THE
NAUTILUS
A QUARTERLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS
VOL XLIV
JULY, 1930 to APRIL, 1931
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS
HENRY A. PILSBRY
Curator of the Deiiartmeiit of Mollusks ami Marine Inverteliratos,
Academy of Nacural Sctleiices
I'llILAIlKLI-IlIA
CHARLES W. JOHNSON
Curator of Insecta ami Mollusca, Boston Society of Natural History
IJ08TON
CONTENTS
OF
THE NAUTILUS, XLIV.
Acavus haemastoma monochroa Pils., n. n 100
Acila castrensis. Variation in the Sculpture of 50
Amnicola leightoni and gelida 22
Aroapyrgus, a New Name for Aroa H, B. Baker 142
Ancylu'3 coloradensis Henderson, n. n. for hendersoni . . 31
Angustipes Colosi 136
Aporrhais occidentalis Beck (pi. 1) 1
Aporrhais occidentalis var. labradorensis John. (pi. 1) 3
Aporrhais occidentalis var. mainensis John, (pi. 1) ... . 3
Arrhoges Gabb 3
Averellia (Trichodiscina) coactiliata Fer 81
Belocaulus sloanei 133
Boston Malacological Club 27
Brazier, John (Obituary) 95
Bulimulus baileyi Dall 81
Bulimulus felipponei Marshall not Ihering 100
Bulimulus hendersoni Marshall, n. n 100
Bulla, The Status of 98
Camptoceras (Culmenella) prashadi Clench, n. n 80
Camptoceras (Culmenella) hirasi Clench 80
Carinifex atopus Chamb. and Jones (pi. 6) 77
Carinifex newberryi Lea, Variation of (pi. 6) 77, 109
Carinifex ponsonbyi E. A. Smith (pi. 6) 79
Carocolla Schumacher, 1817 139
Chitons with Seven Valves 7
Connolly, Major M 100
Coretus Adams 100
Cylindrocaulis Strand 134
Dentellaria Schumacher, 1817 139
Desmocaulis Simroth 136
Discodoma Swainson, 1840 139
Drepanocaulis Simroth 137
Eleutherocaulis Simroth 137
8
4 THE NAUTILUS
Emerson, Joseph Swift (Obituary) 94
Emerton, James Henry (Obituary) 97
Euglandina lowei Pils., n, sp. (pi. 5) 83
Euglandina mariana Dall 83
Euglandina mazatlanica von Mart 83
Flagellicaulis Simroth 137
Florida, Collecting on the East Coast 29
Fresh Water Mussels, Terms Used in Describing Them 41
Goniobasis livescens correcta, On Reproduction of 115
Goniobasis livescens, Radula of (figs. 1-9) 53
Gonyodiscus cronkhitei anthonyi 38, 109
Gonyodiscus perspectiva and macclintocki 22
Granodomus, Type Helix lima Fer., n. subg 141
Gyraulus altissimus 22
Haplotrema alameda Pils., n. sp. (pi. 5) 67
Haplotrema alameda fieldi Pils., n. subsp. (pi. 5) 67
Helices, Some Type Designations in 139
Helicina occulta Say 37, 87
Helisoma (Carnifex) newberryi Lea (pi. 6) 77
Helisoma (Carnifex) ponsonbyi E. A. Smith (pi. 6) . . . 79
Helminthoglypta benitoensis Lowe, n. sp 43
Helminthoglypta traski 86
Helminthoglypta traski fieldi Pils., n. subsp. (pi. 5) ... . 66
Helminthoglypta walkeriana and umbilicata 30
Helminthoglypta greggi Willett, n. sp 124
Helix aspersa Mull 102
Helix haemastoma var. concolor Pils 100
Helix liberiae A. D. Brown=H. anceps Gould 68
Helix nemoralis at Marion, Mass 13
Helix nemoralis castanea Picard 14
Helix whitneyi Newb 98
Hemicycla Swainson 140
Hendersonia occulta rubella Green 21
Holkeion anceps Gould 68
Humboldtiana palmeri Clench and Rehder, n. sp. (pi. 2) 12
Imerinia 137
Iowa, Red Cedar River Collection 87
Ischnochiton mertensis Carp. (7 valves) 8
Ischnochiton regularis Carp. (7 valves) 7
Kentucky, Land Shells of Rio 16
Laevicaulis 138
Lampsilis cariosus Say 20
Lampsilis radiatus in Aroostook Co., Me 69
Lampsilis ventricosus cohongoronta in the Potomac
River 19
!
THE NAUTILUS 6
Land Shells of Western Mexico 81
Leidyula 133
Leiostoma Swainson, 1840 139
Liguus solidus innominatus Pils., n. form 32
Lima inflata and Its Nest 126
Lymnaea idahoensis Henderson, n. sp. (pi. 6) 75
Lymnaea utahensis Call, Variation of (pi. 6) 77, 109
Lymnaea auricularia L. in Idaho 143
Macrospira Swainson, 1840 141
Menetus planulatus Cooper (pi. 6) 79
Microphysula ingersolli Bland 114
Mollusca of Bear Lake and Utah Lake, Idaho-Utah .... 109
Mollusca Collected in Northern West Virginia 127
Mollusca of Lamb's Canyon, Utah 113
Molluscan Life During Pleistocene and Recent Time,
Variation of 21
Mollusks Collected in Bass Island Region, Lake Erie. . . 44
Mollusks of Jefferson, Lincoln Co., Me 142
Micrarionta desertorum Pils. and Ferr 4
Micrarionta hutsoni Clapp 4
Micrarionta hutsoni amboiana Willett, n. subsp 123
Micrarionta hutsoni hilli Willett, n. subsp 6, 123
Micrarionta hutsoni unifasciata Willett, n. subsp. . . .6, 123
Micrarionta kellettii Forbes 86
Modiolus Lam. versus Volsella Scop 145
Monadenia fidelis Gray 102
Monadenia fidelis pronotis Berry, n. subsp 122
Murex f ulvescens Sowb 30
Newfoundland, A Promising Collecting Field 9
Notes and News 30, 68, 98, 141
Opeas micra mazatlanica Pils., n. subsp. (pi. 5) 82
Oreohelix avalonensis Hemp 73
Oreohelix cooperi W. G. Binney 102, 114
Oreohelix Growing on Trees 102
Oreohelix handi Pils. and Ferr 73
Oreohelix in California 73
Oxystyla boucardi Pfr., Estivating (pi. 3) 25, 82
Oxystyla melanocheilus 82
Paludestrina longinqua Gould 110, 114
Pachychilus schumoi Pils,, n. sp. (pi. 7) 84
Paphia tenerrima alta, The Status of 48
Parahelix v. Iher 68
Pecten grandis Solander, Size of 99
Pholadidea californica 91
Pleistocene and Recent Mollusks 21, 37
6 THE NAUTILUS
Pleurodonte F. de Waldh 139
Polygyra behri Gabb 81
Polygyra columbiana megasoma Dall 101
Polygyra columbiana pilosa Henderson 102
Polygyra espiloca at Beaufort, N. C 142
Polygyra mullani tuckeri Pils. and Hend., n. subsp.
(pi. 5) 121
Polygyra multilineata altonensis 22
Polygyra multilineata wanlessi 22
Polygyra paucicostata Pils 81
Polygyra richardson v. Mart 81
Polygyra roperi Pils., Rediscovery of 17
Polygyroidea harfordiana Cooper 101
Polymesoda zeteki Pils., n. sp. (pi. 7) 85
Pomatiopsis scalaris and lapidaria 23, 38, 39
Potamopyrgus, New Subgenera of 142
Prashad, Dr. Baini 100
Publications Received 33, 72, 102
Radula of Goniobasis livescens 60
Sarasinula G. & H 137
Schizothaerus nuttallii capax Gould, not S. maxima
Midd 69
Schooner M. M. Hamilton as a Laboratory 32
Shell Collecting on the W. Mexican Coast, H 24
Snails Climbing Trees 30
Strobilops labyrinthica virgo Pils 87
Succinea grosvenori and gelida 22
Sulc^strum, Type of 143
Switzerland Shells 70
Thais floridana havsae Clench (pi. 2) 68
Thelidomus Swainson, 1840 140
Urocoptis livida atkinsi Torre and Clench (pi. 2) 15
Urocoptis livida barbouri Torre and Clench (pi. 2) . . . . 15
Vaginulus (Latipes) occidentalis Gould 137
Vaginulus (Sarasinula) plebeius Fisch 134
Vallonia gracilicosta 40
Valvata of Aroostook Co., Me 30
Valvata lewisi ontariensis F. C. Baker, n. var 119
Valvata lewisi precursor 22
Valvata lewisi helicoidea Dall 120
Valvata sinceru nylanderi 30, 120
Veronicella floridana Leidy 131
Veronicella (Tonacipes) tenax H. B. Baker, new sect.
and sp 131
Vertigo coloradensis Ckll. in Newfoundland 9
THE NAUTILUS 7
Vertigo loesscnsis and jjouldii 22
\'iviparus subpurpureus Say 70
Woodward, Bernard Barham (Obituary) 97
Zonitoides arborca Say 99
INDEX TO AUTHORS
Ahlstrom, Elbert H 44
Archer, A. F 16, 70
Baker, Frank C 21, 119
Baker. H. B 99, 106, 131, 143
Berrv. Elmer G 113
Berry, S. Stillman 73, 122
Burnett. \V. E 143
Chace, E. P. and E. M 7
Clench, W. J 10, 13, 15, 34, 70, 80
Cooke, C. Montague 94
Field, Stanley C 30, 86
Frizzell, Don L 48, 50, 69
Grant IV. U. S 91
Hanna, G. D 17
Henderson. Junius ..9, 31, 33, 35, 75, 102, 109, 121, 143
Howe, Sam W 53
Iredale, Tom 95
Jewell. Dorothea Dowd 115
Johnson, C. W 1, 97, 102, 126
Jones, David T 87
Lowe, H. N 24, 42, 81
Marshall. Wm. B 19, 41, 100
Nicholson, J. L 17
Norton. Arthur H 99
Nvlander, Olof 0 30, 69
Oidrovd, I. S 91
Pilsbry, H. A.
32, 34, 66, 68, 72, 81, 84, 98, 101, 108, 121, 138, 143
Rehder, H. A 10
Shimek, R 37
Smith. Allyn G 101
Torre. Carlos de la 15
Vanatta, E. G 68
Webber. F. S 29
Willard, Theodora 27
Willett, G 4, 123
Wilson, F. R 127
The Nautilus.
Vol. XLIV JULY, 19S0. No. 1
THE V.VRIATIONS OF APORRHAIS OCCIDENTALIS BECK
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON
This interesting species presents considerable variation
throughout its range from the Georges Bank off Massachu-
setts to northern Labrador, in depths of water varying
from 6 to 120 fatlioms. Although naturally merging into
each other there are three quite distinct forms. One is
found along the coast of Maine and Nova Scotia, the second
along the coast of Labrador, while the typical form seems
to occupy the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the deeper waters
of the Gulf of Maine. In my list of mollusks from Labra-
dor, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, collected by Mr. Owen
Bryant (1926), I gave to the coarse ribbed form from
Maine the varietal name of mainensis, considering those
from Labrador to be typical. Further study however shows
that these are also quite different from the typical form, in
fact, more so than the variety mainensis.
APORRHAIS OCCIDENTALIS (Beck). PI. I, fig. 1.
Rostellaria occidentalis Beck, Guerin's Mag, de Zool., 1836,
vol. 6, classe 5 (text) pi. 72.'
' Beck refers to a paper as follows: — "in Lyell Catl. of the Fossils
of St. Laurence Bay, in Geol. Trans". This paper did not actually ap-
pear until 1811. Trans. Gcol. Soc, London, vol. G, (2 ser.) 1841 (read
April 24, 1831)). The real title of the paper is — "Remarks on Some
Fossils and Recent Shells collected by Captain Bayfield R. N. in Can-
ada," by Charles Lyoll. A list of fossil shells from Beauport near
Quebec, is followed by the following remark: "For the sake of com-
parison I subjoin a list of the recent marine shells of the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, forwarded to me by Capt. Bayfield in the naming of which
I have been assisted by Dr. Beck and Georpe Sowerby." Rofttellaria
occidentalis appears in the list on pape 138.
2 THE NAUTILUS
Rostellaria occidentalis Gould, Inv. Mass., 1841, p. 298, fig.
205.
ArroJioges occidentalis Gabb, Amer. Journ. Conch., vol. 4,
p. 145—1868.
Aporrhais occidentalis Gould, Inv. Mass., 2 ed. 1870, p. 320,
fig. 589.
Aporrhais (Arrhoges) occidentalis Johnson. Fauna of New
England. List of Moll. Occas. Papers, Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist, p. 128, 1915.
The shell described and figured by Beck is 57 mm. in
length, diameter of the penultimate whorl 15 mm., width
of the lip 20 mm. The last whorl has about 25 longitudinal
costae. Specimens were from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and
Newfoundland.
This is the form found in the deeper waters of the Gulf
of Maine and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, varying in size
from 50 to 70 mm. The specimen represented by figure 1
is from Newfoundland and is what may be considered as
typical. Its length is 62 mm. penultimate, whorl 18 mm. in
diameter, width of the lip 25 mm. The penultimate whorl
has about 19 longitudinal costae and the body whorl about
25 costae which become obsolete on the expanded portion.
In perfect specimens the entire shell is ornamented with fine
raised spirals, but these are usually eroded on the spire, the
peripheral and subperipheral ridge on the body whorl often
quite distinct. In most cases the extension of the lip ex-
tends across the penultimate whorl and in a few specimens
onto the adjoining whorl.
A fine series was obtained by Mr. W. S. Schroeder of the
United States Fish Commission steamer "Albatross 11" in
88 fathoms, off" the Isles of Slioals, New Hampshire, the
largi'r si)ccimcns measuring 70 mm. The most southern
records are the Georges Bank 50 fathoms Lat. 41° 23' N.
Long. 68 40' W. and off Gurnett Point, Plymouth, Mass.,
20 fathoms (R. K. Smith and W. F. Clapp). In 1871 J. F.
Whiteaves dredged a living specimen in 120 fathoms, N. E.
of the Island of Anticosti.
THE NAUTILUS 3
Aporrhais ore identalis. var. mainensis Johnson, PI. 1.
figs. 4-6. The Nautilus, vol. 39, pp. 133-134, 1926.
This form is distinguished by its more slender spire and
fewer longitudinal costae. The number of costae on the
]ienultimate whorl is 14 and on the body whorl about 18.
The young (fig. 6) of this and the typical form are often
difficult to separate. The length of the type (fig. 5) is 62
nmi. The type lot was dredged by Dr. C. W. Townsend
near Gillpatrick Ledge, off Northeast Harbor, Maine, in 5
to 6 fathoms, also taken at Eastport, Maine, 20 fathoms
(Hyatt) and at Digby, Nova Scotia, by E. W. Roper. The
figure by Gould represents the typical form and not this
variety as stated in 1926.
Aporrhais occidentalis var. labradorensis n. var. PI. 1.
figs. 2, 3.
This is readily separated from the typical form by its
smaller size, more slender spire, smaller and more numer-
ous costae and less expanded lip. On the penultimate whorl
there are about 24 longitudinal costae and on the body
whorl about 29, peripheral lines obsolete or wanting. Width
of the lip 15 mm. The lip is confined to the body whorl,
usually not reaching the suture and rarely extending onto
the penultimate whorl. The length of the holotype (fig. 3)
is 52 mm. and of fig. 2, representing an unusually high
spire. 63 mm. Holotype and paratypes are from Egg Har-
bor, Labrador, 7 fathoms (Owen Bryant). Most of the
specimens from the Labrador coast are badly eroded.
For this species Gabb in 1863 proposed the genus
Arrhof/rs, based on the following characters "Anterior
canal nearly obsolete, no posterior canal, outer lip ex-
panded, simple." Fischer made it a subgenus of Aporrhais
defining it as having anterior and posterior canal very
short, lip simple. The study of a large series of Avorrhais
prsprh'cani Linn, shows in senile specimens a thickening
of the lip until the posterior canal becomes obsolete. This
feature is best shown in three specimens from Clyde, Scot-
4 THE NAUTILUS
land, labeled var. bilobata in which the mantle has receded
until only about half of the thickened lip is covered by the
mantle, the posterior canal is wanting and the shape of the
aperture closely resembles that of a small A. occidentalis
var. labradorensis. The shell characters mentioned there-
fore seem of little generic value and it seems doubtful if
there is any marked anatomical difference.
I am indebted to the Boston Society Natural History for
the photograph of the varieties of this shell and to Mr.
C. V. MacCoy for figure one.
DESERT HELICOIDS OF THE MICRARIONTA HUTSONI
GROUP
BY G. WILLETT
For some time past the writer has had in his collection
shells of small Micrariontas from the California desert that
were apparently closely related to Micrarionta hutsoni
Clapp and M. dcsertorum Pilsbry and Ferriss. Awaiting a
better study series of these two Arizona forms, the dispo-
sition of the California shells has been held in abeyance.
The opportunity to visit southwestern Arizona arrived re-
cently and on March 7, 1930, the writer and his wife vis-
ited the type locality of M. desertorum, collecting eighty
specimens, a considerable number of which were living.
On the following day the approximate type locality of M.
hutsoni was visited and about 50 specimens, both living and
dead, were secured.
The type locality of M. desertorum given by Pilsbry and
Ferriss, (Nautilus XXI, 134), is "twelve miles south from
Parker, Arizona." As ihore is only one mountain that this
description could possibly apply to, it seems safe to assume
that the locality visited by us was the correct one. The
type locality of M. hufsnrii, "eight miles from Quartzite,
Arizona," (Nautilus XX, 136), is less definite but it must
lie in the Dome Rock Mountains, the range west of Quartz-
THE NAUTILUS. XLIV
PLATE
Thk Variation oi' Ai'iirkhais occii»i;ntai,is. Ikck
THE NAUTILUS 5
ite and the only onr within cii?ht miles of the settlement.
Our lot of shells obtained in this range, about four miles
west of Quartzite, are apparently identical with specimens
from the type lot that were given to the writer by Dr.
S. S. Berry.
After a careful study of these specimens, together with
those from the California desert above mentioned, it seems
to the writer that there are at present four known races of
Micrarionta hutsoni, as follows.
Micrarionta hutsoni hutsoni Clapp. From the Dome
Rock Mountains, Yuma County, Arizona. Apparently the
largest of the group. Though the diameter of the largest
specimen of the type lot is given as 15 mm., one specimen
in our lot measures 16.5 mm. In typical hutsoni the white
zone above the narrow peripherical band is abruptly bor-
dered by another brown band that extends to the suture.
This is lighter in color, consequently less conspicuous, than
the band above the periphery, and about twice as wide. It
is particularly apparent inside the aperture and gives the
shell the appearance of being doubly banded.
Micrarionta hutsoni desertorum Pilsbry and Ferriss.
After comparing our series of desertorum with hutsoni it
seems apparent that the former should be considered a
somewhat stunted, albinistic form of the latter. The north-
ern extremity of the Dome Rock Mountains, the habitat of
hutsoni, is only about fifteen miles from the small, un-
named mountain that is the type locality of desertorum.
Though the shell of desertorum is said to be unhanded,
eighteen specimens out of our series of eighty show traces
of bands: furthermore, an albinistic specimen of hutsoni,
taken alive, together with normal specimens is indistin-
guishable from desertorum: That these two forms inter-
grade geographically is doubtful, as several miles of desert
intervene between their mountain habitats, but that they
do intergrade by individual variation is clearly shown in
our series. Our largest specimen of desertorum has a max-
imum diameter of 14.4 millimeters.
6 THE NAUTILUS
Micrarionta hutsoni unifasciata, new subspecies. — De-
scription : Similar to M. hutsoni hutsoni, but smaller, some-
what more depressed, and with only the narrow peripheri-
cal band showing on the last whorl and within the aperture.
The white zone above the peripherical band merges gradu-
ally into the horn-color of the upper part of the shell, not
abruptly as in the typical form.
Type, — No. 1023 Collection of Los Angeles Museum;
paratypes in collection of the writer. The type and eight
additional specimens were collected by G. Willett at New-
berry Springs, north end of Kane Mountains, San Bernard-
ino County, California, February 11, 1929.
Though the type localities of M. hutsoni hutsoni and M.
hutsoni unifasciata are 150 miles apart, and separated by
desert, several mountain ranges and the Colorado River,
the two forms are so nearly alike that it seems best to con-
sider the differences only subspecific.
Micrarionta hutsoni hilli, new subspecies. — Description:
Similar to M. hutsoni hutsoni, but differing in smaller size,
more depressed form, and in relatively larger umbilicus;
also in lack of any perceptible band between the upper
white zone and the suture. Differs from M. h. unifasciata
in slightly more depressed form and larger umbilicus.
Type, No. 1024 Collection Los Angeles Museum: para-
types in collection of the writer. The type and ten addi-
tional specimens were collected by G. Willett in the Sheep
Hole Mountains, San Bernardino County, California, on the
road leading from Amboy to Twenty-nine Palms, Novem-
ber 8, 1929.
THE NAUTILUS 7
The type locality ol' this form lies about seventy-five
miles southeast of the type locality of M. h. unifasciata. Be-
tween these two localities are three mountain ranges, the
Bessemers, an un-named range and the Bullions. Visits to
these ranges at several different points have resulted in no
traces of shells being found,
I take pleasure in naming this shell in honor of Mr. How-
ard R. Hill, conchologist at the Los Angeles Museum.
Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, California.
March 11, 1930.
TWO SEVEN-VALVED CHITONS FROM MENDOCINO,
CALIFORNIA
By E. P. AND E. M. GRACE
Among the fifty or more specimens of chitons taken in
two days collecting at Mendocino last July, (1929), there
were two specimens of particular interest, having only
seven valves each. The first, an Ischnochiton regularis,
Cpr. has valves V and VI fused together. From the outside
the abnormal valve shows the median areas of valve V
about one-fourth longer than usual, and V's normal lateral
areas and then the lateral areas of valve VL There is a dis-
tinct line separating the lateral areas of valves V and VI
but it shows a joining and not a joint. No trace of median
areas of valve VI is visible. Examination of the interior
shows the length of the joined valves to equal that of two
normal valves but about seventy percent of this is valve
V, a distinct groove separating valve V from valve VI for
aljout one-third of their width at each edge, while the por-
tion under the apex is smoothly joined. Measurements of
this specimen :
Length of valves. 29 mm.; width of valve III, 11 mm.;
width of valve V, 11.5 mm.
A normal specimen measures:
8 THE NAUTILUS
Length of valves, 29.2 mm.; width of valve III, 11 mm.;
width of valve V, 11.2 mm.
The second is an Ischnochiton mertensii, Cpr. In this
specimen valves I to V are normal in shape and sculpture.
All show old breaks at the top of the arch. These are cov-
ered with a callus on the inside, the callus in valves II
and III being heavier than in the other valves. Valve VI
is perhaps ten per cent longer than in a normal specimen.
The lateral area on the right side is normal and has five
rows of pustules, while that on the left is somewhat larger
and shows eight rows of pustules. There is no mark to in-
dicate a possible fusion of valves VI and VII. This valve
also shows a break at the apex and a callus inside.
The tail valve appears slightly smaller than normal for
a specimen of this width and does not fit as tightly against
the adjacent valve as is usual. It is short on the left side
where it adjoins the wide lateral area of valve VI and long
on the right where a small portion at the anterior edge is
slightly depressed but still distinct from the central area.
This bears three fairly distinct rows of pustules and parts
of a fourth row in the slight groove which marks the nor-
mal edge of the tail valve.
In spite of the fact that these abnormally sculptured por-
tions of valve VI and the tail valve might be portions of
the missing valve (VII) there is no indication on the inside
of the shell that valve VII ever existed. Comparative meas-
urements of /. 7nertensn follow:
Normal spec. 7-v. spec.
Length of valves 31.7 mm 26.5 mm.
Width of valve III 14.4 mm. 14.1 mm.
Width of valve VI 13.7 mm. 13.3 mm.
THE NAUTILUS 9
NEWFOUNULANl) A TKOMISING CONCHOLOGICAL FIELD
BY JUNIUS HENDERSON
As far as I havo learned, the mountainous portions of
Newfoundland have been but little explored by anyone
especially interested in mollusks. The recent discovery of
unglaciated areas there, and the interesting results of
botanical studies therein, and in unglaciated areas of Lab-
rador and the St, Lawrence Gulf region,^ suggests the im-
portance of a thorough conchological exploration of the
region by some husky young fellow who is not afraid of dif-
ficult travel in a pathless mountain country.
Many species of western American plants, which perhaps
in preglacial times extended across the intervening region,
now survive on the unglaciated areas about the Gulf of St.
Lawrence, and in Labrador and Newfoundland, associated
with many endemic species, which have not been able to
reinvade the neighboring regions from which they were
probably destroyed by the continental glaciation.
If this large flora has existed there since pre-glacial
time, one should expect also an interesting survival mol-
luscan fauna, a study of which would throw some light
upon the former distribution of species, as well as upon
their antiquity. Several brief lists of non-marine New-
foundland mollusks have appeared in The Nautilus, but
the shells were picked up incidentally by botanists. A care-
ful search of the unglaciated mountains by someone par-
ticularly seeking mollusks would likely yield much more
significant results. In the latest list- one species. Vertigo
coloradeyisis Cockerell, is especially suggestive. It (and its
varieties) had long been known from the southern Rocky
Mountains and adjacent region — Colorado, Utah and Ari-
1 See, for example, Fernald, "Unj^laciated western Newfoundland,'"
Harvard Alumni Bulletin, Jany. 23, 1930; "Some relationships of the
floras of the northern hemisphere," Proc. Internat. Congress of Plant
Sciences, II, 1487-1 ."jOT. 1029; "Persistence of plants in unglaciated
areas of boreal America," Mem. Gray Herb., II. (Mem. Amer. Acad.,
XV, 1925.)
-' Vanatta, Nautilus, XLIII, 133-134, 1930.
^-'A ^*^ Jyj
10 THE NAUTILUS
zona. Now it is reported in Newfoundland, with no rec-
ords, so far as I am aware, for the vast stretch of land be-
tween the two regions. What agency could have trans-
ported it for a distance of about 2,500 miles and dropped
it in the mountains of Newfoundland, and left none along
the route? The line does not follow the direction of the
migration flight of birds. If it was carried by wind there
should be more along the line of travel than at the farthest
known extremity, but they have not been found. It has not
been reported from Wyoming, Montana^ or the Rocky
Mountain region of British America, thus indicating the
improbability that it extends through the conchologically
but little known regions of northern Canada and down the
Rocky Mountains.
If the isolated occurrence of this species in Newfound-
land really means a survival of the species at the extreme
eastern end of its pre-glacial range, then it shows the an-
tiquity of the species. More thorough exploration may re-
veal other western species in the same region, whence they
have not been able to reinvade the surrounding territory
since the retreat of the continental glaciers. I am not sure
that the Newfoundland Vertigo was found in the unglaci-
ated area, but it could not have been far from it.
A NEW HUMBOLDTIANA FROM TEXAS
W. J. CLENCH AND H. A. RKHDER
Among a large number of shell.s from southwestern and
middle woslcrn sections of this country sent one of us by
Mr. Ernc'.'^t J. Palmer, there was a lot of the genus Hum-
holdliaiKi from Mt. Livermore, Davis Mountains, Texas.
Upon examination and comparison with other species in
this genus it was found to be new and has been named for
•1 V. c(tl(>i(((lcnsiH Ixisidctis is kimwn from Montana and British
Columbia.
THE NAUTILUS 11
the collector, who is connected with the Arnold Arboretum
of Harvard University, and who, in liis botanical expedi-
tions, has shown a keen interest, not only in the botanical,
but also in the geological and zoological characteristics of
the country.
A note on the habitat of the snail may l)e of interest, this
information being taken from Mr. Palmer's paper, "The
Ligneous Flora of the Davis Mountains, Texas". (Jour.
Arnold Arboretum, X, no 1, Jan. 1929).
The Davis Mountains are in Jeff Davis county in west-
ern Texas. They are a group of rugged mountains, some
peaks being isolated, and others arranged in irregular
groups sejiarated by deep canyons and high cliffs. These
mountains are of igneous rock, except for an exposure of
sandstone in one place, and for some beds of Comanchean
limestone on the northern slopes of the mountains.
The highest peak is Mt. Livermore also known as "Baldy
Peak", which has an elevation of 8,382 feet. Several can-
yons lead up to this peak, and this species was found at the
head of Madera Canyon, which is on the north side of the
mountain, at a height of approximately 7,350 feet. These
canyons end up under high cliffs which rise up along the
western and northern sides of the peak. At the base of
these cliffs is a deep slope of talus, covered with moss and
lichens. In depressions considerable soil and humus has
accumulated, and as a result a dense growth of shrubs and
small trees is found over a part of the talus, indicating
that considerable moisture must be received. The cliffs
also furnish some protection from the hot dry winds and
from the direct sunlight during part of the day.
Mr. Palmer tells us that as he was collecting here at the
base of the cliffs, a light shower mixed with a little hail
came up, and immediately these snails began coming out
in large numbers from the bases of the male fern and from
under mos.sy rocks and beds of Selafjinella. (op. cit., pages
27-28).
Two bleached specimens of a Humboldtiana were also
12 THE NAUTILUS
taken by Mr. Palmer at Sawtooth Mountain (7,748 ft.),
which lies several miles northwest of Mt. Livermore. We
hesitate to describe this apparently new species or variety
owing to the condition of the specimens. It approaches H.
ferrissiana Pils. in size but has a higher spire. The two
specimens measure:
Height, 33, greater diam. 34 mm.
Height, 27.5, greater diam. 31 mm.
The only other species, H. ferrissiana, from the Davis
Mountains is from Miter Peak.
Humholdtiana palmeri, n. sp. Plate 2, fig. 1-4.
Shell: thin but strong, subglobose, whorls 4, umbilicate,
buckthorn brown in color with occasional irregular straw
yellow mottlings along growth lines. Three seal-brown
bands encircle the shell. The young shells, of 3V2 whorls
are somewhat lighter, honey yellow in color. First half
whorl smooth, following % whorl finely rugulose-granulose,
following whorls distinctly granulose even over the last
quarter of the final whorl ; granulations extend over the
base though somewhat less distinct. The whorls marked by
irregular growth wrinkles, the granulations continuing
over the wrinkles (fig. 1). Whorls convex, increasing rap-
idly, the last whorl descending slightly. Aperture oblique,
and appearing almost circular; peristome thin, only occa-
sionally very slightly thickened on the inside. Columellar
margin strongly reflected over the umbilicus. Interior
nacreous-whitish, bands showing through distinctly.
Ht. 22, gt. diam. 26.1, less. diam. 20.5, ap. h. 17.9, aj). w.
14.4 mm. Holotype.
Ht. 21, gt. diam. 25, less. diam. 19.5, i^\^. h. 16.1. ap. w.
14.1 mm. Paratype.
Ht. 25. 5, gt. diam. 24.5, less. diam. 21.5, ap. h. 15.7. ap.
w. 13.2 mm. Paratype.
Ht. 20.5, gt. diam. 23.7, less diam. 19. ap. h. 15, ap. w.
12.9 mm. Paratype.
Head of Madera Canyon, 7,350 alt.. Mt. Livermore, Davis
Mountains, Jeff Davis County, Texas. Coll. by Ernest J.
THE NAUTILUS 18
Palmer. Holotype M. C. Z. No. 79779. Paratypea M. C. Z.
No. 79780. Also collections A. N. S. P. 151227, A. F. Archer
and H. Rehder.
This species differs from the four other Texan species of
Humboldt iana described by Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1927, p. 165, and Nautilus, vol. 41, p. 82, 1928) by
its distinct and strong granulose sculpture which extends
up to the peristome and over the base. In this respect it
seems to resemble most closely the Mexican species, occu-
pying a position midway between the Mexican and Texan
species. Besides differing in the intensity and amount of
granulation, H. palmeri n. sp. differs in the following re-
spects from the other Texan Humboldtianas. From H.
tcxana Pils. it differs in being of much darker color, in be-
ing more depressed, and all three bands being equally broad
and distinct. H. chisoscnsis Pils., which it perhaps resem-
bles most closely, is usually somewhat larger and more de-
pressed. From H. ultima Pils., it differs in lacking the
whitish mottling and in the bands being more solid. From
the only other Davis mountains species, H. fcrrissiana Pils.,
it differs in being smaller, darker in color, the lower band
not weak and interrupted but solid.
ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE COLONY OF HELIX NEMORALIS
AT MARION, MASS.
BY W. J. CLENCH
On May 12, Mr. Archer, and Mr. Rehder, together with
the author paid a visit to the colony of Helix nemoralis that
has been established at Marion, Massachusetts, on Buz-
zards' Bay. Dry weather has been the rule during the past
few weeks, and as a consequence only a few individuals
were found actively moving about.
The colony is roughly limited to about six acres of
ground, four acres of which are for flower gardens and
homes and about two acres of open grassland. The species
is, by far, most abundant in the open field, in and around
14 THE NAUTILUS
the grass roots and especially at the base and under the
leaves of dandelions, daisies and clover. Some small
clumps of daisies yielded as many as twenty-five specimens.
About six hours were spent collecting, most of the time
in the open field. A series of 1,867 adult specimens were
found, and these alone were saved. The adults constituted
about 40% of the total population seen. Previous published
records about the numerical ratios of the color forms and
bands are: (Johnson, Naut., Vol. 40, p. 93, 1927: Johnson,
Naut., Vol. 41, p. 47, 1927; Crampton, Naut., Vol. 41, p.
49, 1927.)
Five bandless specimens of H. nemoralis castanea Picard
were also found, adding a new color form to this locality.
An observation of considerable interest was made. It
was noted that only a few dead shells were seen; far too
few considering the abundance of live specimens. The lack
of dead shells was not due to a low mortality in this partic-
ular colony, but rather to the "feeding" upon the dead
shells by live snails. More than fifty individuals were seen
in the act of rasping away portions of other shells. There
is but little lime at this region of igneous rock and this lack
has caused these snails to seek a direct supply, rather than
depend upon the slight calcium content contained in their
food plants.
1 Thi.s form which is called the variety liUvllula Risso, is really H.
vruioralis vrnnirdlitf Linn., as the type color form is yellow, and
should be known as such.
THE NAUTILUS 15
WEST INDIAN MOLLISKS. NO. l :— TWO NEW VARIETIES OF
UROCOn IS LIVIDA TORRES
BY CARLOS DE LA TORRE AND WILLIAM J. CLENCH
Urocoptis LIVIDA ATKiNSi iiov. subsp. Plate 2, figs. 5, 6.
Shell fusiform greatest diameter just a little below the
middle; shining. Two decided contrasting colors, the upper
5-6 whorls of a pinkish buff, the lower 5-6 whorls a milky
purple. Adults usually truncated, rarely found with com-
plete spire. Sculpture of very fine oblique riblets, more pro-
nounced on the base of the last whorl. Portion of last whorl
free, reflected peristome white. Aperture circular, interior
a deep reddish brown. Columellar axis twisted. Whorls 10-
12.
