THE

NAUTILUS

A QUAKTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. 54

JULY, 1940 to APRIL, 1941

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of MoUusks and Marine Invertebrate*.

Acftdemy of Natural Sciences

H. BURRINGTON BAKER

Professor of Zoolocy, L'niversity of Pennsylvania

PHiLAOELrniA, Pa.

THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY

LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA

CONTENTS

Names of new genera and species in italics.

Alabama, ruderal land mollusks 18

Albino, a sinistral 141

Aleadia, subgenera 70, 71

American Malacological Union 35, 146

Apolymetis Salisbury 191

Aquebana (Exsau vitas) pubescens Pfr 59

Aquebana velutina Lam 59

Aquctaninae, H. B. Bkr 55

Arctic mollusks of eastern Canada 1

Arion circumscriptus Johnst 69

Aroostook Co., Me., marl deposit 143

Aspella elizahethae McGinty 63

Assiminea, Chinese 119

Aiistroselenites alticola H. B. B 135

Austroselenites concolor Fer 132

Austroselcnitinae H. B. B 134

Beal Collection 73, 140

Bellaspira pentapleura Schwengel 51

Botula fusca 40

Bursa spadicea in Florida 71

Campeloma leptum Mattox 12

Campeloma tannuni Mattox 15

Cancellaria (Bivetopsis) nioorei pachia Smith 45

Cancellaria reticulata adelae Pils 54

Cantharus lugubris C. B. Ad 47

Cape May shells 126

Cardium corbis Martyn 53

Cave MoUusca Ill

Cedar Breaks National Park, Mollusks of 116

Cerithium auricoma Schwengel 72

Chondropoma dentatum Say 32

Civilization and Aquatic Mollusks 6

Cleaning shells with maggots 145

iii

IV THE NAUTILUS

CrcLSsispira plasma Schwengel 49

Drepayiotrema hoffmani F. C. Baker 96

Ekadonta Rao 120

Epitonium pilshryi McGinty 62

Eunaticina oldroydii Dall 132

Fenimorea halidorema Schwengel 50

Fluminieola avernalis Pils 117

Fluminicola avernalis earinifera Pils 117

Freshwater Mollusks surviving drought 84

Fusinus hyphalus Smith 43

Gastrochaena 41

Glyphostoma pilshryi Schwengel 51

Greggiella H. B. B., n. subg. Haplotrema 131

Haldeman's 1840 Supplement 64

Haplotrema coelatum Mazyck 131

Haplotrema transfuga Hemph 131

Haplotrema voyanum Nc 132

Haplotrematinae H. B. B 134

Helisoma clewistonense F. C. Baker 17

Helix pomatia in Wisconsin 145

Helminthoglypta cuyamacensis lowei Bch 33

Helminthoglypta dupetithouarsi Dh 122

Helminthoglypta umbilicata Pils 122

Helminthoglypta nickliniana ramentosa Gld 141

Hermaphroditic Mj^tilus 90

Higgins, Henry C 106

Hjalmarsona H. B. Baker, n. g 70

Hojeda inaguensis Weinl 60

Horatia in Texas 34

Humboldtiana fortis Pils 47

Hyalosagda subaquila Shuttl 60

Hyaloteuthis pehigicus Bosc 71

Janthina exigua 73

Janthina jantliiua L 75

Land ^lollusks, daylight activity 87

Lithophaga 39

Lymnaea contracta Currier 121

Marginclla hcali McGinty 63

THE NAUTILUS V

Marginclla jaspidea Schwengel 49

Mc'Leania (larliiijrtoni Boq. & Clch 55, 57

Mc(jalu)na};(oma nilnnuhim Pils 34

Menetus cooperi F. C. Baker 97

Mesodon elevatus Say 79

Mesodou thyroidus, copulation of 143

Microphysula ing:ersolli Bid 57

Mieroconus wilhelmi Pfr 57

Murex anniae Smith 44

Murex ednae Smith 43

Murex (Jaton) gaza Smith 44

Murex recurvirostris citrinus Smith 45

Murex recurvirostris delicatus Smith, n. subsp 45

Murex recurvirostris nigrescens Sby 45

Myrsus H. & A. Ads 191

Mytilus. hermaphroditic 90

Natica (Stigrmaulax) sulcata Born 71

Neptunea "Bolton" Roding, type of 125

Neritina virginea L. in Jamaica 21, 66, 98

Newfoundland mollusks 74

New Hampshire, fresh water shells 52

Odontostoynus (Spixia) columellaris Parodiz 94

Odontostomus (Spixia) doellojuradoi Parodiz 93

Odontostomus (Spixia) hohnhergi Parodiz 92

Odontostomus [Spixia] minor Parodiz 94

Odontostomus (Spixia) tucumanensis Parodiz 92

Oldroyd, Ida S 73

Olcacininae H. B. B 135

Oliva sayana, abnormal 32

Olivella watermani McGinty 64

Oreohelix parawanensis Gregg _ 95

Pecten caurinus, range of 68

Perpusilla, new subg 81

Physa, naturally introduced 107

Planorbis declivis Tate 97

Planorhis pertenuis F. C. Baker 97

Planorbis planulatus Cooper 97

Planorbulina 33

VI THE NAUTILUS

Platysuccinea portoricensis Shuttl 61

Plaiysuccineinae H. B. Baker 55

Pond Snails during dry periods 128

Primovula (Pseudosimnia) vanhyningi Smith 46

Quebec, Bay Chaleur, marl deposit 144

Rock Borers 39

Rumina decollata L 69

Rupellaria typica 40

Sagdidae, Antillean 54

Salasiella, Mexican 80

Stenotrema monodon group 113

Stenotrema monodon Rack 78

Solarium bisulcatum Orb 106

Spiraxinae H. B. B 135

Striatemoda H. B. B., n. gen 71

Strombus gallus in Florida 71

Tellina guildingi Hani 71

Tennessee, Snails of Ted Cave 10

Texas, Point Isabel mollusks 20

Thericium stantoni Dall 72

Torinia bisulcata Orb 106

Tridacna gigas L 107

Tropicorhis tatei F. C. Baker 97

Turritelloma n. n. for Turritoma Bch 143

Utah, Oquirrh and Stansbury Mts 27

Utah, Zion National Park 30

Viviparus contectoides in Massachusetts 141

Viviparus malleatus Rve 69

Yunquea densilirata H. B. B 57

Zion National Park, Mollusks of 30

THE NArTIU'S VII

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Albany, R. L. ' 73, 125

Alexander, Robert C 126

Andrews. A. E 21, 66, 98

Archer, Allan P 18

Daily. Joshua L., Jr 32, 69

Baker, Frank C 17, 96

Baker, Horace B 70, 80, 130

Bales, B. R 39

Bartseh, Paul 143

Burch, Tom 46

Clench. Wm. J 52, 70

Cockerell, T. D. A 108

Cooke, C. M., Jr 107

Eyerdam, W. J 53, 145

Goodrich. Calvin 6, 70, 76, 121, 141

Gregg, Wendell 0 30, 33, 95, 116, 117

Haas. Fritz 33

Hubricht, Leslie 10, 33, 107, 111

Hertlein, L. G 69

Ingram, William Marcus 84, 87, 136, 143

Johnson, Richard 1 141

Jones, David T 27

Koestner, E. J. & Schneider, R. A 47

Marsh, Phil. L 113

Mattox, N. T 12

McGinty, Thos. L 62, 71, 106

Morrison, J. P. E 64

Nylander, Olaf 0 143, 144

Oughton, John 1

Parodiz, Juan Jose 92

Perry, Louise M 32

Pilsbry, H. A 34, 54, 73, 74, 108

Rehder. Harald A 71, 72, 141

Robertson, Mrs. Harold R 35, 145

Rogers, George Floyd 75

Russell. Henry D 52

Schneider, R. A 47

Vlll THE NAUTILUS

Sehwengel, Jeanne 49

Smith, Maxwell 43, 44

Stenzel, H. B 20

Strandine, E. J 128

Washburn, Robert G 145

Webb, Glenn R 69, 122

Wurtz, Charles B 143

Yen, Teng-Chien, 119

Young, R. T 90

THE XAUTILrS: 54 (1)

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The Nautilus

Vol. 54 July. 1940 No. I

A VISIT TO THE ARCTIC OF EASTERN CANADA

BY JOHN OUGHTON

Each year the Hudson's Bay Company sends ships to the east-

ern Arctic to earrj' in supplies and relief men and to bring out

furs and men on furlough. This past year, all pieces of the cargo

bore the number 270, indicating that ships of the old Company

have been sailing into Arctic waters for almost two and three-

quarters centuries. The chief ship being used as present, the

R. M. S. Nascopie, is of course especially adapted for northern

navigation. To this end, it has a reinforced bottom and prow

and such modern navigation gadgets as the gyroscopic compass.

In recent years, part of the ship has been leased by the Canadian

Government in the interests of the Royal Canadian Mounted

Police and the Eastern Arctic Patrol. The latter, under the

direction of Major D. L. McKeand, comprises medical men and

naturalists.

I left Montreal on July 8, 1939, in the midst of a heat wave.

I saw my first iceberg in the Straits of Belle Isle and I, with other

greenhorns, wasted photographic film on it. Soon ice was to be-

come an ubiquitous and even tedious part of the environment.

But the first berg, small and miserable as it was, had a glory of

its own. After turning up the Labrador coast, but keeping well

out, a fog set in and held us up for three or four days. During

this lull, we saw some harp seals seated on a small pan of ice,

floating southwards.

Early on the 17th, we made our first port at Hebron in northern

Labrador, where we were met by a boat from the Moravian Mis-

sion, which has been established on this coast for more than a

century. Their band, which proudly serenaded us, is remem-

bered for two things :

(1)

2 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (1)

1. The parson's claim that this is the only Eskimo brass band

in the world.

2. The unusually high incidence of sour notes. No doubt the

cold congeals the juices so essential to the horns.

With my head full of thoughts of Vitrina and Stagnicola vaJilii,

I rushed ashore. I found none of the these but after much

searching did turn up a few pupillids and slugs. In desperation,

I turned to a new love — sea shells. A merry Eskimo family

joined forces with me and we obtained a good number of Littorina

saxatile, Macoma halthica, a few Crenella {fabaf), Mytilus edulis,

a smooth Astarte, Mya truncata, Saxicava arctica and Margaritcs

helicina. We filled up a couple of bottles with small fish and

gammarids lurking among the Fuciis. The party was concluded

to mutual satisfaction with cigarettes all around.

On the 19th, we dropped in at Port Burwell, formerly well-

known to whaling and sealing boats as Cape Chidley. During

the brief visit ashore, I could find no land or freshwater shells.

Instead, I occupied myself with spiders, amphipods and more

Littorina. On weighing anchor, a pretty little bivalve, Serripes

gronlandica, w'as brought up from 15 fathoms.

We crossed Hudson Strait to Baffin Island, enduring more fog,

more ice and more farewell parties. Max Dunbar, planktologist,

and I left the ship at Lake Harbour, while she spent three w^eks

visiting the points on Hudson Straits and Hudson Bay. We were

very fortunate in being able to occupy the residence of the

Anglician missionary, who had gone out on furlough. Around

our house, the Iceland poppy and fireweed made a pretty splash

of color. The house overlooked the head of the fiord, which dur-

ing our first week was choked with ice. The tidal drop of thirty

odd feet would strand pans and bergs, which looked very awk-

ward tilted on the shore. Around us, the rugged-bare rocky hills

rose and fell in never-ending series.

Sometimes I rambled back over the hills, collecting the abun-

dant spiders, perhaps throwing in the odd beetle or Collcmbula

just in case. The land snails, comprising three or four species

of pupillids and one species of slug were confiiu'd to wet edges

of streams and ponds or boggy flats. The ponds and streams

themselves were rather barren; some appeared to support no

July. lf)4()] TIIK NAUTILUS 3

macrosfujiie life, wliile others contained a few sticklebacks,

beetles, caddis larvae, and aniphipods or fairy shrimps, bnt no

niollnscs. Marine dredging:, especially at the mouth of the fiord

some eijj:ht or ten miles distant, was more remunerative. In the

deptlis explored, i.e., down to 35 fathoms, brittle stars, amphi-

poda. jn-awns and sedentary worms predominated. The mol-

luscan fauna, while perhaps smaller in numbers, was varied.

The most abundant types among the bivalves were: Nuciihnia sp.

near minuta Mull., Modwlaria laevigata Gray, Cardium ciliatnm,

Macoma calcarcaf, Mya truncata, Saxicava arctica including

several of the curious spiny juveniles. The common snails were

Lepeta caeca, Puncturella probably princeps,: Margarites was

not only abundant in individuals but well represented in species

with M. unihilicalis, M. helicina, M. cinerea, a small unidentified

species and one I take to be M. grosvenori, described by Dr. Dall

in 1926 from Etah, Greenland. A single species of Pyramidel-

lidae, nameless to me, was abundant. Among those also present

were Veliitina laevigata and V. lanigera; Rissoidae, three or four

species; Trichotropis, a few shells of apparently both boreal spe-

cies; Trophon spp., a small number of these delicately sculptured

shells. Of whelks, I obtained only four adults, but juveniles

of two or three species were more numerous. Colus sp., a single

individual 4i" long, was the largest mollusc captured. There

were two or three species at least of Lora and its relatives, and a

few fragile Cylichna.

Arctic dredging was never boring, I found. Tola, the laugh-

ing Eskimo who acted as engineer, guide and friend on our

forays, always put his harpoon and gun aboard. If we, i.e., he,

saw a seal, we gave chase, leaving the bottom organisms to their

o^^^l devices. Our meals were good hearty ones of ship's biscuit,

tea and sardines, taken on the job. lola always concluded mat-

ters by drinking the last drainings of sardine oil. I might men-

tion the item of dredging weights. On the advice of Bill Clench,

I provided myself with hand.some iron weights at 7c per pound.

Early in the work, these elegant pieces disappeared into the

Arctic seas. Thereupon, I was forced to cadge bits of bolts,

chains, hooks and axles from the 3rd engineer or to beachcomb.

My most useful find in this field was a stove grating.

4 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (1)

On the shores of the fiord at low tide, large numbers of Littorina

saxatile could be obtained in companj^ with a small barnacle.

In more restricted stations, Crenella, Mya truncata, Margarites

umhilicalis and M. helicina could also be found at low tide. One

day was spent dredging" in Soper Lake, which has an inflowing

stream of freshwater at one end and a narrow connection with

the sea at the other. The surface w-as quite fresh to the taste, or

more accurately, its content was 0.23 CI. p.p.m., while the bottom

water at 9 fathoms was distinctly salty, viz., 10.7 CI. p.p.m.

Large areas of the bottom were covered with a foul black mud

devoid of macroscopic life. The bottom fauna in the remaining

areas was typically marine : brittle stars, pra\\Tis and tubeworms

being abundant. Of the molluscs, the smooth Astarte mentioned

above, a Macoma and Saxicava arctica were especially con-

spicuous.

At 4 A.M. on the 15th of August, an excited native rushed into

our house to say that the big boat was coming. Again aboard the

Nascopie, we left Baffin Island, and visited Port Burwell briefly.

The tide was quite low, so that I was able to get several specimens

of Margarites helicina, Crenella and Modiolaria laevigata, all of

which I had missed before.

Our next hop was a long one, taking us the whole length of

Baffin Island and past Devon Island to Craig Harbour, on the

southern tip of EUesmere Island. This we finally reached on the

23rd, after much ice and fog and snow. During the hour or two

ashore, snow fell much of the time and prevented serious collect-

ing. The dead beach shells were Buccinum, Astarte, Saxicava

arctica and Mya truncata. The two pteropods, Limacina helicina

and Clione limacina were abundant near the anchored ship, the

former being much more numerous. After more fog and more

ice, we reached on the 30th Fort Ross, situated on the nortluM-n

tip of Boothia Peninsula, i.e., approximately 100 miU»s north

of the magnetic pole. Heavy snow asliore made coUectiiig un-

fruitrul ; I obtained only a few worn valves, chiefly of tiie old

perennials, Saxicava, Mya and Astarte. Historically, this local-

ity of low hills is of interest as it stands at the eastern entrance

of Bellot Strait — the Northwest Passage. Leaving here, we re-

traced back and around 1o Ai-clic l>a\- in northwest Baffin Island.

July. 1940] THE NAUTILUS 5

On tlif boai'h ol" Arctic Bay tlioro were jrooil windrows of shells

containiugr Mya, Astarte, Saxicava and Modiolaria — not an at-

tractive feast perliaps to ye collector satiated by Floridaii beaches.

Next to Pond Inlet, on the northeastern corner of BallUn Island,

which we reached on a fine sunny day. The snow and {glacier on

the hills of Bylot Island sparkled bri<rhtly. A f>:ood beach of

drift shells provided me with a couple of whelks, Mytiliis cdulis

and Actnaca tcstudinalis in addition to the old favorites. There

was a great number of pteropods, chiefly Limacina helicina, but

also a small proportion of Clionc limacina. They were confined

to a band one hundred to two hundred yards wide near the shore.

Two residents informed me that only at this time, i.e., early Sep-

tember, did they see the pteropods which then come close to shore.

For the rest of the year, these pelagic molluscs are elsewhere,

presumably in deeper water. By the way, the Eskimo term for

Limacina helicina is tu-lu-gah-juk, which means "something that

looks like a raven" — an appropriate name, as the little creature

is quite dark in the water and flaps its wings in a ponderous crow-

like fashion.

Continuing down the eastern coast of Baffin, we stopped for a

few hours at Clyde River and then on to Pangnirtung, which is

situated just a few miles south of the Arctic Circle on Cumber-

land Sound. The high, snowclad hills, combined with the bright

sunshine and cool air, made the three day stop a pleasant one.

