THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL XLIII

JULY, 1929, to APRIL, 1930

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department uf Mollusks and Marine lDvert<iliratC8,

Academy of Natural Sciences

Philadklpiiia

CHARLES W JOHNSON

Curator of Insecta and MolluBca, Ito.ston Society of Natural Hirttnry

Boston

CONTENTS

OF

THE NAUTILUS, XLlll.

Achatiiia panthera berevoensis Church & Archer, n.

var 85

Achatinella. Inheritance of Coil 130

Agriolimax campestris Binn 59

Alectrion vibex Say 65

Amphidromus xiengensis Mor 52

Anceya Pils 122

Anculosa praerosa Say 10

Anculosa trilineata Say 14

Anodontites Brug., Type of 128

Ariophanta laevipes var. alba Ckll 54

Ataphrus pembertoni H. & A. (pi. 1, f. 7) 24

Avicula gregoryi Hall & Ambrose (pi. 1, f. 1) 22

Boston Malacological Club 30

Bulinus forskalii ceniicus Mor 93

California Desert, Snail Notes from the 73

California, Three New Snails from the Hills of 39

Canadian Mollusca, Further Records of Western 79

Carychium exiguum Say in Colorado 104

Centennial Collection of Shells, Mrs. Maxwell's 70

Cerithium ? teslaensis Hanna (pi. 1, f. 6) 25

Chamaearionta, n. subgen. for Micarionta aquae-albae

Berry 75

Cochlicopa lubrica Mull 57, 61, 81

Cochlicopa lubrica var. albescens Ckll., n. var 53

Cochlicopa lubrica var. virescens Ckll., n. var 53

Concerning a Policy 69

Conchological Club of Southern California 31

Cryptosom.a .^iamonse Haines 52

Donax fossor. Further Notes On 28

Donax fossor var. protractus Con 29

Donax tumida Phil 30

Donax variabilis Say 28

:wT(>i

4 THE NAUTILUS

Euconulus fulvus Miill 58, 61

Faaciolaria gigantea, The Egg Capsules of (pi. 4) . . . . 63

Fasciolaria princeps 38

Fresh-water Mollusks in Marine and Brackish-water

Formations 77

Fresh-water Mollusca in Brackish-water 34

Giffordius corneliae Pils 142

Giffordius pinchoti Pils 142

Glochidia, Some Quantitative Determinations of 89

Glyphyalinia indentata Say 58

Goniobasis depygis Say 5

Gonyodiscus cronkhitei Newb 58, 62

Gyraulus vermicularis Gld 57

Haplotrema, Gender of 139

Helicina occulta Say Ill

Helicina ouenensis Ckll., n. sp 134

Helisoma, Gender of 139

Helminthoglypta mohaveana 73

Helminthoglypta riparia 74

Helminthoglypta tudiculata kermensis Berry, n. subsp.

40, 138

Helminthoglypta tudiculata kernensis 138

Henderaonia in Crawford Co., Wisconsin 41

Hendersonia occulta rubella Green 42, 111

Hudson River Tunnel, Fossils of 131

Hyalina subrupicola "Dall" Packard 122

Iowa, Notes Taken in Vicinity of Vinton 118

Indiana, Mollusca of Turkey Run Park 66

Kamchatka, Land Shells of 61

Land Shells from the Mississippi Delta Region 34

Leptarionta maxwellsmithi, n. sp 116

Leptothyra engbergi Willett, n. sp. (pi. 3, f . 4) 27

Liguus crenatus aurantius Clench, n. subsp 19

Liguus crenatus barbouri Clench, n. subsp 18

Liguus crenatus farnumi Clench, n. subsp 19

Liguus crenatus floridanus Clench, n. subsp 20

Limnaea peregra 36

Liotia acuticosia var. bristolae F. Baker, n. n. for

radiata Dall, not Kiencr 72

Lithasia obovata Say 3

Littorina litorea Linn 64, 105

Lymnaea obrussa Say 60

Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say 82

Lymnaea vahlii Beck 79

Macoma wilcoxi Hall & Ambrose (pi. 1. f. 4) 24

THE NAUTILUS 5

Pleurocera canal iculatum Say 7

Plourocera (Strephobasis) ciirtum Hald 141

Macrochlamvs hainesi Pfr 53

Mae-rocvclis hemphilli VV. G. Binn 95, 99

Maclra beali Hall & Ambrose (pi. 1, f. 3) 24

Madagascar. A New Variety of Achatina from 85

Martyn's Universal Conchologist 71

.Maryland. Mollusks Below Conowingo Dam 87

Mauritius, Physa and Bulinus of 92

Maynard, Charles Johnson (Obituary) 101

Megaustenia. The Genus 51

Megaustenia siamensis 52

Megomphix H. B. Baker, n. gen 96

Megomphix hemphilli W. G. Binn. (pi. 5, f. 1-4) 96

Mesodesma pacifica Hall & Ambrose 24

Micrarionta aquae-albae Berry 75

Micrarionta (Eremarionta) borregoensis Berry, n. sp. 39

Micrarionta indioensis cathedralis, n. subsp 115

Micrarionta of the Indioensis Group 115

Micrarionta (Eremarionta) morongoana BeiTy, n. sp. 39

Mississippi, Some Land and Marine Shells from 34

New Caledonia, A New Helicina from 134

Newfoundland Shells 133

New Jersey. Rare Shells from 63

New Shell Fish Laws for Massachusetts 105

Notes and News 33, 70, 103, 138

Ogaridiscus C. & J 123

Oregon, Pelecypoda of the Coos Bay Region 49

Oreohelix cooperi W. G. Binn 56

Ostrea virginica Gmel 35

Panopea smithii Hall & Ambrose (pi. 2, f. 1) 24

Paphia restorationensis Frizzel, n. sp 120

Pecten clarkensis Hall & Ambrose (pi. 2, f. 3) 23

Pecten tolmani Hall & Ambrose (pi. 1, f. 2) 23

Pelecypoda of the Coos Bay Region, Oregon 49

Potrophysa zionis Pilsbry 59

Pholadomya harrigani Hall & Ambrose (pi. 1 f. 5) . . . . 23

Pholas (Barnea) costata Linn 64

Phy.sa borbonica Per 92

Physella virgata Gld 60

Pinchot South Sea Expedition, Notes from the 37

Pisidium concinnulum Sterki 60

Planorbis amosbrowni Pils., n. n 138

Planorbis campanulatus wisconsinensis Winslow 83

Planorbis siliceus Brown & Pil.sbry 138

6 THE NAUTILUS

Pleurocerid Fauna of the Ohio 1

Pododesmus macroschisma Drsh 104

Preserving, A Field Method 33

Pristiloma arcticum Lehnert 124

Pristiloma chersinella wascoense Hemph 123

Pristiloma gabrielinum Berry 123

Pristiloma nicholsoni H. B. Baker, n. sp. (pi. 5, f. 5-7)

96, 100

Publications Received 36, 105, 143

Pupilla syngenes Pilsbry 57

Pupisoma orcula Bens 52

Pupoides marginatus Say 57

Pyrgulopsis nevadensis Stearns, in Oregon 103

Radiodiscus abietum (pi. 6) 96, 100, 124

Radiodiscus (Radiodomus) abietum H. B. B 124

Radiodomus H. B. Baker, n. subgen. of Radiodiscus. ... 96

San Juan Is., Washington, Land Shells of 141

Schloenbachia templetoni Hall & Ambrose (pi. 2, f. 4) 25

Shell Trade Routes .' 109

Sonneratia rogersi Hall & Ambrose (pi. 2, f. 2) 25

Sonorella fisheri Bartsch 73

Sphaerium fallax Sterki, n. sp 93

Sphaerium sulcatum Lam 93

Strophocheilus porphyrostoma Clench & Archer, n. sp.

(f. 1-3) 75

Succinea avara Say 59

Sulcastrum Sterki, n. subgen 93

Tagellus gibbus Spengl 64

Thais floridana haysae Clench 35

Thais lapillus, Factors in the Evolution of 45

Tridacna gigas 141

Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) cayucosensis Willett, n. sp.

(pi. 3, f. 2, 3) 26

Unio spinosus Lea 140

Utah, Snails of Zion National Park 54

Vallonia costata Mull 80

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh 56

Venus campechionsis Gmel 35

Vitrea orotis Berry, n. sp. (fig.) 113

Vitrea shopardi Hemph. (fig.) 113

Vitrina alaskana Dall 58, 61

Vitrina praestans Gould 51

Zonitoidos. Gender of 139

Zonitoidos arborea Say 58, 67

Zoogenites harpa Say 62, 104

THE NAUTILUS 7

INDEX TO AUTHORS

Agersborg, H. P. K 45

Archer. Allen F 75, 85

Bailev, Jr., Joshua L 34

Baker, Fred 72

Baker, H. Burrington 95, 121, 134

Berrv, S. Stillman 39, 73, 113, 138, 141

Cahn, Alvin R 66

Chace, Mrs. E. P 33

Clench, William J 18, 33, 34, 69, 75, 85, 92, 105

Cockerell, T. D. A 51, 134, 139

Edge, Elton R 49

Everdam, Walter J 61

Frizzell, Don L 104, 120

Goodrich, Calvin 1, 140, 141

Hanna, G. D 104

Henderson, Junius 70, 77, 104, 109

Johnson, Charles W 28, 63, 71, 101, 107, 141

Jones, David T 118

Kemp, Jack T 66

Lowe, Herbert N 135

Marshall, William B 87, 128

Merrick, Amanda Dickson 89

Morrison, J. P. E 41

Mozley, Alan 79

Oswald, Olaf 130

Pilsbry, H. A 37, 105, 108, 116, 138, 142

Richards, Horace G 63, 131

Shimek, B Ill

Sterki, V 93

Vanatta, E. G 133

Wiedey, Lionel W 21

Willard, Theodora 30

Willett, G 26, 115

Woodbury, A, M 54

Yocom, H. B 49

The Nautilus.

THE rl.EUBOCERID FAUNA OF THE FALLS OF THE OHIO

BY CALVIN GOODRICH

The material for this study has been a collection of

Pleuroceridae. now the property of the Museum of Com-

Sive Zoology, that was made by Dr. f chard El swor^h

Call in the early Nineties of the last century. It has been

po'i We havin/such nuantities, to trace the changes from

he verj' young to the lettered and eroded stage which m

hese mollusks is the frequent condition of the very old ; to

examine intermediates that connect forms which have

seemed to be far apart ; to speak with pos.tiveness as to the

'''ThTwaters of the Falls, which are in fact rapids and

not falls, pour over rocks of the middle Devonian by a

th usand different passages" <M<=Murtrie, 1819)^ As in

the case of Muscle Shoals of the Tennessee River the Fals

have admirably suited the requirements of a Pleurocerm

'auL-to .udge by its numbers_and as the details o en-

vironment vary extremely in the course of a Jew "iiles of

river the variations in the animals may be assumed to be

a reiiponse to these conditions, though which particular

Mtuatton causes particular variations in the mollusks is.

of course, unknown. _ . .,.

The locality was of high importance in *« P'oneer mil -

tary, political an<l commercial development of the Mississ-

ippi Valley. That history began with the building of a

Stockade on Corn Island, the nucleus of I^u.sv.lle, by

2 THE NAUTILUS

George Rogers Clark. Explorers and naturalists came that

way at an early day because the Falls were upon the most

feasible of the three great routes between the seaboard and

the Mississippi. In instances the travelers were compelled

to wait there for higher levels of water or to change from

one form of water transportation to another. Rafinesque

was at the Falls in 1918, and no doubt at later times.

Thomas Say came by 1819 with Major S. H. Long's ex-

pedition to the Rocky Mountains and passed the Falls again

on the journey home, returning with the founders of the

New Harmony Utopia in 1825. LeSueur and Troost were

members of this latter party. Audubon lived at Hender-

sonville, now Henderson, about one hundred miles by

stream below the Falls. Dr. W, H. DeCamp appears to

have been located at Louisville for a while during his ser-

vice with the Federal armies. In more recent years, col-

lections were made on the rapids by A. C. Billups, A. A.

Hinkley and Lorenzo E. Daniels in addition to those of Dr.

Call.

Rafinesque supplied a catalogue of local fishes and mol-

lusks for Henrico McMurtrie's "Sketches of Louisville and

its Environs", 1819. Seven river univalves were listed,

two of which, Strepoma angularis and S. concolor, were

doubtless meant for Pleuroceridae. The description of the

genus was never published and the species are unrecog-

nizable. In the .same indeterminata are Rafinesque's

EllipHtoma f/ihhosa and K. rugosa, also assigned to the Ohio

River. Of seven species of Pleuroceridae here considered

which Say mentions as of the Ohio and its tributaries, four

were taken while he was on his journey to the Rockies,

three apparently while he was moving to the country of

the Wabash. Ho was n'sjionsible for three, and it may be

only two. of more than thirty .synonyms of the four species

found at the Falls. In 1863, Lea described three species

from ciglit spccimcms tliat were sent to him by Dr. De-

Camp. All had i)e(>n previously named. The spocies are

here dealt with in detail :

THE NAUTILUS 8

LiTHASIA OBOVATA (Say).

Mclania (fhoruta Say. New Harmony Dissem., II, Sept. 9,

1829. p. 276.

Original description: "Shell subovatc, dark brown or

blackish; vt)lutions nearly live: spire remarkably rounded,

short: body whorl with a very obtuse, slightly indented

band or undulation a little above the middle: ai)erture more

than twice tlie leng-th of the spire, narrow: labium polished,

with a callus above: labium not projecting near the base,

subrectilinear from the shoulder to the basal curve, very

convex at the shoulder; base rounded and without inden-

tation.

"Animal — Foot rounded, or rather longer than wide,

e^iually rounded before and behind; above yellowish-white,

lineated with black lines.

"Inhabits Kentucky River, and some other tributaries of

the Ohio. Length, three-fourths; breadth, nearly half an

inch. Var. a. Indented band almost obsolete.

"The spire, and even a part of the body whorl in old

shells, are sometimes remarkably eroded, as in M. (Ancu-

losa) praerosa, nob., and, indeed, the general appearance

is such that at a little distance, and without particular ob-

servation, it might be readily mistaken for that shell; but

the form is less globular and the aperture is altogether dif-

ferent. I found it very abundant in Kentucky River, in

company with that shell and other species of Melania. I

also observed it at the Falls of the Ohio. Lesueur and

Troost obtained specimens in Fox River of the Wabash.

When young, the undulation is hardly visible, and the shell

is often of a dull yellowish color, which on the larger volu-

tions becomes gradually of the characteristic color." (Say).

This Lithasia is so variable that between 1841 and 1863

twelve forms of it were described as distinct species. The

variability is much greater in the specimens from the Falls

of the Ohio than in those seen from the Kentucky River,

the locality of Say's dcscrii)tion. Thus, in one lot in the

Call collection, consisting mostly of adults, only slightly

4 THE NAUTILUS

more than 20 per cent by count have the typical characters.

The rest, a little less than 80 per cent, are slender forms.

A mature shell measuring IS-j i. mm. by 9Vli mm. has slight-

ly shouldered whorls, without constriction. Texture is

coarse and lacks pronounced sculpture, the gro\\1:h lines are

irregularly spaced. The aperture is elongate-ovate, a little

produced at the base. The columella is white, thick, with

a deposit of callus at the top; the outer lip is straight, i. e.,

not sinuous. A stout specimen is like the foregoing except

that the spire is much shorter, the shell has a ventricose

appearance and the aperture, because of the shortened

spire, seems much larger. A few shells of this lot are con-

stricted on the body whorl.

Specimens from the Ohio River at Charlestown Land-

ind, Indiana, are all of the robust form, having a heavy

callus at the angle of the aperture, a produced base and

occasionally the constricted body whorl. Some have the re-

volving, raised line on the top of the apical whorls which,

in certain of the Green River colonies, is virtually constant.

Walker (1900) describes the changes in the grow1:h of

obovata. "At about the beginning of the third whorl, a

sharp carina is developed on the periphery of the body

whorl, which rapidly increases in strength for the next

four whorls. During this stage the junction of the lip

with the body whorl is beneath the carina * ♦ *. At about

the beginning of the fifth whorl, the lip ascends and

crosses the carina, and from thence, until it finally disap-

pears altogether, the carina emerges from the upper part

of the aperture. This change in the relative position of

the lip and carina induces a radical change, not only in

the shape of the lip, but of the whole shell. The lip, in or-

der to clear the carina, becomes broadly rounded above and

curves in rai)i(lly to meet the body whorl at almost a right

angle, forming a deep channelled suture, while the body

whorl becomes more ventricose, mpre or less shouldered,

and rai)i(lly increases in size. * ♦ * With the disai)i>earance

of the carina, llie sliell rapidly assumes its mature form

THE NAUTILUS 5

and, with the usual erosion of the apical whorls, becomes

the short, stout, heavy specimen customarily seen in collec-

tions."

Call (1896) says that obovata is "one of the most abun-

dant strepomatitl shells found here (Falls of the Ohio). It

may be found in the i^reatest number on the shallow flats,

where it thrives on the confervid growths. It is the sole

representative of tlie genus on the Falls; owing to the con-

ditions of its habitat it does not attain so great a size as in

localities where the waters are more (luiet." Again,

(1900), he says, "At the Falls, where I have collected four

or live gallons of them, most are honey-yellow, and many

greenish yellow, bright and clean. Fully one-half of the

day's collecting with scoop-net, which would result in a

couple of bushels of shells, would prove to be this species."

The species is particularly common in the Green River

and its tributaries. It occurs in parts of the Wabash

drainage, the Scioto River, the upper Ohio and Alleghany

Rivers in Pennsylvania. Certain peculiar shells of the Blue

River of southern Indiana have the characteristics of

obovata in detail, though their general appearance is that

of the genus Goniobasis. I am inclined to think that the

Mclania sordida Lea, 1841, occurring in parts of Central

Tennessee, is also one of the variations of this plastic

species.

Goniobasis depyc/is (Say) has been so common a name

in the literature of the Pleuroceridae it is with regret that

it is consigned to the synonomy of L. obovata. It was de-

scribed during the time that hardfast and clearly cut lines

were supposed to demar': forms of life, the one from an-

other. Also, at the time, no one grasjjed the fact that vari-

ableness among the American Melanians was the rule and

not the exception. Mr. A. A. Hinkley directed my atten-

tion to the true position of depuffis. His view I have found

many times confirmed. Say in his own description speaks

of the columella as having "a calcareous dei)osit, particu-

larly above." That dejKJsit is one of the usual characters

b THE NAUTILUS

of the Lithasias and has been spoken of by Call as a

"conchologic constant", and this so far as the Lithasia on

the Falls is concerned is true. The two lower fig'ures of

Plate 8 of "Descriptions of some new Terrestial and Flu-

vatile Shells of North America", which supposedly Say

himself had taken, are of such young shells that it seems

possible he did not collect the mollusks in such numbers as

might have shown him the connection between obovata and

depygis. Call (1900) says, "In the little crevices in the flat

rocks, at low water, which alone contain running water,

this shell congregates by thousands and may be collected

by the handfuls. In this way I secured in 1893 over a peck

of the small Strepomatids, the mass of the material being

this little species." In every essential character, ignoring

deceptive differences in shape, "this little species" of the

crevices links up with the ventricose obovata.

Call (1896) makes Goniobasis infantula, louisvillcyims

and informis, all of Lea, the synonyms of depygis. Later

(1900), he decides to recognize infmitula as distinct. The

specimens of infantula that I have seen are young, prob-

ably of obovata, but possibly of Lithasia vcrrifcosa Raf.. a

species found both above and below the Falls but not yet

reported from the locality though it might very well occur

there. Louisvillensis lacks only the ventricose character of

typical obovata to be easily identified as that species. In-

formis I take to be one of the freakish forms that occur in

obovata, being much like Anthony's curvilabris of the

Green River. The three species of Lea came to him from

Dr. W. H. DeCamp. Of infantula he had six specimens and

of louisvillensis and iv form is two each. The synonomy of

obovata is:

Melania depygis Say 1829.

Melania gibbosa Lea, 1841.

Melania curvilabris Anthony, 1854.

Melania coronilla Anthony, 1854.

Melanin clrgfuifula Anthony, 1854.

Melania undusa Antliony, 1854.

THE NAUTILUS 7

Mclania pUinvspira Anthony, 1854.

Melania cnnaanguinca Anthony, 1854.

Mrlatiin rarinodosa Anthony (Reeve), 1860.

Goniuba.sis inforniL'i Lea, 1863.

Goniobasis louisvillensifi Lea, 1863.

Goniobasis infantula Lea, 1863.

Pleurocera canaliculatum (Say).

Melania canaliculatum Say, Journ. Acad. Nat, Sci., Phila.,

Jan., 1821, p. 175.

Original description: "Shell tapering, horn-color, volu-

tions about seven, slightly wrinkled ; spire towards the

apex much eroded, whitish; body with a large obtuse

groove, which is obsolete upon the whorls of the spire, in

consetiuence of the revolution of the suture on the inferior

margin ; this arrangement permits the superior margin of

the groove, only, to be seen on the spire, in the form of an

obtuse carina on each of the volutions; aperture bluish-

white within, with one or two obsolete revolving sanguine-

ous lines; labrum slightly undulated by the groove, and yith

a distinct sinus at the base of the columella.

"Inhabits Ohio River.

"Length 1 1/10 inch. Breadth, % of an inch. Greatest

traverse diameter more than %.

"Very common at the Falls of the Ohio River. It is prob-

ably the largest species of this genus in the United States,

and may be readily distinguished from its congenera by its

broad groove." (Say).

Under the glass, the young of this species are seen to

be slightly carinate, .stoutly so, or not carinate at all.

Specimens with smooth apices are comparatively rare. A

faint revolving line may occur on the upper half of the

whorl or it may be absent. Numbers of the young have the

beginning of the "groove" of which Say speaks. '• After

the eighth or ninth whorl, the new growth may expand

suddenly as it does in most L. obovnfa. ALso, the fine, regu-

lar growth lines become rougher and irregularly spaced,

8 THE NAUTILUS

the surface of the whorl often malleated and marked by

dark rest scars. It would seem as if at a certain stage of

growth the individuals moved from quiet waters to swifter

currents.

The typical adult ordinarily has six or eight whorls, the

uneroded remains of from fourteen to sixteen whorls. The

epidermis is usually worn thin. The broad constrictions of

the body whorl, the "groove" of Say, may be angulated on

the inner edges. The periphery is rounded. The bluish-

white columella is only a thin wash of callus at the top and

a slight projection near its center suggests a plait or twist.

The outer lip is slightly outcurved at the suture, then

slightly incurved, and projecting at the base. The aper-

ture is rather small, ovate and produced into a sinus. An

occasional specimen is angled, hardly carinate, at the

periphery. The largest specimen seen in this study is 29

mm. in altitude by 13 '/2 ^^- i^i diameter, the average size

of fifteen adults being 25-/f, mm. by 12 mm. plus. Of the

shells taken by Call in the Ohio River at Charlesto^^Tl

Landing, Indiana, about twenty miles above the Falls,

the largest is 29 ^/j mm. by IS'/j mm., and has five and one-

half remaining whorls. The average of the largest six

specimens is 26 V4. iTim. by 13 mm. These shells, usually

deeply channelled, are much more like one another than are

the forms at the Falls. The Lawrenceburg, Indiana. (Ohio

River), shells are of about the same size as these, but are

much larger whorl for whorl.

Call (189-1) lists cnvaJicNlatMW as the only Pleurocera

at the Falls. The list is amended (Call, 1895) to P. ninaU-

culatum Say, devatum Say and monilif eimm Lea. In the

Memorial History of Louisville, (1896), Call adds iduIu-

latuni Say. In his latest work on the subject (Call, 1900),

he deals with the four as inhabitants of these rapids.

The PIrurorrra mmn'lifmim Lea is a synonym of cx-

curdtuw Conrad, an elongated member of the canuUculatnm

group which is usually distinguished by a row of small,

closely st't lubcrcules on the jieriphery of adult whorls. It

THE NAUTILUS 9

is most common — apparently as a pure strain — in the Ten-

nessee River at Muscle Shoals and is the single Pleurocera

I have found in the Tennessee in western Tennessee and

Kentucky. It occurs, seemingly as an aberrant, in the

Wabash system, the lower Cumberland and the Clinch near

its mouth. I have not seen it in the Call collection from the

Falls of the Ohio or in any other collection from the local-

ity. P. imdulatum is included by Call (1896) among the

forms that "are very abundant and are found over all por-

tions of the upper two-thirds of the Falls." Later (1900),

he says of it that "On the Falls of the Ohio this species is

very common, but near Charleston Landing it is abun-

dant." Specimens that can be called undulatum are ab-

sent from the Call material I have examined.

The case of P. elcvaium is exceedingly perplexing. Say's

description is confusing, particularly in stating that the

aperture equals the "length of the second, third and fourth

volutions conjunctly", which, as Call points out (1900),

"is most certainly not true of this or any other strepoma-

tid." The description further says that elevatum is "dis-

tinct from our other species, by the elevated revolving

lines", referring to canaliculatum. Call writes (1895)

that "the form called P. elevatum itself is a beautiful illus-

tration of the effects of different environment. If taken

from swiftly flowing water, and found attached to rocks,

the shells are short and stubby, whorls well thickened and

with incrassate aperture. The same shells obtained from

pools where the water does not flow at all, and where

vegetation flourishes in great abundance, are elongate,

thinner in texture, thinner about the aperture, have the

lines of growth far apart and well marked. These are the

points on which the supposed distinct species have been

based, but are thus seen to be but a reflex of the conditions

of environment." His more recent remarks (Call, 1900)

on elevatum are that "specimens have been seen from the

Ohio at the Falls and from Lawrenceburg. I do not know

it from other streams." Unfortunately, none of the Call

10 THE NAUTILUS

shells in the Museum of Comparative Zoology that are from

the Falls is differentiated as dcvatum.

The specimens that in most collections are labelled ele-

vatum are simply robust forms of P. acuta Raf. Clearly

these forms are not of the kind that would be found in

such parts of the Ohio River to which Say had access, if

in any part it does occur. I am at a loss to say what ele-

vatum is, except that it is not what most collectors, myself

included, have sometimes thought, namely, a member of the

acuta group. It may be that Say had some of the odd

slender specimens of the carialiculatum-undulatum complex

which may be seen here and there in extensive collections

of some given locality, shells that when separated from

others of their colonies betray the unwary student into the

erection of species that cannot stand. The synonomy of

canaliculatum is:

Melanin conica Say, 1821.

Strombus sayii Wood, 1828.

Melania exarata Menke, 1830.

Melania ligata Menke, 1830.

Melania auriscalpium. Menke, 1830.

Ceriphasia sulcata Swainson,

Melania suhstricta Haldeman,1844.

Trypanostoma troostii Lea, (part), 1862.

Trypanostoma viride Lea, 1862.

Trypanostoma ligaium Lea, 1862.

Trypanostoma simplex Lea, 1862.

Anculosa praerosa (Say).

Melania. praerosa Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., II,

Jan., 1821, p. 177.

Original description: "Shell subglobular. oval, horn

color; volutions three or four, wrinkled across; spire very

short, much eroded in the old shell, so niucli so as to be

sometimes nol prominent above the body whirl; body

whirl large, vcnlricose, with a very obtuse, slightly im-

pressed revolving band; aperture suboval, above acute and

THE NAUTILUS 11

effuse; witliin on the side of the exterior lip about four re-

volving,'- purplisli lines, soniutinies doited, sometimes obso-

lete or wantinj?; labium thickened, particularly at the supe-

rior termination ntau Hit' anj^le, and linked with purplish;

base of the coknnella somewhat elonj^ated and incurved,

meeting the exterior lip at an angle.

"Length, about [:, inch. Inhabits Ohio River.

"Found in plenty at the Falls of the Oliio. The spire is

remarkably carious in the older shells, and the penultimate

whirl, between the aperture and spire, is also remarkably

eroded in many older shells. The spire in the young is en-

tire, and but little prominent, though acute, and the bands

are distinct on the exterior of the shell. This shell does

not seem to correspond to the genus to which I have, for

the present, referred it; and owing to the configuration of

the base of the columella, if it is not a Melanopsis, it is

probable its station will be between the genera Melania and

Acathina. I propose for it the generic name of Anculosa."

(Say.)

The elongation of the columella, "meeting the exterior

lip at an angle," that caught the eye of Say is an outward

curving and narrowing of the labium, so that the aperture

cdf^e of the base is on a plane with the angle of the body

whorl as the shell is held flat, aperture upward. This is

particularly prominent in the praerosa from the Falls of

the Ohio. It is so also in shells from the Blue River of In-

diana, meaning the one directly triljutary to the Ohio, not

that of the Wabash system. The feature is no more than

a produced point of the base in Cumberland River shells,

the same being true of certain lots from East Tennessee

that have come to be known as Anculosa 1 rijoni Lewis. The

character is pre.sent, though not conspicuous, in material

from the Holston River above Knoxville, in shells from the

Elk River, the Flint and the Sequatchie, and in part of the

Clinch River where A. subfflobosn is giving way to pj'ac-

rosa. It is scarcely noticeable in the ])ra('rosa taken in the

South Fork of the Holston River at Kingsport, Tenn.,

12 THE NAUTILUS

and is microscopic in Duck River shells collected at Shel-

byville, Tenn. Though I have not examined all the A

subglobosa available, I find a somewhat similar character

in specimens of it taken in Big Moccasin Creek near Gate

City, Va., and in Laurel Creek, Smyth County, Va., both of

the Holston drainage, and absent in Powell River and up-

per Clinch River mollusks.

Since a flexure of the columella is the generic character-

istic of Eurycaclon as that genus is restricted by Walker

(1918). I have closely compared specimens of E. Anthonyi

Budd with A. praerosa of the Falls. The principal differ-

ences are herewith noted :

Anculosa Eruycaelon

Columella spreads broadly much narrower

over umbilicus than in praerosa

Shoulder usually smooth usually lumpy

Outer lip sinuous not sinuous

Basal angle of raised to plane of usually with a de-

columella shell pression boneuth.

In one lot of the Call shells, thirty-three specimens in all,

four rather distinct forms could be separated. (1) Com-

paratively elongate and without constricted whorls, the

largest measuring 20 mm. in altitude by 17 mm. in diam-

eter. Seventeen shells. (2) Of a globose appearance, body

whorl rounded, not flattened or constricted. Largest 20

mm. X 17 '/^ mm. Seven shells. (3) Body whorl so flat-

tened as to give the shell a "squared" appearance. Largest,

ll'l'i X I6V2 mm. Five shells. (4) Noticably constricted.

Largest, nVi* mm. x 15 mm. Four shells. Of forty small,

partly grown shells, the proportions of the largest five

averaged 15.65 mm. by 13.25 mm., the smallest five, 9.05

mm. by 7.85 mm.

Individual variation in color bands is extreme. The

commonest fornuihi is four equidistant bands which may

be complete, broken into squares, oblongs, or dots, or may

consist of hair-like lines.

The very young of praerosa are bicarinatc and very

THE NAUTILUS 13

nearly as wide as they are liigh. They carry no suggestion

of the adult form. Dr. Lea j?ave these juveniles the name of

Mi'la)u'a ciuciuuatinisis. Dr. Lewis (1870-71) identified

chicinnaticnsis as the young of A. tintinnabulum Lea and

pronounced the latter — which had been thrown by Tryon

into the synonomy of A. suhijlobosa — a good species.

Tryon (1871) stuck to his decision. Dr. Walker, in a very

interesting paper (1908), reviewed the case and came to

the conclusion that cincinnntiniHis is the same as pracrosa

and that tintinnabulinn is entitled to full specific rank. I

think tinfhniabuhnn is closely related to pracrosa. In

places in the Holston River it occurs as "pure" colonies

and in other localities of the same system it is to be found

as one of jiossibly several forms of pracrosa. Dr. Lewis

(1870-71) mentions that Mr. U. P. James has collected tin-

tinnabulum in the Ohio River. I think it quite likely that

it may occur there in the way it does in the Holston, i. e.,

as a locally restricted race. When it becomes possible to

examine large series of the Anculosa of one of our river

systems, from headwaters to mouth, the forms of such a

species as A. pracrosa may be discovered to bear some re-

lation, wherever they occur, to the character of the stream.

Call, in the Memorial History of Louisville (1896), says

that pracrosa "is not uncommon, but may be found in num-

bers in the deeper and more swiftly flowing waters, cling-

ing to the rocks." Later (1900) he writes, "This large

anculosid is very common on the Falls, at Louisville, and

may be taken in great numbers at very low water, clinging

to the flat rocks in swiftly running water. Very large ex-

amples were collected abundantly in 1893-94."

Tlie known distribution of pracrosa is: Ohio River, Cin-

cinnati to Golconda, 111.; Blue and Wabash Rivers, Indiana;

Cumberland River, P.ui'nside, Ky., to below Nashville,

Tenn. ; Obey River, Tenn. ; parts of Clinch and lower Hols-

ton Rivers, Tenn.; French Broad River, Tenn.; Tennessee

River, Knoxville, Tenn., to Muscle Shoals, Ala.; Little Ten-

nessee River, Tenn.; Little River, Tenn., near its mouth;

14 THE NAUTILUS

Sequatchie and Little Sequatchie Rivers, Tenn. ; Battle

Creek, Tenn. ; Duck River, Tenn. ; Flint and Paint Rock

Rivers, Cypress, Shoals and Bluewater creeks, all of Ala-

bama ; Elk River, Tennessee and Alabama. The synonymy

of praei'osa :

Melania angulosa Menke, 1828.

Melania ci'uentata Menke, 1828.

Melania ovularis Menke, 1828.

Melanopsis neritiformis Deshayes,

Anculotus anijulatus Conrad, 1834.

Melania cincinnatiensis Lea, 1838.

AnCULOSA TRILINEATA (Say).

Melania trilineaia Say, New Harmony Dissem., II, Sept. 9,

1829, p. 277.

Original description : "Subglobose, oval, yellowish, more

or less tinged with brown : volutions about four, rounded,

somewhat wrinkled : spire short, rather more than half the

length of the aperture: suture not very deeply impressed:

body whirl with three brownish black revolving lines, of

which the two inferior ones are somewhat nearest toge-

ther, the middle one widest and the superior one placed

near the suture and revolving on the spire ; the middle one

is concealed on the spire, by the suture: aperture much

dilated, ovate, acute above: labium a little flattened: labrum

widely and regularly rounded, without any protusion near

the base: base slightly angulated, without any sinus or un-

dulation : umbilicus none.

"Inhabits Falls of the Oliio. I^^ngth. less than half an

inch. Var. a. Inferior band obsolete. Var. b. Bands ob-

solete.

"This species is allied to the iireceding [Mclatiia isixjona,

a Somatogyrus], but is obviously distinct in its general ap-

pearance; the volutions an- destitute of a shoulder, and the

aperture is ovate, acute above. It is a pretty shell, the

bands being very conspicuous, strongly contrasting with

the yellow general color, particularly in the young and half

grown shell.

