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THE

NAUTILUS

om-1

A QUAKTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. 53

JULY, 1939 to APRIL, 1940

EDITORS AND PUnLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of MoUusks and Marine Invertebrates,

Academy of Natural Sciences

H. BURRINGTON BAKER

Professor of Zoolo)?y, University of Pennsylvania

Pbiladeu-hia, Pa.

THE SCIBNCE TUKSS 1-UINTTNQ COMPANT

LANCASTEK, I'ENNSYLVAN lA

CONTENTS

Names of new genera and species in italics

Acanthochitona halesae Pilsbry pi. 12

Actaeon candens Rehder 21

Adrana notabilis Rehder 16

Adrana scaphoides Rehder 17

Aestivation 55, 134, 137, 138, 144

Alaska 61, 131

Alvania Risso, type A. f reminvillea Risso 29

Alvania (Willettia) keenae Gordon 31

American Malaeological Union 36, 68, 141

Amnieola aldrichi aldriehi Call & B 118

Amnicola aldrichi antroecetes Hubricht 120

Amnieola aldrichi insolita Hubricht 119

Amnicola proserpina Hubricht 121

Anachis chariessa McGinty 83

Anachis floridana Rehder 20

Anodontites, aestivation 55, 138

Asia 67

Aspella elizahethae McGinty pi. 10

Atlantic marines 1, 7, 16, 37, 40, 43, 53, 68, 79, 81,

pis. 10, 12, 109, 110

Bradybaena similaris honkongiensis (Deshayes) 105

British Columbia 107, 108

Busycon contrarium (Conrad) 26

Busycon perversum (L.) 23

California 56

Canada 128

Cave deposit 45

Cepolis caroli McGinty 81

Cepolis (Plagioptycha) horiquenae H.B.B 107

Cepolis (P.) diaphana (Lamarck) 107

Cerithium auricoma Schwengel pi. 12, 109

Clappia 127

Cochliopa rowelli (Tryon) 67

Coelocentrum bourgeoisae Pilsbry 27

iii rrj„^^-.)

IV THE NAUTILUS

Conus melvilli Sowerby 40

Crassispira tampaensis bartschi Perry 81

Cumingia tellinoides vanhyningi Rehder 19

Cyclostrema sanihelense Pilsbry 53

Cymatoica orientalis hendersoni Rehder 19

Cyphoma gibbosa (L.) 1

Cyphoma mcgintyi Pilsbry 2

Cyphoma signata Pilsbry & MeGinty 3

Dignaxis H.B.B., section of Spiraxis 11, 15

Discus macclintocki F.C.B 123

Discus patulus carinatus MacMillan 143

Ecuador Ill

Ekadanta Rao 67

Euchemotrenia Archer, sections of Stenotrema 33

Euglandina balesi McGinty pi. 2

Eunaticina oldroydii Dall 135

Florida 81, 122

Fluminicola coloradoensis Morrison 125

Gemma fretensis Rehder 18

Gibbium Gray 33

Graptostracus Pilsbry, subg. of Leiostracus 29

Haiti 42

Holospira (Haplocion) kinonsis Baily & Baily 94

Humholdtiana fortis Pilsbry 140

Humholdtiana montezuma Pilsbry 140

Illinois 120

Iowa 123

Jamaica 8

Kansas 77

Lamellaria cochincJla Perry 80

Latchford, Francis Robert 99

Latirus cymatias Schwengel pi. 12, 110

Latirus jucundus McGinty 83

Leiostracus wchbcri Pilsbry 28

Lepidochitona tropica Pilsbry jil. 12

Littoriiia minima (Wood) 68

Louisiana ., 105

Lymnaea lanceata (Gould) 134

Lymnaeus sordidtis Kuester 139

THE NAUTILUS V

Mansfield, Wendell Clay 64

Mars( nina glohosa Perry 41

Misodon (nicgasomaf) critrichius Berry 56

Mcsodon (mcyasomal) euthalcs Berry 60

Mexico 4, 8, 27, 49, 89, 94, 141

Micrelenehus Pinlay 34

Micromena II.B.B., subg:. of Spiraxis 11, 14

Mirapex H.B.B., sect, of Spiraxis 11, 13

Miraradula H.B.B., subg. of Spiraxis 10, 12

Missouri 118

Monadenia fidelis (Gray) 107

Monadenia seraialba Henderson 108

Muricidca manstficldi McGinty 83

Mutelidae, resistance to pollution 53

Nacsiotus quitensis amhatensis Rehder 117

Naesiotus quitensis jacksoni Rehder 116

Nacsiotus quitensis orinus Rehder 116

Naesiotus quitensis quitensis Pfr 115

Naesiotus quitensis vermiculatus Rehder 117

Nevada 124

Obstructio Haas 106

Ohio 66, 106

Oregon 137

Oxystyla melanocheilus mariae McGinty 6

Oxystyla ponderosa alhata McGinty 5

Oxystyla ponderosa halesi McGinty 5

Oxystyla torrei McGinty 7

Oxystyla undata floridensis Pils 122

Pacific marines 22, 29, 34, 66, 108

Panama 67

Pennsylvania 47, 84

Phlycticoncha Bartsch & Rehder, subg. of Lyonsia 137

Pleistocene 22, 77, 81

Pleuroceridae, distribution 73

Pliocene 82

Polydontes obliteratus (Ferussac) 42

Polygyra appressa extrema MacMillan 98

Pomatiopsis praelonga Brooks & MacMillan 96

VI

THE NAUTILUS

Puerto Rico 107

PjTgulopsis nevadensis Stearns 137

Repressaxis H.B.B., sect, of Spiraxis 11, 16

Ritchie, John, Jr 66

Sayella chesapeakea Morrison 44

Sayella watlingsi Morrison 45

Say's Conchology 34

Schizopyle Pilsbry, subg. of Coelocentrum 27

Sigatica semisulcata holograpta McGinty pi. 12, 110

South America 28, 53, 106

Spiraxinae, revision 8, 9

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Spiraxis

Micromena) minusculus H.B.B 92

Micromena) minutus H.B.B 14

Mirapex) acus cmigmaticus H.B.B 13

Pseudosubulina) arcuatus H.B.B pi. 5

Pseudosubulina) caducus H.B.B pi. 4

Pseudosubulina) eostatus H.B.B pi. 5

P.) irregularis negligens H.B.B pi. 5

Pseudosubulina) parvus H.B.B pi. 9

Pseudosubulina) ventrosus H.B.B pi. 5

Rcctaxis) granum H.B.B 49

Rectaxis) suhniiidus H.B.B 51

Rectaxis) suhtilis H.B.B 50

R.) subtilis vitrcus H.B.B 50

Versutaxis) arctatus H.B.B 89

Versutaxis) futilis H.B.B 52

Versutaxis) opeas H.B.B 13

Versutaxis) suhgranum H.B.B 51

Versutaxis) subopeas H.B.B 52

Volutaxis) fallax H.B.B 90

V.) nitidus persulcatus H.B.B 91

Volutaxis) subulinus H.B.B 90

V.) sulci fcrus atoyaccnsis H.B.B 89

V.) tenuecostatus obcsus H.B.B 91

Stagnicola bulimoides vancouverensis P. C. Baker pi. 7

Stenotronia fraternum montanum Archer 33

Subulinidae 92

Synaptocochlea nigrita Rehder 20

THE NAUTILUS vii

Tdlina rubricata Perry 79

Tennessee 73, 98

Tethys califoruicus Cooper 34

Terebra flaniniea Lamarck 7

Terchra glossema Sehwengel pi. 12

Terebra texana Dall 8

Tivcla florida na Rehder 18

Triodopsis iridentata rugosa Brooks & MacMillan 96

Tritonalia graceac McGinty 84

Tropieorbis Pilsbry & Brown 106

Typhis lowei Pilsbry, banded variety 66

Utah 126

Valvata, subgenera of 140

Varicella (Laevaricella) playa H.B.B 107

Vasu7n floridanum McGinty 82

Versutaxis H.B.B., sect, of Spiraxis 11, 13

Virrrinia 45

West Virjjinia 95

Willcttia Gordon, subg. of Alvania 31

Wyoming 126

INDEX OF AUTPIORS

Archer, A. F 33

Baker, Frank C 106, 140

Baker, H. Burrington 8, 33, 49, 89, 107, 138

Baily, Joshua L., Jr 94

Baily, Ruth Ingersoll 94

Bartsch, Paul 137

Berry, S. Stillman 56

Brooks, Stanley T 95

Clench, William J 7, 122, 137

Cockerell, T. D. A 22

Eyerdam, Walter J 61, 107, 108(2), 131, 144

Gardner, Julia 64

Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr 29

Goodrich, Calvin 66, 73, 77, 105, 106

Haas, Fritz 53

Hanna, G. Dallas 34(2)

Hubricht, Leslie 118

Ingram, William Marcus 136

La Rocque, A 99

MacMillan, Gordon K 47, 95, 98, 143

McGinty, Tom L 1, 4, 37, 68, 81, 110

Morrison, J. P. E 43, 45, 67(2), 123, 124, 140

Oughton, J 99, 127

Perry, Louise M 40, 79

Pilsbry, H. A 1, 27, 28, 42, 53, 66, 141

Rehder, Ilarald A 16, 33, 111, 137

Robertson, Imogene C 68

Schwengel, Jeanne 109

Smith, Burnett 23

Van der Schalie, Henry 134, 138

Wurtz, Charles B 84

THE NAUTILUS: 53 (1)

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The Nautilus

Vol. 53 July, 1939 No. i

THE GENUS CYPHOMA IN FLORIDA

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND TOM L. McGINTY

Cyphoma is a jrroup of few species confined to tropical America,

comprising C. cmarginata (Sowb.) of the Panamic region, C.

intermedia (Sowb.) from the West Indies and northern South

America,^ and the following species occurring in southern Florida.

Cyphoma means a hump ; not a nice name, but it sounds better

in Greek, and is appropriate for these hunchbacked snails. De

Montfort's name, Ultimus, formerly in use, was given because it

was the last genus in his book. They are pretty shells, but the

living animals are really lovely. They are not especially shy, and

can be kept in captivity several days if fresh sea water is supplied.

Cyphoma gibbosa (L.). PI. 1, Figs. 5-8, 13-16.

This is a common species from the Lake Worth region to the

Keys and in the West Indies, living on gorgonians from about four

or five feet to the lower limit of the gorgonians they inhabit.

The special character of the shell is that the callus of the sides

extends up high on the back, and thins out at the edge, so that its

limit is scarcely' visible except b}" the color, the callus being from

cream buff to apricot buff, pinkish vinaceous or orange vinaeeous

in color, the uncovered middle of the back from pure white to

cream buff. The interior varies from pure white to pink, nearly

uniform or with white clouds in the middle and towards the ends.

The living animal is pale flesh tinted with crowded black rings

over the mantle, the rings often more or less deformed; there is

some ochraceous-orange tint within the rings and on the outer foot

edges. The tail has a black median line and quite irregular

1 Dall (Bull. 37, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 134) cited Simnia intermedia Sowb.

from Hatteras to Brazil, but we have not seen Florida or East Coast speci-

mens.

(1)

2 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (1)

radiating lines towards the edges, also along lateral margins of the

foot. The breathing siphon is narrow, not expanding at the end,

which is edged with a black line. Tentacles dark.

The margins of the mantle may meet on the back, but often it is

carried less extended, irregular areas of the shell remaining uncov-

ered. Ordinarily the head is not extended in front of the shell.

The largest shells are about 35 mm. long 18 wide, but it is more

commonly from 25 to 30 mm. long. The smallest seen, from Bojni-

ton, measures 15.3 x 7 mm. About equally small, from Pompano,

collected by Marguerite Robinson, measures 15.5 x 8.7 nun. In

some years most shells seem to run small. There is noticeable

variation in the prominence of the transverse ridge. ^^Ultimus"

precursor Dall, from the Costa Rican Pliocene, is merely a strong-

ridged extreme of C. gibhosa, not differing from some recent

specimens.

Cyphoma mcgintyi Pilsbry. PI. 1, Figs. 3, 3a, 4, 11, 12.

This species was defined briefly in Nautilus 52 : 108 from a

somewhat discolored specimen of minimum size.

The shell is relatively longer than C. gihhosa, and the lateral

callus, especially that of the right side, is thick and narrow relative

to that of gibhosa, indistinctly crenulated, with a strong impression

along the junction of callus with the back. The callus on the left

side is more extended and diffused. The transverse dorsal ridge

is very strong. The base and the callus all around are warm

white, the transverse ridge of the back snow wliite. The back is

elsewhere cameo pink to persian lilac, more or less invaded by

white, which in old shells loaves only small areas of pink on the

right side. Aperture cameo pink to daphne pink within, witli a

white spot in the position of the external ridge and more or less

white clouded anteriorly.

Lengtli 39..') mm., width K! mm. Lcii>j;fli 123.7 mm., widtli lO.Ci mm.

Lengtli .31 mm., width If). 5 mm. Length '2'.i.7 mm., widtli 11.1 mm.

This species has been found on gorgonians of the Atlantic beach

below tlie lower inlet of Lake Worth to the Dry Tortugas, occur-

ring with ('. gibhosa, but always rare in conij^arison with that.

The living jiiiiniiil, I'l. 1. I^'igs. 3, 3a, 4. is nearly white, closely

dappled with dresdcii brown, or towards the mantle eilge sejiia

spots, or in other individuals nearly black s])ots. These are round

July. 1039] THE nautilus 3

to shortly oval, si)iik> ^)bloll^^ It differs Iroiii C gibbosa by having

solid spots, not rings, on the mantle. In some individuals a few

of the spots have lijzht eenters, in others some spots may coalesce,

formiufx short bars. The respiratory siphon is unlike that of

gibbosa by being dark colored, trumpet shaped, much wider at

the end than in gibbosa or signata, in which the siphon is white

with a black border at the end, which is not expandetl. The foot

is profusely marked with oblique lines.

In lar<::e numbers examined alive, collected by the junior author

anil by Elizabeth Pilsbry, the characters separating this from

C. gibbosa are conspicuous and constant.

Cyphoma signata new species. PI. 1, Figs. 1, la, 2, 2a, 9, 10.

The shell is relatively longer than C. gibbosa, resembling C.

mcgintyi in shape. Like that species the ends are blunt, the lateral

callus is thick, relatively narrow, and on the right side there is a

strong impression along its upper edge. There is a very weak

erenulation of the outer lip and its callus, as in mcgintyi and excep-

tional specimens of gibbosa. The transverse ridge of the back is

very much low'er than in C. mcgintyi. The aperture is slightly

more dilated near the anterior end than in gibbosa or mcgintyi.

Color cartridge buff with some faint pale pinkish-cinnamon suffu-

sion above and below the nearly white dorsal ridge, and a cream

buff tint deep in the aperture.

Length 35 mm., width 15 mm.

The living animal is like C. gibbosa in having the breathing

siphon rather narrow, not expanding at the end, which is edged

with black. The mantle is pale yellow, very closely marked with

black transverse lines which in places diverge a little at the edges

leaving little white triangles, and they are interrupted on the two

sides by irregular white longitudinal lines. The foot is densely

covered with fine, divaricating black lines radiating obliquely from

the central line (fig. 1) on a pale yellow ground, deeper yellow

towards the edges; sole white.

This is the rarest of the Cyphomas, but apparentl}' has about

the same distribution as the others, from the sea outside the South

Inlet of Lake Worth to Kc}- West, where one was taken by Miss

Adele Koto. The type is 174045 ANSP. ; paratj-pes in McGinty

collection.

Our name for it in the field was "fingerprint cyphoma," from

4 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (1)

the markings of the mantle. Unfortunately, the Roman police

did not practice fingerprinting', so there seems to be no short word

for that in Latin; " digitisignatus" would perhaps be a little too

mouth-filling for busy malacologists.

A fossil specimen of this species was found by Mrs. Edith

Marble Taylor in the bank between highway and canal near

Loxahatchee, Florida. Unfortunately there are both Pleistocene

and Pliocene shells in this bank, so that the age of this fossil is

uncertain (fig. 10).

The shell differs from strongly angular examples of C. inter-

media (Sowb.) by the heavily calloused, blunt ends, and many

other peculiarities of form. C. intermedia is referred to Simnia

by some authors, to Ultimus (=Cyphoma) by Tryon, with some

doubt. It may belong to the former genus, but probably this will

not be fully clarified until the animal is examined.

OXYSTYLA FROM WESTERN MEXICO

BY THOMAS L. McGINTY

(Continued from January, 1939)

OxYSTYLA PONDEROSA (Strebel). The Heavy Oxystyla. Plate 2,

fig. 1.

A fine series of this large handsome species was taken in the

vicinity of Acapulco. A previous record for this species is listed

in the Manual of Conchology, 25 miles N.E. of Acapulco, State

of Guerrero, at an elevation of 1000 feet above the sea, collected

by H. S. Smith.

Shell thick, large specimens rather dull, cuticle usually present

giving some specimens a decided yellow-brown appearance, em-

bryonic whorls slightly tipped with dark chestnut-brown, some

very faintly, but totally lacking on only one s])cciiiuMi. Early

whorls shading into brown or greenish-brown on the last whorl;

often there is a violaceous tinge on the penult whorl and occasion-

ally on the last whorl. There are traces of a single band gen-

erally broken on the fifth and jienult whorls, with three bands

quite continuous on the last whorl. There are numerous streaks

more distinct on the {XMiult whorl and dark growth-rest varices,

generally two or more on the last whorl with one on the penult

whorl. Peristome broadiv bordered inside with black-brown

July. 1939] THE NAUTILUS 5

fadiuf? into tlu' white of tlu> interior. Columella very stronf;,

white and vertical. Ileijrht 68 nun.; diani. 35 nun.; whorls 7.

Height 67 nun. ; diani. 36 nun. ; whorls 7.

Specimens in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,

Bales and McGinty collections.

There are a number of Oxystyhi pondcrosa showing; consider-

able variation in color on the early whorls. Fififure 3 represents

a specimen with intensified black coloration of the apical rej^ion.

There were also a number of specimens taken in which pink col-

oration is {jreatly intensified on the early whorls. A few speci-

mens have retained this pink color to the penult whorl.

OxYSTYLA PONDEROSA BALESi, uew subspBcies. Plate 2, figs. 2

and 5.

Bales 's Oxystyla. Habitat: Puerto Marquez, near Acapulco.

Shell rather elongate-conic, with lightly convex whorls ; ground

color yellow brown, flammulations and growth-rest varices light

reddish-brown. Varices, where long rest periods are indicated,

dark brown. Peristome broadly bordered inside with dark

reddish-brown fading into pink, giving a pinkish cast to the

interior. There are three bands on the final whorl. Cuticle, light

brown. Columella very strong, white, and vertical.

Holotvpe : Height 60 mm., diam. 33 mm., whorls 7. Fig. 5.

A.N.S.P. No. 174046.

Paratvpe : Height 62.8 mm., diam. 33.6 mm., whorls 7. Fig. 2.

A.N.S.P. No. 174047.

This Oxystyla is named for its discoverer. Dr. Blenn R. Bales

of Circleville, Ohio, whose splendid work in the field made this

article possible. About 12 specimens of this subspecies were

taken showing all growth stages. Judging from the limited num-

ber taken, this beautiful variety is a true rarity. Paratypes in

the Bales and McGinty collections.

Oxystyla ponderosa albata, new subspecies. Plate 2, fig. 4.

The White-clothed Oxystyla. In the large series of 0. j)on-

derosa from the vicinity of Acapulco brought together by Dr.

Bales, there were three albino specimens. Albinism is rare in

Oxystyla, but the finding of three specimens suggests that such

a colony may exist at Acapulco.

6 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (1)

The shell substance is white throughout with a yellow (between

straw and Naples yellow) cuticle on the final whorls. There are

visible flammulations on the fifth and penult whorls. Interior

white. Columella white, and vertical.

Holotype : Height 63 mm., diam. 32.2 mm., whorls 7. No.

174049, A.N.S.P.

Paratype : Height 58 mm., diam. 32.2 mm., whorls 6. Para-

types in the Bales and McGinty collections.

OxYSTYLA MELANOCHEILUS (Valencicnnes) .

Habitat: Puerto Marquez, about 17 miles S.W. by S. from

Acapulco. Acapulco is some 600 miles or more south of the

records given for this species in the Manual of Conchology. 0.

melanocheilus is rare at Acapulco, but a few specimens were taken

which agree very well with Fig. 1, Plate 18, in the Manual. The

Acapulco specimens are three-banded on the last whorl and have

a black-brown apex. There is a strong cuticle which gives the

shell a tawny yellow appearance. Measurement of an Acapulco

specimen: Height 57 mm., diam. 32 mm., whorls 6| {melano-

cheilus, black-lipped).

OxYSTYLA MELANOCHEILUS MARiAE, ucw subspecies. Plate 2,

fig. 6.

Mary E. Bales 's Oxystyla. Habitat: Puerto Marquez, near

Acapulco.

Shell similar in shape to the species. Apex dark brown, early

whorls pink becoming reddish-brown, the color of the cuticle on

the penult and final whorl. There are no flammulations on the

entire shell. The growth-rest varices on the last whorl are black-

brown. Peristome broadly bordered inside with black brown fad-

ing into the pinkish white of the interior. Other growtli-rest

varices within are somewhat lighter with tlie outer sides bordered

witii a light blue-gray. There are three faint bands on tlie last

whorl. Columella very strong, white, and vertical.

Holotvpe: Height 57.8 mm., diam. 34 mm., whorls 6. A.N.S.P.

No. 174048.

Paratype: Height 60 mm., diam. 34 mm., wborls jirobably 6J,

apex decolhite. Paratyjies in the Bales and McCiinty collections.

The writer takes i)leasure in naming this variety in honor of

the doctor's wife, Mrs. Mary E. Bales, who was a co-worker and

companion on the expedition.

TIIK XAITIMS: :,;{ ( I

PLAT 10 L>

], ;i, Oxystyl.-i i)(«ii(l.T.)s:i. i', .",, O. ,,. I,:,|,..i. |. ( ). ,,. ;,ll,;,t;,. u. o, ii,cl;mo-

clieilus inarii.o. 7, K, O. tonci. i), O. i.tildiflla. lo, iMiKl.-n.diiia l.ak-si (Vol.

52, p. 16).

July, 1939] THE NAUTILUS 7

OxYSTYLA TOHKKi. uew spocies. Plate 2, fi^s. 7 and 8.

See January, 1939, page 93. It seems well to note that there

were no typical specimens of Oxystyla zonifcra (Strebel) in the

Acapulco series of Oxifsfi/la. This Oxifsfyla has becMi reported

from several localities in the State of Guerrero, but either some

distance north or northwest of Acapulco, where 0. ponderosa is

firmly entrenched.

Oxystyla pulchella (Spix). Plate 2, fig. 9.

A specimen of this beautiful tree snail from Barbados is figured.

It has not been reported from this island before, so far as I know.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON TEREBRA FLAMMEA

LAMARCK

BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH

Additional data have been obtained both regarding the pub-

lished record of this species and from correspondence. A sum-

mary of this study is as follows :

Hedley (Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 38, p. 306) con-

siders Reeve 's record of this species as occurring in Moreton Bay,

Australia, an error, and further states that "material in the

British Museum indicates that this species and its variety, T.

incomparahilis Deshayes, inhabit the West Indies. ... It does

not appear to have been remarked that Epitonium f cldmanyii

Bolten, 1798, is an earlier name for Lamarck's species."

The "variety incomparabilis," however, is not even closely

related to flammca, but is a synonym of, or very near to, rohusta

Hinds, of the Panamanian province (Pacific).

Bolten 's (Roding) fchlmanni is also the same as rohusta or

very close to that species. The proportions are very different

between this west coast species and flammea. Bolten 's reference

was made to the excellent figure by Chemnitz, 1780, Conchy.-Cab.

(1), 4, p. 296, pi. 154, fig. 1446.

Dr. Rehder suggested that T. texana Dall miglit be the same,

and upon an examination of the type specimens in Washington,

this was found to be true. This species was originally described

from Matagorda Island, Texas, and later (1919) Henderson fig-

8 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (1)

ured a specimen collected in Barbados and mentioned a specimen

which also existed in the National Museum that had been col-

lected in a kitchen midden in Brazil.

Dr. Jutting has kindly checked specimens in certain of the

European museums and her notes are as follows : The Amsterdam

Museum has two specimens labeled "China" from Cuming.

These are apparently part of the same set that is possessed by

the Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, and by the Mus. Comp. Zool.

The Leyden Museum has two specimens, one marked "Indian

Ocean" and the other "Haiti." Dr. Bayer, however, did not

consider the latter locality as at all trustworthy. There are

three examples in the British Museum, all from St. Lucia, two

from Cuming and one from Ponsonby.

Recently (Nautilus 52, p. 109) McGinty has reported this

species from Lake Worth, Boynton, Florida.

The known range then for this species extends from southern

Florida to Texas and south as far as Brazil. A brief sjmonomy

follows :

Terebra flammea Lamarck

Terebra flammea Lam. 1822, An. s. Vert. p. 284 ; Kiener 1839,

Icon. Coquilles Viv. 10, p. 12, pi. 5, fig. 10 (specimen probably

from Lamarck's collection) ; Clench 1938, Nautilus 51, p. 114,

pi. 9, figs. 1-2 ; McGinty 1939, Nautilus 52, p. 109.

Terebra texana Dall 1898, Nautilus 12, p. 44; Henderson. J. B.

1919, Univ. of Iowa Studies 8, p. 89, pi. 40, fig. 5.

A REVISION OF SPIRAXIS C. B. ADAMS

H. BURRINGTON BAKER

This is part 4 of a series on Mexican mollusks collected for

Dr. Bryant Walker in 1926. The first part appeared (1928) as

Occasional Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 193, in which

the symbols for localities are explained on pp. 2-25. In plates

3 to 5, the scales for shells, genitalia and pallial complexes indi-

cate lengths of 1 mm. ; those for lines of right half of radular rows

(T) 0.05 mm.; those for radular teetli 0.01 mm. (10 microns).

In each new form, the figured shell is the type.

On account of the traditional importance ascribed to coluincllar

July. 1939] THE nautilus 9

differences, the union of PseudosuhuliiKi and Spiraxis into a

single genus may seem rather ieonoclastie. But, the generic

retention of tiie former would neeessitate foui- other genera (my

subgenera) and I doubt if anyone could definitely place many

of the species that are anatomically unknown. While I now

feel that I could arrange shells with .some accuracy, the name

Versutaxis expresses the bewilderment one feels during their

examination ; senescent examples of Red axis and Miraradula may

closely imitate the sigmoid columella of true Volutaxis and S. (P.)

orizabensis and an undescribed species approach the columella

of Versutaxis.

The following anatomical definition and subdivision of Spiraxis

(new subfamily SPIRAXINAE) are founded on drawings of

dissections of 24 Mexican (+2 radulae) and 5 Jamaican species

and on the radulae of one Cuban and one Venezuelan species.

Foot long and slender, pointed posteriad; lower pedal groove

distinct ; mantle-collar (MC ; pi. 3, f. 10, pi. 5, f. 3) quite deep but

thin; right (MR) and anterior (MA) and posterior (MP) left

mantle-lappets small. Lung wall elongate; minor venation indis-

tinct; principal vein (HV) often bordered by bands of muscle.

Kidney (K) with a triangular pericardial (H) limb and a ves-

tigial (in large forms) to conspicuous (in small species; pi. 3, f.

3) extension between ureter (KD) and hindgutffi varying around

1.5 times as long as its base or length of pericardium. Anal

mantle gland extending posteriad between hindgut and ureter;

relatively large in small species.

Ovotestis (G; pi. 3, f. 7) about one whorl in length and im-

bedded in liver about a half-whorl above stomach; duct (GD)

markedly swollen when filled with sperm ; talon (GT) very short ;

carrefour (X) slender. Albumen gland (GG) large, elongate.

Oviduct consisting of short slender duct (UX) below carrefour,

uterus (UT) and postuterine or free oviduct (UV). Spermatheca

(S) of long type; sac imbedded in base of albumen gland above

aorta. Vagina (V) various. Prostate (DG) completely separate

from uterus (at least in large species). Free vas deferens (D)

fairly heavy and muscular but without epiphalloid enlargement

(except in Micromcna; E, pi. 3, f. 6) ; caught into penioviducal

angle by right eye-muscle; opening (EP) into penial apex with-

out definite verge (except in Micromena; PV). Penis (P) with-

out appendages; retractor (PR) arising high on diaphragm and

inserting on or near penial apex. Atrium (Y) opening below

base of right ommatophore.

10 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (1)

Coliimellar system with left free and buccal retractors joined

for short distance.

Labial lobes quite prominent (at least in larger forms), triangu-

lar (like in Streptostyla). Jaw absent (despite statements to

contrarjO, although fleshy fold, which usually supports it, is

present and maj^ have w^eakly cornified edge (as in most Sys-

trophiidae). Buccal mass quite to very small and radula minute

and very flimsy (except in Miraradula). Radula with V-shaped

rows (T, pi. 5, f. 1) ; central small, with 1 to 3 conical or trian-

gular cusps ; outer teeth all bicuspid ; 0-4 laterals with 2 short

subequal cusps and 9-31 marginals with inner or both (in

Micromeva; pi. 3, f. 5) cusps developed into a long slender needle

(except in Miraradula; pi. 4, f. 7) ; 24^50 rows counted but usu-

ally about 35. Salivary glands broad but short (small as com-

pared to carnivorous but large for herbivorous species), forming

a lanceolate plate over oesophagus. Stomach fusiform, about 2

w'horls in length, imbedded along side of albumen gland but ex-

tending anteriad beyond it. Hindgut with S-loops reduced ; run-

ning parallel with stomach to posterior end of pericardium, then

across posterior end of kidnev and forward as usual (I, pi. 3. f.

10).

The following key defines the subgenera and sections :

A(AA) Radula with over 100 short-cusped laterals or marginals

either side of tricuspid central ; penis with small apical cham-

ber and a peculiar pilaster (pi. 4, f. 6) ; shell with subver-

tical, although spirally twisted columella; type aS. similaris

(S. & P.) from Necaxa (station 54) : subg. Miraradula, new.

AA(A) Radula with 0-4 short-cusped laterals and 6-31 mar-

ginals with one or both cusps long and needle-like. (B)

Radula with tricuspid central, 2 laterals and 10-13 mar-

ginals; penis much as in Miraradula ; shell usually with fairly

straight columella; type ^\ dccussatus (H.B.B.) from Vene-

zuela (but genitalia from Mexico) :

subg. Rcciajcis II.B.B. (1926).

B(AA) Radula with unicuspid central; penis not as in Mirar-

adula. (G) Apparently oviparous; uterus about as long as

prostate and smaller than free oviduct -t- vagina; radula with

2 laterals (1 in S. ])arifus) or none; mainland and Cuba

(iS. yrohlcmadcuH from Jamaica). (F) Kadnla with lat-

erals and with 9-18 marginals dcveloi^ing one ncedle-lik(> and

one shorter cusj); jienis without marked verge or epijihallus.

(E) Penis usually elongate, without heavy pilasters and with

at least its apical end snrronnded by a sheath; shell usu-

ally with columella not luai-Ucdly truncate; Central Amer-

ican: snhg. Voluiaxis S. & P. (1882).

Jn\y, 193!) I tiik xai'TILus 11

(D) Vaf^iiia practically obsolete. (C) Free oviduct less

than twice as Ion*; as uterus; shell usually smaller with

weakly twisted columella and with last eml)ry()!ii(' whorl

assuming' ueanic sculpture; type S. opcas, n. sp. from Mexico:

sect. Versutaxis, new.

C(B) Free oviduct about 4 times as long as uterus; shell larger,

with heavy sigmoid columella; last embryonic whorl with

widely spaced ribs but later ones with close threads; type S.

acus cnigmoticiis, n. ssp. from Mexico: sect. Mirapex, new.

D(B) Vagina longer; shell with heavy sigmoid columelhi, with

closely spaced threads on last embryonic whorl, mainly

larger; type S. sulciferus (Mo.) from Mexico:

sect. Volutaxis s.s.

E(B) Penis usually shorter, with two internal pilasters; vagina

almost obsolete; shell usually wath definitely truncate colu-

mella; type /S. bercndti (Pfr.) from Mexico:

.": subg. Pseudosuhulina S. & P. (1882).

F(B) Radiila without laterals and with subequal needle-like

cusps on 29-31 marginals ; penis with vergic papilla and vas

with epiphalloid swelling; shell minute, spirally striate and

with straight, very weakly truncate columella; type S. niinu-

tus, n. sp. from Mexico (1 sp. from Jamaica) :

subg. Micromena, new

G(B) Viviparous; uterus longer than prostate and much larger

and longer than free oviduct + short vagina ; radula with 1

or with 4 laterals; Jamaica and ( ?) Los Roques:

subg. Spiraxis C.B.A. (1850).

(H) Radula with 4 laterals and 6 marginals; shell like sect.

Sj^iraxis but with only one columellar lamella and with later

whorls markedly inflated below suture; type S. mirahilis

(C.B.A.) from Jamaica: sect. Dignaxis, new.

H(C) Radula with only one lateral; shell not markedly inflated

below suture. (K) Shell with palatal tooth or with colu-

mellar fold strongly projecting into aperture. (I) Colu-

mellar fold weaker; anatomy unknown; type S. hlandi

(Crosse) from Los Ro(|ues: sect. Ravcnm Crosse (1873).

1(H) Columellar fold strong. (J) Shell with internal parietal

lamella; radula with 13 marginals; type S. inusitatus

(C.B.A.) from Jamaica: sect. Spiraxis s.s.

J(I) Shell without internal parietal lamella; radula with 26

marginals; type S. costulosus C.B.A. from Jamaica:

sect. Eus])iraxis Pfr. (1855).

K(H) Shell without palatal tooth and with columella moder-

ately sigmoid; radula with 28 marginals; type S. tcrebclla

(C.B.A.) from Jamaica: sect. Repressaxis, new.

12 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (1)

Spikaxis (Miraradula) similaris (Strebel & Pfeffer), new sub-

genus.

Because no authentic material of this species has been seen by

me, the subgenus Miraradula is founded on Necaxa (station 54)

specimens, one of which is described below. It also occurs around

Cordoba.

Shell (pi. 4, f. 6) turrite, silvery- white, translucent, finely

ribbed. Whorls 8 (figr.) to 8.5, quite convex, often weakly shoul-

dered, with deep, slig:htly crenulate suture. Embryonic whorls

2.5, quite rapidly widening: ; first almost smooth, second gradually

assuming low, very closely spaced threads and last with widening

interspaces. Later whorls quite sliort, gradually increasing, with

thin riblets crested below suture, weakening basally and much

narrower than interspaces, which are granulate-striate but with-

out distinct spirals ; first two (neanic) with about 31 riblets ; third

to fifth with 34—35 and last with 38. Aperture elliptic-trape-

zoidal ; peristome sim])le, almost vertical and very obscurely and

obliquely truncate. Alt. 5.06 mm., diam. 33 (1.65 mm.), alt. last

whorl 40 (2.03 mm.) ; aperture alt. 24 (1.22 mm.), diam. 68 (0.83

mm.) ; 8 whorls.

Lung about 5 times as long as base or kidney length, which is

as long as its base and 1^ times pericardial length. Ovotestis (pi.

4, f. 8) complexly lobed. Penis large; internally (f. 7) with a

pyramidal apical chamber with longitudinal, beaded folds on its

walls; large basal chamber with a very heavy pilaster, which ex-

tends about 0.7 distance down one side and terminates in a large,

apparently almost cartilaginous, partially free, subspherical en-

largement, and with two minor longitudinal folds. Columellar

retractor comparatively broad. Buccal mass big and ovoid

(larger than in S. aciis enigmaticus). Radula very large for a

Spiraxis with formula (f. 9) : 114-1-114. witli 61 rows; central

elongate, tricuspid; all other teeth bicusjiid and similar in form,

evenly spaced, with both cusps subequal and conical, until outer-

most teeth, with shorter and rarely subdivided outer cusj^. Sali-

vary glands broadly lanceolate, subequal, with conibiuod volume

smaller than buccal mass.

Miraradula appears to have the most primitive radula iu the

genus, which suggests that the forui of columella in Ps< udosubu-

lina is derived from a fairly straight axis with a spiral twist, while

the twist is simply accculualcd in Vnlutajis. S. niiradorensi^

(S. & P.) is jirobahly related hut no living specimens were

obtained.

July. 1939] THK nautilus 13

S. (Rect^vxis) intermedius (S. & P.)-

Penis of animals from near Cordoba relatively smaller but

otherwise similar to that in S. similaris. Radular formula :

13-l-(2 + ll), with 38 rows; central tricuspid.

Radulae of tliree additional Mexican species have been

examined.

S. (Versutaxis) opeas, new sub{?enus and species.

Siiell (pi. 3, f. 1) cylindrie-turrite, whitish corneous, sli<ihtly

translucent, with lightly incised growth-lines and polished inter-

spaces. Whorls 7.5, moderately flattened with somewhat im-

pressed suture. Apex relatively large; embryonic whorls 2|,

rapidly widening; first 1.7 almost smooth but last assuming sculp-

ture of incised growth-lines that separate flattened threads.

Later whorls gradually increasing, with sharp but shallow growth-

lines that become weaker on base of last whorl ; first (neanic) with

48 ; second with 50 ; third with 57 ; fourth with 55 and last with

33. Aperture ovate-trapezoidal with greatest dimensions 30° to

shell-axis; peristome almost vertical, weakly arcuate; columella

narrow but definitely twisted. Alt. 4.89, diam. 33 (1.63), alt. last

whorl 45 (2.22) ; aperture alt. 28 (1.36), diam. 63 (0.86 mm.).

Above Necaxa (BD, I, a, 34), 5000 ft.; infrequent. S. opeas

appears closest to S. odiosus (Pilsbry), but is smaller with more

closely spaced growth-lines and more twisted, although nearly

vertical columella. Four other Mexican species of Versutaxis

have been di.ssected.

S. (MiRAPEx) Acus (?) ENiGMATicus, ucw subgcuus and sub-

species.

Shell (pi. 4, f. 1) subulate-turrite, greenish white, somewhat

translucent, closely thread-costulate. Whorls 9.5, convex to flat-

tened (last 2) with quite deep, weakly crenulate suture. Apex

nipple-shaped ; embryonic whorls 2.7 to 3, quite rapidly widen-

ing ; first almost smooth with very weak spiral striae ; last with

18 riblets. Later whorls gradually increasing, with low angular

threads and progressively narrower, concave interspaces ; spiral

striae becoming obsolete; first (neanic) with 36 threads; second

with 35 ; third with 38 ; fourth with 52 ; fifth with 61 and last with

58. Aperture truncate reniform, with long axis about 40° to

shell-axis; peristome slightly thickened, 20° to shell-axis and very

little arcuate; columella sigmoid, strongly thickened. Alt. 9.92,

diam. 25 (2.57). alt. last whorl 34 (3.47) ;" aperture alt. 19 (1.88),

diam. 79 (1.49 mm.).

14 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (1)

Ovotestis (f. 2) with few alveoli, which are often bifurcate.

Free oviduct very lono- and slender, swollen apically. Radular

formula: 16-l-(2 + 14), rows not counted.

Las Tortolas, Cordoba (D, I, a, 4), 2650 ft.; infrequent.

Shuttleworth 's description of S. acus is almost unrecognizable;

8. acus (?) enigmaticus is considerably stouter than the dimen-

sions given by him but he states that he was not sure of the size

or the number of whorls. My form must have a much more arcu-

ate columella than S. tenuis Pfr. Certainly, "var. minor" of

Fischer et Crosse has little in common with any of these. The

section Mirapex, with its change from widely spaced ribs on the

last embr^yonic to close threads on the later whorls, reverses the

usual tendency in Spiraxis.

S. (VoLUTAxis) suLCiFERUS (Morelct).

Talon (pi. 4, f. 5) minute. One animal with largo, white-

shelled egg- in free oviduct, which is equalled by vagina. Penis

folded (in fig.) inside of a fusiform sheath. Radular formula

(H.B.B., 1926) : 17-l-(2 + 15).

My animals, found with typical shells near Cordoba, belong to

the paedogenetoid form, which is apparently what Pfr. named

S. berendti (not the type of Pseudosiihulina) . In addition, S.

tenuccostatns (S. & P.), /S'. nitidus (S. & P.) and two new species

have been dissected; also, 8. mclanidloidcs (Pfr.) from Cuba has

the radular formula: 20-l-(2 i 18).

S. (Pseudosubulina) berendti berendti (Pfeiffer).

Lung (pi. 3, f. 10) of animals from Necaxa almost 6 times as

long as base or kidney length, which is 1.5 times its base or peri-

cardial length. Talon (f. 7) cylindric. Penis internally (f. 8)

with one very heavy and two smaller convoluted pilasters. Cere-

bral ganglia (f. 9) large, each longer than their commissure;

labels same as in H.B.B., 1938, Zoiiitid snails from Pacific Islands,

part 1, p. 92.

Besides the type of Pseudosul)uli)t(i, 7 Mexican species have

been dissected.

S. (Micromena) minutus, new subgenus and species.

Slioll (pi. 3, f. 2) tni-rite, silvery white, transhu-ent, finely

thrcad-costnlate. Whorls al)out 6.5, fiattened convex with deep,

(juitc simple suture. Apex obtuse; embryonic whorls 2], vapidly

July. lf)3{)| THE NAUTILUS 1')

wiiliMiiu;,', almost sinootli (weakly puiu-tatc) except on hust half-

whorl, whieh beeonies elosely striate. Later whorls quite short,

jrrachially iiu'reasin<r, with fine thi-ead-riblets, much narrower

than interspaces and attenuate at both ends, and with prominent,

oontinuous. spiral striae; first (neanic) witli about 41 threads;

second with 33; third with 35 and last with 39. Aperture about

20° to shell-axis, broadly ovate-trapezoichd ; peristome almost ver-

tical, slijihtly but distinctly arcuate; columella almost strai^^iit,

taperinjr and scarcely truncate. Alt. 2.23 mm., diam. 39 (0.87),

alt. last whorl 52 (l!l6) ; aperture alt. 31 (0.69), diam. 64 (0.44

mm.).

Kidney (f. 3) U-shaped {i.e., approachinjz' that of Punctum) ;

ureter alon<r inside of curvature. Anal mantle-jilands conspicu-

ous. Ovotestis (f. 4) weakly lobate. Vas deferens swollen to

form a fusiform epiphalloid sac. Penis (f. 6) almost filled by an

acuminate verjre. Radular formula (f. 5): 31 + 1-1-31, with 33

rows; central relatively larjre; other teeth with two subequal,

needle-shaped cusps.