Length 14.5, width 2.5, ap. diam. 1.5 mm.; I21/2 whorls.
Length 13.5, width 2.6, ap. diam. 1.6 mm. ; IOV2 whorls.
Holotype: M. C. Z. 59108. Vilches Potrero, Central Sole-
dad, Cienfuegos, Cuba. W. J. Clench and C. Goodrich,
(1927) ; G. Aguayo and C. de la Torre (1928), collectors.
This subspecies is more highly colored than U. livida
Torre, and the contrasting colors of pale pink and pur-
plish are more decided. The columellar axis is about 1/75
of an inch in diameter (first whorl above aperture). In U.
livida Pfr. the axis is about 1/100 of an inch in diameter.
U. livida atkinsi runs a little smaller in length between the
aperture and the truncated spire. In general outline it is
quite similar to U. livida barhouri.
Urocoptis livida barbouri nov. subsp. Plate 2, figs. 7-9.
Similar in general outline to U. livida and U. livida at-
kinsi but differing materially in coloration. This subspecies
has a pale yellowish brown coloration throughout its entire
length, with numerous irregular narrow bars of darker
color on each whorl. Riblets very fine on the early whorls,
more pronounced and more widely spaced on the last two
1 Contributions ficini the Harvard Biological Laboratory in Cuba.
(Atkins Foundation).
16^ THE NAUTILUS
whorls. Reflected peristome white. Light yellow brown
within the aperture.
Length 14.9, width 2.7, diam. ap. 1.5 mm.; 13 whorls.
Length 13.2, width 2.4, diam ap. 1.4 mm.; IIV2 whorls.
Holotype: M. C. Z. 59111. La Portuguesa, Central Sole-
dad, Cienfuegos, Cuba. W. J. Clench, and C. Goodrich,
(1927) ; G. Aguayo and C. de la Torre, (1928), collectors.
Remarks: The above species are both found on the mas-
sive outcrops of limestone — the "seborucos" of the Santa
Clara region (mogotes of western Cuba). Neither species
occurred on the smaller masses of limestone that are pro-
truded only a few feet above the general level of the
ground. They were most abundant on the north side, exist-
ing in vast numbers in some places. They were less abund-
ant, but by no means rare, on the southern exposures in the
full glare of the sun.
NOTES ON THE LAND SHELLS OF RIO, KENTUCKY
BY A. F. ARCHER
During the second week of April, 1930, I made a collect-
ing trip to Rio, Kentucky for the purpose of collecting land
shells. The object of the trip was to supplement the work
of Mr. W. J. Clench in 1924 and 1925, in which years he
stopped at Rio mainly for the purpose of collecting fresh-
water mollusks. He also obtained a number of records of
land shells by incidental collecting near Glenbrook Spring.
I collected in the same region, on Grindstone Knob North
of Glenbrook Spring, and on Knox Knob flanking the south
side. Tile north side of the Spring yielded very good col-
lecting, the specimens being relatively abundant. South of
the Si)ring the best results were obtained on the side of
Knox Knob directly above the Green River. In the list
given below I have added two records obtained by collecting
in the Cave region in Edmondson County, Ky. All other
species from the latter region were the same as those of
THE NAUTILUS 17
Rio. I failed to obtain Gastrocopta armifera Say, which
Mr. Clench got in 1924.
Polyijijra elcrata (Say). Scarce
Polygyra thyroidiis (Say). Not abundant
Polygyra albolabris (Say). Not abundant
Polygyra zaleta (Binn.). Very abundant
Polygyra apprcssa (Say). Very abundant
Polygyra tridentata, (Say). Very abundant
Polygyra stenotrcma (Fer.). Very abundant
Polygyra mflecta (Say). Rather common.
Polygyra plicata (Say). Very abundant on top of the
knob
Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Great Onyx Cave, Edmondson
Co., Ky.
Anguispira alternata carinaia Pilsbry & Rhoads. Scarce
Gonyodiscus perspectivus (Say). Very scarce
Haplotrema concavum (Say). Not common
Mcsomphix laevigata Beck. Common
Omphalina cuprea Raf. Not common
Omphalina friabilis (Binn.). Great Onyx Cave, Edmond-
son Co., Ky.
Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Scarce
Glyphyalinia indent at a (Say). Rather common
Paravitrea capsella (Gould). Plentiful
Retinella radiatula (Alder). Not common.
Paravitrea andrewsae (Binn.). Not common
Ventridens ligera (Say). Not plentiful
Succinea avara Say. Scarce
REDISCOVERY OF POLYGYRA ROPER! PILSBRY
BY G. D. HANNA AND J. L. NICHOLSON
California Academy of Sciences
This interesting little Polygyra was described as long
ago as 1889^ from three specimens reported to have been
1 Pilsbry, H. A. A new Calif ornian Helix [//. (Triodopsis) roperi].
Nautilus, Vol. 3, 1889, p. 14, 3 text figs.
-"< y .^.
^^XX^ A ft ft -^rCV
18 THE NAUTILUS
found in "river drift" at Redding, Shasta County, Califor-
nia. R. C. McGregor found it in 1898- under the same cir-
cumstances and at the same place.
Many conchologists have since visited Redding and
searched diligently for the species without success. Tlie
Sacramento River at that point is a fairly large, swift
stream and I have not found drift accumulated along its
banks in which dead shells would be expected to accumu-
late. The surrounding country does not appear favorable for
the existence of this group of organisms; at any rate the
portions searched have been barren.
It is therefore extremely gratifying to be able to an-
nounce that the species was discovered in abundance in
1929 at a locality six miles east of Ingot, Shasta County,
California. It occurred in a slide of limestone detritus on
the north side of the road between Redding and Alturas.
The road at that point follows close beside Cedar Creek,
and on the north side.
This locality is about 25 miles east of Redding and not in
the drainage system which flows by that town. It is there-
fore inconceivable that shells from this colony floated down
stream to Redding and it seems almost certain that tlie
species will be found to have a fairly wide distribution
among the isolated limestone outcroppings of northern
California.
The three species roperi, penitcjis and tehamacnsis form
a compact group in the genus and the available informa-
tion indicates that the three live in similar situations; that
is, well drained limestone talus slopes over which there is
some protective shade.
Incidentally it should be added that specimens from the
Ingot colony of roperi have been compared with the type
specimen in the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences by Dr.
H. A. i'ilsbrv and the identification is fuilv i-onlirmed.
apilsbry H. A. Shells of Redding, Shasta Co., California. Naut-
ilus, Vol. 12, 1898, p. 59.
THE NAUTILUS 19
LAMTSIIIS VKMKICOSUS COHONGORONTA IN THE
I'OTOMAC KIVER
BY WILLIAM B. MARSHALL. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM
The southernmost locality known to A. E. Ortmann' in
his tirat records of the occurrence of this shell in the Poto-
mac and its brandies was Shenandoah River, Harper's
Ferry, Jefferson County, Maryland, Aug. 16, 1911, a single
male, below medium size.
Marshall later recorded one specimen from the Potomac
at Great Falls, Maryland, Sept., 1915,- and five specimens
from Midriver Island, July, 1918,-' a mile and a half above.
Great Falls is al)out 18 miles north of Washington.
It was scarce in that locality at that time. It is now
abundant near Midriver Island and probably also at Great
Falls, and perhaps farther south. In numbers EUiptio com-
plauatus is the only naiad competing with it. Evidently
cohongoronta is well established as a member of the river
fauna of that neighborhood. As a rule the shells found now
differ from those found in 1915 and 1918 in form, size,
color and thickness. Those found in 1915 and 1918 were
small, the largest having a length of 72 mm., and were
rather thin. The general background of color was olive
with greenish and yellowish tints, and the surface in gen-
eral showed broad radiating green lines.
The shells were moderately inflated, with high beaks ; not
markedly angulate at the postero-ventral margin. Three
specimens collected by C. W. Cooke in May, 1923, just
above Midriver Island were small, with general ground
color lighter, green rays narrower and confined to posterior
half of the shell. The shells were loss inflated, the beaks
not so high, and the ventral margin forming a marked
angle with the posterior margin. Perhaps none of the
shells so far discussed had attained full size. There is no
i^Nautilus XXVI, pp. rA-TA, 1912. In a later work Ortmann
classifies both vevtrimsa and cohovyonmtn as varieties of ovata Say.
-'Nautilus XXXI. pp. 40-41, 1917.
3 Nautilus XXXII, pp. 51-53, 1918.
20 THE NAUTILUS
difficulty in separating all the above from Lampsilis
cariosus. In May 1926 Cooke collected a lot at Black Rapids
which are just above Midriver Island. Many of these re-
semble typical L. ventricosus. The ground color is yellow-
ish with some olive tints. In most of them green rays are
absent on the part in front of the posterior ridge, the ridge
is higher and more angular, the posterior end is more angu-
lar, the shell is more compressed and many of them are
much thicker and larger; the longer in proportion to
height. The longest is 112 mm.
In Nautilus (XXXII, pp. 51-53, 1918) I suggested the
possibility that cohongoronta and cariosus might hybridize.
Whether or not this has occurred is not certain at this time,
but the indications are that they have hybridized and that
cariosus is going to the wall except for an influence on
color. The lot from Black Rapids, 1926, and two large lots
collected in June 1928, and September 1929 do not contain
a single typical cariosus. Several males which may be cari-
osus are larger and longer than we have heretofore found
here. Females in the three lots mentioned are too small for
cohongoronta and too large for cariosus. The largest un-
mistakable female collected in 1926 is 91 mm. long. The
largest collected in 1929 is 98 mm, long. The largest female
cariosus from this region is 73 mm. long. Collections made
a few years from now when compared with material col-
lected during the past few years should throw considerable
light on the question. The indications at present are that
cariosus in that neighborhood, though hybridizing, will
succumb to cohongoronta which is a more robust mollusk,
possessed of greater vitality; much more numerous, and
able to adapt itself with ease to new surroundings. Judging
by size, weight, and general appearance of well-being, cohon-
goronta of the present day has found the world so far to
its liking. It will be interesting to watch future changes
in it — whether it remains as it is now, develops to still
greater size, deteriorates to a comparative weakling like
the cariosus of this region, or possibly passes out. It is pos-
THE NAUTILUS 21
sible that its tine condition at present is due to a strong
vitality stored up by a vigorous and fortunately located
ancestry.
In addition to the many specimens from the vicinity of
Midriver Island and the one specimen from Great Falls,
the National INIuseum now contains a female specimen 68
mm. long from Cacapon River, Morgan County, West Vir-
ginia, one mile from its confluence with the Potomac, col-
lected by J. 0. Greene in November, 1924; and a male 103
mm. long, collected by a little girl in the Potomac River
near Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, May 30, 1926, and
presented to the Museum by Miss Harriet Bundick ; a male
98 mm. long, and a left valve of another male, 105 mm.
long, collected in the winter of 1926-27, by Marshall, Cooke
and McNamara, in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, at
Great Falls, Maryland. The canal has been out of use for
several years but some mollusks are found in a little stream
running along its bottom. When in use, the canal was fed
at many points by water from the Potomac so that it was
easy for the river fauna to find entrance to the canal.
THE VARIATION OF MOLLUSCAN LIFE DURING
PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT TIME
BY FRANK C. BAKER
Professor Shimek's paper "Helicina (Hendersonia) oc-
culta Say, again" in the April Nautilus interests me great-
ly. While I do not feel competent at present to pass on the
validity of Hendersonia occulta rubella Green as varietally
distinct from occulta, there are certain remarks in Pro-
fessor Shimek's paper which call for some comments from
me. The statement that "there is no warrant for the sep-
aration of modern and fossil forms" indicates either that
Professor Shimek has not compared the recent with the
fossil forms carefully or else that he has made up his mind
that there is no difference and wishes to "stand pat". The
22 THE NAUTILUS
statement that "to separate the living form as a named
variety gives an impression of differences which do not
exist" is without foundation of fact, as any one may see by
comparing certain Pleistocene forms with the recent forms.
During the evolution of the land and fresh water mollusks
throughout the million years, more or less, of Pleistocene
time, varieties have arisen which differ in some cases
markedly from the recent form of the species. For exam-
ple, among the land species, Gonyodisciis macclintocki is as
different from Gonyodiscus perspectiva as two species can
well be, yet the former is probably the ancestor of the lat-
ter. To call these two forms the same species is a contra-
vention of the truth and renders classification valueless.
Succinea grosvenori is so different from the Pleistocene
variety which has been named gelida that it might be des-
ignated a species. Vertigo locssensis is quite different from
Vertigo gouldii. Among the Polygyra group, P. mvltUine-
ata altonensis is different from anything now living, as is
also P. multilineata ivanlessi, although that form resem-
bles somewhat the algonquinensis of Nason.
Among the aquatic forms, Pomatiopsis scalaris is uni-
formly different in several particulars from the recent
lapidaria. Professor Shimek has stated in one place that
"some authors are still publishing this species as a fresh
water species when it is wholly a land species". I cannot
believe that he has studied this species in the recent fauna
for it is always an amphibious species, living in water in
the spring and on wet, or even dry, ground in the fall and
summer. So with the Pleistocene forms Amnicola leigh-
toni, A. gelida, Valvata lewisi precursor, Gi/raidus aUis-
simus, and others, which are confined to the past and their
exact counterparts arc not known among tlie recent re-
lated forms.
In all classes of animals evolution has acted differently
with vaiious gi-()U|)s, accok'rating in some species and gen-
era, retarding in others, and we have in Iho Pleistocene
certain species which have changed radically and others
THE NAUTILUS 23
which have remained unchanged throughout the entire
period of glaciation. The mollusks show this difference in
active evokition remarkably well and it is the height of
absurdity to say thai there has been >/o change in species
during this long period when animal life was subjected to
the most drastic climatic and environmental agencies. The
remarkable fact is that so many species have come down
with so little change. Another fact which has become in-
creasingly evident is that at the close of the Wisconsin
stage there was a great acceleration in evolution, due
largely to the prevalence of lake conditions, and many
species and varieties were evolved which do not occur in
Pleistocene time.
The writer has been giving the life of the Pleistocene in-
tensive study for the past fifteen years, in connection with
the Illinois State Geological Survey, of which he is Pleis-
tocene Invertebrate Paleontologist, and during this time
a very large collection of the molluscan life of the various
interglacial intervals has been collected. The new species
and varieties found during this work have been diagnosed
in the pages of The Nautilus and the reader can easily
formulate his own opinion concerning the validity of the
supposed novel forms. Professor Shimek says "Manifest-
ly there is no excuse whatever for a varietal separation of
the fossil and modern forms where both exhibit the same
range of variations". I quite agree with Professor Shimek
in this statement and if he would without prejudice exam-
ine the various forms which the writer has diagnosed dur-
ing the past few years he would agree, I am sure, that
most of these, at least, represent recognizable variations
which must bear names if we are to understand the action
and reaction of evolutionary agencies during the period of
the Pleistocene.
Molluscan students, as well as students of other branches
of zooIog>% may be divided into the so called schools of
"lumpers" and "splitters". The writer frankly chooses the
latter in preference to the former, feeling that more is to
24 THE NAUTILUS
be learned from a comprehensive division of specific groups
than from the throwing together of various types of varie-
ties. I have no controversy with Professor Shimek on ac-
count of his opinion that Pleistocene and recent species do
not differ, but I do object to the dogmatic manner of stat-
ing that his opinion represents the truth and that all those
who differ with him in this respect are mistaken. I honor
Professor Shimek for his great work in the study of
Pleistocene faunas, especially the loess faunas, and we
must all give him credit for having established beyond
doubt the fact of the aeolian genesis of these interesting
deposits.
I regret the necessity that calls forth this criticism but
the remarks above cited cannot remain unchallenged.
SHELL COLLECTING ON THE WEST MEXICAN COAST. II
BY H. N. LOWE
Before leaving Mazatlan, letters were secured to the
Governor of the Tres Marias Islands, Mexico's penal col-
ony, making a visit to that place possible.
Obtaining passage on a small cargo boat, the "Dos Her-
manos," the trip was made in eighteen hours, landing at
Balleto, the administration headquarters on Isl. Maria
Madre.
This lies in the eastern, or lee side of the island and was
rather poor for shore collecting. About six miles S. W. at
another prison camp called Salinas where sea salt is evap-
orated in shallow cement basins, the sand beach gives way
to flat shelving rocks and coral below low water. On these
rocks were the finest specimens of the giant Patella I have
ever seen, not eroded by heavy surf like so many are nor
encrusted with foreign matter. Even the large specimens
showed the fine sculpture.
A horseback trip was made to the north west end of the
island, to tiie prison camp at Rio Hondo where I stayed
THE NAUTILUS 25
three clays. On tlie beach at Rio Hondo, I was told there
were no shells. But here I had my best luck. Under rocks,
at and below extreme low water I found living specimens
of Mitra lens and a large Cardita buried in the sand under
stones and large bunches of coral. Some extremely beauti-
ful Chitons were taken here.
At Playa de Cameron, they said there were plenty of
shells. After a two hours ride on horseback and an equal
distance further on foot we reached the place only to find
the beach swept clean of shells. Immediately after storms
there may be an abundance of shells on these beaches but
at other times there is nothing.
On one rocky point midway on the South coast the large
Patella and Chiton petholatus Sby. were so numerous they
could have been taken by the thousand at extreme low tide,
but at other times they were inaccessible owing to the
heavy surf. The shells were of very poor quality however
and not worth much as specimens.
A few species of small land shells were found alive un-
der stones, but the most diligent search failed to disclose a
-ingle live Oxystyla. I suppose they must burrow into the
soil during the dry season. Almost every dead shell had
been broken into by the parrots or other large birds which
were very plentiful. I found these conditions the same at
Manzanillo and Acapulco, but further south at San Ger-
onimo in the State of Oaxaca, I found another species of
Oxystyla estivating in plain sight on the trunks of small
trees on the brush-covered hills. (See Plate 3).
After ten pleasant days spent on the islands I was for-
tunate to secure passage on the Mexican coast guard boat
"Guaymas" for a none too comfortable trip to Manzanillo.
With a set of low tides here, I had good luck under small
stones pried loose with a bar, on the inside of the break-
water. In other places there was little or nothing, so that
before the construction of the breakwater, Manzanillo
must have been a poor place for shells.
Off the headland just west of town, I had extremely good
26 THE NAUTILUS
luck dredging in twenty-five fathoms. Beautiful Pleuro-
toma, Terehra, Turritella, Lyria, etc., were thus secured.
From Manzanillo, I went by steamer "Bolivar" to
Acapulco. This beautiful landlocked harbor apparently so
favorable to molluscan life along its steep shore line is
almost destitute of specimens. But in a few coves and
beaches on the outer coast five or six miles from town much
better collecting was found at low tide.
A small crowbar is absolutely necessary to dislodge the
rocks which seem to be grown together with foreign in-
crustations.
Dredging here was even better than at Manzanillo and
a very pleasant pastime in the early morning hours before
the heat of the day — the dredgings sorted over at leisure
in the flower filled patio of the Hotel Jardin.
Every day at sunset the Indian women brought to the
plaza great baskets of shells and fancy articles made from
them. By keeping careful watch every day a number of
rarities were picked up. The large number of bivalve
species seem to be washed up only after storms, and one
vendor would have species which none of the others had
found. Considerable bargaining was necessary, for they
always asked about twice what they expected to get, and
for showy Murcx they asked more than the curio stores in
the States. During Holy Week the women did a thriving
business with the crowds from the Capitol, many of whom
had never seen the ocean and bought largely of artifically
colored coral, sea horses, porcupine fish and the large
Stromhus and Murex.
The next port south, Salina Cruz, has been completely
sanded up for several years making access by water im-
possible. The only way to reach it was by auto to Mexico
Cfty, thence by train to Vera Cruz whore connections are
made with the Guatemala road and the Isthmian line. From
San Cioroiiimo, tho junction with the Guatemala road, the
trains run but three times a week to Salina Cruz. So, as
hick would have it. I had three days to spend in this windy,
THE NAUTILUS XL.IV
PLATE 7
Figs. I- I. Hiimboldtiana pahititi Clciich un«l RclKkr. l-ij^s 5,6. I'tocoptia
livida atkinsi Torre and Clench. Kij^s. 7-9. Urocoptis livida barbouri
Torre and Clench. V'\^%. 10, 11, Thais Jioridana fuiystr Q\c\w\\,
NaiTJLUS XLI. p. 6.
THE NAUTILUS. XLIV
PLATE 3
I'slivaliiiK e«.l,,iiy <il Oxyslyla homanli (I'lr.)
I'holo by II. N. I.i'Wf
THE NAUTILUS 27
hanon, Goil-lursakon looking place. A hike one morning
early to the neighboring hills amply repaid me with a
goodly number of line live Oxystyla before mentioned.
At Salina Cruz, a.s at Manzanillo the only collecting was
inside tlie breakwater and that not so good since the block-
ing of the harbor entrance, leaving the water inside a dead
sea with no tidal flow.
A si)ecies of Olira, ranging from white to dark brown
is found here at times in great numbers. These are skill-
fully worked into shell curtains which are sold all over
Mexico. They are really quite beautiful, a design of a pea-
cock or other bird worked out in dark shells on a white
background.
I retraced my way through Oaxaca to Mexico City and
thence to Acapulco where I have waited two weeks for a
steamer fwotiij days overdue. But that is a small item in
this land of nianana where time means nothing at all.
THE BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB
The Boston Malacological Club has held its regular
meetings on the first Tuesday evening of each month, from
October to May, inclusive, in the Library of the Boston So-
ciety of Natural History.
The fir.st meeting of the season was devoted to the sum-
mer experiences in collecting of various members, one tell-
ing of exploration-work in Yucatan, and of finding a few
dead land-forms in the ruined Maya temples — and another,
of finding live ones during a tour of Europe, success re-
warding his search in such spots as the Roman Forum,
and Coliseum, The Bois de Boulogne, the grounds at Ver-
sailles, and the Campo Santo at Genoa, and a third telling
of collecting in Florida, Georgia and Cuba.
At the November meeting, the President, Mr. William J.
Clench, gave a talk on New Zealand and its mollusks, deal-
ing with the topography of the islands, and the various
28 THE NAUTILUS
forms. This was followed by a paper by Mr. A. F. Archer,
on the land-shells of the same region.
In December Prof. P. E. Raymond addressed the Club on
"The Arctic Ocean as a Route of Migration." He empha-
sized the fact that exploration has brought to light more
and more fossil forms, of species originally native to re-
gions of present polar cold, and spoke of the changee in the
areas of land and water during countless ages, and the
currents and temperatures which governed the distribu-
tion of what are now found as fossil form.
At the January meeting, Mr. Charles W. Johnson, of the
Boston Society of Natural History, gave a paper on "Coral-
inhabiting Mollusks", illustrated by specimens of the
Coralliophilidae and others — among the most interesting
being the Magilus antiquits — and in February, Mr. Clench
told of his recent collecting trip to the small uninhabited
island known as Navassa, some forty-five miles west of the
tip end of Haiti, where with two companions, he spent
twelve days, using the abandoned lighthouse buildings as
a domicile, and exploring the island, with its rough rocks,
and cacti, to be rewarded by finding only three species of
land snails, while the collecting of marine forms was made
practically impossible by the steep cliffs with their over-
hang. At the February meeting, also, Mr. Archer gave a
short paper on the "Land-shells of Mauritius".
In March, the Club celebrated the twentieth anniversary
of its founding, and welcomed as a speaker, one of the
three honorary members, Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Dr. Pilsbry
told of a trip taken last summer with Ex-governor Pinchot
and party, on the Governor's yacht, and of touching at
many of the smaller islands among the West Indies — Grand
Cayman, St. Andrews, and others, after which they went
through the Panama Canal, and visited Cocos Island, then
spending some time at the Galapagos group, the Maniuesas
and Tuaniotus. This being a gala occasion, refreshments
were served at the adjournniciit of the niccting.
THE NAUTILUS 29
"The Mollusks of the Andes" was the subject for the
meeting in April, Mr. A. F. Archer and Mr, H. A. Rehder
being the speakers. Mr. Archer dealt with the geographical
features of the mountains and valleys, as well as with the
mollusks found there, while Mr. Rehder spoke in detail of
the various families, genera and species, of both land and
fresh-water forms — and an exhibft, of many of them, was
of much interest.
In May, the Club again listened to an outside speaker,
Dr. H. L. Clark, of Harvard University, who told of a col-
lecting trip on the coast of Australia, with a side-trip to
Tasmania, the object of his search being chiefly echino-
derms, many of which w^cre found, including some very
rare forms. Dr. Clark spoke with much praise of the ex-
cellent museums now to be found in Australia, notably at
Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide.
This being the Annual Meeting, the following officers
were elected, to serve for the ensuing year:
President, Francis N. Balch
Vice-president, Allan F. Archer
Secretary-treasurer, Theodora Willard
Executive Committee, Charles W. Johnson
William J. Clench
At this writing, plans are being made for the Club's an-
nual outdoor meeting, to be held June 7, at Bass Rocks,
Gloucester.
Theodora Willard,
Secretary.
NOTES AND NEWS
A NEW COLLECTING GROUND. — At several points along
the East Coast of Florida are shrimp stations from which
the small fishing boats go out every favorable day to the
dredging grounds in about 30 fathoms of water some two
or three miles off shore. It occurred to the writer that the
30 THE NAUTILUS
nets must bring up sea dwellers other than shrimps and
arrangements were made whereby the men were to save
and bring in any "live" shells found. The results were high-
ly gratifying, yielding some twenty or more excellent speci-
mens of Murex fulvescens Sowb. ranging in size from four
inches to over six in length and a generous assortment of
Busycon carica var. eliceans Montf . ; B. pei-versum Linn.,
Fasciolaria distans Lam., Polinices duplicata Say and vari-
ous species of Area. — F. S. Webber.
Snails climbing trees. — Some time ago there was a lit-
tle article in The Nautilus "Monadenia fidelis Gray, a
tree-climber". Helix aspersa Miill, the pest of our gardens,
is frequently found on the trees along the River Hondo up
to a height of from 4-12 ft., and indicating their adapta-
bility to almost any situation, I recently found a number of
colonies living under iceplant and other vegetation on the
sandy beaches above Point Conception, among Helmintho-
glypta walkeriana and H. umhilicata Pils. — Stanley C.
Field.
The Valvata op^ Aroostook Co., Maine. — Valvata tri-
carinata Say, is a common species in the Fish River Lakes,
and extremely abundant in Little Madawaska River, New
Sweden.
Valvata sincera nylanderi Dall, has been obtained in
dredging in Portage, Eagle, Square, Cross and Mud Lakes,
and the Fish River in from 10 to 25 feet of water on
aquatic plants. From published records this seems to be
the only locality in New England where it has been found,
common as a fossil in many of the marl deposits of Aroos-
took Co.
Valvata lewisi Currier. In 1895-96 while collecting in
the northwe.st branch of Caribou stream, sometimes called
Hacket's mill brook, I obtained some young and imperfect
specimens of a species I could not identify. Later the place
was visited many times without results. On September 15,
1924, at the lower end of the bog opposite Mr. Nils
THE NAUTILUS 31
Esbjornson house, in water from 6-15 inches deep, among
bunches of coarse grass in soft mud, I found this species
al)undant and collected over 200 specimens, in all stages
of growth and (luite variable in form. The place was again
visited in 1926 and 1928 and the species was still common.
On Sei)tember 8, 1925, I collected a number of specimens
in Meadow Lake. Fort Fairfield, where it seemed to be gen-
erally distributed. It is common and extremely variable in
the marl deposit at Little Mud Lake, Westmanland. — Olof
O. Nylander.
Ancylus coloradensis, new^ name for a. hendersoni
Walker, 1925, not 1908.— In 1925 (Occas. Papers Museum
of Zool., Univ. Mich., No. 165) Dr. Bryant Walker de-
scribed a true Ancylus, the first American species, under
the name A. hendersoni, from Colorado, basing the species
upon material sent by me from Lake Eldora. It has since
been reported from Alberta (Nautilus, XL, 56, 1926). I
have just discovered that the name is preoccupied by
Ancylus (Ferrissia) hendersoni Walker (Nautilus, XXI,
138. 1908). The latter, having been described as an
Ancylus, the name became and remains preoccupied in that
genus, under the rules of nomenclature, notwithstanding
the fact that Fei'rissia was inserted in parenthesis as a sub-
genus and has since been elevated to generic rank. Conse-
quently the Colorado species must be renamed. It cannot
be called A. walkeri, as I should like, in recognition of his
great work upon the fresh-water limpets, because that
name has already been used by Pilsbry and Ferriss for an
Arkansas species which should doubtless be transferred to
Ferrissia. Therefore I propose that the Colorado A. hen-
dersoni be henceforth called A. coloradensis. Doubtless the
reason that Dr. Walker used the name A. hendersoni for
the second species is that during the many intervening
years the North Carolina species had been known to him as
Ferrissia, and he naturally had forgotten that he originally
assigned it to Ancylus. — Junius Henderson, University of
Colorado.
82 THE NAUTILUS
A NEW FORM OF LiGUUS FROM FLORIDA. — In arranging
late additions to the collections of Liguus my attention was
drawn to a form long in the collection which seems as
worthy of a name as many now on the list, being clearly
distinct from L. solidus lignumvitae and L. s. pseudopictus,
the forms most resembling it.
Liguus solidus innominatus, new form. The shell has the
form and thin, light texture of L. s. lignumvitae and L. s.
pseudopictus. First 21^ whorls pink, axial stripes then set
in, soon becoming broad, violet-slate, more or less oblique
markings, wider below, not reaching the sutures; on the
last whorl these are replaced by a few streaks. The base
has a series of rhombic blotches in the half grown shells,
reduced to small spots in two series in the adult stage. The
ground color is pale yellow, with white below suture, at
periphery and around the axis. There are narrow brown
subsutural and peripheral lines. Columellar and parietal
callus pink. Columella is thin, not truncate. Length 44,
diam 24 mm.
I figured this as a form of L. fasciatus in Manual of
Conchology, vol. 12, pi. 59, fig. 97. The type. No. 11497
ANSP. and three other specimens were collected by Hemp-
hill on Noname Key, Florida. — H. A. Pilsbry.
News from the Schooner M. M. Hamilton (in letter
from William F. Clapp). — I have at last obtained the float-
ing marine laboratory I have longed for, and the way I
feel now I am going to live on it until I die or go broke.
This old schooner is 100 feet long and 27 feet wide and the
cabin I am sitting in is about 20 ft. square with every com-
fort a reasonable man could desire. As I write I can see a
half dozen pet snakes, two turtles, two alligators, five white
rats, and I don't know how many marine animals in vari-
ous jars and temporary containers I am using for marine
aquaria.
the nautilus 33
i'liiujcations received
Fauna Malacologica Terrestre y de Aqua Dulce de
Cataluna. Por el Dr. F. Haas. (Trab. Mus. Cien. Nat.
Barcelona, vol. 13, 1929.) A most exhaustive study of the
molluscan fauna of northeastern Spain. The work com-
prises 491 pages with 187 excellent figures in text.
New Land and Fresh-water Mollusks from South
America. By Wm. B. Marshall. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
77, art. 2, pp. 1-7, pi. 1, 2, 1930.) Bulimulus fclipponei,
Dnjmaeus harrinfjfoni, Odontostomus teisseirei, O. chuqui-
sacana, Planorhis paysanduensis, Ampullaria palmeri,
Diplodon yaguaronis and Anodontites palmeri are described
as new. — C. W. J.
Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary Gastropoda
from Alberta. By Loris S. Russell. (Transac. Royal Soc.
of Canada, 3rd Series, vol. XXIII, sec. IV, pp. 81-90, 1929.)
This paper is very interesting because it pushes the genus
Orcohelix and perhaps Polygyra back into the Cretaceous
Age. Both genera had been already recognized from the
Miocene and Eocene, but Russell now transfers to Orco-
helix, Patula ohtusata Whiteaves and P. angulifera Whit-
eaves, from the St. Mary River Upper Cretaceous, and
Helix {Pyramidulal) thurstoni Russell, from the Paskapoo
Paleocene and the upper part of the Saunders formation,
which is tentatively assigned to the Upper Cretaceous. He
removes Anchistoma parvuluni Whiteaves to Paravitrea,
and Bulimus limncaformis, or Thausmastus limnaeiformis
Meek and Hayden and variety tevnisWarrentoCa77ipeloma.
Following Wenz, Bulimus or Columna haydeniana Cockerell
and vermicula Meek and Hayden are referred to Pscudo-
rolumna. He describes as new Polygyra ridhcrfordi and
Gonyodiscus sandersoni, from the upper Saunders forma-
tion, and Grangerella mcleodensis and Goniobasis tenui-
carinata var. ivhiteavesi from the St. Mary River Cre-
taceous, the latter being called Euconulus in the text, but is
changed to Grangerella in a footnote. — Junius Henderson.
84 THE NAUTILUS
FOSSILIUM Catalogus, pars 46, XI: Gastropoda extra-
marina tertiaria, by W. Wenz. The concluding part of the
section of this great work relating to land and freshwater
shells has now appeared. It contains the end of Thcodoxus,
the Helicinidae, addenda, and an index to the whole.
The Helicinas of the Ballast Point bed, H. haUista and
posti, are referred to Hendersonia, but in shape of the
whorls, sculpture and columella they are typical helicinas
of the Oligyra group, close to heavy forms of H. orbiculata.
Dimorphoptychia is referred to the Helicinidae as by me in
Man. Conch. 28: 11 (1927), a reference Wenz did not give.
The Florida planorb properly known as Helisoma (Picro-
soma) scalaris appears under the name Isidora {Ameri-
anna) scalaris, thus introducing a genus which is unknown
in our continent, and an Australian subgenus. In this,
however, Wenz followed Dall. I have dissected H. scalaris,
and found it altogether similar to Helisoma. I take space
for these notes because Wenz's work is of such general accur-
acy and excellence, and will be used so widely, that it may
not be amiss to point out a few blemishes, such as are inevit-
able in dealing with such a vast number of species. — PiLS-
BRY.
"The Venus", a new quarterly journal on Mollusks.
(Subscription: $1.00 per year. Dr. Tokube Kuroda, Geol.
Institute, Science College, Kyoto Imperial University,
Kyoto, Japan.) This publication has now been running for
over a year; the first number of Vol. I, was iniblished in
November, 1928, and to date five numbers have appeared.
Most of the articles so far published deal with Japanese
shells and arc very well illustrated with fine plates. The
text is both English and Japanes(\ most of the descrip-
tions of new species appearing in English, but many
papers dealing with general subjects such as "Some Eco-
logical Observations on Lymnaca japonica Jay; Bibliogra-
phy of the Conchological Classics in Japan; Note on a
handy Specimen Tray"; etc. are in Japanese, and, of
course, will be unavailable to American and European stu-
THE NAUTILUS 35
dents without a knowledge of Japanese or someone capable
of making a translation. The table of contents of each
number, is, however, in both English and Japanese.
The entire scope of the journal seems to be most excel-
lent and Japanese scientists are to be congratulated upon
starting and maintaining such a publication. — William J.
Clench.
Prashad, B. "Recent and fossil Viviparidae: A study in
distribution, evolution and paleogeography." Memoirs of In-
dian Museum, Calcutta, India, Vol. VIII, No. 4, pp. 153-251,
1928.