THE NAUTILUS 16

"I obtained about a dozen specimens on the rocky flats

of the Falls of the Ohio, at the lower end of the island

which is nearest to Louisville." (Say).

It will be observed that emphasis has here been put on

bands and color. These are likely to be uncertain char-

acters in the Pleuroceridae and, thoup:h useful sometimes

in helping to give a clue to the identification of a species

or to its relationship, they should not be considered of pri-

mary importance. Taking one hundred specimens of Call's

trilincdtd at random I found that seventy-seven were with-

out color bands at all. Of the twenty-three with bands,

only six are of the formula descril)ed by Say. Seven other

formulae occurred, of which one of a fairly wide band at

the periphery and a narrow one at the base was the com-

monest. Specimens of a clear green color — probably deeper

in the freshly collected shells than in those that have been

exposed long to the light — were named Melanm viridis by

Lea. Tryon made it a synonym of trilineata.

The nuclear whorls of trilineata, I14 turns, are perfect-

ly smooth, as in most instances are the whorls that come

after. But some of the young in the post-nuclear stage are

singly carinate, doubly carinate or angled at the periphery.

The columella is white, yellowish-white or purple, straight

in the center, angled at the base and slightly indented at

the umbilicus. In the old, the columella is likely to be

thickened at the top. The largest specimen noticed in this

study was 13V2 rn^i. in altitude and IOI/2 inm. in diameter.

The average of twelve robust specimens was 11VL> ^^- by

914 mm.

Tryon (1873) declined to agree with Haldeman, Brot and

Jay that costata Anthony was synonymous with trilinrata.

He says that A. trilineata "is never costate and has three

broad, brown bands, and Mr. Anthony informs me that it

has never been found in the upper Ohio River, while cos-

tatus is plentiful at Cincinnati." A number of costate

specimens were found among the Call shells from the Falls.

They differed in no regard from the common trilineata ex-

16 THE NAUTILUS

cept in the matter of having raised revolving lines around

the whorls. Examining material from Cincinnati that was

labelled costata I found in one lot that one specimen in four

was carinate, the other three being smooth ; in another lot

that sixteen had from one to several costae and six were

simply angled at the periphery. A third lot, labelled "Ohio

River", consisted of fourteen costate shells and fifteen

smooth. It seems possible to say of the species that in

most colonies costate forms occur without respect to age or

size and that — as appears from specimens taken in Five

Mile Creek, Campbell County, Ky., — all specimens may

have this characteristic. I have come upon several in-

stances among the Pleuroceridae in which a minor char-

acter, rare in one colony of a species, may be present in

virtually all members of another colony of the same species.

Tryon (1873) ventures the opinion that trilineata is not

an Anculosa. "Its small size and smooth surface and gen-

eral outline," he says, "suggest its pertinence to the Amni-

colidae, to which family several small species, hitherto con-

sidered to be Anculosae, have been recently removed."

Doubts of the sort disappear upon a comparison of the tex-

ture, sculpture and opercula of the two groups. The

synonymy of A. triUneata is:

Ayiculotus costatus Anthony, 1840.

Melxvnia occidentalis Lea, 1841.

Melania viridis Lea, 1841.

Bibliography

1903 r.illups, A. C, Adaptation of MoUusks to Changed

Conditions. Nautilus. XVI, 1903. p. 112.

1903 Blatchiey, W. S., and Daniels. L. E., On Some Mol-

lusks Known to Occur in Indiana, 27th Ann. Rep.

Dejj't. of Geol. & Nat. Resources of Indiana. 1903. p.

605.

1894 Call, R. E.. Contribution to a Knowledge of Indiana

Moilu.sra, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1891. pj). 110-156.

1895 Call. R. E.. The St rei»'>natidae of the Falls of the

Ohio, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1895, pp. 135-143.

THE NAUTILUS 17

1895 Call. li. E., The Life & Writings of Rafinesque, 1895.

189() (all. R. E.. Memorial History of Louisville, I, 1896,

pp. 18, 19.

189G Call, R. E., The Hydrographic Basins of Indiana and

Their Molluscan Fauna, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1896,

p. 250.

1900 Call. R. E.. A Descriptive Illustrated Catalogue of

the Mollusca of Indiana, 2'1th. Ann. Rej). Dep't. of

Geol. & Nat. Resources of Indiana, 1900, pp. 426-435.

1903 Daniels. L. E., A Check list of Indiana MoUusca,

27th. Ann. Rep. Dep't. of Geol. & Nat. Resources of

Indiana. 1903. pp. 639-641.

1893 James. Edwin. Account of an expedition from Pitts-

hurgh to the Rockv Mountains (Long's Expedition).

London Reprint, 1823, pp. 23-26.

1870-71 Lewis, Dr. Jas., On the Shells of the Holston

River, Amer. Journ. Conchol., 1870-71, pp. 219-221.

1819 McMurtrie, Henrico, Sketches of Louisville & its

Environs. 1819, p. 66.

1910 Pilsbrv. H. A., A New Mexican Genus of Pleurocer-

atidae^ Proc. Mai. Soc. London, IX, 1910, pp. 47-50.

(Contains figures of operculum of L. obovata) .

1917 Pilshry, H. A., Rafines(iue's Genera of Freshwater

Snails] Nautilus, XXX, 1917, pp. 109-114

1818 Rafinesque, C, Discoveries in Natural History

made during a Journey Through the Western Region

of the United States, Amer. Monthly Mag. & Grit.

Review, III, 1818, p. 42.

1871 Tryon, Geo. W., Notes on Dr. James Lewis' Paper

"On the Shells of the Holston River, Amer. Journ.

Conchol., VII, 1871, pp. 86-88.

1873 Tryon, Geo. W., Land & Freshwater Shells of North

America. Smithson. Misc. Coll., No. 253, 1873.

1900 Walker, Bryant, Changes with Growth of Lithasia

Obovata Say, Nautilus, XIII, 1900, p. 97.

1908 Walker, Bryant, On Certain Immature Anculosae,

Nautilus, XXI, 1908, p. 110-117.

1917 Walker, Bryant. The Type of Pleurocera Rafinesque,

Occ. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., No. 38, 1917,

pp. 1-10.

1918 Walker, Bryant, A Synopsis of the Classification of

the Freshwater Mollusca of North America, North

of Mexico. Mis. Pub. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., No.

5, 1918, pp. 149-164.

18 THE NAUTILUS

SOME NEW LIGUUS FROM THE FLORIDA EVERGLADES

WILLIAM J. CLINCH

The new color forms of Liguus described here are to be

followed later by a more comprehensive paper dealing with

the derivation of these and other forms in the central Ever-

glade region.

Liguus crenatus barbouri, nov. subsp.

Shell: large, subsolid, rather elongate, polished. Whorls

seven, rather convex. Tip of spire white (two whorls).

Columella white, occasionally truncated, slightly twisted.

Palatal lip emarginate, parietal wall calloused. Color

whitish to yellow as a ground with the following arrange-

ment of superimposed colors. A very narrow sutural line

of white or yellowish bordered superiorly and interiorly

^^^th a band of very dark brown or black usually as a solid

band 1 to 4 mm. in width. A band also exists about the

central area of the body whorl. Occasionally the bands are

broken into a series of dots or squares usually on the last

two whorls. Areas on the whorls between the bands are

mottled with gray blue and yellowish or whitish. A very

few specimens have the body whorl near the palatal area

almost entirely blue black. Basal area gray blue to blue

black, region bordering columella banded usually with yel-

lowish just within a band of bluish black. Narrow green

spiral lines usually present though not readily perceived in

the darker forms.

Sculpture consisting of very fine growth lines, rather

regularly spaced slightly increasing in size on the later

whorls.

Length Width A p. length A p. width

5L5 27 24 14.5 mm. Holotype

Holotiipc: M. C. Z. 84527. Pinecrest region, central Ever-

glades, Fla. Hammock no. 21 (Farnum numl)er). J. N. Far-

num, collector.

Remarks: Found in nearly all the hammocks of the Pine-

crest region.

THE NAUTILUS 19

LiGUUS CRENATUS FARNUMI, nov. subsp.

Shell: medium to lar^^e, rather elongate, rather thin, i)ol-

ished. Whorls seven, slightly convex. First three whorls

of spire white. Columella white, twisted and in a few

specimens more or less truncated. Palatal lip slijrhtly

emarginate. Parietal lip thinly calloused inclined to show

pinkish due to the dilution of the brown red color under-

neath, not due to special reddish pigmentation as in the L.

fa^ciatus group. Sutural area whitish. Color pattern sim-

ilar to L. c. harhouri, color bands of a rather dark mahog-

any red, areas between of mottled yellow or whitish, and

lighter mahogany red. Basal area usually much darker,

equalling the color of the juxtasutural bands. Area along

the columella sometimes a decided brick red. Spiral line

present, those above the middle of the body whorl more in-

tense. Sculpture of fine, regularly spaced growth lines.

Length Width Ap. length Ap. width

47. 25. 23. 13 mm. Holotype

Holotype: M. C. Z. 84586, Pinecrest region. Central

Everglades, Florida. Hammock no. 7, (Farnum number).

J. N. Farnum, collector.

Remarks: Known only from a single small hammock

which is now partially destroyed by fire.

LiGUUS CRENATUS AURANTIUS, nov. Subsp.

Shell: Large, solid, slightly elongate, polished. Whorls

seven, quite convex, first three or four whorls of spire

white. Columella white, twisted, continuous or truncated.

Palatal lip emarginate, acute, parietal wall calloused, white.

Color very light orange on the fourth whorl, gradually in-

creasing in intensity to a very deep orange in most speci-

mens on the palatal area of the body whirl. This is a wash

of color covering the entire whorl though bands of deeper

intensity are produced juxtasuturally and on the central

area of the body whorl. From few to several green spiral

lines are found, more intcn.se above the middle of the whorl.

Sculpture of exceedingly fine growth lines.

V *i/ j«. V. *>^

i

j

20 THE NAUTILUS

Length Width Ap. length Ap. width

51.5 29 24 15 mm. Holotype

Holotype: M. C. Z. 84624, Pinecrest region, Central

Everglades, Hammock no. 408 (Clench number), Clench

and Lermond, collectors. Paratypes M. C. Z. nos. 84016 and

84397. The last collected by J. N. Farnum from the same

hammock (Farnum hammock, number 5).

Remarks: C. T. Simpson (1920 Proc. Biol Soc. Wash.,

Vol. 33, p. 123) described L. c. luteus as "pale yellow to

orange." With the material now at hand it seems best to

limit L. c. luteus to the yellow forms, L. c. aurantius named

for the orange colored phase. There is no question but

that we are dealing with two distinct color races which

only occasionally show hybridization. The holotype of

aurantius was selected from a pure race of this form, no

other color form being found on this hammock by Farnum,

Clench, Lermond or Allen. Pure races of L. c. luteus are

quite abundant in the vicinity of Homestead and Royal

Palm Park, Florida.

LiGUUS CRENATUS FLORIDANUS, nOV. subsp.

Shell: medium to large, globose to elongate, not very

solid, polished. Whorls seven, strongly convex. First

three to four whorls of spire porcellaneous white. Colum-

ella white, occasionally truncated, moderately twisted.

Palatal lip cmarginate, parietal wall thinly calloused.

Ground color amber yellow, rarely whitish. Color pattern

as in L. c. harhouri and L. e. farnum i, the bands mahog-

any red, mottling either of brownish or gray blue. The

mottling color is not well developed, the ground color is de-

cidedly priulominating. A bar of brownish or brownish

orange is lound bordering the columella. Sculpture of only

very fine growth lines. Spiral green lines as in other forms.

Length Width A p. length A p. width

49. 27.5 23.5 14.5 mm. Holotype

Holotype: M C. Z. 84559, Pinecrest region, Central

I-Cverglados, Hammock no. 8 (Farnum lianiiiioik number).

J. N. Farnum, collector.

THE NAUTILUS 21

Remarks: A form moro or less intermediate in coloration

between L. c. Ixirhouri and farnumi though exiiihitin^ sev-

eral characters more or less peculiar to itself. It is far

more globose than any other form found at Pinecrest and

possesses comparatively little mottling of color between the

bands of mahogany brown.

Pinecrest is the r(?mnant of a road construction camp

established during the construction of the "Tamiami

Trail", and today consists of a few houses, a store, and a

series of tomato farms. Pinecrest is 4G miles nearly due

we.st of Miami. With two exceptions, all collections were

made in hammocks within an area of 7 mi. E of Pinecrest.

The two exceptions are a small hammock 14. mi. W and an-

other about 3 mi. SW.

The subspecies herein described were based upon mate-

rial collected by J. N. Farnum, of Miami, Florida, whose

large collection is now possessed by the Museum of Com-

parative Zoology, and upon collections made by N. W. Ler-

mond and the writer during the latter part of February

and the first of March of this year.

SOME PREVIOUSLY UNPUBLISHED FIGURES OF TYPE

MOLLUSKS FROM CALIFORNIA

BY LIONEL WILLIAM WIEDEY

A number of species of marine mollusks from the Cre-

taceous and Tertiary strata of central California have been

briefly described, but not figured, by E. B. Hall and A. W.

Ambrose.' These species were collected in the Mount Ham-

ilton Range and adjoining ranges on the eastern side of

San Franci.sco Bay.

It is generally recognized that the practice of describing

species without their being figured is to be severely con-

demned. Moreover, such an unfortunate procedure im-

1 Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1916, p. G8; No. 7, 1916, p. 77.

22 THE NAUTILUS

pedes the further scientific progress in this direction of all

but those few to whom the types are available. Since

species so described are considered to have recognized

standing, the writer believes it essential that the descrip-

tions of these species be completed by making available fig-

ures of them, inasmuch as they, in their present status, are

nearly valueless to those who study marine faunas from this

region of the ages represented by these unfigured forms.

Enlargement upon the original brief descriptions and dis-

cussions is not here undertaken. The figures will suffice

to permit subseciuent writers to make such disposition of

them as they deem expedient. However, notes kindly fur-

nished by Mr. F. M. Anderson on some of the Cretaceous

species are incorporated in full. The types are in the

Paleontology Collection of Stanford University.

New type numbers and new locality numbers have been

given each of the forms described by Hall and Ambrose in

order to conform with other species described from the

Stanford collections in the Department of Geology.

AvicULA GREGORYI Hall and Ambrose, PI. I, fig. 1.

Hall, E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 6,

1916, p. 69.

The type of this species was collected from Horsetown

strata, middle Cretaceous, at a locality one and one-half

miles south and a little west of Carnegie. Tesla quadrangle.

OSTREA TITAN Conrad, var. perrini Hall and Ambrose. PI.

HI, fig. 1.

Hall. E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 7,

1916, p. 80.

This form was declared to occur abundantly in the

Briones formation, middle Miocene, in the Tesla. Pleas-

anton, San Jose, and Mt. Hamilton quadrangles.

THE NAUTILUS 28

Pecten clarkensis Hall and Ambrose.' PI. II, fig. 3.

Hall. E. P.., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 6,

19 IG, p. G8.

This very small si)ecimen was collected at a locality two

and one-half miles northeast of the town of Milpitas, San

Jose quadrangle, in Ilorsetown beds, middle Cretaceous.

Pecten tolmani Hall and Ambrose. PI. I, fig. 2.

Hall. E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 7,

1916, p. 82— Trask, P. D., Univ. of Calif. Publ., Bull.

Dept. Geol. Sci., Vol. 13, No. 5, 1922, p. 139, etc., pi. 3,

figs. 1 and 3.

This species was stated to have been collected in the

Briones formation, middle Miocene, in the Tesla, Pleasanton,

San Jose, and Mt. Hamilton quadrangles. At a somewhat

later date Trask found this species to be quite character-

istic of the Briones formation. Another statement in the

original description adds that its horizon is probably

Monterey, lower Miocene. The work of subsequent writers

seems to have demonstrated that the designation of the

Briones as its horizon was the correct one.

Pholadomya hakrigani Hall and Ambrose. PI. I, fig. 5.

Hall, E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 7,

1916, p. 77.

Mr. F. M. Anderson declares that "this form is notable

for its close resemblance to an undescribed form found at

Horsetown, Shasta County, which is a distinct species of

smaller size, with finer ribs on the anterior half of the shell.

The otherwi.se close resemblance may be taken as indicat-

ing stratigrai)hic difference. But in view of the fact that

its horizon is not far removed from that of Schlocnhachia

ivmph'toni, it seems probable that it should be regarded as

a lower Chico form."

' Hanna (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Itli .Scr., Vol. 13, No. 10, 11»21 p.

170) su;^Kt'sti'(l thi.s name nii^'lit be preoccupied hut the diirerenccs in

spcllintr in the two species names involved clearly eliminates that

possibility. -^^

24 THE NAUTILUS

This species was said to have been collected in upper

Chico, upper Cretaceous.

Macoma wilcoxi Hall and Ambrose. PI. I, fig. 4.

Hall, E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 7,

1916, p. 81.

This species was declared to have been secured in the

Briones formation, middle Miocene, in the Tesla quadrangle,

near Livermore and near Dublin.

Mactra beali Hall and Ambrose. PI. I, fig. 3.

Hall, E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 7,

1916, p. 80.

This species of Macira was said to have been collected

from the Monterey sandstone, lower Miocene, in the

Pleasanton quadrangle.

Mesodesma pacifica Hall and Ambrose.

Hall, E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 7,

1916, p. 79.

Myadesma pacifica (Hall and Ambrose), Clark, Bruce L.,

Univ. of Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., Vol. 14, No.

4, 1922, p 118, pi. 13, fig. 5.

This unusual species was one of a group of three which

Clark later chose to represent his new genus Myadesma.

The type of the species was collected from the Monterey

sandstone, lower Miocene, in the Pleasanton quadrangle,

near the town of Sunol. The new type number is 513, and

the new locality number is 813.

Panopea smitiiii Hall and Ambrose. PI. U, fig. 1.

Hall, E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 7,

1916, p. 79.

This species was collected from the Tejon, upper Eocene,

in Corral Hollow, nviiv Livermore, in the Tesla ([uadrangle.

Ataphkhs pemp.kktoni Hall and Aml)rose. PI. I, fig. 7.

Hall, E. B., and Ambrose, A. W.. Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 6,

1916, p. 70.

THE NAUTILUS 25

This small form was (leclared to have been coUectod from

the Cliico formation, upper Cretaceous, in the Arroyo del

Valle, Tcsla quadrangle.

Cerithium ? TESLAENSis Haniia. PI. I, Cig. 6.

Cerithium branneri Hall and Ambrose, Nautilus, Vol. 30,

No. 6. 1916. ]). 70. Not Cctithiitm hrauricri. White, Arch.

Mus. Nat. Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 8, 1887, p. 153.

Cerithium ? teslacnsis Hanna, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th

Ser., Vol. 13, No. 10, 1924, p. 162; new name iirojiosed.

Cerithium branneri was said to have been collected from

the Chico formation, upper Cretaceous, one mile north-

northwest of Tesla and Corral Hollow, Tesla quadrangle.

SONNERATIA ROGERSI Hall and Ambrose. PI. II, fig. 2.

Hall, E. B.. and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 6,

1916, p. 69.

Mr. F. M. Anderson remarks about this species that "an

e.xamination of the holotype of this species proves it to be

a form nearly allied to, but also distinct from, Soyincratia

stantoni from the upper Cretaceous of Horsetown, Shasta

County, California. In the description of the species the

suture is not mentioned, but on the specimen itself it can

be seen, and the septation differs in no important respects

from that of 5. stantoni as shown in the Proc. Calif. Acad.

Sci., Vol. 2, 1902, pi. 10, fig. 198. I am disposed to think

that this horizon is near the top of the Horsetown group."

The specimen was originally declared to have been col-

lected from the Horsetown. middle Cretaceous.

SCHLOENBACHIA TEMPLETONI Hall and Ambrose. PI. II,

fig. 4.

Hall, E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 7,

1916, p. 78.

Concerning this species, Mr. F. M. Anderson remarks

that "this form is worthy of especial notice on account of

its size and form. No dimensions of the holotype are given

in its description, except the diameter of the last whorl.

26 THE NAUTILUS

which is 160 mm. This is somewhat below the facts, al-

though the specimen is a little crushed and the diameter

thereby increased. The ratio of the diameter of the whorl

to that of the umbilicus is about 3.7:1. In respect to this

ratio, as well as in the character and number of the ribs,

and in other features (not including the septa) the

form approaches very near to Schloenbachia propinqua

(Stoliczka) from the Ootatoor group of southern India.

As far as the septa on the California species can be seen,

the resemblance holds true. The horizon from which the

sample was obtained is probably the lower Chico, rather

than the upper Chico as stated by the authors."

DESCRIPTION or TWO NEW SPECIES OF MOLLUSCS FROM

THE WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA

BY G. WILLETT

TuRBONiLLA (Strioturbonilla) cayucgsensis, new

species. PI. 3, figs. 2, 3.

Shell large, broadly elongate-conic, bluish-white in

younger specimens, yellowish-white in adults. Nuclear

whorls small, rounded, having their axis at right angles to

the succeeding turns. Post-nuclear whorls somewhat flat-

tened and shouldered at the sunmiits. Surface marked by

heavy, rounded, closely spaced, strongly protract ive axial

ribs, of which fourteen occur on each of the first eight

whorls, sixteen on the ninth and tenth, eighteen on the

eleventh, and twenty on the twelfth and last whorl. These

ribs extend from the summit of the whorl to the peripliery,

where they m« rge and terminate. Intercostal spaces a little

narrower than the ribs, al.^o terminating at the periphery.

On th(; typ<> and oilier achilt si>ecimens the axial ribs ex-

tend ()Vi!r the Ija.'^i". becoming more or less feeble and un-

even on the anterior itortion. In innnature specimens (ten

wiioils or less) the ribs terminate at the periphery. Entire

THE NAUTILUS 27

base and spire covered with fine spiral striations, visil)le

only under a fairly stronj]: lense. Aperture oval, posterior

antfie narrowly, obliquely truncated by the flattened sum-

mit. Outer lip thin, slightly contracted; inner lip slightly

oblique and somewhat reflected. The type has twelve post-

nuclear whorls and measures: — Length, 9 mm.; diameter,

'>

mm.

The type, No. 1016, Collection Los Angeles Museum, and

24 additional specimens were taken by Mr. H. N. Lowe

under stones on the beach at Cayucos, California, June,

1927. Paratypes are in the collections of the U. S. National

Museum, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, H. N.

Lowe, and the writer.

Remarks. — In general shell characters this species seems

to resemble T. attrita Dall and Bartsch. It is easily dif-

ferentiable from this species, however, by its larger size,

as well as by its more protractive and different number of

ribs. A study of the type series shows some individual

variation in the width of the ribs and in their number.

While most of the specimens are like the type in the latter

character, in some specimens the increase in number of ribs

occurs one whorl earlier.

Leptothyra engbergi, new species. PI. 3, fig. 4.

Shell small, globose, solid, either perforate or imperfor-

ate; whorls convex, marked by thread-like spiral riblets

which are rendered minutely nodulous by the intersection

of the growth lines. On the last whorl there are about

thirty of the.se rii)lets. Aperture about half the height of

the shell, almost circular, white to bluish-white within.

Outer lip rather thin; inner lip thickened. Columella arcu-

ate, flattened, without teeth. Color of shell dark brown to

dull l)lack in unworn specimens. Operculum of several

whorls, shelly, concave, with nucleus a little anterior to

the center and considerably nearer to the columella than to

the outer lip. Alt. o..'> mm. diam. 3.2 mm.

Type No. 1017 Collection Los Angeles Museum. Para-

types in collections of Dr. Engberg and the writer. The

28 THE NAUTILUS

type and many additional specimens were collected by Dr.

Carl C. Engeberg at Olga, Washington, and it is in honor

of this well known collector that the species is named.

Remarks. — This well marked little shell is perhaps

nearer to L. hacula Cpr. than to any other known species

of west American Leptothyra. It differs markedly from

this species, however, in much smaller size, difference in

coloration, lack of columellar teeth, and in the fact that it

is often perforate. Of twenty-eight specimens sent in by

Dr. Engberg, twenty are perforate in greater or less de-

gree, and the remaining eight imperforate.

Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, California.

FURTHER NOTES ON DONAX FOSSOR AND DONAX

VARIABILIS SAY

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON

I regret that I must still question Professor Arthur P.

Jacot's determination of Donax imriobilis from Long

Island, N. Y., mentioned in the April Nautilus, and also

the record of Messrs. Albert Elmer Wood and Horace

Elmer Wood, 2nd, from New Jersey (Nautilus, Vol. 41.

p. 10, 1927). The specimen figured from Long Island by

Prof. Jacot (Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc, Vol. 36, p.

137, pi. 11, fig. 15, 1921) is certainly D. fossor and not D.

variabih'f;. Specimens before me of D. fossni' from Ocean

City, N. J., are identical with the above mentioned (igure.

In the same publication figure 14 from Beaufort, N. C, is

a true D. vniinbilis. The New Jersey specimens also agree

with Say's figure and description — "anterior margin

[should read posterior] short and rounded * * * base regu-

larly curved at the middle." Figure IG in the above men-

tioned journal is not a typical fassor but a form described

by Conrad as protractus (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2

ser.. Vol. 1, J). 208, pi. 39. fig. 8, 1849), which Dall con-

NAUTILUS XLIII

PLATE

1. AvuTi.A i;KF<iom I H. \- A. 2. I'kctkn toi.mam H. a- a. 3 Ma<tha hkai.i

H. it A. 4. Mai'o.ma wii«<i.\i H A: a. .".. Tholaiiomva iiaukii;am H. >& A.

<'i. (.'KHITIIII M ? TKPl.AKNMS Haiilia. 7. ATAIIIIUP IFMIIFHTOM 11 A. A.

NAUTILUS XL.III

PLATE 2

1. FaXOI'EA SMITIIII H. X A. 2. SONXERATIA BOOERSI H & A

.i I'E" TK.\ CLARKEXSIS H. Jt A. 4. SCHLOEXHArHIA TEMI'LETOM H. A. A.

NAUTILUS XLIII

PLATE 3

I. Omiuka titan Con. var. i-kkrini H. A: A.

3. T( lllinyil.l,\ <AYliOSESSm Willetf. 4. t.KI'ToTIIVIlA KNCIUIIKII Wlllctt

THE NAUTILUS 29

siders only a larK** senile specimen. As it was described

from a nuniljer of odd valves taken at St. Joseph's Bay,

West Florida, and collected elsewhere, it seems worthy of

retention as a variety.

In 1892 Dr. Dall (Nautilus, Vol. 5, p. 125) published a

paper — "On the species of Donax of Eastern North

America." In a concise table he emphasized the sculpture

in determining the species and it is this character that I

have always used in separating the two species.

Donax fossor has the posterior end rounded, the sides

not angular, and the radiating sculpture is superimposed

by a thin layer making the surface of the shell entirely

smooth. Through this layer however the radiating lines

can be seen with a hand lens. Say describes these as "regu-

lar impressed lines not visible to the unassisted eye and ob-

solete on the posterior [anterior] margin." Shells about half

gro\\Ti have obsolete riblets on the posterior end but not ap-

proaching in size those of D. variabilis of a corresponding

length, which have a sculpture visible to the naked eye.

The shell in D. fossor is noticeably thinner than in D. vari-

abUis of the same size (12 to 15 mm.), therefore the crenu-

lations on the margin are smaller. It is the most common

shell on the New Jersey coast. At Anglesea I once saw

them washed out of the sand in pools around the stanchions

of a wrecked vessel, almost a bushel of living shells being

present in each pool. The Messrs. Wood in the paper re-

ferred to above — "A quantitative study of the marine

mollusks of Cape May County, N. J.", counted 1510 live

Donax in one .sfjuare foot. It was the fact that D. variabilis

has not been found on the New Jersey coast that made me

question their determination. To my knowledge D. imri-

abilis has not been found north of Cape Hatteras. D. fossor

has not been found north of Long Island, N. Y., although

the sandy shores of Marthas Vineyard ^nd Nantucket

seem favorable for its existence.

Donax variabilis has the posterior oljlicjuely truncated

and the sides noticeably angular, the riblets with inter-

3Q THE NAUTILUS

spaces of about equal width being visible to the naked eye.

It reaches a length of from 20 to 25 mm. On the Florida

coast it is so plentiful as to be used in making bouillon.

There is another species that frequents the coast from

Florida to Texas, which might be confused with the young

of D. fossor and variabilis. This is the Donax tumida

Phil, (obesa d'Orb.). The shell is more inflated, the

posterior end shorter and more rounded, the striae super-

imposed, being visible only with a lens. Length from 10

to 12 mm.

BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB

The Boston Malacological Club has held its regular meet-

ings during the past season, on the first Tuesday evening of

each month, from October to May, inclusive, at the Library

of the Boston Society of Natural History. The average

attendance at the meetings has been about fifteen — and

three resignations have been offset by the acquisition of

seven new members — the Club list now numbering forty-

three.

The first meeting of the season was devoted to the

Pholadidae. The second, in November, to Liguus; the

President, Mr. William J. Clench, Curator of Mollusca at the

University Museum at Harvard, showing the specimens

which he had recently collected in Cuba ; among them being

several new forms.

In January, the Clul) listened to Dr. W. J. Crozier, of the

Department of Physiology at Harvard, who told of four

years of study and collecting in Bermuda, where he special-

ized on Chitons, Nudibranchs. Onchidiums and Sijuids. His

talk was illustrated by many lantern slides. At the February

meeting. Dr. Albert H. Navez, formerly of the University

of Brussels, Belgium, and now of the Department of

Physiology at Harvard, spoke on Brazilian Forests, where

he had spent a year collecting; notably in the region near

Rio de Janeiro, and on the borders of the Amazon.

THE NAUTILUS 81

In March. Mr. Charles W. Johnson ^ave a paper on the

F'usitlae anil Fascit)lariidae, illustrated by specimens from

the Natural History Society's collection; and at the April

meetinij, Mr. Clench told of a recent collecting trip to the

Everglades of Florida, in search of Liguus, and showed a

superb set of these shells, including several new forms.

The May meeting was given over to a study of the

Urocoptidae. with specimens from the Society's collection,

and enlarged jiictures of the shells, thrown on the screen by

the radiopticon.

At each meeting through the season, Mr. S. N. F. San-

ford, Conchological Recorder of the Club, showed a list

gathered from current scientific magazines, of articles

which might be of interest to those studying malacology or

conchology.

The annual election of officers was held at the May meet-

ing. Mr. Clench being re-elected President, Rev. Oliver P.

Emerson Vice-president, Miss Theodora Willard Secretary-

Treasurer, and Messrs. J. Henry Blake and Arthur F. Gray

members of the Executive Committee. The Annual Field

Meeting was held June 1st at Coffin's Beach near Annis-

quam, under the leadership of Mr. F. N. Balch. An en-

joyable time was had and a number of interesting shells

ol)tained.

Theodora Willard, Secretary.

CONCHOLOGICAL CLUC OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

As the Conchological Club of Southern California — like

a great many others — officially closes its year with the

June meeting this seems an excellent time to send in a

brief report of our doings.

We now have thirty-two active and fifteen corresponding

and honorary members, and for the past year have main-

tained an average attendance of eleven, the difference being

partly due to the fact that several of our members belong

to a general nature club which meets the same evening and

32 THE NAUTILUS

in part to the distance which many of the members must

come. Two of our members have passed on during this

year — C. E. White, repeatedly President of the Club, and

owner of one of the best private collections on the Pacific

Coast, and Mrs. Ellen Golisch, widow of W. H. Golisch,

whose collection is now at the Calif. Inst, of Technology.

Both had been members for years and are greatly missed.

We meet the 2nd Tuesday evening of every month —

summer included — in the Public Library Building of the

City of Los Angeles, the meeting being announced on the

Library bulletin board and open to anyone interested, so

any reader of the Nautilus who chances to be in Los

Angeles on our meeting night is hereby specially invited to

join the gathering.

Our program consists regularly of two papers — one

technical or systematic — and one dealing more with collect-

ing, or habitat notes, both usually illustrated with speci-

mens, and followed or accompanied by general discussion.

As none of the Eastern conchological leaders have come our

way lately and every conchologist within 65 miles is a mem-

ber, the Club has had no guest speaker this year. Better

luck next time.

The conchological display in the Los Angeles County

Museum renders it unnecessary for the Club to maintain

a permanent dis]ilay for public use. but small temporary

displays are arranged in local or branch libraries whenever

desired, this usually looked after by the nearest member.

Talks to small study clubs, high school, science classes, etc.,

are handled in the same way — the Club serving mostly as

a center through which connections can be made. So while

this work is (lone there are no figures on the amount ac-

complished.

Our June meeting will be held at I/)ng Beach, as Mr. H.

N. Lowe, who is on the program for that meeting, invited

the Club to come there to hear his talk on the shells he has

gathered on his trips. We will have a basket lunch in the

Park near by, and tlie business meeting, election of officers.

THE NAUTILUS 33

etc., afterwards. Some are going down in the afternoon

that they may have time to view the shells as he has a fine

collection. The secretary is Miss Clementine M. Gay.

(Mrs.) E. p. Chace.

NOTES AND NEWS

A Field Method of Preserving. — The following method

has been used for some time by Dr. R. T. Jackson' of the

Museum of Comparative Zoology for killing and preserva-

tion of Echinoderms. I have used this method on two col-

lecting trips for mollusks and have had excellent results.

Powdered corrosive sublimate (HgClj), at a ratio of

2 1000 in water is used directly while in the field. This

is approximately 2cc. per quart of water. Ordinary mason

jars were found to be the best, though any glass or earth-

enware container that can be tightly sealed for shipping

would work as well. Metal containers cannot be used owing

to the corrosive action of the compound. A handy method

is to have small vials containing measured amounts of the

HgCl., e.g. Ice. and 2cc. amounts for pint and quart jars.

The jars of mollusks were filled to the top with water, the

mercuric chloride added then sealed and shipped. All

material so handled has arrived at the museum in excellent

condition. The special feature of this method is the elim-

ination in the field of large amounts of alcohol and other

preserving material and extra containers, as jars were

easily obtained i)ractically everywhere during the trips.

An added value is that the shells ujjon drying are impreg-

nated with small amounts of IlgCl. which acts as a protec-

tion against museum pests.

Material collected in salt water can just be washed with

freshwater before preserving. If material is to be shipped

dried, allow 12-24 hours in the preserving fluid for the

smaller species and 36-18 hours for the larger forms.

' 1927 Mem. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 1 12.

34 THl NAUTILUS

Specimens can then be dried either in the sun or with

artificial heat. — W. J. Clench.

Word has been received from Dr. Pilsbry, who is on the

yacht Mary Pinchot, that he is going to continue on the

voyage to the South Seas and will not return until late

autumn.