Below Neeaxa (D, III, a, 53), 3000 ft. ; very common. S. minu-

fiis somewhat resembles S. decussatus (H.B.B.) from Venezuela,

but has less shouldered whorls, is much smaller and has less

prominent {rrowth-threads, whieh do not crenulate the suture.

In the sub«renus Micromena, 8. prohlematicus (Pils.) from

Jamaica and a new Mexican species have also been dissected.

•Spiraxis (DiGNAxis) MiRABiLis (C. B. Adams), new subgenus.

Luufr of animals from Somerset, Jamaica, similar to that of S.

(inomalus. Ovotestis weakly lobed. Uterus with eof<?s or em-

bryos. Penis simple; sheath easily separated. Radular formula

(pi. 5, f. 5) : 10-l-(4 + 6), with 39 rows; lateral field almost as

wide as marginal.

Dignaxis is the most aberrant Jamaican section of Spiraxis.

*S. (Spiraxis) inusitatus (C. B. Adams).

Lung of animals from Somerset similar to that of S. anomahis.

Ovotestis (pi. 5. f. 2) clavate; talon not distinct. Uterus with 4

embryos. Vas deferens swollen near entrance into penis, which

internally shows longitudinal folds. Radular formula (f. 1) :

14— 1-(1 - 13), with 41 rows; needle cusps of marginals mediocre.

Spiraxis s.s. becomes monotypic, but the next group is very

closely related.

16 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (1)

*S. (EuspiRAxis) ANOMALUs (C. B. Adams).

Lung (pi. 5, f. 3) over 6 times as long as its base or length of

U-shaped kidney. Ovotestis consisting of several clavate lobules.

Uterus with large, white-shelled eggs in some animals but with

embryos surrounded by decalcified membranes in others. Apical

half of penis internally with spiral ridges ; basal half with trans-

verse folds. Radula formula (f. 4) : 27-l-(l + 26), with 37 rows;

needle-cusps of marginals fairly short.

Typical specimens from near Catadupa have been dissected but

the figures represent the race hollandi (Henderson) from Ipswich,

Jamaica. The animal of the type of Euspiraxis is still unkno%vn.

*S. (Repressaxis) terebella (C. B. Adams), new subgenus.

Animals from behind Kingston, Jamaica (KF) similar to those

of 8. inusitatus. Ovotestis with 2 lobes. Prostate much more

reduced. Uterus containing 4 much larger embryos. Penis

smaller and vas not enlarged. Radular formula (pi. 5, f. 6) :

29-1- (1 + 28), with 50 rows.

Although the shell of the section Repressaxis resembles that of

Versutaxis, S. terebella is evidently most closely related to

S. anomalus.

NEW MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM THE

WEST ATLANTIC

BY HARALD A. EEHDER*

Assistant Curator, Division of MoUusks

United States National Museum

The identification of specimens sent to the United States National

Museum for that purpose by correspondents makes it necessary to

give a status to some undescribed forms which is here done.

Adrana notabilis, new species. Plate 6, figs. 4, 12.

Shell large, whitish (dead shells), compressed lanceolate, the

beaks anterior to the middle slightly prominent, weakly arching

the dorsal margin. The posterior part of the shell is attenuated

and subrostrate, while the anterior portion of the shell is broader.

A gradually broadening, weakly bipartite, shallow groove runs

from the beaks to the anterior ventral angle, forming there a small

• Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smitlisonian Institution.

'riiK x A in I. IS: .vi (1

ri,.\Ti<: :{

1. .S'//'/v/.;/.s- (J'rrsuta.ris) opras. 2-Ck S. ( .\f Irmw, n„ ) miiuihi.s. 7-11. ,S.

( I'si ii,Ui.sitbiili)in) bti-'iiflti (Pfr.).

THE NAUTILI'S: .18 (ly

PLATE 4

!-•• Snimxis (Mnnprs) nrus ,nif,molicus. :t. N. cmlun.s. stout f..rn. 4.

■I

^(iiiiiliuis (S. & P. )

TilK XAITII.IS: .-).•{ (1

IM.ATK :.

1--' .S/M>„.r,.v ^s...) tnusitalus (C. IJ. A.lams). 3-4. .S (Knsnhaxis^

•s. Rrpn.s.a...) UrcbcHa (C. B. A.l.-.ms). 7. .v. tv«/ro.s..v. tvpo 8 S

.July, 1939] the nautilus 17

shallDW sinus. The sculpture of the median part consists of fine,

rather crowded, concentric grooves which are ahsent posteriorly be-

yond a faint <rroove runninj; from tiie beaks to tiie postero-ventral

area. Anterior to the anterior furrow, the frrooves become fewer

in number and stron{?er. The dorsal areas are lanceolate and

smooth, the posterior lunule limited by a sharp carina. The

chondrophore is broadly triangular, separatiufr the two series of

practically rectilinear hinp:e teeth, the anterior series bearing 48-51

teeth, the posterior one 58-GO teeth. The pallial sinus is rather

short, oblong, truncate.

The type, U.S.N.M. no. 499337, was collected by Dr. J. A. Tong

on the Paraguana Peninsula, Venezuela. It measures: Length,

61.4 mm. ; height, 20.0 mm. ; breadth, 4.9 mm. Nine other single

valves, U.S.N.M. no. 456516, are from the same lot.

This species, kindly forwarded to me bj' Mr. Charles T. Berry of

the Johns Hopkins Universit3% resembles Nuculana gloriosa A.

Adams from Singapore, but is larger, with a less concave postero-

dorsal margin and a less pronounced posterior groove. From

Nucidayia tellinoides Sowerby, from Cumana, Venezuela, it differs

in being more broadly rounded anteriorly, longer and more nar-

rowly rostrate posteriorly. Nuculana electa A. Adams from

Santos, Brazil, and cgrcgia Guppy from the Gulf of Paria, Vene-

zuela, are both smaller, with stronger sculpture and with a more

narrowly rostrate, subtruncate end.

Adrana scAPHoroES, new species. Plate 6, fig. 5.

Shell rather large, thin, translucent, slender, lanceolate, sub-

equilateral, narrowed and rounded at both ends, the posterior

dorsal margin straight, anterior dorsal margin slightly convex ;

the ventral margin evenly arcuate except near the anterior end

where a shallow sinus forms a rostrate rounded end. Umbones in-

conspicuous. Shell white, covered by a very thin, deciduous, yel-

lowish-green periostracum, which remains only on the ventral half

of the valves. The sculpture consists of fine concentric grooves

which cut slightly diagonally across the growth lines. Posteriorly

there is a narrow triangular smooth area; anteriorly beyond the

shallow ventral sinus the grooves are fewer in number and more

strongly marked. The lunule and escutcheon are undefined.

The ligament lies in a broadly triangular, spoon-shaped, chondro-

phore below the umbones. Hinge line rather straight ; the teeth on

both sides of the chondrophore number 75 +, the posterior series

being slightly longer. Interior white, pallial line with a rather

broad rectangular sinus.

18 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (1)

The type, U.S.N.M. no. 3G4223, was collected by Mr. T. A. Link

near Cartagena, Colombia. It measures: Length, 51.1 mm.;

height, 11.1 mm. A second, somewhat smaller specimen, U.S.N.M.

no. 473201, was collected by Mr. Link at the same place.

No other east coast species is very similar in shape. Our shell

resembles Nuculana elongata Sowerby from the West Coast of

Colombia, but that is a broader, heavier shell.

TrvELA FLORroANA, new species. Plate 6, figs. 2, 3.

Shell small, moderately thin, inflated, ovate-triangular, the an-

terior end slightly more pointed than the posterior end, umbones

central, white or straw-colored, often wuth irregular reddish brown

maculations near the beaks, or more or less suffused with bluish or

brownish purple. Internally the color may be white or more or

less tinted with brown under the hinge line, or the whole interior

may be purplish. The exterior is smooth, rather gloss3^ The

ligament is external, short, posterior. The hinge is typical except

that the posterior cardinals are not strongly grooved and the

anterior laterals are more slender and drawn out. The pallial

sinus is rather broad, rounded, and as deep as it is broad.

The type, U.S.N.M. no. 473118, was collected by Mr. Ted

Dranga at Jensen Beach, near Miami, Florida, and measures:

Length, 11.5 mm. ; lieight, 9.2 mm. ; breadth, 6.4 mm.

U.S.N.M. no. 471501, contains paratypes from the same locality.

We also have specimens from the south end of Lake Worth, and

from 45 feet in the northeast part of Lake Worth, Palm Beach

County, Florida.

From its closest relative, Tivela abaconis Dall from the Bahamas,

it differs in having the posterior end more bluntly rounded, and in

being more ovate in shape and less triangular. The types of the

latter are moreover generally roseate in color, though some others

are white.

Gemma fketensis. new species. Plate (i. figs. 8, 9.

Shell small, subtrigonal, ralher stout, the exterior polislied, with

fine, irregular concentric furrows, similar to those of Gemma

gemma. The exterior is whitish with a more or less extended

purplish splotch in the postero-dorsal area, which is visible in the

interioi". The interior is otlierwise white, crenulated at the ven-

ti-al margin and with a i-atlier shallow rounded pallia! siinis. The

July. lf);Wl THE NAUTILUS 19

hinge teeth aro typical, except thai fhcy arc sli«,'htly nearer and

more crowded than in gemma.

The type. T.S.X.M. no. .lOSdHO. was cuHcctcd by II. K. Towncs in

Lonj; Island Sound at the Crab Mea(hnv State Park, Lonj? Island,

New York, in July 1938. It measures: Length, 3.7 mm.; height,

3.(5 mm.

r.S.X.M. no. 4728(i2 contains further specimens i'rom the same

lot.

Tiiis species differs from Gemma gemma Totten in being more

subtrigonal, with narrower, more acute umbones. From Gemma

manhattejisis Prime it differs in lacking the strong concentric fur-

rows, the sculpture being more like that of gemma; it is also slightly

narrower. From both species it differs in having a shallower

pallial sinus.

Cymatoica orientalis hendersoni, new subspecies. Plate 6,

figs. 10. 11.

This subspecies differs from typical orientalis Dall from Sa-

mana Bay, Dominican Republic, in having the strong concentric

ribs not angled along a line passing from the beaks to the ventral

margin, but gradually rising as they pass backward. The pos-

terior end also tends to be less rostrate.

The type, U.S.N.M. no. 493384, was dredged by J. B. Hender-

son, Jr., at Eolis Station 8, in 25 fathoms, 1 mile S.E. of Fowey

Light, near Miami, Florida. It measures: Length, 8.7 mm.;

height, 5.6 mm. ; breadth, 2.8 mm.

This form is not rare from Miami, Florida, south through the

Keys to the Tortugas and on the north coast of Cuba from Bahia

Honda to Cardenas Bay. We likewise have one specimen from

Lake Worth, and two valves from 28 fathoms, 75 miles off Char-

lotte Harbor, Florida.

CuMiNGiA TELLiNOiDEs vAxiiYNiNGi, new subspecics. Plate 6,

figs. 13, 14.

Shell similar to tcllinoides^ but with a slightly lower, more elon-

gate shell, more attenuate posteriorly. The concentric sculpture

is generally weaker and less obvious.

The type, U.S.N.M. no. 473123, was collected on the west side of

20 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (1)

Lower Matecumbe Key, Florida, by F. B. Lyman. It measures:

Height, 10.8 mm. ; length, 16.3 mm. ; breadth, 5.8 mm.

This southern subspecies is represented in our collection by

specimens from Biscayne Bay to Key West, and thence to the west

coast of Florida. It apparently is found also along the Gulf

Coast, as we have several lots from Texas. There is one specimen

from northern Cuba in our collection. The typical Cumingia

tellinoides in our collection ranges southward only as far as St.

Augustine, Florida.

This and the following two species were generously donated by

Dr. T. Van Hyning of the Florida State Museum.

Synaptocochlea niqrita, new species. Plate 6, fig. 1.

Shell very small, obliquely ovate-oblong, black, composed of 3

whorls; the first 1.5 whorls glassy white, gradually becoming gray-

ish and finally black with 2 irregular radial white streaks about

one-eighth of a whorl apart near the end of the second whorl. The

first 1^ whorls are smooth, then rather close spiral cords appear,

which at the end of 2^ whorls begin to be crossed by rather irregu-

lar, radial riblets, so that on the body whorl the spiral cords ap-

pear nodulose and slightly wavy. The aperture is large, obliquely

oval, measuring two-thirds of the length of the shell. The interior

is bluish gray with the columellar margin and umbilical region

white. The umbilicus is almost closed by a slight callus leaving

only a very narrow chink.

The type, U.S.N.M. no. 473205, was collected on rocks on Log-

gerhead Key, Dry Tortugas Keys, Florida, by G. W. Van Hyning.

It measures: Height, 1.6 mm.; breadth, 1.6 mm.; oblique length,

1.8 mm.

This species differs from S. picta d'Orbigny, the only other

Antillean species, by being smaller, black in color and by the spiral

sculpture being more crowded and slightly coarser.

Anaciiis floridana, new species. PI. 6, fig. 6.

Shell of medium size, rather broadly ovate, yellowish, unicolorod

or with more or less extensive splotches of dark ciiestnut brown

below the suture, and with zig-zag vertical lines of the same color

over the remainder of the whorls. Axial ribs may or may not be

present on the last two whorls; when present they are low, rather

separated, and disappearing below the periphery. Above the last

two whorls the shells are usually smooth, the nuclear whorls being

'I' I IK XAi-riLrs: .-):{ (1)

I'LATK c.

1, Synaptoc'oc-liloa nijjrita, .- lo. 2, .!. Tivola floridaiia, l.-ft valve, X 3, 4,

Adiana iiotahilis. "), A. scaiilioidt-s. C. Aiiadiis floridaiia, • .".. 7, Actcon can-

dons, ■ 5. 8, 9, tJfiiiiiia fictonsis, x ~>. !(•. 11, ("vmatoica oiiriitaiis liciidfisoni.

X3. 12, Adrana iiofal.ilis. 13, 14. CuiiiiiifTi;, t.JliiK.idcs vaiiliyiiiiifii, ■; 3.

July. 10391 THE NAUTILUS 21

smooth, prlassy aiul white; occasionally the first one or two post-

nuclear whorls are sculptured with narrow vertical ribs. In no

case, however, are there any spiral g:rooves or striae, as in A. avara

Say. The aperture and outer and inner lip arc as in Ariachis

avara.

The type, U.S.N.M. no. 473202, was found on an old rope in 30

feet of water near Cape Canaveral, Brevard County, Florida, by

F. B. Lyman. It measures: Heigrht, 8.3 mm.; breadth, 3.7 mm.;

height of aperture, 4.0 mm.

U.S.N.M. no. 473203, contains tv^o more specimens of the same

lot.

The National collection also possesses this species from Wave-

land, Dade County, Florida, and from the mouth of the Hills-

borough River in Tampa Bay, Hillsborough County, Florida.

This southern Florida form is closely related to Anachis avara

Say, ditfering from it in being generally somewhat smaller, with

narrower, more slender ribs, and in lacking the spiral grooves of

that species, which is always sculptured, whereas this form is often

smooth or lacking the axial riblets on the early postnuclear whorls.

The great variability may signify that we are dealing with a mu-

tating hybrid element. This species reaches a size of 11 mm.

AcTEON CANDENS, ncw spccics. PI. 6, fig. 7.

Close to Act eon punctostriatus C. B. Adams, but generally some-

what larger, more solid, opaque, glossy white, with the spiral sculp-

ture less conspicuous, the basal striation well marked but posteri-

orly becoming more obscure, generally not reaching the upper

insertion of the lip. Two or three, more or less indistinct, pale,

caramel colored bands may be present on the early whorl.

The type, U.S.N.M. no. 493407, was dredged in 1915 by J. B.

Henderson, Jr., in 68 fathoms off Fowey Light, Florida. It mea-

sures : Height, 7.5 mm. ; breadth, 4.2 mm. Other lots in the U. S.

National Museum collection come from localities ranging from

Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to the Dry Tortugas, and up the

west coast of Florida.

This species is also near Acteon chipolanus Dall, from the

Miocene of Florida, but that shell is more slender, with the spiral

striae even fewer in number.

22

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 53 (1)

PLEISTOCENE SHELLS FROM SAN CLEMENTE

ISLAND, CALIFORNIA

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL

I visited San Clemeiite Island in May of this year, and was very

fortunate in gretting there in time to examine an extensive sandy

deposit about the middle of the top of the island, which had been

recently uncovered in the course of operations by the na\y.

I was kindly taken to the place by Mr. J. A. Wahler, and was

assisted in collecting the fossils by Dr. J. T. Scott and Mr. Logan

Buchart. The deposit, which is full of marine shells, is about 800

feet above sea level, or rather more, the surface of the ground,

where undisturbed, being 860 ft. above the sea.

I sent a series of the shells to Miss Myra Keen, of Stanford

University, and she promptly transmitted the list given below,

which I publish with her permission. She states that the "median

of midpoints" is 39.6°, corresponding with the Timm's Point Bed

on tlie mainland, as described by Alex Clark.

Pelecypoda

Cardita ventricosa Gould

Crenella divaricafa (d'Or-

bigny)

Epilucina calif ornica (Conrad)

(N., M.)

Glycymeris septentrionalh

(Middendorff)

Lucinisca nuttallii (Conrad)

Mytihis californianits Conrad

Psephidia cf. lordi (Baird)

(M.)

S2)issnla planulata (Conrad)

Traiiscnnclla tantilla (Gould)

Gastropoda

Acmnra ivccssa (Hinds) (N.)

A. mitra Eschscholtz

A. pclta Eschscholtz (M.)

A. scahra (Gould) (N., M.)

Amphissa versicolor Da 11

Bittium eschrichtii (Midden-

dorff)

B. rugatum Carpenter

Dentalium cf. rectius Cpr.

Diala sp.

Hipponix cranioides Carpenter

(N.)

Homalopoma carpcntcn (Pils-

bry)

Lacuna sp.

Littorina scutulata Gould

Mitrclla carinata (Hinds)

M. gausapata (Gould) (N., M.)

M. tuherosa (Carpenter)

Nassarius fossatus (Gould)

Odostomia cf. stcanisii Dal! &

Bartsch

Ocnopofa sp.

Olirclla hiplicata (Soworbv)

(N., M.)

Opalia chacci Strong

Polinices lewisii (Gould)

Tequla funcbralis (A. Adams)

(X.)

Tritonalia fovcolata (Hinds)

July. 11)39] THE nautilus 23

The K'ttors X. ami M. fnllowin^^ \\\c iiaincs, indicate tliat tlie

species was also found by me in the Pleistocene on San Nicolas and

San Mijruel Islands, respectively. On these islands, also the de-

posit was on the top of the mesa. On San Nicolas, Pleistocene

shells are found at various levels, but excepting those near the top,

they are under suspicion of having come down tlie slopes with the

talus. These finds of Pleistocene shells on the islands are of con-

siderable importance as indicating that the islands were nearly

submerged. But the land shells, on a deposit above the marine

beds, appear to prove that there was always some emergent land.

This is also indicated by the plants.

On San Nicolas, on the slopes, marine and land shells are some-

times found mixed, but careful examination shows that the latter

are all from a superficial deposit later than that carrying the

marine shells.

TYPE SPECIMEN OF BUSYCON PERVERSUM

{MUREX PERVERSUS LINNE)

BY BURNETT SMITH

This note is made possible through the liberal policy of The

Linnean Society of London in granting permission to publish

photographs of the type of Murex jierversus Linne. Mr. R.

Winckworth of London has very kindly examined the specimen

for the writer, and Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry of the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia has contributed many helpful

suggestions. To the Linnean Society and to these gentlemen the

writer wishes to express his thanks. Plate 7, figs. 1, 2 are repro-

ductions of the type photographs.

The desirability of consulting the Linnean type was suggested

by Hanley's di.scussion of Murex pcrversus.' He says: "The

Pynila perversa of authors (Reeve, Conch. System, pi. 236, f. 5)

is marked for this shell in the Linnean collection, and 'List. 907,

908' has been added in the revised copy of the 'Systema.' All

the synonyms are usually accepted as correct, but Gualtieri's

engraving (manifestly taken from a broken example), in the

1 Hanley, Sylvanus: Ipsa Linnaei Coiicliylia. London 1855. Sec p. ;502.

24 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (1)

multiplicity of modern illustrations, is not worthy of being

quoted."

Hanley is presumably referring to one of two figures in

Gualtieri^ which, in spite of their shortcomings, depict the slender

left-handed or sinistral Busy con long known as B. perversum (L.)

The figures in Lister^ given by Hanley likewise show the same

phase of slender left-handed Busycon. If, however, one consults

the Reeve* figure cited by Hanley it is found to show a young in-

dividual of the robust and long-spined sinistral Busycon variously

known as B. kieneri (Philippi), B. perversum var. kieneri, and B.

perversum kieneri.

The writer has examined rather extensive sets of recent sinistral

Busycons and the evidence so far gathered points to the specific

distinctness of the slender and robust phases just mentioned.

Were the differences between them of lower than specific rank

there should be many intergrades. The latter are not forthcoming

in the recent fauna.

Busycon kieneri (Philippi)^ is based on Kiener's figure of an

immature individual clearly referable to the robust phase. Adult

examples of this phase are heavy and far from slender, provided

with a few long spines on the last whorl, and with the anterior

canal showing a prominent swelling or swollen band crossing it

diagonally. The entire aspect of this form is so like a "mirror

image" of the usual adult dextral Busycon eliceans (Montfort)*

that the view has been expressed that these sinistral shells are in

reality merely teratological examples of this normally dextral

2 Gualticri, Nicolai: Index Tostarum Conchyliorum. Florcntiae 1742.

See pi. 30, fig. B.

3 Lister, Martin: Ilistoria Sive Synopsis Methodica Conchyliorum. Editio

Tcrtia. (Dillwyn, 1823.)

* Reeve, Lovell : Conchologia Rystomatica, etc. London 1842. See vol.

II, pi. 236, fig. 5.

5 Philippi, R. A.: Kurze Beschrcihung piniger neuen Conchylien. Zeit-

schrift fiir Malakozoologie. Fiinfter .Tahrgang 1848. Cassel 1849. See

j>. 98 and reference to Kiener's figure.

Kiener, L. C. : Species CWn^ral ct Iconograjjliie dos Coquilles Vivantes, etc.

Vol. 6, Pyrula, 1840. See pi. 9, fig. 2.

8 Montfort, Denys De: Conchyliologie Systi'^matiquo. Tome Second.

Paris 1810. Sec pp. 502-504 and figure.

July, l!);{!)] THE NAUTILUS 25

species/ Kiener, on the otiier hand, and quite recently Johnson*

make sinistrality tiie bond between the slender and robust left-

handed Busyeons and regard their difTerenees as varietal or sub-

speeifie. As stated above, the present writer has obtained no

evidence so far in favor of this latter view. Linkin<; the robust

left-handed shells with Bust/con eliccans would seem more lopieal

but until overwhelmin;.!: evidence supports such a practice its

adoption is opposed. To make Busy con kieneri and B. eliceans

conspecific would involve a nomenclatorial tangle which will be

noted beyond.

From the standpoint of its two original figure citations Murex

perversus Linne** appears to include two distinct species. One of

these is pictured by the figure in Gualtieri (pi. 30, fig. B), already

considered, representing a slender sinistral shell. The other

species, figured in Argenville,^" shows the robust sinistral form

later to be known as Busycon kieneri (Philippi).

R<3ding's^^ genus Busycon contains a B. perversum among its

original species. No author is given but rather surely the Murex

perversus of Linne is intended. The figure or figures cited by

Roding are to be found in Chemnitz (Martini) ^^ and they illus-

trate the slender phase of sinistral Busycon which, as already noted,

is shown in Gualtieri 's figure of the broken shell.

It is plain that the specific name perversum should be applied to

but one of these two forms of Busycon. The revisions of Kiener

and of Philippi, if so they may be termed, have resulted in the

fastening of the name perversum to the slender shell while the

robust one has done duty as variety or subspecies of Busycon

' Tryon, George W., Jr.: Manual of Conchology, etc. Vol. III. See p.

141 also pi. 57, fig. 390.

8 Johnson, Charles W. : List of Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic Coast from

Labrador to Texas. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. Vol. 40, no. 1. 1934.

See p. 126.

9 Linnaeus, Carolus: Systema Naturae. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Re-

formata. 1758. See p. 753.

10 Argenville: L'Histoire Naturelle, etc. Paris 1742. See pi. 18, fig. F.

11 Roding, Peter Friedrich: Museum Boltcnianum, etc. 1798. Seep. 149.

12 Chemnitz, Johann Hieronymus: Neues systematischcs Conchylien-

Cabinet. Neunten Bandes, erste Abtheilung. Niimberg 1786. See vol. IX,

pi. 106, fig. 902.

26 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (1)

■perversum, as a distinct species {B. kieneri), or as a sinistral

monstrosity of B. eliceans.

Apparently no one has so far considered the type specimen of

Murex perversus. WHien photographs of this type are examined

it becomes clear that the name Bh.s?/co7? perversum (Linne) should

be applied henceforth to the robust form described as a distinct

species by Philippi, and that B. kieneri (Philippi) must unfortu-

nately be placed in the synonymy.

The elimination of Busycon kieneri involves the question of the

validity of B. eliceans and perhaps also of B. carica (Gmelin).

The trouble does not end here for a name must be found for the

slender sinistral Busycon.

For this purpose at least two names should be investigated. The

older of these Fulgur contrarius, was used by Conrad^-' in describ-

ing the left-handed Busycon of the Duplin Miocene at the Natural

"Well in Duplin County, North Carolina. The later name, Busycon

adversariuni, also of Conrad," was attached by him to a shell

figured by Tuomey and Holmes.

Busycon adversariuni appears to be founded upon a fairly

mature example of B. contrarium, and the name is therefore a

sjaionym for tlie latter species. The proper disposition of the

recent slender sinistral Busycons is full of many difficulties. For

the present, however, it seems best to regard them as a race of

Busycon contrarium (Conrad).

Explanation of Figures, Plate 7

Type Specimen of Murex perversus Linne. Long dimension about 74 mm.

Photographs by the Linnean Society 's photographer.

Fig. 1. Specimen with nportiiro turned toward observer.

Fig. 2. Apical view.

!•■* Conrad, T. A.: New fossil Sliells from N. Carolinn. Amer. .lourn. Sci.

39, 1840. See p. 387.

Conrad, T. A.: Fossils of the Medial Tertiary or Miocene Formation of

the United States, No. (4). 18(n. (Rei)ublicatiou of 1893 by William

Healey Dall.) See p. 81 and pi. 45, fig. 11.

i* Conrad, T. A.: Catalogue of the Miocene Shells of tlie .Mlaiitic Slope.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc. XIV. 18C2. See p. HciO.

Tuomey, M. and F. S. Holmes: Pleiocene Fossils of South-Carolina. 1857.

See p. 11.") and pi. L'it, fig. ;{.

Till-: \.\i Tii.rs: :).•{ (d

n.ATi-: 7

1, J. 'rvpc i)f' "Miircx"' pcrvcrsiis I-iim;i(ii>. :;, Lcinvi i .nn^ w rlil.i-ri. 4, St.i;^

nicola imliiniiidcs vancouvi-n-iKsis (Vol. .)'_', \t. 144). ."), ('ochH-ciitnim l><iurgi'(»is:K', j- 3^

.111(1 ii:itiii;il size. 7, *) (left), " .\lv:iiii:i " kccii.ic. it (ri^'lit), Stcii(itrciii:i fr.-itcinimi

iiiontanuiu (Veil. .">2, p. !»8).

July, lt)39] TllK NAUTILUS 27

A NEW MEXICAN COELOCENTRUM

BY II. A. PTLSBRY

Ainonp: otht-M- ^loxican land shells sent by Miss M. E. Bour^'eois,

of Jlixeoat'. D. P.. Mexico, were specimens of a new Coelocen-

trum, which thoujrh externally nnich like various other species,

has an internal armature quite unlike any yet described.

COELOCENTRUM BOURGEOISAE, nCW SpCcics. PI. 7, FilTS. 5.

The shell is imperforate, cylindroid, with somewhat convex

sides; truncate, the breach closed by a steep plup:, central hole

small. About one turn below the truncation the diameter in-

crea-ses rapidly. The whorls are slightly convex, with sculpture

of very fine thread-like striae about as wide as their intervals;

the last whorl rounded, with only a weak trace of a spiral cord

and slight impression defininjr the base. The small aperture is

quite oblique, the lip a little expanded, shortly free from preced-

ing: whorl. The internal axis is rather small above but enlarges

in the last four whorls. It is swollen around the upper part in

the third whorl from the last, this swelling; becoming a rather

thick, rounded spiral cord in the penult whorl, where there is

also a high spiral lamella flaring into the cavity from the junction

of axis and anterior partition. Opposite the higher part of this

lamella there is a much shorter spiral cord on the upper (pos-

terior) partition, and a weak one in the outer wall, below the

middle of the whorl (broken away in fig. 5). These lamellae

diminish rapidly in the last whorl, and are not visible in the

aperture.

Length 21.3 mm., diam. 8.3 nnn.; 9| whorls remaining.

Length 22.8 mm., diam. 7.6 mm. ; 10 whorls remaining.

Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico.

No other Coelocentrum yet known has a spiral lamella flaring

from the front partition at its junction with the axis, together

with other armature somewhat like that of the typical group of

Holospira. For species having this structure the

Subgenus Schizopyle, new subgenus

is proposed. Type Coelocentrum hourgeoisae.

28 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (1)

LEIOSTRACUS WEBBERI, A NEW BULIMULID

SNAIL FROM ECUADOR

BY H. A. PILSBRY

Among: other land shells received from Mr. Frederick S. Webber

there was a single specimen of a snail having some resemblance to

the Brazilian Leiostracus perlucidus (Spix), but differing in

several important features. These shells were collected for Mr.

Webber by a naturalist friend, in the foothills of the Andes not

far from the toAvn of Banos, Ecuador.

Leiostracus webberi, new species. PL 7. Fig. 3.

The shell is very thin, pyramidal, narrowly umbilicate, glossy,

translucent whitish, with, on the last two whorls, about six very

narrow opaque M'hite bands or wide lines, and narrow irregular

interrupted retractive streaks of light brown, in places broken into

scattered dots ; the base without markings. The spire is straightly

conic, the small apex somewhat obtuse. Whorls are moderately

convex, the last one angular at periphery, slightly excavated be-

low the angle, the base elsewhere weakly convex. Sculpture: —

Very close to the tip fine spiral threads arise ; they are well

spaced, six on each whorl, and continue on following whorls,

until finally, on the later whorls, they become the white lines

described above. On the third whorl microscopic spirals appear

in the spaces between the threads; they are most distinct on the

penult whorl, becoming weak on the last whorl and almost van-

ishing at the base. The strongly oblique aperture is ovate, the

lip thin and simple, triangularly dilated at the axial insertion.

Length 22 mm., diam. 14 mm. ; 6f whorls.

It is quite possible that the single specimen is not quite mature,

and that the lip becomes expanded when full grown.

On account of the apical sculpture of the shell and dentition,

it will probably be best to rank Leiostracus as a genus distinct

from the huge Drymaeus assemblage. It is a small group of about

ten species,' all published hitherto being from tropical Brazil to

Guiana.

The species of the eastern parts of the continent have extremely

fine, clo.se spiral lines on the apical whorls, with more or less weak,

1 Sec Man. Conch. 12: 90, and 14, Classification of Ihilinuilidao p. xlix.

One species, L. ruthveni (H. B. Baker), from Guiana, has boon added since

the publication of the Manual of Conchology.

July, 1939] THE NAUTILUS 29

irrofjulur corrut^atioii. The western species now described dilTers

by havinfj only few (about 6), widely spaced spirals on early

whorls and no trace of vertical or irrejrnlar sculpture. It forms

a new subg:enus of Lciostracus, to be called

Graptostracus, new subgenus.

A NEW SUBGENUS AND SPECIES OF WEST

COAST "ALVANIA"

BY MACKENZIE GORDON, JR.

H. E. Vokes^ in his checklist of shell-bearing gastropods from

the intertidal zone of Moss Beach, San Mateo County, California,

mentioned among other microscopies two new species of ^'Alva-

nia." These were not subsequently described. Recently Dr. A.

Myra Keen of Stanford University collected at this locality and

managed to secure some beach drift in which were numerous

microscopic gastropods. Among these were two specimens of a

hitherto undescribed species of "Alvania." She kindly turned

them over to me for description.

For some time I have realized that the group of small "West

Coast shells assigned to Alvania is not congeneric with the true

representatives of that genus from the Mediterranean region.

The status of the genus Alvania is as follows : In April, 1884,

Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus^ designated Alvania cimex

(Linnaeus) (= Turbo cimex Linnaeus) as the genotype of Alvania

Risso (1826). Although they and other authors regarded A.

cimex as conspeeific with A. freminvillea Risso, A. europaea Risso,

and A. mammillata Risso, the Linnaean species did not appear in

Ris.so's original list.' It is therefore not eligible for designation

as the genotype, according to the International Rules of Zoological

Nomenclature. In order to remedy this situation I hereby desig-

nate Alvania freminvillea Ris.so* (= Turbo cimex Linnaeus) as the

genotype of Alvania. This will not affect the practical usage of

1 Nautilus: vol. 50, no. 2 (Oct., 1936), pp. 46-50.

2 Lcs Mollusqucs Marins du Roussillon: fasc. 7, p. 282. 1884.

3 Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid.: Tome IV, pp. 140-147. 1826.

*Ibid: p. 141, pi. IV, fig. 118.

30 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (1)

A. cimex as the genotype but it will clearly define the status of

the genus Alvania in accordance with the International Rules of

Zoological Nomenclature.

Recently Thiele^ cited Alvania montagui (Payraudeau) {=Ris-

soa montagui Payraudeau) as t\i3ical of the genus, evidently be-

lieving that earlier than April, 1884, Monterosato*^ had designated

this species as the genotype. Monterosato made no such designa-

tion but merely listed A. montagui first among various species of

Alvania. Moreover, A. montagui did not appear in Risso's origi-

nal list and is thus not eligible for designation, although it is

thought by some authors to be possibly conspecific with A. sardea

Risso. However, both A. cimex and A. montagui are members of

Alvania s. str.

The true Alvanias of the Mediterranean region differ from our

West Coast forms in the following particulars :

(1) They have thick, heavy shells about 5 mm. in height while

the latter have rather delicate shells generally less than 3 mm. in

height.

(2) The}' possess five postnuclear whorls while our "West Coast

forms generally average three.

(3) The outer lip of the former is greatly thickened by a promi-

nent buttress-like varix and its interior bears prominent denticles,

while the West Coast forms have a thin to slightly thickened outer

lip with the interior generally smooth but occasionally Avith shal-

low spiral lirations.

(4) The sculpture of the shells of true Alvania is also coarser

and heavier than that of the West Coast species.

As already pointed out by Dr. Paul Bartseh" our West American

"Alvanias" will have to be reassigned to some of the dozen or

more allied genera and subgenera of this group which have been

described principally from southern Europe. Lacking sufficient

comparative genot>T5e material I have not been able fully to

acc()iiii)lisli tiiis task, so a final solution must await a later paper.

However, it appears that no subgenus has yet been erected which

would satisfactoi-ily include the species about to be described and

its close West American relatives. This group is characterized by

•'■' Handb. dcr Systcmat. Wcichtifrkviiidc: i>t. 1, ]>. 1G3. \9'29.

0 Conch, litt. Modit.: p. 19. 1884.

7 Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum: vol. 52, no. 219:? (May 29, 1917), p. G78.

July. 1039] Tin; nautilus 31

a spiially liralo iiiu'liMis. As far as roiihl he (Ictcniiiiu'd, all sub-

genera into which our West Coast " Alvanius" could bo placed are

supposed to possess smooth niaminillate nuclei. Thus I take the

liberty of describing the following subgenus as new :

WiLLETTiA, new subgenus

Subgenotype: Alvauia montercyensis Bartsch, 1911.

This subgenus is characterized principally by a turbinate, well-

rounded nucleus of ajiproxiniately two whorls which is sculptured

by spiral lirations. Tlie shell is not thick and generally less than

3 nun. in height. The post-nuclear whorls are generally three in

number and somewhat inflated or well rounded. The shell is

sculptured by spiral cords on the whorls and base and axial ribs

en the whorls. The intersection of the ribs and cords form nodes.

The aperture is rissoid with the outer lip thin to slightly thick-

ened and smooth within. The peritreme is complete.

To this subgenus may be assigned A. montereyensis Bartsch,

A. sanjuanensis Bartsch, A. keenae Gordon, A. aequiscidpta Keep,

A. cosmia Bartsch, A. kyskaensis Bartsch, A. halia Bartsch, and

A. nemo Bartsch.

This subgenus is named in honor of the well known authority

on West Coast shells, Mr. George Willett, Curator of the Depart-

ment of Ornithology and Conchology at the Los Angeles Museum,

Los Angeles, California.

"Alvania" (Willettia) keenae, new species. PI. 7. Figs. 7, 9

(left).

Shell small, elongate-ovate, yellowish-white. Nuclear whorls

one and one-half, turbinate, with axis parallel to that of the post-

nuclear turns; first nuclear half-turn smooth (eroded?) ; last turn

sculptured by approximately ten rounded, hardly elevated, some-

what beaded spiral lirae, separated by very narrow spiral grooves.

Post-nuclear whorls well-rounded, almost inflated, mai-kod by )uir-

row, rounded, elevated, slightly protractive axial ribs, about one-

third to one-fourth as wide as the spaces that separate them. Of

these, 18 occur on the first, 22 on the second, and 25 on the third

(last) turn. The axial ribs are crossed by prominent, elevated,

well-rounded spiral cords which are stronger than the axial ribs;

separated by slightly wider, broadly-rounded spiral grooves.

There are five spiral cords on the first two whoi-Is and six on the

last, the extra cord being added below the perii)hery by the coiling

of the shell. The two posterior cords are narrower and more

32 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (1)

closely spaced than the rest which are siibeqiial in strength and

spacing. This results in a slight angulation at the third cord in

the second whorl, but not in the last whorl where the second cord

becomes slightly stronger. The axial ribs are strongest where they

cross the spiral cords, forming prominent elliptical nodes with the

long axis parallel to the spiral cords. The axial ribs are not well

developed on the last half-turn. The sutures are rather strongly

constricted.

Periphery well-rounded, marked by a sulcus not quite as wide

as that separating the heavier cords on the spire. Base rounded,

narrowly umbilicated, with a slight angulation marking the boun-

dary of the umbilical area. The base is sculptured by six (not

counting the first sub-peripheral cord which is exposed on the last

whorl) low, rounded, closely-spaced spiral cords, much weaker

than those on the spire ; the last one occupying the umbilical area.

The base is also marked by faint lines and constrictions of growth.

Aperture oval ; posterior angle obtuse ; outer lip very slightly

thickened, well-rounded ; inner lip rounded, slightly reflected and

appressed to the base posteriorly; parietal wall covered with a

moderatel}^ thick callus which renders the peritreme complete.

The type possesses three and one-quarter whorls and measures:

length, 1.9 ; diameter, 1.0 mm.

Holotype: No. 6516 (Stanford Univ. type coll.) from beach

drift among boulders, Moss Beach, San Mateo County, California,

collected by Dr. A. Myra Keen, October 23, 1938. A paratj-pe

figured in this paper, with two and one-quarter whorls and a height

of 1.4 mm. and which shows more clearly the sculpture of the

nuclear whorls, was collected with the type and is : No. 7229 (Calif.

Acad. Sci. type coll.).

Alvania keenae appears to be most closely related to A. inon-

tereyensis Bartsch which possesses eight spiral threads on the

nuclear whorls and has similar sculpture. The new species, how-

ever, differs from A. montercyensis in having more spiral cords on

all the whorls, less axial ribs in the early whorls, and weaker spiral

cords on the base, besides a more robust shape.

This species is named for the collector of the types. Dr. A. Myra

Keen, Curator of the Paleontological collections, Stanford Univer-

sity, California.

References

Bartsch, Paul. 1911. The recent and fossil mollusks of the

genus Alvania from tlie west coast of America : Proc. U.

S. Nat. Museum, vol. 41, no. 18(53. pp. 333-362, pis. 29-32.

July. 1939] THE NAUTILUS 33

Bartsch, Pai'L. 1917. Descriptions of new west Aiiicrican

marine niollusks aiul notes on jireviously deseribed forms:

Proe. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. 52, no. 219:{, pp. 677-679.

Bartsch, Paul. 1927. New west American marine moliusks:

Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. 70, no. 2660, pp. 29-31.

BucQUOY, E., Dautzexberg, Ph., and Dollfus, G. 1884. Les

niollusques marins du Roussillon : fase. 7 (April, 1884),

pp. 259-298, pis. 31-35.

CossMANN, M. 1921. Essais de Paleoeonchologie Comparee : vol.

12, pp. 3-32.

MoxTEROSATO, A. 1884. Coneh. litt. Medit., p. 19.

Risso, A. 1826. Hist. Nat. de L 'Europe Moridionale : Tome IV,

pp. 140-147.

SuTER, Hexry. 1913. Manual of the New Zealand Mollusea : pp.

198-227.

Thtkt.k, Joiiaxnes. 1929. Handbueh der Sj^stematischen Weieh-

tierkunde : pt. 1, pp. 16^163.

Tryox, G. W., Jr. 1887. Manual of Conchology : vol. 9, pp. 314-

437.

VoKES, H. E. 1936. The gastropod fauna of the intertidal zone

at Moss Beach, San Mateo Countv, California : Nautilus,

vol. 50, no. 2 (Oct., 1936), pp. 46-50.

NOTES AND NEWS

Exact Dates of The Nautilus. — Volume 52 (1) : pp. 1-36, pis.

1-2, was mailed July 22, 1938; (2) : 37-72, pis. 3-4 + 2 portraits,

Oct. 28, 1938 [N. B. error (51) in volume on outside and p. 37.] ;

(3): 73-108. pis. 5-7, Jan. 23, 1939; (4): 109-144 (fviii), pis.

8-9, April 26, 1939.— H. B. B.

The Type of Section Euchemotrema Archer. — In The Nauti-

lus, 1939, Vol. 52, p. 98 a new section Euchemotrema was described

for the genus Stenotrctna. I neglected to assign a type species for

this section, and I hereby designate Stenotrema monodon (Rackett)

as its type.

The figure of Stenotrema fraternum montanum Archer was in-

advertently omitted from the .same paper, and is now represented

on Plate 7, Fig. 9. — A. F. Archer.