This monograph recognizes only three genera in the
Viviparidae, namely Viviparus Montfort, and tentatively
Cleopatra Troschel and Larina A. Adams. All of the other
usually-recognized genera, including the American Campe-
loma, Lioplax and Tulotoma, he assigns to Viviparus as
subgenera. Perhaps most American conchologists will re-
fuse to follow him in this, though the differences between
some of them are confessedly slight, making their biologi-
cal rank somewhat a matter of individual opinion, hence I
decline to be very highly excited about it. He makes
Lioplacodes Meek a synonym of Lioplax Troschel, but by
some incomprehensible mistake he cites nucalis M. and H.,
instead of veternus, as the genotype of Lioplacodes. He re-
jects, apparently with good reason, Cossmann's section
Paliidotrochus, proposed in 1921 to accommodate Viviparus
trochiformis M. and H.
Familiarity with early geological literature of the west-
ern United States, in which various non-marine forma-
tions were erroneously called Laramie, and apparent un-
familiarity with more recent publications, has led Prashad
into come curious conclusions, which show how misleading
a mere examination of descriptions and figures, or even of
specimens, may be. For example, he says that Camprloma
macrospirum Meek "was probably evolved from" C. vetulum
M. and H., though it is now known that macrospirum long
antedates vetulum, being found in the Bear River forma-
86 THE NAUTILUS
tion, hundreds of feet below the Judith and Hell Creek beds,
in which vetulum occurs. He considers Viviparus trochi-
formis (M. and H.) the ancestral form of Tulotoma thomp-
soni White, and says they are found together. I have never
found them associated or in the same stratum. The former
seems to be a fresh-water form and is found in the Laramie
Cretaceous and Fort Union Eocene, while T thompsoni ap-
pears to be a brackish-water form and is found ranging
from the Laramie downward far into the Mesaverde Cre-
taceous, hundreds of feet below the range of trochiformis.
Viviparus raynoldsanus M. and H., to use the original
spelling (not raynoldsianus, as Prashad spells it, following
White) , cited as a Laramie species, was described from and
occurs chiefly in the Fort Union Eocene, though it may ex-
tend into the Laramie. V. leidyi (M. and H.) is a Fort Union
species, not Laramie. V. couesii White is a Bear River
species, several thousand feet below the Laramie, in which
he places it, misled by the old designation of this formation
as "Bear River Laramie." Campeloma mult [striatum (M.
and H.) is mentioned as having a wide distribution in the
Laramie, but it was originally described from the Fort
Union.
He assigns Campelo7na productum White to the subgenus
Lioplax, which White himself at one time suggested, but he
does not mention Goniobasis ciuUichi White, from the Bear
River formation, which is now generally considered a
Lioplax. Incidentally it may be mentioned that there are
about a dozen American fossil species of Viviparus, Campe-
loma and Lioplax, not discussed by Prashad in his revision.
Viviparus gillianus, in which he follows White, 1885, not
1877 or 1895, should read V. (jiUi M. and H. V. subf/lobosa
Emmons (described as Paludina subglobosa in 1858, not P.
subylobosa Say, 1825) should be called F.? emmonsi Hen-
derson, 1920, if it a Viviparu.s at all, or possibly should be
considered a synonym of Turbo glabcr Lea, 1846, as Con-
rad suggested, the generic position of the latter being also
very doubtful. He makes V. leidyi var. formosa Meek a dis-
tinct species. — JUNIUS Hendkrson, University of Colorado.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XLIV OCTOBER, 1930, No. 2
PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT MOLLUSKS
BY B. SHIMEK
The caustic remarks in the July number of the Nautilus,
by Mr. F. C. Baker, concerning the writer's references to
variations in Helicina occulta, made in the April number,
call for a rejoinder.
First of all, it is evident that Mr. Baker did not read the
writer's paper very carefully. He quotes the statement that
"there is no warrant for the separation of (the) modern
and fossil forms" as though it applied to all pleistocene
species. As a matter of fact the reference was specifically
to Helicina occulta, and the foot-note references apply to
this species only. Mr. Baker disconnects the quotation from
its context and omits the article "the", thus placing a false
construction on it.
His second quotation, that "to separate the living form as
a named variety gives an impression of differences which
do not exist" is similarly misrepresented. The statement
quoted applies specifically to H. occulta, and his misinter-
pretation of it is absurd.
Truly, Mr. Baker appears very much in the light of a
Don Quixote fighting an imaginary foe!
So far as Helicina occulta is concerned the writer stands
by the declaration that there is no warrant for separating
the recent and fossil forms, and that any attempt at such
separation does give "an impression of differences which
do not exist."
This statement is based on the study of 4,084 fossil speci-
mens of this species, collected from 225 loess exposures in
38 THE NAUTILUS
seven states, and of 1,400 recent specimens from 20 differ-
ent localities. Generous additions will be made to both
groups from unassorted material on hand, and a detailed
paper on the species will be prepared.
Mr. Baker again persists in calling Pomatiopsis lapidaria
an amphibious species, thus contradicting himself, for in
his "Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin" (1928) he says of
this species: "Though essentially a terrestrial animal, the
gill is of the usual pectinated form as found in the Amni-
colidae. Few specimens have been personally collected in
water but it has been found in many places under leaves
and on damp or wet mud in places more or less subject to
overflow from streams or rivers."
The writer has collected this species not infrequently in
the past 48 years, and he has yet to find a living specimen
in water excepting when washed in temporarily with other
terrestrial species during the brief flood periods. If this
species is to be called "aquatic" or "amphibious" then we
must apply the same term to Gonyodiscus cronkhitei an-
thonyi, its most common associate, and to Zonitoides arborca,
Z. mimiscula, Polygyra multilineata, and other terrestrial
species with which it is usually found.
It really seems that Mr. Baker "has made up his mind"
that it is "aquatic" or "amphibious" because of its rela-
tionship, "and wishes to 'stand pat'."
With the same persistence he refers to the form which
he has described as Pomatiopsis scalaHs as "aquatic." The
writer has collected more than 2000 specimens of this form
in 18 loess exposures near New Harmony, Indiana. They
were normally distributed in the loess, not drifted, and their
most common associates were strictly terrestrial forms,
such as Helicina occidta, Polygyra monodon, P. hirsuta,
HelicodiscHs parallelus, Strobilops, etc., numbering hun-
dreds of specimens, and no water-forms were found ex-
cepting that, after careful search, three of the exposures
yielded a few shells (9 all told!) of a small more or less
amphibious Lymnaea (Galba) . Surely this does not point
to aquatic habits!
THE NAUTILUS 39
As to the validity of P. scalarifi, which he now maintains
so positively, it should bo noted that only two years a^o (in
the Trans, of the 111. State Acad, of Sci., Vol. XXI, p. 309)
he made this statement : "Scalaris is ancestral to lapidaria
and might perhaps be considered simply a race of that
species."
The limits of this paper do not permit a discussion of
some of his other "species" and "varieties" from the loess,
but these will be taken up in due time.
Throughout his paper Mr. Baker casts reflections on the
carefulness and fullness of my observations. Of course this
is only surmise on his part and may be another illustration
of his characteristic hastiness, but it comes with poor grace
from one who has blundered so often in his loess discussions
and references. From the very first his advent into this field
has been unfortunate. In his "Revision of the Physae of
N. E. Illinois" (Nautilus, vol. XIV, 1900) he reported a
number of species of Physa from the loess, — a manifest
error; later he referred species of the genera Pleurocera,
Goniobasis, Vivipara and Campeloma to the same horizon,
— another glaring error; he has reported the reference to
the Otis Mills, S. Dakota, section as loess, though it is
clearly Aftonian ; and other illustrations of his lack of un-
derstanding of the horizons from which the fossils were
derived could be cited. It should, moreover, be noted that
much of the work which he has published was done with
material which he had not studied in the field, but which
was submitted by others, often in small quantities.
Mr. Baker seems to think that the writer's objection is to
the recognition of varieties. As a matter of fact varietal
names are often convenient and necessary, particularly
where they are correlated with definite ecological condi-
tions. But too often Mr. Baker assumes conditions for whicli
there is little foundation. Repeatedly in his papers he refers
to depauperate shells as evidence of a colder climate during
the deposition of the loess, and this attitude is further
shown by such names as gelida for some of his varieties.
He has simply gone back to the conclusion advanced by
40 THE NAUTILUS
McGee and Call in 1882 (Am. Jour, of Sci., 3rd Ser., vol,
XXIV), at a time when geologists still accepted the aqueous
theory of loess origin, in the following words :
"In such a basin the looss was deposited, just as was all
that of eastern Iowa, the coldness of the waters and the low
temperature of the air being attested by the depauperate
shells found imbedded in it."
Of course Mr. Baker has no more evidence of a colder
loess-climate than was possessed by McGee and Call. Some
of his "evidence" is decidedly weak, as, for example, when
he refers to Vallonia gracilicosta as evidence of a cooler
climate, for this species is one of the most common land
snails living in the prairie groves and border areas in Iowa.
As to the depauperation of certain species, if Mr. Baker
would make a wider study of both the loess and modern
faunas he would find that such depauperation (notable also
in living forms) as is evident can be explained better on the
score of periodic comparative drouth rather than of cold.
It is evident that he has been influenced by contact with
physical geologists (as Call was 48 years ago), some of
whom have been making desperate efforts to connect the de-
position of loess closely with glacial conditions.
There is much variation in both modern and fossil faunas,
but the two groups blend in such manner that any attempt
to represent marked changes is extremely unfortunate and
misleading. Mr. Baker is making this attempt both by re-
presenting that well-marked forms have become extinct,
and by the application of such names as pleistocenica, yar-
mouthensis, etc., without giving due heed to the variations
in modern and fossil faunas.
The writer has no objection to Mr. Baker's playing with
minor variations and applying names to express them,
excepting that this will doubtless clutter up the synonymy,
— a favorite pastime with some of our ultra-modeni stu-
dents of shells. More than that, the writer welcomes any
new name of species or variety which expresses something
definite, but he- desires to enter an emphatic protest against
the application of names which not only do not correctly
THE NAUTILUS 41
express an actual state or condition, but which are positive-
ly misleading'.
FORMER AND J'HESENT TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING
FRESH- WATER MUSSELS
BY WILLIAM B. MARSHALL
U. S. National Museum
Having occasion to translate Brugiere's descriptions of
two fresh-water mussels from French Guiana, viz. : The
genus Anodontites' and the species Anodontites crispata'
and "Unio granosa"' (Diplodon granosus), I became in-
terested in the terms he applied to various features. Some
of his terms are exactly the opposite to what they should be
and others are inaccurate. These remarks are not to be
taken as a criticism of Bruguiere's work, which was ex-
cellent for its day, but rather as indicating the diflficulties
attending the early steps in the study of mollusks, due to
lack of even the most elementary knowledge concerning
them.
•Journ. Hist. Nat. Paris, I. p. 131, 1792.
'Loc. cit. p. 107.
English equivalents for Terms for the same now in
terms used by Bruguiere in use and substituted in the
his descriptions. translation.
Length =height.
Breadth =length.
Transverse striae =--concentric striae.
Longitudinal striae =radiating striae.
Anterior =posterior.
Posterior =anterior.
Summit =beak or umbo.
Muscular attachment =:muscle scar.
The early use of "anterior" for what we know to be
posterior end, and of "posterior" for what we know to be
anterior, was probably founded upon supposition instead of
upon anatomical knowledge. It may have been supposed
that in going into the sand or mud the animal would back
42 THE NAUTILUS
in so as to have its "head" end above the soil. The procedure
is just the reverse of this. It goes in "head" first so as to
have the "tail" end above the bottom in order that the in-
current and excurrent apertures, which are at the rear end,
may admit water, carrying air and food, and allow discharge
of the vitiated water and fecal matter.
In that day they had no inkling of the delicate, yet effi-
cient means of conveying food by ciliary action to the
mouth, nor of the way in which the intestinal tract and
gill action keep fecal matter and vitiated water from mix-
ing within the shell with the fresh, life-sustaining water
taken in from stream or lake. They knew nothing of glo-
chidia, nor of other embryonic mollusks, very little about
the nacre, prismatic structure or periostracum. To the
internal anatomy of mollusks they gave scarcely a thought.
We, of this day are not exactly satisfied with the progress
that has been made in the study of mollusks, but it is com-
forting to feel that if Bruguiere and the other old-timers
could return to the scene of their labors they would be as-
tounded by the strides that have been made — and the prom-
ising outlook of the future. They could easily understand
why the term conchology is gradually becoming obsolete
and the term malacology is looked upon with favor as more
truthfully describing a science which is no longer a mere
amusement, but which has a dignity and importance equal
to those of any other branch of natural science.
A NEW LAND SHELL FROM SAN BENITO COUNTY,
CALIFORNIA
BY HERBERT N. LOWE
On a visit to the Pinnacles National Monument in the
summer of 1917 the writer collected a single living speci-
men of a form of Helminthof/lypfa which appeared to be
new. In July 1929 a special trip was made to search for
further specimens, which resulted in seven living adults
and several dead ones in good condition.
THE NAUTILUS 48
It seems to be a very distinct and well marked species,
nearest to H. dupttitkuuarsi but having some resemblance
to the H. traski series.
Helminthoglypta benitoensis, new species Plate 5, fig. 1.
The shell is umbilicate, rather solid, dilute russet, fading
to isabella color on the base, having a narrow russet band
enclosed between two yellowish-white ones. Spire moder-
ately elevated, whorls 6, somewhat convex, slowing increas-
ing. Surface glossy, with sculpture of fine, rather sharp,
slightly retractive lines of growth, and showing microscopic
very short hairs or their scars arranged in diagonal series
in places on the antepenult whorl, the later whorls finely
malleate, the malleation more conspicuous on the base, be-
coming weak on the last half whorl, which is finely papillose
immediately behind the lip. Aperture oblique, oval, banded
within. Lip thickened, rounded, expanded above, outer. and
basal margins reflected, the columellar margin dilated over
part of the umbilicus.
Type: Alt. IB. 5, max. diam. 21.9, min. diam. 17.9, um-
bilicus 3.5 mm.
Largest: Alt. 13.9, max. diam. 24.5, min. diam. 19.6, um-
bilicus 3.9 mm.
Smallest: Alt. 12, max. diam. 20.1, min. diam. 16.9, um-
bilicus 3 mm.
Paratype: Alt. 12.3, max. diam. 21.7, min. diam. 18.4, um-
bilicus 3 mm.
Type No. 1021 L. A. Mus., collected by H. N. Lowe.
Paratypes in coll. Acad. N. S. Phila. No. 151404, and coll.
Cal. Acad. Sci.
From the dupetithouarsi series this new form differs by
the more depressed shape with decidedly smaller aperture.
The peristome is, relatively to the size of the shell, better
developed than usual in H. dupetithouarsi, and far more
reflected and thickened than in the allied helminthoglyptas
of San Luis Obispo county.
44 THE NAUTILUS
MULLUSKS COLLECTED IN BASS ISLAND REGION, LAKE ERIE
BY ELBERT H. AHLSTROM
The following collections were made during the summers
of 1928 and 1929 under the supervision of Dr. Frederick
Krecker while at the Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory on
Gibraltar Island, Lake Erie. The identification of the
material itself was made at Marietta College. Professor
H. R. Eggleston aided in the identification of the naiades,
while David T. Jones reviewed the snails. Professor Calvin
Goodrich of the University of Michigan identified Carun-
cidina parva, Quadrula pustulosa prasina, and Dysnomia
perplexa possibly variety rangiana.
Vallonia costata (Miiller), Gibraltar Island, Green Island.
Vallonia parvula Sterki, Gibraltar Island, Green Island,
Sandy Beach at East Harbor.
Vallonia pulchella (Muller), Buckeye Island, Green Island.
Polygyra albolabris (Say), East Sister Island, Green Island,
Middle Bass Island, Put-in-Bay Island, Sandy Beach at
East Harbor.
Polygyra inflecta (Say), Gibraltar Island, Green Island,
Middle Bass Island, Put-in-Bay Island, Sandy Beach at
East Harbor.
Polygyra monodon (Rackett), Lakeside (Michigan) — one
specimen.
Polygyra multilineata (Say), Lakeside (Michigan), Put-in-
Bay Island, Sandy Beach at East Harbor.
Polygyra Tnultilineata rubra (Witter), Lakeside (Michi-
gan).
Polygyra profunda (Say), East Sister Island. Gibraltar
Island, Green Island, Lakeside (Michigan), Put-in-Bay,
Sandy Beach at East Harbor.
Polygyra profunda strontiana Clapp, Green Island.
Polygyra thyroidus (Say), Middle Bas8 Island, Put-in-Bay
Island.
Gastrocopta armifera (Say), Buckeye Island, Gibraltar
Island, Green Island.
THE NAUTILUS 46
Ga^trocopta contracta (Say), Buckeye Island, Gibraltar
Island, Green Island, Sandy Beach at East Harbor.
Cochlicopa hibrica (Muller), Gibraltar Island, Green
Island, Sandy Beach at East Harbor,
GlyphijaUna iuclcutata (Say), Buckeye Island, Gibraltar
Island, Sandy Beach at East Harbor,
Zonitoides arboreus (Say), Buckeye Island — high spired
form, Gibraltar Island, Green Island,
Zonitoides nitidus (Muller), Buckeye Island, Green Island.
Pseudovitrea minuscula (Binney), Buckeye Island, Gibral-
tar Island.
Anguispira alternata (Say), East Sister Island, Gibraltar
Island, Middle Bass Island, Put-in-Bay Island, Sandy
Beach at East Harbor.
Anguispira alternata eriensis Clapp, Green Island, Sandy
Beach at East Harbor.
Anguispira solitaria (Say), East Sister Island, Gibraltar
Island, Middle Bass Island, Put-in-Bay Island.
Anguispira solitaria strontiana Clapp, Green Island.
Gonyodiscus cronkhitei anthonyi (Pilsbry), Buckeye Island,
Gibraltar Island, Green Island.
Helicodisciis parallelus (Say), Buckeye Island, Gibraltar
Island, Green Island.
Succinea avara (Say), Green Island, Sandy Beach at East
Harbor,
Succinea retusa (Lea), Lakeside (Michigan), Middle Bass
Island, North Bass Island, Put-in-Bay Island, Sandy
Beach at East Harbor,
Radix auricularia (Linne), Lakeside (Michigan), Squaw
Harbor at Put-in-Bay,
Stagnicola palustris elodes (Say), Wehrle's Pond.
Stagnicola reflexa (Say), Small pond on Buckeye Island,
Dollar's dock at Put-in-Bay, Fisher's Pond, Fox's Pond,
Small pond near Fox's, Haunch's Pond, Lakeside (Mi-
chigan),
Fossaria parva (Lea), Buckeye Island shore, Gibraltar
Island dock. Sugar Island dock, Terwilliger's Pond on
Put-in-Bay Island,
46 THE NAUTILUS
Fossaria obrussa (Say), East Harbor, Gibraltar Island
dock, Lakeside (Michigan), Squaw Harbor, Terwilliger's
Pond.
Helisoma antrosa percarinata (Walker), Lakeside (Michi-
gan).
Helisoma trivolvis (Say), Dollar's dock, East Harbor, Fish-
er's Pond, Fox's Pond, Haunch's Pond, Lakeside (Michi-
gan), Squaw Harbor, Terwilliger's Pond, Wehrle's Pond.
Menetus exacuous (Say), Fisher's Pond.
Gyraulus parvus (Say), East Harbor, Wehrle's Pond.
Planorhula crassilahris (Walker), Fox's Pond.
Physella gyrina hildrethiana (Lea), Dollar's dock, Fisher's
Pond, Fox's Pond, Small pond near Fox's, Haunch's Pond,
Lakeside (Michigan), Terwilliger's Pond, Wehrle's Pond.
Physella sayii (Tappan), Lakeside (Michigan).
Physella magnalacustris (Walker), Buckeye Island Shore,
Dollar's dock. East Harbor, East Sister Island shore,
Gibraltar Island dock, Squaw Harbor, Sugar Island dock.
Ferrissia parallela (Haldeman), Squaw Harbor.
Ferrissia rivularis (Say), East Harbor, Sugar Island dock,
Middle Bass Island shore.
Cainpeloma decisum (Say) Alligator bar off Gibraltar Island
— large form, Dollar's dock, Lakeside (Michigan), Mouth
of Detroit River.
Valvata tricarinata (Say), Dredgings from Lake Erie;
Lakeside (Michigan).
Bithynia tentaculata (Linne), Lakeside (Michigan).
Amnicola limosa parva (Lea), Dredgings from open lake.
East Harbor.
Somatogyrus subglobosus (Say) . Dredgings from open lake.
Somatogyrus integer (Say), — possibly a northern variety —
Lakeside (Michigan), Sugar Island dock,
Pleurocera acuta Rafinesque, dead shells abundant along lake
shore.
Goniobasis livcscens Menke, Buckeye Island shore. Dollar's
dock, East Harbor, Fishery Bay, Gibraltar Island dock,
Middle Bass Island shore. Mouth Raisin River, Squaw
Harbor, Sugar Island dock.
THE NAUTILUS 47
Quadrula pustuloaa prasiua (Conrad), Shells on Gibraltar
Island shore; living — East Harbor.
Quadrula quadrula (Ratinesque) , Shells — Lakeside (Michi-
gan).
Cijclonaias tubcrculata (Rafincsque), Shells — GibralUir
Island shore, Lakeside (Michigan). Middle Bass Island
shore.
Amblema plicata (Say), Shells everywhere; living — East
Harbor.
Fusconaia flava parvula Grier, Shells everywhere; living —
off Buckeye Island, East Harbor, off Rattlesnake Island.
Pleurobema- coccineum pauperculum (Simpson), Shells —
Lakeside (Michigan), Middle Bass Island shore.
Elliptio dilatatus stcrki Grier, Shells everywhere; living —
off Rattlesnake Island.
Strophitus rugosus (Swainson), Shells common; living —
East Harbor.
Anodonta. grandis Say, Shells common; living — off Rattle-
snake Island.
Ptychobranchus fasciolare (Rafinesque), Shells everywhere.
Obliquaria reflexa (Rafinesque), Shells — Lakeside, Michi-
gan, Put-in-Bay ; living — East Harbor.
Proptera alata. (Say) , Shells everywhere; living — off Rattle-
snake Island.
Leptodea fro gib's (Rafinesque) , Shells abundant; living — off
Rattlesnake Island.
Obovaria. leibii (Lea) , Shells everywhere ; living — off Rattle-
snake Island.
Carunculina parva (Barnes), living — East Harbor — one
specimen.
Eurynia nasuta (Say), Shells everywhere; living — East
Harbor.
Ligumia recta (Lamarck), Shells everywhere; living — East
Harbor, Channel near Sugar Island.
Lampsilis siliquoidea rosacea (DeKay) , Shells abundant ; liv-
ing— East Harbor, off Rattlesnake Island.
48 THE NAUTILUS
Lampsilis ventricosa canadensis (Lea), Shells everywhere;
living — East Harbor.
TrunciUa donaciformis (Lea), Living — East Harbor, off
Rattlesnake Island.
Dysnomia perplexa possibly variety rangiayia (Lea), Shells
everyw^here, but not common.
Dysnomia triquetra (Rafinesque), Shells common.
THE STATUS OF PAPHIA TENERRIMA ALTA WATERFALL
BY DON L. FRIZZELL
Seattle, Washington
In a study of the paleontology of the Fernando Group of
California L. N. Waterfall (Univ. Calif. Pub.. Bull. Dept.
Geol Sci., Vol. 18, No. 3, 1929, p. 85, pi. 6, fig. 1) described
Paphia tenerrima subspecies alta from the "Saugus" Pleist-
ocene. He said (loc. cit.) of the supposed subspecies: "This
subspecies is very similar to Paphia tenerrimn Carpenter,
but is readily distinguished by its relatively greater height
and more strongly vertical truncated posterior end." And
also: "Similar types of variations to this are noted in the
living P. tenerrima, so that the writer has no hesitation in
placing the two specimens collected in the same subspecies"
— in spite of which he listed {op. cit., checklist opposite p. 78)
the "subspecies" as extinct.
During an examination of a fauna from the Pleistocene
of the Puget Sound region a specimen was found which
proved to be indistinguishable from P. t. alta. A study of the
validity of this name was made resulting in the following
conclusions.
First, the variety "alta" is simply an unusually high speci-
men of P. tenerrima Carpenter which falls within the dis-
tribution curve of that species as a perfectly normal end
member. As it is coexistent, both geographically and tempor-
ally, vdth the typical form it cannot be regarded as more
than a variety, and does not, in my estimation, merit even a
varietal name.
THE NAUTILUS
49
Second, this variety, if accepted, must be considered as a
living form, and cannot be of any great stratigraphic value.
A specimen from Puget Sound (No. 1366 in the collection of
the University of Washington Museum) has both the relative
height and vertically truncated posterior which serve to dis-
tinguish the variety alta.
.69
70 .71 .72 .73 .74 .75 .76
HelGht-length ratios.
77 .78 .79 .80 .81
Fig. 1. Height-length ratios of a series of 239 specimens of Paphia
tenerrima Carpenter from the Pleistocene of Port Blakely, Washington.
As evidence of the relation of the type of alta to a series
of typical specimens the accompanying graph is submitted.
Height-length ratios are plotted against frequency in per
cent of the total number of specimens. 239 specimens col-
lected indiscriminately from the Upper Pleistocene at Port
Blakely, Washington, were measured. In this graph it will be
seen that greater numbers indicate relatively higher shells.
The type of alta, from the dimensions in the original descrip-
tion, has a ration of .82. While this is very slightly higher
than any of the shells in the measured series it fits perfectly
at the extreme upper end of the distribution curve. Although
variation in outline, such as might not be shown by the di-
mension.>, does not lend itself well to graphical expression it
was observed to have a corresponding distribution and would
doubtless fit the same sort of curve.
50 THE NAUTILUS
If the varietal name alta is accepted the only consistent
course will be to recognize and name the equally distinctive
low form at the opposite end of the curve — an encumbering
of the literature to which I am sure any conscientious worker
would object.
VARIATION IN THE SCULPTURE OF ACILA CASTRENSIS
HINDS
BY DON L. FRIZZELL
Seattle, Washington
The fossil species of Acila are, because of the similarity of
the various species, as well as because of their individual
variability, more or less of a problem to the paleontologist.
DalP considered that, ordinarily, only one species occurs in
a geologic horizon. If this were the case there would be diffi-
culty enough in differentiating between species. Subsequent
workers have, however, often listed several species from beds
of a single age, only one of which might be important as a
marker. It is obviously important, then, that the range of
variation be known, so that a single valid species of strati-
graphic importance might not be split into several of doubt-
ful worth. It is hoped that this study may help to show the
limits of variation, in the sculpture at least, of this genus.
Work on this species was suggested by Dr. H. G. Schenck
of Stanford University, who is preparing a comprehensive
study of the fossil and recent species of Acila. and to whom I
am endebted for many helpful suggestions. I am also under
obligation to Professor Kincaid of the University of Wash-
ington for suggestions and constructive criticism during the
course of the work.
Material in the form of some three hundred and fifty-eight
specimens of Acila castrensis was obtained from tlie Marine
Biological Station of the University of Wasliington, located
at Friday Harbor, Washington. As no record was kept of
' U. S. Geol. Sur.. Prof. Paper 69, 1909, p. 102.
THE NAUTILUS 51
localities, depths, conditions of bottom, etc. (I was unable to
do the collecting myself), it was impossible to attempt to
formulate any relation between the different types of varia-
tion and their environment. I am inclined to believe, how-
ever, from bits of mud adhering to most of the specimens,
and from what I have been told of their habitat, that the
Puget Sound forms live in an almost uniform environment.
They are said to be found in mud at depths of 25 to 35
fathoms.
It will be noticed from the figure that the apices of the
divaricate sculpture of a specimen of Acila form a line of
divarication or "primary bifurcation"- extending from the
umbo to the ventral margin. Specimens of some species show
other similar lines starting at the umbo or, more often,
appearing toward the margin. Dr. Schenck calls the latter
"secondary bifurcation". In this study the angle at which
the line of primary bifurcation crosses the shell was meas-
ured, and the presence of any secondary bifurcation recorded,
in order to show the variation in these characters within a
single species.
The angle at which the line or lines of primary bifurca-
tion cross the shell was measured with a celluloid protractor.
Its measurement may be illustrated as follows. Suppose a
right angle to be drawn, one side touching the umbo and
"lunular" area of the shell, the other touching the ligamental
area. A straight line connecting the apex of this angle with
that part of the line of bifurcation on the most inflated por-
tion of the shell, and extending beyond the margin, is drawn.
This line and the umbo-"lunular" area line form the angle
to be measured. Error due to the curvature of the shell was
avoided by using that part of the line of bifurcation at the
most inflated portion of the shell on all specimens. Error due
to equipment or personal judgment will not exceed four de-
grees, and, as it is not constant, may be ignored. Variation,
- Schenck, H. G., according to a personal communication proposes
in manuscript the terms "primary bifurcation" and "secondary bifurca-
tion". He writes, "They are doubtless clear to you without definition".
I am assuming that my usage conforms to Dr. Schenck's definitions.
52 THE NAUTILUS
throughout this study, will be referred to in terms of the
right valve.
(See Illuatratton on opposite page)
From the accompanying graph it is seen that, although
there is an actual range of 38° between maximum and mini-
mum (62"^ and 24°, respectively), the specimens fall into a
series with 51% of its members having angles between 50°
and 54°. This would indicate a normal distribution curve and
that the angles on a large series are of value as a specific
character.
As a test of the foregoing conclusion figures of two fossil
forms, five of one and four of the other, were measured.
Each species had a characteristic angle, different from that
of castrensis. While results from so few measurements are
not of any great value they suggest, at least, a real taxonomic
importance for this character.
In dealing with the various lines of bifurcation certain new
terms are needed. Primary and secondary lines (of bifurca-
tion) are used as proposed by Dr. Schenck. In addition the
terms primary pattern and umbonal lines (of bifurcation)
are here proposed. Primary pattern refers to the initial sculp-
ture on the umbo and consists of primary and umbonal lines.
Umhonal lines are lines of bifurcation starting at the umbo
and dying out within from 3 to 5 millimeters.
Observation of the shells reveals that there are six primary
patterns, ivith any of which may or may not occur secondary
lines. The primary patterns, with percent of the total, are
as follows: (1) a single primary line, 54% (2) a single
primary plus a single umbonal line, 24 %r (3) two primary
lines, 16% ; (4) two primary lines plus a single umbonal line,
3% ; (5) a single primary line plus two umbonal lines, 2%^ ;
(6) three piimary lines, 0.6%'. These differences may be due
to environment or, more likely, to tendencies inherent within
the genu. . In either case they are not shown to have any value
as specific characters.
Roughly two-thirds of the specimens examined are marked
with secondary lines of bifurcation. These are from one to
30
..^ 0
_tK ^^^ ^^ Joj^ J^-^^ 'fo^ ^^-^ ^0--^^ -^-^^ 6o^
Ancjie orDupsli^
At o a left valve of Acxla castreusis Hinds, X about 1^/4, showing
divaricate sculpture. >
THE NAUTILUS 53
live in number. Of these, 61% have a single secondary line,
30';< two secondary lines, 8% three secondary lines and 1%
have five secondary lines. When more than one line are pres-
ent they are usually initiated at the same stage in the growth
of the individual.
Dr. Schenck-' suggested that these secondary lines are re-
lated to the age of the specimen. To check on this the occur-
rence of secondary lines was charted against age of the in-
dividuals. As lines of growth are not consistent, this was
measured in terms of length in millimeters along the main
line of primary bifurcation.
Secondary lines were found beginning at from 2 to 12 mm.
along the main primary line. The majority, however, start
at about 8 mm. This is construed to mean that secondary lines
tend to be initiated when the individual is about half grown.
The results of this study may be briefly summarized as fol-
lows: (1) The main line of primary bifurcation crosses the
shell at an angle which gives evidence of being distinctive
for the species. (2) Various primary patterns are present,
reasons for which are not established, and which do not seem
important as specific characters. (3) Secondary lines of
bifurcation are present in about two-thirds of the specimens
examined and when present are definitely related to age of
the individual.
A STUDY OF THE VARIATIONS IN THE RADULA OF A SNAIL
WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE SIZE OF THE
MEDIAN TEETH*
BY SAM W. HOWE
I. Introduction
In 1856, C. Troschel began his systematic study of the
radulae of molluscs. Since then malacologists have lacked
agreement in the interpretations which have been placed
3 Personal communication.
*Contributions from the Zoolog-ical Laboratory of the University
of Illinois, No. 360.
54 THE NAUTILUS
upon radular characters in the classifications of gastro-
pods. While some workers have maintained that the radula
provides safe criteria for generic and specific diagnosis,
others have ignored radular characters or have denied
their validity. E. W. Bowell (1924) implies that radular
characters must be used w^ith discretion in specific diag-
nosis. H. M. Gwatkin (1914) says that the redular char-
acters do not always have the same value in the diagnosis
of genera or species, "Often it is decisive, sometimes use-
less" is the way he states it. A. E. Boycott (1914) con-
cludes that for the radula to yield characters of any value
in classification, the size of the animal must be stated with
the description of the radula. Friele (1879) regards the
radula as possessing characters of little value in classifica-
tion of species as compared with external characters. E. W.
Bowell (1920) maintains "that certain characters (of the
radula) formerly relied upon for determination of species
are unimportant."
Despite these conflicting views held by outstanding in-
vestigators, very little has been done to establish specifical-
ly the constancy or variability in radulae of individual
species. Some observations have been published on the
changes within the radula during individual development
from embryo to adult. V. Sterki (1893), in working on the
radulae of embryos and adults of some ten species of snails,
discovered distinct changes in the shape of the teeth, num-
ber of rows of teeth, and number of teeth in the row's, from
embryo to adult. The number of rows and the number of
teeth in each row were found to increase with advance in
age of the animal. He even expressed the view that one
may think of it as a "true metamorphosis" of the radula.
Most of the workers who have given attention to this
problem have confined themselves to the number of rows,
number of teeth in each row, and the size of the whole
radula. F. G. Cawston (1926), while examining the radulae
of snails that were intermediate hosts of parasitic trema-
todes in Natal, observed that the number of rows and num-
THE NAUTILUS 55
ber of teeth in each row differed in small and large in-
dividuals. A. E. Boycott and J. W. Jackson (1914), in
working on HdiceUa hcripen.sis and H. caperata, found the
number of rows and the number of teeth in each row to in-
crease definitely with increase in size of shell. A. E. Boy-
cott (1914) determined that the size of the whole radula,
and the number of transverse rows in the radula increased
definitely with the increase in size of the shell of Hyalina.
A. H. Cooke (1918) found the number of denticles to be
variable in a number of gastropods. E. W. Bowell (1908)
also found the number of teeth in the Helicids to vary and
concluded that "the number of teeth in any given radula
may be a matter of comparatively little importance". M. V.
Lebour (1906) noticed variation in the number and shape
of teeth in the radulae of certain Buccinidae but she saw
"no correlation of variation with regard to the radula and
the shell".