Fresh Water Mollusca in Brackish Water. — A note

in the last number of the Nautilus dealing with the occur-

rence of fresh water molluscs in the brackish water of

Barnegat Bay reminds me of a similar condition in the

Chesapeake. About half a mile below the Pennsylvania

Railroad viaduct over the Gunpowder estuary the water

contains 36G3 parts per million of dissolved substances at

high tide. Of these 1947 parts were chlorides, approxi-

mately 50% of the salinity of the ocean. This is sufficiently

saline for the occurrence of barnacles on the rocks, and the

large edible blue crab occurs, though not abundantly. Yet

the only molluscs are Physa heterostrophn, Goniohasis vir-

ghilca, and Congcria leni-opheata. Where the salinity is

only 30'/ the crab no longer occurs, but the barnacles and

the same species of molluscs occur in company with Amni-

cola limosa and Plcinorbis antrosus. In addition to this

fauna I collected some jjlanarian worms, that were not

identified, but I am informed that they are very seldom

found in brackish water. Corujcria IcKcophcata is almost

exclusively a brackish water form, though I found a single

specimen in fresh water about three quarters of a mile

from tide water, and approximately 20 feet above sea level.

— Joshua L. Bailey, Jr.

NOTES AND NEWS

Some T.and and Marine Shells from the Mississippi

Delta Uecion. — The following li.st of mollusks is based

ii[)on a small colU'ction nccivod from Miss M. L. Hays of

Hai)py Jack, Louisiana. Very few records iiave been pub-

THK NAUTILUS 35

lished for southern Louisiana — and tlu\v are mainly in the

vicinity of New Orleans. All of the following localities

listed are for Louisiana.

HcUcina orbiculata (Say), Happy Jack.

Polygyra cspUocn (Bland), Happy Jack.

Pohjgijra thyroidcs (Say), Happy Jack.

England ina rosea bulJata (Gould), Happy Jack.

Succiyiea grosvcuorii Lea, Happy Jack.

Murex fulvescens Sby., on oyster bed, Bastian Bay.

Thais floridana haysae Clench, Grand Bayou. Known

locally as the "drill".

Distortrix reticulata Link, Shell Island.

Litorina irrorata Say, Bayou du lac.

Architectonica granulata (Lam.), Shell Island.

Polinices duplicata (Say), Shell Island.

Ostrea virginica Gmel., Bastian Bay; Bayou Chalon.

These specimens are quite broad, with a rather wide ring

of dark reddish brown a little in from the margin on the

inside. Commercial fishing is employed on these beds.

Pinna seminuda Lam., Grand Isle.

Modiolus demissus granosissimus Sby., Grand Bayou.

Mytilus recurvus Raf., Bay sans Bois.

Area ponderosa Say, Grand Isle.

Area campechiensis pexata Say, Grand Isle.

Area incongrua Say, Grand Isle.

Cardium rohustum Sol., Shell Island ; Grand Isle.

Venus campechiensis Gmel., Shell Island; Breton Island.

Exceedingly large specimens. The largest one measured :

Length 133, Height 120, Width 81 mm.

Dosinia discus Reeve, Shell Island ; Grand Isle.

Donax tumida Phil., Grand Isle.

Tellina alternata Say, Grand Isle.

Macoma constricta Brug., Shell Island.

Gnathodon cuneatus Gray, Shell Island.

Periploma inacquivalvis Schum., Shell Island.

Raeta canaliculata Say, Grand Isle.

Barnea costata (Linn.), Grand Isle.

— W. J. Clench.

36 THE NAUTILUS

publications

The Inheritance of Sinistrality in LimnaeaPeregra.

By A. E. Boycott, F.R.S., C. Diver, S. Hardy, and F. M.

Turner. [From Proceedings of the Royal Society, London,

vol. 104, p. 153, Jan. 1, 1929.]. (Abstract of Communica-

tion received November 12 — read December 6, 1928.).

1. The common freshwater mollusc, Limnaea peregra,

is normally dextral ; a sinistral variety, in which the spiral

twist of the body and shell is completely reversed, is very

rare.

2. Sinistrality behaves as a mendelian recessive char-

acter, but the appearance of any change of twist imposed by

crossing is delayed by one generation. Thus a sinistral

fertilized by a dextral produces (F 1) sinistral young

which (F 2) produce dextral broods: these dextrals produce

(F 3) dextral and sinistral broods in the proportion of 3

to 1. Similarly a dextral fertilized by a sinistral produces

dextrals in F 1 and F 2 and a 3 to 1 mixture of dextral and

sinistral broods in F 3.

3. Albinism in this snail is also, as usual, a simple men-

delian recessive, and is inherited directly : an albino fertil-

ized by a pigmented produces pigmented young in F 1 and

F 2 consists of broods each of which contains pigmenteds

and albinos in the proportion of 3 to 1. The characteristic

shell shape of an Irish lake form of the species also disap-

pears in F 1 on crossing with a normal specimen.

4. It is suggested that the delay in the inheritance of

sinistrality is due to the fact that the twist of the animal

and its shell is determined at the second — jKissibly at the

first — division of the egg which takes place soon after the

entrance of the spermatozoon. Pigmentation and shell

shape on the otlu^r hand are not fixed till a later period in

development and the spermatozoon would have more time

to bring its influence to bear.

.5. This simjile scheme of inheritance is a good deal

interfered with l)y a general tendency for sinistrals to be-

come dextrals, some phenotypic, some genotypic.

The Nautilus.

Vol. XLIII OCTOBER, 1929. No. 2

NOTES FROM THE FINCHOT SOUTH SEA EXPEDITION

BY H. A. PILSBRY

Our first stop in the Galapagos was at Tower Island.

Imagine a nearly flat lava field, cracked and fissured, prac-

tically without soil, but thickly covered with brush growing

out of the cracked lava. There is no fresh water, but the

innumerable birds and black iguanas seem to thrive without

it. Among the stones under bushes I found Pupillidae

(Gastrocopta) in some abundance, but no larger snails.

Indefatigable Island, being high, is richer in snails, I

soon found the Bulimulid group Naesiotus, even in the semi-

arid shore zone. We tried to reach the summit from Sey-

mour Bay, but on the second day had to give it up, as we

came into a country where the brush was so thick that to

go through it was out of the question. We had to bend it

down and clamber over. Our canteens were nearly empty,

and the humid zone still some miles ahead. We had better

luck on Duncan Island, easily reaching the summit (about

2,000 ft. elevation) in a day's trip. We found several

Bulimulids, a Euconulus-\ike species, a small flat Zonitid,

Succinea Helicina and Papillidae. At about half way up I

heard a wild yell from Dr. Mathewson, who was in the lead.

A moment later the four of us were dancing around a huge

black tortoise about 4 feet long. I have wanted to see the

giant tortoises of the Galapagos in their native islands ever

since I read Darwin's Voyage of the Beagle. I fell on his

shell and embraced him. With a loud hiss he drew his head

38 THE NAUTILUS

and legs in and dropped to the ground. The pleasure of the

meeting seemed to be all on our side. These tortoises, once

so abundant, are now rare, and on part of the islands ex-

tinct. Our best record was three in one day.

Charles Island, though rocky near the coast, has very

good soil and abundant verdure in the interior. We found

five species of Naesiotiis, many Succineas and various small

snails. Part of the Bulimulidae could be collected by

hundreds from weeds and shrubs. On Hood Island, which

has a height of only about 600 ft., there were two fine

Naesiotes in a bluff about a mile inland. We did not reach

the higher ground, as we were anchored far from it, and

travel through the thorny brush is slow.

Chatham Island has a settlement of about 600 persons,

mainly Ecuadorian Indians. The Bulimulids are partly

columnar forms. Six or seven species were found between

the settlement and the shore at Wreck Bay — about five

miles. Also Pupillidae and other small forms.

A three-toothed Naesiotus was abundant at Academy

Bay, on the south coast of Indefatigable Island.

The marine collecting is generally not very good, though

there are rich spots. Chitons of the Radsia group are com-

mon, but live under stones, not out in view as at Panama

and Cocos Island. The largest Gastropod is Fasciolaria

princep.s. Dredging from the launch is rather exasperat-

ing work, as nearly every haul the dredge is hung up on a

rock, but the returns are fairly good. There is a large

Tonna, but I did not get it alive. The limpets are small and

not comon, but Fissurella is abundant.

We will probably visit a few more islands before sailing

for the Marquesas, where I hope we will find more coral and

a richer marine fauna.

THE NAUTILUS 39

THREE NEW SNAILS FROM THE HILLS OF CALIFORNIA

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY

Redlands, California

MiCRARIONTA (EREMARIONTA) MORONGOANA, 11. sp.

Diagnosis: Shell helicoid, of moderate size and thickness,

depressed-conic; the whorls usually 414 or 4-Vi,, rapidly en-

larginjj:, the last tumid and descending parietally. Aper-

ture large, oval, oblique, the peristome distinctly thickened

and everted, especially at the columella. Umbilicus moder-

ate, its diameter contained usually about 9 or 10 times in

that of the shell. Embryonic shell studded with numerous

strong hyphen-shaped papillae arranged in forward-slant-

ing lines, this ornamentation giving way on subsequent

whorls to a more minute and less definite papulation which

becomes wholly obsolete before the formation of the body-

whorl. Periostracum thin and polished, the coloration

generally similar to that of other species of the group and

with a conspicuous brown band bordered by lighter areas,

but the interior is more or less ochraceous.

Max. diam. 20.1, alt. 11.1, diam. umbilicus 2.5 mm.

Type: Cat. No. 6500 of the author's collection.

Type loco J it y: Gulch on north side of Morongo Pass, 2

miles below the Moreongo Inn, Colorado Desert, California

(E P. & E. M. Chace).

Remarks: This interesting and very distinct species

shows some affinity with the indioensis-ivolcottiana group

of the genus, but differs in its tumid body-whorl, expanded

aperture, and ochraceous interior.

MiCRARIONTA (Eremar^onta) borregoensis, n. sp.

Diagnosis: Shell helicoid, large for the group and fairly

thick, depres.sed-conic ; whorls about 5, convex, with the last

moderately descending parietally. Aperture rounded,

oblique. Peristome little thickened and but slightly everted

except at the umbilicus; the latter wide, a little less than

1 '7 the diameter of the shell. Embryonic whorls micro-

.scopically heavily papillose, the periostracum otherwise de-

40 THE NAUTILUS

void of sculpturing. Color of shell light brownish fawn,

with a conspicuous brown spiral band margined lighter.

Max. diam. 22.0, alt. 11.8, diam. umbilicus 2.5 mm.

Type: Cat. No. 6913 of the author's collection.

Type locality: Palm Canyon, west side of Borrego Valley,

San Diego County, California (F. M. Reed, L. M. Klauber,

et al).

Remarks: This is an entirely distinct Eremarionta un-

like any of the forms from the California deserts hitherto

described, as well as being one of the largest. It is exceeded

in size only by the much more rotund M. wolcottiana

(Bartsch).

Helminthoglypta tudiculata kermensis, n. subsp.

Diagnosis: Shell helicoid, large, low rounded-conic, tumid,

rather thin, heavily malleated above as in tudiculata s. s.

and similar in most respects to the typical race as found in

the vicinity of San Diego except that the shell is more

depressed and is conspicuously umbilicatc, the umbilicus

only a trifle covered by the columellar reflection of the

peristome.

Max. diam. 30.4, alt. 19.7, diam. umbilicus 2.7 mm.

Type: Cat. No. 6863 of the author's collection.

Ti/pe locality: Under moist logs, Poso Creek, Kern Co.,

Calif. (L. G. Ingles and M. Smith).

Remarks: This large, conspicuously umbilicate and malle-

ate race of the most widespread southern Californian heli-

coid appears to be a common and characteristic form in

Kern County and is at hand from many localities there. It

seems strange that no racial name has ever been attached

to it. It will be dealt with more fully, as also the two pre-

ceding species, in certain more extended papers now in

preparation.

THE NAUTILUS 41

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF HENDERSONIA IN CRAWFORD

COUNTY. WISCONSIN

BY J. P. E. MORRISON

It was my good fortune to be able to make a collecting

trip to southwestern Wisconsin during the spring of 1928

and again in the fall of the same year. Both trips were

made possible through the courtesy of Mr. A. C. Himley,

of Madison, who accompanied me.

The region of southwestern Wisconsin includes the so-

called Driftless Area, where it is believed that many species

may have escaped extinction in this part of the country,

and have had centers of dispersal, after the last glacier

sheet disappeared. Crawford County, Wis., is very nearly

in the center of this non-glaciated area.

A very restricted portion of the country around Soldier's

Grove was studied. Soldier's Grove is in the northeast

corner of the county. The aspect of the valleys and the

uplands is that of typical non-glaciated country, with many

abrupt slopes, and with regularly narrow valleys, even

those of the smallest streams being very regular from head

to mouth. The outliers left by erosion in the larger valleys,

such as in the valley of the Kickapoo River, often show a

regularly conical shape. The rock strata outcrop in many

places, and show a very marked development of talus slopes

at the bases of the steeper sides of the ravines. The rocks

seen outcropping here are limestone in all cases. On every

hand the slabs of limestone form a portion of the forest

floor, where there is still forest remaining.

The forests that remain are all second growth, where

the land has been cut over, and later allowed to return to

brush and trees. Most of the upland forest has been re-

moved, and this portion of the country in the immediate

vicinity of Soldier's Grove is almost entirely under cultiva-

tion or pasturage. The lowlands are in part under cultiva-

tion, but a good portion of them is not used because of the

difficulties of overcoming the flooding of the lower flood-

plain areas.

42 THE NAUTILUS

Quite by chance, on the first trip, a single specimen of a

snail new to us was seen, and then in another spot a whole

series of specimens was encountered. At once it was recog-

nized as the rare Hendersonia occulta rubella (Green), a

species formerl3^ Accordingly, further search was made

for the species, in order to determine the extent of its

occurence. The second trip was made to obtain additional

specimens and to determine the seasonal activity of the

animal.

The list of species found at each station follows. The

stations are arranged as a series, from the wettest to the

dryest habitats.

Station I. Floodplain of the Kickapoo River, near the

mouth of Trout Creek. Snails were found dead in the drift

and alive under drift logs and in the finer portions of the

drift. The river is rather deep, with high banks, and most

of the drift is found a small distance away from the river,

where the floodplain is wider. Species:

Polygyra monodon frater7ia Succinea retusa Lea

(Say) Succinea avara Say

Pyramidula alternata (Say) Zonitoides arhoreus (Say)

Agriolimax campestris Gonyodiscus cronkhitei

(Binn.) anthonyi Pils.

Succinea ovalis Say Pomatiopsis lapidario (Say)

The preceding species were taken alive.

Stagnicola exilis (Lea) Gyraulus parvus (Say)

Helifioma trivolvis (Say) Campelomaritfum (Hald.)

Planorbida armigera. (Say) Musculium truncatum

Stagnicola capcrata (Say) (Linsley)

Fossaria parva (Lea) Helicodiscus parallclus (Say)

P hy sella gyrina clUptica (Lea

These were found dead in the drift.

Station IL The lower portion of the floodplain of Trout

Creek that is sul)jpct to overflow. Not very much drift is

found here; the soil shows a layer of very fine silt as a result

of its flooding. Snails were found under logs and in the

scanty leaf mold. Species:

THE NAUTILUS

48

Polyyyra ynonodon fraterna

(Say)

Pyramidula alternata (Say)

Gon ijodiscus cron kh itei

anthonyi Pils.

Helicodiscics parallelus (Say)

VaJlonia pidchella (Mull.)

Vitrea hammonis (Strom.)

Agriolimax campestris

(Binn.)

Succinea ovalis Say

Station III. That portion of the floodplain of Trout

Creek that is above the reach of ordinary high waters. This

station includes the very mesophytic slopes of the sides of

the creek valley that are rather heavily overgrown with

brush and small trees. The snails were found under small

logs (not drift logs) and in the leaf mold. Species:

Polygyra hirsuta (Say) Gonyodiscus cronkhitei

Polygyra monodon fraterna anthonyi Pils.

(Say)

Polygyra clausa (Say)

Polygyra profunda (Say)

Vallonia costata (Mull.)

Strohilops affinis Pils.

Gustrocopta contracta (Say)

Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull.)

Zonitoides limntulus (Ward)

Euconulus fulvus (Drap.)

Vitrea indentata (Say)

Pyramidula alternata (Say)

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say)

Agriolimax campestris

(Binn.)

Pallif era dor sails (Binn.) ?

Immature

Succinea ovalis Say

Succinea avara Say

Carychium exile (Lea)

Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say)

Hendersonia occulta rubella

(Green)

Station IV. Wooded portions of the ravines that branch

off Trout Creek Valley; the exposure of the slopes studied

(on the Himley Farm) was mostly to the northeast. The

ravine studied in detail is about one mile up from the

mouth of Trout Creek, and nearly two miles out of town.

Species:

Polygyra profunda (Say)

Polygyra monodon fraterna

(Say)

Polygyra thyroides (Say)

Pyramidula cUternata (Say)

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say)

Vitrea hammonis (Strom.)

Eucomdus fulvus (Drap.)

Strohilops affinis Pils.

Carychium exile (Lea)

t

44 THE NAUTILUS

Gonyodiscus cronkhitei Hendersonia occulta rubella

anthonyi Fi\s. (Green)

Station V. Slopes of northern exposure in the valley of

the Kickapoo. These were studied on Asper Heims Hill,

which is an outlier, just to the west of the town. The slope

here is very steep, and heavily wooded, with a good many

fallen logs. Snails were collected from the leaf mold and

from under the logs, which were mostly in stage three of

decay, with the inner, heart- wood still solid. Species:

Polygyra profunda (Say) Zonitoides limatulus (Ward)

Polygyra monodon fraterna Sti'obilops affinis Pils.

(Say) Gastrocopta contracta (Say)

Pyramidula alternata (Say) Hendersonia occulta rubella

Helicodiscu^ parallelus (Say) (Green)

Station VI. Smaller ravines branching directly off the

valley of the river. These ravines have no permanent

streams in them; they are covered with rather open woods

and brush. The exposure is to the north. Snails were found

under logs, under rocks, and in the rather dry and loose

leaf mold. Species :

Pyramidula alternata {^2Ly) Gastrocopta pentodon (Say)

Euconulus fulvus (Drap.) Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull.)

Vitrea hammonis (Strom.) Carychium exile (Lea.)

Strobilops affinis Pils. Philomycus caroliniensis

Gastrocopta armif era (Say) (Bosc.)

Gast7'ocopta contracta (Say)

Station VII. Slopes of southern exposure in the valley

of the Kickapoo. These also were studied on Asper Heims

Hill. This portion of the hill is under pasturage, and rep-

resents perhaps the most unfavorable habitat for snails, of

all. The ground is bare except for grass and a few small

herbs ; there are many flat limestone rocks, under which the

snails were found. Species:

Gastrocopta arm if era (Say) Vallonia pidchcUa (Mull.)

Pupoides marginatum (Say) Agriolimax campestris

Helicodiscus paraUclus (Say) (Rinn.)

Zonitoides arboreus (Say) Succinca avara Say

THE NAUTILUS 45

In summary it may be said :

1. That Hendersonia occulta rubella (Green) occurs,

living, at Soldier's Grove, Crawford Co., Wisconsin.

2. That at this locality it is restricted to the region

above the high water mark of the floodplains, and below the

upland. Here it is most abundant just above the reach of

flood waters, becoming less common as the uplands are

approached.

Since nearly all the records of the occurrence of this

species as a modern form are from the Driftless Area of

southwestern Wisconsin, northeastern Iowa, and southeast-

ern Minnesota and from the Appalachians, these two

regions must be considered the regions of survival of the

species.

Conversely, it is the author's belief that further search

will show the species more or less uniformly distributed

over the non-glaciated area mentioned.

F'or previous records of this species, see Shimek's paper

(Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci. 9:173).

The specimens of Hendersonia described as having been

collected at this locality are in the collection of the writer,

with duplicates deposited in the museum of the Acad, of

Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia, and in the museum of the Uni-

versity of Wisconsin (UW No. 4776), at Madison.

FACTORS IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE PROSOBRANCHIATE

MOLLUSC, THAIS LAFILLUS

DR. H. P. K. AGERSBORG

State of Illinois, Department of Conservation

The aim of this paper is not to set forth the degrees of

evolution in the mollusc, Thais lapilliis, but to call attention

to an apparent process of this phenomenon, inz., variation.

Also, to indicate, at least, some of the environmental factors,

probably responsible for the divergence and maintenance

of the apparent physical conditions of these animals.

46 THE NAUTILUS

It is a known fact that variation is. But the question still

remains : How does variation take place and under what

condition does it continue the most extensively? An ex-

tensive, continuous evolution through variation would be

enhanced the best under, or by an extensive, continuous

variation. Do environmental conditions contribute to this?

To answer this question one may point out the kinds of

variation this species is undergoing and the general and

specific environmental conditions to which it is subjected.

Collecting different species of gasteropod molluscs on the

coast of Northern Norway, during the summer of 1920, it

was noticed that the species, Thais lapiUns, showed a great

variety of difference in the nature of the shell in color,

in the height, the greatest diameter, the least diameter, the

spire, the sutures, the operculum, the slant of the apex, and

the aperture formation. Some shells are thick and rough

with small aperture; some are thick and smooth with a

large aperture ; some are rough, thick, and large with a

long apex ; some are thick, and rough with a short apex ;

other shells are thin and rough or smoooth with a small or

large aperture and with a long or short apex ; still others

are thin with uniform color, others with diversified color,

still others are smooth with uniform or diversified color

and of variable size.

Now, it should be borne in mind that the coast line of

Norway is very famous for its abundantly diversified

nature. It is broken up into bays and inlets, fjords and

straits, islands, islets and scheries; it is sprinkled with

towns, fishing villages, and fishing steads; rivers, rivulets,

and brooklets. Each of these provides a special home for

the species, collectively they are lending a helping hand to

the changing processes going on in the Thais. The winds,

waves and weathers of the years are also adding their quotas

towards changing the living conditions for this organism.

The peculiar setting of each place offers a sjiecial harbour

for various species that may serve as food for hungry young

and old of the Thais population.

THE NAUTILUS 47

The thin-shelled individuals of T. lapiUus occurred in-

variably in the sheltered places, although some of these

also live under semi-exposed situations. Beneath the docks

of rtshini? villages and fishing steads were the most favor-

able abodes for this variant. The diversified colored ones

occurred the most abundantly both in number and in de-

grees of coloration beneath docks from which seepage of

brine and sometimes urine was considerable. The thin-

shelled snails occurred also here but were also present in

sheltered and semi-sheltered places away from the docks.

The most highly corrugated and thin-shelled variety

occurred on rocks and piles under the docks of herring

salteries, as for example, Indre Kvaroy and Sandnessjoen

in Nordre- and Sondre Helgeland, respectively.

Large, thick-shelled individuals with relatively long apex

occurred the most commonly in estuaries. The color of

this variety tends to blend pretty well with the sub-stratum.

The shell is smooth.

Large, rough-shelled individuals with a relatively long

apex occurred in sheltered places where food was abundant,

e. g., Balanus, sheltered from the sun by sea-weeds and pro-

tected against the battering waves by pockets and crevices

in the rocks. If loosened by a dashing wave a snail would

drop into one of these pockets with a short distance to the

field of food. The best natural habitat for Thais seemed

to be in places where the circulation of the sea from the open

fjord was pretty constant, bringing in the Balanus larvae

during the season. But circulation and food and sea-weed

shelter were only conditional ; one additional factor might

upset completely all these. That is, too precipitous rocks

above deep waters (160 meters), had no Thais. Snail

occurring here, from time to time (the adjacent territory

on both sides was richly populated, the water being shal-

lower) evidently would not be able to crawl back if dropped

to the depth of 160 meters, more or less.

The rough, thick-shelled snail, with small aperture,

occurred high on the rocks in the tension zones in semi-

48 THE NAUTILUS

brackish water, sometimes in small freshwater pools along

the edge of high water, remaining out of the sea water

apparently most of the time.

The average type occurred everywhere, near or below

the low water mark.

In other words, T. lapUlus has not only a wide range of

adjustment capacity to environmental conditions, but this

adjustment capacity is reflected in the physical appearance

of the species.

That is, those that occur on rocks above salt water in the

tension zone between salt- and freshwater, e. g., between

dry land and the sea, are thick shelled, rough (corrugated)

with small aperture, and of moderate size.

Those that are found in fresh water pools above high

water levels are sometimes thin shelled but of medium size.

Those that live on the rocky floor of estuaries (with

plenty of food) are smooth shelled, and large, with grayish

color.

Those that live under docks of herring salteries, subject

to seepage from salty refuse are small, thin-shelled, corru-

gated, variable in color and plentiful in number.

Those that live on the outside of the docks in more

moderate waters resemble the last named, but are larger.

Those that occur in the open straits where an abundance

of food occurs are of variable size, shape, thickness, corru-

gation and color (although the coloration is moderate).

Finally, those that occur everywhere between the medium

low-tide and below low-tide level are of all sizes, all forms

and colors, but in all respects much more moderate than

any of the types occurring in the other described situations.

It seems, therefore, then, that the environment is re-

sponsible for something. Does it foster eccentricities pres-

ent in the germ plasma which by heredity are transmitted

from' generation to generation but which at times are sub-

jugated sufficiently so as not to appear or to .stiind out so

prominently as at other times?

Individuals of Thais InpiUu^ accidentally segregated into

THE NAUTILUS 49

different physical and chemical environmental conditions

radiate in different directions. As the species becomes

adapted to different environmental conditions the physical

variation is definitely manifested.

THE PELECYPODA OF THE COOS BAY REGION, OREGON

H. B. YOCOM AND ELTON R. EDGE

Department of Animal Biology, University of Oregon

Among the many works relating to the molluscs of the

western coast of North America relatively few references

are made to the molluscan fauna of Oregon. No comprehen-

sive work on this group of animals has been published for

this particular portion of the Pacific Coast. Since it has been

suggested that this region is an intermediate zone between

the better known faunal areas of Puget Sound and San

Francisco Bay, it was thought that the accompanying list

of bivalve molluscs might prove useful to persons interested

in carrying on further taxonomic and ecological investi-

gations.

The region selected for this preliminary report is an area

around the entrance to Coos Bay — the mouth of Coos River.

This selection was made firstly because of the fact that this

region offered within a limited accessible area, a wide range

of environmental conditions with a rich littoral fauna and

flora; secondly because extensive jetty operations are affect-

ing to some extent the physical features both within the

bay and along adjacent beaches. These changes will in

time probably bring about adjustments in the plant and

animal life.

The following list is a record of the results of careful

collecting for the summers of 1926 and 1927. While all of

them cannot be found in any one location, most of the

species can be found within one day since all the above men-

tioned habitats are within a radius of three miles from the

mouth of the bay.

50 THE NAUTILUS

Family Mytilidae

MytUus calif ornianus Conrad Botula falcata Gould

Mytilus eclulis Linn. Botula calif orniensis Philippi

Modiolus modiolus Linn.

Family Anomiidae

Pododesmv^ macroschisma Deshayes

Family Ostreidae

Ostrea lurida Carp.

Family Pectinidae

Pecten hericiu^ Gould Hinnites giganteus Gray

Family Leptonidae

Kellia lapei'ousei Deshayes Pseudopythina rugifera Carp.

Family Tellinidae

Tellina salmonea Carp. Macoma inquinata Deshayes

Tellina bodegensis Hinds Macoma inquinata arneheimi

Macoma balthica Linn. Dall

Macoma nasuta Conrad Macoma inflatula Dall

Family Ma^tridae

Schizothaerus nuttallii Conrad

Family Solenidae

Siliquxi patula nuttallii Conrad

Family Myacidae

Mya arenaria Linn. Cryptomya calif ornica Conrad

Family Saxicavidae

Saxicava artica Linn. Saxicava pholadis Linn.

Family Veneridae

Saxidomiis giganteus Paphia stain in ea orbclla Carp.

Deshayes Paphia staminea ruderata

Saxidomus giganteus hrevis Deshayes

Dall Pscphidea brunnea Dall

Paphia stamiriea Conrad Marciu subdiaphayia Carp.

Family Petricolidae

Petricola caritoides Conrad

THE NAUTILUS 61

Family Pholadidae

Phvladklca penita Conrad Fholadulea rostrata Val.

Pholadidca ovoidea Gould Zirfaea gabbi Tyron

Family Teredinidae

Bankia setacea Tyron

Family Cardiidae

Cardium corbis Martyn

Family Lyonsiidae

Lyonsia saxicola Baird Mytilimeria nuttallii Conrad

Bibliography

Edmundson, C. H. 1920. Edible Mollusca of the Oregon

Coast. Bishop Museum Publ., Vol. 7, No. 9.

Edmundson, C. H. 1922. Shellfish resources of the North-

west Coast of the United States. U. S. Bur. Fish. Docu-

ment No. 920.

Dall, Wm. H. 1921 Summary of the Marine Shell-bearing

Molluscs of the Northwest Coast of America, U. S. Nat.

Mus. Bull. 112.

Keep, Josiah. 1911. West Coast Shells. Whitaker and

Ray Wiggin Co.

Oldroyd, Ida S. 1924. Marine Shells of Puget Sound and

Vicinity. Puget Sound Biol. Sta. Publ., Vol. 4.

Oldroyd, Ida S. 1924. Marine Shells of the West Coast of

North America. Stanford University Publ. Geol. Sci.,

Vol. 1.

Packard, E. L. 1918. Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco

Bay. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., Vol. 14.

THE GENUS MEGAUSTENIA

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL

In 1857 Theobald described a genus of large Helicarion-

like molluscs as Cryptosoma, no doubt in allusion to the fact

that, while the creature is rather slug-like, the animal can

be entirely withdrawn into the shell. The type was the

Vitrina praestans of Gould, 1843. In NAUTILUS, 1912, p.

52 THE NAUTILUS

70. I renamed the genus Megaiistenia, the name proposed by

Theobald being- preoccupied. In the course of time since

1857 a number of species have been added, and the genus

has been found to extend from Burma to Southern China.

At the present time Meganstenia contains the following:

M. austeni (Collinge) M. messageri (Bav. & Dautz.)

M . hirmanicum (Philippi) M. praecellens (Von Martens)

M. cochinchinenms (Morlet) M. praestans (Gould)

M.fragilis (Moellendortf ) var. khyoungeiisis (G.-A.)

3/. imperator (Gould) M. roudonyi (H. Fischer)

xar. imperatiix (West.) M. siamensis (Haines)

M. inusitatus (Godwin- (Syn. paviei Morlet)

Austin)

In the vicinity of Nan, in Northern Siam, I could find

very few molluscs in the jungle. Amphidromus xiengensis

Morelet may occasionally be found, and I was surprised to

find Pupisoma orcula Benson on leaves of coconuts asso-

ciated with scale insects, on which it apparently feeds.^ I

heard, however, that not far from Nan was a limestone

mountain called Pahtoop, and thither I hastened, fully ex-

pecting to get snails. Pahtoop is one of a series of lime-

stone hills, more or less like inverted tea-cups in form,

which rise out of the lowlands in an abrupt manner, at in-

tervals all the way from Northern Siam to Kuala Lumpur

in the Malay Peninsula. My expectations were verified,

Pahtoop swarms with snails of many species, and later I

was able to collect snails on the southernmost of these hills,

at Kuala Lumpur. Almost immediately on reaching Pah-

toop I began to find shells which I recognized as those of

Megausteyiia. Mr. Tomlin finds that they are identical

with specimens in the British Museum identified as Crypt-

osorna siaynense. There is no reason to doubt this reference,

but it must be said that they do not quite agree with the

photographic figure given by Paul Ehrmann in Sitz. Nat.

1 Mr. J. R. LeB. Tomlin, who very kindly identified this and other

Siamese shells for me, wrote that within a week of the receipt of my

P. orcula, he received another species of the ^enus, P. japovicum,

from Formosa, also associated with Coccidae.

THE NAUTILUS 53

Ges. Leipzig, 1922, fig. 1 of plate. Our shells are distinctly

more depressed, with a broader aperture. A characteristic

specimen has max. diam. 28 mm. and diam. of aperture 17

mm. Apparently this is not significant as Ehrmann records

a shell from his lot with diam. 29.7 mm. and diam. of aper-

ture 18.8 mm. The color is pale brown, somewhat dull, not

very translucent, the interior brilliantly shining. There are

weak and irregular but evident spiral lines. I found two

color varieties, corresponding in character to varieties of

Cochlicopa lubrica. One (var. albescens^ n. var.) has the

shell milky white; the other (var. virescens, n. var.) has it

pale greenish. Later, on Pahmeeung Mountain, I obtained

M. siamensis alive. It not only retires within the shell, but

is found firmly glued to pieces of wood, so as to be well pre-

served from desiccation. When crawling, the animal is

about 50 mm. long, the mantle partly overlapping shell;

eye-tentacles about 14 mm. long; body dusky ochreous. the

caudal region mottled with grey; sole pale ochreous; mantle

dusky; margin of foot ochreous, with suffused grey cross-

lines; surface of body densely and coarsely warty; body

posteriorly sharply keeled; end of body truncate in lateral

view, with a more or less distinct angular or horn-like pro-

jection above. Compared with the figure of M. pra^stans

in Fauna of British India, M. siamen^is differs in that the

mantle seems to overlap the shell less in front, while the

flap on the right side is considerably larger, extending be-

yond the apex of the shell. In other respects there is little

difference in the appearance of the animal. M. pra-estajis is

a smaller, more compact shell than 3/. siamensis. Macro-

chlamys hainesi, a large zonitoid found alive with Megaus-

tenia on Pahmeeung, has a different sort of animal, when

crawling about 46 mm. long, rather light bluish-grey, not

keeled posteriorly ; surface rugose ; sole and margin of foot

pale gi-ey. But the interesting thing is that the incipient

caudal horn of Megaustenia siamensis is in Macrochlamys

hainesi Pfr. produced into a long somewhat curved pointed

54 THE NAUTILUS

structure, like the horn of a sphingid caterpillar, but

retractile.

While writing on Oriental Zonitoids, I take the oppor-

tunity to mention that the entirely white variety of

AHophanta laevipes (Miiller) is var. alba Ckll., named in

Science Gossip, April, 1885, p. 77, fig. 55 (from Calcutta).

THE SNAILS OF ZION NATIONAL PARRi

BY A. M. WOODBURY

Fifteen species of snails have to date been collected in

Zion National Park, Utah. One of them, the Oreohelix, is

large enough to readily attract attention and common

enough to be seen on most all of the trails of the Park. The

balance are smaller, not readily seen and must be hunted

for in order to be found. Of the fifteen species, two are

fresh water snails with well developed shells. The other

thirteen are terrestrial snails, of which, one is a slug.

Of the fresh water species, Gyrauhis is found in clear

water ponds not frequented by floods, while Petrophysa

lives on the walls of the canyon where the water trickles

dov^nn over the face of the cliffs from springs or seeps. This

species appears to be limited in distribution to the main

Zion Canyon and was named Physa (Petrophysa) zionis by

Pilsbry in 1925 on account of this limited distribution.

Molluscan life appears to be absent from the river in the

canyon on account of the frequent corrasive floods.

