THE
NAUTILUS
A QUARTERLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS
VOL. XLI
JULY, 1927, to APRIL, 1928
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS
HENRY A. PILSBRY
Curator of the Department or Mollusca and Marine Invertebrates,
Academy of Natural Sciences
Philadelphia
CHARLES W. JOHNSON
Curator of Insecta and Mollusiia, Boston Society of Natural History
Boston
CONTENTS
OF
THE NAUTILUS, XLl.
Acanthochites matthewsi 105
Acmaea alveus Conrad 112
Acmaea fergusoni Wheat Ill
Acmaea testudinalis Miiller 110
Alvania almo and A. winslowae 141
Ampullaria orbata Perry 64
Anciilosa carinata Brug 60
Ancylodoris baicalensis Dyb 42
Ancylus sibericus Gerst 41
Anodonta oregonensis Lea 76
Baicalia flori Dyb 41
Bassethullia Pils n. n 105
Benedictia baicalensis Gerst. and B. fragilis Dyb 41
Boston Malacological Club 27
Brazilian Snails 124
Bulimulus (Scutalus) felipponei von Iher. n. sp 95
Bulinus, teeth of 139
Campeloma, sinistral 106
Ceratodiscus, notes on the genus 62
Conus aurora Lamarck 43
Correspondence ., 70
Dall, William Healey (obituary) 1
Ball, W. H. Memorial Resolution 81
Diaphana Guppy 22
Discostrobilops Pils 102
Donax fossor Say 140
Donax variabilis Say 10, 140
Elliptio haricotti Frierson 139
Elliptio sajensis Frierson 139
Euhadra sandai okanoi Pils & Ckll. n. subsp 64
Eulota asiatica Dyb 42
(iii)
33191
iv THE NAUTILUS
Eulota (Karof tohelix) f iscina Fulton, Saghalien 37
Eustreptosyla Baker n. subgen 21
Eutrochatella chrysochasma mendozana Pils. n. subsp. 79
Fauxulus burnupianus Pils. n. sp 108
Fitzia Guppy 22
Florida, landshells of 142
Genotypes, on the designation of 97
Georissa stirata Pse. at Rarotonga, Cooks Isl 32
Glyphyalinia burringtoni Pils., n. sp 83
Glyptelasma Iredale & Hull 105
Goniobasis auricoma Lea 60
Goniobasis ebenum Lea 58
Goniobasis germana Lea 59
Goniobasis hydei Con 58
Goniobasis informis 60
Goniobasis lawrenci Lea 62
Goniobasis pilsbryi Goodrich, n. n 58
Goniobasis plicifera Lea 75
Goniobasis silicula Gould 75
Goniobasis sordida incurta Anth 59
Goniobasis stewardsoniana Lea 59
Gonyodiscus macclintocki Baker 133
Haliotis cracherodii imperforata Dall 35
Helices in California 77
Helicinidae, Guppy's groups of 22
Helisoma campanulata michiganensis Baker n. var. ... 49
Helix aspersa in New Orleans 139
Helix nemoralis in Massachusetts, further notes on . . . 47
Helix pisana in California 32
Helix vermiculata in New Orleans 139
Helminthoglypta sequoia Pils. n. sp 81
Helminthoglypta traski phlyctaena Bartsch 77
Helminthoglypta traski proles Bartsch 78
Helminthoglypta traski Newcomb, at Fort Tejon, Calif. 32
Helminthoglypta umbilicata cayucosensis Pils 78
Holospira cockerelli, note on a double mouthed 94
Humboldtiana ferrisiana Pils. n. sp 82
Illinois Pleistocene mollusks 132
lo rota Reeve 57
Ischnochiton 105
Isoltia Guppy 22
Krebsia Guppy 22
Lampsilis rafinesqueana Frierson 138
Lampsilis streckeri Frierson 139
Lampsilis wrightianus Frierson 139
THE NAUTILUS V
Lauria fasciolata Morelet 108
Limax flavus in Alabama 142
Lithasia fuliginosa Lea 60
Lithasia nuclea Lea 58
Lithasia ovata Say 58, 60
Lithasia showalteri Lea 58
Lithasia verrucosa Raf 59
Lymnaea (Galba) hedleyi Baker 23
Lymnaea stagnahs appressa Say, the fertilization of. . 103
Lymnaea stagnalis occidentalis Baker 76
Lymnaea, teeth of 139
Margaritana margaritifera form falcata Gould 88
Margaritifera vs. Margaritana 91
Marine Mollusks of Cape May County, New Jersey, a
quantitative study of the 8
Melania abbreviata Anth 60
Melania aequalis Hald 60
Melania alexandrensis Lea 61
Melania bitaeniata Conr 58
Melania brevis Lea 58
Melania compacta Anth 58
Melania densa Anth 61
Melania depygis Say 61
Melania gibbosa Lea 60
Melania grisea Anth 61
Melania haleiana Lea 61
Melania latitans Anth 58
Melania livida Reeve 61
Melania nickliniana Lea 60
Melania opaca Anth 59
Melania planospira Anth 58
Melania procissa Anth 59
Melania showalteri Lea 58
Melania strigosa Lea 58
Melania tabulata Anth 58
Melania torta Lea 58
Microcystis vinosa and M. conula Pse. at Rarotonga,
Cook's Isl 32
Mighels, Jesse Wedgwood 65
Mollusca, some South Dakota 19
Mollusca of South Dakota, additional records 92
Mollusca of Lake Baikal 40
Mollusks of Volusia County, Florida, non-marine.... 51
Monadenia fldelis Gray 74
Monadenia mormonum loweana 79
VI THE NAUTILUS
Mytilus calif ornianus, the growth of the mussel 99
Nadeau Lake, Fort Fairfield, Maine 84
Notes and News 32, 70, 106
Omphalotropis variabilis Pse. at Ratotonga, Cook's Is.. 32
Opeas opararum Pfr. at Rarotonga, Cook's Is 32
Oreohelix strigosa depressa Ckll 88
Ostrea californica Marcou, notes on 45
Oyster drill 140
Oysters, the noisy 71
Pachymelania aurita Miill 57
Parabithynia Pils. n. n 108
Paranerita Annandale 108
Pecten (Patinopecten) lohri Hertlein n. n 93
Permochiton australianus 105
Petrarca 108
Pila orbata Perry 64
Planogyra asteriscus Morse 122
Planorbis binneyi Tryon 76
Planorbis cristata Linn 85
Pleurobema aldrichi P'rierson 139
Pleurobema fictum Frierson 139
Pleurobema marshalli Frierson 139
Pleurocera acuta Raf 61, 62
Pleurocerids, some misplaced 57
Polita lucida Drap. in Philadelphia, Pa 32
Polygyra auriculata Say, a synonym of 70
Polygyra multilineata wanlessi Baker 132
Polygyra townsendiana brunnea Van 74
Polynesian snails, records of 32
Pomacea Perry, on 63
Pomacea maculata Perry 64
Prosopeas javanieum Reeve, at Apia, Samoa Is 32
Publications received 34, 71, 102
Pupillidae 108
Rumina decollata L 139
Sars, Georg Ossian (obituary) 31
Schrammia Guppy 22
Senilauria Pils. n. n. for Petrarca 108
Soap Lake, Washington 118
Somatogyrus tryoni Pils. & Baker n. sp 24
Sphaerium notatum Sterki, n. sp 55
Strophocheilus felipponei von Ihering 95
Streptostyla Shuttleworth, the type of 21
Succinea retusa f ultonensis Baker 136
Subulina octona at Apia, Samoa Is 32
THE NAUTILUS Vll
Symbiosis in a undescribed Bermudian nudibranch . . 28
Thais floridana Conr 141
Thais floridana haysae Clench, subsp. n 6
Thais lamellosa Gmel 106
Thyasira bisecta Con. and disjuncta Gabb 129
Trypanostoma lyonii Lea 58
Trypanostoma tennesseense Lea 59
Turritella sargeanti Anderson and Hanna 36
Turritella socordia Hanna 36
Unio dombeyana Val 131
Urichia Guppy 23
Urocoptis mendozana Pils., n. sp 80
Urocoptis monelasmus Pils., n. sp 80
Urocoptis vignalensis Pfr 80
Valvata lewisii Currier 85
Valvata lewisii precursor Baker 136
Vermont shells 108
Venus mercenaria var. notata Say 120
Verrill A. E. (portrait) 1
Vertigo gouldii loessensis Baker 135
Volvulus Oken, type V. bidens 108
Vortex Oken, type V. caracolus Montf 108
Weller, Professor Stuart 137
INDEX TO AUTHORS
Baker, Frank C 23, 24, 49, 108, 132
Baker, H. Burrington 21, 22, 122, 124
Bartsch, Paul 141
Cawston, F. G 141
Clench, William J 6, 70, 120
Cockerell, T. D. A 40, 64
Frierson, L. S 139
Gay, Clementine M ; 31
Goodrich, Calvin 57
Hand, E. E. 106
Hanna, G. Dallas 32, 45
Henderson, Junius 19, 73, 85, 91, 118, 141, 143
Hertlein, Leo G 45, 93
Ihering, H. von 95
Johnson, C. W 47, 65. 71, 109, 137, 140
Langford, Daniel B 37
Lindholm, W. A 94
Lowe, Herbert N 79
Viii THE NAUTILUS
Meyer, Emmett 107
Nylander, Olof 0 84
Over, W. H 92
Pilsbry, H. A. .1,24, 32, 62, 64, 70, 72, 79, 81, 103, 105, 108
Richards, Oscar W 99
Smith, Maxwell 51
Spence, Geo. C 94
Sterki V 55
Tegland, Nellie May 129
Tomlin J. R. Le B 43
Viosca, Jr., Percy 139
Vanatta, E. G 32, 34, 142
Walker, Bryant 131, 143
White, C. E 31
Willard, Theodora 30
Winslow, Mina L 43
Wood, Albert Elmer 8
Wood, 2nd, Horace Elmer 8
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The Nautilus.
Vol. XLI JULY, 1927. No. 1
WILLIAM HEALEY DALL
By the death of Dr. Dall on March 27, 1927, American
conchology has lost its most eminent representative.
W. H. Dall was born in Boston, Mass., August 21, 1845.
His father was a missionary of the Unitarian Church to
India. Educated in the public schools of Boston, Dall
afterward studied under Louis Agassiz at Harvard.
"Dall, in common with most naturalists, developed an
interest in natural history when so young that he was un-
able to recall the date. The accident that led him to be-
come interested in shells was, he said, the possession when
a boy of twelve of a copy of Dr. Gould's 'Invertebrata of
Massachusetts'. Inspired by this work, and living near
Boston, he undertook to make a complete collection of the
shells of Massachusetts. Finding species that he was un-
able to name, he made bold to consult the author. Dr. Gould,
who gave him much sound advice, and whom Dall char-
acterized as 'one of the best and most lovable of men'.
"A little later, when employed in an office on the India
wharf in Boston, where he did boy's work for wages, he
kept a book in his desk and at odd times when unoccupied
with his regular task, copied scientific books which he then
thought he would never be able to buy.
"The next factor in shaping his zoological career was
work in the museum at Cambridge, where he fell under the
2 THE NAUTILUS
magnetic influence of Louis Agassiz. His third opportunity
occurred in Chicago at the time of the Civil War, when, hav-
ing failed to obtain a livelihood in Boston, he found em-
ployment in the Windy City. Although hard at work dur-
ing the day, he spent his evenings studying at the Chicago
Academy of Sciences.
"It was there that he met William Stimpson and Robert
Kennicott, both of whom became dear personal friends.
It was there also that he determined, in the event of a
choice of occupations, to accept irrespective of pay the one
that promised most in the way of opportunity for continu-
ing scientific studies. Acting on this resolve he more than
once declined offers of higher salary and undertook harder
work with less pay where there were better advantages
for study.
"In 1865 he visited Alaska as one of the scientific staff of
the Western Union International Telegraph Expedition,
and when his friend, Robert Kennicott, leader of the expedi-
tion, died on the ice of the Yukon, Dall, though only twenty-
one years old, was unanimously chosen to succeed him. In
1867 he explored and mapped the mighty Yukon River
from the coast up to Fort Yukon, then believed to be on or
near the international boundary. On his return he pub-
lished an illustrated volume on 'Alaska and its Resources',
(1870) comprising upwards of six hundred pages and a
map, which for many years remained the standard author-
ity on the territory. Professor Baird, appreciating his in-
dustry and talent, promptly took him into the fold of the
Smithsonian Institution, which except during absences on
field expeditions, continued to be his headquarters until his
recent fatal illness.
"From 1871 to 1874 Dall was captain of a Coast Survey
vessel and head of a scientific survey of the Aleutian Is-
lands and adjacent coasts, the results of which, with much
other material, were embodied in a quarto volume entitled
the 'Pacific Coast Pilot, Coasts and Islands of Alaska'
(1879), prepared jointly by himself and his associate,
Marcus Baker.
THE NAUTILUS 3
"From 1880 till his death he was an honorary curator in
the National Museum; from 1884 to 1925 he was paleontol-
ogist of the United States Geological Survey; from 1893
till 1927 he held the chair of invertebrate paleontology in
the Wagner Institute of Science ; and from 1899 to 1915 was
honorary curator of the Bishop Museum, Hawaii.
"He was the recipient of several medals and honorary
degrees, including that of LL.D." ^ He held honorary
membership in many societies, American and foreign. He
was President of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science in 1882 and 1885.
Ball's early work on mollusks was miainly published in
the American Journal of Conchology (Vols. 5 to 7), and
was based upon West Coast material. The papers on
limpets and Brachiopoda, among others, were generally
recognized as important, and gained for the young natural-
ist, who was still well under thirty, favorable standing in
the group of distinguished conchologists of that time, —
such men as Newcomb, Binney, Tryon, Cooper, Bland, Lea,
Prime, and others.
When the series of Proceedings of the U. S. National
Museum was begun in 1878, Ball became one of its chief
contributors. His first publication on Tertiary paleontol-
ogy was at this time. In 1881 his paper on chitons, making
Carpenter's genera valid, was published, and in 1883 an
important paper on Hemphill's collections of Florida
shells.
In 1886 and 1889 the Reports on the "Blake" Mollusca
came out (Bull. M. C. Z., Vols. 12 and 18). These classical
volumes show Ball's powers at their mature stage. They
are not only indispensible in the study of deep sea mollusks
and the conditions of their existence everywhere, but they
are still in constant use in dealing with shore forms of
tropical America.
From 1890 to 1903 Ball was engaged upon his magnum
opus, "Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida",
1 From C. Hart Merriam, Science, 1927, p. 346.
4 THE NAUTILUS
small quarto, 1654 pages and 60 plates, published in six
parts by the Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadel-
phia. Malacologists and paleontologists will probably
agree that this is the most important single work ever
issued in America on marine Mollusca, and at the same
time on American Tertiary paleontology. Its great influ-
ence upon the progress of paleontology will be obvious to
anyone familiar with literature of our Tertiary published
before and after Ball's work. The discussions on molluscan
taxonomy and nomeclature give these volumes a high value
to conchologists as well as to paleontologists everywhere —
far beyond the limits expressed in the modest title.
Ball's work on Tertiary Mollusca was continued in his
"Miocene of Astoria and Coos Bay, Oregon", 1909, the
"Monograph of the Molluscan Fauna of the Orthaulax
pugnax Zone", 1915, and numerous shorter papers.
In the years devoted to Tertiary paleontology Ball
elaborated his new classification of the Pelecypoda, based
chiefly upon the morphology of the hinge. It was outlined
in his article in Eastman's edition of Zittel's "Textbook",
1896, subsequently elaborated in various paleontological
papers and in a series of synopses of the classification of
families and of the American species of each, published in
"Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum", "Nautilus",
"Journal of Conchology" and some other serials. Those
who have gathered this series of about 20 papers into one
volume find it indispensible in dealing with our marine bi-
valves.
In land mollusks Ball's work was chiefly descriptive and
faunistic. His three papers on the Galapagos fauna form
practically a monograph. He published the first account of
the land shells of the United States-Mexican boundary
region, and many short papers descriptive of Mexican and
United States species.
"In 1899 Ball was one of the most eminent of the scien-
tific guests of the late E. H. Harriman on the famous and
unique Harriman Alaska Expedition. It is well within the
truth to say that in view of the vast amount of work done
THE NAUTILUS 5
by Dall during" his thirteen previous visits to Alaska and in
the preparation of his publications on the geography, geol-
ogy, meteorology, anthropology and natural history of the
territory, his knowledge was of the greatest service; while
his genial disposition and readiness to answer multitudes
of questions, both to individual members and at the evening
gatherings in the cabin, made him the most beloved member
of the expedition. To the series of thirteen volumes on the
results of the research work of the voyage, he contributed a
valued article on the 'Discovery and Exploration of Alaska'
and a beautiful and touching poem on the Innuit People." -
To the technical series he contributed the account of "Land
and Fresh Water Mollusks" (Harriman Alaska Expedition,
XIII, 1905; 171 pages, 2 plates), a summary of existing
knowledge of American mollusks north of parallel 49°.
This work covers territory quite inadequately treated of in
previous manuals, and is further useful for its copious
references and the revision of nomenclature of fresh water
families.
From his early days in California, over fifty years ago,
Dall kept up his interest in West Coast and Alaskan marine
mollusks; throughout the half century he remained the
chief authority on those faunas. He described a very large
number of species in many papers, finally (1921) publish-
ing a "Summary of the Marine Shellbearing Mollusks of
the Northwest Coast of America, from San Diego, Califor-
nia, to the Polar Sea". It had been hoped that he would
publish a monograph with figures and synonymy, a task
for which he was equipped by life-long familiarity with the
fauna.
In the space available it is possible to mention only Ball's
more extensive works. No small part of his time was given
up to correspondence. He was always ready to give the
benefit of his wide knowledge to earnest students, even to
beginners in science. Practically every conchologist in
America can testify to his generosity in the identification
2 C. Hart Merriam, Science, p. 347.
6 THE NAUTILUS
of material and in help with intricate questions of taxonomy
and nomenclature.
An excellent portrait was published in this journal for
May, 1915.
"It was the possession of such sterling qualities as intel-
lectual capacity, patience, industry and thirst for knowl-
edge, coupled with high ideals of integrity and obligation,
that enabled Dall to attain the position he so long held
among the eminent scientists of the world. The closing
words of his appreciation of his friend William Stimpson
may well be applied to himself : Those who had the privil-
ege of his companionship will carry an abiding memory
of his abilities as a naturalist and his noble and lovable
characteristics as a man'." ^
— H. A. P.
A NEW SUBSPECIES OF THAIS FROM LOUISIANA
WILLIAM J. CLENCH
Museum of Comparative Zoology
Thais floridana haysae, subsp. nov. Plate 1, fig. 1.
Shell large, acutely ovate, exterior color, a dull gray to
brownish gray, occasionally spotted with small, irregular
patches of bluish. Whorls convex, 6 to 7, regularly increas-
ing in size. Two rows of large, usually two- or three-ridged
blunt tubercles are produced on each whorl a little above
the middle. Proceeding toward the spire these tubercles
become two-ridged, finally becoming a series of single
knobs. (Holotype.) Spire acute, produced. Aperture
ovate to ovate-rounded, about half the total length of the
shell. Inner margin of the palatal lip strongly crenulate,
inner periphery of aperture pale orange to yellowish
orange, shading into light pink below. Canal slightly pro-
3 C. H. Merriam, Science, 1927, p. 347.
duced, curving upwards and backwards. Columella thick,
massive, slightly twisted, generally straight, sometimes
slightly convex. A well defined ridge extends from um-
bilical area to tip of canal. This is absorbed at the columel-
lar region and not continued as an axial lamella. Sculpture
of very fine flattened spiral ridges crossed by numerous
minute growth lines, the spiral sculpture, however, pre-
dominating. Suture exceedingly deep caused by an
evagination of the superior border of the palatal lip
adjacent to each whorl. Rarely this is closed by being
cemented along the upper portion of the ridge.
Type locality: Grand Bayou, Mississippi delta, Louisiana,
received from Miss Markley L. Hays.
Holotype: Museum of Comparative Zoology, No. 52203.
Paratypes: Museum of Comparative Zoology; Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Museum of Zoology,
University of Michigan.
L. 88; W. 55.51 Ap. L. 46; Ap. W.^ 20 mm. Holotype
52203.
L. 112.5; W. 56; Ap. L. 49; Ap. W.' 19 mm. Paratypes
52204.
L. 83; W. 51.5; Ap. L. 51; Ap. W.^ 19.5 mm. Paratypes
52204.
L. 83; W. 51; Ap. L. 49.5; Ap. W.^ 19.5 mm. Paratypes
52204.
Remarks: Miss Hays very kindly sent to me sixty-six
specimens of this subspecies from which the above descrip-
tion was made. The very large size, the production of the
large double row of tubercles, and the produced spire dif-
ferentiate this subspecies from T. floridana Conr.
Typical T. flo7'idana is rarely as large as this subspecies,
has a single row small tubercles, and a smaller aperture in
proportion to its size. Fig. 2, obtained from Beaufort,
North Carolina, represents a form of T. floridana in which
the tubercles are well developed. Material obtained south
of Beaufort shows a decrease in the size of the tubercles,
1 Measurements from inner border of columella to inner side of
outer lip.
S THIS NAUTILUS
and St. Augustine forms are almost cl6void of this char-
acter. The material from which Conrad described his
species probably came from the west coast of Florida in
the vicinity of Tampa. Forms of T. floridana from this
region differ from East Florida and Texas forms in being
slightly narrower.
The main characters of T. floridana haysae are very
constant, with the exception of the proportionate length of
the spire as exhibited by the type series. One specimen is
very much longer than any of the others (112.5 mm.),
though its other measurements are more or less consistent.
The two- and three-ridged tubercles are produced by an
increased size of the spiral ridges as they pass over these
formations.
Miss Hays reports that this form does considerable dam-
age to the oysters in the delta region and is known locally
as the "drill", a name applied as well to Urosalpinx
cinereus Say.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE MARINE MOLLUSKS OF
CAPE MAY COUNTY, NEW JERSEY
BY ALBERT ELMER WOOD AND HORACE ELMER WOOD 2ND
The plan of this paper was developed by the junior author
following a conversation with the late Professor Gilbert
Van Ingen of Princeton University on the need for an
ecological study of the South Jersey sounds facies before
the region was too thoroughly "improved" with summer re-
sorts. This region has not been studied ecologically. How-
ever, it does not differ fundamentally from the Wood's Hole
Region, which has been studied intensively; and scattered
work has been done as far south as Beesley's Point, the
extreme northern tip of Cape May County. Davenport's
*tm NAUl'lLtJS 8
classical study of the Cold Spring sand spit gives much the
closest analogy, in miniature, to Seven Mile Beach, a fairly
typical South Jersey barrier island. The inner harbor, cut
off by the sand spit from the outer harbor, makes a situa-
tion very similar to the sounds, separated from the ocean
by the island.
There are no pretensions to nev^ systematic data in this
paper, nor are the ecological results particularly striking.
The use of large enough numbers to give statistical validity
and the stratigraphic implications are perhaps more signifi-
cant. It seems possible that some such quantitative differ-
ences in the proportions of various forms or groups as are
recorded in table 1, may be found to hold good, in a gen-
eral way, throughout the Cenozoic, since most existing
molluscan genera go back about that far. Not only the
list of species present in a given formation, but also the
relative abundance of individuals of the various species
should be taken into account in determining what facies
is represented. Stratigraphers could make use of the data
of ecology, particularly quantitative ecology, to great ad-
vantage. This paper is only a suggestion as to the possi-
bility of deriving advantage from this line of attack, in
dealing with stratigraphic and paleogeographic problems.
Studies somewhat similar in subject matter are those of:
Allee (1923 a & b) , Davenport (1903), Packard (1918),
Sumner, Osborn and Cole (1911) and Verrill (1873). The
bearing of ecology on stratigraphy is implied by H. B.
Baker (1914) and emphasized by F. C. Baker (1922), both,
however, in relation to epicontinental forms. The import-
ance of quantitative ecology is emphasized by Forbes
(1907), Packard (1918) and Michael (1920). The closest
parallel to this paper is by Abrard (1924), in which he
undertook, with the tertiary stratigrapher in mind, a
qualitative study of variations in molluscan shells cast up
at intervals along the west coast of France, finding inter-
gradations between typical marine and estuarine faunules.
His point of view is very similar to this study, and there are
certain slight similarities in results.
10 THD NAUTILUS
The field work was done by the senior author with the
assistance of the junior author, Messrs. George Clark, John
Clark, and Blair Wood. The counts were made during the
summers of 1924 and 1926. All the localities selected were
those least "favored" by summer visitors, and the southern
end of Seven Mile Beach is almost unaffected by human
activities. The specific identifications should be accepted
with some slight reserve as the authors are not specialists
in this field, and the nomenclature is subject to the same
reservation. The scope of the study was limited to the area
between high and low water marks, although, obviously,
most of its moUusk shells are cast up from the submerged
zone. Where a very abundant animal was counted in a
small area, this area was selected where the animal in
question was especially numerous, as giving an approach to
its maximum frequency. Shells were not counted unless
more than half intact. Allowance must be made for the
prevalence of pelecypod valves over gastropods, as 2:1,
given the same number of individuals, for the greater
fragility of some forms, producing a fictitious rarity, and
for the tendency to overlook small specimens. All these
factors, of course, affect fossil faunas equally. One special
factor, in this case, is the strong tidal current which sweeps
in and out of Hereford Inlet, and brings many empty shells
into facies in which they are never found alive.
There is the usual sand hill sequence; bunch grass, then
bay-berry (here growing to be real trees over ten feet
high), wild cherry later, and finally scrub cedar, which
formerly ran the whole length of the island in a narrow
belt. The newest sand hills are toward the ocean — one full
row has developed during the last twelve years, under the
observation of the authors.
Donax variabilis is found alive all along the beach, but
especially north of Section III. Busycon canaliculatum, B.
caricum, Natica duplicata, N. heros and Mactra solidissima
live in the sand on the ocean side, often being exposed at
low tide. Mijtilus edulis inhabits mud banks in the outer
channels, exposed at low water, and also piles in the open
THE NAUTILUS
11
Map of Cape May County, modified from those of the U. S. Geological
Survey. The inset sketch map of the southern end of Seven Mile
Beach vv^as made for this paper, the distances being paced off.
12 THE NAUTILUS
ocean, Nassa obsoleta occurs in life in vast numbers
throughout the lower regions of the outer channels, espec-
ially where there is about 50-50 admixture of mud and
sand. Mya arenaria has nearly the same habitat as Nassa,
except for the fact that when marsh grass over-runs the
ground, Mya remains, but Nassa does not. Mya also ex-
tends further north in the channel than Nassa does. Ensis
directus lives in mud or sandy mud in the outer channels,
in the inter-tidal zone. Venus mercenaria and Ostrca vir-
ginica have habitats similar to Ensis, except that they in-
habit slightly deeper water, and all the channels. Modiola
plicatula occupies the banks of the channels. Littorina
litorea clings to grass in salt marshes. The fauna of the
minor sounds was not studied; in general its mollusks con-
sist of a few species, i. e., Venus mercenaria, Modiola
plicatula, Littorina litorea, Ostrea virginica ahd Nassa
obsoleta.
Packard (1918) and Allee (1923 a) count living animals
only, as the shells of dead animals may be distributed by
currents, tides, shore birds and hermit crabs. In spite of
the errors they introduce, empty shells are included in this
count, for the following reasons: 1, the stratigrapher can
not make such a distinction, even if the ecologist can ; 2,
the use of only living specimens reduces the total numbers
to such a point that they are not statistically significant.
Alice's figures suffer from this; Packard, however, counts
empty shells separately.
Allee (1923 b) refers to "old associations" and "ecologic-
al age", following Cowles, Shelford and Adams, when, by
all analogy and common sense, just the opposite is meant.
By their terminology, the open ocean is ecologically the
youngest and the recently formed sandy beach, the oldest.
This is directly opposed to other uses of "old" and "young",
both ordinary and scientific, and should be discontinued.
Pairs of attached pelecypod valves were counted separ-
ately, except in the case of Donax in A and B. Additional
errors of proportion are introduced by including, without
correction, the numbers of Donax in A and B, Nassa in F
THE NAUTILUS 13
and G and Mytilus in H, in smaller areas than for their
competitors. The proportions that follow, taken without
correction from table 1, therefore, tend to give minimal
values. On the ocean side, pelecypod shells outnumber
gastropods more than 46 :1, or, allowing fully for the double
pelecypod valves, they outnumber the gastropods more
than 23:1. On the channel side, the gastropods are out-
numbered by the pelecypods as 7 :8, or, from the view-point
of the number of animals, the gastropods are nearly twice
as numerous in the sections counted, and the actual pre-
dominance of gastropods in the fauna is greater than the
figures show. Making rough corrections for the various
sources of error, it is safe to say that pelecypods are at
least thirty times as numerous as gastropods on the open
beach, and that gastrapods are definitely more numerous
than pelecypods in the outer sounds. On the other hand,
Packard (1918) found that, in San Francisco Bay, the
pelecypods were nearly five times as numerous as the
gastropods, but that the preponderance was much less
marked just outside the Golden Gate. Much more work
must be done before any definite generalizations can be
made.
The localities on Seven Mile Beach, A to H inclusive (see
map) , represent a progressive transition from a typical
ocean (beach) facies to a typical interior channel (sounds)
facies. Localities A, B, and C are along the ocean, approach-
ing the southern end of Seven Mile Beach. D is on the
point itself, E and F are to the north, on a somewhat muddy
beach on the channel side. G is a sandy tidal mud flat. H
is a mussel bed on a sandy mud bar. Pierce's Point and
Reed's Beach have narrow, steeply sloping sandy beaches
with mud flats at the foot exposed only at low tide.
14 THE NAUTILUS
1924 1926
Along Beach Intertidal Along Beach Intertidal
Section A 300 feet 150 feet 300 feet 175 feet
Sections 150 feet 100 feet 150 feet 175 feet
Section C 150 feet 150 feet 200 feet
Section D 150 feet 150 feet 450 feet
Section E 150 feet 150 feet 180 feet
Section F 150 feet 225 feet 150 feet 215 feet
Section G was one square yard, both years
Section H was six inches square, both years
A few specimens of the following- shells wjere also present
in I and II, but were not found in the sections which were
counted : — Buccinum undatum, Busycon perversum, Pholas
costata, Sigaretus perspectivus, and Zirphaea crispata (?).
The Pierce's Point area extends a hundred feet south
from the second rail run-way south of the road across the
marshes. The distance from high to low water mark is
fifty feet (not counting- the mud flats beyond, exposed only
at dead low tide). Neither Ostrea virginica nor Nassa
obsoleta nor Melampiis hidentatus were counted from the
whole section, but from small areas.
At Reed's Beach, the count started from fifteen hundred
feet north of the road across the marshes, at a king-crab
drying pen, and continued twenty five feet further on, and
extended the ninety feet from high water mark to the edge
of the mud flats which were covered at the time the area
was visited. Most of the shells were concentrated in a strip
about a foot wide at high water mark, to which strip the
figures in table 1 apply. On the rest of the beach there were
83 shells of Ostrea virginica and the fragment of a Venus
mercenaria.
Table 1 gives the complete figures for the various areas
in which the shells were counted. Table 2 is a qualitative
summary of table 1.