Macoma was very abundant here on muddy tidal flats and Lit-

torina, of course, was found on the rocks, while a few specimens

of Mya truncata, Crenella, Saxicava, Acmaea tcstudinalis and

Marcjarites helicina were also found at shore. The dredge

brought up from depths of 10 to 25 fathoms specimens of two

Pectens, namely P. islandicus and P. gronlandicus. The former

is bright orange-red, particularly in the young stage, while the

latter is vitreous. The other species dredged were much the same

as those obtained at Lake Harbour, Nucula, Nuculana 2 spp.,

Lora spp. and young whelks, bulking largest. But Dacrydium

vitrcum, a minute, shining member of the Mytilidac, was another

new record to me.

We continued our southward course, calling at Hebron enroute

to unload the barges and surplus goods, and then southward again

6 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 54 (1)

and homeward. In two or three days we saw the twinkling lights

of some village shore, and on September 23rd we docked at

Halifax.

The best remembered aspects of the trip were the things less

tangible than molluscs, although these are good in their place.

The bare sweep and the quietness of the hills ; the cheerfulness of

that sturdy, enterprising people, the Eskimo, as they helped us

in our work or gathered around our stove in the evening for

warmth and companionship, coffee and cigarettes; and last, and

perhaps best of all, the way Jimmy Bell, man of the Hudson's

Bay Company, and our other neighbors at Lake Harbour, adopted

us into their midst, aided us in our endeavors and entertained

us in the hearty hospitality of the north.

CIVILIZATION AND AQUATIC MOLLUSKS

BY CALVIN GOODRICH

Studies of Dr. Victor Sterki (1911) and Dr. Allan Archer

(1937) upon the adaptiveness of American molluscs to agricul-

tural, industrial and urban environments were devoted almost

wholly to the adjustments made by terrestrial forms, and in fact

particulars in regard to aquatic species were entered into only

in the case of the introduced Bythinia tcntocuhita. It is ])r()iiosed

here to deal with adaptations among fresh-water moUusks either

observed personally or chanced upon in random reading. Since

both Sterki and Archer have used the word "civilization" in the

titles of their papers I am venturing to echo them, for all that cur-

rently doubt is entertained about the existence of that state of

affairs.

Lymnaea. The favored habitat of L. hu))iilis modicclla and

obrussa in the middle west is mud flats of pasture brooks and

ponds. The snails are not adversely affected by the accumula-

tion of silt in their gills and by high summer temperatures.

Judging by their numbers they have prospered better than has

L. caperata which I recall as once associated with them in ditches

and now is seldom met with. L. columella has been found in

southern waters locally described as "hog creeks," appearing

there to be the only mollusks. An extremely turbidity and per-

July, 1940] THE NAUTILUS 7

haps some farmyard pollution have been insufifieient to brinff

about their extinction. As lonp: ajro as 1854, Dr. J. P. Kirtland

reported the occurrence of L. mcgasoma in the Mahoning River

at Alliance. Stark Co.. Ohio. When a few years af;o a collector

came to notice at Alliance, I asked him to look for the species.

He found it in fair numbers. The locality is in an industrialized

area and yticgasoma, which usually is thoufrht of as belonj^ing to

unaltered sub-boreal re^nons, might have been expected to perish

in such a place. It has done so in a bay of Lake Huron where it

was abundant in 1922, but not found livinj? eleven years later.

The marshes it occupied have been made a dumping ground by

summer cottagers. Even a slight pollution is enough apparently

to destroy L. stagyialis appressa of inland lakes of southern

Michigan, and it has seemed to me that L. palustris has been

reduced by the same sort of contamination. On the other hand,

L. reflexa, large and free of the common ferruginous deposit, has

been scooped from the discharge of a city sewer.

Helisoma. The species H. trivolvis may be rated as intrin-

sically adaptive inasmuch as it lives under a variety of conditions

even where the natural environments have not been disturbed.

It has extended the range of its habitats to water tanks, watering

troughs, field drains and like artificialities. Innumerable takings

of aquatic materials in the course of studies of fish food that have

been examined have almost alwa3's contained examples of H.

antrosum {H. anceps), and that probably points also to inherent

adaptiveness. A much more intolerant species is H. campanu-

latum, and I am inclined to believe that it is becoming rarer as

human occupany increases.

Physa. The appearance and disappearance of colonies of this

genus from one year to another make it difficult to decide whether

it can adjust itself successfully to the newer conditions, a point

that might, of course, be settled if the generations in any one

spot were continuous. P. integra has been found in a stream that

for a while came under hearty condemnation in municipal reports

for carrying more domestic wastes than natural waters. Exist-

ence there may, however, have been only temporary. Van Hyning

(1904) tells of finding P. gyrina so crowded in a spot that the

individuals were wedged together into an immovable mass. I

8 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (1)

myself found a similarly dense population of the species in a

shallow roadside ditch in northern Indiana. The reflection of

sun rays made the shells noticeable from a moving car. The

favorable conditions to reproduction, whatever they were, were

man-made.

Ferrissia. Numbers of F. tarda have been seen on stones of a

polluted river which for a stretch of miles seemingly contained no

other mollusks.

Pulmonates in general. Oil wastes in the lower part of the

Detroit River led to the filing of a lawsuit, an outstanding com-

plaint of which was that fishing had been ruined. The respon-

dent caused a survey to be made of the organic life of the area

affected. It was learned that domestic sewage associated with

the oil increased the nitrates and that these in turn increased

vegetation, phytoplankton and surface-living snails, the reaction

on fish life being altogether beneficial. While the pulmonates

L. catascopium and H. trivolvis were discovered to be in vast

numbers, the bottom-dwellers, operculates and pelecypods, were

nowhere found living within the polluted tract.

Valvata. Specimens of V. tricarinata were taken with P.

Integra in the extremely polluted stream above mentioned. Rich-

ardson (1925) studied the progressive contamination of the Illi-

nois River, which carries the refuse of Chicago. The expansion

called Peoria Lake showed a greater destructive action on living

organisms than parts below it, and the occupants of this lower

section, while still having to adapt themselves to fouled condi-

tions, were spoken of as "cleaner preference species." Among

these were V. tricarinata.

Bythinia. The introduced B. tentaculata (reintroduced in F.

C. Baker's belief) has kept so closely to the shores of tlie Great

Lakes during its occupancy of the region as to seem limited in

its range of habitats to clean, or fairly clean, waters. Yet within

the last two or tliree years Mr. Charles D. Nelson has been finding

it in the i)ollute(l Grand River at Grand Rai)ids, jMichigan. This

is about forty miles upstream from the river's discharge.

Campdoma. Richardson (1925) dredged C. suhsolidum in

parts of tlie Illinois which he described as having "bad odor and

abundant bubbling."

July, 1U40J THE NAUTILUS 9

Pleuroccra acuta and Goniohasis liviscetis. Listed by Richard-

son as "cleaner preference species" of the Illinois River. Inas-

nnuii as these two species were among the aquatic mollusks that

early advanced into the jilaciated area, indicated by Pleistocene

deposits, they may be considered innately adaptive and so are

perhaps more resistant to polluted conditions than most other

Pleuroceridae. The "winter-kill" in the case of Goniobasis may

be due to toxins liberated under the ice by decaying algae and a

sharp decrease in the amounts of dissolved oxygen as well as to

floods or which human agencies can be held responsible. It is

difficult in the circumstances to say whether natural conditions

or artificial bring about the destruction sometimes to be noted by

windrows of shells on beaches in the spring.

Unionidae. Three species of Lampsilis and one of Plagiola

were living in the Illinois River in 1923 in the parts defined by

Richardson as favorable for the "cleaner preference species."

Sphaeriidae. Richardson reported that Musculium transver-

snm had been enormously prolific in the excessively tainted Peoria

Lake. Numbers sometimes ran to 100,000 to the square yard in

1922. Repetition of dredgings disclosed that populations in-

creased from 50 to 2000 fold in the period of two years. Oxygen

available for organisms was very low. Carp which had made

Musculiut)i an important part of their food had been driven out.

Below the lake, four species of Sphaerium and four of Pisidium

were found living.

A phase of survival under conditions set up by the new "cul-

ture" has an appearance of adaptiveness that is probably decep-

tive. This may be illustrated by three instances. Ligumia recta

latissima lives in an upstream part of the Huron River of south-

ern Michigan, Lampsilis ventricosa occupies an old millrace of

the River Raisin below Tecumseh, Lenawee County, Michigan,

and Goniobasis cahawbensis and carinocostata are in an im-

pounded part of the Little Cahaba River, Jefferson County,

Alabama. All specimens taken of the four species were adult,

healthy, thick-shelled and without malformation. Yet no young

were seen. It is clear that reproduction has stayed, nullified or

rendered impossible. A plausible explanation as applying to

the mussels is provided by M. M. Ellis (1931). In partially

10 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (1)

polluted streams wherein he was seeking breeding stock he found

plenty of living Unionidae, but a large percentage of the gravid

females thereof were heavily infested with bacteria and infusoria.

A result was that "... most of the glocidia were either destroyed

leaving only the empty shells in the marsupia or were reduced to

an enfeebled condition. ..." It is reasonable to believe that

the two species of Goniohasis of Alabama were undergoing a

similar restraint on propagation.

REFERENCES

Archer, A. F., "Civilization and Land Mollusks of Ohio," Nau-

tilus, 50 (1937), 117-121.

Ellis, M. M., "Some Factors Affecting the Replacement of the

Commercial Fresh-Water Mussels," U. S. Bureau of Fish-

eries Circular 7 (1931), 7.

Richardson, R. E., "Changes in the Small Bottom Fauna of

Peoria Lake, 1920 and 1922," Bull. Natural Historv Survey

of Illinois, 15, Art. 5 (1925), 350-51, 380-81.

Richardson, R. E., "Illinois River Bottom Fauna in 1925," Bull.

Natural History Survey of Illinois, 15, Art. 6 (1925), 402-03,

415-16.

Sterki, v., "Civilization and Snails," Nautilus, 24 (1911), 98-

101.

Van Hyning, T., "A Molluscan Stampede," Nautilus, 18 (1904),

31-32.

THE SNAILS OF TED CAVE, TENNESSEE

BY LESLIE HUBRICHT

Ted Cave is situated on the west bank of Caney Fork River,

about five miles east of Smithville, DeKalb Co., Tennessee. It

is an ugly cave, without any of the formations which make many

so attractive. The floor is littered with slabs of rock fallen from

the roof, and over the.se is deposited a layer of slippery mud

acquired when the river rose and flooded the cave. It has nothing

to attract the tourist, but to tiie conchologist and evolutionist

it is of great interest.

The mouth of tiie cave is a large opening on tiio bhiff about

twenty-five feet above the river. On the right liaml sidtv a slioi-t

distance within, is an opening in tlio floor through whii-li a stream

may be seen about twenty feet below. This is Fall Creek, wiiich

July. 1940] THE NAUTILUS 11

enters the cave throu^rli a sink-hole, flows for about a cjuarter mile

uniler^M-ouuil. and enuM-<,'es on the bank of the river about forty

yards down stream. The stream cannot be reached here without

a ladder, but farther back the cave forks; a short distance alont?

the rifjht fork and down a steep, clay bank there is a small opening

in the right wall through which the stream may be reached.

The winding channel through which the stream flows is about

ten feet wide and just high enough for a man to stand erect, if

he is not too tall. The stream has a good current, and is from

six inches to a foot or more deep and from six to eight feet in

width. The bottom is composed of smooth, well-packed gravel

or sand, with an occasional large rock dropped from the roof.

Because the stream flows for several miles above ground before

it enters the cave its temperature fluctuates with the seasons,

quite warm in the summer, cold in the winter.

In the riffles the stream-bed is dotted with small snails with

light brown shells, smooth or with weak spiral striae, about 4 mm.

in diameter and would be about 6 mm. in height if the spires were

not eroded away. These have been determined by Mr. Calvin

Goodrich as a form of Lithasia obovata (Say). In the quieter

water, among the leaves and sticks washed in by floods, another

and larger snail, Goniohasis edgariana Lea, is found. Tiiis spe-

cies has a plicate-striate shell about 5 mm. in diameter and 15

mm. in length (allowing for the eroded spire).

Both of these snails represent intermediate stages in adaptation

to a subterranean life. Goniohasis edgariana has been modified

the least. The colors of the animal appear brighter, due appar-

ently to a reduction of the black pigment. The eyes are black

and probably functional. The most marked difference is in the

reduced size of the shell, being less than one-half the size of

epigean specimens. Like the above species, Lithasia ohovata has

been greatly reduced in size. The animal is white or blue-white

with a pink band across the .snout and pink tentacles. The pig-

ment has been reduced about 85 per cent. The eyes are pink

rather than black and are probably non-functional.

As far as the author was able to ascertain neither species occurs

in Fall Creek above the sink or where the stream emerges on the

bank of Caney Fork River. Both, however, are inhabitants of

the Canev Fork tributaries elsewhere.

12 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 5-4(1)

TWO NEW SNAILS OF THE GENUS CAMPELOMA

FROM ONTARIO

BY N. T. MATTOX

Miami University

The snails herein described were collected in two different

localities of southern Ontario, Canada. The specimens of Campe-

loma leptum n. sp., were taken by M. S. Ferguson from a mill

pond near St. Thomas, Ontario, representing three collections

taken during the summers of 1936 and 1937. The samples of

C. taniwim n. sp. were gathered by J. C. Medcof and J. Oughton

from the Speed River near Hespeler, Ontario, in two collections,

1932 and 1937.

For a comparison with the two species here described, the

writer has examined specimens of C. milesii and C. decisum.

The specimens of C. milesii were collected at Grosse Isle, Michi-

gan, and presented to the writer by Dr. van der Schalie. Ap-

proximately 300 specimens of this collection were carefully

examined for comparisons. Of those examined all were females,

suggesting that this species is also a "female species." Eight

specimens of C. decisum from the North River, Lexington, Vir-

ginia, were loaned by Dr. Paul Bartsch of the U. S. National

Museum, All of these animals were also females.

The writer is indebted to Dr. M. S. Ferguson. Dr. J. C. Medcof,

Dr. H. van der Schalie, Dr. Paul Bartsch, and Mr. J. Oughton

for contributing the specimens used in the present study. He is

also appreciative of the generous advice and assistance given liim

by Mr. Frank C. Baker.

Type specimens will be filed in tiie U. S. National Museum and

paratypes in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadoliiliia.

Campeloma leptum n. sp. Plate 1, figs. 1, 2, 3.

As previously mentioned, those snails were taken from a mill

pond near St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada. The total mimber of

individuals in the three samples is approximately 2,000, of which

the writer has critically examined about 700. Since no male

individuals have been encountered in these examinations, it has

been concluded that C Upturn is a "female species" like C.

July. 1940] THE NAUTILUS 13

rufum. Tlio latter has previously been shown b^' the writer

(1938)* to be a "female species," or parthenogenetie. No sinis-

tral shells were encountered in this species.

Shell: Elonjrate-ovate, subfusiforni, very thin; color lijrht olive,

throujrh dark «rreen ; surface smooth, lines of «rrowth fine; very

fine, indistinct, revolvinfi: striae which are epidermal; apex nar-

row and pointed, sutures deeply impressed ; spire lon<; and

pointed, markedly conical and acute, no erosion; whorls six or

more, flatly rounded; sutures very deeply impressed; aperture

elongate-ovate, more ovate, rounded below and above, bluish

within ; peristome sharply acute ; columellar wall of aperture cov-

ered by a callous appressed to the parietal wall in a nearly

straijrht line; lower part of the inner lip is deflected and erect,

and is incompletely imperforate leaving: a small chink.

The following measurements represent those of ten individuals

taken at random from the collections.

L. 27.8 ; W. 16.1 ; Ap. L. 12.5 ; Ap. W. 9.8 mm.

L. 27.5 ; W. 15.6 ; Ap. L. 11.9 ; Ap. W. 10.0 mm.

L. 27.2; W. 16.0; Ap. L. 12.6 ; Ap. W. 10.1 mm.

L. 25.8 ; W. 15.5 ; Ap. L. 11.8 ; Ap. W. 9.6 mm.

L. 25.0 ; W. 14.5 ; Ap. L. 11.4 ; Ap. W. 9.0 mm.

L. 24.5 ; W. 14.6 ; Ap. L. 11.1 ; Ap. W. 9.1 mm.

L. 24.4 ; W. 14.0 ; Ap. L. 11.2 ; Ap. W. 9.1 mm.

L. 2;:}.7 ; W. 14.3 ; Ap. L. 11.0 ; Ap. W. 9.1 mm.

L. 22.8 ; W. 13.9 ; Ap. L. 10.7 ; Ap. W. 8.6 mm.

L. 22.7 ; W. 13.4 ; Ap. L. 10.6 ; Ap. W. 8.5 mm.

Operculum: Elongate-ovate, lower margin rounded, apex nar-

rowly rounded, right margin rounded, left margin concave toward

the apex, producing an in-curved tip; nucleus situated medially

near the columellar, or left nuirgin ; markings concentric; the

operculum is thin and horny. It fits the aperture snugly when

drawn in deeply.

Animal: In living conditions the foot is very light, steel gray,

heavily pigmented with orange spots (gives an orange appear-

ance) ; tentacles dark gray, less pigmented; rostrum lighter pig-

mented with orange; body gives a light cream appearant-e, almost

white; thin scattering of yellow-orange pigment over lateral sur-

face of mantle, dorsal mantle surface with thin scattering of black

pigment ; black jngment on digestive glantl. Albumen gland

cream color; albumen loop (oviduct) yellow in first ])ortion, pink

in upper portion; follicles of digestive gland light, olive green,

inter-follicular spaces white; ctenidia very long, extending to

1 Jour. Morph., Vol. 62, No. 2, 243-261.

14

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 54 (1)

very near edge of mantle, pink on ventral edge, short side white ;

osphradinm, a high ridge, gray pigmented; vaginal tube pink;

rectum light gray.