For the most part, however, recent malacologists have
assumed that specific variations in the radula are non-ex-
istant, or at least unimportant. Particularly has this been
true in the assumptions regarding the size of the individual
teeth. Some have gone so far as to say that there is no vari-
ation in the size of the individual teeth (Sterki, 1893).
However, Boycott (1914) after finding the number of rows
in the radula of Hyalina to vary from 38 to 48 and the
estimated number of teeth to vary from 850 to 1,632, con-
cluded that the "increase in size (radula) which accom-
panies growth is mostly due to an increase in the size of
the individual teeth". He estimated the size of the teeth,
however, rather than measured them.
Dr. H. J. Van Cleave of the University of Illinois sug-
gested that the writer undertake a detailed study of the
radulae in certain fresh-water gastropods to determine the
relialjility of radular characters in taxonomic studies. This
problem has consequently been pursued under his direction.
The writer also wishes to express his indebtedness to Mr.
56 THE NAUTILUS
Frank C. Baker who gave much valued assistance during
the progress of the study.
Materials and Methods: As the initial object of this in-
vestigation, snails of the genus Goniobasis were selected
because of the relatively simple radula formula character-
istic of the family Pleuroceridae. The specimens which have
served as the basis for this investigation were collected
from the Salt Fork at Homer Park, Illinois, in June and
July, 1929. Through the courtesy of Mr. Calvin Goodrich,
the specimens upon which this investigation has been car-
ried out were identified as Go7iiobasis livescens Menke.
The radula of G. livescens has only seven longitudinal
rows of teeth. The formula for G. livescens as given by
Baker (1928) for individuals from Wisconsin is
8-9 5-6 5 4-1-4 5 5-6 8-9
The radula formula of specimens used in this study was
found to vary from that published by Baker. I found the
formula in the specimens under observation to be
9-12 5-7 5 3-1-3 5 5-7 9-12
There seemed to be some variation in this formula as in one
or two specimens the median tooth was like that found by
Baker,
1
4-1-4
Concerning the differences in the formulas recorded by
Baker for G. livescens and by the present writer, no final
conclusion may be drawn at this time. However, it should
be kept in mind that the specimens were from two dis-
tinctly different localities. Individuals figured by Baker
THE NAUTILUS 67
were from relatively large rivers in Wisconsin, while the
objects of the present investigation were from a small
stream in Illinois. Superficially the shells of specimens
from the two localities seem to be identical, and have
been so determined by Goodrich, but the radular differ-
ences here set forth may serve as a basis for distinguishing
ecologically distinct variations of Goniobasis livescens.
The radulae under investigation were extracted with
NaOH 40';(', stained with chromic acid 1%, dehydrated in
957c alcohol, and mounted in diaphane.
Three measurements of the shells are given for compar-
ing the size of individuals. This was done because in some
cases the apical whorls of the shells were decollated. This
would make some slight difference in the relative sizes. In
no case, however, was there much decollation of the apical
whorls. This fact invalidated the use of the number of
whorls as a practical criterion for determining age.
Statement of Problem: An analysis of the reliability of
radular characters in the taxonomy of gastropods involves
so many problems that only a few have been selected for
this initial study. The most significant aspects of the prob-
lems treated in this paper are:
1. An accurate determination of variability in size of
median teeth in the same radula, whether graded variation
from one end to the other, chaotic, or definitely correlated
with worn, functional, and newly developing regions of the
radula.
2. An examination of the influence of age upon the rela-
tive width of the median teeth, as encountered in snails of
different sizes.
3. Relative widths and length of the central cusp on the
median teeth of radulae from snails of different sizes with
especial reference to change in size of central cusp with
change in size of median teeth.
II. Observations on Radulae
Morphology: Three regions are readily distinguishable
in the radula though they are not sharply delimited, for one
58 THE NAUTILUS
grades without distinct boundary into another. The oldest,
anterior-most portion bears about 15 to 35 transverse rows
of somewhat broken and very much worn teeth. Adjacent
to this worn region is a portion in which the teeth are all
perfect and not noticeably worn. The posterior region of
the radula bears teeth in the process of development. These
new teeth comprise 14 to 20 transverse rows which by the
technique here employed take very little or no stain.
Variability of median tooth. A. In the same radula. Six
entire radulae were examined to determine the variation in
size of the median teeth in the same radula and the relation
of this variation to the position of the teeth in the radula.
The widths of the median teeth were found to vary as much
as 14|.i (78[.i to 921.1), in the same radula. In four of the
radulae, the teeth in the undeveloped region were the small-
est (70|i to 78[x) , the teeth in the oldest or worn region were
largest (76!.t to 96u) , and the teeth in the perfect region were
between these two in size (74[.i to 881.1). Thus we have evi-
dence of a definite increase in size from the younger region
to the older region of the same radula. In the other two
radulae, the teeth in the perfect region were the largest
(44|.i to 54 u) while there was very little difference in the
size of the teeth from the other two regions. In one case
the teeth in the older region (40u to 44^) were a little
larger than in the undeveloped region (40ii) and in the
other case the teeth in the undeveloped region were so
arranged on the slide that measurements in that region
were impossible. These conditions, found in the two last
mentioned radulae, have not been explained.
B. hi different radulae. The other radulae examined
showed variations in widths of median teeth in the same
radula as great as 16|.i (from 84n to 100^, in specimen 29,
Table I). By pressure on the cover glass, the radulae were
broken so that isolated teeth were available for accurate
measurement and drawing but due to this isolation the
original position of the teeth in the radula could not be
determined. P^rom the results obtained in the examination
THE NAUTILUS 69
of the six entire radulae, it seems probable that the size
differences in the same radula depend very largely upon the
position of the teeth in the radula and are not chaotic.
These results are shown in Table 2.
Variability in the central cusp. A. Width. The measure-
ments of five entire radulae yielded the results shown in
Table. 3. This table shows in three of the five radulae, a
definite progressive increase in width of the central cusp of
the median teeth from the undeveloped end to the worn or
oldest part of the radula. In specimen number 47 (a small
shell 5.8 mm. in length) the central cusp on the older end
were narrower (Sfi) than those in the perfect region (10|i).
In specimen number 42, the central cusps in the perfect
region (21ii) and the worn region (20iO were practically
the same in size. The results shown in Table 1 are the
measurements of central cusps in isolated median teeth in
the radulae of some 40 broken up radulae. The differences
in width of central cusps in the radulae of the same in-
dividual were as great as S^i (16ii to 24u) in specimen 27.
The size differences shown here are probably correlated
with position in the radula as in the five entire radulae
mentioned above. This could not be determined because of
the shifting of the teeth from the original position during
the process of isolating them. It is probable, however, that
the width of the central cusp varies directly with position
in the radula as does the width of the entire median tooth.
B. Length. The lengths of the central cusps of the
median teeth are also shown in Table 1. In the five entire
radulae. the central cusps of the perfect teeth are the long-
est. The central cusps of the worn teeth are about the same
length (16h in specimen 37) as those of the undeveloped
region (16u in specimen 37) though in some cases the worn
cusps are shorter (611 to ISu in specimen 46). This decrease
in length of the central cusp of the worn teeth is due to the
wear to which they have been subjected. The lengths of
the central cusps were found to vary from 2u to 14u in the
60
THE NAUTILUS
individuals that were broken up in isolating the median
teeth.
Correlation of Tooth and Shell Size. Forty two specimens
Fig's. 1 to 5. Central teeth from radulae of Goviobasis livescens
.showing range in .size and variability in number and arrangement of
thp cu,= f)s.
Figs. 6 to i). Central teeth from the radula of the same individual
showing a normal tooth (H) and different tyjies of abnormality (7 to
9) occurring in the same radula.
of Goniobasis varying in length of shell from 5.6 mm. to
THE NAUTILUS 61
20.8 mm. were examined for variations in size of median
teeth of radulae from ditferent animals. Even a superficial
glance at the data shown in Table 2 gives conclusive evi-
dence that tooth size varies directly with body size. Varia-
tions in width of median tooth from 40^ in the smallest
specimens to lOSfi in the largest specimen were found.
Some digressions from a progressive increase in width of
median tooth with increase in length of shell were discov-
ered. These can be explained in the variations within the
individual radula mentioned above. There is a definitely
uniform increase in the size of individual teeth of radulae
from different individuals progressing with increase in size
of shell. This does not show so well from looking at the
smallest or largest tooth of a given radula and comparing it
with that next in size. However, it is shown in the over-
lapping of the sizes of the teeth in different radulae. In the
radula from all shells 10.9 mm. to 20.8 mm. in length some
individual teeth may be found that are approximately 80|i
in width. If the width of every tooth in every radula were
compared with the width of the corresponding tooth in
every other radula, the correlation of increase in size of
teeth and shell would probably be still closer.
The differences in width of individual teeth from differ-
ent radulae seem to be as great in the larger snails as in
the smaller individuals, showing a range from 44u to 68u in
shells from 7.5 mm. to 8.4 mm. in length and a range from
78n to 108h in shells from 10.6 mm. to 20.8 mm. in length.
Variability in Number of Teeth. There were consider-
able variations in the number of transverse rows of teeth
in the six entire radulae examined. These variations were
from 68 transverse rows in specimen 46, from a shell 12.3
mm. in length, to 112 transverse rows in specimen 41 whose
shell was 20.0 mm. in length. The increase in number of
rows coincided progressively with increase in size of shell.
No instances of variations in the number of teeth in each
transverse row were observed, each row consisted of seven
teeth which is the constant, normal number for the species.
62 THE NAUTILUS
In most of the recorded variations in the radulae of other
genera of snails, by Sterki (1893), E. W. Bowell (1908),
A. E. Boycott (1925), F. F. Cawston (1926), A. E. Boy-
cott (1914), and M. V. Lebour (1906), there were definite
variations found in the number of teeth in the transverse
rows. Most of the radulae studied by the above named in-
vestigators were those having a relatively large number of
comparatively small teeth in each transverse row, while G.
Hvescens, used in this study, has a relatively small number
of comparatively large teeth in each transverse row.
The results obtained in the present investigation show no
variations in number of teeth in each transverse row but
a definite variation in size of individual teeth, while the
above investigations show definite variations in number of
teeth in each transverse row but no conclusive evidence of
variation in size of individual teeth. This may mean that
in radulae of few but large teeth, the variation is in size of
individual teeth, while in radulae of many but small teeth,
the chief variation is in number of teeth.
Continuity of Abnormality in Teeth. H. M. Gwatkin
(1914) maintains that any abnormality found in the teeth
in a radula will be continued posteriorly through the longi-
tudinal row in which it occurs. In one specimen (No. 12)
used in this invesftigation, some of the central teeth were
abnormal. However, the abnormality was not uniform
throughout the entire row. There were a number of mal-
formed teeth in the central row (figures 7, 8, 9) each one
of which had a distinctive type of malformation. Some of
the teeth in the same longitudinal row were perfectly
normal (figure 6). The relative positions of the malformed
teeth in the row could not be determined because the teeth
were isolated. That they were all from the same row is
self-evident because each radula has but a single row of
central teeth.
THE NAUTILUS 63
III. Summary and Conclusions
1. The number of transverse rows in the radulae G.
livescens increases definitely with increase in the size of the
shell but there is no variation in the number of teeth in each
transverse row.
2. A distinct increase in the size of the individual
median teeth and the central cusp of median tooth in ra-
dulae of G. livescens accompanies increase in size of the
shell. The increase is fairly uniform from very small
animals to comparatively large individuals.
3. Distinct differences in size, both of the central cusp
and of the entire median teeth, occur in individual radulae
of G. livescens. There is progressive increase in size of the
tooth and its central cusp from the undeveloped end to the
worn end of the radula.
4. Malformations in the radula may be chaotic i.e. not
continuing uniformly throughout the longitudinal row.
5. In using radular characters in classification, the size
of the shell must be recorded with the description of the
radula. The width of median teeth has no value in specific
diagnosis of Goniobasis unless snails of practically the same
size are used in every case. The size of the median teeth
in young snails can not be used in specific diagnosis in com-
parison with radulae from older snails, for tooth size in-
creases directly with age. Thus in species showing wide
divergence in size of the mature shells, a comparison of
radulae from shells of the same size could not yield a valid
basis for comparison of the two species.
Table 1. Relation between size of shell, central cusp,
and entire median tooth in 42 individuals of Goniobasis
livescens.
64
THE NAUTILUS
Table 2. Showing (a) correlation of size of shell and
number of transverse rows of teeth in radulae of G.
livescens, and (b) variation in size of median teeth in rela-
tion to position on radula.
THE NAUTILUS
65
Table 3. Showing variation in lengths and widths of
central cusp in relation to position in the radula of Gonio-
basis livescens.
IV. Literature Cited
Baker, F. C, 1908.— The Fresh Water Mollusck of Wiscon-
sin, Part I. Gastropoda, 494 pages; Part II. Pelecypoda,
495 pages, 105 Plates. Wisconsin Geol. and Nat, Hist.
Sur\'ey, Bull. 70.
Bowell, E. W., 1908.— On the Radulae of the British Heli-
cids. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 8: 125-127; 205-212;
379-387.
Bowell, E. W., 1920.— Further Notes on Radulae. Ibid, Vol.
14: 46-47.
Bowell, E. W., 1924.— Radulae of Mollusca. Jour. Quekett
Micros. Club, Ser. 2, Vol. 15 : 57-64.
66 THE NAUTILUS
Boycott, A. E., 1914. — Radula of Hyalina. Jour, of Conch-
ology, London, Vol. 14: 214-220; 232-236; 297-303.
Boycott, A. E., and J. W. Jackson, 1914. — Observations on
the Anatomy of Helicella heripensis. Ibid, Vol. 14: 164-
168.
Cawston, F. G., 1926. — Gundlachia at Malvern, and an Ex-
amination of the Radulae of other Intermediate Hosts of
the Trematode Parasitic Worms in Natal. Trans. Royal
Society South Africa, Vol. 13 : 39-42.
Cooke, A. H., 1918. — On the Radulae of Acanthina, G.
Fischer. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, Vol. 13: 6-11.
Friele, H., 1879. — Ueber die Variationen der Zahnstructur
in der Gattung Buccinum. Jahrb. mal. Ges., Vol. 4: 256-
263.
Gwatkin, H. M., 1914. — Some Molluscan Radulae. Jour.
Conchol. London, Vol. 14: 139-148.
Lebour, M. V., 1906. — On Variation in the Radulae of cer-
tain Buccinidae. Ibid, Vol 11 : 282-286.
Sterki, V., 1893. — Growth Changes in the Radula in Land-
mollusks. Proc. Acad, of Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol.
46 : 388-400.
NEW CALIFORNIAN SNAILS
BY H. A. PILSBRY
A sending last June from Mr. Stanley C. Field of Los
Angeles contained an apparently new race of HelmintJio-
glypta traskii and a Ha/p^otre^na closely allied to one which
had been recognized as new for some time, but not yet
described.
Helminthoglypta traskii fieldi n. subsp. PI. 5, figs. 2, 3, 4.
The shell is more elevated than H. i. phhjctacna, the lieight
74 to 77 percent of the diameter (in phlyctaena 60 to 66 per-
cent) ; umbilicus smaller, about 2 mm. wide; post-nuclear
whorls are not i)apillose ; last 21/2 whorls are spirally engraved
with lines cutting the striae, strongly developed on the last
whorl. Color cinnamon-brown, with a darker, chestnut-brown
band broadly bordered on both sides with chamois. Peristome
THE NAUTILUS, XLIV
^^ ^^ ^^
PLATE 5
d»
•:
32
11
I >i. ? -v J H. Iraskii tielili.
= I.uelan.lina Icnvci IMI.. 6. Haplotrcnia alanxda. , 11. a. hcKM.
8 9.0 r<.h-.vra .nuUani tuckcri P.ls. .v, lU-n.!. n. llchc.na ou.nens>s
Ckll.'vol. A^:^U. '^- Opcas micra nur/.atlan.cum I lis.
No. 5. H-.o. .2. will be <kscril.c-.l in January NaiTIUS.
THE NAUTILUS (J7
narrowly expanded, the columellar margin reflected.
Height 18 mm., diam. 24.5 mm., 6^^ whorls.
Height 20.7 mm., diam. 26.3 mm., QV-y whorls.
Surf, Santa Barbara Co., California, under ice plants and
sage on the beach. Cotypes 151516, collected by Stanley C.
Field.
This seashore race appears to differ so much from the in-
land phlyctaena that it may usefully be ranked as a separate
subspecie?. Unfortunately the type locality of phlyctaena is
indefinite. "40 miles north of Santa Barbara" would be a long
distance inland.
HaPLOTREMA ALAMEDA, n. sp. PI. 5, fig. 6.
The shell is discoidal, the upper surface nearly flat, base
broadly umbilicate. Color, cartridge buff to marguerite yel-
low. Whorls about four, slowly increasing to the last, which
is very wide. Sculpture of fine, close rib-striae, and in places
some microscopic spiral impressed lines. The strongly oblique
aperture is wide. Peristome slightly thickened, narrowly ex-
panded outwardly and a little reflected basally, the upper
margin curving downward moderately. Height 4 mm., diam.
11.1 mm. Paratypes from 10 to 11.5 mm. diam.
Niles Canyon. Alameda Co., California. Type and para-
types No. 82879 A.N.S.P. Coll. by Fred L. Button.
This is a miniature of H. transfuga Hemphill, of the San
Diego region, and was formerly referred to that species in
our collection. It is what Hemphill called "simplicilabris
Ancey". It has from half a whorl to one whorl less than the
southern species, and the sculpture is finer. It is also related
to H. keepi Hemph. My attention was called again to this
form by a series from the Giants' Forest, Sequoia National
Park, received from Mr. Field, which seems to belong to the
Alameda Co. species, but differs enough to require separation
subspecifically. It may be called Haplotrema alameda ficldi, n.
subsp. PI. 5, fig. 7. Striation decidedly weaker than in H.
alameda, and unevenly developed ; umbilicus narrower with-
in. Height 3.8 mm., diam. 10 mm. Paratypes 9.7 to 10.8 mm.
diam.
THE NAUTILUS
NOTES AND NEWS
A Correction. — Naut. 44, July, 1930, pi. 2, fig. 10, should
read: Thais floridana Conr. This figure was included for
comparison with fig. 11 which is the new variety, Thais
floridana haysae Clench.
Dr. Ralph B. Stewart, who has been working on Cali-
fornian Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils at the Academy of
•Natural Sciences for several years, has been appointed an
assistant geologist on the U. S. Geological Survey.
Dr. Wendell P. Woodring, for the past few years on the
staff of the California Institute of Technology, resumed full
time service with the U. S. Geological Survey on July 1, 1930.
Mr. Calvin Goodrich, taking advantage of the low water,
has been collecting shells in Georgia and Alabama during
August.
Helix liberiae A. D. Brown was described from Cape
Palmas, Liberia, in Amer. Journ. Conch. I, 1865, p. 136. In
the course of some recent comparisons I find that the type,
No. 1088 A. N. S. Phila., is completely identical with Holkeion
anceps (Gould), a well-known snail of Tenasserim and
neighboring regions. There can be no doubt that Brown was
misled by a false locality label, and did not think to compare
with species of the Malay Peninsula. H. anceps was not con-
tained otherwise in Brown's collection, now in the collection
of the Academy of Natural Sciences. — E. G. Vanatta.
The type of Parahelix. — Parahelix von Ihering, Zeitsch.
Wiss. Zool., vol. 54, 1892, p. 492, was proposed as a provi-
sional genus for haplogonous helices of unknown affiliation,
preferably oxygnathous, such as Sagda, Geotrochus. Lu-
ccrna and their allies. The genera mentioned by von Ihering
v/ere known to him by the works of Binney, Semper and
others. I select Helix jayana C. B. Ad. (Bland and Binney,
Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., vol. 10, 1872, p. 219) as genotype of
THE NAUTILUS 69
Parahclix. The name becomes a synonym of Sagda. —
PiLSBRY.
SCHIZOTHAERUS NUTTALLII CAPAX GLD. NOT MAXIMA MiDD.
— In a faunal list from a Pleistocene deposit in Puget Sound
Henderson (U. of Colo. Studies, Vol. XVI, No. 1, 1927, p. 2)
refers a rotund specimen of .S. nuttaUii to the variety maxima
Midd. rather than to capax Gld. because of the dimensions in
the descriptions of the latter. Unfortunately these dimen-
sions are rather misleading. According to Carpenter (Smiths.
Misc. Coll. 252, 1872. pages 11, 17) this species assumes both
elongate and rotund varieties which completely intergrade.
The rotund form must take the varietal name capax Gld.,
maxima Midd. (originally described as Lutraria) being pre-
occupied by Lutraria muxima Jonas 1844. Although giving
no synonymy or discussion Oldroyd (Pub. Pug. Sd. Biol. Sta.,
Vol. 4, 1924, p. 61) recognized this, giving Middendorff's
description to supplement the original of Gould. — Don L.
Frizzell, Seattle, Wash.
Lampsilis radiata Gmel. in Aroostook County, Maine.
— On August 14, 1929, while travelling along the Molunkes
stream in the southern part of Aroostook County, I stopped
to examine the rocks. Looking toward the stream I noticed a
number of cardinal flowers (Lobelia cardinalis) the first I
had seen in Aroostook County. Going to the stream to pick
some of the flowers I noticed some shells and to my surprise
found my first specimen of Lampsilis radiata. After a careful
search I found three young L. radiata, two Anodonta fragHis
Lam. and a number of Elliptio complanatus. At the Town of
Linneus is situated Meduxnekeag Lake (Drew Lake). On
September 26, 1929, at the outlet of the lake and a short dis-
tance below in the Meduxnekeag stream I collected Anodonta
fragilis common, Alasmidonta undulata two, Elliptio com-
planatus common. Lainpsilis radiata ten, Psirliiim variabile
two, Campeloma decisa many small shells, Aynnicola liinosa
two, Planorbis antrosus of small size, P. campanidatiis a
small form. Physa hetcrostropha young. The Meduxnekeag
70 THE NAUTILUS
stream is a tributary of the St. Johns River at Woodstock,
New Brunswick. The Molunkes stream is a tributary of the
Mattawamkeag River and enters the Penobscot River at the
town of Mattawamkeag, I have explored a large part of the
head waters of the Penobscot River and many of the lakes of
the East Branch of this river, but never found L. radiata, nor
have I found L. radiata in any of the upper St. Johns River
tributaries in Maine or New Brunswick. — Olof 0. Ny-
LANDER.
A NOTE ON THE HABITAT OF ViVIPARUS SUBPURPUREUS
(Say) . — This rather uncommon species was obtained at two
localities on a collecting trip during September, 1927, the
localities being the Tradewater River in western Kentucky
and the Little Wabash River in southern Illinois.
For a VivipariLS, their station generally in swift water is
rather unusual. In the Tradewater River they were found on
a small shoals clinging to stones, mostly underneath and in
the dead shells of the larger Unionidae. At Carmi, Illinois,
in the Little Wabash River, they were very abundant, occur-
ring both exposed on the top and sides of stones as well as
underneath. However, there was a decided preference for the
more protected places under the large flat stones.
They gripped by suction very tenaciously to the stones and
very seldom lost their hold when the stones were taken out
of water. Say states (Am. Conch. Ill, 1831) that they prob-
ably hibernate in the valves of dead Unios, but this is, per-
haps their station throughout the year as they seem to prefer
solid objects to crawl over, rather than the muddy or sandy
stations generally associated with other species in this genus.
— W. J. Clench.
List of species from three localities in Switzerland.
— This list is based on material collected by myself (July,
1929) in two localities in the canton of Schwyz, and one in
the canton of Vaud. The first locality is Axenstein, and the
following are the species listed therefrom.
THE NAUTILUS
71
Helix pomiitia Linn. Several
color forms.
Helix uemoralis Linn. One
color form.
Helicogona lapicida (Linn.),
Hygromia inearnata Miill.
Hygromia hispida (Linn.),
Helicogona personata Drap.
Helicodonta obvoluta Miill.
Buliminus obscurus (Mull.)
Pirostoma rugusa Drap.
Vitrea cellwria Miill.
Pomatias septemspiralis
viaculata Drap.
Axenstein is at some elevation above Brunnen whose
species are next listed. The latter locality is right on the shore
of a branch of Lake Lucerne sometimes known as the Lake of
Four Cantons. The specimens were taken in a field bordering
on the lake.
Helix }wrte)isis Miill. Several Helicogona arbustorum Linn.
color forms. Hygr'omia hispida (Linn.).
Helix 7iemoralis Linn. Sev- Vitrea cellaria {Miill.) .
eral color forms.
It can be seen that the number of species in this list is
limited, the first four mentioned being very abundant in the
quantity of individuals inhabiting the locality, the last two
being quite rare. Those species which abound in Brunnen are
scarce in Axenstein. The latter locality is composed of Terti-
ary (Miocene) deposits mixed with igneous rocks, and is
inhabited mainly by species typical of the higher altitudes.
Montreux the third locality to be listed is located in East-
ern Switzerland yields an interesting series of species. The
list is as follows.
Color
Helix nemoralis Linn,
forms.
Helix aspersa Miill.
abundant.
Helix pomatia Linn,
abundant.
Helicogona lapicida (Linn.) .
Eidota fruticum (Miill.). A
species quite rare and lo-
calized.
Very
Very
Poviatias septemspiralis
rtwLculata Drap.
Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.)
Buliminus obscurus Miill.
Pirostoma rugosa Drap.
Vitrea cellar ia (Miill.),
— A. F. Archer.
72 THE NAUTILUS
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
Zoology of Colorado. By Theodore D. A. Cockerell.
Published by the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.
If zoology is ever to become popular as contributing to the
culture and pleasure of our people it must be presented in
an interesting and readable v^ay. At present there has
been little attempt to do this in America except in bird
study. In this book of 262 pages Professor Cockerell has
given a delightfully written account of the animals of Col-
orado, In the more numerous groups, such as insects, only
the more prominent or interesting forms could of course
be mentioned. Beginning v^^ith an interesting chapter on
The Past, the following chapters take up Colorado mam-
mals, birds, mollusks and the other phyla successively. It
is illustrated with plates and figures in the text. As it is a
book to be read, not a mere work of reference, such as most
of us write, it will be found interesting far beyond the lim-
its of Colorado. — H. A. P.
MOLLUSQUES TESTACES MARINS DE MADAGASCAR, par Ph.
Dautzenberg. (Fauna del Colonies Fran^aises, III), No
less than 909 species and numerous varieties are enumer-
ated with their distribution and the most useful references,
most of them being widely spread forms of the Indo-Pacific
region. Four plates and a few text figures illustrate new
or little known species.
Catalogue des Invertebres de la Suisse, fasc. 18, Gas-
teropodes, par G. Mermod avee la collaboration de J.
Piaget. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Geneve, 1930. This handsome
volume of XII-|-583 pages is much more than a mere cata-
logue, as it gives descriptions, synonymy and very full lo-
cality records. It is thus a manual of the fauna. The 87
figures are all anatomical. The genera are defined, but with-
out discussion of the nomenclature adopted, — H, A, P.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XLIV JANUARY, 1931. No. 3
THE tJEMS OREOHELIX IN CALIFORNIA
BY S. STILLMAN BERRY, REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA.
One of the strangest anomalies' in distribution encount-
ered by the student of our western land snails is the oc-
currence on Santa Catalina Island off the coast of southern
California of a species of the genus Oreohelix'-, a great
genus characteristic of the Rocky Mountains and the scat-
tered ranges of the Great Basin region. With all the wealth
of forms brought to light beginning with the days of Hemp-
hill, no other member of the genus has hitherto been shown
to occur within the boundaries of this state or nearer than the
Charleston Mountains in Nevada where Oreohelix handi
Pilsbry & Ferriss was brought to light by the late James H.
Ferriss a few years ago''. Many Californian students have
felt that if avalonensis really belongs systematically where
we at present rank it, some trace of the occurrence of the
genus in one or more of the numerous mountain ranges
occupying the wildnesses of the immense intermediate area,
at present .so wholly empty on our distribution maps, would
sooner or later be discovered. There has been an avid search
and on the part of many, especially in the San Bernardino
and Cuyamaca Ranges, but only a general barrenness of
iPos.sessed of all the facts, we would of course find this to be no
real anomaly at all, at least in any sense of the abnormal or unrea-
sonable.
'-(). ( RadiorciifiiDii ) araloncvaift Ilcinphill.
'*0. hayidi belongs to the typical section of the genus. The case for
the subgenus Radiocentrnin is considerably worse, all known forms
othei- than aralonensis being confined to the Chiricahua and Big Hat-
chet Mountains in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico.
74 THE NAUTILUS
result if we except an unconfirmed rumor of a snail of this
general type somewhere in the Cuyamacas.
Prof. Edmund C. Jaeger and I have thought for some
time that the surest way of bringing typical OreoheUx into
the Californian fauna lay in exploration of some of the
mountains near the Nevada line, among which the Clark
Kange, and more especially its culminating peak Clark
Mountain, which rises to an altitude of better than 7,900
feet in northeastern San Bernardino County, botli by reason
of its elevation and the occurrence of similar limestone ex-
posures and associated plant formations similar to those
known to exist in established OreoheUx country in the
Charleston Mountains to the northward in Nevada, ap-
peared to offer the most promise.
After having made other visits to the region without
notable result, Prof. Jaeger has come back from his last
one with a nice series of specimens, including both living
animals and empty shells, which are OreoheUx indeed. They
were taken (4 Oct., 1930) in large limestone slides among
fir needles and rock fragments near the head of the gulch on
the west slope of the main peak (Clark Mountain) and
])rove to represent a race closely allied to 0. handi of the
Charlestons which is being dealt with more fully in another
connection as a new Californian species. Occurring in asso-
ciation with the OreoheUx were found a few dead shells of
Succinea avara Say and two immature specimens of a
VaUonia which appears to be V. cyclophorella Ancey.
Back of Redlands, where I write this, looms Mount San
Gorgonio, highest elevation of land in southern California.
Standing on the summit of this great massif, one's view in
clear weather extends on the westward down the great
valley of southern California to the waters of the Pacific
and on to the blue mass of Santa Catalina Island, itself a
mountain range of no mean dimensions and the one mari-
time! seat of OreoheUx. One turns to the northeast where
loom the mountains of the Nevada boundary and the
(-harlestons, — more OreoheUx country. Over on the eastern
horizon bcvond the Colorado River are visible some of tlie
THE NAUTILUS 75
Orcohelix-inhabiied ranges of northern Arizona. All in
between, and around and about one, tumble and roll in range
upon range, a sea of mountains incalculable, and from none of
them is any member of the genus as yet known. On most of
them there seems doubtless little chance of its occurring, but
on some of them it may. So although we have at last definitely
establishet.i Orcohclix over on the California side of the line,
there remain the greater problem of its further distribution
and the possible occurrence of additional species, steps
unvai'd the elucidation of which we may hope will soon be
taken.
A NEW LYMNAEID FROM IDAHO
BY JUNIUS HENDERSON
Lymnaea idahoensis. new species. Plate 6, Figs. 8.
Shell rather small, globose, spire somewhat dome-shaped.
Whorls about 4. the last constituting a very large part of
the whole shell, the penultimate one usually much swollen,
tlie others very small and inconspicuous, but little or not
at all elevated above the succeeding whorl. Suture well im-
pressed. Aperture more than half the length of the entire
shell, widest below the middle. Peristome thin, not thick-
ened by internal callus in any specimen at hand, gracefully
curved above, somewhat more abruptly curved below. Colu-
mella forming a heavy, twisted plait, with thin callus re-
flected and closely appressed over the umbilicus. Without a
lens the surface looks smooth and dull, but a good lens
reveals crowded, wavy growth lines, crossed by faint spiral
lines, with small malleations on some specimens. Color
medium brown. Type specimen, in University of Colorado
Museum: Altitude 17, diameter 11.5, height within aperture
8.5, width within aperture about 6 mm. Another example:
Alt. 15.5, diam. 11, height within aperture 8.5 mm. In a
large lot examined there is but little variation, chiefly in the
elevation of the spire, as shown by the figures, and in the
76 THE NAUTILUS
prominence of the spiral sculpture, which is almost obsolete
on some examples.
From the material figured as apicino and solida Lea in
Baker's Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America, idaho-
ensis differs markedly in form and in the swollen penulti-
mate whorl. It bears little resemblance to Lea's original
figures of those two species, which were both described
from the same locality, near the mouth of the Willamette
River in Oregon. Indeed, it may be that solida is not distinct
from apicina. L. binncyi Tryon, which has been found not a
great distance to the eastward, has a very different spire
and differs in other respects.
Type locality of idahoensis, Little Salmon River, 16 miles
north of New Meadows, Idaho, where it was abundant on
rocks in a mountain stream, on July 31, 1930, all alive.
Specimens were sent to Dr. F. C. Baker and Dr. H, A. Pils-
bry, both of whom confirmed my belief that it was an un-
described species. We found no dead shells, and none of the
live ones had the thickened peristome indicative of maturity
in limnaeids. This is a common occurrence in Rocky Moun-
tain limnaeids, and raised two inquiries, the answer to
which I have not discovered. 1. What becomes of the shells
of the snails which die? Our mountain streams are not
usually sufficiently charged with acid to rapidly destroy the
shells, which, even in slough water rendered highly acidu-
lous by decomposition of xegetation, resist destruction for
some time. Perhaps in some cases they are destroyed by
attrition in swift water, but the absence of empty shells has
been observed in quiet portions of streams where living
specimens with their peristomes unthickened were abund-
ant. In the iiresent instance, possibly the empty shells, being
lighter after the soft anatomy disiippoars, are swept away
down stream. 2. Is it possible, as has been suggested by
otliei-s, that under some circumstances certain species of
limnaeids reach adult size and reproduce without thicken-
ing the aperture, though the same species under other con-
ditions may thicken it? May one not also suspect that the
short, dome-shaped spire of L. idahocmsis is a distinct ad-
THE NAf;TTI,ns 77
\a!)laK«-' in a swift sirram, when; a long, slender spire would
1)0 easily hiokcn ofT? I am not yet certain as to which sub-
generic grouj) this species should be assigned.
\.\KIATI()N IN CARINIFEX NEWBEKKYI (LEA) AND
LY.MNAEA UTAHENSIS (CALL).
BY JUNIUS HENDERSON
Corinifrx w wbcrnji (Lea) was originally described as a
Planorbis. Later tlie genus Carinifex was created to ac-
commodate it. because of obvious differences in shell charac-
ter.<. Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry has recently written me that he
has dissected Carinifex and found that the anatomy is the
same as that of HeUsoma. Consequently Carinifex should
be reduced to subgeneric rank. As the tendency is to raise
the old subgenera of Planorbis, such as HeHsoma, Menetus,
and Gyraulus, to generic rank, because of both shell and
anatomical characters, probably hereafter the practice will
l)e to write Helisoma (Carinifex) newberryi.