MiCRELENCHUS versus GiBBiUM. — In resurrecting the name Gib-

hium Gray, 1843 (see the Proceedings of the Biological Society of

Washington, vol. 50, 1937. p. 115). I overlooked the fact that this

3-4 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (1)

name was preoccupied by a well known genus of ptinid beetles,

Gibhium Scopoli 1777.

The name Micrelenchus Finlay, 1926, is therefore the valid name

for this group, typified by the species Trochus sanguineus Gray. —

H. A. Rehder.

Extension of Range of Tethys californicus Cooper in Cali-

fornia.— The northern limit of the range of this species is usually

given as the northern part of Monterey Bay. Therefore the recent

collecting of two individuals at Bodega Bay, about 100 miles to

the northward is noteworthy. The specimens were found in three

feet of water just inside of the bay on February 2, 1939 and were

presented to the California Academy of Sciences by Mr. H. B.

Nidever of the California State Division of Fish and Game. —

G. D. Hanna.

Say's Conchology. — Continuing the series of notes which have

appeared in late issues of The Nautilus regarding this work,

three additional copies are now recorded. These belong to the

library of the California Academy of Sciences.

1. This copy is trimmed and bound in paper board ; it was se-

cured many years ago, along with the remainder of the library

of Gustav Hambach, the paleontologist of St. Louis, Missouri. It

once went through the hands of Friedlander u. Sohn, Berlin, but

the remainder of its history is not known. A previous possessor's

signature has been clipped from title page and covers. Parts 6,

7 and the glossary are missing but otherwise it seems complete.

Fifty plates are present and the covers, both front and back, are

bound at the end.

2. This copy was presented by Dr. Barton Warren Evermann,

March 26, 1921 and is beautifully preserved. There is nothing

to indicate its previous history. It is bound in gray paper board,

uncut, and very few of the pages are brown stained. All seven

parts, complete with 68 plates, are present but the glossary is

lacking. Plates and covers, fi-ont and bai-k. nic hound at the end

of the volume.

3. This copy was presented to the Academy hy Dr. Hans

Schlesch, April 29, 1937, and is complete with glossary and all

seven parts. Plates and all covers are bound in their respective

July. 1939] Till-: nautilus 35

places tlirouj,'lu)iit the volume, thus aidiuj; inatcrially in collation.

The name on plate 53 is *'Unio qu(i(lrulus Kal'." Only the top of

the book has been trimmed. The binding is old half morocco.

Dr. Sehlescli advised (Nov. 29, 1937) that it formerly belonged

to Henry Krebs, the Danish collector, and author of a catalog

of West Indian marine shells. It went from him to Dr. C. M.

Poulsen. after Avho.se death it passed into the possession of the

dealer, Herman Lynge and from whom it was purchased for 30

Danish Crowns.

So far as can be learned from Dr. Wlieeler's articles and other

notes in late numbers of The Xautilus, these three copies make

29 now known to be in existence. The Krebs-Schlesch copy ranks

with the Tomlin copy as being complete and maintaining the origi-

nal order if the glossary be considered a part of the work. Infor-

mation regarding such copies as that of Dr. J. H. Beal is not suffi-

cient so that the reader may completely evaluate it. — G. D. Hanna.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

A Preliminary Account of the Unionidae of Ontario. — By

A. La Rocque and J. Oughton. Canadian Jour. Research, Sec.

D. Vol. 15, Aug., 1937. A resume of the Unionid fauna of this

province is given in tabular form with a comparison (numerical)

of the several drainage basins with critical notes on all doubtful

species. 40 species and 14 varieties are noted. An important

bibliography is given for Canadian references. — \V. J. Clench.

Physiology of reproduction of Ostrea virginica. I. Spawn-

ing reactions of the female and male. By Paul S. Galtsoff.

Biol. Bull. Woods Hole 75 : 461^86, 14 figs., 1938. Spawning of

the female consists in the discharge of eggs from the ovary, in

rhythmic contractions of the adductor and in contraction and

change in the position of the mantle borders. Eggs discharged into

the suprabranchial chamber are forced, by an increased pressure

there at the time of the widest gaping of the shell, to penetrate

through the gills into the pallial cavity, and are expelled by vigor-

ous movements of the valves. ]\Iale ejaculation is not accompanied

by such rhythmic contractions of the adductor and the sperm are

simply carried away by the cloacal current. — H. B. B.

36 the nautilus [vol. 53 (1)

The reproductive system and spermatogenesis of Limacina

(Spiratella) retroversa (Flem.). By Sidney C. T. Hsiao. Biol.

Bull. 76 : 7-25, 7 figs., 1939. This species seems not to show atypi-

cal spermatogenesis. No cytological connection has been observed

between the "nurse-cells" and the germ cells. Its genitalia agree

very closely with those described by Meisenheimer (1905). —

H. B. B.

The history of a population of Limacina retroversa during

ITS DRIFT ACROSS THE GuLF OF Maine. By Alfred C. Redfield.

Biol. Bull. 76 : 26-47, 10 figs., 1939. A population of small speci-

mens of this pteropod appears in the eastern part of the Gulf in

December, 1933. Collections made during the following 9 months

showed that the population was homogeneous, that its members

grew to maximum size in 5 months and the numbers decreased as

they did so. In addition to the information on the life history,

the data indicate the rate of drift of the water in its circuit of the

Gulf, supply suggestive information on the dispersal of organisms

through the lateral mixing of water and emphasize the dependence

of pelagic organisms upon the current systems of the ocean and

the difficulty in maintaining a permanent population in any one

locality.— H. B. B.

Prosobranciiia et Opisthobraxchia. Par W. Adam et E.

Leloup. Result. Scient. Voy. Indes Orient. Neerlandaises, etc.,

vol. 2, fasc. 19 (Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique) : 1-209, 8 pis., 38

figs., 1938. Synonymies, localities and dimensions of the speci-

mens obtained are given. Excellent radular figures are included

for Diodora, Cellana, Acmaea, Trochus, Turbo, Ncrita, Theodoxus,

Neritina, Septnria, Lcptopoma, Viviparua, Liftorina, Tcctarius,

Brotia, Sulcospira, Mclania, Tcrchralia, Monet aria, Drupa and

Jopas. Photographs of the shells of many species are beautifully

reproduced. — H. B. B.

AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

Tlie Toronto Meotiiijr, held at the Royal Oiitai-io INIuseum of

Zoology June 20-23. was one of the best we have had, with large

attendance and many interesting jiapers and addresses. The

hospitality and arrangements of the local Committee were perfect

at every point. A I'ni-tlier report will follow.

The Nautilus

Vol. 53 October, 1939 No. 2

COLLECTING ON A CORAL REEF IN

FLORIDA

BY THOMAS L. McGINTY

For some time we had talked of a combined shell collecting and

diving trip to the great coral reef which lies just off the Florida

Keys and on the edge of the Gulf Stream. After considerable

study of the nautical charts a mere speck of land about eight

miles southeast of Key West and some five miles from the nearest

land was chosen as a base for our operations. A local boatman

agreed to maroon us upon our chosen desert island for four days,

after which time, weather permitting, he would return to carry

us back to the mainland.

On June 19th we reached our destination. Middle Sambo Shoal,

and were surprised to find it even smaller than we had expected.

Our row-boat, collecting equipment, diving gear and camp sup-

plies were carried ashore, the boatman waved a farewell salute

and departed, and we began life as three Robinson Crusoes.

When camp was established there remained only a few feet

between our tent and the nearby Atlantic and because of the

numerous turtle "crawls" everywhere in evidence it was decided

to provide some form of barricade to discourage, if possible, the

big fellows from flattening the tent to the annoyance of those

within. Even as we worked, a huge loggerhead laboriously came

up out of the sea to inspect the island for later use.

In the afternoon, at low tide, much of the reef was exposed and

our domain had more than doubled in size. Here were ideal col-

lecting conditions with loose rocks and corals of all sizes which

had been broken off the main reef by previous hurricanes. The

water was marvelously clear, so with diving goggles we enjoyed

a sort of pre-view of the breath-taking beauty which the wonders

(37)

38 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2)

of the reef afford. Later with the diviiig:-helmet we were free

to move about on the ocean floor and allowed to enjoy in perfect

comfort the indescribable beauty of the underwater world.

The largest and finest of the Florida star shells, Astraea caelata,

was abundant in crevices and under rocks in all the varied stages

of growth. Also present were Mitra harhadensis and the fast

moving Pisania pusio; a species of Epitonium lived buried in the

sand among the rocks and Cassis testiculus was found in its favor-

ite station under the larger stones. Cypraea spurca and an occa-

sional Cypraea cinerea with lovely mantles extended were hidden

and waiting to resume their nocturnal habits. The pretty little

Engina turhinella had found a home to its liking under rocks in

shallow water and lived in neighborly fashion with Area, Can-

tharus, Littorina, Planaxis and Modulus. It was a real thrill to

turn over a stone and find whole colonies of Nitidella nitidula,

Pyrene mercatoria and Tegula semigranosa. Various limpets

were left exposed clinging to the rocks, Acmaea and Fissurella.

Occasionally under stones could be had Lucapina, Suhemarginula

and the pretty little Diadora minuta. Large Conus mus and that

beauty, Conus nehidosus, were hidden beneath loose coral. The

red colored animal of Conus nehidosus was rather shy but often

a patient observer could see the action of the poison barb. This

single edged barb is really a very highly developed tooth of the

radula and there seems to be little doubt that its function is to

assist the slow moving carnivorous animal in procuring food

rather than for protection from its enemies. Care should be

taken in the handling of members of this genus until it can be

determined whether the Conidae of Florida are dangerous to

man.

Just to the east of our island, where the bottom was grassy, we

walked on the ocean floor in the diving-helmet. Conditions here

were perfect for the large Strombus gigos, judging by their

abundance. Occasional Cassis madagascarcusis and Cassis (ubc-

rosa were observed fully extended and searching for prey. Triton

nohiiis, one of the most attractive of tlic larger West Indian mol-

luscs, concealed itself under large hollow corals.

Exploring the outer reef through tlie medium of the diving

gear was a constant source of joy aiui thi-ills. I'or here was all the

amazing beauty of a coral reef in a tropic sea. CJorgeous colored

Oi'tober. 1931)] the nautilus 39

fish of varied size and shape, graceful waviiij; seu-fans, together

with an astonisliinj,' abundance of many other forms of sea life,

made a pieture so (hizzliufr in color that once seen it could never

be forjrotten. Several species of gorgonians were observed and

clinging to some was a living cargo, the pretty leopard-spotted

Cyphoma gibbosa. Spondylus and Chama were so well camou-

flaged that a movement of the valves or a glimpse of exposed

mantle was needed to distinguish them from their surroundings

of multi-hued marine growth. Rarely among the living coral

could be seen ConiUiuphUa abbrcviata or the graceful Calliostama

jujubinuni.

There were thrills too, for the great barracuda found the coral

reef with its abundant food supply to his liking. On one occa-

sion while below, the writer decided to shift the anchor and tow

the boat above to unexplored territory. After completing the

task a glance towards the surface disclosed an alarming sight.

Intentlj' watching and quite motionless were no less than ten huge

barracuda, so close that the round spots on their horizontal bodies

were clearly visible. It was a long trek back to the descending

line with spinal shivers all the way, and needless to say diving

was discontinued for the day.

The story of the island could hardly be complete without men-

tioning the hermit crabs. Great legions of them, in all manner

of shells, at times came out of the sea. They became bedfellows

at night and one even sampled a collecting hat in its search for

food. We expressed our thanks only to those in fine homes which

now have a place in the collection.

This more or less continuous reef off the Florida Keys presents

to the collector almost unlimited possibilities. It is a field which

has been touched in but few places. Much of the area can only

be worked with the aid of diving gear but there are places favor-

able for shallow water work. Here, given time and luck, one may

well hope to make new discoveries or at least to add some bit to

the knowledge of the undersea life at the edge of the Gulf Stream.

The writer is tremendously indebted to the other members of

our party, Mr. Orrin Randolph, an experienced diver who fur-

nished the diving equipment, and ^Ir. Burner Haag. Without

their companionship and helpfulness this trip would not have

been possible.

40 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (2)

CONUS MELVILLI SOWERBY, AND A NEW

SPECIES OF THE LAMELLARIIDAE

BY LOUISE M. PERRY

In the sprinjr of 1938 a small living Conns was dredfred at six

fathoms depth in the Gulf of Mexico about three miles off Little

Carlos Pass, Lee Count}'-, Florida.

The small cone did not fall into the eate<rory of any one of the

species established in this locality. Reference to the collections

in the National Museum, the Philadelphia Academy of Natural

Sciences and the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridjre.

revealed nothing with which it could be associated. Search of

the literature and comparison of the new specimen with the de-

scription and illustration of Conus melvilli in the Conchologia

Iconica, determined its identity as a juvenile shell of this species.

It is believed to be the second, and only living individual of this

species to be recorded, and is illustrated in Plate 8, fig. 1.

Sowerby's description of his cone quoted from the Conchologia

Iconica, will serve equally well for the new specimen, save in point

of size, as for the shell upon which the species is founded.

"Conus melvilli, n. sp. (Received July 18, 1878.) C. testa

abbreviato-subcylindracea, solida, obtuse angulata, laevi, antice

crenulato-sulcata, griseo-albida, cinnamomeo-fusco longitudinali-

ter strigata, lineis fuscis undulatis transverse cincta; interstitiis

lineis curvatis longitudinalibus hie illic irregulariter divisis; spira

obtusa, fusco strigata; anfractibus 7, convexis, laevibus; apertura

modica, fauce eastanea. Long. 20, maj. lat. 11 mill.

"Habitat: Key West (J. Cosmo Melvill).

"A small obtuse cone, with characteristic markings, somewhat

resembling those of C. lucidus (Mawe), on a smaller scale; the

transverse brown lines are more numerous, and the short longi-

tudinal ones crossing the interstices less so. The light brown

streaks almost cover the shell, leaving small white patches between

the transverse lines.

"The shell described was ]>icked uji on tlie beaeli by Mr. ]\Ielvill

at Key West (south ol" Florida) in 1872, and is at jiresent the only

specimen known of the species."

The new sjieciinen has a longitnde of 13 nun.; maxinnim

width 6.5 mm. ; length of body whorl 10 mm. Tlu^ apex is obtuse,

October, 1939] the nautilus 41

the spire is slopintr aiul consists of four whorls below the apex;

the shoulder is rounded and the body whorl tapers to a width of

2 mm. at the base. The sutures are slip:htly canaliculate. The

aperture is narrowest above and re^'ularly increases in width

to the base of the shell; the outer lip is thin and sharp. The

ground color of the shell is bluisii-white, the revolvinfj: chestnut

colored striations are closely placed, very faint near the shoulder,

becoming stronger over the expanded portion of the body whorl

and developing into elevated threads over the narrowed basal por-

tion. Light brown irregular markings are arranged in indefinite

longitudinal bands, with the color much deeper about the sutures

and near the base. Well within the aperture the interior of the

shell is seen to be chestnut colored. The periostracum is pale

brown, thin and papery. The operculum is typical of the genus.

Marsenixa globosa, new species. PI. 8, fig. 2.

Shell thin, translucent, milky-white, with a shining, diaphanous

periostracum. Apex minute, apical whorl very small and thin ;

two small whorls, the second rapidly enlarging into bodj^ whorl

which comprises about four-fifths of the total altitude of the shell.

The whorls are rounded, inflated and oblique ; sutures deeply im-

pressed ; sculpture consists of fine incremental lines. The aper-

ture is obliquely expanded downward to the right ; the outer lip

is thin, sharp and very fragile ; the columella is incurved and

deeply concave at the center. The interior of the shell is smooth,

shining and iridescent and the sutural impressions and cavity of

the spire are visible when the shell is viewed from the base.

Height from base of columella 14 mm. ; height from base of

expanded lip 15.5 mm. ; width at posterior angle of aperture 9.75

mm. ; greatest width of shell 14 mm. ; diameter — greatest thick-

ness of shell — 9.25 mm.

The animal is oval and rounded, the tissues firm ; the extreme

anteroposterior measurement is 18 mm., extreme height 9 mm.

The mantle is dull white with abundant opaque maculations; it

is reflected over the shell, leaving exposed a circular area of about

4 mm. diameter. The snout is short and very mobile, the tentacles

rounded and tapering, black eyes at outer side of base of tentacles.

The foot is triangular, lengthened, with bluntly rounded angles.

42 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2)

The specimen upon which this species is based was taken by

Jeanne S. Schwengel in Pine Island Sound, Lee County, Florida,

in AprH, 1939.

ASHEVILLE, N. C.

POLYDONTES OBLITERATUS (FeRUSSAC)

BY H. A. PILSBRY

This handsome snail is still rare in collections, though it was

defined in 1821 by Ferussac's figures of specimens collected by

Mauge. These specimens were probably in poor condition; the

dark ground color as apparently * ' restored ' ' by the artist is quite

incorrect. The locality was given as Porto Rico. This erroneous

habitat was repeated from one author to another up to 1901 (in

Dall and Simpson's Mollusca of Porto Rico). However, Bland

as early as 1876 gave notes on a dead specimen, white with no

trace of brown bands, picked up in 1875 by Mr. V. P. Parkhurst

in the immediate northern vicinity of Port au Prince, Haiti ( Ann.

Lye. N. H. of N. Y., 11 : 148), and more recently (1887) H. Rolle

found it at Jeremie, according to Crosse ( Journ. de Conch. 1891,

p. 51).

The fine specimen now illustrated (PL 8, fig. 5) was taken by

Dr. S. H. Williams, Professor of Zoology, University of Pitts-

burgh, on Nouvelle Terain, at an elevation of 8000 feet, and was

transmitted to me by Mr. C. B. Wurtz, one of his students. It

measures, height 32, diam. 54 mm., with 4^ whorls. The first

3^ Avhorls are whitish gray, without markings. On the last whorl

the very thin periostracum has a faintly buff tint, and is banded

with cinnamon brown or somewhat lighter, tlie bands narrow and

interrupted, three on tlie up]>er surface, about eiglit on llie base.

The embryonic shell, of nearly 1\ whorls, sliows faint growth

wriuklcs aud a fine, weak granulation. This granulation becomes

stronger on subsecjuent whorls, l)ut only weakly reaches to the last

whorl, which has irregular retractive wrinkles but no granulation

above except in j)laces near the jieriplu'ral angle, above wliidi

there is a band of short but enii)hatic wrinkles. The base is

granulate throughout. The columella has a low, convex lobe.

TIIK XAITIMs. :,:| (2)

I'LATK s

m ^:^:

.',^<^^

J. ro„«. n,r,nll,. -2, Marsrnnu, ,,l„l,n.s„. :t. r,„.lnsln;un m„ih„.ul,

4, r^/,/<i.v /„„•,,. I,,.Mul...] v.-,ri(.fy. .",, r„h„lu„l,s ahlil. ral „s.

October, 1939] the xai'tilus 43

By the abseiiee of f;ranulatioii on the upper surface of the last

whorl, this specimen differs from those previously described.

The jaw, mounted by Mr. Wurtz, has strong, narrow ribs.

Central and lateral teeth have mesocones onlv.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF SAYELLA WITH

NOTES ON THE GENUS

BY J. p. E. MORRISON!

The shells called Sayella have proved on examination of living

material recently collected from the Chesapeake Bay Area to

belong to the Pyramidellidae. Their previous incorrect place-

ment in the EUobiidae--^ was occasioned by lack of knowledge of

the animal characters. The New England species were included

in Pyramid clla (Syrnola) by Dr. Bartsch in 1909,* but the less-

known southern forms were not until recently suspected as being

closely related.

Sayella includes species that range from Mass. Bay to Texas

and the West Indies; that have an elongate-conic-ovate, micro-

scopically spirally striate shell, and that live in or on the mud or

on plants on mud flats, in shallow water a little below low tide

line (0-2 fms.). These shells are proportionately shorter than

those of Syrnola, which possess a much larger number of more

completely flat-sided whorls, and whose habitat is in much deeper

waters (16 to 440 fms. recorded).

The animal of Sayella is proportionately large, the extended

foot in the Chesapeake Bay form being longer than the shell.

The foot is abruptly truncate before, rounded behind, and about

two-thirds as wide as the greater diameter of the shell. The snout

is similarly abruptly truncate, about twice as long as its width,

which is about one-third that of the extended foot. The flattened

triangular tentacles, directed laterally and upward from the head,

are a little longer than wide, but are not quite equal in length to

the width of the snout. The head behind the tentacles is cvlin-

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

2 Dall, Proc. U. S. N. M., 1885, p. 286.

3 Johnson, Atlantic Coast List, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 40, p. 159, 1934.

« Bartsch, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 72, 1909.

44 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2)

drical, equal in diameter to the snout. The eye spots are im-

bedded in the head a little behind the base of the tentacles. As

in other Pyramidellidae there is no radula, but only a tubular

proboscis, capable of eversion to twice the length of the snout. In

color, the animal varies from whitish to a pale leaden gray, the

greatest amount of pigment being developed on the snout.

The genus Sayella includes the following forms :

S. fiisca (C. B. Adams) 1839.= P. E. I. to Long Id. Sd. (Fla.?).

S. producta (C. B. Adams) 1840. Mass. to N. J.

S. winkleyi (Bartsch) 1909. Mass. to Conn.

S. crosseana Ball 1885.^ Fla. (W. Indies?).

S.hemphUli (Ball) 1883. Fla. (Genotype).

S. livida Rehder 1934. Texas.

Sayella chesapeakea, new species.

Shell : small, elongate-conic-ovate, with five whorls closely ap-

pressed to a shallow suture; whorls widest below the middle,

microscopically spirallj^ striate throughout; aperture acutely

angled above, widely rounded below to the abruptly truncate

columella, at the beginning of the single spiral eolumellar lamella.

The parietal callus extends almost beyond the spiral lamella, leav-

ing only a very minute umbilical pore. The apex is eroded in all

specimens seen.

Operculum: thin, corneous, paucispiral.

Animal : see generic description.

The type (U.S.N.M. No. 530766) was collected on a mud flat

on the east side of Broome's Island, Maryland, in the lower

Patuxent River, has five whorls remaining and measures: Height,

3.85 mm.; diameter, 1.4 mm.; aperture height, 1.25 mm.; ajier-

ture diameter, 0.9 mm.

This form is rouglily intermediate in size between fusca (C. B.

Ads.) and h(m})hUH (Dall). It is regularly onc-tliinl smaller

lliaii fusca of the same number of wliorls; the uj^per 0(\\i:\y of tiie

whorl is more closely appressed to the preceding whorl, with a

distinct but much shaHowoi- suture between the llatter-sided

whorls.

Every sj)ccimeu seen was more or h'ss eroded at tlic tij), i'l'om

the action of the decay acids of the mud bottom in or on wliich

•'' Jolmsfin, Atlantic Cojist List, j). SC).

October. 1939] tiik nautilus 45

they live. Tliey were recovered in numbers (hundreds) by

screening the muil Iroiu the bottom in about two feet of water at

low tide, or by scrapin<; the liand screen throufrh the isolated

dumps of Eel<rrass. They have been seen also from the lower

Potomac River at Colonial Beach, Virf?inia, and Cobb Island,

Maryland, and from the Little Choptank River, near Cambrid«re,

^laryland (Jackson). In both the Patuxent and the Little Chop-

tank Rivers, they were taken in company with Paludestrina

(Ecrobia) truncata Vanatta.

Sayella watlingsi, new species.

Shell: small, elongate-ovate, pellucid; whorls six, regularly

arched from suture to suture, slowly increasing, obsoletely micro-

scopically spirally striate; apex obtuse, nucleus (1 whorl) diag-

onally upturned. The aperture is a little oblique, obtusely angled

above, effuse below, meeting the columellar lamella in a broadly

rounded curve. The parietal callus barely reaches the lamella,

leaving a minute but distinct spiral, tubular umbilicus.

Animal : not observed.

The type (U.S.N.M. No. 127488) was received from the U. S.

Fish Commission, collected from the lagoon at Watling's Island

(San Salvador) in the Bahamas, and measures: Height, 3.35 mm. ;

diameter, 1.2 mm.; aperture height, 1.1 mm.; aperture diameter,

0.7 mm. This species does not exhibit the extreme flattening of

whorls seen in crosseana Dall ; hence is of greater diameter, al-

though nearly equal in height. Its shell appears thinner and

more pellucid.

AN UNUSUAL CAVE DEPOSIT

BY J. p. E. MORRISON 1

Skyline Caverns, one mile south' of Front Royal, Warren

County, Virginia, were visited through the courtesy of Skyline

Caverns, Inc., extended by Mr. Theodor Mussaeus, on the third

of July, 1938. The writer went to investigate the possibilities

of a cave race of Poli/gyra tridcnfafa (Say). One peculiar speci-

men of this land snail was collected from the cave, near its mouth,

^ Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

46 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2)

by a student of Dr. John W. Bailey of the University of Rich-

mond, on a previous exploration trip. No additional specimens

■were found, so this peculiarity must remain in the category of

chance or individual variation, occurring when the snail lives in

the deeper rock crevices, yet near the ground surface.

In the course of visiting accessible parts of the caverns, the

lowermost level, now being eroded by a small stream, was care-

fully examined. Nothing was seen living in the sandy and

gravelly bed of the narrow stream, here cutting a winding passage

deeper and deeper into the limestone. It was at the furthest up-

stream point reached by the writer that the unusual was found.

The stream is about 12 to 18 inches wide, and at this date was

ankle deep over sand bottom, where it emerges from a tunnel

passing underneath some of the other cave chambers. This tortu-

ous tunnel opens beneath a hood whose ceiling is about seven feet

above the stream bed. The report of plant seeds seen by the

previous exploration party drifted up onto the sides of the cave

was fully confirmed. In addition, there were small white objects

peppered over the walls and ceiling of this "hood," but most

numerous in the crevices. These white objects proved to be snail

shells, adhering to the reddish clay coating over the surface of the

limestone rock. Apparently the water of a freshet of an earlier

date that season had poured out of this tunnel faster than the

channels leading out of the cave system could carry off the water.

The water rising rapidly in this lowermost chamber had floated

the drift shells upward, where, in the eddies, they adhered to the

ceiling of the "hood," about five to seven feet above the ordinary

water level of this normally tiny underground rill. That this

sort of cave deposit is transitory (in this portion of the Shenan-

doah Valley) is indicated by the extreme fragility of all these

drift sliell specimens. Only a relatively short exposure to the

action of these acid grduiul waters would dissolve them com-

pletely. It was indeed most unusual to find Land Snail shdls in

stream drift deposited on the roof of a cave-chamber.

Twenty-six species of Land Shells were recovered from the

cave:

Polygyra trident ata juxtidens (Pils.). L

stenotrema (Per.).

hirsula (Say).

Ot'tobcr. 1939 1 TiiK NAUTILUS 47

Haplotrcma concdvttni (Say). L

Gastrocopta arm if era (Say).

contracta (Say).

pentodon (Say). L

Vertigo gouldii (Binney). L

Columella edentula (Drap.).

Slrobilops labifriiilhiea (Say). L

Guppya sterkii (Dall). L

Eu CO nidus clursiiiKs (Say). L

chersinus doit at us Sterki.

Striatura meridionalis (P. & F.). L

Hawaiia fninuscula (Binney).

RetincUa indentata (Say). L

rhoadsi (Pils.).

virgin ica Morrison.

Vcntridetis supprcssus (Saj')-

Zonitoides arhoreus (Say).

Anguispira alternata (Say).

Helicodiscus parallclus (Say).

singlcyanus inermis H. B. Baker.

Punctum vitreum H. B. Baker. L

Carychimn exile H. C. Lea. L

nannodes Clapp.

Those species marked L were found living, on the same date,

in the leafmold on the upper slopes of Dickey's Hill, just above

one of the sink-hole entrances, through which this drift was

washed into the Skyline Caverns. In addition to the Land Snail

shells, one very small specimen of IFontigeyis nickliniana (Lea) ?

was recovered from this drift. Does this little Freshwater Snail

live in caves as well as springs?

LAND SNAILS NEW TO THE FAUNA

OF PENNSYLVANIA

BY GORDON K. MacMILLAN

Carnegie Museum

Collections made in some sections of Pennsylvania during the

past two years have brought to light three land snails that have

never before been recorded in this State. The credit for their

discovery belongs to Charles Wurtz, a recent graduate from the

University of Pittsburgh. These snails are :

48 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2)

Polygyra fratenia cava Pils. & Van., from Wintergreen Gorge,

near Erie, Erie Co.

Paravitrea capsella (Gould), from Hillside, Westmoreland Co.

Retinella carolinensis (CklL), also from Hillside, Westmore-

land Co.

Polygyra fraterna cava Pils. & Van. has been found in various

localities from New Brunswick to Minnesota and south from Iowa

to West Virg'inia. The state of Pennsylvania falls within this

area, and the presence of this variety in this state is not surpris-

ing. It is, however, surprising that Polygyra fraterna cava has

not been found in Pennsylvania before this time. More thorough

collecting throughout this state may bring to light more specimens

of this variety, and, perhaps, a revision of the species fraterna in

the collections of some of our larger museums may reveal the

existence of more specimens of this variety in Penns^'lvania

through misidentification.

Until last summer no specimens of Paravitrea capsella (Gld.)

had ever been recorded from this state. The species is distributed

throughout Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina,

Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Virginia. Its presence

in western Pennsylvania should be expected, as that locality is

within the same drainage system as the most northerly extent of

Paravitrea capsella in West Virginia. Some of the northcentral

counties in West Virginia are traversed by the same rivers and

mountains that are found in the southwestern section of Penn-

sylvania. It was along the Monongahela River route and Chest-

nut Ridge that this species moved nortliward into that section of

Penn.sylvania in which it is now found. It is possible tliat tliis

species followed the Monongahela River valley northwaid and

then the Allegliony, turning southeastward along the Kiski-

minetas and Conemaugh until it reached tlie Chestnut Ridge.

Or perliajis it just migrated along the crest of the Chest mil Kidge,

being an inhaliitaiit of tlie entire ridge from West Virginia to the

nortiieastern extent of Westmoreland County.

Along this same water and mountain i-oute luliuclla caro-

linensis (Ckll.) has entered the same section of Pennsylvania.

This species has much the same distribution of Paravitrea ca])sclla,

but somewhat greater, being found also in I\Iississippi and

Mar\lau(l.

October. 198!) | thk nautilus 49

With tlu> last two speries of snails there are two faetors to be

taken into consideration coneerninj? their presence in that part ol"

Pennsylvania. First, that tlie eliinatie conditions have been favor-

able for their existence in this part of the state, that their food

has always been available, and that the river courses have made

easy routes of distribution to nuUce the northward niitrration

desirable. Second, that this apparent northward migration mij^lit

be a resettlement or repopulation of territory once occupied by

these species before they were driven southward by the encroach-

ment of the last glacier.

To have a complete knowledge of the molluscan fauna of Penn-

sylvania more thorough collecting must be made in some of the

less accessible places in this state, especially those in the more

mountainous sections of the central part.

NEW MEXICAN SPECIES OF SPIRAXIS

BY H. BUREINGTON BAKER

This constitutes part 5 of a series on Mexican mollusks collected

for Dr. Bryant Walker in 1926. The first paper appeared (1928)

as Occasional Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 193, in which

the symbols for localities are explained on pp. 2-25.

SpraAxis (Rectaxis) granum, new species.

Shell (pi. 9, f. 5) cylindric-turrite, light corneous to whitish,

glassy and transparent, with very low, flattened growth-threads.

Whorls 7f , flattened convex, with rather shallow, weakly crenulate

suture. Apex large; embryonic whorls about 3, quite rapidly

widening; first 1^ almost smooth; remainder gradually assuming

lounded growth-threads, demarcated by incised lines with weak

traces of spiral striae. Later whorls medium in length, very

gradually increasing, with low^ flattened growth-threads, which

die out basally on last whorl and are more than ^ width of their

interspaces, that show fine growth-striae but lack definite spirals;

first neanic whorl with 37 threads; second with 40; third with 42

and last whorl with 45. Aperture oval-trapezoidal, with longest

dimension about 35° to shell-axis; peristome simple, almost verti-

cal and very little arcuate; colninella almost straight, rounded

and quite heavy, tapering more abi-uptly towards basal end. Alt.

2.97 mm., diam. 31 (0.93 mm.), alt. last whorl 39 (1.16 mm.);

50 THE NAUTILUS fVOL. 53 (2)

aperture alt. 23 (0.69 mm.), diam. 67 (0.46 mm.). Another (sta-

tion 54) measures: alt. 3.22, diam. 28 (0.89), alt. last whorl 39

(1.25); aperture alt. 23 (0.74), diam. 66 (0.49); 7| whorls.

Anatomy (to be figured) similar to that of S. intermedius but

free oviduct (UV) relatively larger and prostate and ovotestis

simpler. Radular formula: 12-l-(2 + 10) ; teeth more elongate.

Below Necaxa (D, III, a, 52) , alt. 3120 ft. ; common. 8. granum

is quite variable in shape and columella. It may be the same as

8. linearis Pfeiffer, which probablj^ was founded on a young or

paedogenetoid shell, but the latter appears to have more closely

spaced threads and longer, more oblique whorls.

Spiraxis (Rectaxis) subtilis, new species.

Shell (pi. 9, f. 1) subulate, light corneous, glassy and almost

transparent, with numerous incised growth-lines. Whorls 9i, flat-

sided, with simple, rather shallow, overriding suture. Apex

smaller than in /S. (jranum; embrj'onic whorls 21, short, quite rap-

idly widening; first almost smooth; otherwise as in S. g-ranum.

Later whorls becoming longer and gradually widening, with sculp-

ture of incised growth-lines and interspaces that slope outwards

(rise) in direction of growth (i.e., like the surface of a shingled

roof) and, especially on the earlier whorls, may be thickened just

before each impressed line so as to approach the condition in (S.

granum; first neanic whorl with about 47 lines; second with 38;

third with 41; fourth with 48; fifth with 50 and last with 51.

Aperture trapozoidal-ovate, with longest dimension about 30° to

shell-axis; peristome simple, almost vertical and very little arcu-

ate; columella narrow, slightly oblique and almost straight. Alt.

4.58, diam. 28 (1.29), alt. last whorl 36 (1.66) ; aperture alt. 21

(0.96), diam. 68 (0.65).

Las Tortolas, Cordoba (D, I, a, 4), 2625-3000 ft.; quite rare.

8. suhtilL<> is somewhat similar to, but has a smaller apex and

longer, more rectilinear Aviioi'ls tiian «^. rJiabdus Pilsbry.

S. (R.) SUBTILIS viTKKUS, iicw suhspeeios.

Shell (pi. 9, f. 2) similiir to S. .subfilis hut with shorter, more

convex and more i-a|)i(lly widening whoi-ls. First neanic whorl

with 42 growth-lines; seeond with 40; third with 43; fourth with

49 and fifth and last each with 50. Alt. 4.16, diam. 31 (1.28), alt.

last whorl 37 (1.54); aperture alt. 21 (0.89), diam. 73 (0.65);

almost 9 whorls.

Below Necaxa (D, I, a, 54), 2625 ft.; quite rare. This subspe-

cies can scarcely be (S. cniifrrtcstriatns (S. & P.) since it has two

Till-: NAITII.IS .-);{ (2;

I'l.ATK II

1. S/nni.n.s .siihlilis. 1^, S. .siiblilt.s vih-tii.s. i!, 4, S))ii(i.ris siihii ili<lii.s. .l.

S. araiiiiw. (I, .Sy)/;,;.< /.v pdiriis (Xattim-s, 52: i:]4). 7. N. fiitilis. H, S.

siiliiiiiliiinn. '.». S. .■<iihn/)i (IS.

October, 1939] the nautilus 51

more whorls althoiifrli somewhat smaller and appears to have a

very miR'h sti-aijrhter coluiiielhi than tlie hitter.

Spiraxis (Kectaxis) subnitidus, new species.

Shell (pi. 9, f. 4) lip:ht corneous, similar in shape and size to

S. suhtilis, but with more closely spaced, weaker j;rowth-striae, like

S. uitidus pcrsulcatus. Whorls 9, relatively shorter than in 8.

subtilis. Embryonic whorls 25, with 2 almost smooth. Later

whorls with irrefrular p-rowth-striae, even more numerous than in

S. n. pcrsulcatus: first with 67; second wuth 70; third with 73 and

last with 74. Columella very sli^ditly concave and evenly rounded

(more spirally wound than in S. subtilis). Alt. 4.87, diam. 27

(1.30), alt. last whorl 35 (1.69); aperture alt. 20 (0.95), diam.

70 (0.67). Radular formula (f. 3) : 15-l-(2 + 13).

Above Necaxa (B, II, a, 33), 5000 ft.; rare. This may be S.

nitidus minor Martens (1898), which was founded on S. & P.'s

form B, but is certainly not S. acus minor F. & C. (1877). As

Strebel und Pfeffer suggested, this species somewhat resembles

their S. confertestriatus (not seen by me), to which 8. delicatus

Pilsbry must be somewhat similar (although considerably smaller),

but S. subnitidus appareuth* has much weaker striae and appears

quite glossy to the unaided eye.

SpraAxis (Versutaxis) subgranum, new species.

Shell (pi. 9, f. 8) cylindric-turrite, silvery white to whitish

corneous, translucent, with well spaced, very low riblets. Whorls

7|, quite convex although progressively less so, with well im-

pressed, weakly crenulate suture. Apex relatively large ; embry-

onic whorls 2s, rapidly widening; first two almost smooth. Later

whorls gradually inci-easing, with very low, flat-topped threads,

which die out on base of last whorl and are about half as broad

as their slightly concave, weakly striate interspaces; first neanic

whorl with 44 threads; second with 42; third with 37; fourth

with 38 and last with 34. Aperture trapezoid-reniform with

greatest dimension almost 30° to shell-axis; peristome slightly

thickened, almost vertical and little arcuate; columella somewhat

thickened and weaklv .sigmoid. Alt. 3.44, diam. 33 (1.14), alt.

last whorl 41 (1.40) ;'aperture alt. 23 (0.80), diam. 71 (0.57).

Las Tortolas, Cordoba (A, I, a, 4), 3000 ft. ; quite rare. S. sub-

granum has heavier threads and a smaller apex than S. parvus and

its sculpture is more sharply cut than that of S. granum. It differs

52 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2)

from both species in its columella, which slightly approaches that

of Volutaxis.

Spiraxis (Versutaxis) subopeas, new species.

Shell (pi. 9, f. 9) cylindric-turrite, vitreous and almost trans-

parent, with engraved growth-lines. Whorls 8i, flat-sided with

abruptly overriding suture. Apex relatively large ; embryonic

whorls 2|, of which first two are smooth, gradually widening.

Later whorls increasing in length, with narrow, sharply engraved

growth-lines separated by finely striate interspaces which irregu-

larly increase in width on penult whorls but decrease again on

last ; first neanic whorl with 44 major striae ; second with 42 ;

third to fifth with about 36 and last with 42. Aperture trapezoid-

lanceolate, with greatest dimension 20° to shell-axis; parietal

callus rather heavy and extensive ; peristome almost vertical and

moderately arcuate (more so than in S. opcas) ; columella fairly

heavy and lightlv twisted. Alt. 5.03, diam. 26 (1.31), alt. last

whorl 39 (1.98) ; aperture alt. 24 (1.19), diam. 58 (0.69 mm.).

Below Necaxa (BCD, III, a, 54), 2625 ft. S. suhopeas is about

the length of S. opeas but is slenderer and more nearly cylindric

and has longer, more flattened whorls.

Spiraxis (Versutaxis) futilis, new species.

Shell (pi. 9, f. 7) long bulimoid-turrite, whitish corneous, trans-

lucent and polished, with well spaced growth-sulei. Whorls 7},

quite flat-sided, with overlapping, weakly scalloped suture. Apex

narrowly rounded; embryonic whorls 2;|, with 1.5 almost smooth

and others assuming neanic sculpture. Later whorls moderately

long, very gradually widening, with irregularly, quite widely

spaced, shallow, but relatively broad sulci, separated by irregularly

wide, weakly striate interspaces; first (neanic) with 21 sulci;

second with 22; third with 20; fourth or last with 19. Aperture

trapezoid-lanceolato, with greatest dimension about 20° to shell-

axis; peristome thickened, almost vertical and little arcuate;

columella relatively heavy, twisted and basally subtruncatc. Alt.

3.12 nun., diam. 29 (0.91), alt. last whorl 44 (1.38) ; apertnre alt.

26 (0.80), diam. 55 (0.44 mm.).

Tenango Hills, Necaxa (BCD, III, a. 41), 4600 ft. .S\ fufilis

has more convex outliiu's than any similarly sculptnred sjiecies.

It is about the size of S. palzcuarcnsis (Pilsbry) and has similar,

well-spaced, incised sulci, but lengthens its whorls more regu-

larly so that its earlier ones are shorter and its last considerably

October, 1939 1 the nautiltts 53

loiijrer. Its pt'ciiliarl}- lliickt'iuMl, stihtruiiealt' (Milimiclla is rutlier

iiniqiuv

A NEW FLORIDAN CYCLOSTREMA

liY II. A. PILSBRY

Cyclostrema sanibelense, new species. PL 8, fi<2:. 3.

The low-turbinate shell is narrowly unibilieate, the base im-

pressed, somewhat funnel-like around the perforation; whitish,

slijzhtly translucent. There are about 3i rounded whorls. The

early whorls are smooth, sculpture beginning on the penult whorl.

The last whorl has seven narrow spiral cords separated by much

wider intervals, which are crossed by very delicate, rather widely

spaced threads in the direction of lines of growth. The moder-

ately oblique aperture is rounded, the contour a little flattened

bj' contact with the preceding whorl. Outer and basal margins

are thin, the upper margin arching forward. Columella thick-

ened, continuous with the short, adnate parietal callus. Some-

times a few weak, fine spirals can be seen within the umbilical

cavity of the base. The operculum is corneous, multispiral, simi-

lar to that of Calliostoma.

Height 0.8 mm., diam. 1.0 mm.

Height 0.9 mm., diam. 1.1 mm.

It is apparently near Cyclostrema granulum Dall from Samana

Bay, Santo Domingo, but it has fewer spiral cords and is more

depressed, the C. granulum being as high as wide.

This is one of the smallest Florida gastropods known, but the

series of more than sixty specimens collected on several occasions

shows that they are adult shells.

Collected at Sanibel, Florida, on valves of living Atrina (Dr.

Louise ^I. Perry).