The land snails inhabit principally the moist sheltered

wooded spots where dead or decaying vegetation, such as

logs and leaves is abundant. Some forms, such as Gony-

odiscus and Agriolimax, appear to be more prevalent where

moisture is constantly present and not subject to periodic

drought. Other forms, such as Pupilla, Vitrina, and Vitrea,

J Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of the University

of Utah.

THE NAUTILUS 56

are abundant in spots that are subject to prolonged drought.

The climatic conditions in Zion Canyon are so modified

by the half-mile high precipitous walls that many cool

shady nooks may be found separated from the exposed hot

dry slopes by but the turn of a point or the round of a bend.

This makes for many isolated spots where colonies of snails

abound and many other slopes and areas devoid of such life.

In these colonies, many associated species may often be

found living together under practically the same conditions.

Below the Weeping Rock, underneath the trees alongside

a tiny trickle of water, the following species were found

living together, the area examined being only a few feet in

diameter :

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller), Vitrina alaskana Dall,

Zonitoides arborea (Say), Gonyodiscus cronkhitei (New-

comb).

In the shady nook at the north foot of the saddle between

the Great Organ and Angel Landing (Saddle Nook), an

even greater variety was found. Under the leaves and

vegetation, near the edge of a small rill, and underneath

the trees and vines away from the moisture of the stream,

the following species were found :

Pupilla syngenes (Pilsbry), Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller),

Vitrina alaskana Dall, Vitrea indenfata Say, Zonitoides

arborea (Say), Gonyodiscus cronkhitei (Newcomb), Su£-

cinea avara Say.

Above the Emerald Pool, where the dripping water from

the cliffs above keeps the vegetation continuously wet, I

found Succinea avara Say thriving among the decaying

leaves underneath the clumps of grass. Slightly lower down

where the vegetation was moist but not wet, I found the

following :

Succinea avara Say, Agriolimax campestris (Binney),

Vitrina alaskana Dall, Zonitoides arborea (Say), Gony-

odiscus cronkhitei (Newcomb).

Farther down the slope among the dry leaves of maples

and grapevines, I found :

Oreohelix cooperi (Binney), Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller).

These are typical sheltered spots of the canyon and many

66 THE NAUTILUS

other similar associations of species may be found. It is

noticeable, however, that Pupilla syngenes and dextroversa

were found only in comparatively dry situations under trees

and grapevines some distance from water. It is also notice-

able that snail life appears to be absent in pure stands of

oak or where oak leaves predominate among the decaying

vegetation. On the other hand, molluscan life appears to

be most abundant in the groves where leaves of maple, ash,

box elder, or grapevine are abundant.

In the literature,^ Oreohelix haydeni oquirrhensis is re-

ported as occurring at the Narrows in Zion Canyon. For

three summers, I have searched for specimens at the place

indicated but have failed to find any. I believe the record

to be erroneous.

I am indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry of Philadelphia, who

visited the Park in 1925, and to Bryant Walker of Detroit,

Michigan, for their kind assistance in the determination of

material and to Dr. R. V. Chamberlin of the University

of Utah for aid and advice in the preparation of this report.

The following snails have been found in Zion National

Park, and specimens of each are now in the Park collection

and in the collection of the Zoology Museum of the Uni-

versity of Utah.

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.

This snail is rare and hard to find. It was obtained in

only one place, under the dry leaves under cottonwood trees

near the Narrows.

Oreohelix cooperi (W. G. Binney).

This is the largest and most conspicuous snail of the

Park. The shells may be found in practically all of the

sheltered nooks and the live animals may usually be found

following a rain crawling around among the vegetation.

These snails are evidently preyed on by some small mam-

mal, probably mice or rats. I have found jiiles of shells

that had been bitten through in such a way as to extract

the contents.

iVanatta, Naut., XXXIV, 1921, p. 141.

THE NAUTILUS 57

Shells of this snail have been collected at the Narrows,

Saddle Nook, Weeping Rock, The Grotto, Emerald Pool,

Court of the Patriarchs, Wiley's Retreat and many other

places.

PUPOIDES MARGINATUS (Say).

This snail is apparently very rare in the Park. In four

seasons of casual collecting, I have found two shells only.

At the time of collecting, I did not distinguish them from

either Cochlicopa or Pupilla and consequently do not know

the definite nook from whence they came.

Pupilla SYNGENES (Pilsbry).

This is a very small snail and hard to find. I have to

date located only one pure colony, at the Saddle Nook be-

tween the Angel Landing and the Great Organ, although a

few shells of this left handed spiral have been found among

colonies of the right handed spiral form (P. s. dextroversa) .

I have discovered the feeding grounds of the living snails

among the dead leaves under ash trees and grapevines in

dry situations away from proximity to water.

Pupilla syngenes dextroversa Pilsbry and Ferriss.

The habitat of this subspecies is practically the same as

that of P. syngenes. It is reported that colonies of the two

often live together and I have found it so in one or two

cases. This form has been collected at the Public Camp and

at the Narrows, in both cases under ash trees, one case also

having grapevine leaves.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Muller).

This snail is of widespread occurrence in the Park, It

is found in most all of the terrestrial snail associations and

under a great variety of conditions, from the continually

moist situations under the vegetation alongside small

streams to those situations subject to prolonged periodic

drought among the dead leaves and vegetation under cover

of the trees.

I have taken it on the Narrows trail, at Saddle Nook,

58 THE NAUTILUS

Weeping Rock, The Grotto, Emerald Pool Canyon. Wylie

Retreat, and the Court of the Patriarchs.

VlTRINA ALASKANA Dall.

This snail is also of very widespread occurrence in the

Park and is found in nearly all the terrestrial snail associa-

tions, ranging from conditions of continual moisture to

those of periodic drought, among the dead leaves of such

plants as maple, ash, box elder and grapevines.

I have taken it on the West Rim, Saddle Nook, Weeping

Rock, The Grotto, Emerald Pool Canyon, Court of the

Patriarchs and the Narrow^s.

GLYPHYALINIA INDENTATA (Say).

This snail is not very common in the Park but may be

found in many of the terrestrial snail associations. It has

been collected at Saddle Nook, The Grotto, and Emerald

Pool Canyon. It undoubtedly occurs in many other of the

protected parts of the canyon.

EucoNULUS FULVUS (Muller).

This snail is very rare. I have taken it at only one point,

alongside a small trickle of water under moist decaying

leaves and other vegetation at the forks of the Lodge-

Emerald Pool and the Lodge-Court of the Patriarchs trails.

ZONITOIDES ARBOREA (Say).

This species is of common occurrence among the terrestrial

snail associations. It is found in the moist parts of the dead

leaves and the decaying vegetation subject to periodic

drought, and even in damp logs where it often buries itself

in the decaying wood.

It has been collected at Weeping Rock, Saddle Nook, The

Grotto, Emerald Pool Canyon and elsewhere.

GONYODISCUS CRONKHITEI (Newcomb).

This deep-brown rough-ribbed snail is of quite wide-

spread occurrence. The live snail is found most frequently

in damp decaying logs and under decaying vegetation be-

side small watercourses where moisture i.s continually

THE NAUTILUS 69

present, but its shells are often found in protected nooks

among the dead leaves in situations subject to periodic

drought.

It has been collected at the Narrows, Saddle Nook, Weep-

ing Rock, The Grotto, Emerald Pool Canyon and the Court

of the Patriarchs.

SUCCINEA AVARA Say.

This common snail may be found under a great variety

of conditions, from moist decaying logs in the sheltered

nooks to protected spots on more exposed situations subject

to prolonged periodic drought. Outside the Park, I once

found a shell under a small bush out in the desert, where it

must have been subjected to prolonged dry spells.

I have collected the shells at the Narrows, Saddle Nook,

Weeping Rock, The Grotto, Emerald Pool Canyon, the Court

of the Patriarchs and elsewhere.

GYRAULUS VERMICULARIS (Gould).

This flat planorboid snail appears to live only in fresh

water pools not subject to floods, feeding on the green algae

in such pools. I have collected it only in the pool in the

Court of the Patriarchs.

Petrophysa zionis (Pilsbry).

These fresh-water snails appear to be found only on the

walls or steep slopes of Zion Canyon where the water from

springs or seeps trickles down over the faces of the cliffs.

With an extremely large aperture and abnormally large last

whorl of their shells, they seem to have adapted themselves

to such conditions. In their natural position on the face of

the cliflf, they appear as small black hemispherical dots

scarcely distinguishable in appearance from certain round

black algal forms. They appear to feed on the small algae

growing in the trickling water.

Agriolimax campestris (Binney).

This slug is of common occurrence where conditions are

favorable. It appears to feed on decaying vegetation,

especially wood, and appears to require perennial moisture.

60 THE NAUTILUS

It is often found in moist decaying logs associated with

Zonitoides arbor ea or Succinea avara.

In addition to the snails actually found in the Park, there

are a few species found in other parts of the Dixie region

extending off below the Park, whose range may extend up

into Zion Canyon. The following forms, specimens of which

are in the Park collection, are thus found in the surrounding

region :

PisiDiUM CONCINNULUM Sterkl.

Collected near Central, Washington Co., Utah, at a small

spring locally known as Cane Spring on the St. George-

Enterprise road. It was found near the head of the stream

in the clean loose sand in the stream bed.

Lymnaea obrussa Say.

This fresh water snail looks very similar superficially to

Succinea avara but may readily be distinguished by its

habitat, this form being found in the water, whereas S,

avara is a land snail. I have collected this Lymnaea near

St. George, in the clear water streams where green algae

abound. It is found in company with Physella virgata and

appears to feed on the green algae.

Physella VIRGATA (Gould).

This fresh-water snail is found in most of the clear water

streams, springs, and ditches of Dixie which are not sub-

jected to corrasive floods. It is especially abundant in those

sluggish streams or ponds where green algae abounds and

upon which it appears to feed. It has not yet been taken in

the streams of the Park.

I have collected it in the streams at St. George, Washing-

ton, Central, Enterprise, Ivins, Beaver Dam Wash, and in

the Santa Clara Bench reservoir at Ivins. In the sluggish

streams, it appears not to reach its highe.st development,

being on the average only about half the size of those found

in the Ivins reservoir.

the nautilus 61

Bibliography

Henderson, Junius. IMollusca of Colo.. Utah, Mont, Idaho

and Wyoming. U. of Colo. Studies, Vol. XIII, No. 2, 1924.

Pilsbry, 11. A., and James H. Ferriss, Mollusca of the South-

western States, V, The Grand Canyon and Northern

Arizona. Proc. Ac. of Nat. Sci. of Phila., March, 1911.

Pilsbry, H. A., Note on Anatomy of Oreohelix with Catalog

of the Species. Proc. Ac. of Nat. Sci. of Phila., May,

1916.

Pilsbry, H. A., Notes on Anatomy of Oreohelix, II, Proc. Ac.

of Nat. Sci. of Phila., Feb., 1917.

Pilsbry. H. A., A Fresh-water Snail, Physa zionis. Living

under Unusual Conditions. Proc. Ac. of Nat. Sci. of

Phila.. Vol. LXXVII, 1925.

Vanatta, E. G.. Shells of Zion National Park, Utah, The

Nautilus, Vol. XXXIV, pp. 140-141, 1921.

Walker, Bryant, Hints on Collecting Land and Fresh-water

Mollusca.

THE LAND SHELLS OF KAMCHATKA

BY WALTER J. EYERDAM

During the past summer of 1928 I spent three and one-

half months in Kamchatka and upon various occasions

made diligent efforts to collect land shells. The results were

very meager compared with the rewards I have had in

more southerly regions. Although a considerable area of

South Kamchatka was covered this time, I did not add any

additional species to those found in 1925, around the Gulf

of Kronotzki and the mouth of the Kamchatka River,

several hundred miles farther north.

The following species were taken mostly in the region

around Avacha Bay. Avacha River and the adjacent moun-

tains— Polovina, Korjatskaya and Avachinskaia Sopka.

Vifrea alaskatm (Dall), common.

Cnchlicopa lubricn (Mull.), common.

Euconulus fidviis (Miill.), not common.

Euconulus fidvus alaskensis Pilsbry, common.

62 THE NAUTILUS

Gonyodiscns cronkhitei (Newcomb), common,

Zoogenites harpa Morse, rare.

Polita hammonis (Strom), rare.

Vertigo modesta ( ?) , rare.

Baron von Rosen of the Riabusinski Botanical Expedition

to Kamchatka, 1908-1910, wrote a report on the land and

fresh water shells of Southern Kamchatka. Besides the

eight above mentioned species he has included three Suc-

cinea from the banks of the Kamchatka River — Succinea

putris (L.), S. pfeifferi (Rossm.), S. arenaria (Bouch).

Practically all the species mentioned are found in the

same habitat. They occur in the rich loam at the bases of

large annual plants such as Splrea Kamchatica and

Heracleum dulce and other species of UtnbelUferae. They

are often abundant in hollows where the decayed vegetation

mixes readily with the volcanic ash. In the birch forests

and fields of tall annual plants, on rocky hillsides and along

stream banks are found the only shells that occur. In

swamps, I have only found a few dead Succenia. In either

wet or dry tundras or on large lava flows, I have never

found a shell.

Dr. Ditmars, who traveled and collected for a period of

four years in Kamchatka during the early fifties of the

previous century, mentions in his admirable work on the

volcanoes and biology of that region, that there are no land

shells to be found there.

The Swedish Kamchatka Expedition of 1921-1924 did not

report on the land shells of the region.

It is not likely that any other species of land shells occur

in the tundra regions of the north and west coasts of

Kamchatka. A few more may be found along the Kam-

chatka River or at the extreme southern end of Kamchatka

around Cape Lapotka, where may be found a considerable

number of Kurile Island and Japanese plants.

NAUTILUS XLIII

PLATE 4

Er.O-CArSlLKS of Kascioi.akia oksantea

THE NAUTILUS 63

THE EGG-CAPSULES OF FASCIOLARIA GIGANTEA KIENER

BY C. W. JOHNSON

Large clusters of egg-capsules of Fasciolaria gigantea are

conspicuous objects on the Florida coast. The specinnen

figured (Plate 4) is in the collection of the Boston Society

of Natural History and was collected at Key West, Florida.

It was referred to in The Nautilus (Vol. 33, p. 46, 1919).

This bunch is nine inches in length and contains approx-

imately 400 capsules, attached to a broad band, which has

no doubt contracted considerably in drying. Each capsule

is about 40 mm. in length and attached to the band by a

short pedicel ; the capsule is wedge shaped, the angles

slightly winged and the sides with five or six irregular

ridges. Three of the capsules contained respectively 66, 70

and 76 embryonic shells. If the entire number should aver-

age 70 per capsule, the cluster would produce upward of

30,000 shells. The death rate however is enormous and it

is doubtful if one in 5,000 ever reaches maturity. I am still

looking for a shell of this species two feet in length as re-

corded bv the older authors.

RARE MOLLUSKS FROM NEW JERSEY

BY HORACE G. RICHARDS

Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania

During the past two years the writer has been engaged in

making a survey of the marine invertebrate fauna of the

coast of New Jersey. A complete report of this survey will

be published elsewhere in the near future. However since

Mr. C. W. Johnson (1929) inquires concerning certain

marine pelecypods that are apparently becoming extinct in

southern New England, it may be interesting to mention a

few records from New Jersey which concern some of the

pelecypods mentioned by Mr. Johnson, and to add a few

64 THE NAUTILUS

notes on other mollusks that have hitherto been considered

as unknown or rare in New Jersey.

Pholas (Barnea) costata L. popularly known as "Angel

wings" is a mollusk which burrows deep into clay or mud.

Mr. Johnson says that to his knowledge living specimens

have not been taken in southern New England since 1845.

Various writers have recorded the shell from New Jersey

beaches, but no one in recent years has observed the living

animal.

On July 22, 1929, 1 had the unexpected pleasure of finding

a large bed of this mollusk on the shore of Delaware Bay

near Green Creek. They were found in shallow water at

low tide with their siphons just slightly elevated above the

mud. Upon trying to capture them, they burrowed very

rapidly some two feet or more into the mud.

Dr. Thurlow C. Nelson collected some individuals at

Pierces Point on Delaware Bay, and a Cape May fisherman

reported a bed of "queer bivalves" about two feet deep in

the mud on the north side of Cape May Harbor. He ate the

animal and sent me the shell which proved to be P. costata.

I have also dredged this species at the entrance of Cape

May Harbor in about 20 feet of water.

Tagellus gibbus (Spengler) and T. divisus (Spengler)

also burrow deep in the mud and are seldom seen alive.

However both species have been taken alive in the muddy

bottom of Cape May Harbor. The shell of T. gibbus is very

common on the beaches of New Jersey, and at Cape Charles,

Virginia, shells with the epidermis intact are freiiuently

found, suggesting that perhaps the species is more common

toward the south.

The migration of Littorina litorea (L.) southward on the

Atlantic coast has been observed for many years. It was

first reported in America in Nova Scotia by Willis (1863),

where it had pro))ably been introduced from Europe. Since

that time it has been gradually migrating southward, and

is now very common at Cold Spring Harbor. Long Island,

and shells in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-

THE NAUTILUS 65

delphia and the United States National Museum, Washing-

ton, indicate its presence as far south as Atlantic City, N. J.

L. litorca is a rock-inhabiting form, and therefore its pres-

ence would not be expected on the sandy beaches of New

Jersey; however when rock jetties are built this form fre-

quently appears. It has been taken from the rock jetty at

Longport, N. J. (Acad. Nat. Sci.), and I collected several

living individuals from the Rock Pile at Cape May, N. J., on

May 20. 1928. I think that this is the farthest south that

this species has ever been recorded. Wood and Wood (1927)

say that L. litorea clings to grass in the salt marshes of Two

Mile Beach, N. J. Since this species is always found asso-

ciated with rocks and not in the locations mentioned by the

Messrs. Wood, they undoubtedly refer to L. irrorata (Say)

which is common in the marshes of Cape May County.

Littorina rudis (Donovan) and L. palliata (Say) have

also been taken as far south as Cape May, N. J.

Alectrion vibex (Say) has not been seen alive in New

Jersey by the writer, although fresh shells are frequently

found on the beach. The absence of this species is interest-

ing since some of Say's original specimens were from Great

Egg Harbor, N. J., and Verrill (1873) had found it among

Eel Grass at the same locality.

The species is common farther south, and was observed

in considerable numbers at Cape Charles, Virginia, on June

16, 1929.

Numerous other mollusks, new or rare for the state, will

be discussed in the complete report.

Bibliography

Johnson, C. W. 1929. Are Certain Marine Pelecypods Be-

coming Locally Extinct? Nautilus, Vol. XLII, pp. 82-86.

Verrill, A. E. 1873. Invertebrate Animals of Vineyard

Sound. Report U. S. Comm. Fish and Fisheries, 1871-

1872.

Willis, John R. 1863. On the Occurrence of Littorina

litorea on the coast of Nova Scotia. Trans. Nova Scotian

Inst. Nat. Sci., Vol. 1, pp. 88-90.

Wood, A. E. and H. E. 1927. A Quantitative Study of the

Marine Mollusks of Cape May County, New Jersey.

Nautilus, Vol. XLI, pp. 8-18.

66 THE NAUTILUS

THE TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSCA OF TURKEY RUN STATE

PARK, INDIANA

BY ALVIN R. CAHN AND JACK T. KEMP

Department of Zoology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois

Turkey Run State Park, one of the most attractive spots

in Indiana, is an area covering some 460 acres of land. The

terrain consists of gently rolling hills, covered with a good

stand of white oak, sugar maple, tulip and elm. It is tran-

sected by Sugar Creek and its small tributaries, which have

cut deep ravines through the sandstone bluffs, and the

borders of this gloriously rough area are covered with hem-

lock. The "bottoms" support gigantic sycamores, walnuts

and elms. The ground is well covered with rich humus,

and a wealth of moss holds the moisture and makes the area

particularly ideal for terrestrial mollusks. That the region

is rich in such forms is shown by the fact that forty-four

species have thus far been collected. As the park is much

used by classes from great mid-western universities, and as

mollusks are so much in evidence, it has been found advis-

able to publish herewith a list of the species of terrestrial

forms as an aid and guide to such classes. Many hundreds

of specimens have been collected by the writers during the

past three years, and all material has been checked and

identified by Prof. F. C. Baker of the Natural History

Museum of the University of Illinois. To Prof. Baker the

writers express their keen appreciation and thanks.

A list of forty-six species of terrestrial mollusks follows:

Polyc/yra fridenfata (Say). Very abundant; living forms

common under logs.

Polygyra infle§ta (Say). Abundant on exposed slopes.

Polygyra profuuda (Say). Decidedly uncommon; under

logs usually.

Polygyra albolabi-is (Say). Not common, but fine large

specimens have been collected on the hill sides.

Polygyra zaleta (Binney). Extremely abundant through-

out the rough territory.

THE NAUTILUS 67

Pohjgyra midtUineata (Say). Uncommon; four specimens

collected.

PoUjfjyra paUiata (Say). Not uncommon under logs.

Pohjgyra clevata (Say). Very abundant; dead shells

numerous.

Polygyra perinsylvanica (Green). Very rare; three speci-

mens only.

Pohjgyra thyroides (Say). Very abundant on exposed

slopes.

Pohjgyra clausa (Say). Very rare; two specimens only.

Pohjgyra mitcheUiana (Lea). Very rare; four specimens

only.

Pohjgyra hirsuta (Say). Rare; five specimens under one

log.

Pohjgyra fraterna (Say). Common under logs and wet

rocks.

Pohjgyra monodoyi (Rackett). Common on exposed slopes.

Pohjgyra fraud ulenta (Pilsbry). Fairly common; often

associated with P. tridentata.

Pohjgyra appressa (Say). Uncommon; under bark of rot-

ten logs.

Pohjgyra stenotrema (Ferussac). Very abundant through-

out the rough country.

Circinarki concava (Say). Very abundant everywhere.

Omphalina fuliginosa (Griffith). Extremely abundant on

slopes.

Retinella hammonis (Strom). Not uncommon; under bark

and in rotten logs.

Ghjph yalina ind entata (Say) . Five specimens from windrow.

Pnrarifrra midtidcntata (Binney). A single specimen from

windrow.

Zonitoides arbor eus (Say). Abundant locally under rotten

logs.

Zonitoides limatidus Ward. One specimen from rotten wood.

Pseud ovitrea 77unuscu^M (Binney). Uncommon; from wind-

rows and under rotten logs.

Gastrodonta ligera (Say). Not uncommon under logs.

68 THE NAUTILUS

Anguispira alternata (Say). Extremely abundant every-

where.

Anguispira solitaria (Say). Common; reach very large size.

Goniodiscus perspectiva (Say) . Fairly common through-

out the area.

Goniodiscus anthonyi Pilsbry. Rare; only three specimens

found.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Uncommon; six specimens

under logs.

Succinea avara Say. Rare and local; found only in the few

small marshy areas.

Strobilops labyrinthica (Say). A single specimen found

thus far.

Strobilops affinis Pilsbry. Only two specimens found.

Pupoides marginatus (Say). Common locally in grass;

often found at the base of a tree. Also in windrows and

drift.

Gastrocopta armifera (Say). Common locally; often in

windrows.

Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Very common; most easily

collected in windrows and drift.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). A single specimen on hand.

Vertigo ovata Say. A single specimen from a windrow.

Vallonia pulchella Miiller. Not uncommon under logs.

Cnrychium exiguum (Say). Two specimens from windrows.

Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis Lea. Rare; two specimens from

windrow.

Philomym/s carolinensis (Bosc). The common slug. Abun-

dant at night crawling over the sandstone cliffs.

Agriolimax agrcstis (Linn.). The small slug found under

bark and under logs.

Limax maximiis (Linn.). A single specimen found in the

basement of the hotel.

THE NAUTILUS 69

CONCERNING A POLICY

WILLIAM J. CLENCH

In 1922, Ortmann and Walker' published a paper dealing

with several changes in the nomenclature of some North

American Unionidae. The expressed opinion given in this

paper was really that of three men, Dr. H. A. Pilsbry

included.

Ortmann and Walker (op. cit. p. 3), agreed that with any

species over which they had a difference of opinion as to its

nomenclatural standing, the decision of Pilsbry relative to

that species would be accepted as final.

Since the above was published there has been an attempt

to bring back again the use of some of the discarded names

of Rafinesque. The question now raised is — what will be

the eventual status of Unionid nomenclature if no agree-

ment of names can ever be reached? These men took a fair

stand in the matter, selecting the first name that could be

definitely associated with a given species — showing no

favoritism in the preference for any particular author.

Priority ruled in all cases where more than one description

pertained to the same species. Abiding by their decisions,

wc automatically "fix" some of these troublesome forms and

the names employed come to have a definite meaning.

It seems as though the work of these authors can be taken

as final, their decisional names accepted as solving certain

taxonomic problems and instituting a policy which if ac-

cepted will clear a portion of the Unionid field which is still

befogged with a superfluity of names. We, in the field of

taxonomy, sometimes take the stand that systematic zoology

is the end and not the means and that all other phases of

biologic .study as subservient to it. Developments due to in-

crea.sed knowledge and new discoveries are naturally going

to affect classification, but progress in this line is certainly

going to remain dormant as long as no settlement is ever

reached concerning the validity of a name.

1 Ortman, A. E., and B. Walker, 1922. Uni. of Mich., Mus. of

Zool., Occ. pap., no. 112.

70 THE NAUTILUS

The material increase of interest and workers in experi-

mental zoology, genetics and ecology is making a greater

demand upon the taxonomist for the exact names of the

animals used in the various lines of work. Fluctuating

names are not adding to the value of this work or to ease in

obtaining bibliographic references.

A policy of acceptance, when based upon the work of

recognized authorities, will go a long way towards smooth-

ing out some of these difficulties.

notes and news

Mrs. Maxwell's Centennial Collection of Shells. —

I have just discovered Ernest IngersoU's paper on "New

shells from Colorado" (American Naturalist, X, 745-747,

1876), listing the species of non-marine shells in the Mrs.

M. A. Maxwell Colorado collection at the Centennial Ex-

position in Philadelphia. This was the collection that

attracted so much attention at Philadelphia, because it was

one of the earliest (if not the earliest) attempts on a large

scale at habitat group work in America. However, it in-

cluded some unlabelled invertebrate material from other

states. Unfortunately Inger.--oll assumed that all the ma-

terial was from Colorado, hence the record of such species

as Goniobasis pulchella and G. livescens. Physa hetero-

stropha and some others may, however, have been only in-

correct identifications of real Colorado shells. Patula

coopcri. "said to be abundant about Boulder", is doubtless

Orcohclix siririosn clepressa (Ckll.), which is the common

form in that vicinity. I call attention to this paper only

that others who may happen to see it may not be misled by

it. Goniobasis has not been found in tlie Rocky Mountain

states south of Montana. — Junius Henderson.

In a letter from Dr. Pilshry dated Ancon, July 20th, he

says: "We returned to Balboa for fuel oil, etc., before pro-

ceeding to the Marquesas. I have collected enough to keep

THE NAUTILUS 7l

me busy the rest of my life — but hope to get a lot more in

Polynesia. We sail this afternoon. I expect to be back

about November 1st."

Martyn's Universal Conchologist. — The interesting

remarks on this "famous book of paintings", by Mr. R.

Winckworth' seem pertinent. Aside from the question of

its not being strictly binomial, the apparent method of its

publication has always to my mind made the work ques-

tionable. There are some eight or nine sets in the United

States each one differing slightly from the others, several

of which have been described by various writers. -

Many of the sets seem to have been prepared as the

author had received orders for them, which probably ac-

counts for the various discrepancies. This irregularity of

some sets is shown by Mr. Bryant Walker, who says: —

"Everything in the make-up of this copy seems to indicate

that it must have been one of the latest copies issued and

was made up of such plates as were then on hand. The en-

tire omission of plate 156 would seem to show that there

were no copies left of that plate. The numeration, part

written, part engraved and some both written and en-

graved; the lack of uniformity in the matter of the neat-

lines, and the addition of twelve plates not included in the

original work all point in the same direction."

In regard to the nomenclatorial standing of this work Mr.

Winckworth has defined this so clearly that I take the

liberty of quoting the following:

"To me the explanation of the discrepancies from bi-

nomialism is that the Latin names are translations of

vernacular names. Usually, though not quite consistently,

1 Proc. Mai. Soc., London, vol. 18, p. 228, 1929.

-W. H. Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 29, p. 415, 1905, and vol.

33, p. 185, 1907, the latter being based on a four volume set in the

library of the late .John B. Henderson, Jr., with a note on a set in the

Australian Museum by the late Charles Hedley. S. S. Berry,

Nautilus, vol. 22, p. 72, 1908. Geo. H. Clapp, Nautilus, vol. 27, p.

107, 1914. C. W. Johnson, NAUTILUS, vol. 30, p. 130, 1916. Bryant

Walker, Nautilus, vol. 32, p. 28, 1918.

72 THE NAUTILUS

where the 'species' name is a noun, it stands alone, e. g.

Aratrum, Aplustre: where it is an adjective it is attached

to a 'genus' name, e. g. Buccinum prismaticum. In some

cases the genus has to be supplied by guesswork, e. g. in 1

Dall assumes Alata is the Latin genus drifted into the

wrong column; in 39 it is easy to supply Voluta from the

English, although Voluta is nowhere used in this volume;

in 56 Dall ingeniously argues that Martyn intended to write

Fusils toreuma, although neither Fusu^ nor any English

word suggesting it occurs anywhere in Martyn. There are

also trinomials, which are explained as genus + species +

variety. I will not labour these points, but suggest that the

numerous small explanations required to read binomial in-

tention into his tables ask for more guesswork than is rea-

sonable; being acquainted with the Systema Naturae, he,

like Chemnitz, is binomial by accident in most cases. I am

forced to the conclusion that one must most reluctantly dis-

regard his beautiful work as far as nomenclature is con-

cerned.

"The fate of the six genera attributed to Martyn by Dall

is then; Alata becomes a section of Strombus, for which

Monodactylus, H. and A. Adams is available; Purpura be-

comes Ceratostoma, Hermannsen (^Cerostoma, Conrad,

preoccupied), while Purpura, Lamarck, 1799, becomes Thais

Bolten, 1798; Clava becomes Cerithium, Brug. ; Mitra dates

to Bolten, 1798, instead of Martyn ; Cochlea, of which Dall

says mysteriously, 'heterogeneous, and not accepted by later

authors', is no worse off; Oliva by a happy chance remains

Oliva, Cuvier, 1798. which has several months' priority of

Porphyria, Bolten, 1798."— C. W. Johnson.

A New Name for a California Shell. — Liotia acuti-

costata Cpr., var. radiata Dall, (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing-

ton, Vol. 31, 1919, p. 8) is preoccupied by Liotia radiata

Kiener (Coq. Viv., Monog. Delphinula, 7, t. 4, f. 9). It can

be known as Liotia. acuticostata bristolac, n. n. It is named

for Miss Viola Bristol of Point Loma, California. — Fred

Baker.

t\

The Nautilus.

Vol. XLIII JANUARY, 19S0. No. 3

SNAIL NOTES FROM THE CALIFORNIA DESERT

BY S. S. BERRY

Redlands, California

After some years of doubt, a paratypic specimen of

Sonorella fisheri Bartsch from Johnson Canyon, Panamint

Mts., Inyo Co., California, lately received from the United

States National Museum, shows this species to be almost

certainly not a Sonorella, nor even a Micrarionta, although

the matter might easily have been anticipated from what

we know of the other snails of the region. No animal has

come to hand for dissection, but if, as I am perhaps foolish

enough to believe in this case possible, we can safely judge

from the shell characters, the species belongs to Helmin-

thoglypta, where it finds its closest alliances in the group of

recently described species (mohaveana, graniticola, jaegeH,

and others), from the southern Mohave Desert, and among

these particularly with jaegeri.

The Ferriss Death Valley Expedition of 1922 obtained

snails in some abundance in the Panamint Range closely

allied to or identified with this fine species, but they failed

to bring anything of the sort to light from neighboring

ranges. A considerable area therefore remains to be

bridged before the distribution of this group can find con-

tinuous expression on our maps. Meanwhile the extension

of the range of the supposedly maritime and montane

Helminthoglypta into the great desert areas of southern

California in this fashion is in itself an interesting and

74 THE NAUTILUS

hardly predictable phenomenon. The attempt to work out

the details of this distribution is proving a fascinating pro-

ceeding, although the enormous area involved, the lack of

roads in many key sections, and the arduous nature of the

collecting itself make progress of the slowest.

Of the forms of this genus so far described from the des-

ert, the majority appear to be holding their formal char-

acters and definitiveness fairly well as specimens from

new localities come in, but an exception must be taken in

respect to the probable distinctness from one another of

my H. mohaveana and H. riparia, the one from the east

side of the rocky hills across the Mohave River from Vic-

torville, the other from the rocky outcrop on the river bank

above Oro Grande. The foundation material of mohaveuna

was admittedly poor, and additional collections made the

past winter (S. S. Berry & W. H. Thorpe) from the cliffs

where this same range of hills abuts upon the river brought

to light living specimens which while evidently close to the

original mohaveana can not well be separated from riparia.

Comparing all three series it becomes evident that the

characters relied upon to separate these two supposed

species fail in the value assigned to them, and that as a

consetjuence riparia either subsides as a complete synonym

of mohaveana^ or is reduced to the rank of but a weakly

defined subspecies thereof having a peculiar distribution, a

point which must await the recovery of living material

from the type locality of mohaveana for final settlement.

The distribution of a number of these Mohavean species

is somewhat peculiar in that it is strikingly discontinuous,

what appears to be the same species turning up again and

again in entirely isolated stations, as though the present

great extent of the desert floor and with it the separation

of the snail colonies were a relatively recent phenomenon,

too recent to i)erniit the princijile of isolation to have been

afforded time for the comijh^tc specific divarication of the

' A view which I believe is shared by Mr. George Willett on the

basis of his own collectioriB in the region, which 1 have not seen.

THE NAUTILUS 75

snails concerned. Quite different problems seem to be in-

dicated by what we know of the snail fauna of the Mohave

as compared with those of the neighboring Colorado Des-

ert, where the speciation on the other hand often seems

curiously linear and to take place without complete isola-

tion.

Without doubt the most distinct species of snail from all

the Californian desert region so far brought to light is the

peculiar little Micrarionta aquae-albae Berry, described

from Whitewater Canyon in Riverside County in 1922.

While published as a Micrarionta it differs from the other

species of that genus in so many important shell characters

— small size, thin lip, heavy papillation of entire surface,

rough brownish periostracum, brownish maculations on

animal, and so on, that its recognition at least as typifying

a new subgenus seems inevitable. For this purpose the

new name Chamaearionta is here proposed. There seems

a reasonable probability that additional species of the

group remain to be discovered, but at present M. (E.)

aquae-albae stands unique as the only one known.

A NEW SPECIES OF STROPHOCHEILUS FROM BRAZIL

BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH AND ALLAN F. ARCHER

STROPHOCHEILUS (STROPHOCHEILUS) PORPHYROSTOMA, nov.

sp. Figs. 1-3.

