucinisca nuttallii, Heterodonax bimacu-

latus, Solen rosaceus, Cryptomya californica and a few fragments

of Mactridae, and numerous valves of Corbula luteola, conclude

the census of the bivalves.

Dentalium neohexagonum in abundance, and occasionally one

of another species, with numerous specimens of Cadulus nesiotes,

Bullaria gouldiana, Rictaxis punctocaelata, and thousands of

Acteocinas were observed. Cerithidea californica, and occasion-

ally specimens of Melampus olivaceus, one large Olivella biplicata

and hundreds of O. boetica and other forms doubtfully referred

to O. pedroana and O. porteri, were found. One Marginella

jewetti, many of M. subtrigona and M. regularis, one Hyalina

californica, and several Merovia pyriformis, were among the small

species. Acmaea depicta and A. paleacea were not rare, but only

one A. insessa was found. Alectrion fossata, mendica, cooperi,

perpinguis, and what we used to call tegula, were noted, and

Anachis and Alia were plentiful in spots. One Murex festiva and

one Tritonalia poulsonti were the sole representatives of these

genera. Fifty or so specimens of Hpitomiwm and one or two

Melanella rewarded my search. Turbonilla and Odostomia, Cert-

thiopsis and Bittium, Crepidula rugosa, Phasianella compta, one

Polinices reclusiana, and a few Omphalius ligulatus, a very few

Litorina scutulata, nearly complete the list of species, except for

three or four forms formerly termed Caecum, not yet specifically

determined.—C. R. Orcutt.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL SociETY OF LONDON,

Apr., 1922, Vol. 15, pt. 1:—

On the Pseudo-genus Pseudomarginella vy. Maltzan. By the

Rev. Dr. A. H. Cooke, pp. 3-5.

The Radula of the Volutidae. By the Rey. Dr. A. H. Cooke.

pp. 6-12.

THE NAUTILUS. 35

Note on Reproduction of Turritella. By Lieut.-Col. A. J.

Peile, p. 13.

Some Notes on Radulae. By Lieut.-Col. A. J. Peile, pp.

13-18.

A List of the species and genera of Recent Mollusca first de-

scribed in ‘‘ Le Natualiste.’”? By Hugh C. Fulton, pp. 19-31.

Note on the British species of Anomia. By R. Winckworth,

pp. 32-34, pl. 1.

Note on a Holocene Deposit at Penton Hook. By J. E.

Cooper, pp. 35-36.

Note on the genera Neptunea and Syncera. By W. H. Dall,

p. 36,

A Reply on the genera Neptunea and Syncera. By T. Ire-

dale, p. 37.

The nomination of ‘‘Recent’’ fossil mollusca. By T. Ire-

dale, pp. 37-38.

The status of Helicella and Polita. By Dr. H. A. Pilsbry,

pp. 38-40.

On the connection between style-sac and intestine in Gastro-

poda and Lamellibranchiata. By Guy C. Robson, pp. 41-46.

On the genesis of the designation of ‘‘types’’ among Mala-

cological writers. By A.S. Kennard and B. B. Woodward,

pp. 47-51.

On the Pisidium gassiesianum of Dupuy. By A. W. Stelfox,

pp. 52-53.

Report on the Gassies collection of Pisidia in the Musee

d@histoire Naturelle de Bordeaux. By A. W. Stelfox, pp.

54-57.

New PEARLY FRESH-WATER MoussELs FROM SouTH AMERICA.

By Wm. B. Marshall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 61, pp.

1-9, pls. 1-8, 1922). Hight new species and one new genus—

Diplodontites are described and figured.

THE Miocene oF NorTHERN Costa Rica. By A. A. Olsson

(Bull. Amer. Pal., Vol. 9, pt. 1, pp. 1-168, pls. 1-15, 1922).

The material on which this monograph is based represents over

two years of field work by the author in Panama and Costa

Rica. There is a chapter on the stratigraphy of the region,

36 THE NAUTILUS.

with a general correlation with other beds. Over 100 new

species and varieties of Gastropods are described. The dearth

of family names makes the grouping of genera somewhat con-

fusing. The genus Halia is now placed in the Volutidae.—

CW rd:

Revision oF W, M. Gasp’s TERTIARY MoLLusca oF SANTO

Domingo. By H. A. Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

1921, pt. 2, pp. 305-435, pls. 16-47 and 48 figs. in text).

This work reviews the more recent papers, and forms a com-

plete résumé of the subject. Numerous new species and sub-

species are described. The illustrations are unusually fine and

the artist, Miss Helen Winchester, deserves great credit in show-

ing so clearly the beautiful sculpturing of the shells.—C. W. J.

The Mollusca collected by the University of Michigan-Walker

Expedition in southern Vera Cruz, Mexico. By H. Burring-

ton Baker. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. U. of M., No. 106, 1922.

Though handicapped by high water, about a dozen species and

subspecies were taken in the San Juan River system. The

value of the groups Leptonaias, Sphenonaias, Actinonaias and

their synonyms is considered at some length, and the follow-

ing are described as new: Elliptio (Sphenonatias) liebmanni cuatoto-

lapamensis, Actinonaias (Disconaias) walkeri, Lampsilis rovirosat

sanjuanensis and Lampsilis ruthveni. He considers Lampsilis fim-

briata Frierson a small-river form of Actinonaias discus (Lea).*

Ampullaria patula catemascensis is a new subspecies which ap-

pears to be quite distinct—an unusual condition among Mexi-

can Ampullariide.

Among the land shells, the synonymy of some perplexing

Helicinide is considered, and there is a discussion of the

Guppya-Euconulus group, with figures of the dentition. Thy-

sanophora pilsbryi n. sp. is described, and a key to species of the

region is given. Miraverellia is a new subgenus for Averellia

sumichrasti (C. & F.).

The Unionide are fully illustrated in series showing variation,

changes with age, etc. It is by such careful studies as this that

we may hope to get somewhere near an understanding of these

perplexing Mexican Unionide and their tangled nomenclature.

—H. A. P.

1 By an error of some sort, this name is spelled disea on p. 22.

ee INAUTEL US.

Vol. XXXVI OCTOBER, 1922. No. 2

LAND SHELLS OF VANCOUVER ISLAND.

BY H, A. PILSBRY AND C. MONTAGUE COOKE.

During part of July and August one of us (C. M. C.) spent

some time at Vancouver Island. Land shells were nowhere

found in abundance, and in many places they seemed entirely

wanting. Yet not much time was given to the search.

Vancouver Island, about four miles south of Union, in pine

forest along road, above a deposit of fossil sea shells. On the

ground and under bark. 24 & 25/vii/18.

Epiphragmophora fidelis (Gray).

Polygyra columbiana (Lea).

Polygyra germana vancouverinsule P. & C.

Haplotrema vancouverensis (Lea).

Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Striatura milium pugetensis (Dall).

Pristiloma stearnsi (Bland).

Euconulus fulvus (Miill).

Vancouver Island, near lower end of Cameron Lake, in open

pine forest above hotel. Most of the specimens under dead

bark on the ground. 1-12/viii/18.

Epiphragmophora fidelis (Gray).

Polygyra columbiana (Lea).

Polygyra germana vancouverinsule P. & C.

Haplotrema vancouverensis (Lea).

38 THE NAUTILUS.

Haplotrema sportella (Gld.).

Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Zonitoides cookei Pils.

Polita hammonis (Strom).

Striatura milium pugetensis (Dall).

Pristiloma stearnsi (Bland).

Euconulus fulvus (Mill).

Punctum pygmeum (Drap.).

Vertigo columbiana Sterki.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Mill).

PoLYGYRA GERMANA VANCOUVERINSUL2 n. subsp. The shell

is more openly umbilicate than typical germana with a decid-

edly stronger, higher parietal tooth. Hairs of the surface space

very delicate and more or less fully deciduous in adults. Height

4.5 diam., 6.8 mm.; 54 whorls.

Cameron Lake. Type 44538 A. N.S. P.; paratype in Bishop

Museum, Honolulu. Also found about 4 miles south of Union.

DESERIPTION OF A NEW ZONITOIDES.

BY H. A. PITSBRY.

ZONITOIDES COOKEI n. sp. Fig. 1.

The shell is discoidal, the spire very slightly convex, umbil-

icus regularly diminishing inward, very nearly one-fourth the

Fig. 1. Zonitoides cookei.

diameter of the shell; whitish, glossy, smoothish, under the

microscope showing faint growth lines and on the upper sur-

THE NAUTILUS, 39

face an excessively minute, close and shallow spiral striation

on the last 2 or 3 whorls. The whorls increase slowly and are

rather convex, the suture rather deeply impressed, last whorl

rounded peripherally. The aperture is rather narrow, crescen-

tic. Height 1.7, diam. 3.6 mm.; 44 whorls.

Cameron Lake, Vancouver Island. Type no. 130623 A. N.

S. P. Specimens also contained in the Bishop Museum.

This species is distinguished by its very low spire of nar-

rowly coiled whorls, and especially by the narrow aperture.

The generic reference is uncertain, as we do not know whether

it possesses the Vitrea or the Zonitoides type of teeth, and the

shell characters are not decisive. However, the suture is deeper

than in our small species of Vitrea or Polita. Named for Dr.

C. Montague Cooke.

SOME NOTES ON MINUTE PISIDIA.

BY V. STERKI.

Recently Mr. A. W. Stelfox kindly presented me with a few

fine specimens of Pisidium torquatum Stelfox, with a note saying

that they are what B. B. Woodward ' has described as parvulwm

Clessin. That species is well established and distinct, to judge

from Clessin’s? description and figures, though both somewhat

inadequate, and from authentic specimens. From Woodward’s

description and figures, 1. c., it is evident that his parvulum is

an entirely distinct species, which Stelfox has named torquatum.

Woodward’s specimens were from Denmark and he stated that

the species had not been met with in the British Isles, either

recent or fossil. That is evidently to be understood of both,

parvulum Clessin and the one described by him. As stated by

Stelfox, his specimens, from England, resemble the Nearctic

P. punctatum, as to size and shape; they are 1.5 mm. long, well

‘ Catalogue of the British Species of Pisidium in the British Museum, 1913,

p. 105. Pils. LI, f. 6, IV, f. 8, XVII, fs. 3-6.

? Cycladeen, in Kiister and Chemnitz, 1879, p. 17, Pl. 1, fs. 17-21.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

inflated, mature or very nearly so, and have a slight ridge on

each beak. But the hinge is quite different, much like that of

cruciatum St.,* stout, with the plate broad, the principal lamine

(‘‘lateral teeth’’) massive, and a short ligament. The right

cardinal, c3, is of the same peculiar formation; its posterior

part curving downward and apparently forward, merging into

the projecting edge of the plate (an equivalent of the hypothet-

ical c 1 ?), thus forming a well-enclosed groove for the reception

of c 2, the left anterior cardinal. The latter is much smaller

than in cruciatum, and soisc 4. The lamina aI, especially, is

short and considerably projecting inward; a III is wanting, as

it is in some cruciatum, and p III is quite small and rather

proximal. These features are in marked contrast to those

shown in the figures of ‘‘ parvulum’’, in Woodward’s, 1. c., and

so far as present evidence shows, the two appear to be distinct

species, even of different groups.

For over thirty years’ P. cruciatum has held a unique posi-

tion among the known species and forms, by its peculiar hinge

formation and the shape of its umbonal ridges, which, by the

way, are quite constant, unlike those of P. compressum, fallax

and punctatum, also supinum A. Schmidt and henslowanum Shep-

pard, which are vestigial or wanting in some forms. Probably

the species is of an old race, or group, now isolated, and the

more it is interesting to know of a related form from east of the

Atlantic.

Of other minute Nearctic Pisidia, 1.5 to 2.2 or 2.5 mm. long

when mature, there are now about a dozen known, well estab-

lished, most of them distributed over wide areas, and of quite

different groups. Temple Prime has described three of them,

in 1851.* Of about half as many somewhat larger ones there

1 P. crueiatum and punctatum, THE NaAvutitus, VIL, pp. 97-100, Pl. UU,

fs. 1-13 (Jan., 1895).

* P. cruciatum and punctatum, also fallax, were first found, or noticed, in

1891, among coarse gravel and sand of the Tuscarawas River, Ohio.

> The size given to P. ferrugineum (see Mon. Corbiculade, p. 71), 4.25 mm.

long, is a mistake, or error; of thousands of specimens seen, all are quite

small.

THE NAUTILUS. 41

are minute forms and subspecies; and some others have been

under doubt and scrutiny for years. Large numbers of speci-

mens have been overlooked or thrown away by collectors sup-

posing them to be merely young and of no value. In fact, the

young of all are of interest.

Critics have not been friendly to these small forms. To cite

one example: Prof. Richard Ellsworth Call’ says: ‘‘ The young

[of Pisidia] are found in older shells in the spring and again in

the fall, and have recently been described in the ‘ NauriLus, an

amateur conchological journal, under a number of names.’’

This dictum evidently applies in first order to P. cruciatum and

punctatum.* From the figures, any amateur beginner, or any

school boy, could see that the mussels were full grown; the same

is shown by the hinge. In the second place, their young are

also figured on the same plate. In the third place, large num-

bers of specimens at all stages of growth had been collected and

examined for four years before the descriptions were published.

Be it added that those two species are as distinct and valid as

any in the animal kingdom, now known to be widely distrib-

uted, recent and fossil. If a man wants just to condemn, to

show his own superiority, he does not want to know facts and

shuts his eyes to the plainest evidence.

This, of course, is not a personal matter but one of principle.

If, after careful revision and comparison, a species is believed

not to be distinct and valid, it is fair to say so and state the

reason. But ‘‘ wholesale’? condemning without even an at-

tempt at considering evidence, means undue discrediting of the

whole work done on a subject. It is hardly necessary to add

that the small and minute forms of Pisidiwm are of as much in-

terest, at least, as the larger ones, with respect to morphology,

systematics and distribution.

1A Descriptive Illustrated Catalogue of the Mollusca of Indiana, written in

1898, in Indiana, Department of Geology and Natural Resources, Twenty-

fourth Annual Report, 1900, p. 437 (also 358).

42 THE NAUTILUS.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS MARGARITANA WITH A NEW

SUB-GENUS.

BY L. 8. FRIERSON

The type species of this genus, M. margaritifera, does not live

in waters having any considerable amount of lime in solution,

which fact has not perhaps been given its due weight in the ex-

planation of the great gaps in the territory occupied by it, such

as almost the whole of the central portion of Northern America.

This unoccupied territory is usually explained upon the

theory of the glacial age, but it is hard to understand why the

ice-covered regions were not repopulated pari passu with the

melting of the ice sheets. There are two closely akin species

living in America, separated by the space between Pennsylvania

and Alabama, and Utah and Louisiana, these being the marga-

ritifera and hembeli.

The latter species is generally supposed to live in the waters

adjacent to New Orleans, since Conrad’s original envois came

from that city, but the collector, Dr. Hale, lived also in Alex-

andria, near which place the great alluvial deposits of the Red

and Mississippi rivers join the sandy, pine clad hills of Louisi-

ana, and from one of the ‘‘clear water’’ creeks flowing out of

these hills, the writer has obtained numbers of Conrad’s shell,

and it is almost certain that this creek is the type locality.

From a similar environment Mr. B. H. Wright obtained the

same species in Alabama, i. e., from the lime free creeks of the

pine hill section. The Alabama shells are heavily sculptured,

but these from Louisiana are often quite smooth, and the re-

semblance to the type is striking.

Three species occur in Europe, (to which dozens of names

have been affixed). These are the margaritifera, whose lateral

teeth are almost obsolete; the crassa, whose laterals are quite

well developed, and the auricularia, of Spengler, recently re-

discovered by Dr. Haas in Spain. The latter appears to be the

analogue of M. hembeli in being sculptured, and like the latter,

grows in the southern portion of the range.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

In the Chinese territory three or four species exist, of which

however but two are listed as such in the current literature.

The type species has as usual received several names, but pre-

serves its identity remarkably well.

The Margaritana laosensis Lea in having well-developed lat-

erals, may be said to be the analogue of the crassa.

In this genus also belongs one, certainly, and possibly three

or four species which have been placed in other genera, as will

be shown.

MARGARITANA MURINA (Heude), 1877.

Unio murinus Heude.

Ptychobranchus murinum Simpson, 1900.

Unio compressus Simpson (non Heude), 1900.

That Heude’s Unio murinus is a member of Margaritana is

shown in its close agreement in shape, in its color, both of epi-

dermis and nacre; in its obsolete and short lateral teeth, and

perhaps most strikingly, in the characteristic elongate-elliptical

posterior adductor scars. Ptychobranchus pfisteri has differently

colored epidermis and nacre; its laterals are well developed,

and, as Heude observed (subsequently) its lateral teeth and

ligament are of equal length, and the posterior adductor is short

and nearly round. Heude states that the beaks of murinus are

widely and profoundly undulated, whence the species is made

the type of the subgenus Heudeana.

MARGARITANA SIMPULARIS (Heude), 1884.

Unio simpularis Heude.

Unio modestus Heude, 1877.

Parreysia simpularis Simpson, 1900.

Parreysia modesta Simpson, 1914.

The dimensions of this species given by Heude would indi-

cate quite an inflated shell, whence Simpson placed it tenta-

tively in Parreysia, but no errors are at once so common, so

difficult of detection, and impossible of correction as those of

concrete numbers, while on the other hand the character given

by Heude, ‘‘ compressed’’, allows no compromise. Heude com-

44 THE NAUTILUS.

pared his species several times later on, and he states that it

resembles the murinus, ect, and chiefly among other characters,

in its obsolete laterals. The species appears to be closely allied

to murinus, and is probably a variety of it. Heude changed his

first name, since that was preoccupied, and this was followed

by Simpson in his Synopsis of 1900, but in his Catalogue of

1914 he uses the name modesta, on the ground that the modestus

Fér. not having been described by Férussac, was a nomen nudum.

Simpson forgot the Unio modestus Kuster, 1856.

The decumbens Lea, is usually listed as a member of Margar-

itana, but Lea’s type, which is the single example known, has

been carefully inspected by the writer, and it is absolutely

nothing more than a pathological specimen of one of the Unio

complanatus aggregation, and the name should be dropped from

lists of valid Naiades.

Specimens before me bearing the name of Ptychobranchus laevis

Haas, from Saghalien, are unquestionably Margaritana, but

since they were obtained from a dealer, and I have seen no fig-

ure of Haas’ species, I hesitate to approximate them, yet they

agree with his description very well.

VARIATION IN MOLLUSCA OF THE MADEIRA ISLANDS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Boog Watson, in 1892 (Journ. Conch., Vol. VII, no. 1), re-

marked that the many endemic Jand snails of the Madeiras were

all distinct. ‘‘ Between themselves there is no swaying of the

lines to and fro, they do not bifurcate, they do not pass over

from one form into another, they give off no spots maturing

into distinct species.’’ In the presence of a large series of these

shells it is difficult to see how Watson could have formed such

an opinion, as there are in fact numerous ‘‘ critical’? forms.

There is also a considerable amount of ‘‘ individual’’ or local

variation, some examples of which are recorded below. One

fact is curious, that no one seems ever to have found a sinistral

mutation.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

I use the name Ochthephila Beck, as it turns out that the

genus of Diptera supposed to preoccupy it was called Ochtiphila.

Ochthephila (Tectula) bulverti (Wood) mut. albescens nov.

Shell greenish-white. Slopes of Pico do Facho, Porto Santo.

(A. C. de Naronha. )

Ochthephila (Discula) attrita (Lowe) mut. nigra nov. Shell

reddish-black, very dark, with the umbilical region broadly,

and the region of the aperture to about 3.5 mm. back of the lip,

creamy white; spire obscurely flecked with creamy. South

slope of Pico d’Anna Ferreira, Jan. 21, forming a small local

colony, but the normal form also present (Cockerell).

Ochthephila (Discula) attrita race contracta nov. Shell small,

max. diam. 8.5 to nearly 9 mm.; lip usually very thick, aper-

ture contracted, a heavy callus usually present on parietal wall.

I. Baixo, Jan. 22 (Cockerell), and practically the same thing in

the vicinity of the Pico do Castello on the main island. All the

shells are dead and white, and apparently the race is extinct.

It appears to be an ultra-xerophytic form. The character of

the base readily distinguishes it from papilio Lowe, common on

Baixo.

Ochthephila (Callina) rotula (Lowe) mut. grisea nov. Shell

pale gray, flecked with creamy white; the albino form. Porto

Santo, main island, 1921 (Cockerell). Two shells were found.

Euparypha pisana mut. rosea Costa, 1879. Shell pale pink,

without evident markings. Locally common in one place north

of Villa Baleira, Porto Santo, Jan., 1921 (Cockerell).

Euparypha pisana mut. coalita Taylor. Shell black, with

slender light bands, my specimen somewhat more melanic than

Taylor’s figure. This was found in the same vicinity as rosea,

together with other varieties, and it is evident that the peculi-

arities of color cannot be ascribed to climatic conditions.

Euparypha pisana mut. taylori n. n. (H. pisana s. v. donatit

Taylor, Monog. L. & F. W. Moll. Brit. Is., 1912, pl. xxxi,

f. 20). I have exactly this form, which Taylor figures from

Portugal, from the south side of the Pico d’Anna Ferreira, Porto

Santo, Jan. 11, 1921 (Cockerell). Taylor also figures it as var.

carpiensis, but it is quite different from true donatii or carpiensis.

Gwyn Jeffreys (Brit. Conchology) reported H. virgata from

46 ' st , THE NAUTILUS.

Madeira, where it certainly ‘does not occur. The present variety

may have been taken for it.

Lemniscia calva (Lowe) race veterna nov. Shell 11 mm. max.

diam., sometimes as small as 9.5mm. _ Pleistocene fossil in the

beds east of Canigal, Madeira, common. It is not certain that

calva belongs to Lemniscia. Paiva’s galeata is congeneric with

calva. In the Norman collection at the British Museum, speci-

mens of calva are labeled galeata.

NOTES ON THE NAIAD FAUNA OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER.*

IJ. Tue NataprEs OF THE Upper Mississippr1 DRAINAGE. f

BY N. M. GRIER AND J. F. MUELLER.

While it was the original intention to limit this list to those

species actually found in the Mississippi river above its junc-

tion with the Ohio, the fullest consideration of the topic has led

us to include all species authentically reported from the entire

Upper Mississippi Drainage. The larger number of the listed

species were collected while the writers were engaged in Mussel

Survey and Appraisal work for U. 8. Bureau of Fisheries in

part of that region during the summer of 1920. The remaining

species in the list have been obtained by the rechecking of the

available literature dealing with or bearing upon the Naiades of

this region as indicated in the accompanying bibliography.

Species having an apparently doubtful or accidental record have

been omitted. The nomenclature used is that recently formu-

lated by Ortmann and Walker (12), but for convenience there

is also added the equivalents of the different species in the syn-

onomy of Simpson. (14)

*Published with permission of the Commissioner of Fisheries, Washington,

D. C.

+Contribution from U. S. Biological Station, Fairport, lowa, and Biological

Laboratory Washington and Jefferson College.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

Family MARGARITANIDAE Ortmann.

1. Margaritana monodonta Say.

Simpson—lIllinois and E. Iowa. Similarly reported by Baker

(1), and Call (3), from the same regions. We did not find it

above this region.

Family Unionrpar (D’Orbigny), Ortmann.

Sub-Family UntonimpaE (Swainson), Ortmann.

2. Quadrula pustulosa (Lea).

Simpson—entire Mississippi drainage. Common. Wilson

and Danglade (18), St. Croix drainage.

3. Quadrula pustulosa prasina (Conrad)=(var. schoolcraftensis

Lea)

Geiser (5), and Call (3), report this shell from Iowa. We

did not encounter it north of there. Reported by Lapham (9),

from Fox River.

4. Quadrula nodulata (Raf.)—=Quadrula pustulata (Lea).

Simpson—Mississippi R. and tributaries from E. Iowa south

to Louisiana. We did not collect this species. It is found

abundantly at Fairport, Iowa in the main river.

5. Quadrula quadrula (Raf. )=Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea).

Simpson—entire Mississippi drainage. St. Croix drainage.

Casually distributed.

6. Quadrula fragosa (Con. ).

Specimens are known from Iowa City, Iowa, Cedar River,

Ia., and from the Spoon, Kaskaskia, Illinois and Mississippi

Rivers, Illinois. Closely related to the preceding species. Vide

Strode (15).

7. Quadrula verrucosa (Raf. )—=Tritogonia tuberculata (Barnes).

Simpson. Mississippi drainage area generally. Red Wing,

Minn. Reported from 8. Minnesota by Lapham (9), and Call

(3). Not common.

8. Tritogonia nobilis (Conr.).

Simpson reports this shell from the Red River of the North

to Mississippi. We did not collect this shell, although the

Bureau of Fisheries has it recorded from L. Pepin.

48 THE NAUTILUS.

9. Quadrula metanevra (Raf. ).

Simpson—Mississippi drainage area except its southern por-

tion. Southern Minnesota (7). Red Wing. Abundant locally.

10. Quadrula metanevra var. wardu (Lea).

Reported by Simpson from Iowa.

11. Megalonaias gigantes (Bar. )=Quadrula heros (Say).

Simpson—Mississippi drainage area generally. Rare in L.

Pepin and more plentiful above than below it.

12. Amblema costata (Raf. )—=Quadrula undulata (Barnes).

Simpson—Mississippi drainage area generally. Wilson and

Danglade (18), St. Croix drainage. Common. Believed by

H. W. Clark to be another tributary stream species.

13. Amblema peruviana (Lam.)=—Q. plicata (Say).

Simpson, Upper Mississippi south to Arkansas, etc. Wilson

and Danglade (18), St. Croix drainage.

14. Fusconaja ebenus (Lea) =Quadrula ebenus (Lea).

Simpson, Mississippi drainage area generally, except western

portion. Apparently does not go into N. and C. Minnesota.

We collected it at Red Wing, Minn. No longer common.

15. Fusconaja flava (Raf.)=Q. rubiginosa (Lea).

Simpson—entire Mississippi drainage. Wilson add Danglade

(18), Red River of the North. A tributary stream species.

16. Fusconaja undata (Barnes).

Simpson—entire Upper Mississippi drainage. Var. trigona

(Lea), seemed especially abundant in L. Pepin. Reported

from N. and C. Minnesota. Common.

17. Cyclonaias tuberculata (Raf.)=Q. tuberculata Raf.

Simpson—Mississippi drainage area generally. This species

was formerly more abundant in certain areas of the Upper Mis-

gissippi, but is now clammed out. According to Clark this is

another headwater, tributary stream species.

18. Cyclonaias granifera (Lea)=Q. granifera (Lea).

Simpson—northwest to Iowa. Baker (1), found it at Mc-

Gregor, Iowa. Clark reports this species from L. Pepin to Fair-

port.

THE NAUTILUS. 49

19. Plethobasus cyphyus (Raf. )—=Pleurobema aesopus (Green).

Reported by Grant (6) and Holzinger (7) from Minnesota.

We encountered our first specimen of it at the foot of L. Pepin.

Comparatively rare and more abundant at present in the

sloughs.

20. Pleurobema cordatum (Raf.)—Q. obliqua (Lea).

Reported by Baker (1) from Iowa. Specific localities are de-

sirable. Probably more southern in distribution. Ortmann

considers this species as not specifically different from Pleuro-

bema coccineum (Con. ).

21. Plewrobema catillus (Conr. )}=Q. solida (Lea).

Simpson, Mississippi R. north to Minnesota. Collected above

Red Wing. According to Wilson and Danglade (18) no

““Quadrulae’’ are found in the Mississippi River proper above

the falls of St. Anthony, a fact which has a bearing upon the

distribution of all mussels of the Quadrula type in these regions.

22. Pleurobema coccinewm (Con. )=Q. coccineuwm (Con. ).

Simpson—entire Upper Mississippi drainage. Wilson and

Clark, drainage of Red River of the North. We did not en-

counter it. It is apparently a small tributary species.

(To be continued. )

RAMBLES OF A MIDSHIPMAN II.

BY P. 8. REMINGTON, JR.

After leaving Guantanamo, Cuba, the squadron headed south

for the Panama Canal. We passed within sight of Jamaica but

did not stop, much as I should have liked to collect there.

For several days we drove steadily on, manoeuvring as we went.

It was a most maddening sight to me after we had made a good

day’s run, to see the Admiral mount the bridge and commence

sending up signals for manouvres which would turn us about

and start us back toward Cuba. However, schedules are inflex-

ible things in the Navy, and we must not arrive ahead of time.

At length we awoke one morning to see the white-topped

mountains of Panama coming in view over the horizon, and

50 THE NAUTILUS.

already we could see the indigo-blue so characteristic of the

Caribbean, beginning to turn gray as we got in closer to shore.

In a few more hours we were dropping anchor just inside the

breakwater at Colon, and viewed the low buildings and palm-

fringed shore with much interest. Alas, before we could go

through the Canal we must coal ship, a job which everyone,

from skipper down, cordially hates. Everyone turned out in

his dirtiest clothes, officers and all, and shoveled down the

shutes the never-ending piles of coal that the big cranes dropped

on board. It is remarkable how much coal can be stored in a

battleship. By noon next day we were through cleaning ship,

and the first liberty party went up the Canal to Gatun to ex-

amine the locks and the dam. We were also taken to Coco

Sola Point and shown the Atlantic defenses of the Canal. Those

huge disappearing guns seemed mighty formidable to us.

When word came that we were going through the Big Ditch,

all was excitement. I have been through the Canal five times

since, but it still holds as much wonder and interest for me as

it did the first time, and I should like to go through again.

The Gatun locks, which raised us from sea level eighty-two feet

to the level of Gatun Lake, are a marvel of engineering skill.

It seemed strange to see a whole squadron of battleships steam-

ing through a lake far inland, with forests and hills on either

hand and pelicans flying around our boys. There is room for

several more squadrons of battleships to anchor also in this

great lake, made by the damming of the Chagres River.

Culebra Cut, with its sheer walls towering above our fighting

tops, held our interest no less than the lake had. By late after-

noon we had completed our voyage from the Atlantic to the

Pacific, and passed out into the latter to dock at Balboa.

On my first visit to the Canal Zone in 1919 I did not know,

unfortunately, that that very efficient collector, Mr. James

Zetek, was a resident of the Zone. Consequently my attempts

at collecting were not well rewarded. I was also handicapped

by the lack of time. We were all taken on an official party to

Flamenco Island to see the Pacific defenses, and while there I

strayed off to examine the breakwater for shells. What was

my delight to find the rocks covered with fine large specimens

THE NAUTILUS. ok

of Chlorostoma pellis-serpentis! Further search revealed some

very fine Planaxis planicostata and many large-sized Nerita ornata.

The rocks were paved with large Chiton stokes. The number

of specimens I was able to carry was limited to what I could

stuff in my pockets, as I had brought no receptacle of any kind

and we were in an official party. I managed to bring away a

very fair representation, however. That matter proved far less

difficult than the business of cleaning them. I finally gave it

up, wrapped the shells in paper, and sealed them in tin boxes.

This was all the collecting I was able to get in on my first

trip, as we steamed back through the canal the next day, bound

for Cuba again.

On my second visit to the Canal Zone the following year, I

had the forethought to write to my old correspondent, Mr. E.

P. Chace, of Los Angeles, asking if he knew of any collectors in

the Canal Zone. At his suggestion I wrote to Mr. James Zetek,

who kindly assured me of a warm welcome on my arrival. As

we were to spend several days at Balboa, I felt certain of seeing

more of the conchological treasures of Panama than I had on

my first trip.

My expectations were fully realized. Once more we steamed

through Gatun Lake and between the narrow sides of Culebra

Cut, and docked again at the now familiar Balboa. As soon as

I got shore leave, I called up Mr. Zetek and was told to come

right up to his laboratory at the Public Health Department of

the Ancon Hospital. I shall always remember the kindness

with which he welcomed me and placed the facilities of his lab-

oratory at my disposal. He set aside his work for the day and

took me on a collecting trip to Bella Vista, where he has made

so many rare finds. Not the least enjoyable part of the trip

was our visit to a mangrove swamp, where we found thousands

of Cerithidea montagnei and C. pulchra, together with Littorina

varia and a fine specimen of Linatella wiegmanni. Deep in the

mud, we could hear the Arcas snap their valves. Soon we

came out on the beach where a wealth of species rewarded our

search. Here we found three species of Thais, four Anachis,

several Cerithium, Turritella, Nerita, Litorina, Natica, Arcularia

Solen, Paphia, Anomalocardia, and many others. We filled our

52 THE NAUTILUS.

bags till we were weary, and the sun began to get low. Realiz-

ing that we had several hours work ahead of us to clean our

catch, we hastened back to the laboratory after supper and

worked till late.

A rather humorous incident, which always brings a smile

when I recall it, took place on my return to the ship. It seems

that the Officer of the Deck had orders to open all packages

brought aboard to ascertain that no liquor was being smuggled

aboard (Panama is as wet as the ocean). Consequently when

I came over the gangway with my big box of shells, I was stop-

ped and asked what the package contained. Visions of having

my box opened to the vulgar gaze of the laity arose before me,

and I desperately sought for means to ward off such a disaster.

Finally, I summed up my courage and answered: ‘‘ Sir, on my

honor as a Midshipman, I have no liquor in my possession.”’

The officer smiled and passed me on!

The next day I had the pleasure of taking dinner with Mr.

Zetek and his family and enjoyed a meal cooked Panama style.

Afterward I spent an enjoyable afternoon inspecting part of Mr.

Zetek’s collection, and was presented with a large number of

his duplicates, making together with what I had collected, a

very fair representation of Panamanian fauna. Mr. Zetek’s re-

marks on the history and customs of Panama were highly

interesting.

It would be a waste of time to give a list of the species col-

lected at Panama, as Mr. Zetek’s list is more complete on that

point than mine would be. I refer my readers to that for more

complete information.

All too soon we weighed anchor for Honolulu, a sixteen days’

run, and rapidly left the jungle-clad hills of Panama behind.

I was comforted, however, in my regret at leaving so congenial

a country, by the knowledge that we were due to coal again at

Balboa on our way back to the States, and that I would have at

least one more try at the wonderful shell fauna of Panama. For

the present, it was westward ho, and we all settled down to our

long voyage toward the alluring isles of hula maidens and

Achatinellas !

THE NAUTILUS. 53

AN INDICATION OF THE VALUE OF ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION OF

PEARLY MUSSELS

BY R. L. BARNEY

Director U. S. Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Lowa

In 1913 there was practicalized through the investigations of

Drs. George Lefevre and Winterton C. Curtis of the University

of Missouri, an artificial method of propagation of fresh-water

mussels. The method, based on the peculiar natural history of

the mussels—especially on the parasitism of fishes by the em-

bryo mollusks—is artificial only in that it requires the handling

of the proper host fishes and the embryo mussels. The arti-

ficial propagative method is, indeed, merely assistance lent the

natural reproductive processes, but by such assistance the plan

results in a thousand fold increase over unaided reproduction.

Complying with the requirements set by the natural propaga-

tive process of the mussel, the artificial method is simply the

collection of a large number of fishes of appropriate species,

their temporary confinement in a large receptacle of water, and

the introduction into the water of a million or two glochidia

(embryo mussels) of the mussel to be propagated. These glo-

chidia are taken directly from the marsupia of a ‘‘ripe’’ gravid

female shell. Within perhaps five or ten minutes the fishes so

confined are quite heavily parasitized by the glochidia and, with

an infection of possible 3,000 or more glochidia, —the amount

of parasitism depending on the size of the fish, the temperature

of the water, and other factors,—they are liberated into the

water of their natural habitat where in due season the fully-

matured embryos free themselves of their hosts and, dropping

to the bottom, take up life as independent organisms.

This method of propagation has been carried on yearly since

1913 with a view toward repopulating the depleted mussel beds

of several streams of the Mississippi drainage and, therewith,

to furnish a continual supply of raw material for button manu-

facture.

During the past fall data have come to hand which suggest,

54 THE NAUTILUS.

within certain limits, the value of this method of mussel pro-

pagation.

In 1918 propagating crews operating on the White River,

Arkansas, under the direction of the U. 8. Fisheries Biological

Laboratory, Fairport, Iowa, liberated in that stream 4,500,000

embryo yellow sand-shells (Lampsilis anodontoides) on this

species’ hosts, the long- and short-nosed gars (Lepisosteus osseus

and platostomus). The following two years there were liberated

respectively 743,000 and 309,000 embryos of this mussel in the

parasitic condition. After 1917 the propagation of the yellow

sand-shell was discontinued because of inability to obtain gravid

females of this species at the times when the crews operated on

this river. When this work was done, the primary purpose of

the propagation was to increase the muckets (Lampsilis liga-

mentina) of the river. This mussel may be propagated during

seasons when it is impossible to obtain gravid sand-shells.

Through the kindness of Mr. F. C. Vetter, President of the

Hawkeye Pearl Button Company, Muscatine, Iowa, there has

been obtained shell-test records of 61 carload shipments of com-

mercial shells from Augusta, Arkansas, on the White River in

the vicinity of which town the sand-shell has been propagated.

These tests covered shipments received by the company during

the period from 1915 to 1821 inclusive. The test records of

this company were taken on its own initiative and for its own

purposes. Each record represents a single sample or two

samples of 100 pounds each of the button shells as they arrived

at the cutting plant in Muscatine. The samples were made by

a shell-sorter and were taken as an index of the average assort-

ment of shells of the different commercial species in the car-

loads and on the river bottom from which they came. A record

has been kept of the percentage of yellow sand-shells, nigger-

head shells (Quadrula ebenus), pimplebacks (Q. pustulosa and

pustulata), washboards (Q. heros and plicata), and of miscel-

laneous shells, pigtoes (Q. undata), mapleleafs (Q. lachrymosa),

etc.

THE NAUTILUS. 55

TABLE I

ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION OF THE YELLOW SAND-SHELL IN THE WHITE

River, ARKANSAS, AND ITS FREQUENCY IN COMMERCIAL

SHELL SHIPMENTS FROM AUGUSTA

Avial Per cent of Per cent of

a acation yellow sand- niggerhead

Year eich cite a Carloads shells in sand-shells in

oe commercia commercia

eo ceeida shipments shipments

JOIS, 5 2): =| 4,500,000

MOUS er at js: (53/6 743,000

PAL ates |’: 3 309,000 3 10 176

BID (OS a 34,000 10 76.1 759

Meee? 5 le. 1: 11,000 a 7.2 56

eae ae ee! fis a x <3, 42)’ 8 9.2 45

Teh peas i ei ea 10 11.6 49

BD Sifie ye) a! et Salat eran 10 7.2 55

SEEN GMS apa Yo HGS Ee eee 16 6.7 47

PEVRRSMCOM iL aule atic) oolites Cs! s) of {veil 'e. yoy 37.3 $51.3

Table I shows the extent of propagation of the yellow sand-

shell during the period of years considered and the percentage

of shells of this species and of niggerheads in carload shipments

from Augusta, Arkansas, to the Hawkeye Pearl Button Com-

pany, Muscatine, Iowa. These two mussels are the only two

species considered inasmuch as the others are of minor import-

ance because of their comparatively much lower frequency and

because of their smaller commercial value. Test records were

begun by the button manufacturing company in 1915. Records

of percentages of shells in shipments previous to this time are

not available. Figures representing percentages of yellow sand-

shells and niggerhead mussels are the averages of the test

records taken during the given years. The 1915 record for

' Special shipment of three carloads containing no yellow sand-shells; these

were sorted out for foreign shipment.

* Figures based on eight carloads; two of the ten carloads of this year were

special carloads containing no yellow sand-shells.

® Omitting 1915 and 1916 special shipments.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

niggerhead shells covers three shipments of that year of certain

special carloads of shells sorted by the clammers to give a higher

count of niggerhead shells and thus a better money return.

The sand-shells were kept separate for sale to foreign shippers

and, therefore, none were included in the shipments. The 1916

record also contained two similar carloads, but these have not

been included in the computations.

From table 1 there is noted from 1917 through 1919 a

marked increase of yellow sand-shells in carloads shipped from

Augusta. This increase is, at its maximum, 4.4 per cent over

the percentage of 1916 and 4.3 per cent over the average record

of yellow sand-shells in 56 carloads. The increase in sand-

shells cannot be due to special fishing and therefore to propor-

tionately lowered frequency of the niggerhead mussel (the

original and still the best pearl-button shell) inasmuch as the

record for this species shows an increase in frequency of this

shell during 1918 and 1919 during the years of marked increase

in frequency of the yellow sand-shell. This increase in sand-

shells occurred when the niggerhead frequency had been about

its average frequency, 51.3 per cent.

The return of the frequency of yellow sand-shells in 1920 and

1921 to about normal percentage, 7.2 and 6.7 per cent respec-

tively (the average being 7.0 per cent), would reasonably be

expected in view of the marked decrease in artificial progaga-

tion after 1914. If the increase in percentage of yellow sand-

shells found in 1918 and 1919 were due to artificial propaga-

tion, it would be fairly expected that when artificial propaga-

tion was discontinued, there would be, a proper number of

years hence, a resultant falling-off in frequency of the mussel

in question.

The marked yellow sand-shell increase of 1918 and 1919 is

significant coming as it does from four to six years after the

artificial propagation of this species in the vicinity from which

the shipments here discussed were made. At the average

growth-rate of the sand-shell, it requires from four to six years

for a mussel of this species to attain salable size. This rate of

growth would make an embryo of 1913 a mussel of commercial

size in from 1917 to 1919.

THE NAUTILUS.

*OATSUTOUT Te6T-9T6T ‘sqyuemdtys peotzeo ut STTeus peeyses2tu go Aouonboerzz fe

“204 eames *squemdtys [TBToOrewuoo Ut STTeUS peoyresZsTu go *quoored aSuazoay *oaAtsaToOUy T2Z6T

-9T6T ‘gquemdtys peoTaso U} STLeus-puss MOTTPA go AoOUendeIy oSeieAy Cmm—m *siucudtys Teyoreuuoo

‘UF, STToys-pueg moO TTaA\so eseyueoied eserzeay (J “[leus-puesg mOTTox Fo uoT4gesudord [LepoTtry4ay ai

T26t O26T 6T6T 8Té6T LT6T 9T6T ST6T vI6ET £t6t

3 GE oe

aoe

‘°

Swossj)

Spreyse%bin 0

*sqyueudtys T[eTOroumoo uy setoeds stTyy Jo eFeywedred oSezroav 04 ‘sesuEHAY

Moyo X |

P2zrsegi) so

gu>

S1/24s~P4UeS

*ZOATY OFTUM O44 UT TTeUs-puss MOTTOX 944 FO UOTZesedord TeyoTs{T1yie JO wWOTLETOY

58 THE NAUTILUS.

While no data are at hand indicative of the comparative ages

of the shells of the several years’ shipments, it is learned from

a number of shell buyers on the White River in the vicinity of

Augusta and from others acquainted with the shipments here

discussed that those of 1918, 1919 and 1920 contained a notice-

able increase of shells of relatively young age, the epidermis of

which is smooth and unscarred, in contradistinction to the old

shells whose umbones are worn and eroded by the long action

of the current, soil acids, and moving sand and gravel on the

river bottom. On the test-record card of one of the carload

shipments of 1920 was written, ‘‘ Lots of good sand-shells.”’

It was conversation concerning the quality and age of the

shells being obtained from the White River that led to the com-

parison of the records of artificial infection with the test records

of the shipments.

The evident correlation existing, then, between time of arti-

ficial propagation, rate of growth and age of attainment of sala-

ble size, and noted increase in percentage of the species in ques-

tion in commercial carload shipments, while not giving con-

clusive proof of the value of artificial propagation, does suggest

the possible significance of this method of restocking the mussel

beds of the streams of the Mississippi drainage.

TWO NEW BIVALVES FROM ARGENTINA

BY W. H. DALL

In a recent sending from Doctor Felippone of Montevideo,

the following shells appear not to have been described. Both

come from Mar de la Plata, Argentina.

PrEcTEN (CHLAMYS) FELIPPONEI 0. sp.

Shell rounded, the adult slightly oblique, rather compressed,

polished, scarlet or rosaceus, usually with zigzag irregular streaks

of white on the left valve; the ears paler; hinge line straight, the

ears rather large, subequal, in the left valve with only incre-

mental sculpture, in the right valve the anterior ear has four or

THE NAUTILUS. 59

five radial ridges more or less imbricated, and a ctenolium with

five short teeth; sculpture of the left valve comprising five ob-

scure flattened radial ribs with the interspaces obscurely radi-

ately striate; there is no microscopic reticulation; on the right

valve the ribbing is obsolete; length of shell 38; of hinge-line

28; height 40; diameter 8 mm.

The shell bears some resemblance to Kobelt’s figure of P.

danicus in the Conchylien Cabinet, but is on the whole a re-

markably distinct species. The material studied comprises a

well-known left valve (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333374) and

in Dr. Felippone’s collection another (1706) somewhat smaller,

and a complete young pair (1709).

Macoma (PSAMMACOMA) PLATENSIS N. sp.

Shell bluish white, slightly inequivalve, nearly equilateral,

the posterior end strongly twisted to the right; periostracum

thin, pale, mostly dehiscent; beaks inconspicuous; left valve

somewhat more inflated than the right; the anterior end evenly

broadly rounded, the posterior end attenuated, gaping, and with

a small truncation; the surface except for incremental lines,

stronger on the posterior slope, is smooth but not polished;

hinge with small almost obsolete cardinals in each valve; pallial

sinus deep, rounded, its lower part coincident with the pallial

line for about half its length; length of shell 25; of the part an-

terior to the vertical of the beaks 13; height 11; diameter 7 mm.

U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333375.

The shell has much the outline of Macoma derelicta Bertin,

but is more delicate and with no color markings.

REVIEW OF MARINE MOLLUSCA FOUND ABOUT NEW YORK CITY.

BY ARTHUR JACOT.

Having finished collecting in the vicinity of New York City,

I find there are several species to add to the lists published in

the ‘‘Navuritus’’ during 1919 and 1920. Several of these ad-

ditional species were found in the channel behind or to the

60 THE NAUTILUS.

north of Long Beach (west end) and more careful search should

bring to light still more.

Arca ponderosa Say. Rarely a somewhat worn valve may be

picked up on Far Rockaway or Long Beach.

Iyonsia hyalina (Conrad). This was also found at Seaside

Beach, 8. I. It does not seem to frequent the hard ocean

beaches and should be procurable on the north shore of Long

Island on clean sand beaches.

Venericardia borealis (Conrad). Also at Long Beach.

Cardium mortoni Conrad. Two valves at Long Beach.

Petricola dactylus Sowerby. One set of valves between South

and Midland Beaches. Because of its rarity the habitat rela-

tion to P. pholadiformis was not determined. From this latter

it differs by being much deeper for its length, heavier and

stouter, lacking the raised, free scales and having a greater

number of transverse riblets.

Tellina tenella (Verrill). One valve at Long Beach also.

Tellina versicolor De Kay. Occasional at Long Beach also.

Macoma balthica (Linné). One valve at Long Beach in north

channel. This species prefers to live in mud.

Macoma tenta (Say). One valve at South Beach, S. I.

Donax fossor Say. Mostly at Far Rockaway. Fairly com-

mon at one spot.

Donax variabilis Say. Found with the preceding and in equal

abundance. This seems to be near the northern limit of this

species and the valves are quite small and lack the brilliant

colors of specimens from the south. The average length of

shells from this region is 14 mm., the average length of shells

from North Carolina is 17 mm., and for Florida still longer.

The differences do not warrant a subspecific designation as in-

termediate material can be procured at intermediate localities,

the locality record being sufficiently designatory. D. fossor

shows less local difference than does D. variabilis.

Mesodesma arctatum (Conrad). Rare at Far Rockaway and

Long Beach.

Corbula contracta Say. Found also at Long Beach.

Pyramidella fusca (C. B. Adams). Also found at Long Beach.

Epitonium huwmphreysit (Kiener). One specimen in channel

north of Long Beach.

THE NAUTILUS. 61

Polinices immaculata (Totten). Two fossil-looking specimens

thrown up by dredge in Long Beach channel.

Alectrion fretensis (Perkins). I have never collected this

species but have seen specimens collected on the north shore of

Long Island. It is related to A. viber but is strikingly different

being much narrower and less finely sculptured.

Haminea solitaria (Say). Long Branch channel, one speci-

men.

The total number of forms found is 98 or 99, so that one may

say that about a hundred species should be procurable within

the limits of Greater New York. The most favorable localities

were found to be the sand flats between South and Midland

Beaches, S. I., the Prince’s Bay Section, 8. I., Far Rockaway

and Long Beaches, including the channels to the north of those

bars. These localities represent five distinct habitats: protected

sandy beach, sod bank and marsh, quiet mud flats, ocean sandy

beach and channel, respectively. Two habitats have been

omitted: rocky (protected or oceanic) and eel-grass bed. For

instance Acmaea should be found on the north shore of Long

Id. from Sea Cliff eastward as well as Chaetopleura apiculata.

In collecting two factors should be borne in mind, namely,

that species are very partial to certain factors in their environ-

ment so that one must collect from as many different kinds of

surroundings as possible, and second, that the further one goes

from the cities or centers of human habitation the more com-

plete and natural will be each habitat.

NOTES ON SNAILS DESTROYING CREEPERS AND THEIR EGGS.

BY J. HOOPER BOWLES, TACOMA, WASH.

In the vicinity of Tacoma, Pierce County, Washington, the

large land snail’ is to be found in abundance. So far as I have

seen they are strictly confined to the mixed fir and oak woods

of our prairie districts, which are practically free from under-

'The snails referred to are Epiphragmophora' fidelis Gray, shells of which

were received from Mr. Ralph W. Jackson.—Eprrors.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

growth of all kinds, These woods are carpeted with a rather

long and handsome green moss, making delightful walking for

both snails and human beings alike. The snails live most of

the time on the oaks, and I have never seen them on any other

kind of tree, although there are several other varieties of decid-

uous trees, besides the innumerable firs.

The California Creeper (Certhia familiaris occidentalis) some-

times unfortunately, often selects the loose rolls of bark on these

oaks under which to place their nests. The big snails, during

their wanderings over the trunks of the trees, very naturally

wander at times into a Creeper nest, but as to this being by

accident or design it is impossible to say. At all events the re-

sults are the same, as the big shell is sure to break one or more

of the eggs, the contents of which it eats. Most often several of

the five or six eggs that usually make up a set are left unin-

jured, but, of course, the parent bird in nearly all cases deserts.

At times, however, there are more serious results, in case the

bird is incubating. These birds are what oologists term ‘‘ very

close sitters’’ and often have to be removed by force. On such

occasions the bird is apt to hug her treasures until it is too late

for her to make her escape, and several times I have found the

parent dead in the nest with her broken eggs, the abundance of

slime on her feathers giving indisputable circumstantial evi-

dence of how she met her violent end. I know of no other

species of bird that is molested by these snails, but to an ardent

student of birds’ eggs the creepers are more than enough.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Pupillide. By Henry A. Pilsbry. Manual of Conchology,

Vols. XXIV-—XXVI, 1916-1921. As Dr. Pilsbry states (1916),

‘‘The last general work on the group is over forty years old.

Meantime the number of genera and species has greatly in-

creased, and taxonomic ideas have changed so radically that the

classification and nomenclature . . . bear little resemblance to

those of former works.’’ A provisional list of the subfamilies

is given (XXIV, p. X), with a few of the leading genera as ex-

amples.

THE NAUTILUS. 63

Gastrocoptins : Gastrocopta, Hypselostoma, Abida.

Pupilline : Pupilla, Pupoides.

Pagodinine : Pagodina, Aspasita.

Acanthinuline : Acanthinula.

Vertiginine : Vertigo, Nesopupa, Truncatellina.

Orculine : Orcula, Lauria.

Strobilopsine : Strobilops.

The first, second and fifth of these subfamilies are worked up

in the three volumes completed. Considering the above state-

ment it appears to be in place to give an account of the princi-

pal groups and genera.

Gastrocoptine, in Vols. XXIV and XXYV, pp. 1-68, with 16

genera and 277 species, in four main divisions:

Gastrocopta group: Chenaxis P. & F. (Arizona), Gibbulina

Beck (S. America), Gastrocopta Wollaston, Bothriopupa Pilsbry.

Hypselostoma-Boysidia group (Oriental): Hypselostoma Ben-

son, Anauchen n. g., Boysidia Ancey, Gyliauchen Pilsbry, n. g.

Aulacospira-Systenostoma group (Oriental, Philippines).

Abida group (Palearctic, 8. African): Fauzulus Schaufuss,

Odontocyclas Schlueter, Sandahlia Westerlund, Abida Leach,

Granopupa Beettger; Chondrina Reichenbach.

The Gastrocoptinz are probably the most interesting and

most complex of the subfamilies. Naturally we turn our eyes

first on Gastrocopta, formerly known as Pupa,* then as Leuco-

chilus, and Bifidaria. ‘‘ Gastrocopta approaches more nearly a

world-wide distribution than any other genus of the Pupillide,

if we include Europe, where species existed from Oligocene to

Pliocene times. .. .’? It is a notable fact that there are no

recent Gastrocoptas in Europe, while quite a number of species

of Vertigo and Pupilla are identical or closely related in Europe

and North America. The many Nearctic species represent

several markedly different groups, one of which has been sepa-

rated as genus Chenazis. It may be noted, by the way, that

our G. armifera (Say) is the largest of the genus. The 106

(+ some additional) species are grouped geographically, ‘‘as

this is more convenient than strictly systematic sequence’’; and

the same plan has been followed with some other genera.

* As most of the Pupillide; see Vol. XXIV, p. 267.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

Related to Gastrocopta are some eastern Asiatic genera, such

as Boysidia and Hypselostoma, with the spires much lower, and

somewhat more remotely than those of the fourth group, especi-

ally differentiated and diversified, the principally Kuropean

Abida, Granopupa and Chondrina, with 44, 17, and 43 species

respectively. Abida was mostly known as Torquilla, and so

were partly the others, Chondrina also as Modicella. The author

says (p. 263): ‘‘It had been planned to have Abida and Chon-

drina monographed by a European conchologist, but this proved

to be impracticable under existing conditions. . . . To really

write a monograph of them, one should give them some years

of investigation. . . . It can only be expected of me that the

well-established species be properly defined, and a reliable com-

pilation made from the published literature of others. . . .”’

And that has been done very well, so far as the reviewer is able

to judge, having to some extent collected and studied those

forms in Europe. The figures are excellent, as can best be ap-

preciated by comparison with those copied (mostly photograph-

ically) from European authors.

It is also to be noted that of this whole Palearctic group no

members are known from Nearctia, either recent or fossil.

The second subfamily, Vertiginine, in Vols. XXV, p. 68 to

XXVI, p. 106, contains about 255 species of 17 genera, 5 of

which are known as fossil only, from the European Tertiaries.

All are small and minute, and the group is somewhat difficult

to define, conchologically. So far as known the animals have

no inferior tentacles. Of the principal genus, Vertigo, 82 recent

species are described, 33 of which are American, 44 Paleartic, 7

from Japan and eastern Asia, and quite a number are cited from

the European Tertiary. A number of the European and Amer-

ican species are closely related, and at least V. pygmea Drap.

is identical in both faunas. The only other genera represented

in America are Pupisoma Stoliczka, of the tropical regions of the

old and new continents, and Sterkia with 7 species of southern

California and Mexico.

Of Nesopupa Pilsbry there are 60, and Pronesopupa Iredale,

13 species from the Pacific Islands. Of special interest is Lyro-

pupa Pilsbry, from the Hawaiian Islands, worked up in collab-

THE NAUTILUS. 65

oration with C. Montague Cooke. The 22 accepted species, recent

and fossil, have been studied very carefully with respect toftheir

distribution and variation, and we figured on eight plates.

Truncatellina Lowe, formerly known mostly as Jsthmia, contains

some of the smallest Pupillide. The 29 described species are

distributed over the eastern continents and islands, but un-

known from America.

The subfamily Pupilling, in the rest of Vol. XXVI, has

6 genera, two of which are known as fossil only. Of Pupoides

Pfeiffer, the 27 species have a wide but discontinuous distribu-

tion; 8 of them are American, among them our common mar-

ginatus Say, and the much discussed hordaceus Gabb, from New

Mexico and Arizona. Pupilla Leach is widely distributed, and

the 34 recent species are arranged geographically. At least one,

muscorum L. is common to both the Palearctic and Nearctic

faunas, and is very variable with respect to size and apertural

dentition.

The foregoing is a very inadequate sketch of the contents of

the three volumes, with about 1050 pages and 107 plates, also

a number of text figures. A total of 41 genera, and over 610

species, plus some additional not numbered, means a surprise

even for those who have studied the family to some extent.

The subject is of exceptional interest with regard to morphology,

systematics and distribution, recent and geological. The author

has done great work: the arrangement is lucid, the species are

generally well defined, there is neither hair-splitting nor lump-

ing; the figures are above praise and will bea great help and in-

spiration to the student. For years, Dr. Pilsbry has worked

out ways of his own in presenting the complex structure of

the apertural lamellz and folds of the Pupillide.

Is there anything to criticize? By right, a critic ought to

know more about the subject under consideration than the

author does, in order to do the right thing. There may be

differences of opinion on a few minor points, hardly worth

mentioning, yet of some importance in using the books.

Vol. XXIV, p. 10 2nd line from bottom, ‘‘ 86-94”’ should

read 86-93. Bottom line, ‘‘95-106’’ should read 94-104.

Page 365 ‘‘ Pl. 23, figs. 1, 4’’ should be 1-4.

66 THE NAUTILUS.

Page 370, ‘‘ Pl. 44, figs. 4-8”’ should be 4, 8.

Vol. XXV, p. 82, 11th line: ‘‘ parietals’’ should be palatals.

In numerous places in Vol. XXIV, callus is spelled ‘‘ callous’’,

probably by a printer’s effort for uniformity. The noun and

adjective are properly discriminated in the other volumes.

It might be said that there should be a key to the species of

every genus and group. But anyone who knows a thing about

e. g. Pupilla will know that this is practically impossible, on

account of the great variation and frequent overlapping of forms.

Keys are provided for a majority of the genera. It might also

be said that there should be a general list of literature consulted ;

but the pertinent literature is cited in a condensed way under

every head: group, genus, species and form, described.

In conclusion, it is hoped that especially the generic names

used in the work will not have to be changed again for a good

number of years to come.—V. STERKI.

On DINocOCHLEA INGENS n. gen. et sp., a gigantic gastropod

from the Wealden Beds near Hastings. Geological Magazine,

LIX, p. 242, 1922. By B. B. Woodward. In a road cutting

the presence of certain huge spiral bodies was noticed. On ex-

amination were found to be either dextral or sinistral, of many

(about 23) slowly increasing whorls, somewhat like an ex-

tremely slender Melanian or Turritellid shell. The casts are

broken, but indicate a length of about 7 ft. 3 inches, about six

times the diameter of the body-whorl. The shell was propor-

tionately very thin. The external moulds in the sandstone

were not preserved, so that external characters are unknown.

It is certainly remarkable that so huge a fossil escaped notice

until now, and that even no probable ancestors or other rela-

tives have been turned up.—H. A. P.

Tuer San Francisco Bay Marine Piuine Survey, 2nd Annual

Report. Published by the S. F. Bay Marine Piling Committee,

San Francisco, Jan., 1922. The present report is mainly occu-

pied with a consideration of the several piling materials and

methods of preserving piles and timber. The biological section,

THE NAUTILUS. 67

by Dr. Charles A. Kofoid and Robert C. Miller, deals with

Jeredo in the Bay in 1921, factors limiting distribution and

specific status. The species is identified as Teredo navalis. The

larvee were observed to settle from July 20 to Nov. 15, but in

1919-20 the breeding season began several months earlier.

THE JouRNAL oF ConcHoLoay, Vol. 16, No. 9, June, 1922.

Notes on the Nomenclature of Hygromia, Helicella, etc. By

Hugh Watson, pp. 277-285.

Acanthinula lamellata var. albida and A. harpa near Sweden.

By Berthold Sundler, p. 285.

A peculiar form of Hygromia fusca from near Bristol. By

D. Baechus, p, 286.

The significance of dominant Enadeniate Helices in Africa.

By J. W. Taylor, pp. 288-290.

Two Molluscan Associations in North-east Staffs. By W. W.

Alkins, pp. 291-297. (1. Helix nemoralis and H. horsensis, 2.

Balea perversa and Clausilia bidentata.)

The South Devon race of Hygromia limbata. By H. C.

Huggins, pp. 297-301.

On Alopia cyclostoma (Bielz), A. canescens (Charp.) and

A. deaniana n. sp. By Rev. Dr. A. H. Cooke, pp. 302-306,

pl. 9.

Some Upper CRETACEOUS SHELLS OF THE RUDISTID GROUP

FROM TAMAULIPAS, Mexico. By L. W. Stephenson (Proc. U.S.

Nat. Mus., Vol. 61, pp. 1-28, pls. 1-15, 1922). One new

genus Tampsia and two new species, two new species of the

genus Sanvagesia and one new species of the genus Durania are

described and figured.

THE European Pireworm, A DANGEROUS MARINE BoRER IN

Barneagat Bay, New Jersey. By T. C. Nelson (N. J. Agri.

Exp. Sta., Circular 139, 1922). An interesting and pertinent

paper on these destructive mollusks. There has been a con-

stant loss from shipworms along the Atlantic coast for years,

but apparently no unusual outbreak has occurred before. An

investigation however is needed to enable us to realize present

68 THE NAUTILUS.

conditions. A smaller pamphlet on ‘‘ Destruction of Piling in

Waterfront Structures: Its Prevention,’’ published by the Com-

mittee on Marine Piling Investigations of the National Research

Council, is also a timely paper on the subject.—C. W. J.

A Mono@rRapH oF THE AMERICAN SHrIPworRMs. By Paul

Bartsch (U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 122, pp. 1-51, pls. 1-37,

1922).

To the conchologists who trusted explicitly the works of

Gould and Verrill the paper gives something of a jolt, when

they find that three new species have been based on their so-

called Teredo navalis. We have no reason to doubt that the

author is right, for the paper shows a very careful piece of work

and just as wonderful things have occurred before. In all some

14 new species are described and figured. The halftone figures

of the shells do not show the sculpture in most cases, but this

is described in the text. The ‘‘ravages by Gould shipworm at

Port Tampa,’’ as shown on plates 14 and 15 suggest that pos-

sibly the ‘‘gribble’’ (Iimnoria) might also have aided in the

destructive work.—C. W. J.