This has long been known as a very protean species, but
conchologists have not been inclined to establish varietal
names, as the variations are very numerous and intergrade
ilioroughly. If one begins naming them it is difficult to see
where any lines may be satisfactorily drawn. It is doubtful
whether the variations can be properly called even muta-
lions. The variation is chiefly in the amount of elevation of
the spire above the last whorl and a marked tendency toward
scalariformity, with inevitable effect upon the general
shape of the shell, and upon the width of the last whorl and
of the umbilicus. The variation is so great and the gradation
so minute that it is almost impossible to determine just what
should be considered the normal form.
Chamberlin and Jones (The Mollusca of Utah, Bull. Univ.
Utah, XIX, No. 4, p. 156, fig. 73, 1929) have recently de-
scribed as a distinct .species a remarkably scalariform speci-
men from Bear Lake, Utah, under the name Carinifex ato-
78 THE NAUTILUS
pus. After studying the description and figures, and exam-
ining the windrows of C. newberryi piled up on the shores
of the lake at the type locality of atopiis and at other places,
about 15,000 specimens of which were brought to the labo-
ratory for more careful examination, I feel quite certain
that atopus is a freak, not a distinct species. The distinguish-
ing characters given in the description are all just what
should be expected in an extremely scalariform specimen of
newberryi. Of course, those naturalists who believe that a
name should be given to every deviation from the normal
form of a species, will approve such a course in this in-
stance, in which case there should be several other varietal
names proposed, but I fail to see that it would serve any
scientific purpose.
On Plate 6 there are several photographic figures, of ap-
proximately natural size, of neivberryi from Bear Lake — 3
specimens (Fig. 1) being in The Academy of Natural Sci-
ences of Philadelphia and 9 specimens (Fig. 2) being in the
University of Colorado Museum, together with a photo-
graphic copy of the original very much enlarged figure of
atopus, for the purpose of comparison. Note especially the
left-hand figure in the upper line of Fig. 2, a remarkable
specimen from the exact type locality of atopus, near the
camp ground north of Garden City. Scalariformity is not an
extremely rare occurrence. Some examples of Fluminicola
in Bear Lake show a decided tendency in this direction, and
Fig. 5, of the plate, exhibits a fine scalariform example of
Menetu^ plamilatus Cooper, from west of The Dalles, Ore-
gon. Scalariform specimens of many species of various gen-
era have been described and figured, some of which have
received names and recognition as distinct species, only tO
be afterwards relegated to synonymy.
At Bear Lake, as well as at Utah Lake, variation in the
relative elevation of the spire is very marked also in Lym-
naea (Galba) utahensis (Call), as shown in the same plate,
Fig. 6 (Utah Lake) and Fig. 7 (Bear Lake). This species
varies greatly also in the prominence of the transverse ribs.
These Carinifex and Lymnaea shells all appear to be fossil.
THE NAUTILUS, XLIV
PLATE 6
%.
¥: ^ %■ V i
W
)>)
> ■■ ? >
I ♦ i # ^
J. Ihiidcixm : Cariiiikx jiiid I.vtniuifa.
THE NAUTILUS 70
They have not been found alive in Bear Lake and only a
few, many years ago, in Utah Lake. It has been heretofore
sui?gested that the variable ribbing of L. utahcnsis was the
result of salinity of the water or other unfavorable condi-
tions during a former period in the lake's history. May not
the variation in the elevation of the spire of both species
be due to some such cause? A fact of some interest in this
connection is that C. ponsonbyi Smith (same plate, Fig, 4),
now living in upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, where there is
no reason to suspect salinity, is not so variable. In the 50
specimens in the University of Colorado the variation is
very slight, but the left-hand Fig. 4, of a specimen in the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, collected in
1929 by Dr. H. Burrington Baker, has the apex sunken
below the top of the last whorl by the twisting of the axis
during growth, thus forming a shallow, flat-bottomed
"crater."
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 6
Fig. 1. Helisoma (Carinifex) newberryi Lea. Three somewhat sca-
lariform examples in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Bear Lake, Utah.
Fig. 2. H. (C.) neivberryi. Nine examples in Univ. Colo. Museum,
showing variation in elevation of spire. Bear Lake, Utah-
Idaho.
Fig. 3. Carinifex atopus Cham, and Jones. Copy of original figure
of the unique type specimen. Bear Lake, Utah.
Fig. 4. H. (C.) ponsonbyi E. A. Smith. I (right) normal example,
1 (left) \vith depressed spire, in Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., the
right-hand specimen now donated to Univ. Colo. Mus. Upper
Klamath Lake, Oregon.
Fig. 5. Menetus planulatus Cooper. A scalariform example in Univ.
Colo. Museum. West of The Dalles. Oregon.
Fig. 6. Lymnaea (Galba) utahensis (Call). Three specimens show-
ing variation, in Univ. Colo. Museum. Provo, Utah Lake,
Utah.
Fig. 7. Lymnaea utahensis. Seventeen specimens showing variation
in shape and sculpture, in Univ. Colo. Museum. Bear Lake,
Utah-Idaho.
80 THE NAUTILUS
CAMPTOCERAS (CULMENELLA) I'RASHADI NOM. NOV.
BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH
At the suggestion of Dr. Bryant Walker, I published a
description of a new subgenus and species, CulmeneUa
hirasei, considering it as a subgenus under Bulinus. (Naut.
40, 1927, p. 121.) Dr. Prashad has kindly called my attention
to the resemblance of this species to certain species of
Camptoceras. The genus Camptoceras contains two rather
strikingly different groups, namely, the long, rather loosely
coiled forms and the lower spired, more compact forms. It
is to the latter group that my Japanese species belongs. In-
asmuch as the name hirasei has been used in Camptocerafi,
my name will have to be changed. CulmeneUa will now be
placed under Camptoceras as a subgenus to contain the
short compact forms. The following is the bibliographic
summary.
Camptoceras Benson, 1843, s.s.
Type : C. terehra Benson.
1843 C. terehra Benson, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., 3, p.
465. Moradabad, Rohilkhund, India.
1871 C. auHieni Blanford, Jour. Asiat Soc. Bengal 40. p.
40, pi. 2, fig. 2. Nazirpur, Mymensing, Dacca, India.
1919 C. hirasei Walker, Occ. Pap. Mus. of Zool. Uni. of
Michigan no. 64, p. 1, pi. 1. figs. 1-5. Near Osaka,
Prov. Kawachi, Japan.
Subgenus Culmenella Clench, 1927.
Type: C. hirasei Clench (=^prashadi CI.).
1871 Camptoceras lincaium Blanford, Jour. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, 40, p. 40, pi. 2, fig. 3. Nazirpur, Mymensing,
Dacca, India.
1920 Camptoceras subspinosnm Annan. & Prash., Jour.
& Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, n. s. 10. p. 28, fig. 1-2.
Between Khanabal and Islamabad. Kashmir. India.
1931 Camptoceras prashadi Clench. New name for Bul-
inus (Culmenella) hira^sei Clench, 1927, Naut. 40, p.
121, fig. 1. Prov. of Kawachi. Japan. Non Cnmp-
lonras hirasei Walker, 1919.
THE NAUTILUS 81
LAND SHELLS ( ()LLE( TED BY Ml{. H. N. LOWE IN
WESTERN MEXICO
BY H. A. PILSBRY. WITH NOTES BY II. N. LOWE
In the course oi a collecting journey early in last year,
the following land shells were found by Mr. I.owe :
ArercUia (TrichocUscina) coactiliata Fer. Quite rare;
found with Polygi/ra paucicostata and the two species of
Euijlandina under outcroppings of rock on the eastern side
of Maria Madre Is., Tres Marias. The location is rather
interesting being at the point where the cactus and desert
vegetation of the coastal area blends with the tropical for-
ests of the mountains. Orchids and trailing cactus on the
same trees. Giant Adiantum (maidenhair ferns) five ft. in
height in company with several species of tree cacti. This
place is far northwest of any former record for the genus.
Pohjgyra richardsoni v. Martens, Isla del Faro, Mazatlan,
under dead leaves on trail to the summit.
Polygyra paucicostafa "Pilsbry" Dall. Maria Madre, Tres
Marias.
When identifying land shells with the aid of our collec-
tion some years ago Dr. Dall found specimens labelled "P.
richardsoni paucicostafa Pilsbry" which matched some he
had, and he used that name in his paper. The name had not
yet been published by me, so that it will date from his
publication in Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. 15, 1926, p. 476,
pi. 36, figs. 3, 4, 5. It must be admitted that the account
there given leaves much to be desired, and in such a diffi-
cult group of Polygyras nobody could identify by it, but the
good photographic figures of his plate, supplied by Dr.
Hanna, make the form recognizable. Lowe found it rather
plentiful, under stones.
PfiJyoyra hehri Gabb. Topolobampo, under rocks in com-
pany with Bulimuhis bailey i, along the eastern shore of the
bay near the town. Living .specimens quite rare and required
considerable digging. Dead shells common.
Pulimulus haileyi Dall, in company with the above ape-
82 THE NAUTILUS
cies at Topolobampo. Living examples not so rare. At Guay-
mas they were taken in very small numbers by digging in
rock slides on north slopes in the valley east of the moun-
tains back of town, about three miles east of Guaymas.
Drymaeus trimarianus (v. Martens). Maria Madre, Tres
Marias Is., rare; only two living ones found.
Oxystyla boucardi (Pfr.). San Geronimo, Oaxaca. Found
in fair numbers aestivating on the trunks of trees on a
small hill two miles west of the town. This is only about ten
miles from the city of Tehuantepec, the type locality.
Oxystyla melanocheilus (?) Maria Madre, Manzanillo,
and Acapulco. After hours of diligent search not a living
example was found at any of the thi-ee places. This being
the dry season (February, March and April), they were
certainly not aestivating on the trees like the preceding
species, and from what the natives told me I presume they
burrow in the loose soil during the dry season. On the Tres
Marias, the parrots evidently feed on them from the num-
ber of shells found with spire broken out. Those found at
Manzanillo and Acapulco while scarce were not broken.
Within a radius of five miles of Mazatlan I did not find
even a broken shell. They must be entirely extinct at pres-
ent, or perhaps those reported in earlier records were
brought from the mountains many miles east of the city.
Opeas micra mazatlanica n. subsp. PI. 5, fig. 12. '
Under stones in the trail to the summit, Isla del Faro,
Mazatlan, Type No. 151314 ANSP., collected by H. N. Lowe,
January, 1930.
A peculiar form with strong and very regular costulation.
the riblets thread-like.
Opeas micra is often rather strongly ribbed, but the rib-
bing is irregular on the later whorls, more widely spaced
than in this form. The eight specimens sent agree in sculpture.
Leptinaria sp. undet. Isla del Faro, Mazatlan. A single
immature specimen.
THE NAUTILUS 83
!'Ju gland ina mazatlam'ca (von Martens)
Glnndiiw mazatlanica von Martens, 1891, Biologia Cen-
trali-Americana, Mollusca, p. 65, pi. 4, figs. 2, 2a, and var.
abbrevi-ata, f. 3. Mazatlan and Tres Marias Is.
Euglandina marinna Dall, 1926. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci (4)
vol. 15. No. 15, p. 470, pi. 34, fig. 4. Maria Madre and Maria
Magdalena. Tres Marias Is.
Maria Madre, under rocks with Polygyra paucicostata
(Lowe). The specimens vary in shape from typical to the
shorter form of "var." abbreviata.
I am unable to see any difference between mazatlanica
and maiiana. Dall apparently did not compare his speci-
mens with von Martens' earlier account, or at least, he did
not mention it.
Euglandina lowei new species, PI. 5, fig. 5.
Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias, under rocks with
preceding species. Type No. 151320 ANSP., collected by H.
N. Lowe, March, 1930.
The shell is oblong-fusiform, cinnamon-buff colored, with
long, turrited spire having slightly convex outlines. Apex
obtuse, the first three whorls smooth, axial striation then
beginning, the striae somewhat unequal, recurved and de-
cidedly stronger below the suture; on the fifth whorl en-
graved spiral lines appear. The last whorl has unequal
striae, strong at the suture, and many spiral lines ; below the
periphery both striae and spirals weaken. The whorls are
rather weakly convex. The suture is weakly, irregularly cren-
ulate. The aperture is small, less than half the length of the
shell; outer lip shai^D, regularly curved; columella short, con-
cave, abruptly truncate.
Length 46 mm., diam. 17.8 mm., length aperture 21.7
mm. ; 8 whorls.
Length 32.7 mm., diam. 13 mm., length aperture 17.3
mm.; 7 whorls (immature paratype).
In Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1925, p. 307, I
have enumerated the Euglandinae of western Mexico. There
would seem to be enough of them, but the present form ap-
84 THE NAUTILUS
pears quite distinct from all. The long spire of numerous
whorls, combined with distinct subSutural beading and
spiral impressed lines, are its more prominent features. In
a dorsal view the spire and last whorl are about equal in
length. E. turris Pfr. differs by the shape of the aperture,
widened below, and the different sculpture.
CENTRAL AMERICAN PACHYCHILUS AND POLYMESODA
BY H. A. PILSBRY
In 1899 Mr. Silas L. Schumo, a member of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia who was interested in
natural history, visited Guatemala to look after certain
business interests. In several places he collected shells
which were given to me on his return. One lot from Chama
was determined to be a new species, but by oversight was
put into the collection before description. My attention was
called to it again in the course of determining Pachychili
from Honduras recently collected by Mr. J. A. G. Rehn (P.
oerstedi, from Lancetilla). So far as I can learn, the species
has not been noticed by anyone in the meantime.
PACHYCHILUS SCHUMOI, new species. PI. 7. fig. 1.
The shell is oblong-conic, solid, covered with a smooth
brownish black periostracum. The short spire is eroded
above. Whorls are rather weakly convex. The sculpture con-
sists of weak, irregular wi'inkles of growth and microscopic
spiral striae which are seen under a high power to be lines of
weak granules. The broad, ovate aperture is broadly rounded
below, acute above, subvertical, bluish white within. Colu-
mella is rather thick. Parietal callus moderate, thickened
into a callous pad near the posterior commissure.
Length 39.3 mm., diam. 20.5 mm. ; five whorls remaining.
Guatemala: Rio Negro (a head stream of the Rio Usuma-
cinta) at Chama. Type and three paratypes No. 76231
ANSP., collected by S. L. Shumo.
THE NAUTILUS XLIV
PLATE 7
^f^f
I. rachycliilus schunioi. 2,2a. Polyincsoda zeteki.
3. Helminthoglypla greggi Willett. ^j. Micrarionta liutsuni atnboiana
Wilktt. 5. IKliniiilhoglypla granilicolH ariiki Pils. iK: Field (diani. 15.5 mm.)
THE NAUTILUS 85
It is more shortly conic than P. pannucula mexicanus
(Rve.) or /*. ;;. f^nnidiu^i (Tristr.), with a thick, callous i3ar-
ietal pad in the posterior angle of the aperture, wanting in
those forms. The spire is shorter, the whorls more convex
and the minute sculpture better developed than P. corvinus
(Morel.), of which I have seen great quantities. P. Cor-
viv}is is like the new form in having a callus in the aperture.
PoLYMESODA ZETEKI new species. PI. 7, fig. 2, 2a.
Near Chama, Panama. Type and paratypes No. 130409
ANSP., others in coll. James Zetek (No. 2431), who col-
lected the specimens.
The shell is oval, moderately solid, stroncfly inequilateral,
the beaks at the anterior third of the length; moderately
convex, posterior ridge indistinct. Upper and lower margins
rather weakly convex, anterior end rounded, posterior
wider and less convex, weakly subtruncate. Beaks small and
low. Periostracum dull, dingy, buffy brown to olive-brown,
minutely, densely lamellose-scaly, retained only on the lower
half or third of the valves. Sculpture of fine weak, irregu-
larly spaced wrinkles of growth, with a few more distinct
grooves marking grov^i;h rests. Color: The exterior where
wanting periostracum is white, the interior white with
a light tyrian blue ray from under the beaks to the pos-
terior end, and a plum purple stripe at the end. The hinge is
rather weak. Median and posterior cardinal teeth bifid,
Lateral teeth short, the anterior laterals near the cardinals,
po.sterior laterals remote, partly purplish.
Length 43 mm., height 31 mm., diam. 24.3 mm. Type.
Length 39.6 mm., height 30.5 mm., diam. 20.5 mm.
This form is chiefly notable for its anterior beaks, which
are very small and low. It appears nearly related to P. zidia
H. B. Baker from Maracaibo, but that species is not so
wide ]Dosteriorly, and though smaller has decidedly larger,
more developed beaks, among other differences. P. mexicana
(B. & S.) seems also to be related, but it also has prominent
beaks, as in P. zulia.
86 THE NAUTILUS
NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF MICRARIONTA KELLETTII
(FORBES) ON THE CALIFORNIAN MAINLAND
NEAR SAN PEDRO
BY STANLEY C. FIELD
Large numbers of dead shells of this S. Catalina Island
snail are scattered over the terrain, among cacti growing in
clumps, all along the sea cliffs from Point Firmin to Portu-
gese Point and bej'^ond. It is my belief that in early days
the living colonies existed there, and were probably de-
stroyed by fires. In March, 1929, I found a colony living in a
large gi'ove of cactus at Portugese Point. This grove has
now been cleared away in laying out an estate.
When I returned from my Catalina Island collecting trip,
having found Micrarionta gabbi, ruficincta, etc., I made a
careful search all along the Palos Verde district, to see if
any of these other species had been colonized on the main-
land, but though I covered ten miles or so closely, not a
trace of the other island species was seen, living or dead. On
the north side of Portugese Point I found another dense
thicket of cactus, with many M. kellettii under the roots,
together with two or three Helminthoglypta traskii. I told
Mr. E. P. Chace about this colony, and he has written me
that it covers probably about two acres. He intends to scat-
ter some in various other places so that local collectors vnll
not clean them out.
[Possibly the colony at Portugese Point was started by
someone who brought over cacti to plant there, though it
must be admitted that it would be like carrying coals to
Newcastle. On Santa Catalina Island M. kellettii is found
on Opuntia throughout the island, and in some places is ex-
tremely abundant. Perhaps some Californian collector can
tell whether there are any early collections or records of
collecting in the district around Portuguese Point, and
whether the species was there when the first collecting was
done.]— H.A.P.
THE NAUTILUS 87
RED CEDAR KIVEK COLLECTIONS (IOWA)
BY DAVID T. JONES, MARIETTA COLLEGE, MARIETTA, OHIO
The following list is of mollusks collected in the vicinity
of Vinton, Iowa, during July and August 1930, from the
Red Cedar River, its tributaries, and the wooded banks of
the same. It supplements and extends the range of the list
published in The Nautilus of April 1930 (Vol. XLIII, No. 4).
The Strobilops labyrinthica of that list should be Strobilo2)S
lahyrinthica virgo Pilsbry. Its habitat at West Bluffs has
been all but destroyed by the building of a new road. This
summer's work has also proven that the boundaries of the
colony of Hendersonia occulta at East Bluffs v^^ere not as
circumscribed as they first appeared. Both living and sub-
fossil specimens were taken quite plentifully at several
points. The range of the former list was within a radius of
approximately five miles of Vinton, whereas this list ranges
from Vinton some forty miles northward. Records already
in the previous list are not repeated, though many such were
duplicated this season. No mussels were reported in the
previous article. Old names of mussels reported herein are
given after the preferred names for the convenience :. f col-
lectors that have learned the older terminology. I ar i under
obligations to Prof. H. R. Eggleston of Marietta College
for helping with the identification of the mussels, and local-
ly to Stanley Peterson, Russell Burkhart, and Oscar J.
Workman for aid in collecting snails and mussels.
Polygyra hirsuta (Say). East Bluffs and Stony Cut near
Vinton, Diy Run and Evangelical Camp Grounds near
Cedar Falls.
Polygyra monodon (Rackett). Black Hawk Creek near
Waterloo.
Polygyra fratema (Say). Dry Run near Cedar Falls.
Polygyra multUineata (Say). Dry Run near Cedar Falls —
var rubra Witter-common.
Polygyra profunda (Say). Cedar River below dam at Cedar
Falls — drift material.
88 THE NAUTILUS
Strobilops I. virgo (Pilsbry). West Bluffs and East Bluffs
near Vinton.
Gastrocopta armifera (Say). East Bluffs near Vinton.
Gastrocopta contracta (Say). East Bluffs near Vinton.
Retinella hammonis (Strom). Dry Run and Evangelical
Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls.
Glyphyalinia indentata (Say). East Bluffs near Vinton;
Black Hawk Creek near Waterloo.
Zonitoides arboreus (Say). East Bluffs and Stony Cut near
Vinton.
Agriolimax agrestis (L.) East Bluffs near Vinton.
Agriolimax campestris (Binney). Di'j- Run near Cedar
Falls; Black Hawk Creek near Waterloo.
Anguispira cdternata (Say). Dry Run and Evangelical
Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls.
Gonyodiscus cronkhitei anthonyi (Pilsbry). Dry Run and
Evangelical Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls; Stony Cut
near Vinton ; Black Hawk Creek near Waterloo.
Succinea avara (Say) . Below dam at Cedar Falls, Big Creek
at La Porte City ; Black Hawk Creek at Waterloo.
Succinea oralis (Say). Dry Run and Evangelical Camp
Grounds near Cedar Falls; Stony Cut near Vinton.
Succinea retusa (Lea). East Bluffs near Vinton; Dry Run,
Cedar River below dam, and Evangelical Camp Grounds
near Cedar Falls; Black Hawk Creek near Waterloo.
Stagnicola caperata (Say). Dry Run and Evangelical Camp
Grounds near Cedar Falls.
Fossaria ynodiceUa rustica (Lea). East Bluffs near Vinton;
Dry Run near Cedar Falls.
Fossaria parva (Lea). Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vin-
ton.
Gyraulus parvuAi (Say). Dry Run near Cedar Falls.
Ilelisoma irivolvis (Say). Cedar River below dam and Dry
Run near Cedar Falls; Black Hawk Creek near Waterloo;
Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vinton.
Planorbida crassilabiis (Walker). Dry Run and Evangelical
Camj) Ground near Cedar Falls; Black Hawk Creek near
Waterloo.
THE NAUTILUS 89
Physa gyrina (Say) . Cedar River below dam, Dry Run, and
Evangelical Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls; Cedar
River at Stony Cut near Vinton ; Black Hawk Creek near
Waterloo.
Physa Integra (Hald). Cedar River below dam at Cedar
Falls; Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vinton.
Physa niichiganensis (Clench). Dry Run and Evangelical
Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls.
Ferrissia tarda (Say). Cedar River below dam at Cedar
Falls.
Campeloma decisum (Say) . Cedar River below dam at Cedar
Falls (with embryonic shells) ; mouth of Mud Creek near
Vinton.
Somatogyrus integer (Say). Cedar River below dam at
Cedar Falls.
Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis (Lea). Dry Run and Evange-
lical Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls.
Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say). Cedar River below dam. Dry
Run, and Evangelical Camp Grounds near Cedar Falls.
Pleurocera acuta Raf. Cedar River near mouth of Mud
Creek and Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vinton (drift
material) ; rapids below dam at Cedar Falls (living).
Qicadrula pustulosa (Lea). Cedar River at East Bluffs and
Stony Cut near Vinton ; also Cedar River at Vinton.
Quadrula quadimla (Raf.) =Qiiadrida lachrymosa (Lea).
Two doubtful, immature specimens from Cedar River at
Stony Cut near Vinton.
Amblema peruviana (Lam.) = Quadrula plicata (Say).
Cedar River at East Bluffs and Cedar River at Stony Cut
near Vinton ; Black Hawk Creek near Waterloo ; Big Creek
at La Porte City ; below dam in Cedar River at Cedar Falls.
Fusco)iaia flava (Raf.) =^Quadrula rubiginosa (Lea.) Cedar
River at Stony Cut and East Bluffs near Vinton ; also at
Vinton.
Ficsconaia ebenus (Lea) .=Quadrula ebena Lea. Cedar
River at Stony Cut near Vinton.
Strophitus rvgosus (Swainson) =Strophitus edentulus
(Say). Cedar River at Vinton.
90 THE NAUTILUS
Anodonta grandis Say. Black Hawk Creek near Water-
loo; Cedar River below dam at Cedar Falls; Big Creek
at La Porte City; Goarcke's Lake at Vinton; Cedar River
at Stony Cut near Vinton.
Lasmigona complanata (Barnes) =Sy)uphijnota complarmta
(Barnes). Cedar River at East Bluffs near Vinton; Cedar
River at Stony Cut near Vinton (two juveniles) ; Cedar
River at Cedar Falls.
Lasmigona costata (Raf.) =Sy7nphynota costata (Raf.).
Cedar River below dam at Cedar Falls; Cedar River at
Stony Cut near Vinton.
Proptera alata (Say) =LampsUis alata (Say). Cedar River
at East Bluffs, one fine large specimen 18.5x13.0x7.4 cm.
Actinonaias carinata (Barnes) ^Lampsilis Ugamentina
(Lam.) Cedar River at East Bluffs and Stony Cut near
Vinton; Cedar River below dam at Cedar Falls; Big
Creek at La Porte City.
Caruncidina parva (Barnes) =Lampsilis parva (Barnes).
Cedar River below dam at Cedar P^alls — one perfect valve.
Ligumia recta latissima (Rai.)=LampsiHs recta (Lam.)
Cedar River at East Bluffs near Vinton — shells with both
white and pink nacre.
Lampsilis siliquoidea ( Barnes) =Lampsilis luteola (Lam.)
Big Creek at La Porte City, male and female; Black
Hawk Creek near Waterloo, male; Cedar River below
dam at Cedar Falls, male ; Cedar River at Stony Cut near
Vinton, male.
Lampsilis vcntricosa (Barnes). Black Hawk Creek near
Waterloo ; Cedar River below dam, and Dry Run at Cedar
Falls; Cedar River at Vinton; Cedar River at East Bluffs
and Cedar River at Stony Cut near Vinton. By far the
most common form in the Red Cedar Valley.
Sphaerium rhomboideum (Say). Cedar River below dam at
Cedar Falls.
Spharrium simile (Say). Cedar River below dam at Cedar
Falls.
Sphacriu))! soliduJum (Prime). Cedar River below dam at
Cedar Falls.
THE NAUTILUS 91
Sphaerium. striutinum (Lam.) Dry Run and Cedar River
below dam at Cedar Falls; Big Creek at La Porte City;
East Bluffs near Vinton.
Pisidinm abditum (Hald.) Stony Cut near Vinton.
Pisidium variabile (Prime). East Bluffs near Vinton, Iowa.
A PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA FROM NEAR GOLETA,
SANTA BARBARA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
BY I. S. OLDROYD AND U. S. GRANT IV
The fauna considered in this paper was obtained from a
fossiliferous stratum exposed in the embankment back of the
beach about a mile and a half west of Goleta Point and four
miles west-southwest of the town of Goleta, Santa Barbara
County, California.
The fossils ocurred abundantly in a very fine-grained un-
consolidated sand of a bluish gray color, stained in some
places a yellowish brown due to iron rust. The stratum is only
three or four feet thick and dips at a very small angle toward
the west. It overlies unconformably a bluish gray clay shale
and is overlain by sand and soil which covers the low terrace.
The underlying clay shale was only briefly examined but
appeared to be nearly devoid of fossils, only a non-diagnostic
Cryptomya being seen in the short time devoted to its ex-
amination. Lithologically, this underlying sediment much re-
sembles some of the Pico clay shale, of Pliocene age, which
occurs in the foothills some miles to the east of the town of
Ventura. Alternate swelling and shrinking of the shale on
the face of the bank, due to variation in moisture content, has
caused flaking off of irregular pieces with curved surfaces.
The fossils are concentrated in the lower part of the sandy
stratum overlying the clay shale. Many individuals of Pholad-
idca calif ornica are still in the holes in the clay shale in which
they lived, and other mud-loving fragile species could not
have been transported very far. A noticeable feature of the
collections we have examined is the excellent preservation of
92 THE NAUTILUS
those species which prefer a silty or muddy habitat, such as
Cryptomya californica, Platyodon cancellatus, etc. On the
other hand, the specimens which are distorted due to growth
among the rocks show evidence of erosion due to trans-
portation.
We are indebted to Mr. Ralph Hoffman, Director of the
Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, for calling our
attention to this fossiliferous deposit, and to Mr. David
Rogers, ethnologist of that institution, who has made collec-
tions of fossils which were studied by us. Mr. A. M. Strong,
conchologist of Los Angeles and Balboa, kindly assisted in
comparing some of the small gastropods.
Cardita suhquadrata Carpenter. One valve.
Cardium corbis Martyn. A few imperfect specimens.
Cardium quadregenarum Conrad. Six broken valves.
Cryptomya californica Conrad. Common.
Cumingia lamellosa Sowerby. Rare ; two valves.
Macoma balthica Linnaeus. Two valves.
Macoma incongrua von Martens. Common.
Macoma inquinata Deshayes. Seven valves.
Macoma nasuta Conrad. Very abundant.
Macoma yoldiformis Carpenter. Four valves.
Macoma sp. One valve ; small.
Nuculana taphria Dall. Not common.
Panope generosa Gould. Few valves.
Paphia staminea Conrad. Common.
Paphia staminea ruderata Deshayes. A few valves.
Parapholas calif oryiica Conrad. Common.
Phacoides nuttallii Conrad. Rare.
Platyodon cancellatus Conrad. Common.
Saxicava arciica Linnaeus. Three valves.
Saxidomus giganteus Deshayes. Several good pairs of valves.
Saxidomus nuttallii Conrad. Not common.
Schizothaerus nuttallii Conrad. Several specimens.
Solen sicarious Gould. A few valves.
Spisula catiUiformis Conrad. Several valves.
Tellina Iwdcgeiii^is Hinds. One valve.
Tellina buttoni Dall. Several valves.
THE NAUTILUS 93
Tellina carpcntcri Dall. Several valves.
Veriey^upis lamelUfera Conrad. One valve.
Acmaea instabilis Gould. One specimen.
Acmaea insessa Hinds. One specimen.
Acteocina culcitcUa Gould. One specimen.
Alectrion fossatus Gould. Several specimens.
Alectnon mendicus Gould. Common.
Alectrion perpinrjuis Hinds. Not common.
Alectrion indisputabil is Oldroyd. Two specimens.
Amphissa columbiana Dall. Rare.
Argobuccinum oregoncnsis Redfield. Four imperfect speci-
mens.
Bittium armillatum Carpenter. Common.
Calyptraeo fastigiata Gould. Many perfect specimens.
Crepidida adunca Sowerby. Several specimens.
Crepidida nivea C. B. Adams. Two specimens.
Fusinus (Barbarofusus) sp. One imperfect specimen.
Hipponix antiquatus Linnaeus. One specimen.
Lacuna cf . porrecta Carpenter. Several specimens.
Leptothyra carpenteri Pilsbry. Five specimens.
Lora? regulus Dall. Two specimens.
Mangilia? hamata Carpenter. One specimen.
Margarites parcipicta Carpenter. One specimen.
Mitrella carinata Hinds. Common.
Odostomia sp. One specimen.
Olivella biplicata Sowerby. Common.
Olivella pedroana Conrad. Several specimens.
Pseudomelatoma mocsta Carpenter. One young individual.
Pseudomelatoma torosa Carpenter. One specimen.
Tegula bninnea Philippi. Rare.
Tritonalia lurida Middendorff. Four specimens.
More intensive collecting will no doubt add a considerable
number of species to the above faunal list. The list as given is
sufficient for us to assume that at the time these mollusks
were alive the water was probably cooler than the present
ocean temperature along the beach. Such species as Argo-
huccinwm oregonensis,Macoma inquinata,a.ndCardium coi'bis
would suggest a water temperature somewhat cooler than the
94 THE NAUTILUS
present, while the absence of such species as Chione gnidia,
Dosinia ponderosa, Cardium elatum, etc., which occur in the
warm water upper Pleistocene deposits of the San Pedro
region, is noticeable. Correlation with better known horizorls
should not be attempted until further collecting furnishes a
larger f aunal list.
JOSEPH SWIFT EMERSON
The death of Joseph Swift Emerson occurred in Honolulu
on May 15, 1930. Mr. Emerson was born July 13, 1843, at
Lahainaluna, on the island of Maui. He was the son of the
Rev. John S. Emerson, one of the early missionaries. By
profession he was a civil engineer and surveyor.
While a boy at Waialua, Oahu, Mr. Emerson became in-
terested in the collecting of Hawaiian shells and his interest
continued up to the time of his death. His earliest recorded
collecting date is 1854, and the last, 1927. Thus his collect-
ing in the field occupied seventy-three years, which is far
more than the active period of most collectors. Mr. Emerson
undoubtedly began his collecting prior to 1854, as he told
me, in conversation, that he had given shells to Frick and
Newcomb. Since Newcomb's most important publication
appeared in 1853 in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society
of London, Mr, Emerson's collecting life must have extended
over a period of at least seventy-five years.
Several years ago Mr. Emerson willed his collection of
land and marine shells to the Bernice P. Bishop Museum.
Shortly after his death they were received and are now in-
corporated into the collection of that Museum.
In arranging Mr. Emerson's collection prior to its incor-
poration into the Museum collection, it was interesting to
note three distinct collecting periods in his life. The first as
a boy, until he graduated from Punahou Academy. The
second, during the early nineties, wlien he was not actively
interested in the collecting of shells. At this time he ob-
tained shells by exchange with a number of local collectors.
The third, after his retirement from business about 1911
THE NAUTILUS 95
when he became extremely interested in Hawaiian land
shells. During this last period he was far more interested
than at any other time of his life. From 1911 to 1924 he was
continuously in the woods. That a man in his seventies could
tramp along the mountain trails and climb trees is very re-
markable. About half of his land snail collection was made
during this period, some of it being purchased from local
collectors.
The collection, especially of his last period, is accom-
panied by full notes on the exact localities and stations of the
shells. Probably the most valuable parts of his collection are
fine series of extremely rare snails which have never been
collected by the last two generations of collectors. Some of
these species have probably been extinct for over sixty
years, as the forests where they lived were destroyed either
by fire or the introduction of cattle.
During the seventies and eighties Mr. Emerson's interest
in shells was confined mostly to marine, of which he had a
very large collection, acquired by purchase, from the Mar-
shall and Gilbert Islands, and supplemented by his collect-
ing in the Hawaiian Islands. Mr. Emerson's collection also
contains large series of shells which he made in Switzer-
land and material received in exchange from collectors in
other parts of the world.
At the time of his death, his collection contained more
than a hundred thousand specimens, of which more than
half were Hawaiian land shells. C. Montague Cooke.
JOHN BRAZIER, 1842-1930
The dates will indicate that Brazier belonged to the last
century, but it is due to the memory of a great conchologist
that his death should not pass unnoticed though most of his
work was done over thirty years ago.
Australian conchological history shows three great names,
Angas, Brazier and Hedley, and in his own field Brazier
was unrivalled. Angas was the pioneer, a great conchologist,
a great collector, and a great artist. Following upon Angas
96 THE NAUTILUS
came Brazier, a great conchologist, we may not say-greater,
but surely even a greater collector, as no one could surpass
the ability of Brazier in this direction. Hedley, Brazier's
successor, passed away before the latter, and owed not a
little of his conchological skill to Brazier's assistance, but
a great artist of shells was also a much greater philosophical
student than either, and he was also another great collector.