I mrn-

Ventral view of surfaces of kidney of: 7, Camptloma hptinn; 9, C.

tannum; 11, C. decisum ; 13, C. milrsi.

Cross section througli point "B" of the kiilney of: 8, C. Icptum; 10, C.

tannum; 12, C. decisum; 14, C. itulcsi.

The kidney (Fig. 7) is extremely elongated and narrowed,

being hoi-n shaped. As shown by the cros.s-section (Fig. 8), it is

very high ridged. The urinary aperture is h)ng and narrow

with well-defined papillae and is located sliglitly anterior to tiie

July, li)40] THE nautilus 15

medial apex of the ^'land (point B). The ren()-i)ericanlial aper-

ture is more {)romineiit than in other speeies. The mantle eavity

surt'aee of the jrland (B-C-D) is very narrow and elont,'ated.

The proportions of the rid<j:e A-B to the ridfie B-D are 4 to 5.

The same proportions for dccisuni {F\\s. 11) are G to 5 and for

milcsii (Pi^'. 13) 4 to 3.

C. leptum closely resembles C. decisum, but differs in the ex-

tremely thin shell, darker pijjment of epidermis, and more elon-

gated shell. The sutures are more deeply impressed, the aperture

is more nearly round and the operculum is thinner and has a more

pronounced concave left margin. The average width of the shell

is 60% of the length, that of decisum, 57% ; aperture width is

80% of the aperture length, that of decisum, 72% ; aperture

length 45% of length of the shell, decisum, 48% ; aperture width

of the shell width 62%, decisum 60%. The extremely elongated

kidney is also a character differing from the kidneys of all other

species. It is believed by the waiter that the shape and propor-

tions of the surfaces of the kidneys and its apertures may be

used as specific characters. This has been determined after an

examination of the kidneys of nine species of the genus.

Campeloma taxnum n. sp. Plate 1, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Specimens of this species were collected in the Speed River

near Hespeler, Ontario. The writer has critically examined ap-

proximately 150 individuals of this species, all of which were nor-

mal, dextral females. It has been assumed from this examination

that this is also a "female species," as are C. leptum and C.

rufum.

Shell: Ovate-elongate, relatively thin; color a very light brown

or tan to a pale green ; surface very smooth, lines of growth not

prominent, revolving striae absent or nearly so; apex very long

and narrow, sutures well impressed, but not deep; spire long,

conical, no erosion; whorls generally six, rounded; sutures not

deeply impressed ; aperture ovate-elongate, more ovate, well-

rounded below, slightly channeled, definitely pink within; peri-

stome sharp; columellar wall of aperture with callus tightly

appressed to parietal wall, with a brownish edge of a slightly

sigmoid shape, completely imperforate.

The following measurements are of specimens taken at random

from the collections.

16 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (1)

L. 31.9; W. 19.9

L. 28.3; W. 16.6

L. 23.3 ; W. 14.5

L. 23.2 ; W. 14.2

L. 22.0; W. 13.5

L. 22.0; W. 14.0

L. 20.3; W. 13.2

L. 19.7 ;W. 12.6

L. 19.4: W. 12.8

Ap. L. 14.2 ; Ap. W. 12.0 mm.

Ap. L. 13.5 ; Ap. W. 11.3 mm.

Ap. L. 11.8; Ap. W. 9.4 mm.

Ap. L. 11.6 ; Ap. W. 9.1 mm.

Ap. L. 11.5 ; Ap. W. 9.0 mm.

Ap. L. 11.4; Ap. W. 9.0 mm.

Ap. L. 10.2 ; Ap. W. 8.5 mm.

Ap. L. 10.0 ; Ap. W. 8.2 mm.

Ap. L. 10.0; Ap. W. 8.1mm.

L. 18.3; W. 12.1; Ap.L. 9.6;Ap. W. 7.9 mm.

Operculum: Broadly ovate-elongate; lower marofin rounded,

apex narrowly rounded, rig-ht margin rounded, left margin nearly

straight only slightly concave, but not producing a curved apex ;

nucleus sub-central, near the columellar or left margin ; markings

concentric ; thin and horny.

Animal: The living animal has not been examined. In alcohol

specimens, there is an indication of a dark pigmentation over the

entire body; tentacles are very dark; darker pigmentation over

the digestive gland. Albumen gland light in color, very com-

pactly compressed ; albumen loop very long ; ctenidia very wide,

short side very short ; osphradium small, a low ridge not extend-

ing very far along the gill; vaginal tube, rectum and urethral

aperture well marked.

The kidney (Fig. 9) is very wide and heavy. The posterior

surface (A-B-C) is very broad; the mantle cavity surface

(B-C-D) is rather short and triangular. The urinary aperture

is nearer the medial apex (point B) than in Ivptum. The pro-

portions of the ridge A-B to the ridge B-D are 7 to 4 as against

those of 4 to 5 for leptiim, 6 to 5 for decisum, and 4 to 3 for milesii.

C. tannum is intermediate between C- decisum and milesii, not

as elongate as decisum, decisum is more flat-sided, nor as wide or

full as milesii. The pink color of the aperture opening is very

similar to that of rufnm, however, tannum has a much thinner

shell and is more elongate than ritfutu. C. iauuum is similar to

the foregoing species, Icptum, but differs in tlie epidermal color,

inner color of the shell, shape of the operculum, and in not being

as narrow as Icptum. The lieavy kidney of tliis species is similar

only to that of inte<jrum, which is very (liU'crcnt in its nnich

heavier shell to tannum. The average width of the shell is 62%

of its length, that of decisum 57%, milesii 66%, Icptum 60%;

aperture width is 81.5% of the aperture length, that of decisum

72%, milesii 85% ; aperture length 49% of the shell length, of

July, 1940] Tin; nautilus 17

dtcisum 489f. milcsii 55/< , Upturn 45V< ; aperture width is 64%

of the shell width, decisum 60 9<, niilcsii 66%, leptum 62%.

A NEW HELISOMA FROM THE PLIOCENE

OF FLORIDA

BY FRANK C. BAKER

Helisoma clewistonense sp. nov. PI. 1, fig. 8.

Shell of four whorls, very rapidly increasing in size, the body

whorl very capacious ; spire very small, depressed below the level

of the body whorl, occupying about one-fifth of the diameter of

the shell (spire 3 mm., shell 16 mm. diameter) ; base broad, the um-

bilical opening small, round, deep ; base shows a trifle more than

two whorls; sculpture of coarse growth lines, almost thread-like,

and on the body whorl near the aperture raised into regular

ridges; there are evidences of spiral lines; aperture somewhat

auriform, narrowed and angled above, very wide below where the

lower lip is effuse and is much in advance of the upper lip, form-

ing a distinct "shelf": the lower lip is roundly curved and bent

downward ; there is a heavy callus on the columella which merges

into the upper and lower lip ; at the upper angle of the aperture

the type shows two lips, an old one 6.5 mm. back of the last one.

Height 10.5 ; major diam. 15.5 ; lesser diam. 11.5 ; aper. height

9.0 ; diam. 6.0 mm.

Locality : Clewiston, Florida, in Pliocene strata.

This fossil species differs from any Helisoma observed from

Florida. It appears nearest to the Mexican form known as Heli-

soma tenue chapalense Pils. from Lake Chapala, near Guadala-

jara, Mexico. It differs from that race in its narrower, smaller

spire, more capacious body whorl, smaller umbilical area, and in

the .shape of the aperture. It is also of greater axial height.

This species is totally unlike the common group of shells included

in the subgenus Seminolina. It is a true Helisoma of the sub-

genus Pierosoma. A series of this shell is a desideratum to show

the range of variation.

Holotype ; U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 515222.

18 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (1)

LAND MOLLUSCA OF A RUDERAL FIELD COM-

MUNITY IN NORTH CENTRAL ALABAMA

BY ALLAN F. ARCHER

In connection with ecological work done in the interests of the

Department of Conservation of Alabama I had occasion to make

observations and collections at Museoda, Jefferson County, Ala-

bama. This locality is of peculiar interest as illustrating an

optimum type of molluscan assemblage in open country.

The locality is a low mountain range of rather submature

topography lying within the industrial district of Bessemer and

and adjacent to the Birmingham District. In this area the range

has been totally deforested, and has remained treeless at least

half a century. The timber was cut during the earlier days of

iron-ore mining. Today it presents an aspect of open fields with

many thickets of shrubs and very young trees. Grassland pre-

dominates here, and the thickets are of only minor value to local

animal life. There is not a single feature that is suggestive of

the former forest cover, although there are similar mountain

ranges in north central Alabama that are in forest. The timber

of this locality was sacrificed to the necessities of mining, and

has not been allowed to stage a comeback. Portions of the slope

are scarred with deep pits, and there is a minor amount of gully-

ing. Cattle and rabbits constitute the more conspicuous mam-

mals of the locality.

The local soil is very red and of a clay-sand constituency. It

is decomposed from sandstone of the Red Mountain formation.

It is fairly rich in lime, in fact so rich that the iron ore mined

from the area is self-fluxing. Because of the richness of the soil

it is not surprising that a vigorous mollusk fauna should be

present, rather in contrast with the few species found in ruderal

fields in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain of Alabama. Tiie local

association with limestone is not at all surprising wiien we con-

sider that Museoda is located in the Api^tMlacliiaii V;illcy Physio-

graphic Province.

The grassland which covers four-fifths of the ground surface

forms a good, consistent, erosion-resistant sod. However, the

grasses and ground plants exist in tufts (characteristic of the

July, i;)40J THE NAUTILUS 19

warm temperate zone) in contrast with the toufrh, crowded sod of

some open fields in the northern United States. Tlie vejietatioa

is of weekly eiiaracter and is roufjhly as follows: Grasses, par-

ticularly Andrupu(jon and PanicH)>i, annual weeds, ferns (rare),

Rhus copalliua (frequent), Toxicodendron radicans, T. toxico-

dendron, Lonicera japonica, Vitis rotundifolia, Smilax glaucal,

Platanus occidentalis (out of place ecolo^'ically, but characteristic

of fields), Liqiiidambar atyracifolia, Hicoria alba, Qucrcus velu-

tina. Pinus echinata (rare). All the arboreal species exist in

scattered thickets, are only a few feet hijrh and about the size of

the sumac. Rocks and stones are scattered over the area, but are

not utilized as shelter by the snails.

Of interest as indicators of open-land conditions are some of

the following spiders recorded from the locality : Xysticus audax

Hentz, Theridion differens Emerton, Latrodectus mactans Fabri-

cius, Leucauge venusta Walckenaer, Cyclosa turbinata Walck-

enaer, Neoscona minima Cambrid<2:e.

The following Mollusca were found :

1. Philomycus caroliniamis Bosc. Under rotten wood in grass.

1 specimen.

2. Deroccras laeve gracile Rafinesque. Crawling on grass. 1

specimen.

3. Retinella cryptomphala form solida H. B. Baker. Under

leaves on borders of thickets. 2 specimens.

4. Mesomphix pilsbryi Clapp. Base down in soil, either under

leaves of thickets or in dense grass. 11 specimens.

5. Polygyra plicata Say. Under leaves or plant trash close to

thickets or in thickets; also at bases of grass tufts. 8 specimens.

6. Stenotrema stenotrcma "Fcrussac" Pfeiffer. Connnoncst

in tufts of grass, concentrated in the vicinity of a gully, but scat-

tered thinly elsewhere ; also in leaves at border of thickets. 18

specimens.

7. Mesodon rngeli Shuttleworth. Between leaf mold and bare

soil in thickets, or in grass tufts in open areas. 12 specimens.

8. Strobilops labyrinthica Say. In thin leaf trash on lower

border of a thicket. 1 specimen.

10. Succinea avara Say. Either in grass tufts or in leaf mold

in thickets. 5 specimens.

20 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (1)

11. OJygyra orhiciilata Say. Especially common at borders of

thickets in leaves. The immatures are quite hirsute. 8 speci-

mens.

None of the species above listed are exceptional, but are quite

apt to be found in open country in various parts of the state.

The two least likely to be found are the Philoniycus and the

Strohilops. Most of the species are rather small and of xerophil-

ous propensities. The only larg:e one in the list is Mesomphix

pilshryi which occurs in open country in Alabama and Georgia.

It is the commonest Mesomphix in the city of Montgomery.

MOLLUSKS FROM POINT ISABEL IN TEXAS

BY H. B. STENZEL

Many malacologists have pointed out that very little is known

concerning the distribution of marine mollusks along the coasts

of Texas and adjoining Mexico. In order to further our knowl-

edge of the distribution, a list of mollusks from Point Isabel is

given below. Point Isabel is in Cameron County, Texas, near

the southernmost tip of the State on the shore of the Gulf of

Mexico. It lies on the delta of the Rio Grande.

The collection was made by members of the Bureau of Eco-

nomic Geology. The preservation is very poor because the col-

lection was made on the beach. However, according to Dr. II. A.

Pilsbry, it is perfectly adequate to establish distribution. Iden-

tifications were made by Mr. William T. Clarke, Jr., and R. A.

McLean, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

The writer wishes to express his thanks to these gentlemen.

Gastropoda

Biilla occidentalis Adams Sironhus pugilis alatus Gmel.

Poliniccs duplicata Say Scmicassis yibha (Jmol.

Sinum pcrspcctivum Say Murcx flavvscins Sowb.

Crcpidula fornicata L. Thais fioridana Conrad

Architectonica granvlaia Lam. Bnsycon pcrvcrsum L.

Littorina irroratu Say Busycun pyrum Dillw.

Pelecypoda

Nuculana acuta Conr. Area chcninitzi Phil.

Area campechiinsis Giiiel. Area transversa Say

July. 1940]

THE NAUTILUS

21

^4 ;•(•(/ umbonata Lam.

Area occidcntalis Pliil.

Xoifia pofuh rosa Say

At r I no ri<iidii Dilhv.

Atrina serrata Sowb.

Ostrca rirginica Gniol.

Spondijlus americajius Lam.

Pictin gibbus Lam.

Pcctcn gibbus amplicostatiis

Dall.

Anomid simplex d'Orb.

Mytilus rccurvus Raf.

Echitwchama arcindla L.

Lucina pcctinatus Gmel.

Loripinus chrysostoma Phil.

Cardium muricatum L.

Cardium robustiim Sol.

Lacvicardium serration L.

Laevieardium mortoni Conr.

Dosinia discus Reeve

Dosinia concentrica Born

Pitar tcxasiana Dall

Chione cancellata L.

Chione intt purpurea Conr.

Chione latilirata Conr.

Venus campi ehii nsis Gmol.

Petricola pholadiformis Lam.

Tellina tenera Conr.

Tellina tampacnsis Conr.

Maconia constricta Bruff.

Macoma tagcliformis Dall

Semelc proficua Pult.

Abra aequalis Say

Donax denticulata L.

Donax variabilis Say

Tagelus gibbus Spengl.

Mactra fragilis Gmel.

Mulinia lateralis corbuloidcs

Desh.

Eangia flexuosa Conr.

Labiosa canaliculata Say

Barnea costata L.

NERITINA VIRGINEA L., IN JAMAICA, B. W. L

BY E. A. ANDREWS

INTRODUCTION

The present paper seeks to describe localities where the gas-

teropod Neritina virginea L. was collected in 1910 and 1932, and

to correlate size and pattern of shell with environment.

Collections were made : in Northern Jamaica in sea water at

White House and at Sandy Bay ; in saline estuarine waters at Mo

Bay in the Brackish Pond and the Lagoon of the mouth of the

Montego River; in the fresh waters of a stream at Port Antonio

and the Town Creek of Mo Bay and Mount Pleasant stream,

as well as the rivers Retirement, Montego, Flint, Great, "West

Lucea ; in Southern Jamaica : Fort Clarence Salt Pond ; Rock

Port Spring and the rivers Black and Cabaritta.

DESCRIPTIONS OF LOCALITIES

1. White House Shore, Mo Bay. Along the north coast are

stretches of reef leaving quiet shallow shore waters with fine limy

22 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (1)

bottoms with algae and gasteropods. One such is a few miles

East of Mo Bay, near the town quarry and stone crusher, with

shore fringed with mangrove. In 1910 a few small shells, and

in July 1932, locality not changed and many crawling scattered

one or two to square foot amidst eel grass but two inches in height.

Water clear and quiet, gravity taken five feet from shore 4 inches

deep and also 20 feet out and 6 inches deep, the same, with air

and water both 30.8° to 31.2° C. On a few large stones were

Nerita versicolor and Nerita tesselata. A half mile farther East

many dead shells and fragments midst dead eel grass cast up

under mangroves.

2. Sandy Bay. Another like region West of Mo Bay back of

the village Avhere shore is low and planted with cocoanut, yielded

many crawling near the shore in August 1910, along with many

inhabited by hermits and many bored by some mollusk. In July

1932 the locality was little changed, conchs and other gasteropods

taken by natives to sell to tourists. The snails have a high polish

yet are not conspicuous on fine limy bottom with dwarf eel grass

and mossy alga, crawling in 2-10 inches clear water exposed to

full sunshine from shore out 150 feet to a sand bar, bare at low

tide. Some shells and small lime pebbles bore e^^^ capsules. In

a half hour with the aid of women and children gathered near

quart, but of these 894 proved Nerita tristis, resembling larger

banded N. virginea. A half mile to West the same environment,

minus the human element, yielded many scattered again only few

to the square foot, in water 2-6 inches 20 feet out and 8 inches 150

feet out, with temperatures from 29.9° to 31.3° when air was 30°

to 31.8°.

3. Great Salt Pond, Fort Clarence. This large body of saline

water near Kingston Harbor is at times open to the sea and had

a varying population as collected in 1891, 1910, 1932, and 1936 ;

the main results are indicated in the table and more details ])ul)-

lished elsewhere ("Ecology"— 1940).