THE MiocENE oF NortTHERN Costa Rica. By A. A. Olsson

(Bull. Amer. Paleontology, Vol. 9, pt. 2, Pelecypoda, pp. 171-

309, pls. 16-32, June, 1922). About 70 new species and var-

ieties are described and figured, in addition to 75 other species

which are redescribed and figured. The work is a valuable ad-

dition to our knowledge of the miocene fauna of that region.—

Co Wiis:

THE Srory oF MoLiusks AND OF THE SHELLS THEY LIVE IN.

By Margaret G. Sherman (The Newark Museum Association,

Newark, N. J., 1919). This is an original and very interesting

little publication. The story when cut into paragraphs makes

labels for 180 shells. A second edition, referred to as the ‘‘ ex-

panded pamphlet,’’ have the paragraphs interlined in smaller

type, with special description labels. or arranging a popular

exhibit in museums and schools, this story would be very use-

ful.—C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS. 69

VARIATION IN FRESH-wATER MussEts. By Gordon H. Ball

(Ecology, Vol. 3, pp. 93-121, 1922). This very exhaustive

paper on this interesting subject is based on the large collection

in the Carnegie Museum. The variations are shown by plotting

and tables, certain variations depending on various ecological

conditions. Shells of smaller streams are usually less obese

than those of the larger, although there are other factors that

determine the degree of obesity. The development of the

tubercles as a rule, is also greatest in the larger streams.—

Coe as

VARIATION IN THE Doc WHELK, THAIS (PURPURA AUCT. )

LAPILLUsS. By Harold 8. Colton (Ecology, Vol. 3, pp. 146-

157, 1922). A study of the variation of the Dog Whelk, con-

stitutes one of the most interesting features of collecting on the

New England coast. Dr. Colton’s work was confined to Mt.

Desert Island, Me., and the immediate vicinity. Specimens

from 106 stations seem to indicate that variation in size and

shape of the shells is the result of the direct effect of environ-

ment, while variation in color and sculpture are due to heredi-

tary factors. More light-colored shells are found on light than

on dark environments. The imbricated form is generally asso-

ciated with mud flats on the shores of Blue Hill Bay, while in

exposed situations they are found only in fissures in the rocks.

The almost complete absence of imbricata in Somes Sound is at-

tributed to a change of sea level in recent times.—C. W. J.

THE AUCULOSAE OF THE ALABAMA RIVER DRAINAGE. By

Calvin Goodrich (Univ, Mich. Mus. Zool., Misc. Pub. No. 7,

pp. 1-57, pls. 1-3, 1922). This valuable paper is based on

the collection made by the late Herbert H. Smith, between the

years 1901 and 1918. After a year’s examination of the collec-

tion the author feels toward Mr. Smith only the greatest respect

for his industry in the field and the keenness of his observa-

tions. The Auculosae vary exceedingly, and the author refers

to them as ‘‘an adaptive family that is constantly struggling

with an altering environment.’’ The introductory remarks on

the group and its environment, opercula and classification are

70 THE NAUTILUS.

very interesting. Of the 26 species described and figured, 11

that are new were described by Mr. Smith and one by the

author.—C. W. J.

THE Moxuusca or Dickinson Co., Micuican. By H. B.

Baker (Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Occasional Papers, No. 111,

pp. 1-44, 1921). The habitat studies are very complete; all

are numbered, and referred to by numbers in the list of species.

Notes ON THE INTERNAL LAMELLAE OF CARYCHIUM. By

Mina L. Winslow (Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool., Occasional Papers,

No. 128, pp. 1-16, pls. 1-5, 1922). An interesting study of

the lamellae of these small shells, as an aid in determining

closely related species.

EXPERIMENTS IN THE CULTURE OF FRESH-WATER MUSSELS.

By Arthur D. Howard (Bull. Bureau Fisheries, Vol. 38, pp.

63-89, 1922). An interesting paper on mussel culture and

conservation.

On THE NOMENCLATURE OF CERTAIN NortH AMERICAN NAIADES.

By A. E. Ortmann and Bryant Walker (Occas. Papers of the

Mus. of Zool., Uniy. of Michigan, No. 112). Much confusion

still prevails in the nomenclature of our freshwater mussels.

Mainly owing to the uncertainty attending many of Rafinesque’s

species and genera. Simpson brought some of them into use

in his monumental Synopsis of the Naiades; but many more

he ignored on account of the notorious obscurity of that author’s

writings. Subsequent writers have identified many additional

Rafinesquian species and genera with varying degrees of cer-

tainty. The traditional identifications of some of Lamarck’s

species of Unio have been disputed. These and other cases re-

quiring revision have been fully discussed by Ortmann and

Walker in this paper of 75 pages. The paper was criticised in

MS. by Pilsbry, whose decisions in cases not agreed upon were

accepted. ‘‘As now issusd, the paper represents the unan-

imous opinion of all three of us on questions of nomenclature’’.

THE NAUTILUS. 71

In an article so condensed, and dealing with so many points,

it is quite impossible to give a summary. Those interested

should obtain copies from the Museum of Zoology, University

of Michigan.

The thorough acquaintance of both authors with the subject,

their fair and comprehensive consideration of each case, with

due reference to the International Rules of Nomenclature,

should entitle their conclusions to general acceptance. It is to

be hoped that this essay will tead to uniformity in matters of

mere nomenclature, so that the energies of our Unio students

can be more fully devoted to the many unsolved questions of

structure, development and distribution of these most interest-

ing mollusks.

NOTES.

Note on AcM#A PATINA Esch.—Eschscholtz in his Zoological

Atlas described Acmza scutum end A. patina on the same page

and figured both, from Sitka. That the two are specifically

identical was recognized by authors of the Carpenterian period,

and A. patina was selected as the name to be used for the

whole. Eschscholtz’s figure of this is smaller that that of his

A, scutum, though as large as many adults. That it is sub-

specifically distinct from scutuwm seems highly doubtful; I see no

evidence whatever for that view. In cases of two names for the

same species published at the same time, that selected by the

first reviser has precedence, according to Art. 28 of the Inter-

national Code. The species should therefore be called Acm=aA

PATINA, A. scutwm becoming a synonym.

The small race A. patina fenestrata (‘‘ Nutt.’’? Reeve, 1885)

has been mentioned as cribraria Gld. MS. by Carpenter, but

cribraria was never defined, and the name did not appear in

print until long after Reeve had figured fenestrata.—H. A.

PILSBRY.

Nore on CyprarA Pacirica OsTERGAARD.'—Upon a recent

1 The name being preoccupied Dr. Dall has called this species C. ostergaardi.

See Nautitus, Vol. 35, p. 50, 1921.—Eprrors.

72 THE NAUTILUS.

trip to the Hawaiian Islands it was my pleasure to meet Dr. J.

M. Ostergaard, eminent local biologist, and to inspect three of

the type-lot of his Cypraea Pacifica. This species, although

dredged in Honolulu Harbor in 1915, was not described until

1920 (Navtitus, XXXIII, p. 92). Only five examples were

taken and no others have since been obtained. For purposes

of reference, it should perhaps be known that one of these is in

the collections of the American Academy of Sciences at Phila-

delphia, one in the Bishop Museum at Honolulu, one in my

collection, and the other two in the collection of Dr. O.

This species is a distinct and interesting one, being of a uni-

form creamy-white color, with small brown dorsal spots; and it

is noteworthy that in a community so long settled and ‘‘worked’’

by conchological collectors, both this beautiful novelty and also -

Mr. Melvill’s pretty Cyp. Rashleighana should have escaped

discovery until disclosed by dredging operations of recent years.

—Frep L. Burron.

Susscripers N. B.—A person once asked one of the editors

if the Pearly Nautilus made a septum each year, and if it died

when it ceased making septa. The only ready reply was—you

will have to watch it and see. If the present volume (septum

36) of THE Nauritus failed to appear, you would certainly say

it was dead. We do not know the age of a Nautilus pompilius

L., or upon what it feeds, but we do know what Tue Navritus

of Philadelphia and Boston requires. During the past few years

the environment of the latter has greatly changed, and it now

needs much more of its nutritious food—the ‘‘long green”’’,

than it used to. When the editors were younger, the little

deficit each year was looked upon as a joke, but now the

printer’s bill reminds us of a huge Tridacna (with real teeth),

and when it comes rolling in on the spring tides it is enough to

crush the life out of any Nautilus—shell or paper. All that is

needed now are a few more subscribers and the prompt payment

of subscriptions, otherwise some day THE NAvritus will cease its

wanderings over land and sea. Some one else may try again,

but always remember what Horace Greeley said about starting

a paper.—H. A. P. and C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXVI JANUARY, 1923. No. 3

THE ANATOMY AND TAXONOMY OF CERTAIN UNIONINAE AND

ANODONTINAE FROM THE GULF DRAINAGE.

BY A. E. ORTMANN, PH. D.

The following notes are based largely upon the examination

of material of fresh-water mussels, which the Carnegie Museum

has received in part from G. H. Clapp, in part from the Ala-

bama Museum of Natural History—it has been collected mostly

by H. H. Smith and his assistants, but a few forms have been

taken by myself in northern Georgia and Tennessee.

1. Fusconatra succissa (Lea) (1852).

See Quadrula succissa, Simpson, Descript. Catal. 1914, p. 867.

There is no doubt that Unio cacao Lea is a synonym to this.

Choctawhatchee River, near mouth of Gittey’s Mill Creek,

Geneva Co., Ala. Two specimens (shells only), Victor Hutch-

inson coll.

Pea River (trib. to Choctawhatchee), Fleming’s Mill, Dade

Co., Ala. Eight specimens, shells and soft parts (6 males, 2

females), J. A. Burke coll., Nov., 1915.

Structure of the normal, primitive Unionine type. Supra-

anal opening present; it is slightly shorter than the anal, and

separated from it by a well developed mantle-connection, which

is shorter than the supraanal; in the largest male, however, the

74 THE NAUTILUS.

connection apparently is torn. Anal opening with the inner

edge finely crenulated, almost smooth. Branchial opening with

strong papillae on inner edge. Palpi of the normal, subfalci-

form shape, their posterior margins connected for one-third to

one-half of their length.

Gills normal; inner lamina of the inner gill free from abdom-

inal sac, except at anterior end. In the female, all four gills

are marsupial, with the septa more strongly developed and

standing more closely than in the male.

Although the shape of the placentae and the glochidia are

unknown, I have no doubt that this is a species of the genus

Fusconaia, and not of Quadrula, for the reason that, in shell

characters, it is extremely close to the F. barnesiana-group (see

Navt. 31, 1917, pp. 58-64), and does not at all resemble the

species of Quadrula, which all are more or less sculptured. F.

succissa is very much like the headwaters-form of barnesiana

(var. bigbyensis Lea), it differs, however, in the complete ab-

sence of rays, and the peculiar color of the nacre, which is

highly iridescent and more or less purplish, often whitish to-

ward the cavity of the shell, darker toward the margin. These

tints are unknown in F. barnesiana.

The beak-sculpture of F. succissa is unknown, but the fact

that even in the smallest specimens at hand, with the beaks

very little eroded, no sculpture is seen, indicates that it must

have been poorly developed, as is characteristic for Fusconaia.

In the two largest specimens (males) the gills had that char-

acteristic blackish tint observed in barnesiana; for the rest, the

soft parts were discolored by the action of the alcohol.

This species is known from the Choctawhatchee system in

southern Alabama and western Florida. F. barnesiana and its

varieties are from the Tennessee-Cumberland drainage; and the

third species of this group, F. ozarkensis (Call), is from the

Ozark Mountains; thus the distribution of the group is markedly

discontinuous.

2. MEGALONAIAS TRIUMPHANS (Wright) (1898).

Quadrula triumphans Simpson, Descr. Cat., 1914, p. 823.

Coosa River, Wilsonville, Shelby Co., Ala. Five males,

THE NAUTILUS. (ic3,

eight females (soft parts only) and one shell, H. H. Smith coll.,

June 15, 1914.

Coosa River, Weduska Shoals, Shelby Co., Ala. Two shells,

H. H. Smith coll., August, 1913.

Coosa River, Coosa Valley, St. Clair Co., Ala. One shell,

H. H. Smith coll.

M. triumphans is the representative of M. heros Say in the

Coosa River in Alabama, and it may run into heros in the Ala-

bama River. At any rate, heros is known from Tombigbee

River, as reported by Simpson, and confirmed by specimens in

the Carnegie Museum (from McIntosh, Washington Co., Ala. ).

The differences between the two forms are very slight. M. heros,

as a rule, has the posterior wing of the shell less developed and

less elevated, and thus the shell appears more elongated, and

the upper and lower margins are more nearly parallel; while M.

triwumphans has a more elevated posterior wing, rendering the

shell higher and shorter in outline, with the upper and lower

margins diverging.

As is to be expected, triumphans also belongs to the genus

Megalonaias, created by Utterback for heros (Amer. Midl.

Natural. 4, 1916, p. 41). The essential characters, both of

shell and soft parts (as far as our material permits) are seen.

Of course, no gravid females being at hand, the charged mar-

supium and the glochidium is unknown. It deserves special

mention that connection of the inner lamina of the inner gill

with the abdominal sac is well developed in all of my speci-

mens, and mostly complete, only in a few there are short holes

at the posterior end of the foot. In my barren females all four

gills are marsupial. In the region of the anal opening all of

my specimens are badly injured, and I have been unable to as-

certain the presence of a supraanal opening.

3. AMBLEMA PERPLICATA ELLIOTTI (Lea) (1856).

Quadrula elliotti, Simpson, 1914, p. 819.

Othcalooga Creek, Calhoun, Gordon Co., Ga. (type locality).

Two shells and soft parts of four males and three females, H.

H. Smith coll., the former in July, 1914, the latter in July,

THI:

76 THE NAUTILUS.

Conasauga River, Whitfield Co., Ga. Shells, H. H. Smith.

Coahulla Creek, Herndon’s Mill, Whitfield Co., Ga. Shells,

H. H. Smith.

Chattooga River, Cedar Bluff, Cherokee Co., Ala. Shells,

H. H. Smith.

The anatomy agrees completely with that of A. perplicata

(Conrad), as described previously (Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, 1912,

p. 247, and Naut. 28, 1914, p. 21); of course, the gravid con-

dition of the female and the glochidium have not been observed.

Already Simpson is inclined to regard this as a form of per-

plicata, from which it is said to differ in the more decidedly

quadrate outline (with the posterior margin almost squarely

truncate) in the narrower anterior and higher posterior end (due

to the better development of the posterior wing). and in the

smaller and less elevated pseudo-cardinals. In my specimens

of elliotti, I cannot discover any difference whatever in the hinge

teeth; but the other characters are noticeable. However, such

specimens are found practically all over the range of perplicata,

from the Alabama system westward. I have material not only

from the Coosa-Alabama Rivers, but also from Mississippi,

Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri and

southern Illinois, and everywhere specimens of the elliotti-type

may turnup. Simpson gives, for the latter, the range: ‘‘south-

ern’’ (apparently misprint for ‘‘northern’’) ‘‘ Georgia to

Texas’’, but it seems to have a wider distribution, and more-

over, the two forms insensibly run into each other. This is

preéminently so in the Coosa River, from which J have a num-

ber of specimens labeled (by Walker) perplicata, which show all

possible transitions toward elliotti. The latter form, indeed,

seems to be, in the upper Coosa system, the prevailing form,

and for this reason we should let it stand as a variety of perpli-

cata, although elsewhere it is merely an individual variation of

perplicata.

4. QUADRULA ASPERATA (Lea) (1861).

See Quadrula pustulosa pernodosa (Lea), Simpson, 1914, p.

851 (in part).

This is the shell, which represents, in the Alabama system,

THE NAUTILUS. 77

the Q. pustulosa (Lea) of the interior basin. I have quite a

number of specimens from the headwaters of the Coosa, down

to Wetumpka, Elmore Co., Ala. In the Cahaba, Black War-

rior, and Tombigbee drainages, similar, but somewhat different

forms turn up; but I propose to restrict myself here to the

Coosa-form.

Simpson has united this form with Q. pustulosa pernodosa,

and Walker, who has identified part of the material at hand,

has labeled it thus. However, the original U. pernodosus Lea

does not come from the Alabama System, but is from ‘‘ North

Carolina’’, from rivers tributary to the Tennessee, and is noth-

ing but an individual phase of the common Q. pustulosa (see

Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc. 57, 1918, p. 540).

Simpson’s diagnosis of pernodosa is entirely insufficient: ‘‘sub-

orbicular, moderately inflated, pustulous; epidermis yellowish

brown’’; every word of this fits also the typical pustulosa. Ac-

cording to my observations, the Coosa-form is indeed different

from the true pustulosa. But its chief characters are not found

in shape or sculpture, for both are extremely variable, although,

in the average, the Coosa-form is more rounded, that is to say,

the posterior upper margin is not elevated, and does not form

an angle with the posterior margin, but curves down into it

very gently and gradually. But such specimens are not infre-

quent in the interior basin among pustulosa. The main differ-

ence of the two forms is in the color pattern. Typical pustulosa

has rays, sometimes obliterated, it is true, in old specimens,

but very generally present in younger and well preserved indi-

viduals; of these rays, chiefly one in the middle of the disk is

noticeable, which is strongly developed, broad, often breaking

up into a few large blotches. I have never seen this color pat-

tern in the corresponding Coosa-form, but in its place there are

concentric, narrow bands of blackish, dark green, or sometimes

brownish color, following the growth rests. Sometimes these

band are absent, but there are never rays here.

The name of pernodosa cannot be used for this Coosa-form;

but there is no doubt that U. asperatus Lea stands for it. It

originally comes from the Alabama River, Claiborne, Ala., and

from the Coosa River, Ala. It should be known as Quadrula

78 THE NAUTILUS.

asperata (Lea), and should rank as a species, since there are no

transitional forms to pustulosa known to me, and since also the

geographical distribution is different from that of the typical

Q. pustulosa.

Q. asperata is very variable in the development of the tuber-

cles of the disk. In young specimens they are generally absent,

but begin to appear at a certain stage of the growth. Some-

times individuals turn up which have none or only few tubercles

at a comparatively advanced age, and such specimens seem to

be rather frequent in the headwaters of the Coosa, in northern

Georgia. Walker has labeled them Q. pustulosa kieneriana

(Lea). Thesame name he has given to the soft parts (without

shells) of three specimens from Etowah River, Cartersville,

Bartow Co., Ga. (H. H. Smith coll., October 1910). Of these,

two were barren females, and in their anatomy they were iden-

tical with Q. pustulosa.

The question is, whether these specimens are the real kiener-

tana, which Simpson regards as a variety of pustulosa, with the

diagnosis: ‘‘suborbicular, smooth or somewhat nodulous; epi-

dermis ashy brown or greenish brown’’, and, according to the

measurements given, it is smaller than asperata. According to

this, shells with poorly developed tubercles should be called

kieneriana, and Walker apparently has acted upon this prin-

ciple. Yet I think that this is not correct, and that most of

the specimens without nodules, or with only a few, chiefly

those from the headwaters of the Coosa, are only individual

variations of Q. asperata, for there is no other difference, and

they insensibly pass into each other.

There is in the Coosa a closely allied form to Q. asperata,

with the same concentric color-bands, which, however has the

growth rests standing more closely, and has smaller tubercles.

This may be the real kieneriana. But Iam not in a position

to affirm this positively, since my material is too meagre.

5. Pleurobema georgianum (Lea) (1841).

Pleurobema georgianum (Lea), Simpson, 1914, p. 792.

Pleurobema favosum (Lea) (1856), Simpson, ibid., p. 798.

Conasauga River, Conasauga, Polk Co., Tenn. Two males,

THE NAUTILUS, 79

three gravid females with soft parts, A. E. Ortmann coll., May

24, 1915.

Conasauga River, Tennga, Murray Co., Ga. Two shells, H.

H. Smith coll., Sept. 15, 1914.

Cowan Creek, Cherokee Co., Ala. One shell, H. H. Smith

coll., Novemb. 1910.

Shoal Creek, St. Clair Co., Alas One male and one female,

soft parts only, H. H. Smith coll., Oct. 1914.

The three shells from Tennga, Cowan Creek, and the soft

parts from Shoal Creek, were labeled by Walker Pl. favosum.

The type-locality of U. georgianus is: ‘‘Stump Creek,

Georgia’’, which undoubtedly stands for Stamp Creek, near

Cartersville, Bartow Co., Ga., in the drainage of Etowah River.

No other locality, and only one specimen is known. U. favosus

is founded upon a number of specimens from Othcalooga Creek,

Gordon Co., Ga. (trib. to Oostanaula River, near Calhoun),

and also in this case no additional exact localities are known,

although Simpson gives: ‘‘ Alabama system ’’.

I do not entertain any doubt that U. georgianus and favosus

are identical. They come from the same general region, and,

according to the material at hand, this species has its home in

the headwaters of the Coosa River in northeastern Alabama

and northern Georgia. U. georgianus is founded upon a rather

small specimen (L. 41 mm.), of normal shape, with yellowish

brown epidermis, without rays or spots, while the figure of U.

favosus represents a larger specimen (L. 52 mm.) of the same,

regular shape, with the epidermis yellowish green or brownish,

and with a row of green spots upon the posterior ridge. These

spots, as far as I can see, are the only difference of the two

‘‘species’’, for the rest, they agree completely in color, outline

and general shape, and also the diameter is about the same:

39 per cent of the length in georgianus, 38 per cent of the length

in favosus.

My material shows conclusively that the color markings in

this species are variable: in the set from Conasauga collected

by myself, the epidermis is yellowish or brownish olive; the

larger specimens are without spots, the smaller ones have more

or less distinct spots on the posterior ridge, and in the smallest

te) THE NAUTILUS.

they appear as an interrupted broad ray. In the other speci-

mens, collected by Smith, the spots are rather distinct.

The shape of the shell is rather subovate, almost subelliptical

in outline. In the larger specimens, however, the lower margin

is not very convex, but in part more nearly straight. Very

young specimens (from Tennga) are comparatively higher than

old ones. In my specimens, the diameter varies from 33 per

of the length to 41 per cent, the average being, in specimens

from Conasauga, 36 percent, in the others about 59 per cent.

The maximum size (male from Conasauga) is: L. 61, H. 40,

D. 20 mm. (this is the most compressed individual, D. 33 per

cent).

As we shall see below, this is a real Plewrobema according to

the anatomy. It stands very close to the small-creek-form PI.

oviforme argenteum (Lea) of the upper Tennessee region (see:

Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 57, 1918, p. 552), and the fact, that

this latter form is found in tributaries of the Tennessee not far

from the Coosa drainage (Chickamauga Creek in Catoosa Co.,

Ga., and Hiwassee drainage in Tennessee) suggests that there

actually is genetic relationship between the two forms, and that

Pl. georgianum reached the upper Coosa by crossing over the

divide from the upper Tennessee (by stream piracy).

Pl. georgianum differs from Pl. oviforme argenteum only in the

regular, suboval, almost subelliptical outline, while in the

latter, the outline generally is subrhomboidal or subtrapezoidal,

that is to say, there is a more or less distinct angle between the

upper and the posterior margins. The compression of the two

forms is nearly thesame. In color pattern, they are also much

alike, except that the spots, in argentewm, are often accompanied

by more or less rays upon the disk. However, also in argen-

teum, rays and spots may be entirely absent.

The soft parts from Conasauga agree with those from Shoal

Creek. The females of the former locality were gravid with

glochidia (May 25). The anatomy is identical with that of Pl.

oviforme argenteum (Naut. 34, 1921, p. 85). This concerns

also color, the soft parts being either whitish or pale orange.

The color of the marsupium (placentae) is cream or pale orange,

exactly ae in the clava-group of Pleurobema (to which oviforme

THE NAUTILUS. 81

belongs). Glochidia of the usual shape, subelliptical, L. O.

13, H. O. 15 mm., and thus they are slightly smaller than

those of the clava-group, and also a little higher in proportion

to length, but in the latter respect, they agree with specimens

of argenteum from Chickamauga Creek (see: Naut. 1. c.).

6. Pleurobema hagleri (Frierson) (1900).

Simpson, 1914, p. 776.

North River, Hagler’s Mill, Tuscaloosa Co., Ala. Two

shells, H. H. Smith coll.

Valley Creek, Toadvine, Jefferson Co., Ala. Soft parts

(without shells) of one male and one barren female, H. H.

Smith coll.

Both localities are in the Black Warrior drainage, the first

close to the type-locality (Tyner, Tuscaloosa Co.). The speci-

mens have been identified by B. Walker.

Although no gravid females were at hand, the anatomy indi-

cates that this species probably is a Pleurobema. The soft parts

were discolored by the alcohol.

The affinities of this species are still obscure.

7. Pleurobema patsaligense Simpson (1900).

Simpson, 1914, p. 788.

Little Patsaliga Creek, Crenshaw Co., Ala. Two shells,

topotypes, C. Goodrich don.

Sandy Creek, Evergreen, Conecuh Co., Ala. twelve shells,

H. H. Smith coll.

Choctawatchee River, Blue Springs, Barbour Co., Ala. One

shell, and soft parts of ten others (six males and four barren

females), H. H. Smith coll.

The single shell from the Choctawhatchee is absolutely iden-

tical with the sets from the other two localities in the Escambia

drainage, and thus it is shown that this species belongs to both

systems.

Concerning the soft parts, the same is to be said asin the

case of Pl. hagleri, and also its systematic affinities require

further elucidation. It should be pointed out, that the shells

of these two species (and of others from Alabama) show certain

82 THE NAUTILUS.

similarities to the genus Elliptio: it is not impossible that we

have here the intergrading forms between Elliptio and Pleuro-

bema.

8. Pleurobema modicum (Lea) (1857).

Pl. striatum (Lea) (1840), Pl. modicum (Lea) (1857), Pl.

amabile (Lea) (1865), see: Simpson, 1914 p. 794, 795.

All three forms are from the Appalachicola system, the first

two from the Chattahootchee River, Columbus, Ga., the last

from the upper Flint drainage at Butler, Taylor Co., Ga. I

have the following material:

Chattahoochee River, Ga. Two shells, Hartman collection

(labeled striatus).

Pea River, Fleming’s Mill, Dade Co., Ala. Eleven shells,

ten of these with soft parts (five males, five barren females), J.

A. Burke coll., Nov., 1915 (marked ‘‘ Pea R., no. 2’’).

Choctawhatchee River, Blue Springs, Barbour Co., Ala. Soft

parts (without shells) of seven males and five barren females,

H. H. Smith coll., Oct., 1915 (marked ‘‘ Choct. R., no. 6, same

as Pea R., no. 2’’).

According to the published descriptions and figures, the dif-

erences of these supposed three species may be tabulated as

follows:

a, Nacre flesh color to purplish. Posterior point of shell

near base and lower margin of shell nearly straight.

, Shell rather compressed, Dia. 33 to 36 per cent of

length. striatum.

b, Shell more swollen. Dia. 42 to 45 per cent of length.

modicum.

a, Nacre whitish or yellowish. Posterior point of shell more

elevated above base and lower margin more convex.

Shell rather swollen. Dia. 41 to 43 per cent of length.

amabile.

The position of the posterior point of the shell is very varia-

ble and unfit to serve as diagnostic character. My two shells

from Chattahootchee River, labeled striatus, possess the dia. of

40 and 41 per cent, and thus connect striatum and modicum more

closely; I think that there is no doubt that these two are actu-

THE NAUTILUS. 83

ally identical. Since Walker has shown (Univ. Mich. Miscell.

Publ. 6, 1918, p. 183) that U. striatus Lea (1840) is preoccu-

pied by Unio striatus Goldfuss (1839), U. modicus becomes the

oldest available name. (PI. simpsoni Vanatta, Pr. Acad. Philad.

1915, p. 559, introduced on account of Obovaria striata Rafin-

esque [1820] is unnecessary. )

My set of shells from the Choctawhatchee drainage (Pea R.)

agrees in every particular with amabile, except that the shells

are slightly less swollen (dia. 37 to 43 per cent, average 38 per

cent), thus approaching the striatum-type. Thus there remains

only one distinguishing character from the Chattahootchee

shells, color of nacre. But since the whitish color (amabile-

type) is also originally from the Chattahoochee drainage, it is

safe to place also amabile in the svnonymy of modicum.

In my specimens from Pea River the epidermis is, in the

younger ones, tawny or greenish brown, sometimes obscurely

rayed. In older ones it is darker, brownish, shading to black-

ish toward the beaks. Nacre whitish, often stained yellowish

in the beak cavity.

According to the soft parts, this seems to be a Pleurobema,

possessing the structure of this genus, as far as we can judge in

the absence of gravid females. But its position within the

genus is not yet clear. It is a small species, so far restricted to

the Appalachicola and Choctawhatchee systems in S. W.

Georgia, S. E. Alabama and probably also West Florida.

9. LAsMIGoNA (ALASMINOTA) HOLSTONIA (Lea) (1839).

Alasmidonta holstonia (Lea) and Al. georgiana (Lea), Simp-

son, 1914 pp. 502, 503.

See also: L. (Sulcularia) badia (Raf.), Ortmann, Nautilus

Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 57, 1918 p. 557; L. (Alasminota)

holstonia, Ortmann, Naut. 28, 1914 p. 43, and 34, 1921 p. 87.

This species, common in small streams in the upper Tennes-

see, has also been reported from the headwaters of the Coosa

River, and undoubtedly is present there. This fact again indi-

cates a close connection of the upper Coosa drainage with that

of the upper Tennessee. According to material before me, it is

widely distributed also in the Coosa drainage, from northern

84 THE NAUTILUS.

Georgia down to Talladega and Shelby Cos. in Alabama, and

also here it avoids the larger rivers, preferring smaller streams.

It should be pointed out that the two ranges are in close con-

tact, since, in the Tennessee drainage, this species is known

from South Chickamauga Creek in Catoosa Co., Ga., and from

the Hiwassee drainage in Polk Co., Tenn.

I have examined specimens with soft parts from the follow-

ing localities in the Coosa drainage.

Chattooga River, Trion, Chattooga Co., Ga. Three males

and two females. A. E. Ortman coll., May 19, 1915.

Little River (trib. to Chattooga), Cherokee Co., Ala. One

male and one female (without shells). H. H. Smith coll.

The structure of these is entirely normal, as described pre-

viously.

( To be continued)

PROSERPINIDAE.

BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER.

Proserpina Gray (1840). Nude name.

Odontostoma @’Orbigny (1841), not Turton (1829), etc., etc.

Type O. depressa d’Orbigny (1841), Cuba.

Proserpina ‘‘Gray’’ Sowerby (1842). Type (monotype) P.

mitida ‘‘Gray’’ Sowerby (1842), Jamaica, Not Proserpinus

Hiibner (1816), Lepidoptera (Verz. bek. Schmet., p. 132).

Ceres Gray (1856). Type Carocolla eolina Duclos (1834),

Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Proserpinella Bland (1865). Type (monotype) P. berendti

Bland (1865), Mirador, Mexico.

Cyane H. Adams (1870). Type (monotype) C. blandiana

H. Adams (1870), Eastern Peru.

Linidiella Jousseaume (1889). Type Proserpina swifti Bland

(1863), Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.

Despena R. B. Newton (1891). Substitute for Proserpina;

same type.

THE NAUTILUS. 85

Chersodespena Sykes (1901). Type Despaena cinnamomea

Sykes (1901), between Ayabamba and Santa Rosa, Ecuador.

Staffola Dall (1905). Type Proserpina derbyi Dall (1905),

subfossil, Rio Chico, Paraguassu, Bahia, Brazil.

A. Shell large, heavy, carinate; externally with riblets above

and thickened below. Columellar, parietal and palatal

lamella (Mexico). Genus Ceres.

A’, Shell smaller, thin, rounded; without definite riblets.

Genus Proserpina.

B. With distinct, thin, columellar lamella. Subgenus

Proserpina 8s. 8.

C. Palatal, parietal and columellar lamelle (An-

tilles). Section Proserpina s. 8. ( +Despoena).

C’. Parietal and columellar lamelle (Antilles). Sec-

tion Despenella new name (-+ Odontostoma).

C”’. Columellar lamella only (Venezuela to Ecuador).

Section Linidiella (+ Chersodespena).

B’. With heavy columellar lamella, appearing as trunca-

tion of columellar pillar (South America). Sub-

genus Cyane.

D. Parietal lamella also present (Brazil). Section

Staffola.

D’. Columellar truncation only (Peru, Bolivia).

Section Cyane s. s.

B”. Parietal lamella only (Mexico). Subgenus Proser-

pinella.

As will be seen from the above, even if it were decided that

Proserpinus preoccupied Proserpina (Cf. Newton and also Sykes,

l. c.), Despena (Despcenide) could not be used as a generic

term without designation of considerably smaller generic limits

than here recognized. Regardless of the size of the genera,

Proserpinellidez would become the only appropriate family name.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

A CRITIQUE ON PROFESSOR HAROLD HEATH’S CHIORERA DALLI,

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE USE OF THE

FOOT IN THE NUDIBRANCHIATE MOLLUSK,

MELIBE LEONINA GOULD.

BY H. H. VON WOLD KJERSCHOW AGERSBORG.

(From the Zoological Laboratory, University of Illinois, with Plates II to V.)

The remarkable Nudibranch Melibe leonina Gould has recently

been described by Professor Chas. H. O’ Donoghue, from the

Vancouver Island region, under the nomenclature of Gould

(1852), the discoverer of the species. Heath (1917) also em-

ploys Gould’s nomenclature for the genus, but he goes farther

than O’Donoghue by naming for it a new species, Chiorxra

dalli. Heath’s species was collected off the coast of British Col-

umbia. That is, not far from O’ Donoghue’s territory, nor, in-

deed, from that of Gould. The specific description of Heath,

as far as it goes, coincides perfectly with that of Gould (1852),

Cooper (1863), Fewkes (1889), Bergh (1904), O’ Donoghue

(1921) and Agersborg (1916, 1919, 1921, 1921a, 1922). The

only difference lies in his statements in regard to the salivary

glands and the tentacles. Microscopic sections of the anterior

end of the alimentary canal of Heath’s species no doubt will

reveal these glands just as in the case of the type species of

Gould. These glands, as I have shown before (1922), are very

small, and are imbedded in the connective and muscular tissues

of the neck, opening into the alimentary tract by minute crypts

through the entoderm between the proventriculus and the

mouth. Heath does not seem to appreciate Gould’s description

neither in the Latin nor in the English. It is, therefore, no

wonder that Heath makes a new species of Gould’s Melibe

leonina.

Gould’s description reeds:

‘‘Body limaciform, smooth and of a pearly and whitish

colour, finely reticulate with orange. The head is enormously

enlarged, with a distinct neck, semiglobose, the oral face flat-

tened. The oral fissure is longitudinal, the lips large, with the

true mouth within at the posterior portion; around the edge of

the oral disc or cowl is a double series of orange-coloured cirrhi,

THE NAUTILUS. 87

each of which has an independent motion. On the top of the

head are two foliate expansions, destitute of venations, which

answer to the true tentacles; on their anterior edge is an opaque

whitish papilla, presenting something of a spiral or lamellar

structure; they were sometimes wholly retracted within a per-

manent sheath.’’ P. 310.

Heath’s description reads in part:

‘* External Features.—The body (Pl. XI, fig. 1) comprises

two distinct divisions, the head and the body proper. The

head presents the appearance of a low vault or cowl provided

with two dorsal tentacles, two sets of marginal tentacles and on

its under surface bears the mouth. Unlike Chiorera leonina,

the dorsal tentacles are not retractile, and in preserved material

are plain, muscular, foliaceous outgrowth. Gould states that

the tentacles of C. leonina bear on their anterior margins ‘an

opaque, whitish papilla, presenting something of a spiral or

lamellar structure.’ Nothing of the kind has been found to

exist in the present species.

‘*The marginal head tentacles form two series, an outer set

comprising from fifty to seventy-five large, slender processes,

and an inner fringe formed of much smaller outgrowths of ap-

proximately double the number. Each of these cirri is pro-

vided with a nerve (Pl. XI, fig. 2) and gives evidence of being

a tactile organ, though observations along this line were very

incomplete.

‘‘The mouth presents the appearance of a longitudinal slit

(Pl. XI, fig. 1) placed near the posterior margin of the head,

and therefore in close proximity to the anterior margin of the

foot. Its posterior border may be said to be formed by the free

border of the head, which here forms a deep angle usually de-

void of the larger type of tentacle.”’ P. 1388.

‘* Chiorera dalli new species.

‘* Body limaciform, smooth and of a pearly color without

definite signs of pigmentation. Head enormously developed,

with the mouth near the posterior margin. Dorsal tentacles

simple leaf-like expansions without special sheath. Jaws,

Radula, and salivary glands wanting.’”’ P. 147.

From the above, it is seen the two descriptions agree exactly.

The differences which Heath tries to bring out, are based on

his failure to understand Gould’s description, and also, judg-

ing from his own statement, he evidently made very superficial

observations of the living animals. In preserved specimens,

the whitish papilla is always retracted within a permanent

88 THE NAUTILUS.

sheath; it is very hard to see in preserved specimens. In

living animals, it seems to be very sensitive, although not so

sensitive as the oral cirrhi, and, at the least disturbance, it is

quickly withdrawn within the tentacular sheath, or stalk.

Heath confuses the tentacular papilla, that is the true tentacle,

with the foliaceous tentacular stalk. The tentacular stalk is

never retracted. And, it was neither claimed by Gould.

When this last named author writes: ‘‘ Tentaculae cephalicae

foliatae, retractiles;’? he means exactly what he says on the same

in English: On the top of the head are two foliate expansions,

. ; on their anterior edge is an opaque, whitish papilla,

presenting something of a spiral or lamellar structure; they

were sometimes wholly retracted within a permanent sheath.’’

It is clearly indicated by Gould’s description that when he

speaks of tentacles he includes the opaque, whitish, foliate

papillae (one on each tentacle). That is, his ‘‘tentacle’’

stands for a whole; a part of a whole may be retracted within

a whole, but the whole may not be retracted within a part of

itself. The papilla stands fora part of the tentacle; the ten-

tacle consists of the papilla and the foliate expansion. And,

as I have stated above, the true, or real sensory organ, as far

as the tentacle is concerned, is the papilla, which, ipso facto, is

the actual tentacle, or the ‘‘rhinophore’’ of many writers,

(vide: Agersborg, 1922). The rest of the tentacle, that is, the

foliate expansions, is the tentacular sheath. It is only fair to

Heath, to state here that the papilla, at times, may fall off from

the stalk, since it is quite constricted at its base (Figs. 4, 5),

but ina large number of specimens as examined by Heath,

this should not be the general case. If an entire tentacle is

stained in borax carmine, the papilla— completely retracted

within the foliate expansion—will stain more deeply than the

remainder. This is illustrated in Pl. IV, figure 6. In speci-

mens preserved in alcohol or formaldehyde, the papilla may be

overlooked easily. In point of fact, O’ Donoghue (1921) claims

no ‘‘rhinophores,’’ p. 192, for Chiorera leonina. This shows

that the ‘‘ papilla’’ is quite difficult to see. On page 193 he

writes: ‘‘No structures comparable with the rhinophores of

other nudibranches could be found unless the cephalic appen-

THE NAUTILUS. 89

dages are their modified representative, which hardly seem

probable.’’ This, of course, is an error, and represents a good

proof that the living animals, also in this case, were not studied

carefully. As stated above, the sensory part of the tentacles is

always retracted when the animal is disturbed, and may only

be seen when the animal is left at rest in theaquarium. Then,

it may become quite conspicuous (PI. IV fig. 5a, pa.). O’ Don-

oghue’s statement, therefore, in regard to the absence of ‘‘ rhin-

ophores,’’ indirectly substantiates my claims that Heath is

wrong. With these things in mind, it is perfectly evident that

Heath’s description, as far as quoted, is a duplicate of Gould’s.

The rest of Heath’s paper, as far as accuracy goes, is very sim-

ilar to the part thus far reviewed. It is not my purpose to go

into details here. I only wish to point out some of the main

features. Heath’s drawings are exceedingly unreliable as they

are too diagrammatic (Fig. 6) and do not tally with his text.

It is much to be regretted that Heath did not consult the liter-

ature. That would have saved him from creating a new species.

In this case, there is no new species at all! (Vide literature on

Nudibranches in general, and Tethymelibidae in particular:

Agersborg 1916, 1919, 1921, 1921a, 1922). As regards Heath’s

drawings, it is only necessary to refer to his drawing of the ten-

tacles which are represented by a mere line! Since the tentacles

form one of Heath’s basic reasons for creating a new species

out of Gould’s Melibe leonina, they should have been repre-

sented by very accurate drawings. That Heath’s drawings of

the tentacles are both incomplete and inaccurate, are supported

by examination of preserved specimens from the vicinity of

Heath’s type locality. The structural features, as pointed out

by Heath, in which his Chiorera dalli differs from Gould’s

Melibe leonina, are altogether too trivial, and his drawings too

poor (Fig. 6), that I do not think anyone who knows Gould’s

species can possibly accept the species of Heath. The status of

the genus itself is for the first time, to my knowledge, properly

set forth by myself (Agersborg, 1921a). In this paper, the

reasons are given why Gould’s Chiorera is a synonym of Melibe

Rang (1829). Several authors, moreover, although without

giving a reason, recognize Chiorwra as a synonym of WMelibe.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

(Vide: Tryon, Jr. 1883, p. 382; Fischer 1887, pp. 533-534;

Bergh 1892, pp. 1039-1043; 1904, p. 13; 1907-1908, pp. 95-

98). O’ Donoghue (1921) although he classified Melibe under

the nomenclature of Gould, states later in a letter tome: ‘“‘I

have quite given up Chiorera asa name.’’ This, I am sure,

will be the conclusion of every student who studies this subject

seriously. In creating a new species, [ think, Heath violated

good usage among investigators by not familiarizing himself

with the literature on the subject with which he dealt.

The species Melibe leonitna Gould was quite fully described by

me in an unpublished Master’s thesis (1916), which is in the

Library of the University of Washington, Seattle. It is not ex-

pected that Heath should know anything about this, but it goes

without saying, that students of Zodlogy, nowadays, must

consult the literature when they write for publications, lest their

contributions to the science may be little less than a stumbling

block for subsequent workers.

Heath’s record of the swimming habit coincides with Gould’s,

also with mine (1916, 1919, 1921, 1921a, 1922, 1922a, 1922b).

His description of the contents of the stomach and intestines

differ. In my specimens, the alimentary tract contained crus-

taceans of various kinds, and of different sizes (Pl. V, figs. 7,

8, cr.). The food of Melibe leonina is crustaceous per se. (vide

litteraturae supra et infra). Melibe, however, as I have pointed

out elsewhere (1922b), is not such an able swimmer ase. g.,

Dendronotus giganteus O’ Donoghue.

Heath’s reference to egg-bodies or nidosomes by the state-

ment: ‘‘ Large numbers of eggs were found attached to ‘eel

grass’ and imbedded in gelatinous, spirally-wound folds after

the fashion of many nudibranchs,’’ does not agree at all with

the nidosome of the Puget Sound species (PI. II, fig. 2), whose

egg-body (vide: Agersborg, 1916, 1919, 1921) consists of a

broad ribbon (not ‘‘spirally-wound folds’’) which folds into a

funnel-shaped form when supported in the water owing to one

side of the ribbon being shorter than the other, and the shorter

side becomes attached to the eel-grass. Heath’s ‘‘spirally-

wound folds’’ fit better to the nidosome of the ‘‘Sea-lemon,”’

Anisodoris Bergh (Anisodoris nobilis MacFarland), (PI. II,

THE NAUTILUS, XXXVI

KJERSC

Fie ] Nidosome ot Lvs

fuecda) Photo. by Dr

Fie. 2, Nidosome «

author,

HOW AGERSBORG :

MELIBE LEONINA ET‘

THE NAUTILUS, XXXVI PLATE Ill

KJERSCHOW AGERSBORG: MELIBE LEONINA ETC.

Fig. 3, Nidosome of Dendronotus giganteus. Photo. by author,

Fig. 4. Dorsal tentacle from preserved specimen of Melibe leonina showing

contracted papilla (pa) of Gould, stained with borax carmine, mounted in can-

ada balsam. Photo. by author.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXVI PLATE IV

IES

SixToY ae COM aye

ape

Se Scoanepeiem

EN ANA RUHL S BEAT CARNES Larner ba

Tarren ANG SARMIENTO A SEMEL

annem Me AOS 88 FD Gree ET ELEM AY OEE NE NSS tts ANCES Ah PALER IEA Mabon Sage SAV RD

KJERSCHOW AGERSBORG: MELIBE LEONINA

Fig. 5 a. Drawing of dorsal tentacle of .W, leonina from life, showing the

papilla (pa) of Gould. b. The same from preserved specimen, seen with the

unaided eye,

Fig. 6. Copy of Heath’s drawing (pl. 12, f. 6) of the hood of ‘+ Chiorera

dalli”, (== Melibe leonina). te, tentacle (dorsal tentacle), pi, pharynx,

Fig. 9. Diagrams illustrating various aspects of the foot of MW. /eonina dur-

ing “galloping”. a, normal; 6, beginning (x) of elongation of the foot; ¢,

maximum elongation, x advanced to x'; d, x! adheres to substrate, large mon-

otaxic pedal wave passes from anterior to posterior, and posterior end of foot

is drawn anteriorly producing at the same time a large swelling on the middle

of the body and foot, e¢, second elongation, a new wave sets in from anterior

to posterior, repeating the same phenomenon as in 4, x.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXVI PLATE V

KJERSCHOW AGERSBORG: MELIBE LEONINA ETC.

Fig 7. Microphotograph of a cross-section of the gizzard of Melibe leanima ;

cr, sections of crustaceans filling the stomach.

Fig, 8. Microphotograph of the cross-section of the intestine, ¢7., ege-

pouches with embryos of crustaceans,

THE NAUTILUS. 91

fig. 1). There can be no doubt as to the nature of the nido-

some of Melibe leonina, as this species deposited two nidosomes

in the laboratory during the summer of 1914 (vide: Agersborg,

1916, 1919, 1921); these were used as a check for those found

in nature at that time, ¢. g., on the eel-grass (Zostera marina),

where Melibe also were collected. The same kind of nidosomes

had been found before by members of the Puget Sound Biolog-

ical Station, but it was not known to what species it belonged

until Melibe leonina was seen to deposit the same kind in the

laboratory. Closely related species among the Aeolidia deposit

nidosomes of great similarity: Aeolidia coronata, Hermissenda

opalescens, Coryphella longicaudata, etc. (Fig. 3). The extent of

the spiral form of a nidosome of this kind depends on two

things: (1) on the speed of the egg-mucus flow, and (2) on the

speed with which the nudibranch moves during oviposition

(Agersborg, 1922c). In the light of these facts, I am compelled

to doubt, therefore, very much whether Heath’s statement in

regard to the nidosome of his species is any more valid than his

supposed new species. Of course, Heath’s inference is only a

guess. I have suggested above the only scientific way to iden-

tify nidosomes.

O’ Donoghue (1921) makes the following statement in regard

to Melibe leonina:

‘*There seems little doubt that this species is mainly pelagic

for it is found floating freely in the sea during the early months

of the year and I have seen it at the end of July and the middle

of August. Towards the middle or end of May, however, it

comes in to spawn and it is then very plentiful. . . . At this

time, the animal is present in hundreds and so constitutes an

extremely common form at these two points (on the Zostera

beds at the Station and at Mudge Island). Even then, how-

ever, it does not creep about on the eel grass but only seems to

adhere for the purpose of laying its eggs. In the laboratory

too it does not creep on the sides of the aquaria and only rarely

clings to them. It has not been observed creeping on anything

after the manner of other Nudibranchs and if not entirely a

pelagic form like Phyllirhoe it is beyond doubt very nearly so

and is a most interesting form.’’ P. 194.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

Inability to use foot for the purpose of locomotion on the

substratum as suggested by O’ Donoghue does not hold. Mel-

ibe leonina though pelagic at times is quite able, as we will see,

to use the foot in locomotion by the means of creeping. Pro-

fessor Trevor Kincaid kindly informs me that in the summer of

1917 he found one of the bays of Hoods Canal literally filled

with this species—there were an incredible number—‘‘ millions

of them.’’ The piles under the docks were covered with them.

(I am under the impression that Professor Kincaid also stated

that Melibe was clinging to the piles above low-water mark at

low tide; if this be the case, it is the first time on record that

this species has been seen alive on dry land; it will be noted,

that the body of Melibe leonina is so soft and watery that it

loses very soon its fluid-contents when left out of water. This

is at least true when the animal is lifted out of water and exam-

ined on a glass plate). From the same source, I have the cor-

roboration on the point in regard to locomotion: Melibe leonina

is perfectly able to creep on a solid substratum. I am very

much indebted to Professor Kincaid for this point of informa-

tion, not only because of the unusual nature, e. g., as regards

the occurrence of Melibe on the piles above low-water mark,

and the great abundance in which it appeared; but also, for his

statement in regard to the locomotion of Velibe leonina.

M. leonina, then, uses its foot for creeping purposes! As

shown elsewhere, (Agersborg 1919, 1921, 1922, 1922b) the foot

is highly ciliated, and the ciliated ectoderm is innervated with

nerve fibres from the nerve-net which is spread throughout the

foot. During the summer (1921) while working experiment-

ally on the chemical sense of M. leonina (Agersborg 1922a). I

had the opportunity to study this species very closely. As

stated above, its food consists of smal] crustaceans of various

kinds: copepods, isopods, amphipods, etc., Judging from the

contents of the alimentary tract (Pl. V, figs. 7. 8). In the lab-

oratory, I fed it on Caprella and Gammarus, about 20 to 15

mm., long, respectively. The former, although it fastened its

claws into the membrane of the mouth of Melibe, was neverthe-

less pushed down into the oesophagus, proventriculus, gizzard,

etc. of Melibe. The latter was executed in the same way. I

THE NAUTILUS. 93

also succeeded in feeding it on the muscles of Cucwmaria japon-

ica Semper. The muscle, however, passed apparently un-

changed through the digestive tract and appeared at the anus

36 hours later.

During the study of the pedal locomotion, I again observed

its mode of swimming, (vide: Agersborg 1916, 1919, 1921,

1922). I have at this time to correct a mistake which appears

in my paper (1921) relative to the mode of swimming of Melibe

leonina. In the Summary, paragraph 3, line 1, it should read

according to the MS. and the proofs: ‘‘ Jt swims freely in the

water, back wpward, or downward.’’ Instead of: ‘‘It swims

freely in the water, backward, upward or downward.’”’ The

word ‘‘dackward’’ is wrong. This change was not authorized by

the author! It introduces an idea which is contrary to facts.

Whether an addendum, pointing out this erratum, will appear

in the journal in question, I am unable tosay. For anyone

who may be interested in this subject, | have made the cor-

rections here. Although O’ Donoghue thinks Melibe is mainly

pelagic, it is quite evident, judging from its habitat, that the

pelagic habit is periodic at the most, i. e., its recurrence is

spasmodic, as I have pointed out before (1916, 1919, 1922d).

M. leonina does not only occur as a pelagic form (1922d), but

may be found at considerable depths which is perhaps its hab-

itat the greater part of the year. Gould’s specimen, 133 mm.

long, 17 mm, high, and 32 mm. wide, was dredged at} about

54 meters depth; Cooper’s (1963) 70 mm. long, and 17 mm.

high, at a depth of 38 meters. Presumably, when itZis at the

bottom, it crawls on the bottom for it has a well developed foot

not only for clinging on to sea-weeds but also for actual creep-

ing and, indeed, for ‘‘ galloping’’ to use a term” employed by

previous writers for other forms.

On one occasion as I was trying to feed Melibe leonina, it

dropped to the bottom of the aquarium and commenced gliding

along it. I continued the feeding experiment when to my

astonishment this nudibranch, Melibe leonina, suddenly elonga-

ted to nearly twice its normal length, and then shortened to

less than half its normal length, showing a method of creeping

similar to that described by Parker (1917) for the seahare,

94 THE NAUTILUS.

Aplysia californica Cooper (Pl. IV, fig. 9). “When elongating

the body, the anterior one third of the foot was lifted above the

substratum and then let down; the posterior one third then

passed toward the middle of the body which became much

wider at the base and along the sides, and then the forward

stretching was repeated. This sort of creeping was accom-

plished by a large muscular wave which passed from the an-

terior to the posterior, that is, by direct monotaxic waves.

In ordinary locomotion (creeping) the cilia of the foot may

play an important part because the locomotor waves are almost

indiscernible.

This adds one more mollusk to the number recorded by

Parker (vide: literature, Agersborg, 19226) in which locomo-

tion is effected by rhythmic pedal waves.

SUMMARY.

1. Melibe leonina has been found at depths from about 2

meters to about 38 meters; it is littoral; it is pelagic. Its

pelagic habit seems to be periodical; it is not pelagic all the

year.

2. It swims freely in the water, the back downward or up-

ward.

3. It creeps on the surface film by ciliary action of its highly

developed foot.

4, It may remain above low-water mark during low tide (but

in shaded places); in one such instance it was found to cover

the piles under the dock in one of the bays of Hood’s Canal,

Washington. Literally millions occurred at this time in this

particular bay.

5. It may creep, when disturbed, by producing large direct

monotaxic pedal waves, two in number being on the foot at the

same time.

6. The cephalic tentacles of Melibe leonina (s. Chiorxra Gould)

are highly developed organs (vide: Agersborg, 1922, 1922a);

the sensitive part is represented by a foliate papilla (Gould)

situated at the anterior margin and is readily retracted within

the tentacular stalks which form a permanent sheath for the

papillary organ. This papilla has been called the ‘‘rhino-

THE NAUTILUS. 95

phore;’’ whether it be an organ of olfaction or not, it is highly

innervated with nerve fibres throughout (vide: Agersborg,

1922a).

REFERENCES.

1916. Agersborg, H. P. von Wold Kjerschow. A study of

the Nudibranchiate Mollusk Melibe leonina. <A thesis

submitted for the degree of Master of Science. Uni-

versity of Washington, Seattle.

1919. Notes on Melibe leonina Gould. Pub. Puget Sound Biol.

Sta., 2:269-277.

1921. Contribution to the knowledge of the Nudibranchiate

Mollusk, Melibe leonina Gould. Amer. Nat., 52:222-

253.

1921a. On the status of Chiorera Gould. Nautilus, 35:50-57.

1922. The morphology of the Nudibranchiate Mollusk, Melibe

leonina Gould. Jour. Morph. (In press.)

1922a. Some observations on qualitative physical and chemical

stimulations in Nudibranchs with special reference to

the role of the ‘‘rhinophores.’”’ Jour. Exper. Zool.

(In press. )

19226. Notes on the locomotion of the Nudibranchiate Mollusk,

Dendronotus giganteus O’Donoghue. Biol. Bull. (In

press. )

1922c. Notes on a new Cladohepatic Nudibranch from Friday

Harbor, Washington. Jour. Morph. (In press. )

1922d. Gymnosomatous Pteropoda from Friday Harbor, Wash-

ington. Jour. Morph. (In press. )

1892. Bergh, R. System d. nudibranchiaten Gastropoden.

C. Semper, Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen II,

wissenschaftliche Resultite III, malacologische Unter-

suchungen, Heft. 15-18:1035-1043 (1880-1892).

1904. Nudibranchiate kladohepatica (Melibe pellucida), on the

Columbia River, Washington. Jbid., wiss. Resultiite

a Vi, Liek. I.

1907-1908. The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa, Trans. 8.

Africa Phil. Soc., 17:94-90.

1863. Cooper, J. G. On new or rare Mollusca inhabiting the

coast of California, II. Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

3:60 (1863-1867).

1889. Fewkes, W. J. New Invertebrata from the coast of

California, pp. 45-46. Printed for the author: Boston.

1887. Fischer, P. Manuel de Conchyliologique, pp. 533-534.

Paris.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

1852. Gould, A. A. Molluscaand Shells. (Chiorera leonina,

syn. Melibe leonina Gould.) United States Expedition,

during years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Under the

command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Page 310.

Boston.

1917. Heath, Harold. The anatomy of an Eolid, Chiorera

dalli. (Melibe leonina Gould.) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philad., 69:137-148.

1921. O’Donoghue, Chas. H. Nudibranchiate Mollusca from

the Vancouver Island region. Trans. Royal. Canad.

Inst. Toronto, 13:147-209.

1917. Parker, G. H. The pedal locomotion of the sea-hare

Aplysia californica. Jour. Exper. Zool., 24:139-145.

1829. Rang, Sander. Manuel des Mollusques, pp. 129-130.

Paris.

1883. Tryon, Jr., George W. Structural and Systematic

Conchology, 2:382; Pl. 91, fig. 19.

NOTES ON THE NAIAD FAUNA OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER. *

II. Tse NaArapDEs OF THE UPPER MississippI DRAINAGE. +

BY N. M. GRIER AND J. F. MUELLER.

(Continued from page 49.)

23. Pleurobema pyramidatum (Lam.)=Q. pyramidatum (Lam.)

Simpson—north in the Mississippi to Prairie du Chien, Wis-

consin. We collected specimens of it in L. Pepin.

24. Pleurobema clava (Lam.).

Simpson’s records of this species from Minnesota and Iowa

are considered doubtful (see Ortmann, 1). It may be present

nearer the Ohio. Probably of a tributary type.

25. Elliptio crassidens (Lam. )== Unio crassidens (Lam. ).

Reported by Holzinger (7) from Winona County, Minn.

*Published with permission of the Commissioner of Fisheries, Washington,

D. C.

tContribution from U. S. Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa, and Biological

Laboratory Washington and Jefferson College.

THE NAUTILUS. 97

We also found this species at Red Wing, nearly 80 miles above

this point. Absent from L. Pepin; more abundant above that

point. Not common.

26. Elliptio dilatatus (Raf.)== Unio gibbosus (Barnes).

Simpson—entire Mississippi drainage. Apparently clammed

out in the vicinity of Red Wing, but abundant in L. Pepin, de-

creasing in numbers descending the river. Not reported from

N. and C. Minnesota.

Sub-Family ANODONTINAE.

27. Arcidens confragosus (Say).

Simpson—Mississippi river and states adjoining it. Reported

from Iowa by Baker (1); 8S. Minnesota by Grant (6). Col-

lected by us near Red Wing. Comparatively rare.

28. Lasmigona compressa (Lea)—Symphynota compressa (Lea).

Simpson—E. Iowa and Wisconsin. Wilson and Danglade,

Mississippi R. above Bemidji and Bemidgi Lake. We did not

observe it between Red Wing and La Moille, Minn.

29. Lasmigona costata (Raf. )=S. costata (Raf. )

Simpson—Upper Mississippi drainage, and St. Lawrence.

Wilson and Danglade, Red River of the North. Rare. We

secured specimens of this only above L. Pepin.

30. Lasmigona complanata (Barnes)=S. complanata (Barnes).

Simpson—Upper Mississippi drainage, St. Lawrence. Wil-

son and Danglade(18), Crow Wing drainage, Minn. Common.

A var. katharinae (Simpson) is found in the Red River of this

North, it may be later found in the Upper Mississippi, although

it has not been reported from there as yet.

31. Anodonta imbecillis (Say).

Wilson and Danglade (18), L. Minnewaska, Minn. Simpson

—entire Mississippi drainage area.

32. Anodonta grandis (Say).

Simpson—entire Mississippi River system. By some, it is

believed to be a tributary form rarely found in the river. It is

often confused with corpulenta, Call insisting they are the same

species. Var. benedictensis (Lea) reported by Wilson and Dan-

98 THE NAUTILUS.

glade from L. Minnewaska; var. gigantea (Lea) reported by

Call; var. pepiniana (Lea) reported by Wilson and Danglade

from lakes of Crow Wing drainage, Minn. var. kennicotti (Lea)

by the latter from L. Osakis are all considered by Ortmann as

doubtful forms.

33. Anodonta corpulenta (Cooper).

Simpson—Upper Mississippi drainage. Wilson and Dan-

glade, St. Croix drainage. In our experience somewhat more

abundant than grandis.

34. Anodonta suborbiculata (Say).

Simpson—lIowa, Illinois and South. Rare in the main river,

but somewhat fairly common in the sloughs, especially at Fair-

port, Iowa.

35. Anodontoides ferussacianus (Lea).

Simpson— Upper Mississippi drainage area generally, but as

Ortmann, (10) points out its range is more northern. The var-

iety buchanensis (Lea) appears to be an old female of ferussac-

ianus. It has been reported from the Red River of the North

and Crow Wing drainage by Wilson and Danglade. A. modes-

tus, reported by the latter from the lakes of the Minnesota River

drainage is thought by Ortmann to be a dwarf form of A. ferus-

sacianus.

36. Simpsoniconcha ambigua (Say )—=Hemilastina ambigua (Say).

The U. S. Biological Station records this from the Upper

Mississippi River at Fairport, Iowa.

37. Alasmidonta calceola (Lea).

Simpson—Upper Mississippi drainage. Collected by us near

Fountain City, Wis. Rare.

38. Alasmidonta marginata (Say).

Simpson—Upper Mississippi and St. Lawrence drainage.

_ Collected by us near Wabasha, Minn. Local in distribution.

39. Strophitus endentulus (Say).

Simpson—entire Upper Mississippi drainage. Fairly com-

mon. Var. pavonius is simply a rayed form of the preceding

species, observed according to Mr. H. W. Clark where the water

is clearer, and is not entitled to varietal distinction.

THE NAUTILUS. 99

Sub Family LAMPSILINAE

40. Obliquaria reflexa (Raf. ).

Simpson—Mississippi drainage. Red Wing, Minn. where we

collected it apparently represents its northernmost distribution

as Wilson and Danglade do not report it from C. and N. Minn-

esota. Never abundant.

41. Plagiola lineolata (Raf. )=Plagiola securis (Lea).

Simpson—Upper Mississippi drainage as far south as the

Arkansas and Tennessee rivers. Always taken from mussel

beds and apparently attains a great age. Abundant locally.

42. Truncilla truncata (Raf. )=Plagiola elegans (Lea).

Distribution largely that of the preceding species.

43. Truncilla donaciformis (Lea)=Plagiola donaciformis (Lea).

Distribution largely that of the preceding species.

44. Leptodea leptodon (Raf. )=Lampsilis leptodon (Raf.).

Simpson—Upper Mississippi drainage south to Tennessee

River. Found by Baker, (1), and Pratt, (13) in Iowa, but

possibly more abundant toward the Ohio. Not observed, but

Mr. Clark reports one dead shell from main river above Fair-

port, Iowa.