3 ? (h ki b -^
i/ CIS ct
mP
5 Ss „
16
THE NAUTILUS
It is noteworthy that the counts for the two summers, 1924 and
1926, run closely parallel as to relative frequency at least of the
more abundant shells, and run roughly parallel as to the numbers
themselves.
SUMMARY
1. Ecology, and particularly statistical ecology, may be
of great assistance in solving stratigraphic problems.
2. For statistical treatment, sufficiently large numbers
must be obtained to make the results significant. In deal-
THE NAUTILUS 17
ing with mollusks, this usually involves including the shells
of dead individuals in spite of the errors introduced. The
stratigrapher must deal with such material.
3. The counts for the summers of 1924 and 1926 run
roughly parallel as to the more abundant species.
4. On the open ocean beaches of Cape May County, New
Jersey, pelecypods enormously outnumber gastropods. In
the main sounds, gastropods are the dominant element.
5. Collections along the ocean beach are marked by
Donax, Anoynia, Mactra, Mytilus, and Ostrea; in the outer
sounds by Nassa obsoleta and Modiola as well; from Dela-
ware bay by Ostrea, Nassa obsoleta, Melampus and
Macoma.
REFERENCES
Abrard, R. 1924. Note sur les depots littoraux entre
Fembouchure de la Seudre et celle de la Gironde. Bull.
Mus. Nation. d'Hist. Natur., Paris, XXX, p. 536-542.
Allee, W. C. 1919. Note on animal distribution following
a hard winter. Biol. Bui., XXXVI, p. 96-104.
1922. The effect of temperature in limiting the geo-
graphical range of invertebrates in the Wood's Hole
littoral. Anat. Rec, XXIII, p. 111.
1923a. Studies in marine ecology: I. The distribution
of common littoral invertebrates of the Wood's Hole
Region. Biol. Bui., XLIV, p. 167-191.
1923b. Studies in marine ecology: III. Some physical
factors related to the distribution of littoral inverte-
brates. Biol. Bui., XLIV, p. 205-253.
Baker, F. C. 1922. The importance of ecology in the
interpretation of fossil faunas. Ecology, II, p. 277-
280 (for "Oct. 1921"). Jan. 20, 1922.
Baker, H. B. 1914. Physiographic and molluscan succes-
sion in lake pools. Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci. XVI, p. 18-45.
Davenport, C. B. 1903. The animal ecology of the Cold
18 THE NAUTItUS
Spring sand spit. Decennial Publ. Univ. Chicago, X,
p. 157-176.
Flattely, F. W. and Walton, C. L. 1922. The biology of the
sea-shore. MacMillan, N. Y., p. 1-84.
Forbes, S. A. 1907. On the local distribution of certain
Illinois fishes: an essay in statistical ecology. Bui.
111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., VII, (p. 273-303, Maps 1-15,
PL XXIV-XXXII).
Huntsman, A. G. 1919. The vertical distribution of cer-
tain intertidal animals. Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc.
Canada, XII, 4, p. 53-60.
King, L. A. L., and Russell, E. S. 1909. A method for the
study of the animal ecology of the shore. Proc. Roy.
Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, XVII, p. 225-253.
Michael, E. L. 1920. Marine ecology and the coefficient
of association ; a plea in behalf of quantitative biology.
Journ. Ecology, VIII, p. 54-59.
Packard, E. L. 1918. A quantitative analysis of the
molluscan fauna of San Francisco Bay. Univ. Cal.
Publ. Zool. XVIII, p. 299-308, 317-336, pis. XII and
XIII.
Pearse, A. S. 1926. Animal ecology. McGraw-Hill, N. Y.,
p. 138-157.
Pratt, H. S. 1916. A manual of the common invertebrate
animals. McClurg, p. 492-602.
Rogers, J. 1908. The Shell Book. Doubleday, Page & Co.,
p. 1-485.
Simroth, H. 1898-1907. Mollusca, Bronn's Klassen und
Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs. Ill, 2, p. 769-771.
Sumner, F. B., Osburn, R., and Cole, L. J. 1913. A
biological survey of the waters of Wood's Hole and
vicinity. Bui. Bur. Fisheries, XXXI, I, Physical and
Zoological, p. 143-155, 170-192, 327-330, 340-406,
429-441.
Verrill, A. E. 1873. Report upon the invertebrate animals
of Vineyard Sound and adjacent waters. Rep. U. S.
Fish. Comm., 1871-72, p. 295-513. Plates.
THE NAUTILUS 19
SOME SOUTH DAKOTA MOLLUSCA
BY JUNIUS HENDERSON
I have received from Mr. Henry E. Lee, of Rapid City,
South Dakota, two fine examples of \_Lampsilis] Proptera
laevissima (Lea) and two of Anodonta grandis Say, from
Chamberlain, South Dakota. The only published record
known to me of that species of Lampsilis in that state is
Over's, in his list in The Nautilus, but he gives no
locality. The molluscan literature for the state is scant
and scattered, in comparison with that of most states. There
is doubtless much unrecorded material in public and
private collections, which, if brought together, would give
an excellent idea of the molluscan fauna of the state. Two
lists by Over were published in 1914 and 1915.^ Since
then the University of Colorado Museum has received a
number of parcels of shells from various localities from
Mr. Lee, as well as from Dr. Arthur T. Evans, of Brook-
ings. The localities are as follows:
Evans — Caputa, Cottonwood and Claremont; old lake
bed northwest of Hayti; Lake Campbell, 13 miles south-
west of Brookings; Lake Oakwood, Brookings County;
pool near Stony Butte, 25 miles south of Fort Pierre; Jen-
nings farms, 15 miles south of Fort Pierre.
Lee — Caputa and Chamberlain; Tourist Park, Rapid
City; Rapid Creek and Dark Canyon, near Rapid City;
Seavey's Lake, 11 miles north, and water hole 6 miles north
of Rapid City ; Spring Creek on Hill City road ; brook near
Black Hawk.
The following are the species, with their localities :
Anodonta grandis Say. Brookings, Hayti, Chamberlain,
Lake Campbell.
1 W. H. Over, "List of Mollusca of Harding and Perkins Coun-
ties", BuU. No. 6, S. Dak. Geol. Surv., pp. 95-96, 1914; "Mollusca of
South Dakota", The Nautilus, Vol. XXIX, pp. 79-81, 90-95, 1915.
20 THE NAUTILUS
Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes). Brookings.
Proptera laevissima (Lea). Chamberlain.
Amnicola cincinnatieyisis (Anthony). Lake Campbell.
Amnicola emarginata Kiister. Lake Campbell.
Amnicola limosa (Say). Lake Campbell.
Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller). Chamberlain, Tourist Park.
Euconulus fulvus (Miiller). Hayti, Lake Campbell.
Gonyodiscus cronkhitei anthonyi (Pilsbry). Tourist Park.
Gastrocopta armifera (Say). Chamberlain.
Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Chamberlain, Lake Camp-
bell.
Lymnaea caperata Say. Caputa, Lake Campbell, Spring
Creek, Stony Butte, Water Hole.
Lymnaea palustris Miiller. Lake Oakwood, Stony Butte,
Hayti, Lake Campbell, Claremont.
Oreohelix cooperi (W. G. Binney). Spearfish (Bryant
Walker).
Physa Integra Haldeman. Rapid Creek. Identified by
Walker.
Physa . sayi warreniand Lea. Dark Canyon, Seavey's Lake,
Rapid Creek, Caputa, Black Hawk. Identified by
Walker.
Planorhis parvus Say. Hayti, Lake Campbell.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. Lake Oakwood, Lake Campbell,
Stony Butte, Hayti, Caputa.
Polita binneyana (Morse). Chamberlain.
Polita hammonis (Miiller). Tourist Park.
Planorbula armigera (Say). Lake Campbell.
Succinea avara Say. Chamberlain, Tourist Park, Dark
Canyon, Jennings Farm.
Succinea grosvenori Lea. Cottonwood.
Succinea haydeni W. G. Binney. Lake Oakwood.
Vitrina alaskana Dall. Tourist Park.
Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Chamberlain, Tourist Park.
Valvata tricarinata Say. Hayti, Lake Campbell.
Valvata tricarinata perconfusa Walker. Lake Campbell.
Zonitoides arborea (Say). Chamberlain, Tourist Park.
THE NAUTILUS 21
THE TYPE OF STREPTOSTPLA SHUTTLEWORTH
BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
recognizes four methods by which genotypes may be desig-
nated or fixed ; these take precedence in the following order :
1. Type by original designation (autotype).
2. Type by original fixation (monotype, tautotype).
3. Type fixation through substitution (apotype).
4. Type by subsequent designation (lectotype).
An example of the fixation of a type by absolute tautony-
my is the case of Streptostyla Shuttleworth (1852, Bern.
Mitt., p. 203). This was originally proposed as a subgenus
of Spiraxis and included, among other species, Sp-
streptostyla + Achatma streptostyla Pfr. (1846, Zeit. Mai.
8, p. 59), from Mexico, which became automatically the
genotype of the group. Later Albers-Martens (1860, Die
Hel., p. 33) recognized two subgenera, but unfortunately
chose Sp. nicoleti Sh. as the type of Streptostyla s. s., and
proposed Chersomitra (1. c), type Sp. nigricans, as a new
subgenus to include S. streptostyla. Of course, Cherso-
mitra is a synonym, with a different type, of Streptostyla
s. s. I now propose Eustreptostyla as a new subgenus, with
the genotype Sp. nicoleti Sh. (1852, B. M., p. 204), from
Cordoba, Mexico, to include the species with costulate
embryonic whorls and strong columellar spiral. S. toyuca
Dall is probably another member of this group.
22 THE KAUTILUS
(JUPPY'S GROUPS OF HELICINIDAE
BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER
When, several years ago (1922, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia 74, pp. 29-67), I attempted to review the
groups of American Helicinidae, I overlooked a paper by
R. J. L. Guppy (March, 1895, Proc. Victoria Inst. Trini-
dad, pt. 2, pp. 72-77), that also seems to have escaped the
notice of other students of the family. In his paper, Guppy
presented a revised arrangement of the Helicinidae, and
proposed a number of sectional groups. The following
names appear to have been new:
Diaphana Guppy (1895, p. 75), monotype Helicina sub-
fusca Menke (1828, Syn., p. 79), from Porto Rico (and St.
Thomas) ; not Diaphayia Brown (1827). This, being pre-
occupied, goes into the synonymy of Analcadia Wagner
(1907).
Fitzia Guppy (1895, p. 74), monotype Helicina regina
Morelet (1849, Test. Nov. I, p. 19), from Cuba. This is an
absolute synonymy of Viana H. & A. Adams (1856), for
which Pilsbry and Brown (1910, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia 62, p. 525) have chosen the same type.
Isoltia Guppy (1895, p. 76), monotype Helicina nuda
"Arango" Pfr. (1866, Mai. Bl. 13, p. 63), from Barigua,
Cuba. This replaces Incrustata Wagner (1907) as a pos-
sible sectional name in the subgenus Mesa of Alcadia.
Krebsia Guppy (1895, p. 75), type, now chosen, Helicina
costata Gray (1824), Zool. Jour. I, p. 67), from Jamaica;
not Krebsia Moerch (1877, Mai. Bl. 24, p. 97). This, being
preoccupied, goes into the synonymy of Excavata Wagner
(1907), which is a section of EutrocJiatella s. s.
Schrammia Guppy (1895, p. 75), monotype Helicina
conuloides Guppy (1868, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, v. 1,
p. 435), from Dominica. The type species probably be-
longs in the subgenus Idesa of Alcadia.
THE NAUTILUS 23
Urichia Guppy (1895, p. 74), type, now chosen, Helicina
adamsiana Pfr. (1848, P. Z. S. London, p. 119), from
Jamaica. The type is a species of Lucidella.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OP^ LYMNAEA FROM
BRITISH COLUMBIA
BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER^
Lymnaea (Galba) hedleyi Baker. Fig. 3.
Lymnaea hedleyi F. C. Baker, Nautilus XL, p. 122, fig. 3.
Shell ovate to elongate-fusiform, rather thin; perio-
stracum light chestnut or brown; surface somewhat shiny
in fresh specimens, lines of growth crowded, fine; spiral
sculpture of deeply incised lines and more or less mallea-
tion; nuclear whorls l^i, rather large, smooth, rounded,
horn-colored; whorls 5, well rounded to quite convex, the
body whorl varying from somewhat compressed to quite
convex ; spire varying from long and pointed to short and
Fig. 3. Lymnaea hedleyi F. C. Baker.
depressed ; sutures well impressed ; aperture ovate or long
ovate, about as long as the spire; peristome slightly thick-
ened within ; inner lip rather wide, reflected over the
columellar region, leaving a wide umbilical chink; there is
no plait on the columella (excepting in young specimens),
which, however, may be a little thickened in the middle;
parietal wall with a wash of white callus.
L. 16.5; W. 9.7; Ap. L. 9.7; W. 6.5 mm. Type.
L. 15.0; W. 9.0; Ap. L. 9.0; W. 4.5 mm.
L. 15.0; W. 7.0; Ap. L. 7.2; W. 3.8 mm.
L. 11.2; W. 8.0; Ap. L. 7.5; W. 4.1 mm.
1 Contribution from Museum of Natural History, University of
Illinois,
24 THE NAUTILUS
Type: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No.
142489. ParaUjpes: Museum of Natural History, University
of Illinois, No. zl3550.
Type locoAity: Red Pass Junction, source of Fraser River,
British Columbia, altitude 3394 ft.
This little lymnaeid is unlike any other west-coast form
of this genus. It is differently shaped and very much
smaller than sumassi Baird, which occurs in this general
region.- It most resembles L. hinneyi Tryon, but differs in
its longer, more pointed spire, deeper sutures, and more
convex whorls. The texture is also different, hinneyi hav-
ing a waxy luster and coarse growth lines while hedleyi is
of duller luster and the growth lines are finer. Traski
Tryon, has more flat-sided whorls, a more pointed spire and
less convex whorls, and a differently shaped columella. The
texture is also different in the two forms, traski being more
waxy. The variation in the height of spire and the con-
vexity of the whorls is paralleled only by forms of
emarginata, which certain forms of hedleyi somewhat
resemble.
The species is dedicated to Mr. Charles Hedley, who col-
lected the specimens. The writer is indebted to Dr. H. A.
Pilsbry for the opportunity of studying and describing this
interesting form.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SOMATOGYRUS FROM
WISCONSIN
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND FRANK C. BAKER
SOMATOGYRUS TRYONI new species.
Somatogyrus currierianus (Milwaukee specimen) Tryon,
Mon. Fresh-water Univ. Moll., Contin. Haldeman, p. 62,
pi. 17, fig. 13, 1870 (not the description).
2 Baker, Lymnaeidae of North America, p. 403, pi. XLI, figs. 11-17.
THE NAUTILUS 25
Type locality : Pipersville Rapids, Rock River, Jefferson
Co., Wis.
Shell globosely conic, very solid ; color brownish or green-
ish horn, or light yellowish olive, rarely hyaline excepting
in the young; sculpture of distinct growth lines, coarse in
places, in others the shell is smooth, the young shell having
very fine spiral lines; whorls 4^/), convex, rapidly increas-
ing in diameter, the body whorl globose; sutures well im-
pressed ; spire broadly conic, slightly shorter than aperture ;
apex blunt, the nuclear whorl not much raised above the
second whorl, rounded, punctate or malleated ; aperture
roundly ovate or ovate, slightly narrowed and angular
posteriorly, whitish or bluish white within, sometimes
with a dirty yellowish border within the thin, sharp outer
lip; peristome continuous, appressed to the parietal wall;
inner lip and whole columellar region with a heavy, flat-
tened callus, which either completely closes the umbilicus
or leaves a small, narrow chink; in very old specimens
there is a delicate keel bordering the flattened columellar
area ; the whole apertural border is thickened and frequent-
ly a second apertural border is formed within the first.
L. 8.6; D. 7.3; Ap. L. 6.0; D. 4.0 mm. Milwaukee speci-
men (A. N. S. P. No. 57023).
L. 5.6; D. 5.3; Ap. L. 4.1 mm. Type A. N. S. P.
L. 6.2; D. 5.3; Ap. L. 4.0; D. ; 2.5 mm. Paratype (U. of
I., Z22511).
L. 5.8; D. 4.1; Ap. L. 3.1; D. 2.1 mm. Paratype (U. of
I., Z22511).
Genitalia with a simple verge apparently without flagel-
lum, very wide and much compressed. Radula with the
formula 28: 28: 6-1-6: 6-1-6/6-6: 6-1-6: 28: 28, the side
cusps of center and lateral subequal on either side of a
large central cusp. Operculum with distinct, though fine,
spiral lines.
Distribution : Rock drainage, Ashippun River east of
Mapleton; Bark River at Highway 67, Waukesha Co.;
Crawfish River at Aztalan, Bark River at Rome, Pipers-
ville Rapids, Jefferson Co. Fox drainage (Illinois),
26 THE NAUTILUS
Mukwonago River and Creek, Waukesha Co.; Lake Michi-
gan drainage, Milwaukee, Milwaukee Co.
The Milwaukee specimen (No. 57023 A. N. S. P.) figured
by Tryon as currierianus Lea was long ago recognized as
an erroneous identification and queried on the label by the
senior author. It could not be identified with any known
species of the genus. There seemed to be no reason to
doubt the locality, which is vouched for on the label by the
name of L A. Lapham, a reliable naturalist of Wisconsin in
the sixtys; yet in the absence of confirmation by collectors
in the last fifty years, the record had come to be regarded
as dubious or mythical.
During the summer of 1926 Dr. Alvin R. Cahn, of the
Department of Zoology, University of Illinois, collected ex-
tensively in Waukesha and Jefferson counties, Wisconsin,
and among the material submitted to the junior author for
his work on the fresh water Mollusca of Wisconsin were a
number of Somatogyrus that appeared to be the same as
the Milwaukee specimen of Tryon, excepting that they were
somewhat smaller and had a small umbilical chink. The
Milwaukee specimen is apparently a very old shell, per-
haps having added a third seasons growth, a fact shown by
a dark line marking the place of a former outer lip. A
specimen in the Pipersville lot has begun to do the same
thing. The Milwaukee specimen is scarcely typical of the
normal adult stage of the species, and for this reason the
type material is taken from the Pipersville locality, from
which the genitalia and radula were described. These will
be figured by the junior author in the Monograph of Wis-
consin Fresh Water Mollusca, now awaiting publication
by the Wisconsin Natural History Survey.
S. tryoni differs from S. integer in its longer spire, round-
er whorls of the same, deeper sutures, more globose body-
whorl, which is not dilated, and the very narrow umbilical
opening, which is rarely completely closed by the heavy
columellar callus, as is the case in integer, in which the
inner lip is bordered by a wide sulcus indicating added shell
growth to the inner lip. From S. depressus, which it great-
¥H8 KAmLtJS 27
ly resembles in form, it is at once distinguished by the very
heavy columellar callus and the small umbilical chink,
depressus having only a thin wash of callus and being
distinctly umbilicated.
BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB
The Boston Malacological Club has held its regular meet-
ings during the past season, on the first Tuesday evening
of each month, from October to May, inclusive. These have
been held in the Library of the Boston Society of Natural
History, with the exception of the Annual Meeting, on May
3rd, when the members of the Club were the guests of the
retiring president, Mr. Arthur F. Gray and Mrs. Gray, at
their home in Watertov^ni, Mass.
The meetings have been well attended; the membership
list, now numbering forty-two, has been increased by the ad-
dition of four new names ; and at the April meeting it was
voted to create a class of Honorary Membership, the num-
ber to be limited to five.
Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry of Philadelphia, Pa., Dr. Bryant
Walker of Detroit, Michigan, and Mr. J. W. Taylor of
Leeds, England, were elected to Honorary membership.
The Club this year decided to take up a family of shells,
at each meeting, for discussion and examination, the eve-
nings assuming the character of a Symposium, with short
talks by several of the members, covering the nomencla-
ture, classification, geographical distribution, habits and
characteristics of the family, with a comparison of fossil
and living forms.
Much interest was added by the large number of species
from the Natural History Society's study collections, shown
at the meetings through the kindness of Mr. Charles W.
Johnson, and by specimens from the private collections of
the members.
The families discussed were the Strombidae, Cypraeidae,
2§ THfi NAUTILUS
Conidae, Muricidae, Cardiidae and on one evening "Sinis^
tral Shells". At the January meeting, the Club listened to
a talk by Mr. William J. Clench, of the University Museum
at Harvard, on "Collecting in the Southeastern States", in
which he told of collecting-trips undertaken in the interest
of the University of Michigan, in the summers of 1923,
1924 and 1925.
The first of the trips covered 3700 miles by motor, and
lasted twelve weeks, the other two being shorter. The
ground visited included parts of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana,
Arkansas, Tennessee, Missouri, Alabama, Mississippi, and
Florida, the sea-coast being touched at one point in the last-
named state. The collecting proved excellent, an enormous
number of both species and specimens being gathered, in-
cluding varieties of lo, and one specimen of the rare
Polygyra chilhoweensis (Lewis), which was found by Mr.
Remington, who was Mr. Clench's companion on the trips.
A set of lantern slides showed many of the southern
lakes and rivers, including the famous Suwanee River.
Pictures of the expedition buried to the hubs in sand or
mud, or showing the joys of piloting a motor heavily laden
with camping and collecting equipment, where often the
only "road" is the bed of a creek, and the only "bridge" a
ford where the motor must plunge into the stream, to
splash across as best it may, made Mr. Clench's audience
realize that such trips call for much patience and resource-
fulness, in addition to an enthusiasm for mollusks.
A paper of especial interest was read before the Club at
its March meeting, by Mr. Francis N. Balch, on "Symbiosis
in an Undescribed Bermuda Nudibranch."
Mr. Balch began by saying that he had various unrelated
questions to bring up, concerning nudibranchs in general,
and this one in particular, and that we might imagine our-
selves gathered together in a laboratory, where, having
run across this interesting creature, we could discuss the
questions which it suggested.
He defined the term symbiosis, in its restricted sense, as
the living together, in one organism, of vegetable cells
Till KAtJTiLtJS ^
(usually algae) and ceils which are either animal or else
fungus cells, which in their physiology resemble animal
cells, saying that the nudibranch is one of the highest
forms of animal life in which true symbiosis occurs, as far
as is now known.
On the blackboard was a series of beautiful outline draw-
ings— the work of Mrs. Balch — showing the varying types
of breathing-apparatus of different species of molluscs, in-
cluding nudibranchs, and on colored lantern-slides were en-
larged figures of the special form in question, which, only
seven millimeters in length, was found by Mr. Balch under
the roots of a gorgonian.
The alga, or vegetable denizen of this tiny creature, ap-
peared as a sort of intricate border along each side, some-
what resembling the borings of a worm : in places, near the
surface, and at others going deeper in, one part crossing
another at a different level, while above waved a row of
frond-like cerata, through which the animal is commonly
supposed to breathe, although upon this, the speaker cast
some doubt.
The algal growth was found, under the microscope, to be
formed of masses of minute spherical cells, containing oil-
globules, and the question was discussed as to its use in the
animal, it being thought that it might possibly act as a re-
serve supply of food in case of need. The commonly re-
ceived explanation, however, is that since the vegetable cell
gives off oxygen, and utilizes carbon dioxide, while the ani-
mal or fungus cell does exactly the reverse, the two bene-
fit mutually by an exchange of these gases. If this is the
true explanation, the vegetable cell may be said to per-
form for the animal organization, in some sort, the func-
tion of an auxiliary breathing apparatus.
The speaker mentioned, as of special interest, that, at
the time this Bermuda symbiotic nudibranch was found,
symbiosis had nowhere been discovered in the mollusca, but
that at about the same time, Sir Charles Eliot found a very
similar symbiosis in another nudibranch.
Mr. Balch emphasized the fact that both these symbiotic
86 fm Mmtim
nudibranchs belonged to a very ancient group, in which the
typical molluscan breathing apparatus, the ctenidium, had
been lost, and not as yet replaced by any stable or appar-
ently efficient new breathing apparatus; and he suggested
that it might be more than a coincidence that algal cells,
producing oxygen, were found symbiotic among the mol-
lusca only in these two forms belonging to a group which
perhaps lacks effective oxygenating apparatus of its own.
The genus to which the Bermuda form belongs (Tri-
toniella) was believed to be undescribed at the time it was
discovered by Mr, Balch, but it afterward appeared that
Sir Charles Eliot had found the same genus at Gough's
Island, a lonely islet lying south and slightly east of the
Cape of Good Hope; hence the other side of the Equator,
and the other side of the Atlantic from Bermuda.
This genus also belongs to the ancient and primitive
group before referred to, which has many representatives
in the Old World and in the Pacific ; but which hitherto has
been unknown in the Western Atlantic, excepting for one
representative in the Falkland Islands and one somewhat
doubtful form from Brazil. In closing, the speaker touched
upon the problems of zoo-geographical distribution sug-
gested by these facts.
The Club brought its present season of activities to a
close on May 28th, when its Annual Field Day was held;
Scituate, Mass., being the spot selected, the members con-
vening early in the afternoon, when the tide served for col-
lecting on the beach, the rocks and the flats. Living speci-
mens of Zirfaea crispata L. were found in large numbers.
The present officers are: President Mr. Wm. J. Clench,
Vice-president Rev. Oliver P. Emerson, Secretary-Treas-
urer Miss Theodora Willard, Executive committee Mrs.
Franklin D. Williams and Dr. Austin W. Cheever.
Theodora Willard, Secretary.
THE NAUTILUS . 31
W. H. DALL— MEMORIAL RESOLUTION OF THE CONCHOLOGI-
CAL CLUB OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Whereas, it has pleased Almighty God in His infinite wis-
dom, to remove from this plane of labor our friend and fel-
low worker William Healey Dall,
Be it resolved : That we, the Conchological Club of South-
ern California, do publicly express our feeling of loss in his
passing, respect for his great services to conchology, and
grateful appreciation of the many courtesies, which we, in-
dividually and as a Club, have received at his hands.
And be it further resolved : that one copy of these reso-
lutions be spread upon the minutes of this Club, and an-
other be sent to The Nautilus for publication.
C. E. White, President,
Clementine M. Gay, Secretary.
GEORG OSSIAN SARS
In the death of this veteran zoologist on April 9 at
eighty-nine years of age, Norway has lost one of her most
distinguished men of science. Sars was best known to
malacologists as the author of a standard work on the
mollusks of his country, "Mollusca Regionis Arcticae
Norvegiae", 1878; 446 pages, 52 plates. It was copiously
illustrated by his own hand, not only with figures of the
shells, but often the living animal and dentition as well.
The Crustacea occupied much of his time, but he accom-
plished an amazing amount of good work on other groups,
such as Coelenterates, Echinoderms and Annelids. Sars
was ever ready to help scientists of other lands with infor-
mation and specimens, as the present writer found when
working on cirripedes. He was able to carry on his re-
searches until within a few days of his death. "His career
32 THE NAUTILUS
throughout was an honor to science, to his country, and to
his race".^
NOTES
Helix pisana in California. — A fully illustrated ac-
count of this introduced species and the methods of con-
trolling it is given in the "Monthly Bulletin of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture of the State of California", vol. 16, No.
2. It is very destructive to fruit trees and flower gardens
in the San Diego region.
Records of Polynesian snails. — Prosopeas javanicum
(Reeve) was collected by Wilmatte P. Cockerell at Apia,
Samoan Is., 1924. It is a widely spread species but not be-
fore reported from that group. Subulina octona was also
taken; both species perhaps recent importations.
At Rarotonga, Cooks Islands, Mrs. Cockerell found the
following: Microcystis vinosa Pse., M. conula Pse., Opeas
oparanum. Pfr., Subulina octona Brug., Omphalotropis vari-
abilis Pse. and Georissa striata Pse. — H. A. Pilsbry.
Arion hortensis in Philadelphia, Pa. — Mr. James B.
Clark collected some debris from Wister's Woods, German-
town, Philadelphia, in which were found Arion hortensis
Fer. and Polita lucida Drap., both of them new to the list of
Philadelphia Mollusks published in The Nautilus, Vol. 8,
1895, p. 133.— E. G. Vanatta.
Helminthoglypta traskii (Newcomb) at "Fort
Tejon", Kern County, California. — The only locality
mentioned in the original description (Proc. Calif. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, 1861, pp. 91-92) of this shell in 1861 is
"Los Angeles." A few years later, Newcomb, (Amer.
Journ. Conch., Vol. 1, 1865, p. 344) added "Fort Tejon" to
its habitat and this record has been often repeated in the
1 Sketches in Nature, June 4, 1927, and with portrait, in Nyt
Magazin for Naturvidenskabeme, April 20, 1927.
THE NAUTILUS 33
literature since. On account of the occurrence at this place
of so many animals and plants of limited range, one has a
natural inclination to question the existence so far from
home of a species of land shell in a group so prone to col-
onize as this is known to be. It was, therefore, with much
interest that an opportunity was recently offered to study
a set of specimens from there. This feeling of doubt per-
sisted in spite of the fact that material from "Fort Tejon"
passed under the scrutiny of Dr. Paul Bartsch (Proc. U. S.
Nat Mus., Vol. 51, 1916, p. 613), and he assigned it to
traskii without comment.
The collection, to which reference is here made, was ob-
tained in April, 1927, by Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, the entom-
ologist to whom the California Academy of Sciences is un-
der lasting obligations for many land shells. The following
notes on the occurrence seems worthy of record : "The
shells were collected on the margin of a wet meadow about
a quarter of a mile south of old Fort Tejon, long since aban-
doned. The fort was a famous military post during civil
war days and is situated in Grape Vine Canyon on the
Ridge Route Highway between San Francisco and Los
Angeles. The place is famous as the type locality of many
insects; Mr. John Xantus de Vessey and Dr. George Horn
both collected here extensively. It is also the type locality
of some plants, so I am informed by Miss Alice Eastwood.
The region is exceedingly interesting biologically because
many species have been found nowhere else. It has many
of the southern California forms as well as some from the
north which have been able to follow the coast ranges. There
are some characteristic Sonoran species."
I have carefully examined the shells collected by Dr. Van
Dyke with the expectation that differences would be found
from those of the Los Angeles region. However, except for
the slightly smaller size, they can be matched exactly in
shape, color and microscopic sculpture in lots from the
south. The difference in size amounts to only about one
millimeter and this is believed to be insufficient for separa-
tion
34 THE NAUTILUS
Therefore, unless there be anatomical differences of note
it appears that the Fort Tejon shells should continue to be
referred to Helminthoglypta traskii. The soft parts of two
of Dr. Van Dyke's specimens have been preserved. As has
been our custom for some years with alcoholic material not
likely to be consulted often, these have been hermetically
sealed with proper label. By this method of preservation
the danger of destruction of valuable specimens through
evaporation of the preservative is forever obviated.
The method is not applicable to large preparations
but the danger with them is not so great. Shell vials,
homeopathic vials or ordinary test tubes make good con-
tainers and the operation of sealing them up is quickly and
easily accomplished providing a gas blow torch which pro-
duces a small but hot flame is available. — G. Dallas
Hanna, California Academy of Sciences.