ON THE LIFE HABITS OF SOME TROPICAL

FRESH-WATER MUSSELS

BY FRITZ HAAS

1. Existence of fresh-water mussels in highly

polluted water

On February 16, 1938, I had an opportunity of collecting in the

Lagoa da Felipa in NE. Brazil, State of Ceara. The basin named

54 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2)

above belongs to Rio Bunubuiu, a left tributary of Rio Jaguaribe ;

it is a flat pan with a marly bottom which receives its water by

means of a connecting canal from Rio Bunubuiu, when the latter

carries high water, and it retains this water during the whole year,

though, of course, with heav;\' losses. Its marly bottom does not

encourage a rich aquatic flora and this may be the reason why no

mollusks of the families of the Lymnaeids, Planorbids, Physids,

Ancylids and Sphaeriids were seen.

I found the water of the Lagoa da Felipa heavily polluted by

the dung of cattle and donkeys; in the rather long part of the

shore which I studied the water was literally converted into dung-

water, the leached particles of the donkej's' dung floating near

the edge or lying on the shore as flood-drift. There was, therefore,

but little hope of finding a rich molluscan fauna in the lagoon, and

indeed I succeeded in collecting in the marly mud, about 7 inches

deep, only the following species :

Ampullarius {Ampullar ins) figulinus (Spix).

Anodontitcs {An odontites) obtusus (Spix).

Anodontites {Anodontites) trapesialis darochai W. B. Marshall.

Anodontites {Anodontites) crispatus salmoneus W. B. Marshall.

Mycetopoda siliquosa (Spix).

The many organic substances dissolved in the water of tlie la-

goon must have made it practically free of oxygen. We, therefore,

may imagine that the Ampullarians, with their secondary lung,

can stand the anaerobic conditions of their habitat; but it is diffi-

cult to understand how the Mutelids can live there. But the fact

mentioned above is by no means unique, for the detection of living

fresh-water mussels in water heavily jiolluted by dung in tlie

Brazilian Lagoa da Felipa is supported by corresponding observa-

tions in South Africa, wliere T found living speciinoiis of Aspa-

tharia {Spathopsis) wahlbcnji (Krauss) in the last residual pools

of rivers and brooks, the water of which was reduced to veritable

dung-water by the dung of antelopes and zebras coming to quench

their thirst there in the evenings (Haas, Abh. Senck. Nat. Ges.,

Nr. 431, p. 95; 1936).

Botli in Africa and in South America, these observations refer

to Muteiid mu.ssels only; can it be that these are nu)re resistant

than Unioiiids? We cmm only guess at the reasons which enable

mussels to live under such uiit'avoi'.'ihle conditions.

October. 1939 1 the nautilus 55

Perliajjs the iiiuleniable property of many mussels, specially

those that live in iresh water, to nourish themselves at least partly

by means of adsorption — that is. by taking in tlir()u<rh the surface

of their body and by ditrestinj; materials dissolved in the water —

can explain why duufr-water almost free of oxygen does not suffo-

cate the mussels livin<r in it; for the orjranic matter contained

in the water may be adsorbed by the animals, and the oxypen freed

by its decomposition during digestion may be used for respiration.

This ideology is supported by Cole's statement (Journ. Exp.

Zool., 33; 1921) that animals living in water containing no dis-

soluted oxygen develop an oxydase in their tissues, mainly in their

crystalline stile.

2. Estivation in fresh-water mussels

On March 3, 1938, I collected in the Dam of Umarizeira, 30

miles southwest of Fortaleza, State of Ceara, NE. Brazil, where,

as I had learned, fresh-water mussels or ''itans, " as they are

called in the vernacular language of the people, had already been

found. The man who was to help me, however, refused to go

into the water as I had done ; he repeated to me again and again

that "the itans are living in the dry earth at the margin of the

water."

While I was looking for living shells in the water, the man

worked in the sandy-earthy ground just near to me, where there

were tomatoes growing, cutting up a layer about 2 inches thick;

and there he really found, after a while, a living mussel, an

Anodontites (Anodontites) crispatus salmoneus W. B. Marshall,

about three-fourths grown. So. though no more species were

obtained, it was proved that in quite dry earth, 10-15 inches above

the water level for more than 6 months of the year, fresh-water

mussels of the genus Anodoivtites can endure dryness and can

live for half a year or still longer out of water, imbedded in dry,

stone-like bottom. In order to characterize this bottom, I may

mention that we found, together with the mussel, an eel, Sym-

branchus marnwraius Bloch e.stivating too, and a living chrysalis

of a moth of the Sphingid family. Is there need of more evidences

to prove that the ground in which the above-mentioned living

mu.ssel was found, must have been absolutelv drv?

56 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2)

More corroborating facts about the estivation of mussels in dry

ground were obtained in other dams of the Fortaleza region.

One must not believe, however, that all the mussels in a pond

or a dam can endure summer dryness out of water and in dried-

out ground at the margin, which is laid bare when the water

begins to shrink in consequence of the heat. For only those which

have been surprised by the retreating water and which could not

follow it toward the center of the basin will bury themselves in

the ground, while the rest of the mussels, living at greater depths,

remain in the water throughout the entire summer.

Similar resistance to dryness on the part of fresh-water mussels

has been described only once, to the best of my knowledge.

Deshayes (N. Arch. Mus. Paris, 10; 1874) mentions that a speci-

men of Pihhryoconcha, that is to say, an anodontine Unionid, sent

to Paris from Cambodia by the then long way around the Cape of

Good Hope, could be brought back to life by being placed in water.

TWO NEW POLYGYROID HELICOIDS FROM

NORTHERN CALIFORNIA

BY S. STILLMAN BERRY

Redlands, California

The seed of future doubt and confusion must ever be implicit

in the description and naming of a species, and more especially

a subspecies from our western states, bearing no better locality

data than the citation of a county, for the western counties are

often very large and ofttimes one of them will be found inhabited

by a whole series of closely related forms difficult to discriminate

with an}' surety without the most precise information. For ex-

ample it appears that at least three distinguishable races of the

coluynhiand-mcdosoma group of Polygyroid snails occur within

the limits of Humboldt County, California. P. c. mcgasoma was

described from this county without specific locale, and it remains

in other respects somewhat inadequately known. If I do not go

astray in my interpretation of it. tlie two races described below

are receptive candidates for new names.

1) Mesodon (megasonid, s\ihs]i.'!) kimtkiciiius nov. Fig. 1 b, c.

Description: Shell small, low-conic, rather thin; base tumid.

October. 19391

Tin: NAUTILUS

57

Spire low, tlie slui)cs nearly strai^'lit. Wliorls about 6 ±, convex,

with well-marked sutures, quite retrularly enlarging; body-wliorl

strongly swollen basally, slightly but rather suddenly descending

at the suture to the aperture; abruptly constricted just back of

the peristome. Lip white in front, well thickened and reflected ;

rounded anteriorly, flattened below, narrowed ])arietally and

again at the columella, where it is suddenly widened and reflected

to kink over and nearly cover the umbilicus. Aperture usually

toothless, but a trace of a parietal tooth is sometimes present and

an occasional shell has this quite well developed, whitish and

arcuate. Terminations of lip connected by a thin but sharply

bounded parietal wash of callus, the outer margin of which flares

forward in a wide sweep in front of the columella and then

abruptly recedes to it. Umbilicus very narrow, hardly perme-

able, heavily pilose within, and almost completely covered by the

columellar flare even in very young shells.

C 2nrM-n. B Smrn. C

Fig. 1. A, Mesodon (megasoma, subsp.?) euthales. C, C, M. (megasoma

subsp.f) eritrichius ; camera outlines of the holotjpcs. B, Camera sketch of

columellar region of specimen C, more enlarged.

Embryonic whorls tumid, translucent, polished, closely finely

axially wrinkled, with a minute granulation superimposed. On

the later whorls these granules become elongate and extremely

numerous, showing an alignment in obliquely descending series,

and when not crushed or abraded bearing each a short erect acute

58 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2)

hair-like process which «;ives the surface a fine satiny phisli-like

surface if clean, but in life causes the adherence of much finely

particulate mud or humus, which must be carefully washed away

if the true ornamentation is to be seen. Growth-lines, other than

those marking the rather frequent resting: stagres, hardly evident

due to the papillation and pilosity, but there is an extremely fine

and close axial microscopic wrinkling of the periostracal surface

between the papillae.

Color of shell in the main close to Snuff Bro^vni, but paling on

the anterior portion of the last whorl to Honey Yellow or Chamois,

and to Cream Buff behind the peristome.

,;r Maximum Minimum .,,.. -, Number

Measurements: -,. , •,. . Altitude « , ,

diameter diameter or whorls

mm. mm. mm.

8815. Largest paratype.. 16.4 14.0 11.2 6.1

8971. Holotype 14.4 12.2 10.2 5.8

8815. Small paratype 13.4 11.5 9.6 5.5

Holotype: Cat. No. 8971 Berry Collection; Paratypes No. 8815

of same collection ; others to be deposited in the collections of

Stanford University, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-

delphia, the United States National Museum, and the private

collection of Mr. Allyn G. Smith.

Tripc-localiiy: Foot of bluff on ocean side of peninsula at Table

Bluff Liglit, Humboldt County, California ; among moist ferns,

poison oak, wild blackberries, Equisetum, etc. ; Leo Shapovalov

and Elden H. Vestal, 13 August 1938; 16 adults. 4 .iuvcnals.

Remarks: This species, which is the dominant IMcsodon in the

coastal belt of Del Norte and northern Humboldt Counties, ap-

pears very distinct from coJumhiana in all its forms, and these

two at least I l)elieve to be specifically sejiarable. Probably its

nearest ally is megasoma "Dall" (1905: 26) as redefined by Pils-

brv (1928: 182) to cover a low-conic shell having a very narrow

umbilicus and a long strong parietal tooth, and in size apparently

somewhat smaller (13.3 mm.) than the coninionallx- of i ritrichiiis.

From this latter ovir form dilTcrs most notably in its peculiar

rounded form, swollen body-whorl, and usual obsolescence or ab-

October, 1939] tiik nautilus 59

senee of the parietal ti»otli. Other peiuliar features are the curi-

ously kinked columellar reflection of the peristome, the equally

unique forward sweep ol" the parietal callus, and the extremely

fine and close pelajre. It is possible that these features may be

partly shared or foreshadowed in megasoma, but I have seen no

specimens which ajrree in all respects with Pilsbry's description

and fi<rures of the latter (1928: 182, figs. 8, 8a, 9). The nearest

apparently are certain lots from extreme southern Humboldt

County and northern Mendocino County (notably my No. 8808

from Red Mountain Creek, 1 mile above mouth ; L. S., 13 Nov.

1937), which have a strong and long parietal tooth, a much less

tumid body-whorl than has et'itrichius, less copious pilosity, and

not so much of a forward flare to the parietal callus. Where best

developed the parietal tooth in this lot is peculiar in that it often

raises a small secondary unwhitened hummock just outside the

anterior termination of the main crescent. Most of these shells

are much more depressed than those illustrated by Pilsbry and

further collecting in crucial areas maj^ show that yet another race

should be recognized in this region.

Pilsbry (p. 183) finds megasoma "hardly distinguishable from

P. c. armigera, which differs chiefly by its remote habitat," but

I have seen no Humboldt County examples which were not clearly

distinguishable, if not superficially, at least by the microscopic

detail of the periostracal sculpturing, which in the southern

.species {e.g., my 2749 from Big Basin, Santa Cruz County), com-

prises a close, highly irregular papillation on a glossy surface

showing quite coarse growth-wTinkles. Pilsbry's second and more

detailed account of megasoma (1931: 101) I find difficult to har-

monize except on the assumption that his later material was prac-

tically all of it representative of the form I now call eritrichius

rather than typical megasoma as first defined by him. True, he

does not mention the remarkable flare of the parietal callus, but

he does refer to the columellar kink and his localities, excepting

Inverness, are all within the known range of eritrichius.

To summarize, I am persuaded that in relation to the more

widely distributed columbiana, both eritrichius and armigerus are

distinct and clear-cut species, but the true position of megasoma

is still to be demonstrated. It and eritrichius seem close akin, yet

60 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2)

in the large series of specimens examined I am unable to establish

complete intergradation.

The name chosen is from the Gr. eri-, very, + trichios, hairy.

The type-locality is described by Mr. Shapovalov as being hardly

15 yards from extreme high-tide line.

2) Mesodon (megasoma, subsp. ?) euthales nov. Fig. 1a.

Description: Shell similar to eritrichius in most characters, but

with a strongly developed arcuate parietal tooth, a much wider

and more sinuate peristome, and the attainment of enormously

greater size.

T^ir . Maximum Minimum ...■. , Number

Measurements: ■,. , -,. . Altitude „ , ,

diameter diameter oi whorls

mm. mm. mm.

7830. Paratype 20.2 16.6 14.8 6.5

7830. Paratvpe 19.0 16.0 13.4 6.3

8972. Holotvpe 18.7 15.5 13.3 6.7

7830. Paratype 17.8 15.0 12.2 6.1

Holotype: Cat. No. 8972 Berry Collection. Paratypes: No.

7830 same collection and another in the collection at Stanford

University.

Type-locality : Chaff ey Ranch, 7 miles above mouth of Klamath

River, Del Norte County, California; in redwoods, Leo Shapo-

valov, 22 Aug. 1934; 4 adult shells.

Remarks: This is very much the largest Mesodon known to me

from within the bounds of California, although it is still a pygmy

as compared with the giants of Oregon and Washington. I have

as yet seen it only from the type-locality where it occurs in asso-

ciation with a very much smaller race^ scarcely separable from

the typical form of the species, except for the presence of a strong

parietal tooth. Dimensions of two specimens of the smaller form

are a])pended for coini)arison :

n/r . ., ^ ^., Maximum Minimum .,.., , Number

Measurements: ,. . ,. . Altitude „ , ,

diameter diameter ot whorls

7831.

7831. Dead

1 A not infrequent phenomenon with this genus in northern California,

but one as yet without satisfactory explanation.

October, 1939] tiik nautilus 61

The subspecific name is derived from the Gr., cu, well, + thales,

fed.

Literature

Ancey. C. F.

[1881. Le Naturaliste, ser. 1, 1: 404, 1881.

teste Fulton.]

1887. Description of North American shells. Coneholofjists'

Exchanjre, 2(5): 63-64, Nov. 1887.

Dall, W. H.

1905. Land and fresh-water molhisks of Alaska and adjoin-

in«r refrions. Harriman Alaska Expedition, 13 :

i-xii, 1-171, text fi?s. 1-118, pi. 1-2, 1905.

PiLSBRY. H. A.

1928. Species of Polyjryra from IMontana, Idaho, and the

Pacific Coast states. Proceedings Academj^ Nat-

ural Sciences Philadelphia, 80 : 177-186, text figs.

1-13, Aug. 1928.

1931. Polvgvra cohimbiana megasoma (Dall). . . . Nauti-

* Lus, 44 (3) : 101-102, Jan. 1931.

LAND SNAILS COLLECTED AT UGANIK BAY,

KODIAK ISLAND

BY WALTER J. EYERDAM

The report on "Land Snails of Kadiak"^ by S. Stillman Berry

in The Nautilus, 1937, pp. 87-88, reminded me that I should

contribute the results of a small collection that I made on the

shore of Uganik Bay in October, 1924.

At that time I was cooper on the great 2200-ton, 5-masted

schooner "Bianca" which had been built during the war for the

Aastralian Government. It had made only one round trip to that

southern continent. In 1924 she was sold to a fishing company,

and used during the Sunnner as a herring saltery. The Fall her-

ring fishing was finished at Red Fox Bay on Shuyak Strait,

Afognak Island when we got orders to proceed to Halibut Cove

which is on Cook's Inlet on the Kenai Peninsula, not far from

Seldovia, where we would trj' our luck at Winter herring fishing.

Our ship with most of the Sunnner and Fall herring stowed in

the hold and with about 40 men and women aboard was being

1 Kadiak is the old Russian spelling. Kodiak is now in general use.

62 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2)

towed by the steamer "Redondo" toward the Winter fishing

grounds during a very heavy storm. The tow hawser broke twice

and a cable was then used but it also snapped finally, and then we

drifted for two days and nights, down Shelikof Strait and into

Uganik Bay, which is a long indentation of the N. W. shore of

Kodiak Island. We chose the end of the south arm of the bay

for anchorage, where we stayed during the first half of October

until the "Redondo" came back. Part of the passengers were

taken aboard the steamer, which towed the "Bianca" out to the

sea again. The Winter fishing was, of course, given up, and she

started on her return trip to Seattle. After 6 weeks of a very

stormy voyage, the "Bianca" was completely wrecked in a ter-

rific snow storm, not far from Cape Flattery, in the strait of Juan

de Fuca, on December 26, 1924. The crew was rescued through

the heroic efforts of Alolph Mortensen, the second mate, who swam

through the heavy surf with a line, tied it to a tree and then rigged

up a boatswain's chair, with which each man was carried to safety.

The ship was nearly broken in half, but the second mate went back

on the wreck to the severely injured first mate and stayed 2 weeks

longer, until rescued by a fishing boat.

While anchored in the south arm of Uganik Bay, I went ashore

on several occasions, for water and firewood, or to roam along the

beaches. I utilized part of this time to search diligently for land

shells. At this particular spot the Kodiak bears were numerous.

Bear trails were large and well worn and are, in fact, the only

paths that one can follow. If one got up at the break of day, he

could be sure of seeing one or more of these huge beasts. Seven-

teen bears were sighted at the same time one morning.

There are no coniferous trees on this part of the island, but

cottonwoods and alders are phMitiful in the valleys and grass and

other herbage grows rank and high and is very diflicult to walk

through in the late Summer and Fall. A dominant large peren-

nial lioi'b is the Avild I'hubai'b, TTo'acIciini Jinidfutii.

I liave visited i)arts of Kodiak and Al'ognak Islands on niniiorous

occasions, in different years, and always looked for land shells at

each opjiortnnity to do so. Most of the results were very i>oor

except ashoi-e near our anchorage, on the west side, near the end

of the sontli anii of Uganik Bay. This is the only place that I

have found i1 worth ^liih' to look for land shells.

October, 1939] the nautilus 63

The following: species were taken (liuiii<,' the several hours that

I collected in that locality, about the middle of Oi-tober, 1924.

They were all identified by Mr. Vanatta.

Eucouulus fabricii (Bei'k). 43 specimens at ^rass roots.

Euconulus fulviis alaskc7isis (Pilsbry). Under cottonwood logs

and dead leaves. Like Dr. S. S. Berry, I found practically no

dilTorence between this variety and the tj'pical species which I

collected in Kamchatka in 1925 and in 1928, and which I suspect

is really the varietal form. I have some specimens from Van-

couver Island that are labeled with the same name that are more

amber colored and with a slightly greater height than the northern

shells. These approach Euconulus trochiformia Mtg., and are

probably that species. I also have Euconulus fulvus alaskensis

Pilsbry, that I collected on Unimak, Akutan, Unalaska and Atka

Islands, that are exactly the same as those from Kodiak Island and

Kamchatka.

Pristiloma arcticum (Lehnert). Several specimens under wild

rhubarb.

Discus cronkhitci (Newcomb). About 300 specimens. Very

connnon at the base of wild rhubarb and grass roots. Like those

of S. S. Berry found at Karluk, Kodiak Island, these are for the

most part smaller than the typical race. They are similar in color

and with slight sculpture compared with the Kamchatka speci-

mens, being a light greenish yellow brown, are quite smooth but

are much less in size. The habitat and enviromnent and climate

is similar. There is, quite likel}', an imperceptible intergradation

between these two forms. The specimens which I collected at

Yakima, Washington, are more like the typical. They are normal

size, much darker brown than the northern form and have a well

defined sculpture which is easily visible. It may be quite justi-

fiable to describe the northern form as a new sub-species and the

one from Kamchatka as a variety, but whoever undertakes a

revision of the western form of this species should have a great

many specimens at hand for comparison from many localities.

Punctum conspectum (Bid.). 1 specimen, under wild rhubarb.

Vitrina alaskana Dall. 12 specimens; a smaller race. Under

wild rhubarb leaves and grass roots.

Retinella radiatula (Alder). 8 specimens, typical. Under

wild rhubarb and grass roots.

64 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2)

Vertigo modesta Say. 15 specimens. Under decaj'ing cotton-

wood logs.

Columella edentula (Drap.). 25 specimens. Under dead

alder leaves (Alnus hirsuta).

Succinea chrysis "VVesterl. 22 specimens. Under dead alder

leaves. The mature specimens are large, (24 mm. long by 15 mm.

wide). The aperture is of a beautiful golden red amber color.

Succinea rusticana alaskana Dall. Several specimens. Under

wet springy moss along a small ditch.

Succinea grosvcnori Lea. 9 specimens, in wet moss.

It is possible that a more intensive search in this locality would

reveal other species of land shells.

The rain of fine ash from the eruption of Katmai across Shelikof

Strait does not seem to have fallen as heavily in this section as it

did on Afognak Island and some parts of Kodiak Island, where

the ash fell several feet deep. Vegetation seems not to have been

adversely affected, but it may have been disastrous to certain

species of land snails in districts where ash fell deeply. This may

partly explain the absence of these animals in some rather promis-

ing looking spots that I have visited.

WENDELL CLAY MANSFIELD

Wendell Clay Mansfield was born on June 9, 1874, in Cliarlotte

Center, in western New York, a little to the south of Lake Erie

and to the east of Lake Chautauqua. His A.B. degree was re-

ceived from Syracuse University in 1908. For the two years fol-

lowing his graduation he taught science in the secondary schools.

On June 20, 1910, he entered the Federal service as preparator

to Dr. William Healey Dall, replacing the veteran collector Frank

Burns. Mr. Mansfield advanced through the usual stages to the

rank of Geologist, and in the meantime he had in 1913 received

a M.S. degree from George Wasliiugton University and in 1927

his doctorate. He was a member of the Geological and Biological

Societies of Washington, the Paleontological Society, the Wash-

ington Academy of Sciences, and the Geological Society of Amer-

ica. Ilis wife, Katherine Gibson Mansfield, died several years

ago after a long illness, and there were no children. He accepted

October. 1939] Tin: naitilus 65

without bitterness, but with lull realization, the comparative

loneliness of his later life. He himself was in wretched health

for a number of years, but tiiere was no word of complaint nor

of morbid reflection. He was spared, however, a lonji: dei)eudence

that would have been harder than physical pain, for the end came

suddenly on July 24, 1939. his first day of absence from his office

desk. Two sisters, a brother, and two nephews, whom he rcfxarded

with pride and with affection, survive him.

Trained under the aejris of Dr. Dall, liis natural rejrard and

respect for books and museum collections was deepened and

strengthened, and the Tertiary moUuscan collections at the U. S.

National Museum bear the imprint of his care. His faunal and

stratigraphic studies were focused on the middle and later Terti-

ary and the Pleistocene of the Atlantic seaboard from Virginia

to Florida. To those familiar with the deliberation with which

he worked, the sum total of his published writings is surprisingly

large, and most of his papers include a distinct stratigraphic

contribution. He was the first to extend the Yorktown formation

inland to Petersburg, Va. The description of the upper Miocene

faunas of Florida — those of the Choctawhatchee formation — and

their careful zoning are, perhaps, his most comprehensive work.

In this he established the upper faunal and stratigraphic limit

of the Miocene, while his work upon the Tampa has greatly aided

in fixing the lower limit of the Miocene. His study of the contro-

versial faunal and field relations of the Chickasawhay, on which

he was engaged for some months before his death, was sufficiently

far advanced so that it can be published in part.

Possibly the foremost quality of the man and of his work may

be indicated by the outmoded word integrity. Too little self-

assertive and too little self-confident to be sure of the Tightness of

his owTi opinions, he was yet tenacious of a belief which he had

well considered and made his own. He was never too busy to

be approached, and gave generously of all that was his, whether

material or immaterial. He asked little of life during the later

years, and those of us accustomed to the simple tenor of his ways

were surprised at the diversity of interests and organizations

represented in the chapel filled by those who gathered to pay the

final tribute.

Julia Gardner

66 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2)

JOHN RITCHIE, JR.

John Ritchie died July 22, at his home in Maiden, Mass., at

the age of 88 years. Most shell collectors of twenty-five or thirty

years ago knew Mr. Ritchie personally or by correspondence. At

that time he was actively amassing what became one of the large

private collections of the time, and getting together a considerable

conchological library. His shells w'ere practically all obtained by

exchange or purchase, for I doubt whether Mr. Ritchie himself

ever collected in the field.

Besides collecting shells and shell literature, Mr. Ritchie had

several other scientific interests, particularly astronomy. For

twenty-three years he was in charge of the collection and distri-

bution of astronomical news from the Harvard Observatory,

where he had earlier been an assistant.

He was an Associate Editor of the American Journal of Public

Health, and was Health Commissioner of Boston, 1908-1910.

Mr. Ritchie was a member of the Boston Malacological Club,

The American Malacological Union, and of various other musical,

sanitary and philanthropic bodies.

NOTES AND NEWS

A Banded Variety of Typhis lowei Pils. — This West Mexican

species as originally described is uniform cream colored. Miss

Bourgeois in a recent letter enclosed drawings by Prof. Ignacio

Ancona H. of the Instituto de Biologia, Mexico D. P., which rep-

resent a specimen profusely marked with interrupted narrow

dark brown bands, the shape remaining as in the type. This

color-variety- was found at Ziiiuatanejo, Guerrero. We reproduce

these figures on pi. 8, fig. 4. — H. A. Pilsbry.

Who or What? — A paper entitled "Publications of the O.G.B.,

III, Molusca of Cincinnati," was issued in 1876. For at least

indexing purposes, it would be helpful to know who or what

O.G.B. might be. Information on the point was asked of the

Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Mr. Ralph Dury, the

Director, answered that though he was familiar with the jiaper

he had never been able to trace its origin or to discover the mean-

October, 1939] tiik nautilus 67

inp of O.G.H. It is possible that one of the early recipients of the

publication may have tilled out the words for which O.G.B. stood

in the same way that librarians write out the full names of authors

who have been content to supply only the initials of their «riven

names for title pa^xes. In the hope that this is so, I am asking?

owners of the little pamphlet to look up their copies to see if they

can solve the mystery. — Calvin Goodrich.

Dr. H. Burrington Baker has returned from Porto Rico, where

he studied and collected mollusks during July and August.

The Type Locality of Cochliopa rowelli (Tryon). — Definite

confirmation of Panama as the original (type) locality for

Cochliopa rowcUi (Tryon) ^ has come to light in the United States

National Museum collections. One specimen (USNM No. 24884)

was catalogued February 22, 1875, and labelled in Carpenter's

handwriting : "24884 / Rowell 21 / Panama (and on back of label)

What is this? 'Leptoxis' H. Adams / f Fluminicola / Shell for

S. I. : Name and number to /Rowell." At a later date, R. E. C.

Stearns wrote Leptoxis f H. Adams on the front of the label, and

still later someone else, possibly Dr. Dall, crossed this name out

and wrote in Fluminicola.

Another specimen (USNM No. 28107) was catalogued March

25, 1876, as **type" from California from Tryon.- Several addi-

tional specimens are in the National Museum Series of this species,

all apparently part of the original lot, as they are labelled "Clear

Lake" or "California" and all seemingly came from the Stearns

Collection.

Rowell 's note^ as to his taking this species "near Baulinas Bay

(not Clear Lake) Marin Co., California," must be regarded as

a slip of memory, supported by misidentifications. In the Na-

tional Museum collections are shells from Baulinas Bay, labelled

Amnicola rowelli Tryon by Stearns, but these are clearly mis-

identified, being Pomatiopsis. — J. P. E. Morrison.*

The Systematic Position of the Genus Ekadanta Rao. — The

1 Pilsbry, Nautilus, 19, p. 91, 1905; also: Proc. A.N.S.P. 1906, p. 172.

2 The type of C. rowelli, so marked by Tryon, is 58281, A.N.S.P. (Ed.).

3 Nautilus, 20, p. 10, 1906,

* Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

68 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2)

Subfamily Ekadantinae (Hydrobiidae), mcliidin<r the sin<rle

genus Ekadunia Rao 1928/ is misplaced in Thiele's admirable

system of classification.^ Comparison with the family Synceridae

(Assimineidae)^ will show that Ekadanta belongs near the genus

Paludinella L. Pfeiffer, 1841, having almost identical characters

of animal, radula, and shell. This similarity has been noted in

the case of Ekadanfa shanoisis Rao (the genotype), recently

received from L. C. Bulkley from Trang, Siam, and in the case

of Ekadanta colonihiensis (Heude),* recently received from C. C.

Tang from Sa Hsien and from Futsing, Fukien Prov., China.

Assiminea scalaris Heude 1890, from a fresh-water habitat at

Shanghai, may belong to this group also. The radulae were pre-

pared by S. F. Chen, research student at George Washington

University, in studying United States National Museum mate-

rial.— J. P. E. Morrison.^

LiTTORiNA MINIMA (Wood). — During a visit to East Sister Key

this past winter a number of these interesting moUusks in com-

pany with Neritina pupa L. were taken by the writer. These Lit-

torina were living in the splash pools at about the high tide line.

The larger specimens were somewhat eroded, largest measuring

about 9 mm. in length, with the characteristic black spots being

rather inconspicuous on the darker specimens. East Sister Key

is located on the ocean side of Key Vaca, one of the Middle Florida

Keys. — T. L. McGinty.

THE NINTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE

AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL

UNION

BY IMOGENE C. ROBERTSON

The niutli ajiiiual mooting of the American Malaoological T^nion

was held in the Royal Ontario ]\Iuseum of Zoology in Toronto,

Canada, Tuesday througli Friday, June 20 to 23, 1939. Mr. Max-

1 Rjio, Rec. Indian Mus., .'JO, p. 438, 19128.

zThiele, Handbuch dcr Syst. Wcicliticrk., Tcil I. p. 149, 1929.

3 Ibid., p. WH and followinR.

■• Heude, Moll. Flcuve Bleu, p. 123, pi. 31, fiR. 17, 1890.

■''Published by pi'rmiasion of the Hecretiiry of the Smithsonian Institution.

October, 1939] thk nautilus 69

well Smith, Presidont of tlu' riiiuii, oix'iied the sessions at two

o'clock Tuesday afternoon, Dr. J. B. O 'Brian, Chairman of the

Board of Trustees of the Royal Ontario Museum frivinpr the

address of welcome, to which Mr. Smith responded on beiialf of

the visitors.

Professor J. K. Dymond, Director of the Museum of Zoolojry,

then jrave. in "An Outline of the Organization of the Royal On-

tario Museum." a comprehensive view of this great institution

whii-li comprises five separate museums, each havinjj: its own di-

rector. These are the museums of Geology, Paleontology, Min-

eralogy, Zoology and Archeology.

Following these introductory speeches, Dr. Paul Bartsch gave

the first of the scientific papers, "A Synopsis of the Cuban

Operculate MoUusks of the Family Annulariidae, " which dealt

with the results of a joint study by Dr. Carlos de la Torre and the

speaker. The President then delighted the audience with a show-

ing of two films: "The Cuban Meeting of the American Malaco-

logical Union," and "Dredging off Florida." "More about

Father Kino," by Joshua L. Baily, Jr., and "Collecting Mollusks

in West Virginia," by Gordon K. MacMillan, concluded the first

day's program.

The second day's sessions opened at ten o'clock, Aurele La-

Rocque being the finst speaker. His subject was "Canadian Mala-

cology; Its History and Present Status." This historical sketch

was followed by an appreciation of the late Honorable Justice F.

R. Latchford, by John P. Oughton. "An Invasion of Mississippi

River Naiades into the Northern Peninsula of Michigan," by Dr.

Henry van der Schalie concluded the session.

A luncheon in the Museum Tea Room was given in honor of the

Union by the Board of Trustees of the Royal Ontario Museum and

was a most enjoyable and appreciated courtesy.

Following the luncheon three papers were presented. Dr. Paul

Bartsch read a contribution by Dr. Harald A. Rehder on "An

Interesting Bulimulus Problem" and Mr. Oughton read one by

Dr. Ricardo de la Torre entitled "On the Probable Causes of

Dispersion of Manganese in Jurassic Rocks." Dr. Abelardo

Moreno gave a valuable report on recent "Anatomical Studies

of Cuban Polydontes." illustrated with lantern slides of his

superb drawings of the details of structure studied.

70 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2)

Two field trips had been planned to accord with the desires of

those who wished lake shore collecting and the smaller group

interested in Pleistocene fossils. Mr. Oughton led the first group

to a favorable section of Sunnyside Beach where the eager col-

lectors went immediately into action examining the drift for

minute land and fresh-water forms which occur here in abun-

dance. The fossil hunters, led by Mr. LaRoeque, prospected more

or less successfully in Don Valley Brick Yard, notwithstanding

the merciless rays of the afternoon sun which added little to the

joys of collecting.

Mrs. Frank R. Schwengel's delightful cocktail party in the

Royal York Hotel at six o'clock was a refreshing finale to the

hot afternoon.

The reading of papers was resumed on Thursday morning, the

first being by Calvin Goodrich on "Phases of Lake Tanganyika

Mollusca. " This gave personal observations made on the occa-

sion of the visit of Mr. and Mrs. Goodrich to Africa last year.

The presidential address b}' Maxwell Smith followed, a valuable

paper on "Distribution of East Coast Marine Mollusca together

with a Survey of Tertiary Species," illustrated with numerous

lantern slides.

A tour of the Museum under the leadership of Miss Ruth Home,

had been arranged with special reference to the interests of the

visiting ladies, and the meeting adjourned to allow for an inspec-

tion of the splendid exhibits in all parts of the Museum.

At one o'clock the ladies enjoyed a luncheon given them at the

University Women's Club, with Mrs. J. R. Dymond. Mrs. L. L.

Snyder and Mrs. John P. Oughton.

The afternoon program comprised papers as follows: "The

Taxonomy of Naiades Inhabiting a Lake Environment" by

Henry van der Schalie; "Non-Marine Mollusca in the Carbonifer-

ous of Nova Scotia" by Aurele LaRoeque; "Land Snails New to

the Fauna of Pennsylvania" by Gordon K. MacMillan; "Florida

Shells," being kodaclironie pictures by Harry B. Archer, Dan L.

Emery giving the explanatory notes.

Before adjourning Mr. Harold R. Robertson jiresentod an invi-

tation from Dr. Lonise M. Perry and Mrs. Frank R. Scliwengel to

hold a iHccting in Saiiibel. Florida, suggesting that the spring

October, 1939] the nautilus 71

months, April or ]\Iay would be the most propitious time, altlioujxh

a Christmas meeting mij^ht be equally delightful. This invitation

was received with pleasure to be considered at a future meeting

when invitations from Dr. 11. L. Wilbur for Stanford University

and from Dr. Roy Chapman Andrews for the American Museum

of Natural History will also be taken up.

Mr. William J. Clench read a letter from Dr. Frank Collins

Baker regretting his inability to attend this meeting and asking

an expression from the Union on the matter of eliminating the

parentheses from names of authors in specific names. Since the

practice causes endless research and consumes much valuable

time, the motion to recommend to the International Commission

on Nomenclature the wisdom of eliminating parentheses was

adopted unanimously.

At the conclusion of the program the ladies attended a tea

graciousl}' given by Mrs. H. D. Warren in her charming home

in Wellesley Avenue, so filled with art treasures and radiating

hospitality.

The annual dinner was held in the Great Hall, Hart House,

University of Toronto. This was the high point of the convention.

Mr. Robertson acted as Toastmaster. Toasts were drunk in ginger

ale to King George VII and Queen Elizabeth, to President

Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Mrs. Roosevelt, to President

Laredo Bru and Seiiora Bru, and to the absent members of the

American Malacologieal Union. After the last toast, Mr. Robert-

son asked for a moment of silence in tribute to the members de-

parted during the year that has passed, the Honorable Justice F.

R. Latchford, Mr. E. G. Vanatta, and Mr. John MeCausey.

Adjourning to the Music Room, the annual election was held

resulting in the following Executive Council for 1939--i0 :

Honorary Presidents : Mrs. Ida S. Oldroyd, Dr. Henry A. Pils-

bry, Mrs. Harold R. Robertson. President, Dr. Horace Burring-

ton Baker; Vice-President, Dr. Harald A. Rehder; Corresponding

Secretary, Norman W. Lermond ; Financial Secretary, Mrs.

Harold R. Robertson. Councillors-at-large : Dr. Myra Keen,

Aurele LaRocque, Dr. Henry van der Schalie, Dr. H. E. Wheeler.

Past Presidents : Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr., Dr. Paul Bartsch, Wil-

liam J. Clench, Calvin Goodrich, Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, Maxwell

Smith, Dr. Carlos de la Torre.

72 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2)

It was decided to hold the next meeting in the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where the first meeting was held

in 1931. This tenth meeting will especially honor Dr. Pilsbry, the

first president of the Union and dean of American malacologists.

After the business session Dr. Pilsbry spoke briefly on a new

Cyphoma recently discovered in Florida which is being called the

"fingerprint" because of the characteristic lines on the body.

Lantern slides illustrated the relationships of this and other

species.

Mr. Goodrich gave a fascinating account of "A Short Visit to

Equatorial Africa," illustrated with lantern slides of the country-

side and people of this strange continent.

The program was brought to a close hy a showing of moving

pictures, an especially timely one being that taken the day before

showing American Malacological Union collectors on Sunny side

Beach.

Friday was an ideal day for the picnic at "Glenorchy, " the

summer home of Mr. C. M. Heddle, on a branch of Oakville Creek.

Here collecting in the wooded areas and in the creek was found

productive, but of greatest enjoyment was the quiet beauty of the

estate. The lodge overlooks the lovely valley of Oakville Creek

and steep paths lead down to the foot of the bank which is nearly

a hundred feet high. A luncheon of surpassing goodness had

been prepared by Mrs. Oughton and her cheerful Committee

which was enjoyed and appreciated by the happy picnickers whose

appetites had been sharpened by the hours in the open air and the

strenuous climbing.

Leisurely cliatting, and at last the parting, to carry away grate-

ful memories of the perfect arrangements carried out by the local

Committee: Professor J. R. Dymond, Dr. L. S. Russell, Aurele

LaRocque, G. E. Fairbairn, G. IM. Neal, and last but not least,

Mr. and Mrs. John P. Oughton.

The Nautilus

Vol. 53 January, 1940 No. 3

SEQUENCE IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF

AQUATIC SPECIES

BY CALVIN GOODRICH

That section of Tennessee made up of the counties of Clay,

Jackson, Overton, Pickett and Fentress has the Cumberland

River for its main stream. The lar{2:est tributary is Obey River,

dividing: upstream into West and East Forks. Resembling it

fauuistieally to a certain degree is "Wolf River. Fringing the

Cumberland, Obey, the Obey Forks and the Wolf are numbers

of streams locally called creeks or branches, but most of them

too small for recognition by name on the ordinary maps. Match-

ing those streams of East Tennessee known as Sinking creeks is

Cowan's Branch, which like them is both of the surface and un-

derground. The .section is the country known to malacologists

by the collecting enterprises of Paul Adams, whose home is (or

was) Alpine, and W. S. Parris, living in a community that began

as Boom, became Wirmingliam and now, by recent choice, is Boom

again. It is the land, too, of Alvin York who in the World War

and all alone took prisoners in what you might speak of as herds.

Mr. C. S. Shoup of Vanderbilt University has made a fisheries

survey of the section. As a part of the task, he gatliered mollusks

at more than fifty different stations. The Pleuroceridae were

sent to me, and what follows is the result of a study of the

specimens.

The Cumberland River contains the largest number of species

and probably the largest colonies. A single genus of the four

genera inhabiting the region is absent from the river, and that

one is present in the Cumberland above the head of navigation.

From the river in something like orderly .sequence as we pass

from big stream to smaller stream and then to smallest, the species

(73)

74 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3)

radiate in lessening numbers. The Cumberland pleurocerids

taken by Mr. Shoup consist of :

Pleurocera cajialiculatum subspecies or form iinchdatum (Say)

subspecies or form filum (Lea)

alveare (Conrad)

Lithasia armigera (Say)

geniculata Haldeman

Ancidosa praerosa Say

P. canaliculatum filum is the characteristic upstream form, be-

ing marked particularly by deep sulcations of the whorls above

the periphery. It is succeeded do\\Tistream by the smoother

undulatum. Even in so short a stretch of river as that under

consideration there is a change in relative populations. Filum

amounts to 36.5 per cent of the specimens of canaliculaium col-

lected at the uppermost station, but to onh' 8.8 per cent at the

lowermost. P. alveare, L. armigera and geniculata have the

strong sculpture accepted as typical. A. praerosa differs little

from the Ohio River form, the first to meet with naturalists*

attention. Paul Adams took P. walkeri Goodrich in the Cumber-

land at Granville, Jackson County, below Mr. Shoup 's downriver

station. This is a slender form of the subgenus Strephohasis and

is to be considered either a relict species or a race peculiarly

restricted in its ecological tolerance. Another missing species is

P. curtum (Haldeman). It is known botli from above and below

the area, but earlier records as well as tlie jn-esent one indicate

the existence here of a gap in its distribution. The heavy, short-

spired ponderosum (Say) is the only CampcJoma taken with the

exception of one specimen of dccisum found near or at a creek

mouth and wliich, in all likelihood, originated in the smaller

stream.

The Pleuroeeridae of Obey River below the "Forks" are:

Pleurocera cannliculatum undulatum (Say)

alveare (Conrad)

Lithasia armigera (Say)

armigera stygia (Say)

genivuhita vcnnsta (Lea)

ohovdia (Say)

obovafa form depygis (Say)

Anculosa praerosa Say

Goniohasis sp.

January. 1940] the naitilus 75

P. c. unduhitum inhabits the whole len{?th of Obey River proper.

It is less robnst than in the Cuniborland and suk-ae are absent, but

the relative proportions of altitude to diameter are virtually the

same. The sculpture of P. alveare is typical althoufjh less pro-

nounced and this may be simply because the shells are compara-

tively small. Goinp: upstream, L. armigera retains its sculpture

until the uppermost station is reached. The shells of this local-

ity, subspecies stygia, are without nodes on the periphery, but still

plicate on the spire. Contrasting with this is L. gcniculata.

The typical, short-spired, nodulous shell of the Cumberland does

not appear to enter the Obey River at all. It is replaced by the

smooth, high-spired form which Lea gave specific rank as venusta.

The subspecies occurs in the four lower stations, but seemingly is

abseut from the three higher ones. L. ohovata, as form depygis,

is in the middle reaches of the river. With the shells were taken

two specimens much nearer the typical conformation. The Gonio-

basis sp. is a single juvenile individual too small to be determined.

The genus, where it occurs in the Obey, is probably a straggler

from creeks or brooks. Campeloma, collected in only one locality,

is decisum or near it.