45. Leptodea fragilis (Barnes)—Lampsilis gracilis (Barnes).

Simpson—entire Mississippi drainage. In our experience

more abundant in lower portions of the river.

46. Proptera alata (Say)—Lampsilis alata (Say).

Simpson—entire Mississippi drainage as far south as Arkan-

sas. Common.

47. Proptera levissima (Lea)=L. lzvissima (Lea).

Distribution largely that of preceding species. Many speci-

mens were found on sand bars.

48. Proptera capax (Green)—Lampsilis capax (Green).

The type locality of this species is the falls of St. Anthony,

Minn. Holzinger (7) reports it from Winona, Minn., but the

consensus of opinion is that it ordinarily does not go much

north of Davenport, Iowa.

49. Obovaria retusa (Lam. )

The evidence indicates that if this species is present in the

100 THE NAUTILUS.

Upper Mississippi drainage, it is restricted to the regions near

the Ohio.

50. Obovaria olivaria (Raf. )—Obovaria ellipsis (Lea).

Simpson—Upper Mississippi drainage as far south as the

Arkansas and Tennessee Rivers. Collected by us near Red

Wing, Minn. Rare in L. Pepin and as Ortmann (10) indicates,

it prefers strong steady currents. More abundant further down

stream. Not reported from N. and C. Minnesota.

51. Actinonaias carinata (Barnes) =Lampsilis ligamentina

(Lam. ).

Throughout the Upper Mississippi drainage, but rare in L.

Pepin. Fairlycommon. Reported from the Crow Wing drain-

age by Wilson and Danglade.

52. Carunculina parva (Barnes)—Lampsilis parva (Barnes).

Lake Pepin. Reported from §. Minnesota by Call, (38).

Becomes more common descending the river. Not reported

from N. and C. Minnesota.

53. Ligumia ellipsiformis (Con. )=L. ellipsiformis (Conr. ).

Simpson—Upper Mississippi Valley south to 38° latitude.

Geiser (5), and Pratt (13), report it from Iowa. We did not

collect it north of there, nor does it extend into Central and

Northern Minnesota.

58a. Ligumia subrostrata (Say)—=L. subrostrata (Say).

Reported by Simpson, (14) as occurring north to latitude

41°. We collected this species near Fountain City, Wis.

indicating a more northerly range. Rare. Mr. Clark states it

to be fairly common along the edges of the sloughs and that it

is often represented by a large form originally described as Unio

Mississippriensis.

54. Ingumis recta latissima (Lam.)—=Lampsilis recta (Lam. ).

Common. Extending throughout the Mississippi drainage

into N. and C. Minnesota. The typical recta is the small Great

Lakes form. The typical Mississippi form is that given.

55. LIngumia iris (Lea)—L. tris (Lea).

Reported by Simpson from the St. Lawrence drainage and

the Ohio drainage, Illinois and Wisconsin, indicating its pos-

THE NAUTILUS. 101

sible occurrence in the Upper Mississippi. Ortmann states this

form to probably be the var. nov-eboraci.

56. Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea).

Not reported from the drainages of N. and C. Minnesota, al-

though Simpson reports it distributed throughout the entire

Mississippi drainage. It was found occasionally at points be-

tween Red Wing and La Moille, Minn., except in L. Pepin,

where its place is apparently taken by the next named species.

57. Lampsilis fallaciosa (Smith).

Occasionally species were found within the limits given for

the preceding species. More abundant in L. Pepin and quieter

waters such as those of the sloughs.

58. Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes)—=L. luteola (Lam. ).

Simpson—entire Mississippi drainage. Abundant in L.

Pepin, more so than in other parts of the river. As Ortmann

(18) remarks, it prefers ‘‘ rather quiet water and sandy, muddy

bottoms. In these regions it apparently produces a large num-

ber of pearls.’’

59. Lampsilis fasciola (Raf.)—=L. multiradiata (Lea).

‘\' Simpson—entire Ohio River drainage. Ortmann reports it

from the Illinois River in Illinois. There is thus a fair proba-

bility of being found in the lower stretches of the Upper Mis-

sissippi River.

60. Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes).

Abundant. Wilson and Danglade (18) report it from the St.

Croix, Minn., Crow Wing and Red River of the north drain-

ages. Simpson—entire Mississippi drainage. In connection

with this list, it should be remembered that the Crow Wing is

the modern representative of the headwaters of the Mississippi.

61. Lampsilis orbiculata (Hildreth).

Reported by Baker (1) from McGregor, Iowa. This at pres-

ent seems to be its most northern record. Rare. It probably

intergrades with the next species.

62. Lampsilis higginsii (Lea).

This species was collected at Red Wing, Minn., L. Pepin and

points near Winona, Wis. Not reported from C. and N. Min-

102 THE NAUTILUS.

nesota. Comparatively rare. The type locality is Muscatine,

Iowa. The var. grandis does not seem to be clearly distingu-

ished from its parent species.

63. Dysnomia ( Truncillopsis) triquetra (Raf. )=Truneilla triquetra

(Raf. ).

Reported from Iowa by Pratt (13) and Witter (19). We

collected two specimens in L. Pepin—an expansion of the Mis-

sissippi in §. Minnesota. This probably represents the most

northerly record. Reported from Fairport, Iowa, by Mr. H.

W. Clark.

In conclusion, acknowledgment is made to Dr. A. E. Ort-

mann, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa., Mr. H. W. Clark,

U. S. Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa, and Dr. Bryant

Walker, Detroit, Michigan, for criticisms kindly given toward

the preparation of this manuscript.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Baker, F. C. ‘‘ Molluscan Fauna of McGregor, Iowa’’.

Trans. Acad. Science St. Louis, XVI, No. 8, 1905.

2. Baker, F. C. ‘‘A Catalogue of the Molluscs of Illinois’’.

Bull. Illinois State Lab., VII, 1906, pp. 53-135.

3. Call, R. E. ‘‘ Geographical Catalogue of the Unionidae of

the Mississippi Valley’’. Bull. Des Moines Acad. Sci-

ences, I, 1885.

4, Call, R. E. ‘‘A Study of the Unionidae of Arkansas with

Incidental Reference to their Distribution in the Missis-

sippi River’’. Trans. Acad. Science., St. Louis, VII,

1895.

5. Geiser, S. W. ‘‘ Notes on the Naiad Fauna of N. E. Iowa’’.

Amer. Mid. Nat., I, 1910, pp. 229-233.

6. Grant, U.S. ‘‘Conchological Notes’’, 14th Annual Re-

port Geological and Natural History Survey of Minne-

sota, 1885.

7. Holzinger, J. M. ‘‘ Mollusca of Winona County, Minne-

sota’’, 11th Annual Report Geological and Natural His-

tory Survey of Minnesota for 1887, p. 481.

8. Keyes, C. R. ‘‘An Annotated Catalogue of the Mollusea

of Iowa’’. Bull. Essex Inst., XX, 1888; pp. 61-83.

THE NAUTILUS. 103

9. Lapham, J. A. ‘‘List of Shells of Wisconsin’’. Proc.

Acad. Nat. Science, Philadelphia, 1860, p. 154.

10. Ortmann, A. E. ‘‘ Monograph of the Naiades of Pennsy]-

vania’? III. Memoirs Carnegie Museum, VII, VIII,

No.1.

11. Ortmann, A. E. ‘‘Najades Upper Tennessee Drainage’’.

Proc. American Philosophical Society, 57, 1918.

12. Ortmann, A. E. and Walker, B. ‘‘On the Nomenclature

of Certain North American Naiades’’. Occ. Papers

Mus. Zool. U. of Michigan, No. 112, July, 1922.

13. Pratt, W. H. ‘‘List of Shells at Davenport, Iowa’’.

Proc. Daven. Acad. Nat. Science, I, 1876, p. 165.

14. Simpson, C. T. ‘‘ A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades’’.

B. Walker, Detroit.

15. Strode, W.S. ‘‘Unionidae of Spoon River, Lllinois’’.

Amer. Nat., 1892, pp. 495-501.

16. Utterback, W. I. ‘‘The Naiades of Missouri’’. Amer.

Mid. Nat., IV, 1916.

17. Walker, B. ‘‘Synopsis of Classification, etc.’? Univ.

Michigan, Mus. Zool. Misc. Publ., No. 6, 1918.

18. Wilson, C. B. and Danglade, E. ‘‘The Mussel Fauna of

C. and N. Minnesota’’. Append. V, Report U. S. Com-

missioner of Fisheries, 1913.

19. Witter, F. H. ‘‘List of Shells of Iowa’’. Quart. Journ.

Conchol., I, 1878, p. 385.

SILAS C. WHEAT.

Silas C. Wheat, well known to many conchologists, died at

Middlebury, Vt., September 1, 1922. Although nearly 70

years of age, he apparently was hale and hearty and enjoying a

summer’s vacation when he suffered a stroke, dying almost

immediately.

Mr. Wheat was born in Franklin, Delaware Co., N. Y., in

1853, where he graduated from the Franklin Academy and then

attended the New York University School of Pedagogy, quali-

fying asateacher. He taught in New York City, was principal

104 THE NAUTILUS.

of a school at Madison, N. J., and since 1893 followed his pro-

fession in the public schools of Brooklyn, retiring in 1910.

He was one of the founders and at one time president of the

Brooklyn Conchological Club, publishing in 1907 the follow-

ing articles in the Bulletin of the club: ‘‘ Abnormal Shells;’’

‘* Shells in City Gardens and Ponds,’’ and in Science Bulletin,

Vol. 2, of the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute, he described

Acmaea fergusont and Urosalpinx cinerea var. aitkinae. In THE

NautiLus he published ‘‘Land Shells from East Shore of

Cayuga Lake’’, ‘‘The Genus Elysiella’’ and a number of

notes. His ‘‘ Report on the Mollusks of New Jersey ’’ for the

State Museum at Trenton and a similar one on the ‘‘ Mollusks

of Long Island’’ for the Brooklyn Institute are still pending

publication.—C. W. J.

NOTES,

FERRISS CoLLEcTION INJURED BY Fire. We regret to learn

that the home and part of the collection of Mr. James H.

Ferriss, of Joliet, Ill., was destroyed by fire on November 18.

Nearly all of his geological specimens, fresh water shells and

ferns were destroyed, but his valuable collection of land shells

was saved with little damage. Mr. and Mrs. Ferriss were in

the desert region of New Mexico at the time, in company with

the senior editor of THE Nautivs.

CRENELLA FABA MULLER ON THE Coast oF Marne. This

species was determined by Dr. Dall, who says: ‘‘This is a

northern species described from Greenland and found as far

south as the Straits of Belle Isle, and I think Nova Scotia;

yours is further south than any previous locality noted.’’ I

dredged one live specimen in from 8 to 10 fathoms, outside the

Rockland breakwater, August 19, 1922.—N. W. LeRmonp.

A Correction. One of our subscribers has called our atten-

tion to a discrepancy. The cover pages are all right, Vol.

XXXVI, on both the July and October numbers, but on pages

1 and 387 itis Vol. XXXV._ Please correct this error.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

A SCALARIFORM SPECIMEN OF ZONITOIDES MINUSCULUS ALACH-

vanus Day. This interesting example was found among

numerous normal specimens in a pile of old brick, at Gaines-

ville, Florida, Jan. 1, 1916. The nucleus and first whorl are

normal, then it suddenly becomes scalariform. What caused

the whorls to separate is not possible to determine. The shell

is 3 mm. in height, while a normal specimen with the same

diameter, is less than one.—T. Van HyYnina.

ARION HORTENSIS Drap. InN Marne. In June while at Bar

Harbor, Maine, it was very rainy; the result was that an un-

usually large number of slugs were seen, varying in color from

a bright yellow to brown with the lateral stripe obsolete or

wanting. Some were sent to Dr. Pilsbry who says: ‘‘I have

made colored figures of those sent me, as it is the first time I

have seen the real Arion hortensis alive. The old records in the

catalogues are mainly Arion circumscriptus Johnst.”’

In 1920 I found a very large yellow slug at Bar Harbor, that

I took to be Limaz flavus. It died on my way home so that I

could not positively identify it. Although as I remember the

specimen it seemed different than the specimens of A. hortensis,

still I cannot be certain and the record in THE Navtiuvs, Vol.

35, page 134, should be questioned.—C. W. J.

VIVIPARUS JAPONICUS V. MARTENS FROM ANOTHER LOCALITY

In Boston. This species which was referred to as V. malleatus

Reeve in Tur Navtitvs, Vol. 29, p. 35, 1915, but which Dr.

Bryant Walker considers V. japonicus, (see Miscellaneous Pub-

lication, No. 6, Mus. of Zool., Univ. Mich., p. 126, 1918) was

found in Jamaica Pond, by Harold A. Rehder, July 6, 1922.

He revisited the place on September 7, and saw several speci-

mens in much deeper water than they were on the previous

occasion. In Sargent’s Pond, Brookline, Mass., he found V.

contectoides W. G. Binney. This species is still abundant in

the lake in the Public Garden, Boston, where it was introduced

in 1916, see Tor Navutizus, Vol. 30, p. 72.—C. W. J.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

OBSERVATIONS ON LANDSHELLS OF STANLEY PARK, VANCOUVER,

B. C. Whilst staying in Vancouver this summer for rest and

change after eight years’ hard work in Hawaii, several trips

were taken to Stanley Park for the purpose of collecting any

landshells that might be found.

Results, however, were very disappointing, as only four

species were found, and these in very small numbers.

No fresh-water species were to be seen although careful search

was made.

The two species of Polygyra were usually found upon the

leaves of the Skunk Cabbage (Spathyema foetida), whilst the

Haplotremas were to be found on the ground amongst dead

leaves, moss, and rubble. Species found.

Haplotrema vancouverensis (Lea). Polygyra columbiana (Lea).

Haplotrema sportella (Gld.). Polygyra germana (Gld.).—C.

F. Mant.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

NoTEs ON THE RADULA OF THE HELIcINIDAE. By H. B.

Baker (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1922, pp. 29-67). A

valuable and interesting study of the radulae of the American

species. Many changes are made to the classification of A. J.

Wagner (1905, 1907-1911) based solely on operculum characters,

Wagner also disregarded previous writers and the law of priority;

of the 36 new groups proposed by him for American Helicinidae,

only about 16 can be used. The paper is illustrated by five

plates containing 37 figures of radulae.—C. W. J.

THE Mo.uuuscan Fauna OF THE Big VERMILLION River, ILLI-

nois. By Frank C. Baker (Ill. Biol. Monographs, Vol. 7, No.

2, pp, 105-224, 15 pls., 1922). A most interesting faunal

paper. An account of the physical feature is followed by chap-

ters on general distribution and systematic discussion of the

mollusca; 65 species are recorded of which 36 belong to the

Unionidae. The pollution of Salt Fork by sewage is discussed.

The illustrations are excellent.—C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSCA FROM NORTHWESTERN AND CENTRAL

Inutnots. By Frank C. Baker (Jour. of Geol., Vol. 30, pp.

43-62, 1922). Some supplementary studies to the author’s

work on ‘‘ The Life of the Pleistocene.’’

History oF LYMNAEA EMARGINATA Say. By Olof O.

Nylander (Maine Naturalist, Vol. 2, pp. 74-77, 2 pls., 1922).

An account of the rediscovery of this interesting shell.

THE HIsTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE GILLS OF THE NAJADES

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE HiIsTOLOGY OF THE GROOVE

ALONG THE EDGE OF THE INNER GILL. By Hiram J. Bush

(Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 8, pp. 89-104, 1922). A biologi-

cal paper of interest in the study of Unionidae.

THE CHAMPLAIN SEA. By Winifred Goldring (N. Y. State

Mus. Bull., Nos. 239-240, 1920 (1922), pp. 153-187, pls.

1-3). A paper of special value to a conchologist, as well as a

geologist. It shows how marine animals can be divided into

groups according to their ability to live in water of various de-

grees of salinity. Macoma balthica, Yoldia arctica and Saxicava

arctica are found in the pleistocene, as far south as Fort Henry

and vicinity. At Burlington ten species of marine mollusks are

found.—C. W. J.

JOURNAL DE CONCHYLIOLOGIE, Vol. 66, No. 4, Oct., 1922.

Revision des Carditacea vivants du Muséum National d’his-

toire Naturelle de Paris. Par Edouard Lamy, pp. 289-368.

Note sur un cone fossile senestre. Par A. Loville, pp. 369-

370.

Foss1r Cuirons oF WesTERN NortH America. By S&S. &.

Berry (Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. XI, 4 Ser., pp. 399-

526, pls. 1-6, 1922). This is an excellent paper on a much

neglected group. The author believes that the chitons will

prove among the best criteria for determining the age and rela-

tionships of any of the formations in which they can be found

in any number. One new genus, Oligochiton, two new species

108 THE NAUTILUS.

and a new subspecies are described among a total of some 33

species.—C. W. J.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE RATE OF GROWTH OF THE SHELLS OF

LAKE-DWELLING FRESH-WATER MussEts. By N. M. Grier

(Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 8, pp. 129-148, Nov., 1922). The

age and rate of growth were obtained by counting the lines of

growth on each specimen and these are tabulated under each

species. Shells grow most rapidly in the earlier years of their

lives and none of the shells reported upon had reached an ex-

treme old age. A useful paper in connection with the propaga-

tion of these shells.—C. W. J.

BioLocy AND Economic VALUE OF THE SEA MussEL, MytILus

EDULIS. By Irving A. Field (Bull. Bureau of Fisheries, Vol.

38, pp. 127-259, 1922.) A very exhaustive treatise on the

anatomy and physiology of the Sea Mussel. Its embryology

and growth is fully described and figured. An account of its

enemies and parasites, is followed by a chapter on its value as

an article of food. The valuable paper ends with an excellent

bibliography.—C. W. J.

THE JOURNAL OF ConcHoLocy, VoL. 16. No.10, Oct. 1922.

Some uses of shells in the Belgian Congo. By F. M. Dyke,

p. 309.

The Helicoid group Callina, Lowe. Description of a new

species. By T. D. A. UCockerell, p. 310.

Three Cephalopods new to Dorset. By T. Edw. Belcher, p.

312.

On Sunetta hians Reeve. By J. R. Le B. Tomlin, p. 312.

On the Association and Non-Association of Helix nemoralis

and Helix hortensis. By W. Cartwright, pp. 313-319.

Land and freshwater Mollusca of Winoley in North Wilts.

By Douglas Bacchus, pp. 320-328.

Paludestrina coniusa in the Waveney Valley. By C. Old-

ham, p. 324.

Pisidia of Guernsey and Sark. By J. R. Le B. Tomlin, p.

328.

ee NAUTIE WS:

Vol. XXXVI APRIL, 1928. No. 4

AN EXPEDITION THAT FAILED.

BY CHARLES T. SIMPSON.

On the morning of the 23d of last January Dr. Edward

Mercer, his nephew of the same name, and the writer left

Miami in the car of the former for a trip to Northwest Cape

Sable on a snail-collecting expedition. The Doctor and I had

visited the same general region before, taking in Middle and

East capes, running with the auto down to Flamingo and on

back along the prairie to a point in the rear of them, then

leaving our machine and tramping across a wide, deep swamp

over an old trail out to the open beach.

We ran the fifty miles from Miami to the Royal Palm Park

in a little over an hour over a beautiful oiled road and then

down the Ingraham Highway across the open Everglades to-

wards our destination. This road was not so fine as the first

stretch but we made fairly good time over it and reached Flam-

ingo on Florida Bay, a matter of perhaps twenty-five miles

more, in about the same time we made the first run. There

we were informed that one or more great canals had been cut

from the back country and that we could only get to the old

deserted clubhouse on the bay shore, a matter of six miles

farther. We camped at this building, a ramshackle affair set

up eight feet on posts and built by a land company, spread-

ing our beds on the floor of the gallery and making coffee in a

110 THE NAUTILUS.

pail which we picked up. The other two hunted up a couple

of old tin cans to drink out of while I dug a brand-new tin cup

out of my bag, and this gave me a sort of social standing not

enjoyed by the rest.

In the morning we started afoot along the beach intending to

visit East Cape, where there is an extensive grove of coconuts

and a considerable area of hammock. Along the low shore and

back for a great distance grew a forest of Avicennia or black

mangrove and everywhere we found its strange ‘‘quills’’, cov-

ering the ground in places. These usually grow straight and

sometimes to a height of more than two feet; they may be as

large as one’s little finger, and they act as pneumatophores or

breathers to pump oxygen from the air to the tree. Often they

stand so close that they nearly touch, and it is almost impos-

sible to work one’s way through them. On the beach they are

matted and twisted grotesquely, and thousands of them were

thrust through the valves of pelecypod mollusks, Arcas, Telli-

nas, Cardiums, Labiosas, Loripes and Pholas, while other thou-

sands bore aloft such gastropod shells as Strombus, Melongena,

Polinices, Oliva and the like. Many of the bivalve shells are

quite thin just below the beaks, and holes are often broken

through them at this point as they are dashed about in the sea

and on the shore. These with the univalves had been thrown

upon beds; the ‘‘ quills’? had pushed their way up and in

many cases through the holes of the valves, and into the

apertures of the gastropod shells, lifting them on high as they

grew up.

Within half a mile of the cape we came to a newly dug canal,

thirty feet wide and quite deep, which was carried far out into

the shallow bay. Its banks were so steep we could not have

climbed out if once we got in and it would have required a

long wade in the soft mud to go out around it. The Doctor

suggested that as I was taller than he and was the chief con-

chologist it was up to me to lead the way and I countered by

saying that if I was as young as he was I wouldn’t hesitate a

moment. Then he said ‘‘ Pshaw, there is only a scrub ham-

mock at East Cape and we were there not long ago; it isn’t

worth while bothering our heads about it anyhow!’ So with

THE NAUTILUS. 111

this ‘‘Sour grapes’’ observation we turned back and agreed to

call it ‘‘ An Expedition that Failed.”’

Leaving the club house we drove back over a wide prairie

which was skirted by a large number of hammocks. We stop-

ped at one of these and on entering it a most astonishing sight

met our eyes. On almost every tree we found a considerable

number of young Ozystyla floridensis and by standing in a

single spot I could count more than I ever saw in all my life.

These snails become completely dormant during the dry season,

gluing themselves fast to the bark or other smooth surfaces of

trees in any place where they can be somewhat concealed.*

They are attached by an epiphragm so solidly that the shell

will almost always crush without letting go and the only way

of removing them without injury is to cut under the whole

carefully with a knife. Every knot and depression in the bark,

every space between brace roots was covered with these snails.

In the forks of limbs, between two nearby trunks or any

surface partly screened they were crowded together. A large

piece of dead bark had fallen against the trunk of a Jamaica

dogwood and on taking it away I saw a space six inches wide

and two feet long not only covered but having them two end

three deep. A branch a foot or more in diameter had broken

from a tree a short distance above the ground and had decayed

so that a smooth-sided cavity perhaps eight inches across re-

mained. The inside of it was crammed down as far as I could

see in the semi-darkness. I ran a stick down it in order to find

any rattlesnakes that might be in it; and hearing no disturbance

I carefully thrust my arm down it and found the walls occupied

with the snails nearly to the ground. Counting the number ona

space six inches square on a nearby tree and making an estimate

I concluded that there were at least five hundred specimens in

this hollow limb! A very few of these were adult, probably

three years old; perhaps five per cent had made a second growth

and may have been two years of age but the rest had only

formed one black growth-line and were yearlings. Hitherto I

* For an illustration of this see my book ‘‘ In Lower Florida Wilds,’’ pp.

352, 356.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

had only found this snail in limited numbers; now the woods

were full of them, the market was glutted; the price at once

went down and I hardly considered them worth collecting.

Then I immediately launched a theory. I said that the pre-

vious summer and fall had been unusually wet, that the rain

had been well distributed, making conditions wonderfully fit

for snails, that every Oxystyla egg in the hammock had doubt-

less hatched and lived. I believed I would find a large number

of these snails in every one I might visit and to prove that I

was right I went to the next hammock, which was only a few

rods away, and found absolutely nothing. Not a dead or broken

shell, not even a fragment! I visited a third not far away and

got a very few Oxystyla and several dead Liguus. Then we ran

a short distance to a fourth and found a different subspecies of

Liguus and no Oxystylas! Then I threw my theory on the scrap

heap as I had done with many others.

Perhaps it may be well to say something about the remark-

able region which composes the extreme lower part of the

mainland of Florida and the astonishing distribution of its

Liguus. I believe that the land and water of this area are as

complicated as they are in any part of the globe, in fact Mr. W.

J. Krome who surveyed the whole territory for the Florida

East Coast Railway informed me that there were thousands of

acres of surface which were neither the one or the other. My

experience in exploring a considerable part of it fully agreed

with what he told me. Probably none of the natural land

is more than two-and-a-half feet above an ordinary high tide

and in places it is cut up by channels which vary greatly in

width, with mudholes, pools, ponds and lakes. Some of these

are fresh during the rainy season, others are brackish during

the entire year. Large areas are inundated during the summer

and fall that dry up and become mud beds in winter and

spring. Land that isa little higher than this is usually covered

with mangroves or Avicennias, the latter a large tree, while the

drier littoral is overgrown with tropical buttonwood. Here and

there the ground is a few inches higher, the result of the decay

of rich vegetation, and on such spots hammock growth has

sprung up. All the conditions are favorable for getting lost

THE NAUTILUS. 113

and I have been with ai least three persons long resident in the

region who became hopelessly confused and for a time were

not able to tell where to go. It isa fine place for big diamond

rattlesnakes and water moccasins, and one will do well to watch

where and how he steps.

I have said that the distribution of the Liguus in this region

is astonishing; it is even amazing! At first sight it appears to

be haphazard; it would seem as though some giant had strode

over the entire region and from a bag of mixed Liguus had

sown as a sower would scatter grain. But this is not entirely

so. There are certain centers from which a given form or

forms seem to be distributed, but one does not observe this at

first. The subspecies lossmanicus seems to occupy exclusively

the island from which it is named and this may be its center of

distribution. At Northwest Cape I found capensis only; ap-

parently another center and no Oxystyla were found there.

At Rogers River lineolatus, roseatus and castaneozonatus occurred

and what I take to be lossmanicus was brought to me from

Harney River. There are two hammocks at Middle Cape, sep-

arated by a narrow mangrove swamp. In the northern and

smaller one Dr. Mercer and I found lossmanicus, castaneozonatus

and hybrids between the two, lineolatus and a fine living mar-

moratus. Across the five-rod swamp in the other hammock are

all the forms in the north forest and in addition matecwmbensis

and eburneus. East Cape has beautiful roseatus, lineolatus, cin-

gulatus and eburneus. In and around Flamingo matecwmbensis

and eburneus are abundant, but one hammock may have only

one and a second another; and this seems to be the metropolis

of both. Near Mr. Roberts’ home I found specimens of a large

castaneozonatus with a broad revolving band running unbroken

nearly to the tip of the spire, and this form occurs on the middle

of Key Largo and at the west end of Madeira Bay, twenty miles

east of Flamingo. Capensis occurs in isolated spots; on Jo

Kemp’s Key, on a long tongue of Jand in Florida Bay six miles

to the eastward, inland four miles northeast of Jo Kemp’s Key

and in an inland hammock back of Middle Cape. In the

vicinity of Madeira Bay a form occurs that is probably living-

ston. I could give other instances of broken and scattered dis-

tribution in this general region but they are not necessary.

114 THE NAUTILUS.

This remarkable dispersal of Liguus and Oxystyla cannot be

explained by supposing that the region was once higher than

at present and was covered by a continuous growth of ham-

mock, for if this had been the case we would find most of the

different forms pretty well distributed over the entire area. In

the Lower Keys which once formed a single forest-covered

island we find nearly all of the subspecies of Liguus solidus in

practically every locality. These snails did not crawl from one

hammock to the other as they do in pine woods. I have

never seen one of them on wet ground and [I feel sure that a

swamp or any littoral ground is an absolute barrier to their

passage. The three capes are connected by low, sandy beach

with a deep morass just back of it and any Liguus or Oxystyla

which attempted to travel on this sand would become clogged

in it before going five feet. The other hammocks between the

prairie and swamp which I have mentioned are as completely

barred against the passage of tree snails from one to another as

if the sea was between them. In the dry season they are

dormant and are not gravid; during the time of the rains the

ground between the different hammocks is either swampy or

under water.

The key to the mystery of distribution consists of one word

—hurricanes! Hurricanes broke off or washed out the trees on

which their progenitors grew in Cuba, these trees were swept

into the sea on the great floods produced by them, they have

helped to sweep these trees along the Florida Strait and have

produced unusually high tides on which they were driven out

over and by which they were deposited on our shores. There

are a number of forms of Liguus living in Cuba today that are

the analogues of subspecies inhabiting our state. Most of these

were landed on our Upper Keys and from there migrated across

to the mainland of Lower Florida over an old but now de-

stroyed land-bridge. The castaneozonatus, roseatus, lineolatus, cin-

gulatus, matecumbensis and marmoratus of the upper chain are

identical with forms on our lower mainland, and luteus of these

islands is found in the hammocks of the southeast coast. Cap-

ensis is close to vacaensis.

These Liguus were established in the region I have discussed

THE NAUTILUS. 145

and were dispersed over it by hurricane action. The Bay of

Florida is shaped something like a blunt cow’s horn, its south-

ern shore being the Florida Keys and the northern one the

lower edge of the mainland, while its wide base opens to the

west. Whenever, during one of these great storms the wind

blows from a westerly direction the water of the sea is driven

into the bay with great force and it overflows the entire lower

portion of the mainland, often to a depth of six or seven feet!

Trees growing in this region and bearing Liguus or Oxystyla are

broken off or they may be uprooted and with their living freight

swept along on the angry flood in any direction, perhaps, some-

times for several miles. The snails are able to cling to the

branches on which they live and to stand immersion in water

for many hours. Finally when the storm ceases and the

water goes down they are landed in a new place, probably

a hammock where it is easy for them to crawl off, climb the

nearest tree and at once establish a new colony. This will

account for the fact that one hammock will have one or more

species, the next another lot and a third nearby no Liguus

at all. The hurricanes are hit and miss sowers.

VARIATIONS IN GONIOBASIS EDGARIANA LEA.

BY CALVIN GOODRICH.

Caney Fork, Tenn., a branch of the Cumberland river, sup-

plied Lea with several of his types of Pleuroceridae and An-

thony with at least two of his. Associated with the early

collections from the stream are the names of Sellers, Edgar and

Troost which one comes upon frequently in the literature of

American freshwater mollusks. A probable fourth visitor to

Caney Fork was Safford, who appears to have lived at Lebanon,

not far from this river. Wetherby touched at one spot in the

drainage in the 1870’s. I suspect that I was the next conchol-

ogist there, collecting between rains and floods in 1920. The

year following, with a merciless sun to contend with instead of

high waters, Miss Mina Winslow made an admirable collection.

Dr. Ortmann did still more work in the stream in 1922.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

Caney Forks drains a section of the western escarpment of

the Cumberland mountains. One tributary, Calfkiller river,

follows a broad valley at the base of the highlands. Collins.

river, a second branch of many forks, approaches Walden

Ridge toward the southeast and issues in the southwest from

the ridge upon whose further side is the Duck river.

The characteristic univalve of the drainage is Goniobasis ed-

gariana Lea, ranging closely to G. laqueata Say and only re-

motely, it seems to me, to G. nassula Conrad, under which

Tryon consigned edgariana as a synonym. It is a large shell

for the genus, typically striate-plicate, with flattened whorls

and a subangular base in immature specimens. Studies of the

variations by localities brought out the following facts:

Calfkiller river, at Calfkiller, Putnam County—This is within

four or five miles of the beginning of the stream and is appar-

ently the highest spot reached by shell life. Of 580 specimens

taken, 85 per cent has the plicate sculpture only. The remain-

ing 15 per cent are plicate-striate. The sculpture ceases when

the shell is about half-grown and thereafter consists only of

nearly microscopic growth-lines. It is convenient to speak

of that appearance as smooth. Only two shells were found

with indications of color bands. In respect to color and tex--

ture, the shape of the aperture and the form of the outer lip,

the shells correspond to typical edgariana.

Town creek, a branch of Calfkiller river, near Sparta, White

County——Collections made by Miss Winslow, about 325 shells.

The typical plicate-striate sculpture is present in 69 per cent.

As the shells grow the plicae tend to disappear. In the case of

89 specimens, the last whorl is striate only, in all it is smooth.

Both adults and young are included in this count and it might

be explained that the sculpture is persistent in nearly all the

full-grown examples and wholly absent only in a few. Two

shells are plicate without having the revolving striae. Dr. Ort-

mann’s collection at this locality did not differ from Miss.

Winslow’s.

Two shells in my collection labeled simply ‘‘ Calfkiller river’’

and a single lot in Dr. Walker’s cabinet, similarly designated

and carrying Wetherby’s identification, G. caliginosa Lea, are

of this form.

THE NAUTILUS. tT

Barren Fork, branch of Collins river, McMinnville, Warren

County—Thirteen shells taken by Wetherby. Eleven adult

and nearly adult specimens are plicate-striate to the last whorl.

Two retain only the revolving striae upon this whorl. These

are more nearly like the types, credited to Caney Fork proper,

than any edgariana from the main stream I have seen outside

of the Lea collection. Dr. Ortmann’s shells from this place

were so like Wetherby’s that I have not studied them inten-

sively. An interesting note made by Dr. Ortmann was that the

young edgariana he found here were in a shallow branch.

Hickory creek, branch of Barren Fork, two miles south of

McMinnville—156 shells, almost all adult. Except three, these

specimens are plicate-striate from apex to base of last whorl.

The three are striate, but not plicate, on the ultimate whorl.

Caney Fork, Riverhill, White County—45 shells taken by

Dr. Ortmann. Thirty-seven shells have plicate-striate apex,

six are only plicate at the apex; two specimens are so eroded

that the sculpture cannot be made out. In the case of 21

examples, the base is more or less distinctly striate; the base in

24 is smooth. None is plicate to the last whorl as is common

with the edgariana from Barren Fork and Hickory creek. This

is a rough, heavy lot, tending apparently to lose the distinctive

sculpture of the species.

Caney Fork, below dam at Falls City, Warren County—270

shells taken by Miss Winslow. The specimens plicate-striate

to the last whorl amount to 80 per cent, but not one is adult.

Even in the instance of the young shells, there is a slight tend-

ency for the plicae to become obsolete. Fourteen are striate on

the last whorl, six are smooth. Of the full-grown individuals,

13 are striate to the base, 22 are smooth upon the last whorl.

The material of two other lots, collectors unknown, correspond

to this form.

Butts creek, DeKalb County—Nineteen shells. Here the

plicate-striate sculpture is confined entirely to the early whorls

and in one example the apex is striate only. The last whorls

of all the shells are smooth. These mollusks seem to be iden-

tical with Melania columella Lea.

The species occurs also in Stone’s river, Rutherford County,

118 THE NAUTILUS.

Tenn., another tributary of the Cumberland. It has been

taken there by Wetherby and Ortmann. The shells are more

convex than the Caney Fork forms, the revolving striae are

stronger and more persistent, the last whorls of some of the

young are rounded rather than subangular. Of 26 shells of

a lot in Dr. Walker’s collection, 24 are plicate-striate on all

whorls. In two specimens, the plicae have disappeared before

the last whorl is reached. The Stone’s river form corresponds

with Melania corrugata Lea.

While nearly every colony of edgariana varies from other

colonies, it does not, as in the case of Jo, vary with reference to

any particular position in the stream. The most elaborately

sculptured forms occur in Calfkiller river, presumably after the

river stage is reached; in a branch of this stream and in

branches of Collins river. A more simple form lives in the

headwaters of Calfkiller river and the tendency of the species in

Caney Fork at Riverhill and at the falls is toward simplifi-

cation. That environment has an influence in this matter is

not clear, for Barren Fork, at the time I saw it, was swift and

rough; Hickory creek, having the same form of edgariana, was

aslow-moving stream. Conditions in the upper Calfkiller river

and those at the falls of Caney Fork would correspond only at

a time of freshet.

The habitat in upper Calfkiller river was clear, gently-flowing

water, six to eighteen inches deep. The shells occurred in all

parts of the stream, upon stones and a small sandbar. In

Hickory creek, nearly all edgariana were taken from limestone

rocks exposed by the channel. While Barren Fork, just below,

was on a rampage, Hickory creek had the current of a prairie

brook. So I judge it is seldom swift. Dr. Ortmann writes

that at Riverhill, the shells occurred ‘‘in riffles, on rocks; also

in slowly flowing water along banks, on mud.’’ The habitat

at McMinnville, he describes as ‘‘ riffles with coarse gravel; the

very small ones were found in a shallow branch among fine

gravel.’? In Town creek, he found the shells ‘‘in quiet pools

and eddies on mud and sand as well as on ridges of limestone

crossing the creek.’’

THE NAUTILUS. 119

The synonymy of this species is:

Melania edgariana Lea, March, 1841.

Melania columella Lea, March, 1841.

Melania caliginosa Lea, March, 1841.

Melania concinna Lea, March, 1841.

Melania corrugata Lea, March, 1841.

Melania rugosa Lea, Dec., 1842.

Melania coricina Anth., Dec., 1850.

Melania sellersiana Lea, 1852.

Goniobasis purpurella Lea, May, 1862.

Pillsbry * has made M. corrugata and rugosa synonyms of G,

laqueata Say. As edgariana is a sort of robust stepbrother of

laqueata the transfer I have suggested in the position of the two

species is of no great importance.

ASHMUNELLA HEBARDI, A NEW SNAIL FROM THE HACHETA GRANDE

MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND E. G. VANATTA.

In his summer campaign for Orthoptera in company with

Mr. Rehn, Mr. Morgan Hebard visited the northwestern slope

of Hacheta Grande. Ascending in a broad canyon, he found

landshells at about 7600 ft. Holospira crossei Dall and Oreohelix

hachetana Pils. do not differ from the specimens already known

from about a thousand feet higher, at the summit of the moun-

tain, where one of us collected in 1910. The Ashmunella ob-

tained, while related to A. mearnsi, is rather conspicuously

distinct.

ASHMUNELLA HEBARDI n. sp. Shell of about the size and

color of A mearnsi, but differing (1) by the presence of an acute

peripheral keel near the top of the whorl, the upper surface of

the last 3 whorls nearly flat, the last whorl impressed above the

keel; the base strongly convex, (2) the straight parietal callus

is much more strongly raised, (3) the surface is distinctly

* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1896, p. 499.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

though finely striate, the striae partially interrupted forming

long granules. The teeth are substantially as in A. mearnsi.

Height 5, diam. 14.7 mm.; 54 whorls.

By its acute keel and minutely roughened surface this form

resembles A. walkeri Ferr. of the Florida range; but that is

a smaller species with weaker sculpture, an adnate parietal

callus and a simple parietal lamella. A. kochi Clapp of the

S. Andraes range is larger, smoother, not acutely carinate, and

has not a raised parietal callus.

All of the specimens are dead shells more or less bleached.

The amount of granulation visible on these ‘‘ bones’’ is vari-

able, especially on the base. Doubtless living shells would

show it more strongly, and possibly with cuticular scales. The

surface is dull, not glossy as in living A. mearnsi. In one

example some fine incised spiral lines can be made ont on the

base.

Type is 131409 A. N. S. P. Paratypes, 6 specimens, No.

131339.

MOLLUSCA FROM THE DREDGING OPERATIONS AT KEWALO HARBOR,

HONOLULU, 1921.

BY CHARLES F. MANT.

During several months of last year the Hawaiian Dredging

Company was engaged in deepening the small harbor at Kewalo

in order to accommodate the Japanese fishing fleet.

The dredged material was pumped through large iron pipes,

and discharged upon a piece of waste ground, thus giving a

good opportunity for the examination of the molluscan life

of this part of the bay.

As often as possible visits were paid to the scene of opera-

tions, and many thousands of shells, mainly in a ‘‘dead’’ con-

dition, secured, amongst them species that are rarely if ever

found by the ordinary means of collecting, and others that

were new to science.

It was quite amusing to notice how that, when one appeared

THE NAUTILUS. 121

the men, women, and children busy collecting shells, bits of

coral, &c. would pass the word around, ‘‘ Here comes the shell

man’’, and they would crowd up with buckets, tins, and

tobacco boxes containing their ‘‘ finds, ’’ and a selection would

be made for which a small consideration would be given, both

parties being quite satisfied. Some of the people were set to

collecting the many minute shells to be found amongst the

piles of coral sand, rock, and debris, and in this way a number

of most interesting species were discovered.

Over 150 species of mollusca were collected, and Professor

Dall of the National Museum has most kindly examined and

named many of them.

The following is a list of species gathered by the writer, and

from this a good idea of the molluscan life in a limited area of

these waters can be obtained.

Alaeocyma thaanumi Dall. hebraeus. L.

Alcyna kapiolaniae Pils. lividus Hwass.

rubra Pse. marmoreus L.

rubra multicolor Dall. nussatella L.

Alectrion hirta Kien. omaria Hwass.

ravida A. Ads. generalis L.

Atys cornuta Pils. pulicarius Hwass.

Biforina cingulifera Hds. quercinus Hwass.

corrugata Hds. striatus L.

decorata Pse. textile L.

flammulata Pse. Coralliophila neritoides Lam.

Bittium boeticum Pils. & Van. Cylichna anagogia Dall.

boeticum unilineatum Pse. Cymatium pilearis L.

Cassis vibex L. bracteatus Hds.

Cerithium obeliscus Brug. obscurus.

lacteum Kien. tuberosus Lam.

Columbella (Alia) moleculina Cymatosyrinx mighelsi Dall.

Duclos. Cypraea caputserpentis L.

orphia Duclos. carneola L.

urania Duclos. circicula v. tricornis Jouss.

varians Sowb. helvola L.

Conus abbreviatus Nutt. isabella L.

catus Hwass. madagascariensis Gm.

122

peasei Sowb.

recticulata Mart.

semiplota.

sulcidentata Gray.

talpa L.

tessellata Swain.

Daphneila sandwichensis Pse.

Daphnobela manti n. sp.

Dibaphus edentulus Swain.

Drupa morus Lam.

ricinus L,

tuberculatus Blainy.

Engina idosia Duclos.

Erato sandwichensis Pse.

Topas sertum Brug.

Liocerithium thaanumi Pils. &

Van.

Liotia ednae Dall.

Marginella acaria Dall.

Melanella acicula Gld.

opaca Sby.

pusilla Sby.

Minolia striatula Garrett

Mitra astrica Rve.

aurantia Gm.

auriculoides Rve.

consanguinea Rve.

cophina Gld.

coronata Lam.

ferruginea Lam.

flavescens Rve.

fulva Swain.

lamarcki.

lienardi.

lipara Dall.

litterata Lam.

lugubre Swain.

THE NAUTILUS.

mitata? Dall.

ostergaardi n. sp.

peasei Sby.

kewaloensis Dall.

tabanula Lam.

thaanumi n. sp.

ticaonica vagans n. sp.

tuberosa Rve.

tusa Rve.

Mitromorpha hawaiiense Dall.

Morula ochrostoma Blainv.

porphyrostoma Rve.

Natica marochiensis.

Niso diomedae Dall.

Oliva sandwichensis.

Otopleura diminuta Dall.

Peristernia chlorostoma Sby.

cf. newcombi A. Ads.

marmorata.

xanthostigmata Dall.

Philbertia luteola Dall.

laysanensis Dall.

mighelsi Iredale.

Planaxis labiosus A. Ads.

Polynices mamilla L.

Pupa alveola Souv.

Pyramidella oahuensis Dall.

sulcata A? Ads.

Ranella (Aspella) ancepts Lam.

pusilla Brod.

Rhizocheilus madreporarum

Sby.

Rissoina ambigua Gld.

miltozona Tomlin.

tridentata Mich.

stearnsi Dall.

Subulina metcalfei A. Ads.

THE NAUTILUS. 123

Strombus maculatus Nutt. nodulare Desh.

maculatus var. pertusa Born.

samar Dillw. straminea Gray.

Terebra albula Mke. Thericium nassoide Sby.

clappi Pils. Trifora (Biforina) cingulifera

crenulata L. Pse.

dislocata Say. Trochus sandwichensis.

inconstans Hds. Turbo intercostalis Mke.

lanceata oahuensis n. sp. Turris brevicaudata Rve.

langfordi Pils. brevicaudata var.

lauta Pse. Vexilla turben kanaka Pils.

maculata L. vexillum Chemn.

A NEW ANODONTOIDES FROM WISCONSIN.

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.*

ANODONTOIDES BIRGEI, new species.

Shell rather solid, elongated, cylindrical, inequilateral, in-

flated; anterior end broadly rounded, posterior end pointed,

distinctly biangulate; ventral margin straight or somewhat con-

cave; dorsal margin straight, forming an angle with the poster-

ior end; dorsal margin developing a small but well-marked

wing; beaks raised about the hinge line, swollen; beak sculp-

ture as in A. ferussacianus but finer, with the bars close together

and with a tendency to become double-looped; posterior ridge

sharply rounded, very distinct, with a postero-dorsal excavated

area: the shell is greatly inflated anterior to this ridge; epider-

mis yellowish-horn or olive, the rest periods showing as brown

concentric bands; surface rayless; hinge edentulous, but rein-

forced beneath the beaks by swellings representing rudimentary

pseudocardinal teeth; the shell beneath the ligament is also

thickened; beak cavity shallow; muscle scars faintly impressed;

nacre bluish-white, silvery, tinged with salmon or pinkish,

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of Lllinois,

No. 27.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

especially below the beak cavities. Female shell not as much:

incurved ventrally as male shell, otherwise there is little differ-

ence between the sexes.

Length, 61; height, 30; width, 26mm. Type.

Length, 58; height, 29; width, 23 mm. Paratype.

Length, 29; height, 17; width, 10 mm. Paratype.

Length, 82; height, 37; one valve.

The animal is similar to that of Anodontoides ferussacianus.

Mantle connection between anal and supra-anal openings much

shorter than anal; anal opening fringed with fine papille on the

inner edge; labial palpi connected at the base as in ferussaci-

anus; inner gills larger than outer gills, especially anteriorly;

the inner lamina of the inner gills are free from the abdominal

sac as in ferussaciamus; outer gills marsupial. Mantle purplish-

white, openings edged with brown; gills whitish; foot and ab-

domen creamy-white. Glochidia similar to those of ferussacia-

nus buchanensis, but a trifle smaller; length and width 0.280

mm. The breeding season is probably the same as in ferussaci-

anus; gravid specimens examined in middle of August.

Ecology: Shore of a bay exposed to the full force of the

waves, buried in sandy-clay or clay bottom, at depths of from

two to six feet.

Type locality: Sturgeon Bay, Door County, Wisconsin, west

of bridge.

Anodontoides birgei is related to A. modesta, having the same

form of beak sculpture. It differs markedly, however, in the

shape of the shell, being more cylindrical and more inflated,

with a well-marked posterior ridge and with the beaks longer.

The swelling of the beaks extends downward on the side of the

shell, giving it a greatly swollen appearance when viewed from

the dorsal margin. Comparisons have been made with modesta

from Long Lake, near Kalamazoo, Michigan.

This jAnodontoides occurs in great abundance on the shores

of Sturgeon Bay and has been produced, evidently, by the lake

environment. There is some variation in the form of the shell

and in the degree of development of the posterior ridge. All

have the, cylindrical shape when mature, but young and imma-

{ure individuals are more compressed and have a rounded ridge.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

A small form of Anodontoides occurs in a creek, six miles east

of Green Bay, which somewhat resembles birgei, but this form

has the beak sculpture of ferussacianus and buchanensis and is

referable to the latter race.

I take great pleasure in dedicating this interesting species to

Dr. Edward A. Birge, President of the University of Wisconsin

and Director of the State Geological and Natural History

Survey.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW LYMNAEA FROM YELLOWSTONE PARK,

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.*

LYMNAEA CAPERATA WARTHINI, new variety.

Shell differing from typical caperata in being smaller, more

globose with a very short, wide spire; aperture rounder, the

inner lip narrower and less reflexed over the narrow umbilical

chink; whorls 4-5; sculpture of coarse spiral lines as in the

type; color dark chestnut.

Length, 7.0; width, 5.0; aperture length, 4.0; width, 2.3

mm. ‘Topotype.

Length, 6.5; width, 4.0; aperture length, 3.5;7width, 2.0

mm. Paratype.

Length, 5.8; width, 4.8; aperture length, 3.5; width, 2.0

mm. Paratype.

This little Lymnaeid differs markedly from the typical form,

whieh is also found in Yellowstone Park (Swan Lake, collected

by Berry), in its more globose form, short spire and ‘narrower

umbilical region. It was collected by Dr. A. S. Warthin from

rocks wet with spray at the foot of the Upper Falls, Canyon of

the Yellowstone, in September, 1922. The specimens were

submitted to the writer by Mr. 8. 8. Berry, of Redlands, Cali-

fornia, who has been an untiring student in extending our

knowledge of the distribution of western mollusks. It is named

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, Museum of Illinois,

No. 29.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

in honor of Dr. Alfred S. Warthin, of the University of Michi-

gan, who collected the specimens. Paratypes are in the collec-

tion of S S. Berry (No. 5547) and of the Museum of Zoology,

University of Michigan. Types and Paratypes in the Museum

of Natural History, University of Illinois.

INHABITANTS OF A NATURAL AQUARIUM.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

Red River having become choked by vast accumulations of

drift-logs in the vicinity of Shrevesport, Louisiana, carried its

waters to the Gulf through many side channels, which soon be-

came possessed of high banks (as had the main river), and the

lower lands between these channels acquired local names, some

as ‘‘ Jakes,’’ others as ‘‘ bayous’’.

The drift however, having been cleaned out by the U. S.

Government, and the side channels dammed at their heads,

most of the lands constituting the Valley of the Red River are

now in cultivation, even some of the former navigable lakes

being cultivated.

When first explored by the writer, Bayou Pierre even at low

water stage was a fairly large stream, and entitled to the name

Of; river”:

The bed of this stream was swarming with millions of mussel

shells, comprising nineteen species.

The creeks emptying into Bayou Pierre in this vicinity con-

tained water of very different kind from that of Red River, the

latter being heavily charged with gypsum, lime, and in low

water stages even salt could be noticed as one of its flavoring

materials. But the creek affluents of the river carry quite

“‘soft’’ waters, and this difference, if not the cause, is at least

correlated with a quite different mussel fauna. Anondonta

grandis is the single species common to both creek and river.

When the head of Bayou Pierre was dammed across, there

ensued of course a tremendous mortality in the naiad population,

hundreds of acres of hitherto living waters becoming dry lands.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

Gradually the Bayou Pierre has become converted from a

stream containing the hard water of Red River to one contain-

ing the soft waters of the local creeks, and in fact is now only

a large creek, going dry during droughts, except in local pools.

Between Red River and Bayou Pierre a low valley was for

long known as Brown Lake, but which now is in rapid process

of being put into a high state of cultivation.

A rail road, and a hard surfaced public road now traverse its

former site. Alongside of the latter a ditch was dug, five feet

wide and two feet deep and in the lower part of the lake site

this ditch holds water for some time after rains, during which

the ditch communicates with Bayou Pierre situated about a

mile away.

In such flood times, fish run up these temporary streams,

seeking pools in which to lay their eggs, and as these are oft-

times infested with glochidia the bottom of the ditch above-

mentioned becomes sown with young mussels.

It has so happened that the past two years have been unusu-

ally wet, and the rains have been quite equably distributed

during the year, and hence the ditch in question, in its lower

portion of about two hundred feet in length, bas been continu-

ously more or less full of water, until the present autumn

(1922).

The writer had occasion to walk down this dry ditch and

somewhat to his astonishment found hundreds of mussel shells

on the bottom, some of which being collected proved of much

interest.

A single Anodonta grandis was found, almost five inches long,

showing a quite rapid growth, for it is impossible that this shell

is more than thirty months old; most likely its age is only eigh-

teen months.

The most interesting cases however are of the two following

shells. The writer, in Nautilus, 1903, showed that Unio tetral-

asnus Say, with its several synonyms and the Unio declivis Say

with its synonym geometricus Lea, were entirely distinct species,

differing in shape, size, color of nacre and habitats.

This has been strikingly proven true by the changes in the

local conditions outlined above. In the dried bed of Brown

128 THE NAUTILUS.

Lake, great numbers of old dead shells of the A. geometricus can

still be picked up; but in the many years of personal collecting

done by the writer, no specimen of tetralasmus has ever been

found in any Red River water. How interesting it was, then

to find that the bottom of the ditch mentioned is teeming with

typical tetralasmus, and not a single geometricus exists, I am

sure, in this vicinity.

The latter form is universally held by all writers, inciuding

Lea himself, to be a local form of Unio declivis Say. The single

exception to this reference was Simpson, who in his Catalogue

of 1914, cites the figure of geometricus given in Nautilus, 1903,

Plate III, as being camptodon Say!

The population of this local aquarium however contained

another surprise. For many years the writer has tried to prove

by concrete material, what he was convinced to be true, that

Unio haleianus Lea was merely an individual variant of texasen-

sts; but no material had ever been obtained which could prove

this intuition. Along with the tetralasmus in this ditch, the

writer found hundreds of texasensis, and to his delight, a speci-

men of extra large size proved to be typical haleianus !

Although the bed of this little pond has been dry for the past

two months, all of the tetralasmus are still living, and quite a

number of the texasensis are also alive, but the majority are

recently dead.

Notwithstanding that this pool of water was very seldom

more than one foot deep, it seems to have been an almost ideal

habitat for the three species mentioned, so long as the rains

lasted.

One of the conditions which rendered this pool an almost

optimum locality is the fact that being situated in an open com-

mons, there is no shade, not even of weeds, to obstruct the

sunshine.

It may not be known to every reader that the paucity of

Naiades in the Tropics is thought by those who have collected

in those regions to be largely due to the dense shade covering

all but the larger streams.

The exploration of this ditch however furnished still another

item of interest. As the pool dried up, the exposed texasensis

THE NAUTILUS. 129

began to die, and their valves gaping, the exposed contents

were eaten by birds, and the latter not being content with their

daily dead, in several cases undertook to expedite the process

by pecking holes through their valves. With such force was

this done that, in every case noted, both valves were punctured

at once. Whether this action of these birds is due to instinct or

to reason, the writer being strictly a Naiadologist leaves it to

other better equipped observers to decide; merely remarking

that this process has been previously observed, and the pecked

shells in the writers cabinet now number three, from widely

separate localities.

THE ANATOMY AND TAXONOMY OF CERTAIN UNIONINAE AND

ANODONTINAE FROM THE GULF DRAINAGE.

BY A. E. ORTMANN, PH. D.

(Continued from page 84.)

Lea and Simpson distinguished from Lasmigona holstonia a

species, georgiana (originally described under the preoccupied

name etowahensis Lea), chiefly on the ground that the beak

sculpture is said to be not double-looped, but concentric, and

that the pseudocardinals are single in each valve. This form

has been reported from Etowah River, Ga., and also from

Tennessee, but so far only the types of Lea (two, according to

Simpson) are known. They have badly eroded beaks and

rudimentary pseudocardinals. According to my experience

such beaks are often seen in L. holstonia, and the development

of the pseudocardinals is very variable. The posterior (inter-

dental) tooth of the left valve often is very poorly developed,

or even absent, and sometimes also the anterior one is obsolete,

so that there is only one tooth in each valve, and, in extreme

cases, even this tooth may become rather small. Such cases of

reduction of the hinge teeth are seen chiefly in older shells, in

specimens both from the Coosa and from the Tennessee drain-

age, but such specimens are always associated with normal

ones. Thus I do not entertain the slightest doubt that the

130 THE NAUTILUS.

‘* Alasmidonta georgiana (Lea)’’ is simply a synonym of Las-

migona holstonia (Lea).

10. STROPHITUS CONASAUGAENSIS (Lea).'

St. connasaugaénsis (Lea) (1857), St. alabamensis (Lea)

(1861), St. gesneri (Lea) (1858), Simpson, 1914 pp. 851-354.

The first form is from Conasauga Creek, Gilmore Co., Ga.

(only the very source of the Conasauga, for about a mile, is in

Gilmore Co.); alabamensis comes from Talladega Creek, Talla-

dega Co., Ala.; gesneri from ‘‘ Uphaupee Cr., below Columbus,

Ga.’’ (surely Uphaupee Creek, Macon Co., Ala., tributary of

Tallapoosa River (Alabama drainage); it is, however not ‘‘ be-

low’’ Columbus, but to the west of it).

In 1900, Simpson has united alabamensis with conasaugaénsis,

but in 1914, he separated them again, expressly stating that the

three forms are closely connected and hard to distinguish. He

gives the following distribution: conasaugaénsis, Alabama River

system; for alabamensis the additional locality: Shelby Co.,

Ala.; for gesneri also: Swamp Creek, Ala. (an uncertain local-

ity, possibly Swamp Cr., Lowndes Co., Ala., trib. to Alabama

River; but there is another Swamp Creek, in Escambia Co.,

trib. to Escambia River).

Thus these forms are found in the Alabama, Tallapoosa, and

Coosa drainages, from southern central Alabama (Lowndes and

Macon Cos. ) northward to northern Georgia. From this region

I have the following material.

Chatooga River, Trion, Chatooga Co., Ga. A dead, broken

shell, A. E. Ortmann coll., May 19, 1915.

Conasauga River, Conasauga, Polk Co., Tenn. Three males,

two females (with soft parts), A. E. Ortmann coll., May 24,

1915.

Coosa River, Weduska Shoals, Shelby Co., Ala. Three

shells, H. H. Smith coll.

All those described shells, and also the specimens at hand,

resemble the Strophitus edentulus (Say) of the interior basin.

They differ from it, however, in the somewhat lighter color of

1 According to the orthography accepted in the U. S. Topogr. Surv. maps

I change thus the original spelling: connasaugaensis.

THE NAUTILUS. 131

the epidermis, in that of the nacre, which varies from whitish

to dull salmon or purplish (the latter color never found in eden-

tulus), and chiefly by the better development of the hinge

teeth. While the pseudocardinals, in S. edentulus, are entirely

rudimentary, represented only by gentle swellings or not at all,

there is, in this Alabama-form, at least one pseudocardinal in

each valve, which may be small, but is generally, well de-

veloped, triangular and compressed, or tubercular, knob-like

and stumpy. The tooth in the left valve corresponds to the

second tooth of the original Anodontine hinge-teeth, for, in

rare cases, in front and behind this, traces of a first and third

tooth are seen, the third corresponding to the interdental tooth.

M. connasaugaénsis Lea, founded upon a single individual, is

of medium size, and rather elevated in the posterior part; M.

alabamensis Lea, also founded upon a single specimen, is large,

and represents the normal condition of this form: it is also

somewhat thicker than young shells. MM. gesneri Lea is founded

upon five specimens; the figured one also is large, but less elon-

gated than alabamensis, and a little more convex, with darker

(brown) epidermis: the nacre is purplish on the margins, and,

according to Simpson, the left valve has traces of three pseudo-

cardinals (Lea describes only one).

These three forms easily fall within the range of variation as

indicated by my specimens (which surely belong to one species).

and I only should add, that I have no specimens as large as

alabamensis and gesneri. My largest, a female from Conasauga,

measures: L. 67, H. 49, D. 32 mm. Also none of my speci-

mens has purplish tints in the nacre, but in several of them

salmon color is seen.

This species should be known as Strophitus conasaugaénsis

(Lea) (1857), and it is characterized by the presence of at least

one pseudocardinal in each valve, variable in size and shape, to

which, in the left valve, sometimes traces of two others (anter-

ior and posterior) are added; by the yellowish-olive color of the

epidermis, turning to brown in old shells, and the occasional

presence of rays upon the posterior slope.

The same type of shell, as far as it concerns the hinge-teeth,

is found in the western section of the Alabama system, in Tom-

132 THE NAUTILUS.

bigbee River and its tributaries in western Alabama and eastern

Mississippi. These shells are larger, thicker, and more swollen

and have a blackish epidermis (in young ones, however, this is

lighter, yellowish to greenish olive, but mostly with dark rays

and dark concentric bands). They go by the names of St.

spillmani (Lea) (1858) and St. tombigbeensis (Lea) (1858).

They undoubtedly represent conasaugaénsis in this region, but I

cannot tell whether they intergrade with it or not. 8S. spillmani

is a longer spell, dark brown, with concentric bands, while S.

tombigeensis is shorter, with dark epidermis and lighter rays,

characters which surely are only individual.

CORRECTION OF THE NAME OF DRILLIA ROSEOBASIS P. AND V.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND E. G. VANATTA.

Drillia roseobasis, from Tagus Cove, Albemarle, Island, Gala-

pagos, was defined by us in Proc. Washington Academy of

Sciences IV, 1902, p. 560, pl. 35, fig. 2. We did not know that

there was a prior Pleurotoma (Drillia) roseobasis of E. A. Smith.*

Neither of these species would be a Drillia in the modern sense,

and as genera are now understood in this family, they would

probably not be considered congeneric; but Smith’s species has

not been figured and is little known. Dr. W. H. Dall, consid-

ering the names homonymous, renamed the Galapagos species

Pleurotoma roseotincta.¢ Unfortunately, this name cannot be

used on account of the prior Pleurotoma (Clathurella) roseotincta

Montrouzier, 1872.t We propose, therefore to rename our

Galapagos species Pleurotoma testudinis.

* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), II, 1888, p. 301. Habitat unknown.

+ ‘* Pleurotoma roseotincta new name for roseobasis Pilsbry, 1902, not of E.

A. Smith, 1888.” Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vol. 54, 1919, p. 333.

t Journ. de Conchyl. XX, 1872, p. 361; XXI, 1873, p. 55, and as ‘‘ Pleuro-

toma roseotincta,’’ t. c. pl. iv, fig. 1.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXVI.

KJERSCHOW AGERSBORG: A NEW CLADOHEPATIC

HANSINEENSIS.

PLATE VI.

NUDIBRANCH, OLEA

THE NAUTILUS. 133

NOTES ON A NEW CLADOHEPATIC NUDIBRANCH FROM FRIDAY

HARBOR, WASHINGTON.

H. P. KJERSCHOW AGERSBORG, PH.D.,

Department of Zoology, University of Nebraska.

OLEA (genus nov.).