MoLLUSKS IN Sphagnum moss. — Mr. W. E. Burnett sent
a quantity of Sphagnum from Bradford, Pennsylvania,
taken from a spring-fed water hole. In it were found the
following shells :
Columella edentula Drap. Zonitoides arborea Say
Polita hammonis Strom. Helicodiscus parallelus Say
Euconulus chersinus Say Succinea ovalis Say
Striatura ferrea Morse Pisidium abditum Hald.
Striatura milium Morse E. G. Vanatta.
publications received
New Specific Names for Austral Mollusca. By
H. J. Finlay. Trans. New Zealand Institute, Vol. 57, 1926,
pp. 488-533. (Jan. 19, 1927.) This is one of a series on
molluscan taxonomy published during recent years by a small
group of indomitable Australasian conchologists. The revi-
sion they have made on the nomenclature of their fauna is
very extensive, new genus-names by the score and species-
names by the hundred having been proposed. The present
paper alone contains about 200 changes. Not many of these
changes concern western North American conchology and
paleontology, but there are a few, and attention is directed
below to some of those which appear to be of most importance.
THE NAUTILUS 35
First place in the paper is given to Haliotis oracherodii
imperforata Dall; this is renamed because of prior use of
imperforata with Haliotis. Unfortunately, these shells are
merely freaks or pathologic specimens of cracherodii in
which the animal failed to develop the usual series of perfora-
tions and, as such, many will contend, are not deserving of a
separate name. But more unfortunate still is the fact that
there is an earlier name than Ball's, as the following synony-
my will show. Therefore, whether the freak is deserving of
a name or not, the notes show some, at least, of the litera-
ture that has accumulated about it.
1904. Haliotis cracherodii, Kelsey, Nautilus Vol. 18, 1904,
p. 67. The imperforate shell is noted and called a
"freak."
1907. Haliotis cracherodii holzneri Hemphill, Trans. San
Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, No. 2, Sec. 3, 1907, pp.
59-60. The shell is formally described from Lower
California and stated to be without a trace of perfora-
tions. The type specimen, now No. 1374 (Cahf. Acad.
Sci.) shows this to be true.
1910. Haliotis cracherodii, Dall, Naut. Vol. 23, 1910, p. 96.
The imperforate shell is again noted but without name.
1911. Haliotis cracherodii holzneri, Dall, Naut. Vol. 24,
1911, p. 125. This time Hemphill's name is used in
referring to the form.
1919. Haliotis cracherodii imperforata Dall, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. Vol. 56, 1919, p. 370. The shell is here
named and described as a " tetaralogical specimen,
hardly even a variety."
1921. Haliotis cracherodii holzneri, Dall, Bull. 112, U. S.
Nat. Mus. 1921, p. 183, pi. 20. In the explanation of
the plate it is stated that the specimen figured has
some holes; Hemphill originally described it as im-
perforate.
1921. Haliotis cracherodii imperforata Dall, Op. cit. p. 184,
pi. 21.
1927. Haliotis cracherodii lusus Finlay, n. n.. Trans. New
Zeal. Inst. Vol. 57, 1926, (Jan. 19, 1927), p. 492.
All of this demonstrates the impossibility of one of us
being able to grasp the whole of the literature pertaining to
MoUusca. I have had some little experience and amusement
myself in running down names and appreciate the fun Mr.
Finlay and his associates are having. He makes one wonder
36 THE NAUTILUS
whether, if we do not develop a host of Sherborns in the next
100 years, the present system of nomenclature will become
so involved that order will be hopeless. Unless bibliography
and indexing of the literature of the world keep pace with
taxonomy, the system will become so confused that chaos
must result.
Mr. Finlay's references to west American paleontology
are equally unfortunate, due to the impossibility of consult-
ing the whole of the literature. The following synonymy
will serve to illustrate.
Turritella socordia Hannah
Turritella tricarinata Burwash, Proc. and Trans, Roy. Soc.
^ Canada, Vol. 7, Sect. 4, 1914, p. 81.
Turritella socordia Hanna, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4th Ser.
Vol. 13, Mar. 18, 1924, p. 185. New name for T. tri-
carinata Burwash, not King.
Turritella hurwashi Fin lay. Trans. New Zealand Inst. Vol.
57. 1926, (Jan. 19, 1927), p. 497. New name for T.
tricarinata Burwash, not Brocchi.
Turritella sargeanti Anderson and Hanna.
Turritella uvasana tricarinata Dickerson, Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci. 4th Ser. Vol. 5, 1915, pp. 44, 58, pi. 5, fig. 2.
Turritella sargeanti Anderson and Hanna, Oc. Pprs. Calif.
Acad. Sci. Vol. 11, 1925, p. 125. New name for T. u.
tricarinata Dickerson, not King.
Turritella uvasana royi Finlay, Trans. New Zealand Inst.
Vol. 57, 1926, (Jan. 19, 1927), p. 497. New name for
T. u. tricarinata Dickerson, not Brocchi, not Burv/ash.
Turritella uvasana insida Finlay, Op. cit. p. 497. New name
for T u. hicarinata Dickerson (Op. cit.) not Eichwald,
Pusch, or G. B. Sowerby. Anderson and Hanna (Op.
cit.) have already stated that this form is invahd be-
cause sometimes the same specimen may be tricarinate
in one part and bicarinate in another.
In spite of the above mentioned points, which are cer-
tainly not offered in a critical mood, Mr. Finlay is to be
envied for the pleasure he must have had in chasing refer-
ence and is to be complimented for the indefatigable industry
shown in the pr<iparation of the paper.
G. Dallas Hanna.
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Cal.
1 We may add that the type of this species is a distorted internal cast
which ought never to have been named in the first place. We have thus
three names for this phantom Turritella. It is a good illustration of the
folly of renaming species the author knows nothing about. — Ed.
JESSE WEDGWOOD MIGHELS, M. D.
From a small photograph in the library of the Portland Society of
Natural History.
y
€ -
The Nautilus.
Vol. XLI OCTOBER, 1927. No. 2
HUNTING EULOTA (KARAFTOHELIX) PISCINA FULTON, IN
SAGHALIEN
BY DANIEL B. LANGFORD
The southern part of Saghahen, under Japanese adminis-
tration, consists of two parallel ridges, extending almost
due north and south and separated by a wide marshy-
valley cut up by an intricate network of small creeks and
streams. The western and highest ridge comprises a series
of sharp peaks quite uniform in height, the average alti-
tude being around 3000 feet. The eastern side of this
ridge being cut up by numerous deep narrow gulches
which support a very heavy vegetation. The eastern ridge
comprises a chain of rounded hills, heavily forested on the
top and sides, culminating in the peak of Tiara, 1950 feet
in height.
Until a comparatively recent date this part of Saghalien
was heavily forested with pine, larch, spruce, white birch,
willow and a dense undergrowth of various large leaved
plants, bushes and ferns. Lumbering, forest fires and the
ravages of the caterpillar of a species of Dendrolimus have
combined to destroy vast areas of the larger trees and this
destruction is at present continuing at an alarming rate.
Conspicuous among the plants of the forest undergrowth
is a giant composite (Petasites japonicus var. giganteus),
38 THE NAUTILUS
called "Akitabuki" by the Japanese. The leaves of this
plant often attain a diameter of six feet and are borne on
stems as high as a man's head and three inches in diameter.
Another large leaved plant is "0-itadori" (Polygonum
sachalinense Fr. Schm.), having leaves often a foot in
length and the soft, woody stems growing to a height of
fifteen feet. A nettle "Yezo Irakusa" (Urtica dioica, var.
platypJiylla Wedd.) grows everywhere in great luxuriance.
The central plain is practically denuded of large forest
trees and is covered with tall grass with razor-like serrated
edges, second growth conifers and white birch. Thickets
of willow and the usual undergrowth are found along the
numerous small streams.
The first specimens of E. fiscina, to come to my notice
were collected by a student of the Imperial University
during the summer of 1923. These specimens came from
Maoka, on the west coast, on the leaves of "Akitabuki".
The following year an opportunity came to visit the island
and the last week of July was spent collecting over the
southern end of the island. Specimens taken at this time
were figured by Pilsbry, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1927, plate I.
The snail was collected at three localities: Ichinosawa,
about three miles to the west of Odomari at the end of the
central valley and but a short distance from the coast at
a very low elevation ; Kiminai, some 18 miles to the north
east of Odomari in the valley of the Kiminai River at an
elevation of about 500 feet, situated on the Pacific coast
slope of the eastern ridge; and at Kawakami, 18 miles
north west of Toyohara on the eastern slope of the west
ridge at an elevation of about 1000 feet.
Experience indicates that this species inhabits damp
situations along the creeks, preferring deep shade under
the large leaved plants, and apparently feeding on decay-
ing leaves and other soft decaying vegetation. No speci-
mens were taken on the tops of the ridges nor at any great
distance up the sides of the gulches. It almost invariably
was found associated with the plants "Akitabuki",
"0-itadori" and "Yezo Irakusa".
THE NAUTILUS 39
But five specimens were taken at Ichinosawa, two adult
and three immature. These were on or near the ground in
thickets along the Ichinosawa River. At Kiminai 30 speci-
mens were taken. This region is quite heavily forested.
The snails were under thickets of their favorite plants and
mostly on the ground or low down on the stems of "Akita-
buki", a few being on the under side of the leaves. It was
raining heavily at the time. At Kawakami the snails
were located in numbers. More than 300 magnificent
specimens were taken in a few hours of collecting. About
half a mile below the inn at Kawakami is a steep narrow
gulch branching off from the south side of the river. A
small stream winds along the bottom. A short distance up
this gulch the favorite plants of fiscina grow in great pro-
fusion and com.pletely clothe the sides and bottom of the
valley. The nettle is particularly rank here.
On this day the sun was beating down with tropical
fierceness and the ground fairly steaming from the heat.
The majority of specimens were on the under sides of
leaves or on the stems of plants, only a small number being
found on the ground. Frequently they would be found on
the tops of leaves in the glaring sun. All thus exposed
were much faded in color and the "skin" peeling off indi-
cating that this exposure had continued for some length
of time.
Three species of Tabanidae, of exceptionally bloodthirsty
natures, swarms of mosquitoes, innumerable gnats, called
"buyo", which cause intense pain followed by almost un-
bearable itching and finally swelling and large blisters, and
the nettle, a slight touch producing a sensation very
similar to touching an exposed electric light wire, tax the
power of endurance almost to the limit and are a decided
handicap to close observation of the habits of the snail.
It was possible, however, to notice that they were in most
cases very active, crawling up the stems of plants, particu-
larly the "Akitabuki". When the leaf was reached they
would move but a short distance, suddenly withdraw into
the shell and drop to the ground. The leaves were quite
40 THE NAUTILUS
hot to the touch and it is possible that the heat causes
them to drop. Numbers of broken shells among the rocks
on the ground attested to the dangers attending this form
of "sport". If the fall did not prove disastrous the snail
began crawling almost immediately after dropping, pre-
sumably to repeat the experience.
Other species of shells collected on Saghalien were: —
Succinea lauta karaftoensis Pilsbry, On partly decaying
leaves in damp places at Ichinosawa, Kiminai and
Kawakami.
Kaliella gudei Pilsbry. Ichinosawa.
Gonyodiscus pauper Gould. On decaying logs and stumps
and under bark, at Ichinosawa, Kiminai and Kawakami.
Pristiloma japonica Pilsbry. Ichinosawa.
Columella edentula Drap. On stem.s of "Akita buki" and
other large leaved plants, at Ichinosawa, Kiminai and
Kawakami.
Zoogenetes harpa Say. Ichinosawa.
Lymnaea sp. Kiminai River.
Margaritana margaritifera, L. One specimen. Kiminai
River.
THE MOLLUSCA OF LAKE BAIKAL
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL
I have just returned from a trip to Lake Baikal, where,
as the guest of the Biological Station of the University of
Irkutsk, I had the great pleasure of seeing the Baikal
snails alive, dredged up from the stony bottom in a few
fathoms of water. When I reached the lake, I hastened
to the shore, expecting to find the snails at the water's edge,
but none could be seen. They do not exist along the shore
line, but only some distance out, in the deeper water. At
the station they have devised an ingenious apparatus for
THE NAUTILUS 41
bringing up large stones, and on these will be found many
mollusca, planarian worms and amphipod Crustacea. Mr.
Ivan Rubtzoff, who went collecting with me, knows the
species so well that he can name them at sight. Those
we brought up, close to the station, were Benedictia
baicalensis Gerstf., Baicalia flori Dyb., Ancylus troschelii
Dyb., Valvata gruhii Dyb., species of Achoanomphalus, &c.
It was interesting to see the living Benedictia; a Paludina-
like snail with the head, tentacles and upper parts of body
black, the sole grey. In deeper water are other species
of Benedictia with larger and thinner shells, the largest
being B. fragilis Dyb., 40 to 52 mm. long. The lake con-
tains about 90 species of mollusca, of which 81 are endemic,
while many of the most characteristic species belong to
endemic genera. The lake is very clear, the water is
saturated with oxygen, and there is very little mineral
matter in solution. The shells are consequently thin ; those
of Ancylus sibiricus Gerst. are so fragile that it is difficult
to get them intact, and they are often lost from specimens
brought up. Baikal is the deepest lake in the world, with
a maximum depth of about 1560 meters. The water is
extremely cold. Thus the conditions are quite unique and
apparently unsuited to the more ordinary forms of mol-
lusca. Lymnoca auricularia. is represented by tvv^o endemic
varieties at the warmer southern end of the lake. A
peculiar variety of L. ovafa has been described by Lind-
holm, and Physa- fontinoh's has been taken. Some of the
Baikal types are found in the great river Angara, flowing
swiftly out of the lake, but in the surrounding country the
fresh water shells are of ordinary European type. Thus
Middendorff long ago found Planorbis contortus, P. nitidus,
Lymnaea stagnalis, L. truncatula, &c., in the vicinity of
Irkutsk.
Professor Lvoff, head of the department of geol-
ogy at the University of Irkutsk, has found a very
interesting series of fossils, I suppose probably of Tertiary
age, in dense rock at Vitim in the Transbaikal. The
principal specimens are shells of paludinoid form, about
42 THE NAUTILUS
17 mm. long, with deep sutures, which seem to me to differ
in no visible character from Benedictia. Caddis-cases show
that the deposit is of fresh water origin. There are also
fragmentary fishes, probably salmonoid. If the reference
of these shells to Benedictia can be confirmed, an extension
of the lake to the eastward is apparently indicated. Pro-
fessor Nassonov tells me that he thinks the Sea of Japan
holds the key to the origin of the Baikal fauna, the ancient
connection with the sea having been eastward rather than
northward or southwestward. However the evidences of
marine origin are much weaker than is generally sup-
posed, and probably inconclusive. The nudibranch,
Ancylodoris baicalensis Dyb., probably never came from
the lake. It cannot now be found by any one. It was
described from a specimen left after the death of Grub'e
in a bottle simply labelled Lake Baikal. The supposed
pteropod is certainly a mistake.
I hunted in the surrounding region for land snails,
with extremely poor success. Probably there is no region
which is fertile and with an abundant flora, which
possesses so few land snails. I imagine that this may be
due to the fact that the Gobi Desert, immediately to the
south, has made impossible any migration northward since
the ice age. The plants and insects, being more mobile,
have come in from the east, and perhaps partly from the
west. The only snail of fair size I could find was what I
take to be Eulota fruticum. asiatica Dyb., probably better
called a distinct species, E. asiatica. I collected them at
Baikal Railway Station and at Archan. The other snails
are such small and widespread species as Cochlicopa
luhrica, Euconulus fulvus, Gonyodiscus ruderata and Vitrea
radiatula. Succinea also occurs. Westerlund described
two species of Hygroviia from Irkutsk, and a third from
a locality in the same region. The type locality of H.
sibirica Wst. is Kultuk, at the southern end of Lake Baikal,
and Vertigo aJpestris Aid. has been taken at this place. I
passed through Kultuk on the way to Archan, but had no
opportunity to hunt for snails. Of slugs I found only one
THE NAUTILUS 43
species, common everywhere. This is Agriolimax agrestis,
invariably of the very pale reddish variety without spots.
At Archan, Olga and Nina Lvoff, the daughters of Pro-
fessor Lvoff, guided me to a travertine deposit they had
discovered at the foot of the mountains, close to the shrine
of a Buriat priestess. In this I found leaves of Povulus
tremula, and fossil snails of the species Eulota asiatica,
EuconuliLS fulvus, and Cochlicopa lubrica. As the aspen
and all these snails are still living in the immediate
vicinity, I conclude that the deposit must be of Holocene
age.
As I write we are making arrangements to go to
Tashkent, in Russian Turkestan.
P. S. — On further consideration, I believe the snail of
the Baikal region, referred to as Dybowski's asiatica, must
be the Helix schrenckii Middendorff, of which Dr. L. V.
Schrenck said that the depressed form was like H. fruti-
cum. This species has been recorded from Baikal. Gude
refers it to Theba, but this is not very convincing. I have
not as yet made any dissections. H. sibirica Friv. is said
to be the same, and I fancy asiatica Dyb. must also be
identical.— T. D. A. C.
CONUS AURORA LAMARCK
BY J. R. LeB. TOMLIN AND MINA L. WINSLOW
What is the correct name to employ for the commonest
South African cone? There is no lack of choice. The
species is variable in coloration and this fact has led as
usual to a bewildering array of synonyms.
The earlier writers on South African Mollusca general-
ly called it rosaceus Chemnitz, referring to the System-
atisches Conchylien-Cabinet XI, plate 181 figs. 1756 and
1757, and this is probably the earliest identifiable record,
44 THE NAUTILUS
though it is erroneously said to inhabit the East Indies.
The name rosaceus was not, however, used as a valid
binomial until Dillwyn so employed it in 1817.
In recent years it has been the fashion to call it tinianus
of Hwass or Bruguiere, to whichever author we ascribe
the species of Conus described in Encyclopedie Methodique,
Vers, vol. I, pt. ii. This view was introduced by Sowerby
in Journal of Conchoiogy, vol. V, p. 10, 1886, and repeated
in his "Marine Shells of South Africa", p. 28, 1892.
Conus tinianus is said to have come from Tinian Island
(one of the Ladrones), and is described as exhibiting "un
rouge vif analogue a ceiui de cinnabar, et trois rangs de
taches irregulieres, d'un bleu cendre, pale. . . Ces taches
offrent, dans leur interieur, des suites circulaires de points
fauves et blancs, qui disparaissent sur le fond rouge de
la coquille." The shell is figured in the Encyclopedie
Methodique Tableau 338, fig. 2, and shows a cone much
more of the raitus type, broadening rapidly from the base,
and quite unlike the build of the Cape species. However,
we are not now concerned with the identity of tinianus.
Dillwyn's appropriate name rosaceus was antedated by
Lamarck in 1810 with the equally fitting aurora, both
citing the same figures of Chemnitz in reference. This
last, then, seems to be the earliest valid name.
The following synonymy is probably far from being
complete : cajfer and secutor apply to brown varieties with
a median band ; lavendulus and loveni to lavender or bluish
shells which are variously marbled with shades of brown;
fulvus is a tawny shell with the median band almost
obsolete ; beckeri is a large form with the spire flatter than
usual, and the last whorl consequently subangulate; the
type of succinctus is a specimen which ought to have been
throwTi away, with but little trace of pattern or color left.
To summarize:
Oct., 1810. Conus aurora Lamarck: Ann. Mus. Paris
XV, p. 423.
1817. Conus rosaceus Dillwyn: Descr. Cat. Rec.
Shells I, p. 433.
THE NAUTILUS 45
1848. Conus caffer Krauss : Sudaf r. Moll. p. 131,
pi. 6, fig. 24.
1848. Conus loveni Krauss: 1. c. fig. 25.
1865. Conus secutor Crosse: Journ. de Conch.
XIII, p. 303, pi. 9, fig. 3.
Nov. 14, 1854. Conus succinctus A. Adams : P. Z. S. 1853,
p. 118.
Jan., 1886. Conus tinianus Sowerby (non Brug.) :
Journ. of Conch. V, p. 10.
1892. Conus tinianus Sowerby (non Brug.) :
Marine Shells of So. Africa, p. 28.
Jan., 1889. Conus fulvus Sowerby : Journ. of Conch.
VI, p. 10, pi. I, fig. 1.
Sept. 9,1911. Conus beckeri Sowerby: Pr. Mai. Soc.
London IX, p. 352, text-figs.
July 28,1915. Conus lavendulus Bartsch: U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 91, p. 12, pi. I, fig. 10.
NOTES ON OSTREA CALIFORNICA MARCOU
BY G. DALLAS HANNA AND LEO GEORGE HERTLEIN
California Academy of Sciences
When the account^ was recently prepared on the pale-
ontology of Coyote Mountain, Imperial County, California,
an attempt was made to include all references to previously
recorded fossils. As often happens, the work was incom-
plete, our collaborator, Mr. Frank M. Anderson, having
discovered an omission which is here supplied.
In 1858 Jules Marcou published in Zurich, Switzerland,
1 Hanna, G. D. Paleontology of Coyote Mountain, Imperial County,
California. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4th Ser., Vol. 14, No. 18, Mar. 23,
1926, pp. 427-503, pis. 20-29.
46 THE NAUTILUS
an account of the geology of North America.- He was
attached to one of the early U. S. Surveys but withdrew
through some misunderstanding. His observations were
published privately in Zurich.
A considerable number of new species of fossils were
described and seven plates of illustrations of them appear.
The first is "Osti'ea vi7'ginica var. calif ornica" (p. 32, pi.
5, figs. 2, 2a) . The specimen was collected by Capt. A. W.
Whipple "in the Colorado desert, California; near Carrizo
Creek, between San Diego and Fort Yuma". Marcou con-
sidered the formation as probably belonging to the
Miocene or perhaps the Pliocene.
The species appears from the illustration to be exactly
the same as was collected in the region and reported in
the Coyote Mountain report under the name Ostrea
iridescens Gray.^ That identification was obtained from
Ball's review of west American oysters^ and Carpenter's
description.^ O. iridescens was based on living shells of
the Gulf of California. Figures of the species are not
available. In the Conchological Museum of the Leland
Stanford University there are specimens from the west
coast of Mexico, which, according to Mrs. I. S. Oldroyd,
were identified at the U. S. National Museum as O.
iridescens. These specimens have a prolonged rectangular
outline, laminated structure, brownish-purple metallic
luster on the interior, and the hinge is somewhat long and
square. These forms agree with Carpenter's description
except that they do not resemble closely 0. virginica. We
are therefore inclined to regard Ostrea californica as a
valid species for the present, and consider the form re-
ferred to O. iridescens by Hanna to be referable to Mar-
cou's species. When a large collection from the west coast
2 Marcou, Jules. Geology of North America with two reports on
the prairies of Arkansas and Texas, the Rocky Mountains of New
Mexico, and the Sierra Nevada of California, originally made for
the United States Government. Zurich, 1858, pp. VI, 1-144, pis. 1-7,
3 geol. maps.
3 Hanna, Op. cit. p. 468, pi. 26, figs. 4-7.
4 Nautilus, Vol. 28, No. 1, May, 1914, pp. 1-3.
5 Cat. Mazatlan Shells, 1856, pp. 157-158.
THE NAUTILUS 47
of Mexico is studied it is possible that distinctions may
appear which will permit definite classification of the
Ostreas of this region.
This opportunity is taken to bring- the name Ostrea
calif ornica to notice so that it may not again escape study
when the proper time comes. Heretofore it seems to have
completely missed the attention of all American bibliog-
raphers.
FURTHER NOTES ON THE COLONY OF HELIX
NEMORALIS IN MASSACHUSETTS
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON
Since publishing my note on the occurrence of Helix
nemoralis at Marion, Massachusetts, (The Nautilus, vol.
40, p. 93) I have had, through the kindness of Mr. Albert
P. Morse, the privilege of studying 122 additional speci-
mens. Forty-eight of these were collected by Mr. Lewis
April 18 and 19, 1927, and the others by Mr. Morse. The
following numbers arranged according to their banding,
shows quite a remarkable variation for so small and appar-
ently recently established colony.
Variety libellula (yellow)
Bands Specimens
00000 29
00300 22
00345 4
003(45) 1
12345 4
(123) (45) Fused only on the outer half of the body
whorl 2
48 THE NAUTILUS
123x(45) Band 1 and 2 are fused near the lip, 3 and
the extra band x and 4 and 5 are all fused
toward the lip 1
63
Variety rubella (red)
Bands Specimens
00000 9
00300 29
00305 1
00345 7
003(45) 1
00345 Bands 4 and 5 fused near the lip 1
12345 4
12345 Bands 2 and 3 partly fused 1
12345 Bands 1, 2 and 3 partly fused 1
123(45) 1
1(23) (45) 1
123 (45) Bands 1, 2 and 3 partly fused 1
1(2345) Band 1 fused with the others near the lip 1
58
The range of the species seems very limited, confined,
according to Mr. Morse, to two estates. The only possible
clue as to their introduction is, that several years ago a
large number of rose bushes were imported from Ireland.
That young shells or even the eggs may have been among
the roots of the bushes seems quite probable. A favorable
situation on the coast has presented a suitable environment
and thus accounts for their rapid increase.
Dr. H. E. Crampton of Columbia University has sup-
plied the following data from a lot of 790 specimens from
Marion, collected in June, 1927.
THE NAUTILUS 49
Band Ground color
Formula Yellow Red Total
00000 157 78 235
00300 159 175 334
00345 36 54 90
003(45) 2 16 18
00340 1 1 2
00305 2 4 6
00045 1 0 1
00(34)5 1 0 1
12345 39 38 77
123(45) 3 15 18
(12)3(45) 1 3 4
(123) (45) 0 4 4
402 388 790
A NEW VARIETY OF HELISOMA CAMPANULATA FROM
MICHIGAN*
BY FRANK C. BAKER
HELISOMA CAMPANULATA MICHIGANENSIS var. nOV.
Planorbis campayiulatus var. rudeyitis Dall, Alaska
Moll., p. 90, 1905 (not the true rudentis of Dall).
Planorbis campanulatus rudentis Winslow, Oc. Papers,
Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 180, p. 3, pi. i, figs. 8-10, 1926.
(Not of Dall.)
Shell differing from typical campanulata in being
axially shorter, exhibiting 31/2 full whorls on the base, the
inner whorl diminishing slowly in diameter, while in the
typical form there are 2 1/2 whorls visible, the second of
which diminishes rapidly in diameter and disappears
* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University
of Illinois, No. 44,
50 THE NAUTILUS
abruptly in the umbilicus; basal whorls rounded, not sub-
angulated.
H. 5.5; Gr. D. 15.5; Ap. H. 5.8; D. 5.0 mm. Type. (Baker
coll., 1809.)
H. 5.4; Gr. D. 15.0; Ap. H. 5.8; D. 4.6 mm. Paratype.
(Baker coll., 1809.)
Type locality: Marl Lake, Roscommon Co., Mich. Types:
Baker coll. Cotypes: Univ. Mich.; Bryant Walker.
This shell has been confused with rudentis Dall, but an
examination of a paratype kindly sent by Dr. Paul
Bartsch, of the U. S. Nat. Mus., shows that this approxi-
mation is not correct, rudentis being higher axially, and
differing in the form of the umbilicus which is, as Dall has
said, "reamed out", forming a regular, broad, cone-shaped
or funnel-shaped umbilicus, quite different from the small,
rounded perforation in michiganensis. The sculpture,
also, is heavier than in the new variety. The paratype
of rudentis from the National Museum measures as
follows ;
H. 6.5 ; Dr. D. 16.0 ; Ap. H. 7.0 ; D. 4.5 mm. (U. S. N. M.
365574.) Knee Lake.
Dr. Bartsch says of this specimen "it is a trifle smaller
than the type but larger than most of the other seven
specimens.
Rudentis appears to be a northern form which is probably
confined to the Canadian region and the Hudson Bay drain-
age. Michiganensis should be found in other localities in
both Michigan and Wisconsin. None has been seen from
Wisconsin. The new variety is likely to be confused with
another recently-described variety, campanulata davisi
Winslow (op. cit., p. 8, pi. ii, figs. 17-19), which is smaller
than michiganensis, the whorls are more tightly coiled
and four are usually visible on the base, and the axial
diameter is typically somewhat less. The most obvious
character of differentiation is the small size and more
tightly coiled whorls, which leaves a very narrow and deep
umbilicus. This variety is very abundant in a small, now
dry lake, east of White Lake, Oakland Co., Mich., and is
THE NAUTILUS 51
also found in Mud Lake, Waukesha Co., Wis. In Miss Win-
slow's interesting and valuable revision of the campanulata
group if the name michiganensis is used for rudentis all
of the Michigan varieties will be included, although a new
summary will include the true rudentis in addition. As
the writer has stated elsewhere, the fauna of the small
and large lakes of Wisconsin and Michigan appear to have
each a facies peculiar to itself. From the limited data at
hand on the ecology of michiganensis and davisi it would
appear that the former live in the larger, perhaps clearer
small lakes, while the latter live in small, more or less
muddy lakes, of shallow depth.
NON-MARINE MOLLUSKS OF VOLUSIA COUNTY, FLORIDA
BY MAXWELL SMITH
The material which forms the subject of this paper was
collected by Sydney B. Holt and the writer in March, 1927.
Excursions were made in various directions from DeLand.
No collecting was done in the vicinity of Daytona Beach
due to the fact that most of the hammocks have been
cleared for real estate development with the result that
both fauna and flora are practically destroyed, thru the
agency of ax and flame.
TURTLE MOUND
This is said to be the highest Indian Mound in the state
and is composed mostly of oyster shells. It is situated
about seven miles south of Coronado Beach on the "island"
between the Halifax River and the Atlantic. The approach
is first thru a well wooded section and later over a dune
region as yet unspoiled by man. The mound is visible
some distance away but is most imposing when viewed
52 THE NAUTILUS
from the river. From the placid shore of the river it is
only a few minutes' w^alk to the ocean beach. The top of
the mound affords a unique view embracing broad ex-
panses of water, dunes and a fringe of palms. The slopes
support a considerable number of plants and bushes with
cacti in large groups. Under these live Polygyra and
other moUusks. At the base of the mound an accumulation
of river drift was found to be exceedingly rich in small
shells. A quantity of this was brought home and so far
has yielded the following species:
Zonitoides ndnitscula alachuana Dall. Named for the
county.
Vitrea dalliana Pils. Previously reported from Lee, Mon-
roe and Brevard Counties.
Euconulus fulvus Drap.
Helicodiscus parallelics Say.
Polygyra septemvolva Say. Under cacti.
Gastrocopta pellucida hodeacella Pils.
G. contracta Say.
Microceramus pontificus Gld.
Helicina orbiculata Say.
Truncatella bilabiata Pfr.
SHELL PITS NEAR DELAND
Here tons of semi-fossil shells are dug out and used as a
top dressing on the minor roads. Viviparus and Ampul-
laria are plentiful together with a half dozen or more
other genera. Two species are conspicuous by their
apparent absence in nearby water:
Goniobasis catenaria Say. (G. papillosa Anth.) See
Pilsbry's notes Naut. 4, 124.
Physa scalaris Jay. First noted from the Everglades.
STARK GROVE NEAR FATIO
Euglandina rosea Fer.