Angas published a list of New South Wales Mollusca in
1867, totalling 408 species. Almost immediately Brazier sent
many new species to Angas who began describing them in
1869. Angas then furnished a supplement in 1871 of 109
species, and in 1877 added another 176 species, almost all
the additions being due to Brazier's energy. Yet during this
ten years Brazier was away on collecting trips in 1865, 1872,
1873 and 1875. This skill as a shell collector must have
become known at a very early age, as in 1865 he was in-
vited to accompany Julius Brenchley on a cruise in the
H. M. S. "Curacoa" round the South Sea Islands. Upon his
return he wrote some notes which he sent to the Zoological
Society of London, and was elected a Corresponding Mem-
ber in 1869, that is, over sixty years ago. In January 1875
the Linnean Society of New South Wales was formed and
Brazier was one of the original members. He lived to sur-
vive all the others. Later that year he acted as shell col-
lector on the "Chevert", which, under the direction of Sir
William Macleay, investigated the natural history of the
coast of Queensland and the islands of Torres Straits.
The Mollusca lie collected were reported upon by himself
but when he had catalogued some 600 odd species of Gas-
tropods, the Pelecypods were left untouched. Brazier joined
the Australian Museum in 1880 but was retired during the
financial depression of 1893, and has done little concholog-
ical work since. During the years 1869-1898 he contributed
well over a hundred papers to various scientific journals,
hut his fame will rest solidly upon his great collecting skill.
He was born in Sydney on Sept. 23, 1842 and died in
Sydney, Aug. 20, 1930, having lived all his life in this city.
Tom Iredale.
THE NAUTILUS 97
BERNARD BARIL\M WOODWARD
Mr. Woodward died on October 27, aged seventy-seven
years. He was a nephew of G. P. Woodward, author of
the well known "oManual of the MoUusca." Mr. Woodward
was Curator to the Geological Society of London from 1873
to 1876, thereafter in charge of the general library of the
Natural History Museum at South Kensington. He was
author of several books chiefly on land and fresh water
mollusks, among them "The Life of the Mollusca," 1913;
"The British Species of Pisidium," 1913, and joint author
of "The Synonymy of the British Non-Marine Mollusca,"
1926, together with numerous papers on British fossil land
and fresh water shells. His death is mourned by many
friends and correspondents.
.TAMES HENRY EMERTON
In the death of James H. Emerton we have lost another
of those few surviving men who may really be called natur-
alists, for his profession, scientific artist, brought him in
contact with all departments of science .
Mr. Emerton was born in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1847
and died in Boston, December 5, 1930, in his eighty-fourth
year. He began his scientific work early in life, making
many of the drawings for the first edition of Packard's "Guide
to the Study of Insects," published in 1869, Scudder's "But-
terflies of North America," Verrill's "Report on the Inver-
tebrates of Vineyard Sound" and "Catalogue of the Marine
Mollusca of New England," Minot's "Textbook of Embry-
ology," etc. His models of large cephalopods in the museums
of Cambridge, New Haven, New York, and Washington
have been greatly admired. He published in 1880 an inter-
esting book "Life on the Seashore". It was, however, in his
work on the North American spiders that he was best
known. His "Common Spiders of the United States" is a
popular book on this subject.
Mr. Emerton was a member of the Boston Society of
98 THE NAUTILUS
Natural History for sixty years, was one of the founders
of the Cambridge Entomological Club, a member of the
Boston Malacological Club and of many other organizations.
His many friends will truly miss him.
C. W. Johnson.
NOTES AND NEWS
The status of Bulla. — The molluscan genus Bulla L.
has been thought to be invalid on account of a supposed
subgenus Bulla in Insecta, proposed by Linnaeus on an
earlier page of the "Systema Naturae", but of course of the
same date. The case being submitted to the Commission on
Nomenclature, the following resolution was adopted to cov-
er this and any similar cases which may arise.
New Recommendation to Art. 36 (on homonyms) . — When
homonyms are of the same date, whether by the same or by
different authors, then any name proposed for a genus takes
precedence over a name [its homonym] proposed for a
subgenus. The same principle is applicable to homonyms of
species and subspecies of identical date.
Bulla in Mollusca will therefore stand, and the name will
be discarded in Insecta. We are indebted to Dr. C. W. Stiles
for an advance copy of this Recommendation, with permis-
sion to publish. — H. A. P.
Helix whitneyi Newcomb. — Through the kindness of
Dr. W. G. Van Name and Mr. Gugelmann, I have been able
to examine two paratypes of this "species" (1864, Proc.
Cal. Acad. Sci. 3: 118) from Lake Tahoe, Cal. ; they fonn
lot 194 of the Binney and Bland collection, now in the
American Museum of Natural History. Both shells are faded
and weather-worn; each has lost about 1/4. whorl by corro-
sion. The remaining 4VL» whorls of the larger individual,
possibly that figured by "w. G. Binney (1869, Smith. Misc.
Coll. 194: 32, f. 37; 1885, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28: 86, f.
50), measures: alt. 2.08 mm., maj. diam. 198 (4.12 mm.),
THE NAUTILUS 9^
mill. diam. 181 (3.7G mm.) ; umbilicus 6.2 times in maj.
diam. They are indubitably examples of the widely distri-
buted Zonitoides arboreus (Say) ! — H. BURRINGTON Baker.
Size of the giant scallop, (Pccten grandis Sol., P.
magcUanicus Gmel.) — A scallop of this species, from
waters "outside of" Matinicus, Seal Island, or the outer
part of the Penobscot Bay, Maine, was received by the Port-
land Society of Natural History, some time ago. The animal
was taken alive in a flounder drag, (or small otter trawl,)
operated at about 65 fathoms depth, by Capt. Clarence
Turner, of the schooner "Barbara" of Portland.
Its length, (from anterior to posterior) is 9 inches;
depth, (from dorsal, or hinge margin to ventral aspect),
8.20 inches; width, (from right to left) , 2.25 inches. Though
large in external measurments, the shell is thin for the
species ; it is well preserved, or not bored by those organisms
which attack the surface of large old shells.
A partial survey of local literature would seem to indicate
that the size is exceptional. W. G. Binney', gives the modest
dimensions of length 5V2 inches, depth 5 inches, and width
IV2 inches. Dr. A. G. Drew", gives as "good sized" speci-
mens, length 7 inches, depth, 6V2 inches and width 21/2
inches, which seems to be a fair average for the species
taken in Maine waters. Blaney'\ says of specimens dredged
in deep water in Frenchman's Bay, "growing to over 7
inches in diameter" [==length ? ] .
Lermond', mentions a specimen in the collection of the
Portland Society of Natural History, as "7 3/16 long and
6 11/16" deep. This is a normally heavy shell, smooth and
unbored; it is labelled, "Portland Harbor, Fuller Collec-
tion". In the same collection is a specimen slightly larger,
taken alive by the writer in Casco Bay, between Great
Chebeague and Basket Islands in about 7 fathoms. It has a
U870, Binney, Rept. Invert. Mass. p. 197.
-1906, Drew, Univ. Maine Studies, No. 6. p. 7.
31904, Blaney, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H. 32, p. 23.
41908, Lermond, Shells of Maine, p. 7.
100 THE NAUTILUS
very thick shell, much eaten by boring animals. Its measure-
ments are given in the following table, which gives the
sizes of the forgoing specimens, brought to a uniform scale.
Locality Collector
Portland Harbor C. B. Fuller
Casco Bay A. H. Norton
Seal Lsland C. Turner
Maine Average (?) according to Drew
Arthur H. Norton.
BULIMULUS HENDERSON!, n. n. — My attention having been
called to the fact that the name Bulim-uliis (Scutalis) felip-
ponei Ihering, Nautilus XLI, P. 95, 1928, has priority over
the name Bulimulus (Bidimulus) felipponei Marshall, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. 77, article 2, p. 1, pi. 1, fig. 9, 1930,
I propose the specific name Bulimulus hendersoni for the
latter in honor of Prof, Junius Henderson. Both species
come from Uruguay. — Wm. B. Marshall.
Coretus Adans, is said by the nomenclature pest, E. Strand
(Arb. Syst. Zool. Inst. Lettl. Univ. Nr. 27, p. 68) to have
been used by Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth. I, but it was not
adopted by Bruguiere, appearing only in a list of Adan-
son's genera. It is thus of no significance in nomenclature. —
H. A. P.
Hellx haemastoma var. concolor Pils., Nautilus IV,
p. 59, and Man. Couch. VI, p. 303, is a homonym of Helix con-
color Ferussac. It may be called Acavnx haemastoma mono-
chroa. — Pn.SBRY.
Dr. Baini Prashad of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, has
))een visiting museums of the United States. American
malacologists, who have long known Dr. Prashad by his
valuable |)ublications, have thus liad the pleasure of meeting
him in person.
M A.I OR I\I. Connolly delivered an address on "The Dis-
ti'ibution of Non-Marine MoUusca throughout Continental
Africa," at the annual meeting of the Conchological Society
held in London. October 18.
THE NAUTILUS 101
POLYGYKOIDEA H AKIOKDIANA (J. G. Coop.). — It WES SOmC-
what of a surprise to lind the P. harfordiana in a new local-
ity, V^ "^ile above the junction of Alder Creek with the
South Fork of ^Nlerced River, Mariposa Co., Cal., elevation
4000 ft. These shells all run smaller (diam. 8.2 to 9.4 mm.)
than the ones Baker found in the Big Trees Grove at Wa-
wona Point, where I was fortunatelj' able to find a few also.
I venture to predict that it will be found scattered through
the Sierra in localities where conditions of moisture, shade,
rock slide, and leaf mold are just right. At this new locality
it was possible to lift off tb.e dried and matted leaf mold in
slabs of a square foot or two at a time, and down to
moisture among the rather small angular rocks of the well-
shaded slide to find the harfordiana rather common, as land
snails of the Sierra generally come. Unfortunately I was
not able to get as many as I should have liked, for some of
the limited time had to be spent on the acquisition of a
mess of 15-20 inch Rainbow and Loch Leven trout, which
provide great sport in the South Fork of the Merced River
at that place. Snails and fish were both there, so I compro-
mised by getting some of both. There are plenty of both
left foi' the next fellow who goes to the proper place. — Allyn
G. Smith.
POLYGYRA COLUMBIANA MEGASOMA (Dall) has been found
in some numbers by Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Chace in the course
of a collecting trip in northern California. Specimens were
.sent from the following localities: about 4 m. south of
Eureka; Clam Beach, 11 m. north of Areata; Jordan Creek
near Scotia; canyon back of Williams Ranch, across the
river from Requa; all in Humboldt Co. The neotype of
/ucgasonui (No. 11140 ANSP.) was from Humboldt Co.,
without more exact locality, collected by Hemphill. The
Kmbilicu,'^ is very narrmv or closed, and there is often a
little kink in the lip near it; the basal lip is thickened on
the face, and the epidermal hairs are finer and closer than
in P. c. pilosa J. Hend. The parietal tooth is variable, and
102 THE NAUTILUS
more often wanting than present. All the large individuals
appear to lack the tooth. Diameter 13 to 16 mm.
In a series from Inverness, Marin Co., there are, I think,
two forms: (1) a larger, diameter 15-16 mm., has the very
narrow umbilicus, the parietal tooth and the extremely fine
close sculpture of P. c. megasoma; and (2) a smaller form,
diam. 12-14 mm., without a tooth, the umbilicus slightly
larger and the hairs not quite so close. These appear refer-
able to P. Columbiana pilosa J. Hend. — Pilsbry.
Oreohelix "growing on trees." — Recent items in The
Nautilus concerning the tree-climbing propensities of
Monadenia fidelis and Helix aspersa, and Lowe's fine plate
showing an estivating colony of Oxystyla in a tree, reminds
me of an experience with Oreohelix, a genus which would
surely not be expected to climb trees. Several years ago, on
Grand Mesa, Colorado, when it was raining almost every
day, we found 0. cooperi (W. G. B.) clinging to the trunks
of many aspens, up to heights of ten feet or more. In search-
ing for snails, most of us are in the habits of keeping our
eyes "glued to the ground," because experience has taught
us that we are more likely to find them there. Perhaps if
we should form the habit of searching trees also we would
make many interesting finds otherwise so easily overlooked.
— Junius Henderson, University of Colorado Museum.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
GABB'S CALIFORNIA CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY TYPE
lamellibranchs. By Ralph B. Stewart. (Special Pub. No.
3, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1930). Having been interested in
Tertiary and Cretaceous mollusks in years past, I started to
read this paper little dreaming that it would in any way
affect the nomenclature of our recent shells. I used to think
that Dr. Dall under the title "Tertiary Fauna of Florida"
put too much into that work that was not the Tertiary of
Florida, a criticism with which many European concholog-
THE NAUTILUS 103
ists agreed. In this case, however, the author has far ex-
ceeded Dall. As the work is apt to be overlooked by workers
on recent shells I feel that some notes on its contents are
necessary, although I cannot do justice to the paper in this
limited space.
It seems more and more apparent that the original rules
of nomenclature were made too soon, and before the many
problems that might arise were fully understood. In adopt-
ing generic names Dr. Dall's decisions were based largely
on the selection of "type by elimination." A later ruling
(Article 30) "type by subsequent designation" has been
adopted by the author, hence the many changes. Some of
the changes were really necessary, but many will criticise
the taking of Noetia out of the family Arcidae, substituting
Volsella Scopoli for Modiolus Lamarck, and the raising of
too many subgenera to generic rank. It is however a great
nomenclatorial discourse, much involved, and requiring a
great deal of careful study. — C. W. JOHNSON.
Some rissoid mollusca from the gulf of California
AND some mollusca OF THE FAMILY EPITONIIDAE FROM
THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA. By Fred Baker, G. D. Hanna and
A. M. Strong. (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser. vol. 19, pp.
23-56. 3 pis. 1930) . Of the Rissoidae 9 new species and one
subspecies are described and of the Epitoniidae 3 new spe-
cies are described.
Marine mollusca of guadalupe island, mexico,
MARINE mollusca OF THE REVILLAGIGEDO ISLANDS, MEXICO,
AND MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE TRES MARIAS ISLANDS,
MEXICO. By A. M. Strong and G. D. Hanna (Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci., 4th ser. vol. 19, pp. 1-22, 1930) . From Guadalupe
87 species are recorded, from Ravillagigedo 61 and from the
Tres Marias 211 species. In the latter list it is interesting to
note the occurrence of Cypraea Isabella of Polynesian origin
and C. cervinetta from western Central America. — C. W. J.
104 the nautilus
Notes on some species of epitonium, subgenus nitidis-
cala, from the west coast of north america. by a. m.
Strong (Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, pp. 183-196,
pi. 20, 1930). An excellent review of the west coast species,
one new species (E. cooperi) is described and figured. — C.
W. J.
New LAND SNAILS FROM TANGANYIKA TERRITORY. By Wm.
J. Clench and Allan F. Archer (Occas. Pap. Boston Soc.
N. H., vol. 5. July, 1930). Euaethiops loveridgei is described
as a new genus and species from the Mluguru Mts. It dif-
fers from Achatina by the normal insertion on the dia-
phragm of the penial retractor, as in Limicolai'ia and Coch-
lito7na crawfordi. Achatina madaziniana n. s p. is placed
next to A. immaculata Lam. — H. A. P.
The north American retinellae. By H. Burrington
Baker (Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1930, pp. 193-219, 6 plates).
The group of small zonitids which have gone under the
generic names of ZoiiiteH, Hiialina, Vitrea, Ghjphijcdinia etc.
has been revised in the light of their anatomical structure,
and referred to the Holarctic genus RetineUa. The consider-
able variations in genitalia and teeth give characters for
dividing the series into six subgenera and sections. Keys to
the species are given. A new species, R. praecox, and five
new subspecies are described and figured. The anatomy of
many species is illustrated on six beautifully drawn plates.
Knowledge of the Zonitidae of our fauna has advanced a
long stride by Dr. Baker's work in this paper and his "Min-
ute American Zonitidae." published in 1928. It is hoped
that the nomenclature of these snails, which has suffered
many vicissitudes, will be stabilized by Dr. Baker's careful
work.— H. A. P.
Some specific criteria in Conua. By Burnett Smith.
(Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1930. jip. 279-288, 12 figs.). Evidence
is presented to sliow that the embryonic whorls of Conus
show at least four distinct apical types, and it is thought
THE NAUTILUS 105
(hat many otliurs an- to be found in a w idcr range of species
than those the author examined from the Atlantic coast,
Recent and Tertiary. "Somewhat less useful, but apparently
of higher taxononic value are the characters shown by the
subsutural flexure." A new Pliocene species, Conus wnrcn-
niuwensis, is described. These neglected characters appear
to have a high value in the classification of this difficult
genus, so abundantly represented in Tertiary and modern
faunas, — H. A. P.
Some studies on the biology of tulla (Corbicula
manillensis Philippi), a common food clam of Laguna de
Bay and its tributaries. By Deogracias V. Valladolid and
Fidel G. del Rosario. (The Philippine Agriculturist XIX.
Nov. 1930). The "tulla" is extensively used as food for
ducks and also for the native inhabitants of the Laguna de
Bay region ; and the shells are manufactured into commer-
cial air-slaked lime. This interesting study concerns the
rate of growth, size at sexual maturity and the quantity
available. Recommendations are made for conservation of
the supply. One plate illustrates the shell, anatomy, eggs
and larva, etc. — H. A. P.
MoNOGRAFiA DE LAS MELANOPSis vivientes y fosiles de
Espaiia. Por Florentino Azpeitia Moros, Madrid, 1929. This
handsome volume of 402 pages and 14 plates (12 in color)
contains a very full descriptive and synonymic treatment
of this intricate genus in peninsular Spain and the African
provinces. The full illustration of the more variable species
by excellent colored figures makes the work indispensable to
those who have to deal with the group. — H. A. P.
NOTICIA DE UN NUEVO EJEMPLAR DE Conus glo)ia-marif<,
etc. Por Florentino Azpeitia Moros (Revista de la Real
Acad. Cienc. etc. Madrid, XXITI, 1927). The new specimen
is figured in color. An interesting historical sketch treats of
the twenty-two examples of this rare and beautiful shell
known in collections, with refei'ences to other conciiological
rarities notable for beauty, scarcity or the high prices they
have brought.
log THE NAUTILUS
El doctor Hidalgo y sus publicaciones malacologicas.
Por Florentino Azpeitia Moros. A short biographical
sketch with a portrait, followed by a list of species described
by or named for this eminent Spanish conchologist, and a
bibliography of his works published in Spain. — H. A. P.
Mollusca from the henry mountains and some neigh-
boring Points in Utah, By Ralph V. Chamberlin and Elmer
Berry. Bull. Univ. of Utah, vol. 21, No. 2, Oct. 24, 1930. The
mollusks listed were taken by a biological expedition sent
by the Department of Zoology and Botany of the Univer-
sity of Utah to the isolated Henry Range of Wayne and
Garfield Counties. A number of species new to Utah were
found, among them one new to science, Aplexa microstriata,
a very distinct form from Fish Lake, Utah, where it is
abundant in shallow water. — H. A. P.
Mexican mollusks collected for dr. bryant walker
IN 1926. By H. B. Baker. (Occas. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ.
Mich., No. 220, pp. 1-45, pis. 8-11, 1930) ) This is the second
paper covering the land shells of this region. The author has
gone deeply into the anatomy of many of the species. Three
new species and three new subspecies are described. —
C. W. J.
Notes on physidae with descriptions of new species.
By Wm. J. Clench (Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 5:
301-315, 4 figs.). This paper carefully describes 3 new spe-
cies (Physa salina from Utah, and P. plena and P. reming-
toni from Mo.) and discusses nomenclature in this perplex-
ing family. However, Sowerby's (1822) Limnea (Physa)
rivalis (=Aplexa. n'valis) is neither preoccupied nor af-
fected by the dubious Bulla rivalis (1807), if the latter be-
come Physa. fontinalis rivalis (Turton) Clench. Also, P.
i^oivcrhyana (tod. of Steiiophysa) is a .synonymous substi-
tute for L. rivalis Swby. ; d'Orbigny's figures represent his
"variete de Cuba". Moreover, my anatomical notes are based
on the typical, West Indian form of A. rivalis; P. pcrnviayia
Gray was founded on a shell of about twice its dimensions.
— H. B. Baker.
THE NAUTILUS 107
New species op^ mollusks. By Fred Baker and V. D. P.
Spicer (Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 6, pp. 173-
182, i)ls. 18. 19. 1930.) Four new species are described and
figured.
Influence of the glacial period in changing the
character of the MOLLUSCAN fauna of north AMERICA.
By F. C. Baker. (Ecology, vol. 9, pp. 469-480, with 9 figures
in text, 1930). A most interesting paper. I notice that in
figure 7 showing the distribution of Acella haldemani the
species is not recorded from Lake Champlain. — C. W. J.
A REVIEW of our present KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING THE
CHARACTER AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE PLEISTOCENE AQUATIC
MOLLUSCAN LIFE OF ILLINOIS. By F. C. Baker. (Trans. 111.
State Acad. Sci., vol. 22, pp. 411-434, 1930). One new var.
Fossaria claUi grandis is described. — C. W. J.
MoLuscos DEL Lago de Xochimilco, D. F., por el pro-
fesor Francisco Contreras. Anales del Instituto de Biologia
I, No. 1. A list of the species of this Mexican lake, with de-
scriptions and figures. Six species. Anodonta impura Say
is the only unionid.
A Monograph of the Dibranchiate Cephalopods of
THE Japanese and adjacent waters. By Madoka Sasaki
(Journal College of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial Uni-
versity, XX, Supplementary number. Sapporo, 1929.
Quarto, 357 pages, 30 plates. This magnificent work makes
the Japanese cephalopod fauna one of the best known in the
world. 125 species are described, the genera Polypus,' 29
species. Sepia, 20 species, and Loligo, 10 species, being ex-
traordinarily well represented. Besides full descriptions
and figures of the animals, there are often interesting de-
tails of the fishing and utilization of many species. The
work appears to be very well done. It is a loss to science that
the author died in Europe while the volume was in press.
H.A.P.
1 It is a pity that the author followed Hoyle in u.sing the untenable
name Polmma in jjlace of OctDpns. That name has no proper stand-
ing in the nomenclature of cephalopods.
108 the nautilus
The molluscan fauna of the southern part of lake
MICHIGAN and ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE OLD GLACIAL LAKE
CHICAGO. By F. C. Baker. (Trans. 111. State Acad. Sci., vol.
22, pp. 186-194, 3 figs., 1930.) A new genus Vancleaveia,
genotype Amnicola cmarc/inata (Kuster). A new var. of
Valvata pcyxlepressa and V . sincera> are also described and
figured.
SOMNIUM Iredaleanum. — In his interesting "Notes on
some Desert Snails", Victorian Naturalist, Nov., 1930, Mr.
Tom Iredale devotes about half a page to comments on the
Central Australian "Pupa" beltiana Tate. In my monograph
(1921, Man. Conch. 26: 145) this form was transferred to
the genus Pupoides, on account of its very close conchological
resemblance to American, Asiatic, African and other Aus-
tralian species placed in that genus. Pupoides was recognized
in my work as a widely distributed genus, like Pupilla, typic-
ally developed at least as far back as the Lower Miocene,
and therefore no doubt much older. Mr. Iredale does not take
the trouble to discuss my generic reference of P. beltiana
dismissing it curtly with the remark "with [Pupoides] it has
no real relationship, so it is here named Themapupa". My
good friend is so accustomed to getting away with these bluffs
in Australia, where a "new" molluscan genus does not mean
much of anything now, that he forgets that such a bob-tailed
flush may be called. T willingly admit that auy animal which
has not been exhaustively studied and its wliole structure
worked up may possibly turn out to be of a new genus, but
there is no reason for the genus until some special structural
character is found. In this case, P. bcltianus has not been
dissected, but it looks like any other Pupoides. It is up to Mr.
Iredale to indicate some differential character, however
ti'ivial, for his supposed new genus. Not merely hot air about
discontinuous distribution. — though I i-ealize how discourag-
ing it must be to him that there are .so many Australian
mollusks .still referred to genera common in the Northern
Hemisphere. Wake up, Mr. Iredale! — H.A.P.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XLIV APRIL. 1931. No. 4
THE PROBLEM OF THE MOLLUSCA OF BEAK LAKE AND
UTAH LAKE, IDAHO-UTAH
BY JUNIUS HENDERSON
Bear Lake is situated in extreme southeastern Idaho and
northeastern Utah, about equally divided between the two
states. Utah Lake is some distance south of Salt Lake City,
with Provo as the largest city on its shore. At many places
along the shore of Bear Lake immense quantities of moUusk
shells have been piled in windrows by the waves, a splendid
example of the efficiency of waves in sifting and sorting ma-
terials which differ in size, shape and specific gravity, the
upj)er portions of the shell heaps being washed quite free
from sand in many instances. The predominent species in
these windrows is Carinifex newberryi. Next in importance
are Lymnaea utahensis, Valvata humeralis californica, V.
utahensis and Paludestrina longinqim. In July, 1930, Mrs.
Henderson and I scooped up about eight quarts of these shells
at four widely separated localities and sorted them. Locality
A, north end of the lake. B, east side not far from south end.
C, west side, some distance south of Garden City. D, west
side at Lakota resort. We recognize the following species :
BCD
Carinifex newberryi (Lea) x
Physa ampullacea (Gould) x
Lymnaea utahensis (Call) x
Lymnaea sp., of palustris group x
Fluminicola fusca (Hald.) x
Valvata humeralis californica Pils x
V^alvata utahensis (Call) x
110 THE NAUTILUS
Paludestrina longinqua (Gould) x x x x
Planorbis vermicularis Gould x x
Planorbis exacuous Say x
Planorbis trivolvis Say x
Gonyodiscus cronkhitei anthonyi Pils. ... x
Succinea sp., 1 broken specimen x
Pisidium compressum Prime x x x x
Sphaerium pilsbryanum Sterki x x x x
Anodonta calif orniensis Lea? (valve) ... x
In 1917 Daniels and I (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1917,
p. 58), from a more extended search of the north shore, re-
ported from there also Gonyodiscus cronkhitei anthonyi
Pils., Vertigo ovata (Say), Planorbis parvus (Say), Lym-
naea proxiina Lea and Lymnaea stagnalis appressa {jugu-
laris) Say. The P. parvus should be vermicularis, L. jugu-
laris was represented by a broken specimen, and P. ampul-
lacea, P. t. binneyi and L. proxima are fresh-looking speci-
mens, still retaining the epidermis, their state of preserva-
tion totally unlike that of the other species, such as Carinifex,
L. utahensis, Fluminicola, etc. Probably the L. "promixa" is
a case of mistaken identity. It should be more carefully
studied.
Referring to the north end of the lake in our report just
mentioned, we said : "The soil of this broad barrier is in
places composed largely of fossil shells of the same species
that abound along the beach, leading to the belief that the
beach shells have been mostly washed from the sand by the
waves and are fossil." We found no living mollusks in the
lake. In "The Mollusca of Colorado", etc. (Univ. Colo.
Studies, XIII, 181, 1924), under Carinifex neivberryi, I said
that "many of the shells were very fresh is appearance".
That statement is misleading, resulting from quoting notes
which referred to the whole collection, including Planorbis
binneyi, etc., not applying to Carinifex, Fluminicola, Valvata,
Paludestrina, etc., which constitute the great bulk of the
beach material. The latter group have all lost their epi-
dermis, the shell material of a large proportion of them has
been altered and thoy have assumed a blue color, with sur-
faces often highly polished by wind and wave. Some speci-
THE NAUTILUS 111
mens have fragments of rather hard, sandy matrix clinging
to them Chamberlin and Jones (Descrip. Cat. Moll. Utah,
Bull. Univ. Utah, XIX. 156-157, 1929) suggested that the
bluish shells were fossil, and Sterki, in describing Sphaerium
pilsbryanum from Bear Lake, designated it, with the asso-
ciated Planorbis, Carinifex newbernji, Lymnaea utahensifi
and Fluminicola fusca, as fossils (Nautilus, XXII, 141-142,
1909).
In July, 1930, Mrs. Henderson and I made a much more
thorough examination of this lake, and fully confirmed the
belief that all of the shells lying in windrows along the
beaches, except perhaps a few specimens at the north end,
consist of fossils, washed out and sorted from the sand by the
waves. We travelled entirely around the lake, examining the
shores and the shallow water a little ways out. We also used a
boat for dredging for several hundred feet out from shore on
the west side, where beach shells were abundant. We did not
find a single living mollusk in the lake, but there are some in
sloughs near the lake, though not of the species found in the
beach deposits. The water deepens very gradually from the
shore out, and from the boat we could see the bottom on calm
days 300 feet from shore and to depths of from 6 to 8 feet.
The bottom was remarkably free from even dead or fossil
shells, which were common only on shore or close to it. If
they were being washed in from greater depths and are still
living in the lake, the bottom off-shore should be as well sup-
plied with them as is the shore itself.
Dr. Vasco Tanner, of Brigham Young University, Provo,
Utah, has since been more thorough in his dredging. He has
written me, under date of September 13, 1930 : "I spent one
week at Bear Lake and I had at my disposal one of the large
motor boats and three men. I went around the entire lake
with the boat, and I dredged at various depths from 50 feet
to 190 feet, in the south and north ends and east and west
sides, but did not collect a single living mollusk with my
dredge net."
There is scarcely a doubt that these species, once so
abundant in the lake, no longer live there. During the past 15
112 THE NAUTILUS
years or so the water level has retreated a long ways, due to
the use of water for irrigation and power purposes. The
water line is now far from the former shore line, and the
present littoral conditions are not favorable to such mollusks
as formerly populated the lake. This, in connection with the
well-known fact that fluctuations in climatic conditions have
caused great oscillations in western lakes within the not very
remote (geologically speaking) past, suggests what probably
destroyed the Bear Lake molluscan fauna. It is probable that
the shrinkage of the lake during a cycle of decreased pre-
cipitation and perhaps increased evaporation, either entire-
ly desiccated the lake or rendered it so saline as to be unin-
habitable for mollusks of these kinds. Bearing upon this ex-
planation, Dall suggested to me some years ago that the
ribbed condition of many of the Lymnaea utahensis indicated
saline conditions.
Around the shores of Utah Lake also many mollusk shells
are found, of species which have not in recent times been
found living in the lake, or in the adjacent streams or sloughs.
We did not find them anywhere in such piles as we found at
Bear Lake, except near the power plant at the north end,
where they had evidently been washed out from mud thrown
out by the dredge in digging a canal from the lake to the
power plant ; and at one locality near Provo, where they had
evidently been washed out from the shore deposits by the
waves. Here the most abundant species is an Amnicola, a
genus not found living in the Sale Lake Basin or Rocky
Mountain states. In travelling entirely around the lake the
only living species we found in the lake itself is an Anodonta,
fresh valves of which are also abundant on the beach near
Provo, but we did find, in several streams, living species dif-
ferent from those found dead along tlie shore. Dr. Tanner,
who has done much dredging in the lake and is continuing
the work, had not, at the last account I had from him, found
any living mollusks in this lake except Anodontn.
Call, in describing Lymnaea utahensis, which he obtained
in Utali Lake, neai* Lelii. said "dentition uni)ul)lished",
though on a preceding i)age he iiad saitl that "the dentition
THE NAUTILUS 113
differs from typical A', antpla Mighels very materially", thus
indicating tiiat he obtained the species alive. He also de-
scribed the operculum of Valvata utahensis, dredged at the
same place, so he probably found that alive. He says that
Carinifex newbernji "was discovered living in Utah Lake",
that living forms of Fluminicola fusca are common there, and
that "numerous living examples" of Lymnaea stagnalis
{jiigularLs or wasatchensis) occur in Utah Lake at American
Fork. He says Sphaerium dentatum (probably meaning
pilsbnjaniim, since described) "is a very abundant species in
Utah Lake, where it attains a great size", but does not def-
initely say he found it alive. However, Sterki, in describing
pilsbryanum, says it is fossil at Bear Lake and "recent" in
Utah Lake, leaving us to surmise whether he actually had
obtained live specimens from there. Some examples from
American Fork retain the epidermis. In view of all this,
what has happened? Are these species still living there,
eluding the search for them, or have they been exterminated
from the lake since Call's report was published? As with
Bear Lake, the water level of Utah Lake has been much low-
ered within the past few years.
MOLLUSCA OF LAMB'S CANYON, UTAH
BY ELMER G. BERRY
University of Utah
Lamb's Canyon, a small tributary of Parley's Canyon, is
situated about twenty-three miles from Salt Lake City. The
altitude rises from about 7,500 feet at the mouth to about
11,000 feet at its head, a distance of only seven miles. The
dense verdure and frequent rainfalls which occur in this
canyon creates an ideal collecting ground for the conchol-
ogist. This canyon is typical of nearly all Salt Lake County
canyons with similar altitudes. The list below comprises the
collecting of three summers. The Columella is a new record
114 THE NAUTILUS
for Utah other than the indefinite record of Binney's
"Wasatch Mountains, 1878".
Pisidium variabile Prime. Found abundant in a lake bottom
at the head of Lamb's.
Vallonia albula Sterki.
Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey.
Oreohelix cooperi Binney. These specimens are the largest
O. cooperi found yet to our knowledge. They are high
spired forms and generally without color markings, pro-
ducing a weathered appearance. The locality of these
specimens is very limited.
Microphysula ingersolli (Bland). The most common and
abundant of all species in Lamb's.
Vertigo modesta corpidenta (Morse).
Vertigo concinnula Cockerell.
Pupilla blandi Morse.
Pupilla syngenes dextroversa P. & V.
Gastrocopta quadridens P. & V. Only one specimen was
found.
Columella alticola (Ingersoll).
Euconulus fulvus alaskensis (Pilsbry).
Zonitoides arborea (Say)
Vitrina alaskana Dall.
Agriolimax agrestis (Miill.).
Gonyodiscus cronkhitei (Newcomb).
Puncturn, pygmaeum (Drai)arnaud) .
FossaiHa obrussa (Say).
Fossaria modicella (Say).
Paludestrina Inngiiiqua (Gould). Collected on the face of a
limestone cliff where spring water continually dripped.
Encrustations of limestone covered the entire shell of these
specimens leaving only the aperture open. Shell variations
were common in the lot collected.
THE NAUTILUS 115
OBSEUVATIONS ON REPRODUCTION IN THE SNAIL
GONIOBASIS*
BY DOROTHEA DOWD JEWELL
This study of reproductive organs, breeding habits and
embryonic development of Goniobasis livescens correcta
(Brot) has been carried on as a part of the larger problem
of working out the life-history of this river snail. The mate-
rial used for this study was obtained from the Salt Fork
River cast of Urbana, Illinois during the fall and spring of
1929-1930.
The writer wishes to express her sincere appreciation to
Dr. H. J. Van Cleave, under whose direction this study was
carried on, for his helpful suggestions throughout the in-
vestigation. She is indebted also to Mr. Frank Collins Baker
for his kindly interest in the work and for identification of
the snail studied. Mr. Calvin Goodrich has also kindly veri-
fied the identification of the variety under consideration.