So far as collecting records show, the East Fork of Obey River

is barren of Pleuroceridae. Mr. Shoup has indicated a reason for

this by marking the results of hydrogen ion concentration tests

upon a copy of his field chart. The average of five such analyses

in the East Fork is 6.1. The pH in the highest station is 5. It

is as low as 2.6 in one tributary. Comparison may be made with

a pH of 7.8 near the mouth of the West Fork. Pleuroceridae

of this stream are :

Pleurocera canaliculaiumnndulatvm (Say)

alveare (Conrad)

Lithasia ohovata (Say)

ohovata sordida (Lea)

Anculosa praerosa Say

suhglohom Say

Ooniohasis eheniim (Lea)

edgariana (Lea)

P. c. undulatum and A. praerosa are in the list on the basis of

Mr. Parris' findings. A. suhglobosa, taken by Mr. Shoup near the

76 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3)

mouth of Nettlecarrier Creek, is represented by two specimens

and may be counted as a small stream inhabitant. The large

Lithasiae have dropped out. L. ohovaia sordida is of irregular

occurrence in this drainage basin and it is possible that the exact

environmental conditions suitable for it are of irregular occur-

rence also. Goniohasis is becoming the dominant genus. P.

alvcare in the West Fork is of the form described by Anthony

as Melania grossa. In this shell, the plicae of the spire remain,

but the nodules of the lower whorls have disappeared. In most

regards, the pleurocerids of Wolf River resemble those of the

West Fork of the Obey, but L. armigera stygia occurs in the

stream near its mouth and G. edgariana has not been taken in it

anywhere.

Lithasia armigera is present in Roaring River, which appears

to be the third largest tributary of the Cumberland in the area,

but is confined to its mouth. About midway in this stream,

Anculosa praerosa was taken. At one time, it probably occupied

lower stations also. Three shells, identifiable as Goniohasis

laqueata, were found in Roaring River. This is a rare species in

this particular region, but it occurs in Cumberland River forks,

creeks and springs both up the river and down it. Collections

made in tributaries of the streams dealt with are made up of:

Lithasia obovata (Say)

ohovaia sordida (Lea)

Goniohasis ehenum (Lea)

edgariana (Lea)

laqueata (Say)

The commonest species is G. edgariana. It is an occupant of

springs as well as of creeks. G. laqueata is from only one of

twenty-five streams. G. ehemim although at three stations of

Wolf River was found in only one of eight of its tributaries. L.

ohovata was in fourteen of these lesser streams, L. o. sordida in

eleven.

To summarize: The licavy, most ornate and best characterized

species are of the main river. In the main tributary, two of these

riverine species persist to the Forks little modified, one is altered

to sub-specific phase immediately after entering this tributary,

one is altered just before the Forks are reached, two species appear

January. 1940] the nautilus 77

that are iu»t in the inaiii river. In that fork of the Obey River

fontaininjr raoUusca are still three of the riverine species, one of

which retains the orijrinal characteristics save in the matter of

size. Three species are present that were absent in lower waters.

The pleurocerid fauna of the small tributaries is reduced to

relatively small species of two frenera. The relationship of all

the species, one with another, is probably closer than may be

presumed from the exo-skeletons alone. In any ease, we have

here a compact series of intimate adaptions to differing environ-

ments.

MOLLUSKS OF A KANSAS PLEISTOCENE DEPOSIT

BY CALVIN GOODRICH

In the summer of 1939, Mr. Claude M. Hibbard of the Museum

of Paleontology, University of Kansas, carried on excavations in

a deposit of Pleistocene times of Meade County, Kansas. The

county is in the southwestern part of the state and borders on

Oklahoma. It is about eighty miles east of the Colorado line.

The drainage is through the Cimarron and Arkansas rivers to the

Mississippi. The moUusean material, which I have examined, is

in two zones, one of them fifteen feet below the top of the exposure,

the other fifty feet below. Upon a chart with which Mr. Hibbard

has kindly provided me the upper bed is described as "stream

deposited sand with invertebrate and vert, fossils; fine sandy

laminated clay, gray to bluish." The lower one is marked "Soil

zone ? Dark gray to dark slate color, sandy with few gastropods. ' '

The shells of the upper zone are :

Gastrocopta armifcra ahhreviata (Sterki)

procera (Gould)

Hawaiia minuscula (Binney)

Pupoides inornatus Vanatta

marginatus (Say)

Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus)

Vertigo modest a (Say)

ovata (Say)

Vallonia costata (Miiller)

Succinea grosvernori Lea

78 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3)

Gyraulus parvus (Say)

Helisoma lentum (Say)

Lymnaea hidimoides cockerelli Pilsbry and Ferriss

caper at a Say

palustris (Miiller)

stagnalis subsp. ?

Musculium partumeium (Say)

Pisidium ahdiium Haldeman

novehoracense Prime

Valvata tricarinata (Say)

H. lentum has been put down as that species on the basis of

identity with specimens at hand that have been so named. The

shells would probably be called //. trii'olvis if they occurred east

of the Mississippi. All that remains of L. stagnalis are three or

four whorls of as many spires. Whatever the fragments are,

they belong to the stagnalis complex. Junius Henderson has re-

ported subspecies appressa as occurring at Gunnison, Colorado,

and that is the locality for known living colonies which is nearest

to the Meade Count}' site. The occurrence here might seem to

argue colder all-round-the-year waters in Pleistocene southwest-

ern Kansas than in these days. V. tricarinata is still farther

away from the present frontier of its range. The western edge of

distribution is given by Mr. Frank C. Baker now as Iowa. The

shells, fairly plentiful in the Hibbard collection, would, I think,

be pronounced typical although the carinae are noticably more

developed than in shells from Delaware River, the type stream,

with which they have been compared. The rest of the findings

corresponds with the fauna of today so far as it is known.

In the bottom exposure were taken:

Oastrocopta armifcra ahhrcviafa (Sterki)

proccra (Gould)

Hawaiia minuscula (Binney)

Pupoidcs marginatus (Say)

Succinca grosrcrnori Lea

Gyraulus ])(irrus (Say)

Ljfmnaca jxdustris (Miillor)

Pisidium novcboraccnsc Prime

These eight species, it will be observed, occur also in the zone

thirty-five feet above. Unless the two beds were laid down with

January, 1940] the nautilus 79

somethiuf? of tlio rjipidity uiarkinj; the fitniialioii of aeolian de-

posits in tlio "Dust Bowl" in recent years — wliicli is lii^'lily im-

probable— we have another illustration of the fact tliat in a «,Mven

area, under the conditions we call natural, the niolluscan fauna

is persistent, tenacious, chaufjinp: little.

In i\Ieade County material sent to him by Mr. Hibbard. Mr. F.

C. Baker recovered new species of Vrrtigo, Strobilojxs, Carychiuni

and Meuetus. of which only one genus is represented in the 1939

eollectin<r. That deposit is reco<rnized as Pliocene. (See Nauti-

lus, 51, 1938, pp. 126-31.) ]\Ir. Baker reported at the same time

on Pleistocene mollusca of Brown County, Nebraska. Shells of

these beds more nearly resemble the Meade County specimens I

have dealt with above than the latter do those of the Meade

County Pliocene.

Associated with the mollusks, Mr. Hibbard found bones of

salamanders, frog:s, toads, small fish, birds, shrews and squirrels.

I am indebted to Dr. Phil Marsh for the identification of the

land shells.

A NEW TELLIN OF THE SUBGENUS ANGULUS, A

NEW LAMELLARIA AND A NEW SUBSPECIES

OF CRASSISPIRA, FROM SOUTHWEST

FLORIDA

BY LOUISE M. PERBY

Tellina rubricata, new species.^

Lenprth 8 ; width 4.1 mm. Its color is pale pink with rays and

extremely minute pencillinjrs of deeper pink, the tint becoming

paler toward the marjrin with the widest and most deeply colored

ray over the posterior rostration. The valves are sculptured with

fine, closely placed, equidistant, concentric threads, continuous

over rostrum to the postei'ior border, with some intercalation of

threads at the umbonal ridge ; the interspaces are a little wider and

somewhat irregular and the growth lines more evident near the

margin. Immediately posterior to the umbos the border is

slightly concave, the posterior extremity is narrow and bluntly

rounded ; the ventral margin curves gently to the rounded ante-

rior extremity and the anterior border rises in a straight line

1 Lat., rubricatus, marked with red.

80 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3)

to the umbos. The external hinge ligament is yellow-brown.

The right valve has two cardinal teeth, an anterior and a strong

posterior lateral ; the left valve has a bifid anterior with a Aveak

posterior cardinal and feeble anterior and posterior laterals. The

interior is polished and tinted with shade of the exterior color;

the posterior muscle scar is impressed; the pallial sinus is con-

fluent with the pallial line almost to the anterior adductor im-

pression, the tip distant from it one half millimeter and the upper

border one and half millimeters below the umbo.

The species is near T. flagellum Dall 1900, dredged by the U.

S. Fish Commission near Cape San Roque, Brazil. The shell in

that species is white with a rose colored ray parallel to the um-

bonal ridge and occasionally a few other obscure rose colored rays.

The shell of the new species is unicolored; of six specimens col-

lected in one locality four were rose color, two rosy orange, with

a deeper colored radiate pattern and faint pencillings of deep

pink. The pallial sinus of T. flagellum is slightly longer, a little

broader and approaches the anterior adductor scar a little more

nearly than in the new species.

The holotype, dredged in five fathoms off Blind Pass, Sanibel

Island, Florida, is in the collection of the Academy of Natural

Sciences, Philadelphia.

A number of individuals of a small Lamellaria were collected

in the course of dredging operations in the Gulf of Mexico, off

Sanibel Island, Florida. All that were found were in or about

crevices in Compound Ascidians.

Lamellaria cochinella, new species.^

The mollusc is brilliant scarlet, its shape and undulating move-

ment suggest a flatworm or a nudibraneli ratlier than a shelled

mollusc. The mantle edges are wavy, cleft in front by a deep

notch with rounded base. The cephalic end bears a short pro-

boscis, two cylindrical tentacles. The foot is oval, narrowed

behind, slightly truncate in front. The mantle completely cov-

ers and conceals the shell. The dorsal asjiect of the animal is

smooth and convex. Length 15, width 11 millimeters.

The small shell is auriform, oblique, altitude 6; greatest

diameter 4; greatest thickness 3 millimeters; from upper angle

of aperture to apex 1.5 millimeters.

The shell is pure white, with glossy, diaphanous ei)idermis.

2 Lat., lamella, dim. of lamina, leaf, plate; Fr., cochincUc, Castiliau red.

Januaiy. 1940] tue nautilus 81

The apex and first whorl extremely small, nucleus sliphtly de-

presseil; the next wliorl is larjrer and convex, the b(xly whorl very

convex and widely expanded; the sutures are incised and dis-

tinct. Tlie body wliorl is inflated and very convex at its junction

with the columella and there is no trace of umbilication.

Above the periphery of the body whorl are two faint, revolving,

incised lines; above these and nearer to the suture is one less

distinct, interrupted line. Delicate incremental lines form fine

lonjritudinal striations over the entire surface. The aperture is

wide, entire; the outer lip is somewliat protracted into thin callus

over the lower convexity of the whorl above. The columella is

arcuate.

Crassispira tampaensis bartschi, new subspecies.

Altitude 24; maximum diameter 7; altitude of spire 13 mm.

Shell elong:ate, turreted, chocolate or mahogany-brown. Nucleus

and post-nuclear whorl smooth. Riblets and faint spiral stria-

tions begin on first half of following turn ; succeeding whorls

bear increasingly stronger ribs and spirals. Eleven whorls,

sutures distinct, wavy. A strong, undulating sub-sutural cord

angulates summit of the whorls above a wide concave sulcus ; the

sulcus shows one, two, or three unequal spiral threads overlying

retractively curved incremental lines. Below sulcus the axial

ribs extend to the suture below. Ribs and interspaces crossed by

three elevated ridges separated by wider interspaces. On body

whorl eight strong revolving ridges cross and nodulate the axial

ribs; the interspaces have fine spiral threads. Nine revolving

cords below, beginning at columella. Aperture pyriform, dark

within; outer lip with moderately deep notch in the subsutural

sulcus. Columella callus. Anterior canal slightly oblique. Oper-

culum dark, shape of aperture, with apical nucleus.

The subspecies differs from C. tampaensis Bartsch and Rehder

in having definite, constant spiral threads in the sub-sutural

sulcus, one or two more axial ribs, more generally distributed

spiral striation and a uniformly dark-colored aperture.

Dredged in four to seven fathoms off Sanibel and Captiva

Islands, Lee County, Florida.

Saxibel, Florida.

NEW LAND AND MARINE TERTIARY SHELLS

FROM SOUTHERN FLORIDA

BY THOMAS L. McGINTY

Cepolis caroli, new species. PI. 10, Figs. 6, 6a.

Shell imperforate, globose-depressed, solid; surface finely

82 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3)

rugose; spire low; whorls 4| ; periphery strongly angular; base

convex ; a shallow furrow just below the periphery and a short

distance behind the slightly expanded peristome Avhich inside

forms a callous fold. Aperture oblique, truncate-oval, with a

eolumellar tooth within. Height 16.7 ram., width 29.4 mm.

Locality: Range line canal west of Bojniton, Palm Beach

County. Horizon: probably Pleistocene. Type in McGinty

collection.

This Cepolis is one of the outstanding recent discoveries in the

fossil fauna of south Florida. A single specimen was taken by the

writer about 6 miles inland after canal dredging. Its charac-

ters are those of the small, typical imperforate form of C. cepa

(Miill.), except that the apical whorls are more depressed, the

summit not so conoidal as in C. cepa. The pit below the peri-

phery, back of the outer lip, is narrow and long, as in some C.

cepa from Sierra La Salle, Haiti ; not a short, open pit as is more

common in C. cepa. The periphery is strongly angular in front.

Named in honor of Dr. Carlos de la Torre.

Vasum floridanum, new species. PI. 10, Fig. 1. Floridan

Vasum.

Shell large, spire somewhat elevated, whorls about 7 (nucleus

lost), prominently spined ; a single row of large spines, not sharp,

nine in number on the last whorl ; surface sculpture of irregular

mostly small spiral ridges, most conspicuous are two flat v-sliaped

ridges below the crown and two rounded ridges with a smaller

between just above the basal spines, two rows of basal spines,

about 6 in number with a smaller ridge below not spined each

about equidistant ; eolumellar plaits 4, upper largest ; .surface of

shell covered with fine rugose lines of growth. Height 108 mm.

(without nucleus), width 81 mm.

Locality: Ortona Locks, Caloosahatchee Canal (south side),

Glades County. Horizon: Caloosahatchee nuirl. Pliocene. Holo-

type in McGinty collection.

This species may well be the pliocene progenitor of the recent

y. muricatum. So far only the holotype, in splendid condition,

and a recognizable fragment of this grand shell have turned up in

the Caloosahatchee beds. V. floridanum differs from V. muri-

catum in liaving a more elevated sjiire, being gracefully spined

and the sculpture is quite unlike the heavy ridges of the recent

species.

I'llK \.\l IMU'S: :a \:\

iM.A'n-: 10

1. I ,!>,//, I llm "liiiiii III. J, :^;i, I liloiKlliil iliiuioi . '■'<. I. Ill nil.-, iiirmni ii.^.

4. 4.1. .liiiiilii.s rliarii .•^xn. .">, .'Ja, Miirlridrn mansfirJili. (!. i>;i. Ci /lolis niroli.

7. .\si„llii ,li-nh. II,,,, . -.'.. CFii.".. ^ri. 4!i, 5a, -2.)

January, 1940J the nautilus S'i

Latirus JUCUNDUS. iu>\v spocics. PI. 10, Fi;r. '^. Tlic dfli^'litrul

Latirus.

Shell fusiform, whorls 7 (apex lost), solid, with spire lon^jer

than the aperture, umbilicus sli«;htly open; sculpture of rounded

axial folds, about 7 in number on the last whorl, weak at suture

and on the base ; spiral threads on the shoulder and stron<;er cords

below, the upper-most and those on the base alternatiufr with

smaller threads. Aperture eloufrate, lirae in the throat about

8. There are 4 columellar folds, about equal, and a strong: ridge

on the parietal wall near the posterior angle of the aperture.

Height 43.8 mm., wndth 19 mm.

Locality: Belle Glade, Palm Beach County. Horizon: Plio-

cene (?) Holotype in McGinty collection.

L. jiicu7idus can be most easilj^ distinguished from L. maxwelli

by the smaller size, the more slender shell, surface sculpture and

the only slightly open umbilicus. The presence of two well de-

veloped cords on the earlier whorls suggests the recent L.

mcgintyi.

Anachis chariessa, new species. PI. 10, Figs. 4, 4a. The grace-

ful Anaehis.

Shell slender, spire elevated, 7 whorls (nucleus lost), suture

distinct ; surface of shell smooth with well rounded separated ribs,

strongest at suture, 4 largest on the last whorl ; about 16 feeble

threads on the base becoming a little stronger at the canal ; aper-

ture narrow and long, canal short, outer lip not much thickened

with about 10 lirae within. Height 21.5 mm., wddth 7.8 mm.

Locality : Clewiston, Hendry County. Horizon : Caloosa-

hatchee marl, Pliocene. Holotype in McGinty collection.

This graceful little shell appears to be the largest Anachis yet

taken in the marls. The beautifully preserved holotype shows

clearly some of the original color markings in the form of wavy

brown lines on the surface of the shell.

MuRicroEA MANSFiELDi, ucw specics. PI. 10, Figs. 5, 5a.

Shell small, spire elevated about 6 shouldered whorls (nucleus

lost), a single row of v-shaped spines not recurved, suture indis-

tinct; sculpture of axial folds terminating with a row of spines

(about 7 on the last whorl) ; spiral sculpture of weak threads on

the shoulder becoming stronger below, about midway between the

84 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3)

crown and the base are 4 more prominent threads with smaller

ones between. Aperture about one-half length of shell. Urate

within about 6 in number; umbilicus almost closed. Height 20

mm., width 13 mm.

Locality : Clewiston, Hendry County. Horizon : Caloosahatchee

marl, Pliocene. Holotype in the McGinty collection and a para-

type in the U. S. National Museum.

This species is named for the late Dr. Wendell Clay Mansfield

whose contributions to the knowledge of the tertiary of Florida

were many and will prove invaluable to students in the future.

Tritonalia graceae, new species. PI. 10, Figs. 2, 2a.

Shell small, spire low, about 5 whorls (nucleus lost), suture

appressed, indistinct ; whorls shouldered ; about 7 foliated ribs or

varices ; ribs spined, stronger and some recurved on the crown ;

double row of basal spines in the siphonal region; aperture

truncate-oval ; canal straight, longer than the aperture. Height :

22 mm., width 16.8 mm.

Locality : Belle Glade, Palm Beach County. Horizon : Pliocene

(?) Holotype in McGinty collection.

This attractive little shell is named for Grace Pilsbry, the

discoverer. T. graceae can be distinguished from T. macginiyi

by the lower spire, shouldered whorls, having larger recurved

foliated spines on the crown and the straight canal.

NEW STATE AND COUNTY RECORDS OF LAND-

SNAILS IN PENNSYLVANIA

BY CHARLES B. WURTZ

This material is offered as an annotation to the list compiled by

the Laboratory of Recent Invertebrates of the Carnegie Museum

in 1931. The records are from the collections of the Carnegie

Museum and the writer. Those from the Carnegie Museum col-

lection are indicated by the initials " CM. " after the county name.

Three of the state records indicated by a star (*) were recently

published by the Laboratory of Recent Invertebrates at Carnegie

Museum, but they are included here as a matter of convenience.

Many people iiave contributed to the writer's collection and

aided in the accumulation of these records. Chief among these

January, 1940] the nautilus 85

are Mr. L. ^V. Henderson, of Waynesburp Collefje, and Miss

Dorothy Wentlinp of Mt. Holyoke College, who was in a larpe

part responsible for the Lebanon County records.

Records new to the state are :

HELicroAE

1. Polygyra profunda efasciata Walker. Counties : Allegheny

CM., Beaver CM., Lawrence CM.

2. Polygyra mojiodon (Rackett). Counties: Allegheny CM.,

Butler, Crawford, Cumberland, Fayette CM., Lawrence

CM., Schuylkill CM., Westmoreland.

3. Polygyra fraterna cava (hea) * Erie Connty.

ZONITroAE

4. Ventridens supi^ressus virginicus Vanatta. Counties : Alle-

gheny CM., Columbia CM., Indiana CM., Lebanon

Philadelphia CM., Westmoreland CM.

5. Paravitrea placentula lacteodens (Pilsbry). Westmoreland

County.

6. Paravitrea capsella (Gould).* Westmoreland County.

7. Retinella binneyana (Morse). Counties: Allegheny, Cum-

berland.

8. Retinella carolinensis (Ckll.).* Counties: Cumberland,

Lawrence, Lebanon, Westmoreland.

9. Retinella wheatleyi (Bland). Allegheny County.

10. Euconulus chersinus (Saj-)- Counties: Allegheny, Schuyl-

kill CM.

Endodontidae

11. Anguispira alternata carinata Pilsbry. Counties: Alle-

gheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Erie CM., Fayette CM.,

Greene, Lancaster CM., Lawrence, McKean CM., Mer-

cer C.^I., Westmoreland.

12. Anguispira alternata eriensis (Clapp). Counties: Erie CM.,

Lawrence.

13. Discus patulus angulatus Kutchka. Counties : Allegheny.

Records of species in counties, which have not, as yet, been

published, are:

86 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3)

HELICroAE

1. Pohjgyra tridentata (Say). Counties: Center CM., Erie,

Mercer, Perry, Pike.

2. Polygyra tridentata juxtidens Pilsbry. Counties: Berks

CM., Fayette.

3. Polygyra fraudulenta Filshvy. Counties : Armstrong:, Cum-

berland.

4. Polygyra fallax (Say). Counties: Allegheny CM., Cumber-

land, Greene, Washington CM., York CM.

5. Polygyra profunda (Ssiy). Washington CM. County.

6. Polygyra sayana Pilsbry. Counties: Beaver, Clarion.

7. Polygyra alholabris (Say). Counties: Mercer, Tioga CM.

8. Polygyra zaleta (Binney). Counties: Berks CM., Erie.

9. Polygyra multilineata (Say). Crawford County.

10. Polygyra dentifera (Binney). Greene CM. County.

11. Polygyra denotata (Fer.). Counties: Butler CM., Fayette.

12. Polygyra thyroidus (Say). Counties: Berks CM., Cumber-

land, Dauphin, Lebanon, Lycoming, Mercer.

13. Polygyra clausa (Say). Philadelphia County.

14. Polygyra mitchelliana (Lea). Beaver CM. County.

15. Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Counties: Cumberland, Lebanon,

Somerset CM.

16. Polygyra f rat erna (Say). Counties: Crawford CM., Cum-

berland, Lawrence CM.

ZONITIDAE

17. Ventridens intertextits (Binney). Counties: Lawrence

CM., Tioga CM.

18. Ventridens demissus (Binney). Fayette CM. County.

19. Ventridens ligerus (Say). Counties: Cumberland, Law-

rence, Schuylkill CM.

20. Ventridens sujrpressus (Say). Counties: Beaver, Butler,

Cumberland, Dauphin CM., Lawrence, Lebanon, Schuyl-

kill, Westmoreland.

21. Ventridens gularis {^i\y). Fayette County.

22. Zoniioidcs nitidus (Muller). Counties: Cumberland, Mer-

cer CM., Monlgcmiory, Westmoreland.

23. Zonitoides arborcits (Say). Counties: Center CM., Cum-

berland, Lebanon, Luzerne CM.

January. l!)40] the nautilus 87

24. Striaiura fcrrca Morse. Counties: Cumberland, Fayette,

Lebanon.

25. Striatum c.ri<iua (Stimpson). Scliuylkill C.^I. County.

26. Hawaiia minuscula (Binney). Cumberland CM. County.

27. Mcsomphix perlcavis vuUjatus (H. B. Baker). Counties:

Beaver CM., Fayette CM., Greene, Somerset CM.

28. Mcsomphix inoryiatus (Say). Counties: Armstrong:, Clar-

ion CM., Erie, Mercer, Somerset CM., Tioga, CM.

29. Ompholina ciiprea (Raf.). Tioga CM. County.

30. Rctinclla ckctrina (Gould). Counties: Clarion CM., Fay-

ette, Warren CM.

31. Rctinclla iyidentata (Say). Counties : Cumberland, Lebanon,

Potter CM., Schuylkill.

32. Retinclla rJioadsi (Pilsbry). Counties: Cumberland, Fay-

ette, Mercer.

33. Euconidus fulvus (Miiller). Counties : Allegheny, Erie CM.

ENDODONTroAE

34. Anguispira alfcrnata (Say), Counties: Dauphin, Erie, Leb-

anon, Tioga CM.

35. Discus pat idus CDesh.). Counties : Butler, Erie.

36. Discus cronkhitci anthonyi (Pilsbry). Counties: Cumber-

land, Faj'ette, Franklin, Green CM., Lycoming CM.,

Westmoreland CM.

37. Discus cronkhitci catskillensis (Pilsbry). Counties: Alle-

gheny CM., Cumberland, Fayette CM., Lawrence CM.,

Philadelphia, CM., Wyoming CM.

38. Helicodiscns parallelus (Say). Counties : Cumberland, Fay-

ette CM., Lebanon, Schuylkill. Tioga, CM., Wyoming

CM.

SuCCINEroAE

39. Succinca avara Say. Crawford CM. County.

40. Succinca ovalis (Say). Counties : Butler, Lawrence, Mercer

CM., Schuylkill CM.

41. Succiyica rctusa (Lea). Counties: Berks CM., Philadelphia

CM.

88 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3)

PUPILLIDAE

43. Pupoides marginatus (Say). Counties: Fayette, Lawrence,

Lebanon.

44. Gastrocopta armifera (Say). Counties: Cumberland, Fay-

ette, Franklin, Lebanon, Washington. CM.

45. Gastrocopta contracta (Say). Counties: Cumberland, Leb-

anon, Schuylkill CM.

46. Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Schuylkill CM. County.

47. Gastrocopta tajopaniana (C B. Adams). Erie CM. County

48. Gastrocopta corticaria (Say). Counties: Butler, Lebanon.

49. Vertigo ovata Say. Counties: Erie CM., Lebanon, Wash-

ington CM.

Strobilopsidae

50. Strohilops Idbyrinthica (Say). Cumberland County.

Valloniidae

51. Vallonia costata (Miiller). Counties: Cumberland CM.,

Lebanon.

52. Vallonia pulchella (Miiller). Counties: Bucks CM., Butler,

Cumberland, Lebanon, Wj'oming CM.

53. Vallonia excentrica (Sterki) . Cumberland CM. County.

CARYCHiroAE

54. C ary chium exiguum (Qay) . Counties: Erie CM., Schuylkill

CM.

55. Carychium exile H. C Lea. Washington CM. County,

References

Brooks, S. T., A List of the Land-Snails of Pennsylvania with a

Summary of Their Distribution, Annals Carnegie Mus., vol.

XX, pp. 313-331, 1931.

MacMillan, G. K., Land Siuiils New to the Fauna of Pennsyl-

vania, Nautilus, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 47-49, 1939.

J a una I y. 1940] the nautilus 89

MEXICAN SUBULINIDAE AND SPIRAXINAE WITH

NEW SPECIES OF SPIRAXIS

BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER

This constitutes part 6 of a series on Mexican mollusks col-

lected for Dr. Bryant Walker in 1926. The first part appeared

(1928) as Occasional Papers Miis. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 193,

in which the symbols for localities are explained on pp. 2-25.

In each new species, the figured shell is the type [University of

^lichigan Museum of Zoology; part of type lot in Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.].

Spiraxis (Versutaxis) arctatus, new species. PI. 11, fig. 5.

Shell (pi. 11, f. 5) cylindric turrite, whitish corneous, polished,

translucent, with widely spaced incised major growth-lines inter-

spaced wdth weaker ones. "Whorls 7J, flat-sided with prominent,

overlapping suture. Apex small ; embryonic whorls about 2.5,

quite rapidly widening ; first 2 almost smooth and remainder as-

suming neanic sculpture. Later whorls lengthening ; first with 18

major growth-lines ; second with 15 ; third and fourth with 19 ;

fifth with 18 and last with 20. Aperture trapezoid-lanceolate,

with greatest dimension about 20° to shell-axis; peristome slightly

thickened, almost vertical and moderately arcuate; columella

weakly sigmoid and thickened. Alt. 3.49 mm., diam. 25 (0.86),

alt. last whorl 39 (1.35) ; aperture alt. 24 (0.84), diam. 54 (0.45

mm.).

Below Necaxa (D, I, a, 54), 2625 ft. S. arctatus presents in

miniature an outline like that of S. suhopeas but has more widely

spaced, stronger growth-lines. It has longer, more flattened

whorls than either S. futilis or S. patzcuarensis, which are of

similar size.

S. (VoLUTAxis)suLCiFERUS ATOYACENSis, ucw Variety. PI. 11,

fig. 3.

Shell (pi. 11, f. 3) similar to 8. sulciferus (Mo.) in shape. Em-

bryonic whorls 2.5; last gradually assuming a sculpture of low,

relatively closely spaced threads. Later whorls with more widely

spaced riblets than in typical form and with interspaces increas-

ing up to last (instead of penult) whorl; first with 25 riblets; sec-

ond with 15; third with 18; fourth with 22; fifth with 21 and

last with 36. Alt. 7.52 mm., diam. 34 (2.55), alt. last whorl 42

(3.16) ; aperture alt. 26 (1.97), diam. 72 (1.42 mm.) ; 9 whorls.

90 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3)

Atoyac (D, I, a, 1), 1300 ft., frequent.

Spiraxis (Volutaxis) fallax, new species. PI. 11, fig. 4.

Shell (pi. 11, f. 4) conical-turrite, silvery-white, translucent,

with thin, widely spaced ribs. "Whorls 7^, very convex, with deep,

broken suture. Embryonic whorls 2^, quite rapidly widening;

first large, almost smooth ; remainder gradually assuming closely

spaced threads. Later whorls short, fairly rapidly increasing,

with thin papery ribs and wide, finely striate interspaces; first

with 27 ribs ; second with 24 ; tliird with 28 ; fourth with 32 and

last with 31. Aperture subquadrate, quite large ; longest dimen-

sion about 30° to shell-axis; peristome slightly thickened, almost

vertical and nearly straight. Columella sinuous, but less so than

in S. sulciferus. Alt. 4.62 mm., diam. 41 (1.88), alt. last whorl

44 (2.05) ; aperture alt. 26 (1.19), diam. 85 (1.01 mm.).

Los Tortolas, Cordoba (ABCD, III, a, 4), 3000 ft.; quite com-

mon. S. fallax has probably been confused with young specimens

of S. sulciferus (or its paedogenetoid form) but has a more conical

shell with thinner ribs and is considerably smaller for the same

number of whorls. It is actually closer to S. uruapamensis Pils.,

but appears to be uniforml}'- smaller with more distant ribs.

Spiraxis (Volutaxis) subulinus, new species. PI. 11, figs. 1, 2.

Shell (pi. 11, f. 1) cylindric-turrite with convex sides, whitish

corneous, weakly translucent, rib-striate. Whorls 9}, liglitly

convex, with well impressed, quite simple suture. Apex small ;

embryonic whorls about 3, quite rapidly widening ; first 2 almost

smooth ; last assuming low, rounded, regularly and closely spaced

growth-wrinkles. Later whorls short, gradually increasing at

first but noticeably lengthening at last; earlier ones with low,

closeh' spaced, rounded tlireads ; later ones with irregular wrinkles

which become so low and poorly demarcated from eai-li preceding

interspace that the sculpture practically consists of weak slopes,

each followed by an incised line that is deepest just below suture

and dies out toward base of last whorl ; first four neanic whorls

with 52-53 threads; fifth and sixth with about 58 and last with 61.

Aperture trapezf»idal, witli longest dimension about 25° to shell-

axis; peri.stonie almost vortical (10° to shell-axis) and very little

arcuate. Coliini«^lla somewhat thickened, sigmoid. Alt. 10.54

mm., diam. 26 (2.75). alt. last whorl 36 (3.79) ; aperture alt. 21

(2.21), diam. 64 (1.41 mm.). Radular formula (f. 2): 15-1-

(2± 13), with 36 rows.

riiK XAi riLi s: :yA cv)

I'LATK 11

1-L', S/iiril.ils .siihidni 11.^. ;;, >'. siilcifi riis <tl iiiiiici iisis. 4, N. fdllil.i-. .".

iirc!<iliis. t)j i'. h inn cdshtl IIS ohisii.s. 7, N. liiiiiiiscnhis. K, N. iiiliiliis p

.\ //.'(•<( /(/.<. II-IO, N. (I,'i fhi.iift) firaiiinn.

January, II^IO] the nautilus HI

Above Noc-axa (BCD, III, a, 34), 5000 ft., quite eoinmon. S.

sub III in us must be somewluit similar to S. ((tuiis Pl'eifTer, but is

mueh slenderer and apparently has more flattened threads. A

smaller form, with more rejrular whorl-increase and less arcuately

spiral columella, occurs (station 35) ; it measures: alt. 8.90 mm.,

diam. 26 (2.28 mm.), alt. last whorl 37 (3.25) ; aperture alt. 21

(1.97), diam. 62 (1.23) ; 9^ whorls.

S. (VoLUTAxis) TENUECOSTATUS OBESUS, new subspecies. PI. 11,

fig. 6.

Shell (pi. 11, f. 6) bulimoid-turrite, greenish white, little

translucent, closely thread-ribbed. Whorls, 8^, quite convex with

impressed, creuulate suture. Apex small ; embryonic whorls 2|,

with first two almost smooth. Later whorls short but last rela-

tively lontr, with thread-riblets about as wide as interspaces,

crested below suture and weaker on base of last whorl ; first two

neanic whorls with 65 threads; third with 76; fourth with 83;

fifth with 72 and last with 68. Aperture trapezoidal, with longest

dimension about 30° to shell-axis ; peristome almost vertical and

moderately arcuate (less so than in some examples of 8. tenne-

costatus). Columella twisted but almost straight, moderately

thickened. Alt. 8.56 mm., diam. 37 (3.14 mm.), alt. last whorl 48

(4.12) ; aperture alt. 29 (2.49), diam. 63 (1.57).

Tenango Hills, near Necaxa (D, III, a, 41), 4600 ft. Although

sculptured like the typical form, this subspecies has more rapid

whorl-increase, which makes adults bigger and more swollen ; no

intergrading individuals have been observed.

S. (VOLUTAXIS) NITroUS PERSULCATUS, UCW SUbspCcicS. PI. 11,

fig. 8.

Shell (pi. 11, f. 8) subulate-turrite, very light corneous, glassy,

transparent, with quite close, deeply incised growth-lines.

"Whorls 9|, with flattened sides and simple suture. Apex rela-

tively small; embryonic whorls almost 3; first 2\ almost smooth

but remainder assuming close growth-striae, which demarcate

rounded threads. Later whorls with much closer growth-striae

than in typical 8. iiitidus, especially on the last whorl, and with

very weak traces of spirals; first with about 55 striae; second to

fourth with 45 or 46 ; fifth with 54 and last whorl with 72. Aper-

ture renate-trapezoidal, with long dimension almost 30° to shell-

axis; peristome almost vertical, weakly arcuate ; columella slightly

thickened, oblique and lightly twisted. Alt. 7.28 mm., diam. 26

92 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3)

(1.89), alt. last whorl 37 (2.69) ; aperture alt. 22 (1.60), diam.

67 (1.07).

Below Necaxa (BD, III, a, 54), 2625 ft. Strebel and Pfeffer

state that this form intergrades with typical 8. nitidus (S. & P.),

which has widely spaced sulci on the last whorl, but I see no

evidence of this in my material. The columella is less sigmoid

than is usual in Volutaxis.

Spiraxis (Micromena) minusculus, new species. PI. 11, fig. 7.

Shell (pl. 11, f. 7) cylindric-turrite, greenish white, translucent,

thread-eostulate. Whorls 7^, fairly short, convex ; suture crenu-

late. Apex rounded ; embryonic whorls 2^, quite rapidly widen-

ing, almost smooth (weakly punctate) except last half- whorl,

which develops fine, closely spaced growth-threads and spiral im-

pressed lines. Later whorls quite short, gradually increasing,

last rather abruptly tapered basally ; each with about 37 thread-

riblets, which are not as wide as interspaces, are crossed by fine

spiral striae and become weaker on base of last whorl. Aperture

slightly oblique (about 20° to shell-axis), broadly ovate-trape-

zoidal ; peristome little arcuate, almost vertical, not thickened ;

columella almost straight, expanded above, tapering and almost

without truncation. Alt. 3.08 mm., diam. 34 (1.06 mm.), alt.

last whorl 42 (1.30) ; aperture alt. 26 (0.80), diam. 62 (0.50 mm.).

Below Necaxa (D, III, a, 54), 2625 ft.; infrequent. This

species rather closely resembles 8. canalzonalis (Pilsbry), but the

latter has a high last embryonic whorl and narrow columella like

8. (Rectaxis) decussatus and its riblets do not appear to crenu-

late the suture. 8. minnsculus also may have similar growth

sculpture to 8. linearis Pfeiffer, as figured by Strebel und Pfeffer,

but the last has much more oblique whorls and appears to have

the columella of a Vcrsutaxis. The spiral striae of 8. 7ninusculus

become much weaker and more irregular, especially on the last

whorl, than in the smaller 8. minntus.

The following Subulinidae and Spiraxinae were collected in

1926:

Lamellaxis (Lcjjtopeas) ar<jutns (Pilsbry), Cordoba (alt. 2625-

3000 ft.) and Necaxa (2625-5500 ft.) ; ABCD, III, a, 3, 4, 33-37,

52-54; especially common in disturbed jilaces without excessive

leaf-humus; often stouter [9.02x38 (3.43 mm.)], with stronger

columellar truncation and weaker growth-wrinkles on last whorl

at Necaxa.

January, 1940] the nautilus 03

L. {s. s.) mexicanus (Pfr.) and f. abbreviatus (Marts.), Necaza

(2215-5500 ft.) ; ABCD, III, a, 33-36, 51-55; mores like preced-

inj;; with weaker ^M-owth-riblets at liijrher altitudes (thus ap-

proaehinjr Z>. tamaulipcnsis). L. martcnsi (Pfr.), Atoyac (1400

ft.) ; and form modest us (S. & P.), Atoyac to Cordoba (1300-3000

ft.); AD, I, a, 1,4.

Synopcas beckianum (Pfr.), Atoyac to Cordoba (1300-3000

ft.) and Necaxa (2215-5500 ft.) ; ABCD, III, a, 1, 3, 4, 24, 33-35,

52-55 ; in leaf humus.

Spiraxis (Miraradula) similaris (S. & P.), Penuela to Sumi-

dero (2625-3400 ft.) and Necaxa (2215-3120 ft.) ; AD, III, a, 3,

4, 6, 52-54; common. S. (Mf) miradorensis (S. & P.), Penuela

to Cordoba (2625-3000 ft.) ; AD, III, a, 3, 4; infrequent.

S. (Rectaxis) intcrmedius (S. & P.), Penuela to Cordoba

(2625-3000 ft.); AD, III, a, 3, 4; quite common. S. graniim

H.B.B., Peiiuela (2700 ft., rare) and Necaxa (2625-3120 ft.,

common) ; D, III, a, 3, 52-54. 8. subtilis subtilis H.B.B., Cordoba

(2625-3000 ft.); D, I, a, 4; quite rare. S. s. vitreus H.B.B.,

Necaxa (2625 ft.) ; D, I, a, 54; quite rare. S. subnitidus H.B.B.,

Necaxa (5000 ft.) ; B, II, a, 33; rare.

S. (Versutaxis) subgranum H.B.B., Cordoba (3000 ft.), A, I,

a, 4; quite rare. S. opcas H.B.B., Necaxa (3120-5000 ft.) ; BD,

I, a, 34, 52; infrequent. 8. subopeas H.B.B., Necaxa (2625-5500

ft.) ; BCD, III, a, 31, 33, 37, 53, 54; frequent. 8. futUis H.B.B.,

Necaxa (3000-5000 ft.) ; BCD, III, a, 33, 35, 41, 53; quite infre-

quent. 8. arctatus H.B.B., Necaxa (2625 ft.) ; D, I, a, 54; very

infrequent.

8. (Mirapex) acus (Sh.?) enigmaticus H.B.B., Cordoba (2650

ft.) ; D, I, a, 4; infrequent.

8. (Volutaxis) sulciferus sulciferiis (Mo.), Atoyac (1300 ft.),

D, I, a, 1 ; rare; and paedogenetoid form {bercndti Pfr., preoc-

cupied in 8piraxis), Potrero to Penuela (2150-2950 ft.) ; 2, 3;

quite rare. 8. s. aioyacensis H.B.B., Atoyac, with paedogenetoid

form, Cordoba (3000 ft.) ; D, I, a, 1, 4; frequent at Atoyac. 8.

fallax H.B.B., Penuela to Cordoba (2625-3000 ft.) and Necaxa

(2215-5500 ft.) ; ABCD, III, a, 3, 4, 33-35, 37, 52-55; quite com-

mon. 8. subuUnus H.B.B., Necaxa (3000-5500 ft.) ; BCD, III,

a, 33-36, 53; quite common, especially above falls. 8. tenuecos-

94 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3)

tains tenuecostaius (S. & P.), Neeaxa (2625-3120 ft.) ; D. Ill, a,

52-54; frequent. S. t. ohesus H.B.B., Neeaxa (4600-5000 ft.) ;

B, I, a, 34, 41; rare. 8. nitidus (S. & P.) persidcatus H.B.B.,

Neeaxa (2625-5000 ft.; frequent) and Penuela (2625 ft.) ; BD,

III, a, 3, 34, 35, 51-54.

S. {Pseudosiihulina) herendti herendii (Pfr.), Neeaxa (3000-

5500 ft.) ; ABCD, III, a, 33, 35, 41, 53 ; frequent. 8. irregularis

negligens H.B.B., Neeaxa (2215-5500 ft.) ; ABCD, III, a, 24, 31,

33-38, 42, 53, 55; and stout form (4430-5000 ft.) ; ABC, III, a,

34, 35, 37, 38, 41 ; both quite common. 8. ventrosus H.B.B.,

Neeaxa (4600 ft.) ; B, I, a, 41. 8. horealis Pilsbry, Neeaxa (4600

ft.) ; C, I, a, 36; infrequent. 8. caducus H.B.B., Cordoba (2625-

3000 ft. ) ; AD, III, 3, 4 ; quite common but stout form quite infre-

quent. ;S'. orizahensis (Pils.), Cordoba (2625-3000 ft.) ; D, I, a,

4; quite infrequent. 8. costatus H.B.B., Atoyac to Cordoba

(1300-3000 ft.) ; AD, I, a, 1, 4; infrequent. 8. arcuatus H.B.B.,

Sumidero (3400 ft.) ; D, I, a, 6; very rare. 8. j^arvus H.B.B.,

Neeaxa (2625-5500 ft.) ; BCD, III, a, 33, 34, 52, 54; quite infre-

quent.