4. Montcgo River Lagoon. At the mouth of this river on edge

of pasture .set with cocoanut the sea had thrown a sand barrier

125 feet wide, forming a lagoon 250 feet long parallel to shore

and into it entered a little stream, Little Pye River, near the

mouth ol' which there were gre;it herds of snails on sand, in shal-

July. 1J)40] THK NAUTILUS 23

low water, jratliereil by handt'uls as 7-8 (iiiarls, rnd ol" Au^'ust

1910.

The sea outside the bar was affected by the two rivers so that

its density was read as 1.0034-1.0048. In July 1932 no snails

were found ; the rejjion was entirely ehang:ed ; cane fields had

extended and the Little Pye had been diverted into Montego

farther up. to leave fields free of floods ; sand flats and lajxoon had

disappeared.

5. Brackish Pond, Mo Bay. This is a T-shaped pool near the

iron hull of an old ship and was evidently an old mouth of the

Montego River, 150 feet back of it and sometimes overflowing

fresh water into it.

The length of the stem of the T was 325 feet, and its larger

arm, toward the town, 300 feet, and the smaller, 200 feet; the

width was 50 feet, and the greatest depth, 15 feet.

In 1910, long cut off from the harbor by a sand beach 125 feet

wide, the end toward the beach was but a few inches deep and on

sand and green algae just below, as well as above the water line,

browsed dense herds, .so that handfuls were easily collected in

June, July, and August.

It then functioned as a trap in which marine organisms were

held captive and subject to changes in salinity. Its fauna in-

eluded twelve sorts of fish : namely, 5 species of Snapper, Jack,

Yellow Coat, Gar, Barracuda, Eloj) saurus, Mullet, Darter, and

Shad. A dozen sorts of Crustacea, blue crab, Zoeas of some crab,

white crab, Cardisoma guahnhumi, mangrove crab, Goniopsis

cruentata Latreille, our Panopeus hcrbstii Milne Edwards, small

shrimp, Upogebia affinis, large Callianassa-torm Lepidopthalmus

(then undescribed), Amphipod, Alphcus, Stomatopod larva,

Ostracods, and Barnacles. Such mollusca as Mytilus, thick

oyster and nudibranchs, with sea anemone larvae; Ctenophores

and yellow sponges along with algae near the bank, and a patch

of eel grass.

In July 1932, a canoe entered against a strong wide outflow

across the beach and no snails were found in this greatly changed

end of the pond; moreover, mangrove and other trees had been

cut and shore toward the town used as a dump for rubbish that

overflowed into the greater arm of the pond. Near the blind end

24 THE XAUTILL'S [VoL. 54 (1)

of this, snails were browsing, scattered over sreen slime on tire

casings, horns, and parts of cattle skulls, bottles, pots, shoes, etc.

6. Toicn Creek. Mo Bay. In July 1910. water from the large

City Spring, in its bricked housing, was used for an adjacent

washing shed and the soapy water discharged into the creek.

From the spring the Creek ran to the harbor between walls with

about a foot of water that floated a rowboat. over bottom with

stringy mould or bacterial growths, small fish, and tadpoles.

Scattered on the bottom and crowded in shade of cut-out bottom

of waU. a quart of snails collected in a few minutes along with

some .V. punctulata. and many XeriiiUa succinea. In July 1932

no snails could be found: the wash house was no longer; men

were digging out deep sand from the creek, bearing tufts of alga

above and contaminated below, where enteriag harbor. In the

spring were small fish and clear shrimp, while square crabs ran

on wall

7. Pari Antonio. In 1S91. IS dark shells along with 28 .V.

punciulaia were taken on and under stones with algal growths

in dark woods at trail crossing of small brook up the hill near

reservoir. In 1S96 or 1897 Dr. F. S. Conant sent Dr. Metcalf 500

somewhat smaller. 6-9 mm., shells from some stream in Port

Antonio, possibly at saline mouth, like those Metcalf took in Great

Salt Pond. Ft. Clarence, but with yeUow in place of white back-

ground.

July 1932 : a vain search for any in springs and streams about

reservoir and all along East Town River; yet natives aver these

fresh water "bossu" come out at night and might be found

"tomorrow." and that they are delicious cooked and picked out,

but do not go into sea where there is another sort. Xerita. Appar-

ently greatly increased population with added cultivation has

nearly exterminated these river snails here.

8. Cabariiia Biver. July 1932 : abundant upon cement foun-

dations of highway bridge West of Sav la Mar ; a handful in a few

minutes, at surface and larger two inches down in dense dark

algae, exposed to full sun except under bridge. Water drunk by

natives, and just below bridge clothes are washed, but boats come

up from sea.

9. Broad Biver branch of Black Biver. July 1932 : by rowboat

up about mile to first large branch of Black River and collect at a

July, 1940] THE NAUTILUS 25

turn where a central j^roup of waterlily flowers and serrated

leaves ("pancakes") and cocoanut leaves stuck down six feet to

muddy bottom by fishermen. Snails with epgr capsules on these

leaves and stems and on Ruppia maritina L., from surface down

several feet. Strong: outward current, water dark coffee-colored,

tasted fresh, but natives said was more brackish at hi?:h tide, with

immature bivalves of Mytilopsis leucopJiacta Conrad, the alga,

Compsopogon aeruginosus J. A., living: serpulas in tubes and

bro\sTi and green sponges, identified by Dr. Penny in 1933 as

probably SpongiUa.

Also some distance down river along banks on plants such as

water hyacinth, more of these peculiar smooth, dark forms that

may be what C. B. Adams found here and called Neritina tene-

bricosa.

10. West Lucea River. July 1910: quart and a half in half

hour; clear water 6 inches to 2| feet, scattered over densely

shaded, dark gravel bottom and more numerous on floating logs

and bamboos, reached by rowboat half mile above main road.

Also half mile farther up where road crossed by ford at washing

place, many snails on puddingstone rock in water 2 feet depth.

July 1932: both East and West Lucea Rivers swollen muddy

flood, but up "West Lucea River where road crosses on high bridge

at Eton sign post, above and below bridge, waist deep rapid

muddy stream, scattered widely on dark pebbles, scarce, but

several on few larger stones. Egg capsules on small stones.

11. Flint River. August 1910: on and under dark stones of

dark bottom, under bridge where main road cros.ses, also in full

sunshine of pasture above bridge, rapid cool water, some in

spring on bank.

July 1932 : under bridge and 20 feet upstream rapid, clear cold

stream 6-18 inches penetrated by sunshine, on w^hite flint and

dark stones with more N. puuctulata and A'^. siiccinca. Great num-

bers of egg capsules of all three, especially along depressions,

often 20-^0 per square inch, but also scattered widely over sur-

faces of stones.

12. Mt. Pleasant Stream. July 1932: rapid clear, little over

foot deep, below culvert under main road from S. Nigril to Green

Bay, scattered 5-10 to square foot, on small stones with algal

26 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (1)

tufts with equally numerous Ncritilia succinea and fewer N.

punctulaia; many egg capsules of all three.

13. Montego River. August 1910 : end of rowboat access about

mile from mouth, back of Barnett Mill, numerous in rapid stream

from mill race and on stone abutment, feeding on microscopic

green algae, and in cold spring on bank, also some few on stones

of sluice and in river. 2^ quarts.

July 1932 : by canoe to back of Mill, on stones in rapid shallow

river.

Montego River Bridge. June 1910 : on stones under bridge of

main road above Mill; | quart with few N. punctulata.

July 1932 : many at and near surface, felt do\m to 6 inches on

stones and masonry under bridge in slime exposed to full sun-

shine, in rapid turbid stream.

14. Great River. June 1910 : head of rowboat access, foot of

cascade and remnants of dam, on stones and logs, rapid stream,

near surface and on wet rocks in depressions where alga abundant

and near holes in old sluice, with N. punctulata.

Late July : water muddy and rising in freshet ; felt for under

loose stones, adherent while the more expanded N. punctulata

fall off into torrent, herds of Neritilia, 50-100 under some stones.

Very dense crowd in depression bearing moss and algae, in

square foot 64 N. virginea, 765 N. punctulata, chiefly young of

several broods.

July 1932 : rowboat mile from mouth to about same locality.

Most of the shells so badly encrusted as to distort shape and lime

dissolved in acid reveals green algal threads.

Wading waist deep in torrent feel shells several to square foot

on stones, rocks and old tree trunks; do not fall off though most

are N. punctulata. Egg capsules of both abundant on all stones

and cocoanut leaves in water. Tliose of N. punctulata loss abun-

dant, may be deeper. Very many Neritilia.

15. Redding, or Retirement, River. July 1910: where fine

clear stream rushes across road, supporting water hyacinths, to

supply native washerwomen below road, on stones. Many re-

pairing injured shells; correlated with wheel and hoof traffic on

road.

July 1932: no shells to be found, though stream si ill supported

July. 1940] THE NAUTILUS 27

hyacinths, but workmen paviu}; tlie road to let water flow across

without niirinp: autos; stream below jiartly diverted to a tannery.

Rock Port Spring. 1932: small pool with larfje outrush of

clear fresh water close to brink of salt water of harbor opposite

quarry, said to have ari.sen after earthquake of 1907, with N.

punctulaia, on bottom with stones and algae.

(To be continued)

MOLLUSKS OF THE OQUIRRH AND STANSBURY

MOUNTAINS IN UTAH

BY DAVID T. JONES, M.S., Ph.D.

Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Utah

This study was undertaken in a rejrion that no malacolojrist

would select for good collecting. The object was to find out w'hat

was there, if anything. The results have been quite surprising

and informative. The comparatively barren Oquirrh and Stans-

bury Ranges, immediately south of Great Salt Lake, receive very

much less precipitation than the Wasatch Range to the east. The

vegetation in most places is scanty and of the desert type, which

conditions are very unfavorable for mollusks. The study includes

the intervening Tooele and Stockton Valleys, also the eastern

slopes of the Oquirrh Range in Jordan Valley.

The author has personally collected in all the localities, but was

accompanied by one or more persons on each trip, who were the

drivers and who also aided in collecting. These persons were,

for each locality (as given by number), as follows: Perry Plum-

mer for localities (1), (6), (13), (15), (16), and (17); Frank

F. Daughters for (2), (4), and (5) ; Thomas A. Hopkins for (3),

(14), (20), and (21) ; Thomas Hopkins and Harden Rowland for

(4) second time, (18), (19), and (22) ; and Calvin A. Richins for

(7), (8), (9), (10), (11), and (12). Acknowledgment is made

to the Zoology Department of the University of Utah for financing

both trips in which Thomas Hopkins was driver; also on the same

trips to the federal student aid (then F.E.R.A.) for driver's

compensation. All collections recorded in this article were made

in the spring of 1936.

Localities and stations are as given alphabetically below, the

numbers being those used in the preceding paragraph, also in the

28 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 54 (1)

sj^stematic list that follows: (1) Bingham, Utah — Bingham Can-

yon, one-half mile below the tow^n, on a rock slide; (2) Cedar

Valley, Utah — a station three miles east of town in drift mate-

rial along a small creek that arose in the Oquirrh Mts. ; (3)

Clover, Utah — Fisher's Pass, ten niDes west of town, between the

Stansbury and Onaqui Mts.; (4) Fairfield, Utah — in or near the

town; (5) Fairfield, Utah — Five Mile Pass, five miles west of

town, on the top of a wind-swept peak to the south of the pass,

under cedars; (6) Garfield, Utah — one mile west of the smelter;

(7) Grantsville, Utah — southwest edge of town; (8) Grantsville,

Utah — one-half mile east of town; (9) Grantsville, Utah — north-

west of town, near the point of the Stansbury Mts., on a salt flat

in a pool formed by fresh water seepage; (10) Grantsville, Utah

— mouth of South Willow Canyon ; (11) Grantsville, Utah — South

Willow Canyon, four and one-half miles from mouth; (12)

Grantsville, Utah — South Willow Canyon, six miles from mouth ;

(13) Herriman, Utah — Rose Canyon, seven miles from the mouth,

near a damp spring-box; (14) Lake Point, Utah — two miles west

of Lake Point; (15) Lark, Utah — at the mouth of Butterfield

Canyon, in an area partially denuded by fire and overgrazed by

sheep, in underbrush; (16) Lark, Utah — Butterfield Canyon, five

miles from the mouth, a woodland habitat; (17) Magna, Utah —

in and near the town; (18) Mercur, Utah — between Manning

Silver Mine and Mercur; (19) Mercur, Utah — one mile west of

the old ghost-town ruins of Mercur, which at the time we collected

were adjoined by the Mercur mining camp, mostly of tents; (20)

Stockton, Utah — three miles south of town at Rush Lake, the

remnant of the lake that once filled the valley; (21) Tooele, Utah

— in or near town; and (22) West Mercur, Utah — on the road

leading to St. Johns, somewhat west of the gliost-town ruins of

West Mercur, under a thicket of scrub oak, along a creek arising

in the Ophir region of the Oquirrh Mts.

The species obtained are listed in systematic order below:

Pisidium variabilc Prime — Locality (4), two valves.

Vallonia pulchdla (Miiller) — (17), four living specimens.

Yallonia alhula Storki — (7), two shells; (18), one shell; (4), two

juvenile specimens, probably of this species; (22), several liv-

ing S{)C('illUMlS.

Vallonia (jracilico.sla (Reinh.) — (2), five shells.

July, 1940 J THE NAUTILUS 29

Orcolwlix sfrigosd (hprcssa (CockvvoU) — (19), sevoral shells, one

of wliii'li approaclu'd "form (jahbiana'^ \ (11), two shells, one

of which was hijrh-spired ; (1), ei<,'ht shells, five of which showed

two distinct but narrow color bands. All were low-spired but

one. This approximated "form gahbiana^' ; (2), one immature

shell; (3), several, hiprh-spired specimens, some of which were

alive; (15), a few fra^nnents of shells.

Microphysula iiujcrsoUi (Bland) — (16), twenty-three living

specimens, some of which were juveniles.

PupUla hlandi Mor.se — (22), one shell; (19), seven specimens,

some livin<r; (21), one, livin^r; (5), five adults and twelve juve-

niles, many of which were alive; mature shells with dentition.

Vitrina alaskana Dall — (15), two shells; (16), eight, living; (11),

seven, living; (12), eight, living; (13), two, living; (10), one

shell; (19), several, some alive; (18), one shell; (3), several,

living; (21), several, living.

Eucojiuhis fulvus alaskeiisis Pilsbry — (16), two worn shells;

(12), one shell; (11), eleven specimens, a few- alive; (7), one

immature shell.

Zonitoides arboreus (Say) — (15), two w^orn shells; (16), sixteen

specimens, a few alive; (13), four, alive; (11), four shells.

Deroceras agreste (L.) — (21), two living specimens.

Discus cronkhitei (Newcomb) — (3), several living specimens, the

body whorls of many very abruptly descending.

Discus cronkhitei anthonyi (Pilsbry) — (16), three shells; (2),

two shells.

Stagnicola palustris nuttalliana (Lea) — (8), many dead shells;

(20), one shell; (4) several living juveniles.

Fossaria modicella rustica (Lea) — (14), three living specimens.

Fossaria obrussa (Say) — (4), several living specimens.

Gxjraulus vcrmicularis (Gould) — (20), five living specimens; (4),

ten living specimens.

Physa ampuUacca Gould — (8), two shells; (4), twenty-six living

specimens; (20), four living specimens.

Amnicola limosa (Say) — (21), several, alive, shells encrusted with

mud; (21), another set, subfossil ; (4), two shells, subfossil.

Paludcstrina longinqua (Gould) — (13), one shell; (6), many,

alive; (9), many, living; (20), many, living.

30 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (1)

MOLLUSCA OF ZION NATIONAL PARK, UTAH

BY WENDELL O. GREGG

A three-months stay in Zion National Park during 1935 gave

opportunity for a rather thorough search for the members of

its mollusean fauna. I arrived there early in May when condi-

tions are most favorable for finding the minute species of land

snails. In my list I have combined the results of this study with

what published records I have been able to find. In 1929 Mr.

A. M. Woodbury^ reported fifteen species of mollusca from this

park. Microphysida ingersoUP is reported to have been taken by

Dr. Pilsbry. Chamberlin and Berry^ report Gastrocopta ash-

muni. In addition to these forms the five previously unreported

species which I took there bring the total number of species to

twentj^-two. Two of the species I found, Vallonia perspectiva

and Hawaiia minuscula neomexicana, have not been reported

from Utah. Three other species not previously taken in the park

are Pmdium ahditum, Vallonia pulchella and Lxjmnaca huU-

moides cassi.

There are some changes in the names previously used. The

large snail formerly reported from this locality as Orcohelix

cooperi proves to be 0. strigosa depressa.* This fact is borne out

by the anatomy as well as by the shell characters. The shell

previously reported from here as Pupilla s}/ngc7ies dcxtrovcrsa

proves to be Pupilla hlundi. Orcohelix haydcni oquirrhcnsis^ is

reported as occurring at the Narrows in Zion Canyon. It is the

consensus of opinion that tliis record is also erroneous.

In the following list I have enumerated the principal locations

in the park where I have taken specimens.

Pisidium ahditum Haldiiiiiii. Quite plentiful in a sinall i)oml

in Birch Creek Canyon.

Vallonia pulchella MiiJler. lender dead leaves near Grotto

Camp Ground ; three specimens found. Probably introduced.

1 Nautilus, 43: 54.

2 Bull, of the University of Utali, vol. 19, no. 4, p. 75.

3 Ibid., vol. 21, no. 2, p. 4.

♦Land Mollusca of N. A., vol. 1, ])art 1, p. 4.11.

•'' Nautilus, 34: 141.

July, 1940J THE NAUTILUS 31

Vallonia (jnicilicostatd Reiuliardt. Alou^' Vir^rin River, foot

of Bridjre Mt.; (Jrotto Camp (Jround; Saddle Xook. and other

localities. Quite eoniniou.