Shell imperforate, ovate elliptical, moderately solid, flat-

tened dorso-ventrally. Nuclear whorl flattened, brick red,

the color grading off imperceptibly into a pompeian red on

the next three whorls. This in turn shades off into a pink-

ish buff towards the base of the shell. From the nuclear

whorl to the body whorl there is a grayish subsutural line

terminating at the outer lip. The last third of the body

whorl is overlaid with a cinnamon periostracum. The sur-

face of the shell is covered with delicate growth lines inter-

76

THE NAUTILUS

sected by fine spiral lines. Certain areas are faintly pitted

and occasionally delicately granulose. Whorls 4%.

Aperture narrowly ovate, rather rounded at the base, ter-

minating in an acute angle at the top. Color whitish in-

side. Peristome acajou red, thick, strongly reflected. The

callous continuous with the peristome.

Greater Lesser Ap. Ap.

Altitude diam. diam. length width

59.5 30 24 26 11 mm. Holotype

Holotype: M. C. Z. 79108. Mountain near Jacquaral, Sao

Paulo, Brazil. G. M. Allen, collector.

Remarks: This new species is close to S. planidens Mich.

Some specimens of the latter resemble it in being imper-

forate, and in lacking a tooth on the outer lip. But S.

por])hy?ostoma has a darker shell and a much darker per-

istome. Its surface is rougher and more pitted, and it is

more depressed dorso-ventrally. In the latter respect S.

unidentatus Sowb. resembles it, but even here the flatten-

ing is much less pronounced.

A single specimen only of this new species was taken by

Fig. 1

THE NAUTILUS 77

G. M. Alien in Brazil. Together with this ho also obtained

the following records.

Strophocheilus yporanganus, Pils. & v. Iher. Yporanga,

Sao Paulo. Brazil. M. C. Z. 79107.

Oxystyla pulchella prototypus, Pils. Ribeira Greta,

Brazil. *M. G. Z. 79109.

Thaumastus largillicrti, Phil. Yporanga, Sao Paulo,

Brazil. M. G. Z. 79110.

FRESH-WATER MOLLUSKS IN BRACKISH WATER AND IN

MARINE AND BRACKISH-WATER FORMATIONS

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON

I am much interested in the report (The Nautilus,

XLII, 129-130, 1929) of experiments on the resistance of

Physa and Lymnaea to salinity, but the brief report does

not throw any light upon two very important problems,

namely : How long can these mollusks continue to live in

brackish water? Can they successfully breed and continue

to thrive under such adverse conditions? If so, then it

seems that it should not be difficult to find them actually

living under such conditions in some of the many estuaries

where slight salinity is produced by mingling of tide water

with fresh-water streams. In any event, let us hope the

experiments may be continued for a term of years and see

what miglit be possible, whether the same thing is known

to occur in nature or not.

In collecting fresh-water mollusks along the Pacific

Goast from California to Alaska, including Naiades,

Sphaeriidae, Fluminicola, Goniobasis, Lymnaea, Valvata,

etc., I have often watched for the point at which they dis-

appeared in following streams down to their meeting with

tide water and have never found any of them living where

I could detect any taste of salt in the water. On some oc-

casions my attention was called to the fact that I was ap-

78 THE NAUTILUS

preaching the ocean, while it was yet far away, by the dis-

appearance of these mollusks, which was apparently due to

a slight mingling of tide water, at the head of its flow, with

stream water. Possibly the experience of others has been

different.

Occasionally a few fossil mollusks supposedly of strictly

fresh-water habit are found mingled with a brackish-water

or marine fossil fauna. If the fauna is marine, then al-

most certainly the occurrence of the fresh-water fossils is

"accidental", they having perhaps been carried into the

ocean by floods from neighboring streams or brought in

by some other natural agency. If it is a brackish-water

fauna the same explanation is likely correct, though it cer-

tainly would depend upon the degree of salinity of the

water during deposition and the adaptability of the mol-

lusks to saline conditions. Hence a thorough investigation

of this whole problem in all its phases, continuing through

several years, is desirable, if it has not yet been accom-

plished.

It is not uncommon to find a few fresh-water fossil mol-

lusks in the various brackish-water formations of the

Rocky Mountain region, but in no case which has come un-

der my own personal observation have the fresh-water and

brackish-water species actually occupied the same stratum.

Their occurrence has indicated alternating brackish and

fresh-water conditions, not a mingling of the two faunas

during life.

Dr. Dall, in his great work on the Tertiary Fauna of

F'lorida. lists certain supposedly fresh-water species with

marine faunas in such a way as to indicate that they were

really marine, which inference he probably did not intend.

It is probable that they were accidental intruders brought

in by floods or floating drift-wood, or in some such way.

Even land snails may easily fall or be washed from sea

cliff's into the ocean and become incorporated in strictly

marine deposits.

I once found a small but rich deposit of Physa, Plan-

THE NAUTILUS 79

orbis and Lymnaea apparently in a marine Pleistocene for-

mation in a California sea cliff. Careful investigation

proved conclusively that the fresh-water mollusks had lived

in a small stream channel cut in the marine formation af-

ter it was elevated above the tide, and the channel had

afterwards been filled to a level with the general surface

of the elevated marine beds. The foregoing are only a few

of the many difficulties that beset the paleontologist.

FURTHER RECORDS OF WESTERN CANADIAN MOLLUSCA

ALAN MOZLEY

The Johns Hopkins University

This paper is one of a series dealing with the distribu-

tion of the Western Canadian mollusca (see Nautilus,

XXXIX, pp. 121-128; XL, pp. 54-63; XLII, pp. 13-18). In

the course of this work many observations have been made

on other phases of the biology of these forms, but the in-

formation thus collected is reserved for subsequent pub-

lication in more comprehensive form. In all these papers

an effort has been made to render the citation of the records

as concise as possible, but at the same time to have them

sufficiently definite to avoid misunderstanding.

The discovery of living molluscs {Lymiiaea vahlii) in the

waters of Little Quill Lake, Saskatchewan, is of some in-

terest, since this is a highly alkaline lake. An analysis is

given below.

80 the nautilus

Analysis of Water from Little Quill Lake,

Saskatchewan'

Collected June 12th, 1928. Three miles south of Paskwegin

siding.

Made by Dr. Paul Hiebert, University of Manitoba.

Further investigations on the distribution of the molluscs

in the alkaline lakes of Western Canada are at present in

progress.

Family Helicidae

Vallonia costata (Miiller). Ontario. Fort Frances.

Manitoba. Grande Pointe. Saskatchewan. Kamsack,

near Madge Lake in Duck Mountain, twenty miles north of

Kamsack; Quill Lake (station) ; Wynyard, near Little Quill

Lake; Wadena, near Foam Lake; Dafoe; Lanigan ; Wat-

son; Dalesford, near Lake Lenore; KoUiher; Touchwood;

Humboldt; Saskatoon.

Vallonia sp. Ont. Fort Frances.

Family Pupillidae

Strobilops affinia Pilabry. Ont. Fort Frances. Man.

Grand Beach.

1 It should be pointed out that the muUuscs were found actually

living in this solution, not merely at the mouths of the fresh water

creeks.

THE NAUTILUS 81

Family Cochliopidae

Cochliopa lubrica (Miiller). Man. Grande Pointe. Sask.

Kamsack, near Lake Madge as above ; Wadena, near Foam

Lake; Wynyard, near Little Quill Lake; Kelliher; Touch-

wood.

Family Zonitidae

Vitrma Ihnpida Gould. Ont. Fort Frances. Man. Grand

Beach. Sask. Quill Lake (station); Watson; Dalesford,

near Lake Lenore; Kelliher; Touchwood.

Retinella hammonis (Strom). Ont. Fort Frances; Rainy

River. Man. Grande Pointe; Grand Beach; near Clear-

water (Atikamge) Lake, Hudson Bay Railway. Sask.

Kamsack, near Madge Lake as above; Wynyard, near Little

Quill Lake; Dalesford, near Lake Lenore; Kelliher; Touch-

wood.

Euconulus chershius polygyratus (Pilsbry). Man. Snake

Island. Lake Winnipegosis. Sask. Kamsack, near Madge

Lake as above; Kelliher; Touchwood; Dalesford, near Lake

Lenore; Humboldt; Saskatoon.

Euconulus sp. Ont. Rainy River, Sask. Wynyard, near

Little Quill Lake.

Zonltoides arboreus (Say). Ont. Rainy River. Sask.

Kamsack, near Madge Lake as above; Kelliher; Touchwood.

Family Endodontidae

Gonyodiscus cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry. Ont. Rainy

River. Sask. Kamsack, near Madge Lake as above; Quill

Lake (station) ; Wynyard, near Little Quill Lake; Dafoe;

Watson; Dalesford, near Lake Lenore; Kelliher; Touch-

wood.

Family Succineidae

Succinea retusa Lea. Man. Portage la Prairie. Sask.

Margo, Margo Lake; Kuroki, Fishing Lake; Clair Brook,

one mile west of Clair station; Dafoe; Wynyard, mouth of

Wynyard Creek.

82 THE NAUTILUS

Succinea ovalis Say. Ont. Rainy River. Man. Grande

Pointe; near Clearwater Lake, Hudson Bay Railway.

Sask. Kelliher; Touchwood.

Succinea grosvenori Lea. Sask. Dalesford, near Lake

Lenore.

Succinea avara Say. Man. Near Clearwater Lake, Hud-

son Bay Railway. Sask. Dafoe; Touchwood, between sid-

ing and Hudson Bay Lake.

Family Lymnaeidae

Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say. Man. Birtle, marshes

along the bed of Birdtail Creek, and also in many ponds

and small lakes north of this point. Sask. Kamsack, pond

one half mile west of Kamsack, also in Madge Lake, twenty

miles north of the town. Margo, Margo Lake; Kuroki, lake

one mile north west of Whitesand Lake; Wadena, Foam

I^ke; Paskwegin Brook, and in small lake two miles south

of Paskwegin siding; Elfros, Birch Creek; Quill Lake (sta-

tion), Quill Creek; Watson, Ironspring Creek; small lakes

between Kelliher, Touchwood, and Hudson Bay Lake;

Dalesford, creek flowing into Lake Lenore, two miles south

of the hamlet of Dalesford.

Lymnaea megasoma (Say). Man. Rennie, Rennie River.

Lymnaea caperata Say. Ont. Fort Frances. Man. Grande

Pointe; Birtle, ponds and small lakes north of Birtle sta-

tion. Sask. Kamsack, pond one half mile west of this

town; Elfros; Birch Creek; Kuroki, Van Patten Creek;

Clair, Clair Brook, one mile west of Clair station ; Quill

Lake (station). Quill Creek; Watson, Iron Spring Creek;

Lanigan ; Kelliher ; Touchwood ; Dalesford, creeks flowing

into Lake Lenore.

Lymnaea sp. (probably vahlii "Beck" Moller). Man.

Grande Pointe. Sask. Kamsack, pond in small muskeg one

mile west of Madge Lake, Duck Mountain ; Kuroki, un-

named lake one mile north we.st of Whitesand Lake, also in

Fishing Lake; and Van Patten Creek; Paskwegin Brook,

also in Little Quill Lake three miles south of Paskwegin

THE NAUTILUS 88

siding; Clair, Clair Brook, also in dry drainaj^c ditch south

of Clair; Creek between Clair and Quill Lake (station);

Quill Lake (station) Quill Creek; Wynyard, large ponds

near Little Quill Lake; Watson, Ironspring Creek; Kelli-

her; Touchwood; Dalesford, creek flowing into Lake

Lenore, two miles south of the hamlet of Dalesford.

Family Planorbidae

Plunorbis trivolvis Say. Ont. Fort Frances; Rainy River.

Man. Grande Pointe; Onah, Douglas Lake. Sask. Kam-

sack, pond one half mile west of Kamsack, Madge Lake as

above, pond in small muskeg one mile west of Madge Lake ;

Kuroki, Fishing Lake; Elfros, Birch Creek; Wadena, Foam

Lake; Paskwegin, Paskwegin Brook; Clair, Clair Brook, one

mile west of Clair station, also in creek between Clair and

Quill Lake (station); Quill Lake (station). Quill Creek;

Watson, Ironspring Creek; Kelliher; Touchwood; Dales-

ford, creek flowing into Lake Lenore, two miles south of

the hamlet of Dalesford; Yonker, Eyehill Creek; Inge-

bright.

Planorhis hiviicyi Tryon. MAN. Indian Bay station, Fal-

con Bay; Brereton, Lake Brereton.

Planorhis antrosus striatus Baker. Sask. Kamsack,

Madge Lake as above.

Planorhis antrosus var. Sask. Kamsack, Madge Lake, as

above.

Planorhis campanvlafus wisconsinensis Winslow. Sask.

Kamsack, several small lakes in the Duck Mountain near

Madge Lake, twenty miles north of Kamsack.

Fig. 1. Variation in the form of the aperture in

Plavnrhifi conipajiulaixft ivisconsiiienitis Winslow, from

Falcon Bay Indian Bay station, Manitoba. Outline

drawings made with the camera lucida.

Planorhis exacuous Say. Sask. Kamsack, small lake one

half mile west of the ranger's cabin, Madge Lake ; Wadena,

84 THE NAUTILUS

Foam Lake; Kuroki, Van Patten Creek; Kelliher; Touch-

wood.

Planorbis umhilicatellus Cockerell. Man. Grande Pointe;

Birtle, temporary ponds and intermittent creeks north of

Birtlc station. Sask. Kelliher; Touchwood.

Plavorhis sp. (like parvus Say). Ont. Fort Frances.

Sask. Kamsack, Madge Lake as above; Margo, unnamed

lake north of Whitesand Lake; Kuroki, Fishing Lake;

Elfros, Birch Creek; Clair, creek between Clair and Quill

Lake (station) ; Dalesford, creek flowing into Lake Lenore,

two miles south of the hamlet of Dalesford ; Yonker, Eye-

hill Creek.

Planorbis sp. (distinct from above). Man. Lake Winnipe-

gosis.

Segmentina crassilabris Walker. Man. Grande Pointe.

Segmentina christyi Dall. Man. Birtle, temporary ponds

north of Birtle station. Sask. Kelliher; Touchwood, near

Hudson Bay Lake.

Family Physidae

Physa gyrina Say. Ont. Rainy River, one mile below the

Canadian National Railway bridge. Man. Grande Pointe;

Onah, Douglas Lake; ? Clearwater Lake, Hudson Bay Rail-

way. Sask. Margo. unnamed lake one mile northwest of

Whitesand Lake; Kuroki, Fishing Lake; Wadena, Foam

Lake; Paskwegin, small lake two miles south of Paskvvegin

siding; Kelliher; Yonker, Eyehill Creek.

Physa aucillaria Say. Sask. Kamsack, Madge Lake as

above, also in a small lake a short distance west of Madge

Lake.

Aplf.rn hypnoruni Linne. Ont. Rainy River. Man. Grande

Pointe; near Clearwater Lake. Hudson Bay Railway; Birtle,

marshes along the bed of Birdtail Creek, also in temporary

ponds north of Birtle station. Sask. Margo, unnamed lake

one mile northwest of Whitesand Lake; Kuroki, Van Pat-

ten Creek, Kuroki Creek; Clair, Clair Creek, one mile west

of Clair station, also in creek between Clair and Quill Lake

THE NAUTILUS 85

(station); Watson, Ironspring Creek; l^nigan; Kelliher;

Touchwood, near Hudson Bay Lake.

Family ViviPARiDAE

Campcloyna drcisinn (Say). Ont. Fort Frances, in the

Rainy River below this town; Rainy River, in the Rainy

River below the Canadian National crossing. Man. Grand

Beach, the Grande Marais.

Family Valvatidae

Valvata tricarinata (Say). Sask. Kamsack, Madge Lake

as above.

A NEW VARIETY OF ACHATINA PANTHERA FROM

MADAGASCAR

BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH AND ALLAN F. ARCHER

ACHATINA PANTHERA BEREVOENSIS, nov. var.

Shell acutely ovate, moderately solid, the ground color of

the nuclear whorl whitish shading off into a pinkish buff

on the body whorl, and marked throughout by somewhat

irregular chocolate streaks. Nearly every streak on the

body whorl is washed on the right with deep neutral grey.

Surface covered with axial striae. Each whorl covered

with fine spiral lines with the exception of the body whorl

where they appear only in a region extending about 15 mm.

below the suture: Whorls 6J/j to 7. Aperture obliquely

ovate, bluish grey within, outer lip slightly buff pink, col-

umella and parietal callus white tinged on the outer lip

with coral red. Columella sharply truncate, slender, and

curved outwards. Base of lip quite flaring, lip itself

emarginate.

86 THE NAUTILUS

Length Diam. Ap. Length Ap. Width

133 71 68 40 M.C.Z. 31078 Cotype.

122 68 63 35 M.C.Z. 31077 Cotype.

122* 68 66 35.5 mm. M.C.Z. 31079 Cotype.

Cotypes: M.C.Z. 31078. Forest between Mahabo and

Berevo, Madagascar. F. R. Wulsin, collector. July, 1915.

M.C.Z. 31077. Berevo, Madagascar. F. R. Wulsin, col-

lector. July 11, 1915.

M.C.Z. 31079. 10 mi. S. of Berevo (elevation 850-900 ft.)

Madagascar. F. R. Wulsin, collector. July 12, 1915.

Remarks : This variety differs from A. panthera, s. s. as

figured by Ferussac, Prodr., p. 49, no. 349; Hist., pi. 126,

and as figured by Pilsbry, M. of C. (2), Vol. 17, p. 41, pi.

38, fig. 31, 1904, in the following respects: The shell is

smaller, the pinkish buff ground color is spread over the

body whorl contrasting with the lighter ground color of

the species proper; the streaks are further apart and set

in straighter lines, and contrast with those of A. panthera,

by the less pronounced wash of neutral grey on the right;

the axial striae are not so deep, while the spiral lines on the

last whorl differ in being confined to a narrow subsutural

area, as compared with A. panthera where they may be

absent, or if present are scattered at irregular distances.

The spire is slightly less acute; the aperture narrower as

regards its length, and less ovate. The columella is

slenderer, and from a side view is more concave than A.

panthera.

* The nuclear whorl of this otherwise perfect specimen has been

broken and mended, entailing a loss of about 11 mm.

THE NAUTILUS 87

MOLLUSKS BELOW CONOWINGO DAM, MARYLAND

BY WILLIAM B. MARSHALL

U. S. National Museum

On September 10, 1929, the writer, with Dr. C. W. Cooke,

U. S. Geological Survey, and Capt. K. B. Squyer, U. S. A.,

spent several hours collecting mollusks on the east side of

the Susquehanna River, for a distance of about half a mile

below the Conowingo Dam, Maryland. From the roadway

on top of the dam the river southward looks like a paradise

for fresh-water mollusks. There are rocks, pools, quiet

water and running water ; and yet the place yielded only 9

species, two of which were represented by dead specimens

only. The pools are almost devoid of vegetable growth, and

but little river silt. A couple of pools had a light growth

of fine, bright green algae ; and in a few pools the bottom

was covered by an inch or so of pale yellow, almost im-

palpable, nearly liquid clay. Physa were found in nearly

all the pools. In those of bare rock they were creeping

about on the rock or on handf uls of leaf mold which were

found here and there. They were more abundant in the

pools with clay bottoms and here their tracks could be seen

running in all directions. Lymnaea in smaller numbers were

found with the Physas. The pools apparently contain but

little life of any kind, other than snails of the genera Physa

and Lymnaea. On the surface of one pool a group of fif-

teen or twenty of the little black whirligigs (Gyriscus)

were circling about.

The locality is only about 12 miles above Chesapeake

Bay and perhaps four or five above tide-water. It seems

likely that later the locality will develop a flora and bottom

conditions suitable to many other molluscan species. The

dam has changed the river above it into a great lake cov-

ering a number of square miles. The quiet condition there

now will probably form an ideal residence for many species

of mollusks.

The following is a list of the species collected. Although

88 THE NAUTILUS

it contains but nine species, it forms a basis for compari-

son with future conditions.

Planorhis antrosus Conrad. One living specimen, young.

In pool near foot of dam on clay covered bottom.

Physa gyrina Say, Physa heterostro'pha Say. Both were

found in numbers, the former the more abundant. In pools

near foot of dam ; more numerous in those with clay bottom.

Lymnaea modicella Say. Not very abundant. About 25

specimens gathered. In pools near base of dam. Many of

them were on the rocky sides of the pool about half inch

above the water, in the bright sunlight of mid-day.

On a bar of coarse sand and gravel a third to a half mile

below the dam, the following were found :

Goniohasis virginica Gmel. Many living. Most of them

are olive color with a brown band on the spire whorls, two

bands on the body whorl. Upper whorls nearly smooth; in

adults the base is generally prominently spirally ribbed.

Amnicola limosa porata Say. Two, living.

Lampsilis cariosus Say. One, dead but in good condition.

Pale orange color with faint radiating greenish stripes on

posterior area.

Lampsilis radiatus Gmel. Four, dead.

Elliptio complanatus (Sol.) Dillw. Two living and many

dead. The living ones have a brilliant violet-colored nacre.

Most dead ones show this color; others show white and a

few salmon-color.

From the above it may be seen that Physa, Elliptio com-

planatus and Goniohasis virginica compose the great ma-

jority of the molluRcan denizens. Lymnaea modicella has

a good foot-hold.

Specimens of all the above are in the U. S. National

Museum (Catalogue numbers 381054 to 381062. respec-

tively).

THE NAUTILUS 89

SOME QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATIONS OF GLOCHIDIA

BY AMANDA DICKSON MERRICK

In the course of some experimental studies it became de-

sirable to know the number of glochidia in certain mass

units, and to ascertain whether or not the number of glo-

chidia per volume unit was fairly constant for a given

species. A review of the literature however, revealed only

references to the number of glochidia produced in a season

by a female mussel, and some size measurements on in-

dividual glochidia of certain species. Accordingly actual

counts, weights and measurements of seven species of glo-

chidia have been made. These studies were made at the

United States Bureau of Fisheries Biological Station at

Fairport, Iowa, and at the University of Missouri.

The marsupia were removed from live, gravid, female

mussels and the glochidia freed by cutting each marsupium

along the ventral margin, the glochidia being forced out by

gentle pressure. The glochidia were then carefully washed

in tap water and freed from the remains of the congluti-

nates by taking up large numbers of glochidia into a pipette

and forcing them out again. The cleaned glochidia were

next transferred to a weak solution of sodium chloride

(0.1%) in which they promptly closed. The closed glo-

chidia were separated, placed in a graduated centrifuge

tube, and centrifuged gently until the glochidia were quit*

closely packed. The salt solution was decanted off and the

drops remaining in the tube and on the glochidial mass

taken up with filter paper, after which the weighings were

made. The glochidia were then preserved for counting in

a formalin-alcohol mixture. Linear measurements were

made from unpreserved glochidia. In some cases an entire

cubic centimeter was counted, but in others only i)ai't of

the cubic centimeter was counted, and the total computed.

A number of glochidia were taken up in a considerable

quantity of water and spread over the bottom of a petri

90 THE NAUTILUS

dish, where the counts were made under low power magni-

fying glass.

All of the species used were of the "long-period" or "win-

ter-breeder" type. In this group the eggs are fertilized dur-

ing the latter part of summer, usually in August, and the

glochidia, which are carried in a fully developed condition

in the marsupium throughout the winter, are not dis-

charged until the following summer. It seems probable

that there is no increase in size of the glochidia after they

become mature from early autumn to winter, and it has

been shown (Corwin, 1920) that fish may be infected suc-

cessfully with glochidia taken from long term breeders in

fall, and that these glochidia will undergo development.

The counts reported here for Lampsilis ligamentina, L.

luteola and the L. anodontoides var. were made in the

months from February to May inclusive, while those for

Lampsilis anodontoides, L. fallaciosa, Symphynota com-

pressa, and Strophitus edentulus, were made during June

and July.

Although differences in size of glochidia within the

species are noted by Ortmann (1912) and by Howard

(1914), the size values obtained in the present studies are

in the same range as those given by other workers for

closely related species, and the volume values offer addi-

tional proof of the enormous number of glochidia produced

by a single female in one season.

Corwin, R. S. (1920) ; Trans. Amer. Fisheries Soc, XLIV,

pp. 81-84.

Howard, A. D. (1914) ; Appendix IV, Report, U. S. Commis-

sioner of Fisheries, 1913.

Ortmann, E. A. (1912) ; Annals, Car. Mus. VIII, pp. 222-

365.

Surber, T. (1912) ; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Doc. 771, 10 pp.

Physiological Laboratory, University of Missouri.

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92 THE NAUTILUS

PHYSA AND BULINUS OF MAURITIUS

BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH

A radula examination of Physa borbonica Fer, (M.C.Z.

79129) from Mauritius establishes this species as a true

Physa and not a Bulmuft. Diagnostic characters of the

shells are not certain with the majority of these forms, and

all the so-called species of Physa from Africa, Asia and

the Indo-Pacific region must first be examined anatomically

to be absolutely certain of their generic position. Though

first described from Reunion (Bourbon), this species is

now known also from Mauritius and the Seychelles.

Sganzin also employed the name borbonica for this

species from the same locality, Bourbon, not being aware

that Ferussac had described it several years before under

the same name. The synonomy of this species is as follows:

Physa borbonica Fer.

1827 Physa borbonica Ferussac, Bull. Sci. Indus. Vol. 10,

p. 408. (Bourbon.)

1838 nana Potiez et Michaud, Galerie des Mollus-

ques, Paris. Vol. 1, pi. 22, fig. 17-18, p. 225. Mauritius.

1842 borbonica Sganzin, Mem. Soc. Nat. Hist.

Strasbourg. Vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 18. (Bourbon.)

1869 scychvUana E. v. Martens, (in) Reisen in

Ost-Afrika, 1857-1865, von C. C. Von der Decken.

Vol. 3, pi. 2, fig. 3. p. 60. (Seychelles.)

1880 borbonica Fer. E. v. Martens. MoUusken

Mauritius u. Seychellen, p. 209.

E. V. Martens (Mollusken Mauritius u. Seychellen, 1880,

p. 210) places Bulinns ccrnicus (Morelet) in the synonomy

of Isidora^ forskali (Ehren). Cotypes of Morelet's species

(M.C.Z. 79127) are certainly differentiated enough from

the typical form as to warrant its retention as a variety.

The synonomy would be as follows.

THE NAUTILUS 93

Buliiins! forskalii cernicus (Morelet)

1867 Physa cernica Morelet, Journ. de Conch. Vol. 15, p.

440. (Mauritius.)

1880 Isidoni forskalii Ehren. E. v. Martens, Mollusken

Mauritius u. Seychellen. p. 210.

SPHAERllM SCOPOLI; SULCASTRUM, NEW SUBGENUS.

AND S. FALLAX, NEW SPECIES

BY V. STERKI

S. sulcatum Lam. holds a peculiar position. It has been

grouped with the subgenus Cyrenastrum Bgt., i. e. with

soHdum Normand and most of the nearctic Sphaeria. S.

Clessin, in his monograph of the "Cycladeen", 1879, placed

it under the subgenus Sphaeriastrum Bgt. with S. rivicola

Leach. It is remote from both groups, and represents a sub-

genus for which the name Sidcastrum is proposed. The

differences are mainly in the surface sculpture, constant in

all of its forms, and wanting in all other Sphaeria. It is

densely, microscopically rugulose, dullish all over; the

striae, or costulae, are fine, sharp, crowded, regular to sub-

regular; also, the nepionic young are considerably larger.

All of this could mean just specific differences; but, with a

great amount of material at hand, it appears that sidcotuin

is not only a species very variable, but a group: there are

some forms constantly different and distinct, rrgo species.

Two have been described: S. crassum, in the Nautilus

XIV, p. 140, 1901. and 5. lineatum, ibidem, XXIII, p. 142,

1910; another is described below.

Sphaerium fciUax, n. sp., differs from sulcatum as fol-

lows: The beaks are more anterior, broad; anterior margin

r. abrupt to subtruncate, the posterior part markedly

1 See Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Vol. 53,

p. 133, for a complete statement relative to the status of Isidora and

Bulinus.

$4 THE NAUTILUS

longer, attenuate, its dorsal margin passing into the pos-

terior by a more or less marked angle, the posterior end

rather angular, well below the median line; the ventral

margin slightly cur\-ed to nearly straight; the surface is

much like that of sulcatum, the riblets generally finer and

more crowded, somewhat scaly, imparting a slight silky

gloss; there are several well marked rest-lines; the hinge

is rather slight, with the anterior laminae shorter; the

nepionic young are large; dimensions, see below.

Distribution: Region of the Great Lakes, generally more

northern, mostly in lakes of northern Michigan and Wis-

consin (and probably in Minnesota, etc.).

S. faUdx is much like sulcatum, and it took years and

specimens from many places to justify establishing the

species. But when once familiar \^ith it, one can discern

them almost at a glance. Be it mentioned that the speci-

mens from one habitat are fairly uniform, as it is with

most Sphaeriidae. As a whole, the species is decidedly

variable, as to size and shape, extreme forms are quite

dissimilar, but connected by intermediate grades. It ap-

pears to be in place to cite a few lots in our collection as

examples.

The first specimens noted as different and apparently

distinct from sulcatum were from Mountain Lake, Mar-

quette Co., Mich., collected by Dr. Br>'ant Walker, in 1898

(No. 1644), and subsequent years; 13-15 mm. long, with

the beaks ver\' little prominent.

No. 12514' : Ontonagon River, west branch, (k>gebic Co.,

Mich., collected by Joe E. Morrison, in 1929; average large,

19:14:12.5 mm. with the beaks prominent; one was 22 mm.

long.

11786: Schlatter's Lake, Keweenaw Co., Mich., received

from Dr. Walker, in 1928, small, short, but well formed,

13-14 mm. long.

10933: Whitefi.sh Point, Chippewa Co., Mich., collected

1 The nambers cited are of the special orfleetion of Sphaeriidas,

in the Carne^e Muaeum

THE NAUTILUS 95

by Wm. J. Clench, in 1915. per Museum of Zoologrj'. Univ.

of Michigan : markedly elongate, about 18 mm. long.

12502: Palmer Lake, Vilas Co., Wis., collected by Joe E.

Morrison, in 1929; 16 mm. long.

11602: Chautauqua Lake. N. Y.. collected by Dr. F. C.

Baker, in 1927. rather short form, 15 mm. long; a rather

southern station.

Even as restricted. 5. sulcatum, is still ver>* "variable".

E. g.. there is a form : very large, 20-23 mm. long, of well

rounded outlines, strongly and evenly inflated : this is prob-

ably what T. Prime had named giganteum. Specimens are

in the M. C. Z. collection, and probably in others, from the

Hudson River, the Holston River, from Hull. Quebec:

Nepean. Ont. Another extreme form, planatum St.. small,

e. g.. 13:9.5:6.5 mm., slightly inflated, with the peripheral

parts of the valves flat, shell and hinge ver>- slight, color

light grayish: from northern Indiana, Michigan, etc., the

two, side by side, would be taken for distinct species. And

there is one. apparently a regional subspecies, which had

been named in manuscripts for many years dnkotense: of

medium size. r. rounded-elliptical, beaks rather median and

little prominent : color, dark reddish brovsn : from Wis-

consin and Minnesota to Dakota. There are a few others,

more different, with possible claims for specific rank, each

represented by several entries, \\-aiting for additional evi-

dence as to their standing.

NEW AND PROBLEMATIC WEST AMERICAN LAND-SNAILS

BY H. BITIRINGTON BAKER

This paper is mainly founded on land-snails which were

collected during a trip to the Pacific States in the summer

of 1929. Because of its anatomy, MacrocycUs hemphUli

W. G. B. from Washington and Oregon is removed from

Haplotrema (Haplotreraatidae) and made the monotype

96 THE NAUTILUS

of a new genus. Mcgomphix, and a new subfamily, Meg-

omphicinae, in the Zonitidae. On the basis of preliminary

dissections, the genus Pristiloma is considered a close rela-

tive of the European Vitrea (Zonitidae) ; Ogaridiscus is

made a section of Pristiloma: and P. nicholsoyii. which is a

new species from California. Vitrea johnsoni Dall {-^Prist-

iloma taijlori Pils.) from Washington, Oregon and Van-

couver I., Hyalina subrupicola Dall (Utah). Vitrea sub-

rupicola spelaea Dall (Cal.), Tonites wascoensis Hemphill

(Ore.; also Idaho and Montana?) and Heli^ chersineUa

Dall (Cal. and Ore.) are added to the genus. P. arcticum is

reported from subalpine slopes of Mt. Ranier, Wash. A

new species of Endodontidae. Radiodiscus ahietum, is de-

scribed from Idaho and. because of its aberrant anatomical

structure, is made the monotype of a new subgenus,

RoAiiodoryius. Types are in the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia.

Megomphix hemphilli (W. G. Binney). new genus.

Macrocijclis hemphilli W. G. B. (1879. Ann. X. Y. Acad.

Sci. 1: 356, pi. 15, fig. M). Olympia, Wash.

Last July. Mr. Allyn Smith of Berkeley, Calif., called to

my attention two shells of this species from Riverdale,

Ore., which he thought resembled the Zonitidae more than

the Haplotrematidae. After several days' search at this

place, I found a few living specimens on Aug. 4 and 5. 1929

(No. 140980. in Acad. Nat. Sci.. Philadelphia).

Riverdale is a suburb of Portland, on the left bank of the

Williamette River near the southern boundary of Mult-

nomah County. The estivating individuals of M. hemphiili

burrow a few inches into the loose loam under fallen logs

on quite steep hillsides, which are dominated by Pseudo-

tsuga-Tsuga forest. They usually live under those trunks

which are supported off the ground by other debris, which

insures the snails plenty of air and comparative freedom

from excessive accumulations of decaying humus.

Animal: practically without pigmentation. Foot: aula-

copod. medium in size and rather elongate; broadest near

THE NAUTILUS 97

IK)sterior end ; pedal grooves double, prominent and with

broad interstitial gyrus; sole tripartite to near posterior

end, with middle zone about half as wide as either lateral

one; locomotion not observed because animals were very

sluggish. Tail: wide and dorsoventrally flattened; tip broad-

ly rounded and very slightly emarginate ; gland orifice quite

large and diamond-shaped; peripodial angle broad, low and

emarginate. Mantle collar (pi. , fig. 4).: complete, rela-

tively broad and swollen in palatal region but narrow in

columellar; right pneumostomatic neck-lappet large; left

one small and claw-shaped ; accessory left lappet widely

separated and vestigial. Lung (fig. 4) : about 3 times as

long as its base or about 4 times length of kidney ; principal

pulmonary vein large but abruptly divided into a fan of

tributaries before it reaches pneumostome; other branches

stronger on columellar than on hindgut side; minor vena-

tion indistinct. Pericardium: unusually large, with over

half its length outside of lung. Kidney : slightly longer than

its base and about length of pericardium; thick and with

almost half its bulk posterior to lung wall; ureter complete;

external ureteric opening under a flap alongside of anus,

which empties into a groove to right of inner end of

pneumostome.