The body is truncate anteriorly, elongate, limaciform, taper-

ing to a point posteriorly. The back is gently arched and

smooth, and passes imperceptibly into the sides which are

also gently arched, so that the body with the back and sides

may be said to arch until they touch the foot from which

they are set off. The back bears two rows of papille on each

side located posteriorly to the middle of the body; those in

the dorsal row are larger than those in the ventral; the

papille of the latter alternate in position with those of the

former. The position of the papille (Fig. 1) is remarkable

from the fact that these organs are clustered into two rows,

dorso-laterally, on the middle aspect of the body in the posi-

tion similar to that of the cerata of Doris. The tapering pos-

terior part of the body extends posterior to the base of the

last pair of papille a distance equal to one-half the length of

that part of the body which is anterior of the first pair of

papille. The heart was seen pulsating just below and _ be-

tween the first anterior papille. The anal pore is on the right

side, in front of the heart, near the mid-dorsal line. The

genital openings are placed antero-laterally near the end of

the body. There are two small pigment spots on the dorso-

lateral part of the neck where the dorsal margin of the less

pigmented border of the neck merges with the darker area of

the back. The body is everywhere uniformly ciliated.

A radula is totally absent. There are neither tongue nor

jaws.

OLEA HANSINEENSIS (sp. nov.). Plate VI.

Distribution: Puget Sound (Friday Harbor), Washington.

Dimensions: The length of the largest specimen was 13

mm.; the smallest, 7 mm., and the height 2 mm. and 1 mm.,

respectively.

134 THE NAUTILUS.

Color: Olea hansineénsis is dark brown in color, very much

hike Haminea Leach, of the Tectibranchiata; but the former

is studded everywhere with lighter spots of various sizes.

In the lamp-light, however, the color changed to a lght yel-

lowish brown hue. The tips of the papille, the back between

the papille, the sole of the foot and its dorsal posterior part,

and the sides of the head and neck, are lighter than the rest

of the body.

Foot: The foot (Fig. 2) is nearly as wide as the body is

high. It is convex anteriorly, with papillary prolongations

of the antero-lateral angles. Posteriorly it tapers lanceolately

to a point. Its surface is uniformly ciliated.

Head: The head is set off from the body by a short but

distinct neck. Dorsal tentacles are absent. The oral ten-

tacles are lateral prolongations of the hood, one on each side.

Labial parts consist of a rounded lobe on each side, and one

median dorsal lobe. The mouth is sub-terminal, vertical; the

ventral lip bilobed.

Habitat: These very interesting animals live on the eel-

grass (Zostera marina). I never have been able to distinguish

them from their environments while in their native habitat

because of their resemblance in color to the vegetative (fila-

mentous diatomaceous) growth which together with hydroids

fairly cover the fronds of the Zostera; but they were detected

when brought accidentally into the laboratory along with

Hermissenda opalescens Cooper, and Haminea Leach, com-

monly found among the eel-grass at Brown Island, Friday

Harbor, Washington, in very large numbers, especially the

latter. They were dipped up from the eel-grass by means of

a gravy-strainer with Hermissenda and Haminea.

Nidosome: A number of nidosomes were laid in the dish in

the laboratory on the second morning after capture, the ani-

mals being segregated from other nudibranchs. The nido-

some is a simple coiled string (Fig. 4) from 20 to 70 mm. long

and 1 mm. in diameter. Oviposition continued for three

weeks. The eggs are capsulated, and there is only one egg in

each capsule. Cleavage total and spiral. During ovipositiou

the animal crawls in the direction of the arrow (Fig. 4).

THE NAUTILUS. 135

Death-feigning was commonly practiced when the animals

were disturbed. But they soon resumed active movements on

the bottom and along the side of the dish and toward the top

of the water. When the water became stale they invariably

dropped to the bottom of the dish and lay motionless. This

habit is contrary to that of the Aeolidia which seek the sur-

face at such times and remain mostly adhering to the surface

film. Olea hansineénsis comes to the surface when it is feed-

ing (it is constantly nipping at nearly microscopic organisms

when at the surface, crawling as it does on the surface film

with the back downward) or actively crawling; it never rests

on the surface film as the Aeolidia do: when it rests it is on

the bottom, and often appears to be dead. Shaking the finger-

bowl, however, awakens it from its slumber, when it again

becomes active.

I am not sure of its exact systematic position until I find

opportunity to examine its anatomy more carefully. The

liver extends into the papille (Fig. 3), and on that account

it is, of course, a Cladohepatic form. But the hepatic arbor-

ization is not so extensive as e. g., in Melibe leonina (Gould),

Agersborg (1916, 1919, 1921, 1922, 19238, 1923a). The head

of Olea hansineénsis resembles that of Limapontia nigra John-

ston, but unlike this species which has no papille, O. hansi-

neénsis has two rows of papille clustered closely together pos-

terior to the middle of the back, anterior and posterior to

which it is perfectly smooth. The position of the anus and

other anatomical differences, as e. g., the radula, remove it

from this type. The gonads are divided into a number of

acini connected by a branching duct-system as in Doto coro-

nata Gemlin. Another form to which its head bears resem-

blance in shape is Acteoma corrugata Ald. & Hane. I cannot

find any resemblance in O. hansineénsis to any of the numer-

ous types described by Bergh (1879, 1880, 1894, 1904), Cock-

erell (1901, 1901a, 1902, 1908, 1915), Cockerell and Eliot

(1905), Cooper (1862), Eliot (1910), Fewkes (1889), Mac-

Farland (1905), O’Donoghue (1921), Pease (1872), and

Stearns (1873). O’Donoghue, to whom I presented a speci-

men, writes me: ‘‘ The other one (O. hansineénsis) is not

136 THE NAUTILUS.

known to me and as far as J can find has not been recorded

previously from the Pacific Coast of North America.’’ It is

quite safe to erect for this type a new genus; it may even be

found to deserve family rank. The generic name, which I

have proposed, is Olea in honor of my sister who for a num-

ber of years was a constant source of inspiration to me in my

scientific studies in this country; the specific name is hansv-

neénsis, in honor of my first, the noblest, and the greatest of

all my teachers, my mother.

Only seven specimens in all were collected. The place of

collection was from Zostera marina in the inner bay of Brown

Island, opposite the Laboratory of the Puget Sound Biological

Station at Friday Harbor, Washington. In fixing the ani-

mals, nearly all the papille dropped off. Two specimens,

preserved in 5% formaldehyde, were dissected for the pur-

pose of studying the radula, but no trace of such an organ

was detected. Four specimens were fixed in Flemming’s

chromo-osmic-acetic mixture for cytological study. Of these,

one is designated as the type, and remains in the collection of

the writer. Dr. Chas. H. O’Donoghue, of the University of

Manitoba, has one specimen which was preserved in formal-

dehyde.

LITERATURE CITED.

AGErRSBorG, H. P. KJERSCHOW.

1916. A study of the nudibranchiate mollusk, Melibe leo-

nina (Gould). <A thesis submitted for the degree of

Master of Science, University of Washington. 120 pp.,

87 figures.

1919. Notes on Melibe leonina (Gould). Pub. Puget

Sound Biol. Sta., 2: 269-277; 3 figures.

1921. Contribution to the knowledge of the nudibranch-

iate mollusk, Melibe leonina (Gould). Amer. Nat., 52:

222-253 ; 12 figures.

1921la. On the status of Chioraera Gould. Nautilus, 35:

50-57.

1922. Some observations on qualitative chemical and

physical stimulations in nudibranchiate mollusks with

special reference to the role of the ‘‘rhinophores’’. Jour.

Exper. Zool., 36: 423-444; 2 figures.

THE NAUTILUS. 137

1923. A critique on Professor Harold Heath’s Chioraera

dalli, with special reference to the use of the foot in the

nudibranchiate mollusk, Melibe leonina (Gould). Nau-

tilus, 36: 86-96; 9 figures.

BerGH, RuDOLPH.

1879. On the nudibranchiate gasteropod mollusca of the

North Pacific Ocean, with special reference to those of

Alaska. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad., 31, 3d ser. 9.

1880. On the nudibranchiate gasteropod Mollusca of the

North Pacific Ocean, with special reference to those of

Alaska. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad., 32.

1894. Reports on the dredging operations off the West

Coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California in charge

of Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U. 8. Fish Com-

mission Steamer ‘‘Albatros’’ during 1891. Bull. Mus.

Comp. Zool. Harvard College, 25, (10).

1904. Nudibranchiate kladohepatica on the Columbia

River, Washington. C. Semper, Reisen im Archipel

Philippinen, wiss. Resultate, 9, (6) Lief 1.

COcCKERELL, T. D. A.

1901. Three new nudibranchs from California. Jour.

Malac., 8.

1901la. Notes on two new California nudibranchs. Jour.

Malae., 8.

1902. California nudibranchs. Nautilus, 18 (11).

1908. Mollusea of La Jolla, California. Nautilus, 21.

1915. The nudibranch-genus Triepha in California. Po-

mona Jour. Ent. & Zool., 7, (4).

1905. Notes on a collection of California nudibranchs.

Jour. Malae., 12.

Coorperr, J. C.

1862. Some new genera and species of California Mol-

lusea. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sei., 2.

Euiot, C. N. E.

1910. A monograph of the British nudibranchiate Mol-

luseca: with figures of the species. Part 8 (Supplemen-

tary). The Ray Society. London.

FEwEEs, J. WALTER.

1906. Opisthobranchiate Mollusca from Monterey Bay,

California and vicinity. Bull. Bureau Fisheries, Wash-

ington, 25.

O’Donoguuk, Cuas. H.

1921. Nudibranchiate Mollusca from the Vancouver Is-

land region. Trans. Roy. Canadian Inst., 13.

138 THE NAUTILUS.

PEASE, W. HARPER.

1872. Description of new species of nudibranchiate Mol-

lusea inhabiting Polynesia, IJ. Amer. Jour. Conch. 7.

STEARNS, R. E. C.

1873. Description of a new genus and two new species of

nudibranchiate Mollusks from the coast of California.

Proc: Calif; Acad: Sai., 5; Pt. A.

EXPLANATION OF FicuRES, PLATE VI.

1. Drawing from lfe of Olea hansineénsis (gen. et sp.

nov.), dorsal view. LL, lateral labial lobe; op, oral tentacles.

The eye spots are seen just caudad to the oral tentacles; the

dorsal labial lobe is seen between the lateral labial lobes.

2. Drawing from life of O. hansineénsis, ventral view. L,

lateral labial lobes; op, oral tentacles. Note the ventral labial

lobe between the lateral labial lobes just cephalic to the an-

terior convex border of the foot.

3. Drawing of a large papilla from a preserved specimen

to show the hepatic extension into the organ. The outline of

the papilla is shown in the line surrounding the stippled area,

the hepatic branch. Greatly enlarged.

4. Nidosome. <A, beginning; b, end. The arrows indicate

the track followed by the animal during oviposition. Enlarged.

EFFORTS TO ACCLIMATIZE ATLANTIC OYSTER AND SOFT CLAM IN

THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

BY R. A. COLEMAN,

Agent, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, San Franciseo, California.

An attempt is being made by the Hawaiian Fish and Game

Commission with the cooperation of the U. S. Bureau of

Fisheries to introduce two highly-prized shellfish, the Atlantic

coast oyster, Ostrea elongata, and the soft clam, Mya arenaria,

into Hawaiian waters. Although serious difficulties have been

encountered, it is felt that there is ground for hopes of the

success of this enterprise.

The first efforts were with the oyster. In May, 1921, five

* Published by permission of the United States Commissioner of Fish

and Fisheries.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

barrels of Long Island oysters, which had been replanted in

Tomales Bay, Cal., were shipped by the U. S. Bureau of Fish-

eries representative in San Francisco to Mr. H. L. Kelly,

Executive Officer of the Hawaiian Fish and Game Commis-

sion, Honolulu, who planted them at a site (selected in 1920

by Dr. H. F. Moore, U. S. Deputy Commissioner of Fisheries)

in Pearl Harbor, Oahu. There the oysters gave every indica-

tion of thriving till they were discovered and destroyed by

the native ‘‘fishermen,’? who work over every inch of avail-

able bottom. With the oysters sent in the second shipment,

May, 1922, therefore, precautions were taken against their

loss by this means.

With the clams, as with the oysters, but from an entirely

different. cause, the first effort at introduction failed. In

May, 1922, a shipment of soft clams accompanied that of the

oysters and like them was sent in the ‘‘chill room’’ (kept

just at freezing point). Unfortunately this method, success-

ful with the oysters, was a complete failure with the soft

clams, all of which died and spoiled in transit. To avoid this

sort of loss a second shipment of clams was arranged for

March 7, 1923, the clams to be frozen and shipped in the

“lee house,’’ thence to be thawed under water, a method

said to be applicable to this species.

The results of ‘these attempts to ship the soft clam and to

introduce both this shellfish and the Atlantic coast oyster are

awaited with interest.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED,

Norrs oN THE MOLLUSKS OF THE CoLoRADO DesErRT. By S.

Stillman Berry. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1922, pp. 69-99;

3 plates. The introduction to this interesting paper deals with

the geography, topography and other characteristics of the

desert, the occurrence of land and freshwater shells, and a full

bibliography. An account of species collected by Messrs.

George Willett, Allyn G. Smith, J. Stanley Ferguson and the

author follows: Micrarionta aqux-albe n. sp., M. wolcottiana

140 THE NAUTILUS.

Bch., M. xerophila n. sp., M. indioensis Yates, M. harpert Bryant

are described or discussed, with several Pupillide etc. —H. A. P.

THE EFFECT OF LOW SALINITY ON TEREDO NAVALIS. By Harold

Francis Blum, Univ. of Cal., Pub. in Zoology, vol. 22, No. 4,

1922. The work was carried on in San Francisco Bay. ‘‘The

animal is normally active in salinities as low as 9 parts per

1000, and below this point the activity decreases with decrease

in salinity.’? ‘‘Teredos obtain some protection from water of

a salinity below the lethal (5 parts in 1000) by stopping the

mouth of the burrow with the pallets.’’ ‘‘A period of 33 days

below 4 parts per 1000 salinity has destroyed 90 per cent of the

teredos in piles at Crockett.’’—H. A. P.

VARIATIONS IN THE SHELL OF TEREDO NAVALIS IN SAN FRAN-

cisco Bay. By Robert Cunningham Miller, Univ. of Cal., Pub.

Zool. vol. 22, plates 13-17. Teredo navalis in San Francisco

Bay exhibits an extremely wide range of variation, involving

practically every feature of the shell. The more salient varia-

tions have been correllated with factors of the environment.

The local varieties, including T. beachi Bartsch, have not been

found sufficiently differentiated to warrant their being classed as

subspecies, much less as species. This important study is

excellently illustrated.—H. A. P.

Upper Miocene LAcUsTRINE MOLLUsKS FROM SONOMA COUNTY,

CatirorniA. By G. Dallas Hanna, Cal. Acad. Sci. (4), vol.

12, pp. 31-41, pl. 1-8, 1923, New species of Nematurella,

Spherium, Pisidium, Lymnea and Planorbis, with various old

species, are described and figured. Nematurella is an Old-World

genus new to America; besides NV. ewzona n. sp., Hanna refers

Littorina pittsburgensis Clark from San Pablo to this genus.

NotTEs ON SOME LAND SNAILS OF THE SIERRA NEvapa Moun-

TAINS with description of a new species. By G. Dallas Hanna

and Emmet Rixford. Cal. Acad. Sci. (4), vol. 12. pp. 48-50,

THE NAUTILUS. 141

pl. 4, 1923. Material collected by the authors in two trips in

Tuolumne, Sacramento and Calaveras Counties, Cal., is here

described. Epiphragmophora circumcarinata was looked for but

not found. Ammonitella yatesi Coop. was taken at the type

locality, which is fully described. The shell and genitalia are

figured, and the relationship with Polygyrella demonstrated.

Both differ from Polygyra by the long spermathecal duct.

Polygyra penitens n. sp. is a new species from Mormon Island

in the Sacramento River, related to P. roperi Pils.—H. A. P.

A NEW SPECIES OF CARYCHIUM FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND, B.

C. By G. Dallas Hanna. Same volume, pp. 51-53, fig. 1.

C. magnificum n. sp., from Union Bay. It is 0.2 to 0.4 mm.

larger than one of the type lot of C. occidentale, and appears to

resemble that in shape and internal lamelle.—H. A. P.

FAUNA FROM THE EocENE oF WASHINGTON. By Charles E.

Weaver and Katharine Van Winkle Palmer. University of

Washington Publications in Geology, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 1-56,

pls. VILI-XII, June, 1922. The paper consists chiefly of

descriptions of marine mollusks from Eocene deposits of Wash-

ington but a new genus and five new freshwater species are in-

cluded; to these last, special reference is here directed. The

new genus, Phaenomya, is stated to be allied to Corbula and

Mya; type species, Phaenomya vaderensis, n. sp. from the Eocene

of Lewis County, Southern Washington.

Anodonta arnoldi (p. 14) is described without a reference to

any other described species. The exterior is figured from a

somewhat crushed specimen and seems to have no characters by

means of which the reader can distinguish it from well known

living species.

Hydrobia pontis (p. 33) is not compared with any other

species, and although stated to be abundant at the same local-

ity as the above, a fragment was chosen for figuring. The

description states that the whorls are angulated medially but

the figure fails to show it. This, and other discrepancies

between the discription and figure make the species unrecog-

nizable.

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Gonrobasis hannibali is described (p. 44) as having sculpture

“‘extremely variable. The extreme form in sculpture has been

taken for the type of the species. Goniobasis olequahensis ( Ar-

nold and Hannibal) represents the smooth type of shell. * * *

The collection contains specimens which show transition stages

between the two types of shell.’? The authors give other

reasons why the smooth and sculptured shells are the same

species. ‘‘ Many shells have oblique plications on the nuclear

whorls which may be absent on the body whorls.’’ It is not

understood by what reasoning the new name, G. hannibali was

justified since only reasons for its union with a described form

are given.

On the next page it is stated that Dr. H. A. Pilsbry has

determined that Ambloxis olequahensis Arnold and Hannibal,

belongs to the genus Goniobasis. In spite of this the authors

describe Goniobasis oleqwahensis, new species, immediately be-

low! No explanation of the remarkable system of nomencla-

ture is given.

No type specimens were designated for the 56 new species

and four new subspecies; (not 64 new species as stated on page

one). The location of the described and figured specimens is

not given although this has been generally adopted by most

museums for many years. The measurements as given in the

text disagree greatly with the statements of enlargement in the

explanations of the plates in some cases, as for instance, Lima

packardi (p. 15).

Attention is called to this paper because it is an example of

loose practice which has developed in the study of paleontology

in the west during the last fifteen years. If permitted to pass

unnoticed, improvement in methods is not likely to be rapid.

—G. Datuas Hanna, California Academy of Sciences.

THE NAUTILUS. 143

NOTES.

SepaRATES.—Authors desiring reprints of their papers are

requested to write the order on the manuscript. When given in

a separate letter it is likely to be overlooked.

A bill authorizing acceptance by the Government of the $500, -

000 marble residence offered by Mrs. John B. Henderson as a

home for Vice-Presidents was introduced January 26th by Senator

Warren, Republican, Wyoming. The bill provides the resi-

dence shall be accepted as a memorial to John B. Henderson,

once a Senator from Missouri, and his son, John B. Henderson

2d. Free and unconditional title by the Government is stipu-

lated. —Phila. Bulletin.

Dr. Paul Ehrmann has published (S. B. Naturforsch. Ges.

Leipzig, 1916-17) an appreciative biographic sketch with por-

trait of the late Hernricn Simroru (b. 1851, d. Aug. 31, 1916).

While Simroth was chiefly known as an investigator of slugs, a

field where he held first place, his contributions to Bronn’s

Klassen u. Ordnungen des Tierreichs show wide knowledge of mol-

luscan morphology. In the field of zoogeography he was the

chief exponent of the ‘‘ Pendulation theory,’’ explaining animal

and plant distribution and geological climates by the hypothe-

sis of a wide swing in the earth’s axis. A bibliography of his

scientific writings is given.—H. A. P.

JosEPpH D. MitcHELL, known to many conchologists for his

work on Texan shells some years ago, died at his home at Vic-

toria, Texas, Feb. 27, 1922, 72 years of age. Several species

of mollusks were named in his honor, such as Scala mitchelli

Dall and Unio mitchelli Simpson. A short sketch by Vernon

Bailey with portrait appeared in the Journal of Mammalogy for

February, 1923.

PLANORBIS CALODERMA n. sp. The shell is small, rather

solid, with about the shape of Planorbis bicarinatus Say, having

144 THE NAUTILUS.

both sides concave, funnel-shaped, but the cavity of the right

side is very much narrower than the left, as in that species.

Whorls nearly three, rapidly enlarging, the last bluntly angu-

lar around the cavity on the left side, rounded on the right

side; periphery convex, the greatest convexity near the left

side. The aperture is ovate-piriform, oblique. The surface is

finely striate, the striae cut by numerous but much more

spaced impressed spiral lines. Cuticle buff.

Height 3.2, Diam. 5 mm., type.

Height 2.8, Diam. 5.5 mm., paratype.

Height 2.4, Diam. 5 mm., paratype.

Esmeralda, Guatemala, A. A. Hinkley, 1917. Type and two

paratypes No. 45662 A. N.S. P.

This little snail was mentioned in Mr. Hinkley’s list in

Nautilus, October, 1920, p. 46. It appears to be a diminutive

member of the P. dicarinatus (antrosus) group —H. A. Prtssry.

Synatt Krttep By WEED—A specimen of Polygyra thyroides

Say was taken at Cambridge (Dailsville), Maryland from the

spiny seed capsule of a cockle-burr (Xanthium commune) upon

which the snail had placed its foot and in attempting to with-

draw into its shell, the hooked spines had pierced and success-

fully held the mollusk. In this position it died and was found

by the writer. During rainy weather this species often crawls

up weeds and small bushes. Their ability to quickly withdraw

into the shell covering upon sensing danger is remarkable and

often have I tried to arrest this movement but always with

negative results. However, the cockle-burr with its sharp, stiff,

hooked spines had no trouble in holding the venturesome yet.

unfortunate mollusk.—Ratps W. Jackson.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA A TREE CLIMBER—A live Epiphragmophora

Jidelis Gray, was secured by Mr. Alex. Walker from an old nest

39 ft. up in second growth fir woods at Blaine, Oregon. It was

taken May Sth, 1922, and is in my collection No. 1254. The

height that this specimen was found seemed to merit publica-

tion. —Ratpa W. Jackson.

THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXXVII

JULY, 1923, to APRIL, 1924

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A, PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Seiences

PHILADELPHIA

CHARLES W. JOHNSON

Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History

Boston

| 1M rele { Vee f 1 ba af $y ih

ed Y Peay yu awae

f [ hs Ki :

‘ j ‘ih : i

igi aay |

, e's f).4 )

( eri, ut

a Wasa Hier \ DBRS |

i) } Bi ‘.

1) per i] pany wy '

wae A : j ie “4 La '

CAP career rae 1, aL || ia Seem! ih.

' inte | , ii : ye hye Any

y/o A J $4) b a i FT Af k

iJ vi in |

ee : , , chant ry ey ; Cae ; et Giron

em Pr ay Wr any dak. Me } i

Mid ei ieee ey Al ity fi

iH ys } : a } FS ’ fs ey :

J REV AUT DO 4 t ‘ reat: Sin a vie i i) i ¥

I eal MET Ran PY UO Aad

Ae A . iva Ho Lat (SSW eat eae Lot } mc H :

A } 4 ‘ eves " vie

nA Yaa a Pa aed

iy é uy Ooty

ree ailil

wy sel" *)

’

A et i

Vivier ee |

: b a a | j

Pah SAO AL 8) hearts uj TEN | WA ese

no fem, vl Have oh wil 0 1

fat

yuk ay Nah Ai at i Ruhh Puen

f i Wat } ey

{ j Wey ii

Miva

EM Oe at My Hole ones ff

A OR {, . ‘

NM uK LP hw ye my \ ve me is

Sew iy :

het At ;

AYE

- tA

;

vont ' wii Le

i BUI

LaAPeAsttOk e te) AVA A Lee

NAR! SRA UHL C URSIN

Tice MUA ae dd, fabhay I ins e

ee ey: Pe

Vial i ye ALE IeD et niadaeitt ne eat Ns bar fy. ie ne, “ia

‘yale ny i ie i Miia HOW ee

a) a fn Hit Hie hide ye ane Lane

WN puis 1 WA

Wii Nies HMA iy MeiB RA) rit Hae ha al

HWY rey ri eating hi hin} nh ye

Kay Wi) i

Wh }

i oe ag THM al

Hy "i

ie i, |

ian Gi

eT wat The

. LG

+] +

le a }

uy ak oly (ae (1) nae

wel mm

Neer ti

hie

eas) yi

) iN | abOM ORT on wah er hs i;

hs peat neal

ahi bY y) on] “ay eine

i e;

FT 9))

iss

wig

ate

aie sit hain )

CRNA A moe ‘hae

VCR aN Wi

Ptivsintyt ey ‘

ee nae pitti Was

hie We MNS ity’ ied © a Te

ih unio Ht

babes

4 iy ald (i

4 ie ey

ie i» Hal ny

PA rt +

ii) Abd ee yi

y my ,

iy i ay

Tide Wes tat)?

Vit Ph :

}

INDEX

fee NAUTILUS, xe VL

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Abretiella Dall, n. n. for Abretia H. & A. Adams, not

RRM Tey rag! ha ale la a0) o foe tole clinid'a ute Bi bce be 63

eR MRRP LOI, o.oo aol al bok feo cyaibin sv ca dye wind bps. 'e 28

MSE ae Sais 's 6d. 5 eaves ac aie 6 oe Mam Rabae aie elas 33

Amphidromus virescens Swains. (PI. 5, f. 1-5) ......... 84

Ampullarius and Rostrhamus at Georgetown, Brit.

LEGS 9th ass SE EC a ee a Se Tea 73

Ampullarius dolioides Rve. (Pl. 4, f.1) ............... 75

Ampullarius gevesensis Desh. (Pl. 4, f. 2) ............ 75

Anatomy and Taxonomy of certain Lampsiline from the

MPEMENRPETN AEN oS Sodus gs da lewa ees 66 56, 99, 137

Ancylus, Bourguignat’s American species of .......... 7

Ancylus adelinus Bourg. (Pl. ITI, f. 7-9) ............. 15

naevus sors bourg, (Pl. 1, £. 9-11) .......ccecew teens ala

mcyios peau Bourg. (Pl. Ii, £.9-10). ... 6.0... eee 13

Ancylus complanatus Bourg. (Pl. III, f. 1-3) .......... 13

Ancylus charpentierianus Bourg. ..................5.: 9

Ancylus chittyi C. B. Ad. (petitianus Bourg.) ........ 8

mneyius pears Bourg, (PL EF. 5-8) 2... ces cei ccese 10

meylus plagioxus Bourg. (Pl. II, f..1-3) ............. 11

Weneviua sallei Bourg, (PL ATE £.) 476), oo. occ ee ace cenee 14

Ancylus sauleyanus Bourg. (Pl. II, f. 4-7) ............ 12

oe ES Ae aT Ree ye eA sd ese 91

NEBREEESEPCUIRS 5) 0) 00a eer ape ate RMI heh A ham wd: wis dic art ee 32

Bourguignat’s American species of Ancylus ........... 7

Calliostoma canaliculatum var. parvum and nebulosum.. 35

SperUmemlina MOESA LEA .,..0csieccescsccuvscivccesie 100

eer PAU LCA, |). 0 scien eis sta dds vcbanswend 100

RT a IRE SIS ect °F SR N 92

Chrysodomus hypolispus Dall .....................005 35

(i)

iv THE NAUTILUS.

Chrysodomus kelseyi Baker, n. sp... ./).4 0-45 ee oles eee 35

isla, Tavent (CLOSSE 6. aie <a ab wo alsnd > seme ee eee 90

Gisinlops Baker, Tew Genus) |. . i\si0/ 05 o.<\se0 2 wee ie ote 90

Castolopsine, new sub-family 2.04.4 0. /.<.:0% seein neee ome 89

UOLOTAGO ISIGIA | (cz). 5 /einicic wisra sit zies nites en Ee CIEE 16

Gyelostoma tllustre Poey™ 2 i220 Als 2s es. cee eee 90

Wenax walitormga Won. 2s tok oe eee a ela 83

Ponax Pond Dall. He co Sack, «eo iciews eine ee eee GCE 83

Donax of California, notes’on. the |. 0... 4.00.4 ee poe 81

Dredre; Backeb 4b). ee sea ool oo sb bale eee see See 118

Hevador; Marine MmollusKs (6s oh se cee See eee 120

Henelia. aiGte! On\,2) 0.) Secie Seid asia OO eis el oe Ee 33

Morida,dmand shells from. iwc oe Vion: cies we Doreen 65

Freshwater shells of Monroe, Conn. ................6- 28

Galba reflexa hemphilliana Baker ...................- 23

Goa win-Anspen, "Coll Tesi Pe. eae ects Serna ene 70

HEC ETC Davls b WA SIMO Ae Ah OA AR ern ROALD SON RCP A ON 89

Lampsiline from the Gulf drainage ............. 56, 99, 1387

Manipsils'clarkiana Wea) ist ht as ee a ees ee 142

iiamipalis vexeavata viien | te .* 6 A a ee een a eee 142

Lima hughi Bartsch, n. n. for LZ. smithi Bartsch, not

SOM eTIaY Shes CLs LENE ares CAE Cede See ee 69

Limax flavus L. var. colubrinus in Mexico ............ 27

Pimax MACHLALUS tay 2 Se uted, See ee oleclee ieee eee 27

Lymnea columella and L. auricularia in Southern Cal-

PLETED A BCMA SUN NAIA MMe WPI EAM CR LeMay AUB 34

iijyrmamesa themphiliang, note on) ))'5. 2. 02 aes eee 23

iyansiella magnifica Wall *n.sp.”.../, 222/525. ow eee 31

Nacroed iste chishimana Ve us, °).....‘)..s) 5 seb ns ee beet 26

Marine shells of Sanibel, Morida ./.\.'..2 So. cee eee 52

Medismdus acntissimus Mea 2. css. . cs cee cee oie 60, 99

Medronidns parvulus *bea* %.'.3°'2. 3. £6) same eens

Meuschen’s names in the Zoophylacium Gronovianum... 44

Micromya lienosa concestator Lea .............0.000eee 140

Naeronyvaimebulosa ‘Conr. °..'% to2.\tae ness oe oe ee 101

Micromya vanuxemensis umbrans Lea ................ 137

Macmmiya sanex (Conr.”...'.. 2 ieee eee hee eee 103

Molluscan Fauna of Catalina Island .................. 37

Muyusseliasinot: a wild animal: 2257.4), 2 Eee eee roe. coe 70

Myurella (Myurelliscus) duplicatoides Bartsch, n. sp... 64

Myurellina Bartsch, new subgenus ................... 63

Myurellisca Bartsch, new subgenus ................04- 63

New Hampshire, Mollusks of Intervale ................ 96

Narades of atone Island) (N.Y. 4b. eeeeaee. one

Motes ts PAT eae ties fees 2s. Ae eee eee 33, 69, 106

EI ia, o's css sin ge i mes de see a Ieee dela 33

REMMI oo og p's! dais yw elns BURR pen aaded ed eale sas 17

Operculatus from the Dutch Leeward Islands.......... 89

Orygoceras in the Idaho tertiaries .................6.. 97

Partials dendroica Crampton, n. sp.......0....6..000. 114

ara mirabiliis Crampton, n. sp.) .......052545..0. 116

Patmia @ympia Crampton, n. Sp. isi... e se dcce dee wes: 112

Parwia wonrveana Crampton, n: sp. ........2.0.0e000. 110

PEE NE Sk. en i aieln vem a deaan ase 106

eeteeREtiiG) THONTINKES) 2150 .).)5 6. 2)8 A oR sada e ee wo wesc ee 120

Pisidium coloradense Sterki, n. sp. ...............-05. Ee

eer CHCernOn Sterki, W./SP. 3.62). 22) 650.0. . eae ee 20

Pine SLEPKI, ND. SP. 20s 2b. ca ee che ee 19

Eee I, EPEL, TH. SP. 2... ee ele ee 20

Peer perouuin Ste, NSP: 55.5. o 2s. lees wees 18

Paietan puntiin Gmelin! 2622 is lei eee eee bs 22

Planorbis immunis Lutz, n. n. for P. confusus preoe..... 36

Pleistocene Fresh Water Mollusks from North Central

SNM 8 oe S22 oe) Di aickeiye ucdvare viele siate see 25

Peet GHE TYPE OL 2/2’... as ew ss ee vise ee cee lwo 36

Peer eters Gerry. TSP. 22. ood eee ew ke ee 130

Poryeyra salmonensis Tryon’ . >) 5225. . b ce ccc 134

ioogegeelamarrordiana Coop...) 02.6266 oe ke os 134

orveyrotaca Pilspry, new sube. 22.25. 66.5..0...5.-0- 134

ep AES SE ed ere ae 89

Seer tipidaria Say’ 2... ee ew ene 25, 31

Post-glacial dispersal of mollusca in the Southern Rocky

MME De ta tee tN SAS See ht NE te 77

Pigenontamecnue ereenl’ Conr |.) 026606066 bee cence ed 56

DA) i SSS 71, 107

Puscwncrepra Bartsch, n: subg. 6.060 ees 63

Punctureiia ¢yerdainy Dall; n.'sps ..........5......... 133

eas OF a midshipman, TIT) el ee ce 1

Rostrhamus sociabilis, Snail-hawk (Pl. 4, f. 3-4) ....... 73

Saxidomus brevisiphonatus, on the identity of.......... 26

Snail-hawk, Rostrhamus sociabilis .................... 73

MRE FEO IMCZICO Sees ee hele sees ae ee se 27

Stoastomops walkeri H. B. Baker, n. gen. and sp. ...... 89

Succinea avara from the tar pits of California ......... 106

[eoremeae, & key to the family ....0........0......-.- 60

SSG a 0 rr 63

Teredo beachi and Teredo navalis, the status of ........ 31

pemeeonmiertordiana W.G. Be ...........-..00sce8: 133

Troschelvindex Baker, new genus ...................- 90

eM, ESAKGTS, Ti. Bibs) oh cede. es vs dyes vues was dwn 94

vi THE NAUTILUS.

adora. macilata, Baker, N..Sp.\\)4)2\4/c «/)kjes ee oles oem eee 92°

PMGora MUSKUSL Baker Tsp). 6 82s esl ee he aicie a orators 93

‘adora. pilsbryi, Baker, Is ape 4) J0WLS id. Haass Baas 94

Tadora,rupis Baker), n. gp. sess seed we oes lek ae eee 93

Gro vabruptus Say i! is.) otgs sala Waals sidney cba es wlan eae 135

Wiamo jorbiculatus Hildreth ..y))3. Udi web eee Woe iak ata 135

Wao retusus, Tuamarek |)... 4.132 UG iew oie ee a eeee ae 136

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Balconies (i iec icin. cle teats lk gars) Soduenetate uialh al Mohegan 34

Baker Ep Dri SOM 2.02). Le eile, sseie ear aide pe oes oe ere 89

DESERTSURC ED EAL TEE yl eet Le) Cue ve eilaa ane As Shag ch aa 31, 60, 69

ES OCITAOEL ed cypereee ences etc abe ch legs pie talages Sieko: oi eaeeaanariatcaete 36.

Srey yrs OGURA OTS 2 as cine x tayaea Ste lovey aces ace 130

GEROTIC IN IW eseN cs orca ed wat, Bey ios ous! oye ol aun ot ar ect ohcr ares aoe eens 52

(Wockorel ties Wy iiss is c.i3 8) sco: Ser cttn' tele, oxo sh oy 0s eh ocelae aan Re 27

Crampton, PETE Bay ata lis oo oh sad lace Aastcuieeatel si ntee woreeike Fetele es aman 109

LOTS G AR ACE Cea aL a eR EF Oona eT 31, 33, 44, 97, 133

Frierson, | ORs ee nie, Se eR ee ey Mond Ce Oven E fetes baa 135

Gregg, Wendell 0 ARE aan ae encase” | IPM URaCprAy Rui YU! Pheu! 1 37

PEROT IN Mat cs cae opal ee ae oie spares fle lores ekayey Accra os eaten 95

barrie OATS io ise 5 oc Niscay has doar iets wioreedent 23, 25, 106, 107

otley A NArles T8125) s c Wis aie llete hale, vbw ieveiccle, ¢ toga hela Baran 118

MESTIGEU BON: | cP UTATUIS) o0 4) 5a os aap oe a ey gle aShelote eeket: eae 17

POs HAMEED TET pe lL on! 8) atet tS fone (in havoc eras ts iaiaeantle 28

MONTISOTE 1. WY desis Soko 4 (e ails als 6 nw ied w dele alo eee 72:

pat SAAC DCE Le ler2 Gide ae's.s a /0'6/) sjajecetehs Siu mitiene, ieenioneharaiae 73

UNSER POED 5's ik! sai bare ile “sm io 'oicaje 20 la ns aire: laa 36.

Olsson, A A pee Nas lala: 6 Vala becnnacdhaial bape tag enakerala hs Ciro tectenemeas 120.

Ortmann, FO CRSP a ORS PRE IAaYL SUMO sGr MIE NE ALD 56, 99, 137

BETSY EL AG 15 ed ashatieta casa bal ips ites'8 B euatatian whoo ale es rea 36, 133

Teender, (Harold (Ayia. 420\. ocean dais emote ws eters aaa 96

Remington, IT., Bs Daiolc dae dg cine ae pl dainelete Ser dues uf

REMEDY ais gas Shain: oi chin pi AHS has Meeioh et cpcond muon aan Caen 16

RRO VA IMG, 2 as ists ie.e w oin es Sune) o. op e/ Spun aR eRe 37, 81

PEGI: vel ei hw. 16 Ds icone cue a Pabedan ae aie 26, 106.

Vanatta, GT 5, ch eaid bee. g b hele Wud aee aeleoks A ana eae iene ae 32, 65-

eee NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXVII JULY, 1923. No. 1

RAMBLES OF A MIDSHIPMAN. III.

BY P. S. REMINGTON, JR.

The second leg of our eighteen-thousand-mile cruise com-

menced with our departure from Balboa. Nothing untoward

occurred to break the even monotony of our run to Honolulu.

Very little manoeuvering was done this time, because coal

is precious on such a long trip. This was said to be the longest

single run ever made by a squadron of battleships, and certainly

it seemed an eternity to me, for it was now the turn of our

division to serve in the boiler-room and coal-bunkers, and

for seventeen mortal days I stoked a boiler. I have already

commented on the astonishing amount of coal a battleship can

stow away, but this is far less remarkable than the way a boiler

can eat it up. Never a cool place, the boiler-room usually

showed a temperature of around 130° F. in the latitude of the

tropics, and some poor fellow was carried out on deck every

watch. Those seventeen days became an era in my life, to be

looked back on with wonder and some pride.

However, all things come to an end, and at last we awoke

one morning to see the extinct crater of Diamond Head showing

up on the horizon. As we steamed up the bay of Honolulu,

twenty-two airplanes circled over our tops, dropping aboard

‘‘leis’’, that Hawaiian symbol of welcome. I think that the

average American citizen, who is familiar with the Hawaiian

Islands chiefly through the popular music which purports

2 THE NAUTILUS.

to come from there, pictures Honolulu as a grove of native huts

in the midst of palm trees with hula maidens dancing around to

the music of ukuleles. At leart, I am inevitably asked if I saw

any hula dancers on my trip to Honolulu. As a matter of fact

Honolulu looks quite like any other American city with its

docks, stores and business district, and native Hawaiians are

far less plentiful than Japanese. Indeed they are distinctly

a rarity, and although I saw one or two princesses at the naval

ball, they danced a one-step and not a hula dance. I was told

that there are very few real hula dancers left, and that the only

good ones were not fit to be seen.

Nevertheless, there is a certain glamour about Honolulu

which impresses one at once. The azure blue of the water, the

rugged chains of mountains in every direction, the riot of

flowers everywhere and the semi-tropical climate made a deep

impression on my memory. I still consider Honolulu the most

beautiful city I have ever seen, and vowed to return to it some

day for a longer visit.

Before the cruise started I had had the forethought to write

to Mr. Charles F. Mant of Honolulu, and the ‘‘ Connecticut ’’

had no sooner docked than he came aboard and enquired

for me. By special dispensation I got permission to take

dinner ashore and was treated with real Hawaiian hospitality.

This last, it should be remarked, is really a substantial thing,

for no midshipman could walk fifty yards along the street with-

out being cordially asked to step into a passing automobile.

Certainly I had no reason to complain, for the Mants and some

Yankee friends took special pains to procure some strawberries

and cook a real New England strawberry short-cake which

we ate at Waikiki Beach. I shall long remember that evening.

Here, as elsewhere, I lost the opportunity to collect ex-

tensively because I was unable to secure shore leave for more

than half aday. We were able to plan two trips, however,

which are chalked up on my memory along with those at

Panamaand Cuba. The first was a hike up Mt. Tantalus along

the Manoa Cliff Trail. Exchanging my uniform for khaki

clothes loaned by Mr. Mant, I set out in company with that

gentleman for this trail, a little beyond the city. The view on

THE NAUTILUS. 3

the way up was superb, and I have never seen such beautiful

shades of water as the bay showed. Near shore it was a light

blue with a white ring of surf, while further out it merged into

a deep purple. Below us in the valleys were the neatly culti-

vated farms of the Japanese, some of them extended well up the

hillsides. Way off to the north were other ranges of hills at

which I gazed with longing eyes, for in those valleys were

the Achatinellas which I had hoped to collect. They were too

far away, however, to be reached in the limited time at my dis-

posal and I had to be satisfied with an inspection of the collec-

tions of Mr. Mant and Mr. Emerson. The latter gentleman

has, judging by the thousands of specimens in his collection,

robbed many of the valleys of Oahu of their entire molluscan

fauna. The returns on this hike with Mr. Mant were not great,

but very interesting because so different from any other collect-

ing I have ever done. In the axis of large-leaved plants

we found Auriculella diaphana and Auriculella castanea, a few

Amastra turritella, Philonesia baldwini, and Tornatellides proce-

rulus. Under the rocks by the roadside were a few Succinea

caduca and the introduced Eulota similaris. In spite of the

paucity of the species taken, this hike was one of the most

enjoyable I have ever made.

The second trip was a visit to Pearl City near the naval base

where we got in a little marine collecting along the west locks.

Here we took some fine Nerita picea, Trochus sandwichensis,

Sistrum faveolatum, Litorina scabra, Siphonaria normalis, Pleco-

rema inaequalis, Lasmodonta sandwichensis, Mytilus crebristriatus,

Cytherea lioconcha, Tellina rugosa, and a small chiton. Although

this represents about all the species I was able to collect in

Honolulu, it should be understood that this was due to the fact

that I was never able to get sufficient shore leave to make

a long trip, so I blame the naval authorities and not the

Hawaiian fauna. The species I collected are but a small frac-

tion of the fauna to be found. Mr. Mant kindly made up this

deficiency by generously sharing many of his duplicates with

me.

A rather humorous incident took place the next day as

we were going through the market. Seeing a huge pile of fine

4 THE NAUTILUS.

Tapes philippinarum for sale, I enquired of the Jap on guard

what was the price of them. Pointing to one of three plates

heaped high with the bivalves, he answered ‘‘ twenty-five

cents.’ When I nodded at the price, he deftly rolled a huge

palm leaf into a cornucopia and poured the entire three plates

into it. My friends laughed heartily at my discomfiture.

They would have laughed still more heartily had they seen me

at 2 A. M. still cleaning those shells. I kept every one, how-

ever, and got them all home.

After a week’s delightful stay, we bade farewell to Honolulu

and departed amid a shower of flower ‘‘leis’’ from the cordial

islanders. I don’t think I have ever been so sorry to leave

a port. Its charm remains long after the memory of it has

dulled.

We were now bound for Seattle, a twelve-day run. Entering

the region of the northeast trade winds, we encountered cool

weather and several rough days. Work in the boiler room was

now a pleasure, but alas I had been shifted to a deck division,

for a midshipman must become familiar with every phase

of ship life on these practice cruises. So I spent the days

scrubbing decks and polishing brightwork until the snow-

covered Olympic range came in sight and we steamed up Puget

Sound and dropped anchor in Elliot Bay.

Seattle was the one port in which I knew of no shell collector,

but as I had a bona-fide brother living there, I was able to get

four days’ shore leave, which I made the most of, though

not conchologically. Our welcome here was very warm also,

for the first mail from shore brought a letter of invitation

to each midshipman to dinner and a ball given in our honor.

The board of commerce had called for volunteers to take care of

us and each car was given a number corresponding to the one

on the invitation. They even provided us with partners for the

ball.

I made one attempt to collect, but the results were so dis-

couraging that I did not try again. I had been told that there

was good collecting at Fort Lawton Beach. No one seemed to

know where that was, however, and after spending an afternoon

in a vain hunt for it, and finding only a few Acmaea scutum

THE NAUTILUS. 5

patina, I gave up and enjoyed the more worldly pleasures that

my brother offered. Later, after gaining an idea of the Puget

Sound fauna through the medium of exchange, I have regretted

my inactivity.

Our next port of call was San Francisco where I expected to

see that very active collector, Mr. Allyn G. Smith. On my

arrival, I was disappointed to find that he was leaving at once

for an auto trip through northern California and Oregon, on

which he hoped to discover some new things. He did, before

he left, recommend a few localities where the collecting might

be good and also introduced me to a bit of collecting in his own

garden, for the place was overrun with Helix aspersa, intro-

duced. On his advice I made a visit to Muir Woods, that home

of the big trees, first ascending Mt. Tamalpais on the ‘‘ crooked-

est railroad in the world,’’ then down to Muir Woods by grav-

ity car. I had only about a half-hour before the train returned,

however, and though I hunted industriously through the red-

wood thickets, I found only one specimen of Epiphragmophora

infumata. As this had the epiphragm I think the shells

had hidden away through the dry spell. This was the extent

of my collecting in San Francisco. I did not get a chance

at the marine collecting though I wanted to try Bolinas Bay.

After coaling up once more, we headed south for San Pedro

which we soon reached. Here the squadron divided, half going

to San Diego, the other half to San Pedro. Fortunately,

the flagship stayed at San Pedro. Isay ‘‘ fortunately ’’ because

Mr. E. P. Chace, with whom I had been corresponding for

many years, lived at Los Angeles and I was planning to pay a

visit to him. To further this plan, Mr. Chace wrote me a letter

and signed it ‘‘ Uncle Emory,’’ and I had only to present this

to the commander in order to get another forty-eight-hour leave

of absence. I felt no compunction in doing this, considering

all the fine collecting I had been deprived of through official in-

hibition.

That visit with ‘‘ Uncle Emory ”’ is another pleasant memory

to add to an eventful cruise. Besides the pleasure of inspecting

Mr. Chase’s fine collection, we paid a visit to the Southwest

Museum, and other points of interest. I had anticipated

6 THE NAUTILUS.

a taste of the collecting at San Pedro, but was disappointed

to learn that the tides were not right. Mr. Chace, however,

invited me to collect among his duplicates, which I gratefully

did. Iam not one of those, however, to whom a shell is only

a shell. A specimen means much more to me if I have

collected it, and I promised myself another trip to the West

Coast sometime in the future.

After a most enjoyable two days at the Chaces’, I returned to

my ship and soon we were headed for the Panama Canal again.

We picked up the rest of the squadron off San Diego and settled

down for another long, hot run. Men in the boiler division,

‘‘the blackgang’’, told us that was the hottest run of the

cruise. Fortunately I was still in a deck division. Neverthe-

less, I was glad when we docked at Balboa again where daily

showers cool the air a little. I hastened to renew my acquaint-

ance with Mr. Zetek and this time we made a trip to Punta

Paitilla, another favorite collecting ground of his. The collect-

ing here was the richest I have ever seen, and I made the most

of it. I had hoped to get leave of absence to go to Taboga

Island, where Mr. Zetek assured me the collecting is very fine,

but I had exhausted my leaves and failed.

With more than regret, I bade a final farewell to Mr. Zetek

and his charming family. The regret was lightened, however,

by the fact that we were now going Aome and that the next port

was Annapolis where a month’s leave awaited us. For the last

time we steamed through the Canal and regarded the now

familiar sights with almost as much interest as we had the first

time. We were not to arrive home without incident, though,

for midway between Panama and Cuba the ‘‘ Connecticut’’ lost

both propellers and had to be towed into Guantanamo by

a collier. We were transferred at once to the other ships

and steamed north to Annapolis.

Although circumstances made it advisable for me to resign

from the Navy two months later, I shall always be grateful for

the opportunities I had to collect in various parts of the world,

brief and unsatisfactory though they were. And I should like to

express right here my appreciation for the fact that conchologists

are such prime good fellows, no matter where one meets them.

THE NAUTILUS. 7

I know that my cruises were made one hundred per cent more

interesting for me because of that spirit of ‘‘cameraderie’”’

which exists among them. As one of my correspondents

expressed it, ‘‘I never knew a shell collector who wasn’t first-

class in every respect.’’

BOURGUIGNAT’S AMERICAN SPECIES OF ANCYLUS

BY BRYANT WALKER

At different times and in different places Bourguignat de-

seribed nine new species of Ancylus from Mexico, Cuba and

South America. He also proposed new names for three

species, whose original names were pre-occupied. These were:

Ancylus haldemani for A. depressus Hald. (1844) non De-

shayes (1824).

Ancylus pfeifferi for A. radiatilis Pfr. (1852) non Morelet

(1851).

Ancylus petitianus for A. obliquus C. B. Ads. (1850) non

Broderip and Sowerby (1832). Adams, however, had before

that discovered the duplication and renamed his species A.

chittyt in 1851, so that Bourguignat’s name falls into the

synonymy.

Of the nine new species described, Bourguignat himself

only figured two. Three others have been figured by later

authors from specimens in their own or other European col-

lections.

With one exception, A. charpentierianus, all of Bourgui-

gnat’s types are in his collection now in the Museum of Nat-

ural History of Geneva, Switzerland.

The great rarity of the species, the lack of figures and the

author’s well-known proclivity to unduly multiply species

upon slight differences have rendered the determination of

his species extremely difficult and they have always been a

source of perplexity to students of that group.

Some time ago Dr. G. Mermod of the Geneva Museum very

kindly sent to me a series of excellent, enlarged photographs

of all of the American types in the Bourguignat collection.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

This included still more enlarged views of the apices and he

added notes of his own examination of the specimens in

regard to their apical sculpture. He also sent photographs

of Bourguignat’s original labels, which accompany the speci-

mens. These photographs, while quite sufficient for examina-

tion themselves, are not strong enough for half-tone reproduc-

tion and I have accordingly had them redrawn by Miss Mina

L. Winslow of the Museum of Zoology of the University of

Michigan. These drawings have been very skilfully and ac-

curately done and leave nothing to be desired as reproduc-

tions of the original photographs.

These figures add greatly to our knowledge of the several

species and are now published to assist students in their iden-

tification of the Bourguignat species. I have added such

notes from the literature as seemed applicable. As the orig-

inal descriptions are scattered in various publications not

always readily accessible, it had been deemed advisable to re-

produce them here for convenient use with the figures.

I. ANcyuus cHirryi C. B. Ads. PI. I, figs. 1-4.

Ancylus obliquus C. B. Adams, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,

1850, p. 48; Contr. Conch., 1850, pp. 132, 187, non Brode-

rip and Sowerby, 1832.

Ancylus chittyr C. B. Adams, Contr. Conch., 1851, p. 204;

Fischer; Rev. Cal., 1858, p. 15; Bourguignat, Spice. Mal.,

1862, p. 221; Clessin, Conch. Cab., Ancylinen, 1882, p.

54, pl. 8, fig. 10; Maze, J. de Con., XXXI, 1883, p. 29.

Ancylus petitianus Bourguignat, J. de Con., IV, 1853, p. 172,

pl. 6, fig. 10; P. Z. S., 1853, p. 85; Amen. Mal., I, 1853,

Dealt

Original description :—‘‘Shell subovate, somewhat arcuate,

very convex; translucent, pale horn-color; extremely thin,

with microscopic radiating raised lines and less distinct striz

of growth; apex very prominent, elevated, extending very

far to one side and posteriorly, and projecting nearly over

the margin. Length .075 inch; breadth .05 inch; height .028

inch.”’

Type locality: Jamaica.

THE NAUTILUS. 9

Adams’ type was an unique specimen in the Chitty collec-

tion now in the British Museum. I am informed by Mr. H.

C. Fulton that it was glued to a tablet and has been crushed

to pieces so that it is now impossible to make anything of it.

Apparently, however, Bourguignat obtained another speci-

men, which he figured. There is nothing to show from whom

he obtained it. This specimen is of special interest not only

because it is the only example of the species ever figured, but

also because it extends the range of the South American genus

Hebetancylus into the West Indias.

In response to an inquiry from me, Dr. Mermod replied:

‘In regard to the Ancylus chittyt (petiteanus) you ask if the

figure given in the Journal de Conchyliologie was made from

the original in the Bourguignat collection. You will see in

examining the photograph that it is not possible to reply

with certainty to the question. The figure in the Journal is

quite conventional and does not correspond in all respects

with the type, which, however, is unique in the Bourguignat

eollection.’’ There would, however, seem to be but little

doubt that the specimen here figured was the original of the

‘“conventional’’ figure in the Journal.

The excellent photographs sent by Dr. Mermod leave no

doubt as to the systematic position of the species. He states

also that the apex is ‘‘distinctly radially punctate’’. It is

therefore an Hebetancylus and is the first record of that genus

in the West Indias. The resemblance to the Burnupia caffra

(Krss.) from South Africa is very striking.

Clessin’s figure is stated to be from an example in the

Dohrn Collection, so that at least two specimens have reached

Europe in addition to Adams’ type.

According to Fischer and Maze (1. e.) it is also found in

Guadeloupe. But see, Walker, Naut. XX XIII, 1920, p. 99.

II. ANCYLUS CHARPENTIERIANUS Bourguignat.

Ancylus charpentierianus Bgt., J. de Con., IV, 1853, p. 173,

pl. 6, fig. 12; Clessin, Conch. Cab., Ancylinen, 1882, p.

56, pl. 8, fig. 12.

Original description: — ‘‘ Ane. testa convexa ac concava;

10 THE NAUTILUS.

mucrone dextrorsus obliquo; depressione apicali minutissima,

sat rotundata, in verticis extremitate ac paululum ad sinis-

tram versa. Parva, depressa, luteola, intus albido vel luteolo-

rosacea, striis radiatis subtiliter ornata; apertura anteriore

rotundata, posteriore ovato-subangulata. Long. 5.5; lat. 4.5;

alt. 2 mm.’’

Type locality: Valparaiso, Chile.

This species is not represented in the Bourguignat Collec-

tion, the type having been received from M. Petit de la Saus-

saye, the then editor of the Journal de Conchyliologie. No

details are known of the apical sculpture. Judging from the

figure it is probably an Uncancylus. Clessin considers the

sharp angle of the posterior margin abnormal. The species

as described and figured is unusual in the concave outline of

the anterior slope towards the margin, but that too may pos-

sibly be abnormal.

Clessin’s figure is a copy of that of Bourguignat.

III. AncyLus PL&%ARIuS Bourguignat. Pl. I, figs. 5-8.

Ancylus plearws Bgt., Spice. Mal., 1862, p. 214; Clessin,

Conch. Cab., Ancylinen, 1882, p. 72.

Original description : — ‘‘Testa gibboso-depressa, ad latera

contracta, elongata, pellucida, fragilima, cornea vel trans-

lucida, concentrice vix striatula; antice sinistrorsus-quecon-

vexa; postice dextrorsusque recta; apice postico, obtusissimo,

dextrorsus dejecto; depressione apicali rotundata vel saepe

lunari, ad partem inferiorem verticis sita; apertura elongata,

ad latera coarctata; marginibus lateralibus paululum arcuatis.

Longueur 10; hauteur 3 mm.”’

Type locality: Lake Baril, Bahia, Brazil.

The author says that he received this shell from Moricand

under the MSS. name of A. moracandi contracta. As stated

by Clessin, it is probably only a narrow form of that species.

Moricandi is the type of Hebetancylus Pils. (Proce. A. N.

S22. giles. 671).

Dr. Mermod writes that the ‘‘apex is without granulation’’.

But a close inspection of his photograph indicates that the

apex was apparently somewhat eroded, and if so, the minute

apical sculpture would have disappeared.

THE NAUTILUS. 11

IV. ANcyLus Aorus Bourguignat. Pl. I, figs. 9-11.

Ancylus aorus Bgt., Spic. Mal., 1862, p. 216; Clessin, Conch.

Cab., Ancylinen, 1882, p. 70.

Original description :—‘‘Testa magna, gibboso-oblonga, pel-

lucida, fragili, cornea, concentrice striatula; antice percon-

vexa ac concava, postice recta ac concava, sinistrorsus convexa

ac concava, dextrorsus concava; apice valde postico, obtusis-

simo (depressione apicali inconspicua), ad dextram dejecto;

apertura oblongo-ovata ; marginibus expansis, antice sinistror-

seque praesertim dilatatis. Longueur 11; hauteur 3.5 mm.’’

The author remarks that the A. aorus is very close to A.

moricandi, but differs by its manner of growth, by its shell

‘‘exeessively swollen and like the back of an ass,’’ by its apex

more posterior, very obtuse and more turned to the right,

and especially by its aperture, the margins of which are

wide, dilated and almost reflected, which is never seen in

the true moricands.

Type locality: Environs of San Pedro, Brazil.

Clessin considers it as probably only a variety of moricandi

with an unusually extended peritreme, which is very likely

correct.

As shown by the figure, the apex is too much eroded to

show the seulpture.

V. ANCYLUS PLAGIOXUS Bourguignat. Pl. II, figs. 1-3.

Ancylus plagiorus Bet., Spic. Mal., 1862, p. 217; Clessin,

Conch. Cab., Ancylinen, 1882, p. 70.

Original description :—‘‘ Testa depresso-ovata, parvula, fra-

gili, cornea, pellucida, concentrice radiatimque argutissime

striatula; antice sinistrorsusque convexa; postice dextror-

susque conecavo; apice postico, acutissimo, dextrorsus dejecto ;

depressione apicali oblonga, ad partem superiorem verticis

sita; apertura ovata. Longueur 6; hauteur 2 mm.’’

Type locality, Lake Baril, Bahia, Brazil.

The author remarks that the apex is exceedingly small and

very sharp.

Dr. Mermod gives no note on the apical sculpture and none

13 THE NAUTILUS.

can be detected on the photograph, consequently no assign-

ment to modern groups can be made. It is possible that on

critical examination it might prove to be a young A. mori-

candi.

VI. ANCYLUS SAULCYANUS Bourguignat. Pl. II, figs. 4-7.

Ancylus saulcyanus Bgt., P. Z. S., 1858, p. 192, pl. 25, figs.

26-33; Spic. Mal., 1862, p. 218; Clessin, Conch. Cab.,

Ancylinen, 1882, p. 71, pl. 6, fig. 6.

Original description :—‘‘ Anc. testa antice convexa, postice

paululum coneava; apice parvulo, postico, sat obtuso, dex-

trorsus dejecto, saepe decorticata; depressione apicali rotun-

data, in verticis extremitate sita. Testa parva, fragili, cornea,

concentrice striatula, ac argutissime radiatula, praesertim ad

aperturam; apertura ovata. Long. 4-414 mill., lat. 3, alt. 2.’’

Type locality: Environs of Porto Cabello, Venezuela.

The author remarks: — ‘‘Le test de l’Ancylus sauleyanus

est d’une taille petite, fragile, d’une coleur corné, et presente

des stries d’accroissement assez bien marquées. lLorsqu’on

]’examine au microscope, il parait, de plus, radié avec la plus

erande delicatesse. Son overture est ovale.’’

The erosion of the apex as shown by the figure is too great

to show any of the apical seulpture, and consequently its

exact generic position is uncertain.

The author in the Spice. Mal. (1. ¢.) differentiates it in

detail from A. raymond: Bet. (Algeria), chittys C. B. Ads.,

obliquus B. and 8S. (Chile), charpentierianus Bet. and irro-

ratus Gldg. (St. Vincent).

Clessin’s figure is not a copy of that in the P. Z. S., but is

a narrower shell, similar, but less dilated anteriorly, the lat-

eral margins being nearly parallel. His dimensions are also

different. The source of his specimen is not given. He

groups it with concentricus d’Orb., culicoides d’Orb. and

barilensis Moric., ‘‘from which it differs in the shape of the

aperture.’’ The last named is the type of Uncancylus Pils.

CBr pA MENS ware ots 1p: GT)r

Dr. Mermod’s larger figure is quite typical, the other is

narrower.

THE NAUTILUS. 13

VII. ANcyuus BEAUI Bourguignat. PI. II, figs. 8-10.

Ancylus beawt Bet., J. de Con., IV, 1853, p. 176; Spic. Mal.,

1862, p. 230; Shuttleworth, Diagn. Neuer Moll., 1854, p.

158; Clessin, Conch. Cab., Ancylinen, 1882, p. 69, pl. 7,

fig. 10.

Original description :—‘‘ Anc. testa antice parum convexa,

postice recta vel concava; apice sat obtuso, postico, excen-

trico, dextrorsus sito; depressione apicali minutissima, rotun-

data, in mediana mucrone verticis sita. Parva, depressa, fra-

gili, diaphana, levi, luteola; apertura ovato-elliptica. Long.

4-5 mill.; lat. 24%, 314 mill.; alt. 214 mill.

Var. B. Testa paululum majore, elatiore; apertura ellip-

tica.’’

Type locality: Marshes of Guadeloupe.

Shuttleworth (1. ¢.) lists this species from near Luquillo,

Porto Rico, with a ‘‘?’’, and remarks that it is wider, more

depressed and perhaps thinner than A. obscurws Hald.; but

also distinct from A. fuscus C. B. Ads. Clessin states that

the species is in the Berlin Museum as from that locality. lt

is probable that his figure was drawn from an example in

that collection. It agrees fairly well with Bourguignat’s type.

Dr. Mermod makes no note on the apical sculpture, as the

apex is badly eroded.

Bourguignat in his description says that the shell is smooth,

but the photograph, considerably enlarged, shows distinct

radial striation.

VIII. AncyLus compLanatus Boureuignat. Pl. III, figs. 1-3.

Ancylus complanatus Bgt., Spic. Mal., 1862, p. 231; Clessin,

Conch. Cab., Ancylinen, 1882, p. 26.