Vallunia pcrspcctiva JSterki. Grotto Camp (i round and Saddle

Nook. Previously overlooked because of its diminutive size.

Orcohclix strigosn dcprcssa Cockerell. Tlie Grotto, Grotto

Camp Ground, the Narrows, Weeping: Rock, Saddle Nook, Fairy

Land, Birch Creek Canyon, Temple of Sinawava and Wiley's

Retreat. Commonly found throughout canyon under dead leaves,

old lojrs and in rock slides. One sinistral specimen was taken at

Saddle Nook.

Microplnjsula ingersoUi Bland. Specimens were taken in 1927

by Dr. Pilsbry. Others have failed to find it. It is found com-

monly in southern Utah at hijrher altitudes.

Gnstrocopta ashmuni Sterki. Reported taken bv R. V. Cham-

berlin and Elmer Berry, Sept. 24, 1930.

Pupoldes marginatus Say. Mr. Woodbury reports taking two

specimens.

Pupilla hla}uli Morse. Near Virgin River at foot of Bridge

Mountain. Grotto Camp Ground and Temple of Sinawava.

Pupilla syugcnes Pilsbry. Found at the Grotto, Grotto Camp

Ground, Saddle Nook and along the trail to the Narrows.

Cochlicopa lubrica Miiller. Taken at the Grotto, Grotto Camp

Ground, Oak Creek Canyon, Saddle Nook, Refrigerator Canyon,

Temple of Sinawava and Wiley's Retreat. Very common.

Vitrina alaskana Dall. Along Virgin River at foot of Bridge

Mountain, Grotto Camp Ground, the Grotto, Weeping Rock,

along train to the Narrows, Saddle Nook, Regrigerator Canyon,

Emerald Pool Canyon, Temple of Sinawava and Wiley's Retreat.

Rctinclla indentatn Say. Grotto Camp Ground, Weeping

Rock, Saddle Xook. Refrigerator Canyon, Emerald Pool Canyon

and Wiley's Retreat.

Euconulus fulvus ulaskensis Pilsbry. Refrigerator Canyon,

Emerald Pool Canyon, Temple of Sinawava and Birch Creek

Canyon.

Zonitoides arhorca Say. The Grotto, Grotto Camp Ground,

Weeping Rock. Oak Creek Canyon. Saddle Nook, Refrigerator

Canyon, Emerald Pool Canyon, Temple of Sinawava, along trail

to the Narrows and Wiley's Retreat.

Hawaiia minuscula ncomexicana Cockerell and Pilsbry. Two

specimens were found by a spring near the entrance to Refrig-

erator Canyon and one was found at Saddle Nook.

Agriolimax cavipcstris Binney. Along Virgin River at foot of

Bridge Mt.. the Grotto, Onk Creek Canyon, Grotto Camp Ground,

Saddle Nook, Birch Creek Canyon, Refrigerator Canyon and

Emerald Pool Canvon.

32 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (1)

Discus cronkhitei cronkhitei Newcomb. Grotto Camp Ground,

Weepinj; Rock, Saddle Nook and Wiley's Retreat.

Succinea avara Say. Grotto Camp Ground, Saddle Nook,

Emerald Pool Canyon and Birch Creek Canj'on.

Lymnaea (Stagjiicola) hulimoides cassi Baker. Small stream,

Saddle Nook.

Gyraulus similaris Baker. Pool in Birch Creek Canyon.

Physa (Petrophysa) zionis Pilsbry. On wet faces of cliffs

along the trail to the Narrows. I noted colonies at points ap-

proximately 1053, 1058, 1114 and 1544 yards from the Temple

of Sinawava. A colony was also located at "Fairy Land" about

three-fourths mile south of the Temple of Sinawava. Here

many specimens were noted on horizontal surfaces of large flat

rocks at the base of the cliff as well as on the perpendicular sur-

face of the cliff. Physa zionis is reported from the canyon

beyond the end of the trail along the first mile of the Narrows

proper.

NOTES AND NEWS

Exact Dates of The Nautilus. — Vol. 53 (1) : pp. 1-36, pis.

1-7, was mailed July 21, 1939 ; (2) : 37-72, pis. 8-9, Oct. 20, 1939 ;

(3) : 73-108, pis. 10-12, Jan. 28, 1940; (4) : 109-144 (+ viii), pis.

13-14, Apr. 29, 1940.— H.B.B.

Chondropoma dentatum. — I would like to report the occur-

rence here in Naples, Collier County, Florida, of Chondropoma

dentatum. The single specimen taken is dead and bleached and

its establishment here in the living state is not determined, but

the occurrence of even a dead specimen so far north of its usual

habitat in the keys I think to be not without interest. It came

from under a hedge on the rear side of the Naples Inn lawn, with

Polygyra uvulifera. — J. L. Baily.

Peculiar Oliva. — An interesting anomaly has been noted in a

series of the shells of Oliva sayatia Ravenel collected about Sani-

bel-Captiva, Florida. EmcIi individual specimon in tiiis small

group is entirely normal in form, color-pattern and high jiolish,

but bears a well-olevatod, ronnded, cord-like ridge about 2 mm.

wide, parallel with the suture and generally at or near the middle

of the body whorl. This cord-like girdle shares the polished

enamel of the entire shell surface, and, as shown in several

juvenile specimens, seems to be a strnctural anomaly of the shell

July. 1940] TIIK NAUTILUS 33

and not the result of an accidental circuinstancc occurrin-jr diirinpf

the period of "rrowth. See Plate 1; F'lix. 7.

In a certain limited area where Oliva sayana is fairly abundant

eleven specimens showin<r this unusual peculiarity have been

taken. If similar specimens have previously been noted or re-

ported, I shall be exceedingly glad to hear of them. — Louise M.

Perry.

xVnatomy of Helminthoglypta. — In looking through your

recent -work on land snails I note the illustration and description

on page 146 of the "Genitalia of a Helminthoglypta of uncertain

status." This illustration and description agree in every detail

with genitalia of H. cuyamacensis lowei from Palomar Mountain

which I collected and dissected during 1936. I have never col-

lected typical cuyamacensis. — Wendel O. Grego, M.D., in letter

to Ed.

Planorhidiyia Not a Generic Name in the Mollusca. — Mr.

Hugh Watson has recently called my attention to the fact that

there is no genus or subgenus Planorhulina Jickeli, 1874, as stated

by me in a recent publication (Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist.,

24, p. 100, 1939). An examination of the literature shows that

this name has been published on three occasions as referring to a

mollusk, but that each one represents a slip of memory or of the

pen.

Thus von Martens (Biol. Centr.-Amer., Terr. & Fluv. Moll., p.

400, 1899), in writing of Planorbis edentulus Clessin, states that

"This species is said to belong to the group of P. armigcrus, i.e.,

to Planorhulina, but to be without internal lamellae." This is

plainly a slip for Planorbula Haldeman.^

In listing the synonyms of Planorbula Germain (Rec. Ind. Mus.,

21, p. 179, 1923) includes "1874. Planorhulina Jickeli, Fauna

der Land- und Siisswasser Mollusk, Nord-Ost-Afrik., Dresden, p.

221 (pour le Planorbis alexandrinns Ehrenberg (Scgmcntina

sousgenre Planorhulina)." Examination of a copy of Jickeli's

work kindly loaned to me by the Museum of Comparative Zoology

shows that this is a slip on the part of Germain, since there is no

1 This use of Planorhulina by clerical error was noticed and explained by

Pilsbry and Bequaert in 1927, — Aquatic Moll. Belg. Congo, p. 131. — Ed.

34 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 54 (1)

mention of any name but Planorhula on the page cited, nor does

Planorhulina appear elsewhere in the work.

My own use of the name Planorhulina is due to a slip of

memory, since I was convinced that I had verified Germain's ref-

erence several years ago when Jickeli 's work was available to me.

It is apparent that I had not, and I repeated Germain's error

quite unintentionally.

The name Planorhulina is in any way unavailable for a mollusk.

It is applicable only to the Foraminiferan genus so named by

Orbigny in 1826. — Fritz Haas, Curator of Invertebrate Zoology,

Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.

]\IegALOMASTOMA (FarCIMEN) MIRANDA, A NeW CuBAN CyCLO-

PHORiD Snail. — The strong, heavy shell is oblong, the sides con-

vex, the conic summit about one-third of the length, the diameter

nearl}^ half of the length. Surface dull, pinkish cinnamon (vary-

ing in tone). Aperture circular, with a narrow projecting rim

and a very wide callous lip, which recedes in the lower half but

is level and adnate to the preceding whorl in its upper half, much

thickened at the columellar and upper outer portions. Length

35 mm., diameter 15.5 mm. ; paratypes 35 x 16 and 32.7 x 15.3

mm. ; 7i w^horls, or with one or two lost at the apex. All $. From

top of a mogote north of Mercedes Valley, Miranda, Oriente,

Cuba, collected by Pilsbry and Welch, July 21, 1928. Type and

paratypes 146743a A.N.S.P. As this fine snail has been some-

what widely scattered under the above name, it is now validated

by a description. — H. A. Pilsbry.

A Subterranean Snail from an Artesian Well. — At the U.

S. fish hatchery at San Marcos, Texas, is an artesian well 188

feet deep from which a most remarkable fauna has been collected.

Six species of blind crustaceans, belonging to as many genera,

and one species of blind salamander have been described from

this well. During May, 1940, the autlior spent three days col-

lecting at the San Marcos well. A plankton net was tied over

one of the openings and examined twice a day. After each

twelve-hour period the net usually contained a half dozen crusta-

ceans. On the third day a small snail was found in the net. It

was so badly corroded that little was left except the columella

July. 1940] THE nautilus 35

and aperture. Upon close inspection it was found to belonfx to

the {;i:enus Horatia, a jjenus which had been collected only twice

before in the United States. The first specimens (five dead

shells) were collected in 1903 by Pilsbry and Ferriss from drift

debris on the bank of the Guadalupe River, above New Braunfels,

Texas. The second locality is a subterranean stream in Manitou

Cave, near Fort Payne, Alabama, where living specimens in large

numbers were collected bv the author in 1939. — Leslie Hubricut.

THE TENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

Returning to the scene of its first meeting, which was on April

30, 1931, the American Malacological Union held its tenth annual

convention in the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia

from June 17 to 21, 1940. Here, on Tuesday morning, June 18,

Mr. Charles M. B. Cadwalader for the second time extended to

this group of Malacologists the hospitality of the institution of

which he is president.

The program of scientific papers presided over by Dr. Horace

B. Baker, President of the Union, was continued over Tuesday,

Wednesday and Thursday, a final business session being held on

Thursday afternoon.

As guests of Mi.ss Anne Harbison members were entertained

at dinner in the Barclay Hotel Tuesday evening. On this occa-

sion Mr. Norman W. Lermond, Corresponding Secretary of the

Union, was presented with a testimonial of appreciation for his

labors during the winter of 1930-31 which culminated in the

organization of the Union the following spring. This apprecia-

tion was in the form of a poem by Dr. Paul Bartsch, handsomely

engrossed on parchment in a tooled leather binding and signed

by all the members present.

On Wednesday evening Mrs. Frank R. Schwengel's perennial

and liberal hospitality was again enjoyed by every one at a cock-

tail party and buffet dinner in the Orchid Room of the Warwick

Hotel.

The Annual Dinner climaxed the social features of the conven-

tion. It was held in the Library of the Academy and because

this meeting marked its tenth anniversary, a special program

36 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (1)

had been arranged to do honor to its first president. Dr. Henry

A. Pilsbry. Dr. Paul Bartsch, as toastmaster called on several

speakers,^ each of whom voiced an affectionate appreciation of

the labors, in research and ^NTiting, the goodfellowship, patience

and kindness in the field and laboratory, and the unfailing loyalty

and devotion of this eminent leader.

A list of papers presented follows. Most of them were illus-

trated by lantern slides.

Tuesday Morning:

Drs. Carlos de la Torre and Paul Bartsch : The Cyclophoridae

of Cuba.

Dr. P. Bartsch : The Cyclophoridae of the West Indies, exclu-

sive of Cuba.

Drs. P. Bartsch and J. P. E. Morrison: The Cyclophoridae of

the mainland of America.

Tuesday Afternoon :

Dr. H. B. Baker: Are snails animals?

Mr. M. S. Briscoe: The growth of the radula in Goniohasis

virginica.

Dr. F. C. Baker : Report on the progress of the monograph of

American Planorbidae.

Wednesday Morning :

Dr. B. R. Bales : The rock dwellers of the Florida Keys.

Dr. Myra Keen : Marine MoUusca common to Japan and west

North America.

Miss Bernadine Barker: Travels in Venezuela, Cura(,'ao and

Haiti.

Dr. J\Iyra Keen : The muricid genus Typhis, subgenus Tali-

typhis.

Wednesday Afternoon:

Mr. H. F. Wheeler and Dr. Allan F. Archer: Mollusca of

Monte Sano, Alabama.

Dr. dAltc Welch: Achatinellae from Oalui, Hawaii.

Thursdav Morning :

Dr. Wm. J. Clench : Where should I collect?

Dr. Harald A. Rehder: On some West Indian Naticidae.

Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry: Distribution of Polygyridae.

Dr. Allan F. Archer: Pine woods as adeqnate habitat tyj>es of

hiiul Mollusca.

lA detailed list of speakers at tlie .\iniiial DiiiiuT will he jirinted in the

Annual IJeport to be issued separately.

July. 1[)40J TIIK NAUTILUS 37

Thiirsilay Afternoon :

Dr. J. r. E. Morrison: Population studies on Goiiiobasis.

Dr. Henry 1). Kussi'll : Collecting in Santo Domingo.

In an endeavor to •ifive tangible evidence of its rejrard and

esteem, the American Malacolo^ical Union, through its Fuaneial

Secretary, Mrs. Harold R. Robertson, informed Dr. Pilsbry of the

projected publication by the Union of a bibliography of his pub-

lished works comprising over one thousand titles. This will be

distributed to the membership and will prove an invaluable aid

to every serious student of the mollusca. A perusal of the titles

alone Avill serve as a stimulus to investigation since they cover a

wide range not only in the field of malacology but in other sub-

jects as well, and demonstrate what is possible for one man to do.

Dr. Pilsbry responded, voicing his appreciation of the sincere

affection manifested toward him and of which he had received

such overwhelming evidence. On his part this regard was no less

deep toward his co-workers and friends in the Union. The con-

cluding feature of the program was the presentation of a red rose

to Dr. Pilsbry by Mrs. Frank R. Schwengel, a token of the love

of each and all.

Resolutions were adopted expressing appreciation and thanks

to President Cadwalader and the members of his staff who con-

tributed so w^holeheartedly in making the meeting a success; to

the committee of arrangements for formulating a most interest-

ing program; to Miss Anne Harbison and Mrs. Frank R.

Schwengel for their delightful hospitality, which made the two

evenings devoted thereto outstanding in the history of our or-

ganization, and to our retiring president, Dr. Horace B. Baker,

for the masterful way in which he has piloted our meeting and

for all else that he has done to make the endeavors of the A. M. U.

outstanding on this occasion.

On Friday morning at 9 o'clock autos were boarded for a trip

to the Morris Arboretum followed by a picnic lunch at 12 : 30 at

Bloomfield Park where the Misses Grace and Elizabeth Pilsbry

charmingly performed the duties of hostesses. This was the final

event of a week packed with delightful episodes.

The next meeting will be held in the Knox Academy of Arts

and Sciences, Thomaston, Maine, in August, 1941.

The Nautilus

Vol. 54 October, 1940 No. 2

THE ROCK DWELLERS OF THE FLORIDA KEYS

BY B. R. BALES, M.D.

To see a shell collector sally forth armed with a hammer and

chisels, miprht seem incongruous, but such equipment is necessary

when hunting: the various species of bivalve mollusks that spend

tiieir entire lives in their self-made sepulchres in the solid coral

rock.

Durinj,' the past two winters spent collecting specimens on the

Florida Keys, I have taken ten different species of these "rock

dwellers" and have learned a few facts regarding their life his-

tories. To be successful in taking specimens, the collector must

first learn by what means their burrows may be located or just

what "sign" is evident upon the surface of the rock which will

indicate that a moUusk is hidden within.

The sign of Lithophaga antillarum is a small oval opening, per-

haps a half inch long and one fourth inch in the smaller diameter.

The burrow extends backward horizontally; is smooth, straight,

and conforms to the shape of the shell.

Lithophaga nigra has the same "sign," but it is smaller. The

burrows of both are somewhat larger than the shell, which enables

the mollusk to have a certain degree of motion within its cell,

though motion is very much restricted. Both of these have very

definite preferences regarding location. They are seldom seen

where the adjacent ocean bottom consists of sand that is easily

stirred up nor in rocks that may be covered by moss or algae.

Frequently a long line of rocky shore may contain a colony of

Lithophagas in but a small portion, as adjacent portions are ap-

parently unfavorable ; thus, they may be found in a space of but

a few yards in extent, altiiough the rocks may extend for a mile.

Occasionally both may be found in large and movable slabs of

(39)

40 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (2)

rock, though they prefer the solid rock that forms the coast line

of the Keys.

Quite different is the "sign" of Lithophaga bisulcata. This is

merely a small round hole, and the tip of the shell is often seen

just beloAV the opening, although the mollusk retreats out of sight

at the slightest disturbance. Bisulcata burrows are usually ver-

tical and although occasional burrows may be horizontal, the ver-

tical position is the usual one. The burrows do not penetrate as

deeply into the rock as the other two Lithophagas.

The burrows of most of the "rock dwellers" are usually near

the tide line at low tide which facilitates the removal of the shells,

but when the burrow entrance is under water, it is located by see-

ing the mantle of the mollusk at the burrow entrance. This is

black in Lithophaga nigra, but is browTi in antillanim.