Since the work of Stimpson, published in 1864, little has
been done in tlie investigation of the reproduction of Gonio-
basis. Summarizing his own studies, Baker in the Fresh
Water Mollusca of Wisconsin (Vol. 1, Page 176) comments
on the pioneer work of Stimpson on the Pleuroceridae in
the following words: "Half a hundred specimens of Pleu-
rocera and Goniobasis have been examined without finding
anything essential not indicated by this careful student."
In the same reference, Baker further states that nothing is
known concerning the development of members of this
family.
The present study, by means of dissections and serial sec-
tions, has demonstrated conclusively that the sexes are
separate. Specimens examined during the fall, winter and
spring months invariably showed a single gonad with no
evidence of hermaphroditism. Since there are no external
genitalia in Goniobasis, the only observable difference in
*Contributions from the Zoological Laboratory of the University of
Illinois No. 395.
116 THE NAUTILUS
the external form of living specimens of the two sexes is the
presence in the female of a small pit located just posterior
and lateral to the base of the right tentacle. The signijficance
of this pit for sex recognition was pointed out as early as
1864 by Stimpson whose observations on this point are
widely quoted but have never been extended further. The
pit is bordered on either side by fleshy folds. Below the
lower fold, a shallow groove extends posteriorly for a short
distance. The corresponding region in the male is smooth,
with no trace of pit or groove. The pit extends inward for
some distance, but in the present investigation no connec-
tion has been found between it and the reproductive organs.
Dissections and microscopic examination of serial sec-
tions have shown only spermatozoa or only ova to be pres-
ent in the gonad of each individual examined. In the fall
the testes were packed full of mature spermatozoa appear-
ing as a thick white substance. This condition was found
also both in winter and spring when the testes were so dis-
tended that the slightest scratch ruptured them. Ova of
various sizes were always present in the ovaries but, be-
cause of their minute size and the presence of much follicu-
lar material about them, examination of serial sections was
necessary for absolute recognition of eggs before maturity.
Individual sperms have a distinctive form. The head-
piece consists of a somewhat cylindrical portion (Fig. 1)
about 5.11 in length and bears a terminal hook-shaped struc-
ture. The entire head has a length of about lOti. The tail is
50fi in length. Spermatophores of definite shape (Fig. 2),
full of active spermatozoa, were found in the water in the
snail containers in the laboratory during the latter part of
March and in April. The si^ermatojihores vary a little in
size; one of average size measured 1.1mm. by 1.02 mm with
a pair of thread-like arms about 1.19 mm. in lengtli.
Eggs of this species have been unknown previously. They
were deposited in the laboratory containers in the last week
of March and during April and May. The eggs always appeared
singly or in lines of two or three with no covering except
the simple shell membrane which remained until time of
THE NAUTILUS
117
iialchiiii?. Little variation was found in the size of the newly
laid eggs. The size most frequently found was 306(i as the
diameter of the cf^g itself within a membrane of 382n to 425ii
in diameter.
The snails were observed for some time each day in an
attempt to discover any evidence of copulation. Since these
snails have a habit of crawling over each other, it has so far
Fig's. 1-5, Goniohasis livesccns rorrecta (Brot.) Fig. 1, A mature
spermatozoon. Length of head lOji; length of tail 50|i. Fig. 2, A
spermatophore which was discharged into the water. Scale equals
lOOii. Fig. ?,. .\t\ 11-day embiyo within its egg membrane. Fig. 4,
Shell of a nt'wlv hatched snail. Fig. fj, A young snail three or four
days after hatching.
been impossible to distinguish between their ordinary
movements and those associated with copulation. When
spermatophores were found near two associated individu-
118 THE NAUTILUS
als, these snails were removed to another container and
kept under observation. Sometimes this mutual interest
continued and another spermatopliore or two appeared in
the water, but no sign of external copulatory organs or of
copulation other than mere contact was evident. The snails
always dropped apart from each other immediately if dis-
turbed even very slightly.
In a female dissected about the time of oviposition,
mature spermatozoa were present in the upper end of the
uterus. There were also present in this region strands of
fiber which closely resembled bits of spermatopliore. Al-
though fertilization is probably internal, the lack of special-
ized intromittent organs often leads to the loss of some of
the spermatophores into the water. It has not yet been pos-
sible to determine how the spermatophores are deposited or
whether they enter the female pit or the uterus directly.
After once observing the eggs under laboratory condi-
tions, the next objective was the discovery of the eggs in
the natural habitat. The minute size of the eggs and the
dense algal growth covering all the stones in the stream-bed
rendered this a difficult task. On April 14th, Goniobasis
eggs were found on rocks in the Salt Fork River. They were
always in the same linear series of two or three or singly
deposited as in the laboratory. These eggs were in early
cleavage and veliger stages when discovered. Miss Margery
Washburn, who co-operated in collecting the snails, reported
that eggs were present on the rocks as late as the eighth of
June.
Eggs laid in the laboratory were observed under the
microscope at regular intervals. Observations concerning
time for development were obtained by segregating snails
and noting the time of appearance of eggs in the containers.
In the first twenty-four liours after eggs appeared, those
laid earliest were in the 32-celled stage. Rotating move-
ments were observable within the egg membrane by the
time the embryo was four days old and by the seventh day
the veliger stage had been reached. At the beginning of the
eleventh day some of the embryos observed had jnished out
THE NAUTILUS 119
one side of the membrane into a definite bulge or pouch
(Fig. 3). By constant rotating movements and feeling out
with foot and rostrum, the embryo moved into the bulge re-
peatedly until at last the membi-ane was ruptured freeing
the young snail. The time for embryonic development of
these snails under laboratory conditions was eleven and a
half days.
The newly hatched snails varied slightly in size. The
largest one measured was 425u in its longest diameter on
the ventral surface. The shell of a newly hatched snail
measured 306fi by 348>i (Fig. 4.). One complete, finely
reticulated whorl is present in the shell of the newly hatched
snails as a rule, although there may in some cases be the
beginning of a second whorl. As additional whorls are
formed after hatching, their thin transparent walls show
distinct cross-striations.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VARIETY OF VALVATA LEWISI
CURRIER
BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER*
Valvata LEWISI ONTARiENSis, new variety.
Shell discoidal, of three whorls, the first one and a half or
two flattened and coiled in the same plane, the last one or
one and a half free from contact with the preceding whorls
and rapidly descending, forming a rounded tube ; sutures
deeply impressed; sculpture fine and thread-like on the first
two whorls, becoming heavier on the last whorl where they
develop into sharp, elevated, rib-like lamellae which are more
or less e(}ually and rather widely spaced; aperture rounded;
umbilical opening of the two first whorls shallow and wide.
Height 3.5 ; diameter 4.2 mm. Holotype.
Height 2.2 ; diameter 3.5 mm. Paratype.
*Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of
Illinois, No. 64.
120 THE NAUTILUS
Type locality: Shakespeare Island Lake, Ontario, Canada.
This is a small lake draining into Lake Nipigon. Dredged
from a sand and mud bottom, with vegetation, in water 4
feet 1 inch deep.
Types: Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois,
No. Z31241. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, No.
153471.
This Valvata is one of the most striking of the many forms
found in northern waters. It starts out as a very good
Valvata lewisi helicoidea Dall, with flattened whorls and fine
sculpture. After making about two turns the whorl leaves
its contact with the preceding whorl forming a distinct tube,
and uncoiling, like some of the cephalopod shells of Cretaceous
time, and the sculpture becomes coarse and rib-like. In this
last feature the sculpture is like that of Valvata sincera
nylandevi Dall, but the form is depressed. The sculpture is
quite like typical leivisi from Tonawanda Creek, near Bata-
via, N. Y. The form is almost distinct enough to constitute a
distinct species, but as the amount of deflection of the un-
coiled last whorl is variable it appears best to consider it a
variant of the helicoidea type of leivisi.
The same form was recently noted in a collection of mol-
lusks from Ontario made by Dr. Alvin R. Cahn of the Uni-
versity of Illinois. Two small specimens were found with
other material but were thought to be pathologic examples of
helicoidea. They are from Kimmewin Lake, north of Dray-
ton, Ontario. The shells mentioned by Whiteaves (Ottawa
Naturalist, XIX, p. 65, 1905) from the Kawinogans River.
Ontario, as having the outer half of the last whorl free and
partly uncoiled are probably this variety. This was listed as
leivisi. . The same form from the same locality, evidently, was
listed in the Annual Report, Canadian Geological Survey,
XVI, p. 5, 1906, as Valvata sincera, four specimens being
noted. Two specimens are noted from the Attawapiskat
River.
It is apparent, therefore, that this uncoiled form is a true
race or variety of lewisi having a wide range in Ontario and
possibly occurring in other parts of British America. True
THE NAUTILUS 121
helicoidea is known from the Mackenzie River and Alaska.
The variety is common in Shakespeare Island Lake, the col-
lection containing 19 specimens from four dredgings, rang-
ing in depth from four to eight feet, always on a mud and
sand bottom, with or without vegetation.
The material was submitted to the writer for determina-
tion, with other fresh water species from the same lake, by
Miss Myra W. Cronk, of the University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada.
A NEW SUBSPECIES OF POLYGYRA FROM IDAHO
BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JUNIUS HENDERSON
POLYGYFA MULLANI TUCKERI, n. Subsp. PI. 5, figS. 8, 9, 10.
Shell depressed ; color medium to dark brown ; whorls 5i/j,
closely coiled, increasing gradually in size from apex to aper-
ture; suture well impressed; umbilicus open, but partly cov-
ered by the reflected columella; aperture lunate; lip light-
brown, expanded, rather thinly so at the periphery, widened
toward the columella by slightly-developed lamellae above
and below ; type specimen exhibiting some irregular, micro-
scopic, spiral striae on the surface, apparently due to slight
wrinkles in the epidermis ; surface sparcely covered with
short, flattened, scale-like, curved hairs, smaller on the base,
which are must better exhibited on a well-preserved, imma-
ture paratype, but show on all of the specimens examined.
Some specimens have a small, triangular, white parietal
tooth, others have none.
Type: No. 17001-a, University of Colorado Museum, is
non-dentate; greater diameter, not including reflection of
lip, 13, lesser diameter 12, altitude 6.5 millimeters. Cotype
No. 1: Univ. Colo. Mus. No. 17001-b, dentate, diameter 12
by 11, altitude 6 mm. Cotype No. 2: Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, No. 152334; diameter 12.4 by 10.6.
altitude 7 mm. Two paratypes are in the collection of their
discoverer, Prof. H. M. Tucker, College of Idaho, Caldwell,
122 THE NAUTILUS
Idaho, who obtained them on Clearwater River, near the
junction with Fourth of July Creek, northern Idaho, July 30,
1930. The shells at hand are fresh, but no live ones were
obtained. The figures 8 and 9 were drawn by Miss Elberta L.
Craig, of the University of Colorado Museum.
This form differs from all recognized races of P. muUani
by the strongly developed hairs of the periostracum. In
P. 7)1. cJappi (Hemph.) there are extremely minute and much
closer hairs in places, but all of the other subspecies have the
surface smooth and more or less glossy.
A NEW CALIFORNIAN RACE OF MONADENIA
BY S. STILLMAN BERRY
Redlands, California
Among other fine things from the north brought in by
those assiduous collectors, Mr. and Mrs. Emery P. Chace, is
the very striking new subspecies of the old Mmiadenia fidelis
(Gray) briefly described in a preliminary way in the follow-
ing paragraphs.
MONADENiA FIDELIS PRONOTis. new subspecies.
Diagnosis: Shell small for the species, heavy, the spire
conic and usually well elevated; whorls 6 to Q\o. Aperture
scarcely descending above, the peristome little thickened or
everted above, but more definitely reflected below and with a
moderate umbilical flare. Umbilicus more or less covered
but usually permeable, its diameter contained about 13 times
in that of the shell.
Periostracum almost completely dehiscent on mature shells
but where persisting on young specimens showing a well de-
velojied spii'al sculpture on the upper surface.
Ground color ashy white to dark brown above, zoned by a
wide suprapheral band of dark brown and usually one or
more lighter bands between this and the suture; base uni-
formly bi'own, but the shade varying in intensity in differ-
ent shells.
THK NAUTILUS 123
Mcasun ni()it,'<: Maj. diarii. 27.r>, alt. 18.7, diam. umbilicu.s
2.0 mm.
Holotijpr: Cat. No. G!)G1 of the author's collection. I'ara-
typcs in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, Emery P. Chace, and the author.
Type locality: Point St. George, near Crescent City. Del
Norte Co., California; occurring alive in some abundance;
E. P. and E. M. Chace coll., 25, Aug., 1929.
Remarks: This strongly differentiated maritime race,
found under very different habitudinal conditions than the
typical form, is so divergent from the other smaller races of
M. fidelii" which have received names as hardly to require
any special comparison, and it must doubtless be regarded
wholly as an independent offshoot. It is being given more
complete treatment in a forthcoming monograph of the Cali-
fornian snails of this group, but as the appearance of the
larger paper has encountered some unanticipated delay, ad-
vance notice of this form is felt advisable so that the name
may be used in connection with some of the material to be
distributed.
TWO NEW IlELlCOiUS TKOM THE MOHAVE UESEIM ,
CALIFORNIA
BY G. WILLETT
MiCRARiONTA HUTSONI AMBOIANA, new subspecies. PI. 7,
fig. 4.
Description: Similar in shape and size to Micrarioutn hut-
soni hilli Willett from the Sheep Hole Mountains, about thirty
miles to the southward. Differs from hilli in somewhat
smaller umbilicus, lighter coloration, and narrower and less
sharply defined peripherical band. In coloration most like
M. hutsoni desertorum Pilsbry and Ferriss, but differs from
that form in proportionately larger umbilicus and banded
periphery. Differs from M. hutsoni unifasciata Willett,
124 THE NAUTILUS
from Newberiy Springs, in lighter coloration, narrower
band, and smaller umbilicus. The color of amboiana is a
very light horn — almost white — with a veiy narrow, brown
band at the periphery of the last whorl: color of animal
black, with the exception of the middle part of the last whorl,
which is smoky gray. Dead, faded specimens of unifasciata
are very close to living amboiana in coloration, but living
specimens of the former are much darker, with wider and
more pronounced band.
Measurements of type: Max. diam., 12 mm.; min. diam.,
10.3; alt., 6.3; umbilicus, 1.7; number of whorls, ^Y^. The
largest specimen found (a dead one) has a maximum diam-
eter of 13 mm., and minimum diameter of 10.6.
Type: No. 1029 coll. Los Angeles Museum; paratypes in
collection of the writer. The type, two other living specimens
and four dead ones were taken by the writer among rocks on
a small hill about six miles northwest of Amboy, San Ber-
nardino County, California, February 7, 1931. The type lo-
cality is about one mile north of the highway running from
Amboy to Needles, and is separated from the ranges of all
other known Micrariontas by several miles of desert floor.
Helminthoglypta greggi, new species. PI. 7, fig. 3.
Description: Shell thin, rather small, depressed conic in
outline; whorls convex, sutures grooved; last whorl descend-
ing in front. Aperture nearly round, oblique. Outer lip
slightly thickened, reflected, and encroaching somewhat on
the umbilicus. Umbilicus small, about one-sixth of minimu?n
diameter of shell. Spiral sculpture absent; entire surface
of shell minutely, rather weakly pjipillatcd. this papillation
being greatly obscured on most of tlic shell by the crowded
growth striae. Periostracum thin, light brown, with a nar-
row, darker-brown band encircling the periphery.
Measurement of type, in millimeters: Max. diam., 13.5:
min. diam., 11.8; alt., 6.8; umbilicus, 2; number of whorls.
4-yi.. The largest specimen found has a inaxi?nuni diameter
of 14.6, and minimum diameter of 12.3.
Type: No. 1031, coll. Los Angeles Museum. Paratypes in
THE NAUTILUS 12S
collection of the writer and A.N.S.P. The type and 21 addi-
tional specimens were collected by the writer and his wife in
rock slides en the side of a hill, three and one-half miles south
of Mohave. Kern Co., California, February 23, 1931. This hill
is an isolated outlier to the southeast of the Tehachapi Range,
and the type locality is about one-half mile west of the Mo-
liave-Los Angeles highway.
Remarks: The affinities of this shell are plainly with the
Mohavean group of Helminthoglyptas hitherto known only
from the Victorville region. The distance from the type lo-
cality of greggi to the nearest of these species, H. mohaveana
Berry, is something over fifty miles, and no species of helicoid
has been reported from the intervening territory to date.
Greggi is apparently about the size of H. graniticola Berry,
but differs from that species in much more depressed form,
and wider and more open umbilicus. From //, mohaveana
Berry it differs in smaller size, more depression and much
lighter papillation. From H. crofalina Berry, which it re-
sembles in general outline, greggi is distinguished by much
smaller size, more prominent banding, glossier surface and
lighter papillation.
So far as is known to the writer, the close.st described
helicoid to the type locality of greggi is the species recently
named Micrarionfa micrometaUeus by Dr. S. S. Berry (Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist., VI, 1930, p. 189), which is found in Last
Chance Canyon, about twenty-five miles northeast of Mo-
have. A series of this interesting little shell in the writer's
collection seem to have more of the aspect of a stunted Hc\-
minthogbjpta than of a Micrarionta. The examination of the
animal, however, may confirm Dr. Berry's determination.
It is a pleasure to name this species in honor of Dr. W. 0.
Gregg, the well-known student of California shells.
Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, California, February
25, 1931.
126 THE NAUTILUS
LIMA INFLATA AND ITS NEST
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON
About 1882 while collecting on an extremely low tide
around the water battery of old Fort Maria at St. Augustine,
Florida, I turned over a large stone just below the low- water
mark and in doing so tore apart the nest of this species, ex-
posing to view a beautiful bright orange colored animal, the
mantle bearing a profusion of long tentacular filaments. It
began opening and closing its shell evidently endeavoring to
escape from this new and unexpected enemy. I do not know
which was the most surprised the Lima or the shell-hunter.
Aroused to a high state of excitement over my discovery, I
made a little pool near by, so as to watch the gorgeous crea-
ture while I continued a fruitless search for another. The
species must be very scarce at St. Augustine for it is the only
one I found dead or alive during my eight years' residence
there.
Some of the species of Lima construct a nest of byssal
threads, attaching to the threads fragments of shells, gravel
and other material, the structure so closely resembling the
surroundings as to escape detection. Here it lives compara-
tively free from prowling fish and other enemies. Among the
closely woven portions of the byssal threads are often found
a great number of diatoms, many of these have probably been
ejected by the Lima in the process of feeding. The Lima is
capable of moving through the water quite actively by open-
ing and closing its valves, but their movement is in the
opposite direction from that of the Pccfeu.
This shell has been referred by Dr. Dall to Lima inflata
Lam., with L. peUucida C. B. Adams, as a synonym. The
gaping shells of the .section MdntcUum vary so much in form
that a careful study of the European and American species
seems necessary. In my li.st of the sliells of St. Augustine
(Nautilus, vol. 4, i). G, 1890) it was inadvertently referred
to L. tevera.
THE NAUTILUS 127
MOLLUSKS rOLLECTEI) IN NORTHERN WEST VIRCHNIA
BY F. R. WILSON
Biology Department, Marietta College,
Marietta, Ohio
The Biology Department of Marietta College proposed and
partly financed a trip into West Virginia, where new terri-
tories were opened in the study of the distribution of mol-
lusks. Two days, November 7th and 8th, 1930, were spent in
collecting at West Union, Grafton, and Pennsboro. The
drought of the past year affected collecting a great deal.
However, a small region in Middle Island Creek, located at
West Union, submitted a large group of mussels. The creek
was dry and most of the mussels had recently died. Camp-
eloma rufum was found in abundance, many of them living
in the mud of the river bed, some distance from water.
At Grafton collecting was very poor, probably due to
drought or high altitude. The streams were contaminated
by mine and factory wastes and revealed no sign of living
things whatsoever.
I wish to thank David T. Jones, instructor of Biology of
Marietta College, who accompanied me on the trip and super-
vised this study; also, Prof. H. R. Eggleston, who reviewed
the collection of mussels. The records from Powhattan Point
were collected and submitted by A. Blickle and John Jordan.
Two records from Parkersburg were secured by J. \Y. Miller,
and another by Roy Ash ; and one record from Williamstown,
by Christine Stage.
Many West Virginia mussel records are given in A. E.
Ortmann's Monograph of Naiades of Pennsylvania, Part III,
Memoirs Car. Mus., Vol. VIII, No. 1, 1919. Previous land
records seem rare and extremely scattered. The following
list, while not complete, is inserted before the list of our re-
cent collections, for the convenience of future workers :
128 the nautilus
Some Previous West Virginia Molluscan Records
Polygyra tridentata juxtidens Pils. West Virginia : Pilsbry,
H. A,, A classified catalog of American land shells with lo-
calities (continued), The Nautilus, Vol. XI, No. 7, Nov.,
1897.
Polygyra fallax (Say) (equals Helix introf evens Bid.) . West
Virginia : Pilsbry, as above.
OmphaUna kopnodes (W. G. B.). West Virginia: Pilsbry,
Class. Catal., The Nautilus, Vol. XI, No. 11, March, 1898.
Gastrodonta interna (Say). West Virginia: Pilsbry, same
reference as for Omphaliyia above, p. 132.
Hyalina (now Striatura or Striaturops) ferrea (Morse).
Randolph Co., West Virginia : Sterki, Victor, Some notes
on Zonitidae, The Nautilus, Vol. VII, No. 2, June, 1893,
p. 17.
Vitrea (now Glyphyalinia) rhoadsi Pilsbry. Wirt Co., West
Virginia : Fox, Wm. J., Pilsbry, H. A., New American land
shells, Nautilus, Vol. XII, No. 9, Jan., 1899, p. 102.
Zonites (now Par avitrea) capsella (Gould). Mountains of
West Virginia: Binney, W. G., Man. Am. Land Shells, p.
221, 1885. .
Pyramidida (now Anguispira) alternata ynordax (Shuttl.)
West Virginia, Pilsbry, H. A., Class. Catal., NAUTILUS, Vol.
XI, No. 12, April, 1898, p. 140.
Planorbis bicarinatus Say (now Helisoma cnttrosa [Con-
rad] ) . West Virginia records : Four miles from Romney ;
Kanawha River, forty miles south of Ohio River, Wirt Co. ;
North River, Sedan, Hampshire Co.; Warm Spring Creek,
Morgan Co.; Salt Sulphur Spring, Monroe Co.; Patter-
son's Creek, Mineral Co. ; Potomac River, Cherry Run
(Pils.) ; Potomac River, Harper's Ferry (Walker). Walk-
er, Bryant, Notes on Planorbis II, Planorbis bicarinatus.
The Nautilus, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, pp. 27-28, June, 1909.
Sphacrium ohiense Sterki. West Virginia: Baker, F. C,
Moll, of Wis. II, p. 341, 1928.
the nautilus 129
Recent Collections in West Virginia
The numbers in parentheses below refer to the number of
specimens taken.
Polijgyra albolabris (Say). West Union inDoddridgeCo. (2).
Polyyyra hirsuta (Say). Grafton in Taylor Co. (2) ; West
Union (11) ; Pennsboro in Ritchie Co. (1).
Polygyra mo)iodon (Rackett). West Union (2).
Polygyra pennsylranica (Green). We.st Union (one identi-
fiable fragment).
Polygyra profunda (Say). Powhattan Point on Ohio River
in Marshall Co. (4).
Polygyra thyroides (Say). Williamstown in Wood Co. (1) ;
West Union (4) ; Pennsboro (2).
Polygyra tridoitafa (Say). Neal's Hollow near Parkers-
burg in Wood Co. (1) ; West Union (15 adults, 1 juvenile) ;
Pennsboro (6) ; Powhattan Point (4).
Cochlicopa lubrica (Muller). West Union (1),
Haplotrema concavuin (Say). West Union (5) ; Powhattan
Point (4).
Mesomphix cuprea (Raf.). Powhattan Point (1).
Mesomphix inornata (Say) . Powhattan Point (many) ; West
Union (12 adults, 1 juvenile) ; Grafton (4).
Glyphyalinia indentata (Say). West Union (6).
Paravitrea lamellidens (Pilsbry). West Union (2).
Paravitrea multidentata (Binn.). West Union (2) ; Penns-
boro (2).
Paravitrea capsella (Gould). Grafton (3, hardly mature).
Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Parkersburg (3).
Gastrodonta intertexta (Binn.). West Union (2).
Gastrodontaligera (Say). Grafton (2).
AgrioUmax agrestis (L.). West Union (3).
AgrioUmax campestris (Binn.). West Union (1) ; Grafton
(1).
PhilomycuH caroVinianus (Bosc). Parkersburg (1).
Pallifera dorsalis (Binn.). Pennsboro (1).
Anguispira alternata (Say) . Powhattan Point (1) .
Succmea ovalis Say. West Union (1 juvenile and 2 identifi-
able fragments) .
130 THE NAUTILUS
Helisoma antrosa (Conrad). Pennsboro (7); West Union
(1).
Physa gyririaSsiy. Pennsboro (8).
Physa Integra Hald. West Union (18).
Ferrissia parallela (Hald.) . West Union (2) .
Campeloma rufum (Haldeman). West Union (many) ; em-
bryonic shells of same also secured and examined.
Somato gyrus integer (Say) var. West Union (3).
Amblema costata (Raf.). Middle Island Creek near West
Union (5).
Fusconaia flava (Raf.). Middle Island Creek near West
Union (many) ; animal observed to be reddish.
Pleurobema coccineum (Conrad) . Middle Island Creek near
West Union (1).
Elliptio dilitatus (Raf.). Middle Island Creek near West
Union (1).
Strophitus rugosus (Swainson). Middle Island Creek near
West Union (6) ; salmon-colored nacre in umbones.
Anodonta grandis (Say). Middle Island Creek near West
Union (i).
Lasmigona costata (Raf.). Middle Island Creek near West
Union (2).
Obovaria subrotunda (Raf.) , Middle Island Creek near West
Union (11).
Eurynm iris (Lea). Middle Island Creek near West Union
(1).
Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes). Middle Island Creek near
West Union (many). More males than females. Two old
specimens resemble Actinonakts carinata (Barnes) .
Lampsilis ventricosa (Barnes). Middle Island Creek near
West Union (many).
Sphaerivm striatinum (Lam.). Middle Island Creek near
West Union (very many). The most abundant species
found.
THE NAUTILUS 181
NOTES ON WEST INDIAN VEUONK ELLIDAE
BY n. BURRINGTON BAKER
VcroniccUa (Tcnacipes) tenax, from western Cuba, is de-
scribed as a new section and species on account of its aberrant
anatomy. The penis of Vaginulus (Sarasinula) plebeius,
from Trinidad, B. W. I., is described and figured. Brief out-
lines of the Old World genera I))icyi)iia and Filicaulis are also
included.
Veronicella (Tenacipes) tenax, new section and species.
Plate 8, figs. 3-5.
This slug was obtained by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry during the
summer of 1928, from cliffs on the north side of Cueva de
Tiburon, Ensenada de San Vicente, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (type
locality") and also from similar rock-faces in the mogotes
near Viiiales, Pinar del Rio. According to his field notes, it
lived on the exposed, vertical faces of the cliffs, to which it
clung so tenaciously that, without use of a knife, he was un-
able to dislodge animals that had braced themselves. He
noticed that the living slug appeared softer, was far larger
(6 inches in length) and secreted a more glutinous mucus
than V. floridana. Besides, the latter w^as a more secretive
animal, that was usually found, at least during the day, under
rocks and boards, especially in the vicinity of cultural
conditions.
The following description is made from specimens pre-
served in alcohol ; the anatomy has many features in common
with that of V. floridana (Leidy) and only divergent details
will be noted.
Notum : relatively broad and low; dorsum slightly arched ;
hyponotum and sole forming a plane surface; back velvety or
with small papillae, drab in color, with minute i)oints and
small spots of whitish, sometimes blotched (especially in
young specimens), with large and irregular patches of black
pigment, but without longitudinal bands; hyponotum broad,
somewhat lighter and uniform in color. Sole: considerably
shorter than notum and completely surrounded by hypo-
132 THE NAUTILUS
notum; relatively narrow, with sides almost parallel; trun-
cate anteriad and rounded posteriad ; crossed by numerous,
fine, transverse grooves ; greenish drab. Head and tentacles :
deep bluish black. Anus: conspicuous, as in Lcidyula.
Hermaphroditic duct: as in genus, coarsely convoluted,
constricted where it passes into tubular carrefour (called
spermoviduct in my 1925 paper) ; talon only represented by
swollen apical loop of carrefour. Uterus: slightly swollen
apically into a thick-walled sac, which receives slender ovi-
ducal connecting duct from carrefour and duct of albumen
gland; principal loop coiled into a dextral spiral with saccu-
late apical and more slender basal limbs juxtaposed. Sperma-
theca (fig. 3) : sac flattened subspherical, large; stalk medium
in length, contractile, not extensively looped or spirally
wound. Vagina : short, unswollen, entirely sheathed in body
wall; without accessory bursa. Vas deferens: first free
region quite stout; second more coarsely convoluted, enter-
ing base of verge. Canalis junctor : medium in length, stouter
than continuation of vas deferens, joining spermatheca near
base of stalk. Penis (figs. 4, 5) : relatively very small. Verge :
stout cylindrical; chalky-white glans mammilliform, with
crescentic orifice on its right dorsal surface ; spiral ridges
very prominent, left one looped around at about two-fifths
length of verge from base; anterior three-fifths with acces-
sory, longitudinal ridges. Vergic retractor: short and stout;
lateral margins curled ventrad near insertion around base of
verge, so as to form a sheath through which vas deferens
enters ; origin from body wall about 7 mm. (one-half distance
between heart and mid-ventral line) in front of and mesiad
to pericardium. Dart retractors: two; origins laterad and
mesiad to that of vergic retractor; branching distally to in-
sert on short basal sheath of dart tubules. Dart-papilla:
short, abrui)tly acuminate. Dart-glaiul tubules : very numer-
ous (98 counted in type; 94 in a paralype) ; outer third of
them (33 and 37) long (slightly over half length of notum) :
inner two-thirds (G5 and 57) only about one-third as long
(one-sixth to one-seventh length of notum) ; inner and
THE NAUTILUS 188
shorter ones swollen at tips and sometimes bifucate or even
trifid.
Pedal nerves: divergent at level of anterior end of peri-
cardium.
*The distance of the female opening from the pedal groove (foot)
is expressed as a precentage of the total width of the hyponotum
with its reciprocal ("Querindex") in parentheses.
Veronicella tenax is evidently quite closely related to the
section Leidyida H. B. B. (1925, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia 77: 158), but completely lacks the accessory vaginal
bursa of that group. Also, its verge develops much stronger,
spiral ridges and its dart-papilla possesses about 4 times as
many tubules, which are peculiarly differentiated into a long
outer and a short inner series. Although this new species
agrees with V eronicella s. s. in the absence of the accessory
bursa, its spirally ridged, small verge and relatively short,
stout spermathecal stalk are more similar to these structures
in Leidyula. In the peculiar truncation of its verge, caused
by the transverse loop of the principal (left) spiral ridge, V.
tenax also distinctly resembles the typical group of Angiist-
ipes. As it differs from these other groups by such important
characters, it is made the type of a new section, Tcnacipes.
In a recent paper (1928, Naut. 42: 46), I doubtingly sug-
gested that "If 'Bclocaulus shanei' does completely lack the
vaginal pouch, it would be a species that I have never seen,
while, at the same time, I would be compelled to believe that
Dr. Hoffmann, in turn, had never examined an adult speci-
men of V. floridana." Dr. Pilsbry's discovery of a new Cuban
species, obviously related to Leidyula, but without the acce.s-
sory vaginal bursa, now forces me to admit that the first
proposition, at least, seems (luite probable; V. tenax does
134 THE NAUTILUS
agree with Hoffmann's "Belocaiihus sloanei" (1925, Jena.
Zeitschr, 61 : 249) in these particulars, and also in the absence
of black notal bands. As the name "sloanei" is untenable,
further comparison seems unnecessary.
In passing, attention is called to a new synonym of Leidy-
ula: CylindrocauHdes Strand (1928, Arch. Naturg. Abt. A.
92 [8] : 69) , type Vaginida moreleti C. et F. Strand appar-
ently launched this substitute for Cylindrocaidus Hoffmann
with the haphazard hope that he might appear as an "author-
ity" on a subject about which he evidently knew nothing.
Vaginulus (Sarasinula) plebeius (Fischer). Plate 8,
figs. 1 and 2.
Vs. plebeius Fischer (1868, Jour, de Conch. 16: 145),
Noumea, New Caledonia. Sarasinula plebeja G. & H.
(1925, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. 124: 25, fig. 10); G. & H.
(1925a, Nova Caledonia, Zool. 3 (3) : 357, figs. 2-9; pi. 6,
figs. 1-3) ; Hffm. (1925: 251, pi. 6, figs. 45 i, 2).
Va. dubia Smpr. (1885, Reis. Arch. Phil. 2 (3) : 296, pi. 26,
fig. 12), St. Thomas; Vs. dubius H. B. B. (1925: 179, pi. 6,
fig. 27), Antigua.
At the time of my 1925 paper, I had not examined Grimpe
and Hoffmann's (1925a) more detailed account of the anat-
omy of "S. plebeja". Recently, Dr. T. D. A. Cockerell has
kindly sent me for examination some specimens collected by
him at Bourail, New Caledonia. In addition, Mr. W. E.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE 8
All fij^uros are made with aid of camera lucida. UppeiTnost scale is
for fig:. 1 and represents one millimeter; lowest is for fig's. 3 and 5 and
indicates a lenprth of five millimeters.
Fiff. 1. V<tf/i)ii(li(s (Scu-asiviihi) i>lebciiis (Trinidad, B. W. I.). Penis
and accessories after removal of outer wall of vergic and dart
sacs. Verjre and dart-papilla are viewed from their right sides.
Fig. 2. V. pU'hi'hiti. Tip of verge, dorsal view.
Fig. .3. VcrnniceUn {Tc)i(iri]>cn) toiax (tyiie, Pinar del Rio, Cuba).
Terminations of female genitalia, dorsal view. Horizontal
line represents cleft where organs enter body wall.
Fig. 4. V. tennx. Verge and its retractor, turned back and viewed
from ventral side.
Fig. n. V. toKtx. Penis and accessories after dissection, dorsal view.
Outline of peiiial wall shown by dotted lines.
THE NAUTILUS. XL.IV
PLATE 8
H. H. Baker: West Indian Veronictllitlae
THE NAUTILUS 185
Broadway has contributed a series from Trinidad, British
West Indies. A careful comparison of tiiese two lots with the
specimens from Antipua shows no significant differences,
just as Grimpe iuul Iloirmann have previously decided. How-
ever, the necessity for a trans-Pacific land-bridge to explain
this wide distribution seems very dubious; more probably,
Varfiuidus pUbcii/s is an American species, which has been
accidentally introduced into the Pacific and Mascarene
Islands during recent times.