8. {Micromena) minutus H.B.B., Neeaxa (2625-3120 ft.) ; D,

III, a, 52-54; very common in limestone talus. 8. minusculus

H.B.B., Neeaxa (2625-3000 ft. ; infrequent) and Cordoba (2650

ft. ; rare) ; D, III, a, 4, 53, 54.

A NEW UROCOPTID MOLLUSC FROM THE STATE

OF SONORA, MEXICO

BY JOSHUA L. BAILY, JE. and RUTH INGERSOLL BAILY

HoLOSPiRA (Haplocion) kinonis, sp. nov. Plate 12, fiix. 1.

Shell with elonprated spire of about 16 Avhorls, the uj>per 11 of

which taper toward tlie apex, tlie rciiiaiiuler of the spire being

cylindrical. The later whorls sliow an extremely slijilit taper.

The nuclear whorls are smooth, inflated, somewhat irreprular in

shape and their axis is tilted. The remaining: whorls are orna-

mented with fine tran.sverse ribs, of whidi tliore are 24 on the

penultimate whorl of the holotype, somewhat less on the other

whorls. The intercostal spaces are much wider than the ribs.

On the early whorls these ribs are .somewhat ()bli(inc. so that in

immature shells the aperture faces slipfhtly away from the apex,

but in the mid part of the spire they lie in planes normal to the

THK \.\l TILI S: .):{ ci

IM.ATK \-2

Ihilnsiinn l.ninni.s .1. I,. \ I,'. 1. r,.iil\. L'. I'miuil iojists i>itli liiiii/d ]',. \ M.

;;, I'nliii/ifrti I lith iittild iiii/o.stt ]',. \ M. t. /., pidiicliiloiKi trojtiai l^ilsltrv.

Iriijrtli l.i.S linn.. Itoiu-fis)i Kvy, Fl.i. .".. AcuiillioclntoiKi haUsar Pilsluy,

N'lijjtii 1(1.3 mill., )ioiu-(isli Ki-v, V\;\. (i, 7:i, l.nlinis fi/iiialiK.s Scliwcnycl.

I'jilin Mc'.'U'li. 8. S;i, Ci ritliiiiin (inriroinn Kclnvt'iiKi'l, Pflic-;in Slucils, Fl;i. i*.

.\faisi iiiiin s|)., • ;',, P;iliM Bc-icli. 10, 11, Sif/iilira si mis ii lea I a Uitlojimpln

.^^(•(;inty, • .i ; Hoviitdii ISciili. Fl;i. 12, Sit/nlicd .si niisiilriitii (Jr.-iy. • !!. lii.

14. T' r> hill iilnssiiiiil Scliw cnml. Pclic.'iii Slio.'ils. Fl;i.

January, 1940] the nautilus 95

suture. On the lower whorls they become sipfmoid and on the

body whorl they are continued over the an<j:uIation at the base of

tlie siiell into the umbilieus which is very narrow l)ut distinctly

open in the adult shell. The terminal portion of the body -whorl

projects somewhat, so that the aperture is nowhere in contact

with the penultinuite whorl. The aperture is ovate, with its axis

inclined to that of the shell ; the peristome is continuous and

expanded.

Internally tiie axis is extremely slender and smooth, without

lamellae or any other ornamentation, referring this species to the

subgenus Haplocion beyond any doubt. The shell is gray, the

apical whorls being much darker than the rest of the shell.

Length 14.5 mm. Breadth 3.1 mm. Holotype

" 13.7 " '* 3.1 " Paratvpe

" 11.5 " " 3.3 "

10.8 " " 3.2 " "

The shells were collected by the senior author in February,

1939, in tidal drift, about two miles south of Cochore, near

Guaymas, Sonora.

The long, attenuated spire gives this shell the appearance of

an Epirohia, or a TJrocoptis, but the smooth columella is conclu-

sive evidence as to its systematic position. The shells did not

contain the soft parts, consequently nothing is known of the

anatomy.

The specific name has been given in honor of Father Eusebio

Francisco Kino, the cartographer who explored and mapped the

"Vermilion Sea" in 1683-5, who proved the peninsular nature

of Baja California, and who made the first collection of shells

from the Pacific coast of North America.

In appreciation of the kindness of Dr. H. A. Pilsbry in assist-

ing with the determination of this material, the holotype and

three paratj'pes have been deposited in the collection of the

Academy of Natural Sciences, (No. 174953).

NEW GASTROPODA FROM WEST VIRGINIA

BY STANLEY T. BROOKS and GORDON K. MacMILLAN

Collections made throughout "West Virginia during the summer

of 1938 by the junior author have brought to light the following

moUusca, which are new to conchology : —

96 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3)

POMATIOPSIS PRAELONGA, Sp. nOV. PI. 12, fig. 2.

Shell elongate, turreted, and narrow. Color brownish horn.

Surface somewhat shining and somewhat wrinkled, lines of gro^vth

very fine and hardly discernible. Apex slightly rounded, flat-

tened ; nuclear whorl emergent, sculpture worn and smooth.

"Whorls 8, somewhat rounded, slowlj^ and regularly increasing in

diameter. Suture deeply impressed. Spire acute, about three

and a half times as long as aperture. Aperture ovate, somewhat

narrowed and angled above, rounded below. Peristome thickened

and extremities connected. Umbilicus well marked, emargined by

inner lip which is reflected over the umbilical region. Base

rounded. Length 7.5, width 2.25 mm.

Type Locality: Hillside along Elk River, 1.5 miles south of

Clay, Clay County, West Virginia. Holotj-pe : Carnegie Museum

#62.32897, Section of Recent Invertebrates. Paratj-pes : United

States National Museum #473964, Academy of Natural Sciences

#174910, and Carnegie Museum #62.32898, Section of Recent

Invertebrates.

This is a much longer and narrower species of Pomatiopsis than

lapidaria. P. praelonga has a coarser sculpture, more thickened

peristome, and much flatter whorls than lapidaria. In the num-

ber of whorls and the length of the shell, praelonga is much like

P. scalaris, but it is much narrower and a recent shell in com-

parison to scalaris from the loess of the Wabash River near New

Harmony, Ind.

P. praelonga was found under the dead fronds of ferns near

the base of the plant usually where the immediate hillside was

rocky and covered with dead leaves. This habitat was from 100

to 150 feet above the Elk River.

Triodopsis tridentata ruqosa var. nov. PI. 12, fig. 3.

Shell somewhat depressed, costate, reddish-horn color, with a

narrow umbilicus. Whorls 5.}, flattened above and rounded be-

low, the body-whorl rounded. Suture impressed. Rib-striations

prominent and continue undiminished into the umbilicus; inter-

stitial striae few and faint; spiral striae weak, hardly discernible;

a few granuhitions arc visihh' on the upper wlioi'ls, becoiniug more

numerous on the basal jiart of the shell. Striations on embi-yonic

whorl and a (juarter very weak; on next whorl and a half they

become broken into short bars; and on remaining whorls they be-

come gradually larger until they are rib-like on the last two whorls.

Aperture lunate, tridentate ; peristome white, broad, thickened

January, 1940] the nautilus 97

within; outer niarp:in bearing: a small, narrow, squarish tubercle

which is bent sliirhtly inward; basal lip bearinjj; a iiiar«rinal 1u-

berele; parietal tlenticle ton<;ue-shapetl, entering' sli^'iitly into the

aperture, and sejiarated from the umbilical margin of the peri-

stome by a narrow channel. Umbilicus narrow, deep, the inner

whorls hardly perceptible. Greater diameter 10.9, lesser diameter

9.2, heijrht 5.6 mm.

Type Locality : Damp Ravine, Blair Mountain, 1 mile south-

west of Blair, Lopran County, West Virp^inia. Holotype : Carnegrie

Museum #62.32899, Section of Recent Invertebrates. Paratypes :

United States National Museum #473963, Academy of Natural

Sciences #174909, and Carnegie Museum #62.32900, Section of

Recent Invertebrates.

Distribution: In addition to the type locality it occurs as fol-

lows : West Virginia : Cliffs and hillside, 2 miles southeast of Blair,

Logan Co. ; Sandstone bluffs and hillside, along Salmon Creek,

Hughes Ferry Bridge, 3 miles south of Summersville, Nicholas

Co. ; Hill and ravine, along Cranberry River, Camp Woodbine,

7 miles north of Richwood, Nicholas Co. ; woods along Muddlety

Creek, near Summersville, Nicholas Co. ; and Slagle, Logan Co.

This shell might easily be mistaken for Triodopsis hopetonensis,

but it is a small variety of T. trident at a. However, it differs from

hopetonensis by the shape of the aperture, marginal teeth, and

parietal denticles; the rib-striations of hopetonensis are more nu-

merous, closer together and not as prominent as in rugosa; there is

also a difference in the embryonic and post-embr^^onic sculpture.

In Triodopsis vannostrandi alahamensis the shape of the parietal

denticle is somewhat like that of rugosa, although the aperture is

squari.sh and the marginal tooth is bent much more inwardly. In

both these last two species the peristome is not nearly as thick as

in rugosa.

In T. tridentata rugosa the rib-striations are farther apart, the

granulations are not as numerous on the upper or lower parts of

the shell, and the striations on the embryonic and post-embryonic

whorls are more numerous and more crowded together than in the

form juxtidcns. In the latter form there is a wider channel be-

tween the parietal denticle and the umbilical margin of the peri-

stome than in rugosa.

Triodopsis tridentata rugosa is found particularly in ravines

and valleys that are narrow and damp.

98 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3)

A NEW VARIETY OF POLYGYRA APPRESSA (SAY)

BY GORDON K. MacMILLAN

While engaged in the task of re-organizing the collection of

North American Land Snails at the Carnegie Museum, I dis-

covered a variety of Polygyra appressa (Say) that was different

in many aspects from this species and its varieties. This new

variety is : —

Polygyra appressa extrema n. var.

Shell somewhat depressed, pellucid, eostate, punctate, reddish-

horn colored, and with a closed umbilicus. Whorls 5\, flattened

above and rounded below, the body-whorl acutely angular above

the median line. Striations large, prominent, and far apart above,

slightly less prominent below, crowded and continuing to the cov-

ered umbilical region; spaces between striations crowded with

small and fine punctations; spiral striae few and very weak,

hardly discernible, and present only on the body- whorl. Striations

on embryonic whorl and a quarter weak and crowded, with one

longitudinal row of punctations between them ; on the remaining

whorls the striations become gradually larger and further apart,

and the punctations become more numerous. Aperture oblique,

compressed and sub-triangular in shape ; peristome broad, angu-

larly reflected, and thickened within, the basal margin possessing

a long, lamella-like denticle; the parietal wall bears an erect,

curved and tongue-shaped tooth which enters the aperture at an

oblique angle. Greater diameter 17, lesser diameter 14 mm. ;

height 7^ mm.

Type Locality : Jefferson County, Tennessee. Holotj-pe : No.

6467, George H. Clapp Collection in the Laboratory of Recent

Invertebrates, Carnegie Museum ; Paratj^es, 71887, Acad. Nat.

Sci. Phila.

In general shape P. appressa extrema is much like P. appressa

(Say), but the periphery is nuich more acutely' angulated and the

shell is more depressed, the striations are more prominent and

further apart, and the spiral striae are very few or wanting in

comparison to the numerous ones revolving around the body-whorl

of P. aj)2)rc'ssa. Tlie striations are even more prominent tlian those

of P. appressa tryoni, Pils., P. appressa pcrigrapta, Pils., and P.

appr(ssa fosfcri, F. C. Baker; they ai-e more like the striations of

P. appressa liufjuifcra (Lam.).

January, 1940] the nautilus 99

OBITUARY

FRANCIS ROBERT LATCHFORD

1856-1938

The death last year of Chief Justice Latehford marks the end

of an era in Canadian conehology. While he lived there was a

link between the "new recruits" and the "old guard," for Latch-

ford knew i^ersonally or by correspondence most of the pioneers

not only of Canadian but also of American Conchology. His per-

sonal friends included Brj^ant Walker, the Reverend Mr. Taylor,

A. W. Hanham and nianj' more ; to name his correspondents would

involve enumerating most of the American conchologists of the

latter half of the nineteenth century. We count ourselves fortu-

nate to have known this grand old man and to have listened to his

tales of collecting in earlier days.

First let us set down the milestones of his life and then attempt

to fill in the picture with stories from our acquaintance with him.

Francis Robert Latehford was born of Irish parents in the village

of Aylmer, Quebec, some ten miles west of Ottawa, on the banks

of the Ottawa River. His birthplace was to have an important

bearing on his life ; Aylmer, though English in name, had, and still

has, a population about equally divided between French and

English Canadians; in the 1860 's and 1870 's it had a number of

inns much frequented by the lumbermen going to or from the

lumber camps on the upper Ottawa. Here Latehford learned

French as well as English, and all his life spoke both fluently.

Here he learned to know the rough and sometimes boisterous

lumbermen and later had many a story to tell about the bush and

the lumber camps.

Early in life he showed promise, and as a student at Ottawa

University he won medals and awards for English and Latin

essays, Christian doctrine and science. He graduated from the

University' of Ottawa in 1882 and continued his studies in law,

became a barrister in 1886 and a King's Counsel in 1899. He

practised in Ottawa where he became a leader in his profession.

Politics soon attracted him and in 1899 he was elected as a

member of the provincial parliament for South Renfrew, retain-

ing that seat until 1905, being successively appointed Commis-

sioner of Public Works and Attorney-General. In 1908 he was

100 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3)

appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Ontario, which posi-

tion he held until his death. But his public duties did not end

there ; under his stimulus the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario

railroad was pushed to completion and one station on this railroad

bears his name. The construction of the T. & N. O. opened up the

rich mining regions of Northern Ontario ; the names of its stations

alone conjure up pictures of vast mineral wealth : North Bay,

Cobalt, Cochrane ; mine after mine delving into the Pre-Cambrian

Shield for precious metals.

A man with such a full life might be forgiven for not having

many hobbies; but Latchford found time during his busy career

for natural history, hunting, golf and the study of Canadian and

Irish history.

In natural history we know him best as a conchologist but he

also had a surprisingly wide knowledge of botany and ornithology ;

his hunting and fishing were not mere slaughter, but, as a fellow

hunter of his told one of us, he hunted and fished like a gentleman,

confining himself to a decent bag. His interest in conservation

led to his election as President of the North American Game Pro-

tective Association in 1902.

In the field of history his contributions were numerous and his

knowledge encyclopaedic. A few years before his death he was

elected President of the Catholic Historical Society of Canada.

"We come now to a facet of his varied career which was the link

which brought us into contact with him. Both of us, in our earlier

conchological groupings, had come across the name of Latchford

but we unconsciously thought of him as one of the long-departed

pioneers. It was a pleasant shock, therefore, to find that F. R.

Latchford was very much alive and active and willing to become

counsellor and friend to struggling young shell-hunters. As we

came to know him better, in his own iiomc, in the field and through

letters, our admiration grew for him and we drew more and more

from his knowledge of Canadian Molhisea.

Even before his admission to tlie Bar he was interested in Mol-

lusca and had become a leader of the Conchological Branch of the

Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. The reports of the Branch con-

tain much of the information on which the 1890 list of Ottawa

shells was based and represents much painstaking and enthusi-

January, 1940] tue nautilus 101

astie work. His travels took him to Niaj^ara and to northern

Ontario where he collected shells, as may be seen by glancing

throuf^h the list of his papers. After his elevation to the Bench

his duties took him all over the province and as always he col-

lected wherever he went. He used to enjoy telling us of his Jekyll

and Hyde existence: surreptitious excursions in old clothes and

waders to river and woods in the morning and dignified after-

noons on the Bench in black silken gown. It was always a gala

occasion when his work brought him to Windsor. "When court

adjourned for the day he would cross to Detroit and spend the

evening wuth Bryant Walker, talking about shells. These concho-

logical sessions often lasted far into the night. Sometimes, no

doubt, the court officials noticed next morning that the judge

would conceal many a yawn behind an ample judicial sleeve ; no

doubt they drew their own conclusions about the cause but it is

safe to saj'' that their guesses were wide of the mark. Possibly

they would have done better had they known that His Honor's

pockets were bulging with duplicates heaped upon him by the

ever-generous Bryant Walker.

Two legal characteristics, a keen memory and an orderly mind

served him well in conchology. Furthermore he was no seeker

of rarities or showA' specimens; but rather a keen observer able

to appreciate the apparently drab and commonplace shells char-

acteristic of Canada. Those ubiquitous and often tedious shells,

the pearly mussels, finger-nail clams, planorbids, lymnaeids and

physids were his special concern. His published papers and his

collection, now in the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoolog.v, reflect

this interest. Given a different background, he would have made

an excellent experimental scientist; the varieties of our common

molluscs stimulated him to many ingenious but unpublished

theories. When he turned to the law Canada gained a great

jurist but lost a potential scientist.

He did manage, however, to publish a number of papers sur-

prising for one so busy ; these have appeared mostly in the publi-

cations of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club, of which he was

a member for some sixty years. The appended bibliography

includes all those known to us, but we would be grateful for infor-

mation concerning any others which we may have overlooked.

102 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3)

Chief Justice Latchford died at Toronto, Aiig:iist thirteenth

1938, at the age of 82. His death caused wide-spread regret and

called forth messages of appreciation and sympathy from men in

all walks of life, extolling his qualities and achievements, but he

could have had no better epitaph than the words applied to him

some thirty years ago by Sir George W. Ross : ' ' An able, upright,

industrious and painstaking judge."

Bibliography

1882 — Notes on the Ottawa Unionidae. Trans. Ottawa Field-Nat.

Club 3, pp. 48-57, 1 plate.

1884— Shells of Anticosti. Amer. Nat. 18 : 1051-1052. Oct.

1885 — Observations on the Terrestrial Mollusca of Ottawa and

vicinity. Trans. Ott. Field-Nat. Club 2: 1-21.

1887 — Report of the Conchological Branch. Ottawa Naturalist

1 : 107.

1887 — Fifteenth Sub-excursion of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists*

Club. Ott. Nat. 1 : 114.

1889 — Report of the Conchological Branch for the years 1887-88.

Ott. Nat. 3 : 65-68.

1893— Conehology (Notes). Ott. Nat. 6: 118.

1893— Conchologv. Ott. Nat. 7 : 114-116, October.

1894— Conehology. Ott. Nat. 7 : 132, 1894.

1895— Casselman Shells. Ott. Nat. 9 : 156, October.

1895— Conehology. Ott. Nat. 9 : 156, October.

1896— Notes on Recent Canadian Mollusca. Ott. Nat. 10: 14^16,

April.

1903— Niagara River Shells. Ott. Nat. 16 : 205.

1904^Conchological Notes. Ott. Nat. 18 : 91.

1905 — Notes on Canadian Unio luteolus. Nautilus 19 : 34-35.

1906 — Limnaea megasoma. Ott. Nat. 20 : 172.

1906 — Lynmaea megasoma. Naut. 20: 83 (reprint of previous

item).

1906— A visit to Duck Island. Ott. Nat. 20 : 187, December.

1911— Conchological Notes. Ott. Nat. 25 : 19.

1911— Conchological Notes. Ott. Nat. 25: 67, July.

1912— Notes- Conchological and otherwise. Ott. Nat. 25 : 189.

1913 — Preliminary List of Ottawa Sphaeriidae. Ott. Nat. 27 : 19,

April.

1914 — Valvata pisciualis in Canada. Nautilus 28 : 10.

1915— Conchological Notes. Ott. Nat. 29: 51.

1915 — Littorina littorea, a fish. Naut. 29 : 96.

1916— New Sphaoriidao. Ott. Nat. 30 : 93.

1919— Canadian Sphaeriidae.. Can. Field-Nat. 33: 83-86, Nov.

January. 1940] the nautilus 103

1920— Canadian Sphaeriidae. Can. Field-Nat. 34: 30-34, Feb.

1920— Canadian Sphaeriidao. Can. Field-Nat. 3i : 69-71, Apr.

1921— (^inadian Spliaoriidao. Can. Field-Nat. 35: 68-70, Apr.

1922 — Canadian Sphaeriidae. Can. Field-Nat. 36: 4, Jan,

1924— The First Ottawa Field-Naturalist. Can. Field-Nat. 38:

137, Sept.

1925 — Lymnaea (Bulimnea) megasoma Say. Ott, Nat, 39: 193-

194, November.

1925 — Bythinia tentaeulata Linn. Can. Field-Nat. 39 : 41.

1926— A new Lymnaea— Can. Field-Nat. 40 : 47, plate.

1927 — Lymnaea (Bulimnea) meg:asoma Say. Naut. 40: 136.

1930— Some introduced Molluscs, Can, Field-Nat, 44 : 33.

With J, Fletcher :

1894 — Report of the Coneholog'ical Branch. Ottawa Field-Nat,

Club, 1893. Ott. Nat. 8 : 97-98, September.

With Pascal Poirier :

1884^Report of the Conchological Branch (for 1883), Trans.

Ott. Field-Nat. Club .2; 130-134.

1885— Report of the Concholog:ical Branch (for 1884). Trans,

Ott. Field-Nat. Club 2 : 263-266.

1887 — Report of the Conchological Branch (for 1885). Trans.

Ott. Field-Nat, Club 2 : 350-351,

With G, W, Taylor :

1890 — Report of the Conchological Branch. Ott. Nat. 4: 51.

(A revised list of Ottawa shells is appended to this

paper, )

A, La Rocque

J. OUGHTON

October, 1939

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Handbuch der Pal.Xozoologie. Herausgegebeu von 0. H.

Schindewolf, Bd, 6, Gastropoda, von W, Wenz. Teil 1, com-

prising general matter and beginning of the Prosobranchia, and

Teil 2, continuing Prosobranchia as far as the Cyeloplioridae,

have appeared. The work contains definitions of all families,

genera and subgenera, with statement of geologic and geographic

range, and with excellent figures of t^'pical species in the text.

It is more comprehensive than Thiele's Handbuch by including

all fossil genera, and by the far more copious illustration ; more-

over, the type species of each genus and subgenus is given. How-

104 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3)

ever, as no anatomic details of the groups are given, it does not

fully cover the field occupied by Thiele's volumes. This work

will be of great value to everyone working on living mollusks and

molluscan paleontology, and it will be particularly useful to all

concerned with the arrangement of paleontologic collections. —

H. A. PiLSBRY.

International Directory of Malacologists (including shell

collectors). By Maxwell Smith. Tropical Laboratorj', Lantana,

Florida. Price $1.35. In this brochure of 50 pages the names

are arranged by countries, and in the United States by states.

California and Florida lead in number of names.

Victorian Sea Shells. By C. J. Gabriel. This handbook for

collectors and students contains descriptions and figures of a large

number of the shells most likely to be found, with directions for

cleaning and collecting shells. It is admirably adapted to the use

of beginners in the study. The drawings by Joyce K. Allan are

good examples of her beautiful work. — H. A. P.

An Illustrated Catalog of the Recent Species of Rock

Shells. By Maxwell Smith. Small 4to, 84 pp., 21 plates.

$5.00. The popular families Muricidae, Thaisidae and Coraliophi-

lidae are treated, the text giving brief comparative notes, locali-

ties, etc., on more than 500 species, which are figured on the plates

and in text-figures. — H. A. P.

What Shell Is That? A Guide to the Shell-Bearing Mol-

lusks OF Eastern North America. By Percy A. Morris. D.

Appleton-Century Company, New York. $2.25. To help col-

lectors who like to make identifications in the field, Mr, Morris

has prepared a pocket manual of shells covering the Atlantic

coastline from Labrador to Cape Hatteras and inland as far as

the Mississippi River. A handbook of this size cannot contain all

the forms known to science from the region it covers but those

likely to be picked up by the amateur naturalist are there. The

author is an accomplished nature photographer and the pictures

accompanying each description make tlie identification of shells

ea.sy. The book deals with land and fresh-water forms as well as

shells of the sea. — R. A. McLean.

.January, 1940] THE nautilus 105

An Annotated Biblioorapuy of the Zoology of Tennessee.

By Charles S. Shouj). Vaiulerbilt Univ. Bookstore, Nashville,

50 eents. About 1.000 titles are jj:iveii of papers which contain

lists or descriptions of animals from the state and vicinity. The

65 titles of niolliisks are useful for reference, even thoup^h such

names as Bland, Amos Binney and Shuttleworth do not even

appear. — H. B. B.

FiELDBOOK OF ILLINOIS Land Snails. By Frank Collins Baker.

Natural History Survey, State of Illinois, Theodore H. Frison,

Chief; Manual 2. Urbana, Illinois. This fieldbook, of pocket

size, is designed primarily for the use of beginners in the study

of nature, being written in untechnical language and supplied

with keys for determination of the species. The figures, drawn

by Dr. Carl O. ]\Iohr in admirable line work, include all of the

species, and have the great advantage of representing Illinois

examples. Being based upon over 20,000 specimens, the results

of several years survey of the State, the Fieldbook is believed to

be nearly complete for Illinois species, and therefore also of in-

terest to advanced students of mollusks in the Middle West gen-

erally. ^Manuals such as this and as Baily's West American

Shells, scientifically accurate, but in simple terms, are greatly

needed in malacology. — H. A. P.

NOTES AND NEWS

Another Immigrant. — ^While engaged in entomological work

in Orleans Parish, Louisiana, Mr. Mike Wright, of Ohio State

University, collected numerous specimens of Bradybaena simi-

laris honrjkongiensis (Deshayes). Dr. Pilsbry who identified the

shells — which I had mistaken as belonging to Praticolella — in-

forms me that similaris has come "from South China, Java or

anywhere over there," is domiciled now in Hawaii and Bermuda,

but "has not before been reported from the United States." An

earlier invader, occurring also in rural parts of the parish, is

Rumi7ia decollata (Linnaeus). Mr. Wright found it on trunks

of trees as well as upon the ground. With these shells came

Polygyra texasiana (Moricand), the occurrence of which in this

locality, Dr. Pilsbrj' says, "is far east of its regular beat." Two

106 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3)

subfossil specimens of Pleurocera acuta (Rafinesque) were in the

sending. They were probably transported in time of flood from

Mississippi River tributaries well upstream. — Calvin Goodrich.

Regarding 0. G. B. — In the October, 1939, issue of Nautilus,

I asked for information about a small pamphlet entitled "Publi-

cations of the 0. G. B., Ill, Mollusca of Cincinnati" (1876). The

perplexity was over who or what "0. G. B." might be. Dr.

Harold A. Redher calls my attention to the fact that the question

has risen before and has been fully answered. Mr. C. W. John-

son, coming upon the paper, wrote to Cincinnati about it. The

correspondence proved more fruitful than my own. "0. G. B.,"

Mr. Johnson learned, stood for "Our Geological Boys," all of

them at the time their paper was put out being members of the

Woodward High School of Cincinnati. The account of the

pamphlet will be found in the Nautilus, 30, 1916, p. 57. — Calvin

Goodrich.

South American Species Referred to Planorbula. — In a

recent paper Dr. Fritz Haas^ diagnoses a new subgenus for the

South American species of planorbids which have been referred

to Segmentina, basing the new group name on characteristics of

the lamellae within the aperture. Pilsbry^ has slio\vn that these

Central and South American forms resembling Scgmentina and

Planorbula belong to a distinct genus which was named Tropi-

corhis Pilsbry and Brown in 1914. It has also been shown-' that

Planorbula is a genus distinct from these South American species,

differing so much in anatomy that it belongs in another subfamily,

Helisomatinae. Unpublished data, in addition to that by Pilsbry,

shows conclusively that no true Planorbula is found south of the

United States. The name Obstrucfio Hass, therefore, becomes a

synonym of Tropicorbis Pilsbry' and Brown. In the Phinorbidae

it is difficult to make group distinctions without reference to the

anatomy because of such parallelisms as tlie presence of apertural

lamellae in two such diverse groups as Planorbula and Tropi-

corbis.— Frank C. Baker.

1 Malacological Notes, Zool. Series Field Mus., 24, 99, 1939.

2 Pilsbry, H. A. Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. PhU., 86, 52, 1934.

3 Pilsbry, I. c, 46, 54, Baker, Nautilus, 49, 104, 1936.

January, 1940] the nautilus 107

New Names for Puerto Rican Snails. — Varicella (Laevari-

cella) playa, new species, is founded on V. ylnbra gracilior

Pilsbry, 1907, Man. Coneh. 19: 127, pi. 19, fig. 37, from near

Humaeao, P. 11. The type lot is ANSP. 3625 (from T. Bland).

Probably Sliuttleworth, 1854, Mitth. naturf. Ges. Bern: 51, did

not mean to name his var. (3, and the name used by Pilsbry is, as

he states, preoccupied in Varicella by Achatina gracilior C. B.

Adams, 1850, Contr. Conch. 7 : 104. Considerable numbers of

specimens before me show no intergradation between the high-

spired Varicella playa, a lowland species, and V. glabra

(Pfeiffer), which seems to be limited to the eastern mountains

around El Yunque. Shuttleworth was probably deceived by the

general resemblance in form between 3'oung shells of V. playa

and much larger examples of V. glabra.

Cepolis (Plagioptycha) boriquenae, new species, is founded

on the shell, from Loiza (Swift !), described and figured as Helix

diaphana by Pilsbry, 1889, Man. Coneh. 5 : 22, pi. 19, figs. 51 & 52.

The type lot is ANSP. 28335. The figures cited exaggerate the

growth-lines and the extremely weak columellar thickening.

This may be Helix diaphana Lamarck, 1822, Anim. s. vert. 6 (2) :

85, from Teneriffe (sic), but is certainly not Helix diaphana of

Poiret, 1801, Coquilles fluv. terr. Aisue & Paris: 77, 116.— H.

BURRINGTON BakER.

The Northern Range of Monadenia fidelis Gray. — The

northern range of Monadenia fidelis Gray is not well known. A

letter received from 'Mr. A. W. Hanham of Duncan, B. C, who

has collected shells in B. C. for about 50 years, stated that this

species was of frequent occurrence on Vancouver Island as far

as Port Alberni on the west coast and as far north as vicinity of

Nanaimo on the east coast. He found none while collecting shells

at Pt. Renfrew on tiie west coast of Vancouver Island, and none

at Agassiz, inland from Vancouver City. None of this species

were found while collecting land shells in Sillwet district or on

Mt. Cheam. The non-occurrence of the species in a district where

it might be expected is no conclusive evidence, however, because

it is often very scarce within its range and requires extensive

search under favorable conditions to reveal its presence. — Walter

J. Eyerdam.

108 the nautilus [vol. 53 (3)

Extension of Ranges of North American Marine Shells to

Chile. — While collecting shells along the Chilean coast in March,

1939, 1 found four species of North American pelecypods at Arica

in northern Chile. They have been definitely classified and differ

but very slightly from the same species collected in California

and Alaska. They are as follows: Saxidomus giganteus (Desh.).

Not uncommon on some of the sandy beaches. They differ but

little from North American specimens, but on account of wave

and sand action they are smoother than those which I have col-

lected in California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia,

Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. The southern limit in Dall's

Bulletin 112 is Monterey, California.

Venerupis (Protothaca) staminea staminea (Conrad.) is not

uncommon near Arica, Peru. Previously reported as found from

Crescent City, California, to Socorro Island, Lower Calif.

Venerupis (Protothaca) grata (Say) is rather common. Pre-

viously known range is San Pedro, California, to Panama.

Tagelus calif ornianus Conrad. Not common ; previously kno^vn

range is Santa Barbara, California, to Gulf of Tehuantepec. —

Walter J. Eyerdam.

Extension of Range of Monadenia semialba Henderson. — In

a lot of six specimens of Monadenia fidelis received recently from

Dr. W. A. Newcombe, Victoria, B. C, which were collected by his

father, C. F. Newcombe, in 1890 in the vicinity of Victoria, B. C,

was one typical yellow-based specimen of Monadenia scmialha

Henderson. Hitherto this color form has been reported only

from the type locality which is amongst the rocks back of Rosario

Beach, Fidalgo Island, Shagit County, Washington. Victoria,

B. C, is situated on the soutlieast coast of Vancouver Island and

is almost due west across the north end of Puget Sound from

Rosario Beach. Some of the larger islands of tlie San Juan group

are in between, and have similar conditions of liabitat in general

as Rosario Beach. It is likely that this species will also be found

in the San Juan Islands, as the species M. fidelis Gray is known

to occur there. — Walter J. Eyerdam.

The Nautilus

Vol. 53 April, 1940 No. 4

TWO NEW FLORIDAN MARINE SHELLS

BY JEANNE SCHWENGEL

Cerithium auricoma, new species. PI. 12, figs. 8, 8a.

The strong, solid shell has the general form of C. literatum.

The outlines of the spire are straight. Color white, the intervals

of the spiral striae pale yellow, or at the anterior canal, light

brown.^ The early whorls are worn; the last four whorls with

axial sculpture of rather massive, rounded ribs, continuous from

whorl to whorl, about equal in width to their intervals, eight on

each whorl ; the earlier whorls have more numerous small ribs

with occasional larger ones. On the last whorl there is a strong

varix opposite the aperture, and the other ribs are short, not

extending to the periphery, and project in blunt prominences

below the suture. Over all is a sculpture of fine spiral threads,

those on the base alternately smaller. Aperture about as in C.

literatum, the callus defining the posterior channel strongly

developed.

Length 36.3 mm., width 16.2 mm. ; 9| whorls remaining.

Washerwoman Key, Pelican Shoals, near Key West, Florida.

Type in A.N.S.P., paratypes in my collection.

This fine cerite is quite distinct from all species known to me

by its very strong, heavy ribs and fine, nearly even, hair-like,

spiral striation. It was found in great abundance all over the

shore, each shell containing a hermit crab with a beautiful, red

claw, which he used as an effective operculum when disturbed.

A great many were collected, but having no container with a

tight lid, most of them disappeared overboard before we reached

Key West, hence, there are only four specimens at the present

time.

As all of the specimens are dead shells, the tints given are approximate.

(109)

110 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (4)

Latirus cymatias, new species. PL 12, fijrs. 6, 7.

The shell is somewhat similar in form to L. hrevicaudatus

Reeve but differs by being decidedly narrower, with less convex

whorls, fewer axial folds and finer spiral threads. Color sayal

brown, the ribs duskier, the anterior end of the canal cinnamon-

brown to russet. The small apical whorl is blunt and smooth ;

the last half of the second whorl has numerous small axial riblets.

After that the shell has axial sculpture of broad, rounded folds

over the peripheral region but not extending to the suture or the

eoncavit}^ of the base, six on each whorl. Spiral sculpture of

spiral threads with much more minute threads in the intervals,

about seven main threads on the penult whorl, 18 on the last

whorl, exclusive of those on the siphonal fasciole. The suture

is not so deep as in L. hrevicaudatus, somewhat waved, with a

slightly crenulate border. The aperture is far narrower than in

L. hrevicaudatus, cinnamon-brown within, with about 7 narrow

lirae in the throat. Columella with three folds. Siphonal

fasciole rather narrow, not very prominent.

Length 36.6 mm., width 15.3 mm., length of aperture 17.8 mm. ;

about 10 whorls. Type.

Length 25.5 mm., width 11 mm. Paratype, fig. 7.

Off Palm Beach in about 12 fathoms. Type 175132 A.N.S.P.,

paratypes in collection of the author.

A NEW NATICOID SNAIL FROM FLORIDA

BY THOMAS L. MCGINTY

Sigatica semisulcata iiolograpta, new subspecies. Plate 12,

figs. 10, 11.

Shell small, of about five well-rounded whorls, separated by a

deeply impressed suture ; the glassy nucleus of one and a half

whorls; only the nucleus and the inside of the umbilicus lack the

spiral sculpture of encircling linear grooves, of which there are

from eighteen to twenty-four on the last whorl. ITinbilii'us wide

and deep. Operculum not known.

Height 10 mm., diameter 8.4 mm.

Height 8.7 mm., diameter 7.6 mm.

Height 11 mm., width 9.5 mm.

April, 1940 J the nautilus 111

The type is IT.IOlV) A.N.S.P. from Royiitoii Beach, Palm Beach

County, Florida. Paratypcs in the MeGinty colleelion.

This attractive little shell has only been taken occasionally on

the lower Florida east coast. The encircling; jrrooves coverin<; the

whole surface of each whorl easily distinjruish it from Sigatica

semisnlcata (Gray), in which there are spirals below the suture

and in the umbilicus, but none over the middle part of the last

whorl (PI. 12, fig. 12). This appears to be a constant character

of semisulcata.

S. semisulcata was dredjjed by the writer off Boynton Beach

on sand bottom in about twelve fathoms. The operculum is

corneous, yellowish and simple, not unlike that of Poliniccs lactea,

and the shell is wholly external, as in that species. Dr. Pilsbry

informs me that the reference of ^S*. semisulcata to Eunaticina in

the current literature is an error. Tliat is a Pacific genus, not

known from the West Indies, at least in the present fauna.

Sigatica comprises Xatieidae with the figure of Poliniccs, but the

suture is deeply impressed and there is a sculpture of spiral

grooves.

NEW MOLLUSKS OF THE GENUS NAESIOTUS

FROM ECUADOR^

BY HARALD A. REHDER

In determining a large number of specimens of bulimulids

from Ecuador sent to the National Museum by Mr. Ralph "W.

Jackson of Dorchester, Maryland, it was discovered that several

lots represented new subspecies. Moreover, in determining the

generic relationships of these shells several facts were uncovered

and conclusions reached that seem worth putting on record.

This highly interesting and valuable material consisted of five

large lots of what has been called Bulimiiliis quitensis Pfeiffer

and Bulimuhts catlowiae Pfeiffer, collected at various localities in

the high interandine plateau of Ecuador between the eastern and

the western Andes. Further material of this same group was

present in the collection of the National iMuseum, and some was

borrowed from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard

University, through the kindness of Mr. William J. Clench.

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

112 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (4)

In 1848^ Pfeiffer described two species of Bulirnulus from the

Cuming collection as Bulimus quitensis and Bulimus irregularis,

both stated to have been collected near Quito, Ecuador, by De

Lattre. In 1854^ he described a third species, Bulimus catlowiae,

collected also near Quito by Bourcier. In 1856"* Pfeiffer placed

all three in Bulimus, subgenus Mesemhrinus, while von Martens,

in I860'' placed catlowiae, the only species he mentioned, in the

subgenus Scutahis of the genus Bulimulus.

Hidalgo was the first to seriously study these species, and he,

after a study of a great many specimens, came to the conclusion

that they were variations of a single species.® Pfeiffer, in 1877,^

still considered them distinct species, but von Martens in 1885*

united B. catlowiae with irregularis, without having type material

at hand. Since the type locality is not known exactly (the locali-

ties "near Quito," or, "near Bogota," given by early collectors

in northwestern South America, are to be taken only in the broad-

est sense), we must be content with the literature on the subject,

and the specimens at hand. Fortunately I was able to consult

large suites of specimens of this group, one lot having been col-

lected only ten miles or less from Quito. With all this material

available I have come to agree with Hidalgo, von Martens, and

Pilsbry,^ that the three species described by Pfeiffer are merely

variations of one species, which will bear the name Naesiotus

quitensis.

Pfeiffer originally placed his three species in the genus Buli-

mus, and later authors assigned them to the groups Mescmbriyius

and Scutalus. Pilsbry, in his epochal monograph of the Bulimu-

lidae in the Manual of Conchology, placed B. quitensis in 7^;//?-

mulus, section Lissoacme,^° not knowing the nature of the nuclear

sculpture; in the following volume" he placed B. irregularis and

2 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, ]){. 15, 1847, pp. 2.30, 231 [1848].

3 Op. cii., pt. 20, 1852, p. 154 [1854].

* Malakozool. Blatter, vol. 2, pp. 158, 159.

B Albers, Die Ileliceen, ed. 2, p. 218.

8 Journal de Conch., vol. 18, 1870, p. 63.

^ Monogr. Helic. viv., vol. 8, 1877, pp. 157, 171.

8 Conch. Mitthcil., (vol. 2), p. 162.

0 Man. of Conch., ser. 2, vol. 11, 1897, p. 34.

10 Op. cii., vol. 10, 1896, p. 158.

" Op. cit., vol. 11, 1897, p. 34.

April. 1940] the nautilus 113

its variety cdflowine, in liKlimxIus, siih<i:enus Scuhilus, and stated

there tliat Bulimulns quitciisis was specifically identical with these

forms, which had a nucleus that was minutely lineolate-punetate.

An examination of the nucleus of these forms, liowever, shows

that the sculpture consists of rejjular straight axial riblets. This

sort of apical sculpture is found in three or more less isolated

groups of Bulimulidae: Protoglyptus from eastern South Amer-

ica and some of the Lesser Antilles; Orthotomium from central

and northern Mexico, Lower California, and the southwestern

United States, and Nacsiotus from the Galapagos Islands. Both

in the character of the shell and in geographic distribution, Buli-

muJus quitcnsis is closest to Naesiotus, and indeed it so closely

resembles some forms from the Galapagos that I cannot see any

super-specific difference, and I am therefore placing this species

in Naesiotus.

The presence of Naesiotus on the west coast of South America

is another bit of evidence in favor of the hypothesis that the geo-

graphic range of the ancient stock of bulimulids with straight

axial riblets on the nuclear whorls once extended pretty well over

the region from northern Mexico south to the Argentine and

Peru. Then during the Tertiary several of these regions were

isolated and there developed the groups named above; namely,

Orthotomium, Protoglyptus, and Naesiotus, all differing slightly

from each other but all obviously related.

The origin of the fauna and flora of the Galapagos is still a

matter of dispute. The theory has long been held that it is an

adventitious fauna, brought to the islands by wind and currents.

However, the cold north sweeping Humboldt current that bathes

the shores of this group cannot explain the presence of forms,

such as the reptiles, with Central and northern South American

affinities. Furthermore, the land tortoises and reptiles can

hardly have been brought over by the agency of the wind.

Naesiotus could have been carried to the islands by wind only if

this group had formerly occupied the western slopes and coastal

foothills of the Andes. At present it lives in the interandine

plateau, separated from the coastal regions by the high western

Andes.