Polygyra avara Say. This was described in 1819 from ex-
THE NAUTILUS 53
amples taken in "Fatio's orange grove" on the St. John's
River". The name Fatio appears on a tiny freight sta-
tion on the railroad close to the grove. This habitat,
where the type apparently was obtained, is best reached
today by motoring to Lake Beresford boat house and
then walking down the railroad track to the freight
station.
Polygyra uvulifera Shutt. Taken alive under half rotted
wood close to the St. John's River.
Drymaeus dorTnani albidus Wright. A scarce shell not
found elsewhere by us ; taken in orange tree cavities
close to the ground, also under dead leaves and rubbish
in dense shade. It is said to be abundant here in the
wet season when it climbs to the tops of the trees.
Helicodiscus parallelus Say.
Zonitoides minuscula Binney.
NEAR OLD STETSON ESTATE, DELAND
Succinea floridana Pils.
Polygyra uvulifera Shutt.
LAKE BERESFORD
Lampsilis vesicularis Lea.
Viviparus waltoni Tryon.
LAKE MONROE AT BENSON SPRINGS (ENTERPRISE)
Viviparus waltoni Tryon. ^
Ampullaria paludosa Say.
Elliptio hinkleyi Wright.
ST. JOHN'S RIVER NEAR DELAND LANDING
Planorbis duryi Weth. Reported from Orange County by
C. H. Baker; Rockledge, Brevard County by Nylander.
P. scalaris Jay. Young specimens. Known to inhabit
Miami River region and Orange County.
54 THE NAUTILUS
ISLAND IN ST. JOHN'S RIVER NEAR BLUE SPRINGS
Ampullaria paludosa Say. Found alive on mud under
water hyacinths, mostly young specimens. This was
the only colony of living ones that we observed.
Ferrissia peninsulae P. & J. Fresh dead examples abundant
in the dry portion of this tiny island.
Physa cubensis Pfr. Young.
Planorbis caribaeus Orb. Young.
Amnicola sp. According to Dr. Walker "probably new".
This and the Musculium will be described later.
Musculium mearnsi Sterki. Rather plentiful with the
Ferrissia, all dead. Description prepared in 1916 from
specimens examined by Dr. Sterki at the U. S. National
Museum labelled "Head of the St. John's River". The
manuscripts will be published shortly. There are two
specimens in the Sterki collection from "Gee Creek, Fla."
County unknown.
M. sp. Apparently a new species detected among the others
by Dr. Sterki.
Eupera singleyi Pils.
BLUE SPRINGS
Succinea effusa Shutt. Found living on a log, overhanging
the crystal stream amidst a scene of indescribable tropic
beauty. Here abound mullet, turtles and water moc-
casins. Alligators are occasionally seen.
Unio buckleyi Lea. May have been brought here by fisher-
men for bait. No doubt lives nearby.
PONCE DE LEON SPRINGS
Planorbis glabratus Say.
VivipariLS waltoni Tryon.
Ampullaria paludosa Say.
THE NAUTILUS 55
A NEW SPECIES OF SPHAERIUM (S. NOTATUM)
BY V. STERKI
SPHAERIUM NOTATUM, new species.
Somewhat elongate, subequipartite, medium inflated;
beaks slightly or barely anterior, moderately projecting,
rounded and slightly mamillar; dorsal margin rather
short, moderately curved, bounded by slightly marked
angles, ventral moderately and regularly curved; an-
terior and posterior slopes slightly marked, anterior end
well rounded, posterior somewhat angular; surface dull to
dullish, microscopically rugulose, with the striae rather
fine, crowded, sharp, irregular to subregular; color of the
adult corneous to drab or grayish, mostly with a narrow
marginal lighter zone, of the young straw to light yellow-
ish; shell rather thin, opaque or subtranslucent ; hinge
moderately curved, of the same formation as in str'iatinum,
etc., plate quite narrow, cardinals small; long. 15, alt. 11.5,
diam. 8.3 mm.
Habitat: rivers and creeks, occasionally ponds.
Distribution : rather wide, mostly west of the Mississippi
River but not seen from the Rocky Mts. ; so far as now
known, most frequent in Kansas, in Dickinson, Saline,
Ottawa, Marion, Morris, Butler Counties, and some others,
to Missouri, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Nebraska and North
Dakota (in the last three or four, from one or a few
places), also to Arkansas, Oklahoma and southwestern
Texas, in the last, recent and fossil. The distribution
shows some marked gaps; but, being over areas mostly
unexplored, they will probably be bridged.
This Sphaerium had been known for many years and
regarded as probably a distinct species; then the fine ma-
terials collected at many places in Kansas, by Dr. H. P.
Mera, and numerous accessions from other places, brought
confirmation and a better understanding of the relations.
56 THE NAUTILUS
and variation. There are now over a hundred entries in
the collection of the Carnegie Museum, representing
thousands of specimens looked over. — Types: No. 9469 t
(Sphaeriidae collection) from the Camp Creek, Dickinson
Co., Kansas.
It is of the same group with S. striatinum Lamarck, and
apparently takes its place westward, but their areas are
somewhat overlapping, e. g. in Illinois and Wisconsin. The
mussels are larger, more equipartite with the dorsal mar-
gin somewhat shorter somewhat less and more evenly in-
flate. The surface is more markedly rugulose, more dull,
and decidedly less variable as to striation; (about the
color, see below).
Variation: The species is rather variable in several
respects. Typical and near-typical forms are found over
most of the area; even they show differences, of size:
from 14 to 17 mm. long; shape: some old specimens have
the posterior end rounded — a feature shown by most
species of the group. The striae are from very fine and
crowded to somewhat coarser and regular, especially over
the beaks; color: the grayish — or drab — corneous shade
is prevalent in the adult and, by the way, practically un-
known with S. striatinum. The straw color to light yellow
of the young is more persistent in some forms, and in one
lot, apparently not distinct, even the mature ones have not
changed. A large number of specimens from a drainage
ditch at Urbana, 111., collected by Dr. H. J. Van Cleave, are
somewhat different, slightly smaller, with the beaks more
prominent, and the color just dark corneous, are probably
a local form, due to environment.
S. n. neoshense: somewhat smaller, less inflate, slighter,
with outlines more rounded, surface less rugulose, with
striae fine and slight, color lighter, corneous to yellowish;
Neosho River, Kansas, several places, also collected by Dr.
Mera ; e. g. Nos. 9490, 9554, appears to be a regional sub-
species.
S. notatum? gibbosum: dorsal margin, and hinge, some-
what more curved, posterior slope more marked and the
THE NAUTILUS 57
end more angular, ventral margin less curved ; mussel more
inflate, above, but the discs towards the ventral are some-
what flattened; surface less rugulose and somewhat glossy
color light to dark corneous. — Greenwood Park pond at
Des Moines, la., collected by Mr. T. Van Hyning, in 1906,
associated with notatum, and a few other Sphaeria. There
were many hundred specimens of the two, and these are
markedly different from each other, but with intermediate
forms. It appears possible, or even probable, that they
are distinct species, may be carried into the pond by
streams, and there hybridized. I could not obtain any facts
proving or disproving this. But: some specimens of
gibbosuni, typical, have been seen from other places, part-
ly distant, not accompanied by notatu7n; and : with all other
notatum from scores of places, there were no gibbosum.
Beside these, there are some other Sphaeria more or
less resembling notatum, under doubt. Additional ma-
terials may prove whether they be forms of this, or of
distinct species.
SOME MISPLACED PLEUROCERIDS
BY CALVIN GOODRICH
Several species of the Pleuroceridae have been per-
mitted to remain for many years in genera to which they
do not belong. In the notes that follow I have called atten-
tion to more or less casual corrections of such mistakes,
and have undertaken on my own part the correction of
others. So far as I have been able to do so I have examined
types.
Id rota Reeve, 1860. Thought by Tryon to belong to
Angitrema. Pilsbry has recognized this as Pachymelania
aurita (0. F. Muller) . See "Aquatic Mollusks of the Bel-
gian Congo", p. 267.
58 THE NAUTILUS
Melania brevis Lea, 1843 ; Lithasia showalterii Lea, 1850 ;
L. fusiformis Lea, 1861, and L. vittata Lea, 1862, all from
the Coosa River, are not Lithasias as Lea and Tryon con-
sidered them, but Goniobases. This was pointed out to me
several years ago by Herbert H. Smith. The correction re-
quires a change in the name Melania showalterii Lea, 1861,
and I propose that this species be made Goniobasis pilsbryi.
Melania bitaeniata Conrad, 1834. A Strephobasis in the
judgment of Tryon. I take this to be a Goniobasis, possibly
a deformed and smooth specimen of Goniobasis hydei
(Conrad).
Melania compacta Anthony, 1854. Placed by Tryon in
Lithasia. This and its synonym, Lithasia nuclea Lea, 1860,
are Anculosas.
Melania planospira Anthony, 1854. Called an Anculosa
by Tryon. The author gives Tennessee as the type locality,
but the specimen in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
that is labeled "type" is marked as from Kentucky. It is
the stout Anculosa-like Lithasia obovata (Say) that occurs
in the Green River at Mammoth Cave. Anthony does not
mention the cave as one of the places he visited on his
walking trip into the south, but he describes Melania
latitans as from it.
Melania torta Lea, 1845. Placed by Tryon in Pleurocera.
This is a plicate Goniobasis that is close to laqueata (Say) .
It appears to be confined to a few streams of southern Ten-
nessee. It is, as Tryon remarks, peculiar for the "great
accumination of the upper part of the spire."
Melania strigosa Lea, 1841. The types, 121,603, Na-
tional Museum, have the sculpture of Goniobasis arach-
noidea (Anth.) , and are close to that species. It is a creek
form, probably from near Knoxville, Tenn., and not a mol-
lusk of the rivers, as the locality given by Lea, Holston
River, indicates.
Trypanostoma lyonii Lea, 1863, Pleurocera Raf. displac-
ing Trypanostoma Lea. This is the common Goniobasis
ebenum (Lea) that occurs in the Cumberland River and its
streams above the Falls and in its tributaries below. Oc-
THE NAUTILUS 59
casional specimens in some of the colonies are plicate on the
spire. A pure strain of the plicate shells inhabits the New
River of the Cumberland and is, I think, the same as
Goniobasis emery ensis Lea. The locality for emery ensis is
given as "Rocky Creek, Head Branch of Emery River, E.
Tenn." Dr. Ortmann and I, at different times, tried to find
the shell in the Emory drainage, and failed. The maps of
the 1860's were probably not very good in the matter of de-
tail, especially as regards the rough country of Eastern
Tennessee, and it is likely that even the natives were not
quite sure whether their Rocky Creek belonged to the Cum-
berland or the Emory.
Melania opaca Anthony, 1860. A Pleurocera according
to Tryon. The type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
is a Goniobasis of one of the groups that occur in the vicin-
ity of Helena, Ala. If it is a good species it is close to
Goniobasis germana (Anth.), described at the same time.
Trypanostoma tennesseense Lea, 1862. Placed by Tryon
in the synonomy of Pleurocera opaca. Lea says he received
the shells from Drs. Troost and Currey and J. M. Safford.
Those in the National Museum that came from Dr. Troost,
which I assume to be the types, are freakish specimens of
Goniobasis sordida incurta (Anth.)
Melania procissa Anthony, 1854. Made by Tryon, with
some hesitation, the sole member of his first group of
Goniobasis. He thought it probable that the shell, though
assigned to Alabama, might be from North Carolina where
Anculosae somewhat like it occur. In examining some
material from the Alabama Museum of Natural History I
came upon a shell accompanied by a note in Herbert H.
Smith's handwriting venturing the opinion that this was
Anthony's procissa. It was taken on Muscle Shoals, and is
a young Lithasia verrucosa (Raf.) with a freakish sculp-
ture.
Goniobasis stewardsoniana Lea, 1862. The types, 119,-
270, Natural Museum, are Lithasia verrucosa (Raf.) in
which the tubercules have coalesced into raised lines con-
tinuous quite around the whorls.
60 THE NAUTILUS
Melania abbreviata Anthony, 1850. Tryon makes this a
Goniobasis and throws M. elegantula Anth., coronilla Anth.,
curvilabris Anth., and chalybaea Anth. (Brot) into its
synonomy. The type of abbreviata is a deformed Lithasia,
probably L. fuliginosa Lea. Of coronilla, Mr. W. J. Clench
of the Museum of Comparative Zoology writes me that
"one specimen, marked 'original', presumably from the
original lot, is labeled 'Kentucky.' This is probably the
correct locality. * * * It looks very much like the Green-
Barren River material," meaning Lithasia obovata (Say)
that in the Green River and its drainage takes many forms.
One of the forms, in numbers always comparatively rare,
is curvilabris. It may be pathological. A corresponding
forn; in the Ohio river has been named Goniobasis inform-
is. Chalybaea seems to be a nude name.
Melania aequalis Haldeman, 1841. Considered a Gonio-
basis by Tryon. Specimens in the National Museum are
young shells either of lo or Lithasia. In the Walker col-
lection are young Lithasia verrucosa Raf. that are from
Nolachucky River, as is the case with aequalis. They are
remarkable for rather strong plicae, which appear to be
the most striking character of Haldeman's species. Fig.
164 in Tryon's monograph shows a specimen with an aper-
ture quite unlike Goniobasis, but resembling that of some
Lithasias.
Melania tabulata Anthony, 1854. A Goniobasis in
Tryon's opinion. I did not see this species in examining the
Anthony types. Three lots in the Lea collection named
tabulata are Lithasia obovata Say. The author's descrip-
tion and the figures in Tryon suggest obovata. The type
locality is given as Tennessee though, more likely, it is
Kentucky. Anthony's geography was often imaginative.
Melayiia nickliniana Lea, 1841. Placed by Tryon in
Goniobasis. This is a form of Anculosa carinata Brug.
Goniobasis auricoma Lea, 1862. It is a young Lithasia,
probably verrucosa Raf.
Melania gibbosa Lea, 1841. Thought by Tryon to be
Goniobasis. The types, two specimens, are Lithasia obovata
THE NAUTILUS 61
Say, possibly deformed, the columella being peculiarly im-
pressed. As in the case of M. hildrethiana Lea, which is
obovata also, gibbosa is only a dwarfed form of the species
that is the most abundant of the Pleuroceridae on the Falls
at Louisville.
Melania densa Anthony, 1850. Placed by Tryon in the
synonomy Goniobasis simplex (Say). The type is an elon-
gated Lithasia fuliginosa Lea.
Melania depygis Say. Considered by most collectors to
be the leading term of a group of Goniobasis. Mr. A. A.
Hinckley expressed his suspicion to me several years ago
that this is the slender form of Lithasia obovata, usually
only partly grown, that occurs in great numbers at the
Falls of the Ohio. My belief in the correctness of this
view has gained support through the examination of sev-
eral collections from the Falls, including two that I made
myself. I have recently gone over several thousand speci-
mens that were taken by Call in this place and are now the
property of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Not one
individual was a Goniobasis and all from the Falls that
were named depygis were in fact L. obovata. Other species
erected on the variations of obovata at this place are
Goniobasis infantula, louisvillensis and informis Lea, all
named in 1863, and probably from the same sending,
Melania livida Reeve, 1860. Though thrown by Tryon
into the synonomy of Goniobasis semicarinata Say this
shell belongs to that of Pleurocera acuta Raf.
Melania alexandrensis Lea, 1845. Included by Tryon,
together with the next species, in his grouping of Gonio-
basis. The types are young Pleurocera acuta Raf. Speci-
mens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology that were re-
ceived from Josiah Hale, the original collector, are also
acuta.
Melania haleiana Lea, 1845. The type lot consists of
juvenile P. acuta together with young Goniobasis that, ap-
parently, are plebeius Anth.
Melania grisea Anthony, 1860. A Goniobasis according
to Tryon. I cannot be sure that I saw the types during my
62 THE NAUTILUS
examination of the Anthony material, but one lot named
grisea and labeled "for exchange" is young Lithasia, prob-
ably florentiana Lea.
Goniobasis lawrenci Lea, 1^69. The types are Pleuro-
cera acuta Raf.
NOTE ON THE GENUS CERATODISCUS
BY H. A. PILSBRY
Ceratodiscus was proposed for a Haitian operculate
landshell, C. solutus Simpson and Henderson, of which the
animal and operculum were unknown. A Cuban species
from Guantanamo was subsequently (1914) described, C.
ramsdeni, and in the same paper Cyclotus minimus Gundl.,
Pfr. was referred to the same group and its operculum was
described by myself.
Recently Dr. Joh. Thiele has described and figured the
operculum and dentition of C. minim-us (Archiv f. Mol-
luskenkunde LIX, 1927, p. 155-157, pi. 9, figs. 5-7). He
concludes that it is a Helicinid snail, approximating to
Stoastoma. The operculum is figured as though the nu-
cleus was at the columellar border, but he does not men-
tion the point in his description. In my description the
nucleus is stated to be at the external border. The radula
is not figured in full detail by Thiele, and appears to re-
semble that of Lucidella; compare H. B. Baker's figures of
L. (Poenia) lirata, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., vol. 74, 1922, pi.
3, fig. 5, pi. 5, fig. 21. I am inclined to view Ceratodiscus
as forming a subfamily, Ceratodiscinae, of the Helicinidae,
characterized by the peculiar operculum with external
nucleus, and the tubular whorls of the openly umbilicate
shell.
On opening specimens of C. ramsdeni I find that the in-
THE NAUTILUS 63
ternal partitions are absorbed for a narrow space in the
middle of each, leaving a very low, flat chamber parallel
to the upper face, the partitions projecting into it above
and below.
The following species of Ceratodiscus are now known:
C. solutus Simpson and Henderson, Nautilus XV, 1901, p.
73, pi. 5, figs. 1, 2. La Ferriere, Haiti.
C. ramsdeni Pilsbry, Nautilus XXVII, 1914, p. 134;
XXVIII, pi. 1, figs. 6, 7, 8. Guantanamo, Cuba.
C. minimus ('Gundlach' Pfr.), Monogr. Pneum. Ill, Suppl.
2, p. 16 ; Suppl. 3, p. 31. Monte Toro, etc., Cuba.
C. portoricanus Pilsbry and Vanatta, Proc. A. N. S. Phila.
LXXIX, 1927, p. 21, text figure. Montoso, Porto Rico,
2624 ft.
ON POMACEA PERRY (AMPULLARIIDAE)
BY H. A. PILSBRY
In "The Aquatic Mollusks of the Belgian Congo", Bull.
Amer. Mus. N. H., 1927, p. 170,^ Dr. Bequaert and I
named Pomacea maculata Perry as type of Pomacea, and
through some unaccountable confusion or lapse of memory
"{=Nerita urceus 0. F. Miiller)" was added. The genus
Pomacea Perry ("Conchology", 1811, text of pi. 38) is a
composite group. Perry's figs. 1 and 2 are Helices; fig. 3,
Pomacea maculata is Ampullaria gigas Spix; fig. 5,
Pomacea orbata, is Ampullaria globosa Swains. ; and fig. 4
is a helicid, probably not determinable.
The figure of P. maculata is not very good for P. gigas,
1 It may be mentioned here that this work was written over three
years ago, publication being unavoidably delayed. While a few small
insertions were made on the proofs, it was impracticable to bring it
fully up to date.
64 THE NAUTILUS
but judging by the size, the channelled suture and the
rounded posterior extremity of the aperture, it cannot well
be anything but that Brazilian species.
P. orhata is well figured and is undoubtedly A. globosa
Swainson; being prior to that well known name, it will
have to be accepted as Ampullaria orhata (Perry), or in
Boltenian nomenclature, Pila orhata (Perry). Another
synonym of this species, as already noted by Bryant
Walker, is Ampullaria rotundata Say. (New Harmony
Dissem. II, Aug. 12, 1927, p. 245). Say was misled by the
false locality of his specimen.
P. S. Since the above was in type I have thought to look
at Perry's earlier work, "Arcana," where Pomacea was
monotypic for P. maculata. This is on the 12th plate; we
owe to Iredale's acumen the date, approximately March 1810.
The "Arcana" is a rare work; Iredale know of four copies,
two in London Hbraries, one in Sweden, one in his own col-
lection. There is an excellent example in Philadelphia,
library of the Academy of Natural Sciences No. GNH-169a.
It is a diverting and occasionally quite thrilling book.
A NEW JAPANESE EUHADRA
BY H. A. PILSBRY AND T. D. A. COCKERELL
EUHADRA SANDAI OKANOI, new subspecies.
The shell is strongly depressed with a rapidly contract-
ing umbilicus. Color ecru-olive (varying to chamois) with
a large umbilical spot and a supraperipheral band of
brownish black; on the upper surface irregular streaks of
naples yellow. The last whorl descends deeply to the very
oblique aperture. Height 22.5, diam. 40.5 mm., 5% whorls.
This is one of several land snails found along the "lime
shed road" near Tsuruga, Echizen, Japan, by Mr. T.
THE NAUTILUS 65
Okano, who very kindly undertook to collect specimens
for one of us. It will be figured in a revision of the
Euhady-a herklotsi group soon to be published.
JESSE WEDGWOOD MIGHELS
To those interested in the study of Mollusca, especially
of the species found in New England, the name of Mighels
is very familiar, but this is the first time that we have
been able to present to our readers some of the interesting
facts pertaining to his life.^
J. W. Mighels was born in Parsonsfield, Maine, July 6,
1795. "On reaching the age of eighteen he had acquired
suflFicient learning to teach a common school. Aspiring
to become a physician, he sought the aid of Dr. James
Bradbury of his native town, who found so much of
promise in young Jesse that he gave him encouragement
and instruction for some time, notwithstanding the fact
that the young man had no academic training. Mighels
later attended 'medical lectures' at Dartmouth College,
from which he received the degree of M. D., August 20,
1823."
"He settled immediately in Minot, Maine, where he built
a house and began the practice of medicine, winning an
enviable reputation. On December 12, 1826, he married
Miss Evelina Augusta Rust, daughter of Capt. Henry
Rust, Jr. Two sons were born to them. Dr. Mighels re-
mained nine years at Minot, and in 1832 moved to Port-
land, Maine, where he continued the practice of his pro-
fession for about fifteen years, and it is said won a reputa-
tion for his skill in surgery. It has been said that he
1 His name is pronounced Miles. We are indebted to Mr. Arthur
H. Norton for a most interesting account of his life published in
"The Maine Naturalist", Vol. VII., pp. 63-74, June, 1927. From this
I have selected those parts pertaining to his conchological work.
I am also indebted to Mr. Norton for the accompanying portrait.
66 THE NAUTILUS
moved to Portland in order to better gratify his tastes for
scientific pursuits."
"Four years after he moved to Portland there was
organized in the place the 'Maine Academy of Science'
(1836), which had a brief career, and now is all but for-
gotten."
"This Academy, though entirely distinct from, was the
forerunner of the Portland Society of Natural History,
and the name of Dr. Mighels appears among those who
signed the call for a meeting for the organization of the
latter to be held December 19, 1843. Two preliminary
meetings had been held, one on November 24, and the
other December 1 of the same year. At the latter Dr.
Mighels was added to the committee which had been
chosen to 'draft a constitution'. The first election of
officers was held December 20, 1843, and Dr. Mighels was
elected corresponding secretary, which office he held con-
tinuously by re-election until his removal to Cincinnati in
1847. He was one of the most active members of this
young society, serving on various committees and occasion-
ally lecturing at its public meetings."
"It is due to his work as a conchologist that Dr. Mighels
won for his name a lasting place among the pioneer
naturalists of America. A memorandum in one of his
books states, that he commenced to study shells in 1837
and sold his collection of shells to the Portland Society of
Natural ^History, March 13, 1846."
"What is now known of the extent and disposition of
that collection is here taken from Dr. Mighels' own hand-
writing, or in other words from the subscription paper
through which the collection became the property of the
Portland Society of Natural History; the preamble is as
follows: 'Dr. J. W. Mighels proposes to dispose of his
entire collection of shells to the Portland Society of
Natural History for the sum of $1000. The collection
consists of more than 3000 species and 6000 to 10000
specimens, embracing many rare and interesting varieties,
with all the species that are known to inhabit the State of
THE NAUTILUS 67
Maine. He proposes also to include in the sale all the
duplicate specimens for which he is now negotiating in
Europe, Africa, Sandwich Islands, etc., with no extra
charge, excepting the expense of postage and freight,
which will not probably exceed 8 or 10 dollars.'
" *In case the sale is effected. Dr. Mighels agrees to
arrange and label the whole collection, so far as the species
are known to him, without any compensation, whenever
the Society shall furnish suitable cases and place them in
the hall of the Society at their own expense. In order to
purchase the collection of shells above named, that they
may be placed in the hall of the Portland Society of
Natural History, as a donation from ourselves, we the
subscribers agree to pay the sums annexed to our names
whenever the sum subscribed shall amount to one thousand
dollars.' "
"At that time (1843-1854) the Society was quartered in
an upper room of the Exchange Building; this building
was otherwise occupied as a business block, by the U. S.
Court and by the Post Office. It was located on the corner
of Middle and Exchange streets, where the Post Office
building of the present day stands. On January 8, 1854,
the Exchange Building was totally destroyed by fire, with
all of its contents, including the entire collection of the
Natural History Society."
After hearing of the fire Dr. Mighels wrote: "Is it
possible that my beautiful collection of shells is destroyed?
The work of nine years of delightful enthusiastic industry
— is it all gone? How is it possible to replace the deep
water species of Maine and the Gulf of St. Lawrence?
The species from Europe, East and West Indies, Sandwich
Islands, from the Nile, India, South America and Oregon!
What a loss! Money and books and goods and buildings
can be replaced, but that collection, I fear never!"
"That Dr. Mighels was not only a collector but a patient
student of his chosen subject, is shown no less by his books
than by his few published papers. A number of books
from his library became the property of William Willis,
68 THE NAUTILUS
the historian, as appears by his signature; they descended
to his son Henry Willis, vice-president of the Portland
Society of Natural History, and were finally presented to
the Society by his widow, in accordance with his wishes."
"The first of these books to claim attention is one 9^/^
by 8 inches, made of heavy unruled paper suitable for
drawing, and with tissue fly leaves. It was evidently made
and bound to order. On the first or title page is written,
'Lamarck's System of Conchology, Illustrated. From
Crouch and Brooke and from Nature.' Not only is the text
more or less fully copied but also two hundred and forty-
three figures. This portion of the book is followed by
seven figures of 'miscellaneous shells' with names, and
'Shells of Portland', with eighty-six figures ; these are fol-
lowed by seven species of Maine shells critically described
and illustrated with nineteen figures ; habitats and remarks
are also given. There are also figures of shells from Porto
Cabello, Alabama, and eighteen figures of Achatinella.
The last thirty figures are drawn on cards which are glued
to the pages of the book. Among the beautiful figures of
AchatineUa Dr. Mighels reached the climax of his skill as
a portrayer of shells."
"Another book, evidently John C. Jay's Catalogue
(though lacking the title page) consisting of ten printed
plates, with fifteen pages of printed text, is augmented
by fourteen additional plates, containing one hundred and
two figures drawn by Dr. Mighels. Thomas Wyatt's
Manual of Conchology after Lamarck and Blainville, in
two volumes, 1838, is rebound, and interleaved and in-
creased to the extent of one hundred and ninety-two
figures with considerable wi'itten text, including a number
of his new species."
"He continued to live in Cincinnati until 1856 or 1857.
On leaving a dimly lighted courtroom where he had been
needed as a witness, he fell down an open shaft or stair-
way, sustaining severe injuries from which he never fully
recovered."
"As a broken down suflferer, in 1858 he returned to
THE NAUTILUS 69
Maine, living at Norway until death claimed him, Septem-
ber 1, 1861. His remains were laid in the Rust family-
tomb, in the Rustville Cemetery, Norway, Maine."
CONCHOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS OF J. W. MIGHELS
1841. Catalogue of the Marine, Terrestrial and Fluviatile
Shells of Maine. Published by the author.
1842. With C. B. Adams. Descriptions of twenty-four
Species of the Shells of New England. Journ.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IV; 37-54, p. 4.
1843. With C. B. Adams. Descriptions of twenty-five
new Species of Shells. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., 1, 48-50. This is an abbreviation of the pre-
ceding paper.
1843. Catalogue of the Marine, Fluviatile and Terrestrial
Shells of the State of Maine and Adjacent Ocean.
Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 308-345.
1843. Description of six Species of Shells Regarded as
New. Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 345-350,
pi. 16, figs. 1-6.
1843. Descriptions of seven Species of Shells Regarded as
New. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 129, without
plate. This is an abbreviation of the preceding
paper, six species are described.
1844. Dr. Gould communicated on behalf of Dr. J. W.
Mighels some specimens of Shells with descriptions.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 187-189. Eleven
species are described as new.
1845. Descriptions of Shells from the Sandwich Islands
and Other Localities. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
II, 18-25. Fifty-one species are described as new.
C. W. J.
70 THE NAUTILUS
CORRESPONDENCE
In Camp, New Harmony, Indiana,
Sept. 7, 1927.
Dear Dr. Pilsbry: — What conchological memories this
old town has! Our tent is pitched on the Wabash River
embankment, just fifteen feet from the river. We arrived
here about 4 P. M. — and before supper made a good collec-
tion at the north end of an island just above the ferry.
We have had the best of luck on the trip — no rain and
all the rivers low. To date, over 1000 pounds of shells
have been shipped back to Ann Arbor, of course Unionidae
taking the lion's share for weight. For the most part the
collecting has been done in the large rivers and streams.
The small creeks have all run dry.
Western Kentucky rivers proved a disappointment for
beauty. Most of them are muddy, filled with stumps and
logs, and run turbid water even several days after a rain.
However, they proved rich in material. Many times we
were knee deep in mud — feeling over the bottom with our
hands and tossing out on the bank all kinds of Unios!
Tomorrow we start working north, picking up what
material we can on the way. There are several good rivers
to cross such as the Patoka and White which should pro-
duce something. William J. Clench.
NOTES AND NEWS
A SYNONYM OF PoLYGYRA AURICULATA Say. — In his in-
teresting book "Amerikafahrt" (1926) Professor 0. Abel
has unconsciously added a synonym to our catalogues,
''Polygyra auricular is" , mentioned on p. 133, figured in
fig. 78 (p. 112), central figure. The specimen was picked
up on the shore of Vero Island, St. Lucie Co., Florida. —
H. A. P.
THE NAUTILUS 71
The noisy oysters. — The incessant clicking of oysters
as they open and shut their valves has set up such a dis-
turbing noise at one point in the Atlantic Ocean as to cause
the United States Coast Survey to abandon its plans
of employing under-water radio in surveying the North
Carolina coast. 'We have been listening to the clicks of
oysters instead of the sound of the bomb signal in the
radio-acoustic equipment' states Commander W. E. Parker,
chief of the Division of Hydrography and Topography.
(See The Literary Digest for Sept. 3, 1927.)
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
Small Shells from Dredgings off the Southeast
Coast of the United States by the United States
Fisheries Steamer "Albatross" in 1885 and 1886. By
W. H. Dall. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 70, art. 18, pp.
1-134, 1927.) Including those recorded in a supplement
(p. 115) the total number of species obtained from these
dredgings, omitting pelagic forms, is 400, comprising 5
Brachiopoda, 41 Pelecypoda, 14 Scaphopoda and 340
Gasteropoda. Of the whole number 240 are described as
new. The dredgings were made off the coast of Georgia
in 440 fathoms and off Fernandina, Fla., in 294 fathoms.