Botula fusca has a brown mantle similar in color to that of

Lithophaga antillarum, but this mollusk is more diflScult to find ;

possibly by reason of its rarity or from the fact that it has no

regular "sign". The burrow entrance may resemble the oval

entrance of Lithophaga antillarum or it may be just another small

hole in the rock. The shell, also, is more difficult to remove. With

the Lithophagas, as soon as enough of the rock has been chipped

away to expose the anterior portion of the shell, a firm grasp of

the finger tips, with a gentle rotary motion to loosen the byssus,

will bring the shell to light. Not so with Botula fusca; the rock

must be chipped awa}^ until the entire shell is exposed, as the

swelling at the umbones and the firmer attachment of the byssus

makes it impossible to remove it intact otherwise. Several choice

specimens were broken before this fact was learned.

Rupcllaria typica is usually found just below the surface on

the tops of wave washed rocks and by its accessibility is probably

the easiest "rock dweller" to remove. Its "sign" consists of two

small holes resembling the punctuation mark, colon. These two

small holes are in reality the tips of the two siphons which disap-

pear as soon as touched. At low tide, favorable rocks are fairly

l)eppered with tlicni.

Petricola lapicida also is found just below the surface of hori-

zontal rocks and the "sign" is similar to Rupcllaria, though they

seem to be more freciuently foiiml in deeper water.

Oi'tobor. 1940] tiif, naitius 41

Gastrocliacna ovata aiul rostnita prt'sent aiiotlicr probleiu in

rock chipping:. Unlike the before mentioned rock dwellers which

are foiuul but a short distance in the rock from the burrow

entrance, these construct a more or less elaborate burrow. The

"sijin" cannot be mistaken for anythin": else. Built up at the

entrance to the burrow are two pearly cylinders of shell secreted

by the mollusk; there is a narrow slit at the point where the

cylinders meet. The two siphons of the animal may be .seen at

the tips of the cylinders when it is undisturbed. The portion of

the burrow immediately below the cylinders carries out the double

character of the cylinders for a short distance ; after that tiie bur-

row is cylindrical and smooth for about an inch ; then the re-

mainder of the burrow which comprises about four-fifths of its

length is corrugated, with distinct and prominent ridges running

crosswise. This extends downward to the enlarged smooth bot-

tom chamber where the shell rests. The length of the burrow

varies and is dependent upon the age and size of the mollusk and

the character and hardness of the rock. The entire burrow is

lined with a nacreous or shelly substance which seems to be more

heavily applied to the sides of the burrow at the corrugated por-

tion. It has been found that the two pearly cylinders at the

opening of the burrow are normally about one-fourth inch in

height when free from any corralline or other extraneous marine

growth, but when such growths are deposited upon the cylinders,

the mollusk adds more to the tops of the cylinders and continues

to add to their height as the foreign growth increases. Specimens

with coral incrusted cylinders have been found that were fully

one inch above the rocky entrance to the burrow.

Unlike the Lithophagas, the Gastrochaenas do not have a

straight burrow, but it is more or less tortuous, evidently follow-

ing the line of least resistance and the collector is never sure just

where to expect to find the shell and many are broken. Very

frequently, the burrow opening when found is above the water

level, but it may range dowmward until the end is well below the

water which makes chipping difficult and hazardous to the in-

tegrity of the shell. If care is taken, the mollusk may be taken

alive and placed in a vessel of sea water for observation ; and it

presents, indeed, a curious spectacle. I have seen them placed in

a test tube of water and set aside for a period ; after the mollusk

42 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (2)

has recovered from the shock of removal from its home, it sends

out the soft, movable portion of its body. This is light colored

and is surmounted by the two dark siphons. In some instances it

has extended the full length of the test tube, the body being four

or five inches long and with a diameter of at least one half inch —

all this from a small shell less than an inch long. It might be

interesting to know the reason for the corrugated portion of the

burrow and why it is smooth at both ends.

In the study of this interesting group of mollusks, the student

is confronted with the problem of just how they form their bur-

rows. No doubt all of them enter some small hole in the rock

when they are very small and as growth proceeds, they enlarge it

to conform to their ever enlarging bodies, but how this is accom-

plished, remains to be learned. Several theories have been ad-

vanced. Some say that the mollusk secretes some substance that

attacks or has a tendency to soften the lime of the rock, enabling

the animal to fashion its burrow, but it would seem that any acid

that would attack the lime of the rock, would also attack the lime

of the shell. Others have contended that the burrow is formed

by friction, and that the rock is worn away by the turning of the

shell in the burrow. None of the shells show any evidence of such

a procedure and many are so fragile that even a small amount of

friction, if it did not break the shell outright, would present some

evidence of wear on the shell itself. Another theory is that the

rock is worn away by the soft parts of the mollusk, working end-

lessly on the unyielding rock. Taking into consideration that the

mouth or opening of the shell points to the opening of the burrow,

this would not permit the operation of a radula or other organ of

the animal even if it had one, in fashioning its burrow, for the

burrow is formed hack of the shell. The mollusk does not bur-

row forward into the rock, but backs into it. It is very evident

that this class of mollusks offers the opportunity for intensive

study relative to the life histories of the various species.

To take them is one of the hardest forms of collecting, and it is

attended with many a disai^pointment, for frequently just as a

specimen is about to be secured, an injudicious blow of the ham-

mer fractures the shell. To collect them the student must needs

have more than the usual aiiKtuiil of (Mitluisiasiu aiul a strong

back.

Oetobor, 1941)] the naitims 43

TWO NEW MARINE MOLLUSCS FROM JAPAN

BY MAXWHLL SMITH

MuREx (Murexsul) ednae n. sp. PI. 2, Fig. 10.

Nucleus ai>pareiitly consistino: of two whorls (not perfect in

holotype) ; shell consistin<i- of six whorls; anterior canal about

one-third lenjith of shell partially open, jrradually bent back-

ward. Outer lip irregularly dentate, the dentations forming

shallow grooves extending inside upon wall and corresponding

with exterior axial ribs. Parietal wall smooth, callus forming a

sharp edge and not spread out upon surface of shell. Each whorl

bears nine varices. The penultimate varix is well excavated be-

neath the entire length ; another varix shows triplicate formation,

the earliest of the three bearing spines. All of the spines are of

open tubular type and are decidedly recurved. They are of vary-

ing length and average twelve on each varix, being continuations

of the axial ribs. Upon the back of the shell and opposite the an-

terior canal the spines almost touch those above. Arising from

the canal, and from three previous abandoned canals, a single

long curved spine is present in each case which is distinctly sepa-

rated from the adjacent varix. The axial ribs are tinged with

chocolate brown color, the same shade extending to the spines.

Suture well impressed but regularly interrupted by the varices.

Length 50 mm., breadth 26.5 mm. Holotype in the collection of

Mrs. Edna G. Gordon to whom the species is dedicated. Drawing

by Richard L. Albany.

Locality : deep water off the coast of Japan.

FUSINUS HYPHALUS^ u. sp. PI. 2, Fig. 9.

Shell thin, fusiform ; nucleus pearly, two whorls ; seven and one

half subsequent whorls ; suture well impressed but its continuity

frequently broken by the growth sculpture; primary spiral ribs

numerous, with several lesser ribs between each pair; slightly

larger spiral rib at periphery forming an indistinct shoulder;

growth lines strong, of variable size and forming a reticulate sur-

face; the spire as far as the penultimate whorl covered with low

rounded projections extending from suture to suture, about

twelve to each whorl; anterior canal comparatively short, open;

outer lip thin, slightly reflected, moderately dentate inside. Epi-

dermis persistent, straw-brown in color. Holotype in writer's

collection mea.su res : Length 36.5 mm., breadth 12.5 mm., length

aperture and anterior canal 20 mm. Drawing by Richard L.

Albany.

Locality : 100 fathoms off Tosa, Japan.

1 Greek, hyphalus, from under the sea.

44 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 54 (2)

NEW RECENT AND FOSSIL MOLLUSCS FROM

FLORIDA

BY MAXWELL SMITH

MuREx (Jatox) gaza^ n.sp. PL 2, Fig. 3.

Shell of moderate size, whitish, tinged with yellow and flesh

color; about five and one-half whorls, body whorl with four re-

flexed varices, the final one thin and rather sharp, particularly

posteriorly where it is more extended. Equidistant between the

varices are rounded shorter blunt nodules; surface of final whorl

sculptured with unequally spaced somewhat broken incised spiral

lines, about seventeen in number below the periphery; surface of

final varix, adjacent to aperture, with undulating incised lines

and numerous scale-like processes. Aperture elongate-oval, mar-

gins white, interior flesh color ; interior of outer lip provided with

four blunt teeth, the lip slightly crenulate; canal closed except

near end. Length 20 mm., breadth 9.5 mm. ; aperture length 5.5

mm. Holotype, the only known example, in the writer's collec-

tion. Collected by Mrs. L. A. Burry of Pompano, Florida.

This attractive little shell apparently is the Atlantic analogue

of the well known Murex festivus Hinds of California. M. gaza

differs from that species in the sculpture, smaller size, narrower

form and straighter canal.

Locality: Off Key West, Florida (obtained by diving).

Murex anniae n. sp. PI. 2, Fig. 1.

Shell of moderate size. Nucleus of 1| whorls, the portion fol-

lowing the first lialf rounded and ]n'ominent, very simihir to M.

cabritii nucleus. Anterior canal comparatively sliort, straight,

tip not recurved. Edge of outer lip bearing inside a series of

blunt inconspicuous and widely separated denticles; outer lip

well denticulated with in addition about seven long low processes

upon the adjacent inner wall. There are three varices upon each

whorl together with secondary sjuneless intermediate ribs. Spiral

threads of two sizes cover the snrl'ace ami extend over the varices.

Certain of the primary threads form spines on the variees, these

spines of fairly uniform size and few in number adjacent to the

anterior canal; early whorls of spire presenting a reticulated ap-

pearance. The holotype, in the writer's collection, measures:

length 33 mm., breadth 20 mm. A fragment exhibiting the aper-

ture agrees perfectly with the holotype. Xamed in honor of the

writer's mother Annie Lum Snjith.

1 Greek, gaza, treasure.

Till-: \.\l Tll.l S: .vt (•_>

n.ATK 2

October, l!)4l)] thi: naitilus 45

This remarkablt' little ]Murex may be tlie proprenitor of Miirex

eabritii, now living' in the Gnlf of ^lexico. The nucleus is almost

identical with that species. The abbreviated canal of M. anniae,

fewer and shorter spines, separate it from the latter species.

From M. curvirostris Sowerby it differs in the straighter canal

and in possessing fewer and coarser spines upon the varices.

Woodrinpr has shown that Murex messorius Sowerby is a

synonym of M. recurvirostris. Sowerby 's figure in the Concho-

logical Illustrations certainly does not represent the Florida shell

which has long been called messorius. It therefore seems advis-

able to describe :

Murex recurvirostris delicatus n. subsp.

Considerably smaller than the type, more delicately sculptured,

fewer spines upon the varices. Length usually about 30 mm.

Holotype in the writer's collection, from Lake Worth, Florida.

Locality range : Gulf of Mexico and east coast of Florida.

Murex recurvirostris rubidus F. C. Baker.

The well known red colored form.

Locality : Florida, chiefly in vicinity of Marco.

Murex recurvirostris citrinus n. subsp.

Suffused with lemon yellow color which is most conspicuous

upon the ribs and varices. Two purple colored spiral bands en-

circle the final whorl. The parietal wall and canal area are

touched with the same purple color. The holotype in the wTiter's

collection measures 28.5 in lengtli. Dredged at moderate depth

by Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Donovan.

Locality : Living off Key Largo, Florida.

Murex RECUR\nROSTRis nigrescens Sowerby.

Placed by Woodring as a synonym of recurvirostris it appears

that nigrescens is at least entitled to sub.specific rank. The in-

terior of the aperture is extremely dark. Several fine examples

were obtained by the writer in the John Calvert collection which

was recently brought to America.

Locality: Panama (Atlantic side); east coast of Central

America.

Cancellaria (Bivetopsis) moorei pachia^ n. subsp. PI. 2, Fig. 2.

Guppy described C. moorei in 1866 (see Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc.

2 Greek, pachia, fat.

46 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (2)

London, Vol. 22, p. 289, pi. 17, fig:. 7). The plaits upon the colu-

mella of paehia are almost equidistant, the shell is broader than

the type, while the posterior denticles within the outer lip are

more pronounced and placed closer together. The holotype and

only example known, in the writer's collection, is 18 mm. long.

Locality: Dike near Belle Glade, Florida (probably Miocene).

Primovula (Pseudosimnia) vanhyningi n. sp. PI. 2, fig. 8.

Shell pale olive color ; swollen in the center, extremities pro-

duced ; surface covered with interrupted regularly spaced spiral

lines which apparently are absent at the periphery; marginal

teeth coarse and widely spaced.

Schilder in 1917 described the subgenus Pseudosimnia to re-

ceive two species, P. carnea Poiret (the genotype) from the Medi-

terranean and P. adriatica Sowerby. No New World examples

have heretofore been known. P. vanhyningi is nearest to P.

carnea. It differs from that species chiefly in being proportion-

ately broader, more pinched above and below the extremities, in

possessing fewer and coarser marginal teeth. The holotype, de-

posited in the Florida State Museum, Gainsville, measures 11 mm.

in length., 7 mm. breadth. (P. carnea example 11 mm. length, 6

mm. breadth.) Named for Dr. T. Van Hyning, curator of the

State Museum. The two known specimens were dredged by

Frank Lyman in 50 fathoms. Drawing by Richard L. Albany.

Locality : Off Boynton Beach, Florida.

ADDITION TO THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF

CALIFORNIA

BY TOM BURCH

During the summers of 1938 and 1939 the writer dredged eight

specimens of a small shell from gravel in 25 fathoms off Kodondo

Beach, California tluit appear to be identical with specimens of

Cantharus liKjuhris C. B. Adams from Mexico and Central Amer-

ica in the Herbert N. Lowe collection at the San Diego Society of

Natural Sciences. There is also a single specimen of the same

species in the G. Willott collectiou from Catalina Island.

Furthermore, it apjiears coiiiiiKinly in llic Pleistocene deposits

near Playa Del Key, California, where it has been confused with

Fusinus lutvopicius Dall. The inn-leus and other ciuiracters are,

October, 1940] Tiifc: naitilis 47

however, quite distinet i'roin Fusltius. The nuclear whorls are

also different from those of the majority of Canthurus, beinji; sub-

pyramidal, ornamented by fine rounded papillae, and terminated

by a narrow elevated rib. It seems probable that the jrenus Can-

tliarus should be divided into two genera.

This species has never, to the writer's knowledge, been reported

living or fossil from California, nor has a figure of it ever been

published. Therefore, I take this opportunity to report an exten-

sion of range and to present figures of a species heretofore

unfigured.

Photographs by courtesy of the Los Angeles Museum ; drawing

of nuclear whorls by courtesy of Mr. A. Peterson of the Allan

Hancock Foundation, The University of Southern California.

PI. 2, fig. 6. Cantharus luguhris C. B. Adams, length 10.2 mm.

25 fathoms off Redondo Beach, California.

PI. 2. fig. 7. Nuclear whorls of another specimen from Redondo

Beach. Length of whorls shown 1 mm.

PI. 2, fig. 5. Cantharus luguhris C. B. Adams, length 15.1 mm.

Pleistocene near Playa Del Rey, Calif.

NOTES ON THE SNAIL HUMBOLDTIANA FORTIS

PILSBRY

BY E. J. KOESTNER AND RICHARD A. SCHNEIDER

Our observations on the snail Humholdtiana fortis Pilsbry,

were confined to the vicinity of Cerro Potosi, a 12,500 foot moun-

tain near Galeana, Municipio de Galeana, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.

Frequent trips between Galeana and our camp on the peak of

Cerro Potosi (5,400 feet to 12,000 feet altitude) gave us oppor-

tunity to observe the presence or absence of the snail in the dif-

ferent types of vegetation cover represented. The extreme peak

is crowned by an area of rocky alpine meadow, and is fringeil by

an almost pure stand of scrubby pinon pine (an undescribed

species) which forms a timberline zone of varying width. De-

scending the mountain one fiuds that the scrub pine zone gives

way to an open, grassy forest of Piniis montezumae Lindl. var.

hartrvcgii Engelm. At lower altitudes mesic oak forest is en-

countered in ravines and sheltered valleys, while the ridges and

dry valleys support a chaparral of varied composition.

48 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (2)

The snails were abundant in the alpine meadow and scrub

piiion pine zones. A few were found in the upper limits of the

pine forest where the scrub pinon pine mixed with it. They were

observed only once in the pure pine forest, this being near a

spring at an altitude of about 10,500 feet. None were seen in the

other vegetation types, or below that altitude. The species

seemed to be isolated on the upper portions of this peak although

its presence elsewhere under conditions of a similar character is

possible.

The snails were apparently associated with the scrub piiion

pine and were found to be most abundant around the base of these

trees. They climbed up the trunks and occasionally out on the

branches. In the alpine zone the snails were found to be abun-

dant about rocky areas and patches of a yellow composite

{Helenium pinetorum Standi.) where the Mexican vole, Microtus

mexicanus (Saussure), occurred in colonies. The presence of

large numbers of empt}' shells in such places, the side of which

had apparently been broken away bj^ the mouse, seemed to indi-

cate that this mammal fed extensively on Humboldtiana fortis

it is possible that these mice had something to do with the pres-

ence of the snails in such places. Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga

Columbiana (Wilson)) was observed perched on a lower branch

of a scrub pine eating a snail.

The temperatures of that portion of the mountain where the

species was observed averaged low (3° C. to 15° C), the higher

temperatures being maintained only during the short periods of

actual sunshine. During much of the time the peak was covered

by a cloud cap which i)roduced rain or hail nearly every day.