Ovotestis (fig. 3) : eight groups of irregularly clavate

alveoli, imbedded in lower half of liver; duct long, swollen

except at ends ; convoluted region short ; talon exceptionally

long, slender fusiform ; carrefour imbedded. Albumen

gland: brownish cream-colored, firm and shining. Uterus:

long and quite slender, closely sacculate. Free oviduct:

light cream-colored, of medium length, with heavy walls;

joined near its base by a large, cream-colored, ellipsoid

caecum, which has a spacious lumen and thick walls (A),

that are longitudinally plicate internally. Spermatheca: sac

obovate, imbedded near base of albumen gland ; duct of

long type, columellar in position but passing to right of

oviducal caecum; slightly expanded at base. Vagina: whit-

ish, exceptionally long; almost completely encircled near its

98 THE NAUTILUS

upper end by a heavy muscular collar (without lumen)

that is white and shining; no distinct glandular develop-

ment. Prostate: of long type. Vas deferens: swollen along

free oviduct : slender where it is forced into penioviducal

angle by right eye-retractor; juxtaposed along entire length

of penis. Epiphallus (B, C) : slightly enlarged, with quite

thin wall, which develops into a pilaster along side oppo-

site penis and into a vague corona of low, knobby thicken-

ings near termination ; opening by a simple pore on one

side of penial apex. Penis : long but quite slender, thickest

near apical end ; lumen large ; walls with numerous, beaded,

longitudinal plicae, two of which form heavier pilasters in

apical fifth and partially separate a narrow compartment

that receives opening of vas deferens. Penial retractor:

insertion on penial apex; origin high on diaphram. Cloaca:

very short; external opening just behind and slightly below

base of right ommatophore.

Mantle retractor: exceptionally heavy. Columellar muscle

gives off: (1) buccal retractor which is almost free, (2, 3)

heavy, right and left free retractors almost at origin and

continues as (4) broad but thin tail fan. Buccal: divided

near posterior end of buccal mass into bipartite ventral

fan and two. tripartite lateral ones. Left free : divides a

short distance below origin into subequal lateral and ten-

tacular retractors; tentacular subdivides near posterior end

of buccal mass into small ocular and large inferior re-

tractor, both of which send darkly pigmented anastomoses

to base of ommatophore. Right free: similar to left but

with all subdivisions anterior to posterior end of buccal

mass and with pedal fan much heavier, although not closely

associated with uterus; ocular retractor and basal anasto-

moses passing through penioviducal angle.

Buccal mass: fairly small, ellipsoid. Salivary glands:

about 2' -J times as long as buccal mass and quite slender

(smaller than in carnivorous pulmonates) ; almost bilater-

ally symmetric ; anterior ends above buccal mass and

oesophagus; posterior ends enveloping oesophagrus; ducta

THE NAUTILUS 9f

arising laterally, near middle of each gland. Jaw (fig. 2) :

irregularly crescentic; heavy and brownish but quite nar-

low; weakly and closely rib-striate (i. e., showing vestiges

of primitive plaits) ; growth-lines sharp. Radular formula

(fig. 1): 6-12-9-1-27. Transverse rows: 113 counted; al-

most horizontal in lateral fields, anterolaterally oblique in

marginal and again horizontal in outer marginal region.

Central : slightly asymmetric, broad and heavy, a little

larger than first lateral ; tricuspid with broad mesocone.

Laterals (1-9) : heavy and broad; inner ones almost tri-

cuspid (entoconal plate weakly notched) ; outer ones inter-

grading with marginals. Marginals (10-21) : much nar-

rower although scarcely longer than laterals; bases much

shorter; bicuspid with lanceolate mesocone and small,

raised ectocone. Outer marginals (22-27) : much shorter

than inner; bicuspid or sporadicly with double ectocones;

outermost vestigial.

The well-marked pedal grooves of this species place it

with certainty in the Aulacopoda. The caecoid diverticulum

of its free oviduct is a very peculiar feature. The spacious

lumen and internally plicate walls as well as the position

of this organ are very different from the structural pecu-

liarities of a Zonitid dart-sac or pugio. Both this oviducal

caecum and the reflected epiphallus are somewhat similar

to the conditions in the holopod St)-ophocheUus ohlongus

(Acavidae; cf. H. B. B. : 1926. Oc. P. Mus. Zool. Univ.

Mich. No. 167: p. 22, pi. 15).

I cannot believe that W. G. Binney ever saw the radula

of this species, as it has no resemblance to that in the

Haplotrematidae. Except for the slight elongation of the

inner marginals, the teeth are not unlike those in some

Endodontidae. Its tripartite sole is perhaps the best reason

for the inclusion of this species as a primitive member in

the Zonitidae. But, its very peculiar dentition and its ovi-

ducal caecum separate it from either the Tanychlamydinae

or the Euconulinae. which are perhaps its closest relatives.

For these reasons, Macrocyclis hemphiUi W. G. B. is now

100 THE NAUTILUS

made the monotype of a new genus, Megomphix, and of a

special subfamily, the Megomphicinae.

CTo be continued)

Explanation of Plate 5

All figures are drawn with aid of camera lucida. Upper-

most scale is for figs. 5-7 and represents one millimeter;

next for figs 4 (5 mm.) and IT (200 microns), third for

fig. 2 (.5 mm.), fourth for fig. 3 (5 mm.) and lowest for

fig. 1 (50 microns).

Fig. 1. Megomphix hemphilli. Radula: central and

1st lateral slightly separated laterad ; also 7th,

14th, 21st and 23rd teeth. Hairline (T) gives

shape of right half of a transverse row, with

borders of each tooth indicated.

Fig. 2. M. hemphilli. Jaw.

Fig. 3. M. hemphilli. Genitalia, dissected and separ-

ated; also transverse sections through: (A)

oviducal caecum between apical and middle

thirds of its length, (B) vas deferens (left)

and penis at their confuence and (C) vas

deferens and penis a short distance below their

junction (less enlarged).

Fig. 4. M. hemphilli. Internal view of pallial complex,

pinned out nearly flat. Curved line that crosses

pericardium and kidney indicates position of

posterior lung-wall.

Figs. 5-7. Pristiloma nicholsoni. Umbilical, apical and

profile views of cotype shells ; fig. 6 represents

a different specimen from that in figs. 5 and 7.

Plate 6

Uppermost scale is for fig. 6 and repre.sents 1 mm., next

for figs. 2-4 (1 mm.), third for figs. 1 (10 microns) and

IT (50 microns), fourth for fig. 5 (1 mm.) and lowest for

fig. 7 (1 mm.).

Fig. 1. Radindiscus (Radiodomiis) ahirtum. Radula:

central and 1st lateral in natural relations;

also 7th, 14th and 18th teeth. Hairline (T)

gives .shajie of ri^lit half of a transverse row

with l)()rders of each tooth indicated.

NAUTILUS XLIII

PLATE 5

1-4, Megonii)hix liempliilli. B-7, rri-<tiloina nioholsoni.

NAUTILUS XLIII

PLATE 6

1-7. Kiiilioiliscns (Kaili<i<l(>niU!*) al«i<'t\ini.

CHARLES .1. M AVNAKli

THE NAUTILUS 101

Figs. 2-4. R. ahietum. Umbilical, apical and profile views

of type shell (immature). Peristome of speci-

men is broken (dotted lines inside of restored

outline). In both figs. 2 and 3, outlines of two

adjacent ribs are shown.

Fig. 5. R. ahietum. Genitalia, with ovotestis and half

of its duct omitted.

Fig. 6. R. ahietum. Internal view of pallial complex.

Fig. 7. R. ahietum. Penis and accessories, drawn from

mount in glycerin jelly, as viewed by trans-

mitted light.

CHARLES JOHNSON MAYNARD

After an illness of over two months Mr. Charles J.

Maynard passed away at his home in West Newton, near

Boston, October 15, 1929. He was born in West Newton,

May 6, 1845.

Mr. Maynard was one of the old school of naturalists

and had his own way of doing things and his own ideas

regarding nomenclature and the classification of species.

Primarily an ornithologist, he also wrote on the butterflies

and on many other subjects pertaining to natural history.

Now, however, I wish to place special emphasis on his con-

chological work on the Cerionidae.

In giving an account of his explorations Mr. Maynard

says: — "I saw my first Cerion in November, 1870, when I

collected specimens of what I then knew as Pupa incana

on Key West." He collected at Nassau, Bahamas, in 1883,

and at Nassau, Andros, Rum Key, Long Island, Inagua,

Cayman Brae, and Little Cayman in 1887-88. In 1893 he

again visited Nassau and Andros, and the following keys,

Green and High Keys, Highburne Key and the keys about

Allen's Harbor. In 1897 he explored more thoroughly the

Island of New Providence and visited Eleuthera. 1913

again saw him at Nassau, but owing to an accident he was

unable to carry out all his plans at that time. His most

102 THE NAUTILUS

extended trip for Cerions was in 1915. Landing at Nassau,

he chartered a small vessel and visited North Silver Key,

Rose Island, Ship Channel Key, Bush Key and the line of

keys extending to the Exuma Keys. Returning to Nassau,

Andros was again visited, also Joulter's Keys and Berry

Islands to Great Stirrup Key. In referring to the material

obtained Maynard says: — "As a result of all the explora-

tions made in 1915, 100,000 Cerions were secured and

among them are about ninety new species. These, and the

specimens already gathered, bring the number of Cerions

now in my collection somewhere in the neighborhood of

200,000." His last trip to the Bahamas was in the sum-

mer of 1924, when he collected 44,000 specimens on New

Providence and adjacent islands.

With his classifications of the Cerionidae many do not

agree, but a review of his work would not be in keeping

at this time, even if space were available. As pointed out

by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry in the Manual of Conchology and by

Dr. Paul Bartsch in his "Experiments jn the Breeding of

Cerions", the species are excessively plastic and locally

modified, and are subject to a remarkable range of individ-

ual variation. Many species vary from those having con-

spicuous longitudinal ribs to those that are entirely smooth.

In color and size a species may also be extremely variable.

The following papers by Mr. Maynard all appeared in hia

own publications:

Monograph of the Genus Strophia. Contributions to

Science. Vol. I, 1889, pages 1-29, 68-79, 125-135, 188-197,

plates 1, 2, 7, 16. Vol. II, July, 1893, Dec., 1894, pages

107-182. Vol. Ill, March, 1896, pages 1-40, plates 1-7.

Descriptions of some species of the family Cerionidae,

Appendix to Records of Walks and Talks with Nature,

Vol. 5, pages 177-200, 1913.

A species of Land Shell of the family Cerionidae. Re-

cords of Walks and Talks with Nature, Vol. 6, pages 177-

179, 1914.

Descriptions of New Strophias, by J. C. Maynard and

THE NAUTILUS 108

Nellie A. Clapp. Records of Walks and Talks with Nature,

Vol. 6. pages 180-182, 1915.

Contributions to the History of the Cerionidae, Appen-

dix to Vol. X, Records of Walks and Talks with Nature,

Numbers 1-12. Oct.. 1919-March, 1926, 217 pages, 43 plates

and 116 figures in text.

Catalogue of Specimens of the Family Cerionidae, for

sale [1921].

Supplement to Sale Catalogue of Cerionidae, with de-

scriptions of new species, collected in the Bahamas Islands

in summer of 1924, pages 1-6, December, 1924.

C. W. Johnson.

NOTES AND NEWS

Pyrgulopsis nevadensis (Stearns) in Oregon. — Re-

cently Prof. Junius Henderson' announced the finding of

this species inside of a shell of Carinifex ponsonbyi from

Klamath Lake, Oregon, which I had sent to him. Sometime

previously I had been sorting a large number of the Pyr-

gvlopsis which had been dredged in Pyramid Lake, Nevada,

and at the time of his announcement, I was afraid that one

of these had accidentally gotten misplaced and wedged in

the Carinifex. Therefore, it is fitting to announce definitely

that Pyrgulopsis nevadensis does live in Klamath Lake,

Oregon.

Dr. H. B. Baker, Mr. John Nicliolsoii and I spent July 25

to 27, 1929, collecting about the lake and found the species

living in considerable numbers at two widely separated

places. One of these is a point on the east side of the lake,

four and one-half miles north of Algoma ; the other was on

the west side of the exit, just above the bridge. In both

cases the shells were found on rocks and tule roots in water

' Henderson, J. Nautilus, Vol. 41, 1928, p. 141. Also, Non-Ma-

rine MoUusca of Oregon and Washingrton, Univ. Colo. Studies Vol.

17, No. 2, July, 1929, p. 170.

104 THE NAUTILUS

two to five feet in depth. Careful comparison has not been

made with a series from the Nevada Lakes, but they are be-

lieved to be the same species.

Mr. F. M. Anderson, who collected the Carinifex sent to

Prof. Henderson, informs me that he obtained his shells at

the south end of the lake near the exit where our living

specimens were obtained. — G. D. Hanna.

PODODESMUS MACROSCHISMUS Deshayes. — A specimen

dredg-ed in Puget Sound gives further evidence of the plas-

ticity of this form (Nautilus, Vol. XLII, p. 67) in relation

to its environment. This individual grew within an empty

Teredo boring, surviving in spite of the cramped quarters.

Although the typical shape is almost circular the present

specimen is elongated, having the following dimensions:

a record of either Zoogenites or Carychium for any of the

Height (umbo to margin), 7.5 mm.; length, 21.5 mm. —

Don L. Frizzell, Seattle, Wash.

Zoogenites and Carychium in Colorado. — Dr. Calvin

Goodrich, of the University of Michigan, recently sent me

specimens of Zoogenites harpa (Say) and Caryehium exi-

guum Say, with a fragment that seems to be the apex of

Cochlicopn . They were obtain(?d by Dr. Peter Okkelberg, in

Estes Park, Colorado, at an altitude of a little over 8,000

feet above sea level, in sparse woods near a spring half a

mile from Stead's Ranch house. I have never been able to find

Rocky Mountain States, though Carychium has been re-

ported from both Oregon and Washington. The finding of

these two genera togetlicr, l)oth eastern species, in an

isolated western mountain park and their apparent absence

elsewhere in the whole surrounding region, suggests the

possibility that they were inadvertently introduced in ship-

ments of some sort from some other state, but the situation

and locality makes that seem improbable. It is probably a

perfectly good record of a natural occurrence, and is very

interesting. I have always expected that Carychium would

eventually be found in the Rockies, but did not expect

Zoogenites in Colorado. — JUNIUS HENDERSON.

THE NAUTILUS 105

LiTORiNA LiTTOREA LiNN. — Richards (Nautilus, Vol. 43,

p. 65. 1929), states that tliis species is a rock-inhabitinj?

form exclusively, and not found elsewhere. Exception mu.st

be made to this statement. The species in question is one

of the most abundant forms found along the shores of bays

and inlets on the New England coast. In this region they

can be found everywhere between tide marks crawling over

mud and on the blades and among the roots of Zostera. In

many places it is by far the dominant species. No other

littoral mollusk on the New England coast is to be found

in so many different habitat stations. — W. J. Clench.

New Shellfish Law for Massachusetts. — Director

William C. Adams of the State Division of Fisheries and

Game, has given out the following statement: "The new

law pertains to the taking of shellfish by any inhabitant of

the commonwealth for his own family use. Heretofore any

resident could take an unlimited quantity of shellfish from

any of the costal areas of the commonwealth but under the

terms of the new law he is restricted to not exceeding one-half

bushel of quahaugs or soft-shelled clams, including shells,

in any one day ; or more than one bushel of each, including

shells, in any one week. In the case of scallops the public

is limited to one and one-half bushels of scallops, including

shells, in any one week and there is a further restriction

that scallops can be taken only during the open season from

Oct. 1 to April 1.

"In addition to the foregoing, the law provides that no

riuahaugs or clams which are less than two inches in length

at longest diameter may be taken by any person, regardless

of whether or not they are taken for family use or com-

mercial purposes."

publications received

The Terrestrial Shell-bearing Mollusca of Ala-

bama. By Bryant Walker (Univ. of Michigan, Mus. Zool..

Misc. Pub. No. 18). Herbert H. Smith, assisted by his

106 THE NAUTILUS

talented wife, collected mollusks in Alabama from 1903

until his death in 1920. In this rich field, which had been

worked over in places by Conrad and by Showalter and

other correspondents of Dr. Isaac Lea, Smith covered the

ground much more effectively, collecting not only copious

materials for elucidating the old species, but also many

new forms of the greatest interest. Many of his discoveries

were published from time to time in the Nautilus and else-

where, by Walker and G. H. Clapp, and Goodrich has

worked on the Pleuroceridae. Now we have a treatise on

the land shells of the state from Bryant Walker's capable

pen.

No less than 23 new species and subspecies of land shells

were discovered by Smith. Since Alabama extends from

the outliers of the Appalachian Plateau to the Gulf, its

fauna is remarkably varied. Walker recognizes 150 species

of the northern fauna, 35 of the southern. Two thirds of

the latter are confined to the Gulf coast. Probably no other

state has so many species of Polygyra, 59. The following

new forms are first described in this work :

Polygyra herberti Walker.

Vitrea cumberlandiana Clapp.

Vitrea (Paravitrea) smithi Walker.

Anguispira alteniata crassa Clapp.

Anguispira alternata macneilli Walker.

Anguispira alternata palustris Clapp.

Anguispira alternata smithi Walker.

Vertigo whecleri Pilsbry.

The 278 figures accompanying the descriptions of species

and subspecies add materially to the usefulness of the

paper. It is handsomely printed, and being the only hand-

book we have dealing with a southern state, is a most wel-

come addition to our list of regional manuals. — H. A. P.

Some Records and Descriptions of the New Fresh-

water Mollusks from Cameroon. By William J. Clench.

(Bull. Museum Comp. Zool.. Vol. 59, pp. 117-123. pi. 1,

1929.) One new genus Goodrichia and the following new

THE NAUTILUS 107

species are described and figured : G. trochiformis and

subspecies pilshnji, Rhinomelania afrieana, Lanistes sana-

yaensi^ and Eyeria schwabi.

A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Anatomy of

THE Fresh-water Mussels of the District of Columbia.

By Lucy Reardon. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 75, art. II, pp.

1-12, pis 1-5, 1929.) The anatomy of five species is de-

scribed and figured in detail. A valuable contribution to

our knowledge of the species.

Fauna Malacologica Terrestre y de Aqua Dulce de

Cataluna. For el Dr. F. Haas. (Trab. Mus. Cien. Nat.

Barcelona, vol. 13, 1929.) A most exhaustive study of the

moUuscan fauna of northeastern Spain. The work com-

prises 491 pages with 187 excellent figures in text.

New Fossil Land and Fresh-water Mollusks from

THE Reynosa Formation of Texas. By Wm. B. Marshall.

(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 76, art. 1, pp. 1-6, pi. 1, 1929.)

Three new genera Plicomiias, Eonaias and Antediplodon

and four new species including Polygyra myersi are de-

scribed and figured.

The Florida Tree Snails of the Genus Liguus. By

Charles T. Simpson. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 73, art.

20, pp. 1-44, map, and pis. 1-4, 1929.) A most interesting

review of this remarkable genus, in which the author figures

the various forms described in the Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-

ington, vol. 33, 1920, together with others described by Dr.

Pilsbry. The authors* views on the dispersal of these tree

snails from Cuba, on floating timber, during hurricanes

and their distribution and migration in Florida forms a

very interesting chapter. The author says : "The death knell

of these beautiful snails in Florida has been sounded and it

will be but a few years until all are gone, save it may be in

the great Royal Palm Hammock which is a state reserva-

tion. Most of the small hammocks have been destroyed,

and in others still standing the snails are fading away be-

fore man." The colored plates are very good but hardly

do justice to these beautiful shells. — C. W. J.

^(H THE NAUTILUS

Shells of Peitaiho. By Amadeus W. Grabau and

Sohtsu G. King. Published by the Peking Laboratory of

Natural History. 279 pages, 11 plates, 2nd ed., 1928.

Peitaiho is on the Bay of Pechili, China. The physical

features of the collecting ground, how to collect and other

interesting matter is given in the introduction. Chapters

on the structures of pelecypod and gastropod shells, are

followed by the systematic descriptions of species. 127

species are described and figured, of which 43 species and

varieties are new. The following from the preface fully

describes the object of this valuable guide to the study of

the Mollusca. "In reissuing this book in its new form, we

are actuated by the desire to make it a handy field-com-

panion for the multitude of young and mature students,

who have come to realize that some of nature's most beauti-

ful objects are to be found upon the unique shores of

Pechili Bay."— C. W. J.

Non-Marine Mollusca of Oregon and Washington.

By Junius Henderson (University of Colorado Studies,

XVII, No. 2, 1929). To supply the need for a faunal work

on the inland mollusks of the region, Professor Henderson

has published this excellent manual of 190 pages, in which

may be found descriptions, figures and details of distribu-

tion of all species now known in these states, together with

references to previous literature. The author has visited

225 localities in the two states in the past three years. He

has critically examined the evidence in cases of records

which appear dubious, and has given careful attention to

the ever-changing nomenclature. The characteristics and

limits of the Oregonian and the Washingtonian "provinces"

are discussed briefly. "In a general way these provinces

are so distinct in their biological characteristics as to

strongly impress anyone who is working upon the mollusks

in a large way." The figures, many of which are original,

are characteristic, and the work will be most useful to all

concerned with the zoology of the region. — H. A. P.

The Nautilus.

Vol. XLIII APRIL, 1930. No. 4

ANCIENT SHELL "TRADE ROUTES"

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON

It has long been known that large quantities of Pacific

marine shells are found in prehistoric graves and ruins in

Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and southwestern Colorado.

Olivella, Haliotis and GJ]icyyneris are especially abundant,

and are found with remains representing all the culture

periods, from the very abundant Basket Maker to the

Pueblo-Cliff Dweller. Fine necklaces and armlets made of

Ghjcymeris and Olivella and ornaments made of Hcdiotis

have been found in Basket Maker graves. Two of these are

in the University of Colorado Museum. It seems probable

that there was for at least 2,000 or 3,000 years a regular

trade route for shells from southern California or Lower

California, or both, to Colorado and New Mexico. A recent

paper by Krieger ("A prehistoric pit house village site on

the Columbia River at Wahluke, Grant County, Washing-

ton," Proc. U. S. Natl. Museum, LXXIII, pp. 1-29, 1928)

indicates that there was a similar ancient trade route,

either over the mountains or up the Columbia River, from

the Pacific Coast to interior Washington, the sites men-

tioned in the paper being over 200 miles in a direct line

from the coast. He mentions Dpntaliumind inv arum, Hnliotis

kamchntkana, H. fiilgcris, H. rufeRcensi, Diadora aspera

Olivella hipUcatn. Glycymeris subobsoleta , Profothaca sp.,

and "other Pacific Coast shells".

He mentions Protofhaca as a "Columbia River species of

110 THE NAUTILUS

bivalve" (p. 13), a "fresh-water clam or Unio" (p. 15). It

is not a Unio and not a fresh-water clam, but a subgenus of

Paphia, or perhaps a genus, including several species and

subspecies widely distributed along the Pacific Coast and

about Puget Sound, usually abundant in estuaries or bays

where the water is markedly saline, but more or less fresh-

ened by the inflow of river water. The DentaUiim is prob-

ably what is now known as D. pretiosum Sowerby. I have

found no record of H. fulgens north of the Farralones, or

of H. rufescens north of Bodega Bay, the northern limits of

those species, according to Dall (1921), and have not found

them myself in extensive collecting along the coasts of

Washington and Oregon. If they occur they must be very

rare. All of the other species may well have come from the

coast of Washington or Oregon, by any one of several

feasible routes.

If the material called H. fulgens and H. rufescens is cor-

rectly identified, it raises a difficult question as to where it

came from. It does not seem likely that it came from middle

or southern California. It does not seem any more likely

that during the few centuries or possibly 2,000 or 3,000

years since the burials were made the ranges of the two

species have been so restricted. It might be possible that

they are fossil shells, but I have never found any of either

species in the fossil deposits of the northwest that I have

examined, nor have I seen any recorded from there. There

are numerous Pleistocene deposits about Puget Sound and

southward along the coast which should contain specimens

if the species formerly lived along the northwest coast. If

these shells came from the Oregon or Washington coast

and their range has since been much restricted it would be

at least .some evidence bearing upon the antiquity of the

human remains associated therewith.

THE NAUTILUS 111

HELICINA (HENDERSONIA) OCCULTA SAY, AGAIN

BY B. SHIMEK

Morrison's recent paper on Hendersonia occulta^ invites

discussion.

As is well known, the fossil form was described by Say

as Helicina occulta. Later, Green described the modern form

as H. rubella. The i)aper noted follows the tendency to re-

gard the modern form as a variety of occulta under the

name rubella.

The writer has previously shown that there is no war-

rant for the separation of the modern and fossil forms.-

Color cannot be a criterion, for the fossil shells are

bleached, and the modern forms varj-^ greatly, from light

horn-colored, through lemon-colored and light red, to a

deep brick red. Size is variable in both, and the extremes in

one equal those in the other. The form of the shell is also

variable in both, within about the same limits.

To separate the living form as a named variety gives

an impression of differences which do not exist. If this rule

is to be followed then all the fossils from the loess should

be segregated under separate names, — a procedure which

has already gone too far. Manifestly there is no excuse

whatever for a varietal separation of the fossil and modern

forms where both exhibit the same range of variation. The

varietal name rubella should be dropped.

The statement is also made that "nearly all the records

of the occurrence of this species as a modern form are

from the Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin, north-

eastern Iowa and southeastern Minnesota and from the

Appalachians".

' Morrison, J. P. E., Ov the Occurrence of Hendersonia in Crawford

County, Wu;., NAUTILUS, XLIII, 41-45; 1929.

- For the writer's discussion of variation and distribution of the

fossil and modern forms see: Helicina occulta Say, Proceedings of

the Davenport Academy of Sciences, vol. IX, pp. 173-180; 1904. Addi-

tional Notes ov Helicina occulta. Journal of Geology, vol. XIII, pp.

232-237; 1905. Further Notes on Helicina occulta Say. Proceedings

of the Iowa Academy of Science, vol. XXVI, pp. 385-390; 1919.

11^ THE NAUTILUS

In this northern territory the modern form has been

found most abundantly in Johnson and Madison counties,

Iowa, both far removed from the so-called Driftless Area

(which, incidentally, was not wholly driftless in Iowa and

some of the adjoining territory), and it occurs in Iowa in

Linn, Hardin and Lee Counties, and in Mound County,

Illinois, — all remote from the Wisconsin Driftless Area.

The southern limit of distribution of the modern form

is in Marion County, Tennessee, which is almost exactly

the southern limit of the fossil form. Here it is associated

with a distinctively southern molluscan fauna.

It is significant, moreover, that as we approach the Drift-

less Area the fossils of this species become less and less

common until they disappear before reaching this area

which is assumed to be one of the centers of distribution of

the modem form. It might appear, rather, that the colonies

in the Driftless Area are later invaders, though the lesser

deposition of loess in that region would probably make the

preservation of the shells less certain.

The fossil shells are widely distributed in the Loess, oc-

curring from Indiana to Nebraska, and south to near the

south line of Tennessee on the east side of the Mississippi,

though not known south of Missouri on the west side of the

river. Southward it is displaced, in both the loess and

modern faunas, by Helicina orbiculata.

The widely scattered modern colonies are evidently rem-

nants of a once abundant race, but we must look to other

than glacial causes for their reduction in numbers. Both the

fossil and modern forms extend far south of the limits of

glaciation, and the reduction in numbers and extent of local

distribution has been distinctly greater in the southern

part of the area.

Iowa Cilv, Iowa, Januarv 20. 1930.

THE NAUTILUS 118

SNAILS. NEW AND OTUERWISE, FROM THE PALOMAR

MOUNTAINS. CALIFORNIA

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY

Redlands, California

The following apparently new species of zonitid land

snail was among the spoils of last season's collecting.

VlTREA OROTis, new species. (Figs. 1, la, 16.)

Diagnosis: — Shell small, thin, whitish horn-color, trans-

lucent. Whorls S'].i, moderately convex, regularly enlarg-

ing, smooth, except for the weak incremental lines, and the

traces of spiral striation noted below. Surface highly pol-

ished, with a waxy luster; occasional whitish resting marks

on most specimens, and sometimes also whitish spirals in

the shell. Suture distinct, appressed ; spire very low-conic;

base convex, umbilicate; umbilicus wide and with the

earlier whorls perspectively visible within, contained about

Figs. 1, lb. — Vitr9aorotia. Fig. 2, he\ow. — Vitrea $hepardi.

Camera outlines.

5 times in the shell diameter; periphery rounded. Aperture

rounded, moderately descending, the lip sharp, and with a

slight subangulate reflection at the umbilicus. Spiral stria-

tion quite strong in umbilicus, and also veiy finely and deli-

cately developed on the upper surface, where, however, it

is not always easy to make out.

:\Tax. diam. of type 2.60. min. diam. 2.24, alt. 1.36, diam.

umbilicus .52 mm.

Type: — Cat. No. 7095 of the author's collection. Para-

types No. 6552 of the same collection, others to be deposited

114 THE NAUTILUS

in the San Diego Museum of Natural History and the

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Type Locality: — Near the sawmill on south ridge of

Palomar Mountains, east of Palomar resort, San Diego

Co., California; in woodsy ravine under fallen logs and

bark; 19 specimens, S. S. Berry and Willis G. Craig coll.,

7 April 1928.

Remarks: — This minute but very beautiful snail, in

form, color, and texture, suggests V. gabrielina (Berry),

its not distant neighbor to the north, and especially V.

shepardi (Hemphill), but the much smaller size, the fewer

whorls, and the wider, more perspective umbilicus serve

amply to distinguish it from the former, while if my single

specimen of shepardi from False Bay be correctly identi-

fied, the latter is a flatter, more lenticular shell with a more

oval aperture. In specimens taken alive the umbilicus was

almost invariably occluded by a translucent film resembling

dried slime as in the preceding species.

The reference of both these forms, as well as gabrielina,

to Vitrea must be understood as purely presumptive, pend-

ing such time as an investigation may be made of their an-

atomical characters.

The specific name chosen is derived from oros mountain,

-f- the suffix — tis, inhabitant of.

The following species was found in association with the

one just described.

Helminthoglypta lowei (Bartsch). This handsome form

.seems to be entirely distinct from cuyaviaccnsis.

Zonitoides (Zonitellns) arboreiis (Say).

Vitrea chersineUa (Dall),

Sfriatura milium meridionalis (Pilsbry & Ferriss). This

form is not typical milium and seems best referred to the

Arizonan subspecies in the present state of our knowledge.

(NoTK : Since the forcKoinp: paper left my hands Mr. H. R. Baker

has kindly made direct conijiarison between paratypes of V. orotis

and some of Hemphill's orijrinals of V. shepardi from Santa Catalina

Island [A. N. S. P. HnOtM]. He writes that "shrpardi is about the size

of orotic, but is decidedly more lenticular, with more depressed, more

rapidly increasing whorls [ Vi whorl less in similar diameter], with a

relatively smaller umbilicus and with a sliRlitly impressed suture.")

THE NAUTILUS 115

THK MU R AKIOM AS OF THE INDIOENSIS GKOUI'. WITH THE

UESCini'TION OF A NEW SUBSPECIES

BY G. WILLETT

During the past few years the writer has accumulated a

series of specimens of Micrarionta from many localities on

the desert slope of the San Jacinto Mountains and their

southerly extension, the Santa Rosas. After a study of

these specimens, it seems possible to deal more definitely

with the relationships between the various forms, and their

ideographical distribution. The conclusions arrived at are

incorporated in the following paragraphs.

Micrarionta indioensis indioensis (Yates). This, the

first known of the helicoids of the vicinity, occurs in its

typical form from near Indian Wells, Riverside County,

California, an undetermined distance southward. Speci-

mens are at hand from La Quinta; Coral Reef, west of

Thermal; one and one-half miles south of Coral Reef, and

Fish Traps, west of Mecca. Examples from the immediate

vicinity of Indian Wells seem variously intermediate be-

tween typical indioensis and the next form.

Micrarionta indioensis xerophila Berry. This rather

slightly differentiated form occurs from a short distance

north of Indian Wells to the southern side of Cathedral

Canyon, specimens having been taken from a number of

different localities within this range. It differs from typi-

cal indioensis principally in being slightly more depressed;

also, it may average somewhat smaller.

Micrarionta indioensis cathedralis, new subspecies. De-

scription.— Shell of about five whorls, moderately elevated,

umbilicated : tan-colored, with dark brown stripe, from one-

half to three-fourths of a millimeter in width, on shoulder

of the last one and one-fourth whorls, a more or less indis-

tinct lighter zone on either side of the brown band. Early

whorls thickly papillated in diagonal rows, these papula-

tions becoming less conspicuous and more scattered on the

later whorls and apparently absent on the last half of the

116 THE NAUTILUS

last whorl and on the base, the latter being marked only

with irregular growth lines. Aperture oval, oblique, strong-

ly and rather abruptly descending: outer lip and columella

well reflected, the reflection of the latter covering about

one-half of the umbilicus.

Type, No. 1022 Collection Los Angeles Museum. The

type and ten additional specimens were collected by the

writer and his wife in rock slides at the head of Cathedral

Canyon, Riverside County, California, February 8, 1930.

Paratypes are in the collection of the writer. The type,

which is the largest of the series, measures as follows:

max. diam., 20 mm.; min. diam., 16 mm.; height, 13 mm.;

whorls five.

Remarks: — this form is admittedly an intergrade be-

tween M. indioensis (Yates) , and M. ivolcottiana

(Bartsch), being approximately half way between the two

in size, as well as in the reflection of the columellar lip. It

is, however, so different from either that it seems fitting to

give it a name. The intergradation between cathcdralis

and xerophila takes place along the south side of Cathedral

Canyon, and along the north side of the same canyon, tow-

ards Palm Springs, it gradually merges into the next form.

MicrarioTita indionisis wolcoftia.na (Bartsch). This well

known shell, the largest in the indioensis group, occurs in

its typical form along the San Jacinto Range, from Palm

Canyon to Snow Creek. Southward from Palm Canyon it

intergrades with cathedralis.

Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, California, Feb. 11,

1930.

A NEW COLOMUIAN HEMCIl) SNAII- OF THE GENUS

LEPTARIONTA

BY H. A. PILSBRY

LEPTARIONTA MAXWELLSMITHI. new species.

Acandi, Colombia, on leaves of bananas. Type No. 150243

ANSP, presented by Mr. Maxwell Smith.