The hypothesis is gaining credence that these islands were once

connected to the mainland. We have evidence of considerable

114 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (4)

crustal movement along the west coast of South America during

the middle and late Tertiary, and although very little is known

as to the exact geological history of these movements, it is very

possible that the islands were separated from the mainland by a

subsidence or a down-faulting of the intervening area, and that

then the island land mass gradually subsided, leaving above the

surface of the water onlj' the mountain tops to which the animal

life gradually withdrew as the land subsided. Later the islands

rose again, as is evidenced by the presence of fossiliferous beds

on Albemarle, Indefatigable and Seymour Islands, of which some

at least are of Pliocene age, and which are both underlain and

overlain by lava deposits. Whether there were more periods of

submergence and emergence than these is not known. This

hypothesis is supported by the fact that in several groups, such

as Naesiotiis, for instance, each island bears distinct races belong-

ing to one species, or a group of interrelated species, both cases

being the results of isolation.

We, therefore, have a large group of very diversified species

of Naesiotus in the Galapagos Islands, bearing the marks of long

isolation, and another smaller complex of Naesiotus in the Andes,

showing a trend towards diversification, and, therefore, also iso-

lated there for a considerable period of time.

I am using the generic term Naesiotus, as I believe that the

extensive genus Bulimulus as now conceived may well be broken

up into several genera based in general on apical sculpture. Thus

Naesiotus would be the name for those possessing an axially ribbed

nucleus, with Orthotomium and Protoglyptus as subgenera, while

Bulimulus would be restricted to those with crowded, irregular

and zig-zag riblets on the nuclear Avhorls.

Naesiotus quitensis Pfeiffer.

Shell elongate-ovate to conic-ovate, rather small, 17 to 32 mm.

high, of moderately stout texture, composed of about 7, slightly

convex whorls, separated by a moderately impressed suture. The

1^ nuclear wiiorls iiave slender, straight, regularly sjiaced and

rather separated, axi;il riblets; the postnuclear whorls are more

or less rugosely wrinkled along the lines of growth. The color

varies from pale flesh-color and whitish straw-yellow to dark

brown or vinaceous. The pale forms may be streaked with brown

and the darker specimens are often finely streaked with white.

April. 1940] the nautilus 115

The uinbiliiMis is narrow or more widely open and slifjlitly cov-

ered by the sli^ditly expanded eoluniellar portion of the lip. The

aperture is ovate, the lip simple, unreflected.

This speeies inhabits the interandine plateau of Ecuador, from

Otavalo and Ibarra, Prov. del Imbabura, .south to near Riobamba,

Prov. del Chimborazo. This narrow area, about 150 miles long

and 30 to 40 miles wide, lies in the arid temperate life zone at

an elevation of between 9,000 and 12,500 feet, between the main

chains of the Andes, the western and the eastern Andes. Within

this regrion Naesiotus quitensis has become broken up into several

jreogrraphieally localized subspecies.

Naesiotus quitensis quitensis Pfeiffer. PI. 13, figs. 2-4, 7-9, 11,

13, 15, 16, 18, 20.

The form that I am calling the typical quitensis occurs in two

phases, apparently living together. One, which may be known

as the quitensis or light phase (figs. 7-9), is pale brown or light

straw-yellow, and the specimens usually have darker brown axial

streaks ; the interior is pale except where the axial streaks show

througii. The other color form, the irregularis or dark phase

(figs. 2—4), resembles the original figures of Bulimus irregularis

Pfeiffer and B. catlowiae Pfeiffer, and varies in color from pale

flesh-color to dark brown, occasionally ornamented with darker

streaks. There are, however, intermediates between these two

phases and as the two color forms apparently are found in the

same colony, I hesitate to separate them. The spire may have a

bluish tinge and the nuclear whorls are either pale yellowish or

darker vinaceous brown; the apical color is independent of the

depth of color of the later whorls. The interior of the shells is

of a vinaceous brown color.

The height of two hundred measured specimens varied from

17.2 to 26.6 mm., and the diameter from 8.4 to 14.1 mm. The

average dimensions of these specimens were : Height, 21.8 mm. ;

diameter, 11.2 mm. In comparing these measurements with those

given by Pfeiffer for his species, it must be borne in mind that

the older authors generally did not measure their shells as we do

now, and hence their measurements may be at variance with ours.

Several hundred specimens of this form were examined by me

which were collected on the slopes of the Volcano Pichincha, 9-10

miles northwest of Quito, at an elevation of about 12,000 feet.

116 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (4)

A second large lot of specimens, which I am for the present

referring here, comes from near Pillaro. These shells are larger

and slightly more slender, possibly due to their inhabiting a lower

elevation and consequently enjoying a warmer climate and a

richer vegetation. They have, however, the same coloration, even

to being divisible into the two above-mentioned color phases (figs.

11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19). The measurements of these specimens,

which were collected at Pillaro, Prov. de Tunguragua, at an ele-

vation of 7500 feet, were as follows : Height, from 21.0 mm. to

30.2 mm. ; diameter, from 11.1 mm. to 14.6 mm. The average

measurements are: Height, 26.1 mm.; diameter, 12.7 mm.

The rather striking difference in size, and the distance between

them, about 66.5 miles, make it possible that we are dealing here

with a distinct race, but only further collections in the inter-

vening area will determine this question.

Two specimens, M.C.Z. No. 113824, from Caucagua, Ecuador,

seem to belong here.

Naesiotus quitensis jacksoni, new subspecies. PL 13, figs. 1, 5.

This form is always pale, varying from very pale flesh-color to

light straw-color, occasionally with axial streaks of darker brown.

The nuclear whorls may be pale or darker flesli-color. The shells

are generally larger and slightly more slender than the typical

form, as is evident from the average measurements given below.

The aperture may be whitish with the darker broAvnish streaks

showing through, or the whole interior may be suffused with a

more or less brown-vinaeeous hue.

The type, U.S.N.M. No. 473969, measures : Height, 28.9 mm. ;

diameter, 14.1 mm. The measurements of a hundred specimens

range as follows : Height, from 23.5 to 32.4 mm. ; diameter, from

11.6 to 14.8 mm. The average measurements are : Height, 26.9

mm.; diameter, 13.1 mm.

This form was collected from Guaillabanil)a (or, as it is occa-

sionally spelled, Huayabamba), Prov. del Pichincha, some 22

miles northeast of Quito on the western .slope of the eastern

Andes.

Naesiotus quitensis orinus. new .subspecies. PI. 13. figs. 6, 10.

This race represents a rather short stout form wliich is of a

dirty pale straw-color, and slightly more rugose than the other

TlIK N.\l IMM'S: :>:! (4)

IM.A'I'K l:!

, 2 3 4- 5

4 44 4

10

4

It

12

13

H 15

4^44

16 17

18

19

20

Figs. 1, .",, Xufsinhis ,i,(il>iisis jdcLsoni. FuiS. 2-4, 7-!». 11, !.'<, 1'), l'"'. 1'^.

■20, X. q. <i„llr,m.s. FuJS. (1, 10, .V. <i- <»i'i'is. Fir.s. Il2. 14, .V. '/• 'i»'l>"'' "•^'■-•

FHiS. 17, 19, X. q. vermicitldlu.s.

April. 1940] the nautilus 11"

forms. The nuclear wliorls are pale brown to dark pnrplish

brown, and in the early postniidear whorls the };rayish white may

be irrej;ularly streaked with the pale brown of the nucleus.

There are no axial color niarkin<:s. The interior of the mouth is

of a pale brown color to somewhat darker.

The type. U.S.N.M. No. 473971. measures: IIei<rht, 26.4 mm.;

diameter, 14.1 mm. These measurements ranj^e as follows:

Heijrht, 16.9 to 27.8 mm. ; diameter, 9.3 to 14.8 nun. The average

dimensions are : Height, 22.7 mm. ; diameter, 12.5 mm.

This form was collected in the foothills of Chimborazo, near

Riobamba, Prov. del Chimborazo, at an elevation of approxi-

mately 12.000 feet.

Naesiotus quitensis vermicuijAtus, new subspecies. PI. 13, figs.

17, 19.

This rather distinct race is smaller and darker than any of the

other subspecies and is characterized by having many slender,

irregular, pale straw-colored streaks over the vinaceous-brown

ground color, giving the shell a vermiculate appearance. The

nuclear whorls are dark brown to deep purplish brown. The

interior of the aperture is usually dark brown.

The type, M.C.Z. No. 64957, measures: Height, 20.6 mm.;

diameter, 9.9 mm. The measurements of ten specimens average :

Height, 19.9 mm. ; diameter, 10 mm. ; the height ranges from 15.9

to 22 mm., and the diameter from 8.5 to 11.1 mm. Paratypes are

in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, and the U. S.

National Museum.

This race was collected at Agoyan on the Rio Pastaza, near

Bancs Tunguragua, in the Provincia del Tunguragua.

Naesiotus quitensis ambatensis, new subspecies. PI. 13, figs.

12, 14.

By this name I am designating a small race from Ambato,

Prov. del Tunguragua, which is of a pale orange-straw yellow

color, usually with slender, irregular, white, axial streaks. The

interior of the aperture is light brown, occasionally with a darker

band ju.st inside the outer lip. The type, U.S.N3I. No. 473973,

measures : Height, 20.7 mm. ; diameter, 10.6 mm. Paratype mate-

rial is in the U. S. National Museum and in the Museum of

Comparative Zoology of Harvard University.

Explanation of Plate 13

Figs. 1, 5. — Naesiotus quitensis jacksoni, n. subsp. 1, Type. 3, Paratype.

Figs. 2-4, 7-9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20. — Naesiotus quitensis quitensis Pfeiffer.

118 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (4)

2-4, dark phase, Pichincha. 7-9, light phase, Pichincha. 11, 13, 15, dark

phase, Pillaro. 16, 18, 20, light phase, Pillaro. Figa. 6, 10. — Naesiotus

quitensis orinus, n. subsp. 6, Paratype. 10, Type. Figs. 12, 14. — Naesiotus

quitensis ambatensis, n. subsp. 12, Type. 14, Paratype. Figs. 17, 19. —

Naesiotus quitensis vermiculatus, n. subsp. 17, Type. 19, Paratype.

THE OZARK AMNICOLAS

BY LESLIE HUBEICHT

In the eastern Ozark region of Missouri are many springs

and caves in which are found small snails of the genus Amnicola.

For several years, as opportunity permitted, the author has been

studying these snails. This study has resulted in new informa-

tion concerning the status and distribution of the previously

known species, together with one new species and two new sub-

species.

Not enough collecting has been done to determine the exact

distribution of any form. Only the region in the vicinity of

St. Louis has been studied carefully. Several caves and springs

in the western Ozarks have been visited but no amnicolas have

been found. This does not, however, mean that they do not occur

in that region. These snails are very sporadic in their occurrence

and unless a region has been explored carefully they may be over-

looked. A stream may be fed by a dozen or more similar springs

issuing from the same limestone formation and yet only one or

two will contain the snails. The subterranean forms have been

found only in running streams with rock or very coarse gravel

bottoms.

Amnicola aldrichi aldrichi (Call & Beecher). PI. 14, figs. A,

D, E, F, G, H.

Bythinella aldrichi Call & Beecher, 1886. Bull. Washburn

Coll. Lab. Nat. Hist. 1 : 190-102.

Amnicola missourietisis Pilsbry, 1898. Nautilus 12: 43.

Original description: "Shell small, subimperforate, elevated,

cylindrical, thin; apex obtuse; whorls four, convex, slightly

shouldered above, body-whorl twice the size of rest of shell, not

marked by lines of growth; suture distinctly and regularly im-

pressed ; aperture ovately rounded, nearly as long as broad,

scarcely angled posteriorly, within whitish ; peristome simple,

slightly reflexed in columelar region, continuous as a slight callus

April, 1940] the nautilus 119

over parietal wall ; epidermis lijiht horn color or preenish, shininp.

"()pereuliiin lijrht horn color; excentrically sjjiral, witli polar

point pit-like and nearly central, lines of acretion inconspicuous."

The animal is black or <rray with well developed eyes.

-.^ _ . Aper. Aper. No. of - ,

Ht. Diam. jj^^ Diam. Whorls ^"^^^

mm. mm. mm. mrn.

Topotvpe 2.2 1.5 1.1 0.9 4.0 1.47

2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 3.7 1.33

Montauk Spring 3.1 1.9 1.4 1.2 4.3 1.63

" 3.0 1.9 1.3 1.1 4.5 1.58

Spring near Koester 2.4 1.8 1.1 1.1 4.0 1.33

2.2 1.7 1.1 1.0 3.5 1.29

A. missouricnsis is based upon immature shells. It is not

distinguishable from specimens of A. a. aldrichi with the same

number of whorls.

Localities. — Missouri : St. Louis Co. : spring on Glencoe Creek,

2.8 miles northwest of Glencoe Station ; spring on Antire Creek,

4 miles east of Eureka. Jefferson Co. : spring on Antire Creek, 4

miles south of Tyson; Becker's Spring, 0.5 mile east of Seckman;

spring on hillside, Moss Hollow, 2.5 miles southeast of Antonia ;

spring on bluff above Glaize Creek, 2 miles wTst of Barnhart.

Crawford Co. : Onondaga Spring, 5 miles southeast of Leasburg.

St. Francois Co. : spring, 0.4 mile south of Koester. Franklin

Co. : spring 2 miles west of Lone Dell. Dent Co. : Montauk

Spring. Shannon Co. : Cave Hollow Spring, 6 miles north of

Birchtree. Butler Co. : Keener Spring, Keener. Reynolds Co. :

spring (type locality). Carter Co.: (type locality of A. mis-

souricnsis).

At Montauk Spring about one shell in five hundred is banded

with red.

Amnicola aldrichi insolita, new subspecies. PI. 14, figs. B, C.

The shell differs from that of the typical form in having

deeper sutures, strongly shouldered whorls, and a free lip.

—^ ^. Aper. Aper. No. of ^ ^

Ht. Diam. ^^ Diam. Whorls ^"^^^

mm. mm. mm. mm.

Holotype 2.4 1.7 1.1 1.0 4.0 1.41

Paratype 2.3 1.9 1.3 1.1 3.5 1.21

2.4 1.8 1.2 1.2 4.0 1.33

120 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (4)

Holotype A.N.S.P. No. 175556, paratypes, A.N.S.P. No. 175557 ;

paratypes, No. A4418, author's collection.

Localities. — Missouri : Phelps Co. : Meramec Spring, 5 miles

southeast of St. James. Wayne Co. : Coldwater Spring, Cold-

water (type locality).

Amnicola aldrichi antroecetes, new subspecies. PL 14, figs.

I, J, K.

Shell not distinguishable from the more slender forms of A. a.

aldrichi. Operculum apparently without growth lines or sculp-

ture. Animal unpigmented and blind.

Holotype A.N.S.P. No. 175554, paratypes, A.N.S.P. No. 175555 ;

paratypes. No. A4295, author's collection.

Localities. — Illinois: St. Clair Co.: Stemmler's Cave, 2 miles

south of Bluffside (type locality). Missouri: St. Louis Co.:

Cliff Cave. Crawford Co. : Cathedral Cave, 5 miles southeast

of Leasburg; Missouri Caverns, 5 miles southeast of Leasburg.

Phelps Co. : Saltpeter Cave, 7 miles north of Newburg. Shannon

Co. : twilight zone. Round Spring Cavern Spring, 12 miles north

of Eminence.

-._^ ^. Aper. Aper. No. of _ ,

Ht. Diam. g^ Diam. Whorls ^^^^^

mm. mm. mm. mm.

Holotvpe 2.9 1.7 1.3 1.2 4.0 1.71

Paratvpe 3.2 2.0 1.3 1.3 4.2 1.60

Round Spr. Cav. Spr. 2.3 1.4 1.0 0.8 4.0 1.64

" 2.2 1.5 1.0 0.0 4.0 1.47

Cathedral Cave 1.5 1.0 0.7 0.6 4.0 1.50

" 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.6 3.5 1.44

Missouri Caverns 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.6 3.8 1.33

1.4 1.0 0.7 0.6 3.7 1.40

Saltpeter Cave 1.9 1.2 0.8 0.7 4.0 1.68

" 1.6 1.1 0.8 0.6 4.0 1.45

Because it is quite probable that this blind form has developed

independently in each cave stream in which it occurs it is treated

as a subspecies, although the differences in the animal, in the

absence of intergrading forms, might properly be considered of

specific rank.

The size of these .snails is extremely variable and is apparently

determined by the food supply. They have always been found

'I'liK \A I'l' 1 1. rs: .-);{ (4)

iM,.\'i'i<: 14

Amnicola ahlrirlii alihichi : A, Moiitaiik Siiiiiifj; (k'ft, hiiiidcd ). D. '2 inilos

west of Rariili;iit. E, 0.4 mile sdiitli of Kiit'stt-r. F, Kcviiolds ( "d. (toj)o

types). (1, '2 iiiilfs west of Lone Dell. 11. •J.s miles iiortliwest of (Meiicoe

Stiitioii. J. (I. iiisfililft: I), .Mer.-iiiirc S|)iiiijr. ( ', Coldw.-itcr ( icii'iitypes)

.J. a. (iiilnnri ti s : I, Uniiiid S|iriii;; ('.-iNcni S]iriii;i. .1, < 'nt lirdr.il <';ive. i\

Steiiiiiilcr 's ('a\i' ( |i:ii;ity|ies ) . .(. /iroKi rjiiini : h, Rice's ('ave ( pa r:i types )

M, Kiikwood.

April. 1940] tiik nautim-s 121

associated with blind crustaceans of the penus Caecidotea, and

in every case there is a hip:h positive correlation between the

size of the crustacean and the size of the snail.

At Round Sprinj;? Cavern there has been, at some time in the

past, a reduction in the food supply, which has driven the snails

out into the spring where they live in the twili^dit zone from the

mouth of the cave back to tlie limits of algal growth. (Round

Spring Cavern is so named because of its proximity to Round

Spring with which it is not connected. The small stream which

flows through it emerges about one-fourth mile from Round

Spring.)

Amnicola PROSERPINA, ncw species. PI. 14, figs. L, M.

Shell pale amber colored, subimperforate, elevated, conical,

with numerous growth lines and spiral striae; whorls five to six,

very convex, separated by deep sutures; apex obtuse; aperture

not quite as broad as long; peristome continuous, not reflexed in

the columellar region, nor closely appressed in the parietal region.

Operculum apparently devoid of growth lines or sculpture.

Animal unpigmented and blind.

TT^ T^. Aper. Aper. No. of , ,

Ht. Diam. jj^ Diam. Whorls ^^^^^

mm. mm. mm. mm.

Paratype 2.2 1.2 0.8 0.6 5.0 1.81

2.5 1.4 0.8 0.7 5.0 1.79

Kirkwood 3.2 1.6 1.0 0.9 6.0 2.00

4.3 1.8 1.2 1.0 6.0 2.39

Holotype A.N.S.P. No. 175558, paratypes, A.N.S.P. No. 175559 ;

paratypes. No. A4676, author's collection.

The ancestor of this snail has either become extinct ; or it has

become so modified by its subterranean life that its ancestor

cannot be recognized. No epigean form resembling it has been

found in the Ozark region. It may be readily distinguished

from Amnicola aldrichi antroecetes by its higher index (height/

diameter), its more convex, spirally striate whorls, and deeper

sutures.

Localities. — Missouri: St. Louis Co.: outlet of drain (spring),

Osage Hills golf cour.se, Kirkwood. Jefferson Co.: Rice's Cave,

3 miles northeast of Goldman (type locality).

122 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (4)

During the construction of the Osage Hills golf course at

Kirkwood a spring branch was tiled in. The snails which lived

in the underground stream added this to their domain, where they

frequently become dislodged and are washed out.

OXYSTYLA ON SANIBEL ISLAND, FLORIDA

BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH

Mr. G. J. Kissen introduced on his homestead on Sanibel Island

in 1921, 4 specimens of Oxystyla undata floridensis Pils. that he

had collected on Sandy Key, off Cape Sable, Florida. The colony

is now quite large and extends over some two acres of trees that

cover an Indian kitchen midden.

There are three points of interest relative to this introduction :

(1) This colony has survived some 19 years of at least a normal

temperature range, and though an extreme low temperature may

kill the colony it can at least exist for a reasonable period consid-

erably north of its northern natural limit (Marco Island, 45 miles

to the south). (2) This may indicate that the present natural

distribution in Florida may possibly be incomplete and that, by

mechanical means, the genus could have spread and possibly sur-

vive over a much larger territory than it now occupies, and that

the present distribution may then be indicative of a rather late

introduction. In Florida, Oxystyla is found on Lower Mate-

cumbe Key southwest to the Key West group of islands and on

the mainland in the vicinity of Cape Sable and north as far as

Marco Island. So far as known, it is limited only to a very nar-

row coastal strip on the mainland and on a few of the lower Keys

between the two named above. (3) The present Sanibel colony

perpetuates one that is now extinct (?) on Sandy Key. We

visited this small island in 1933 and found that tlie luin-icanes

of the few years before had destroyed nearly all of the vegetation.

The trees had completely disappeared and only a small |)at('li of

brush and grass remained. No dead shells were to be found.

I may add a note that on the same trip we failed to find any

live specimens of this species on Pavilion Key, which lies some 30

miles to the southeast of Cape Romano, though a few dead speci-

April. 1940] the nautilus 123

mens were found after considorable search. Scrub was fairly

thick and hij^h and no natural reason appeared to us for their

extermination.

Mr. Kissen has just introduced on his hannnock land Liguus

that he had obtained from Long Pine Key in the south central

Everglades. It will be of considerable interest to see if these

manage to survive on Sanibel.

ANOTHER PLEISTOCENE SNAIL IS NOT EXTINCT

BY J. P. E. MORRISONi

In the course of cataloguing the Shimek Collection of Loess

fossil shells and the recent shells included in that collection,

acquired in 1937 by the United States National Museum, one

unfamiliar lot of specimens was seen. The distinct differences

of this lot of Discus, with a high, dome-shaped spire, and an

almost smooth base of the body whorl, stuck in the mind as such

things will, until that puzzle suddenly resolved itself two years

later. Upon reading the description of Discus macclintocki (F.

C. Baker), Nautilus 41: 133, 1927; also: Journ. Paleont. 5: 281,

1931, known from many localities in Illinois and Iowa as a Pleis-

tocene Loess fossil, the "iieculiar" lot of specimens was imme-

diately recalled.

These specimens (U.S.N.M. No. 505741), collected alive by

Shimek on September 8, 1928, from under a decaying White

Birch log, in Bixby State Park, Clayton Co., Iowa, prove to be

recent individuals of Discus macclintocki (P. C. Baker). These

Iowa specimens are evenl}' horn-colored, as in D. c. anthonyi

(Pils.). There is no trace of the basal callus within the aper-

ture, nor of the reddish color present in D. patula (Desh.).

Shimek 's discovery of a living colony of Discus macclintocki

places this species in the category of Hendersonia occulta, known

for years only as a Loess fossil. This discovery of D. macclin-

tocki, identical in the recent fauna with the Pleistocene form, also

removes any possibility that it may have been ancestral to Discus

patula (Desh.). The two were and are co-existent, neither

ancestral to the other.

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

124 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (4)

A NEW SPECIES OF FLUMINICOLA WITH NOTES

ON "COLORADO DESERT" SHELLS, AND

ON THE GENUS CLAPPIA

BY J. P. E. MORRISONi

Tryonia clathrata Stimpson, collected by Blake (U.S.N.M. No,

27893 and U.S.N.M. No. 170786) and by Gen. Carlton (1861-

1862) from the "Colorado Desert" (U.S.N.M. No. 30596), and

by Merriam from the Pahranagat Vallej', Nevada (1891)

(U.S.N.M. No. 107735 and U.S.N.M. No. 123621), is probably

limited to the Nevada locality as hinted by Stearns.^

Fluminicola merriami Pilsbry & Beecher, described from speci-

mens collected by Merriam in the Pahranagat Valley^ (U.S.N.M.

No. 123626), was also collected in company with T. clathrata by

Gen. Carlton (1861-1862) from the "Colorado Desert" (U.S.N.M.

No. 30631).

Fluminicola avcrnalis Pilsbry, and F. a. carinifera Pilsbry* are

also from the Pahranagat Valley, Nevada, if association is any

indication of habitat. Stearns' 1893 record of F. nuttalliana^

was based on a mixture of several forms: F. fusca (Hald.) col-

lected by Merriam from Shoshone Falls, Idaho (U.S.N.M. No.

58596), and the three smaller forms from the "Colorado Desert."

Stearns' statement: "A dwarfed but characteristic aspect of this

species occurs among- the surface shells in the Colorado Desert,"

evidently refers to the mixed lot collected by General Carlton in

1861-1862.

This lot included F. merriami referred to above, and also a few

specimens of F. avernalis and of F. a. carinifera, now re-cata-

logued as U.S.N.M. No. 535694 and U.S.N.M. No. 535695,

respectively.

Thus it is evident that all four forms, T. clathrata, F. merriami,

F. avernalis, and F. a. carinifera, are really from the Pahranagat

Vallev of Nevada. It is also evident that the term "Colorado

1 Published by permission of tlie Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

2 N. Am. Fauna, No. 7, Pt. 2, p. 281, 1893.

3 Nautilus 5: 143, 1892.

* Nautilus 48: 92-93, 193.'j.

5 N. Am. Fauna, No. 7, Pt. 2, p. 282, 1893.

April. VMO] THE NAUTILUS 125

Desert" of the Blake and Carlton survey collections was not in-

correct, but all-inclusive, equivalent to the more modern term of

"Great Basin Area."

The wide distribution of Tnjonia protea (Gould), definitely

known to be from the Colorado Desert, California ("Cienajja

Grande"), and from Sevier and Great Salt lakes and western

Tooele Co., Utah, may be explained by the supposition that these

Utah localities were at one time actually tributary to the Colorado

River. This previous stream continuity is also attested by the

distribution of Fluminicola coloradoense in the present head-

waters of the Colorado River and in various discontinuous stream

localities in Utah. According to all specimens seen, the geo-

graphic boundary between F. fusca and F. coloradoense is the

present divide between the Snake and the Utah-Colorado

Drainages.

Fluminicola coloradoense, new species.

Shell: large (for the genus), subglobose-conie, smooth; spire

moderate, the whorls well rounded, separated by a deep suture;

the body whorl is voluminous, rapidly enlarged, in some speci-

mens producing almost a neritiform appearance. Aperture

narrowly rounded above; widely, evenly rounded below. The

umbilical chink is distinct, being wider and more prominent than

in F. fusca. The color is lighter than that of F. fusca; apex

pinkish, the remainder of the shell a dirty white, not reddish or

purplish throughout.

The type (U.S.N.M. No. 526631) and several paratypes

(U.S.N.M. No. 526576) were collected by H. F. Wickham from

the Green River, Wyoming. The holotype measures : Height 9.0

mm. ; diameter 8.3 mm. ; aperture height 6.0 mm. ; aperture diame-

ter 5.0 mm. ; whorls 4 1.

This, the common large Fluminicola of Utah and Wyoming

(in the headwaters of the Colorado River), has remained un-

named because it was previously confused with F. hindsi from

the Kootanie, F. columbiana from the Columbia, F. niittalliana

from the Wahlamctte, F. fusca from the Snake, and F. scminalis

from the Sacramento, all of which are superficially similar, but

nevertheless quite distinct.

The United States National Museum collections also include

specimens of Fluminicola coloradoense from :

126 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (4)

Bear River, Soda Springs, Idaho (L. Bruner) (U.S.N.M. No.

526730)

Malad River, Eagle Rock, Oneida Co., Idaho (Bruner) (U.S.N.

M. No. 526354)

Malad River, Utah (Hemphill) (U.S.N.M. No. 47873)

Shores of Utah Lake (Capt. Burton) (U.S.N.M. No. 9222)

Utah Lake, Utah (Stearns Coll.) (U.S.N.M. No. 31270 and No.

75452^

Kelton, Utah (V. Bailev) (U.S.N.M. No. 123623)

Salt Lake City, Utah (E. Lawrence) (U.S.N.M. No. 519988)

Willow Creek, Camp 22 (Dr. Curtis) (U.S.N.M. No. 28537)

Head of Green River, Utah (Mallonev) (U.S.N.M. No. 28103

and No. 120462)

Harris Fork of Green River, Wvomiug (Bruner) (U.S.N.M.

No. 526754)

Bell's Fish Cliff, Horn's Pk., Wyoming (Bruner) (U.S.N.M.

No. 539160)

Notes on the genus Clappia

Clappia, originally monotypie,® is now known to be more

inclusive, and not confined to the Coosa River drainage.

The anatomy of Soniatogyrus tryoni Pilsbry & F. C. Baker^

was well worked out in the Wisconsin Monograph,^ where Dr.

Baker pointed out the great similarity of its radula to that of

Clappia, namely the prominent central cusp, flanked by an equal

number of smaller cusps on each side, on the cutting edge of the

lateral tooth.

Recent examination of paratype males of the genotype, Clappia.

clappi Walker (U.S.N.M. No. 451821), has shown that the verge of

this species is identical with that described and figured for

S. tryoni.

Although the verge of the genotype of Somatogynis, S. de-

pressus Tryon,® is still unknown, the radular differences will

easily distinguish it from Clappia.

A third species that must be transferred to Clappia, is Somato-

gyrus virginicus Walker,^" material of which, personally collected

in Occo(juan Creek, in the gorge IJ miles upstream from Occo-

6 Walker, Nautilus 22: 89, 1909.

• Pilabry & F. C. Baker, Nautilus 41 : 24, 1927.

8 F. C. Baker, F. W. Moll, Wisconsin I: ir)0-154, 1928.

" StimpHon, Rcsearehes, etc., p. 21, 18G.5.

10 Walker, Nautilus 17: Ml, I'lol.

April, 1940 J tue nautilus 127

quail. Prince Win. Co., Virf,'inia (U.S.N.M. No. 484806) ha.s been

recently examined anatomically. The verj;e of C. virginiciis is

identical ^vith that of C. clappi.

Clappia therefore includes C. clappi from tiie Coosa River, C

virgitiica from the Potomac drainage, and C. tryuni, which ranges

as far north as the headwaters of the Wisconsin River."

Furtiier knowledge of the range of the genus must await critical

examination of other species at present included in Somatogyrus.

LAND MOLLUSCS COLLECTED AT HEBRON,

LABRADOR, AND LAKE HARBOUR,

SOUTH BAFFIN ISLAND

BY JOHN OUGHTON

Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, Toronto

The land and freshwater molluscs of the eastern Arctic of

Canada are poorly known. A few collections have been made at

Ungava Bay, Labrador, and examined by Ball or Whiteaves.

Dall (1905) presented all that has been recorded to date on the

subject. Altogether, in his treatise, there are mentioned 13 spe-

cies and one doubtful occurrence {Vertigo hoppii Moller) for

Ungava Bay, Labrador, and two species for Labrador without

more detailed locality, and finally Gyraulus vermicularis Gould

is listed for Labrador in his table, but is omitted in the text.

In the present paper, five species of land molluscs are recorded.

No freshwater species were found at all. There appears to be a

much greater variety of non-marine molluscs in Ungava. This

may be attributed perhaps to climatic differences, as the Ungava

collections came from a sparsely forested or sub-Arctic region.

In contrast, the specimens herein described came from the tree-

less regions or the Arctic proper. The species found at Lake

Harbour constitute, I believe, the first record of any non-marine

molluscs from Baffin Island. The localities in question are :

Hebron, northern Labrador. Lat. 58° 20' N., long. 62° 30' W.,

roughly 200 miles east of Fort Chimo, Ungava Bay.

Lake Harbour, .southern Baffin Island. Lat. 62° 50' N., long.

69° 52' W.

n Morrison, Trans. Wia. Acad. Sci. 27: 369, 1932.

128 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (4)

Dr. H. A. Pilsbry has very kindly examined a sample and has

corroborated the determinations.

Columella alticola (Infrersoll). Small var? "While this is a

rather surprising record, yet my specimens are distinctly more

cylindrical than any North American or European lots of C.

edentula which I have seen. "Whorls 6 to 6| ; dimensions of the

largest shells (= mature): length 2.4-3.0 mm., average 2.6; di-

ameter 1.1-1.3 mm., average 1.2; colour cinnamon brown which

is often obscured by opaque white. In some shells, the surface

striae are much reduced. ''While your shells have the shape of

C. alticola, they are smaller and I am rather uncertain whether

it is alticola or a narrow race of edentula such as some which

have been defined in Europe." H. A. P.

Hebron : none. Lake Harbour : about 200 shells from a boggy

upland flat ; in crevices at edge of temporary stream ; under rocks

beside a small brook.

Vertigo alpcstris Alder var. This is the first or second record

of this species for the continent. Whorls 4^ to 4f ; length 1.8 to

2.2 mm., average 2.0; diameter 1.1 to 1.2 mm., average 1.2; colour

light buff to amber brown ; the striae usually faint, teeth variable,

mostly having but one tooth (a parietal) or a parietal and palatal ;

no crest behind the lip. The aperture of these specimens varies

somewhat in size. The Lake Harbour specimens resemble very

closely the single European lot at hand from Boros, Sweden, in

the character of the lip, but differ in having a darker brown

colour, less distinct striation and much more reduced teeth.

Hebron: none. Lake Harbour: 2 lots containing 217 adults

from a boggy upland flat where it was associated with Ycriigo

modesta (Say) and Columella alticola (IngersoU). This bog is

probably a filled-in lake basin, at one end of which a small body

of water remains.

Vertigo arctica (Wallenb.) Whorls 4!! to 5; lengtli 2.2 to 2.4

mm., average 2.3; diameter 1.3 to 1.4, average 1.3; crest behind

lip very slight, less than tliat of modesta Say; in most cases the

teeth are 1 columellar, 1 parietal and 0 or 1 palatal ; palatal tooth

when present very small.

Hebron: none. Lake Harbour: a single colony of 133 speci-

mens, of which 75 were adults, was found at the edge of a tempo-

rary pond in the hills, as.sociatod with no other snails.

April, IJUOJ THE NAl'TILTTS 129

I interpret this one colony of Vertiji:os to represent this pnz-

zlin«x boreal species, as no indiviilual in the lot possessed two

palatal teeth. Otherwise, there is little to distinguish it from

V. nwdesta Say of the same rep:ion. A three-toothed shell of

arctica differs from a three-toothed modesta of the same locality

in two particulars, (1) noticeably in the much smaller lower

palatal tooth and (2) sli^ditly in a smaller crest behind the lip.

Tliis second feature is admittedly a minute difference and is not

constant. It was observed that even four-toothed shells of mo-

desta seemed to have a more pronounced crest than three-toothed

shells of the same species. As far as I could see, the shells of V.

arctica and V. modesta at Lake Harbour were identical in colour,

size, shape and degree of striation. By North American stand-

ards, arctica probably would not be ranked higher than a form

or variety. The modesta group would make an interesting study,

as these snails often may form colonies of one strain, more or less

pure.

Vertigo modesta Say vars. Whorls 4| to 5 ; length 2.1 to 2.5

mm., average 2.3; diameter 1.2 to 1.4; average 1.3; teeth chiefly

1 columellar, 1 parietal and either 1 or 2 palatals. This species

was readily distinguished from V. alpestris which was associated

with it in the boggy flat by the greater length and diameter, more

ventricose shape, larger and more numerous teeth as well as the

presence of a crest behind the lip.

Hebron : 2 lots, 14 adult shells, of which 7 had no teeth at all ;

under stones on tundra, under stones at edge of small lake.

Lake Harbour: 4 lots, 103 adults; in crannies at edge of small

brook, in crevices beside temporary creek and pond, in boggy

upland flat.

While speaking of boreal Vertigos, it is not amiss to notice that

Latchford (1884) recorded "Vertigo hoppii (Moller) from Anti-

eosti Island. His collection is now in the possession of the Royal

Ontario Museum of Zoology. It contains 2 shells labelled hoppii

from Antieosti which probably formed the basis for his record.

One shell is a typical V. modesta (Say). The other, although it

differs from typical alpestris in possessing a slight crest behind

the lip, has the shape and size of that species. Like many of the

Baffin Island specimens of alpestris, the Antieosti shell has two

teeth — one parietal and one palatal.

130

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 53 (4)

Deroceras laeve (Miiller), Length of drowned specimens up

to 12.5 mm. This is, I presume, the same slug that Dall recorded

from Fort Chimo as *'Limax liypcrhoreus West."

Hebron : 6 specimens, under stones at edge of small lake, under

stones on tundra. Field notes indicate that these were "a dull

dark brown : no pattern visible. ' ' Lake Harbour : 2 specimens,

under rocks beside a brook. Slugs are apparently rare in this

region, as I found none associated with pupillids at three other

stations.

I am indebted to Messrs. Calvin Goodrich and Henry Van der

Schalie of Ann Arbor and S. T. Brooks of Pittsburgh for favours

shown me.

Variations in the apertural teeth of Vertigos collected

at Hebron and Lake Harbour

Number of specimens

Teeth

1. The collections were made during a voyage on the R. M. S.

"Nascopie" in 1939, on the following dates:

Hebron, July 17 and 18.

Lake Harbour, July 24 to Aug. 15.

2. I did not find any freshwater molluscs at any part of my

trip, although I searched ponds, lakes and streams for them.

They are apparently rare or local, if they are present at all on

Baffin Island. Mr. John G. Cormack, who had been stationed at

April, 1940] the nautilus 131

Frobisher Bay, south-eastern Baffin Island, as manager for the

Hudson Bay Company, informed me that he had seen fresh-

water snails in that vicinity.

3. I did not find any terrestrial species at Port Burwell (Cape

Chidley) just off the northeastern tip of Labrador, or any of the

more northerly ports of call, viz., Fort Ross, the most northerly

tip of Boothia peninsula; Craig Harbour, south-east corner of

Ellesmere Island; and Arctic Bay, Pond Inlet, River Clyde,

PangTiirtung, all on the northern and eastern coasts of Baffin

Island. The few ground samples I took from these northern

localities yielded no shells. However, the short period permitted

ashore, combined with snow, in some cases, prevented an exhaus-

tive search.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ball, W. H. 1905. Land and Fresh Water Mollusks of Alaska

and Adjoining Regions, Harriman Alaska Exp.

Latchford, F. R. 1884. Shells of Anticosti. Amer. Nat, 1051-

1052.

FURTHER NOTES ON LAND SHELLS FROM

KODIAK AND NEARBY ISLANDS

BY WALTER J. EYERDAM

On June 1st of this year, I returned from a 25,000-mile excur-

sion to South America, collecting plants for the University of

California at Berkeley. This journey covered parts of twelve

Latin republics, including about 12,000 miles of travel in the

Gran Chaco and Patagonia. Only twelve daj's after arriving at

my home in Seattle, I was on my way to Alaska again, where I

spent three and a half months.

While collecting plants in the Kodiak islands, I managed to

make a few more locality records. At Alitak, on the S.W. coast

of Kodiak, I found, in abundance under wild rhubarb, fine speci-

mens of Succinea chrysis Westerlund. Under broad leaves at the

base of the stalks of three plants were found about 200 specimens.

Discus cronkhitei Newcomb and Vitrina alaskana Ball were also

quite common.

132 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (4)

Conditions of vegretal habitat are quite different around Alitak

than around Uganik Bay, where I collected some land shells in

1924. Only the above species of land shells were found in this

district.

On Raspberry Island, I also collected in September many Suc-

cinea chrysis in the same habitat as at Alitak. Vitrina alaskana

was also rather common in this situation. None of the very small

species of shells were found, although careful search was made

for them. Raspberry Island is in Raspberry Strait, which lies

between Kodiak and Afognak islands.

In 1931 I collected plants on Sitkalidak Island but found no

snails the whole summer. This island is on the S.W. coast of

Kodiak Island.

The principal habitat of land snails on Kodiak, and on some of

the larger islands of the Aleutian chain, is at the base of the wild

rhubarb, Heraclcum lanatum. Similar conditions prevail in

Kamchatka and adjacent parts of Siberia.

Many of the same species found on Kodiak Island are found

on both sides of the Bering Sea. Too little is known about the

distribution of the scant molluscan fauna to determine just which

species migrated from Asia to America or from America to Asia.

The trend of the plant migrations across the Bering Sea by the

way of the Aleutian Islands is more definitely kno^vn through the

exhaustive studies of plants of Kamchatka and the Flora of the

Aleutian Islands by Dr. Eric Hulten of Sweden. As indicated

by plant migrations there seem to be many more species tliat liave

migrated from Asia to Alaska by way of the Aleutians tlian have

migrated from Alaska to Asia. Sufficient reason for this would

be found in the influence of distribution from west to east by the

Kuro Siwa or Japan current which sweeps along the south side

of the Aleutians and across the Gulf of Alaska.

The following list of shells found on Kodiak and Unalaska

islands and Kamcliatka peninsula were collected by the autlior

except seven species marked with a star. All species except the

three Kamchatkan succineas occur on Kodiak Island or can be

expected to be there.

I have collected all other species in the above list except the

three Kamchatkan Succinea. Cochlicopa luhrica, Zoogenites

Zoogenites harpa Say

Eetinella hammonis Strom

*naplotrema van-

couverensis Lea

harpa Say and Retinella hammonis Strom have also a wide dis-

tribution in Canada and U. S. A., but have never been recorded

from Kodiak or adjacent islands.

Nearly all of the shells reported on the Kodiak islands also

occur on the Aleutian islands. Haplotrema vancouverense and

Polygyra columhiana have not yet been reported from Kodiak

Island, so it is stron},dy suspected that their occurrence in two

or three spots on Unalaska Island may have been accidental.

They are not uncommon in the region of Prince William Sound

and in southeastern Alaska.

134 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (4)

AESTIVATION OF LYMNAEA LANCE AT A

(GOULD)

BY HENRY VAN DER SCHALIE

Through a grant in aid from the H. H. Rackham fund, inten-

sive collecting of land and fresh-water mollusks in the Green Bay-

region of Wisconsin was made possible during the summer of

1939. In the course of this work an interesting observation was

made on the aestivation of a colony of Lymnaea lanceata. This

colony was found aestivating on tree trunks. So far as can be

determined, this behavior is different from that of any other

species of aquatic pulmonates living in temporary woods-pools.

It is now common knowledge that several species of aquatic

pulmonates, such as Aplexa hypnorum, Lymnaea palustris, L.

caperaia, L. stagnalis, and Gyraulus parvus, among others, dur-

ing periods of drought bury themselves in the mud at the bottom

of the pools they normally inhabit. One naturally assumes that

most aquatic pulmonates inhabiting temporary pools behave in

this manner. However, Lymnaea lanceata may be an exception

to this generalization. The suggested difference in its behavior

is emphasized by the fact that Sterki^ reported a somewhat simi-

lar observation for L. lanceata. He found this species in a marsh

near Hudson, Ohio, aestivating "on stems and leaves of sedges,

several inches above the ground."