This paper is most interesting in showing the richness of
the fauna of the sea bottom in certain localities. It is to
be regretted that the new species are not illustrated as it
will be very difficult to determine them from the short
descriptions. We note however that many of the species
are represented by numerous specimens, in the absence of
illustrations would it not be possible to place some of these
in other museums thus making them more available for
students.— C. W. J.
The Shipv/orms of the Philippine Islands. By Paul
Bartsch (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 100, vol 2, pt. 5, pp. 533-
72 THE NAUTILUS
562, pis. 53-60, 1927). This represents the first paper
bearing on the shipworms of this region, the economic
importance of which have but recently been emphasized.
One new subgenus Ungoteredo and 16 new species are
described and figured. The illustrations are excellent. —
C. W. J.
A Review of Australian Helmit Shells. By Tom
Iredale. (Records Australian Museum, vol. 15, no. 5, pp.
321-354, pis. 31 and 32, 1927.) The various species of
Cassididae often referred to several subgenera of the
genus Cassis, have long been difficult to define when study-
ing the species of the world, especially those of Australia.
The author has clearly defined the described species, to-
gether with seven new ones, which are beautifully figured.
The following new genera are proposed, Nannocassis,
genotype Cassis nana T. Wood Hypocassis, genotype C.
bicarinata Jonas. C. fimbriata is also in this genus.
Xenophalium, genotype X. hedleyi Iredale. Xenogalea,
genotype C. pyrum Lam. 12 species are recognized in this
genus, peculiar to the Neozelanic and Southern Australian
waters. Antephalium, genotype C. semigranosum Lam.
The genotype of Cypraecassis Stutchbury is C. rufa L., of
Phalium Link, B. glaucum L., of Semicassis Morch, C.
japonica Reeve, and of Casmaria H. and A. Adams, B.
vibex L. Little has been done by the author on the radula,
"but years ago Troschel recorded that the radula showed
differences in the two main groups that were worthy of
generic rank". — C. W. J.
Sacculus Okai , A New Parasitic Gastropod. By
Shintaro Hirase. Annot. Zool. Japonenses XI, July, 1927.
This is a form living in colonies in gall-like swellings of
the test of tunicates. The body is globular, about 3x2
mm., with a pair of tentacles, eyes, and flattened foot. The
ample mantle has a dorsal slit, and there is a monopectinate
gill. There is a bipectinated osphradium. It is taenio-
glossate, and is believed to "belong to some family near
the Lamellariidae". — H. A. P.
NAUTILUS
Plate 1.
LAMl'SILIS RAFINESQUEANA
Frierson
The Nautilus.
Vol. XLI JANUARY, 1928. No. 3
A COLLECTING TRIP TO THE NORTHWEST
BY JUNIUS HENDERSON
Accompanied by Eugene Herman Nanney, a University
of Colorado student, I spent the summer of 1927 on a col-
lecting trip to the Northwest. We travelled 4,500 miles by
flivver, with a camp outfit, and unnumbered other miles on
foot, from Boulder, Colorado, through southern Wyoming,
northeastern Utah, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, southern
Montana and eastern Wyoming, back to Boulder. We col-
lected mollusks at 140 localities, chieflly in western Oregon
and western Washington. A monograph on the non-marine
mollusks of these states is now in preparation, in which all
of our unpublished land and fresh-water shells will be in-
cluded. Probably another report will discuss the marine
shells.
Two things were very impressive on the trip: 1. The
difficulty of finding parking places along the main graded
and paved roads of the Northwest where it is desirable to
search for mollusks. Parking on the roadway is prohibited
and there is seldom space for parking off the roadway.
Most of the roads are laterally shouldered or ditched in
such a way as to prevent driving off even where there is an
open, level space. 2. Along the route travelled, except in
western Washington and Oregon, there are not many good
74 THE NAUTILUS
localities for land snails close to the main highways, and
time did not permit much digression. Consequently, as
stream crossings afforded opportunity to obtain aquatic
moilusks, they greatly preponderate in the season's collec-
tions.
From McCammon, Idaho, nearly to Portland, Oregon,
one passes almost continually over arid, sage-covered
stretches of land, with very little shrubbery suitable for
snail cover, no rock slides, and with green fields only in
scattered valleys here and there. Even in the moist belt
along the coast, with its luxuriant vegetation, shell-bearing
snails are not so plentiful, generally distributed and easy
to find as one would expect. This has always seemed sur-
prising to me. I found the same difficulty in locating col-
onies of land snails in Alaska, northwestern British Col-
umbia and Yukon Territory, where aspen groves that
looked promising only yielded a few small species. Pilsbry
and Cooke mention the relative scarcity of land snails on
Vancouver Island. One reason may be the general preva-
lence of non-calcareous rocks and coniferous forests,
neither of which are favorable to most snails.
We found the big, beautiful Monadenia fidelis (Gray)
abundant in only one colony, at Empire, Oregon. Hap-
lotrema was more generally distributed, but nowhere abun-
dant. Only one lot of Polygyra townsendiana (Lea) was
found, between Astoria and Portland, but a fine lot of
53 specimens from Blaine, Oregon, sent in by Alex Walker,
included two examples of P. t. brunnea, recently described
from south of Kelso, Washington, by Vanatta. Doubtless
we would have found more terrestrial material had we
searched more industrially, but it was discouraging work,
we were pressed for time and our real object was to get the
fresh-water material, which stands more in need of study.
In passing through Wyoming, Idaho, Montana and east-
ern Oregon and Washington, there was constant tempta-
tion to leave the highway and get into the foothills and
mountains after Oreohelix, but had we done so we would
never have reached our real objective, the coast, so we
THE NAUTILUS 75
could only say, "Get thee behind us, Satan!" and step on
the gas.
We hoped to pick up the trail of Goniobasis in northern
Idaho and eastern Oregon and Washington, as it has been
found there, though absent from southern Idaho, Wyo-
ming and Colorado; but we found none until after we
passed Portland, though we have specimens from The
Dalles received from other collectors. We obtained G.
silicula (Gould) from 28 stations, from 15 miles south of
Bandon, Oregon, to Aberdeen, on the Washington Coast,
and inland nearly to Seattle, but none north of Seattle and
none by the north side of the Olympic Mountains. G.
plicifera (Lea) we obtained at 7 stations, all in the Wil-
lamette Valley, except Astoria, Oregon, and Centralia,
Washington. Many authors have made silicula either a
synonym or variety of plicifera. Upon examination of
large numbers of both from many localities scarcely any
indications of intergradation have been found and I no-
where found them mingled or found any lot that could not
be easily identified definitely as one or the other. Hence I
consider them distinct species. Perhaps others have had a
very different experience with them. Possibly the absence
of Goniobasis northward and eastward in the Puget Sound
Basin may be due to the fact that the whole region was
heavily glaciated, and sufficient time has not elapsed since
the retreat of the glaciers for the genus to re-establish it-
self. A more thorough search may locate some colonies
beyond where we found them. Margaritifera (Margari-
tana) also we failed to find very far north of Seattle, and
only one colony on the north side of the Olympics, Crescent
Lake.
A great surprise was the comparative scarcity of
Pisidium, Physa, Lymnaea and the larger species of Plan-
orbis. Many stations that yielded only a few examples of
any of these genera presented conditions similar to stations
where they fairly swarm in some other regions. At only two
or three stations in the coastal region were any of them
abundant. A quiet bay, now almost cut off by a turnpike,
76 THE NAUTILUS
at the northwest end of Lake Whatcom, in the edge of Bell-
ingham, seems to be the type locality of the interesting
Lymnaea stagnalis occidentalis "Hemphill" Baker, where it
was associated with fine, large Planorbis binneyi Tryon.
Other parts of the lake visited by us seemed less favorable,
but in 1925 we found a few of each of these species at the
south end.
Anodonta nuttalliana, oregonensis and wahlamatensis
were all described by Lea, from the Willamette River, near
its junction with the Columbia. These three, with A. cali-
forniensis Lea, are closely related and appear to inter-
grade. We had hoped to be able to obtain for careful study
a large quantity of the three first-named, from various sta-
tions in the region of the type locality, but when we were
there the water was altogether too high for successful col-
lecting.
Marine collecting is excellent at some localities on the
Oregon and Washington coasts, such as Sunset Bay, south
of Coos Bay, but nowhere did we find as many species in a
short time as at Fidalgo Island on Puget Sound, or at some
California localities. Although much of the coast of both
states is rugged, with steep bluffs and rocky islets, sugges-
tive of numerous rocky points exposed to the surf and many
tide pools, yet at most localities visited by us immense
quantities of sand eroded from the bluffs by storm and
wave have accumulated about the bases of the rocks and
thus prevented the development of tide pools and other
ideal conditions favorable to large faunas of littoral marine
invertebrates.
One accustomed to the Southern California beaches
misses such familiar shells as Donax, Tivela, Crucibulum,
PoUnices, etc. Compensation for this lack lies in the great
abundance and variety of Thais, so variable in color and
sculpture that one is almost tempted to take all within
reach. The Oregon-Washington faunas, as would be ex-
pected, are much more nearly allied to those of northern
California, with a strong representation of Alaska species.
The brackish- water mud-flat genera Cerithidea and
THE NAUTILUS 77
Melampus, so abundant in some bays of southern Califor-
nia, as at San Pedro, are absent from Oregon and Wash-
ington bays.
Echinodermata are well represented on these coasts.
The sand-dollars of California we found as far north as
Pacific Beach, Washington. Purple urchins were abundant
at many localities, forming a beautiful sight when mingled
with immense, expanded, green sea-anemones in clear,
quiet tide pools. The little six-rayed starfish (Leptasterias)
is very common under rocks. We obtained two of the twen-
ty-rayed starfishes (Pyc7iopodia) and several other species.
The starfish everywhere in evidence in great abundance
and exceedingly variable in color, is Pisaster ochraceus. In
places we saw scores of them in close contact with one an-
other. On parts of the jetty at Newport, Oregon, one could
scarcely walk over the big rocks without stepping on star-
fishes.
HUNTING HELICES IN CALIFORNIA
(Extracts from a letter to the Editor)
Long Beach, California,
September 11, 1927.
The first week in August I set out with my Buick and
camp outfit for a three weeks' shell collecting vacation.
I went up the Coast road as far as Gaviota Pass the first
afternoon; next morning went on to Morro Bay. Found
half a dozen good Helminthoglypta t7'aski phlyctaena
Bartsch (one alive), near Las Crucis. Stayed one day for
early tide at Morro, and went on to Cayucos for three more
early tides. I collected land shells at three stations near
Cayucos. They seem to be related to the specimens I sent
you in June from Salmon Creek. I extracted some of the
animals after drowning and now have them in alcohol for
you, also one H. t. phlyctaena. This shell from around
Cayucos seems to puzzle me. I have had nothing like it
78 THE NAUTILUS
before.^ I have a good set saved for you. I found the same
form at two stations on the "Old Creek" road on the ocean
side of Santa Lucia mountains about four and seven miles
east of Cayucos, but did not find it over the ridge on the
valley side.
Leaving Cayucos I crossed the range to Paso Robles and
again across the great San Joaquin valley to Visalia, thence
up in the high sierras. I explored the southern edge of
Sequoia Park on the south fork of the Kaweah River. Went
up the old Mineral King Road to an elevation of 8,000 ft.,
finding very poor snail country; the only specimen in fact
in my two days' stay was a single live H. traski proles
Bartsch ; rather slim picking ; no trace of any other species.
The country is too straight up and down to furnish very
good homes for snails.
From there I went back down the mountain to 900 ft.
elevation and climbed the new road to the "Giant For-
est" on the north fork of the Kaweah. The reward of three
days' diligent search was a very nice set of live specimens
of Helminthoglypta sequoia. Part of them show quite a
reddish cast to the shell, almost the color of the redwood
bark. When this shell is taken alive and properly cleaned
it is indeed a pretty species. It is very fragile and when
aestivating under the bark of logs, part of the bark must
be removed with a sharp knife, else the shell will be
crushed in the fingers. Three days careful search through
the Park turned up no trace of Helminthoglypta traski
proles or H. tudiculata tularensis, — nothing but H. sequoia.
After these delightful days in the Park I again dropped
down to the valley and tried to gain access to the King's
River country, but without success. The San Joaquin Light
and Power Co. has the road closed to all but their own
trucks, as they have two dams and power plants under con-
struction. Disappointed, I had to cross the ridge from
Trimmer's Springs to the old Toll House Road to Hunting-
1 It is Hplmmthoqhivta umhih'cata cayvcofiensis Pils., Nautilus,
vol. 38, p. 104, described from specimens taken by Mr. and Mrf?. Chace.
It has also been collected in several localities by Mr. Morris E.
Carruthers. — Ed.
THE NAUTILUS 79
ton Lake, along which I had found my first Monadenia
mormonum loweana. I turned off above Ockenden to the
right and went about 15 miles over the divide to the "Dinky
Creek" and meadow country, which drains into the north
fork of King's River. I collected around here and one day
hiked 5 miles over to the "McKinley Grove" of Sequoias,
and found the same form of mormonum there. — This must
be the extreme southern limit. I hope some time to get up
in the King's River country and find just where the two
species have their dividing line, or perhaps some other
form in between.
Another year I hope to get started in early June before
they all hide away for the dry season; there is so much
country yet to be carefully explored. This form of mor-
monum is surely a corker to find alive at this season, as
they all seem to bury themselves under the loose pine
needles near decaying logs. One could collect 500 to 1,000
shells in Cuba to one of those Sierra forms. It is hard to
make the average collector who has never collected them
realize the value of these forms.
Herbert N. Lowe.
CUBAN LAND SNAILS COLLECTED BY H. N. LOWE
BY H. A. PILSBRY
EUTROCHATELLA CHRYSOCHASMA MENDOZANA n. SUbsp.
The shell is about the size of E. c. hemandezi "Wright"
Wagner, but more broadly conic; white with typically sul-
pher tinted summit (sometimes white), a wax yellow basal
callus and dull orange lip, which is slightly expanded and
in fully adult shells is thickened and built a little forward
at the inner margin. Length 6.3, diam. 4.8 mm. ; 7 whorls.
Type No. 141897 ANSP. Specimens also in collections
of H. N. Lowe and E. E. Hand.
80 ' THE NAUTILUS
At the caves near Mendoza, Pinar del Rio, Cuba, col-
lected by H. N. Lowe and E. E. Hand, 1926.
This small race was taken in abundance. It appears to
be rather constant in size and other characters.
Urocoptis mendozana n. sp.
The shell resembles U. vignaleyisis in general shape, and
has the same type of sculpture. General color light neutral
gray (in some specimens having a brownish tint), nearly
uniform, but with some scattered darker streaks; on close
inspection the riblets are seen to be whitish. The rounded
aperture is carob brown within, the expanded lip white in
the upper part, brownish elsewhere. There is a distinct
white columellar fold. The internal axis has a thin, mod-
erately wide, crenulated lower lamella, a very much weaker
low one above it, and an extremely weak upper spiral.
Length 22, diam. 6 mm. ; 9% whorls remaining. Type.
Length 18.5, diam. 5.8 mm. ; 8i/^ whorls remaining.
Around the caves near Mendoza, Province of Pinar del
Rio, Cuba ; collected by H. N. Lowe, 1926. Type No. 142856
ANSP. ; specimens also in Lowe's collection.
The axial armature is much weaker than in U. vignalen-
sis. Other species of the "group of U. trilamellata" are
much more slender.
It will be figured in the next issue of Nautilus.
Urocoptis monelasmus n. sp.
Urocoptis vignalensis, var., Pilsbry, Nautilus XL, Jan.,
1927, pp. 74, 75, pi. 1, fig. 8.
The shell resembles U. vignalensis (Wright, Pfr.) in
shape; ground color pecan brown to vandyke brown;
sculpture of thread-like, arcuate whitish riblets much nar-
rower than the intervals, and finer, more numerous than in
U. vignalensis. Last whorl without basal keel. The cir-
cular aperture is deep brown within and has a well ex-
panded peristome, which is very briefly in contact with the
preceding whorl above. The internal axis has a single
strong, smooth, spiral lamella revolving near the base in
each whorl.
THE NAUTILUS 81
Len^h 18.6, diam. 5.6 mm. ; 9 whorls remaining.
Around the caves near Mendoza, Pinar del Rio, Cuba.
Type 141495 ANSP., collected by H. N. Lowe, 1926.
At the time I figured this shell as a fine-ribbed variety of
U. vignalensis I had not opened it. I find now that it has
a single axial lamella, not three. U. violacea is a much more
slender species. By the dark interior and other characters
the new species belongs to the group of U. trilamellata
(Man. Conch. XV, p. 255.)
HELICES FROM CALIFORNIA AND TEXAS AND A ZONITID
FROM VIRGINIA
BY H. A. PILSBRY
HELMINTHOGLYPTA SEQUOIA n. sp.
The shell is thin, rather depressed, with low conic spire,
not quite imperforate, the dilated lip covering most but not
all of the umbilicus. Color between buffy olive and Isabella,
lighter, almost chamois color towards the lip; a narrow
chestnut band revolves above the periphery. Upper sur-
face is scarcely glossy, having wrinkles of growth, and on
the post-embryonic whorls there are inconspicuous rather
well spaced papillae, in some places arranged subregularly
in forwardly descending trends, in other places rather ir-
regular ; on the last whorl these papillae disappear, leaving
a wrinkle sculpture and slight malleation, both less devel-
oped than in H. tudiculata tularensis; base smoother,
glossy. The suture descends moderately to the aperture.
Peristome is slightly expanded, triangularly dilated nearly
over the umbilicus.
Height 15, diam. 22 mm.; 514 whorls.
Sequoia National Park, California, the type, no. 142857
ANSP., and other specimens collected by H. N. Lowe.
82 THE NAUTILUS
This species is evidently related to H. callistoderma
Pils., a larger shell with much more crowded papillae wnich
extend over the last whorl. In H. sequoicola (Cooper)
the whorls increase more gradually ana the texiure and
color differ. These three species torm a group cnaracter-
ized by the possession of papillae.
The largest specimen seen measures 22.6 mm. in diame-
ter, the smallest 18.3 mm. In the small specimens the um-
bilicus is all but closed, reduced to a mere crevice behind
the reflected lip.
This species will be figured in the next number of
Nautilus,
humboldtiana ferrissiana n. sp.
The subglobose shell is narrowly, obliquely umbilicate,
rather thin, white under a thin yellow periostracum (be-
tween maize yellow and chamois) with three carob-brown
bands, the lower one rather weak and interrupted. The
surface is glossy, first half whorl smooth, the following
whorl finely radially costulate-granose, next whorl with
traces of fine granulation in places; later whorls have ir-
regular growth wrinkles and some narrow whitish streaks
on the larger wrinkles. The whorls increase rapidly, and
the last one descends rather deeply to the aperture. The
aperture is oblique; peristome thin, the outer and basal
margins very narrowly expanded, the columellar margin
broadly, triangularly reflected over the umbilicus.
Height 26.3, diam. 32.3 mm. ; 41/3 whorls. Type.
Height 30, diam. 34.2 mm. ; 414 whorls.
Miter Peak, Davis Mountains, Texas. Type 144338
ANSP.; other topotypes 144338.
When monographing this genus (Proc. A. N. S. Phila.
1927) I overlooked the specimens from the Davis moun-
tains, which prove to differ from the three species then de-
scribed from north of the Mexican boundary.
H. texana Pils., the nearest species geographically, is
smaller, higher, more coarsely granulose. In H. chisosen-
sis Pils., which appears to be the most nearly related
species, the weak granulation extends upon the last whorl
THE NAUTILUS 8S
and the spire is lower. The exact relations of H. ferrissi-
ana to the other forms remains to be determined when liv-
ing specimens are collected.
All of the specimens taken — over thirty — are "dead"
shells, most of them having lost the periostracum more or
less completely.
Glyphyalinia burringtoni n. sp.
The shell is depressed, umbilicate, glossy, somewhat
translucent, of a warm buff tint. It resembles G. rhoadsi but
differs by having the retractively radial grooves less widely
spaced, minor grooves and wrinkles between them more
strongly developed ; on the latter part of the last whorl the
grooves become closely though somewhat irregularly spaced.
Under the compound microscope the surface is seen to be
covered with fine, distinct, weakly beaded spiral striae, not
seen in G. rhoadsi. The umbilicus is contained about 4.4
times in the diameter. The spire is slightly convex; four
rapidly widening whorls. The aperture is lunate, shaped
much as in G. rhoadsi.
Height 2, diam. 4 mm.
Near and at the Natural Bridge, Virginia, type 144764,
paratypes 13744 and 137571 ANSP., collected by Dr. H.
Burrington Baker, April 12, 1926.
This is a smaller more depressed shell than "Polita"
hammonis electrina (Gld.), which resembles it in micro-
scopic sculpture, but has more crowded radial grooves and
wrinkles.
Glyphyalinia was elevated to generic rank in my
monograph on New York mollusks (not yet published) , on
account of the peculiar dentition of indentata. Dr. H. Bur-
rington Baker has examined several species, including his
namesake G. burringtoni, and finds more important char-
acters in the reproductive organs. His results are soon to
be published.
I have had a bleached specimen of G. burringtoni from
Cumberland, Maryland, in the collection for many years,
but deferred description until better material should turn
up.
84 THE NAUTILUS
NADEAU LAKE, FORT FAIRFIELD, AROOSTOOK COUNTY,
MAINE
BY OLOF 0. NYLANDER
Nadeau Lake is situated in the northeastern part of Fort
Fairfield, very near the boundary line between Maine and
New Brunswick. This lake is about three-quarters of a
mile long and less than a quarter of a mile wide, lying in a
valley between hills and draining northward into McDon-
ald's Brook.
In this small lake is probably the largest deposit of marl
or bog lime in New England, being from three to twelve
feet in thickness. The lime is mostly extracted from the
water by a small plant Chara cf. gracilio7' which grows pro-
fusely over the bottom of that lake and when dead forms a
deposit of lime on the bottom. There is a small bunch of
trees at the southern end of the lake, otherwise the land is
cleared and under cultivation almost to the water's edge.
Most of the lake is drained so there is only a small basin
of water in the middle and a small stream of water along
the sides.
Mollusca are plentiful in the water and they have con-
tributed in part to the making of the bog lime. I find in
this part of Maine, that nearly every bog lake or pond has
some shells that are peculiar to it, and my previous pub-
lished lists in The Nautilus, vol. XIV, 1901 and vol. XXII,
1909 confirms this statement.
Since September 8th, 1925, I have visited Nadeau Lake
many times and the following species of shells were col-
lected.
Anodonta marginata Say. Rather small.
Sphaerium sulcatum Lam. Common.
Sphaerium rhomb oideum Say. Rare.
Pisidium variabile Prime. Common.
THE NAUTILUS 85
Valvata lewisii Currier. Found on Chara fragilis on the
bottom of the lake.
Lymnaea obrussa decampi Streng. Common.
Planorbis hirsutus Gld. Large specimens, common.
Planorbis tHvolvis Say. Common.
Planorbis campanulatus Say. Common.
Planorbis exacuous Say. Obtained only five specimens.
Planorbis parvzis Say, Common.
Physa heterostropha Say. Small specimens.
I also revisited the Lovely Brook bog in Fort Fairfield in
August 1925, and discovered a colony of Planorbis crista
Linn., collecting about fifty specimens. The colony of P.
crista in the Barren Brook bog. Caribou, still exists and ten
specimens were obtained in August 1925. On the scanty
vegetation growing on* the marl bed along the water edge
I found for the first time the small orchid Liparis loeselli.
Thus I find that certain geological conditions are great fac-
tors bearing on the distribution of both the fauna and the
flora.
MOLLUSCAN PROVINCES IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES
BY JUNIUS HENDERSON
One working on the non-marine Mollusca of the Western
United States is inevitably strongly impressed with the ex-
istence of a number of molluscan provinces, distinct in cer-
tain of their biological characteristics, though their bound-
aries, of course, are not sharply defined, and the region
would perhaps be divided in different ways by different
students, depending upon what particular groups of mol-
lusks they happen to be studying. Looking at the subject
in a larger way, there are some provinces upon which we
may all agree.
86 THE NAUTILUS
If a line be drawn through eastern Montana, Wyoming,
Colorado and northern New Mexico, thence southwestward,
it will divide the United States into two major molluscan
divisions. The eastern division is characterized by the
abundance of numerous species of Polygyra, large heavy-
shelled, operculate species of fresh-water univalves such as
Campeloma, Viviparus, Goniobasis, Lithasia, Anculosa,
Pleurocera, etc., and a large and varied fauna of heavy-
shelled Unionidae. None of the fresh-water univalved gen-
era mentioned extends at all into the western division, ex-
cept Goniobasis, which is represented by only a very few
species inhabiting southwestern Montana, northern Idaho,
Oregon, Washington and northern Califoria. Polygyra is
absent from most of the western division, but is repre-
sented by a few forms with much ttie same distribution as
Goniobasis. Heavy-shelled Unionidae of a few species are
sparcely distributed in eastern Montana, Wyoming and
Colorado, but do not cross the Rocky Mountains. Their
total absence from North America west of the Rockies is
remarkable, "this being the largest area destitute of Unio
life in the temperate or tropical regions of the globe."^ The
family Unionidae, is, however, represented in all the states
west of the Rockies by the thin-shelled genera Anodonta,
Gonidea and Margaritana. The latter extends eastward
from Oregon and Washington into western Idaho and west-
ern Montana, but is absent thence eastward to Pennsyl-
vania and northward through central British America.
As Unio, Goniobasis, Viviparus, Campeloma and Lithasia
are found in Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of the
Rocky Mountain states, it is evident that their range has
for some reason become restricted since Tertiary time.
The two major divisions are also set oif one from the other
by the presence in the western area of many species of
Ashmunella, Sonorella, Oreohelix and the group of species
usually assigned to Epiphraamophora, Oreohelix crossing
the line only into the Black Hills region, and the others not
at all.
1 Simpson, The Nautilus, VIII, 118, 1898.
THE NAUTILUS 87
The western division may be subdivided into several
provinces, each marked by the presence of certam genera
and the absence or relative scarcity of others. For exam-
ple, in the Rocky Mountain province, embracing Colorado,
Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Utah and northern New Mex-
ico, the characteristic, conspicuous and abundant land
snails nearly all belong to the genus Oreohelix. The pres-
ence of Anguispira kochi occidentalis (Martens) and
Polygyra in Montana and northern Idaho, and of one
species of Goniobasis and Margaritana in western Montana
and northern Idaho, suggests affinity with the Oregon-
Washington Province, but on the whole Montana and
Idaho belong with the Rocky Mountain Province, as a large
proportion of all the species found in those states occur
also in the states to the southward, and not westward. The
abundance of Oreohelix throughout the province suggests
affinity with the Southwestern Province, but the absence
of other characteristic southwestern genera emphatically
vetoes that idea.
The southwestern Province, comprising central and
southern New Mexico and Arizona (possibly also Nevada
and eastern California), is also inhabited by numerous
species and subspecies of Oreohelix, but is definitely set off
from the Rocky Mountain Province by the presence of
many species of Sonorella, Ashmunella and Holospira, none
of which has been found in the Rocky Mountain Province
except one or two species of Ashmunella in northern New
Mexico. Because of the scarcity of ponds, lakes and peren-
nial streams, the aquatic molluscan faunas are not so
abundant and varied as in the Rocky Mountain Province.
The Oregon-Washington Province is distinguished from
the Rocky Mountain Province by the nearly, but not quite,
total absence of Oreohelix, the greater prominence (5f
Polygyra, Haplotrema, Goniobasis and Margaritana, and
the presence of Epiphragmophora (or Monadenia) .
The California Province is characterized by the great
development of the group of snails usually referred to
Epiphragmophora, represented by a few forms northward
88 THE NAUTILUS
but none eastward, and by the almost total absence of
OreoheLix, represented by only one small species on Cata-
lina Island. Margaritana, Goniobasis and Polygyra extend
into the state from the northward.
In the absence of insuperable faunal barriers, any at-
tempt to establish zoological provinces very rigidly must
fail. They must necessarily be very much generalized, and
will break down with too detailed discussion of species, as
faunas overlap, it would be interesting to know wny there
snouid be sucn faunal differences as are indicated for those
western provinces — what barriers there may be or what
there may be in the history of the migrations of species
that have brought about their present distribution. It may
be possible, when sufficient information is accumulated, to
answer some of the questions. That the distribution of
various groups is not altogether a matter of climatic con-
ditions is quite certain, and no other environmental fac-
tor yet observed seems sufficient.
For example, Margaritana margaritifera (Linn.), in-
cluding a northwest American color form falcata (Gould),
is circumpolar in its distribution, having "the most exten-
sive range of any of the Unionidae", It occurs in moist
portions of western Oregon and Washington, in semi-arid
and arid Idaho, Utah and Nevada, in New England, east-
ern British America and Alaska, as well as in Europe and
Asia. Occurring under such varied environmental condi-
tions, why should it be absent from Pennsylvania to west-
ern Montana and northward through central British Amer-
ica? This interesting problem has been ably discussed by
Walker, who concludes that it is not, as one might suppose,
because it was destroyed by glaciation and has not yet been
able to re-establish itself in that region.
Again, the genus Oreohelix, and even some of the species,
notably O. cooperi (W. G. B.) and 0. strigosa depressa
(CklL), have a great range and thrive under very diverse
climatic and other environmental conditions. Both species
2 Walker, "The distribution of Margaritana margaritifera (Linn.)
in North America", Proc. Malac. Soc. London, IX, 126-144, 1910.
THE NAUTILUS 89
mentioned are found from Montana to New Mexico, and
from the cool, moist regions near timber line in the moun-
tains to the dry, often hot plains at their base, thus being
adapted to a wide range of temperature and humidity.
Eastern Washington, Oregon and California seem just as
suitable a habitat as southern Idaho, eastern Utah, New
Mexico, Arizona or Wyoming. Many parts of Utah seem
just as favorable for Sonorella and Ashmunella as do New
Mexico and Arizona, but if so the snails have not yet dis-
covered the fact. Mountain streams in other parts of Mon-
tana and elsewhere in the southern Rockies seem just as
favorable for Goniohasis as where they occur in southwest-
ern Montana. It is likely that they crossed the continental
divide from the westward by way of Yellowstone Park, in
company with Margaritana.
The reasons for faunal provinces and for peculiarities in
the distribution of species are often complex. There are
many possible environmental factors that may either limit
or encourage migration, and these factors interact in a
very complicated fashion. There are not only many kinds
of faunal barriers, more or less effective, but also many
methods by which species may pass or be transported over
such barriers. Land is a natural barrier to the passage of
fresh-water faunas, but in some places streams flowing in
various directions have their common source in an area
where their headwaters are more or less connected, at least
part of the time. Sometimes the lower stretches of two
streams are connected during floods, affording a highway
for the interchange of species. Sometimes one stream cap-
tures part of the drainage of another by headward or lat-
eral erosion, thus making possible such interchanges. There
are many known instances of the transportation of live
mollusks for long distances clinging to the feathers and
feet of aquatic birds.
It is certain that glaciation destroyed all life in large
areas and formed temporary barriers to migration during
the last glacier epoch, the Pleistocene, yet upon the retreat
of the ice the same or other species promptly repopulated
90 THE NAUTILUS
the glaciated areas. Nevertheless, some cases of erratic
distribution are probably the direct result of glaciation.