The hail was usually gone within a few hours after falling

although it oceasioiuilly remained on the ground until the next

day. Winters on the peak were reported to be severe. At lower

altitudes, the country became very dry, and toiiiperatures were

high.

The generally cool aiul (hiiiip conditions seemed favorable to

the activity of the snails and there was no limited activity period.

They were ob.served to be moving about both during the day and

at night. They Avere usually found under a shrub, small tree, or

around some object or group of objects which offered more shelter

October. 10401 Tiiio naitiu's 49

tliaii the "Toneral terrain, siu-h as an accinniilation of limestone

rocks or fallen lojrs. This habit tended to make them somewliat

local in distribution. They usually occurred in groups or aggre-

gations and "were seldom found far from another individual of

their kind.

Mating individuals were observed, in one case on July 5, 1938,

but no obviously young or immature specimens were found.

Many snails were noted with rough and irregular parts to their

shells due to regeneration of broken shells, indicating that injury

must be quite frequent. They were attracted to mouse traps set

for small mammals and would spring them frequently enough to

be a nuisance. The traps were baited with a mixture of 1 part

bacon. 1 part raisins. 2 parts oily peanut butter, with enough

rolled oats to make the mixture of putty-like consistency.

The flora of the upper reaches of the peak, those inhabited by

HumhoJdtiana fortis, contains a large number of endemics, and

many species of the southern Rockj^ mountains. There is appar-

ently little relationship with the flora of the mountains of south-

ern Mexico.

NEW MOLLUSCA FROM FLORIDA

BY JEANNE S. SCHWENGEL

Marginella jaspidea, n. sp. PI. 3, fig. 12.

The shell is biconic, smooth, highh' polished, spire straightly

conic, with an obtusely rounded apex. It has five whorls, the out-

line of body whorl being concave toward the base. The aperture

is nearly two-thirds the length of the shell, the lip heavily mar-

gined on the outside and irregularly denticulate within. The

columella has four distinct folds, the first transverse, with the

next three increasingly oblique do\\iiwartl. The color is jasper

pink, with a slightly darker band below the suture. The juve-

niles are a light jasper red, with the protoconch a pure jasper red.

Length 11 mm., width 5^ mm. Length of aperture 7 mm., width

of aperture 1^ mm.

Dredged off Palm Beach, 66 fms. Type 176454 A.N.S.P.

This lovely little marginella was dredged by Thomas L.

McGinty.

Crassispira phasma, n. sp. PI. 3, fig. 8.

This pure white shell is fusiform, spire thick and elongate,

nuclear whorls smooth and rounded. It has nine whorls, those

50 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (2)

of the spire moderately convex, the last with concave anal f asciole,

and a definite shoulder where the stronjr, sharp axial ribs begin.

These ribs are about one-half as wide as the spaces between them,

are retractively curved, and the sixteen on the body whorl are

constricted and drawn together near the base. Very fine, weak

spiral threads cover the shell from apex to base, with faint incre-

mental lines covering ribs and intercostal spaces. The aperture

is over one-third the length of the shell, elongate oblong, with

strong, smooth columellar callus, a short anterior channel, the

anal sinus deeply cut, with the parietal callus forming a tubercle

below the suture. The outer lip arches forward and has a slightly

serrate edge. There is a heavy, rounded varix one-quarter of a

turn behind the aperture on the body whorl.

Length 28 mm., breadth 11 mm.

Dredged by the author off Palm Beach, April 1939, in 12 fms.

Type 176453 A.N.S.P.

Fenimorea halidorema, n. sp. PI. 3, fig. 6, 7.

This beautifully colored shell is fusiform, with an elongated

spire, one and one-half nuclear whorls, which are smooth, convex

and opaque white (worn). It has nine whorls, well marked su-

ture, a faintly pinkish-white above the shoulder and at the base,

lower half of whorls of the spire and the middle of last whorl

marked with a wide cinnamon-rufous band, somewhat faded on

the heavy, rounded axial ribs. The band on the body whorl is

continuous over the ten axial ribs. In some specimens there is a

fainter band of geranium pink fading into white, instead of all

white from the dark band to the base. The aperture is about one-

third the length of the shell, elongate-oval, the columella white,

with strong, reflected callus, a short, shallow anterior canal, the

posterior canal deeply incised, with the parietal callus forming a

tubercle on tlie columeUar side of the aperture. There is a

stronger varix behind the outer lip.

Length 25J mm., breadth 9h mm. Type 17G452 A.N.S.P.

This shell greatly resembles Fenimorea janetac Bartsch, but

does not have the fine sculptural lineations of tiie latter, being

smooth between the ribs. Also it seems to be slightly smaller,

with fewer axial ribs. The author dredged this shell off Palm

Beacli ill April, 1039, but had only dead si)ecimens. It was

named at that time, but not described until the better shell was

dredged by T. L. McGinty in July, 1!»4(), olf Palm Beach, in

(iO fills.

TlIK NAI TII-IS: :)4 (2;

IM.ATE :{

October, 1940 J the nautilis 51

GlYI'HOSTOMA PILSBRYI. 11. sp. PI. 3, fi^. 9.

Shell broadly conic with honi-colorecl tip, the post-nuclear

whorls pale chestnut brown, fadinj? as they cross the ribs. The

lower half of the base is chestnut brown, with two pure white

spiral cords where the axial ribs end. The interior of the aper-

ture is bluish Avhite, with the brown of the outside and the wliite

band showinjr throujih. The first one and one-half ajiical whorls

are rounded, the following: whorl carinate; the sculpture of the

axial ribs and spiral cords befxinuinjr at the end of the third whorl,

there being about eight spirals on the fourth whorl. In some

places there is a minute granulation in the intervals between the

spiral cords. There are six post-nuclear whorls, well rounded,

marked by exceedingly strong, broad axial ribs, about nine on

the last wliorl, which flatten out as they pass below the periphery

and are divided into two or three riblets, which gather together

and form a reticulated area before they disappear near the base

of the shell. On the sutural fasciole of the last whorl there are

about eight and below that to the base, about thirty-three spiral

cords. The aperture is elongate oblong, nearly one-half the

length of the shell, strongly channelled both posteriorly and

anteriorly. Just behind the outer lip is a strong varix, from

which the edge of the lip turns inward. The callus of the inside

of the lip over the varix is finely denticulated, also the lower half

of the sinuous coluraellar callus. There is a small tubercle near

the anal channel on the columella, which forms a toothlike pro-

jection. Length 9i mm., breadth 4 mm.

Dredged by T. L. McGinty of? Palm Beach, about 100 fms.

Type 176451 A.N.S.P.

This shell is ver}' like Glyphostoma clsae Bartsch, but differs

in having fewer axial ribs and many more spiral cords on the

body whorl.

Bellaspira ( ?) PENTAPLEURA, n. sp. PI. 3, figs. 3, 3a.

Shell fusiform; two nuclear whorls, opaque white and rounded,

the later whorls are waxy white, with light chestnut spots. There

are six whorls, each with five strong axial ribs, narrow and high,

separated by much wider, concave intervals. The ribs are con-

tinuous from whorl to whorl, a cross-section of the shell forming

an exact pentagon with projecting, rounded angles. Spiral sculp-

ture of extremely fine, wavy, incised lines, becoming gradually

more distinct and evenly spaced on the body whorl. Faint incre-

mental lines cover the entire shell, becoming quite strong and

uneven toward the base. The last whorl has a peripheral and a

basal spiral series of squarish, chestnut spots on the crest of each

52 THE XxU:tilus [Vol. 54 (2)

axial wave, absent in the intervals; the peripheral series con-

tinues up the spire, above the suture. Aperture ovate, about two-

fifths the leng'th of the sliell, anterior canal short, broad and shal-

low, outer tip thin and simple, a slight pure white callus on the

inner lip, thickening at the suture into a weak tubercle below the

incised anal canal.

Length 10.1 mm., breadth 3.4 mm.

Several of these beautiful shells were dredged by T. L. McGinty

off Palm Beach, in 45 fms. Type 176450 A.N.S.P.

The "Drillia" pentagonalis Ball, Bull. M. C. Z. 18: 90. 1889,

mentioned by Woodring as possibly a Bellaspira, has never been

figured or sufficiently described. Its relation to the present form

is doubtful.

This species resembles Bellaspira virginiuna Conrad, as de-

scribed and figured in Amer. Jour. Conch. Vol. 3, p. 261, pi. 21,

fig. 12.

FRESHWATER SHELLS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH AND HENRY D. RUSSELL

The following is a list of species with localities additional to

those published by the above authors in the New Hampshire Bio-

logical Survey Reports of the ]\Ierrimack and Connecticut Water-

sheds (report no. 3, pp. 201-206, pi. A and B, text map, 1938, and

report no. 4, pp. 222-227, pi. 3^, 2 text maps, 1938, respectively).

This material was collected tlie third to the fifth of August,

1940.

As the Connecticut River forms the boundary between New

Hampslure and Vermont, such stations made on the Vermont side

of the River are considered to be New Hampshire records.

Elliptio conipldnaius Dillwyn. Records. Grafton Co., Con-

necticut River, 2 mi. lunth of Monroe.

Strophitus undiddlus (Say). Records. Grafton Co.. Con-

necticut River, 2 mi. north of Monroe.

Anodonta cataracta Say. Records. Grafton Co., Connecticut

River, 2 mi. north of Monroe.

AldsniiilonUi luhrodon (Lea). Records. (Jrafton Co., Con-

necticut River, 2 mi. north of Monroe.

Oc'tobiT. 1040] THE NAITILIS 53

Ahismidofita undulata Say. Kei-ords. Grafton Co., C'oiiiuM-ti-

cut River, 2 mi. north of Monroe.

Campcloma dccisum (Say). Records. Belknap Co.. Pcnii-

gewasset River, h mi. south southeast of Hill. Grafton Co., Con-

ueetieut River, 2 mi. north of Monroe. Oran«;e Co., Vermont.

Connecticut River, 5 mi. south of Wells River.

Physa heterostropha Say. Records. Orange Co., Vermont.

Connecticut River, 5 mi. south of Wells River.

Helisoma antrosa Conrad. Records. Orange Co., Vermont.

Connecticut River, 5 mi. south of Wells River.

SOME MAXIMUM SIZED CARDIUM CORDIS

FROM ALASKA

BY WALTER J. EYERDAM

During the course of twelve trips to the coastal regions of

Alaska since the year 1917, I collected the following large-sized

basket cockles, Cardium corbis ]\Iartyn, which were selected

from manj' thousands of specimens. Any of these shells in excess

of four inches in length are very large for the species.

The numbers used are those in my collection of shells.

No. 9841 — Cardium corhis Martyn.

Sitkalidah Island, Kodiak group, Alaska.

Length = 4i| in.

Length = 110 mm.— Width = 108 mm.— Height = 80 mm.

No. 9842 — Cardium corbis Martyn.

Cordova, Alaska.

Length =4'i in.

Length = 110 mm. — Width = 112 mm. — Height = 85 mm.

No. 9843 — Cardium corbis Martyn.

Adak Island, Aleutian islands.

Length = 4 J in.

Length = 115 mm. — Width = 112 mm. — Height = 85 mm.

No. 9844 — Cardium corbis Martyn

Raspberry Island, Kodiak group, Alaska.

Length =4J in.

Length = 125 mm. — AVidth = 120 mm. — Height = 74 mm.

54 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (2)

A NEW RACE OF CANCELLARIA FROM FLORIDA

BY H. A. PILSBRY

CANCELLARIA RETICULATA ADELAE, new subspccies. Plate 3, fig. 1.

The shell is similar to C reticulata but differs by the smoother,

often somewhat glossy, surface, the axial riblets being obsolete

and the spirals very much reduced, nearly flat, on the last whorl,

both being developed on the spire as in C. reticulata. The last

whorl is more swollen below the suture. Apertural folds as in

C. reticulata, but there is a very heavy, smooth, white, parietal

callus projecting well forward at the posterior half of the inner

margin, much heavier than usual in C. reticulata. The outer lip

is somewhat straightened above and below the peripheral convex-

ity, and there is the slight trace of a stromboid notch. Color buff

with three wide interrupted, tawny to russet or in places chestnut,

bands.

Length 52.3 mm., diameter 32 mm. ; 9^ whorls. Type.

Length 41 mm., diameter 24 mm. ; 9 whorls.

Little Duck Key, Florida. Type 176085 A.N.S.P., paratypes

in the Bales and Koto collections. Others to be placed in U.S.N.M.

and M.C.Z. collections. All taken by Dr. B. R. Bales in the sea-

sons of 1939-1940.

This Cancellaria is quite unlike the C. reticulata (PI. 3, fig. 2 —

Hickory Pass, Florida) of both east and west coasts of Florida,

also found at Key West. It is more like the large Caribbean

forms, such as those of St. Thomas, Tortola and Antigua, but

differs by the obsolescence of sculpture on the last whorl. Those

large West Indian forms usually have interstitial spirals between

the main spirals of the last whorl or two.

It is named for Miss Adele Koto, one of the keenest collectors

of shells of the Keys.

SOME ANTILLEAN SAGDIDAE OR POLYGYRIDAE

BY II. BURRINGTON BAKER

Although primarily a study of Puerto Kican forms, these notes

also add details on a Haitian and a Floridan species that have

already been discussed briefly. Symbols used on the figures, but

not mentioned in the text, are explained in Bull. Bisliu]) JNluseum

()c'tol)iM-. 1!M()| Till-: NAlTlLrs 55

I.'jS, pa^c i'li. ^Scales for figures of sliclls, ^'ciiitalia and penes

indicate 1 mm. ; tliose for radular teeth 10 microns; ami those for

lines of ripht half of radular rows 100 microns (0.1 mm.).

Two new subfamilies are proposed in the following' key:

POLYGYRIDAE ( ?).

A. Talon well developed and carrefour mainly exposed ; epi-

phallus poorly differentiated as simple enlar<j:ement of vas

deferens or as a chamber inside penis; spermatophore (so far

as observed) a simple membranous sac: Thysanophorinae.

Sagdidae ( ! ) .

AA. Talon obsolescent and carrefour mostly imbedded in albu-

men gland; epiphallus well developed, usually wdth flagel-

lum ; spermatophore (so far as seen) wdth horny walls and

often complex. (C) Peuial appendix single or absent, with-

out greatly swollen base; lung and kidney medium to long.

(B) Spermathecal sac below aorta; flagella cylindrie, short

or absent; peuial appendix (when present) opening through

large papilla into small penis ; Puerto Rico to Cuba :

Aquebaninae, new subfamily

B(AA). Spermathecal sac above aorta, with slender duct opening

into swollen stalk near terminal attachment of retractor;

penial appendix (absent in Hojeda) opening through a ring

into appendicular branch ; principal flagellum large, more or

less crescentic and flattened, at least at tip, and with lumen

near one side ; large species mainly Jamaican : Sagdinae.

C(AA). Penis has three appendices, witli big, very thick-walled

bases; lung and kidney short; shell Slice inca-Yike; flagellum

extremely long; Puerto Rico (and Lesser Antilles) :

Platysuecineinae, new subfamily

^r.CLEANiA DARLiNGTONi Bequacrt and Clench. PI. 4, figs. 1-4.

1939, Mem. Soc. Cuba. Hist. Nat. 13 : 283, pi. 36, f . 4^6.

Shell largely epidermal, thin; keel serrations not hollow. Em-

bryonic whorls around 1.5 ; first not serrate, rapidly assuming

fine, discontinuous, anastomosing, more or less retractive wrinkles,

which separate fusiform pits, and fairly coarse, irregular, pro-

tractive threadlets. Later whorls with fine, closely spaced, epi-

dermal growth-riblets, whicii are stronger on serrations, along

irregular and anastomosing retractive bands above, and in patches

below. Peristome with palatal, basal and columellar sides well

56 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (2)

reflected ; basal wall thickened interually ; parietal region not

reflected but curved upward near middle to form a marked, semi-

circular sinus, and downward more laterally as an indentation,

or a weak, tooth-like projection into the aperture.

Animal similar to Thysanophora palcosa, 1927, Proc. ANSP.

79 : 238, but bro^^•nish, with darker bands alonw edp:e of sole, broad

black ones each side of head and a narrow middorsal one ; tenta-

cles light with dark tips. Inconspicuous right and left (anterior)

mantle-lappets present. Lung black, with colorless lines, or large

areas, over principal veins ; almost 5 times length of base or twice

kidney, which is very attenuate anteriad, over 3 times length of

its base and almost twice pericardial length. Ovotestis consisting

of fan-shaped or conical lobes (7 seen laterad) in basal 0.6 of api-

cal liver lobe. Talon (GT, f. 3), which internally is divided into

3 caeca at apex, and most of carrefour (X) exposed although bulb

of latter is behind prostate (DG), which is attached to uterus

(UT). Albumen gland (GG) extending to above apex of

stomach. Spermatlieca (S) sometimes containing membranous

sac, probably a spermatophore. Vagina (V) almost absent.

Penis (P) externall.v simple, with nerve from cerebral ganglion,

but, when opened lateroventrally (f. 4), epiphallic chamber

(opened) occupies almost i of length; opening of vas (DE)

simple; aperture into penis proper (EP) large. When opened

dorsally (f. 2), penis proper (opened) overlaps epiphallic open-

ing (EP) almost ^ its length. Pharyngeal retractor almost free;

right and left free retractors soon separating ; right ommato-

phoral muscle in peniovidueal angle. Salivary glands apparently

fused above oesophagus, forming sagittate mass about 1.5 lengtli

buccal mass. Jaw solid, with extremely low, rounded thicken-

ings, that barely undulate margins. Hadular fornuUa (f. 1) :

30 + 1 -I- 12 -f- 18 ; entocone appearing on 11th to 13th tooth ; outer

10 may break up ectocone; 144 rows counted.