The colony of L. lanceata in Wisconsin inhabited a swamp

about six miles west of Oconto Falls. Hundreds of tliem were

found aestivating on the trunks of the elms that formed the bor-

der around a dense growth of cedar trees. They were attached

to the bark by an epiphragm. A collecting bag could be filled

with specimens by merely running a hand (l()^^nlward along the

bark, catching the specimens as they fell. Many specimens were

orientated with the apex of the shell pointed upward, but this

situation was by no means common to all of them. Several were

seen as high as five feet above the ground. Among the leaves,

soil and dried vegetation surrounding the base of the trees, the

following additional species were collected (given in the order of

tiieir ahundance) :

1 Nautilus, 26, 1912, pp. 64-65.

April, 1040] THE NAUTILUS 135

Aplexa hypnorum (Linneus)

Physa gyrina cUiptica (Lea)

Lymnaca capvrata Say

Sphaerium occidentale (Prime)

Siiu'e Lymnaca lanceata is often confused with L. kirklandiana

and L. exilis, it would be interesting if this unusual habit of aesti-

vation should prove to be an adaptation not shared by the species

to which L. lanceata is so closely related. Additional information

on the seasonal habits of L. lanceata must be obtained before the

significance of its characteristic form of aestivation can be appre-

ciated fully.

NOTES AND NEWS

Remarkable Calcium Deposits in Eunaticina oldroydh

(DaTjL). — During a gross anatomical study of the anatomy of

the gastropod, Eunaticina oldroydii (Dall), a large female of this

species was found whose body contained abnormal calcium depos-

its. One of the principal deposits was situated at the mouth of

the gonoduct in such a manner as to completely occlude it, thus

preventing the successful completion of the copulatory act. Two

such other deposits were firmly fixed between the lamellae of the

gill which is normally situated on the left side of the mantle cav-

ity and the large intestine which rests in close proximity to the

right side of this cavity. The leverage provided by these two

calcium deposits pulled the gill from its normal position over to

the right side of the mantle cavity. Another deposit was attached

between the posterior face of the head just behind the right ten-

tacle and to the muscular covering of the crop which excludes this

structure from the mantle cavity. Thus the head which normally

occupies a position forward to the above named cavity was drawn

posteriorly and dorsad into this cavity. The final deposit of note

was embedded in the left wall of the pericardial cavity over the

auricle. "When this deposit was dis.ssected away it was found that

its inner surface, which was perfectly smooth, was attached di-

rectly to the wall of the auricle. The side of the mass which was

attached to the auricle wall was triangular in outline and

measured 3 mm. across its long axis. Numerous other smaller

136 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (4)

deposits than the above mentioned were embedded in the sub-

stance of the digestive gland internal to the membrane covering

the visceral dome ; some of them extended for a millimeter or two

into its substance. All of the deposits possessed the characteris-

tic structure common to the mother of pearl layer of the shell.

The specimen dealt with here was dredged from the drag-net

boat Zozel in approximately 20 fathoms of water in Monterey

Bay, California. It was obtained with 19 others of both sexes

which were normal in every respect. — William Marcus Ingram.

A Method for Holding Mollusks to Be Dissected. — During

studies on the anatomy of Polinices draconis (Gould), Polinices

lewisii (Gould), and Eunaticina oldroydii (Dall) certain diffi-

culty was encountered in holding specimens to be dissected firmly

in place. The following method was devised and is cited here

in hope that it might prove of some use to others engaged in the

study of moUuscan anatomy.

In the above species which possess a well-developed foot the

propodium and metapodium were folded against each other so

that the ventral surface of each of these foot divisions was in firm

contact. A heavy piece of string was then tied tightly around

them. Thus a loop of string surrounded the foot. Two dissect-

ing pins were then thrust between this noose and foot on opposite

sides and into the wax on tlie bottom of the dissecting pan, thus

holding the mollusk firmly in place. By pushing the pins

obliquely into the wax a better purchase may be had than if they

are thrust into this substance at a direct angle. If the pins slip,

each may be twisted so that a cinch surrounds each of them.

This method of "noose attachment" proved much more efficient

than that of attaching the animal to be dissected directly to the

pan. When this latter method is employed it has been found

that nerve commissures and ganglia are often injured or de-

stroyed by inserting pins through the substance of the foot. Too,

dissection is not hindered by numerous pins which are necessary

if direct attachment is employed. By noose attachment the ani-

mal nuiy be freely rotated so as to jiresent the various jilanes of

the visceral mass; something that cannot be done when the animal

is liold in place by numerous dissecting pins. — William ^Iarcus

Ingram.

April. 1940] the nautilus 137

PHLYOTICONCnA. NeW NaME FOR A SUBGENUS OF LyONSIA. — By

an unfortunate oversipfht, we failed to take eofrnizance of the

fact that Dr. Dall had employed Phhjctidcrma in 1899 as a sub-

generic desifjnation in Diplodonta, prior to our use of the word

for our subprenus of Lynnsia (Smiths. Misc. Coll., vol. 98, no. 10,

p. 12, June 13, 1939). We now sufrg:est that the name Phlycti-

concha to replace our homonym. — Bartsch & Reiider.

Pyrgulopsis nevadensis Stearns in Oregon.^ — Henderson

(Univ. of Colorado Studies 17, p. 170, 1929) questions the occur-

rence of this species in the Oregon fauna. Nothing relative to

this species was included in his supplement {ihid., 23, 1936). Re-

cently, Colonel Paul D. Bunker, of Los Angeles, submitted for

naming a series of five species of fresh-water shells collected on

the southeast shore of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. Pyrgu-

lopsis nevadensis, along with Carinifex ponsonbyi Sm., Pompho-

lyx effusa Lea, Valvata humeralis californica Pils., and Flumini-

cola semi)wlis Hinds were collected at this locality. — W. J.

Clench.

Aestivation of Fresh-Water Mussels. — In the October, 1939,

issue of this journal. Dr. Fritz Haas reported an interesting

observation on the aestivation of Anodontites crispatus salmoneus

Marshall. This behavior is, however, not as unusual as it would

seem from the following statement made by Dr. Haas: "Similar

resistance to dryness on the part of fresh-water mussels has been

described only once, to the best of my knowledge." At least six

American authors have published similar observations:

1. C. T. Simpson (U. S. Fish. Comm. Bull, for 1898: 283)

mentioned that both Ligumia suh7'ostrata and Uniomcrus tetra-

lasmus, "under certain circumstances live buried in dried mud

for a long time. Hon. J. D. Mitchell, of Victoria, Tex., kept speci-

mens of tetralasmus alive in a dry room for many montlis. "

2. L. S. Frierson (Nautilus, 1903, 17: 50; 1917, 31: 49; 1923,

36: 128) has reported both Uniomcrus tctr(dnsmus and Caruncu-

lina texasensis from various localities where these species were

found aestivating in mud.

1 Cf. Nautilus, 43 (3) : 103.— H. B. B.

138 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (4)

3. John K. Strecker, Jr. (Nautilus, 1908, 22: 64) stated that

Uniomerus tetralasmus can live in localities -where there is abso-

lutely no water for a period of three to six months.

4. F. B. Isely (Bur. Fish. Doc, 1914, 792: 18; Univ. Okla.

Studies, 1925, 21 : 100) reported that Uniomerus tetralasmus was

"plowed up in the Browne pond three months after the pond had

gone dry." He suggested that other naiades may aestivate in

similar situations.

5. Coker, Shira, Clark and Howard (Bull. Bur. Fish. (1919-

20), 37: 100) stated that Uniomerus tetralasmus will survive in

ponds that dry up in the summer.

6. A. D. Howard (Bur. Fish. Doc, 1914, 801: 28) found a

specimen of Amhlema peruviana in a dry pond at Fairport, Iowa.

The animal, buried in "barely moist mud," was still alive.

From these accounts, and there probably are others, observa-

tions concerning the aestivation of fresh-water mussels in mud

seem to be common, particularly in southwestern United States

where streams and ponds are apt to dry in summer and fall. At

least four species, Uniomerus tetralasmus, Carunculina texasensis,

Ligumia suhrostrata, and Amhlema peruviana, have been observed

living through dry periods by aestivating. Uniomerus tetralas-

mus, perhaps largely because of its ecology, has been found most

commonly in aestivation. There is also evidence that other

naiades can survive dry periods in the same way. Further au-

thentic records, such as that given by Dr. Haas, would aid greatly

in extending our knowledge of this behavior as it is related to

various species of naiades. — Henry van der Schalie.

Another Case. — Anodontites infossus H. B. B., Occ Papers

Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 210: 67, was found "living and dead,

deeply buried in parts of the [stream] bed tluit were superficially

dry at the time visited." — H. B. B.

The Case of Limnaeus sordidus Kuester. — In 1862, Kuester

])uhlislied the description ol" a Limnaeus sordidus which was said

to have come from Central America (Conch. Cab., Abt. 17b, 58,

pi. 12, figs. 15-16). Binnoy (L. & F. W. Shells N. A.) does not

mention it. Von Martens (Biol. Centr. Amer., Moll. 379. 1899)

remarks that it is probably a form of clodes and is doubtful about

April. 1940] THE nautilus 139

the Central American ori<riii, altli(>uj;h quotiii}; a specimen in the

Dunker L'ollection in the Berlin Musenm as having' a Central

American habitat. This specimen resembled Haldcman's fi^nire

of umhrosa on plate 7, figs. 4-5 (Freshwater Univ. Moll., Limnea,

24). In The Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America (p. 313)

the writer placed it under the American jjolustris, believing? that

the locality "Central America" mifrht have been the result of a

mixinjr of labels, since of the many thousand specimens of this

family examined durinp: the preparation of that work not a single

limnaeid of the palustris type, excepting attcnuata, had been

authentically reported from south of the United States.

Recently,' Dr. F. Haas (Zool. Ser. Field Mus. N. H., 24, 99,

1939) has taken up the name and concludes that Kuester's L.

sordidus is the large lymnaeid found in Lake Chalco near the

City of Mexico. This, however, is the Limnaea attcnuata of Say

(New. Harm. Diss., II, 244, 1829) of which the Limnacus siihu-

latus of Dunker is a sjTionym. This species is common on the

Mexican plateau, particularly in lakes and canals near the City

of Mexico. The specimens cited by Dr. Haas belong to this

species, and not to sordidus. Specimens from Lake Chalco have

been personally examined.

Now the question is, what is Lymnaeus sordidusi Until a few

years ago no specimen of the palustris group had been seen by

the writer from Mexico or Central America. Recently, Dr.

"Wendell C. Gregg sent the writer several specimens of a lymnaeid

from Colon, Panama. These are of the palustris type, near the

variety called nuttalliana by Lea. One specimen is fenestrated

or malleated as in the figures of Kuester's sordidus. The Gregg

specimens are 28 to 30 mm. long and 15 mm. wide, the spire

longer than the aperture, the color dark horn. They resemble

closely some forms of clodes and also some elongated forms of

nuttalliana. Since Colon is on the Panama Canal and there is

great possibility of the introduction of mollusks, the question

naturally arises as to whether this was the case with the Gregg

specimens. A form of nuttalliana occurs in southern California

which strongly resembles the fenestrated sordidus, but these vary

into typical nuttalliana.

The facts seem to be tliat Lymnaeus sordidus is still in the

140 THE NAUTILUS [YOL. 53 (4)

problematical class, and until specimens have been found in Cen-

tral America or Mexico, away from the possibility of introduction,

it must be considered a doubtful form. That it was founded upon

a member of the palnstris group is beyond dispute, but the local-

ity is still in question. — Frank C. Baker.

Notes on the Subgenera of Valvata. — The opinion of Dall

(Alaska, p. 120) and of F. C. Baker (F. W. Moll. Wis. I, p. 10)

that the proposed subgenera of American Valvata are of little

taxonomic value is borne out by an examination of the types of

Valvata utahcnsis Call. In that species, the nuclear sculpture is

spirally striate (c/. Baker's figure 5, p. 11) ; the next two whorls

have the spiral keels characteristic of the V. tricarinata group

(Tropidina) ; on the later whorls the keels become obsolete and

disappear, while the growth lines are strengthened, becoming the

radial striations that are characteristics of the subgenus Pleuro-

valvata Haas (Field Mus. Zool. 24; p. 101, 1939). The shell is

markedly turbinate, resembling in that respect V. virens Tryon

and V. piscinalis (subgenus Cincinna).

Should our specimens of V. utahensis be distributed in thirds

to the "subgenera" Cincinna, Pleurovalvata, and Tropidina f or

should one disregard these names as long as they are based on

superficial characters only? Haas' observations on the generally

lacustrine habitats of his proposed subgenus Pleurovalvata are

well founded, but does this also explain the relative smoothness

of V. perdepressa and V. p. walkeri from Lake Michigan, or the

extreme carination of V. winnehagoense from Lake Winnebago ? —

J. P. E. Morrison.

Two New Mexican Species of Humboldtiana. — Humboldtiana

fortis, n. sp. The shell is narrowly rimate, rather solid and thick

for the genus, globose with short, conic spire. Surface matt,

vinaccous-pink between white wrinkles, and with three dusky

bands (often faint or wanting). Sculpture of quite irregular

coarse, low wrinkles. Aperture russet-vinaceous within. Peri-

stome blunt, whitish, the columellar margin reflected. Height

38 mm., diameter 37 mm. ; 4^ whorls. Sierra Potosi, at about

10,000 ft. Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Type 164045 A.N.S.P.

Humboldtiana montezuma, n. sp. The shell is narrowly um-

bilicatc, tiiin, soinowliat depressed globose, dark vinaceous brovsTi

April. 1940] the nautilus 141

with a profusion of thread-like white striae. Last whorl with

close but somewhat unevenly spaced, tliread-like striae, with many

snuill jiranules between and on their ed^res. Aperture rotund, as

hij;li as wide, vinaceous brown within, tlie peristome white-ed{?ed.

Heijiiit 44 nnn., diameter 48 mm.; 4^ whorls. Summit of El In-

fernillo. Sierra Madra Oriental, Nuevo Leon at 10,000 ft. Tvpe

1640G2 A.N.S.P.

There are various smaller subspecies of this fine snail at lower

elevations in Nuevo Leon and Coahuila, which will be described

later.— H. A. P.

The American ^Ialacological Union will hold its annual

meeting at Philadelphia during the week of June 18th to 21st.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

A Tentative Classification of the Palearctic Unionids. By

Fritz Haas. Zool. Series Field Mus. of Nat. Hist., vol. 24, no. 11.

This list of 9 genera, 19 species and 61 subspecies (together with

their huge synonymy) is preceded by an interesting summary of

the views of former naturalists, from the time of Dupuy and

Rossmaessler on.

It ma}' be mentioned that all of the palearctic anodontas (ex-

cept the Persian A. vescoiana) are included under A. cygnea L.

It probably has the most extensive synonymy of any mollusk.

The genus Psilunio {U. littoralis Lam. and its allies) is interest-

ing as representing the mainly American subfamily Quadru-

linae.— H. A. P.

A Proposed Dichotomy of the Snail Genus Monadenia. By

S. S. Berry. Bull. Southern Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 38, pt. 3, pp.

203-205, Feb. 10, 1940. Dr. Berry divides Monadenia into two

subgenera, Monadenia proper, based on M. fidelis, and Coryna-

denia new subgenus for M. hillehrandi. No other species are

mentioned as belonging to either, but the distribution is discussed.

Curiously it happened that Pilsbry published exactly the same

division, anatomic and geographic, over two months earlier, in

Land Moll. N. A., I, p. 33. The second or hillehrandi group was

not named then because its characters seem too trivial for a sub-

genus. Dr. Berry's paper gives no evidence that he ever dis-

142 THE NAUTHiUS [VOL. 53 (4)

sected a Monadenia, the data priven being derivable from the

publications of Binney, Hanna and Pilsbry. — H. A. P.

Land Mollusca of North America (North of IVIexico), vol.

1, pt. 1. By Henry A. Pilsbry. Monogr. 3, Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia, 1939. Systematic zoology is an attempt to arrange

animals in natural groups : species, genera and larger assem-

blages. The law, that such taxonomic units must be based on all

the characteristics of the organisms included, is commonly ac-

cepted as an ideal but rarely so tlioroughly practiced as in this

monograph. Here, Dr. Pilsbry brings together the accumulated

knowledge of his predecessors, collates with it his patient personal

research of over half a century, and culminates with the induc-

tive, almost intuitive grasp of relationships, that arrives only

when memory is replete with objective data. To his fellow ama-

teurs {i.e., lovers), he offers an authoritative arrangement of the

land shells, illustrated so generously and beautifully that they

might identify a majority of the forms from the keys and figures.

For his student colleagues, he presents not only careful descrip-

tions of the shells of synonyms and forms as well as species, but

contributes a wealth of data on the infinitely more complex soft

parts of the animals. Only by similarly detailed studies of all

the penetralia, as well as the facets of each snail's make-up will

any true comprehension of the relationships between them be ever

attained.

The published part covers four more advanced families of the

Helicacea. With the probable exception of Ccpaea hortcnsis, two

of these, the Helicidae and Helicellidae, are only represented by

species accidentally or purposely introduced from Europe. The

other two have never successfully crossed east of the Great Plains,

although one subspecies, Oreohclix strigosa cooperi, did live in

eastern Iowa during the Pleistocene.

The name Helminthoglyiitidae is proposed for the American

groups, which are most nearly related to the restricted Helicidae.

Four subfamilies are named: the "Cepoliinae" (better Cepo-

linae), with one living Floridaii species of the Antillenn genus

Ccpolis, the typical Helmiuthoglyptinae, with the genera Mona-

denia, Helminthoglypta and Micrarionta, aiul the Sonorellinae

April. 1940] THE NAUTILUS 143

ami Humboldtianinae, each with a sinjrle penus. Both the defini-

tion of tliis family, and tlie soincwliat tentative inclusion of

Sonorclla, call attention to the necessity of a still broader basis

for pulnionate systematics; unfortunately, present knowledge

only permits satisfactory evaluation between characters of the

shell, radula. jaw and genitalia.

The inclusion of nearctic genera in the Camaenidae throws new

light on the path by which tlie West Indian and Oriental mem-

bers must have attained their present range. The discontinuous

distribution of both Oreohelix and the Ammonitellinae suggests

that they are being supplanted by the more advanced Helmintho-

glyptidae of the Pacific coast. Only a master could have brought

together such superficially divergent genera as Glyptosioma,

Ammonitella, Polygyroidca and Polygyrclla ; Dr. Pilsbry's cour-

age can only be contrasted with the vacillant treatment in Thiele's

"Handbuch," where Glyptostoma appears in two divergent

superfamilies.

The legal intricacies of nomenclature are also accurately traced.

Although I doubt if the names Hclminthoglypta cuyamacensis

and Oreohelix strigosa depressa are correctly employed, both are

cases where discretion is far wiser than valor. The few misprints

will doubtlessly be rectified in later parts; specific mention here

would be superfluous, when Dr. Pilsbry's courteous, almost glee-

ful acceptance of corrections is so well known. My principal

criticism would be that, although Dr. Pilsbry has not hesitated

to reduce the status of many of his own names, even to synonyms,

he has, on the whole, been much more soft-hearted with those of

other authors. — H. B. B.

Discus patulus angulatus Kutchka (Naut. 52: 13), being

preoccupied by Discus mocclinfocki angulatus (P. C. Baker),

Naut. 41 : 143, will henceforth be known as Discus patulus

carinatus. — G. K. MacMillan.

Dr. Pilsbry is spending March and part of April in Florida,

his P.O. address being Lantana.

144 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53(4)

A Solomon Island Batissa Living in Dry Hot Sand. — In

August 1929, while collecting birds on Bougainville Island, I

found near the village of Kieta some fine large specimens of a

species of Batissa, living entirely out of water and exposed to the

severe heat of the torrid zone.

In sandy depressions on the margin of a mangrove swamp near

the mouth of a small river, but only subject to overflow at rare

intervals and then only of brief duration, these clams were thriv-

ing, completely exposed to the sunlight and heat. I scarcely be-

lieved at first that the shells contained live clams so unlikely

seemed their habitat to me. I took several specimens back to

camp and deliberately laid them out in the sun for three days,

after which they semed to be as fresh and lively as ever and

without any seeming discomfiture. I ate a boiled specimen but

it tasted quite insipid, not unlike a piece of boiled clay.

The shells were nearly white or pale yellowish white on the out-

side and plain white inside. The largest specimen was about 3

inches wide and 3.5 inches long. This is apparently a rare

species because I never found the kind again although I collected

shells at hundreds of localities for more than a year thereafter

in the Solomon Islands and New Guinea. I often found two or

three other species of this genus in the mangrove swamps, gen-

erally living out of water but with sufficient moisture. These spe-

cies were all of deep purple color inside and rounder periphery.

The dry ground species of Batissa evidently derives a sufficient

amount of moisture to sustain its xerophytic habit of living from

the direct rain, but which quickly filters through the porous sand

of its peculiar habitat. No other forms of animal life were noted

in this situation.

Specimens of this clam with exact data are still picked up in the

large collection of marine shells that I made while a member of

the Whitney South Sea Expedition.

These shells are in the care of Dr. Pilsbry but belong to the

American Museum of Natural History in New York City. — Wal-

ter J. Eyerdam.

\'ol. .ui M \A\ wr.V.) No. 1

T 1 1 K

NAUTILUS^,^

A QUARTERLY ^(^^'^^^^

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGIS^^ '^;oB^i;\ (

F.niTOItS AND ITm.ISUKKS '^/•^ -^«-*k ''

HKNUY A. PILSUUY, Curator of tlie Deimrtmcnt of MollU^ja, /'*

Academy of Natural Stionces, I'liiladelpbia ' ( L I [j R A (^

H. BURRIN<;T0N ItAKKH, Professor of Zoology, .^ . '^«''

University of I'onnsylvania Vc^ \

CONTENTS \. ^* J>

The Genus Cyphoma in Florida. B}^ K. A. Pilshnj and Tom

L. McGnity 1

Oxystyla from Western Mexico. By Thomas L. McOinty 4

Additional Notes on Terebra Flamraea Lamarck. By Wil-

liam J. Clench 7

A Revision of Spiraxis C. B. Adams. By H. Burrington

Baker 8

New Marine Mollusks from the West Atlantic. By Harald

A. Rehder 16

Pleistocene Shells from San Clemente Island, California.

By T. D. A. Cockerell 22

Type Specimen of Busycon perversum (Murex perversus

Linne). By Burnett Smith 23

A New Mexican Coelocentrum. By H. A. Pilshry 27

Leiostracus Webberi, a New Bulimulid Snail from Ecuador.

By H. A. Pilshry 28

A New Subfjenus and Species of West Coast "Alvania."

By Mackenzie Gordon, Jr 29

Notes and News 33

Publications Received 35

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HOUACE n. BAKER, liuxincn/t itanaprr

Zoological Laboratory. University of Pennsylvania,

38tb and Woodland Avenue, Pbiladelpbia, Pa.

Entered a« Second-ClasH matter, October 29, 1932. at tbe FoBt Office at Phila-

delphia, Pa., under tbe Act of March 3, 1879.

THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-

lished by Heney a. Pilsbey and H. Buerington Bakee.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the

month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).

Typescript should he double spaced.

Eepeints are furnished at printer 's rates. Orders should be written on or

attached to first page of manuscript.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $3.70 5.40 7.60

100 copies 4.10 6.00 8.50

Additional lOOs 75 1.20 1.80

Covers: 50 for $2,50; additional covers at the rate of $1.50 per hundred.

Plates (pasted in) : 65 cents for 50; $1.20 for 100.

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.

Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.

Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,

Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The

Nautilus.

HOEACE B. Baker, Zool. Lab. Univ. Penna.

Fob Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails {Liguus) including

three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidronius,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Plaeostylus.

Send your list to

Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially Vols.

3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address

Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania.

Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection.

Prof. C. M. Steenbebq, University of Copenhagen,

Ncirregade 10, Denmark

Foe Exchange: Key West and lower Florida Keys marine and land shells.

Mes. Mario V. Calleja, 1117 Fleming Street,

Key West, Fla.

{Continued on p. tit)

THE NAUTILUS 111

For Exchange: Europcao and Foreign shells (large number of recent and

tertiary sp.) offered against sp. new to me. Applv with full list to:

J. L. Staed, 123 Rue Clovis, Rhcims, Marne, France.

West Coast Shells for sale or exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Burch, 1611 South Elena Avenue,

Rcdondo Beach, California

HANDBOOK FOR SHELL COLLECTORS

2,200 illustrations and descriptions, prices they are usually sold for and much

other valuable matter. How to properly clean shells, approximate number of

species under the genera treated. I'rice $2.50 prepaid. Also a special U.S.A.

book covering marine sholls on both coasts, some land shells, invLTtcbrates,

etc., paper bound only $1.00.

I have 25.000 species of shells in stock properly classified and sold for the

most rea.>;onable prices. Bo.xcs on approval and selection as often as you wish.

Sholls have been my hobby since IS'J.i and I expect I have followed it farther

and spent more real cash on them than any one now living in this country.

Let me hear from you if you mean business.

Walter F. Webb

202 Westminster Road Rochester, N. Y.

ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

by

Horace G. Richards

An illustrated guide book to the marine invertebrates of the

Middle Atlantic States

*2 00 New Jersey State Museum

Trenton, N. J.

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

Descriptions of shore mollusks occurring from Maine to Texas together

with figures of practically every species including many from off shore sta-

tions. More than a thousand illustrations, including photographs and draw-

ings.

Edition limited to one thousand copies. Cloth bound $4.50. Orders filled

in order of receipt. Address the author:

MAXWELL SMITH,

Lantana, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY

The volume finished in 1935 completes the monograph

of the Pupillidae and their allies.

Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.

Plain Edition, per vol., $15.00. Colored Edition, $20.00.

Department of MoUusca,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in Existence

Business established by Soweri>y in 1861

SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE

Good Adult Specimens Correctly LAbelled at Moderate Prices

Our Catalogues are used by Museums and Amateurs for

Ecfercnce and as Check-Lists.

HUGH C. FULTON

(Late SOWKRBY & FULTON)

27 Shaftesbury Boad, London, W. 6, England

TRIDACNA GIGAS

live collected specimens from the Sulu Sea. 30 to 40 inch widths, guaran-

teed to be of good shape and to reach you in good condition. U. S. $40.00

to $100.00 per pair C.I.F. any world seaport. Also Nautilus Pompilius in

quantities, and other Pliilippine marine shells. Tell us your needs and we

will do our utmost to supply them.

Correspondence of all kinds is solicited.

We need commercial agents in many cities and countries.

WILLARD W. TREVOR

SOUTHSEAS SHELL PRODUCTS COMPANY

P. O. Box 2410

MANILA, Philippines

Vol. 53 OCTOHKK. 1930 No. 2

NAUTILUS

A gUAKTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF C0NCH0L0GIST8

KDITORS AND PUBLISHEKS

HENRY A. PILSBRY. Curator of the Department of Mollusca,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia

H. BURRINr.TON BAKER. Professor of Zoology,

University of Pennsylvania

CONTENTS

Colleetinp: on a Coral Reef in Florida. By Thomas L. Mc-

ahity 37

Conns Melvilli Sowerby, and a New Species of the Larael-

lariidae. By Louise M. Perry 40

Polydontes Obliteratus (Forussac). By H. A. Pilshry 42

Two New Species of Sayella with Notes on the Genus. By

J. P. E. Morrison 43

An Unusual Cave Deposit. By J. P. E. Morrison 45

Land Snails New to the Fauna of Pennsylvania. By Gordon

K. MacMillan 47

New Mexican Species of Spiraxis. By H. Burrington Baker 49

A New Floridan Cyclostrema. By H. A. Pilshry 53

On the Life Habits of Some Tropical Fresh- Water Mussels.

By Fritz Haas 53

Two New Polyjryroid Helicoids from Northern California.

By 8. Stillman Berry 56

Land Snails Collected at Uganik Bay, Kodiak Island. By

Walter J. Eyerdam 61

Wendel I Clay Mansfield 64

John Ritchie, Jr 66

Notes and News 66

The Ninth Annual Meeting of the American Malaeological

Union 68

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Buxiness Manager

Zoolo^cal Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania,

38th and Woodland Avenue. Philadelphia, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29. 1932, at the Post Office at Phila-

delphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

11 THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-

lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the

month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).

Typescript should be double spaced.

Reprints are furnished at printer 'a rates. Orders should be written on or

attached to first page of manuscript.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $3.70 5.40 7.60

100 copies 4.10 6.00 8.50

Additional lOOs 75 1.20 1.80

Covers: 50 for $2.50; additional covers at the rate of $1.50 per hundred.

Plates (pasted in) : 65 cents for 50; $1.20 for 100.

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.

Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.

Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,

Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The

Nautilus.

Horace B. Bakee, Zool. Lab. Univ. Penna.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to

Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially Vols.

3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address

Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania.

Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection.

Paor. C. M. Steenberg, University of Copenhagen,

Norregade 10, Denmark

For Exchange: Key West and lower Florida Keys marine and land shells.

Mrs. Mario V. Calleja, 1117 Fleming Street,

Key West, Fla.

(Continued on p. tit)

TIIE NAUTILUS 111

Fob Exchange: European and Foreign shells (large number of recent and

tertiary sp.) offered apninst ap. new to me. Applj with full list to:

J. L. Staed, 123 Rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France.

West Coast Shells for sale or exchange. Mj list sent on request.

Tom Bubch, 1611 South Elena Avenue,

Redondo Beach, California

HANDBOOK FOR SHELL COLLECTORS

2,200 illustrations and descriptions, prices tliey are usually sold for and much

other valuable matter. How to properly clean shells, approximate number of

species under the genera treated. Price $2.50 prepaid. Also a special U.S.A.

booic covering marine shfUs on both coasts, some land shells, Invertebrates,

etc., pa;>er bound only $1.00.

I have 25.000 species of shells in stocl« properly classified and sold for the

most reasonable prices. Boxes on approval and selection as often as you wish.

Shells have been my hobby since 1893 and I expect I have followed it farther

and spent more real cash on tliem than any one now living in this country,

l^t me hear from you if you mean business.

Walter F. Webb

202 Westminster Road Rochester, N. Y.

ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

by

Horace G. Richards

An illustrated guide book to the marine invertebrates of the

Middle Atlantic States

j3 QQ New Jersey State Museum

Trenton, N. J.

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

Descriptions of shore mollusks occurring from Maine to Texas together

with figures of practically every species including many from off shore sta-

tions. More than a thousand illustrations, including photographs and draw-

ings.

Edition limited to one thousand copies. Cloth bound $4.50. Orders filled

in order of receipt. Address the author:

MAXWELL SMITH.

Lantana, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY

The volume finished in 1935 completes the monograph

of the Pupillidae and their allies.

Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.

Plain Edition, per vol., $15.00. Colored Edition, $20.00.

Department of Mollusca,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in Existence

liafilness established by Sowerby in 1861

SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE

Good Adult Specimens Correctly lisbelled at Moderate Prices

Our Catalogues are used by Museums and Amateurs for

Eeference and as Check-Lists.

HUGH C. FULTON

(Late SOWEKBY & FULTON)

27 Shaftesbury Boad, London, W. 6, England

TRIDACNA GIGAS

live collected specimens from the Sulu Sea. 30 to 40 inch widths, guaran-

teed to be of good shape and to reach you in good condition. IT. S. $40.00

to $100.00 per pair C.I.F. any work] seaport. Also Nautilus Pompilius in

quantities, and other Philippine marine sliells. Tell us your needs and we

will do our utmost to supply them.

Correspondence of all kinds is solicited.

We need commercial agents in many cities and countries.

WILLARD W. TREVOR

SOUTHSEAS SHELL PRODUCTS COMPANY

P. O. Box 2410

MANILA, Philippines

Vol. 58 .lANTAKW 1940 No. 8

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF C0NCH0L0GI8TS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSKRY. Curator of the Dcpartincnt of Molltisqi,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia

H. BURRINOTON BAKER. Professor of Zoology,

University of Pennsylvania

CONTENTS

Sequence in the Distribution of Aquatic Species. By Calvin

Goodrich 73

Mollusks of a Kansas Pleistocene Deposit. By Calvin Good-

rich 77

A New Tellin of the Subp:enus Angulus, a New Lamellaria

and a New Subspecies of Crassispira, from Southwest

Florida. By Louise M. Perry 79

New Land and ]\Larine Tertiary Shells from Southern

Florida. By Thomas L. McGintij 81

New State and County Records of Landsnails in Pennsyl-

vania. By Charles B. Wurtz .'. 84

Mexican Subulinidae and Spiraxinae with New Species of

Spiraxis. By H. Burrington Baker 89

A New Urocoptid ^lollusc from the State of Sonora, Mexico.

By Joshua L. Baihj, Jr. and Ruth Ingersoll Baily 94

New Gastropoda from West Virginia. By Stanley T. Brooks

and Gordon K. MacMillan 95

A New Variety of Polygyra Appressa (Say). By Gordon

K. MacMdlan 98

Obituary 99

Publications Received 103

Notes and News 105

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

Zoological Laboratory. Tnlversity of Pennsylvania,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Phila-

delphia. Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

11 THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-

lished by Henby a. Pilsbry and H. Bubrinoton Bakeb.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the

month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).

Typescript should be double spaced. Proofs will not be submitted to authors

unless requested.

Eepbints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR attached TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRn>T.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $3.70 5.40 7.60

100 copies 4.10 6.00 8.50

Additional 100s 75 1.20 1.80

Covers: 50 for $2.50; additional covers at the rate of $1.50 per hundred.

Plates (pasted in) : 65 cents for 50; $1.20 for 100.

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.

Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.

Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,

Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The

Nautilus.

Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab. Univ. Penna.

Fob Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Acliatinella, AmphidromuB,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to

Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially Vols.

3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address

Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania.

Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection.

Prof. C. M. Steenberg, University of Copenhagen,

Niirregade 10, Denmark

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.

List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, 88 Oliver St., Maiden, Mass.

THB NAUTILUS Ul

TRIDACNA GIGAS

live collected 8pccini(*ns from the Siilu Sea. 30 to 40 inch widths, guaran-

teed to be of good sliape ami to reach you in good condition. U. S. $40.00

to tlOO.OO per pair C.I.F. any world seaport. Also Nautilus Pompiliua in

quantities, and other Philippine marine shells. Tell us your needs and we

will do our utmost to supply them.

Correspondence of all kinds is solicited.

We need commercial agents in many cities and countries.

WILLARD W. TREVOR

SOUTHSEAS SHELL PRODUCTS COMPANY

P. O. Box 2410

MANILA, Philippines

HANDBOOK FOR SHELL COLLECTORS

2,200 Illustrations and descriptions, prices they are usually sold for and much

other valuable matter. How to properly clean shells, approximate number of

species under the genera treated. Price $2.50 prepaid. Also a special U.S.A.

book covering marine shells on both coasts, some land shells, invertebrates,

etc., paper bound only $1.00.

I have 125.000 8i>ecie8 of shells in stock properly classified and sold for the

most reasonable prices. Boxes on approval and selection as often as you wi.sh.

Shells have been my hobby since 1803 and I expect I have followed it farther

and spent more real cash on them than any one now living in this country.

Let me hear from you if you mean business.

Walter F. Webb

202 Westminster Road Rochester, N. Y.

ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

by

Horace G. Richards

An illustrated guide book to the marine invertebrates of the

Middle Atlantic States

tf., rirt New Jersey State Museum

^^•°° Trenton, N J.

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

Descriptions of shore mollusks occurring from Maine to Texas together

with figures of practically every species including many from off shore sta-

tions. More than a thousand illustrations, including photographs and draw-

ings.

Edition limited to one thousand copies. Cloth bound $4.50. Orders filled

in order of receipt. Address the author:

MAXWELL SMITH,

Lantana, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

123 Years of Research

LAND MOLLUSCA OF

NORTH AMERICA

(NORTH OF MEXICO)

By henry a. PILSBRY

Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first

volume of its "Journal," the Academy has occupied an outstand-

ing position in increasing the world's knowledge of Mollusks. As

the 3^ears followed, Haldman, Conrad, Isaac Lea and Tryon car-

ried on in Say's steps.

In 1887 Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry succeeded Tryon as Curator of

Mollusks, and during the past 52 years has carried forward the

Academy's traditional position as a center of conchological dis-

coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened

our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol-

lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him in

recognition of his discoveries.

Todaj^ the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the publi-

cation of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) "

by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the first comprehensive treatment of

this subject in half a century. Here are presented tlie sum-

marized conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory

investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre-

viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and

species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft

anatomy make the volumes comprising Monograph III indis-

pensable to students of land mollusks.

The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00,

payable proportionately as each section is issued.

Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the helicoid mol-

lusks while Volume II will cover the remaining terrestrial groups.

Volume I, Part One (ready for delivery) — by subscription,

$7.50; if purchased separately, $10.00. Volume I, Part Two (in

press) by subscription $7.50, if ])urehased separately $8.00. Vol-

ume II (in ]ire])arati()ii) by subscription $10.00, if purchased

separately $12.00.

For sale bj'

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF

PHILADELPHIA

19th Street and the Parkway

PinLADKLPTIIA, PeNNA.

Vol. 53 A run,. I'.IK) No. 4

1^ H E

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY q-> ^O

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS /jr -^^ -■ >>

EOITOUS AND riBLISlIERS '~ (LIBRARY

HENRY A. riLSimV. Curator of the Department of Mollusca, "^ \ .^.a-«»

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ^. \

H. BURRINGTON BAKER, Professor of Zoology, /OVlj;;;^ S>>^ V

University of Pennsylvania \^^ ^ v'^

CONTENTS

Two New Florida!! Marine Shells. By Jeanne Schwengel 109

A New Naticoid Snail from Florida. By Thomas L. McGinty 110

New ]\Iollusks of the Genus Naesiotus from Ecuador. By

Harald A. Rchder Ill

The Ozark Amnieolas. By Leslie Hubricht 118

Oxyst.yla on Sanibel Island, Florida. By William J. Clench ... 122

Another Pleistocene Snail is not Extinct. By J. P. E. Mor-

rison 123

A New Species of Fluminicola with Notes on "Colorado

Desert" Shells, and on the Genus Clappia. By J. P. E.

Morrison 124

Land Mollusks collected at Hebro!!, Labrador, and Lake Har-

bour, South Baffin Island. By John Oughton 127

Further Notes on Land Shells from Kodiak and nearby

Islands. By Walter J. Eycrdam 131

Aestivation of Lymnaea lanceata (Gould). By Henry ran

dcr Schalie [ '. 134

Notes and News 135

Publications Received 141

$2.00 per year (§2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

Zoological Laboratory. University of Pennsylvania,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29. 1932, at the Post Office at Phila-

delphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-

lished by Henry A. Pilsbby and H. Bukeington Bakek.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the

month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).

Typescript should be double spaced. Proofs will not be submitted to authors

unless requested.

Eepeints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

d pp. S pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $3.70 5.40 7.60

100 copies 4.10 6.00 8.50

Additional lOOs 75 1.20 1.80

Covers: 50 for $2.50; additional covers at the rate of $1.50 per hundred.

Plates (pasted in) : 65 cents for 50; $1.20 for 100.

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.

Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.

Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,

Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of Th«

Nautilus.

Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab. Univ. Penna.

Foe Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Acliatinella, Amphidroiiius,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to

Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially Vols.

3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address

Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania.

Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection.

PEOr. C. M. Steenberg, University of Copenhagen,

Niirrcgade 10, Denmark

New England Coast Sheila for sale or exchange. List sent on request.

List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, 88 Oliver St., Maiden, Mass.

TIIE NAUTILUS HI

TRIDACNA GIGAS

live collected specimens from the Sulu Sea. 30 to 40 inch widths, guaran-

teed to be of good shape and to reach you in good condition. U. S. $40.00

to $100.00 per pair C.I.F. any world seaport. Also Nautilus Pompilius in

quantities, and other Philippine marine shells. Tell us your needs and we

will do our utmost to supply them.

Correspondence of all kinds is solicited.

We need commercial agents in many cities and countries.

WILLARD W. TREVOR

SOUTHSEAS SHELL PRODUCTS COMPANY

P. O. Box 2410

MANILA, Philippines

HANDBOOK FOR SHELL COLLECTORS

2,200 illustrations and descriptions, prices they are usually sold for and much

other valuable matter. How to properly clean shells, approximate number of

species under the genera treated. I'rice ?2.50 prepaid. Al.so a special U.S.A.

book covering marine shells on both coasts, some land shells, invertebrates,

etc., pai)er bound only Jl.OO.

I have 25.000 species of shells in stock properly classified and sold for the

most reasonable prices. Boxes on approval and selection as often as you wl.sh.

Shells have been my hobby since 18U3 and I expect I have followed it farther

and spent more real cash on them than any one now living in this country.

Let me bear from you if you mean business.

Walter F. Webb

303 Westminster Road Rochester, N. Y.

ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

by

Horace G. Richards

An illustrated guide book to the marine invertebrates of the

Middle Atlantic States

*2 00 New Jersey State Museum

Trenton, N. J.

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

Descriptions of shore mollusks occurring from Maine to Texaa together

with figures of practically every species including many from off shore sta-

tions. More than a thousand illustrations, including photographs and draw-

ings.

Edition limited to one thousand copies. Cloth bound $4.50, Orders filled

in order of receipt. Address the author:

MAXWELL SMITH,

Lantana, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

123 Years of Research

LAND MOLLUSCA OF

NORTH AMERICA

(NORTH OF MEXICO)

By HENKY a. PILSBRY

Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first

volume of its "Journal," the Academy has occupied an outstand-

ing position in increasing the world's knowledge of Mollusks. As

the years followed, Haldman, Conrad, Isaac Lea and Tryon car-

ried on in Say's steps.

In 1887 Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry succeeded Trj'on as Curator of

Mollusks, and during the past 52 years has carried forward the

Academy's traditional position as a center of conch ological dis-

coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened

our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol-

lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him in

recognition of his discoveries.

Today, the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the publi-

cation of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) "

by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the first comprehensive treatment of

this subject in half a century. Here are presented the sum-

marized conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory

investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre-

viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and

species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft

anatomy make the volumes comprising Monograph III indis-

pensable to students of land mollusks.

The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00,

payable proportionately as each section is issued.

Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the helicoid mol-

lusks while Volume II will cover the remaining terrestrial groups.

Volume I, Part One (ready for delivery) — by subscription,

$7.50; if purchased separately, $10.00. Volume I, Part Two (in

press) by subscription $7.50, if purchased separately $8.00. Vol-

ume II (in preparation) by subscription $10.00, if purchased

separately $12.00.

For sale by

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF

PHILADELPHIA

19tii Strket and the Parkway

Philadelphia, Penna.

Ml. I iS H' >l . Il-I.

lilH i7XD H