That, however, cannot be the cause of western molluscan
provinces. Mountain ranges are rather effective, but not
insuperable barriers to the migration of some types of ani-
mals. Tryon, Bartsch, Goodrich and others have shown
that even a fresh-water stream may be a barrier to the
migration of fresh-water species. This is notably true of
a river heavily-laden with sediment, such as the Missouri,
but a large, clear stream may be a barrier to a species
adapted to small brooks, and a swift stream may be a bar-
rier to a species adapted to sluggish water.
It is clear, then, that in studying the problems of distri-
bution one must know not only all the environmental fac-
tors of the present time, but must also know the more im-
portant details of the geography and environment for some
distance back in the past, with the geological transforma-
tions that have occurred. All this makes the subject more
enticing.
Since the foregoing was written, Dr. Pilsbry has re-
minded me of the close approximation of these provinces
with those proposed by Binney in 1885,^ in discussing the
land snails only, before some very important western gen-
era now recognized had been segregated (Oreohelix, Sonor-
ella and Ashmunella) . His Eastern Province extends clear
to the base of the Rocky Mountains, a little farther west
than mine. His Central Province includes the whole inter-
mountain region, my Southwestern Province plus most of
my Rocky Mountain Province. His Pacific Province in-
cludes the whole Pacific Coast region west of the Sierra
Nevada and Cascade Mountains, northward to Alaska.
However, he divides it into two regions, namely, the Cali-
fornian, from Humboldt Bay to San Diego, and the Ore-
3 Henderson, Nautilus, XXXVII, 77-81, 1924; Univ. Colo. Studies,
XVI, 1-3, 1927.
4 Bartsch, Nautilus, XXX, 92, 1916. Goodrich, Nautilus, XXXV,
1-4, 1921. Tryon, Strepomatidae, XLI, 1873.
5 Binney, Manual Amer. Land Shells, pp. 18-25, 1885; Terr. Moll.
U. S., V, 39, 1878, with zoogeographic map.
THE NAUTILUS 91
gonian, from northern California to Alaska. Doubtless he
would also have divided the Central Province, had concho-
logical investigations in that region been anywhere near as
far advanced as at present.
MARGARITIFERA VS. MARGARITANA
BY JUNIUS HENDERSON
Kennard, Salisbury and Woodward^ show that the well-
known generic name Margaritana Schumacher, 1817, must
give way to Margaritifera [misspelled Margartifera by
printer's error] Schumacher, 1816. This is very unfortun-
ate and will lead to much confusion, as Margaritana has
long been used for the fresh-water mussels of circumpolar
distribution. They say: "It is true that the name Mar-
garitifera had been applied by Patrick Brown (Civil and
Natural History of Jamaica, 1756, p. 412) to a section of
the pearl oysters, but his work being pre-Linnean does not
count even though republished in 1789." Though Brown,
in common with other polynomialists, used generic names
in a real generic sense, he was in no sense a binomialist, as
he used descriptive phrases instead of specific names, and
this applies to the republication as well as to the original
publication of his Margaritifera, consequently it must be
ignored and not considered a preoccupation of the name to
the exclusion of Schumacher's first name for the fresh-
water mussel. This seems to be an instance justifying the
committee on zoological nomenclature in exercising its dis-
cretionary power by validating the name Margaritana.
1 Kennard, Salisbury and Woodward, Proc. Malac. See. London,
XVI, 276, 1925.
92 THE NAUTILUS
ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF SOUTH DAKOTA MOLLUSCA
BY W. H. OVER
Since publishing a list of South Dakota Mollusca in The
Nautilus, Vol. XXIX, 1915, I have added the following
species to the list. With the exception of a single species
they are represented in collection of the University of
South Dakota Museum. It may be fair to say that these
records accumulated by the ending of the year 1924 when
I was compelled to cease active interest in Mollusca. Most
of the species listed here were identified by Mr. Bryant
Walker.
Alasmidonta truncata B. H. W. Rivers of the eastern part
of the state.
Alasmidonta calceola Lea. Big Sioux River in Minnehaha
County.
Quadrula ruhignosiis Lea. Rivers of the eastern part of
the state.
Quadrula tuberculata Raf. Big Sioux River, Lincoln
County.
Qvxidrula coccinea Lea. Vermillion River, Clay County.
Quxidrula costata Raf. Fire Steel Creek, Davidson County.
Cokeria southalli Marshall.^ James River, Huron, Beadle
County.
Lampsilis ventricosu^ canadensis Lea. Lake Byron, Beadle
County.
Anodonda marginata Say. Lake Kampeska, Codington
County.
Campeloma subsolidum Anth. Firesteel Creek, Davidson
County.
Vitrea hammonis Stroem. Clear Lake, Marshall County.
Segmentina crassilabris Walker. Jim Creek, Roberts
County.
Planorbis hirsutus Old. Marshall County.
1 No specimen. The Nautilus, Vol. XXIX, 1916, p. 133.
THE NAUTILUS 93
Planorbis vermicularis Gld. Roberts County.
Amnicola walkeri Pils. Marshall County.
Ferrissia rivularis Say. Lake Byron, Beadle County.
Ferrissia parallela Hald. Marshall County.
Ferrissia tarda Say. Roberts County.
Succinea haydeni W. G. Binn. Marshall County.
Gastrocopta procera mcclungi H. & J. Moist draws of the
western part of the state.
PECTEN (PATINOPECTEN) LOHRI, NEW NAME FOR PECTEN
OWENI ARNOLD, A PLIOCENE SPECIES FROM
CALIFORNIA i
BY LEO GEORGE HERTLEIN
California Academy of Sciences
Pecten (PATINOPECTEN) LOHRI Hertlein, new name.
Pecten (Patinopecten) oweni Arnold, U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper
No. 47, 1906, p. 63, pi. 8, figs. 1, la and lb, "Foxin's Ranch, Santa
Barbara County," California. Pliocene. Not Pecten oweni De
Gregorio, Naturalista Siciliano, Anno Terzo, No. 5, 1883-1884
(1884), p. 133; new name for Pecten pictus Sowerby Thes. Conch.
Vol. 1, 1847, p. 62, pi. 20, fig. 233. "Isle of Baicus." A recent
species. Not Pecten pictus Goldfuss, Petrefactae Germaniae, Bd. 2,
1834-1840, p. 67, T. 97, figs. 4a, b, c. A European Oligocene
species. (According to De Gregorio.)
Unfortunately Arnold's name for the well known Lower
Pliocene species is preoccupied for a recent one of the Phil-
ippines. His remarks upon the relationship of the Cali-
fornia species are apparently correct. He stated "This
species is quite closely allied to P. healeyi, of which it is
probably the precursor. It may be distinguished from the
latter by its smaller size, greater convexity, fewer and
stronger ribs, more prominent intercalary riblets on the
right valve, and relatively much longer hinge line."
1 Published by permission of the Director, California Academy of
Sciences.
94 THE NAUTILUS
Pecten lohri is common at many places and has been re-
ported from the Etchegoin, Purisima, Pico, lower Wildcat,
and Merced (of Pillar Point) , formations of California, all
of which are lower Pliocene. It apparently does not occur
in the Upper Miocene as originally suggested.
This species is named for Dr. Fred von Lohr, topo-
grapher who accompanied Mr. W. M. Gabb on an expedi-
tion into Lower California.
NOTE ON A "DOUBLE-MOUTHED" HOLOSPIRA COCKERELLI,
DALL
BY GEO. C. SPENCE
Polystomatism, or the possession of more than one
mouth, has been recorded in the case of various species of
shells. At the moment I can instance Limnaea auricularia
(L), Clausilia bidentata (Strom) and Brachypodella
raveni Crosse and agnesiana C. B. Ad.
I can now record a similar occurrence in Holospira
cockerelli Dall ; one individual in a set of this rare species,
kindly given me by Dr. Pilsbry, having this peculiarity.
This shell which is almost full grown has been fractured
by some means and partly repaired, but instead of com-
pletely filling up the gap and continuing to use the whole
shell the animal has constructed another mouth with fully
formed lip rather more than half a whorl above the original
aperture.
This malformation is sometimes caused by an obstruc-
tion in the mouth but in this case fracture appears to have
been at any rate the primary cause.
THE NAUTILUS 95
TWO NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS FROM URUGUAY
BY DOCTOR H. VON IHERING
BULIMULUS (SCUTALUS) FELIPPONEI, n. sp.
A conic-ovate shaped shell, rather solid, with narrow um-
bilicus, of a whitish color, covered with a thin and green-
ish, lustrous periostracum. There is a spiral border on
the last whorl, whitish, and barely visible; the spire is
conic and the point obtuse and smooth. The first whorls,
called nepionic are adorned with fine lineal, vertical
creases, the whorls, numbering l-lYi are slightly convex
and separated by a deep suture. The last whorl has irre-
gular vertical grooves, the others are smooth; with fine
spiral lines impressed, sometimes hardly visible, the aper-
ture has an oblique position, almost vertical, oblong-shaped,
angular on the front. The peristome is reflexed on the
outer border. The columellar border is wide, dilated, and
forms an angle with the columella and with the anterior
border of the aperture. The height is 23.5 mm. ; the major
diameter is 13 mm.; the aperture is 11 mm. long; and an
interior width of 6 mm.
This new and interesting species comes from Canelones
(Republic of Uruguay) and I have the pleasure of dedicat-
ing it to Doctor Florentino Felippone, of Montevideo,
whose activities and studies have been of great profit to-
wards furthering the knowledge and connection of the
molluscs of Uruguay, this being the reason why I dedicate
to him this species.
This is the first species of Scutalus known from Uruguay.
Another similar species, Bulimulus peristomatus exists in
the Argentine. Doring 1879, upon which Pilsbry's descrip-
tion is compared, in his excellent "Manual of Conchology",
series pulmonata. Vol. 11, page 29.
The above-mentioned species is, notwithstanding, big-
ger, and has the margins of the aperture convergent the
96 THE NAUTILUS
same as in our species, which, furthermore, has more
whorls. If the shells are not found in good condition, the
fine sculpture of the apex whorls will be lost, a detail which
made me think that I had to deal with a species of Bostryx
of the section Lissoacme, sub-generic division of Pilsbry's
which was based on the sculpture of the apex; but it is
probable that in this sense there may be transitions. In
our species the apex starts smooth, and afterwards acquires
fine vertical striae, sometimes difficult to see. In the
BuliTYiuliis irregularis Pf eiffer, the apex sculpture is similar
to the B. felipponei, whilst in general, the Scutalus species
have the sculpture irregular and deflected.
Strophocheilus felipponei, n. sp.
Shell thin, slightly globose, coated with a periostracum,
of a dark yellow color. The spire is short, the embryo
shell is composed of four whorls, the first being smooth,
the others densely covered with numerous and fine longi-
tudinal ribs. In the following whorls, these fine ribs per-
sist, and they reunite in groups close to the suture, merging
into a small whitish plate. The disposition of these
plates at the side of the suture, causes an impression of a
crinkling of the same, which, in general, happens with the
species of the group Strophocheilus. The aperture is wide
oval; the columela which is slightly convex, is thickened
above in a doubling form, colored white, which forms an
obtuse angle with the wall of the aperture, in which can
be seen a terminal line of the callus. The position of the
aperture is oblique. The external lip is sharp but not
reflexed. There is no visible vestige of the umbilical
fissure. Evidently it is a new shell, which has almost
reached its definite dimensions, taking into account that
the species of this group do not, as a rule, have many more
than \}^ whorls in the post-embrvonal shell. Length of
shell 385 mm.; major diameter 275 mm.; length of aper-
ture 254 mm.; width of same 17 mm. This species is
bigger and more bellied than the S. lutescens, and is less
bellied than the S. globosu^, whose spire, moreover, is
THE NAUTILUS 97
shorter. Of the two species mentioned, this latter is dis-
tinguished by a complete absence of the umbilical fissure.
This species I collected in the suburbs of Paysandu (Re-
public of Uruguay), where it is not common. My particu-
lar friend, H. von Ihering, notable macalogist, honored
me by dedicating to me this species, as a mark of esteem
and in attention to my activities in the study and investiga-
tions of the malacological fauna of Uruguary.
Dr. Florentino Felippone.
ON THE DESIGNATION OF GENOTYPES
BY W. A. LINDHOLM
In Nautilus, XLI, p. 21. Dr. H. Burrington Baker pro-
poses for designation of genotypes valid according to the
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature the follow-
ing terms: autotype, monotype, tautotype, apotype and
lectotype. All these terms, with exception of tautotype,
were proposed already in 1912 by N. Banks and A. N.
Caudell ^ for designation of type-specimens, and are hither-
to admitted in practical use for the supposed aim in system-
atic biology. It is therefore not convenient the same terms
to use for definition of genotypes.
Some time ago the writer ^ proposed for designation of
the various categories of genotypes, valid and invalid,
mentioned in the International Rules of Zoological Nomen-
clature, a number of terms. An earlier attempt with the
1 Nathan Banks and A. N. Caudell, The Entomological Code, a
Code of Nomenclature for Use in Entomology, Washington, 1912.
2 W. A. Lindholm, Vorschlage zur e-enaueren Bezeichnung der
Genotypen (Zoologischer Anzeiger LXIII, 1925, p. 161-5); Eine
weitere Katpgorie von Genotypen (op. cit. LXIV, 1925, p. 245-7) ;
Berichtignngen zu der Uebersetzung der § 30 der Internationalen
Nomenclaturregeln (op. cit. LXXIII, Heft 578, 1927).
98 THE NAUTILUS
same purpose, made by Ch. Schuchert and S. S. Buckman,*
was not based on and therefore not adaptable to the Rules.
For the four categories of genotypes, enumerated by Dr.
H. B. Baker loc. cit. the corresponding terms of the writer
are as follows :
1. Type by original designation — autogenotype.
2. Type by original fixation — monogenotype, tautogeno-
type.
3. Type fixation through substitution — apogenotype.
4. Type h(y first valid subsequent designation — idiogeno-
type.
The designations of the other (invalid) categories of
genotypes mentioned in the Rules may be found in the cited
papers of the writer.
It may here be pointed out, moreover, that the term
"genotype", as largely used by the systematists in zoology
and botany, was introduced in 1897 by Ch. Schuchert ^ and
has therefore precedence and priority against the same
term of quite other significance, which was proposed in
genetics by W. Johannsen ^ in 1903.
3 Ch. Schuchert and S. S. Buckman, The Nomenclature of Types
in Natural History (Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 7th series, vol.
16, No. 91, 1905, p. 102-104).
4 Ch. Schuchert, What is a type in natural history? in "Science",
April 23, 1897, pp. 636-40 and Ch. Schuchert in Bull. U. S. National
Museum, No. 53, Part I, 1905, p. 15 (rectified definition). Here at
first Schuchert on p. 12 proposed also the term Lectotype for desig-
nation of tjrpe specimens.
5 W. Johannsen, Ueber Erblichkeit in Populationen und in reinen
Linien. Jena 1903.
THE NAUTILUS 99^
THE GROWTH OF THE MUSSEL MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS
BY OSCAR W. RICHARDS
Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University,
Pacific Grove, California
During the first part of July, 1926, over one thousand
specimens of Mytilics califomianvs were gathered at
random from the point immediately south of the Bird
Rocks at the Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, Cali-
fornia. The left valve of each of these animals was saved
to be measured as a growth study. The mussels came from
three places, each within one and one-half meters of the
others and all of the animals at each spot were gathered.
These sample spots were about thirty centimeters square.
Consequently, these animals are representative of the
mussel population on this point and give some indication of
the sizes and ages of the animals to be found there. This
mussel is not cosmopolitan like Mytilus edulis but is con-
fined to the Pacific Coast. It occurs on rocks exposed to
the surf and reaches a larger size than M. edulis.
The greatest length of the valve, the depth, or dorso-
ventral dimension, of the shell at its widest part and the
thickness of the valve, greatest perpendicular distance to
outside of shell at the same place the depth was measured,
were all measured to the nearest millimeter on about two
hundred of the animals so chosen to be representative of
the whole lot. The length was measured on the rest of the
animals. Later eighty larger shells were added, taken
from the beach, to show the later growth rings. This made
in all 1188 valves measured.
The frequency of animals of each length is shown on
graph 1. The distance from the umbo to the growth rings
was measured on all of the shells showing rings. The posi-
tions and frequencies of the rings are also shown on graph
1. As will be seen the population consists mainly of small-
er individuals. This fact is of further interest as this
point is accessible only at the lower tides and is not typical
*^
100
THE NAUTILUS
of the point frequently raided by the summer tourist.
The growth rings of this species do not show clearly thru
the periostracum. The badly worn beach shells show the
growth rings somewhat better tho not distinctly. On the
Xoadxibejj
smaller shells the first ring is easily seen but the two year
shells begin to show wear near the umbo and older shells
are worn so smooth in this region that all external traces
of the earlier rings are gone.
THE NAUTILUS 101
The mode of the first growth ring, as is seen on graph 1,
falls between the first two modes for total length. As these
animals were collected during the summer the first length
mode must be from growth from eggs liberated a year ago
this spring. Furthermore, very few animals have the same
length as the distance of the first growth ring. This in-
formation definitely locates the first growth ring.
It is not as easy to place the length of a two year old
mussel and still less so for each succeeding ring. A graph
not here reproduced shows the curve which seems to the
writer to be the best guess as to the growth curve for this
mussel from these data. This curve is not the clear cut
growth curve like those found for other molluscs and shows
that this species is less satisfactory for growth studies be-
cause of the great difficulty in locating the growth rings.
It seems doubtful if more measurements will permit con-
structing the complete growth curve of this animal.
The shell seems to be definitely proportioned, for with a
sample of 201 mussels the correlation of length with thick-
ness is 0.94 and for length and depth is 0.98. The regres-
sions are plotted on graph 2 as the observed average depth
for each length, etc. These regressions are practically
linear except for that of thickness on length which changes
sharply for the larger animals. Possibly the rounding of
the thickness measurements, whose magnitude is small, to
the nearest millimeter may explain this irregularity.
Measurements of length, depth and thickness, and of
grov^i:h rings of 1188 Mytilus calif ornianus are presented
with their interrelations and distribution as found in a
typical mussel population. The mussel was found not to
be satisfactory for a growth study owing to the difficulty
of accurately locating the grov^h rings beyond those of
the first year.
The writer desires to express his appreciation for
courtesies extended to him by Dr. W. K. Fisher, Director
of the Hopkins Marine Station and to acknowledge his in-
debtedness to Dr. F. W. Weymouth for aid and advice in
interpreting this rather difficult material.
102 THE NAUTILUS
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
New Species of Mollusks of the Genus Corbicula
FROM Uruguay and Brazil. By William B. Marshall
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 72, Art. 3, pp. 1-7, pi. 1, 1927).
Six new species of the subgenus Cyanocyclas are described
and figured.
The Australian Land Shell Thersites Bipartita
AND Its Allies. By William B. Marshall (Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., Vol. 72, Art. 15, pp. 1-16, pis. 1-3, 1927). Two new
species and 17 new subspecies are described and figured.
New Molluscs from Vanikoro. By Tom Iredale.
(Records Australian Mus., Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 73-78, pi. 5,
1927.) One new genus Pinguitellina Type Tellina robiLsta
Hanley is described.
Hibernation and Aestivation in Gastropod Molluscs.
By Sundra Lai Hora and H. Srinivasa Rao. (Records
Indian Mus., Vol. 29, pt. 2, pp. 49-61, 1927.) An interest-
ing paper on the habits of some of the little known oriental
land shells, with figures of the epiphragms, etc.
Manual of Conchology 2 ser. part 109, Pulmonata,
pp. 1-48, pis. 1-8, Nov., 1927. Strobilopsidae. By Henry A.
Pilsbry. This is the first part of Vol. 28 containing part
of the family Strobilopsidae. Three new species, two new
subspecies, a new subgenus, Discostrobilops, type S.
hubbardi and a new section Eostrobilops, type S. hirasei,
are described. The illustrations are exceedingly fine, with
sections of the shells showing the internal lamellae.
C. W. J.
Some Mollusks and Other Invertebrates from the
Northwest. By Elberta L, Craig (Univ. of Colo.
Studies, XVI, No. 1, June, 1927). Records from many
localities in the Puget Sound region, Alaska, British Co-
lumbia and Yukon Territory, of marine, land and fresh
water mollusks collected by Prof. Junius Henderson in
1925.
THE NAUTILUS 108
A Catalogue of Pelecypoda and Brachiopoda. By
Hugh C. Fulton. 34 pp., Apr., 1927. The species are
arranged according to the latest classification.
Two Fossil Species of Leptachatina from the Island
OF Kauai. By T. D. A. Cockerell. Journ. of Conch. 1922,
p. 117. L. deceptor and L. haenensis, from the sandhills of
Haena.
The Fertilization Process in the Snail Lymnaea
STAGNALis APPRESSA Say. By Edward Drane Crabb.
Biological Bulletin, August, 1927. Dr. Crabb's conclusions
are as follows: "From the evidence brought out in this
paper it appears that self-fertilization is the normal
method of reproduction in L. s. appressa and that in this
snail cross fertilization seldom or never occurs. The rea-
sons for concluding that self-fertilization is the normal
method of reproduction are as follows:
"1. Both ova and spermatozoa are developed in a
single acinus at the same time, and since the ovum soon
loses its investing membrane polyspermy usually occurs
before it leaves the acinus.
"2. At no time are functional sperms absent from the
hermaphrodite gland and duct in normal healthy adults,
thus by the laws of chance making competition of foreign
sperms unsuccessful.
"3. Free ova lacking a vitelline membrane are usually
surrounded by ripe sperms, numbers of which enter each
ovum as it passes through the acinus and hermaphrodite
duct.
"4. There is no evidence of desquamation of the lining
in any part of the reproductive system, as has been
described in Helix, or of any other natural process which
would cause temporary or permanent unisexuality in L. s.
appressa.
"5. Individuals raised from isolated eggs and reared in
strict isolation reproduce as abundantly as do those in
mass cultures.
104 THE NAUTILUS
"6. There is no evidence of gynogenesis or any other
form of parthenogenesis.
"7. Two polar bodies are extruded in eggs of virgins, the
first normally loses connection with the vitellus and by the
time of the first cleavage has migrated 50-200 micra into
the albumen; the second polocyte remains attached to the
vitellus, but its chromatin does not return to the egg
nucleus.
"8. Ten chromosomes comprise the haploid number as
is shown by the first and second maturation divisions and
by the number of karyomeres in the mature egg.
"9. Typical male and female pronuclei are formed, and
fuse in virgin eggs to form the first cleavage nucleus." —
H. A. P.
A Pleistocene Fossil Locality on Big Hope Island,
PUGET Sound. By Junius Henderson (Univ. of Colo.
Studies, XVI, No. 1, June, 1927). Contains marine mol-
lusks. See p. 77.
New West American Marine Mollusks. By Paul
Bartsch. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 70, 1927, Art. 11.
Species of Astyris, Opalia, Melanella, Aclis, Turbonilla,
etc. The most interesting form, perhaps, is Melanella
portlandica from Portland, Oregon, the first of its genus
and family reported from an inland locality, far beyond
marine influence.
H. A. P.
A Monograph of Australian Loricates [Chitons]. —
By Tom Iredale and A. F. Basset Hull. 1927. 168 pp., 21
plates.^ Originally published in parts in the Australian
Zoologist, 1923-1927, this monograph has now been issued
in a single handsome volume. 161 species and 32 sub-
species now known in this fauna are illustrated on eighteen
plates crowded with figures. These are among the best
chiton illustrations published, and highly creditable to the
three artists who produced them.
1 Royal Zoolo^cal Society of New South Wales. Sydnev. Price
5 s. For notice of early parts of this work see Nautilus XXXIX, 35.
THE NAUTILUS 105
The coasts of extra-tropical Australia are perhaps the
richest in the world for these mollusks. The wide range
of families and genera represented have given the authors
opportunity to make important contributions to the
taxonomy of the group. Most of the large old genera are
broken up. Thus, Ischnochiton, which formerly would have
covered 40 Australian species, is now divided into some
nine genera. Possibly not so many full genera were
needed ; yet I believe that anyone who will go over the list
with some knowledge of the species cannot fail to see the
advantage of several genera standing for definite groups of
evidently common ancestry over the comprehensive Ischno-
chiton of former days, in which there was the greatest
diversity of shape, sculpture and girdle covering. Like-
wise, the complex group of Acanthochitons seems easier
to grasp as now divided. ^
It is not possible to take space here to enumerate the
new genera and species, the changes in former nomencla-
ture, etc. ; and moreover those interested in these details
will obtain the work for themselves.
A Permo-Carboniferons species from Bundanoon,
N. S. W., is described as Pernvochiton australianus. Its
systematic position could not be determined. An analysis
of the Tertiary Australian species leads to the conclusion
that "the most specialized of our living loricates were fully
developed as early as the Balcombian [Oligocene], and at
that stage no primitive forms persisted".
An interesting feature of the work is the biographical
appendix, containing sketches and portraits of those con-
cerned in the collection and description of Australian
loricates from the early voyages to the present time. The
personal glimpses of Australian naturalists of the past
generation are especially welcome to those of us who knew
them only as names. It is no less a pleasure to meet again
2 The name Glyvtelasma Iredale and Hull, 1925. tvne AcanthochHes
matthewKi Pils., is preoccupied by Glypie^asma Pilsbry, U. S. Nat.
Mus. Bull. 60, 1907. pp. 83. 87. I do not like to filch plums out of
Iredale and Basset Hull's pie. but I am allowinjr myself the pleasure
of renaming this beautiful Acanthochitid group Bassethullia.
106 THE NAUTILUS
in these pages the chiton collectors of today, some of
whom guided me a few years ago to their choicest collect-
ing grounds.
Only collectors and students of chitons can appreciate the
amount of strenuous collecting and patient study involved
in the production of such a monograph as this. Australian
naturalists have now a better guide for further work on
this group than is available in any other country. — H. A. P.
The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North
America. — By Ida Shepard Oldroyd, Stanford University
Publications. Vol. I of this work was noticed in our issue
of January, 1926. Vol. II, Parts 1, 2 and 3 have been issued
during 1927, containing 940 pages, 108 plates, completing
the work. As in the volume treating of bivalves, the
original descriptions are reprinted or translated, and usual-
ly the original figures are reproduced. The classification
and nomenclature is that of Ball's catalogue. The great
value of this compilation of scattered material to students
and collectors will be apparent ; it was a huge task, testify-
ing to the tireless industry of the author. It would, of
course, have been still more useful if all of the species
available had been figured. Thus, in the series of families
from Caecidae to Litiopidae, out of 80 species only two
are figured; none of the chitons are illustrated.
A useful feature is the location of type specimens. This
information is often very hard to trace, and it is natural
that some mistakes occur, as in the case of Thais lamellosa
(Gmelin), said to be in the National Museum.
These volumes will doubtless become the constant com-
panions of West Coast collectors. We congratulate the
author on the completion of so useful a manual.
NOTES AND NEWS
Sinistral Campeloma (correspondence). — Here's our
latest "thrill"! I cleaned two Campelomas, the "left
THE NAUTILUS 107
handed" one contained one left and five right, and the right
one left and four right. I mounted all in a glass top box
so ail could see. Early Saturday morning, Oct. 5, I went
to the Lagoon in Jackson Park, Chicago, to find a left of
my own. The Campelomas were in full sight and I ex-
amined a lot of them — but not a left. I brought home
12 and counted the babies, finding they varied in number
from 17 to 65, a total of 349, among these were 13 lefts.
In one shell containing 43 there were 5 lefts, and in four
shells there were no lefts. This was getting interesting,
so I went out again to do some real work, but not a Cam-
peloma was to be seen, after hundreds of trials two were
obtained. One of these contained 4 lefts out of 50 and
the other 1 out of 61. What becomes of all these lefts?
— E. E. Hand.
Finding a left-handed Campeloma. — As a hobby I
have been collecting shells. The lagoons in the parks of
Chicago are full of many different species of fresh-water
snails, and it is a pleasure and a novelty to prepare and
mount my own specimens. Mr. Hand, our Science teacher
at Hyde Park High school, told us of a very interesting
thing, a left-handed Campeloma. The shell is usually
right-handed, and a left-handed shell is found only once in
a thousand shells. About a block east of the 63rd st.
entrance to Jackson Park is a lagoon where the Campeloma
abounds. Under a bridge leading over to an island where
the shade lies most of the day, they are unusually plentiful.
On Tuesday, Oct. 11th, I went there and reached down
around the bottom of a post. I picked up a handful of
shells. There were nine of them, all right-handed, so I
threw them in again. The second time I brought up eleven
with no success. But the third time I picked up seven
and among them was the "left-hander" which I sought.
You can imagine the thrill I got when I picked it up. I
certainly was lucky, and now I have a unique specimen for
my fresh-water collection of snails. — Emmett Meyer.
108 THE NAUTILUS
Vermont Shells.— While on an automobile trip through
the New England states I found two small species in a small
stream, the Clyde River, near East Charleston, Orleans Co.,
in northern Vermont, which may add a new locality for this
state,
Anodontoides ferussaciamts (Lea).
ALasmidonta undulata (Say). Frank C. Baker.
The name Petrarca in Pupillidae (Man. Conch.,
XXVII, pp. 45, 122) is already in use in the Cirripedia as
Petrarca Fowler, 1899. For the molluscan group I propose
Senilauria, type Lauria fasciolata (Morelet). — PiLSBRY.
Types op Vortex and Volvuliis Oken. — I do not find
that any type has been selected for Vortex Oken, Lehrbuch
der Naturgeschichte, I, 1815, p. 314, and would therefore
name V. carocolla as type. This makes the group a syno-
nym of CaracoVas Montfort. Vortex Beck, 1837, was evi-
dently an independent use of the same term, as he does
not mention the earlier author, and introduces it as a nev^
subgenus. Volvulus Oken, on p. 313, may take for type
the first species, V. hidens (Clau^ilia bidens.) The selec-
tion of any other species would involve changing some
current name. — H. A. Pilsbry.
Fauxulus burnupianus, new species. — The shell re-
sembles F. capensis in shape and coloration, but differs by
the larger size of the lamellae and folds. The palatal folds
resemble those of F. pamphorodon, the upper palatal fold
being long, laminiform and descending obliquely inw^ard,
the lower palatal fold long, entering. A small interpalatal
fold is present. Length 6, diam. above aperture 2.8 mm.;
9 1/2 w^horls.
Seal Rock, opposite Dyer Island, Cape Province, South
Africa. This species, named in honor of H. C. Burnup, of
Pietermaritzburg, will be figured on a supplemental plate
of Pupillidae in the Manual of Conchology. — H. A. PiLSBRY.
Paranerita Annandale, 1920, was proposed for Hydro-
bioides physcus Annandale. Some African forms were in-
cluded by Pilsbry and Bequaert. As that name is preoccu-
pied by Paranerita Bourne, 1908 (Neritidae), Parabithynia
may be substituted for Annandale's Paranerita — Pilsbry.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XLI APRIL, 1928. No. 4
A REVIEW OF THE NEW ENGLAND LIMPETS^
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON
In my list of New England Mollusca, 1915, I recorded
with some misgivings three species of Acmaea. To one
collecting extensively for a period of years the question as
to the validity of two of these species becomes more and
more apparent, notwithstanding the fact that authors have
made some anatomical studies of the three forms. Acmaea
testudinalis (Miill.), was based on European specimens.