Original description: — ‘‘Testa ovata, fragili, pellucida,

vitracea, pallide cornea, laevigata vel sub lenteargutissime

concentrice striatula; antice convexa; postice sinistrorsus ac

dextrorsus parum convexiuscula; apice obtusissimo, paulu-

lum postico ac dextrorso, fere centrali; depressione apicali

magna, postico, in extremitate verticis sita; apertura ovata.

Longueur 5; hauteur 114 mm.’’

14 THE NAUTILUS.

Type locality: Cuba.

Dr. Mermod states that no apical sculpture was visible.

IX. ANCYLUS SALLEI Bourguignat. PI. III, figs. 4-6.

Ancylus sallei Bgt., Amen. Mal., II, 1857, p. 32; Spic. Mal.,

1862, p. 281; W. G. Binney, L. and F. W. Shells, N.

Amer., II, 1865, p. 142; Strebel, Beitr. Kent. Mex. L.

and Sussw. Conchylien, 1873, p. 63, pl. 4, fig. 35; Clessin,

Conch. Cab., Ancylinen, 1882, p. 25, pl. 6, fig. 9; Fischer

and Crosse, Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll., IJ, 1880, p. 38, pl.

XXX, figs. 17-17b; v. Martens, Biol. Cent. Am., Moll.,

1899, p. 401.

Original description :—‘‘Testa antice convexa, postice recta

vel paululum convexa, sinistrorsus convexa, dextrorsus recta ;

apice postico, ad dextram dejecto, obtusissimo, nullo. Minuta,

fragillima, diaphana, argutissime sub lenteradiatilis, succinea ;

apertura oblonga. Haut. 114; Long. 5; Larg. 2 mm.”’

Type locality: La Laguna Larga de Toxpam, near Cordova,

State of Vera Cruz, Mexico.

The author remarks that the apex is so obtuse that its ex-

tremity is completely indistinguishable.

Strebel’s unique specimen was collected at Vera Cruz,

Mexico. He states that the apex is smooth.

Clessin’s figure is a copy of that of Strebel and he ‘‘has no

doubt’’ of the correctness of the latter’s identification.

Fischer and Crosse state that Strebel’s specimen is much

smaller than the type, but has the characters of the species.

But von Martens notes some discrepancies both in the meas-

urements and figures of the Fischer and Crosse and Strebel

specimens (assuming apparently that the former’s figure was

drawn from an authentic example), and infers that ‘‘it is

not quite certain that the shells obtained by Sallé and Strebel

belong to one and the same species.”’

Both of these figures differ considerably from the type as

here figured.

The apex of the type is too much eroded to show the

sculpture.

Bourguignat (Spic. Mal., 1. ¢.) states that he has also re-

THE NAUTILUS. 15

ceived the species from Poey, collected in the marshes of Car-

denas, Cuba.

X. Ancyuus ADELINUS Bourguignat. PI. III, figs. 7-9.

Ancylus adelinus Bet., Spic. Mal., 1862, p. 227; Clessin, -

Conch. Cab., Ancylinen, 1882, p. 70, pl. 8, fig. 11.

Original description : —‘‘Testa oblonga, fragili, pellucida,

vitracea, pallide fusco-cornea, argute concentrice que striatula,

ac sub lentestriolis radiantibus minutissime ornata; antice

sinistrorsusque convexa; postice dextrorsusque fere recta;

apice posticoobtusissimo, sicut caliculato ac dextriorsus de-

jecto; depressione apicali rotunda, minutissima, in extremi-

tate verticis sita; apertura oblonga. Longueur 514 mill.,

hauteur 21% mill.’’

Type locality: Cuba.

Clessin lists the species from ‘‘Poey and the Dohrn collec-

tion,’? meaning, probably, that it was in the Dohrn collection

received from Poey, and his figure was probably drawn from

a specimen from that source. It is quite different in shape

from the specimens in the Bourguignat collection. There are

three of these, which measure: 4.30x 3.10, 4.08x 2.98 and

4.03 x 2.79 mm., the proportion of the width to the length

being respectively, 72.1%, 73% and 69.2%, with an average

of Th4%.. *

According to Clessin’s figure the proportion of width to

height is 48%. That is, the specimen figured by him is pro-

portionately only two-thirds as wide as the specimen of

adelinus here figured. It is a much narrower shell and the

lateral margins are nearly parallel.

There is evidently some mistake here somewhere. But just

where it is, or how it occurred, it is now impossible to say.

But the discrepancy is too great to render it at all probable

that, if accurately drawn, the specimen figured by him is

really adelinus. Possibly Poey made a mistake in identify-

ing the shell sent to Dohrn as that species.

The specimen here figured is the largest one in the Bour-

guignat collection.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

Dr. Mermod notes that ‘‘the apex is distinctly punctate,

but not radially.’’ The species is therefore probably an

Hebetancylus.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Puate I.

Figs. 1-4. Ancylus chittyi C. B. Ads.

(3, apex; 4, surface sculpture.)

“5-8. Ancylus plearius Bet.

(5 and 6 different specimens; 8, apex.)

** 9-11. Ancylus aorus Bgt. (11, apex.)

Puate IT.

‘* —1-8. Ancylus plagioxus Bet.

‘* 4-7. Ancylus saulcyanus Bet.

‘* 8-10. Ancylus beau Bet.

(Figs. 6 and 9 represent apices.)

Puate III.

“* —1-8. Ancylus complanatus Bet.

‘< 4-6. Ancylus saller Bet.

“< 7-9. Ancylus adelinus Bet.

(Figs. 3, 6 and 9 are apices.)

COLORADO PISIDIA

BY V. STERKI

For a number of years, Prof. Junius Henderson has been

collecting mollusks in the mountains of Colorado and adjoin-

ing states, and in the summer of 1921 has carried through a

careful, thorough survey of several counties, such as had not

been made anywhere in the State before. The Spherude,

nearly 11,000 specimens, mostly of Pisidiwm, were from about

seventy stations, mostly at high altitudes, and proved very

interesting. There were a surprisingly large number of

species and forms. Those from every station had been left

THE NAUTILUS, XXXVII. PLATE I.

WALKER: BOURGUIGNAT'S AMERICAN ANCYLI

THE NAUTILUS, XXXVII. PLATE II.

WALKER: BOURGUIGNAT’S AMERICAN ANCYLI.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXVII. PLAIE III.

WALKER : BOURGUIGNAT'S AMERICAN ANCYLI.

THE NAUTILUS. ba

mixed up as collected, just what is needed for studying the

several species, their interrelations and variation.

In this article some new species are described, and added

is a list of the others found in the state, with a few pertinent

notes on systematics, variation and distribution. As Prof.

Henderson expects to publish a list of the mollusca of the

Rocky Mountain States, localities are cited here only in a few

instances. The numbers of lots cited are those of the special

Spherude collection in the Carnegie Museum; and for the

new species it is understood that cotypes are in the collection

of Prof. Henderson, Univ. of Colorado.

New Species.

PISIDIUM COLORADENSE, n. sp.—Mussel subequipartite, sub-

triangular, barely or not oblique, medium inflated; beaks

slightly behind the middle, narrow and slightly prominent,

somewhat fiattened around the center and with a slightly

marked crest (wanting in some specimens); dorsal margin

short, curved ; supero-anterior slope slightly or barely marked,

anterior end rounded or subangular; posterior margin sub-

truncate obliquely outward, marked off from the dorsal by a

slight, rounded angle more marked in younger specimens

than in old; ventral margin moderately curved; surface dull

to slightly glossy, microscopically rugulose, with fine, crowded,

subregular, somewhat sharp riblets and a few slightly marked

rest-lines; color whitish, periostracum thin, shell opaque;

hinge rather long, curved-angular, rather stout, plate rather

short and broad with the inferior edge projecting; cardinals

rather long; ¢3 curved to angular, mostly emarginate in the

middle, its posterior end slightly bifid with the shanks again

connate at the end and merging into the projecting plate

edge, inclosing a deep excavation below; ¢2 rather large, with

base curved, the free edge forming a regular semicircle or

nearly so; c4 oblique, rather long, and so is its edge; lamine

rather long, al rather massive, its cusp near the middle,

pointed, with the slopes gradual and about equal; alll 14 to

1% the length of al; pI with cusp slightly pointed, not abrupt,

plll 1%4-% as long as plIII; all with apex pointed, slopes

18 THE NAUTILUS.

rather abrupt, the distal one more so, pII similar, smaller;

ligament medium long, rather thick.

Long. 5.4, alt. 4.7, diam. 3.8 mm., the largest ex. on hand.

Long. 4.5, alt. 3.8, diam. 2.6 mm.; others, may be not full

grown.

Hab.:.Small rivulet east of Boulder, Colo.; there were over

150 specimens in the lot, rather uniform; no other Pisidia.

Types No. 9844, C. M.

The species is evidently of the compressum group, as evi-

denced by its shape, surface sculpture and hinge, but distinct

from that species: different from all its many forms.

PisIDIUM PROBUM, n. sp.—Mussel slightly elongate, subtri-

angular, somewhat inequipartite, medium inflated, beaks

somewhat posterior, rather broad, rounded, slightly or not

mamillar, moderately projecting, dorsal margin short, curved,

not marked off by angles, supero-anterior slope slightly

marked in adolescent, barely so in full-grown exs., in which

the anterior end is more broadly rounded; posterior margin

subtruncate to rounded, ventral rather well and regularly

rounded; surface somewhat glossy with the strie fine,

crowded, irregular and somewhat sharp, and a few rest-lines;

eolor straw or light yellowish to corneous; shell subtrans-

lucent, rather thin; hinge curved, rather slight, plate moder-

ately broad with the lower edge somewhat projecting; cardi-

nals well above the edge: c38 medium curved, with its pos-

terior end bifid, and a distinct excavation below; e2 rather

long with base curved to angular, apex more or less pointed ;

e4 oblique, rather long, curved; both c2 and c4 well project-

ing; lamelle: al not much projecting inward, its cusp about

in the middle, pointed with slopes moderately steep, alll

about 14 the length of al; pI and plIlII similar; all and pli

with cusps pointed, more abrupt; ligament moderately long

and thick.

Long. 5, alt. 4.8, diam. 3.3 mm. (largest).

Long. 4.6, alt. 4, diam. 2.6 mm.

Hab.: Roaring Fork, above Aspen, Pitkin Co., Colo., col-

lected July, 1917. There were hundreds of specimens in the

THE NAUTILUS. 19

lot, from young to old, and rather uniform; no other P.—

Types No. 9693, C. M.

This species is different from all described and appears not

to be closely related to any other. In outlines it is somewhat

like coloradense, though not of that group; differs by the

much broader beaks, the surface sculpture and appearance,

and the hinge which is somewhat characteristic but shows

some variation. Most of the specimens are of rather dark

eolor, apparently browned in drying.

PisIpIUM LUCIDUM, n. sp. — Mussel slightly elongate, sub-

equipartite, not oblique, short oval to subelliptical without

any angles, well to strongly inflate; beaks slightly or barely

posterior, rounded, somewhat mamillar, moderately project-

ing; dorsal margin short; surface polished with very fine,

erowded, irregular strie; color light to darker corneous to

grayish or brownish, often with narrow, irregular lighter

zones; usually a few rest-lines; shell thin, transparent to

translucent and even apparently opaque; hinge moderately

long and stout, plate somewhat broad, cardinals well up on it:

e3 rather short, strongly curved, often somewhat emarginate

in the middle, its posterior end bifid; ¢2 small, short, with

base curved, apex rounded; c4 oblique, mostly longer than

e2, slightly to strongly curved; lamine: al rather long and

stout, cusp about in the middle, pointed with the slopes rather

steep, alII short and small; pI rather short, with cusp simi-

lar, pIII 14-14 the length of pI; all with cusp short, pointed,

proximal slope rather steep, distal abrupt, pII similar; liga-

ment medium long and thick.

Long. 4.5, alt. 4, diam. 2.7 mm. (‘‘typical’’ form).

Long. 6, alt. 5.2, diam. 4.2 mm. (large form from other

place).

Hab.: Quite a number of places, rivulets, small beaver

ponds, ete., at least at some ‘‘among dense plant growth,’’

mostly at high altitudes; evidently abundant: from most sta-

tions there were hundreds, altogether more than 2300. Those

taken for types were from a roadside pool at Buena Vista,

Chaffee Co., Colo., collected in July, 1917; No. 9691, C. M—

Also seen from other states.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

This is evidently an undescribed species, the affinities of

which are under doubt. It is peculiar by its shape, size, the

transparent (or translucent) shell and the hinge, especially

the cardinals. It is somewhat variable, and at least from one

station there are rather different forms. From its size and

appearance it might be taken for a lake form.

PISIDIUM MIRUM, n. sp. — Mussel subequipartite, oval to

elliptical, strongly and evenly inflate; beaks little posterior,

broad, rounded, shghtly or moderately projecting; surface

glossy with slight, shallow, irregular striz and a few rest-

lines, color white to straw, in some forms light grayish or

corneous, shell rather thin, opaque or translucent; hinge

short, moderately stout, plate medium broad; cardinals small,

short: ¢3 shghtly curved to nearly straight, its posterior part

markedly short, bifid; c2 rather high up on the plate, with

base straight or nearly so, somewhat oblique, abrupt, strongly

curved upward, apex rounded or subtruneate; ¢4 slightly

oblique and curved, extending forward over 14-24 of @2,

much less projecting than ¢2; lamine short, rather stout: al

close to the cardinal, strongly projecting inward, its cusp

about in the middle, pointed, with slopes about equally steep,

alll about 144-14 the length of al; pI with well-marked cusp,

quite abrupt distally, pIII small; alI and plII with cusps

quite short and abrupt; ligament short, rather thick.

Long. 4.4, alt. 3.7, diam. 3.2 mm. (of 9834).

Long. 4.2, alt. 3.7, diam. 3.4 mm., from other place.

Hab.: Lakes and ponds, quite a number of stations, with

over 200 specimens seen, mostly from the vicinity of Silver

Lake; types No. 9834, C. M. The ‘typical form is somewhat

like short P. roperi St., also like small ovum, but on close ex-

amination the two are quite different and distinct. The

species is rather variable, though from every station the mus-

sels are rather uniform; there are forms with the beaks nar-

rower and more prominent, the surface is rougher, and the

color corneous, and they appear to be of a distinct species.

PISIDIUM HENDERSONI, n. sp. — Mussel small, inequipartite,

medium inflate; beaks somewhat posterior, broad, rounded to

THE NAUTILUS. 21

flattened, moderately projecting; dorsal margin little curved,

bounded by angles, supero-anterior slope somewhat marked,

rather short, anterior end rounded angular, posterior margin

subtruneate, inferior moderately curved; surface dullish or

shghtly glossy, very finely microscopically rugulose, strize

very fine, crowded, barely noticeable over the beaks, slightly

coarser towards the margins; color whitish to straw, shell

thin, opaque; hinge moderately curved, very slight, plate

quite narrow; cardinals small: ¢3 slightly curved, its pos-

terior end somewhat thicker and slightly bifid, ¢2 on or close

to the plate edge, short, straight, with apex rounded, ¢4 quite

small and short, with its position somewhat variable; lamine

slight: al with cusp somewhat distal, pointed, not abrupt,

pl more distal with cusp small, alll about 14 the length of

al, pIII 14-%% the length of pl; all with cusp distal, pointed,

quite abrupt distally, pII less so; ligament rather long, occu-

pying nearly the whole ‘‘width’’ of the plate.

Long. 3.2, alt. 2.8, diam. 2.1 mm.

Hab.: Upper Forest Lake, at timber line, northwest of Tol-

land, Boulder Co., among coarse gravel; there were about 200

specimens in the lot, with no other Pisidium. Types No.

9775, C. M.

The mussels are rather uniform, yet with some significant

differences: some examples have the beaks flattened, even to

form ridges; the hinges, especially the cardinals, show differ-

ences in details. This is a rather peculiar species, apparently

not closely related to any other, and dedicated to its dis-

coverer.

List of Additional Species.

Pisidium compressum Prime, scarce, from few places, rather

different forms.

P. variabile Prime, frequent, from about ten stations; mark-

edly different forms: some much like eastern, others

quite small, with narrow beaks; nothing like the very

large forms from Washington.

P. occidentale Newcomb, somewhat scarce and apparently not

characteristic.

i> Lone meee |

THE NAUTILUS.

huachucanum Pilsbry & Ferriss (not a form of abditum!

apparently nearer occidentale) ; several places but ap-

parently rather scarce.

. roperi Sterki, rather frequent, as in Montana: much like

eastern forms.

. pusillum (Gmelin) Jenyns, apparently: just like speci-

mens from England, ete. Not noted before as Nearctic;

probably to be looked for in the North (specimens from

northern Indiana are apparently identical). Diamond

Lake, near Eldora, at alt. 10,960 ft.; apparently also:

Lower Los Lagos, Rollinsville.

. ovum Sterki, frequent, from a number of places; generally

somewhat smaller than those from Montana.

. marci St., apparently the same as the originals from Utah,

though of somewhat different appearance; from quite a

number of stations and different forms, with respect to

shape, size and color.

. lermondi Sterki, in a slough above Minturn, Eagle Co.;

just like specimens from New England, Ontario and

Michigan.

. miltum Held, from two stations, fine, characteristic speci-

mens.

. imbecille Sterki, in a creek above Wolcott; over a hundred

examples.

. abortivum Sterki, near Silver Lake; appears to be widely

distributed in the West.

. rotundatum Prime, several stations, rather different forms,

some not characteristic, and under doubt.

. parvulum Clessin—apparently, from a number of stations ;

also seen from Montana and Washington. At least some

of them are just like European parvulum; not previously

noted as Nearctic.

. costatum Sterki, from a small Forest Lake, northwest of

Tolland. Apparently identical with the fossil mussel

from marl deposits in Maine, Michigan and _ Illinois,

known since 1895, with the ribs slighter. Now seen for

the first time as recent.

. ventricosum Prime, or nearest to that; somewhat different

forms. From quite a number of lakes.

THE NAUTILUS. as

NOTE ON LYMNZA HEMPHILLIANA (BAKER) *

BY G. DALLAS HANNA

Limnea reflexa hemphilliana Baxesr, Nautilus, Vol. 18, 1904,

Dee kbs

Galba refleca hemphilliana (Baker), Chicago Acad. Sci.

Special Publ. No. 3, 1911, p. 342, pl. 36, figs. 19-20.

This species was described from two specimens in the col-

lection of Dr. Bryant Walker; and they had been collected

by Henry Hemphill in Lake Albert Lea, Freeborn County,

Minnesota. When the monograph of North American Lym-

neide was published in 1911 no additional material had been

studied and Baker stated, ‘‘A good series of this race is a

desideratum.’’

An examination of the Hemphill Collection, now in the

California Academy of Sciences, shows that the original lot

consists of 28 specimens. These were segregated as to size

and minor variation in accordance with the custom of the

collector into seven lots, numbered 6742-6745 and 6748-6750.

The specimens conform reasonably close to Dr. Baker’s de-

seription and figures. It does not appear that intergradation

can be shown with certainty with reflexa; therefore sub-

specific relationship might better not be inferred. The fol-

lowing measurements will aid in the determination of the

species: .

Altitude Diameter Altitude Catalogue

of aperture number

35.8 14.3 16. )

38. 14.2 18.8 -

39.6 15.9 184 [ oe

38. 15. 18.3 )

34.1 13.3 18.1 }

33.6 14.8 17.3 | vnY

30.9 14.1 16.9 f -

30.4 13.2 16.4 J

* Published by permission of the California Academy of Sciences.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

Altitude Diameter Altitude Catalogue

of aperture number

29.1 11.6 15.1 )

29.6 BS) 13.8 |

97. 116 13.5 f ei

24.4 10.1 16)

29: 11.2 135)

28.3 haa, iS aN

29.5 115 Ee a

25.1 10.7 12.8 )

29. all 14.1 )

31.2 12.4 14.2 |

28, 11.8 13.2 ¢ ee

20. 10. 11.4 J

25. 10:2 12)

22.6 9.8 sinless K

23.3 9.3 1. Whe

20.8 8.7 10.6

34.2 14.3 1G. 4)

34.8 15.1 16703

33.2 143 tat oe

20. 10.8 Jit Ws ae

Hemphill associated the species with wmbrosa — elodes

(vide Baker) and zebra = evilis, but the resemblance is super-

ficial. He collected a set of specimens in the same lake which

he referred definitely to the last species, and apparently with

correctness. They measure:

Altitude Diameter Altitude Catalogue

of aperture number

29.5 10.5 13.9

28.8 9.8 Oe, 6751

293 8.2 10.5 J

It will be seen that the measurements do not intergrade

with those of hemphilliana. The latter seems closest to lance-

ata Gould, but has a greater diameter and longer aperture.

and the same characters separate it from reflexa and evilis.

This note is written not only to call attention to L. hemp-

THE NAUTILUS. 25

hilliana but to a wealth of similar material in the great col-

lection which Hemphill assembled. He seems to have dis-

tributed duplicates rather sparingly and these were selected

from his poorer specimens. His field work resulted in the

discovery of a great number of new species, many of which

are represented only by a few known specimens, as in the

case of this Lymne@a. In almost every case, however, he re-

tained a good series of his best specimens for his own collec-

tion. This is now available for legitimate study and re-

search in the California Academy of Sciences.

PLEISTOCENE FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS FROM NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS

BY G DALLAS HANNA

Through the kindness of Dr. J. A. Udden, Director of the

Bureau of Economic Geology and Technology of the Univer-

sity of Texas, I have recently had the opportunity to study

interesting and well-preserved freshwater fossil mollusks

from Wilbarger County, North Central Texas. The material

was collected by Mr. E. B. Stiles, Petroleum Geologist.

Locality 1. Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say).

The fossils came from greenish white clay covered by

20 feet of sandy shale; one mile north of Pease River,

414 miles N. E. of Vernon, Wilbarger County, Texas;

elevation 1214 feet; See. 25, Blk. 12.

Locality 2. Planorbis trivolvis Say.

Physa gyrina Say.

Lymnea catascopium (Say).

Lymnea palustris (Muller)

The fossils came from greenish clay directly overlying

Permian rocks; south bluff of Red River, N. E. Cor.

See. 42, Blk. 12, north of Vernon, Wilbarger County,

Texas; elevation 1210 feet.

The formation from which these shells came is a Pleisto-

ene lake deposit of very considerable extent which has been

26 THE NAUTILUS.

named ‘‘Seymour beds’? by Cummins.' Vertebrate fossils.

have been found in it but this appears to be the first record

of mollusks.*? Several of the species are of decidedly northern

habitat at the present time and the finding of them in Texas

goes further to show ‘the southward extension of the Hud-

sonian fauna during the Pleistocene.*

ON THE IDENTITY OF SAXIDOMUS BREVISIPHONATUS CARPENTER

BY J. R. LEB. TOMLIN

In 1902, in his ‘‘Synopsis of the Family Veneride,’’* Dall

wrote that this species had never been collected since it was

described from the Vancouver region.°

As a matter of fact, Carpenter says: ‘‘Hab.: ? Vancouver,

? Japan (Mrs. Cuming). The shell was sent me as from Dr.

Forbes’ Vancouver collections and is so quoted in the British

Association Report for 1863, p. 607, but Mr. Cuming subse-

quently stated his belief that it came from Japan.”’

Mr. Cuming’s belief was perfectly correct. Whilst over-

hauling the Veneride in the British Museum recently I came

across the specimen described by Carpenter, its identity being

established by pencilling both on the back of the tablet and

on the inner side of the valves of the shell. It is in poor

condition and somewhat imperfect, but recognizable at a

glance as Macrocallista chishimana Pilsbry.®

1 Cummins, W. F., Fourth Ann. Rept., Pt. 1, Geol. Survey, 1892 [1893],

pp. 181-190.

2See Gordon, U. S. Geol. Survey, Water Supply Paper, 317, 1913, pp.

30-31, 58-59.

3 See ‘‘A Pleistocene Molluscan Fauna from Phillips County, Kansas,’’

Univ. Kansas Sct. Bull., Vol. VII, No. 3, 1913, in which a similar south-

ward extension of land snails is discussed by Hanna & Johnston.

4 Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvi, 408.

5 Pr. ZS. 1865, 203.

6 Pr. Ac. N. Sc. Philada. 1905, p. 118.

THE NAUTILUS. Pa

SOME SLUGS FROM MEXICO

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL,

University of Colorado.

I am indebted to Dr. Paul Bartsch for permission to ex-

amine some slugs which were recently sent to the National

Museum by Dr. A. L. Herrera, Director de Estudios Biolo-

gicos, Mexico City.

Limax FLAVuS Linnaeus.

City of Mexico; numerous specimens of this European

species, which is new to Mexico. The specimens belong to the

common form in which the dark markings are dark grey or

black. This is the variety coluwbrinus Pini, 1876, originally

described from Esino in Lombardy, and said to be yellow,

the mantle and back broadly and irregularly maculate with

black, the black and yellow about equal in amount. Pini con-

sidered this different from var. maculatus Moquin-Tandon,

which he also found at Esino, for whereas the pale areas of

colubrinus are yellow (colorless in alcohol), those of maculatus

are brown or brownish. The latter variety has been beauti-

fully figured in colors by Taylor,t and as the name given by

Moquin-Tandon is preoccupied, it has been renamed nigro-

maculatus Cockerell.2 As a matter of fact these differences

are unimportant, and Taylor classes both forms as phases or

subvarieties of var. umbrosus Philippi, 1844.

The term Limax maculatus seems first to have been used by

Nunneley in Trans. Phil. and Lit. Soe. Leeds, vol. 1 (1837),

p. 46. Taylor, singularly enough, cites this in the synonymy

of both Limax maximus and L. flavus. I am indebted to Dr.

Bartsch for a copy of Nunneley’s description, which indi-

cates a slug ‘‘of a reddish brown color, with four longitudinal

stripes of black, more or less continuous down tthe body... .

The shield is irregularly spotted with black.’’ This agrees

1 Monograph, Land and Fresh Water Mollusca British Isles, part 11

(1905), pl. x, f. 9.

2 Science Gossip, 1893, p. 25.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

with Taylor’s figure of L. maximus var. tigris Adams ms.,

Taylor, which must be called DL. maximus var. maculatus

(Nunneley). This has priority over var. maculatus Picard,

1840, which is a different form. Picard’s slug is identical

with var. cellarius, but this name cannot be credited to

d’Argenville, who published before 1758.

AGRIOLIMAX species.

Desierto de los Leones, one specimen in formalin, collected

by Dr. Herrera. About 11 mm. long as preserved, very dark

plumbeous, without markings; sole whitish, with the lateral

areas pale grey. Jaw with a very strongly developed central

projection, as in A. laevis (Muller). Median teeth with short

ectocones, agreeing with Strebel’s figure of A. berendti Stre-

bel. Inner laterals tricuspid, with ectocone distinct but endo-

cone forming a right angle with base of mesocone, and in the

outer laterals becoming obsolete. Marginals with a thornlike

outer process or ectocone, recalling A. pallidus Schrenk, as

figured by Lessona and Pollonera.

It is impossible to describe this slug from the material be-

fore me, but fresh and abundant material may show it to be

a new species, the marginal teeth being apparently distinctive.

The color agrees with Crosse and Fischer’s A. guatemalensis,

‘‘eaeruleonigricans, discus [sole] pallidus,’’ but the teeth do

not agree. It is quite possible that the slug is A. stenwrus

Strebel, described from East Mexico, and generally placed in

the synonymy of A. laevis. Certainly, however, it is not laevis.

ON THE FRESHWATER SHELLS OF MONROE, CONNECTICUT.

BY ARTHUR P. JACOT

The present paper 1s a companion to the report on the

land shells of this region published in the Nautiuus in April,

1919 (vol. 32, no. 4). The town of Monroe is divided into

two drainage areas by a major ridge running from southeast

to northwest. Monroe center is situated on the crest of this

THE NAUTILUS. 29

ridge. On the northeast slope is the Boy’s Half Way and

the Half Way Rivers (brooks), both of which drain directly

into the Housatonic River. The former is poor in shells and

fish while the latter is considerably richer. The drainage on

the southwest slope is larger and forms part of much longer

streams which also drain into the Housatonic River or Long

Island Sound. This section was not carefully studied.

The five stations at which collections were made are (1)

Cargyle’s Pond, a small, artificial, water-lily pond on the

Boy’s Half Way; (2) the brook running into the pond about

200 yards above the pond, on shallow sandy riffles (few or no

shells were found below the pond) ; (3) one of the ends of a

branch of the Half Way, a small, clear, woodland brook;

(4) an upland swamp described in the former article; (5)

that part of the Housatonic River forming part of the town

line. Many of the collections in the river were made about

Zoar Bridge. This locality, however, has been entirely wiped

out and conditions entirely changed by the construction of a

large dam one mile below the bridge, flooding the country

back for some ten miles. The conditions below this dam, as at

Otter Rock, are still the same. Less than a mile below Otter

Rock are the head waters of another flooded area caused by

the dam at Shelton. Thus are our wild, swift rivers being

changed into expanses of quiet water and certain types of

habitat becoming more and more difficult of access.

The Sphaeriide have very kindly been identified by V.

Sterki. Grateful acknowledgment is also due C. W. Johnson

for encouragement and advice.

Strophitus edentulus (Say). Uncommon at 5 in deep, quiet

water.

Strophitus undulatus (Say). Data lost.

Anodonta cataracta Say. Uncommon at 5 in deep, quiet

water.

Alasmidonta undulata (Say). Fairly common at 5 in shal-

low water, among stones.

Alasmidonta marginata (Say). Fairly common at 5 in deep,

quiet water.

Umo complanatus (Dillwyn). At 5 and in streams southwest

of center.

30 THE NAUTILUS.

Sphaerium sulcatum (Lam.). Farmhill River and tributaries

(southwest of ceniter).

Sphaerium ‘‘somewhat like striatinum,’’ undescribed. Fairly

common at 5 in sand rift, behind large boulders in swift,

shallow water where bed is covered with stone and rocks.

Also reported from Maine by Sterki.

Musculium partumeium (Say). Uncommon, probably at 1.

Musculium securis (Prime). Common at 1.

Pisidium abditum Haldeman (2 forms). Common at 3, some

in sand rifts, some in mud or silt rifts.

Pisidium aequilaterale (Prime). Common at 1, occasional

at 2.

Pisidium ‘‘somewhat like fallax Sterki’’. In company with

Spherium (not striatinum).

Pisidiwm griseolum Sterki. Rare at 2.

Pisidium monas Sterki ‘‘apparently’’. Rare at 3.

Pisidium occidentale Prime. A few young in a marshy pool

at head of Cargyle’s Pond.

Pisidium punctatum Sterki. Rare at 3 in mud rifts.

Pisidium punctatum simplex Sterki. Rare at 2 in sandy rifts.

Pisidium streatori Sterki. Common at 4.

Pisidium subrotundum Sterki. Uncommon, in company with

P. occidentale.

Pisidium variabile Prime. Uncommon at 1 and a smaller

form at 2. This latter with a much larger quantity of

P. equilaterale were found distending the stomach of two

or three Bullheads or Catfish (Ameturus nebulosus Le

Sueur) taken from the pond.

Amnicola limosa (Say). Common at 5, on Potamogeton in

quiet water, also at 1.

Lyogurus pupoidea (Gould). Locality uncertain.

Physo heterostropha (Say). Several at 5, eroded at tip.

Physa ancillaria Say. large and fine at 5 on Potamogeton

in swift water, also at 3 on weed culms.

Aplexa hypnorum (Linné). Fairly common at 4, but small.

Pseudosuccinea columella (Say). Occasional at 1.

Pseudosuccinea columella chalybea (Gould). Rare in marshy

pool at head of Cargyle’s Pond.

Galba obrussa (Say). Occasional at 5.

Planorbis antrosus Conrad. Common at 1, also at 2, on

weeds under road bridge.

Planorbis (Menetus) exacuous Say. Occasional at 4.

Planorbis (Gyraulus) deflectus Say. Common at 5 on Pota-

mogeton preferably where there is a slight current.

Segmentina armigera (Say). Rare at 4.

THE NAUTILUS. 31

Ancylus fuscus C. B. Adams. Common at 1.

Ancylus riwularis Say. Abundant at 5, on Potamogeton,

preferably where there is current, strong or weak.

Careful search was made for Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say)

along the Housatonic to its mouth but none were found.

A NEW DEEP WATER LYONSIELLA

BY Wi. Hi. DAE

LYONSIELLA MAGNIFICA N. sp.

Shell large, thin, pearly, subquadrate, equivalve, very in-

equilateral, beaks low and small, prosocoelous; posterior end

produced, rounded, posterior slope somewhat convexly arched ;

anterior slope rapidly descending, abruptly rounded; basal

margin nearly straight; hinge edentulous, the internal liga-

ment long, narrow, parallel with the hinge line; outer surface

polished under a pale olive periostracum, with an almost

microscopic sculpture of radial rows of very minute pustules;

the radii are equal, equally distributed, and average three or

four to a millimeter, when measured transversely. Length of

shell, 25; anterior end beyond the vertical from the beaks, 4;

height, 17; diameter, 14mm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 266802.

Off Cape San Lueas, Lower California, in 63 fathoms, mud

and gravel; U. 8S. Str. Albatross, Dr. Paul Bartsch directing

collections.

This is probably the largest species of the genus.

THE STATUS OF TEREDO BEACHI AND TEREDO NAVALIS

BY PAUL BARTSCH

I have so far refrained from commenting on the efforts of

Professor Kofoid and his students to discredit the validity

of my Teredo beachi. <A review in ‘the Nautius for April,

1923, on page 140, of Robert Cunningham Miller’s paper on

the ‘‘ Variations in the Shell of Teredo Navalis in San Fran-

cisco Bay,’’ University of California Publications in Zoology,

vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 293-328, bears the following statement,

32 THE NAUTILUS.

which is a slightly abbreviated rendition of Miller’s state-

ment on page 25 (817): ‘‘The local varieties, including T.

beachi Bartsch, have not been found sufficiently differentiated

to warrant their being classed as subspecies, much less as

species.’’

This, I feel, makes it necessary for me to protest lest my

silence be construed as concurrence in the opinion of my

West Coast critics.

The paper in question is a beautiful intensive study of

Teredo beachi Bartsch, and barring the summary, in which

the systematic status of this species is discussed, a splendid

piece of work. It is unfortunate that the author in question,

as well as Professor Kofoid himself, has not made an equally

intensive study of the European Teredo navalis, which I have

been unable to find in American waters, before publishing

this summary, for I am certain that had they so done, they

themselves would have become acquainted with the characters

that differentiate the navalis group from the Teredo morser

group, to which Teredo beachi belongs.

In Teredo navalis, the denticles on the anterior median

area have but a single cusp. In the TVeredo morser group,

they are multicuspid. That at once differentiates the two

groups, and there are hosts of other characters that separate

the members of these groups into specific or subspecific ele-

ments.

The only member of the navalis group that I have found

so far in American waters is the New England shipworm,

Teredo novangliae Bartsch. All the other true Teredos seen

belong to the morsez group, both on the East and the West

Coast of America.

BERMUDA SHELLS

BY E. G. VANATTA

Early in 1922 Mr. Hiram Hoyt collected samples of leaf-

mould on four islands not mentioned in my paper on Ber-

muda Shells in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural

THE NAUTILUS. Bo

Sciences of Philadelphia, 1910, pages 664-672. The following

species of land shells were picked from this material :

St. Daviw’s ISLAND

Helicella ventricosa Drap. Rumina decollata L.

Eulota similaris Fer. Poecilozonites bermudensis

Polygyra plana Dkr. Pir:

Thysanophora selenina Gld. Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Gastrocopta rupicola Say Milax (shell only)

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Succinea. barbadensis Guild.

Pils. Carychium bermudensis Gul.

Obeliscus swiftianus Pfr. Helicina convexa Pfr.

Paget IsuAND

Helicella ventricosa Drap. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella

Eulota similaris Feér. Pils.

Polygyra plana Dkr. Zonitordes minuseula Binn.

Thysanophora hypolepta Milax (shell only)

Shutt. Succinea barbadensis Guild.

Gastrocopta rupicola Say Helicina convexa Pfr.

CoopPER’s ISLAND

Helicella ventricosa Drap. Gastrocopta rupicola Say

Eulota similaris Feér. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella

Polygyra plana Dkr. Pils.

Thysanophora selenina Gld. Zomitoides minuscula Binn.

Thysanophora hypolepta Carychium bermudensis Gul.

Shutt. Helicina convexa Pfr.

IRELAND ISLAND

Helicella ventricosa Drap. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella

Eulota similaris Fér. Pils.

Polygyra plana Dkr. Rumina decollata UL.

Gastrocopta rupicola Say Zonittoides minuscula Binn.

Gastrocopta barbadensis Pfr.

NOTES.

Nore oN FENELLA, OBTORTIO AND ALABINA.—Hedley in 1899

proposed for Rissoa pyrrhacme Melvill and Standen, which

he supposed to belong to Fenella A. Adams (a preoccupied

name) ‘the genus Obtortio and gave an excellent figure of the

shell and its nucleus, the latter marked by strong axial rib-

34 THE NAUTILUS.

bing. An examination of specimens of Adams’ typical species

(from Japan) received from him many years ago, shows that

it and the Californian species have a nucleus beginning

smooth and later developing spiral sculpture. The difference

is sufficient to separate the two groups of which the Japanese

and Californian species will continue to bear the name Alabina

(Dall, 1902) —Wmn. H. Datu.

INTRODUCED SPECIES OF LYMN#%A IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

—I have taken Lymnea columella Say and Lymnea auricu-

laria (Linne) from a pond in Exposition Park, Los Angeles,

also from a park at Beverly Hills, Cal. Mr. Allen, a local

dealer in aquatic plants and goldfish, states that the latter

occurs in a number of aquaria and ornamental ponds in this

vicinity. They have doubtless been introduced and distributed

with lily bulbs. Mr. Allen informs me that Z. auricularia

occurred in his ponds about three years ago and has been a

common occupant since. These two species first came to my

notice over a year ago. To my knowledge they have not been

previously reported from the western states. — WENDELL O.

Greece, M.D.

We regret to record the death of Frederic William Harmer,

which oceurred April 11, 1923. He was in his 88th year.

Mr. Harmer was the author of the monograph on the Pliocene

Mollusea of Great Britain, published by the Palaeontograph-

ical Society, the last part appearing in 1919.

CorrEcTION.—In the last issue of THe Nautimus, page 137,

the following should be inserted :—Fewkes, J. Walter. 1889.

New Invertebrata from the Coast of California, pp. 45-46.

Printed for the author. Boston. The citation referred to

Fewkes should read :—McFarland, F. M.

NOMENCLATURE OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF CHRYSODOMUS AND

Cauuiosroma. — For over twenty years I have been using

spare time in making a card catalogue of every name that I

could find which has been applied to any shell from the West

THE NAUTILUS. 85

Coast of both Americas, using all literature accessible. I

have added references to all articles containing figures or de-

seriptive matter which could be used in the diagnosis of these

shells, with localities; also references to all local lists of shells

which extended the known range. Thanks to the enormous

synonymy, which has led to interminable cross references,

the number of cards has reached about 12,000 and there is

still much to be done.

During my oriental trip from 1913 to 1915 nothing was

done, and since my return, bad eyes have prevented me from

prosecuting the work. For a few months I have been at it

again with renewed zest. A duplication of names and a

duplicate description of the same shell which I have recently

found seems to need correction.

In the Proc. Nat. Mus., Vol. 14, 1891, p. 188, Dr. Dall de-

seribes Chrysodomus (Sipho) hypolispus n. sp., from near

Bering Island in 45 fathoms. This species appears in his Bul-

letin of the Nat. Mus. 112, p. 96, as Colus (Latisipho) hypo-

lispus Dall, 1891. In the Proc. Nat. Mus. for 1920 (issued in

1919), Vol. 56, p. 324, again appears Chrysodomus hypolispus

n. sp., evidently a different shell, taken by the Albatross in

the Japan Sea in 325 fathoms. As I ean find no new name

proposed for this shell, I propose that it be called Chryso-

domus kelseyi, new name.

In the Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of

Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 8, p. 118, 1905, Mrs. Williamson de-

seribes Calliostoma canaliculatum parvum n. var. This is our

common form of C. canaliculatum Martyn, the typical form

being rather rare about San Diego. In the Proc. Nat. Mus.

for 1920 (issued in 1919), Vol. 56, p. 360, Dr. Dall gives a

brief description of the same variety, basing his description

on typical specimens from San Diego, under the name Callio-

stoma canaliculatum, new variety nebulosum, which name

must pass into synonymy.

I wish to add that I would be pleased if my catalogue could

be made useful to anyone working on West Coast shells, and

I will be glad ito furnish data to anyone desiring them.

FRED BAKER.

Point Loma, Cau., Oct. 10, 1922.

35 THE NAUTILUS.

THe Type or Puotia ‘BouTen’. — Plotia, of the Museum

Boltenianum, compiled by P. F. Roeding, p. 95, was one of

those happy inspirations which should rejoice the hearts of

the revivers of Bolten. It contained species referable to the

genera Melanoides, Faunus, Liguus, Pyramidella, Dorsanum,

and several nomima nuda. Brot in 1874 mentioned Melania

spinulosa Lam. as type, but this species was not in Bolton’s

(Roeding’s) list. In order to get rid of the name in the

nomenclature of melanians (Thiaride), we here designate

Plotia lineata the type-——H. A. Pruspry and J. BEQUAERT.

Dr. Pilsbry sailed from Vancouver, June 29, for Australia,

as a delegate representing the Academy of Natural Sciences

at the Second Conference of the Pan-Pacifiec Scientific Con-

egress, to meet in Melbourne and Sydney, August 13 to Sept. 3.

PLANORBIS IMMUNIS n. n.—In 1918 (Memorias do Instituto

Oswaldo Cruz, X, p. 70) I described a new species from Rio

de Janeiro, Brazil, as Planorbis confusus. I have since learned

that that name had already been used by Rochebrune in 1881

for a Chinese species. I would therefore change the name of

the Brazilian species to Planorbis tmmunis. — Dr. ADOLPHO

Lutz.

To celebrate the eighty-fifth birthday of Professor Edward

S. Morse, some twenty members of the Boston Malacological

Club visited him at the Peabody Museum in Salem on June

the 18th, to congratulate him and wish him years of useful

work in the future. The visitors were headed by the Presi-

dent of the Club, Mr. Arthur F. Gray, who at an appropriate

moment presented Professor Morse with a silver pitcher and

tray suitably inscribed, giving at the same time a brief review

of some of Professor Morse’s work begun in 1856. It was a

most enjoyable day for all present.

mee NAUTILUS:

Vol. XXXVII OCTOBER, 1923. No. 2

PARTIAL LIST OF THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF CATALINA ISLAND

BY A. M. STRONG

Early in July, 1921, during a week of very low tides, the

writer made a collecting trip to the Isthmus, Catalina Island,

California, in company with Mr. C. E. White of Los Angeles.

The result was very satisfactory and the trip was repeated again

the following year with equally good results. A number

of rare shells were collected as well as some which have not

been previously reported from this district, and several hundred

specimens secured of an OQOdostomia which proved to be un-

described.

Catilina is one of a chain of islands off the coast of southern

California. It lies about 20 miles from the mainland and

is included in Los Angeles County. The island, about 21

miles long and 8 miles wide at the widest place, has all the

appearance of the summit of a sunken mountain range, and

it is commonly considered that at one time it was part of

the Coast Range of Central California. Except where the

canyons meet the sea, forming coves, with short beaches,

the entire island is mountainous. The drop in the ocean floor

is nearly as abrupt as that of the land, in some places a depth

of 600 feet being reached within half a mile of shore. There

are no sand beaches on the island; most of the shore line

is sheer rock. At a few places there are bluffs with broken rock

388 THE NAUTILUS.

at their foot; and at the back of the coves, many of which on

the lee side of the island are well protected, the short stretches

of beach are composed of shingle or small pebbles.

At the Isthmus conditions are a little different from those on

the balance of the island. Here Catalina Harbor on the ocean

side is an almost landlocked bay a mile or more in depth by

half a mile in width, while exactly opposite it Isthmus Cove

cuts deeply into the coast line on the land side. The two are

separated by a gentle roll of land a half a mile in width. The

topography is the same as occurs at a low saddle or pass in

a mountain range. Both bays are comparatively shallow and

have a considerable protected shore line. While there is no

sand beach there are some small areas of mud flats and flat

lying reefs of loose rock.

Collecting conditions were ideal. Mine host Gregg of the

Isthmus Camp, ably seconded by Mrs. Gregg, furnished us with

a comfortable tent-house and boat and equipment, coupled with

genuine old-time California cooking and no complaint at irregu-

lar hours. Collecting was done in several different ways. The

extreme low tides occurring very early in the morning, daylight

found us on the rock reefs. After a late breakfast the balance

of the morning was spent dredging the bays or examining

the kelp fields lying just off the points. The afternoons were

usually spent working along the loose rock reefs where there

were a few small tide-pools. We found that most of the bottom

of the bays was covered with a thick growth of moss, making

dredging impossible. However, a few small patches of clear

sandy mud were located, and these were alive with small shells.

While the number of species found in these patches was not

very large, some few rare shells were obtained and numbers of

specimens of four species seldom seen on the main land. The

kelp beds were not very productive, only three species being

secured from them. The best collecting was found among the

loose rocks on the reefs along the bay shores. During our stay

a number of abalones were speared for us in from 10 to 15 feet

of water. These were taken home and all the moss and other

growth carefully scraped off them. After drying this moss

it was carefully examined for small shells. From the abalones

THE NAUTILUS. 39

secured this year the moss yielded over 600 specimens of some

30 species. A number of these were not found under any other

conditions.

Our collecting was mainly confined to the more rare species

and those not commonly found on the mainland. At the same

time we tried to keep a record of everything seen among the

more common shells and so have as complete a record as

possible of the molluscan fauna of that particular locality.

The accompanying list is by no means complete; no dredging

was done in over 20 feet of water, and it is known that many

other species are to be found in the deeper water off the island.

The limited time spent on the work, less than two weeks in all,

would make it extremely unlikely that the full list of the shore

species was obtained. However it is believed that the list

is fairly representative of the fauna. The two bays are separ-

ated by sixteen miles of shore line and one is on the exposed

side of the island while the other is protected from all but

occasional storms. A number of species were found only in

one bay or the other. The principal reason for this seemed to

be different conditions along the limited extent of shore line

worked over, and no attempt was made to keep separate lists for

the two bays.

The majority of the species on the list were collected or were

collectable in large numbers. A few, particularly among the

dredged material, were represented by one or two specimens

only and in a few other cases dead shells on the beach or

picked up by Mrs. Gregg after storms were all that were seen.

No attempt was made to secure quantitative results. Many

mollusks live in colonies or travel in schools. The finding

of a few strays would seem to indicate the presence of limited

numbers only, while collecting at some different season or

the examination of some overlooked point nearby would show

them present in large numbers. To secure quantitative results

of any value requires detailed collecting extended over a long

period of time. The most noticable difference between collect-

ing at the Isthmus and at similar places on the mainland was

the scarcity of limpets and chitons, both in number of species

and in number of individuals, the apparent absence of Acanthina,

and the wealth of material among the smaller species.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

The principal value of lists such as this one lies in the infor-

mation to be secured for the study of the distribution of the

fauna by comparison with similar lists from other localities. In

the Nautitus, Vol. 31, page 103, Mr. E. P. Chace gives a list of

nearly 100 species that were collected at Anaheim Bay, a point

on the mainland some 30 miles from the Isthmus. Comparing

the two lists shows but 24 species which are on both. In

the Anaheim Bay list, shells inhabiting sandy shores and

muddy bays predominate while our Catalina list those inhabit-

ing rocky coasts. Packard in his Molluscan Fauna from San

Francisco Bay (Univ. of Cal., Pub. in Zoology, Vol. 14, No. 2)

lists 194 species and varieties from San Francisco Bay, the

Farallone Islands and dredged between the Islands and the

mainland. This list contains 34 species which are on the

Anaheim Bay list and 24 species that we found at Catalina.

Only 10 species are common to all three lists. The comparison

would seem to indicate a closer relation of the mainland fauna

at Anaheim Bay to the more northern fauna at San Francisco

than is the case with the island fauna at Catalina.

Another and probably better method of comparing faunas

from different localities is by means of the prevailing direction

of the known ranges. The Catalina list may be divided as

follows; 20 species, or 12 per cent of a limited local known

range; 43 species or 28 per cent, with an approximately equal

range to the north and to the south; 26 species, or 17 per cent,

whose range to the north by latitude is twice or more than that

to the south; 66 species, or 43 per cent, whose range to the

south by latitude is twice or more than that to the north. The

Anaheim Bay list shows 3 per cent local, 52 per cent of equal

range, 23 per cent with a northern range, and 41 per cent with

a southern range. The San Francisco list has 13 per cent local

or with uncertain range, 19 per cent with equal range, 40

per cent with a northern range, and 28 per cent with a southern

range. This comparison shows the Catalina and Anahein Bay

lists to be equally southern in their characteristics, while the

San Francisco list is distinctly northern.

The list of species and varieties collected, 155 in all, follows:

THE NAUTILUS.

Solemya (Petrasma) pana-

mensis Dall a

Philobrya setosa Cpr. a

Ostrea palmula Cpr. a

Pecten (Plagioctenium) circu-

laris aequisulcatus Cpr.

Hinnites giganteus Gray

Lima (Mantellum) dehiscens

Conr.

Mytilus californianus Conr.

Mytilus adamsianus Dunker.

Mytilus multiformis Cpr. a

Modiolus (Gregariella) opifex

Say a

Septifer bifurcatus Rve.

Crenella decussata Montagu. a

Lyonsia gouldi Dall a

Cardita subquadrata Cpr.

Milneri kelseyi Dall

Chama pellucida Sby.

Diplodonta orbella Gould

Phacoides (Callucina) califor-

nica Conr.

Phacoides (Parvilucina) tenu-

isculpta Cpr. a

Lasaea rubra Mont. a

Cardium (Fragum) biangu-

Jatum Sby.

Cardium (Laevicardium) sub-

striatum Conr.

Transennella tantilla Gould a

Pitaria newcombiana Gabb

Chione succincta Val.

Psephidia lordi Baird a

Psephidia salmonea Cpr. a

Cooperella subdiaphana Cpr.

Tellina (Angulus) carpenteri

Dall a

Tellina (Oudardia) buttoni

Dall a

Semele pacifica, Dall a

Cumingia lamellosa Sby.

Psammobia californicus Conr.

Tagelus californianus Conr.

Cryptomya californica Conr.

Acteocina culcitella Gld. a

Bullaria gouldiana Pils.

Haminaea virescens Sby.

Pleurobranchus digneti Roch.

Gadina reticulata Sby.

Conus californicus Hinds

Mangilia pulchrior Dall a

Mangilia tersa Dall a

Cytharella merita Hinds a

? Daphnella fuscoligata Dall a

Olivella biplicata Sby.

Marginella regularis Cpr. a

Marginella (Hyalina) califor-

nica Tomlin

Cystiscus politulus Dall a

Merovia pyriformis Cpr. a

Strigatella (Atrimitra) ide

Melvill

Strigatella (Atrimitra) cata-

linae Dall

Mitromorphia filosa Cpr.

Fusinus kobelti Dall

Fusinus luteopictus Dall

Macron lividus A. Adams

Alectrion (Schizopyga) perpin-

guis Hinds

Alectrion (Schizopyga) men-

dica Gould

Alectrion (Schizopyga) cooperi

Forbes

Anachis penicillata Cpr. a

Columbella (Alia) carinata

Hinds

Columbella3(Alia) hypodra

Dall a

Amphissa versicolor Dall a

Murex (Triremis) gemma Sby.

Purpura nuttallii Conr.

Tritonalia circumtexta Stearns

Tritonalia interfossa Cpr.

Tritonalia gracillima Stearns a

Tritonalia foveolata Hinds

Epitonium (Opalia) crenimar-

ginata Dall

Epitonium (Nitidoscala) tinc-

tum Cpr.

Ianthina exigua Lamarck

Pyramidella (Longchaeus)

adamsi Cpr.

Turbonilla (Chemnitzia) kel-

seyi Bartsch 6

Turbonilla (Mormula) penta-

lopha D. & B. b

Odostomia (Chrysallida) helga

De& \B..b

Odostomia (Chrysallida) pulcia

D. & B. b

Odostomia (Chrysallida) cata-

linensis Bartsch }

Odostomia (Chrysallida) clem-

entina D. & B. b

Odostomia (Chrysallida) cincta

Cpr. 6

Odostomia (Ividella) pedroana

D. & B. b

Odostomia (Ividella) navisa

Dip Bavd

Odostomia (Miralda) aepynota

D. & B. b

THE NAUTILUS.

Odostomia (Evalina) ameri-

cana D. & B. b

Odostomia (Evalea) tenuis-

culpta Cpr.

Odostomia (Evalea) phanella

D. & B. b

Odostomia (Evalea) strongi

Bartsch b

Odostomia (Amaura) subtur-

rita D. & B.

Cypraea spadicea Swains.

Trivia solandri Gray

Erato columbella Mke.

Trifora pedroana Bartsch }

Selia montereyensis Bartsch 6}

Cerithiopsis (Cerithiopsidella)

antefilosa Bartsch 6b

Cerithiopsis (Cerithiopsis) oxys

Bartsch 6

Bittium (Lirobittium) inter-

fossa Cpr. b

Bittium (Lirobittium) attenu-

atum Cpr. 6

Bursa californica Hinds

Caecum dalli Bartsch b

Caecum californicum Dall }

Fartulum orcutti Dall }

Aletes squamigerus Cpr.

Petaloconchus montereyensis

Dall a

Vermiculum anellum Morch a

Spiroglyphus lituellus Morch a

Littorina planaxis Pil.

Littorina (Melaraphe) scutu-

lata Gould

Lacuna unifasciata Cpr. a

Lacuna marmorata Dall a

Iselica fenestrata Cpr. a

THE NAUTILUS.

Diala marmorea Cpr. a

Barleeia subtenuis Cpr. a

Barleeia haliotiphila Cpr. }

Barleeia californica Bartsch 6}

Alvania aequisculpta Keep 6

Alvania cosmia Bartsch 6

Amphithalamus inclusus Cpr. }

Rissoina kelseyi D. & B. b

Rissoina dalli Bartsch

Syncera translucens Cpr. 6

Truncatella stimpsoni Stearns a

Capulus californicus Dall a

Hipponix antiquatus Linn

Hipponix tumens Cpr.

Crepidula onyx Sby.

Crepidula (Crepipatella) lingu-

lata Gld.

Crepidula (Ianicus) nummer-

ius Gld.

Polinices (Neverita) recluziana

alta Dall a

Acmaea limatula Morch

Acmaea scabra Gld.

Acmaea paleacea Gld.

Phasianella pulloidea Cpr. a

Phasianella (Eulithidum) typi-

cum Dall a

Astraea (Pomaulax) undosus

Wood

Leptothyra carpenteri Pils.

Leptothyra bacula Cpr.

Liotia fenestrata Cpr. a

Liotia acuticostata Cpr. a

Norrissia norrisii Sby.

Tegula (Chlorostoma) gallina

Fbs.

Tegula (Chlorostoma) gallina

umbilicatum Dall a

Tegula (Omphalius) aurotinc-

tus Fbs.

Tegula (Omphalius) ligulatus

Mke.

Calliostoma splendens Cpr.

Margarites (Lirularia) parci-

picta Cpr. a

Haliotis cracherodii Leach

Haliotis fulgens Phil.

Haliotis corrugata Gray

Fissurella volcana Rve.

Fissurella volcana crucifera

Dall

Megathura crenulata Sby.

Megatebennus bimaculatus Dall

Cyanoplax hartwegii Cpr. ¢

Ischnochiton (Lepidozona)

pectinulatus Cpr. ¢

Ischnochiton (Lepidozona)

asthenes Berry c

Acanthochitona ayicula Cpr. ¢

a Specimens identified by Dr. Wm. H. Dall.

b Specimens identified by Dr. Paul Bartsch.

¢ Specimens identified by Dr. 8. Stillman Berry.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

F. C. MEUSCHEN IN THE ZOOPHYLACIUM GRONOVIANUM

EXPLANATORY NOTE

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL

The work of Gronovius’ although published long after the in-

troduction of the Linnean system of nomenclature, had no

specific names, merely diagnoses of species under named genera,

consisting of a few lines of description. After the death of the

author the last fascicule of the work was edited by Meuschen

who supplied a list of specific names in the Linnean sense,

as stated in the preface by Boddaert, arranged alphabetically

and referring to Gronovius’ species by their serial numbers. If

one wants to find the Meuschenian name for a particular

diagnosis one has to go over the entire list until the serial

number catches the eye, as the names are alphabetically

arranged and the serial numbers not arranged at all.

On account of this inconvenience and of the inaccessibility of

the work for the average student it seemed worth while to

list the names, many of which are earlier than those of Gmelin

(1791-2), so that preoccupied specific names might be elimin-

ated without the labor now required.

It should be noted that there are many misprints in the

Meuschen index, some omissions, and several incorrect spel-

lings; the latter are herein indicated by cross references. Most

names identical with those proposed by Linnaeus in the 10th

and 12th editions of the Systema Naturae are here omitted, and

with few exceptions only the new names proposed by Meuschen

and taking date of 1781 are catalogued. Much confusion has

been caused by assigning an erroneously early date for the part

of Gmelin’s edition of the Systema w hich contains the mollusks.

This cannot date earlier than 1791, and it is not impossible

that a large part of it was not published until 1792. One not

1 Zoophylacii / Gronoviani / fasciculus tertius / exhibens / Vermes / Mol-

lusca, testacea / et Zoophyta. / Laur. Theodorus Gronovius; Lugduni Bata-

vorum; fase. III, Vermes testacea; folio, 1781, pp. 250-352, pl. XVIII-

XIX ; Index by Meuschen, 5 pages not numbered.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

infrequently finds a name of Gmelin’s referred to 1788, which

is the date of publication of one of the earlier volumes of

the series, but not of the volume containing the Testacea.

Some years ago after a hasty examination of a defective copy

of this work, I ventured the opinion that it was not binomial in

the Linnean sense and should only be quoted historically.

A recent opportunity of consulting a copy of this extremely

rare volume containing Meuschen’s Index has convinced me

that this conclusion was erroneous. The preface states that the

index is prepared on the Linnean system. There are in a list

of 280 species only seven trinomials, two of which are taken

from Linnaeus, and of those under Voluta three which have the

name Mitra intercalated, presumably in a subgeneric sense, as

is done by Linnaeus in his tenth edition.’

Iam therefore somewhat regretfully obliged to consider that

the names in the index must be considered valid. Only

one generic name, Amphiperas, is introduced, but a number

of specific names in more or less common use will be affected.

In the Museum Geversianum, 1787, Meuschen proposes a

system of Molluscan classification which is distinctly his own

and not Linnean, partly polynomial and the names put in

the plural. The other groups, vertebrates and insects, were bi-

nominally treated.

His octavo Index of the Museum Gronovianum, 1778, I have

not seen, but it is cited by Sherborn in the Index Animalium

as containing new species, though rejected by most authors who

have examined it.

BINnoMIAL Specirric Names APPLIED BY MEUSCHEN TO THE

NAMELEss SPECIES OF GRONOVIUs’ ZoopHYLAcIUM, 1781.

(Alphabetically Arranged. )

Species. Genus. Serial No. Page.

achatina (Helix) 1558 334

aculeatus (Cardium) 1121 265

admiralis (Conus) 1234 284

albida ( Venus) 1148 270

albumen (Buccinum) 1377 308

*Cf. Voluta Mitra episcopalis, Syst. Nat. ed. X, p. 732, No. 363.

amaranthus

ambigua

ambiguus ?

ambustus

ammiralis

ammonoides

ampullacea

anatinus

angulosa

antiqua

antiquata

anus

aporrhais

arausiaca

arausiaca flava

argonautaea

aruanus

atra

auricularia

Auris Judae

babilonicus

babylonius

bajet

balaustina

balaustrina

barbadensis

beccari

beccarii

bezoar

bullatus

cana

cancrena

canrena

canteriata

capensis

caperata

capitaneus

capitellum

capucinus

caput-serpentis

carbunculus

carocolla

carocolla dentata

THE NAUTILUS.

(Conus) 1245

( Haliotis) 1599

(Turbo) 1518

(Murex) 1431

(Conus) see admiralis

(Nautilus) 1220

(Bulla) 1295

(Helix) 1550

(Mya) 1094

(Venus) 1160

(Patella) 1614

(Patella) 1612

(Murex) 1460

(Strombus) 1393

(Nerita) 1578

(Nerita) 1581

(Sepia) 1028

(Murex) 1464

(Nerita) 1596

(Helix) 1551

(Bulla) 1306

(Murex) 1459

(Murex) see babilonicus

(Ostrea)

(Tellina) see balaustrina

( Tellina) 1112

(Patella) 1637

( Nautilus) 1218

(Nautilus) see beccari

(Murex) 1447

(Conus) 1247

(Helix) 1557

(Nerita) 1575

(Nerita) see cancrena

(Ostrea) 1196

(Patella) 1626

(Venus) 1140

(Conus) 1233

(Murex) 1446

(Voluta) 1329

(Turbo) 1510

( Nerita) 1587

(Murex) 1423

( Helix) 1539

( Helix) 1537

286

341

328

315

282

294

333

261

271

344

320

310

338

244

320

340

333

296

319

297

363

348

282

318

286

334

337

277

346

268

284

318

300

327

339

314

331

carrosa

casina

cassina

ceratus

cetra

cicatricosum

cicatrix

cinctus

cipmannianus

Chama granosa

chione

chionea

clava

clavula

coerulescens

convoluta

cor

corniculatus

cornu damae

cornutum

cortex

cremor

crenulatum

cuspidata

cyclaminum

cymbiu

cymbium

cymbula noae

delator

depyga

distortus

dolaboratoides

dolabratus

dolarium

duplicatum

edula

edule

electrica

electrum

elephantinoides

entalis

ephippium

erpina

erycina

THE NAUTILUS.