THE NAUTILUS 117

The shell is imperforate, trochiform, acutely carinate;

thin; grayish white under a very thin, faintly yellow

periostracum, with a narrow brown band near the middle

of the wliurls of the spire, failing on the last whorl, and a

brown line immetliately below the suture, widening into a

comma-shaped spot at tlie apex: on the base there is a

wider carob brown band a short distance below the

r>|ie Paratype

Fig. I. Leptarxonta maxweltsviithi.

l^eripheral keel; there is a small dark spot above the keel

behind the expansion of the lip. The first two whorls are

convex, the rest nearly flat, the last whorl being slightly

concave above and below the acute keel, and not in the least

descending in front. The base is nearly flat. The first whorl

is smooth and glossy; the later whorls are smoothish, less

glo.ssy, and show low, unequal ripples of gi-owth, which are

a little stronger on the base. The aperture is angular out-

wardly, the ])eristome white, upper margin slightly curved

forward, expanded and thin, the basal margin arcuate, re-

flected, at the axis dilated over the umbilical region.

Height 18 mm., diam. 25.2 mm.; 4V2 whorls.

This is the first South American species of the genus. It

is nearest to the Costa Rican L. -horqumoisis (Angas), but

differs in the imperfoi-ate base, the lower, wider shape,

wider aperture, the smaller number of whorls and the

smoother surface, L. zhnrquinensis being minutely rough-

ened.

In another and impei-fect specimen the band in the mid-

dle of the upper surface extends upon the last whorl to the

lip, and there is no dark spot behind the lip above the keel

(right hand figure).

118 THE NAUTILUS

NOTES TAKEN IN THE VICINITY OF VINTON, IOWA

BY DAVID T. JONES

Research Laboratory of Biology, Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio

The following list represents collections made in the

region of the author's home during the summers of 1926

and 1928. The author is under obligation to Dr. Calvin

Goodrich for aid in identifying Helicina occulta and

Pomatiopsis lapidarm, to Dr. Bohumil Shimek for several

Iowa specimens from other localities for comparison, and

locally to Ronald Leemon, William Franklin, and Glenn

Bordwell for aid in collecting.

Polygyra hirsuta (Say), Goarcke's Lake, West Bluffs,

City Park (Vinton).

Polygyra fraterna (Say), Goarcke's Lake, East Bluffs,

City Park, West Bluffs.

Polygyra multilineata (Say), Stony Cut, Goarcke's Lake,

Pratt Creek, City Park, East Bluffs, Mud Creek.

Polygyra profunda (Say), City Park, Goarcke's Lake, East

Bluffs, Stony Cut.

Polygyra zaleta (Binney), City Park.

Strobilops lahyrinfhica (Say), West Bluffs.

Gastrocopta armifera (Say), City Park, West Bluffs, City

of Vinton.

GaMrocopta covfracta (Say), West Bluffs, East Bluffs.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say), West Bluffs.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Muller), Goarcke's Lake, City Park,

West Bluffs.

Retinella hammonin (Strom), City Park, West Bluffs,

Jones' timber.

Glyphyalina indcufafn (Say), City Park. West Bluffs.

Euconidu}^ f virus (Muller). West Bluffs.

Zonitoides arboreus (Say), West Bluffs, Jones' timber, City

of Vinton, Goarcke's Lake. City Park.

Psetidovitrea minuscuXa (Binney), West Bluffs, East

Bluffs.

THE NAUTILUS 119

AgrioUmax campcstris (Binney), Goarcke's Lake, West

Bluffs, City of Vinton.

Anguispira alternata (Say), City Park, East Bluffs.

HeUcodiscus paraUclns (Say), West Bluffs, Jones' timber.

East Bluffs, City Park, Goarcke's Lake.

Punctum pygvmeum (Draparnaud), West Bluffs.

Succhiea avara Say, West Bluffs.

Succitiea ovalis Say, City Park, Goarcke's Lake, Mud

Creek.

Siiccinea retnsa Lea, West Bluffs.

Canjchium exiguum (Say), West Bluffs.

Stagnicola caperata (Say), Goarcke's Lake.

Fossaria modicella rustica (Lea), West Bluffs.

Heliosoma trii^'olvis (Say), West Bluffs, Dudgeon Creek,

Goarcke's Lake, Mud Creek.

Gyraidus parvus (Say), West Bluffs.

Planorhula crassUahrii^ (Walker), West Bluffs.

Physella gyrina (Say), West Bluffs, Mud Creek, Lake on

Isben Noble farm.

Physella integra (Hald.), Goarcke's Lake.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say), West Bluffs.

Helicina occulta Say, East Bluffs.

Musculium secure (Prime), Goarcke's Lake, West Bluffs.

Muscidium truncatum (Linsley), West Bluffs.

Pisidium abditum Haldeman, West Bluffs.

Three habitats are worthy of mention. In a hillside

swamp below a spring at West Bluffs Pomatiopsis lapi-

daria, Strobilops labyrinthica, EuconvXus fvlvu^, Polygyra

hirsuta, Succinea retusa, Succinea avara, Zonitoides

arborea, Gastrocopta contracta, Pisidium abditum, and

Agriolimax campestris were found living together. In a

pond further north and at the foot of the same bluff Suc-

cinea retusa, Physella gyrina, Planorbula crassilabris, Mus-

culium truncatum, and Fossaria modicella rustica were

found. Helicina occulta was found alone, under stones, high

up on the hill just north of the old stone quarry at East

Bluffs. Two dozen specimens were taken. The boundaries

of the colony were very limited.

120 THE NAUTILUS

A NEW PLEISTOCENE FOSSIL FROM PORT BLAKELY,

WASHINGTON

BY DON L. FRIZZELL

Seattle, Washington

Paphia restorationensis, new species.

Shell large and heavy, subquadrate, convex; surface

sculptured by numerous rather fine but conspicuous radiat-

ing lines and a few raised, irregular, discontinuous concen-

tric lines, the former markedly wider at both anterior and

posterior ends, the latter high and most prominent on the

anterior part of the shell ; a very thin epidermis seems to

have been present, although almost completely eroded on

type; no lunule present; inner margins smooth; hinge long,

rather narrow, greatly arched ; three teeth in each valve,

the posterior two in the right valve and the middle one in

the left valve bifid ; pallial sinus long, narrow and rounded.

Length 96.7, height 74.3, thickness 45.3 mm. Holotupe: —

No. 1001, Coll. D. L. F.

Occurrence: — Fairly common in late Pleistocene beds at

Restoration Point, near Port Blakely, Washington, and ex-

tremely rare living in Puget Sound. (Reported by Profes-

sor Trevor Kincaid of the University of Washington).

Remarks: — This species is intermediate between Paphia

staminea and P. temrrima and may be a subspecies of the

latter. It is given i^rovisional specific ranking, however,

until its exact relations may bo determined. It is very much

like tenerrima in size and outline but is distinguished by its

greater heaviness, gi-eater thickness, greater height and

more arched hing(> and in the pi-onounced radial .sculpture.

It is similar to fttavuvea in the widely arched hinge and in

the radial .sculpture but is easily distinguished by the lack

of crenulated inner margins, the larger size and greater

length in comparison to height.

This form is very distinctive and can be instantly recog-

nized. It does not fit into the series of tenerrima from the

same locality and the seventeen specimens collected justi-

THE NAUTILUS 121

fy, in my opinion, a description and name for this species.

It is possible, furtlier, that this may have some strati-

graphic significance, occurring as it does rather commonly

in the late Pleistocene and so rarely living.

NEW AND PROBLEMATIC WEST AMERICAN LAND SNAILS

BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER

(Continued from p. 101)

Pristiloma NICHOLSON!, new species.

Shell (pi. 5, tigs. 5-7) : minute, rimate, thin, vitreous.

Color: light horn, almost white. Whorls: 4 14, quite rapid-

ly increasing in diameter, well rounded, although slightly

flattened above; suture beveled over each preceding whorl

so as to appear broadly margined. Apical whorls : appar-

ently smooth. Sculpture of later whorls: growth-lines ir-

regularly spaced, faintly impressed, slightly stronger on

umbilical side and very weakly arcuate at suture ; spiral

striae weak and closely spaced (somewhat like in Zoni-

toides arboreus) . Umbilicus: small and rendered rimate by

peculiarly expanded columellar angle of peristome. Aper-

ture: narrowly crescentic and nearly vertical. Peristome:

sharp and simple on palatal and basal sides, but expanded

towards columellar angle, which is free from preceding

whorl so that it forms a triangular tongue which almost

hides the umbilicus.

Cotype (tigs. 5 and 7) : alt. 1.08 mm., maj. diam. 187

(2.02 mm.), min. diam. 169 (1.82), alt. apert. 90 (.97),

diam. apert. 101 (.98) ; apical whorls eroded. Another

cotype (fig. 6) : alt. 1.05 mm., maj. diam. 196 (2.06), min.

diam. 175 (1.84). alt. apert. 89 (.94). diam. apert. 104

(.98) : 4 14. whorls.

Type Locality: — Under pieces of wood on hillside near

spring brook (first small branch below Big Carson Creek)

122 THE NAUTILUS

about two miles south of Lagunitas, Marin County, Cali-

fornia; collected by Mr. John Nicholson of the California

Academy or Sciences and myself on July 19, 1929 (No.

149978, in Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia).

In general appearance, this species is most like Vitrea

johnsoni Dall (1895, Naut. 9: 27), from Seattle, Washing-

ton, which was named from incompletely developed speci-

mens (paratypes examined) of what was later much more

recognizably described as PristUoma taylori Pils. (1899,

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 51: 185, pi. 9, figs. 6-8),

from Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. But, when adult, P.

johnsoni has more rapidly expanding whorls than the Cali-

fornian species and is imperforate, while the columellar

expansion of P. nicholsoni, although similar in shape, is de-

pressed below the umbilicus so as to leave an open rima.

In order to estimate the systematic position of this and

related species, I have made preliminary dissections of

topotypes of Zonitcs stearnsi Bland (1875, Ann. Lye. Nat.

Hist. N. Y. 11: 76, fig. 3) from Astoria, Oregon, which is

now designated as the type of Prisfilonm Ancey (1887,

Conch. Ex. 1: 54). Anceyia Pilsbry [1887? (certainly after

Dec. 28, 1886), Conch. Ex. 1 (6) : 26], which has been re-

cently revived for this genus, is preoccupied by Anceyia

Mabille [1886! (Aug. 14 seance the last one reported).

Bull. Soc. Philom. France (7) 10: 128]. The anatomy of

Prisfiloma stearnsi is remarkably similar to that in the

European genus Vitrea Fitz., but the genitalia of the

American species have a large, sausage-shaped sperma-

theca, the apex of which does not quite reach the aorta.

For the present, the two genera had best be kept separate,

but Prisfiloma is certainly more closely related to Vitrea

than to the other American Vitreinae {Psendovitrea, Para-

vitrea, etc. ) .

I have also examined the anatomy of topotypes of

Hyalinn suhrnpicoJa "Dall" Packard (1877. Bull. U. S. G.

and G. Surv. Terr. 3. No. 1: 163. fig. 7). from Clinton Cave,

near Lake Point, Tooele Co., Utah, which is the monotype

THE NAUTILUS 123

of Ofjaridiscus Chamberlin and Jones (1929, Bull. Univ.

Utah 19, No. 4: 96). The structure of P. subrupicola is,

in the main, like that of P. stearnsi, but the spermatheca is

of the ordinary long type. Of course, Chamberlin and Jones

would have more closely approximated the true systematic

relationshi|)s. both on conchological and on anatomical

grounds, if they had used Vitrca for P. subrupicola, in-

stead of adopting it for Retinella (Glyphyalinia) indentata

(subfamily Zonitinae). Nevertheless, unless intermediate

characters are found in the other species, Ogaridiscus

seems to require at least .sectional recognition. It probably

includes: P. johnsoni (Dall), P. nicholsoni, P. subrupicola

sub)-iipicola (Dall), Viti^ea subrupicola spelaea Dall (1895,

Naut. 9: 27) from Cave City, Calaveras Co., Cal., Zonites

shepardi "Hemphill" W. G. B. (1892, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.

22, No. 4, 167) from Santa Catalina Island, Cal., and Polita

oabHelina Berry (1924, Naut. 37: 130, fig. 3), from San

Gabriel Mts., San Bernardino Co., Cal. I have examined a

dried animal from a paratype of Pristiloma gabrielinum;

its radula is similar to that in the other members of the

genus and its sole appears to be undivided. The first three

species, at least, are more or less subterranean in habits;

P. johnsoni usually lives on the surface of buried rocks in

fairly fresh dirt and rock-slides (Oregon: South Oswego,

Clackamas Co.; Riverdale, Multnomah Co.; near Astoria,

Clatsop Co. Washingto7i: Point Ellis, Pacific Co.; Mc-

Aleer Creek, near Seattle, King Co.; just north of mouth of

Quillayute River, Clallam Co.).

Pristiloma chersinella wascoense (Hemphill).

Tonites (Conulus?) wascoensis Hemph. (1911, Trans. San

Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 1 : 102), Wasco Co. and near Salem,

Marion Co., Oregon.

?Polita chersinella Berry (1919, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia 71: 196. 199, 203), Glacier National Park,

Montana (ANSP No. 115650).

Additional localities (?): along creek east of Meadows

(old town). Adams Co., Idaho; ANSP 82339, Big Payette

124 THE NAUTILUS

Lake, Boise Co., Idaho (Rev. E. H. Ashmun!); ANSP

82367, Price Valley, Weiser Canyon, Washington Co.,

Idaho (Rev. E. H. Ashmun!).

The only distinctive feature in Hemphill's description is

his remark that wascoensis is very similar to chersineUa,

but is about half the size vv^ith the same number of whorls.

This also fits the Idaho specimens cited above, while the

Montana shell is slightly larger, although still much smaller

than topotypes of typical Helix chersineUa Dall (1866,

Amer. Jour. Conch. 2: 328, pi. 21, fig. 4) from Big Trees,

Calaveras Co., Cal. I can present no proof of intergrada-

tion between wascoense and chersineUa, but prefer not to

recognize the former as a distinct species until someone has

competently described and accurately figured the types.

A large series of shells from near Ouxy, on the east shore

of Upper Klamath Lake, Klamath Co., Oregon, collected

July 28, 1929, average slightly higher than typical chersin-

eUa but attain the same size. I have dissected one of these

and, although not quite mature, it certainly belongs to

Pristiloma, but has the long type of spermatheca, like P.

subrupicola. In shell characters, P. chersineUa combines

the thicker epidermis and quite close whorls of Pristiloma

s. s., with an open umbilicus like most species of Ogariclis-

cus. I have additional animals from the type locality and

elsewhere in the Sierra Nevadas and hope to make more

detailed dissections in the near future.

Pristiloma ARCTicuM (Lehnert).

Additional localities: Paradise Valley (near timberline

on Mt. Ranier) down to near Longmire (5,000-3,000 ft.),

Pierce Co., Washington.

Through the kindness of Dr. G. D. Hanna, I have been

able to compare these specimens with Alaskan examples

and can detect no .salient diff'erencos.

Radiodiscus (Radiodomus) abietum. new subgenus and

species.

Shell (pi. 0, figs. 2-4) : small (6.7 mm.), subdiscoid, um-

bilicate, thin, but with heavy, almo.st opaque epidermis.

THE NAUTILUS 125

Color: light chocolato-brown. Whorls: maximum 5"!'i, grad-

ually increasing- in diameter, well rounded but markedly

flattened above; last slightly descending; suture deep. Em-

bryonic whorls: 2 to 2%; spiral ridgelets prominent, closely

spaced (14 visible) and beginning at very apex. Sculpture

of later whorls: growth-riblets quite low but angular and

sharply defined, markedly and broadly concave below peri-

phery, protractive near umbilicus, scarcely arcuate near

suture; interspaces 2-3 times as broad as riblets; spiral

.striae (with interstitial ridgelets) very closely spaced, fine

but deep iind sharp in interspaces, usually obliterated at

summit of riblets. Umbilicus: about 6.1 times in maj. diam.

of shell; witii almo.st vertical walls. Aperture: crescentic.

slightly oblique (about 20^ from axis of shell). Peristome:

simple and sharp, quite deeply and broadly concave below

periphery; parietal callus weak.

Type (immature) : — alt. 2.61 mm., maj. diam. 187 (4.89

mm.), min. diam. 177 (4.61), alt. apert. 79 (2.07), diam.

apert. 113 (2.33) : 5 whorls. Largest paratype (broken) :

maj. diam. 6.7 mm.; 5% whorls.

Type Locality: — Estivating (near end of driest summer

in history of region) on surface of partially buried rocks, at

base of a steep slope near mouth of East Fork of Weiser

River, on Stevens Ranch (alt. 3,600 ft.), Adams Co., Idaho,

(No. 149979, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia). Other localities :

east of Meadows (old town) and .south of New Meadows,

in valleys at headwaters of Little Salmon River (alt. 4.000-

4,500 ft.), in same county.

Stevens Ranch is near the lower limit of the conifer zone.

The crests of the ridges and the most exposed slopes are

covered with bunch-grasses; the less exposed slopes de-

velop open stands of rock pine; the more protected valley-

sides are dominated by Douglas fir, mixed locally with

larch; while the bottom of the canyons are characterized

by a white-barked fir (Abies sp.). blue spruces and, along

the creeks, alder and red dogwood. The snails are mainly

near the streams. Stevens Ranch is also the type locality

126 THE NAUTILUS

of Pristiloma idahoense, which estivates in about the same

places as R. abietum. Microphysula ingersolli buries itself

more deeply in the same rock-piles, but Zacoleits idahoensis

(often mummified by the extreme drouth), Polygyra

ptychophora and P. midlani olneyae are usually nearer the

surface. Anguispira kochi occidentalis is also very common

along Goose Creek, near Meadows, where the forest is more

dominant.

Although its shell-sculpture is as usual in the genus,

Radiodiscus abietum is much larger than the other North

American species. In addition its spire is more nearly flat,

its umbilicus is relatively smaller and its growth-riblets

are more curved than in R. millecostatus. An adult (51/2

whorls) from Goose Creek valley and another (514 whorls)

from the headwaters of the Little Salmon furnish data for

anatomical comparison with R. millecostatus costaricensis

(H. B. B.: 1927, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 79:

230, pi. 17, figs. 21-24) and with R. (Radioconus) bactricola

(op. cit. : 231, pi. 17, figs. 25-30). Only divergent details

are stressed.

Animal : sides of foot slightly pigmented ; head and tenta-

cles black. Mantle collar (pi. 6, fig. 6) : similar to bactri-

cola. Lung : over three times as long as its base and about

four times length of kidney; wall mottled with black.

Heart: relatively small; auricle broad and short; principal

vein passes ventral to ureter and dorsal to tip of kidney;

minor venation indistinct. Kidney : thick, little longer

than its base and half again as long as pericardium; apical

(right) limb weak; basal (left) point produced between

pericardium and ureter. Ureter: "primaiy" region swollen

and U-shaped with left arm produced beyond pericardium;

terminal loop short and ventral to kidney ; "secondar>'" con-

tinuation slender and less than half length of lung.

Genitalia (pi. 6. figs. 5 and 7) : male organs well devel-

oped; uterus and albumen gland slender. Ovotestis: con-

sisting of a few, large, long-clavate alveoli, imbedded in

lower two-thirds of liver; duct very long, swollen and con-

THE NAUTILUS 12/

voluted near its lower end; talon clavate, with a slender

appendix. Uterus: apical end with two sacculate enlarge-

ments. Free oviduct: short and slender. Spermatheca: sac

clavate, imbedded near columellar side of uterus; stalk

medium in length, almost columellar in position to near

base of uterus. Vagina: exceptionally long, swollen near

middle. Prostate: long type, covering all of outer sur-

face of uterus. Vas deferens : caught into penioviducal

angle by tentacular retractors. Epiphallus: elliptical, with

small lumen ; wall thickened asymmetrically and marked by

radiating, glandular columns; penial papilla short and

conical, forming a slight, lateral projection near apex of

penial lumen. Penis: exceptionally large, with two apical

appendices ("flagella") ; penis proper long fusiform, wall

longitudinally plicate internally from apex to thick-walled

swelling; larger appendix an ellipsoid continuation of penis

proper, with thick, glandular wall ; smaller appendix ovoid,

with muscular wall, which develops two internal pilasters,

opening into penial apex on side opposite vas deferens.

Penial retractor : heavy and short ; origin from diaphragm ;

insertion on apex of larger appendix. Cloaca : as in costari-

censis.

Columellar muscle: similar to that in R. bactricola, but

buccal muscle is almost free, left and right common re-

tractor arise simultaneously (although right one does not

subdivide until near buccal mass) and both right ocular

and right muscle to inferior tentacle pass through peniovi-

ducal angle and between descending and ascending limbs

of vas deferens. Jaw: similar to that in R. bactricola; 21

plates counted. Radular formula (pi. 6, fig. 1) : 9-12-1-21;

91 transverse row\s counted. Central: slightly smaller than

first lateral and tricuspid. Laterals: asymmetric, bicuspid

(entocone absent) ; outer teeth becoming shorter. Margin-

als : shorter and broader, but not sharply demarcated from

laterals; ectocones more numerous but variable; entocone

always absent.

R. ahietum has the shell-sculpture of a RcuUodisctis and

128 THE NAUTILUS

probably is more closely related to that group than any

other. Nevertheless, its extreme anatomical divergence

would warrant the erection of a new genus. Especially

peculiar features of the new monotypic subgenus, Radio-

domus, are: (1) its exceptionally long "primary" ureter,

(2) its spermatheca which is of the short type and almost

columellar in position, (3) its two penial appendices (flag-

ella) and (4) the complete absence of entocones from its

radula. This last feature, taken by itself, would transfer

Radiodomus to the Endodontinae, but I believe it is more

than counterbalanced by the primitive kidney and jaw,

which are most like those in Radiodiscus and the other

Helicodiscinae.

TYPE OF ANODONTITES BRUGIERE

BY WILLIAM B. MARSHALL

U. S. National Museum

United States National Museum

Thiele, 1909 (Nachr. deutsch. Malak. Gesell.), and Ort-

mann, 1911 (Nautilus, Vol. 25, pp. 88-91), did a real ser-

vice to students of South American malacology in reviving

Bruguiere's generic name Anodontitea (Journ. de Hist.

Nat.. Vol. 1, pp. 103-109, pi. 8, figs. 6, 7, 1792) , proving that

it is a perfectly valid name, and takes precedence over

Gray's name Glabaris (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 197,

1847).

The type of Anodontites is cHspata Brug (1. c.) . That has

been settled beyond a doubt. Ortmann. 1921, "South Ameri-

can Naiades" (Mem. Carnegie Museum, Vol. VIII) gives

a detailed description and a number of figures of what he

took to be A. crispata Brug. Unfortunately his identifica-

tion was incorrect. The si)ecimens he figured are Anodon-

tites colovibiensis Marshall, 1922 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

Vol. 61. p. 7. pi. 1. fig. 5. pi. 2. figs. 13, 14, pi. 3, figs. 5, 13,

14.)

THE NAUTILUS 129

The sculpture of A. colomhiensis is very peculiar, being

much wrinkled like dried paint, and arranged in a more or

less radial pattern. This peculiar sculpture and the specific

name crispata which very well describes it probably led

Ortmann into his error.

The true Anodontites crispata has a radically different

sculpture, arranged in distinctly radiating bands of beauti-

fully regular, closely-set festoons, so disposed that they

form also a concentric sculpture. Almost exactly this style

of sculpture is found also on Diplodontites cookei Marshall,

from Colombia (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 61, p. 2, pi. 1,

figs. 1, 3, 7, 8, 10. pi. 3, fig. 4, 1922) ; Nephronaias reticu-

lata Simpson, from Honduras (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,

p. 77, pi. 2, fig. 3, 1900), and on Nephronaias elvae Walker,

from Nicaragua (Nautilus, Vol. 38, p. 52, pi. 1, 1924).

The type of sculpture of these four species is believed to

be the most delicate and perhaps the most beautiful dis-

played by any of the pearly fresh-water mussels. It is an

interesting fact that, so far as known to the writer, this

style of sculpture is found only in naiades from the region

which includes the northern edge of South America, Hon-

duras and Nicaragua. For some years I thought it was but

a periostracal character, but at least one of them, D. cookei,

shows it to be sculptural, i. e. in the calcareous matter; and

this sculpture shows in the periostracum which is tightly

applied to the shell. This was proved by removing the peri-

ostracum of one-half of a valve of D. cookei by immersing

it in hot caustic potash solution which destroyed the peri-

ostracum, leaving the shelly matter beneath pure white but

showing every detail of sculpture just as it appeared with

the periostracum in place. The same treatment of A. col-

ombieiisL^ proved that its peculiar surface resembling

wrinkled dried paint is likewise structural and not merely

periostracal.

Ortmann, (1921, 1. c.) says the type locality of A.

crispata is South America. Perhaps he had not seen

Bruguiere's paper. In that paper Brugui^re distinctly says

130 THE NAUTILUS

the shell came from streams in Guiana. He uses this sen-

tence: Cette coquille habite dans les rivieres de la Guyanne,

d'ou elle m'a ete envoye par M. le Blond. The shells figured

by Ortmann as A. crispata came from the Rio de la Paila, a

tributary of the upper Rio Cauca of the Rio Magdalena

drainage. This is a long distance from Guiana, there are

high mountains between and the drainage of Guiana has no

connection with the Magdalena system.

INHERITANCE OF DIRECTION OF COIL IN ACHATINELLA

BY OLAF OSWALD

On a collecting trip to the Waiawa-Manana ridge, Oahu,

on April 13, 1929, I found a total of 152 shells of Achatin-

ella swiftii, of which 78 were sinistral and 74 dextral. One

of these sinistral specimens contained a dextral embryo.

This colony was about half-way down the southerly slope

of the ridge. On the northerly slope, in a ravine about 150

yards directly opposite, I found 40 specimens, all dextral.

A couple of hundred yards makai (seaward) from this sec-

ond colony I collected 28 shells, all sinistral. The colonies

on the southerly and northerly slopes were separated by a

heavy growth of uluhi (Glcichenm dichotoma) fern, well

known to collectors as an isolator of Achatinella.

On April 27th, at a point on the south slope of the south-

erly Waiawa ridge, almost directly opposite and about %

mile northerly from the above localities, I found altogether

48 specimens, divided 41 dextral and 7 sinistral. Two of

these sinistral animals had each a dextral embryo. In at

least three instances, in this particular colony, I had the

rare exi)erience of gathering one dextral and one sinistral

full grown specimen of one species from a single leaf. These

also were Achatinella swiftii.

At Punahiu Valley, on the opposite (easterly) side of the

island of Oahu, I found recently a colony of Ach. bnlimoides

THE NAUTILUS 181

obliqua, in one dextral animal of which was a sinistral

embryo. Incidentally, a few yards distant I collected one

pure white shell of Ach. dccipicus kaliuaivaentiis (dextral),

the animal of which yielded four (4) dextral embryos. You

will appreciate the rarity of this, knowing that an animal

of the genus Achatinella bears ordinarily but one young,

although occasionally two are found. The latter specimens

have been given to the Bishop Museum.

Dr. Cooke informs me that he has noticed in several in-

stances a different coil in the embryo from that of the

mother.

1418 Victoria St., Honolulu.

FOSSIL MOLLUSKS AND OTHER INVERTEBRATES FROM THE

HUDSON RIVER TUNNEL, NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY

BY HORACE G. RICHARDS

University of Pennsylvania

About 1906 some bluish mud containing shells taken

from the Pennsylvania Railroad tunnel under the Hudson

River connecting New York City, N. Y. and Jersey City,

N. J. was sent to Dr. Amos Brown, then professor of

Geology at the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Brown

turned over the material to Dr. Burnett Smith who was

then on the staff of the department. However before Dr.

Smith could complete his studies on the shells he was called

to Syracuse University, and consequently the material was

turned over to the Geological Department of the University

of Pennsylvania. Through the kindness of Dr. Smith, now

associated with the New York State Museum at Albany,

N. Y. and Dr. Frederick Ehrenfeld, head of the Department

of Geology of the University of Pennsylvania, I have been

permitted to examine this material.

Very few species are represented, and many of these only

by fragments, but it is thought worth while to report these

specimens even after the lapse of so many years.

132 THE NAUTILUS

The material was stated to have come from 90 feet below

the bottom of the river, but no information is available

concerning the part of the tunnel from which the material

was collected.

The following species are represented:^

Mytilus edulis (unusually thick shells).

Area transversa Say.

Maetra late7'alis Say.

Abra aequalis Say.

Crepidula fornieata L.

Alectrion trivittata (Say).

Polinices lactea Guilding.

Odostomia impressa var. granitina Dall.

Spine of Arboxia.

Balanus eburneits Gould.

Panopetis herbstii M.-Edw.

P. lactea and O. impressa var. granitina are now re-

stricted to southern waters, and A. aequalis, although re-

ported as far north as Connecticut is more common toward

the south ; the other species are all to be found living in the

waters today.

Because of the insufficient data concerning the exact lo-

cality of the shells, and because of the complexity of the

geological formations at the mouth of the Hudson River, it

does not seem possible to date the fossils accurately except

to say that they are probably from some part of the

Pleistocene. The presence of the two southern forms might

be taken as an indication that they belong to an interglacial

warm stage.

1 I am indebted to Mr. E. G. Vanatta of the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadi Iphia for help in the identification of certain of

these specimens.

THE NAUTILUS 133

NEWFOUNDLAND SHELLS

BY E. G. VANATTA

The following species of shells were picked from leaf-

mould collected by Mr. Bayard Long while on a botanical

expedition to Newfoundland during July and August, 1929.

It is hoped that the list will be a useful addition to the rec-

ords published in The Nautilus, Vol. 38, p. 92, and Vol.

40, p. 112. The Helicodisciis and Vallonia were not found

on Mr. Long's former visit to the island. All the specimens

are in the collection of The Academy of Natural Sciences

of Philadelphia.

Helix hortensis Miill. Tucker's Head, Lord and Lady

Cove, above Lomond, and Summit of Killdevil Mountain,

Main Arm of Bonne Bay. Southern Arm, Bonne Bay. Deer

Arm, Bonne Bay. Pointe Riche, Ingonachoix Bay. Han-

nah's Head, Bay of Islands, Newfoundland.

Zonitoides arhorea Say. Near Pointe Riche and Hannah's

Head.

Retinella hammonis Str. Tucker's Head, near Pointe

Riche, Hannah's Head. Penguin Head, Middle Arm, Bay of

Islands, Newfoundland.

VitHna limpida Gld. Near Pointe Riche.

Euconidus fulvus Drap. Tucker's Head and Hannah's

Head.

Gonyodiscus cronkhitei No. Tucker's Head, near Pointe

Riche, and Hannah's Head.

Gonyodiscus cronkhitei Nc. var. anthonyi Pils. Pointe

Riche. Grassy Island, St. John's Bay.

Helicodiscus parallelus Say. Hannah's Head.

Punctum pygmaeiim Drap. v. minutisfiimum L^a. Tuck-

er's Head, near Pointe Riche, and Hannah's Head.

Succiyiea avnra Say. Tucker's Head, Pointe Riche, and

Penguin Head.

Succinea oralis Say. Tucker's Head, Lomond, and Haijr.,

nah's Head.

184 THE NAUTILUS

Succinea verrilli Bid. Main River, and Lomond. Near

Old Port au Choix, St. John's Bay, Newfoundland.

Cochlicopa lubrica Miill. Tucker's Head, near Pointe

Riche, Hannah's Head, and Penguin Head.

Pupilla musco7'um L. Tucker's Head, and near Pointe

Riche.

Vertigo modesta Say. Tucker's Head, and near Pointe

Riche.

Vertigo coloradensis Ckll. Tucker's Head, and Hannah's

Head.

Columella edentula Drap. Tucker's Head.

Vallonia aZbula St. Tucker's Head, near Pointe Riche,

and Penguin Head.

Lymnaea valustris Miill. Deer Arm, Bonne Bay. Near

Old Port au Choix, and St. John Bay.

A NEW HELICINA FROM NEW CALEDONIA

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL

Among the various species of Helicina collected in New

Caledonia in 1928, there is one which seems exceptionally

distinct.

HELICINA (Palaeohelicina) ouenensis, new species.

Shell with max. diam. 5.6, alt. nearly 4 mm.; spire

rounded, obtuse; periphery obtuse; aperture 3 mm. high;

lip white, reflected; callus thin, not prominent. Surface

with delicate revolving striae, easily seen under a lens, not

confined to the last whorl. Color pale pinkish, with a broad

dark brown-pink band above the periphery; on the last

whorl above this band, the surface is pale straw color, faint-

ly flushed with pink, with a slight tendency to be flecked

with whitish; umbilical region broadly creamy white; in-

terior of aperture deep brownish pink. Operculum not

known.

Dge, He Ouen (also spelled Uen), Southern New Cale-

THE NAUTILUS 135

donia (Cockerell) . Type in Philadelphia Academy. The

widely distributed H. {Palaeohelicina) primeana Gassies is

considerably larger (diam. 7 to 8 mm.) and the dark band

above the periphery is olivaceous, according to Anton Wag-

ner. In the Australian Museum at Sydney I saw^ specimens

labelled //. primeana, and noted that they were quite large

with or without a broad rosy band below periphery.

H. (Ap}ianoconia) laeta Crosse, as figured by Crosse is

pale pinkish, with a red band, but it distinctly shows the

H. (lallina type of markings, and has a diameter of 9 mm.

Also the red-brown band is a little below the periphery, in-

stead of above it. It came from Mt. Mou, and Wagner's H.

laeta from Prony Bay, diam. 11, alt. 7 mm, may be distinct.

Related species occur in New Guinea, the Moluccas, etc.

The type is No. 149874 ANSP.

CORRESPONDENCE

To Friends and Readers of The Nautilus: —

Once more I am in Mazatlan, classic locality of Car-

penter's paper on West Mexican shells. I have been in

Mexico three weeks, on my way south on a conchological

expedition. I had eleven quite profitable days at Guaymas,

during the early January tides, walking from three to eight

miles per day. The entire bay is either mud flats or rocks

and mud, no sand beaches except on the outer Gulf coast.

At one small point of rocks on the inner bay, about two

miles from town I located a school of very fine Fusinus

colpoicus Dall, ovipositing on the inner surfaces of dead

Crucibulum shells. Two small species of Chitons were taken

on the rocks in the bay, also that very interesting species

Paramentaria duponti, which looks like a small Conus, but

belongs to the family Columbellidae. In a small cove on the

island on which is the inner lighthouse. T located a colony

of fine Murex radix and M. hicolnr, burrowing in the mud

entirely below the surface. These were all fine, perfect

136 THE NAUTILUS

specimens, not worm-eaten like the average ones found on

the surface of the rocks. It certainly took a lot of determina-

tion to select only two dozen of the finest and give the rest,

about six dozen, to my boatman who calls them "hurras"

and said they were "muy bucno para comer", which applies

equally well to any kind of mollusks large enough to eat.

On one of the other islands we founds some giant Pinnas,

nearly twenty inches long. In La Paz these are called

"hacha", but here they are served for food as "callos", and

are really very good eating. The large central muscle only

is used and is very sweet and tender, like the large scallops

on the Atlantic coast of the United States. Here in Mazatlan

they are used in large numbers for food, great reefs of

empty shells being piled on the mud flats, literally hundreds

of thousands of them, with hardly a perfect one to be found.