Dr. Bartsch (1922), on shell characters alone, considers
ours a subspecies using the name amoena, a name bestowed
upon the American form by Say in 1822. When we con-
sider the great variation of the shells in size, form, color,
and sculpture, in its range from New York to Labrador,
this distinction seems uncalled for, as it is impossible to
separate the shells of America from those of Europe. Say
gives only the width of his largest specimen which meas-
ures 3/10 of an inch. This would indicate a length of about
12 to 14 mm. Jeffreys in 1865 records from Oban and
Moray Firth, Scotland, specimens about 30 mm in length.
1 Read before the Boston Malacological Club, February 7, 1928.
110 THE NAUTILUS
Dr. Pilsbry in 1891 says: — "More than any other shells
these must be studied with constant reference not only to
habitat geographically, but station as well. For an exact
knowledge of the group we must therefore wait until obser-
vations on the species are made with special reference to
their modes of life and surroundings."
A. testudinalis attains its greatest size in the region
about Eastport, Maine. Dr. M. A. Willcox (1905), in her
interesting paper on the "Biology of Acmaea testudincdis"
says: "On the Massachusetts coast a limpet an inch long
is a giant but at Eastport they not rarely reach a length of
32 mm. The first explanation of this fact which presents
itself is of course that the cooler water presents the opti-
mum temperature for these animals; this is not, however,
the only possible explanation. The arctic current is not
only cooler but more equable in temperature than more
southern waters. At Eastport the maximum yearly varia-
tion in temperature of the water is about 12° C. (3.5° —
54° F.) ; at Boston it is nearly 23° C. (29°— 70° F.). Lim-
pets living entirely below tide mark would therefore enjoy
comparatively equable temperature conditions at Eastport.
This would not, however, be true of those living between
tide-marks for the annual variation in temperature of the
air at Eastport is often as much as 4° — 67° F. in a single
month. Bathed twice a day by the water, exposed twice a day
to the air, such individuals in spite of the comparatively cool
places they affect, would be exposed to conditions probably
at least as variable as those of the Massachusetts waters.
If now we examine their size with reference to their
habitat, we find that the limpets of Eastport are large only
when living at or near low-water mark of spring tides so
that they are rarely or never uncovered by the sea, and that
higher up on the rocks the animals though no less abun-
dant are of smaller size, no larger in fact than with us. We
find that in Massachusetts there is no marked difference in
size between limpets which are continuously submerged
and those which live between tide-marks. The conclusion is
therefore forced upon us that size in these animals is corre-
THE NAUTILUS 111
lated not necessarily with a low but with an equable tem-
perature."
In this connection I might state that in a series of 30
specimens from Eastport in the collection of the Boston
Society of Natural History there are three that measure
47, 43, and 41 mm. in length and 36, 33, and 30 mm. in
width. Having thus ascertained the locality and the appar-
ent conditions under which the species attains its greatest
size, a study of the species northward from Eastport pre-
sents the following variations in size. In a series of 44
specimens from Digby, Nova Scotia, the largest measured
29 mm. In 33 from the west coast of Newfoundland, the
largest is 26 mm., while from Labrador the largest is 19
mm. I do not know under what conditions the Digby speci-
mens were taken but those further north are no doubt af-
fected by the much colder conditions.
Going southward from Eastport, we find that in a series
of 31 collected at Bar Harbor, Me., the largest measures 38
mm. In a series of 66 specimens from Bass Rocks, (East
Gloucester), Castle Rock, Marblehead Neck, and Nahant,
Mass., the largest measuring 29 mm. was taken in 20
fathoms off Nahant, while the largest from the rocks at
low-tide measures 26 mm. In a series of 80 from Castle
Island, Boston Harbor, collected by W. J. Clench and P. S.
Remington Jr., in 1915, the largest measures only 18 mm.
In a collection of 74 specimens from South Cohasset, Mass.,
made by Dr. H. Bryant about 1867, the largest measures
27 mm. The shells from the latter place are exceedingly
variable averaging about 20 mm. in length, many having
the same form and convexity as those from Long Island
Sound.
South of Cohasset the gravelly and sandy shores of the
Cape Cod section present unfavorable conditions for lim-
pets. From Woods Hole westward along the shores of
Long Island Sound where rocky conditions predominate, is
found a small form which was named by Wheat in 1913
Acmaea fergusoni. He says : "Compared with A. testudin-
alis the shell is smaller, more convex, less elongate and less
112 THE NAUTILUS
variable in form.** His two largest specimens have a length
of 20 and 19 mm. and each a width of 16 mm. "the average
convexity is approximately one-third greater than for
testudinalis." The radula as figured by Wheat shows con-
siderable variation even in the different rows of the teeth
in the same individual. A proper comparison would be
with those of a corresponding size, say from Cohasset
rather than with those from Maine. Six specimens from
Hemstead Bay, N, Y., are mottled with brown like the typi-
cal testudinalis, the largest being 19 mm. in length and 10
mm. in width. The most interesting series of this form
consists of 27 specimens collected in 1920 by Miss E. C.
Comstock, at Westbrook, Conn. The largest is 20 mm long
and 11 mm. wide. Many have a pink or bluish tinge, with
the brown markings obselete or wanting.
With the inequality of temperature of both air and water
more marked than even on the Massachusetts coast north
of Cape Cod, with weaker tides, currents and waves in the
more land locked waters and the water probably less saline,
one would naturally expect a marked change in a species
living under what are apparently more unfavorable condi-
tions.
Now as to the standing of Acmaea alveus Conrad
(1831). In collecting on the rocks of the New England
coast for the past 25 years I have failed to find a specimen
of alveus associated with testudinalis, although other col-
lectors have recorded it from rocks. Gould in 1841 says:
"Found abundantly on eel-grass {Zostera marina) to whose
narrow leaves its form is exactly adapted." Further on
Gould says: "This shell is the very miniature of Patella
compressa. Mr. Sowerby suggests that it bears the same
relation to A. testudinalis as P. compressa does to miniata;
in other words it is the same species changed in form from
having adhered to a narrow sea-weed instead of a stone."
Couthouy in 1839 says : "I have never found alveus except
upon marine plants." Verrill in 1873 says: "A peculiar
narrow form of this shell (var. alveus) lives on the leaves
of eel-grass." Pilsbry in 1891 says: "Numerous trans-
THE NAUTILUS 113
itions occur between this and the typical testudinalis. The
narrow form is caused by residence of individuals on sea-
weed or Zostera fronds." Whiteaves in 1907 says: "Speci-
mens of the var. alveus (a narrow variety, formed as Dall
says, by the 'residence of the individual on a narrow frond
of seaweed or Zostera') have been found by the writer at
low- water in Shediac Bay." [New Brunswick].
On the other hand Stimpson in 1851 under alveus says:
"Whole coast. At Bird Island, in Boston Harbor, this
spfecies occurs abundantly upon stones and shells, still re-
taining its character ; which is sufficient to show that it is
not a variety of the last." [testudinalis']. Mr. Dwight
Blaney (19(34,) who found alveus at Frenchmans Bay,
Me., says: "A few found under beach stones; reported com-
mon on eel grass." In 1907 Henry Jackson, Jr. recorded
alveus at North Haven, Me., as "most commonly found on
eel grass which grows in great profusion." He also states
that "this narrow compressed form of alveus it would seem
might have been caused by its being on eel grass which has
narrow leaves and might cause a shell to be narrow by lack
of space." He made a study of the radulae of the two forms,
based on 15 testudinalis and 30 alveus. Figure 1, plate 2,
represents a portion of the radula, the part not mentioned.
No variation was observed in the 15 specimens but among
the 30 specimens of alveus there was considerable variation.
We w^onder whether the radula of a young testudinalis cor-
responding in size to that of alveus would differ as much?
We think not, for while the variation of the radula in alveus
indicates probably immaturity, the number of abnormal
radulae in the 30 specimens shows that we are probably
dealing with a variety due to habitat and not a valid species.
In 1910 Prof. Edward S. Morse published an interesting
paper on "An early stage of Acmaea", in which he states
that : "I have not yet succeeded in finding the young of A.
alveus before losing its embryo shell. The cicatrix on the
apex of the smaller specimens of A. alveus resembles so
closely a similar cicatrix on the young of A. testudinalis that
I am convinced the embryo shell must be identical in the two
114 THE NAUTILUS
species." Further on he says: "In this paper I have dealt
with A, testudinalis and A. alveus as distinct species. At
the outset I began the work solely for the purpose of deter-
mining the specific value of A. alveus and the propriety of its
separation from A. testudinalis. By the earlier student, the
two species were regarded as distinct, but later Tryon, Ver-
rill, Dall and others had come to regard A. alveus as only a
variety of A. testudinalis." * * "So far as I have observed,
testudinalis occurs in pools at low tide exposed to dashing
waves. I have never seen a specimen of this species on eel
grass: alveus on the contrary lives on eel grass in quiet
water and in certain places hundreds may be collected
in a short time. It was naturally believed by some observers
that the long narrow form of alveus had become so by
adaptation to its narrow resting place; if so, it is a good
example of a species in the process of establishing itself.
Whatever may be the case the specific characters are now
so firmly fixed that I have never seen a specimen, young or
old that the difference between them could not be told at a
glance."
"In studying alveus alive it is found to move freely on the
eel grass, swinging its head from side to side, its tentacles
projecting far beyond the lateral edge of the shell: testudi-
nalis, on the contrary remains fixed for hours and only in
the extreme young have I seen considerable freedom of
motion Mr. Dwight Blaney has found alveus on the under
side of stones on a coarse pebbly beach at Ironbound Island,
Maine, and I have observed it in similar situations in Salem
Harbor, Mass. In both these instances, however, the
creature might have become detached from its usual resting
place on eel grass by storms and washed by waves to these
unaccustomed places."
To briefly recapitulate, nearly all concede that the true
home of alveus is on eel grass, and that its occurrence on
pebbles and stones (not rock) probably represents an infre-
quent shift of habitat. Eel grass is a perennial, the creep-
ing stems living throughout the winter, the young leaves
appearing in June and disappearing with the autumnal
THE NAUTILUS 115
storms. What becomes of the millions upon millions of
alveiLS? Swept ashore on the eel grass they are destroyed
and there is not enough of them left to reproduce the
millions that will appear on the next season's growth of
eel grass. Then where does alveus come from? When
testudinalis spawns in the summer the slimy rocks present
comparatively few suitable places for the embryos to
attach themselves. On the other hand the young, clean
leaves of the eel grass offer an ideal surface for attachment,
thus we find that in the vicinity of rocks, the leaves are
usually covered with young shells, and when no rocks are
near the shells are usually wanting. The young are there-
fore evidently all testudinalis, assuming the form of alveus
when they attain a size that is affected by the narrow leaves
of the eel grass. There is also little doubt, that, when
alveus reaches maturity its young would be testudinalis,
these depending upon eel grass to assume the form of the
parent.
Dr. Willcox in her paper above referred to says: "The
breeding season appears to be a long one. I have taken ripe
limpets near Boston as early as the thirteenth of April and
as late as the end of July. In Eastport they were still lay-
ing during the first week in September. In each place the
generative season probably ends a little before the water
reaches its maximum heat, which occurs at Eastport in
September, at Boston in August. Thus all of a lot of speci-
mens from Nahant in the middle of August had the genera-
tive gland empty and the same was true of a considerable
part of those gathered at Eastport during the first few days
of September. Sexual maturity is probably acquired after
the first winter, as I have taken ripe limpets in April which
were under a cm. in length."
Conrad's figure which is natural size measures 13 mm.
The largest specimen of alveus in a series of 14 from Isle-
boro, Me., is 14 mm. and in a series of 18 from Revere,
Mass., the largest is 15 mm., the average size being about
12 mm. There is in the Society's collection a specimen
marked "Mass." collected by Couthouy that measures 21
116 THE NAUTILUS
mm. This may be one that had moved from the eel grass
to a rock and represents a second year's growth. This
brings up a question. Are the specimens that grow on eel
grass capable of standing a life on rocks? The muscles of
the foot of those growing on the flexible eel grass could not
possibly be as strong as those growing on a firm rock while
the thinner, narrower, and more elevated shell would also
make them more susceptible to their enemies. Thus the in-
ability of alveus to adapt itself to a different station than
eel grass probably accounts for the absence or scarcity of
large specimens of alveus. It seems strange that no one has
apparently taken a specimen 21 mm. in length since the
days of Captain Couthouy. Professor Morse refers to the
living alveus as moving freely and swinging its head from
side to side. Why is it so restless? Is it an acquired mo-
tion, due to the undulations of the eel grass in the waves and
tides, or is it possible that alveus realizes it has made the
mistake of its young life in attaching its shells to eel grass
instead of a rock?
This paper is written to show that there is still a great
deal of work to be done on the biology of this interesting
limpet, and also to emphasize the importance of recording
the exact conditions under which the shells were collected.
Not only the exact locality but the very rocks on which
they were taken should be considered, also whether the
shells were found above or below low water mark. If
dredged the depth should always be recorded. When col-
lected on eel grass the location of the grass in relation to
rocks should be noted, and above all the time of the year
the specimens were taken. Note the time of the first ap-
pearance of shells on eel grass. Some clean rocks should
be placed in the grass and the growth of the young shells
on the rocks, compared carefully with those on the eel
grass.
Oil and harbor pollution is sadly affecting many of the
old collecting grounds. It is very doubtful if Clench and
Remington could duplicate their collection made at Castle
Island in 1915. Miss Comstock in 1920 complained of the
THE NAUTILUS 117
limpets being destroyed by the oil that settled on the rocks
at low tide at Westbrook, Conn. Conditions are not im-
proving and the necessity for careful records as to the pres-
ent status of our fauna becomes more and more urgent.
Bibliography
1822. T. Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. II, p.
223.
1831. T. A. Conrad. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol.
VI, p. 367, pi. XI, f . 20.
1839. J. P. Couthouy. Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 2, p.
177.
1841. A. A. Gould, Invertebrata of Mass., p. 154.
1851. W. Stimpson. Testaceous Mollusks of N. England,
p. 30.
1865. J. W. Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. Ill, p. 246.
1870. A. A. Gould and W. G. Binney. Invert. Mass., p.
269.
1873. A. E. Verrill. Invert. Animals, Vineyard Sound, p.
307.
1891. H. A. Pilsbry. Manual Conch., vol. 13, 1 ser., pp. 8
and 11.
1901. J. F. Whiteaves. Cat'l Marine Invert. E. Canada,
p. 156.
1904. D. Blaney. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 32,
p. 37.
1905. M. A. Willcox. Amer. Nat., vol. 39, pp. 326 and
331.
1907. H. Jackson, Jr. The Nautilus, vol. 21, p. 1-2, pi. 2.
1910. E. S. Morse. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 39,
pp. 316 and 321.
1913. S. C. Wheat. Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Arts & Sci., Sci-
ence Bull., vol. 2, p. 17-20, pi. 1.
1915. C. W. Johnson. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Occas.
Papers, no. 13, p. 85.
1922. Paul Bartsch. The Nautilus, vol. 35, p. 86.
118 THE NAUTILUS
MOLLUSCA IN THEIR RELATION TO THE GEOLOGICAL
HISTORY OF SOAP LAKE, WASHINGTON
BY JUNIUS HENDERSON
It is a matter of general knowledge among scientists
that the waters of a completely land-locked lake tend to be-
come saline, for the same reason that the ocean is saline.
Streams and springs flowing into a lake carry in solution
salts of various kinds and quantities, leached from the soil
and rocks through or over which they flow. So long as the
amount of water received by the lake exceeds the loss by
evaporation, the lake will maintain an outlet at the lowest
point in its shore line, the surplus water overflowing and
carrying away some of the salts, thus preventing their ex-
cessive accumulation. If, because of a change in climatic
conditions, the annual evaporation comes to exceed annual
accession of water, then the water level drops so that there
is no longer any overflow. Consequently all the salts
brought in by streams and springs are retained and the
water slowly becomes saline. This process sometimes con-
tinues until the result is a saturated solution, whereupon
precipitation of some of the salts begin to form a deposit
on the bottom of the lake. Well-known examples of this
phenomenon are the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake, but
there are many others, mostly smaller.
It has long been known that there are many saline lakes
of various sizes in the semi-arid Great Basin, between the
Rocky Mountains and the coastal ranges in the western
United States, and that they have been subjected to great
fluctuations in the past and to smaller fluctuations in re-
cent years. Some of them, as for example, Great Salt Lake,
in Utah, have at times reached depths permitting overflow,
the waters becoming fresh and remaining so long enough
for fresh-water fauna to become established, then they
THE NAUTILUS 119
have shrunken until they became merely highly-saline rem-
nants of their former extent, all the mollusks being de-
stroyed by the excessive salts, leaving their shells as fos-
sils high above the new water-mark, to tell the story of
their former existence and abundance. Thus such shells
are often found in the high lake terraces along the bor-
ders of Salt Lake Basin. This is also true of many other
lakes in Utah, Nevada, eastern California, eastern Oregon
and eastern Washington, though but few such lakes have
been investigated.
In the summer of 1927, accompanied by Herman Nanney,
on an expedition for the University of Colorado, I visited
Soap Lake, in Grand Coulee, eastern Washington. There
is another lake by the same name in the Okanagan Valley,
in the same state. The water of the one we visited is ex-
tremely saline. On its shore is a plant established for the
purpose of recovering some of the salts for commercial
purposes. A few miles north of Soap Lake, in the same
valley, is Alkali Lake, also highly saline. No perennial
stream occupies the valley in the vicinity of these lakes.
No mollusks were found living in either lake and no water
was found in the vicinity in which they could live, though
a few miles down the valley (north) fresh-water lakes are
reported, from one of which (Blue Lake) Dr. Henry A.
Pilsbry, in 1903, reported eight species of fresh-water
shells.^
In passing over the valley floor between Soap and Alkali
Lakes we found it thickly strewn in places with fresh-
water shells, of the following species: Valvata humeralis
californicus Pilsbry, Valvata utahensis Call, Pompholyx
effusa Lea, Planorhis vermicularis Gould, Lymnaea near
traskii Tryon, and Pisidium compressum Prime. These
species are all still found living somewhere in the west,
showing that the deposit is not older that Quaternary.
Call reported the following as Quaternary fossils at But-
ton's Ranch, Christmas Lakes, Southern Oregon : Pisidium
ultramontanum Prime, Lymnaea bulimoides Lea, Carinifex
1 The Nautilus, XVII, 84, 1903.
120 THE NAUTILUS
newberryi (Lea), Planorbis trivolvis Say and Planorbis
vermicular is Gould.- To these Hannibal added Lymnaea
cubensis Pfeiffer and Planorbis dilatatus Gould, both prob-
ably wrong, and Povipholyx effiisa Lea.^ Hannibal also re-
ported, in the same paper, the following from the Summer
Lake Beds, Quaternary, of Oregon: Pisidium abditum
Haldeman, Pisidium pulchella Jenyns, Planorbis dilatatus
Gould, Valvata tricarinata (Say), Lanx klamathensis Han-
nibal, Pompholyx effusa Lea, and Paludestrina protea
Gould. The first four are almost certainly erroneous. His
synonymies are not such as to give one the least bit of con-
fidence in his identifications. The other three are not un-
likely. Doubtless a general molluscan survey of the lakes
and the adjacent lacustrine deposits of eastern Oregon and
Eastern Washington would be of great interest.
VENUS MERCENARIA VAR. NOTATA SAY
WILLIAM J. CLENCH
There seems to be considerable confusion between this
well-known form of Say's and certain colored forms of
Venv^ campechiensis Gmel.
Venus mercenaria notata Say appears usually as a single
specimen in a colony populated by V. mercenaria. This
fact of its thus occurring with the common species pre-
cludes any idea of its being either an ecological form or a
geographical race. From the evidence at hand, it seems to
be a recessive form appearing only as an individual here
and there when the dominant factors are eliminated by
chance breeding.
2 Call, Bulletin U. S. Geological Survey, No. 11, 1884.
3 Hannibal, Proc. Malac. See. London, X, 1912.
THE NAUTILUS
121
Its differential characters are in a linkage chain, as its
smaller size, zig-zag markings, light yellowish-white in-
terior and more shining exterior (not chalky as in V. mer-
cenaria) are invariably associated, DeKay^ cites the outer
bars, in deep water, along the Long Island beaches as its
usual habitat, but it is found in protected areas as well.
The color form of Venics campechiensis, though super-
ficially resembling V. mercenaria notata, can be readily sep-
arated when the two are compared.
The following comparisons serve to separate these puz-
zling forms :
Venus mercenaria Linn.
Obliquely ovate.
Chalky in appearance. In-
terior usually, though not
always, tipped with bluish-
purple, the color sometimes
extending along the entire
margin between the pallial
line and the edge.
Disk smooth, concentric
lines entirely obliterated
over this area.
Lunule pointed below.
Escutcheon white.
Venus campechiensis Gmel.
Rounded.
Dull, but not chalky. In-
terior white, never colored
bluish-purple.
Concentric ridges extending
unmodified across the disk.
Lunule rounded below.
Escutcheon usually colored
brownish or dull purplish,
though sometimes white.
V. mercenaria var. notata
Say
Interior color yellowish
white.
Exterior not chalky but
smooth and generally shin-
ing.
Exterior with zig-zag mark-
ings usually in definite
bands along the lower por-
tion of the disk.
The colored forms of V. campechiensis differ from the
normal only in the presence of colored zig-zag lines. These
V. mercenaria Linn.
Interior color as above.
Exterior texture appearance
as above.
Exterior not colored.
1 DeKay, J. E., Moll, of New York, 1843, p. 218.
122 THE NAUTILUS
lines are most abundant in the umbonal region, though oc-
casional specimens exhibit them over the entire surface of
the disk. The angles formed by the junction of these lines
are much broader than the angles so formed in V. mercen-
aria notata.
Excellent figures of V. mercenaria var. notata are given
by DeKay (loc. cit.) pi. 27, fig. 278, and Gould, Invert.
Mass. 1870, p. 135, fig. 52.
PLANOGYRA ASTERISCUS (MORSE)
BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER
Last summer, I obtained a large series of this peculiar
little species near the University of Michigan Biological
Station at Douglas Lake, Cheboygan County, Michigan.
In this region, P. asteriscus is quite common under dead
leaves in the strand-line between the water-soaked,
Sphagnum mats of the arborvitae-spuce bogs and the
fringe of low, deciduous trees around their borders. Al-
though it occurs rarely outside of this zone, a very few feet
in either direction makes a very remarkable difference in
its frequency. Near the shore of Big Stone Bay, Straits
of Mackinac (Emmet County), it is also quite common in
the damp swales between the low, fixed sanddunes. P.
asteriscus and Carychium exile canadense seem to prefer
the deeper layers of the fallen leaves and are seldom found
crawling on the surface or in the vicinity of logs. The
high, epidermal riblets that characterize the shell of P.
asteriscus are quite rectilinear in moist (living) specimens,
but become wavy when dried.
The anatomy of P. asteriscus, which I hope to figure and
describe more fully in a later paper, is very similar to that
THE NAUTILUS 123
of Vallonia, as described by Steenberg (1918, Vidensk,
Medd. Naturh. Forening i Kjobenhavn 69, fig. 5) or Wat-
son (1920, Proc. Mai. Soc. London 14, figs. 3&, M, 5c, pi.
1, fig. 1, and pi. 2, fig. 5). The pallial complex is of the
orthurethrous type, although the orthureter is paralleled
by a groove which runs posteriad to beyond the apex of
the kidney. The prostate is of the short form with digitate
lobes. The penis is present in all of the adults examined,
while it is usually absent in Vallonia. The penial fiagellum
is externally rather similar to that of Vallonia, and consists
of three regions: 1) an apical, long-stalked, thin-walled
sac, which may be greatly distended by a mass of mucous
material; 2) a cylindrical, thick- walled, middle region,
with numerous trabeculae internally; and 3) a thin- walled,
long-ovoid, basal sac, which contains a large, perforate,
verge-like structure. The region of the penis beyond the
entrance of its appendix is much shorter than in Vallonia,
and the penial retractor inserts only at the terminal loop
of the epiphallus. The jaw and radula are quite like
Morse's account (1864, Jour. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., p.
24, figs. 52, 53), but the comb-shaped marginal teeth may
actually develop as many as 9 cusplets.
Despite the great divergence in conchological characters,
I am convinced that Planogyra should be placed in the
typical subfamily of the Valloniidae. The shell sculpture
and texture of P. astcriscus are somewhat similar to those
in Acanthinula and Zoogenetes, while the shell form is
more like that of Pyramidula; probably all of these genera
are rather closely related to each other. The Valloniidae
should precede the Pupillidae in the Orthurethra.
In a former paper (1927, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia 79, p. 233), I tentatively included the Mexican group,
Chanomphalus, as a subgenus of Planogyra. As its type
species, C. pilsbriji, belongs to the Endodontidae, Chanom-
phalus will have to be regarded as a separate genus. Its
distinctive characters will scarcely permit its introduction
into either Radiodiscus or Helicodiscics, which appear to be
its nearest relatives.
124 THE NAUTILUS
THIELE'S BRAZILIAN LAND SNAILS
BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER
The principal purpose of this paper is to review the ex-
ceedingly valuable data, on the classification of South
American pulmonates, which have been contributed by Dr.
J. Thiele in his recent paper "Ueber einige brasilianische
Landschnecken" (1927, Abh. Senckenberg. Naturf. Ges.
40, pp. 307-399, pi. 26) . Incidentally, I wish to include a
few additional notes on the nomenclature of the groups dis-
cussed in earlier papers of my own: (1925, Naut. 38, pp.
86-89) and (1925a, Oc. P. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 156;
and 1926, no. 167) .
Haplotrematidae
Although the radula (cf. Thiele, text fig. 7) in this fam-
ily also appears to indicate a close relationship with the
Zonitidae (rather than with the Achatinidae), the absence
of pedal grooves separates it decidedly from the Systro-
phiidae (see below).
Haplotrema, subg. Geomene Pils. (Apr. 22, 1927, Proc.
Cal. Acad. Sci. 16, p. 169) , author's type Helix concava Say.
Pilsbry's name is probably prior to Thiele's Proselenites
(pp. 312, 313; December, 1927?), with the same genotype
(now chosen).
Systrophiidae
Now that Dr. Thiele has proven the position of Systro-
phia, this family name is much preferable to my term,
Scolodontidae, which was founded on an admittedly dubious
group.
Systrophia Pfr., s. s. Dr. Thiele (text-fig. 6) shows con-
clusively that the radula of 5. systropha, with the formula
THE NAUTILUS 125
25-1-1-1-25 is very similar to that found in the next group.
Incidentally, his text-fig. 5 of the dentition of Polygratia
poly grata (Born) certainly does present a Helicid facies.
Systrophia, sect. Systrophiella H. B. B. (1925a). Al-
though I named this group on account of its close resem-
blance to Systrophia, I did not dare approach the two until
the supposed relationship between Systrophia and Poly-
gyratia had been proven false. The thinner and more
transparent shells of Systrophiella seem reason enough for
its retention as a section, at least until more is known of
the anatomy of Systrophia s. s. Some of the species of this
section, for example Syst. starkei (H. B. B.), approach
rather closely Happia s.s. (see below), but differ in their
impressed sutures.
Systrophia, subg. Entodina Ancey. Thiele says that the
radula of S. reyrei, with the formula 15-1-1-1-15 is quite
similar to that of Systrophia s.s., but gives no figure. S.
(Entodina) exigua Thiele (p. 320) is a species of unknown
habitat.
Systrophia, subg. Punctodiscops H. B. B. (1925a). This
is a very distinct group.
Microhappia Thiele. This generic name, proposed for M.
brasiliensis Thiele, may also include Zonites implicans
Guppy, from Trinidad and Venezuela (Cf. 1925a, p. 29).
Happia, s.s. From Thiele's text-fig. 2, the radula of H.
vitrina is more like that of Systrophia than like that of
Happiella. However, it seems best to retain Thiele's line
of division between the two genera until more is known of
their anatomy. H. microdiscus "Bttg." Thiele is another
species without locality.
Happia, sect. Payenia Mabille et Rochebrune (1889,
Miss Sci. Cap Horn, vol. 6, pt. H, p. 25), monotype Helix
saxatilis Gld. (1846, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 2, p. 171;
1856, U. S. Wilkes Exp., Moll. Atlas, pi. 3, fig. 33), from
Tierra del Fuego. The external appearance of both the
animal and shell of Payenia (which I missed in my 1925a
review), must be similar to that of Happia s.s. Until
something is known of its internal anatomy (as well as its
126 THE NAUTILUS
exact date of publication), it had best be included in Happia
Bgt. (March, 1889).
Happia, sect. Pi'ohappia Thiele (1927, p. 313), monotype
Helix besckei Dkr. (1847, Zeit. Mai. 4, p. 81), from Brazil.
This group seems to combine a shell and animal similar to
that of Happia s.s., with a radula (Theile, p. 309) like that
of the next group.
Happia, sect. Happiella H. B. B. In this group, Thiele
gives brief descriptions and figures of his H. grata from
Brazil and H. glaberrima from Venezuela. Unfortunately,
he neglects to compare them with any of the previously de-
scribed species, and certainly presents no chyaracters that
will keep H. glaberrima out of the synonymy of H. guildingi
(Bland).
Guestieria Crosse (1872). Thiele uses this very dis-
tinct genus as a subdivision of Happia, which it antedates
by 17 years.
Tamayoa H. B. B. (1925a), with section Tamayops,
new: type Happia banghaasi Thiele (1927, p. 319), from
Espirito Santo, Brazil (type locality) . The radula (Thiele,
text-fig. 4) and general form of T. banghaasi are much as
in Tamayoa s.s. (1925a, p. 34), but the absence of the
spiral keel, which constricts the umbilicus of T. trinitaria
(Smith), would seem to require more than specific recog-
nition. As I have already pointed out (1. c), the fimbriate
laterals of Tamayoa immediately separate this genus from
any other in the Systrophiidae ; Guestieria also has multi-
cuspid inner teeth, but they are apparently quite different
in form.
IMartinella Jouss. Thiele describes a new species, M.
prisca (p. 318) from Brazil; the systematic position of the
genus still remains dubious.
Streptaxidae
Streptaxis Gray, s.s. Thiele adds two new species: S.
totostriatus and S. jheringi (both on p. 317) ; the latter is
from Brazil.
NAUTILUS XLI
1. LAMPSILIS STKKCKERI Frierson
2 KLLIPTIO SAJKNSIS Frierson.
■i. LAMt'SILlS WRIGHTIANA Frierson.
NAUTILUS XLI
Plate 3
^
tSfe*r
1 rLKUROBEMA ALDRI'^^HI Fiierson.
2 V. FICTUM Frierson.
3. P. MARSHALLI Frierson.
4. EI.LIPTIO HARICOTTI Frierson.
THE NAUTILUS 127
Streptaxis, sect. Streptartemon Kobelt. In my 1925a
(pp. 16, 39-41) discussion, I placed this sectional name in
the synonymy of Odontartemon Pfr., on the basis of
Ancey's (1884) choice of type for the latter. As shown
below, Kobelt's prior type designation saves Streptartemon
for the South American group of Helix streptodon Mori-
cand.