(Cypraea) 1281

(Venus) see cassina

(Venus) 1142

(Conus) 1225

(Patella) 1618

(Buccinum) 1350

(Cypraea) 1282

(Murex) 1476

(Conus) 1240

( Venus) 1153

(Venus) 1145

(Venus) 1144

(Mytilus) 1207

(Patella) 1634

(Patella) 1633

(Murex) 1462

(Chama) 1168

(Murex) 1457

(Helix) 15438

(Buccinum) 1341

(Amphiperas) 1293

(Tellina) 1113

(Buccinum) 1379

(Patella) 1621

(Helix) 1545

(Voluta) see cymbium

( Voluta) 1335

(Argonauta) 1245

(Arca) 1170

(Murex) 1440

(Venus) 1156

(Murex) 1441

(Trochus) 1501

(Helix) 1574

(Murex) 1449

(Buccinum) 1383

(Cardium) 1129

(Cardium) see edula

(Anomia) see electrum

(Anomia)

( Dentalium) 1641

( Dentalium ) 1642

(Anomia) 1199

(Venus) 1143

(Venus) see erpina

exuvia

faber

fabula

fasciata

fasciatum

fastus

fenestralis

fimbria

flammeu

flammeum

folliculum

forata

fornicarius

frameum

frondea

fucata

fuscator

fuscatus

fusus

gallopavus

gallulus

garl

generalis

gibber

gigantea

gigantina

gigas

glabra

glaciale

globulus

granulatum

granulatus

gyrus

haustor

hecticu

hecticum

histrix ?

hystrix

ignomon

imperialis

indigo

islandicus

THE NAUTILUS.

(Nerita) 1594

(Trochus) 1492

(Tellina) a

(Helix) 1572

(Ostrea) 1187

(Buccinum) 1357

( Voluta) 1312

(Venus) 1149

(Tethys) 1016

(Buccinum) see flammeum

(Buccinum) 1343

(Buccinum) 1381

(Bulla) 1307

(Anomia) 1198

(Patella) 1604

( Buccinum) 1384

(Patella) 1610

(Tellina) 1106

(Murex) 1480

(Murex) 1477

(Murex) 1458

(Strombus) 1413

(Strom bus) 1402

(Venus) 1152

(Conus) 1231

(Nerita) 1586

(Ostrea ) 1194

(Chama) 1164

(Ostrea) 1195

(Tellina) 1104

(Buccinum) 13738

(Cypraea) 1288

(Buccinum) 1388

(Murex) 1478

(Trochus) 1483

(Trochus) 1487

(Murex) 1481

(Buccinum) see hecticum

(Buccinum) 38

(Murex) 1445

(Murex) see histrix

(Strombus) 1412

(Conus) 1224

(Nerita) 1590

(Murex) 1471

340

324

263

337

276

304

297

270

242

302

308

296

278

342

309

344

262

322

319

313

311

270

284

339

277

272

277

262

307

292

309

322

323

322

308

317

313

283

339

O21

ispidula

jacobaea

janthina

jecusculum

jubar

laciniosa

lacinosa

lampadophora

lanceatum ?

langula

lateraria

lentiginosiformis

leptocaryon

lignarius

lineata

litteratorius

livida

lucorum

luhuanus

lunicula

lunulata

lutea

maculatus

mammillana

marginatus

maxima

maximus

millepedarius

mitra

Mitra cardinalis

Mitra episcopalis

Mitra papalis

monachus

moneta

morio

musculus

mustelina

neriteu

neriteum

niloticus

nodulus

nucea

THE NAUTILUS.

(Voluta) 1310

(Ostrea) 1177

(Murex) 1452

(Helix) 1549

(Patella) 1630

(Patella) see lacinosa

(Patella)

(Helix) 1540

(Buccinum) 1386

(Patella) 1620

(Patella) 1613

(Strombus) 1399

(Buccinum ) 1375

(Murex) 1465

(Helix) 1569

(Venus) 1161

(Voluta) 1325

(Conus) 1226

(Voluta) 1313

( Helix) 1554

(Strombus) 1400

(Patella) 1631

(Bulla) 1305

(Cypraea) 1275

(Nerita) 1585

(Voluta) 1311

(Nerita) 1580

(Strombus) 1401

(Ostrea) see maximus

(Ostrea ) 1178

(Strombus) 1395

(Helix) 1564

(Voluta) 1327

(Voluta) 1328

(Voluta) 1330

(Conus) 1248

(Venus) 1157

(Trochus) 1498

(Cypraea) 1276

(Nerita) 1582

(Buccinum) see neritewm

(Buccinum ) 1360

(Trochus) 1482

(Helix) 1538

( Voluta) 1319

297

274

319

333

347

331

309

345

344

311

307

320

336

271

299

283

297

334

311

347

296

291

339

297

338

oll

274

310

335

299

300

286

271

325

291

338

305

323

331

298

nucleus

nyritodys

oculata

Oculus capri?

Oculus caprimulgi

oleariu

olearium

olearius ?

oliva

os roseum

os rubrum

pagona

pallida

palma

palmea

palustris

patullum

patulum

pectinata

pensylvania

pensylvanica

perspectiviunculus

perspeculatus

perversibiliformis

perversibilis

perversus

physis

pileare

pisum

plana

polita

porphyria

praemorsum

praerosum

priamus

pugilis

purpureus

pyra

pyrum

radiata

radicata

radula

rameus

THE NAUTILUS.

(Ostrea) 1188

(Voluta) 1334

(Cypraea) 1271

(Helix) 1544

(Helix) 1548

(Buccinum) see oleariwin

(Buccinum) 1337

(Turbo) 1513

(Helix) 1546

(Nerita) 1588

(Voluta) 1309

(Helix) 1573

(Helix) 1547

(Venus) 1159

(Bulla) 1301

(Conus) 1237

(Bulla) 1304

(Trochus) 1500

(Buccinum) 1363

(Buccinum) see patullum

(Patella) 1615

(Venus) 1155

(Venus) see pensylvania

(Trochus) 1486

(Trochus) 1485

(Murex) 1472

(Murex) 1473

(Murex) 1468

(Bulla) 1298

(Murex) 1438

(Cypraea) 1287

(Mya) 1090

( Nerita) 1597

(Voluta) 1308

(Buccinum) see praerosum

(Buccinum) 1370

(Helix) 1561

(Strombus) 1404

(Mytilus) 1208

(Trochus) 1496

(Voluta) 1318

(Tellina) see radicata

( Tellina) 1109

(Ostrea) 1185

(Murex) 1429

296

307

oll

279

325

298

263

276

815

ramulosus

ranula

rapacia

remier

remies

rogata

rostrata

ruber

rustica

rusticulum

saccharinoidea

sanguinea

scansorius

scapha

scaphaciuncula

scobinata

scortum

scrotum

scrobilator

solaris

spathula

spinosum

spirilloides

spirillus

spondyloidea

spurius

squamosa

stimulus

striatum

strigatum

strigilatum

striosa

subulatum

surgeonella

syrmatophora

tabacea

tigerina

tigris

trogiloides

tuber

tuberosum

tumulosa

turris

umbilicata

THE NAUTILUS.

(Murex)

(Tellina)

(Tellina) see remier

(Cardium)

(Helix)

(Conus)

(Patella)

(Buccinum)

( Patella)

(Ostrea)

(Conus)

(Arca)

(Anomia)

(Donax) see scrotum

(Donax)

(Murex)

(Trochus)

(Patella)

(Buccinum)

(Murex)

(Ostrea)

(Conus)

(Venus)

(Trochus)

(Buccinum)

(Tellina)

( Buccinum)

(Patella)

(Mya) -

(Anomia)

(Tellina)

(Cypraea)

(Trochus) see faber

(Buccinum)

(Cypraea)

( Buccinum )

( Helix)

1425

1437

1454

1114

1125

1565

1230

1623

1367

1632

1183

1238

11738

1174

1202

1138

1434

1488

1605

1344

1456

1455

1189

1239

1154

1497

1345

1385

1387

1382

1108

1378

1639

1093

1201

1115

1252

1262

1349

1259

1390

1541

52 THE NAUTILUS.

unicolor (Conus) 1229 284

urceolus (Strombus) 1417 313

varia (Ostrea) 1182 275

vatan (Ostrea) OH 277

verrucosa (Cypraea ) 1279 291

versura (Venus) 1150 270

vespertilio (Voluta) 1332 300

virginea (Nerita) 1591 339

virgineu (Buccinum) see virgineum

virgineum (Buccinum) 1369 307

vitellus (Nerita) 1583 338

vivisicata (Helix) 1571 337

ziczaciuncula (Cypraea ) 1263 289

zonaria ( Helix) 1556 304

THE MARINE SHELLS OF SANIBEL, FLORIDA

BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH

Late in the summer of 1921, a trip was undertaken to

Sanibel Island, Florida, for the purpose of collecting mollusks.

Arriving there the second week in August, collecting was carried.

on until the middle of September.

This cresent-shaped island is located on the west coast of

Florida, about 130 miles north of Key West and two miles

from tke mouth of the Caloosahatchee River. It is sixteen

miles long and five miles wide near the center. The eastern

end of the island runs out to a narrow point, at the extremity

of which is located the Sanibel light-house. The north-west

portion is somewhat broader and is separated from Captiva

Island to the north by a shallow strait known as Blind Pass.

Mollusks were found along the entire beach fronting on

the Gulf and were especially abundant near the light-house,

where the sand bars were much wider and longer. Collections

were also made at Clam Bayou, a small shallow bay open-

ing into Blind Pass, and at Tarpon Bay, a large bay on

the north side of the island. Tarpon Bay, with the exception

of a narrow outlet, is surrounded by a mangrove swamp, and

all species listed as from Tarpon Bay include this swamp area,

as well.

THE NAUTILUS. 53

Many shells formerly common on Sanibel have disappeared,

while others have become quite rare. The abundance of shells

on the island, especially the larger and more showy species,

attracts many tourist-collectors during the winter season, for the

purpose of collecting. This might in part explain the paucity

of many of these forms that were abundant a few yearsago. It

is quite probable that the shifting of many sand bars and

the destruction of portions of the beach by wave action which

has taken place in the last few years has also aided in decreas-

ing the shell fauna. Examples of this are Oliva sayana and

Strombus pugilis, at one time very common but now found

but occasionally.

There were many species, however, which were very abund-

ant along the entire beach, such as Terebra dislocata and Donax

variabilis. The former was the most common of all the beach

species and at low tide the exposed bars were covered with

a network of their irregular tracks, the animals themselves

being partially buried in the sand. The Donax was found

in patches eight to ten feet wide, the location of which could

easily be determined from a distance by the groups of shore

birds feeding upon them. Dead specimens of Cardium robustum

were found in abundance along high-water mark, and occasional

living specimens on the outer sand bars.

In the vicinity of Tarpon Bay, Litorina angulifera was very

common on the roots and lower branches of the mangrove.

Melampus bulloides and M. coffeus gundlachi were collected in the

thickets bordering the bay, and in the bay proper Cerithium

minimum with the two varieties nigrescens and septemstriatum

were usually found on exposed sand flats and in all shallow

water, especially on submerged palmetto logs. Busycon perver-

sus and Melongena corona occurred on both the beach and bay

sides of the island, the beach forms being lightly marked

and heavy, the bay forms usually covered with marine growths

and of a lighter weight. Large clusters of the ‘‘coon’’ oyster,

Ostrea virginica, covered the air roots of the mangrove trees and

the wharf pilings. These ‘‘ tree oysters’’ as they are some-

times called, presented a striking appearance at low tide when

they were exposed to view.

54 THE NAUTILUS.

Following is a list of the marine mollusks collected on the

Island. JI am indebted to Mr. C. W. Johnson and Mr. W. F.

Clapp who have kindly aided me in identifying the material.

TARPON Bay

Ostrea virginica Gmel. On mangrove roots, wharf pilings.

Plicatula gibbosa Dall. Rare.

Pecten gibbus irridians Lam. Not common.

Parastarte triquetra Conr. Valves only. Dredged in sand.

Codakia orbiculata Mont. Rare. Single valves only.

Anomalocardia cuneimeris Conr. Valves only. Sand and mud.

Transennela stimpsoni Dall. One single valve.

Cyrena floridana Conr. Many single valves.

Phacoides floridana Conr. Common. Sand.

Tellina tampaensis Conr. Common.

Macoma constricta Conr. Rare. Sand and mud.

Lyonsia floridana Conr. Rare.

Actaeon punctostriatus C. B. Ad. Common, sand.

Tornatina canaliculata Say. Dead, sand and mud.

Melampus coffeus gundlachi Pfr. Common, grass and thickets

about bay.

Melampus bulloides Mont. Rare, found with M. gundlachi.

Mangilia stellata Stearns. Common, sand and mud.

Olivella mutica Say. Common, sand.

Marginella apicina Menke. Rather common, sand.

Fasciolaria tulipa Linn. Rare, sand flats.

Fasciolaria distans Lam. Common, sand flats.

Busycon perversus Linn. Common, sand flats. (Also found on

Gulf side).

Busycon pyrum Dill. Rare. Sand flats.

Melongena corona Gmel. Sand flats. (Also on Gulf side).

Alectrion vibex Say. Sand and mud, common.

Muricidea floridana Conr. Dead, sand and mud. Rare.

? Pyramidula producta C. B. Ad. Rare. Sand.

? Pyramidula fusca C. B. Ad. Rare, sand and mud.

Bittium varium Pfr. Common, sand and mud.

Cerithium muscarum Say. Common, sand flats.

Cerithium minimum Gmel. Common, sand flats.

Cerithium minimum nigrescens Menke. Very abundant, sand

flats.

Cerithium minimum septemstriatum Say. Common, sand flats.

Cerithidea scalariformis Say. Not common, mangrove swamp.

Cerithidea turrita Stearns. Common, sand flats.

Modulus flordianus Conr. Common, sand and mud.

THE NAUTILUS. 55

Titorina angulifera Lam. Very common, on mangrove trees.

Crepidula glauca Say. Common, on sea-grass.

BEACH

Anomia simplex d,Orb. Dead, common.

Pecten exasperatus Sowb. Dead, very common.

Pinna muricata Linn. Dead, high-water mark.

Pinna seminuda Lam. Dead, not common.

Mytilus exustus Linn. Not common, attached to king crabs.

Modiolus tulipus Lam. Only one specimen found at high-water

line.

Arca ponderosa Say. Attached to sea-weed.

Arca floridana Conr. Not common, attached to sea-weed.

Arca occidentalis Phil. Rare, sand bars.

Cardita floridana Conr. Common.

Chama arcinella Linn. Rare, low-water.

Cardium robustum Sol. Common, sand bars at low-water.

Cardium isocardia Linn. Not common, low-water.

Tiocardium serratum Linn. Few single valves at low-water.

Chione cancellata Linn. Dead, common along beach.

Macrocallista maculata Linn. Single valves only.

Macrocallista gigantea Linn. Rare, sand bars.

Dosinia elegans Conr. Common, along high-water line.

Donax variabilis Say. Very common, near low-water line.

Tellina lineata Turt. Rare, dead on beach.

Spisula solidissima similis Say. Common on sand bars.

Raeta canaliculata Say. Dead, common along high-water line.

Bullaria occidentalis C. B. Ad. Rare.

Terebra dislocata Say. Very common on sand bars.

Conus proteus Hwass. Rare, Low-water line.

Conus pealii Green. Dead, high-water line.

Conus floridanus Gabb. Dead, high-water line.

Cancellaria reticulata Linn. Not common, low-water line.

Oliva sayana Rve. Rare, sand bars.

Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener. Common, low-water line.

Canthus tinctus Conr. Dead, inhabited by hermit crabs.

Murex rufus Lam. Rare, low-water line.

Murex pomum Gmel. Not common, sand bars.

Evitonium angulatum Say. Asingle specimen at low-water line.

Pyrula papyratia Say. Dead, along high-water line.

Strombus pugilis Linn, Not common, sand bars.

Vermicularia spirata Phil. A few dead specimens near light-

house.

Crepidula fornicata Linn. Common, on other shells, king crabs,

etc.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

Crepidula plana Say. In aperture of dead Polinices duplicata

Say.

Natica canrena Lam. Rare, sand bars.

Polinices duplicata Say. Common on sand bars.

Sigaretus perspectivus Say. Not common, sand bars.

Turbo castaneus Gmel. Rare, low-water line.

Fissuridea alternata Say. Dead, low-water line.

Cram Bayou

Venus campechiensis Gmel. Common.

Barnea costata Linn. Not common, buried in sand and mud.

These two species were peculiar to this part of the island as

far as I was able to ascertain. All other species that were found

here were also found at Tarpon Bay. A single fragment of

Voluta junonia Hwass. was found on the beach near this local-

ity.

NOTES ON THE ANATOMY AND TAXONOMY OF CERTAIN LAMPSILINAE

FROM THE GULF DRAINAGE

BY A. E. ORTMANN, PH. D.

1. PrycHOBRANCHUS GREENI (Conrad) (1834); PrycHoBRANCHUS

FOREMANIANUM (Lea) (1842); PrycHoBRANCHUS TRINAC-

RUM (Lea) (1861).

Simpson (1914, pp. 336-338) gives these as separate species,

but he unites (and rightly so) woodwardianus Lea (1857) and

velatus Conrad (1853) with foremanianus, and simplex Lea (1845)

and flavescens Lea (1845) with greeni.

The three species admitted by Simpson belong to the Ala-

bama drainage, and the first (greeni) is reported from Black

Warrior River, the two others from the Coosa River. Simpson

points out the possible identity of trinacrus with foremanianus.

He distinguishes greent by being smaller and more delicate, and

having a more nearly elliptical outline.

It is impossible for me to see in trinacrus anything but

an individual variation of foremanianus, chiefly, since shells

similar to this have never been found subsequently. The

THE NAUTILUS. 57

characters given for greeni can be recognized in most cases, and,

in addition, I should say that greeni, from the Black Warrior

River, has the rays poorly developed, and has no blotches,

while foremanianum, from the Coosa, has more distinct rays

and blotches.

Specimens from Cahaba River approach greeni in shape and

color markings, yet the latter are often more distinct, showing

rays, but without forming blotches.

Thus there are two types of Ptychobranchus in the Alabama

system, the one belonging to the Black Warrior and Cahaba,

the other to the Coosa, but they are not sharply separated.

Many Coosa specimens have poorly developed rays and no

blotches; the shape is very variable, not always triangular;

and, on the other hand, there are specimens in the Cahaba,

and also in the Black Warrior, which have more distinct rays,

and others which are smewhat triangular. Thus I think it is

best to regard these forms as local varieties of the same species,

which should bear the name: Ptychobranchus greeni (Conrad)

(1834). The typical form is found in Black Warrior and

Cahaba Rivers, while the variety, Pt. greeni formanianum (Lea)

(1842) represents this in the Coosa River.’

Anatomy. Already Lea has described and figured the mar-

supium and glochidium of U. woodwardianus and foremanianus.

The marsupium places these forms undoubtedly into the genus

Ptychobranchus (see: Ortman, Ann. Carnegie Mus. 8, 1912, p.

308). I have material of the soft parts from the following

localities.

Coosa River, Wilsonville, Shelby Co., Ala.—1 gravid female

(without shell), H. H. Smith coll., Nov. 4, 1911.

Chatooga River, Cedar Bluff, Cherokee Co., Ala.—1 gravid

female (without shell), H. H. Smith coll., Nov. 1910.

Black Warrior River, Walker Co., Ala.—6 gravid females

(without shells), H. H. Smith coll., Oct. 15, 1912.

The first two localities undoubtedly represent the foremani-

1 Ball (Ecology 8, 1922, p. 112) distinguishes, in the Black Warrior River,

a third form: Ptychobranchus greeni flavescens, which apparently should be re-

garded as the compressed headwaters-form of greeni.

58 THE NAUTILUS.

anum-type, the last typical greeni, since many shells are at hand

from a number of localities in the various drainages, showing

the shell-characters as described above. Glochidia were present

in all soft parts, except one of greent, and thus the breeding

season apparently begins in autumn.

No unusual features are shown in the soft parts. It should

be mentioned, however, that the inner lamina of the inner gills

is, in one specimen, entirely connected with the abdominal sac,

while in the others it is more or less free behind: the maximum

is about one half of the length of the abdominal sac. The

number of folds of the marsupium varies according to the size

of the individual, from 8 to 12. I do not observe any dark

pigment on the edge of the marsupium, but the material has

been a long time in alcohol. The placentae are the usual shape

and quite solid. Glochidium subovate, without hooks, higher

than long, L. 0.15, H. 0.18 mm: thus they are somewhat

smaller than those of Pt. fasciolare (Raf. ).

The genus Medionidus in the Alabama drainage.

Medionidus conradicus (Lea) (1934), common in the head-

waters of the Cumberland and Tennessee drainages (see: M.

plateolus (Raf.) Ortman, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 57, 1918, p.

575), has been reported also from the Alabama system, but

according to my observations, this is incorrect. The genus

is represented, there, indeed, but by different forms, which

may be distinguished as follows.

a, Color rays not reticulated or spotted, but straight and con-

tinuous, the finer ones sometimes wavy. Corrugations of

posterior slope rather fine. M. conradicus

a, Color rays reticulated or interrupted, spotted. Corrugations

of posterior slope coarser.

b, Rays poorly developed, forming, over the whole surface,

a painting of a reticulated character. No distinct pos-

terior ridge. Posterior end of shell not pointed. Nacre

bluish. M. parvulus

b. Rays better developed, rather broad, but also composed

of reticulations, or interrupted. Posterior ridge distinct.

Posterior end of shell pointed. Nacre often of reddish or

salmon color. M. acutissimus

THE NAUTILUS. 59

2. MEDIONIDUS PARVULUS (Lea) (1860).

Simpson, Descr. Cat. 1914, p. 248.

Type-locality: Coosa River, Ala., and ‘‘ Chattanooga, Ga.’’

(surely Chattooga River, Ga. is meant). Simpson adds:

Swamp Creek, northwest Ga. (tributary to Conasauga River,

in Whitfield Co., Ga.).

The Carnegie Museum possesses 15 specimens of this species.

Exact localities are recorded for the following.

Cahaba River, Lily Shoals, Bibb Co., Ala.—5 spec., R. E.

Call coll.

Coosa River, Weduska Shoals, Shelby Co., Ala.—1 spec., H.

H. Smith coll.

Coosa River, near Upper Clear Creek, Talladega Co., Ala.,

H. H. Smith coll.—1 spec.

Coosa River, Riverside, St. Clair Co., Ala.—1 spec., H. H.

Smith coll.

Choccoloecco Creek, Jackson Shoals, Talladega Co., Ala.—

1 spec., H. H. Smith coll.

Conasauga River, Conasauga, Polk Co., Tenn.—2 gravid

females (with soft parts), A. E. Ortmann coll., May 24, 1915.

M. parvulus is a M. conradicus with the painting of a reticu-

late character, the rays not or poorly developed, and the corru-

gations of the posterior slope somewhat coarser. Lea (Obs. 11,

1867) has described the soft parts, and also the glochidium.

According to him, the marsupium has 10 ovisacs, is located in

the middle of the outer gill, occupying one third of its length.

The inner gills are free from the abdominal sac over half of its

length, and the posterior half of the mantle-margin is cren-

ulated. The glochidium is ‘‘ elongate pouch shaped ’’.

According to my two females, the anatomy is practically

identical with that of M. conradicus (Ann. Car. Mus. 8, 1912,

p. 395; Navur. 28, 1915, p. 142; Navur. 34, 1921, p. 90).

Inner lamina of inner gills connected with abdominal sac anter-

iorly for about half of its length. Papillae of mantle margin

small, with exception of 1 or 2 anterior ones, which are re-

markably long and subcylindrical. Marsupium larger or

smaller, depending on size of shell, located near the middle

of the gill, number of ovisacs up to 20. Color of soft parts the

60 THE NAUTILUS.

same as in M. conradicus (blackish), of marsupium white, with

no pigment on edge. Glochidium: L. 0.19, H. 0.25 mm.,

thus corresponding to the minimum measurements known in

conradicus. Shape the same, subspatulate.

3. MEDIONIDUS AcuTIssIMuS (Lea) (1831).

Simpson, 1914, p. 251. A synonym is U. rubellinus Lea (1857),

which represents an old shell, while acutissimus is young.

The type-locality for acutissimus is the Alabama River, and it

has been reported (by Conrad) also from Black Warrior River,

Erie, Greene Co., Ala. (I was unable to locate a place of that

name). U. rubellinus is from Othcalooga Creek, Gordon Co.,

Ga.

I have 16 specimens with the following exact localities.

Sipsey River, Texas, Marion Co., Ala.—3 spec., H. H.

Smith coll.

Cahaba River, Gurnee, Shelby Co., Ala.—1 spec., H. H.

Smith.

Coosa River, Weduska Shoals, Shelby Co., Ala.—2 spec.,

H. H. Smith coll.

Talladega Creek, Talladega Co., Ala.—4 specimens, Hart-

man collection.

Choccoloceco Creek, Jackson Shoals, Talladega Co., Ala.—1

spec., H. H. Smith.

Chattooga Creek, Trion, Chatooga Co., Ga.—2 males, 1 gravid

(discharging) female, (all with soft parts), A. E. Ortmann

coll., May 19, 1915.

(Zo be continued)

A KEY TO THE FAMILY TEREBHIDAE *

BY PAUL BARTSCH

* Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

In working up the Terebridae of the Mazatlantic faunal area,

it was found desirable to subject the entire family to a critical

examination, and the large collections in the United States

National Museum have furnished some rather interesting infor-

THE NAUTILUS, 61

mation. Believing that the superspecific data obtained will

prove of use to students of this family, I have cast these in the

form of a key.

Two genera are recognized in the present synopsis : namely,

Terebra, which is characterized by the possession of a single

columellar fold or twist and Myurella, in which two folds are

present. The rest of the names may be considered as subgenera.

It is interesting to find that all the names heretofore proposed

have a status in this new arrangement excepting Impages E. A.

Smith, which is not considered sufficiently distinct from Hastula

H. & A. Adams to merit retention.

Columella with one fold .. 2... 2.6 Shai allah (apis) ey . TEREBRA

Subsutural groove absent.

Summit of the whorls appressed.

Axis pervious ....--+s.-s Save ra hats . . . Mazatlania

Axis not pervious.

Shell not modulose: . 6's - . - + 6 es 6 « - « Hastula

Summit of the whorls not appressed.

Summit of the whorls narrowly shouldered.

Whorls not nodulose. . . » » . - « « « « « « Acuminea

Subsutural groove present.

Spiral sculpture consisting of subsutural groove only.

Axial ribs present on all whorls.

Axial ribs strong.

Subsutural groove cutting both ribs and inter-

costal spaces’ 266 sists ai'e) sss) s Diplomeriza

Subsutural groove cutting intercostal spaces

UNV Pega he atienetie le ia) «lle es! - « Punctoterebra

Axial ribs reduced to mere nodules . . . . . Noditerebra

Axial ribs not present on all the whorls.

Axial ribs present on early whorls only.

Subsutural groove present on all whorls.

Shell supmlaigin we ie sis, ws cee 8 ae Subula

Shell not subulate.

Shell of Cerithoid form. ... . . Abretiella

Subsutural groove not present on all whorls.

Subsutural groove present on early whorl

ONG Mie a whee aon sw Wels Oxymeris

62 THE NAUTILUS.

Spiral sculpture not consisting of subsutural groove only.

Spiral sculpture consisting of subsutural groove and

other grooves.

Spiral sculpture present on all whorls.

Axial ribs present on all whorls... .. Strioterebra

Axial ribs not present on all whorls.

Axial ribs present on early whorls only.

Subsutural cord nodulose on all

WHHGOTIS yeu eke May) othe wets - Triplostephoma

Subsutural cord nodulose on early

whorls only.

Spiral lines punctate. . . . . Terebrina

Spiral lines not punctate. . . . Perirhoe

Spiral sculpture absent on the later whorls . . . . Terebra

Oplamella swath twovtolds/ js (5) 2) =! iy) (o's) > soe, pedis - - - MYURELLA

Spiral sculpture consisting of subsutural groove only.

Axial ribs strongly developed on all whorls. . .. . - Myurellisca

Axial ribs not strongly developed on all whorls.

Axial ribs evanescent on the later turns. . . . . . Myurellina

Spiral sculpture consisting of subsutural groove and spiral

REFIALIONN Wie ie) tol tuk ade odie iite) aye tuen is oie) si epini as, 5) ey urella

Considerable time was required running down references to

names and verifying type designations. To save future students

of this task a chronologically arranged list of names supplying

this information is here appended.

1799 Terebra (Bruguiere) Lamarck, Prodome, p.171. Type

Terebra subulata Linne.

1817 Subula Schumacher, Ess. Nouv. Syst., p. 233. Type

Terebra dimidiata Linne.

1844 Myurella Hinds, Sowerby’s Thes. Conch., pp. 170, 171.

Type Terebra myuros Lamarck.

1853 Hastula H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., vol. 1, p.

225. Type Terebra strigillata Lamarck + Impages E.

A. Smith, 1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 11,

p. 263. Type Terebra coerulescens Lamarck.

1891 Strioterebrum Sacco, Moll. Piemonte Liguria, p. 33.

Type Terebra basteroti Nyst.

1891 Spineoterebra Sacco, Moll. Piemonte Liguria, p. 58.

Type Terebra spinulosa Doderlein.

THE NAUTILUS. 63

1891 Fusoterebra Sacco, Moll. Piemonte Liguria, p. 59.

Type Fusus terebrina Bonelli.

1896 Noditerebra Cossmann, Ess. Pal. Comp., pp. 47, 51, pl.

4,{.21. Type Terebra geniculata Tate.

1900 Mazatlania Dall, Nautilus, vol. 14, p. 44 = Euryta H. &

A. Adams, 1853, Gen. Rec. Moll., p. 225, not Euryta

Gistel, 1848, Naturg. Thier., p. 8. Type Terebra

aciculata Lamarck.

1903 Oxomeris Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 26, p. 951 =

Acus Gray, 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 139,

not Acus Edwards, 1771, in M. Catescy Carol. II,

p. 30. Type Terebra maculata Lamarck.

1908 Perirhoe Dall, Nautilus, vol. 21, pp. 124, 125. Type

Terebra circumcincta Deshayes.

1908 Triplostephanus Dall, Nautilus, vol. 21, pp. 124, 125.

Type Terebra triseriata Gray.

1908 Acuminea Dall, Nautilus, vol. 21, pp. 124, 125. Type

Terebra lanceata Linne.

1919 Diplomeriza Dall, Nautilus, vol. 33, p. 32 = Duplicaria

Dall, 1908, Nautilus, vol. 21, pp. 124, 125, not Dupli-

caria Rafinesque, 1833, Atlantic Journ., p. 168.

Type Terebra duplicata Lamarck as now restricted.

Names here proposed:

Abretiella Dall, new name = Abretia H. & A. Adams, 1853,

Gen. Rec. Moll., vol. 1, p. 235, not Abretia Rafinesque,

1814, Spec. Sci. Giorn. Encic. Scicili, p. 154. This name

has been applied to this subgenus in Dr. Dall’s manuscript

on the Mollusks of Hawaii and should be credited to him.

Terebrina new subgenus. Type Terebra (Terebrina) cingulifera

Lamarck.

Punctoterebra new subgenus. Type Zerebra ( Punctoterebra) nitida

Hinds.

Myurellisca new subgenus. Type Terebra (Myurellisca) duplica-

toides Bartsch, described below.

Myurellina new subgenus. Type Myurella (Myurellina) ornata

Gray.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

MYURELLA (MYURELLISCA) DUPLICATOIDES new species.

= Terebra duplicata of authors in part.

Shell moderately large, chestnut brown, with a light peri-

pheral zone and a light acute basal fasciole. Nuclear whorls

decollated in all our specimens. Postnuclear whorls flattened,

narrowly shouldered at the summit, marked by rather strong,

very regular axial ribs, of which twelve occur upon the third,

fourteen upon the fourth to sixth, sixteen upon the seventh to

ninth, eighteen upon the tenth to twelfth, twenty upon the

thirteenth, twenty-two upon the fourteenth, twenty-four upon

the fifteenth to seventeenth, twenty-six upon the eighteenth

and twenty-eight upon the last whorl. The whorls are cut

by a deep sulcus about one-third of the distance between the

summit and suture, anterior to the summit which not only

divides the ribs at this point, but also cuts into the substance

of the shell in the intercostal spaces, and forms a false suture.

Periphery of the last whorl rounded. Base short, rounded,

marked by the continuations of the axial ribs, which extend to

the strong, acute and slightly reflected basal fasciole. The por-

tion anterior to the basal fasciole is marked by strong lines of

growth. Aperture elongate ovate, decidedly channeled anter-

iorily; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin; inner lip forming a

slight callus, which is appressed to the columella and extends

on the parietal wall. In a sectioned specimen the columella is

found to have a strong anterior fold and a little less strong pos-

terior fold.

The type, Cat. No. 348285, U. S. N. M., comes from Ceylon.

It has lost the nucleus and probably the first postnuclear whorls.

The eighteen whorls remaining measure: length, 55.3 mm.;

diameter, 10.8 mm.

This is the dark-colored Terebra duplicata of authors subse-

quent to Linne. The parallelism in external sculpture of this

and Terebra duplicata Linne has caused it to be misidentified in

the past. On sectioning it is found that all the dark-colored

forms have the biplicate columella, while dwplicata has only a

single fold.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

LAND SHELLS FROM FLORIDA

BY E. G. VANATTA

The following species of land shells were picked from leaf-

mould collected in seven counties in Florida.

I wish to thank the four gentlemen, whose names are men-

tioned in connection with the stations listed below, for present-

ing the material to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-

delphia.

One specimen of Pupoides modicus (Gld.), which with 6

whorls has the great length of 5.3 mm., was found on La Costa

Island. Although Mr. Moore sent several lots from this island,

collected at various times, only this one large specimen was

found, the remainder being of the usual size.

The list from ‘‘The Devils Mill Hopper,”’ a sink hole about

8 miles from Gainesville, is based upon material collected upon

several visits to the spot made by Messrs. Clark and Van Hyn-

ing. The Gastrocopta pentodon (Say) found there have the

extra parietal lamella as figured in the Navritus, Vol. XIX,

pl. 7, fig. 32, and the Gastrocopta contracta peninsularis Pils.

have the inward continuation of the parietal lamella ‘‘ de-

tached ’’ as mentioned in the Manual of Conchology, Vol. 24,

page 24. This and Carychiwm exiguum (Say) were very numer-

ous in the leafmould.

The Cerion incanum (Binn.) from Sugar-loaf Key, collected

by Mr. Clark, are all small like typical C. incanum, however

they have the shape of var. saccharimeta Bl.

St. Augustine, Ancient Cemetery, St. Johns Co., collected by

Mr. James B. Clark.

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Pupoides modicus (Gld ).

Gastrocopta pellucida hordea- Pupisoma minus (Pils. ).

cella (Pils. ). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn. ).

The Devils Mill Hopper, eight miles from Gainesville, Ala-

chua County, collected by Mr. James B. Clark and Mr. T. Van

Hyning.

66 THE NAUTILUS.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Polita indentata (Say).

Gastrocopta contracta peninsu- _—-Polita dalliana (‘Simps’ Pils. ).

laris Pils. Striatura milium (Mrse).

Gastrocopta corticaria (Say). Guppya sterkit (Dall).

Vertigo ovata Say. Euconulus chersinus (Say).

Vertigo oscariana St. Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Vertigo milium Gld. Zonitoides minuscula Binn.

Pupisoma dioscoricola (Ad. ) Agriolimax campestris (Bn. ).

Pupisoma minus Pils. Shell only.

Strobilops strebeli aenea Pils. Helicodiscus parallelus (Say).

Strobilops floridana Pils. Succinea avara Say.

Strobilops hubbardi Br. Carychium exiguum Say.

Little Gasparilla Island, De Soto Co., collected by Mr. Clar-

ence B. Moore.

Truncatella caibxensis succinea Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Succinea floridana Pils.

Clearwater Key, Pinellas Co., collected by Mr. J. B. Clark.

Truncatella caribeensis ‘Sby.’ —Polygyra cereolus (Muhl.).

Rve. Polygyra cereolus carpenteriana

Truncatella c. succinea Ad. CBIde).

Truncatella bilabiata Pir.

Near Clearwater, Pinellas Co., collected by Mr. J. B. Clark.

Oligyra orbiculata Say. Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Praticolella jeyuna (Say). Zonitoides minuscula (Bn.).

Polygyra pustula (Fér. ). Succinea campestris Say.

Polita indentata (Say).

Pinellas Park, Pinellas Co., collected by Mr. J. B. Clark.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Polygyra uvulifera (Shutt. ).

(Bld. ). Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Safety Harbor, N. W. part of Old Tampa Bay, Pinellas Co.,

collected by Mr. J. B. Clark.

Oligyra orbiculata Say. Polygyra pustula (Fér.).

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Bld. ).

Near St. Petersburg, Pinellas Co., collected by Mr. J. B.

Clark.

Oligyra orbiculata Say. Polygyra pustula (Fér.).

Truncatella caribeensis ‘Sby.’ Gastrocopta pentodon (Say).

Rve. Gastrocopta c. peninsularis Pils.

Truncatella c. succinea Ad. Gastrocopta p. hordeacella

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. (Pils. ).

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

(Bld. ). Strobilops floridana Pils.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

Euglandina rosea (Feér.). Guppya sterkii (Dall).

Polita indentata (Say). Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Polita dalliana (‘ Simps.’ Zonitoides minuscula (Binn. ).

Pils. ) Zonitoides singleyana (Pils. ).

Guppya gundlachi (Pfr. ).

Ballast Point, Hilsborough Co., collected by Mr. J. B. Clark.

Oligyra orbiculata Say. Gastrocopta c. peninsularis

Praticolella jejuna (Say). Pils.

Palygyra c. carpenteriana Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

(Bld. ). Strobilops s. aenea Pils.

Polygyra uvulifera (Shutt.). Euglandina rosea (Fér.).

Indian Hill, Hillsborough Co., collected by Mr. Clarence B.

Moore.

Oligyra orbiculata Say. | Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

Gastrocopta c. peninsularis Pils. Guppya gundlachi (Pfr. ).

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.).

CPils. ).

North end of Captiva Island, Lee Co., collected by Mr. C. B.

Moore.

Truncatella c. succinea Ad. Pupisoma dioscoricola (Ad. ).

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Polita dalliana (‘Simps.’

Thysanophora plagioptycha Pils. )

(Shutt. ). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn. ).

Pupoides modicus (Gld. ). Zonitoides singleyana (Pils. ).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella

(Pils. ).

Dog Key, Lee Co., collected by Mr. C. B. Moore.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Guppya gundlachi (Pfr.).

(Bld. ). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Zonitoides singleyana (Pils. ).

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella

(Pils. ).

Estero Island, Lee Co., collected by Mr. Clarence B. Moore.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Guppya gundlachi (Pfr. ).

(Bld. ). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn. ).

Pupoides modicus (Gld.). Zonitoides singleyana (Pils. ).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

Goodland Point, Lee Co., collected by Mr. Clarence B. Moore.

Pupoides modicus (Gld.). Gastrocopta p. hordeacella

Gastrocopta rwpicola (Say). (Pils. ).

68 THE NAUTILUS.

Gopher Key near Big Hickory Pass, Lee Co., collected by

Mr. C. B. Moore.

Truncatella caribeensis ‘Sby.’

Rve.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana

(Bia.).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella (Pils.).

Horr’s Island, Lee Co., collected by Mr. C. B. Moore.

Oligyra orbiculata Say.

Praticolella jeyuna (Say).

Drymaeus multilineatus (Say).

Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.).

South end of La Costa Island, Lee Co., collected by Mr. C.

B. Moore.

Truncatella c. succinea Ad.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana

(Bld. )

Pupoides modicus (Gld.).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

Gastrocopta jp. hordeacella

(Pils. ).

Strobilops hubbardi (Brown).

Polita dalliana (‘ Simps.’

(Pils;)):

Guppya gundlachi (Pir. ).

Zonitoides nvinuscula alachuana

(Dall.).

La Parita, Black Island, Lee Co., collected by Mr. C. B.

Moore.

Truncatella caribeensis ‘ Sby.’

Rve.

Truncatella bilabiata Pir.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana

(Bld. ).

Pupoides modicus (Gld.).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella

CPils.);

Vertigo miliwm Gld.

Guppya gundlachi (Pfr. )

Mondonga Island, Lee Co., collected by Mr. Clarence B.

Moore.

Truncatella caribeeensis ‘ Sby.’

Rve.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

Thysanophora plagioptycha

(Shutt. ).

Polygyra c. carpenteriana

(Bld. ).

Polygyra pustula (Fér.).

Pupoides modicus (Gld.).

Gastrocopta c. peninsularis Pils.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say).

Gastrocopta p. hordeacella

( Pils.)

Polita dalliana (‘Simps.’

Pils. ).

Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.).

Starvation Key, Lee Co., collected by Mr. C. B. Moore.

Truncatella caribeensis ‘ Sby.’

Rve.

Truncatella c. succinea Ad.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.

THE NAUTILUS. 69

Polygyra septemvolva volvoxis Gastrocopta p. hordeacella

P Er. ). (Pils:,)'.

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Zonitoides singleyana (Pils. ).

House Hammock, Monroe Co., collected by Mr. C. B. Moore.

Oligyra orbiculata Say. Gastrocopta rupicola Say.

Polygyra c. carpenteriana Guppya gundlachi (Pfr. ).

(Bld. ) Zonitoides arborea (Say).

T hysanophora selenina (Gld.). Zonitoides m. alachuana (Dall).

Thysanophora plagioptycha

(Shutt. ).

Key West, Monroe Co., collected by Mr. J. B. Clark.

Drymaeus multilineatus (Say).

Little Hammock, Monroe Co., collected by Mr. C. B. Moore

Oligyra orbiculata Say. Pupisoma dioscoricola (Ad. ).

Thysanophora plagioptycha Euconulus chersinus (Say).

(Shutt. ). Guppya gundlachi (Pfr. ).

Gastrocopta c. peninsularis Pils. Zonitoides arborea (Say).

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say). Zonitoides minuscula (Binn. ).

West end of Long Island, near Snake Creek, Monroe Co.,

collected by Mr. Morgan Hebard.

Chandropoma dentatum (Say). Pupisoma dioscoricola (Ad. ).

Oligyra orbiculata Say. Varicella gracillima floridana

Incidella tantila (Pils. ). Pils.

Truncatella bilabiata Pfr. Polita dalliana (‘ Simps.’

Thysanophora selenina (Gld. ) Pils. ).

Thysanophora inaguensis Guppya gundlachi (Pfr. ).

(Weinl. ).

Thysanophora plagioptycha

(Shutt. ).

Sugar-loaf Key, Monroe Co., collected by Mr. J. B. Clark.

Cerion incanum (Binn.) near Succinea floridana Pils.

var. saccharimeta (Bl.).

NOTES

Tima hughi new name. My attention has been called to the

fact that Lima (Callolima) smithi Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

Vol. 45, 1913, pp. 236, 306, pls. 12, 18, which I there de-

scribed from the Philippine Islands and named for Dr. Hugh

M. Smith, is preoccupied by Lima smithi Sowerby, Proc. Zool.

Soc. London, p. 207, pl. 11, f. 12, a Japanese species.

to A

70 THE NAUTILUS.

I take pleasure in bestowing Dr. Smith’s first name, Hugh,

upon the same shell with the same type. It may therefore be

known as Lima (Callolima) hughi.—Pavu. BarrscuH.

It is announced that a Civil list pension of £100 has been

granted to Lieut.-Col. Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen ‘‘in

recognition of his services to science and to the nation.’’

Col. Godwin-Austen, who resides at Nore, Godalming, on

July 6th last completed his eighty-ninth year, and is now in his

90th. He comes of an old and well-known Surrey family, mem-

bers of which were benefactors of the Guildford Royal Grammar

School.

Col. Godwin-Austen himself has had an interesting career,

some particulars of which have at different times appeared in

the ‘‘Surrey Advertiser.’’ It is seventy-two years since he was

gazetted to the 24th Regiment of Foot, and he went to India in

1852, taking five months on the journey in a little barque of

590 tons.

The Colonel spent twenty-five years in India, and during the

larger part of that time he was engaged in survey work, for

which he was later awarded the Royal Geographical Society’s

founders medal. He did much mountaineering, and in one of

his ascents, that of Rupshu, he reached a height of 20,600 feet.

This peak in the Himalayas was afterwards named after him.

Col. Godwin-Austen devoted many years to an important

work on ‘‘The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of India,’’ and a

few years ago the Asiatic Society of Bengal awarded him the

Barclay memorial medal for his work on biology.

Court Ru.es MussEL Is Nor A WiLp ANIMAL. The fresh-water

mussel of the Mississippi valley, from whose shell is manufac-

tured pearl buttons, is the property of the owner of the land

through which flow the non-navigable streams of its habitat,

the Supreme Court held.

The controversy attracted wide attention because of its im-

portance in the button industry, and brought into court such

questions as whether the mussel was a ‘‘wild’’ animal. Jus-

tice Holmes, in deciding the case, said mussels should not be

THE NAUTILUS. 71

classed with wild birds and fish which move beyond the juris-

diction of the owner of the land.

The lower court held that fishermen taking mussels from non-

navigable streams could be prosecuted as trespassers, and the

owner of the land through which the stream flowed could re-

cover damages from whose who purchased shells from tres-

passers. This judgment was affirmed by the Supreme Court in

principle.—Boston Herald.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE JOURNAL OF ConcHoLocy, Vol. 17, No. 1, Jan. 1923.

The Edible Molluscs of British Isles, By E. W. Swanton.

pp. 9-18. Mollusca from the Belgian Congo. (11) By G. C.

Spence. pp. 19-24, and pp. 201-233.

No. 2. Juny, 1923.

Cochlicopa lubrica monst. sinistrorsum Westl. By J. W.

Taylor. p. 33.

Patella depressa Pennant. By J. R. Je B. Tomlin. p. 34.

Variation of Ena obscura. By W. E. Alkins. pp. 35-38.

Vitrina marcida Gould. By T. D. A. Cockerell. p. 39.

On South African Marine Mollusca with description of several

new species. By J. R. le B. Tomlin. pp. 40-52.

Observations on the Land Mollusca of the coasts bordering on

Bristol Channel. By J. Davy Dean. pp. 57-60.

An attempt to pair a dextral with a sinistral Limnaea pereger.

By Lionel E. Adams. pp. 61-62.

Notes on British Mollusca. By Alan Gardiner. p. 63.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ManacotoagicaL Socrery oF LONDON.

Vol. 25, March, 1923. On the Anatomical Characteristics of

British Pisidia. By Nils Hj. Odhner. pp. 155-161, pl. 3.

Descriptions of twenty-one species of Turride from various

localities, in the collection of Mr. E. R. Sykes. By James

Cosmo Melvill. pp. 162-171, pls. 4 and 5.

On the date of publication of Charpentier’s ‘‘Catalogue

Gq THE NAUTILUS.

des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles de la Suisse.’? By

Prof. Dr. Jules Favre. p. 172.

Note on the capture of Spirula alive. Prepared by B. B.

Woodward. p. 173.

Molluscan Life on the South Dogger Bank. By Guy C.

Robson. pp. 174-178.

Notes on New Zealand Pelecypods. By W. R. B. Oliver.

pp. 179-188.

An Index to ‘‘A Classification of the American Operculate

Land Mollusks of the Family Annulariide.’’ Compiled by

Hugh C. Fulton. pp. 189-194.

List of British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. By Tom Iredale

and Chas. H. O’Donoghue. pp. 195-200.

Vou. 25. June, 1923.

The Holocene non-Marine Mollusca of England. By A. 8.

Kennard. pp. 241-259.

Notes on the genus Stenochiton and the discovery and recog-

nition of the type of Blainville’s Chiton longicymba in Steno-

chiton juloides Adams and Angas. By Edwin Ashby. pp.

260-264.

JOURNAL DE ConcHyLioLocig. Vol. 67, No. 3, Mar., 1923.

Mitrides de la Nouvelle-Calédonie et de ses dépendances. Par

Ph. Dantzenberg et L.-J. Bouge. pp. 179-259, pl. II.

Description d’un Eulimidé nouveau provenant de Lifon.

Par Ph. Dantzenberg. p. 260.

De la durée de la vie chez |’ Helix spiriplana Oliv. Par L.

Vignal. p. 262.

THE GLoRY OF THE SEA. By Roy Waldo Miner. Natural

History, Vol. 22, pp. 325-328, 1923. A most interesting ac-

count of this rare shell—Conus gloria-maris, a specimen of which

was recently obtained by the American Museum of Natural

History, from Mr. Walter F. Webb. This specimen was for-

merly in the noted collection of the late Mrs. 8. T. Williams of

Chicago. There are only twelve or fourteen specimens of this

species known, of which three, according to the writer, are in

the United States. —C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS PLATE IV

Fig. 3, Rostrhamus sociabilis. Wead showing curved bill on which 4 mfpudiarius is spiked.

Fig. 4, Right foot. Both two-thirds natural size.

Fig. 1, dmpuclarius dolioides ( Reeve)

Fig 2, Ampuilarius gevesensts (Deshayes)

LANG: AMPULLARIUS AND ROSTRHAMUS

fee NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXVII JANUARY, 1924. No. &

AMPULLARIUS AND ROSTRHAMUS AT GEORGETOWN, BRITISH GUIANA

BY HERBERT LANG

When in Georgetown, British Guiana, I visited the densely

crowded heron rookery in the Botanical Garden. It occupies

an island in one of the many canals and is covered with a jungle

about fifty feet high. Associated with the herons, chiefly of

two species,—the little Blue Heron (Florida cxrulea) and the

Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nevius),—is a colony

of about twenty Snail-hawks ( Rostrhamus sociabilis), also known

as Hook-bill Hawks or Everglade Kites. Herons and hawks

are completely indifferent to each other. The hawks prefer the

lofty outer branches, towering palms and larger trees nearby as

perching sites while they feed on mollusks, a most interesting

performance, as I had occasion to observe.

The Snail-hawk is rather graceful and slender, of dusky

brown appearance, with fairly long wings and slightly emargi-

nate tail. The peculiar, slender bill stands out conspicuously

beyond the feathered portion of the relatively small head. The

highly specialized upper bill forms a strongly arched, nearly

semicircular hook, the cutting edges, generally sharp in birds of

prey, being dull near the base and completely effaced toward

the tip ; a ridge running far forward on the palatal side of the

bill adds considerably to its strength at the weakest point of the

curve. Upon the long, downward bent, slightly blunt tip a

74 THE NAUTILUS.

snail’s body is easily impaled. No active part in the peculiar

feeding process is taken by the rather weak mandible, though

the gape is commensurately wide to accommodate easily such

cumbersome, slimy food. The bare portion at the base of the

bill includes the large cere, the anterior parts about the eye, and

a strip along the mandible. These naked spaces about the bill

undoubtedly save the feathers from being smeared with the

slime that moJlusks emit so profusely during their struggles.

The bare condition of the lower portion of the feet and the

lengthened, excessively acute claws are well adapted to catching

hold of snails among the water-plants and firmly clutching the

slippery, smooth shell. To believe that the Snail-hawk has to

dig or pull these mollusks from the mud, as is generally stated,

is probably incorrect. At least at Georgetown this is not the

case,

As might be expected Rostrhamus is thoroughly acquainted

with the habits of the snail which forms its favorite food. It

has little difficulty in securing such prey and none whatever in

removing the mollusk from its fragile shell, which is left abso-

lutely intact. At Georgetown two species of Ampullarius are

extremely common though only one serves as the principal, if

not exclusive, food supply of the Snail-hawk.

There is not the slightest possibility of Rostrhamus inserting

its bill between the operculum and the shell proper, nor is

it probable that the hawk can pierce the brownish, horny oper-

culum, which though thin and flexible is nevertheless extremely

tough. All who have handled live Ampullarius know that at the

slightest disturbance they withdraw quickly into their shell,

securely closing the aperture with the operculum. Any further

molestation, such as an attempt to pull out the operculum,

causes them to emit a slimy fluid, from between the supple

edges of the operculum and the nacreous inner wall of the shell.

With the forcing out of this surplus slime, space is gained

inside the shell allowing further contraction of the animal.

Gradually the mollusk pulls the operculum so far inside as to

be completely out of reach of even the hooked beak of the

hawk. When the snail is thus fully withdrawn the pliable

edges of the operculum turn slightly up and out on the narrower

THE NAUTILUS. 7b

tube establishing a closing edge several millimeters wide. Of

course the elimination of slimy matter and forceful pulling

inside of the operculum are also protective adaptations against

other enemies than the Snail-hawk and moreover probably help

meet such climatic conditions as continued drought.

Generally after being taken from its watery medium Ampul-

larius attempts to explore the surroundings, coming out of the

shell and on dry ground crawling for about thirty feet. But

from time to time the animal withdraws and having emitted all

apparently available slime eventually shuts up tightly. Some

of these snails I brought from British Guiana to New York in

an ordinary cardboard box. By accident on board ship they

were exposed for several days to the heat of a radiator and later

in New York to the northern cold of March. Over thirty days

they were thus out of water, yet a number of them survived.

In their own habitat Ampullarius probably could withstand

a drought of several months, a sufficient period in the tropics to

tide them over into the rainy season should the swamps they

inhabit dry out. When placed in an aquarium they excrete so

excessive an amount of slime that the water becomes opaque

and needs to be changed often.

A. dolioides Reeve * is brownish green, with globose spire and

relatively small umbilicus. For breathing purposes it comes

near or slightly above the surface and is then easily taken

by Rostrhamus. A. gevesensis Deshayes* has numerous light

brown, sometimes conspicuous bands and a more flattened

spire. The umbilicus is relatively large, whereas the aperture

in adults is smaller and more roundish than in the foregoing

species. It lives in the mud, apparently without coming to the

surface for air, which may be obtained through an extensible

siphon. In any case it is not caught by the Snail-hawk, though

extremely numerous in the canals right below the habitual

perching trees of these birds. In fact in going over at least

2000 empty shells dropped by Rostrhamus we secured only two

of A. gevesensis. And these might have been accidentally pro-

* The scientific names of the shells were kindly determined by Dr. H. A.

Pilsbry, of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

cured by the hawks, for as portions of the many canals are

cleared, shells of course are often brought to the surface. Far

from making use of the abundance of A. gevesensis at the rook-

ery, the hawks fly off a considerable distance to other swamps

which according to the natives contain slightly brackish water

where A. dolioides occurs.

Remarkable it seems that the hawks adjust their feeding time

to late afternoon when the snails are wont to move about more

frequently than during the hours of the sun’s greatest glare.

These birds, I was told, slowly fly over the swamps, often just

high enough to be out of reach of the vegetation and slow

up but little when swooping down for the shell, which is caught

in the claws of one foot. Though Quelch, as cited by Chubb,*

did not realize that he observed how the shells were actually

taken, he gives an exact account of the procedure: ‘‘ While

settling down to roost by the creek-side, this species [ Rostrhamus

sociabilis} will be noticed darting down and skimming for short

distances almost on the surface of the water, as though catching

insects. . . .’? At the season I visited the rookery, the Rhostra-

hamus had no young, but usually flew back home with their

prey just the same. It is absolutely necessary for them to have

an opportunity to perch to remove the mollusk from the shell.

Time and patience are then given full play, and as many as ten

may be seen in the branches at once awaiting the opportune

moment. Every new arrival is greeted with the oft-repeated

harsh call ‘‘ Kor-ee-ee-a-Koree-a.”’

The hawks then perch on one foot and with the other quietly

hold the snail in such a manner that it can emerge from the

shell. The birds make no attempt whatever to extract it by

force, but watch for the voluntary extension of the animal

beyond the aperture of the shell. With that propitious moment

comes the next step in the drama. Quick asa flash the hawk’s

bill pierces the snail apparently back of the operculum. It

happens so rapidly that one is not able to clearly follow the

operation. Asa further step the snail, now spiked upon the

beak, is instantly pushed up to the middle of the upper Dill

1The Birds of British Guiana. Vol. J, p. 206, London, 1916.

THE NAUTILUS. t1

from which it stands off like a bump as big as a large walnut.

Then begins a second wait. Gradually the mollusk’s muscles

relax. A few minutes later the Snail-hawk vigorously shakes

its head and before even the light, empty shell has reached the

grassy ground Rostrhamus has swallowed its victim, operculum

and all. It would be necessary to shoot a few of these birds just

after the snail] is spiked or swallowed to ascertain at what point

it is actually pierced. It is certainly always done in the same

fashion, for the fragile shell is never injured, not even the tender

edges of the aperture. As the mollusk of course exerts its full

power of muscular contraction the bill, evidently inserted behind

the operculum, is caught between the operculum and the wall

of the whorl about opposite the middle of the edge of the aper-

ture.

Empty Ampullarius shells lying in the grass on the damp soil

disintegrate rapidly. A considerable amount of moisture and

even decayed vegetable detritus accumulates in some which

happen to fall with the aperture turned up. These become the

favorite home of a small gray slug (Omalonyx). Its thin,

transparent, scale-like shell has so slight an attachment to

the overlapping fold on the dorsal side that it is cast off when

the slug is placed in strong alcohol. The empty Ampullarius

shells evidently present ideal living conditions and also a certain

amount of protection for this slug, as I did not find it anywhere

else.

THE POST-GLACIAL DISPERSAL OF MOLLUSCA IN THE SOUTHERN

ROCKY MOUNTAINS

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON

The presence of mollusks of various species in nearly all of

the ponds and lakes of the southern Rockies, up to and above

timber line, and of land snails in the aspen groves and other

favorable stations in the glaciated areas, raises interesting ques-

tions as to the method of dispersal of mollusks, especially of

the fresh-water species. During the glacial epoch glaciers

78 THE NAUTILUS.

formed all along the crests of the higher mountain ranges of

Colorado and extended down the various gulches from five to

sixty miles. Their retreat has been very recent, geologically

speaking—so recent, in fact, that there are within the state con-

siderably more than a dozen of them still active, several of

which are close to lakes from which we obtained some of the

mollusks herein discussed. There is every reason to believe

that the divides separating the glaciated gulches were covered

with snow the year round. In their retreat these glaciers left

hundreds of lakes and ponds, chiefly morainal, many of them

completely isolated by rock or morainal barriers, so that no

aquatic animals can gain access to them by following streams.

In 1920, assisted by Dr. Francis Ramaley and Mr. Harl S

Kittle, I examined about sixty lakes, ponds, sloughs, etc., in

the glaciated area at the heads of North Boulder, South Boulder

and Middle Boulder drainage, in the Silver Lake, Tolland and

Eldora districts, Colorado, mostly fram 9,000 to 11,000 feet

above sea level. Baker (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XLI,

pp. 527-539, 1919) published an account of a small collection

of mollusks obtained in the Tolland district by Professor Frank

Smith, and Cockerell (NautiLtus, XXV, pp. 58-59, 1911) pub-

lished a list of land snails from the same district. In our work

in 1920 we found Pisidium at almost every station, even above

11,000 feet. Dr. Sterki’s recent account (Navtitus, XX XVII,

pp. 16-22, 1923), of this material makes it unnecessary to re-

cord the species here. Neither Sphaerium nor Naiades have

been found here or anywhere else at high altitudes in the moun-

tains of Colorado. In addition to the Pisidia we found the fol-

lowing fresh-water mollusks:

Musculium rykholti (Normand). Three ponds near Eldora,

middle Teller Lake near Tolland, and lagoon near Los Lagos.

Musculium raymondi (J. G. Cooper). Lake south of Silver

Lake.

Lymnaea palustris Muller. Smartweed Lake, Los Lagos and

pond east of Eldora.

Lymnaea caperata Say. Lagoon near Los Lagos.

Planorbis exacuus lenticularis Lea. Eldora and Columbine

Lakes.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

Planorbis similaris Baker. Smartweed Lake (type locality),

East Lake, Los Lagos and pond south of Silver Lake (altitude

10,550 feet).

Planorbis trivolvis Say. Smartweed Lake, Los Lagos and

pond at Tolland. Baker recorded a single specimen from

Smartweed Lake under the name P. plexata Ingersoll. A com-

parison of a good series from that lake and Los Lagos with P.

trivolvis from many other localities fails to disclose any constant

character separating our material from typical trivolvis.

Planorbis wmbilicatellus Cockerell. Lake Eldora and three

neighboring lakes.

Planorbis vermicularis Gould. Lily Lake, near Lake Eldora.

Physa smithiana Baker. Upper Teller Lake (type locality).

Physa virgata Gould (traskii Lea). Smartweed Lake.

We also obtained the following land snails:

Aspen groves near Tolland—Agriolimax campestris (Binney ),

A. c. montana (Ingersoll), Cochlicopa lubrica (Miller), Colwmella

alticola (Ingersoll), Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pilsbry, Gonyo-

discus shimeki cockerelli (Pilsbry), Polita hammonis (Strém.),

Functum rel. conspectum (Bland), Pupilla blandi Morse, Pupilla

hebes Ancey, Succinea avara Say, Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.,

V. costata montana Sterki, Vertigo concinnula (Cockerell), Vitrina

alaskana Dall, Zonitoides arborea Say. Aspen and narrow-leafed

cottonwood groves near Eldora—Agriolimax campestris, Euco-

nulus f. alaskensis, Gonyodiscus s. cockerelli, Polita hammonis,

Pupilla blandi, Thysanophora ingersolli (Bland), Vallonia cyclo-

phorella Ancey, Vertigo concinnula, Vitrina alaskana, Zonitoides

arborea. Aspen groves at New University camp near Silver

Lake—Agriolimaz campestris, Euconulus f. alaskensis, Gonyodiscus

s. cockerelli, Punctum rel. conspectum, Vertigo modesta, Vitrina

alaskana.

As a rule the land snails are not found much above 9,500

feet, and at that altitude the aspens give way to pure coniferous

forests, but we found Vitrina occasionally up to timber line

under shrubs.

In 1923, accompanied by Mr. John P. Byram, I did intensive

collecting in another glaciated area on Grand Mesa, from 9,000

to 11,000 feet above sea level, about 125 miles southwest of

80 THE NAUTILUS.

Tolland. Here again we found Pisidiuwm in almost every lake

and pond, Musculium in two or three, and Lymnaea, Physa and

Planorbis much more generally distributed than in the other

region. The largest Planorbis I have seen in Colorado, up to

thirty millimeters in diameter, were found here. This material

has not yet been worked up, so no list of species can be given.

Obviously there were no mollusks in these glaciated areas

when the region was covered with snow and ice the year round.

They have been distributed by some agency or agencies, not of

their own volition, since the disappearance of the glaciers.