The Guaymas oysters are justly famous both for their

size and delicious flavor. They are served at every meal at

the restaurants, and can be bought from carls at one's

door, where they are opened to order at only 25 centavos

(12^2 cents) per dozen, some of the shells being eight and

ten inches in length. They are gathered outside in the Gulf

near the mouth of the Rio Yaqui, so there is no danger of

infection. I tried dredging for two days with a launch or

"gasolena" as they call them, outside the lighthouse, with

fair results on sand and broken shell bottom. The inner bay

is all mud bottom.

Stopped off at San Bias and took a sixty mile auto trip

to the coast at Topolobampo. The road runs the whole

length of the Rio Fuerte valley through the great sugar and

winter vegetable section of Los Mochis. The marine species

taken were much the same as at Guaymas, however, the

chitons here seem to be another species. A small Bulimus

about an inch in length and an interesting Polygyra (much

resembling the P. cercnlv,'^ in (Florida) were found under

rock piles on the steep hill slopes around the bay.

All the Molluscn found within several miles of Mazatlan,

are as soon as large enough destined for the soup pots. The

THE NAUTILUS 137

smaller species aic not disturbed so I had good luck with

these and also collected five species of beautiful chitons. The

large Chiton pctlinlatus Sby. is used extensively for food

and is called "carachas". Some grow to over three inches in

length. My best collecting was done on the small islands off

the coast, I tried a combination dredging and shore collect-

ing trip in a launch to the Islas de Venado. My greatest

thrill was in getting three fine living specimens of the giant

Malea lingcns under rock ledges on the windward side of

the island. The animal is coal black. The natives call them

"calaveras" from their fancied resemblance to a skull. I

got my first giant Patella (Aiicistrotyiesus mexicanus) here

also. They are surely hard to find, as they are hunted for

food much like the Haliotis on the California coast. They

also live on the outer side of the islands and are found only

at extreme low water when there is not too much surf and

are usually so covered with moss that they look like part of

the rock to which they cling.

We also visited the island of the Light House or "Faro"

and found more of the giant limpets or "Lapas" as they are

called here. All the small species are called "Lapas chicas"

and are all used for food. The young shells of the giant

Patella look much like some of the handsome South African

species. I had never seen the young shells before and at

first glance, thought they were another species. On this

island the fine Lcucozonia cingulata were depositing their

eggs under rocks on the windward side of the island. Some

very fine Patellipnrpura patula and Thais biserialis were

also taken at the same place. The P. patula gives off when

disturbed, several drops of a milky liquid which quickly

turned the collecting sack a metallic green and within half

on hour this changed again to a royal purple, which is a

fast dye and cannot be boiled out. I suppose it is akin to

the "Tyrrian purple", mentioned in history as used by

royalty exclusively.

From the lighthouse on the top of this island 170 meters

above the water there is a wonderful view of the whole

188 THE NAUTILUS

Mazatlan coast and the mountains in the distance. Two in-

teresting species of small land shells were found under

leaves on the thickly forested sides of rocky islet. A small

point of rocks in the inner bay, near "Campo Santo", last

year at this time yielded some of my choicest treasures —

Mitras, several fine species of Pleurotoma and the beautiful

Murex lappa Brod. This year the hermit crabs had changed

their fashions in wearing apparel and nothing more elabor-

ate than Cerithiums were to be seen. It simply wasn't being

done this season in the best society of Mazatlan crabs.

Herbert N. Lowe.

Mazatlan, Mexico,

February 4, 1930.

NOTES AND NEWS

The death of Dr. J. Cosmo Melvill on November 4,

1929, at the age of 84 years has been announced.

Corrections. — Through an unfortunate typographical

error the name of a new snail from Kern County, Cal-

ifornia, described by the writer in the October Nautilus

(v. 43, p. 40), is given as Helminthoglypta tudiculata

kermensis. The proper spelling of the geographic trinomial

is of course kerneyisis. — S. S. Berry.

On page 16 of the July number, for William J. Clinch,

read William J. Clench.

In the January issue of The Nautilus, page 104, the

ninth line in the note "Zoogenites and Carychium in Color-

ado" was inserted as the third line from the bottom of the

note "Pododesmus macroschismus Deshayes".

Planorbis SILICEUS Brown and Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. N. S.

Phila., 1914, p. 212. proves to be a homonym of Planorbis

siliceufi Eichwald. Lethaea Rossica III, 1853, p. 298, as I

am informed by a friendly letter from Dr. W. Wenz. P.

silirev.s may now be called Planorbis amosbrowni. after my

friend and collaborator of former vears. — H. A. PiLSBRY.

THE NAUTILUS 139

Dr. Benedikt Dybowski, professor of zoology at Lwow

University, died on February 1, at the age of ninety-five

years. After being exiled to Siberia for participating in the

1863 insurrection in Poland he undertook a study of fauna

from Lake Baikal to Kamchatka. He is chiefly known to

conchologists for his work on the Lake Baikal mollusks.

Professor T. D. A. Cockerell expects to go to the Atlas

Mountains during the coming summer.

The University of Colorado Museum has added over

1,000 species and subspecies of mollusks to its collection

during the past year. The most notable single addition is a

set of Hungarian shells, arranged for through Dr. Soos, of

the Museum at Budapest. Three shipments aggregating 385

species and subspecies have been received and more are

yet to come.

Gender in Generic Names. — The generic terms, Haplo-

trema Helisoma and Zonitoides, two of which have but re-

cently come into common use, are often incorrectly treated

as if they were of feminine gender.

Haplotrema Ancey (1881, Le Nat. 1: 453) is derived

from two Greek words: haplos (simple) and trema (fora-

men), of which the latter is a neuter noun. Adjectives used

as specific names should take the neuter form (e. g., con-

cavum, vancouverense, occidentale, etc.) although suo-

stantives used in apposition remain unchanged (e. g.,

sportella, a little basket) .

Helisoma Swainson (1840, Mai. : 337) is also constructed

from two Greek words: helo (to twist) and soma (body)

and is likewise a neuter noun, although its author care-

lessly used it as if it w^ere feminine. Adjectives used as

specific or subspecific names take neuter endings, such as

corpidentum, campanulatum, chautaicquense, etc. But, tri-

volvis, which is actually a plural ablative and can only be

used for a specific name if considered an arbitrary' combina-

tion of letters, had best remain unchanged.

Zonitoides Lehmann (1862, Mai. Bl. 9: 111) is an adjec-

140 THE NAUTILUS

tive of Greek form which is employed as a Latin patro-

nymic, which would be masculine. It was so regarded by

its author, who derived his term from one masculine sub-

stantive (Zonites) and used it as another (e. g., Z. nitidus;

also arboreus, lateumhiUcatus, etc.; but Z. acerra) . — H.

BURRINGTON BaKER.

Unio Spinosa Lea. — In the Macy-Masius reprint of the

"Travels of William Bartram", 1928, page 345, is mention

of a "large kind of muscle in the sand ; the shell of an oval

form, having horns or protuberances near half an inch in

length and as thick as a crow quill, which I suppose serve

the purpose of grapnels to hold their ground against the

violence of the current." The locality was the Mississippi

River, not far above New Orleans. Quoting this apparently

from the Philadelphia edition of 1791, which seems to be

somewhat different from the text of the reprint, Lea comes

to the conclusion that his Unio spinosa occurs both in the

Altamaha River of Georgia and the Mississippi River of

Louisiana. It is highly improbable, of course, that U. spinosa

ever inhabited the Mississippi. Judging from his work,

Bartram wrote not from a journal, but from memory. He

crossed the Altamaha first in 1773. He was at Frederica at

the mouth of the river in 1774. Four years later, he twice

crossed the stream and at the part where the shell is reputed

to live. It was thirteen years after that before his experi-

ences were printed. It is reasonable to assume that Bart-

ram, depending upon his power of recollection, confused

what he had seen in eastern Georgia with things that met

his eye in southern Louisiana. — Calvin Goodrich.

The Humphrey Collection. — Mr. Edward G. Hum-

phrey of Somerville. Mass., for a number of years Secretary

of the Boston Malacological Club, informs me that his col-

lection of shells is going to Dartmouth College. It is a gen-

eral collection of over 8.000 species. Rich in genera and con-

taining many of the large and handsome species, it is well

adapted for a museum and will form a beautiful synoptic

collection. Mi-. Humphrey is a Dartmouth man. Class of

THE NAUTILUS 141

77. We congratulate him in having his collection go to his

own college. — C. W. J.

Pleurocera (Strephobasis) Curtum (Haldeman). —

Dealing with this species in a paper on Strephobasis (Occas.

Papers Mus. Zoology, Univ. Mich., 1928). I spoke oi" its

having been found sub-fossil in Wayne County, Ky., more

than one hundred feet above the present level of the Cum-

berland River. The inference was that the mollusks had re-

tained their specific characteristics in the long period in

which the river had greatly deepened its channel. For the

purpo.se of straiglitening out the record, it should be said

that Professor George M. Ehlers, who originally collected

the specimens, went over the ground again in the summer

of 1929 and came to the opinion that the shells were not

water-borne, but had been carried up the banks by Indians

for use as food. — Calvin Goodrich.

The Giant Clam (Tridacna gigas). — Having occasion

recently to speak of the habits of the giant clam, I could

find comparatively little bearing on the subject. The fol-

lowing note by Geoffi'ey Tandy in the "Natural History

Magazine" (British Museum), vol. 2, p. 91, 1929, may

therefore be of interest : — "The giant clam is something of

a fraud. It is said, there is no reason to think untruly, that

walkers on reefs have put their feet into the shell and have

been held until the incoming of the tide and consequent

death by drowning. But the animal seems always anxious

to close before anything approaches him and is, moreover

a plankton feeder. It would, I feel, be next to impossible to

become trapped unle.ss one was wading waist-deep, and

even then it would be very bad luck." — C. W. J.

Land Snails from the San Juan Islands, Washing-

ton.— During a very brief visit in September, 1929, Mr.

Erval J. Newcomer collected shells of a number of terres-

trial snails on islands of the San Juan Group in Puget

Sound, and as one species and a subspecies originally de-

scribed from Vancouver Island are here shown to belong

on this side of the boundarv as well, the brief list of deter-

142 THE NAUTILUS

minations is thought to be of sufficient interest for pub-

lication.

Sta. I, under rocks, English Camp, San Juan Island.

Monadenia fidelis (Gray).

Polygyra colmnhiana (Lea), a rather small form of the

species.

Polygyra cf. germana (Gould), a single fragmentary

specimen.

Euconulus fulvus (Muller).

Pristiloma cf. lansingi (Bland), a single immature ex-

ample.

Microphysula cookei (Pilsbry), a single living specimen:

Dr. H. B. Baker has already called attention to the apparent

close relationship existing between this interesting species

and the Rocky Mountain ingersolli (Bland).

Retinella cf. hinneyana (Morse), a single imperfect

specimen.

Haplotrema Vancouver ensis (Lea), juv.

Sta. II, Friday Harbor, San Juan Island.

Polygyra columbiana (Lea).

Haplotrema Vancouver emsis (Lea), juv.

Sta. Ill, under rocks and logs, 3 miles east of Anacortes,

Hidalgo Island.

Polygyra columbiana (Lea).

Polygyra germana vancouverinsulae Pilsbry and Cooke.

The single specimen obtained is even more umbilicate than

the typical Vancouver Island material I have seen, but

seems hardly separable taxonomically as matters now stand.

Haplotrema Vancouver ensis (Lea), 4 examples.

Haplotrema vancouverensis hybrida (Ancey).2 examples.

S. S. Rekry, Redlands, Cal.

GiFFORDlus PINCHOTI n. g., n. sp. — Polygyroid, umbili-

cate, with convex spire of about 5 whorls ; cinnamon-brown,

with microscopic sculpture of wrinkles along growth lines

and more retractive coarse, irregular threads. Lip reflected,

with a small basal tooth and an oblicjuo parietal tooth. Alt.

THE NAUTILUS 143

4, diam. 7 mm. G. corneliac n, sp. Similar but without the

coarser threads, toothless; 4i/j whorls. Alt. 4, diam, 7.4 mm.

Both from Old Providence Island. — H. A. Pilsbry.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Shell Life. By Edward Step. (Frederick Warne &

Co., London and New York. 1927. $3.00.) Pp. 1-421, pi.

1-32, with many text figures. A book written in a popular

way pertaining to the shells of the British Isles. This is an

excellent piece of work, figuring all of the common species

and many of the rarer forms, many in color. The style is

very easy to read with considerable information about the

characters, ecology and distribution of the British forms. —

W. J. Clench.

A Descriptive Catalog of the Mollusca of Utah. By

Ralph V. Chamberlin and David T. Jones (Bull. University

of Utah. XIX, No. 4, 1929, pp. i-x, 1-203). This paper is

intended to serve as a basis for further scientific work and

as a guide to teachers of zoology and amateur collectors of

Utah mollusks. The introduction discusses the faunal rela-

tions, problems remaining for solution, and the collection

and preservation of specimens. The number of state or

regional publications recently appearing on the Mollusca

speaks well for the progress that is being made in the

study of our fauna, and for the growth of interest which

creates a demand for such literature. In this catalogue 118

species and varieties are described and most of them fig-

ured, with their distribution in Utah fully treated; the fol-

lowing being described as new:

Ogaridiscus (new genus, for Hyalina subrupicoJa Dall.)

Pupilla stoneri, Cedar Canyon.

Carinifex atopus, Bear Lake.

The map showing collecting stations should stimulate

field workers, as there are some large blanks waiting to be

filled up.— H. A. P. and C. W. J.

144 the nautilus

Three New Land Shells of the Genus Oreohelix

FROM Arizona. By William B. Marshall, (Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., vol. 76, No. 2802, 1929.) Oreohelix yavapai vauxae,

0. houghi and O. h. winsloivensis are described and figured.

A Hermaphroditic viviparous Oyster of the Atlantic

Coast of North America. By J. S. Outsell. (Science, Nov.

5, 1929.) Ostrea equestris Say at Beaufort, N. C, shows

alternate overlapping hermaphroditism as in the European

0. edulis. It was found growing on scallops in profusion.

Some Introduced Molluscs. By F. R. Latchford. (Cana-

dian Field Nat., vol. 44, p. 33, 1930.) Helix nemoralis is re-

corded from Owen Sound, Ontario, and Lymnaea auricu-

laria and Valvata piscinalis from Toronto.

Lorraine Screven Frierson, A Southern Conchol-

OGIST. By John K. Strecker. (Contrib. Baylor Univ. Museum,

No. 21.) Sketch of the life and activities of this naturalist,

with a bibliography of his scientific writings.

The Genus Alopia. By L. Soos. (Ann. Mus. Nat. Hun-

garici XXV, 1928.) A critical study of this intricate

Carpathian group of Clausiliae, which live exclusively on

limestone exposures. The existence of "amphidrome"

species is discredited, dextral and sinistral forms otherwise

nearly similar being considered distinct specifically. —

H. A. P.

Pseudohyaline American Land Shells. By H. Bur-

rington Baker. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences Phila., vol. 81,

pp. 251-266, 1929.) Another of the author's valuable papers

on the small land shells. The anatomy of some of the species

in the following genera: MicrophysiUa. Miradiscops, Zoni-

toides, Pilsbryna and Helicodisciis is shown on two plates,

a new section of Zonitoidcs, Pseudohyalus is proposed,

genotype Gastrodovfa Jnfeumbilicata.

A Snail-collecting Aphis-lion Larva. By David T.

Jones. (Marietta College Research Pub., vol. 1. pp. 1-9,

1929.) This larva attached to its back the shells of Punctum

pygmacum, Eyiconidus fulvu.s and Striatura milium.

$2.00 per Year ($2.10 to Foreign Countries.) 50 els. i cepr

T H F

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :

H. A. PiLsBRY, Curator of the Du|iurtii>ont of Molliitra,

Academy of Natiirul SciencL<8, i'lilla(lel|ilila.

C. W. JOHNSOV, Curator of Inaecta and Mollunua, Boston Bovisty of Natiir»l Hlitory.

Vol. XLIII. JULY. 1929. No. 1

CONTENTS

The Pleurocerid Fauna of the Falls of the Ohio. By Calvin G<H)drich 1

Some New Lig^us from the Florida Everglades.

By Willuim J. Clinch 18

Some Previously Unpublished Figures of Type Mollusks from Cali-

fornia. By Lionel William Wiedey 21

Description of Two New Species of Molluscs from tlie West Coast of

North America. By G. WHlett 26

Further Notes on Donax fosstjr antl Donax variabilis, Say

By Charlts W. Johnnon 2H

B»3ton Malacological Club *'^

Conchological Club of Southern California 31

Notes and News ..... 13

Publications Received .34

C. W. JOHNSON. Bufiineis Manager.

Boston Society of Natural History.

234 Berkeley Street.

Boston, Mats.

Entered as Second-ClaeB matter at the Boston Post-Office.

THE NAUTILUS

A New Work on the Cerionidae

By CHARLES J. MAYNARD

This book is the result of fifty years' study in field and laboratory,

with 200,000 Cerions in hand. Many new species are described and valu-

able facti jfiven. Nos. 1 to 12 now issued, 218 pages, 42 hand-colored

plates. Catalogue of Cerions for sale now ready, over 100 species. For

Circulars, addre«8 the author

457 Crafts St., West Newton, Mass.

Wanted to PurcKase

Private Collections of Recent MoUusca, that are of a scientific nature,

with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of

duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of

value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand

species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.

'WALTER F. ^VEBB.

209 Mfeatxninster Road, ROCHKSTKR, N. Y.

For Sale!

PUBLICATIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES:

Memoirs, Vol. II, no. 1; Occasional Papers, nos. 8, 10, 14—16; Pro-

ceedings, 2nd Series, Vol. I, no. 1; 3rd Series. Math. Phys., Vol. I, nos.

1—4; Botany, Vol. I, nos. 4, 5; Vol. II. no. 7; Zoology, Vol. I, nos. 1-8,

6—11; Vol. IV, nos. 4—6; Geology, Vol I, nos. 1, 4; 4th Series, Vols.

1 — 18. Original covers. Many i)ala?ontological papers. Make offer.

M. E. DAVIDSON.

717 Lincoln A.ve.. Pi<VLO ALTO, CALIFORNIA

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: Lire snails of the following genera: Melania, Paludomus,

lo, Angitrema, Goniobasis, Vivipara, Tulotoma, Campeloma, Ampullaria,

and Cochlostyla. Jno. B. LITSEY,

P. 0 Box 592, Dallas, Tex.

For ExcHANOi: Land and Marine Shells from California. Lower

Calif., G»lf of Calif., Cuba and Europe. Send IIhI.

H. N. Lowe,

2209 Lowena Drive, Long Beach, Calif.

THE NAUTILUS iii

New SKell Catalogue

We have completed the preparation and publication of the fourth

edition of our complete catalogue of Mollusca. This edition contains one

hundred anil twt-nty-four pagea and two hundred and twenty-three

illustrations. Due to the considerable expense of the publication, we are

unable to send the catalogue out free of charge. The price of the cata-

logue bound with heavy paper cover ia 55c.; bound in paper and inter-

leaved with blank pages, 70c.

WARDS NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.

P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science

of the University of Rochester.

A General Index to The Nautilus

This Index, begun by the late John B. Hendereon, was completed by

Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs.

Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains

over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to

THE NAUTILUS

234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass.

Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin

By FRANK COLLINS BAKER,

University of Illinois

Part L Gastropoda, 507 pp.. 28 pi., 202 fig.

Part IL Pelecypoda, 495 pp., 77 pi., 96 fig.

Morphology, ecology, and general distribution of the

various species are emphasized.

Postpaid, $6.00 for the two parts. Address,

WISCONSIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

Biology Building, MADISON, WISCONSIN.

iv THE NAUTILUS

THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY

The volume now in progress completes the monograph

of the Pupillidae.

Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.

Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00.

DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA.

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World

Business establishecl in 1861

Our Catalogues are indispensable to collectors for reference and as

check lists. CATALOGUE OF PELYCYPODA AND BRACHIOPODA.

Price 75c. MARINE AND FRESHWATER GASTROPODA, $L00.

LAND SHELLS (Operculate and Inoperculate), $1.00.

Specimens Identified. Exchange Invited

HUGH C. FULTON

(Late SOWERBY & FULTON)

27 Shaltesbury Road, London, W. 6, England

Attractive Specimens

CEPHALOPODS, GASTEROPODS, PELECYPODS,

BRACHIOPODS. ECHINODERMS.

COELENTERATES

Approval Orders Solicited

JNO. B. LITSEY,

p. O. Box 592 DALLAS, TEXAS

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XHE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :

H. A. I'lLSBRY, Curator of tlie Department of Molluica,

Acaileiijy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

C. W. J0HN80>, Curator of In^ecta and Mollusca, Boston Society of Natural History.

Vol. XLIII. OCTOBER, 1929. No. 2

CONTENTS

Notes from the Pinchot South Sea Expedition. By H. A. Pilsbry 37

Three New Snails from the Hills of California. By S. Stillman Berry 39

On the Occurrence of Henderaonia in Crawford County, Wisconsin.

By J. P. E. Morrison 41

Factors in the Evolution of the Prosobranchiate Mollusc, Thais

lapillus. By Dr. H. P. K. Agtrsborg 45

The Pelecypoda of the Coos Bay Region, Oregon.

By H. B. Yocom and Elton R. Edge 49

The Genus Megaustenia. By T. D. A. Cockerell . . .51

The Snails of Zion National Park. By A. M. Woodbury . . .64

The Land Shells of Kamchatka. By Walter J. Eyerdam . . .61

Th« Egg-capsules of Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener.

By C. W. Johnson 63

Rare Mollusks from New Jersey. By Horace G. Richards 63

The Terrestrial Mollusca of Turkey Run State Park, Indiana.

By Alvin R. Cahn and Jack T. Kemp 66

Concerning a Policy. By William J. Clench 69

Notes and News 70

C. W. JOHNSON, Business Manager,

Boston Society of Natural History,

234 Berkeley Street,

Boston, Mass.

Entsred as Second-Class matter at the Boston Post-Office.

ii THE NAUTILUS

A New Work on the Cerionidae

By CHARLES J. MAYNARD

This book is the result of fifty years' study in field and laboratory,

with 200,000 Cerions in hand. Many new species are described and valu-

able facts given. Nos. 1 to 12 now issued, 218 pages, 42 hand-colored

plates. Catalogue of Cerions for sale now ready, over 100 species. For

Circulars, address the author

457 Crafts St., West Newton, Mass.

Wanted to PurcKase

Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature,

with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of

duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of

value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand

species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.

'WALTER F. AVEBB,

202 'Westminster Road, ROCHf^STCR, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: Lire snails of the following genera: Melania, Paludomus,

lo, Angitrema, Goniobasis, Vivipara, Tulotoma, Campeloma, AmpuUaria,

and Cochlostyla. Jno. B. LITSEY,

P. 0 Box 592, Dallas, Tex.

For Exchange: Land and Marine Shells from California, Lower

Calif., Gulf of Calif., Cuba and Europe. Send list.

H. N. Lowe,

2209 Lowena Drive, Long Beach, Calif.

For Exchange: Hawaiian Marine Shells, California Marine and

Land Shells. Send List.

Morris Schick,

715 S. Central Ave., Glendale, Calif.

For Bxchanob: Land and Marine Shells, local and foreign.

S. C. Field,

1801 West 48th St., Los Angeles, Calif.

THE NAUTILUS iij

New SKell Catalogue

We have completed the preparation and publication of the fourth

edition of our complete catalogue of Mollusca. Thia edition contains one

hundred and twenty-four pages and two hundred and twenty-three

illustrations. Due to the considerable expense of the publication, we are

unable to send the catalogue out free of charge. The price of the cata-

logue bound with heavy paper cover is 55c.; bound in paper and inter-

leaved with blank pages, 70c.

WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.

P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER. N. Y.

The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science

of the University of Rochester.

A General Index to The Nautilus

This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by

Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs.

Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains

over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to

THE NAUTILUS

234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass.

Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin

By FRANK COLLINS BAKER,

University of Illinois

Part I. Gastropoda, 507 pp., 28 pi., 202 fig.

Part II. Pelecypoda, 495 pp., 77 pi., 96 fig.

Morphology, ecology, and general distribution of the

various species are emphasized.

Postpaid, $6.00 for the two parts. Address,

WISCONSIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

Biology Building, MADISON, WISCONSIN.

iv THE NAUTILUS

THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY

The volume now in progress completes the monograph

of the Pupillidae.

Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.

Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00.

DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World

Business established in 1861

Our Catalogues are indispensable to collectors for reference and as

check lists. CATALOGUE OF PELYCYPODA AND BRACHIOPODA.

Price 75c. MARINE AND FRESHWATER GASTROPODA, $L00.

LAND SHELLS (Operculate and Inoperculate), $1.00.

Specimens Identified. Exchange Invited

HUGH C. FULTON

(Late SOWERBY 86 FULTON)

27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England

Attractive Specimens

CEPHALOPODS, GASTEROPODS. PELECYPODS,

BRACHIOPODS. ECHINODERMS,

COELENTERATES

Approval Orders Solicited

JNO. B. LITSEY,

p. O. Box 592 DALLAS, TEXAS

MM pir Viif ($2,10 lo Foraign Couilrlis,) 50 cli. i Npy

THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :

H A. PiLSBmr, Curator of tb« Department of Mollnica,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

C. W. JoHxsow, Curator of Inaecta and Mollusca, Boston Society of Natural Hiitory.

Vol. XLIII. JANUARY, 1930 No. 3

CONTENTS

Snail Notes from the California Desert. By 5. S. Berry . . .73

A New Species of Strophocheilus from Brazil.

By William ./. Clench and Allan F. Archer 75

Fresh-Water Mollusks in Brackish Water and in Marine and Brack-

ish-Water Formations. By Junius Henderson .77

Further Records of Western Canadian Mollusca. By Alan Mozley . 79

A New Variety of Achatina Panthera from Madagascar.

By William J. Clench and Allan F. Archer 85

Mollusks below Conowingo Dam, Maryland. By William B. Marshall 87

Some Quantitative Determinations of Glochidia.

By Amanda Dickson Merrick 89

Physa and Bulinus of Mauritius. By William J. Clench .92

Sphaerium Seopoli; Sulcastrum, New Subgenus, and S. Fallax, New

Species. By V. Sterki • .... 93

New and Problematic West American Land-Snails.

By H. Burrington Baker 96

Charles Johnson Maynard 101

Notes and News 103

Publications Received 106

C. W. JOHNSON, Business Manager,

Boston Society of Natural History,

234 Berkeley Street.

Boston, Mass.

Entered ai Second-Class matter at the Boston Post-Office.

THE NAUTILUS

Wanted to PurcKase

Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature,

with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of

duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of

value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand

species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.

WTALTER r. WTEBB,

202 ^Westminster Road, ROCHCSTKR. N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: Lire snails of the following genera: Melania, Paludomus,

lo, Angitrema, Goniobasis, Vivipara, Tulotoma, Campeloma, Ampullaria,

and Cochlostyla. Jno. B. LITSEY,

P. O Box 592, Dallas, Tex.

For Exchangb: Land and Marine Shells from California, Lower

Calif., Gulf of Calif., Cuba and Europe. Send list.

H. N. Lows,

2209 Lowena Drive, Long Beach, Calif.

For Exchange: Hawaiian Marine Shells, California Marine and

Land Shells. Send List.

Morris Schick,

715 S. Central Ave., GlendaU, Calif.

For Exchange: Land and Marine Shells, local and foreign.

S. C. Field,

1801 West 48th St., Los Angeles. Cilif.

Wanted : Back Volumes of The Nautilus. Vol. 3 especially No. 2.

Volt. 18. 20 and 21. Addreit

The Nautilus,

2S4 Berkeley, St., Boiton, Mail.

THE NAUTILUS \\\

New SKell Catalogue

We have competed the preparation and puhlication of the fourth

edition of our complete catalogue of Mollusca. This edition contains on«

hundred and twenty-four pages and two hundred and tw«nty-three

illustrations. Due to the considerable expense of the publication, we are

unable to send the catalogue out free of charge. The price of the cata-

logue bound with heavy paper cover is 65c.; bound in paper and inter-

leaved with blank pagea, 70c.

WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT. Inc.

P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science

of the University of Rochester.

A General Index to The Nautilus

Thii Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by

Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs.

Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contain*

over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to

THE NAUTILUS

234 Berkeley St., Boston, Masi.

Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin

By FRANK COLLINS BAKER,

University of Illinois

Part L Gastropoda, 507 pp., 28 pi., 202 fig.

Part II. Pelecypoda, 495 pp., 77 pi., 96 fig.

Morphology, ecology, and general distribution of the

various species are emphasized.

Postpaid, $6.00 for the two parts. Address,

WISCONSIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

Bioloffy Building, MADISON, WISCONSIN.

iv THE NAUTILUS

THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY

The volume now in progress completes the monograph

of the Pupillidae.

Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.

Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00.

DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World

Business established in 1861

Our Catalogues are indispensable to collectors for reference and as

check lists. CATALOGUE OF PELYCYPODA AND BRACHIOPODA.

Price 75c. MARINE AND FRESHWATER GASTROPODA. $1.00.

LAND SHELLS (Operculate and Inoperculate). $1.00.

Specimens Identified. Exchange Invited

HUGH C. FULTON

(Late SOWERBY & FULTON)

27 Shaitesbury Road, London. W. 6, England

Attractive Specimens

CEPHALOPODS, GASTEROPODS. PELECYPODS,

BRACHIOPODS. ECHINODERMS.

COELENTERATES

Approval Orders Solicited

J NO. B. LITSEY,

p. O. Box S92 DALLAS, TEXAS

$2.00 per Year ($2.10 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts. i copy

THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY ^y^\^^'^

DEVOTED TO THE INTEREST^,^^/ ^ci;

OF CONCHOLOGISTS X>)/ ~t» ^

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :

H. A. PiLSBRY, Curator of the Department of Molluica,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

G. W. Johnson, Curator of laaecta and Siollusca, Boston Society of Natural History.

Vol. XLIII. APRIL. 1930 No. 4

CONTENTS

Ancient Shell "Trade Routes. " By Jnnius Henderson . . . 109

Helicina (Hendersonia) Occulta Say, Again. By B. Shim ek . . Ill

Snails, New and Otherwise, from the Palomar Mountains, Califor-

nia. By S. Stillman Berry 113

The Micrarionta.'^ of the Indioensis Group, with the Description of a

New Subspecies. By G. Willett 116

A New Colombian Helicid Snail of th« Genus Leptarionta.

By H. A. Pilsbry 116

Notes Taken in the Vicinity of Vinton, Iowa. By David T. Jones 118

A New Pleistocene Fossil from Port Blakely, Washington.

By Don L. Frizzell 120

New and Problematic West American Land Snails.

By H. Bnrrington Baker 121

Type of Anodontites Brugiere. By William B. Marshall . . 128

Inheritance of Direction of Coil in Achatinella. By OlaJ Oswald . 130

Fossil Mollusks and Other Invertebrates from the Hudson River

Tunnel, New York and New Jersey. By Horace G. Richards 130

Newfoundland Shells. By E. G. Vanatta 133

A New Helicina from New Caledonia. By T. D. A. Cockerell . 134

Correspondence 135

Notes and News 138

Publications Received 143

C. W. JOHNSON. Business Manager,

Boston Society of Natural History,

234 Berkeley Street,

Boston, Mass.

EUitered as Second-Class matter at the Boston Post-Office.

THE NAUTILUS

Wanted to PurcHase

Private Collections of Recent Moliuaca, that are of a scientific nature,

with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of

duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of

value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand

species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.

AVAUTER F. ^VEBB,

202 'Westminster Road, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: Lire snails of the following genera: Melania, Paludomus,

lo, Angitrema, Goniobasis, Vivipara, Tulotoma, Campeloma, Ampullaria,

and Cochlostyla. Jno. B. LITSEY, P. 0 Box 592, Dallas, Texas.

For Exchange: Land and Marine Shells from California, Lower

Calif., Gulf of Calif., Cuba and Europe. Send list.

H. N. Lowe, 2209 Lowena Drive, Long Beach, Calif.

For Exchange: Hawaiian Marine Shells. California Marine and

Land Shells. Send List.

Morris Schick, 715 S. Central Ave., Glendale, Calif.

For Exchange: Land and Marine Shells, local and foreign.

S. C. Field, 1801 West 48th St., Los Angeles. Calif.

For Exchange : Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States

and others, for Shells not in my collection. Send list.

Morris E. Caruthers. 120 E. Chestnut St., Glendale, Calif.

Wanted: Melanida?, Phyeida; and Planorbidse of the world. Will

exchange local or foreign material for same. William J. Clench,

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.

Wanted: Planorbis of the Helisoma group especially from Florida,

Louisiana and other Southern States. Material will be either paid for

or received in exchange. F. C. Baker, Natural History Museum, Uni-

versity of Illinoi*. Urbana, 111.

Wanted : Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Espe-

cially Vols. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21. 22, 23 and 24. Address

The Nautilus, 234 Berkeley, St., Boston, Mass.

THE NAUTILUS iii

New SHell Catalogue

We have completed the pie|)aration ami puhhcation of the fourth

edition of our complete catalogue of Mollusca. This edition contains one

hundred and twenty-four pages and two hundred and twenty-three

illustrations. Due to the considerable expense of the publication, we are

unable to send the catalogue out free of charge. The price of the cata-

logue bound with heavy paper cover is 55c.; bound in paper and inter-

leaved with blank pages, 70c.

WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.

P. O. Box 24. BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science

of the University of Rochester.

A General Index to The Nautilus

This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by

Wm. H. Dall Its publication has been made possible through Drs.

Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains

over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to

THE NAUTILUS

234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass.

Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin

By FRANK COLLINS BAKER,

University of Illinois

Part L Gastropoda, 507 pp., 28 pi., 202 fip.

Part II. Pelecypoda, 495 pp., 77 pi., % fig.

Morphology, ecology, and general distribution of the

various species are emphasized.

Postpaid, $6.00 for the two parts. Address,

WISCONSIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

Biology Building, MADISON, WISCONSIN.

iv THE NAUTILUS

THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY

The volume now in progress completes the monograph

of the Pupillidae.

Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.

Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00.

DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World

Business established in 1861

Our Catalogues are indispensable to collectors for reference and as

check lists. CATALOGUE OF PELYCYPODA AND BRACHIOPODA.

Price 75c. MARINE AND FRESHWATER GASTROPODA, $1.00.

LAND SHELLS (Operculate and Inopercuiate). $1.00.

Specimens Identified. Exchange Invited

HUGH C. FULTON

(Late SOWERBY & FULTON)

27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England

Attractive Specimens

CEPHALOPODS, GASTEROPODS, PELECYPODS,

BRACHIOPODS. ECHINODERMS.

COELENTERATES

Approval Orders Solicited

JNO. B. LITSEY,

p. O. Box 592 DALLAS, TEXAS