Odontartemon Pfr. (1855, Mai. Bl. 2, p. 172), type chosen
by Kobelt (1880—, 111. Conchylienbuch, p. 209), S. dis-
tortics^Helix distorta Ph. (1842, Abb. 1-3, p. 48), from
Guinea. Apparently, this name must replace Gonaxis Tay-
lor (1877) for a genus of African Streptaxidae (Cf. Pils-
bry; 1919, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 40, p. 176).
Odontartemon, subg. Eustreptaxis Pfr. (1878, Nomen.
Hel. Viv., p. 15) type chosen by Kobelt (1. c), Streptaxis
nobilis Gray (1837, Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 484),
from Sierra Leone (West Africa). In my 1925a review (p.
15) , I carelessly treated this group as an absolute synonymy
of Streptaxis. Attention is called to the appearance of the
Pfr.-Clessin "Nomenclator" in parts, between 1878 and
1881. Apparently, title-pages were printed with both the
first and last issues, as the copy that Tryon and Pilsbry
have used bears the former, while most specimens bear the
latter date.
Rectartemon H. B. B. I hope that Artemon will be made
a nomen conservendum, but still believe that, according to
the rules, it is an absolute synonym of Streptaxis (Cf.
1925a, pp. 14, 16). Thiele (p. 316) proposes two new
specific names (in Artemon) : R. miilleri from Brazil and
R. martensiuniis, type locality Caracas, Venezuela. When
one considers the variation between two specimens of R.
jessei H. B. B. (1925a, pi. 11, figs. A, B) from the same
hillside, one doubts the necessity for the separation of Mar-
tens' specimen (1873, Binnenmoll. Ven., p. 166, pi. 2, fig. 2)
of R. conoideus (Pfr.) as a "new species".
tScolodonta Doring. Thiele (p. 308, text-fig. 1) proves
conclusively that the radula of "Scolodonta interrupta
Suter" is Streptaxid, but the systematic position of S. sem-
peri, the genotype, is still open to doubt.
128 the nautilus
Endodontidae
Dr. Thiele, with the description of Helicodisciis theresa
from Brazil, greatly extends the previously known range
of this genus. However, his figures look so much like the
form of H. parallelus (Say) from Texas and New Mexico
(Cf. Pils.; 1906, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 58, p.
156) that one wonders if this is not a case of artificial dis-
semination.
He also proposes 9 new species of "Endodonta" from
Brazil: gordurasensis, jheringi, janeirensis, deliciosa,
superba, goldii, clara, discoidea and amoena. Of course,
he must realize that none of these belong in Endodonta, but
apparently is satisfied to use that name as most concholo-
gists used Helix in the first half of the last century. How-
ever, it is to be hoped that his present descriptions are only
preliminary, and that he plans to study this very interest-
ing series of species under a compound microscope, which
will enable him to describe fully and figure the details of
their sculpture. From his present account, "E. jheringi"
looks suspiciously like a Punctum, while "E. janeirensis"
might almost pass for my Chanomphalus pilsbryi, from
Mexico; the beautiful ornamentation in either of these
groups would easily escape a cursory examination. Inci-
dentally, E. deliciosa should be compared with my Radio-
discus (Radiocomis) ditzleri; E. goldii and E. amoena ap-
parently belong in Radiodiscus s.s. ; E. discoidea (poorly
figured) resembles a Rotadiscus; while E. clara has some-
what the f acies of Pilsbry's group Strialuna, from Jamaica.
I hope he will pardon the presumption of these suggestions,
but one tires of guessing at the identity of minutiae, the
types of which are thousands of miles away.
Veronicellidae
I cannot understand how the same author who makes
such invaluable contributions to our knowledge of the
Systrophiidae could permit himself to add to the synonymy
of this family (already almost hopelessly encumbered)
THE NAUTILUS 129
eight, quite useless (or unidentifiable) names. Nothing in
the description of either his Ve. pardalis or Ve. brasiliensis
differentiates them from Vaginulus (Phyllocaulis) langs-
dorfi Ferussac, while Ve. gracilis is apparently an addition-
al synonym for Vaginultcs taunaisii. I suspect that his Ve.
Hbeirensis may actually be a new species, although it is not,
on the basis of its description, distinguishable from Vagi-
7iulus {Angustipes) erinaceus Colosi. Ve. rosiUa and Ve.
ficscescens are nomina dubia. The keeled dorsum of Ve.
carinata tantalizes one's curiosity, but the rest of its de-
scription, without figures, leaves even its generic position
in doubt. Ve. discrepans is probably a member of the
group of Vaginulus (Angustipes) duhius Semper. None of
these new names are accompanied by descriptions or figures
of the female genitalia, which, in my opinion, offer the best
characters for the generic determination of American
Veronicellidae.
THYASIRA DISJUNCTA GABB not THYASIRA BISECTA Conrad
THE RECENT WEST COAST SHELL
BY NELLIE MAY TEGLAND
Museum of Paleontology, University of California
Thyasira disjuncta described by Gabb^ from the Pliocene
deposits of Deadman Island, near San Pedro Bay, Califor-
nia, was later by Dall,- thrown into synonymy with Thya-
sira bisecta Conrad,^ described from Miocene deposits at
Astoria, Oregon, and this determination has been followed
by all later workers.
In the course of a study of the Oligocene fauna of the
state of Washington, in which epoch the genus Thyasira
130 THE NAUTILUS
appears in practically all the horizons, it was found neces-
sary to evaluate the two above named species and the result
is the decision that T. bisecta has so far been found only in
the Miocene at Astoria, and that T. disjuncta is a distinct
species to which must be referred the recent form found
living off the Alaska Peninsula and southword to the coast
of Oregon.
Thyasira disjuncta was well figured by Gabb* and, under
the name of T. hisecta, by DalP, Arnold** and Oldroyd^. A
comparison of these figures, even without the actual mate-
rial, with those of T. bisecta figured by Conrad^ will show
the decided difference in the anterior truncation which dis-
tinguishes the two species. T. bisecta has the anterior mar-
gin below the lunule projecting forward while T. disjuncta
shows this area as distinctly flattened ; quoting Gabb, "an-
terior end abruptly and angularly truncated".
Examination of a large series of individuals from the
Tertiary of the West Coast shows other differences such as
in outline and size of adult forms, but the outstanding con-
trast is the feature just described.
The Oligocene species of Thyasira is closer to T. dis-
juncta of the Pliocene and recent but there are some small
individuals which resemble the Miocene T. bisecta. I have
in preparation a more complete, illustrated, discussion of
these relationships and their interpretation.
Bibliography
1. Conchocele disjuncta Gabb, Pal. Calif., vol. 2, p. 99, pi.
7, figs. 48, 48a, 486, 1869. (Pliocene, Deadman Island,
California.)
2. Cryptodon bisectus Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 17,
pi. 26, figs. 2, 5, 1894. (Recent, off the south coast
of the Alaska Peninsula.)
3. Venu^ bisecta Conrad, Wilkes Expl. Exped., vol. 10, p.
724, pi. 17, figs. 10, 10a, 1849. (Miocene, Astoria,
Oregon.)
4. Gabb, Op. cit.
5. Dall, Op. cit.
6. Thyasira bisecta Arnold, Mem. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. 3,
p. 135, pi. 15, fig. 5, 1903. (Plocene, Deadman
Island, California.)
THE NAUTILUS 131
Thyasira bisecta Oldroyd, Ida S., Publ. Puget Sound.
Biol. Sta. Univ. Wash., vol. 4, p. 37, pi. 6, fig. 1,
March, 1824 (Recent off Brown Island, Washing-
ton.) ; Stanford Univ. Publ. Geol. Sci., vol. 1, no. 1,
p. 120, pi. 10, fig. 1. (Same figure.)
Conrad, Op. cit.
THE DATE OF PUBLICATION OF UNIO DOMBEYANA Val.
BY BRYANT WALKER
This species was published by Valenciennes in Hum-
boldt and Bonpland's Recueil d'Observations &c, II, p. 227,
pi. LIII, figs. 1-16.
The date of publication is given by Binney (Bib. Am.
Con., Pt. II, p. 6) as 1833 and in this he was followed by
Simpson both in his Synopsis and Descriptive Catalogue.
The fact that Valenciennes's paper was referred to by
Barnes and Lea in 1828 and 1829 has raised a question as
to the correctness of this date in the minds of several
American conchologists.
Through the kindly offices of Mr. J. R. leB. Tomlin the
question was laid before Mr. C. D. Sherborn, the eminent
English bibliographer, with the following result, which
definitely settles the matter.
Vol. II of part 2 (Zool.) of the Receuil down to and in-
cluding p. 256 was issued in 1827. Beginning with p. 257
(where a new signature commences) it appeared in 1832.
Presumably the volume was completed in 1833 and the
title page consequently bears that date. Hence the errone-
ous quotation by Binney and others.
It follows that Valenciennes' species was published four
years prior to Lea's Unio trapezoides (1831) and therefore
takes precedence over it as the proper specific name.
132 THE NAUTILUS
DESCRIPTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF LAND AND FRESH
WATER MOLLUSKS FROM PLEISTOCENE DEPOSITS
IN ILLINOIS*
BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER
During the summer of 1927 the Illinois Geological Sur-
vey carried on rather extensive investigations into
Pleistocene formations in Fulton County, Illinois, Dr. Har-
old R. Wanless having charge of the field work. The ani-
mal life in these deposits, consisting almost entirely of
mollusks, has been referred to the writer for determination
and a paper is in preparation describing the entire fauna,
which included material from Aftonian, Yarmouth, Peo-
rian and Early Wisconsin intervals. A large amount of
material was collected which has made possible a more
satisfactory study of variation among the species of this
latest of geological horizons. Included in this material
were several species and varieties which appeared suf-
ficiently characteristic to warrant designation in a formal
manner. The writer is indebted to Dr. M. M. Leighton,
Chief of the Geological Survey, for the opportunity of
studying the collections.
POLYGYRA MULTILINEATA WANLESSI nOV. var.
Shell differing from recent multilineata in being smaller,
the body whorl somewhat gibbous, of greater diameter as
compared with height, the aperture somewhat narrower,
and the base flattened and indented about the umbilical
region, which may be narrowly perforate or completely
closed. It may be distinguished from variety algonquinensis
Nason, by its usually larger size, more gibbous whorls,
especially the body whorl, and the deeper indentation of the
umbilical region. There are faint indications of color lines
* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of
Illinois, No. 48.
THE NAUTILUS 133
or stripes on a few specimens, but the majority were prob-
ably unicolored as are some specimens of multilineata at
the present time. Adults are usually imperforate but im-
mature shells appear to be always umbilicated.
Height 13.5; diameter 21.5 mm. Holotype.
Height 13.0; diameter 21.0 mm. Paratype.
Height 12.6; diameter 19.5 mm. Paratype.
Height 11.1; diameter 18.5 mm. Paratype.
Type locality: Fulton County, Illinois, east of Havana, in
Peorian loess. Types: Museum Natural History, Univ. 111.,
No. P2358. Paratypes: Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., No. 144921.
This variety of the common multilineata occurs in de-
posits from Yarmouth to Early Wisconsin time. It is more
or less abundant in the loess of Fulton County but has been
seen from but one other region, New Harmony, Indiana, in
loess believed to be of Peorian age. The variety is named
in honor of Dr. Harold R. Wanless, of the Department of
Geology, University of Illinois, who collected the material.
GONYODISCUS MACCLINTOCKI nov. sp.
Shell orbicular, with convex, dome-shaped spire; whorls
six, slowly and regularly increasing in size, tightly wound,
slightly convex, the body whorl typically flatly rounded;
sutures well impressed ; base flatly rounded, excavated near
the widely open umbilicus, which exhibits all of the whorls
including the nucleus ; sculpture of many close-set, distinct
ribs, which become finer on the base, there being usually an
almost smooth space in the center of lower part of the body
whorl ; aperture widely or roundly lunate, arched above
where the outer lip joins the body whorl; peristome simple,
acute, without parietal callus, the terminations of the outer
and columellar lip being widely separated.
Height 3.6; diameter 6.5 mm. Holotype.
Height 3.5; diameter 6.0 mm. Paratype.
Height 3.6; diameter 6.2 mm. Paratype.
Height 3.2; diameter 6.1 mm. Paratype.
134 THE NAUTILUS
Type locality: Peorian loess, 31/^ miles east and 1% miles
south of Lewiston, Liverpool Township, Illinois. Types:
Museum Natural History, Univ. 111., No P2367. Paratypes:
Acad. Nat, Sci. Phil., No. 145108.
Macclintocki is related to perspectiva, differing in being
smaller, having a more convex spire, a smaller umbilicus,
a rounder aperture, and finer sculpture, the ribs being more
numerous and closer together, almost disappearing on the
base. It has been confused w^ith shimekii, w^hich is smaller,
has few^er vi^horls which are wider, and the sculpture is
coarser. The spire, also, is quite different. It has been
seen only from deposits of Peorian age. As perspectiva is
not at present known from Pleistocene deposits earlier than
Late Wisconsin (at least in Illinois) it is thought that this
species may be ancestral to the large, widely umbilicated
form so common in Illinois and other parts of the United
States in the recent fauna.
GONYODISCUS MACCLINTOCKI ANGULATA nOV. var.
Shell differing from typical Tnacclintocki in having a more
depressed somewhat flattened spire, flatter base and shal-
lower umbilicus, and a subangulated periphery. On the
average rather larger than the typical form.
Height 2.9; diameter 6.2 mm. Holotype.
Height 3.0; diameter 7.0 mm. Paratype.
Height 3.0; diameter 8.0 mm. Paratype.
Type locality: Fulton County, Illinois, east of Havana, in
loess of Yarmouth age. Types: Museum Natural History,
Univ. 111., No. P2359. Paratypes: Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., No.
144922.
This race differs uniformly from the more abundant
macclintocki of the Peorian interval in its depressed spire,
wide umbilicus, and subangulated periphery. This angulated
form persisted throughout the Yarmouth interval and died
out in the Peorian, a few scattered specimens having been
seen among a large number of the rounded-whorled Peorian
THE NAUTILUS 136
form. What the Sangamon form may have been like is not
at present known, none being in our collection from this
horizon. The species is named in honor of Dr. Paul Mac-
Clintock, of the Department of Geology, University of
Chicago, a careful student of Pleistocene phenomena.
Vertigo gouldii loessensis nov. var.
Shell differing from recent gouldii in being more ventri-
cose, especially on the last whorl, having the apical whorls
wider and more obtuse, the outer lip more auricled causing
the aperture to have its longest diameter more diagonal
than in gouldii. There are five denticles placed as in gouldii,
but more delicate than in the typical form; the palatal
denticles are long and subequal.
Length 2.0 ; diameter 1.3 mm. Holotype.
Length 2.0; diameter 1.3 mm. Paratype.
Length 2.1; diameter 1.1 mm. Paratype.
Type locality: 31/2 miles east and 1% miles south of
Lewistown, Fulton County (Liverpool township), Illinois, in
loess of Peorian age. Types: Museum Natural History,
University of Illinois, No. P2366. Paratypes: Acad. Nat.
Sci. Phil., No. 145107.
This Vertigo has been listed as gouldii but is different
from the typical species as living today. It has also been
listed as ventricosa, and some small, wide specimens do re-
semble this species. Loessensis strongly resembles Vertigo
elatior Sterki, and Sterki has referred certain forms found
in loess at New Harmony, Indiana to this species. They lack
the strong palatal callus so characteristic of elatior and are
the same as the Illinois variety here differentiated. It is
probable that the Vertigo listed as gouldii by Hanna
(Kansas Science Bull., VII, p. 120, pi. xviii, fig. 4) is also
this variety. It is found in the Pleistocene from Yarmouth
to Early Wisconsin time. The form is here considered a
marked variety of gouldii but it might be advisable to con-
sider it a distinct species.
186 THE NAUTILUS
SUCCINEA RETUSA FULTONENSIS var. nOV.
Shell elongately ovate, compressed, spire long, conic,
sutures well impressed; whorls three, somewhat oblique,
narrow, the second whorl much swollen as compared with
the first whorl which appears above the second whorl as a
small knob ; aperture narrow, ovate, narrowed above, wide-
ly rounded below; columella somewhat incurved.
Height 8.1; diameter 4.0; aperture height 5.0; diameter
2.8 mm. Holotype.
Height 7.5; diameter 4.0; aperture height 4.2; diameter
2.2 mm. Paratype.
Height 7.6; diameter 4.0; aperture height 5.0; diameter
2.4 mm. Paratype.
Type locality: Fulton County, Illinois, 214 miles west and
% mile south of Lewiston, in deposit of Early Wisconsin
age. Types: Museum Natural History, Univ. 111., No.
P2368. Paratypes: Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., No. 145109.
This narrow Succinea is related to the recent deca/mpii
Tryon, differing in its smaller size, with less compressed
whorls, longer spire, deeper sutures, rounder whorls, and
shorter aperture. The presence of specimens resembling
small decampii indicate that the fossil form is a variant of
the recent variety. It is much narrower than grosvenori
gelida and also larger. It has been seen from the Yarmouth,
Peorian, and Early Wisconsin intervals of the Pleistocene
and apparently was widely distributed. It has been previ-
ously reported from Illinois deposits as both retttsa and
decampii. It appears to be ancestral to the recent retusa
since that species has not yet been seen in Pleistocene strata
in Illinois.
Valvata lewisii precursor var. nov.
Shell somewhat larger than lewisii, spire elevated, scalar-
iform, the sutures deeply impressed, the whorls notably
rounded and set one above another in turban fashion;
whorls rather more than four with four full coils visible in
front view, the two upper whorls projecting well above each
THE NAUTILUS 137
other; the body whorl high, increasing in diameter as it
approaches the aperture; umbilicus wide, deep; aperture
large, rounded, entire, the inner lip only touching the
parietal wall ; sculpture of rather distinct, longitudinal lines
of growth resembling tightly wound thread.
Height 4.3; diameter 5.0 mm. Holotype.
Height 4.4; diameter 5.6 mm. Paratype.
Height 4.2; diameter 5.0 mm. Paratype.
Height 3.7 ; diameter 5.0 mm. Paratype.
Height 4.0; diameter 5.0 mm. Paratype.
Type locality: Fulton County, Illinois, east of Havana, in
gray silt of Early Wisconsin age. Types: Museum Natural
History, Univ. 111., No. P2360. Paratypes: Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phil., No. 144923.
This Valvata occurs in this deposit literally by thousands
and must have been exceedingly abundant in the stream
which it inhabited in Early Wisconsin time. It appears to
bear much the same relationship to lewisii that danielsi
Walker, does to sincera, both, perhaps, being ancestral to
the species as they exist today. The high, pointed spire with
its four fully exhibited whorls in lateral view are its chief
characteristics.
STUART WELLER
The death of Dr. Weller is a great loss to the sciences
of geology and paleontology. He was born at Maine,
Broome Co., N. Y., December 26, 1870. At an early age
he became interested in geology and with a view of mak-
ing this science his life work he entered Cornell University
in 1891, graduating in 1894, later receiving the degree of
Ph. D. from Yale. He had been connected with the U. S.
Geological Survey, the Geological Survey of Missouri, the
188 THE NAUTILUS
Illinois Geologrical Survey, and was paleontologist of the
New Jersey Geological Survey from 1899-1907. He be-
came connected with the University of Chicago in 1895,
and was professor of paleontology since 1915, and geologist
of the Geological Survey of Kentucky since 1920. While
engaged in geological research he passed away, August 5,
1927, near Marion, Kentucky. He was the author of
many reports and papers pertaining to paleontology and
geology.
In a letter from Mr. Edwin E. Hand of Chicago, he
says: — "I have not yet recovered from the sudden death
of my friend Stuart Weller. I had a most delightful and
valuable three weeks with him in July at 'Camp Wrather',
St. Genevieve Co., Missouri, the geological camp of the
University of Chicago. We lunched together every day,
then to Ozora (2 miles) for the mail. Then two or three
hours of intensive snail hunting. He was greatly inter-
ested in the work and a very efficient collector. In the
Ozarkian Mollusca, by Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1903, you will
find his name as a collector of many species."
C. W. J.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF UNIONIDAE
BY L. S. FRIERSON
The mussels illustrated in plates 1, 2 and 3 were recently
described in the writer's "Classified and Annotated Check
List of the North American Naiades".
The types are in my collection. Cotypes have been pre-
sented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Lampsilis rafinesqueana Frierson, pi. 1, fig. 1 (fe-
THE NAUTILUS 139
male), 2 (male). The type of this fine species is from
Moodys, Oklahoma ; others are from the Black River, Ark.,
and Indian Creek, McDonald Co., Mo. It is the western
analogue of L. pectorosa (Con.), of the Tennessee drainage.
Lampsilis streckeri, pi. 2, fig. 1, from the Little Red
River, Ark., is a handsome rayed species, named for Mr.
John K. Strecker of Waco, Texas.
Lampsilis wrightiana, pi. 2, fig. 3, is from Volusia Co.,
Florida, and is related to L. amygdalum. Named for B. H.
Wright.
Elliptic sajensis, pi. 2, fig. 2, was collected by Hinkley
in the Saja River, Guatemala, and distributed by him under
the name Unio clysoni Lea, from which it differs by being
larger, shorter and more biangular behind.
Elliptic haricotti, pi. 3, fig. 2, 2 a, is from Guatemala.
Pleurobema fictum Frierson, pi. 3, fig. 3, Check List, p.
43, is from the Cahaba River, Alabama, where it appears to
be not uncommon.
Pleurobema marshalli, pi. 3, fig. 3, was collected by the
late A. A. Hinkley from the Tombigbee River, Boligee, Ala.
Pleurobema aldrichi, pi. 3, fig. 1, from Selma, Ala., is
from the collection of Hon. T. H. Aldrich, in whose honor
it is named.
NOTES AND NEWS
European land snails in New Orleans. — For about
ten years we have been aware of the fact that Helix (Otala)
vermiculata Miill. was established in Jackson Square, New
Orleans, which square is opposite the Natural History
Building in which we are located. There is also established
there Helix (Helicogena) aspersa and Rumina decoUata
L., all European species. The Helices seem to have been
imported for food purposes by an Italian delicatessen
which was formerly located about one square from Jackson
Square. A number of the older residents state that these
snails were imported in the hibernating condition for many
140 THE NAUTILUS
years and that occasionally individuals would revive in the
warm winter climate of New Orleans and crawl around
the neighborhood.
About two years ago, we located Helix aspersa in one
of the Spanish gardens a few blocks away, and a year ago
we found them abundant and quite a pest at a florist's about
three miles from Jackson Square. This importation seems
to be separate, as this florist, who is a decorator by trade
and a florist by hobby, has imported hundreds of plants
from all parts of the world.
Rumina decollata seems to have been a separate importa-
tion and was abundant all over the city of New Orleans
where it was destructive to violet beds. It has decreased
and almost disappeared during the last ten years, perhaps
due to paving of streets, and consequent better drainage
which leaves the soil much drier than formerly, and also
to the fact that the hobby of raising violets has practically
disappeared in New Orleans and there are very few violet
beds any longer. It may have been the abundance of this
snail, as well as the difficulty of raising violets in a drier
soil, that may have discouraged most people from raising
this plant in the gardens. I remember R. decollata as a boy.
We are at present raising Helix aspersa in cages at our
live materials establishment about five miles from this
office. — Percy Viosca, Jr., Natural History Building, New
Orleans, La.
DoNAX FOSSOR, NOT DoNAX VARIABILIS. — In the interesting
study of the Marine Mollusca of Cape May County, N. J., in
the April number of this volume, page 10, the author's re-
cord for Donax variabilis Say should undoubtedly read
Donax fossor Say, the common species of the New Jersey
coast. D. variabilis is not to my knowledge found north of
Cape Hatteras. A. P. Jacot's Long Island, N, Y., record is
certainly based on a form of D. fossor. — C. W. J.
The Oyster Drill. — In the Literary Digest for Feb, 4,
1928, page 23, under the name of "oyster burglar the peri-
winkle" and also referred to as the "drill" that infests the
THE NAUTILUS 141
oyster beds of Long Island Sound and Chesapeake Bay the
figure given is that of Thais floridana Con. {Purpura
haemastoma var. floridana of authors). This species is
not recorded north of Cape Hatteras. It is larger than the
oyster drill and usually frequents rocks. The drill of the
Chesapeake northward is of course Urosalpinx cinereus
Say. — C. W. Johnson.
Interesting additions to the fresh-water molluscan
FAUNA of Oregon and Washington. — Recently in cleaning
the debris from the aperture of a "dead" shell of Carinifex
newberryi, from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, which was
received some time ago from Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, I dis-
covered one specimen of Pyrgulopsis nevadensis (Stearns).
I have found no published report of the finding of this
species except at Pyramid and Walker Lakes, Nevada. Last
summer, in a pool north of Kelso, Washington, I found 19
fresh-water limpets, which Dr. Bryant Walker has identi-
fied as Gundlachia calif ornica Rowell. I have no report of
the previous discovery of this species except in California.
— Junius Henderson, University of Colorado.
Alvania in South Africa: A correction. — It seems
that I have twice used the name Alvania almo, the first be-
ing 1911, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 41, p. 359, for a Cali-
fornian shell. My second use of the name was for a South
African shell published in 1915 in Bulletin No. 91, U. S.
National Museum, p. 128.
It was through the kindness of Miss Mina L. Winslow,
Curator of the Division of Mollusks, University of Michi-
gan, that this error was brought to my attention, and I take
pleasure in now renaming my South African shell Alvania
winsloivae B. — PAUL Bartsch.
The radula of Lymnaea and Bulinus. — What is the
reason for the absence of cones from the central tooth of
many rows of Lymnaea natalensis Krauss and of many
teeth in the anterior rows of this and allied species of fresh-
water snails? If it were due to "wear and tear", as in those
142 THE NAUTILUS
species of Mollusca which bore their way through the shells
of others to obtain their food and in other species, one
would not find the condition in young examples or in the
embryonic radula of these species of fresh-water snails.
Illustrations tend to be misleading, except in camera-
lucida models; as it is impossible to bring the denticles,
cones, crown and basal plate into focus at the same time. A
careful study of the radula of Bulinus tropicus (Krauss),
(1) in the early embryonic stage, (2) just before hatching,
(3) a few days after hatching has taken place, and (4) in
the fully mature examples, would seem to show a gradual
development of the cones, as the radula enters more and
more into use. From this study it would appear that the
absence of cones from the anterior rows is due to lack of
development, that the tricuspid laterals are formed as a
result of the coalescence of irregular projections from the
edge of the crown of the embryonic laterals, and that from
time to time the laterals increase in number because of the
tendency of the denticles of the marginal teeth to coalesce.
I have counted close on 500 separate teeth in the radula
of Bulinus tropicus at the time of hatching. Within a few
weeks this number has increased to from seven to ten
thousand, which number would appear to remain fairly
constant throughout the life of the animal. The great
number of teeth in these broad radulae would seem to be
provided, not, as in some species, to allow for constant
"wear and tear", but to enable the radula to cover a large
surface of vegetable food. — F. G. Cawston, M. D., Natal,
South Africa.
Snails from Rock Bluff, Liberty Co., Florida. — The
following species were taken by Prof. C. R. Crosby:
Polygyra rugeli (Shuttl.), Paravitrea capsella lacteodens
(Pils.), Succinea avara Say. — E. G. Vanatta.
LiMAX FLAVUS L. IN ALABAMA. — Specimens of this intro-
duced species have been sent from University, Ala., collected
by Prof. Emmett B. Carmichael, Head of the Dept. of
Physiological Chemistry in the School of Medicine. — -
H. A. P.
THE NAUTILUS 143
POLYGYRA COLUMBIANA PiLOSA, new subspecies. — The
shell agrees in shape with typical P. columhiana (Lea) except
that the last whorl is somewhat less depressed. The umbili-
cus is much wider than in P. pinicola Berry. The surface is
densely covered with short curved hairs which in part stand
in forwardly descending series. The peristome is moderate-
ly reflected and thickened within. The basal margin is some-
what straightened or indistinctly subdentate. A small short
parietal tooth is present typically but in many lots there is
none, this character sometimes varying in the same colony.
Height 10.4, diam. 14.7mm., 6 whorls.
This race ranges from Alaska to San Francisco Co., Cal.
The type is 11142 Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. ; paratype in coll.
Univ. of Colo,, from San Francisco. —Junius Henderson.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
MoLLUSCAN Associations of White Lake, Michigan: A
Study of a Small Inland Lake from an Ecological and
Systematic Viewpoint. By Frank C. Baker. (Ecology,
vol. 8, pp. 353-370, 1927.) An interesting and exhaustive
study of the mollusks of a small area.
Studies on the Life Cycles of Two Species of Fresh
Water Mussels Belonging to the Genus Anodonta. By
Mary E. Tucker. (Biol. Bull., vol. 54, pp. 117-127, 1928.)
Contribution a l'etude de la Faune du Camerun,
MOLLUSCA, par Ph. Dautzenberg. (Faune Colonies Franc,
I, fas. 6, pp. 482-522, 1927.) This part covers the marine
species.
A Classified and Annotated Check List of the North
American Naiades. By L. S. Frierson. This is one of the
most important contributions to systematic Uniology of
recent years. The author has been an ardent collector and
student of the family for many years and has accumulated
144 THE NAUTILUS
a collection "well nigh perfect as regards the North
American forms". His opinions on synonymy, therefore,
are entitled to the most careful consideration.
He has always been a strenuous advocate of the rehabili-
tation of the many of Rafinesque's species which, however,
have not always met with general acceptance. But he has
"the courage of his convictions" and this Check List em-
bodies his final conclusions on that subject.
Many new subgenera are proposed, unfortunately with-
out diagnoses, the author contenting himself with the
designation of a type species, "whose chief characters will
forever give such diagnosis".
Sixteen new species are described or differentiated, the
latter based on the erroneous identifications of earlier
authors.
The Check List should be in the hands of every collector
of North American Unionidae. — Bryant Walker.
Minute Mexican Land Snails. By H. Burrington Baker.
Proc. A. N. S. Phila., Vol. 79, 1927. A consideration of the
anatomy of snails most of which have been included in or
confused with Thysanophora. In Pupisoma {mediamerica-
num Pils. and comicolense n. sp.) inferior tentacles are pres-
ent; it is orthurethrous; penis with an appendix. The author
suspects that it is near the ancestral stock of the Vertigininae.
The little group Toltecia turns out to belong to Punctum.
Like that and various other Endodontidse it has a U-shaped
kidney. Rotadiscus Pils. is segregated in a new subfamily,
Rotadiscinse, unique in having the apical limb of the modi-
fied U-shaped kidney much shorter than that along the in-
testine. In Radiodiscus the apical limb is far the longer, as
also in Helicodiscus and Chanomphalus. In the Thysanopho-
rinae the following new subgenera of Thysanophora are pro-
posed: Setidiscus for T. hornii, Lyroconus for T. plagiopty-
cha, Miroconus for T. paleosa. Microconus, hitherto thought
to be endodontid is shown to stand very near Thysanophora.
A key to the groups concerned is given. Averellia {Tricho-
discina) cordovana is the only helicid group dissected. It is
"related rather closely to Leptarionta.*' Many difficult
points in Mexican malacology are cleared up in this paper. —
H. A. P.
.Hii