The land-snail colonies are separated from one another and

from like colonies in the non-glaciated areas by wide stretches

of territory unfavorable to their migration. Oreohelix, widely

distributed at favorable stations throughout the Rockies, is not

known to have bridged the gap at all in the Tolland and Eldora

districts, but three examples have been found on Mount Audu-

bon, near Silver Lake, at timber line. On the other hand, the

small species, which could easily have been brought in clinging

to the feathers of birds, are found wherever suitable covering

exists. The aquatic forms could not have migrated to these

high lakes and ponds of their own volition, because the small

streams leading up from the plains are all mountain torrents,

wholly devoid of mollusks from the lower edge of the glaciated

areas to the edge of the plains. Furthermore, the lakes totally

isolated from drainage except by seepage contain mollusks.

It is definitely known that aquatic mollusks have been car-

ried alive long distances by water birds and shore birds, and it

seems to me that is the most likely method of dispersal in the

glaciated areas of the mountains. True, it would require a

very large number of such accidents to have brought in so many

species and to have distributed them to so many lakes. As

they are found in practically all the lakes in the two large areas

examined, it is fair to suppose they are also found in the hun-

dreds of other glacial lakes throughout the mountains. When

one considers the vast multitude of birds passing through in

migration twice a year and the annual post-nesting migrations

of certain species from plains to mountains, it is seen that there

have been plenty of opportunities for numerous such accidents.

THE NAUTILUS. dl

Also, once having gotten a foothold in a given area, they could

easily have been carried from lake to lake over the short inter-

vening distances in the fur and clinging to the feet of various

mammals, especially beaver, bear, mink, otter and others which

regularly or occasionally take to the water or wade in the edges

of the lakes. As so many of the lakes have no connection with

streams except by slow seepage through their moraines, and

contain no fishes, it is evident that the mollusks could not have

been introduced by clinging to fishes. Furthermore, the fish

route would not account for the numerous colonies of land

snails, while the bird and mammal route would.

Instances of very recent introduction of aquatic mollusks

into small ponds are known in the Rocky Mountain region.

On a high divide in Wyoming I found a small pool recently

made by throwing an earth dam across a small, dry run, to

catch the storm water for cattle. It was already inhabited by

Lymnaea bulimoides cockerelli, which could only have been

brought in by birds or some other such agency. In the shiit-

ing sandhills of eastern Colorado we have found Lymnaea and

Physa in several ponds entirely surrounded by great sand hills.

As the sand shifts rapidly and constantly, they could not have

been there many years, certainly not centuries and could not

have been brought in along drainage lines. Numerous other

such cases are known. The most plausible method of their in-

troduction I have been able to think of in the years spent in

observing these facts is by clinging to the feathers of birds and

hair of mammals, and this method seems consistent with all

the facts and inconsistent with none.

NOTES ON THE DONAX OF CALIFORNIA

BY A. M. STRONG

The first description of a Donax from California was that of

Donax californicus Conrad, 1837. This was followed by Dr.

Gould’s D. obesa 1851, collected by Lieut. Green at San Diego,

and D. flecwosus 1857, from Col. Jewett’s Santa Barbara collec-

82 THE NAUTILUS.

tion. A number of species from Mazatlan, Acapulco and

Panama were also described by the early writers.

Carpenter in the British Association Report, 1856, p. 229,

lists from Col. Jewett’s Santa Barbara collection the following

species; D. rostratus C. B. Adams,=culminatus B. M. Cat., No.

37; D. californicus Conrad ; D. gracilis Hanley ; and D. flexu-

osus Gould. From Lieut. Green’s collection from San Diego he

lists, p. 232, D. californicus Conrad,—D. laevigata Deshayes; D.

abruptus Gould,=D. californicus Conrad, var. ; and D. califor-

nicus Conrad, var. In another place he lists from California, p.

287, D. conradii Deshayes,-+D. californicus Desh. ms. non Conr.

In his final table he only lists from Upper California the follow-

ing; D. flecuosus, D. californicus, D. rostratus and D. gracilis.

During Dr. Carpenter’s visit to the United States he examined

in detail the specimens collected by Col. Jewett and Lieut.

Green and in his Supplementary Report, 1863, p. 536, he only

lists from Santa Barbara D. californicus and D. flexuosus; D. ros-

tratus being listed from Acapulco and D. gracilis from Panama.

He states the D. abruptus from San Diego should be D. obesus

Gould, and adds from the collection of Major Rich D. californi-

cus from Monterey. In the final table in the Report, p. 640 he

reduces the California list to D. californicus Conr. (non Desh) =

D. obesus Gould, (non Desh.) and D. flecwosus Gould. To these

he adds D. navicula Sowerby, trom the southern fauna.

In the Mazatlan Catalogue, 1857, Dr. Carpenter mentions

some of the names used for the California shells as follows ;

under No. 75, D. punctatostriata Hanley, he gives?=flexuosus

Gould’s plates, and under No. 76, D. conradi Desh., gives+D.

californicus Conr. teste Desh., adding ‘‘ The D. californicus, teste

Nuttall, whose shells were the basis of Conrad’s description, is

very different from the shell so named by Deshayes in the Br.

Mus. and Col. Cuming.’’

In 1900 Dr. Dall in the Transactions of the Wagner Free

Institute of Science, vol, 3, part 5, p. 968, points out that the

sheil identified as D. navicula by Carpenter is the true D. cali-

fornica of Conrad and he applies the name D. laevigata Desh.

to the shell considered to be D. californicus by Carpenter=obesa

Gould. Finally in 1919, finding that laevigata Desh., could not

THE NAUTILUS. 83

be used, Dr. Dall suggests the new name D. gouldii Dall for

this species. In the same connection he states that the speci-

mens on which Dr. Gould based his description of D. flexuosus

are identical with the West Indian D. striata Linne, and are

undoubtedly a case of mixed locality labels.

This reduces the recognized species of Donax from California

to two, variously given as follows :

DonaxX CALIFoRNICA Conrad, 1837. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

Phila., vol. 7, p. 254. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 112, p.

49,

D. navicula Sby., Cpr. Brit. Ass’n. Rep’t. 18638, p. 640.

D. flecwosus Gld., Cooper, 7th Ann. Rep’t Cal. St. Min., p.

238.

D. flecuosus Gld., Williamson, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., vol. 15,

p. 186.

D. flecuosus Gld. Keep, West Coast Shells, ed. 1892, p. 192.

D. californicus Conr., Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Vol. 3,

p. 968.

D. californicus Conr., Arnold, Pal. San Pedro, p. 170.

D. calijornicus Conr., Keep, West Coast Shells, ed. 1911, p.

88.

D. californicus Conr., Fish Bull. No. 4, Cal. Fish and Game

Com. p. 47.

Donax goutpit Dall, 1919. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 112,

p. 49. Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, p. 394 as D.

obesus, Gould.

D. californicus Conr., Cpr. Brit. Ass’n Rep’t 1863, p. 640.

D. californicus Conr., Cooper, 7th. Ann. Rep’t Cal. St. Min.

p. 238.

D. californicus Conr., Williamson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vol.

15, p. 186.

D. californicus Conr., Keep, West Coast Shells, ed. 1892,

p. 192.

D. laevigata Desh., Dall. Trans, Wagner Inst., vol. 3, p.

969.

D. laevigata Desh., Arnold, Pal. San Pedro, p. 170.

D. laevigata Desh., Keep, West Coast Shells, ed. 1911, p. 87.

84 THE NAUTILUS.

D. laevigata Desh., Fish Bull. No. 4, Cal. Fish and Game

Com., p. 47.

Donax punctatostriata Hanley, and Donax conradi Desh., both

common in the Gulf of California fauna, have been reported

from California in published lists. I am unable to find any

record to support this among the California collectors. It seems

probable that the records were either based on old identifications

following Carpenter’s statements of the synonymy, D. conradi

equaling D. californicus as used by Deshayes and D. punctatostri-

ata equaling D. flexuosus Gould, or on valves off boats coming up

from the lower coast, as has proven to be the case in several in-

stances. Unless an authentis record of living specimens from

California points can be found, both species should be stricken

from the California lists. Both Carpenter’s record of Donaz

gouldii Dall from Monterey and Dall’s from San Louis Obispo

County need further verification. It does not seem probable

that the species will be found living north of Point Conception.

AMPHIDROMUS VIRESCENS (SWAINSON)

BY BRYANT WALKER

This species was originally described by Swainson as ‘‘ Buli-

mus virescens’’ (Bulimus citrinus var.?) in the Appendix to the

‘Catalogue of the Rare and Valuable Shells which formed the

celebrated collection of the late Mrs. Bligh,’’? 1822, App. p. 13.

The description is as follows:—‘‘Shell obovate, green, varie-

gated with yellow; spire conic, slightly thickened, obtuse; the

volutions depressed on the suture and generally reversed; inner

lip obsolete; umbilicus open’’. He further states:—‘‘ The

same uncertainty exists with regard to this shell, as the last,

viz. whether it should be considered as a variety, or as a dis-

tinct species, from B. citrinus (Zool. Ill., pl. 42). I have seen

many specimens, but not one where the inner lip was developed

on the upper part, that is, between the umbilicus and the top

of the outer lip. If this character be found constant, it should,

I conceive, be taken as a good and sound specific distinction;

THE NAUTILUS. 85

and more than one writer has made it, in other instances, of

generic importance. In the two varieties of Bulimus citrinus

(here figured from this collection), and in numerous others

which I have inspected, the inner lip is entire, much thick-

ened, and dilated over the umbilicus, which is thus hid in

mature age’’.

Subsequently (Zool. Ills., ILI, 1822-3, pl. 166, fig. 1) he

figured the species as a variety of Bulimus citrinus and remarks :

The beautiful shells here selected as a further illustration of the

Citron Bulimus not only show the great variability of the

species, but clearly prove that B. virescens is, as I suspected,

only a variety of B. citrinus. In the shell at fig. I, the upper

part of the inner lip (like that described in the Bligh Ap-

pendix), is entirely wanting; although it bears, in every

respect, the appearance of a full-grown shell; the umbilicus

likewise is open ; but in the shell at fig. 2 and 3 the inner lip

is quite perfect, and consequently folds over the umbilicus ;

thus the connection between the green and yellow varieties

is completely established.”’

In the second edition of the Exotic Conchology (1846, p. 37)

the original description from the Bligh Catalogue with the

remarks considerably abbreviated is reproduced.

Since that time the species has been practically lost sight of,

which seems rather strange in view of Swainson’s statement

that he had seen ‘‘many specimens’’. It seems to have

escaped the attention of both Pfeiffer and Mousson. It is not

mentioned by v. Martens in his ‘‘ Ost-Asien’’ and, indeed, he

bestows the name on a variety of Amphidromus furcillatus. It is

not quoted by Fulton in his paper on Amphidromus in the Ann.

and Mag. of Nat. Hist. (1896). Pilsbry (Man. of Con., XIII,

1900, p. 171) with some doubt referred it to A. comes Pfr.

In the account of my copy of Martyn’s Universal Concholo-

gist (Naut., XXXII, 1918, p. 80) I mentioned the fact that

plate 116 was duplicated and represented two color forms of a

sinistral Amphidromus that I could not assign to any of the

species figured in the Manual of Conchology.

A year or two later in a miscellaneous lot of Amphidromi re-

ceived from the Museum of Natural History of Geneva, Switz-

86 THE NAUTILUS.

erland, as A. perversus L. from ‘‘ Java et les iles de la Soude’’,

were two specimens which were evidently the same species as

that figured by Martyn. The existence of these shells made it.

desirable to ascertain the correct specific name. On sending

them to Dr. Pilsbry, he identified them as being without much

doubt the Bulimus virescens of Swainson

According to the printed index in the ‘‘ Conchologist,’’ plate

116 represented Limaxz tiara from Barbadoes and according

to Pilsbry (Man. of Con., IX, p. 189) that is the well known

Polymita versicolor Born. In the written index to my copy

plate 116 is listed as Bulimus Dr. Pilsbry informs me

that in Chenu’s reprint of the Conchologist plate 116 is the

Polymita, and on inquiry I ascertained that in all of the three

other copies in this country in the libraries of Leland Stanford

Junior University, the Boston Society of Natural History and

the Philadelphia Academy plate 116 represents that species.

This would seem to make it clear that the Polymita was the

species originally represented on plate 116 and to settle the

question as to the availability of the name of ‘‘tiara’’ for the

Amphidromus. ‘The explanation for the discrepancy is probably

to be found in the fact stated by Quaritch in a recent catalogue

(1923, No. 878) that ‘‘ evidently Martyn only completed copies

to order’’ and as stated in my paper (l. c. p. 32) ‘‘ everything

in the make-up of this copy seems to indicate that it must have

been one of the latest copies issued and was made up of such

plates as were then on hand’’. Presumably there being no

available copy of the original plate 116, the duplicate plates of

the Amphidromus were inserted to take its place.

This leaves Martyn’s species without a name unless it is the

Bulimus virescens of Swainson. I have no doubt but that is the

fact and that Swainson’s species should be recognized as a valid

one. As shown on plate V, a comparison of the several figures

of Swainson and Martyn and the specimens in my collection

make it clear that all belong to the same species, which is char-

acterized by being umbilicated, with no callous deposit on

the parietal wall and having a thin, expanded lip. The color-

ation as usual in the genus is variable. No two of the speci-

mens are exactly alike. They all agree, however, in having the

THE NAUTILUS. 87

dark band on the upper whorls and in the dark interior of

the aperture. Swainson’s type was ‘‘green, variegated with

yellow’’. His figure in the Zoologica] [lustrations has the

apical whorls a light yellow with a purplish spiral band, which

does not appear on the body-whorl, which is a darker yellow

with green longitudinal streaks. Martyn’s figures are the most

highly colored. The figure on plate 116 (plate V, fig. 2) has

the upper whorls a dusky yellow with a band of brownish

yellow bordered with red on the apical whorls and reddish

brown on the intermediate ones. The body-whorl is green with

some yellowish longitudinal stripes and numerous darker green

spiral bands. That on plate 116 bis (plate V, fig. 3) has the

ground color and the bands on the upper whorls lighter in color

and the intermediate whorl has the band composed of blotches

of green, reddish-brown and yellow. The body-whorl has a

subsutural band of yellow with a narrow light-bluish band

in the center; this is bordered by a very narrow reddish-brown

band, reddish-yellow below, which appears as a peripheral

band, but which curiously enough is not shown at all on

the figure of the dorsal side. Below the upper brown band the

body whorl is green with darker longitudinal stripes.

In my specimens, the smaller (fig. 4) has the apical whorls

white with a reddish-brown band; the intermediate whorl

has three such bands at first, a narrow subsutural band,

which fades out before reaching a narrow reddish-brown varix

(which does not appear in the figure), a narrow, rather in-

definite, peripheral band and below it a broader one, which

coalesces with it just before reaching the varix, from which

it is separated by a longitudinal streak of yellow; beyond

the varix the upper part of the whor! is at first a light yellowish-

white; below this the ground color is a reddish-brown with faint

indications of the spiral bands at first and then is overlaid, ap-

parently, by a bluish-green and yellow longitudinal striping ;

a second varix then appears bordered on each side by yellow,

which reaches the aperture where the lip is first appressed to

the body-whorl ; beyond that the remainder of the body-whorl

is dark reddish-brown, running into a dark purple towards the

lip, but is separated from the lip, which is white on both sides,

88 THE NAUTILUS.

by a bright yellow streak. The lip itself is thin, expanded and

sharp-edged. The other specimen (fig. 5) is a little larger and

evidently a worn shell, but the general system of coloration is

about the same. These shells measure:

Fig. 4, Alt. 45, diam. 23 mm.

Fig. 5, Alt. 48, diam. 26.5 mm.

The synonymy of the species is as follows:

Bulimus virescens Swainson, Catalogue of the rare and valu-

able shells which formed the celebrated collection of the late

Mrs. Bligh, 1822, Appendix p. 13. Exotic Conchology (edition

2), 1841, p. 37.

Bulimus citrinus var. virescens Swainson, Zool. Illustr., III,

1822-3, pl. 166, fig. 1.

Bulimus sp. Martyn, Universal Conchologist (Walker copy),

1822 ?, plates 116 and 116 bis.

Amphidromus comes? Pilsbry, Man of Con., XIII, 1900,

p. 30.

Amphidromus sp.? Walker, Naut. XXXII, 1918, p. 30.

I am indebted to Mr. E. G. Vanatta for the data in regard to

the Bligh Catalogue and to Miss Mina L. Winslow of the

Museum of Zoology, Univ. of Mich., for the photographs re-

produced in the remaining figures.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V

Fig. 1. Bulimus citrinus virescens Sw., from the Zool. Ilustr.

2. Bulimus sp. from pl. 116, Martyn’s Universal Conchol-

ogist.

3. Bulimus sp. from pl. 116 bis, Martyn’s Universal Con-

chologist.

4 and 5. Amphidromus virescens Sw., Walker collection No.

59795.

THE NAUTILUS i PLATE V

WALKER: AMPHIDROMUS VIRESCENS [SWAINSON]

THE NAUTILUS. 89

NEW LAND OPERCULATES FROM THE DUTCH LEEWARD ISLANDS

BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER

During the summer of 1922 the University of Michigan

Museum of Zodlogy sent me to the Dutch Leeward Islands to

collect molluscs, amphibians and ants. With the assistance of

an additional grant from the Zodlogical Laboratory of the Uni-

versity of Pennsylvania, I was able to spend fourteen weeks in

a rather detailed study of the islands of Curacao, Klein-Curagao,

Aruba, Bonaire, and Klein-Bonaire. The molluscan fauna of

these is rather poor in genera, but rich in specific and subspe-

cific diversity, and in number of individuals.

The following brief, specific descriptions will be amplified

and illustrated in a future paper, which will be published by

the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.

HELICINIDAE.

STOASTOMOPS WALKERI, new genus and species.

Shell depressed turbinate; reddish in color. Altitude, 2.14

mm.; major diameter, 2.34 mm. Whorls 44, markedly con-

vex. Growth wrinkles pronounced, irregular. Spiral sculp-

ture of numerous, fine thread-riblets, more obscure on the base

of the shell. Umbilicus narrowly rimate. Aperture subbasal,

reniform. Peristome simple, sharp, incomplete; columellar

wall with whitish callus which ends abruptly in a distinct

emargination just above the basal angle. Operculum very

similar to that in Pyrgodomus, a subgenus of Eutrochatella.

Radula similar to that of Stoastoma, but both A and B centrals

have 2 to 3, stout, aculeate cusps; C-central tricuspid; D-lateral

with only two very heavy cusps.

This monotypic genus combines, to a remarkable degree, the

shell of Pyrgodomus with the radula of Stoastoma. Type locality:

Montagne, Bonaire.

PoMATIABIDAE.

Cistulopsinae, new subfamily.

In ‘*Das Gebiss der Schnecken’’ (Vol. I, p. 75, fig. v-1),

Troschel pointed out that the radula of the one of the Cuban

species differed from several other American members of this

90 THE NAUTILUS.

family in the possession of tricuspid centrals and first laterals.

He followed Sowerby (Thes., fig. xxxi, 283, 284) and Pfeiffer

(1852; Mon. Pneum. viv.) in the identification of the peculiar

species as Cyclostoma candeana Orbigny, but Pfeiffer showed later

(Mon. Pneum., Suppl. I, p. 182) that it was actually C. dlustre

Poey. This important radular difference was recently contra-

dicted by Henderson and Bartsch (1920; P. U.S. Nat. Museum,

LVIII, pp. 54-55).

During the examination of the present collection I was sur-

prised to find that the radula of Cistula raveni Crosse has tri-

cuspid centrals and 7-cusped inner laterals. Both the centrals

and the inner laterals have a large middle cusp with a smaller

one on either side, but each inner lateral, in addition, has two

minute serrations on either side of the blade of the main cusp,

near its base. The outer laterals and marginals are somewhat

similar to those of Tudora, and do not differ radically from many

of the other species of American Pomatiasidae. These radular

differences are sufficient grounds for the establishment of a new

genus, CisTuLops, with the monotype Cistula raveni Crosse

(1872; J. de C. XX, 159), from Curagao.

This led to the examination of the radulae of 62 species of

American Pomatiasidae, but definitely multicuspid centrals and

inner laterals were only found in one other species, Cyclostoma

illustre Poey.* The radulae of my specimens of this last species

agree quite well with Troschel’s figure, already quoted, although

T differentiate two small cusps (instead of one) on either side of

the middle cusp of the rhachidian central. As Troschel pointed

out that this was sufficient basis for generic separation, the new

genus, TROSCHELVINDEX, with the monotype Cyclostoma ilustre

Poey (1857; Mem. Cuba II, p. 83) from Habana, Cuba (A. N.

S. P. no. 129153), is here proposed.

Cyclostoma incultum Poey, C. perplicatum ‘‘ Gundlach”? Pfr.,

*A.N. S. P. no. 129153; 2 specimens from Colon Cemetery, Habana,

Cuba; J. P. Clark, 1921. A. N.S. P. no. 13759; 2 specimens from Cuba;

Swift Collection. I wish to express my gratitude to Prof. Carlos de la Torre,

for his verification of these identifications. He tells me that the first lot rep-

resents a somewhat larger form that occurs around Habana, while the second

lot is quite typical and probably came from near Matanzas.

THE NAUTILUS. 91

son and Bartsch in their ‘‘ group of Annularia illustris’’, have

fundamentally unicuspid centrals and inner laterals. In addi-

tion, the growth ribs of these species are gathered into tufts at

the suture, while the sutural crenulations of T. illustris are the

enlarged ends of individual ribs.

Largely on the basis of the supposed agreement amongst all

of the American Pomatiasidae, in the possession of unicuspid

centrals and inner laterals, Henderson and Bartsch separated

the New World species from their Old World relatives. The

subfamily Cistulopsinae is now proposed for the inclusion of

these two unconformable genera, Cistulops and Troschelvindex.

The remainder of the American cyclostomates, as far as ex-

amined, can be retained in the family ‘‘ Annulariidae,’’ as de-

fined by Henderson and Bartsch, although, personally, I can

see no necessity for the division of the Pomatiasidae into smaller

families.

However, the term Annulariidae itself cannot be used in this

connection. Annularia Schumacher (1817, Essai Nouv. Syst.

Hab. Vers. Test., pp. 60, 196) contains two species, A. auran-

tiaca and A. fimbriata, both of Schumacher. Each is founded

on figures in Chemnitz, and the first is apparently close to

Cyclophorus volvulus (Miller). The second is described by the

citation: ‘*Turbo lyncina Lin. Chemn. 9, sect. 2, pag. 54.

Tab. 123, fig. 1060, Littr. a’’. This cannot be construed as a

quotation of Turbo lincina Lin. (1758, Syst. X, 765) and A.

fimbriata Schumacher must be restricted to the figure in Chem-

nitz, which certainly does not represent the Linnaean species.

In fact, this figure totally defies recognition, although Pfeiffer

(1852, Mon. Pneum. Viy., 159) identified it, with doubt, as

Cyclostoma fimbriatulum Sowerby. As a result, Dall’s (19085,

Proc. Malac. Soc. London, VI, 208) choice of Turbo lincina

Lin. as the type of Annularia is impossible; the only identifiable

species of the genus, Annularia aurantiaca, is now chosen as its

type; and Annularia passes into the synonymy of Cyclophorus

Montfort (1810, Conch. Syst. II, 290).

For these reasons the Jamaican group which has tempor-

arily been known as Annularia must revert to its classical

92 THE NAUTILUS.

generic title, Choanopoma Pfr. (1847, Zeit. Mal., 47), type

Turbo lincina Lin. (1758). The ‘‘ Annulariidae’’ of Henderson

and Bartsch may take the name of any of their other subfami-

lies; Chondropominae would perhaps be most appropriate.

Both the Cistulopsinae and the Chondropominae (in this broad

sense) agree in the deep pectination of the marginal teeth of

the radula.

The two genera of the Cistulopsinae are separated from each

other by their opercula, even more markedly than by their

radula. That of Cistulops consists almost entirely of the chon-

droid plate, although a few, calcareous granules ornament its

outer surface; while that of Jroschelvindex has an incomplete,

but distinct, calcareous portion, which consists of growth

lamellae, cemented, at their distal edges, into a poorly de-

veloped, calcareous plate. The external surface of this last

plate is almost parallel to the chondroid one, but each whorl! of

the former is slightly narrower than the underlying portion of

the latter, so that the appearance of the entire operculum is

somewhat similar to that in the genus Choanopoma. For rea-

sons that I hope to discuss in a future paper, I am inclined to

believe that the operculum of Troschelvindex represents the most

primitive type in the American Pomatiasidae.

CHONDROPOMINAE.

TUDORA MACULATA, new species.

Shell elongate-conic, thin; brownish with darker bands,

usually broken into rows of flammulations. Altitude (4

whorls): 8.8 mm.; major diameter: 4.5 mm.; aperture: 2.3 mm.

Whorls 64 (usually 4 retained); cylindrical; last whorl de-

scending, solute and slightly tangential. Growth sculpture of

crowded, regular, low, rounded threads; spiral sculpture micro-

scopic, of widely spaced threadlets. Umbilicus small. Aper-

ture circular. Peristome sharp, simple, continuous. Oper-

culum with subcentral nucleus; chondroid plate inconspicuous,

concave internally; calcareous portion thick, with channeled

perimeter; external surface (calcareous plate) distinctly convex

and marked by fairly prominent growth-wrinkles.

Type locality: Montagne, Bonaire. I had originally intended

to name this very distinct, little species for Dr. H. A. Pilsbry,

but recently found that lot number 13761, in the collection of

THE NAUTILUS. 93

the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, is certainly

the same form. This set is labeled: ‘‘ Cistula maculata Bland,

Buen Ayre, W. I.’’ I can find no reference to these shells in

the literature, but think it safer to introduce Bland’s appella-

tion. The superficial resemblance of this species to the young

of Cistulops raveni probably deterred its description.

TUDORA RUPIS, new species.

Shell similar to T. aurantia (Wood), but smaller and thinner.

Altitude (5+ whorls): 14.0 mm.; major diameter: 7.6 mm. ; alti-

tude of aperture: 6.2 mm.; diameter of aperture: 5.2 mm.

Whorls about 9 (44 usually retained), not markedly convex.

Growth-sculpture of quite regular, but usually obscure, low,

rounded cords. Spiral sculpture of prominent, rounded ridges.

which are rarely surmounted or broken by the growth-sculpture,

Umbilicus rimate. Aperture ovate, with the long axis quite

oblique to that of the shell. Peristome sharp, incomplete;

rather abruptly expanded on the palatal and basal walls; lobate

at parietal angle and auriculate at basal; very slightly expanded

in the columellar region. Operculum similar to that of T.

aurantia, but with much thinner calcareous portion.

Type locality: base of northern escarpment of the Tafelberg

of Santa Barbara, southern Curagao.

TUDORA MUSKUSI, new species.

Shell similar to 7. aurantia, but heavier. Altitude (5

whorls): 15.8 mm.; major diameter: 8.9 mm.; altitude of aper-

ture: 6.3 mm.; diameter of aperture: 5.6 mm. Whorls about

84 (usually 5 retained). Growth sculpture of widely-spaced,

very prominent and heavy, angular costae, with a few, obsoles-

cent cords between them; very similar to J. costata (‘‘ Menke”’

Pir.; 1846, Zeit. Mal., 47; Chemn. II, fig. ix-9,10). Spiral

sculpture of almost obsolete, rounded thickenings, which are

usually evident only as undulating buttresses along the sides of

the growth costae; towards the umbilicus they become much

more prominent. Umbilicus rimate. Aperture small, almost

circular, with long axis inclined at about 45° to that of shell.

Peristome sharp, incomplete; not expanded at parietal angle

and with upper palatal wall slightly emarginate; slight expan-

sion of lower and palatal and basal regions terminates abruptly

just beyond the slightly auriculate basal angle; columellar wall

scarcely expanded. Operculum similar to 7. rupis.

Type locality: top of shore cliffs; Knip Baai, northern

Curagao. This species has a much more nearly circular aper-

94 THE NAUTILUS.

ture than has T. costata, the habitat of which is still unknown.

I do not believe that 7. costata occurs in the Dutch Leeward

Islands, as none of the thousands of specimens examined shows

any tendency to approach its strikingly elongate aperture.

TUDORA PILSBRYI, new species.

Shell much thinner and more depressed than T. megacheilos

(Potiez et Michaud). Altitude (8? whorls): 16.0 mm.; major

diameter: 12.4 mm.; altitude of aperture: 9.1 mm.; diameter of

aperture: 8.9mm. Whorls about 7 (usually 34 retained); very

convexly rounded and with deeply impressed sutures. Growth

sculpture of regular, compressed riblets, which are quite closely

spaced but are narrower than their interspaces. Spiral sculp-

ture of numerous, regular, compressed, angular riblets, which

are heavier and slightly higher than the growth riblets; inter-

sections developed as prominent, sharp, pyramidal cusps.

Umbilicus much larger than in 7. megacheilos. Inner outline

of aperture almost circular. Peristome roughly triangular and

markedly undulate; parietal angle lobate; upper palatal wall

markedly emarginate; lower palatal wall extensively developed

but scarcely expanded; basal wall abruptly expanded; basal

angle flattened; columellar wall auriculate below. Operculum

similar to that of T. megacheilos, but deeply concave externally.

Type locality: base of northern escarpment of the Tafelberg

of Santa Barbara, southern Curacao.

TuDORA FOSSOR, new species.

Shell more elongate and thinner than JT. megacheilos. Alti-

tude (complete): 13.0 mm.; major diameter: 7.5 mm. ; altitude

of aperture: 5 9 mm.; diameter of aperture: 5.6 mm. Whorls

6 (usually 384 retained); the diameter increases uniformly from

the first to the last, while in 7. megacheilos the latter whorls en-

large more rapidly than do the earlier ones. Sculpture similar

to that of 7. pilsbryi, but growth riblets more compressed and

intersectional cusps more lanceolate in outline. Umbilicus and

aperture smaller than in 7. megacheilos. Peristome similar to

the latter species, but with less extensively expanded columellar

wall, slighter palatal emargination and thinner internal callus.

External surface of the operculum more concave than in T. meg-

acheilos, but much less so than in T. pilsbryt.

Type locality: valley between Seroes Palomba and Baha

Hoendoe, northern Curacao. This is the only Tudora from

Aruba, on which island two subspecies occur.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

ON THE NAIADES OF LONG ISLAND, N. Y.

BY N. M. GRIER, PH. D.

Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H.

The following species are cited as occurring in this region:

Elliptio complanatus Dillwyn (1). Described as being moder-

ately abundant at Riverhead. Anodonta implicata Say (2, 3).

Found in lakes at Prospect Park, Brooklyn, and at Baisely’s

Lake, Jamaica South. Anodonta cataracta Say (3), from Kissena

Park Lake, Flushing. The writer notes the occurrence of this

species at Lake Ronkonkema, a glacial kettle-hole lake near the

center of the island, where it seems fairly common. This

species is widely distributed over the Atlantic slope. A number

of specimens were transferred to St. John’s Lake, Cold Spring

Harbor, in August 1923, where their further progress may

be noted.

Ortmann remarks of the close relationship of cataracta and

implicata, the latter differing from the former only by a thick-

ening of the shell along its lower margin, a distinction hardly

noticeable in young shells. Anodonta sp. are usually thin

shelled under any condition of environment. Their ready

adaptation to the lime-free waters of Long Island is thus easily

understood. E. complanatus is a puzzling species due to the

large number of variants representing it. While it is described

as having a moderately thick shell, yet a form of it with shell

so soft as to be easily indented with the finger, has been

reported from a soft-water lake in Maine (4). This would

seem to indicate similar adaptability as the Anodontas. All are

members of the depauperate Atlantic Coast Fauna, having been

reported from New England by Johnson (5), and being found

further south. The fair probability is their introduction on

Long Island, one way or another through the agency of birds.

A similarly curious distribution is reported for A. cataracta

from the Tennessee drainage. This shell is not found in the

Upper Tennessee drainage above Chattanooga except at a small

pond near Knoxville, and at Wartburg on the Emory River.

Yet it is abundant in the adjacent Cumberland river. Here

96 THE NAUTILUS.

again transportation by birds is the most plausible factor to

invoke to account for its presence in the pond at Knoxville,

inasmuch as it is absent from the main river. Finally with

regard to Long Island shells, it is undoubtedly true that other

species can be transported similarly, but it is possible that the

chemical composition of the water has favored the species cited.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Smith, S., and Prime, Temple; ‘‘ Report on Mollusca

of Long Island, N. Y. and its Dependencies’’. Annals Lyceum

Nat. Hist., N. Y., Vol 9, May 1870.

2. Wheat, S.C. ‘‘ List of Long Island Shells’’. Brooklyn

Conchol. Club Bulletin, Vol. I, No. I, 1907.

3. Ames. Naut. 16, 1902.

4. Rich, S. C. ‘‘An aberrant form of U. complanatus’’.

Science, N. 8. Vol. XLII, 1905.

5. Johnston, C. W. ‘‘ Fauna of New England, part 313, List

of Mollusca’’. Boston Society of Nat. History 1915.

A LIST OF MOLLUSKS FROM INTERVALE, N. H.

BY HARALD A. REHDER

Following is a list of mollusks collected at Intervale, New

Hampshire, during the last few years. Shells from this region,

and the White Mountains in general, are not very common, and

it is hoped this list will prove interesting. The land shells were

largely collected in the woods on the side of Mt. Bartlett. Mr.

Charles W. Johnson aided in naming the land shells, and the

only Musculium was kindly determined by Dr. V. Sterki.

Polygyra albolabris (Say).

Dead and faded specimens were fairly common. Living

shells, mostly young, were found on several occasions.

Polygyra fraterna (Say).

One live specimen found under damp leaves.

Pyramidula alternata (Say).

One live shell found in the sap hole of a maple.

THE NAUTILUS. 97

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pils.

Several living specimens from leaf mould.

Zonitoides arborea (Say).

One specimen from leaf mould. Found in company with

the following two species.

Vitrea hammonis (Strom).

Three specimens.

Vitrea indentata (Say).

One specimen. This is believed to be a new record for

New Hampshire, the previous northernmost record for New

England having been from Cape Elizabeth, Maine.

Anodonta cataracta Say.

Four specimens collected in a small brook flowing into the

Saco River. This stream, at the time of collecting, was

partly dried up, forming several pools. Many more were

seen, one of which measured about 64 inches in length.

Musculium rykoltii (Normand).

The first record for New Hampshire. Many specimens of

this species were found in the same brook as that in which

the preceding species was found.

Planorbis antrosus Conr.

Several specimens found along with the preceding species.

NOTE ON THE DISCOVERY OF ORYGOCERAS IN THE IDAHO TERTIARIES

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL *

In 1902 the Croatian paleontologist Brusina published an

atlas of engravings illustrating the remarkable fresh-water fauna

of the Tertiaries of Dalmatia, Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia. This

includes some unique forms not represented in the recent fauna,

and known from no other region, many of them so different

from anything now known from fresh water as to seem almost

incredible.

In 1909 Mr. A. A. Hinkley obtained in the state of San

* By permission of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Luis Potosi, from the Panuco river system some amnicoline

shells which were recognized by Dr. Pilsbry as closely related

to some of Brusina’s genera, and who described them under the

names of Emmericiella and Pterides (Nautitus, XXIII, pp. 45-

49, pl. 5). It is not certain that these bleached specimens rep-

resent living species.

The U. 8. Geological Survey recently received from Prof. F.

A. Thomson a chunk of rock collected from Castle Creek,

Owyhee Co., Idaho, from strata regarded by Meek, C. A.

White, and Gabb as Miocene, which was submitted to the

writer for examination. The matrix consisted of rather large

rounded sand grains strongly cemented together and containing

numerous fresh-water shells, Sphaerium, Pompholyx, and Melania

turnert Gabb, among the most conspicuous. <A close examina-

tion disclosed specimens of at least three species of Brusina’s

genus Orygoceras (1882), a remarkable tubular shell recalling

the Caecid genus Parastrophia, but less arcuate, more slender

and with a more involved nucleus.

The matrix is so flinty and the minute shells so extremely

fragile, that several were lost in the endeavor to extricate them,

but at least three species were recognized; one smooth, resemb-

ling Brusina’s O. corniculum, one twisted, like his O. fistula, and

a third laterally carinate somewhat like O. enemopsis Brusina,

but more slender and with a crenate apex. A single specimen

like Pterides rhabdus Pilsbry, but with the aperture concealed, a

tricarinate Pyrgula and a shell somewhat like Lithoglyphus fuchsi

Brusina, were also noted.

In this connection attention may be called to some fossils

from a shaly deposit on the Rio Carboneras falling into a tribu-

tary of Lake Isabal, Guatemala, recently received; among

others they comprise a large Cyrenoida , and a shell obviously a

typical Zryonia, but which if found in Serbia would doubtless

be referred to Prososthenia Neumayr.

This relation between our fresh-water Tertiaries and those of

southeastern Europe is extremely interesting and calls for

further investigation.

THE NAUTILUS, 99

NOTES ON THE ANATOMY AND TAXONOMY OF CERTAIN LAMPSILINAE

FROM THE GULF DRAINAGE

BY A. E. ORTMANN, PH. D.

(Continued from page 60)

MEDIONIDUS ACUTISSIMUS (Lea).

Also this species differs from M. conradicus in the reticulated

painting and the coarser corrugations of the posterior slope. It

differs from M. parvulus by the fact that the rays are more

frequently present and rather broad (but also composed of

reticulations). From both, conradicus and parvulus, it is dis-

tinguished by more prominent posterior ridge and pointed

posterior end. The nacre is very frequently of a reddish or

salmon color.

The soft parts have been described by Lea (under U. rubelli-

nus, Obs. 6. 1858). He reports that the marsupium occupies

nearly the whole length of the outer gill, with a wide reddish-

brown border on the edge. The inner lamina of the inner gill

is free nearly half of the length of the abdominal sac.

In my specimens I have found that the inner lamina of the

inner gills is free for about one-half of the abdominal sac (more

or less). In the gravid female, there are 2 to 4 long papillae

on the mantle-edge in the same position as in the other species.

These papillae are cylindro-conical in shape. The marsupium

is large, yet it does not occupy the whole gill, but a large

section in the middle of it, leaving non-marsupial a more

considerable portion anteriorly, and a smaller portion posteri-

orly (it is quite probable that it is smaller in younger speci-

mens). The number of ovisacs on the left side is at least

22 (with some posterior ones discharged); on the right side,

they are hard to count, since they are largely discharged, but

probably there were still more of them. Also my specimen

has the margin of the marsupium broadly colored with brown

pigment. Color of soft parts rather light: the black of conradi-

cus and parvulus being replaced by brown.

Glochidium of the same shape as that of the other species,

but larger: L. 0.26 to 0.27, H. 0.32 to 0.33 mm.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

Thus the anatomical investigation furnishes in the larger

marsupium with brown edge, in the prevailing brown, not

black, pigment of the soft parts, and in the larger glochidia

additional specific characters for M. acutissimus. The latter, in

its affinities, if more remote from conradicus, while parvulus

stands very close to this.

4. CARUNCULINA PAULA (Lea) (1840).

Simpsen, 1914, p. 159.

Choctawhatchee River, Blue Springs, Barbour Co., Ala.—

soft parts of 4 males and 5 barren females, H. H. Smith coll.,

Oct..1915:

The anatomy of these specimens agrees in all respects with

that of C. parva (Barn.) (see: Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, 191%, p. 338,

and Naut. 28, 1915, p. 129). Im one of my specimens, a

female, the supraanal opening is closed, in the others open.

There is some blackish pigment at the edge of the marsupium.

The caruncle is white or brownish.

These specimens have been identified (as Lampsilis paula) by

B. Walker, but since I do not possess the shells, I cannot

exactly say what Walker understood by this name. However,

specimens in the Carnegie Museum from various sources, among

them two thus labeled, received from the Alabama Museum

(from Chattahoochee River, Columbus, Muscogee Co., Ga.),

hardly differ from C. parva (Barnes). They do not have

the cloth-like epidermis seen in the typical parva, and young

shells are not so black, but more greenish, with lighter concen-

tric bands. Further, the female is more distinctly swollen and

dilated in the postbasal region. But these characters occasion-

ally may turn up in C. parva, chiefly in southwestern (Arkan-

sas) material.

5. CARUNCULINA Ma@STA (Lea) (1841).

Toxolasma lividum (Raf.) Ortman, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 57,

1918, p. 573; Car. mesta Ortmann, Naur. 34, 1921, p. 89.

U. corvunculus Lea, 1868.

Othcalooga Creek, Calhoun, Gordon Co., Ga.—a number

of shells, and soft parts of one gravid female, H. H. Smith

coll., July, 1913.

THE NAUTILUS. 101

Choccolocco Creek, White Plains, Calhoun Co., Ala.—l1I

barren female with soft parts, H. H. Smith coll., July 351,

1915.

All these specimens were labeled corvunculus by Walker.

I have pointed out, that the shell named corvunculus cannot be

distinguished from T. lividum (=C. mesta) of the upper Ten-

nessee drainage, and also the soft parts do not differ from speci-

mens from East Tennessee and the Ozarks (Naur. 34, 1921, p.

89). Also the glochidia are the same.

My specimen with glochidia was collected in July, which

confirms the late end of the breeding season observed in other

instances in this species.

This is one of the species indicating the close connection

of the Alabama-fauna with that of the Tennessee. C. mesta is

found in the Cumberland-Tennessee drainages and in the

Ozarks, and its variety glans (Lea) in the central basin, south

to Arkansas, but not on the Gulf plain. But the typical mesta

is present again (under the name of corvunculus) in the Alabama

drainage, chiefly in the headwaters. It should be mentioned,

in this connection, that glans has been reported by Simpson

(1914, p. 154) from Etowah River, Ga.: there is no doubt, in

my opinion, that this refers to mesta.

6. MicrkoMyA NEBULOSA (Conrad) (1834).

Ortmann, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 57, 1918, p. 577.

This is a common species in the Cumberland and Tennessee

drainages, and is very variable. But it is also found in the

Alabama drainage, and in the Chattahootchee system in

Georgia. In fact, its type-locality is in the headwaters of the

Black Warrior River in Alabama (‘‘ mountainous regions of

Alabama, in the Black Warrior River’’).

The following synonyms founded upon specimens from this

region have been ascertained previously (1. c. ).

U. radians Lea (1857). Probably a rather normal female,

with wide rays. Nacre white or rose. Othcalooga Creek (near

Calhoun), Gordon Co., Ga. (tributary to Oostanaula, head-

waters of Coosa).

U. jonesi Lea (1859). Normal female, with narrow rays.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

Nacre white or salmon. Euharlee Creek, Bartow Co., Ga.

(tributary of Etowah River, headwaters of Coosa).

U. sparus Lea (1868). A normal male with well developed

rays. Nacre salmon. Swamp Creek, Whitfield Co., Ga. (trib-

utary to Conasauga River, south of Dalton, headwaters of

Coosa).

U. linguaeformis Lea (1860). A male, with poorly developed

rays, but normal in shape. Columbus, Ga. (Chattahoochee

drainage; also reported from French Broad River in Tennessee).

U. simus Lea (1838). A male with strongly developed rays,

originally described from Cumberland River, but reported

by Simpson (1914, p. 124) also from Othcalooga Creek

Gordon Co., Ga.

To these, however, should be added the following synonyms.

U. plancus Lea (1860). Already Simpson (1914, p. 125)

suspects that this is only a form of nebulosus. The figure repre-

sents a male, and it is a rather short nebulosus, with rays well-

developed. Such specimens are not at all rare. Coosa River,

Wetumpka, Elmore Co., Ala.

U. difficilis Lea (1868). Made a synonym of plancus by

Simpson. The figured specimen is a small, rather shoot male,

with few rays. Swamp Creek, Whitfield Co., Ga. (also given

from headwaters of Holston River, Washington Co., Va.).

I have before me a rather large number of this species from

the Coosa drainage, from Conasauga River in Polk Co., Tenn.,

from Swamp Creek, Whitfield Co., Ga. (type-locality of sparus

and difficilis), from Cowan Creek, Cherokee Co., Ala., Little

Wills Creek and Green Creek, Etowah Co., Ala.; Shoal Creek,

St. Clair Co., Ala.; Choccolocco Creek, Talladega Co., Ala.;

and Spring Creek, near Kewatchee Springs, Shelby Co., Ala.

I have also material from the Cahaba River, in Bibb Co., Ala.

All this material shows that V7. nebulosa is widely distributed

in this region, and that the Alabama-form cannot be dis-

tinguished from that of the Tennessee. In Conasauga River,

at Conasauga, Polk Co., Tenn., I collected myself 2 males and

1 gravid female (discharging glochidia, May 24, 1915). The

anatomical characters are those of JZ. nebulosa, and also the

glochidia are identical.

THE NAUTILUS. 103

The presence, in this case of the identical species, both in the

upper Tennessee and the Alabama drainages should be particu-

larly noted, since this type of shell, although it extends (as M.

iris) westward to the Ozarks, and northward all over the

Mississippi and Ohio drainages, is not found to the southward

and southwestward. Thus a connection of the Alabama range

with that of the interior basin by way of the costal plain and up

the Mississippi valley is excluded, and we must assume that

this species managed to get across the divide between the

Alabama and the Tennessee. It also should be noted that this

species has been recorded from the Chattahoochee (linguae-

formis). Simpson gives also Wolfsville, Union Co., N. Car.

This is in the Catawba-Wateree drainage, far away from the

rest of the range, and appears as rather doubtful.

7. Micromya viIBEx (Conrad) (1834).

Simpson, 1914, p. 136.

A species widely distributed in the Gulf drainage from Mis-

sissippi to Georgia, with a variety (nigrina Lea) in Florida. It

is closely allied, in the shell characters, to M. nebulosa, but

generally more elongate, with very well developed rays, which

usually are wide and stand rather crowded, although they may

be absent on the anterior part of the shell. The rays are

not ‘‘wavy’’, as Simpson describes them, but rather inter-

rupted, spot-like, but not always so. On account of the

crowded character of the rays, the general color of the epider-

mis appears rather dark, dark green to blackish. The nacre is

mostly white, rarely reddish. The shell grows to a larger size

than that of M. nebulosa; the posterior expansion of the female

is of about the same character. The synonyms given by

Simpson surely belong here; they are: U. exiguus Lea (1840);

U. stagnalis Conrad (1849); U. rutilans Lea (1856); U. subellip-

sis Lea (1856).

I have material from the Tombigbee, Sipsey, and Black

Warrior River systems, from the Cahaba and Coosa drainages,

up to Murray Co., Ga. and Polk Co., Tenn.; from the Escam-

bia and Choctawhatchee drainages in southern Alabama and

from the Chattahoochee in Georgia. Soft parts are at hand

from the following localities.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

Conasauga River, Conasauga, Polk Co., Tenn.—2 males and

1 young female, A. EK. Ortmann coll., May 24, 1915.

Little River (trib. to Chattooga), Cherokee Co., Ala.—1 young

male, 1 gravid female (glochidia), H. H. Smith coll., Octob.,

1915.

Choccolocco Creek, White Plains, Calhoun Co., Ala.—1 male,

1 female, H. H. Smith coll., July 31, 1915.

Choctawhatchee River, Blue Springs, Barbour Co., Ala—

1 barren and 1 gravid female (glochidia), H. H. Smith coll.,

the former May 11, the latter Octob., 1915.

The specimens from the Choctawhatchee were labeled by

Walker: vibex var.? I do not have the shells of them. But

other specimens with shells from the Choctawhatchee drainage,

thus labeled, are surely vibex, differing only by more or less

purplish shades in the nacre, thus forming a transition to

the var. nigrina, known from Florida. Whatever they are, the

soft parts do not differ from those of vibez.

I have described (Ann. Carnegie Mus. 8, 1912, p. 340) the

barren female of MM. viber nigrina (Lea). The mantle margin

of the typical vibex essentially agrees with this. There are

about 12 (or more, in nigrina 10) cylindro-conical papillae, of

large or medium size, which are somewhat distant from each

other, with a few smaller ones anterior to them. In young

females, the larger papillae are nearly the same size; in the

larger ones, they are more irregular, and stand at irregular

intervals, and the posterior part of the mantle-edge may be

without them; but a group of 6 to 8 large papillae in its anter-

ior part is evident.

The marsupium is of the normal Lampsiline type; the

number of ovisacs varies with age, from a few up to 25 or

30. The edge of the marsupium has blackish pigment.

Anal opening separated from the supraanal by a moderate

mantle-connection. The anal has crenulations, the branchial

opening has papillae. Inner Jamina of inner gills connected

with abdominal sac. Palpi with posterior margins connected

at base only. The male has a few, small, and distant, rudi-

mentary papillae on the mantle edge. Color of soft parts

whitish, anal and branchial openings with black pigment, and

THE NAUTILUS. 105

a streak of this runs forward along the mantle-margin. Pap-

illae of female blackish-brown.

Glochidium subspatulate, of similar shape to that of the 7ris-

and lienosa-groups, and closely agreeing with it in dimensions,

L. O.2% HH. 0:27 mm.

Thus the anatomy bears out the relationship of this species

to M. nebulosa and M. iris, and we should regard ™. vibex as at

least closely allied to nebulosa, from which it may have de-

scended. The slight irregularity in the papillae of the mantle-

edge, in size as well as in their distance from each other,

is transitional towards forms like lienosa, and thus M. vibex may

present, to a degree, a connection between the iris- and lienosa-

groups.

It should be pointed out that we thus have, in the Alabama

system, two species representing the form nebulosa of the

Tennessee-drainage: an identical one, nebulosa, and a closely

allied, but different one, vibex. For the latter, of course,

the same should be said with regard to its origin, as to the

former. However, vibex being distinct from nebulosa, we are

to conclude that the conditions which brought about its distri-

bution prevailed at least twice, at different times during the

geological and geographical history of this region. There was

an older connection of the waters, permitting a first immi-

gration of the nebulosa-stock into the Alabama-system. ‘This

stock changed in the course of time into vibex, and reached

a wider distribution upon the coastal plain (as far as Florida).

A second immigration took place later, and the nebulosa-stock

which then reached the Alabama-drainage did not have time

enough to change its characters, and remained more geograph-

ically restricted (to the Alabama and Chattahoochee systems,

chiefly in the headwaters).

( To be continued )

106 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES

SUCCINEA AVARA SAY, FROM THE TAR PITS OF CALIFORNIA.

The University of California possesses a very large collection of

bones of birds and mammals which have been taken from the

asphalt pits of Rancho la Brea, Los Angeles County, California.

The cleaning processes through which the material goes consist

in part of boiling in a vat of gasoline. Much of the bitumen

goes into solution and foreign material settles to the bottom as

a sludge. This consists chiefly of sand which has been thrown

into the tar lake throughout its existence.

Such an excellent trap as this pit has been for birds and

mammals would be expected to be equally successful for land

snails but so far as the writer is aware they have never been re-

corded from there. It is therefore a pleasure to be able to an-

nounce the discovery of a single shell of Swccinea in those Ple-

istocene deposits. The specimen was found by Mr. Clarence

Ryan inside one of the numerous wolf skulls taken out some

years ago, and was submitted to me by professor Bruce L.

Clark.

The shell cannot be distinguished from specimens which

have been found living in numerous places in the Pacific Coast

States and which are usually identified as S. avara Say.

Whether careful study would show that this species is so wide

spread as has been reported or if the Pacific Coast specimens

belong to a different form cannot be stated at this time.—G.

Dauuas Hanna.

PARVITEREBRA. Dr. Bartsch has omitted one important

name from his Key to the Terebridae (supra, pp. 60-64).

This is the genus Parviterebra of Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

Philadelphia, lvi, p. 5, founded on the Japanese species pauci-

volvis Pils.

It is a small but very distinct Indian Ocean group, superfici-

ally akin to Mazatlania, and includes thyraea Metwill from the

Persian Gulf and separanda Tomlin from South Africa.—J. R.

LE B. ToMLiIn.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE MOoLuLusca COLLECTED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

—WILLIAMSON EXPEDITION IN VENEZUELA. By H. B. Baker

(Occasional Papers, Museum Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 137, pp.

1-5, July, 1923). Part one treats of the shells of Curacao and

part two of the terrestrial operculates of Venezuela. . Keys in-

cluding all the species of the region are given, and eight new

species and subspecies are described and figured.

THE GENUS SCULPTARIA PFEIFFER, WITH DESCRIPTION OF

THREE New Species. By Henry C. Burnup (Annals Natal

Mus., Vol. 5, pt. 1, pp. 1-4, pls. 1 and 2, 1928).

MoLiusquEs TERRESTRIS ET FLUVIATILES DE SyrIz. Par

Louis Germain (Voyage Zoologique d’ Henri Gadeau de Ker-

ville en Syrie (Avril-Juin, 1908). Vol. 2, 523 pages, 1921;

Vol. 8, 242 pages, 23 plates, 1922). Volume 2 contains the

Gasteropods and volume 3 the Pelecypods and plates. With a

complete bibliography and fully illustrated it is a most ex-

haustive work on the molluscan fauna of that region.

MOLLuscA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN Strates.—XI. By Henry

A. Pilsbry and James H. Ferriss (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

Vol. 75, 1923, pp. 47-103, pls. 1-8, 12 figures in text). This

latest addition to the series of papers by the same authors deal-

ing with the snails of the great American desert is one of

the most valuable of all. It is divided into four parts, the first

two of which deal with collecting stations in various mountain

ranges in Arizona and the known faunas of each are brought

down to date. Part III gives voluminous notes on many

species old and new. A great deal of information is given

on the anatomy of Sonorella, and five full plates of drawings

illustrate the genitalia of the various species discussed. A

Mexican species of Bulimulus is added to the Arizona fauna.

Six new species and nine new subspecies are described in

the paper. The last part is devoted to a clearing up of the

uncertainty which has surrounded Micrarionta rowelli (New-

comb) for almost sixty years. The type specimen is illustrated;

a new species found with it is described as M. newcomdi and the

108 THE NAUTILUS.

type locality of both is fixed at Tinajas Altas, Gila Mountains,

Arizona.

It is quite evident that Messrs. Pilsbry and Ferriss are paving

the way for one of the most monumental zoogeographic studies

ever attempted in North America. Their final results will have

a far-reaching importance in the study of zoology and taxonomy

and perhaps in geology as well. The vast amount of detailed

work involved can scarcely be appreciated by one who has

not attempted such an undertaking, in at least a small way.

The handling of such large series of specimens and records

would be a fruitful source of error in untrained hands. But

that these gentlemen are equal to their responsibilities is shown

by a careful check and cross check of the first several pages. <A

single error was detected, and that typographical; thyroides is

spelled thyroidus on page 51 line two.—G. Datias Hanna,

California Academy of Sciences.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL Society oF Lonpon (Vol.

15, pl. 4, Oct. 1923). On the External Characters of Sinum

planulatum. By G. C. Robson, pp. 268 and 269.

Masculine Deficiencies in the British Vertigininae. By Hugh

Watson, pp. 270-280.

The Presence of a Sub-cerebral Commissure in the Orthur-

ethra. By Hugh Watson, pp. 280-285.

The Anatomy and General affinities of Ochthephila (—Geo-

mitra) turricula Lowe. By Hugh Watson, pp. 283-293, pl. 6.

On the British species of Truncatellina. By A. 8. Kennard

and B. B. Woodward, pp. 294-298.

Note on the Nomenclature and Systematic Arrangement of

the Clausiliidae. By A. 8. Kennard and B. B. Woodward, pp.

298-308.

On Turris (Surcula) macella nom. nov. for T. macilenta

Melv., nom. preoce. By J. Cosmo Melvill, p. 309.

Some Synonyms in the Veneridae. By J. R. le B. Tomlin,

pp. 310-313.

THe MorPHOLOGY OF THE NUDIBRANCH GENuS HANCOCKIA.

By F. M. MacFarland (Jour. Morphology, Vol. 38, pp. 65-

104, pls. 1-6, 1923).

THE NAUTILUS PLATE VI

CRAMPTON: PARTULA FROM MOOREA, SOCIETY ISLANDS

woe NAUTILUS:

Vol. XXXVII APRIL, 1924. No. 4

NEW AND SIGNIFICANT SPECIES OF PARTULA FROM MOOREA,

SOCIETY ISLANDS

BY HENRY EDWARD CRAMPTON

The present writer has been engaged for some years in an in-

tensive study of the distribution, variation, and evolutionary

relationships of the land gastropods belonging to the genus

Partula. The species dwelling in the Society Islands have re-

ceived the most attention on account of their number and vari-

ety; the known species of the genus number a little over a

hundred, and more than fifty of these occur only in the group

specified. All of the islands inhabited by the genus, from

Tahiti to Borabora, have been explored during one or more

journeys, and the volume on the Tahitian species has been pub-

lished*. Field studies have also been prosecuted in the Cook,

Samoan, Tongan, and the Mariana Islands, and a volume on

the species of the last-named group has been completed and is

shortly to appear.

The island geographically proximate to Tahiti is Moorea,

about twenty miles distant, where collections amounting to over

forty thousand specimens have been secured in the course of

five field trips, from 1907 to 1923. The detailed study of this

wealth of material is progressing rapidly with results that en-

tirely confirm the general conclusions of the Tahitian research,

1 Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 228, 1917.

110 THE NAUTILUS.

while in addition abundant evidences have been discovered that

the differentiation of more than one parental stock into diverse

products is a contemporaneous process. Any further statement

of the essential facts in the last connection must await the prep-

aration of the complete account of the Moorean species, includ-

ing the details of their distribution and the quantitative data of

their variation.

The purpose of the present article is to place on record

certain new species that are so noteworthy as to merit immedi-

ate attention. The general point of greatest interest is that they

were unknown to Garrett, who resided many years in the So-

ciety Islands, and whose circumstantial account of the land

gastropods of that group’ reveals his intimate knowledge of the

organisms and of their localized situations. Garrett's descrip-

tions of the Moorean snails show that he explored the island

with great care, yet the new species herein described must have

escaped his notice on account of the peculiar circumstances of

their occurrence. Having corroborated the records of the

species of Tahiti, Raiatea, Tahaa, Huaheine, and Borabora, it

was a real surprise to the present author to find novel forms in

Moorea which are not mentioned in the literature, and which

are entirely absent from the extensive collections made by Gar-

rett, now distributed in the museums of Honolulu, Philadel-

phia, Washington, Cambridge, and Pittsburg.

Three of the new species are sinistral, thus agreeing with P.

mooreana, which is dextral only in tbe case of rare, newly-dis-

covered mutations, and also with numerous local associations of

P. suturalis. Hence the island of Moorea supports more re-

versed species of the genus than are known to occur elsewhere

throughout its entire range. The fourth novel species is pre-

dominately dextral, although exceedingly rare sinistral mutants

have been found.

PARTULA TOHIVEANA, new species. Plate VI, figures 1-4.

Shell large, sinistral, elongate-conic, and perforate. Whorls

5 to 54, with flattened profile at the apex, becoming more con-

vex with further growth; suture slightly impressed in most ex-

1 Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Vol. IX, part I, 1884.

THE NAUTILUS. 111

amples. The middle area of the last whorl is flattened or even

indented immediately outside of the lip. Columella straight.

The dense, finely-sculptured lines of the younger whorls disap-

pear toward the body-whorl which is therefore smooth and

shining in undecorticated specimens.

Aperture elongated, with its long axis inclined away from the

columellar axis. Lip rounded or slightly beveled, thickened

inwardly, sharply angled at the columellar insertion, and den-

tated near its outer insertion; the toothed appearance is accent-

uated by the sudden narrowing of the outer peristome toward

its junction with the last whorl. A thin, shining callus spreads

over the body-whorl between the two insertions of the lip. A

parietal tooth is well developed almost universally.

Colors: (a) corneous yellow or light corneous-brown, with or

without darker coloring of the apical whorls, and in some speci-

mens with sparse darker transverse lines (Plate VI, fig. 1);

(b) similar in ground color and with two, sometimes four,

vaguely-defined revolving bands of chocolate-brown (Plate VI,

figs. 2, 3); (c) with a revolving median zone of chocolate-brown

upon the usual background (Plate VI, fig. 4). The lip is

white, smooth, and shining.

The shells of half-grown individuals have the outer wall

plainly angled, although this feature disappears on the later-

formed whorls. The embryonic young are always unbanded,

either white or faintly corneous, with or without a colored tip.

The bands of fasciated adults appear only in post-embryonic

life, and they seem to be relics of an antecedent dark general

color. Embryonic capsule impregnated with calcareous sub-

stance so as to be opaque.

Dimensions as follows:

Length 17.4-23.7 mm., average 21.68 mm.

Width 10.1-13.7 mm., average 12.08 mm.

Length of aperture 8.9-12.5 mm., average 11.06 mm.

Width of aperture 6.7-9.3 mm., average 7.98 mm.

Proportions of shell 49.5-60.5 per cent, average 55.65 per

cent.

Proportions of aperture 65.5-78.5 per cent, average 72.04 per

cent.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

Proportions of aperture-length to shell-length 47.5-55.5 per

cent, average 50.95 per cent.

Habitat: Moorea, Society Islands; lower slopes of Mt.

Tohivea.

This species presents several features of special interest. In

the first place, in the writer’s experience it exists only in a very

limited area of bush on the lower northern slopes of Mt.

Tohivea, which is the dominating mountain of the island. In

July of 1923 a few hundred specimens of various ages were

taken in an area not more than four hundred yards in lateral

extent, between 700 feet and 900 feet above sea level. Despite

the fact that the natives of Moorea, as elsewhere in the Society

Islands, are collectors of shells to be made into necklaces and

wreaths, the new species was entirely unknown to them.

Intrinsic noteworthy features are the roundly dentated outer

lip, and the simple conical contour of the youngest whorls, in

which characters P. tohiveana resembles the dextral species P.

dentifera and P. formosa that live in the island of Raiatea, more

than a hundred miles to the west-northwest of Moorea. The

resemblances in these distinctive qualities suggest that the

Moorea and Raiatea forms displaying them are descended from

a common ancestral stock, comprising animals of both coils like

P. otaheitana and P. suturalis as they exist today, and which

ranged over a larger body of land connecting the two islands in

former ages. At the northwestern end of this former land,

where Raiatea remains, the present derivatives have retained

the dextral coil, while at the eastern end, which is now the

separated island of Moorea, the animals are reversed. Under

the geographic and other circumstances, P. tohiveana cannot be

a direct product of Raiatean ancestry; and it is equally clear

that the Raiatea species with the characteristics in question are

not the descendants of direct migrants from Moorea.