Also, the verge (fig. 1) in both the New Caledonian and
Trinidad specimens shows the characters which I believed
distinctive of (Jubius from Antigua. Its shaft is compressed
dorsoventrally and is concave on the dorsal side so that its
lateral margins, from this view, appear thickened, although
actually they are compressed into weak wings, which become
almost obsolete on the sides of the rounded head. On either
side of the dorsally-directed apex, these wing-like ridges
again ai)pear as the outer supports of a prominent lip, which
usually hides the external orifice. As viewed in profile, this
lip looks like a papilla, but in dorsal (fig. 2) or ventral view,
is seen to be a broad, weakly emarginate flap. The single
dart-papilla retractor expands posteriad to cover that of the
verge; the combined origins are very broad and are re-
divided into a number of radial bands.
Dimensions
New Caledonia,
Largest 38 17(18) 97(37) 10(1) ,58(22) 47(2.2)
Trinidad,
Figures (largest) 29 60(17.5) i)3(27) 14(4) 59(17) 43(2.3)
Next largest slug 26.5 60(16) 94(25) 17(4.5) 57(15) 50(2)
As Angiistipes is used here as a subgenus of Vaginulus,
with Angustipes s. s. and Sarasinula as sections, a more com-
plete explanation of my position in regard to the prior name,
Imerinia, seems to be in order. Unfortunately, I have been
unable to examine the African species, but Simroth (1913,
Voeltzkow. Reis. O.stafrika 3(8): 120-216. pis. 1,3-17) has
described and figured the detailed anatomy of many of them.
136 THE NAUTILUS
All of the species which he included in his Armatae (p. 203)
have a double spermatheca quite unlike that in Angustipes.
Largely on this basis, I believe that Angustipes and Imerinia
should be kept in distinct genera; also, the former is an
American group and the latter centers around Madagascar.
For these two groups, the following classification is proposed :
Genus Vaginulus Ferussac.
Subgenus Angustipes Colosi.
Section Angustipes s. s., type Va. cliff icilis Colosi.
syn. Belocaulus Hffm., t. Va. angustipes Heynemann.
Section Sarasinula G. & H., t. Vs. plebeius Fischer.
1. V. (Sarasinula) plebeius (Fischer).
2. V. (S.) linguxieformis (Smpr.).
3. V. (S.) law^entiayius (Colosi).
4. V. (S.) erinaceus (Colosi).
Genus Imerinia Cockerell.
Subgenus Imerinia s. s.
Section Imerinia s. s., t. Va. grandidieri (C. & F.)
syn. Rhopalocaulis Srth., same type.
Section Flagellicaulis Srth., t. Va. gi'ossa Heynemann.
syn. Spirocaulis Srth,, t. Va. lactea Srth.
?Section Desmocaulis Srth., t. Va. subaspera Fischer,
syn. Curticaulis Srth., same type.
Subgenus DrepmiocauUs Srth., t. Va. braueri Srth.
syn. Prisnmtocaulis Srth., t. Va. vocltzkowi Srth.
Key to Groups of Angustipes
A. Verge without S-shaped curve, greatest width usually
below middle of length. Sect. Angustipes Colosi.
AA. Verge (as view laterally) with S-shaped curve; great-
est width usually above middle of length.
Sect. Sarasinula G. & H.
Key to Groups of Imerinia
A. Secondary spermathecal sac joining base of primary one.
B. Primary spermathecal sac not fused with uterus;
verge large and armed. Subg. Imerinia Ckll.
THE NAUTILUS 187
C, Verge with Mattened apical region, which develops
bosses. Sect. Imcrinia s. s.
CC. Vei-ge attenuate apicaliy, armed with slender
papillae. Sect. Fkujcllicaulis Srth.
BB. Primary sac fused with uterus; verge vestigial?
?Sect. DcHmocaulis Srth.
AA. Secondary spermathecal sac mounted on primary one;
verge papillate. Subg. Drepanocaulis Srth.
As may be seen from the above, my use of the genus Imer-
inia, although founded on characters of the spermatheca in-
stead of those of the verge, coincides with Simroth's Armatae,
except for the additional inclusion of his CurticauUs (=Z)c.s--
mocaiilis). According to Hoffmann (1925: 212), Simroth's
(1913: 159, pi. 16, figs. 106-110) account of the anatomy of
/. suba.'ipcra (type of Desmocaulis), may have been founded
on a young specimen of /. grandidieri.
Also, Simroth's Inermes (minus Curticaidia) are con-
tained in what I regard as the genus Filicaulis Srth., which
also includes Ve. bleekeri Keferstein, the type of Vanignla
G. & H. This genus FiUcauUs is divided into two well-
marked subgenera: Eleutherocaulis Srth. (Hoffmann's ex-
panded Meisenheimeria G. & H.) and Filicaulis s. s. (includ-
ing Hoffmann's Vanigula seychellensis and his V. bleekeri).
In an earlier paper (1925, Naut. 39: 18), I followed Pils-
bry's use of Laevicaidis in preference to Eleutherocaulis, but
now realize that Simroth's own use (1913: 202) of the latter
as the ranking term makes Eleutherocaulis the valid name
and Laevicaulis the synonym.
Vaginulus (Latipes) occidentalis occidentalis (Guikl-
ing).
Mr. W. E. Broadway has sent me a series of this form from
Trinidad. British West Indies. The largest specimen sup-
ports Guilding's statement that this species is oviparous;
the uterus is greatly distended by numerous large eggs, each
in a gelatinous capsule. A young specimen, sent me by Dr.
Clench of the Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, and collected
Mar. 7, 1927, by George Salt at Sevilla, Colombia, also ap-
pears to be this subspecies.
138 THE NAUTILUS
SOME TYPE DESIGNATIONS IN HELICES AND
FERUSSACIDAE
BY H. A. PILSBRY
My attention has been called to certain type designations
which affect the nomenclature of several groups ranked as
subgenera of Pleurodonte in my volume on helicid classifica-
tion (Manual of Conchology IX). This volume was written
a long time ago (1894), before the present rules for type
fixation were formulated, and when the best authorities
clung to the fallacious method of arriving at a type by "elim-
ination". Hence changes from this source, as well as from
the finding of forgotten names, are not surprising. I am
indebted to Dr. H. Burrington Baker and Dr. Witmer Stone
for suggestions bearing on the nomenclature considered.
Pleurodonte F. de Waldh., 1808. Type Helix lychnuchus
Miill., designated by Herrmannsen Ind. Gen. Malac. II, p.
297, It will thus pertain to the Section called Caprinns
Montf., 1810, of Man. Conch., vol. 9, p. 90. LucerneUa Swain-
son, 1840, p. 330, mt. L. hippocastaneum, is a synonym.
Carocolla Schumacher, 1817, Essai, pp. 59, 192. Type
here designated C. gvaltieriana {Helix gualtierana L.). The
name becomes a synonym of Ricrus Denys de Montf., 1810.
Dentellaria Schumacher, 1817, Essai, pp. 69, 230, is
virtually monotypic; his first species, D. globularis was not
defined, leaving the type D. sinuata (=Helix siiiuata Miill-
er) . Lucerna Swainson, 1840, tsd. Helix acutissima Lam,,
Herrmannsen, 1 : 628, is a synonym, or at least, based on a
species of the same group.
Leiostoma Swainson, 1840, Malac, p. 328, (Helix jamaic-
ensis here designated type), is a homonym of Leiostoma
Swainson t, c, p. 308, nit. L. bNlhiformis {=Fusus bulbi-
f or mis Lam.) .
Discodoma Swainson, 1840, p. 329. Type here designated
D. alhilahris (=^Carocolla albilabris Lam.). Herrmannsen
(1:394) named Helix himpas Midler as type. This name is
not contained in Swainson's list, therefore it cannot be the
THE NAUTILUS 139
type, although the species D. gigas Swainson has been recog-
nized as identical with H. lainpati, being based on figures
which have been referred to that species.
Theltdomus Swainson, 1840, pp. 191, 192, 194, 330 (not
pp. 228, 353). The only species Swainson mentioned by
name is "T. (Helix) striolata Guild." (p. 330), which was
never described by Guilding, and w^as not defined until 1848,
by being placed in the synonymy of Helix incerta Fer. by
Pfeiffer (Mon. Hel. I, 266) . However, Swainson added after
striolata Guild, "also Fer. Moll. 44, f. 1-4". These figures
represent Helix aspera Fer., which, it appears, will have to
be taken as type of Thelidomus.
Herrmannsen (II: 571-2) restricted Thelidomus to the
neuropterid larva case figured by Swainson, and thought that
the use of that name by Swainson on the pages first cited
above was an error for Thelidonta (which Swainson men-
tions only once, on page 194, without any species or defini-
tion). This opinion of Herrmannsen's may or may not be
correct, being incapable of proof. He cited Helix aspera Fer.
as the type of Thelidonta {^Thelidomus) .
Thelodomus and Thelodonta Herrmannsen and Thelijd-
omus Agassiz are suggested emendations of Swainson's
names.
It may be mentioned here that Hemicycla Swainson, com-
mented on without mention of any species on page 193, is
stated by Swainson in his Errata to equal Polygyra. This
might also be inferred from his remarks. He used Hemicycla
in another sense on page 331, and since a type is named there,
this second use of the name will have precedence, as the date
is the same, 1840. Cyclodoma Swains., p. 193, may be pre-
sumed from his remarks to be Daedalochila or Triodopsis, at
least mainly. He mentioned no species or type, and aban-
doned the name later.
The practical effect of these type fixations will be as
follows :
Pleurodonte s. str. will stand for the group I called
Caprinus in Man. Conch. IX, p. 90.
140 THE NAUTILUS
Dentellaria will replace Pleurodonte (Man. Conch. IX, p.
87) as a subgeneric name for the Jamaican group.
Thelidomus will replace Dendrocochlis Pils. for the Ja-
maican group of Helix aspera and H. cognata Fer.
Granodomus, type Helix lima Fer., is a new subgenus for
the Porto Rican and Virgin Island species formerly placed
in Thelidomus; for definition see Man. Conch. IX, p. 96, under
Thelidomus.
The other cases are believed to affect synonymic references
only.
The type of Macrospira Swainson (1840, Malacology, p.
171, 335) . Dr. H. Burrington Baker has called my attention to
the fact that no type has been selected for this group. Swain-
son attributed the name to Guilding, but it was never de-
scribed by that author. Two species were included, thus:
"M. octona {Helix ocfona Auct.) aperta Guild (fig. 97, e, f) ."
Helix octona Gmelin, which seems to be what Swainson in-
tended, has as first reference Miiller's Buccinum acicula. As
a var. B he gave a reference to Chemnitz's figure of
Subulina octona. Swainson evidently intended the first, and
M. octona {=^Cecilioides acicula Miill.) is here named as type
of Macrospira. M. aperta Guilding has been defined only by
Swainson's poor figures ; in the absence of dimensions or lo-
cality I have considered these figures to be insufficiently diag-
nostic of the well-known C. (juudlachi (Pfr.), although E. A.
Smith in 1895 found specimens labelled M. aperta from
Guilding in the British Museum, which are identical with C.
gundlachi.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
Cephalopods of the Genus Aturta from Western
North America. By Hubert G. Schenck. (Univ. Calif.
Pub. Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., vol. 19. pp. 435-490, pis. GG-78.
1931.) A most interesting account of this group of Nautiloid
shells. Some 38 species and varieties of the cosmopolitan
genus have been named from foi-niations ranging from the
THE NAUTILUS 141
Cretaceous to lower Pliocene. On the Pacific Coast they are
found from the Cretaceous to middle Miocene. The author
does not think that Hercoglossa forms a transition from
Nautilus proper to Aturia, as anatomical evidence shows that
Nautilus is a very primitive form. Chemical and optical
tests shows that the outer porcelaneous layer of both Nautilus
and Aturia is of calcite. whereas the septa are all aragonite.
One new species and two new subspecies are described and
figured. — C. W. Johnson.
An Apparently Extinct Euglandina from Texas. By
T. D. A. Cockerell. (Proc. Colorado Museum of Nat. Hist.
Tx., No. 5. Dec. 16, 1930.) Euglandiyia c.re.s-o, new species,
was taken from a cinnabar mine about 90 miles north of
Alpine, Texas. [The cinnabar mines are south, not north,
of Alpine.] The shell was found in an old-filled limestone
crevice deposit about 350 feet below the surface. It has
some resemblance to E. rosea yarallela and the Mexican E.
coulteri (Pfr.) and measures about 71 mm. long, 24.5 mm.
wide.
New Species of Partula. By C. Montague Cooke, Jr.,
and Henry E. Crampton. (Bernice P. Bishop Museum Oc-
casional Papers, vol. 9, No. 11, Dec, 1930.) Partula cytherea,
Tahiti, P. lanceolata Mango I., Fiji, P. fhurstorii Ofn I.,
Samoa, and P. montana, Upolu, Samoa, are described and
figured. P. lanceolata is important as the third species known
from the Fiji group. It is related to P. lirata Mouss. P.
nematoraphe Pils., the habitat hitherto unknown, was col-
lected on Moala Island, Fiji, by E. H. Bryan, Jr. The two
Samoan species are interesting additions to the group con-
taining P. stevensoniana. — H. A. P.
Land Shells from Lubang Island, Philippines. By
William J. Clench and Allan F. Archer. (Occas. Pap. Boston
Soc. N. H., vol. 5, 1931.) Helicostyla cincinniformis subsp.
lubanensis, ultima and demesana, Leptopoma kejony, Cyclo-
phorus reevei luhanicus, Helicina ignava and H. ignava tab-
laseyisis are described as new.
142 THE NAUTILUS
A New Mollusk of the Genus Pupoides from Southern
Utah. By Ralph V. Chamberlain and Elmer Berry. (Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washington 44: 7, Feb. 21. 1931.) Pupoides
cuplcura, from the Henry Mountains, also found at Cannon-
ville, Utah, does not appear to differ in any way from P.
hordacciis (Gabb). The authors were probably misled by
Binney's figure, which represents (or misrepresents) a
species of Gastrocopfa, not Gabb's species. — H. A. P.
Studies of African Land and Freshwater Mollusks :
I, On some African species of Bulinus. By Joseph Bequaert
and W. J. Clench. (Occas. Pap. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. 5,
1931.) Eighteen species are discussed, twelve figured. As
some of these snails are hosts of trematodes, their proper
discrimination is important in medical science as well as in
zoology
A Bibliography of the Recent Mollusca of Maine —
1605-1930. By Norman W. Lermond and Arthur H. Norton.
(Maine Naturalist, vol. 10, pp. 49-73, 1930.) This covers the
first part of a very comprehensive and useful bibliography of
the publications pertaining to the Mollusca of the State.
The Land Snail Genus Haplotrema. By H. Burrington
Baker. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 82, pp. 405-425,
1930.) The constant changes in nomenclature keeps one
guessing, with some fifteen different generic and sub-
generic names applied to the old "Circinaria". It has been a
long race, we hope for the end, now that the anatomy has
been so thoroughly worked out. With only one species, H.
concavnm (Say), in New England, I naturally turned to see
how it had fared in this section. Not a single record for the
typical form (17 mm.) and only one ("Maine") for the var.
minuH Ancey. Specimens before me from Bethel. Me., St.
Johnsbury, Manchester and Bolten Mt., Vt., all measure 14
mm., while those from Jackson, N. PL. are 12 mm. in diam-
eter. The.se should no doubt all be considered uihius, although
the type of that variety is only 11 mm. diameter — C. W.
Johnson.
THE NAUTILUS 148
NOTES AND NEWS
Dr. C. Montague Cooke. Jr.. ha.s been appointed a Trustee
of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Dr. Cooke has served on
the staff of the Museum as Malacologist since 1902.
A New Name in Potamopyrgus. — Aroapyrmi.s is substi-
tuted for Aroa H. B. B. [1930, Oc. Papers Mus. Univ. Mich.
210: 35; not Walker 1855, List Lep. Brit. Mus. 4: 791]
which was proposed as a subgenus of Potamopip-f/us, with
tod. P. ernesti vivens H. B. B. (1930: 33) from Bo(iuer6n,
Venezuela. The shell of Aroapygrus is without spines and
its penis lacks papillae. — H. Burrington Baker.
Lymnaea (Radix) auricularia L. in Idaho. — I have just
received from Professor Harold M. Tucker, of the College of
Idaho, at Caldwell, a single fresh, unweathered shell of this
species, which was found by him about September 1, 1930, in
the Snake River at Homedale, Idaho. How it arrived there
is not yet explained, but it seems to add another state to those
into which the species has been introduced. — Junius Hen-
derson, University of Colorado.
The Type of Sulcastrum. — Dr. Sterki did not explicitly
name a type in his proposition of this group (Nautilus 43:
93). Sphaeiium sulcatum. (Lam.) is here designated the
genotype. — H. A. Pilsbry.
Polygyra espiloca ("Rav." Bid.) at Beaufort, N. C. —
Three specimens were found in January, 1931, on the N.E.
outskirts of the town, about 100 yards from shore of bay, at
edge of dense thicket of holly (Ilex vomitoria) . This spot is
rather damp and shady. Specimens were found under dead
leaves and grass. This find extends the range of P. espiloca,
not known before from north of Wilmington, N. C, I believe.
— W. E. Burnett.
I am sorry to inform you that on February 12th, at 11.20
a. m., a fire broke out within the roof of the building of the
Geological Institute of the Kyoto Imperial University.
Rapidly spreading, it destroyed all the roofs and the ceilings,
together with some rooms. The fire is attributed to the leak-
144 THE NAUTILUS
age of an electric circuit. Mr. T. Kuroda, the representative
officer of the Malacological Society of Japan, lost his private
specimens of rare shells, including many of new species which
were not yet described. The Institute removed temporarily
to the Zoological Institute which stands adjacent to the
former. The February Number (vol. 2, No. 4) of the
"Venus" was already in press, and will be issued as usual. —
IWAO Taki, Zool. Institute.
We hear of this loss to science and to our friend Kuroda
with deep regret. — H. A. P. and C. W. J.
A UNION OF AMERICAN CONCHOLOGISTS
There seems to be a general feeling that the organization
of a union or society of American shell collectors and work-
ers on mollusks is needed to stimulate the study of our fauna.
Mr. N. W. Lermond, who during his winter sojourn in
Florida has corresponded extensively with conchologists as
Secretary pro tem. for the proposed organization, has printed
a list of 168 who have signified their intention to become
members. No doubt there are others who will join. Names
should be sent to Mr. Lermond or the Editors of this journal.
It is proposed to hold the first meeting at the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia on Thursday, Friday and
Saturday, April 30, May 1 and 2, the first session at 2.00
P. M. April 30. All interested in shells are urged to attend.
Besides papers or talks by leading malacologists already
arranged, there will be opportunity for communications and
discussions on any phase of shell study and collecting. Facili-
ties will be given for exhibits, which it is hoped will be
numerous. Bring along anything interesting you have
collected.
It is proposed to make the Robert Morris Hotel, 17th and
Arch Sts., the hotel headquarters. It is near railway ter-
minals and Academy.
Those expecting to attend should notify Dr. Pilsbry,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Logan Square, as soon as
possible.
$2.00 per Year ($2.10 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts. a copy
T H F
NAUTILUS
A QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS . ' yCV
EDITORS AND publishers: \C^^
H. A. PiLSBBV, Curator of the Department of MoUusca, ■-■ —
Academy of Natural Sciences, Pliilailelphia.
C. W. JoHNgoif, Curator of Iniecta and Mollusca, Boston Society of Natural History .
Vol. XLIV. JULY, 1930 No. 1
CONTENTS
The Variations of Aporrhais Occidentalis Beck.
By Charles W. Johnson 1
Desert Helicoids of the Micrarionta Hutsoni Group. By G. Willett 4
Two Seven-valved Chitons from Mendocino, California.
By E. P. and E. M. Chace 7
Newfoundland a Promising Conchological Field.
By Junius Htnderson 9
A New Humboldtiana from Texas.
By W. J. Clench and H. A. Rehder 10
Additional Notes on the Colony of Helix Nemoralis at Marion, Mass.
By W. J. Clench 13
West Indian Mollusks. No. 1:— Two New Varieties of Urocoptis
Livid* Torre. By Carlos de la Torre and William J. Clench lf>
Notes on the Land Shells of Rio, Kentucky. By A. F. Archer 16
Rediscovery of Polygyra Roperi Piisbry.
By G D. Hanna and J. L. Nicholson 17
I^ampsilis Ventricosus Cohongoronta in the Potomac River.
By William R. Marshall 19
The Variation of Molluscan Life during Pleistocene and Recent Time.
By Frank C. Baker 21
Shell Collecting on the West Mexican Coast, IL By H. N. Loive 24
The Boston Malacological Club 27
Notes and News 30
Publicationa Received S3
C. W. JOHNSON. Busineia Manager.
Boston Society of Natural History,
234 Berkeley Street,
Boston, Mass.
Entered as Second-Class matter at the Boston Post-Office.
ii THE NAUTILUS
Wanted to PurcHase
Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature,
with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of
duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of
value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand
species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.
WALTER F. IVEBB.
202 "Weatminster Road, R0CHE:STE:R, N. Y.
EXCHANGE NOTICES
Wanted: Lire snails of the following genera: Melania, Paludomus,
lo, Angitrema, Goniobasis, Vivipara, Tulotoma, Campeloma, Ampullaria,
and Cochlostyla. Jno. B. LITSEY, P. 0 Box 592, Dallas, Texas.
For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) in-
cluding three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphi-
dromua, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphrobaphe and Placo-
stylus. Send your list to
Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter Bl'd, Detroit, Mich.
Wanted : Conch. Exchange, Vol. I, No. 2, Vol. II, all except Nos.
7 and 9. The Nautilus. Vol. III. Nos. 10 and 12. J. R. leB. Tomlin.
23 Boscobel Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea, England.
For Exchange: Land and Marine Shells, local and foreign.
S. C. Field, 1264 Redondo Ave., Los Angeles, Calif.
For Exchange : Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States
and others, for Shells not in my collection. Send list.
Morris E. Caruthers, 120 E. Chestnut St., Glendale, Calif.
Wanted : Melanidae, Physidse and Planorbida; of the world. Will
exchange local or foreign material for same. William J. Clench.
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.
Wanted : Planorbis of the Helisoma group especially from Florida,
Louisiana and other Southern States. Material will be either paid for
or received in exchange. F. C. Baker, Natural History Museum, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Wantbd : Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Espe-
21, 22, 23 and 24. Address
The Nautilus, 234 Berkeley, St., Boston, Mass.
THE NAUTILUS iii
SoutH African SHells
We have just purchased a collection of South African
Shells, mostly marine gastropods, includinj? such rarities as
Voluta africana and Voluta ponsonbyi. Let us send you cir-
cular N-328, which gives a complete list of the specimens
with prices.
WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.
P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y.
The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science
of the University of Rochester.
A General Index to The Nautilus
This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by
Wm. H. Dall Its publication has been made possible through Drg.
Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains
over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to
THE NAUTILUS
234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass.
Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin
By FRANK COLLINS BAKER,
University of Illinois
Part I. Gastropoda, 507 pp., 28 pi., 202 fig.
Part II. Pelecypoda. 495 pp., 77 pi., 96 fig.
Morphology, ecology, and general distribution of the
various species are emphasized.
Postpaid, $6.00 for the two parts. Address,
WISCONSIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
Biology Building, MADISON, WISCONSIN.
iv THE NAUTILUS
THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY
The volume now in progress completes the monograph
of the Pupillidae.
Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.
Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00.
DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA,
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World
Business established in 1861
Our Catalogues are indispensable to collectors for reference and as
check lists. CATALOGUE OF PELYCYPODA AND BRACHIOPODA.
Price 75c. MARINE AND FRESHWATER GASTROPODA, $1.00.
LAND SHELLS (Operculate and Inoperculate), $1.00.
Specimens Identified. Exchange Invited
HUGH C. FULTON
(Late SO WERE Y & FULTON)
27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England
Attractive Specimens
CEPHALOPODS, GASTEROPODS. PELECYPODS.
BRACHIOPODS. ECHINODERMS,
COELENTERATES
Approval Orders Solicited
J NO. B. LITSEY,
p. O. Box S92 DALLAS, TEXAS
$2.00 per Year ($2.10 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts. a copy
THK
NAUTILUS
A QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :
H. A. PIL8BRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philacielpliia.
C. W. Johnson, Curator of Insecta and Mollusca, Boston Society of Natural History.
Vol. XLIV. OCTOBER, 1930 No. 2
CONTENTS
Pleistocene and Recent Mollusks. By B. Shimek . . . .37
Former and Present Terms Used in Describing Fresh-Water Mussels
By Williavi B. Marshall 41
A New Land Shell from San Benito County, California.
By Herb«rt N. Lowe 42
Mollusks Collected in Bass Island Region, Lake Erie.
By Elbert H. Ahlstrom 44
The Status of Paphia Tenerrima Alta Waterfall. By Don L. Frizzell 48
Variation in the Sculpture of Acila Castrensis. By Don L. Frizzell 50
A Study of the Variations in the Radula of a Snail with Particular
Reference to the Size of the Median Teeth By Sam W. Howe 53
New Californian Snails. By H. A. Pilsbry 66
Notes and News 68
Publications Received 72
C. W. JOHNSON, Busineis Manager,
Boston Society of Natural History,
234 Berkeley Street,
Boston, Mass.
Entored aa Second-Class matter at the Boston Post-Office.
THE NAUTILUS
Wanted to PurcHase
Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature,
with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of
duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of
value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand
species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.
-WALTER F. 'WE:BB,
202 'Westminster Road. ROCHBSTBR, N. Y.
EXCHANGE NOTICES
Wanted: Lire snails of the following genera: Melania, Paludomus,
Id, Angitrema, Goniobasis, Vivipara, Tulotoma, Campeloma, Ampullaria,
and Cochlostyla. Jno. B. LITSEY, P. 0 Box 592, Dallas, Texas.
For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) in-
cluding three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphi-
dromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphrobaphe and Placo-
stylus. Send your list to
Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter Bl'd, Detroit, Mich.
Wanted : Conch. Exchange, Vol. I, No. 2, Vol. II, all except Nob.
7 and 9. The Nautilus, Vol. III. Nos. 10 and 12. J. R. leB. Tomlin,
23 Boscobel Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea, England.
For Exchange: Land and Marine Shells, local and foreign.
S. C. Field, 1264 Redondo Ave., Los Angeles, Calif.
For Exchange : Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States
and others, for Shells not in my collection. Send list.
Morris E. Caruthers, 120 E. Chestnut St., Glendale, Calif.
Wanted : Melanidae, Physidae and Planorbidae of the world. Will
exchange local or foreign material for same. William J. Clench,
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.
Wanted : Planorbis of the Helisoma group especially from Florida,
Louisiana and other Southern States. Material will be either paid for
or received in exchange. F. C. Baker, Natural History Museum, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Wanthd: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Espe-
cially Voli. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address
The Nautilus. 234 Berkeley, St., Boston, MasB.
THE NAUTILUS iii
SoutH African SKells
We have just purchased a collection of South African
Shells, mostly marine j^astropods, including such rarities as
Voluta africana and Voluta ponsonbyi. Let us send you cir-
cular N-328, which gives a complete Ust of the specimens
with prices.
WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.
p. O. Box 24, BEECHVVOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y.
The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science
of the University of Rochester.
A General Index to The Nautilus
This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by
Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs.
Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains
over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to
THE NAUTILUS
234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass.
Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin
By FRANK COLLINS BAKER,
University of Illinois
Part I. Gastropoda, 507 pp., 28 pi., 202 fig.
Part II. Pelecypoda, 495 pp., 77 pi., 96 fig.
Morphology, ecology, and general distribution of the
various species are emphasized.
Postpaid, $6.00 for the two parts. Address,
WISCONSIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
Biology Building, MADISON, WISCONSIN.
iv THE NAUTILUS
THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY
The volume now in progress completes the monograph
of the Pupillidae.
Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.
Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00.
DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA,
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World
Business established in 1861
Our Catalogues are indispensable to collectors for reference and as
check lists. CATALOGUE OF PELYCYPODA AND BRACHIOPODA.
Price 75c. MARINE AND FRESHWATER GASTROPODA, $L00.
LAND SHELLS (Operculate and Inoperculate), $1.00.
Specimens Identified. Exchange Invited
HUGH C. FULTON
(Late SOWERBY & FULTON)
27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England
Attractive Specimens
CEPHALOPODS, GASTEROPODS, PELECYPODS,
BRACHIOPODS. ECHINODERMS,
COELENTERATES
Approval Orders Solicited
JNO. B. LITSEY,
p. O. Box 592 DALLAS, TEXAS
$2.00 pflr Year
($2.10 to Foreign Countries.)
50 cts. a copjf
THE
NAUTILUS
a quarterly
devotp:d to the interests
of conchologists
KDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :
M. A I'li.siiKV, Curator of t'.ie Department of MolliiKr^,
Aoarlciiiy of Natural Sniencos, Philadelphia.
C W. .Ii>nN«i>;«, (^iratoriif InBOCta an<l Molliisoii, Roston Society of Satural Hiitory
Vol. XLIV.
JANUARY, 1931
CONTENTS
No. 3
The Genus Oreohelix in Califocnia. By S. Stillman Herry . . 73
A New Lymnaeid from Idaho. By Junius Henderson ... 75
Variation in Carinifex Newberryi (Lea) and Lymnaea Utahensis
'Coll). By Junius Henderson ....... 77
Cannptoceras (Culmenella) I'rashadi Nom. Nov.
By W-tlliam J. Clench 80
Land Shells Collected by Mr. H. N. Lowe in Western Mexico.
By H. A. FiUbry, with notes by H. N. Lowe 81
Centra! American f'achychiluB and Polymesoda. By H. A. Pilsbry 84
Note.s on the Occurrence of Micrarionta Kelletti (Forbes) on the
Californian Mainland near San Pedro. By Stanley C. P^ield 86
Ked Cedar River Collections (Iowa). By fMvid T. Jones 87
A Pleistocene Molluacan Fauna from near Goleta, California.
By /. S. Oldroyd and U. S. Grant IV 91
Jo.ieph Swift Emerson ......... 94
John Brazier ............ 95
Bernard Barham Woodward 97
James Henry Emerton 97
Notes and News 98
Publications Received 102
C. W. JOHNSON, Business Manager,
Boston Society of Natural History,
234 Berkeley Street.
Boston, Mass.
Entered as Second-Class matter at the Boston Poit-Oftice.
THE NAUTILUS
Wanted to PurcHase
Private Collections of Recent Molluaca, that are of a scientific nature.
with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of
duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of
value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand
specie*, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.
VkTALT^R F. AVE:BB.
202 'Westminster Road, R0CHE:STE:R, N. Y.
EXCHANGE NOTICES
For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails {Liguus) in-
cluding three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphi-
dromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicug, Porphrobaphe and Placo-
stylus. Send your list to
Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter P.l'd, Di-troit. Mich.
Wanted: Conch. Exchange, Vol. I, No. 2, Vol. II, all except Nos.
7 and 9. The Nautilus, Vol. III. Nos. 10 and 12. J. R. leB. Tomlin,
23 Boscobel Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea, England.
For Exchange: Land and Marine Shells, local and foreign.
S. C. Field. 1264 Redondo Ave., Los Angeles, Calif.
For Exchange : Shells of the Pacific Coast of the Unitt^d States
and others, for Shells not in my collection. Send list.
Morris E. Caruthers, 120 E. Chestnut St., Glendale. Calif.
Wanted : Melanida', Physidse and Planorbidae of the world. Will
exchange local or foreign material for same. William J. Clench,
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.
Wanted: F'lanorbis of the Helisoma group especially from P'lorida,
Louisiana and other Southern States. Material will be either paid for
or received in exchange. F. C. Baker, Natural History Museum, llni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Wanted: Hack Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Espe-
cially VoIb. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address
The Nautilus, 234 Berkeley, St., Boston, Mass.
For Exchange : European and Foreign Shells ( recent and tertiary)
for species new to me. Please $end full litt of iluplical4s when writing.
J. D. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheima Marne, France.
THE NAUTH-n3 m
SoutK African SKells
We have just purchased a collection of South African
Shells, mostly marine gastropods, inclurlinp: such rarities as
Voluta africana and Voluta ponsonbyi. Let us send you cir-
cular N 328, which pives a complete list of the specimens
with prices.
WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.
P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER. N. Y.
The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science
of the University of Rochester.
A General Index to The Nautilus
This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by
Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs.
Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volume«», and contains
over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to
THE NAUTILUS
234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass.
Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin
By FRANK COLLINS BAKER,
University of Illinois
Part I. Gastropoda, 507 pp., 28 pi., 202 fip.
Part II. Pelecypoda, 495 pp., 77 pi., 9(> ftp:.
Morphology, ecology, and general distribution of the
various species are emphasized.
Postpaid, $6.00 for the two parts. Address,
WISCONSIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
Biology Building, MADISON, WISCONSIN.
iv THE NAUTILUS
THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY
The volume now in progress completes the monograph
of the Pupillidae.
Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.
' Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00.
DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA,
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
PHILADELPHIA. PA.
The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World
Business estalblishecl in 1861
Our Catalogues are indispensable to collectors for reference and as
check lists. CATALOGUE OF PELYCYPODA AND BRACHIOPODA.
Price 7.5c. MARINE AND FRESHWATER GASTROPODA. $1.00.
LAND SHELLS (Operculate and Inoperculate). $1.00.
Specimens Identified. Exchange Invited
HUGH C. FULTON
(Late SOWERBY & FULTON)
27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England
Attractive Specimens
CEPHALOPODS, GASTEROPODS. PELECYPODS,
BRACHIOPODS. ECHINODERMS.
COELENTERATES
Approval Orders Solicited
JNO. B. LITSEY,
p. O. Box 592 DALLAS, TEXAS
t^i,^ c ^i^r<_
(2.00 p«r Yiar ($2.10 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts. i copy
THE
NAUTILUS
A QUARTERLY \:.
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:
H A. T'lf.sBRY. Curator of tl\e Department of Molluina,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
G. W. JoRVSOif, Curator of Iniecta and MoUusca, Boston Society of Natural History.
Vol. XLIV. APRIL, 1931 No. 4
CONTENTS
The Problem of the Molluscs of Bear Lake and Utah Lake, Idaho-
Utah. By Junius Henderson ....... 109
Mollusca of Lamb's Canyon, Utah. By Elmer G. Berry . . 113
Observation?* on Reproduction in the Snail Goniobaaia.
By Dorothea. Doted Jewell 115
Description of a New Variety of Valvata Lewisi Currier.
By Frank Collins Baker 119
A New Sub.<<pecie.a of Polyjryra from Idaho.
By H. A. Pilsbry and Junius Henderson 121
A New Californiati Race of Monadenia. By S. Stillman Berry 122
Two New Helicoids from the Mohave Desert, California.
By G. Willett 12.3
Lima Inflata and Its Nest. By Charleit W. Johnson . . . 126
Mollusks Collected in Northern West Virprinia. By F. R. Wilson 127
Notes on West Indian Veronicellidae. By H. Burrington Baktr 131
Some Type Designations in Helices and Ferussacidae.
By H. A. Pilsbry 138
Publications Received 140
Notes and News 143
A Union of American Conchologists 144
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