PARTULA OLYMPIA, new species. Plate VI, figures 5-8.

Shell sinistral, ovate-conic, more compact than in P. tohiv-

eana ; compressly perforate. Whorls 5 to 54, convex through-

out, suture of the body-whorl impressed. The middle part of

the last whorl is depressed just before it meets the flaring lip,

THE NAUTILUS. 113

as in tohiveana. Columella twisted slightly,—a feature more

evident in adolescent than in adult shells. The spiral sculptur-

ing continues from the youngest whorls to the very edge of the

lip.

Aperture elliptical, axis parallel to the columellar axis. Lip

rounded or slightly beveled, thickened inwardly, broad at its

columellar insertion and narrowed toward its outer insertion,

but not so markedly as in tohiveana. A shining callus occurs

between the two insertions, finely pitted under the lens. A

parietal tooth occurs in all but a few of the shells, but it is not

prominent.

Colors: (a) uniform fleshy corneous; (6) uniform medium

brown; (c) same in basis, with a median band of brown on the

whorls of the spire only (Plate VI, fig. 5); (d) similar in

ground-color, with a vague median band of brown which ex-

tends over the body whorl as well as on the upper coils (Plate

VI, figs. 6, 7); (e) ground color as before, with two revolving

bands of brown, weak and vaguely defined (Plate VI, fig. 8).

The lip is white.

The outer wall of the adolescent shell displays a median

angle. The revolving colors of fasciated individuals appear on

the embryonic shell, in which respect they differ from the bands

of deeper tint in tohiveana. The embryonic capsule is opaque.

Dimensions of thirty-one measurable shells as follows:

Length 17.7-20.4 mm., average 18.94 mm.

Width 10.3-11.9 mm., average 10.99 mm.

Length of aperture 9.1-10.9 mm., average 9.99 mm.

Width of aperture 6.7-8.1 mm., average 7.43 mm.

Proportions of shell 53.5-62.5 per cent, average 58.14 per

cent.

Proportions of aperture 70.5-80.5 per cent, average 74.37 per

cent.

Proportions of aperture length to shell length 49.5-56.5 per

cent, average 53.63 per cent.

Habitat: Moorea, Society Islands: inner slopes of Mt. Moua-

puta at high levels.

On first inspection the present species appears to be very close

to P. tohiveana, but on further study it proves to be clearly dis-

114 THE NAUTILUS.

tinct. The two species are alike in sinistral coil, narrowed

outer insertion of the lip, depressed median body-whorl outside

of the lip, and in the general coloration of certain subordinate

classes. But P. olympia differs in its more compact form,

straighter aperture, convex apical whorls, its delicate sculptur-

ing throughout the whole shell, and in the earliest possible

appearance of the revolving bands when they occur. Hence P.

olympia is no nearer to tohiveana than it is to the far more

abundant P. mooreana of the same island.

Less than a hundred examples of all ages have been taken.

They were discovered in 1919 in a restricted area of forest about

900 feet above sea-level, on the inward or northern slopes of

Mt. Mouaputa. This mountain stands about two miles from

Mt. Tohivea with which it is connected by a portion of the

ancient wall of the huge central crater of the island. The for-

ests are virtually continuous between the localities of olympia

and tohiveana, but no sinistral snails belonging to these or to

any other species were found in the intervening territory. The

natives had never found the type, so far as could be ascertained;

the specific name is conferred because they believe that the

mountain of Mouaputa is the dwelling-place of invisible super-

natural beings.

PARTULA DENDROICA, new species. Plate VI, figures 9-13.

Shell sinistral, oblong-conic, compressly perforate. Whorls

54 to 54, slightly convex, the last conspicuously slender.

Suture impressed, more markedly on the last whorls. Colu-

mella sinuous. Surface shining and generally smooth, as if

polished; spiral sculpturing weak, and obsolescent on the last

whorl.

Aperture oval, not inclined. Lip rounded, slightly thickened

within, channeled at its columellar junction, and evenly cury-

ing to the neighborhood of its outer insertion where it turns in-

ward more abruptly. The callus over the body-whorl is very

thin. Parietal tooth entirely wanting, or very weakly devel-

oped in a small percentage of the specimens.

The color classes are clearly differentiated, as follows: (a)

uniform light straw-yellow, with slightly darkened tip as a rule

THE NAUTILUS. 115

(Plate VI, fig. 9); (6) uniform yellowish-brown, or brown

(Plate VI, fig. 10); (c) yellowish-brown, with a single median

band of deep brown, sharply defined on all excepting the

youngest of the whorls (Plate VI, fig. 11); (d) like the forego-

ing in ground-color, with a broad median zone of deep brown

color (Plate VI, fig. 12); (e) yellowish-brown or brown, with

four revolving bands of deeper brown, one near the suture, one

near the base, and two intermediate (Plate VI, fig. 13).

The metaneanic whorls are not angled as in tohiveana and

olympia. Fasciation begins with the embryonic stages. The

embryonic capsule is opaque.

Dimensions of the entire series of adult shells in hand,

eighty-six in all, as follows:

Length 18.9-23 4 mm., average 20.45 mm.

Width 10.3-12.5 mm., average 11.29 mm.

Length of aperture 9.9-11.7 mm., average 10.74 mm.

Width of aperture 7.1-8.9 mm., average 8.06 mm.

Proportions of shell 46.5-61.5 per cent, average 55.17 per

cent.

Proportions of aperture 66.5-81.5 per cent, average 75.00 per

cent.

Proportions of aperture-length to shell-length 46.5-58.5 per

cent, average 52.44 per cent.

Habitat: Moorea, Society Islands; southern and southwestern

aspects of Mt. Rotui, at high levels.

This species was first discovered in 1909, when it was sup-

posed to be a local variant of P. suturalis Pfeiffer, which it re-

sembles in some features. While P. dendroica and P. suturalis

may be connected through a common remote ancestry, there

can be no question that the differences they now exhibit justify

their separation as distinct species.

Mt. Rotui is a lofty mass of volcanic rock situated between

the two bays of Faatoai or Opunohu and Paopao which indent

the northern side of Moorea. It is interpretable as a sector of

an original crater which has long been disconnected from the

semicircle comprising the high peaks of Mt. Tohivea and Mou-

aputa, where the previously-described species occur. ‘The areas

where P. dendroica was found lie in a zone of dense vegetation

116 THE NAUTILUS.

on the abrupt southern slopes of Mt. Rotui. The snails live on

the high shrubs and trees, and are rarely taken on the plants of

lower growth where P. tzniata and other species are found.

The specific name is given on account of the tree-dwelling

habits of the species. Probably the habits in question and the

local occurrence of the species are responsible for Garrett’s fail-

ure to discover dendroica.

From seven points within the inhabited area, representative

collections have been secured which comprise more than two

hundred individuals of adult and adolescent growth. The

several associations differ much as regards the number and rela-

tive frequencies of their component color-classes. In brief, P.

dendroica surpasses P. tohiveana and P. olympia in its geograph-

ical extension and in its local differentiation, although it falls

far short of the other species of Moorea in both of these respects.

PARTULA MIRABILIS, new species. Plate VI, figures 14-20.

Shell dextral (reversed in rare mutations); ovate-conic to

elongate-conic, openly or compressly perforate. Whorls 5,

slightly convex, the body-whorl flattened toward the lip; suture

of the last whorl impressed. The surface is sculptured through-

out, but the lines are fewer on the larger whorls, which are

shining and generally smooth except in decorticated specimens.

Aperture narrowed, elongated, almost oblong in general out-

line. Lip sharply beveled, thin, and smooth. A thin, rough-

ened callus spreads between the insertions of the lip. Parietal

tooth present in almost all instances, but it is seldom prom-

inent.

Colors: (a) corneous fleshy, apex pale brown (Plate VI, fig.

14); (b) pale brown, with deeper brown transverse strigations

(Plate VI, fig. 15), (¢) corneous brown, with darker brown,

ruddy, or rose-brown spire; (d) deep chocolate brown or seal

brown, the spire usually lighter (Plate VI, fig. 16); (e) light

brown, with three revolving bands of deeper brown color, and

usually with sutural and basal clouding (Plate VI, fig. 17); (f)

encircled by a broad zone of deep brown color, which is separ-

ated from the brown sutural and basal areas by narrow corneous

lines, often with an asymetrical revolving corneous line through

THE NAUTILUS. 117

the median line itself (Plate VI, fig. 18); (g) deep seal-brown in

general, with a revolving corneous zone toward the base and

just within the suture of the upper whorls (Plate VI, fig. 19);

(h) brown, save for a median revolving area which is corneous

(Plate VI, fig. 20). The lip is white in the lighter-colored

classes, and stained with brown or purplish-brown in the darker

divisions.

Embryonic young are either brown of various shades, or they

are clearly girdled by a central zone of darker color; the latter

condition develops into the several forms of final adult fascia-

tion. The egg capsule is opaque.

Dimensions are here given as the extreme measures of the few

hundred shells already analyzed, as follows:

Length 14.1-18.6 mm.

Width 8.3-10.7 mm.

Length of aperture 7.5-10.1 mm.

Width of aperture 5.1-7.1 mm.

Proportions of shell 51.5-65.5 per cent.

Proportions of aperture 61.5-79.5 per cent.

Proportions of aperture length to shell length 46.5-59.5 per

cent.

Habitat: Moorea, Society Islands: several subordinate local-

ities within the central crater valley of Opunohu, and in some

adjacent areas.

This species receives its name in recognition of certain re-

markable features of its intrinsic nature and distribution. In

the first connection, the notable point is its striking differentia-

tion in the characteristics of coloration; no less than eight

color-classes can be distinguished, and some of these are not

duplicated in any other species of the Society Islands. These

color-classes vary in number and relative abundance in the

several local associations, which therefore present very different

aspects even in neighboring valleys. The aperture is exception-

- ally narrow for a species of Partula, while the beveled nature

of the lip is another distinctive feature.

It seems certain that Garrett possessed no examples of this

species, for nothing of the kind is mentioned in his writings or

in his correspondence with Hartman and others, and the species

118 THE NAUTILUS.

is entirely lacking in the abundant series of shells sent by Gar-

rett to conchologists. Yet at the present time the total area of

its occupation extends over some miles of territory, in which

the animals occur in greater numbers at the higher levels.

From the observations of the present writer during the years

from 1907 to 1923, it is certain that the species has spread into

this wider territory from a central region that must have been

so small in Garrett’s time as to escape the scrutiny of that care-

ful explorer and observer; in short, the condition of P. mirabilis

some decades ago must have been like that of P. tohiveana and

P. olympia at the present time, although mirabilis has extended

its range and it has differentiated into diverse colonial associa-

tions as the other species have not as yet.

The full statement of the structural qualities and color-char-

acteristics of mirabilis must await the complete analysis of the

material now in hand, which comprises several thousand indi-

viduals. The data given in the foregoing account sufficiently

define the species and indicate its noteworthy features.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI

Figs. 1-4. Partula tohiveana, new species.

Figs. 5-8. Partula olympia, new species.

Figs. 9-13. Partula dendroica, new species.

Figs. 14-20. Partula mirabilis, new species.

A BUCKET DREDGE

BY CHARLES HEDLEY

I suppose that all zoologists who have worked in water

deeper than a hundred fathoms have found trouble with their

gear. Especially is this the case with people who, like myself,

began to dredge without tuition or any help from experienced

men. Sometimes a dredge returns without a spoonful of shells,

although the polished metal certifies that it has been rubbed on

the bottom. A dredge that goes overboard so neatly may re-

turn with the tail wrapped in the mouth or the wire rope may

be twisted and tangled.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

After many such disappointments, the writer planned to con-

struct a fool-proof dredge, which should never fail to go down

straight, to fill properly and'ifinally to deliver a profitable load

on deck. The instrument here?described has fulfilled these re-

quirements, working admirablyfin rough, very rough, weather.

Fia. 1 Fie. 2

Figs. 1,2. Bucket Dredge, from the side and above.

Several American friends;to whom I related my experiences

have asked for particulars. In the hope that the usefulness of

this tool may be extended, I now offer to the readers of the

‘‘ Naurtitus’’ a sketch and description of my bucket dredge.

The dredge, which weighs altogether about forty pounds, is

made of a sheet of 2-mm. steel rolled in a cone, 1000 mm. long,

410 mm. in diameter at the wide end and 100 mm. at the nar-

row end. This cone is stiffened by side straps of flat bar steel

7 mm. thick and 40 mm. wide. These project 50 mm. beyond

120 THE NAUTILUS.

the small end to hold a 12-mm. bolt; outside this bolt and be-

tween the side straps is a ‘‘distance piece ’’ which serves the

double purpose of holding the side straps apart and of carrying

a dredge or tangles. At the wide end the side straps project

50 mm. and are thickened into 18-mm. shoulders in order to

carry the shackle bolt. A substantial chain attached to the

latter serves to swing the dredge. The aperture of the dredge

is choked with a cone-shaped flange, a moveable basin dia-

phragm, with an orifice of 200 mm. in diameter and set back

120 mm. within the periphery. By the rim it is fastened to

the dredge with four nuts and bolts. The object of the flange

is to save the contents from being washed out by swirling eddies

as the dredge ascends.

One point that I stress for the zoologist, who is not an engi-

neer, is the need for a strong swivel-link to be placed above the

bucket. A bucket sent down to deep water without a swivel

will not come home but will spin till the rope screws off and

breaks.

For emptying the dredge the flange is removed and the sand

or mud dug out with a trowel, the contents may be bagged up

to take ashore. But if the voyage is a long one the catch can

be treated aboard. For this I carry sieves small enough to be

manipulated in an ordinary ship’s bucket. These are 200 mm.

in diameter, 100 mm. deep and have a wire net of 20 meshes

to the inch. Finally when the mud is washed out, the product

of the sieves can be tied up in small canvas bags, holding a

couple of pounds or so, and dried in the engine room.

NOTES ON MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM PERU AND ECUADOR

BY A. A. OLSSON

In the course of geologic studies in Peru, opportunity was

oceasionally found for the collection of marine mollusks from

the beaches along the northwest coast. Although these collec-

tions have not as yet been fully studied, it is believed that this

preliminary account and list of the more common or otherwise

interesting species may be of value. The collections begin

THE NAUTILUS. 121

to the south at Bayover on the south side of the Bay of Sechura

and continue northward nearly to the mouth of the Tumbez

river. Collections were also made at several localities on the

Santa Elena peninsula of Ecuador and are included. Dall’s ex-

cellent Checklist of the Peruvian Marine Mollusks has been

most useful as an aid in the identification and as a guide during

collecting. To this list, can be added several species and defi-

nite Peruvian locality records for several more. Species not

previously known from Peruvian localities are indicated with

Most of the shells contained in the collections belong to

species characteristic of the Panaman faunal province, whose

southern limit and border with the Peruvian province, has been

variously placed as the Gulf of Guayaquil, Paita and Punta

Aguja. No sharp and fast line can of course be drawn and, in

the general border region of the two provinces, a certain inter-

mingling and overlapping of the two faunas will occur. Appar-

ently, it would seem that Punta Parinas, the most westerly

point of the South-American continent, forms the most natural

line that can be drawn between the two provinces, although

many of the Panaman species extend beyond into the warm,

protected bays of Paita and Sechura. It is at or near Punta

Parinas, where the cold Peruvian or Humboldt current finally

leaves the coast in a more westerly swing out into the open

Pacific. The rather large list of marine mollusks collected

at Negritos (near Parinas) is the result of very persistent col-

lecting during several months of residence and does not repre-

sent the usual species found each day on the beach. The

common fauna of Parinas is rather a limited one, in which the

Tivela planulata Broderip and Sowerby, is the most common and

characteristic species. Among the seaweed-covered rocks ex-

posed at low tide, are found in abundance, the Thais biserialis

Blainville, T. peruensis Dall, T. chocolata Duclos, many Chitons,

Acmaeas and an occasional Turbo magnificus Jonas, and Acan-

thina muricata Broderip. Going north up the coast from Par-

inas, we can note a progressive warming of the waters with

shells becoming continually more abundant and varied. Lob-

itos about 15 miles north of Parinas, generally offers good

122 THE NAUTILUS.

collecting and at Restin and Punta Cabo Blanco still further

north, mollusks have become quite abundant.

The abundance and varied character of the molluscan fauna

in any locality, depends very largely upon the nature of the

coast line. A long stretch of sandy beach such as that which

extends south from Punta Parinas to the mouth of the Chira

river, is generally devoid of much interest. Such beaches

in northwestern Peru are characterized by the abundance of

a few species, such as Tivela planulata Broderip and Sowerby,

Donax punctatostriatus Hanley, Olivella columellaris Sowerby and

rare shells of Periploma planiuscula Sowerby, Lima pacifica

Orbigny, Raeta undulata Gould and Pyrula decussata Wood. A

coast bordered by submerged rocks and ledges, as a rule offers

the most favorable places for collecting. The wholly or parti-

ally submerged rocks support a large fauna mainly of gastro-

pods; while shell-drift often very rich in the smaller and

less known species, is allowed to accumulate along the sandy

beaches. The coast of the Santa Elena peninsula at Salinas, is

of this kind, the scene of some of the early collecting of Cum-

ing and the type locality for many species.

Many interesting species were collected from old Indian

graves which are found abundantly along certain parts of the

Peruvian coast. These Indian graves are generally thickly

covered with shells which for the most part, belong to the com-

mon species of the coast. Occasionally however many inter-

esting species may be found, which are very rare on the present

beaches. They include such shells as the various species

of Cancellaria, the Northia northiae Gray, Solenosteira anomala

Reeve and Thais kiosquiformis Duclos.

The localities represented by the collections are the following.

Ecuador: On the Santa Elena peninsula, at Salinas, Colonche

and Playas.

Peru: North, Mal Paso to Zorritos. Zorritos to Boca de Pan.

Mancora to Punta Verde. Punta Cabo Blanco. Lobitos.

Negritos (Parinas), Paita. Bayover (Bay of Sechura).

Bullaria aspersa A. Adams. Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora.

Salinas.

*Umbraculum sp. A broken specimen which measured fully

THE NAUTILUS. 123

75 mm. in length when complete was collected at Mancora. It

is probably the U. ovalis Carpenter of the Bay of Panama.

Terebra strigata Sowerby. Common, Paita, Negritos, Lobitos,

Mancora, Salinas.

Conus monilifer Sowerby. Lobitos.

Conus purpurascens Broderip. Mancora.

Cancellaria cassidiformis Sowerby. Common on Indian graves

near Negritos, Que. Mancora; living at Mancora.

Cancellaria chrysostoma Sowerby. Locally common, Negritos,

Lobitos, Mancora, Salinas.

*Cancellaria cumingiana Petit. Often common on Indian

graves. Living at Lobitos and Mancora.

Cancellaria clavatula Sowerby. Lobitos.

Cancellaria obesa Sowerby. Indian graves, Mancora.

Cancellaria tesselata Sowerby. Mancora.

Oliva angulata Lamarck. Zorritos.

Oliva kaleontina Duclos. Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora.

Oliva peruviana Lamarck. Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora, 1

specimen at Salinas.

Oliva spicata Bolton var. pindarina Duclos. Salinas.

Olivella columellaris Sowerby. Very common along the entire

northwest coast, Salinas.

Olivella semistriata Gray. Zorritos.

Marginella curta Sowerby. Paita, Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora,

Zorritos, Salinas.

*Vasum caestus Broderip. Rare, Negritos.

Solenosteira fusiformis Blainville. Negritos, Lobitos, Salinas,

Also on Indian graves near Mancora.

*Solenosteira anomala Reeve. From Indian graves between

Mancora and Punta Sal.

*Cantharus distortus Gray. Common, Negritos, Mancora,

Zorritos, Salinas.

Cantharus elegans Gray. Lobitos, Mancora, Zorritos, Salinas,

*Cantharus gemmatus Reeve. Lobitos, Mancora, Salinas.

*Cantharus ringens Reeve. Lobitos, Mancora, Salinas.

*Engina contracta Reeve. Negritos.

*Northia northiae Gray. From Indian graves near Mancora,.

*ZLeucozonia cingulata Wood. Mancora, Salinas.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

Columbella fuscata Sowerby. Lobitos, Mancora.

Columbella major Sowerby. Lobitos, Mancora, Salinas.

Columbella paytensis Lesson. Lobitos, Mancora, Salinas.

Columbella strombiformis Lamarck. Salinas.

Anachis fluctuata Sowerby. Mancora.

*Strombina recurva Sowerby. Lobitos, Mancora, Salinas.

*Murex nigrescens Sowerby. Mancora, Salinas.

*Hupleura muriciformis Broderip. Negritos, Lobitos.

Thais biserialis Blainville. Common, Paita, Negritos, Lobitos,

Mancora, Salinas.

Thais callaoensis Gray. Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora, Salinas.

Thais chocolata Duclos. Negritos, Lobitos.

Thais crassa Blainville. Salinas.

Thais kiosquiformis Duclos. Indian graves near Mancora,

Colonche (common).

Thais peruensis Dall. Negritos, Lobitos.

Thais triangularis Blainville. Mancora living and on Indian

graves, Salinas.

Acanthina brevidentata Mawe. Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora,

Salinas.

*Acanthina muricata Broderip. Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora,

Salinas.

*Distortio constrictus Broderip. Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora,

Salinas.

*Cymatium gibbosum Broderip. Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora.

*Cymatium lignartum Broderip. Negritos, Mancora, Salinas.

Bursa sp. My specimens are all broken but they appear

closest to the B. rugosa Sowerby from Manila, according to

Sowerby’s figure (Con. Ill., fig. 7).

*Cassidea abbreviata Lamark. Lobitos, Mancora, Salinas.

Malea ringens Swainson, Occasional, Bayover, Negritos,

Lobitos, Mancora, Salinas.

*Pyrula decussata Wood. Negritos, Lobitos, Zorritos.

*Simnia rufa Sowerby. Negritos.

*Cyphoma emarginata Sowerby. Negritos, Mancora.

*Levenia coarctata Gray. Mancora, Salinas.

*Morum tuberculosum Sowerby. Mancora.

Cypraea annettae Dall. Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora, Zorritos.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

Cypraea arabicula Lamarck. Lobitos, Mancora, Salinas.

Cypraea exanthema Linnaeus. Occasional along the whole

coast.

Cypraea nigropunctata Gray. Lobitos.

Trivia pacifica Gray. Salinas.

Trivia radians Lamarck. Common, Negritos, Lobitos, Man-

cora, Salinas.

* Trivia sanguinea Gray. Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora, Salinas.

Erato scabriuscula Gray. Mancora.

Cerithium adustum Kiener. Salinas.

Cerithium maculosum Kiener. Salinas.

Serpulorbis squamigerus Carpenter. Lebitos, Salinas.

Turritella goniostoma Valenciennes. Generally common, Bay-

over, Paita, Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora, Salinas.

Architectonica granulata Lamark. Generally large and com-

mon, Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora.

Cheilea equestris Linnaeus. Salinas.

Calyptraea mamillaris Broderip. Salinas.

Crucibulum imbricatum Sowerby. ‘This and the next are very

common species along the Peruvian coast. Bayover, Paita,

Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora, Salinas,

Crucibulum spinosum Sowerby. Same localities as the last.

Crepidula aculeata Gmelin. Very common along the entire

coast.

Crepidula crepidula Linnaeus. Zorritos.

Crepidula incurva Broderip. Lobitos, Mancora.

Crepidula onyx Sowerby. Salinas.

Crepidula squama Broderip. Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora,

Salinas.

Hipponix barbata Sowerby. Salinas.

*Natica broderipiana Reclus. Negritos, Lobitos, Zorritos,

Salinas.

Natica elenae Reclus. 1 specimen from Salinas.

Natica unifasciata Lamarck. Colonche.

Polinices uber Valenciennes. On Indian graves and living

along the coast, Paita, Negritos, Lobitos, Salinas.

Polinices cora Orbigny ? Negritos.

Neverita glauca Humboldt. Negritos, Lobitos.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

Sinum concavum Lamarck. Negritos, Mancora.

Sinum n. sp. This species belongs to the group of S. per-

spectivus Say, but is somewhat less depressed. From S. debilis

Gould they differ in being larger, slightly less depressed, a

smaller mouth and a little, higher spire. The nucleus is

stained brown. I have specimens from Panama (Bucaru) and

from Salinas, Ecuador.

Turbo magnificus Jonas. Bayover, Negritos, Lobitos.

Turbo (Callopoma) saxosus Wood. Salinas.

Astraea ( Uvanilla) buschit Philippi. Zorritos, Salinas.

Tegula melaleuca Jonas. Lobitos.

Tegula panamensis Philippi. Lobitos.

Tegula smithii Tapparone-Canefri. Lobitos.

*Tegula viridula Gmelin. Mancora.

Calliostoma fonkii Philippi. Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora,

Salinas.

Fissurella crassa Lamarck. Negritos.

Fissurella (Cremides) asperella Sowerby. Negritos, Lobitos.

Fissurella (Cremides) virescens Sowerby. Salinas.

Fissuridea alta C. B. Adams. Negritos.

Fissuridea inaequalis Sowerby. Negritos, Lobitos, Zorritos.

Nucula exigua Sowerby. Common at Salinas.

Leda elenensis Sowerby. Common at Salinas.

*Leda (Adrana) crenifera Sowerby? Mancora, Boca de Pan,

Salinas.

Arca pacifica Sowerby. Negritos, Lobitos, Zorritos, Salinas.

Arca lithodomus Sowerby. 1 small, right valve was sorted

out of shell-drift collected at Salinas.

Arca (Noetia) reversa Sowerby. Mancora, quite common at

Zorritos, Salinas.

*Arca (Noetia) olssoni Sheldon and Maury. Negritos, Sal-

inas. The Peruvian specimens are somewhat larger than the

Panama examples.

* Arca (Barbatia) lurida Sowerby. A single left valve was

collected at each of the following localities: Zorritos, Salinas.

The type specimen was collected by Cuming from Santa

Elena, probably in the vicinity of Salinas.

Arca (Barbatia) reeveana Orbigny. Quite typical examples.

Lobitos, Zorritos, Salinas.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

*Arca (Barbatia) reeveana var. lasperlensis Sheldon and Maury.

Several specimens, Zorritos, Salinas.

Arca (Barbatia) gradata Broderip and Sowerby. Negritos,

Lobitos, Salinas.

*Arca (Barbatia) illota Sowerby. Lobitos, Salinas.

Arca (Barbatia) solida Sowerby. Negritos, Lobitos, Salinas.

*Arca (Scapharca) emarginata Sowerby. Paita, Negritos,

Zorritos.

Arca (Scapharca) aviculoides Reeve. Salinas.

Arca (Scapharca) tuberculosa Sowerby. Very common along

the entire coast and much used for food.

*Arca (Scapharca) obesa Sowerby. Negritos, Zorritos, Salinas.

Arca (Scapharca) formosa Sowerby. Not common, Salinas,

Zorritos.

Arca (Scapharca) grandis Broderip and Sowerby. Very com-

mon as a Pleistocene fossil in the Peruvian tablazos. Zorritos.

*Arca (Scapharca) nux Sowerby. Common, Negritos, Lo-

bitos, Zorritos, Salinas.

* Arca (Scapharca) aequatorialis Orbigny. Zorritos.

Arca (Scapharca) labiata Sowerby. Colonche, rare on Indian

mounds in Que. Seca.

Glycymeris chemnitzii Dall. Salinas.

Glycymeris inaequalis Sowerby. Bayover, Negritos, Lobitos,

Mancora, Zorritos, Salinas.

*Glycymeris maculata Broderip. Zorritos.

Pinna sp. Fragments of a large species from Bayover.

Pteria peruviana Reeve. The shells of the Peruvian Pearl

Oyster are at times found in considerable abundance on the

beach at Negritos. They were also common at Boca de Pan.

Shells were also collected at Paita and Salinas.

Ostrea columbiensis Hanley. Jorritos.

Ostrea megodon Hanley. Paita, Negritos, Lobitos. This is a

very common Pleistocene fossil in the Peruvian tablazos.

Pecten dentatus Sowerby. Lobitos, Salinas.

Pecten purpuratus Lamarck. Bayover, a common Pleisto-

cene fossil.

*Pecten subnodosus Sowerby. Negritos, Mancora, Salinas.

Pecten tumbezensis Orbigny. Paita, Negritos, Lobitos, Jor-

ritos, Salinas.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

Pecten ventricosus Sowerby. Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora, Zor-

ritos, Salinas.

*Spondylus crassisyuama Lamarck. Negritos, frequently dug

up from Indian graves.

Tima pacifica Orbigny. Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora.

Anomia adamas Gray. Common, Paita, Negritos, Lobitos,

Mancora.

Anomia peruviana Orbigny. Somewhat less common than.

the last, Paita, Negritos, Lobitos. The Placunanomia cumingit

Broderip occurs rarely as a Pleistocene fossil in the Peruvian

tablazos, so that it is probably living along the present coast.

* Periploma planiuscula Sowerby. Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora.

Cyathdonta undulata Conrad. Typical right valve was col-

lected at Salinas.

*Qyathodonta sp. Several broken specimens of another spe-

cies were collected at Boca de Pan. In this species the concen-

tric undulations become obsolete ventrally. The submicro-

scopic radial pustules seen on the surface of undulata are

lacking.

Crassatellites gibbosus Sowerby. Mancora, Zorritos, Salinas.

*Oarditamera radiata Sowerby. Negritos, Mancora, Zorritos,.

Salinas.

* Venericardia cuviert Broderip. A right and a left valve

belonging to 2 individuals were collected on the beach near

Zorritos. The larger, a right valve measures, height 62 mm.,

length 66 mm.

*Chama corrugata Broderip. Negritos.

Phacoides fenestratus Hinds. Salinas.

*Codakia galapagana Dall. Boca de Pan, Zorritos, Salinas.

*Divaricella eburnea Reeve. Mancora, Salinas.

Cardium senticosum Sowerby. Fairly common, Negritos,

Lobitos, Mancora, Zorritos, Salinas.

Cardium procerum Sowerby. Common, Negritos, Lobitos,

Mancora, Zorritos, Salinas.

*Cardium graniferum Broderip and Sowerby. Zorritos, Sal-

inas.

Cardium obovale Sowerby. Salinas.

Cardium magnificum Deshayes. Mancora, Zorritos, Salinas.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

*Cardium aspersum Sowerby. Lobitos, Mancora, Salinas.

Cardium elenense Sowerby. Salinas.

Dosinia dunkeri Philippi. Zorritos.

Tivela planulata Broderip and Sowerby. This is one of the

most common shells on the beach at Lobitos and Negritos. It

becomes very rare further north.

Macrocallista aurantiaca Sowerby. Salinas.

Macrocallista pannosa Sowerby. Boca de Pan.

Macrocallista squalida Sowerby. Salinas, Mancora.

Pitaria circinata Born. Mancora, Salinas.

Pitaria concinna Sowerby. Rather common, Negritos, Lobi-

tos, Zorritos, Salinas.

Pitaria lupanaria Lesson, Quite common, Negritos, Lobitos,

Mancora, Zorritos, Salinas.

* Antigona multicostata Sowerby. Punta Verde, Salinas.

Chione compta Broderip. Quite common at Bayover, a com-

mon Pleistocene fossil.

Chione gnidia Broderip and Sowerby. Salinas.

*Chione amathusia Philippi. Mancora, Zorritos, Salinas.

Chione (Timoclea) asperrima Sowerby. Colonche, Salinas.

Chione (Timoclea) columbiensis Sowerby. Rather common,

Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora, Zorritos.

Anomalocardia subrugosa Sowerby. Bayover.

Venerupsis oblonga Lamarck. Common, Paita, Negritos, Lob-

itos.

Tellina crystallina Wood. Salinas, fine large specimens.

Tellina rubescens Hamley. Salinas.

*Macoma aurora Hamley. Boca de Pan, Salinas.

Metis exvavata Sowerby. Mancora, Salinas.

Semele corrugata Sowerby. Bayover, Negritos, Lobitos, Man-

cora.

*Semele lenticularis Sowerby. Mancora, Salinas.

*Semele proxima C. B. Adams. Negritos, Lobitos, Zorritos.

Cumingia lamellosa Sowerby. Lobitos.

Cumingia mutica Sowerby. Boca de Pan.

Sanguinolaria hanleyi Bertin. Lobitos, Mancora, Salinas.

Tagelus dombeyi Lamarck. Bayover, Paita, Negritos.

*Tagelus? This may be the Solecurtus violaceus Sowerby. It

130 THE NAUTILUS.

is occasionally fairly abundant on certain parts of the beach at

Negritos.

* Donax gracillis Hanley. Negritos, Lobitos, Zorritos, Salinas.

Donax punctatostriatus Hanley. Very common on all sandy

beaches. Paita, Negritos, Zorritos, Salinas.

Iphigenia altior Sowerby. Salinas, Colonche.

Mactra (Mactrotoma) velata Philippi. Rather common, Paita,

Bayover, Negritos, Lobitos, etc., Salinas.

* Mactra (Mactrotoma) augusta Deshayes. Rare, Zorritos, Sal-

inas.

Mactra (Mactrotoma) californica Conrad. Fairly common at

Salinas.

Mactra (Mactrella) clisea Dall. 1 specimen from Salinas.

*Mactra (Mactrella) exoleta Gray. Boca de Pan, Playas.

*Mactra (Mactrella) elegans Sowerby. Rare, Zorritos, Playas,

Salinas.

Mulinia pallida Broderip and Sowerby. Common, Paita,

Negritos, Lobitos, etc., Salinas.

*Labiosa (Raeta) undulata Gould. Occasional on the beach

but generally broken. Negritos, Lobitos, Mancora.

*Cryptomya californica Conrad. Paita, Negritos (fairly com-

mon), Lobitos, Salinas.

Pholas chiloensis Molina. . Paita, Negritos, Lobitos.

Barnea pacifica Stearns. Paita, Lobitos.

A NEW ZONITID SNAIL FROM 8O0UTHERN CALIFORNIA

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY, REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA

Several years ago Mr. George Willett sent me a single speci-

men of a small land snail of the group now known as Polita,

which did not appear referable to any of the western species

hitherto named. Since then enough additional material has

come to hand from collections by Mr. Willett and by Mr. and

Mrs. Emery P. Chace so that it seems fairly safe to describe it.

Polita gabrielina new species. Fig. 3.

Description: Shell small, thin, whitish horn color, trans-

lucent. Whorls 44 to 5, regularly enlarging, smooth, except

THE NAUTILUS. toe

for the very weak and indistinct incremental lines; surface

highly polished, with a waxy luster. Suture distinct, slightly

impressed; spire scarcely elevated; base convex, umbilicate, the

umbilicus narrow, being contained in the adult shell diameter

OQDC

Fie. 3. Polita gabrielina, new species.

about 84 to 94 times, but deep and permeable; periphery

smoothly rounded. Aperture oval, oblique, very slightly de-

scending, the lip sharp and only a little reflected at the umbili-

cus.

MEASUREMENTS.

Camp Estelle

Above

Camp

Baldy Type | Paratype | Paratype

mm. mm mm mm.

Greater diameter .... 4.8 4.3 3.6 3.2

Lesser diameter. ... .- 4.4 4.0 3.2 2.9

PAM DTREGONTS Liat oat he te bi La 2.5 yA Ve 2.0 17

Diameter umbilicus . . . 0.5 0.5 0.36 0.43

Number of whorls. . 5 4h 4} 4

Type: Cat. No. 5033 Berry Collection; paratype in collection

of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Type locality; Alt. 5,100-5,200 ft., near Camp Estelle,

Upper San Antonio Canyon, San Gabriel Mountains, Cali-

fornia; E. P. and E. M. Chace, June 2, 1920; 3 specimens.

Additional localities: Specimens of the same species are be-

fore me from other localities as follows:

Alt. 5,500 ft., Icehouse Canyon, San Gabriel Mts., California

(from a wood rat’s nest); George Willett, Oct. 8, 1918; 1 dead

shell.

ey THE NAUTILUS.

Above Camp Baldy, San Antonio Canyon, San Gabriel Mts.,

California; E. P. and E. M. Chace, 1919; 1 dead shell.

Bear Canyon, San Gabriel Mts., California; E. P. and E. M.

Chace, June, 1920; 1 specimen.

Alt. 3,200 ft., Glenn Ranch, North Fork of Lytle Creek, San

Gabriel Mts., California; E. P. Chace, Dec. 27, 1920; two liv-

ing specimens.

Remarks: The western Politas are so little understood, and

even those already named so incompletely worked out in

the literature, that it becomes a matter of no small difficulty to

allocate new material satisfactorily. Before venturing to apply

a new name to the present specimens therefore, I have been at

no small pains to compare them directly with either specimens

or available published descriptions of all the other western

species of the genus known to me. In the case of such conspic-

uously diverse species as indentata (Say), binneyana (Morse),

diegoensis (Hemphill), shepardi (Hemphill), and chersinella

(Dall),—this last perhaps only doubtfully a Polita,—no special

keenness of discrimination seems required, but the remaining

species have given a little more trouble. I would not have

been surprised to find the Sierran whitneyi (Newcomb) fairly

near, but this is said to be ‘‘ smoky horn color’’ and to have a

wide ‘‘ perspective umbilicus’’ similar to that of Gonyodiscus

striatellus. From the little P. johnsoni (Dall) of the Puget

Sound region, our specimens differ both in their immensely

larger size and their perforate umbilicus. Subrupicola (Dall)

and the similar spelaea (Dall) are also possible near relations,

but throughout are compared by their author to indentata,

to which they are said to be ‘‘ precisely similar’ in umbilical

characters, a statement which could hardly be made of the

present species.

The station of P. gabrielina is peculiar, as the species has thus

far been discovered only among loosely piled debris in quite dry

situations; altogether different from those sought by most other

Southern California mountain snails, and no other mollusks

have yet been noted in association with it. Fora Polita itisa

very pretty species, its pale hue and waxen polish adding much

to its attractiveness.

THE NAUTILUS. 133

A NEW ALASKAN PUNCTURELLA

BY WM. H. DALL

PUNCTURELLA EYERDAMI, new species.

Shell small, conic, elevated, whitish, the apex recurved with

the foramen somewhat in front of it; apart from the apical

curve the anterior and posterior slopes are about equal, the

anterior slightly convex, the posterior straight; from the apex

radiate faintly elevated lines to the basal margin which they do

not crenulate; between these are numerous radiating rows of

minute punctures, which in combination with the moderately

conspicuous incremental rugosities give the surface a sagrinate

appearance under the lens. The basal outline is evenly oval,

the interior polished white, the septum reaching about one

third of the way toward the base, without props. Length, 8;

height, 5.5; diameter, 6 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. No.

360136.

Drier Bay, off Knight Island, Prince William Sound, Alaska.

Walter Eyerdam.

No other punctate species is known from the coast, and this

one cannot be mistaken for any other West American form

if closely examined.

ON TRIODOPS1IS HARFORDIANA W. G. B.

BY H. A. PILSBRY

‘ Triodopsis harfordiana J. G. Cooper’’ was described and

figured by W. G. Binney in Terrestrial Mollusks vol. v, 1878,

p. 309, fig. 203. He thought that the species was the same de-

scribed by J. G. Cooper in 1870 as Dedalochila harfordiana, to

which he incorrectly refers as ‘‘ Helix harfordiana J. G. Cooper.’’

In Man. Amer. Land Shells, 1885, p. 114, Binney sub-

stituted new figures, drawn from Cooper’s type specimen, but

reprinted his own former description. Here he called the

species Polygyra harfordiana J. G. Cooper, and repeated the

earlier erroneous reference to Cooper’s description. On page

119 he reprinted his 1878 figures of ‘‘Triodopsis harfordiana’’

134 THE NAUTILUS.

as one of the (nameless) forms of Mesodon devius. This

amounted to refering his description to one species, his figures of

the same specimen to another. In 1886, Bull. M. C. Z. XIII,

No. 2, p. 37, Binney reclaimed Triodopsis harfordiana as a dis-

tinct species, giving new description and figures.

Recognizing the distinctness of the two shells named harfordi-

ana by Cooper and by Binney, Tryon in September, 1887

(Man. of Conch. III, p. 146), proposed the new name Helix

salmonensis for Triodopsis harfordiana W. G. Binney.

Still later, C. F. Ancey proposed the new name Helix commu-

tanda for Binney’s T. harfordiana (Conchol. Exch. II, Decem-

ber, 1887, p. 79).

The synonymy of these species will therefore stand thus:

POLYGYRELLA (POLYGYROIDEA) HARFORDIANA (J. G. Cooper).

Dedalochila harfordiana J. G. Cooper, Amer. Journ. Conch.

Vp. 196, pli 17, fic. 3.

Helix harfordiana J. G. C., Tryon, Man. Conch. III, 1887, p.

130, pl. 27, figs. 55-57.

Polygyra harfordiana J. G. C., W. G. Binney, Man. Amer.

Land Shells, 1885, p. 114, fig. 81, not the description.

Helix (Polygyrella) harfordiana Cooper, Pilsbry, Proc. A. N.

S. Phila., 1890, p. 200, pl. 5, figs. 12, 18, 14. Also reprinted in

Nautitus V, 1891, p. 40.

Polygyrella harfordiana (J. G. Cooper), Pilsbry, Man. Conch.

IX, p. 80

Big Trees, Fresno Co., California, at 6500 feet elevation, W.

G. W. Harford.

The unique type of this snail has been figured by the writer.

It has been referred to Polygyrella, but while it agrees with that

genus in texture, general form and unexpanded lip, it differs by

lacking internal teeth, and by having a tridentate aperture.

The new subgenus Polygyroidea is here proposed for it.

This is one of the rarest Californian land shells. 1t does not

appear to have been collected since the original find.

PoLyeyra (TRIODOPSIS) SALMONENSIS (Tryon)

Triodopsis harfordiana J. G. Cooper, W. G. Binney, Terr.

Moll. V, 1778, p. 309, fig. 203 (not Dedalochila harfordiana J.

G. Cooper).

Polygyra harfordiana J. G. Cooper, W. G. Binney, Man.

THE NAUTILUS. 135

Amer. Land Shells, 1885, p. 114, description only; not the fig-

ures.

Mesodon devius var. W. G. B., op. cit., p. 119, fig. 88.

Triodopsis harfordiana W. G. Binney, Bull. M. C. Z. XIII, pt.

Zapato. 1, figs.-6, 7.

a salmonensis Tryon, Man. of Conch. III, p. 147 (Sept. 2,

1887).

Helix commutanda Ancey. Conchologists’ Exchange, II, p.

79 (December, 1887).

Salmon River Mountains, Idaho, collected by Henry Hemp-

hill.

Binney’s figured holotype is no. 11116 A. N.S. P. This

specimen becomes also type of salmonensis and commutanda.

Tryon also proposed the new name Helix binominata for Trio-

dopsis hemphili W. G. Binney; but as the latter was not a

homonym, as he supposed, that change was superfluous.

INTERESTING FACTS IN THE HISTORY OF UNIO ORBICULATUS

HILDRETH AND U. ABRUPTUS SAY

BY L. S. FRIERSON

Under the name of Unio orbiculatus Hildreth Dr. R. E. Call

minutely described the Unio abruptus Say in the Mollusca of

Indiana (1900), and figured the latter on plate 50 of the same

work. Dr. Call observed (Ibid., p. 493), that Hildreth and

the ‘‘ earlier naturalists’’ seemed to have considered his species

as closely akin to the short and thick variety of the Unio liga-

mentinus Lamarck found in the Ohio.

Notwithstanding that perhaps almost every student of the

North American naiades would agree with the above, there are

involved in it no less than three separate errors. Firstly, Hil-

dreth knew nothing of the Unio crassus Say, but only knew the

quite different conception of ‘‘crassus’’? had by Mr. Barnes !

Secondly, the ‘‘ earlier naturalists’? did not consider Hildreth’s

species as being at all closely related to either the crassus of Say

nor to that of Barnes!

With one accord, Say, Conrad, Ferussac (and other lesser

lights), placed Hildreth’s species in the synonymy of the Unio

-subrotunda Rafinesque. Dr. Lea, who was ever on the alert to

136 THE NAUTILUS.

save his own names, rescued his name of Unio circulus by plac-

ing Hildreth’s orbiculatus in the synonymy of the closely allied

Unio torsus Rafinesque, in his first list of American Unio (1829).

But Say died in 1834, and two years later Dr. Lea issued his

first Synopsis of the Naiades (1836), and in this work he

changed his placement of Hildreth’s species, giving it as the

antecedent of Unio abruptus Say.

Because of the absence of Say, and the practical inaccessibil-

ity of Hildreth’s description, the last, but by no means the best,

guess of Lea has been accepted ever since.

In the work cited of Call (p. 493) the description given

by Hildreth was said to be ‘‘repeated’’, but by some miscue,

perhaps the most important portions of the original were omit-

ted in the reprint !

The writer will not undertake to copy Hildreth’s description,

since the greater part of it applies as well to any Unio, but will

merely cite a few of the original criteria, showing how impos-

sible its identification as being the Unio abruptus Say is. Since

Hildreth (in common with Barnes and others) mistook the

‘‘anterior for the posterior’’, such portions of his observations

as embrace this conception will be changed to suit modern

usage.

‘Shell nearly round; inflated; length 2.5, altitude 2.5,

diameter 1.75.’? The critical student will note that the above

corresponds exactly with some specimens of the (‘‘ U. torsus’’),

modern Obovaria retusa Lamarck, but absolutely not with any

Unio abruptus Say thus far recorded !

‘Posterior lunule broad heart shaped’’. Here again we

have a feature often to be seen in the retusa, but a ‘‘ broad heart

shaped’’ posterior view of the abruptus has yet to be seen. It

might be well to note also, that the above observation carries

with it the implicit statement, that the beaks of the species are

‘*incurved’’—a feature often seen in retusa but scarcely in

the other.

‘‘ Beaks somewhat prominent; projecting forward’’. It is

scarcely worth while calling the attention of the reader to

the direction in which the above observation leans.

‘Cardinal teeth elevated, angulated, deeply sulcated’’. As

THE NAUTILUS. 137

to the cardinal teeth of ‘‘ abruptus’’, Call himself (ibid. page

492) writes that they are ‘‘nearly smooth’’, in which he is

correct. Those of the ‘‘retusa’’, the reader may prove by

inspection of several, are in fact, remarkably ‘‘ sulcated ’’.

‘‘Nacre flesh color, and very iridescent with purple and

violet’’. Such coloring in the abruptus has never been seen by

the writer, but applies very well to some specimens of the

retusa. The nacre of the latter is generally said to be ‘‘ deep

purple’’, but it is sometimes white, and sometimes with a blush

of pink; especially when young.

An attentive reading of Hildreth’s description will show that

his shell was correctly placed by the earlier naturalists—for it

must be remembered that the several species called subrotunda,

torsus etc., might have been lumped together by them. Say at

any rate never mentioned the torsus or retusa in any of his writ-

ings.

Whether Hildreth’s species be the swbhrotwnda or the retusa is

merely of academic interest; the facts which interest us being

that it is absolutely not Say’s species, Unio abruptus; and the

latter name, after resting in the synonymy for almost a hundred

years, must be used as the valid name of what has been incor-

rectly called Unio orbiculatus Hildreth.

GAYLE, LovIsIANA.

NOTES ON THE ANATOMY AND TAXONOMY OF CERTAIN LAMPSILINAE

FROM THE GULF DRAINAGE

BY A. E. ORTMANN, PH. D.

(Continued from page 105)

8. MicROMYA VANUXEMENSIS UMBRANS (Lea) (1857).

See: Lampsilis propria and umbrans=vanuxemensis, Simpson,

1914, p. 105 and 103.

E. vanuxemensis, of the Cumberland-Tennessee-system, has

also been reported from the upper Coosa drainage. The follow-

ing accepted synonyms are from this region.

U. umbrans (=umbrosus), Lea, 1857. A typical female in

shape, with dark brown epidermis and dark purple nacre.—

Othcalooga Creek, Gordon Co., Ga.

138 THE NAUTILUS.

U. tenebricus Lea, 1857. The figure represents a male, with

dark brown epidermis and purple or salmon nacre.—Etowah

River, Ga.

U. fabaceus Lea, 1861. A male, not full grown. Epidermis

dark brown, nacre purplish and salmon near the margin.—

Oostanaula River, Ga.

Another, very closely allied form, has been reported from

this region: U. proprius Lea (1865). Simpson (p. 104) sus-

pects that it may be only a smaller and paler form of vanuze-

mensis. It originally comes from Lafayette, Walker Co., Ga.

(headwaters of Chattooga River). But, remarkably enough,

Simpson gives it also from Clinch River, Va. Now, in the

upper Tennessee region, oceasional specimens of vanuxemensis

turn up which are lighter in color of the epidermis and nacre,

and, if they are also small, they would very well agree with

proprius. But in this region, they form only an individual var-

lation, and a very rare one.

In the Coosa drainage, specimens with lighter color of epider-

mis and nacre prevail, as is shown by the rich material from

this region before me. But they are by no means smaller than

the normal vanuxemensis. There are specimens fully as large as

the general run of vanuaemensis in the upper Tennessee, al-

though, exactly as in the latter, they seem to remain uniformly

smaller in certain creeks. On the other hand, with regard

to the color of the epidermis and nacre, there are, in the Coosa

drainage, specimens fully as dark as the normal vanuxemensis,

but such specimens are rare, and, if found, are mostly associ-

ated with lighter ones. From many places, only the light form

is at hand. As a rule, old and worn specimens are the ones

which incline toward the darker tints. Thus we have the

following conditions: in the Tennessee-drainage, there is a dark

form, the typical vanwxemensis, which rarely shows an inclina-

tion to become lighter; in the Coosa drainage, there is a light

form, which sometimes shows an inclination to become darker.

The light shells from the Tennessee cannot be distinguished

from the normal Coosa-form; and the dark shells of the latter

cannot be told apart from the normal Tennessee-form. These

are exactly the conditions which are required for the separation

of these forms as varieties of one species.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

The normal form of the Coosa has been called U. proprius Lea

(1865). However, also wmbrans, tenebricus, and fabaceus belong

to this stock, the oldest name being wmbrans Lea (1857)

(has only page precedence over tenebricus). Unfortunately, this

name, founded upon two females only, stands for the dark

phase of the Coosa-form, and the same is true also for tenebricus

and fabaceus. But they cannot be separated upon this ground

from the lighter form (proprius); they are simply individual

variations of it.

I have two males from Othcalooga Creek, which are topotypes

of umbrans, and they have the epidermis olive-brown near

the beaks, but lighter (light brown) upon the sides. In the

larger, the nacre has that beautiful, characteristic salmon

tint of the Coosa-form; the smaller is pale salmon inside, whit-

ish on the margin. Already Lea says, that there isa ‘‘dis-

position to yellowness’’ on the sides. Thus I have no doubt

that he had only two unusually dark specimens before him.

The name of the Coosa-form should be: Micromya vanuxemen-

sis umbrans (Lea) (1857), with the synonyms: U. tenebricus

Lea (1857); U. falaceus (1861); U. proprius Lea (1865).

I have investigated the anatomy of the following material.

Conasauga River, Conasauga, Polk Co., Tenn.—1 barren,

2 gravid females (with glochidia), A. E. Ortmann coll., May

24, 1915,

Shoal Creek, St. Clair Co., Ala.—1 male, 2 gravid females

(with glochidia), H. H. Smith coll., Oct., 1914.

Morgan Creek, Shelby Co., Ala.—5 males, 2 barren females,

H. H. Smith coll., July 3, 1914.

The structure of the soft parts is absolutely identical with

that of the typical vanuxemensis (see: Ann. Carn. Mus, 8, 1912,

p. 342; Navur. 1915, p. 65; 34, 1921, p. 91). Also here

the glochidia vary a little in size: L. 0.21 to 0.23, H. 0.27

to 0.30 mm.

Attention should again be directed to the geographical distri-

bution. This species is found, first, in the Cumberland-Ten-

nessee drainages; then there is an Alabama-form closely allied

to it, so that it can be separated only as a variety, indicating

that it must have reached the Coosa-drainage by crossing over

140 THE NAUTILUS.

from the Tennessee. The complete absence of this type of shell

from the Mississippi valley, the coastal plain, and the lower

parts of the Alabama-system, renders the idea impossible that it

might have come from those parts, migrating from West to

Kast.

9. MicRoMYA LIENOSA CONCESTATOR (Lea) (1857).

See: Simpson, 1914, p. 100 and 102.

Simpson admits the close affnity of concestator to lienosa, and

says that lienosa differs in being larger and solider, in being

darker and not quite so shining. It is said to be found from

the Mississippi and lower Ohio drainage to southwestern

Georgia, with the type-locality in southern Alabama, while

concestator is said to be distributed from North Carolina to

Louisiana, and possibly Texas. M. lienosa thus would be more

western and northern, M. concestator more southern and eastern,

the two forms overlapping in the Gulf drainage.

Examining my material, which comes from nearly the whole

range of these two forms (Ga., Ala., Miss., La., Ark., Ky., and

Ind.) I am able to verify these differences at least to a certain

degree, but surely size and solidity do not hold good. Speci-

mens from the West, indeed, generally are rather black in color,

but I observe the same color in specimens from the Chocta-

whatchee drainage in southeastern Alabama and from the

Chattahoochee in Georgia. Individuals with more brownish

epidermis, and then often with more distinct rays, it is true, are

more abundant towards the East, but in Alabama they are often

associated with and grade into more blackish forms, so that no

sharp line can be drawn.

These conditions make it impossible to distinguish the two

forms as species. The best we can do is to separate them as var-

deties, and to call the more eastern, brownish form: MZicromya

lienosa concestator. But we must remember that there will

be cases where it is hard to decide to which form a particular

specimen may belong.

Among a number of specimens received from the Alabama

Museum and labeled by Walker, it is very evident that this

difficulty was encountered. Of specimens labeled concestator, I

have soft parts from the following localities.

THE NAUTILUS, 141

Choctawhatchee River, Blue Springs, Barbour Co., Ala.—

2 males, H. H. Smith coll., May 11, 1915.

East Choctawhatchee River, Dale Co., Ala.—1 male, 1 gravid

female (glochidia), J. A. Burke coll., Nov., 1915.

The anatomical structure of these is identical with that of M.

lienosa as described previously (Ann. Carnegie Mus. 8, 1912, p.

340, and Naut. 30, 1916, p. 55). Also the glochidia are

of the same shape and size (see: ibid. 1912, pl. 20, f. 5).

10. LAMPSILIS CLAIBORNENSIS OBTUSA (Lea) (1840). (Syn-

onym of L. claibornensis, according to Simpson, 1914, p. 70).

From the Choctawhatchee drainage I have 5 shells labeled

Lampsilis obtusa by Walker. They fully agree with Lea’s

description of this form, and H. H. Smith remarks: ‘‘ Simpson

makes this a synonym of claibornensis: I should call it a good

‘subspecies anyway’’.

These specimens differ from claibornensis in having a more

delicate shell and the color of the posterior slope, which is dark

brown (or dark greenish in young shells), contrasting with the

yellowish of the rest, and produced by the confluence of the in-

distinct rays. This form might be, indeed, a local race of clai-

bornensis, belonging to the Choctawhatchee and Chattahoochee

Rivers, or even a species taking its place in these parts; the

final decision depends, however, on the investigation of more

material.

The affinity of this form to claibornensis is clearly shown

in its anatomy. I have received the following soft parts.

Choctawhatchee River, Blue Springs, Barbour Co., Ala.—

1 gravid female (with glochidia) (without the shell), H. H.

Smith coll., May 11, 1915.

Pea River, 4 miles N. of Elamville, Barbour Co., Ala.—

2 young males (shells and soft parts) J. A. Burke coll., Nov.,

1915.

The gravid female has the anatomy agreeing with that of L.

claibornensis (and that of ZL. siliquoidea, for that matter) (see:

Ann. Carn. Mus. 8, 1912, pp. 348, 349). The ‘‘large dark

papillae below the branchial opening ’’, described by Lea (1863,

p. 406) for obtusus, undoubtedly refers to the ‘‘flap’’, the pro-

jecting anterior portion of the inner edge of the mantle in front

142 THE NAUTILUS.

of the branchial. The glochidia have also been described

and figured by Lea (1858, p. 46, pl. 5, f£. 1), and their meas-

urements given as: L. 0.192, H. 0.256. I found them to agree

with those of claibornensis: L. 0.21, H. 0.27 mm.

11. LampsILis Excavata (Lea) (1857).

See: Simpson, 1914, p. 41.

When I described the anatomy of this species (Ann. Carn.

Mus. 8, 1912, p. 352), I did not have any females. The

glochidia were known then from the description and figure

given by Lea (1874, pl. 21, f. 6). I have now the following

soft parts.

Forks of the Black Warrior River, Walker Co., Ala.—

1 gravid female, H. H. Smith coll., Oct. 15, 1912.

This female shows the mantle flap developed exactly as

in L. ovata (Say) (and related forms); posteriorly, it is lamel-

lar with almost smooth edge (only with traces of crenulations);

anteriorly, it projects in the shape of a lacerated lobe. On the

inside, there is a black-brown streak.

The glochidia are subovate, of the same shape as in L. ovata,

L. 0.20 to 0.21, H. 0.24 to 0.25 mm. This differs from

the dimensions given by me previously for Z. ovata and L.

ovata ventricosa (as: L. 0.24 to 25, H. 0.28 to 0.29). These

latter dimensions, however, are a mistake. Subsequent measure-

ments of my old material have shown that the figures are

the same as in L. excavata. Also the glochidia of L. ovata satura,

L. 0.22, H. 0.25 (Naur. 30, 1916, p. 56) agree with these.

Already Surber (Bur. Fisher, doc. no. 771, 1912, p. 9) has

correctly given the dimensions of the glochidia of L. ovata ven-

tricosa as: 0.205 * 0.255, and of LZ. satura (ibid. no. 813, 1915,

p. 6) as: 0.205 x 0.245 mm.

12. LAMPSILIS CLARKIANA (Lea) (1852).

Synonyms: Unio clarkianus Lea (1852); U. spilmani Lea (1861) ;

U. gerhardti Lea (1862). (Simpson, 1914, pp. 53, 54, makes

the first two synonyns, while he has the third as a separate

species ).

The type-locality of U. clarkianus is said to be Williamsport,

Maury Co., Tenn. (on Duck River), but there is no doubt that

THE NAUTILUS. 143

this is a mistake. Lea gives also: Georgia or Alabama, and

Simpson specifies: Cahaba and Black Warrior Rivers, Ala.

U. spillmani is from ‘‘ Luxpalila Creek’? (=Lookapallila

or Floating Turtle Creek), near Columbus, Lowndes Co., Miss.

(Tombigbee drainage), and U. gerhardti is given from ‘‘ Chatta-

nooga, Ga.’’, which probably means Chattooga River, Ga.

(trib. to Coosa). In addition, Simpson gives for this: Shorter,

Macon Co., Ala. (Tallapoosa drainage). Thus these forms

seem to be widely distributed over the Tombigbee-Alabama

system.

All these forms resemble each other in general shape, and

differ only in color of epidermis and nacre. Simpson has

already united the first two; but I have no doubt that also

gerhardti is the same shell. This differs only by the generally

lighter, yellowish, color of the epidermis, with poorly developed

rays, while the others are yellowish, brownish or blackish, with

or without rays. A specimen collected by myself in Chattooga

River is to be regarded as a topotype of gerhardti, and closely re-

sembles this form. But I cannot sharply distinguish it from

others before me, which resemble the darker clarkianus-type,

because there are all transitions.

This species is analogous to LZ. ovata ventricosa (Barnes) of

the interior basin. The color of the epidermis varies a good

deal, from yellowish (chiefly in younger shells) to brownish.

sometimes quite dark brown. Rays may be absent or present,

narrower or wider. The nacre is whitish, often tinted salmon

in the cavity. It is a rather compressed shell, and resembles,

in shape, the male of L. ovata ventricosa, but is slightly more

elongated. The greatest difference from the latter, however, is

found in the postbasal expansion of the female, which, in

clarkiana, is much less developed, and situated more anteriorly,

so that the female shell is not subtruncated posteriorly, but

produced into a point. The male and female shells are com-

paratively little differentiated, so that it is hard to tell them

apart; there is a gentle projection in the postbasal region of the

female, but this does not reach, by any means, the proportions

seen in ventricosa.

I have the following material:

144 THE NAUTILUS.

Conasauga River, Conasauga, Polk Co., Tenn.—1 female,

with soft parts, coll. by myself, May 24, 1915.

Chattooga River, Trion, Chattooga Co., Ga.—1 gravid female

(with eggs), coll. by myself, May 19, 1915.

Beaver Creek, St. Clair Co., Ala.—1 specimen, probably

male, H. H. Smith coll. (identified by Walker as clarkiana).

Coosa River, Coosa Valley, St. Clair Co., Ala.—1 spec.,

young, H. H. Smith coll. (identified by Walker as clarkiana).

Choccolocco Creek, Jackson Shoals, Talladega Co., Ala.—

1 spec., young, H. H. Smith coll. (identified by Walker as

clarkiana).

Talladega, Talladega Co., Ala.—1 spec., probably male,

Hartman collection (originally labeled spillmani).

Sipsey River, Elrod, Tuscaloosa Co., Ala.—2 spec., probably

females, H. H. Smith coll. (labeled by Walker clarkiana).

Buttahatchee River, Hamilton, Marion Co., Ala.—7 spec.,

at least 2 females among them, H. H. Smith coll. (labeled by

Walker clarkiana).

It should be noted that all specimens from the Tombigbee

drainage have more brownish epidermis (lighter or darker),

while yellowish epidermis prevails in shells from the Coosa

system, yet a few of the latter are also brownish.

Of the two females I collected with soft parts, the one taken

on May 19 in Chattooga River has eggs, but not glochidia.

This would indicate the beginning of the breeding season in

the spring, and is entirely abnormal. But it is known that also

in other cases the breeding season becomes irregular in the

southern states.

The anatomy agrees with that of L. ovata ventricosa, excavata,

and related forms. The mantle flap is similar to that of these

forms, with a free lobe anteriorly, not very distinct in my spec-

imens, since it is contracted by the action of the alcohol, but

several large teeth or lacerations are seen. The edge of the pos-

terior part of the flap is nearly smooth, with a few indistinct

crenulations. Also the color on the inside is normal: brownish,

with a black longitudinal streak, but, on account of the con-

tracted condition, I cannot recognize that peculiar eye-spot.

There is no question that this species belongs in the ovata-

group of Lampsilis.