The dissected specimens come from cloud-zone forest, under

decaying wood, in Maricao Forest, on main ridge south of Mari-

cao; also found under dead palm leaves, on ridge west of Ad-

juntas. Although tlie radular as well as the shell characters of

this species warrant its retention as a genus. Mclcania seems

fairly close to typical Thys(nwpli<ir(i, or, at least, to the only sec-

tion (Miroconus) of which the anatomy is known. In its reflected

I)eristome with a tootli-like iuilentation, as well as its simj^le geni-

talia, Mclcania also definitely approaches llic Polygyridae ; in

Fact, as suggested in the key to subramilies, the gaj) l)etween that

family and all the Tliysaiioi)lioi-inae seems, on the whole, le.s.s than

TIIK NAITIUS; :,4 (2

I'LA'I'K }

l'"ij;s. 1 — I. Mclidiiiti (liirliiiiihiiii. I'^ijis. .">-!•, )' iiikiih n ih nsi lirnlii. I'iy>

l"-li2. .lijiii Ixniti iiiibrncni.s.

III'. \.\l TIIJ S: :)4 (2)

IM.ATI-: .■)

19

' V* \-M-?* ^^

Fijj. \','t, II yaUisaiiiia .sitba<iiit(<t. l^'i^. \-i, Ihijttln (/(<»_f/(// /i.s/.v. l"'iK'^- 1"»-1

.lillli htnui n tilt inn. F\i:<. IH-'Jn, I'ttltysuccilH H liin-lmin nsis.

Oi-tubor. i:)4()| THE xaitius 37

tlmt between the last aiul the true Safzdidae. The aiiatoiiiically

known <ienera of Tliysanopliorinae, to wliieh Ilzdniiiii niijrht be

tentatively added on the basis of its distribution, are outlined in

the following key :

A. Sperniatheeal sac above aorta; radular niar^rinals with ento-

eones; epiphallus with vestigial flagelluni ; Mexico and south :

Microconus (wilhelmi).

AA. Spermathecal sac below aorta; flagellum absent. (C) Cen-

tral and inner laterals of radula with distinct ectocones, but

marginals without entocones; albumen gland medium in

length ; shell without reflected peristome or large carinal ser-

rations. (B) Epiphallus broad, attaelied on side of penis;

shell smoothish ; western U. S. : Microphysula (ingcrsolli).

B(AA). Epiphallus terminal (Setidiscus), \estigial (Lyroconus)

or inside penis (s.s., like Mcleania) ; shell with epidemal out-

growths; mainly tropical: Thysanophora (impura).

C(AA). Central and inner laterals with or without weak ecto-

conal notches, but marginals with entocones ; albumen gland

longer than other female organs; shell with reflected peri-

stome, large carinal serrations and epidermal riblets ; western

Puerto Rico: Mcleania {darlingtoni) .

YuNQUEA DENSELiRATA, new genus and species. PI. 4, figs. 5-9.

Shell (f. 7-9) depressed turbinate, with evenly rounded and

gradually increasing whorls; almost white, dullish but iridescent,

and translucent. Embryonic whorls 1.7, soon assuming sharp

widely spaced growth-threads, in interspaces between which

weaker ones develop and become stronger until subequal. Later

whorls above and below with sharply cut but very fine and closely

spaced, weakly arcuate growth-threads, of which about 1 in 7 is

very slightly stronger; below also with irregular spiral striae,

especially in umbilicus. Suture well impressed but with narrow

bevel. Aperture crescentic ; peristome sharp, about 10° to shell-

axis, noticeably arcuate above; parietal callus fairly stroiig. Um-

bilicus (measured fi-om overhanging peristome) 8.6 times in maj.

diam. Dimensions of type (ANSP. 176681) ; alt. 2Av) mm., maj.

diam. 147 (3.60 mm.) [at 4 wh. 2.91, 4.5 wh. 3.43, 5 wh. 3.8 mm.?J,

min. diam. 137 (3.36) ; alt. apert. 67 (1.64), diam. apert. 112

(1.84).

Foot light in color, with head, tail and especially long tentacles

darker; tail with rounded tip and obscure dorsal groove. Right

and left (anterior) mantle-lappets minute; umbilical lobe fairly

prominent. Lung blackish, about 4 times base and almost thrice

length of kidney, which is triangular, about twice its base and 2.5

58 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 54 (2)

pericardium. Pig-ment blackest over ovotestis, which consists of

fan-shaped lobes (7 seen laterally) and is imbedded in basal 0.6

of apical liver lobe. Carrefour (X, f. 5) imbedded in albumen

gland, in which intestine is also impressed. Epiphallus (E) with

thin- walled flagellum (EF) and terminal enlargement (EF') ;

remainder thick-walled, convoluted inside sheath (ES; opened),

which is attached throughout by fibers, receives penial retractor

(PR) and contains glandular ring (EG) near base (EP) ; short,

domed vergic papilla (outlined) present. Penis (P) enervated

from cerebral ganglion. Atrial (Y) opening a vertical slit just

behind inferior tentacle. Salivary glands or ducts 1.3 times

length of buccal mass. Jaw consisting of 33 narrow fused plaits,

which serrate margins; growth-striae very distinct. Radular

formula (f. 6): 19 + 1-1-8 + 11; practically all teeth tricuspid,

although occasional outer ones divide ectocone ; 74 rows counted.

Pharyngeal and right and left free retractors almost immediately

separating ; right ommatophoral muscle in penioviducal angle.

In two weeks, 3 specimens of Yunquea denselirata were col-

lected on fallen leaves, along Rio Minas trail from Restaurant El

Yunque, below Big Trees trail ; altitude about 2500 feet (station

ER3). Yunquea seems to be a primitive member of the Aque-

baninae ; it is distinguished from the other genera in the following

key:

A. Radular laterals tricuspid ; ureteric opening in posterior cor-

ner of lung; shell with fine close growtli-threadlets; penial

appendix absent, but sheathed epiphallus with glandular

ring near base ; eastern Puerto Rico :

Yunquea (denselirata).

AA. Radular laterals lack entocones ; ureter complete ; shell with

epidermal outgrowtlis. (C) genus Aquehana; penial appen-

dix emptying througli large papilla into small i>enis; central

and inner laterals have distinct ectocones; fiagella very short

or absent. (B) epiphallus lacks llagellum or vergic papilla,

but has glandular slieatli around base; oviparous; shell hir-

sute; Haiti: subgenus Exsuavitas {pubesccns).

B(AA). p]pi])hallus has short flagella aiul vergic papilla, enclosed

with api)eii(licular i)ai)illa in a menibranous hood; probably

viviparous; shell scabrous; eastern Puerto Rico:

subgenus Aquehana (velutina).

C(AA). Penial aj>i)enilix absent; central and inner laterals witii

or witiiout weak ectoconal notches; liagellum possibly longer;

Cuba : Suavitas {suavitas).

0(.-tol)t'r. 10101 Till: naitiij s o'J

AgiKHANA i^Exst AviTAs) Pi'BEScExs ( Pfciffcr) • IM. 4, fi},'S.

10-12.

A. {E.) ptibcsccns II. P.. B., 1939, Naut. 52: 143.

Animal similar to pi'eee(-lin<;; li<i:iit in color Avitli brown spots on

tail, which is rather attennatc, pointed posteriacl and lias weak

miiUlorsal groove; tentacles darkish. Lung with sparse brown to

black spots, mainly in anterior half; about 5 times base or twice

lengtii of kidney, which is less attenuate about 4 times its base

or thrice pericardium. Ovotestis w'ith 5 visible lobes, imbedded

in basal half apical liver lobe. Most of carrefour (X; f. 10)

buried. P^ree oviduct containing a large, chalk-shelled e'^rr (UO).

Epiphallus (E) containing a U-shaped fold below apical entrance

of vas (D) and with basal half surrounded by a thick, alveolate

sheath (EG). Penial appendix (PA) glandular throughout

length; opening through capilla (PQ) which is partly contained

in small, thin-walled penis proper (P; opened out in f. 12). Sali-

vary ducts longer. Jaw slightly enlarged at ends; composed of

21 broader plaits, which do not serrate margin. Radular formula

(f. 11) : 25 + 1 + 11 -f 14 ; entocone appearing on 11th tooth ; outer

12 divide ectoeone ; 105 rows counted.

Although distinct enough for recognition as a separate genus,

Exsuavitas is evidently closest to Aquebana.

Aquebana (s.s) velutina (Lamarck). PI. 5, jSgs. 15-17.

Helix velutina Lam., 1822, An. s. vert. 6 (2) : 86. Suavitas

(A.) velutina Pilsbry, 1926, Proc. ANSP. 78: 111.

Animal similar to A. puhescens but tail less acuminate, sides of

foot slightly darker and top of head becoming dark towards either

side of middorsal white stripe. ]\Iantle collar orange. Lung with

diffuse pigment, darker anteriad ; about 7 times base or twice kid-

ney length, wiiich is almost 7 times its base or 5 times pericar-

dium. Ovotestis with 7 alveolate lobes visible in basal if of apical

liver lobe. Free oviduct or functional uterus (UT, f. 15) con-

taining 6 large eggs. Epiphallus (E) with two short flagella

(EF, EF'), internally with 5 narrow pilasters; surrounded by

sheath which is free near ba.se (ES ; end of E and all penis opened

out in f. 16) ; and opening into small tliin-wallcd penis (P)

through vergic papilla (PV), which is surrounded by a mem-

branous hood (PV). Penial appendix (PA) not glandular in

slenderer base; opening through a hard papilla (PQ), which is

attached along inside of vergic hood but protrudes briefly. Jaw

with 23 plaits and continued by weak cornification of oral roof.

Radular formula (f. 17): 31 + 1 + 14 + 17; mesocones bluntish;

60 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (2)

entocones may be indicated on 14th tooth but very variable on all ;

ectoeone often divided from 16th out ; 128 rows counted.

The dissected animals were found deep under rocks in lime-

stone hills south of Old Loiza.

Hyalosagda (Microsagda) subaquila (Shuttleworth). PI. 5,

%. 13.

Helix suhaquila Sh., 1854, Mittli. Xat. Ges. Bern 1854: 94

[154].

Shell protoconch with obsolescent spirals (approaching: Aero-

trochus) and g-rowth-striae ; later whorls with clean rib-striae.

Animal similar to Aquebana puhcscens, but foot and lung: not

spotted. Lung almost thrice as long as base or twice kidney,

which is almost thrice its base and over twice pericardium. Ovo-

testis with 10 lobes (7 visible laterally). Penial appendix (PA)

entering appendicular branch (PB) of penis through a slightly

protruding, annular thickening (as usual in Sagdinae). Jaw

much thinner ; 23 plaits. Radular f ornuila : 23 + 1 + 9 + 14 ; ento-

cone appearing on 11th tooth; divisions of marginal ectocones

deeper and often more numerous ; 93 rows counted.

In the genitalia of fl". epistyliulum , the type of Microsagda

(section of Lacteoluna), the spermathecal duct (SD), the dis-

tance between vas (D) and penial retractor (PR) and the un-

divided penial base (P) are all longer. The dissected specimens

of H. suhaquila come from the canyon of Rio Grande de Areeibo

(station PNl).

HojEDA iNAGUENSis (Wcinland). PI. 5, fig. 14.

H. B. B., 1936, Naut. 50 (2) : 70.

Animal very similar to Hojeda vunattai II. B. B., 1924 & 1926,

Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 152 & 167 : 79 & 13, which has

been dissected again. Lung 3 times base or twice kidney length,

which is 2.3 base or twice pericardium. Ovotestis with two lobes.

Talon ol)s()lcte and carrelour buried in both sjiecies. Sperina-

llioca with stout stalk (SS), long duct (SD) aiul retractor (SK)

in both. EpiphaUai' opening into ]H'nis (at EP) without distinct

vergic pa])ilhi. Penis with apical caecum (PC) only in //. inagu-

cnsis. Radular formula same in both; cusps of central and

laterals actually extend to margin of base, as usual; 84 rows

counted.

Octoltt'i-. 1!14()| Tin: NAiTiMs 61

Ilojida lias tlie spennathei'al and ilaf^'cllar rliaractors of the

Sajrilinao and is (jnite tdoso to Microsiujda. From the other

thoroufrlily known genera, which were outlined in 1935, Naut. 48:

135, and to wliich Odtnitosai/da and possibly Xoiodiscula niip:lit

be dubiously atlded, Hojcdn is separated in the following key:

A. Penis without appendix ; shell minute, rib-striate and aecumu-

lating dirt more or less evenly: Hojeda (vanatiai).

AA. Penis with appendix ; shell usually larger, clean or accumu-

lating dirt very unevenly :

Hyalosagda, Proserpinula, Sacjda, Zaphysema.

Platysuccinea portoricexsis (Shuttleworth). PI. 5, figs. 18-20.

Simpulopsis p. Sh., 1854: 55 (147).

Foot dark in color with chrome markings, so large that it can-

not be entirely drawn into shell ; tail pointed, with weak middor-

sal groove obsolete towards tip. Mantle-collar chrome-speckled,

with little anterior shell-lap but quite large, tongue-shaped um-

bilical lobe; right mantle-lappet (MR) fairly large; left one

(ML) short and undivided. Lung (f. 13; viewed from inside;

only coarser venation shown) darkly pigmented; anus (A) and

ureteric opening (KX) near external end of pneumostome (LP).

Kidney (K) and pericardium (H; opened) overlapping attach-

ment of diaphragm (LA) and intestine. Ovotestis (G, f. 20) sub-

spherical, consisting of conical lobes of clavate alveoli (not

shown), imbedded below and surpassing in volume apical liver

lobe. Carrefour without talon and completely imbedded. Sperm-

oviduct folded into haemocoele ; eggs spherical, chalk-shelled and

2 mm. in diam. Spermathecal sac (S) above aorta; spermato-

phore (only broken ones seen) with head triangular in cross-sec-

tion with all angles slightly ])roduced, and with tail cylindric with

wing down one side, which is mainly entire but is serrate for part

of its length. Epijiliallus (E) with alveolate, annular sheath

(EG) near base, which internally shows several, high, thin, fleshy

folds ; lumen above this like head of spermatophore and in flagel-

lum (EF) like tail; opening (at EP) through domed vergic pa-

pilla, about as long as broad. Penis proper (P) enervated from

cerebral ganglion, internally with 5 pilasters and receiving 3

appendices (PA), which appear glandular throughout and have

greatly enlarged bases, with very thick walls and capillary lumen

(like dart sacs). Atrial opening and retractors much as in Aque-

bana. Salivary glands not longer than buccal bulb; ducts half

again as long. Jaw as in A. velutina, with 21 plaits, but with

heavy plate back along roof of mouth. Radular formula (f. 19) :

62 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (2)

40 + 1 + 21 + 19 ; entocone beginnino; on 19th tooth ; marginals with

mesocone and entocone subequal and spatulate and with ectocone

rarely divided ; 154 rows counted.

Platysuccinea portoricensis is strictly terrestrial ; it occurs

rarely, deep under rocks, on the lowlands, but is common, on

fallen leaves, in the more humid mountains, especially under

ruderal conditions. The dissected specimens come from the same

locality as Yunquea denselirata. Evidently, Platysuccinea

Ance}^ (1881) is an aberrant sagdid and is not related to Simpu-

lopsis. On the other hand, the arboreal genus Gaeotis has also

been examined and does belong in the Bulimulidae.

NEW MARINE SHELLS DREDGED OFF PALM

BEACH, FLORIDA

BY THOMAS L. McGINTY

For some time the collectors of south-east Florida have been

agreeing upon the dredging possibilities present in the deeper

water off-shore, but like Mark Twain and the weather, no one did

anything about it. That is, until Jeanne S. Schwengel and her

friends, Greta Bishop and Mary Mcintosh, put theory into prac-

tice during the spring of 1939. They continued their work in

1940 with results so gratifying that others were induced to enter

the field.

The species following are a part of the McGinty dredging efforts

made during the past spring and summer. The resulting number

of new forms and records far surpassed our fondest hopes, but

needless to say, much work remains to be done before anything

approaching a complete record of this fauna can be compiled.

Epitonium (Cirsotrema) pilsbry. new species. PI. 3. fig. 13.

Shell rather slender, dull white; 9i well rounded whorls,

nucleus smooth, of about 1.^ whorls; suture deep; surface spirally

siriate, numerous separated wavy varices becoming strong where a

rest i)('i-i()(l is indicated; apcrtui-e almost round, lij) expanded;

oj)er('ulimi black and lioniy.

Length l(i iiiiii.. widlli 7 nun. Length 19.2 mm., width 7.1 nnn.

The type 176448 A.N.S.P. was dredged on the rocky reef off

Palm Beach, Florida, in 75 fathoms.

October. 1940] tiik naltilis 63

This MOW spei'ios soinowhat resembles /;,'. cochlea Sowerby, but

easily may be clistintriiislied from that sjieeies by its rounded

whorls and differeuee in sculpture. The whorls of E. cochlea,

whieh was also present in the dred<rin<rs, are well shouldered. So

far. this new Cirsotrcma is known only from off shore stations.

Named in honor of Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry.

Marginella beali, new species. PI. 3. figs. 10, 11.

Shell small, polished, apex slightly elongated, about 4!- whorls,

suture shallow, aperture narrow and nearly as long as the shell,

outer lip thiekened, with minute, irregular dentieulation. Pillar

with four plaits, the lower two being somewhat stronger. Grey-

ish white, with three livid brown bands, the band nearest suture

half the width of the lower two bands, which terminate with

bro^vll spots at the back of the lip, a smaller brown spot well up on

the lip toward the apex. The last three whorls are covered with

irregular opaque white flecks.

Length 8.5 mm., width 4.8 mm. Length 12 mm., width 6.8 mm.

The type, 176447 A.N.S.P., was dredged oft Lake Worth,

Florida, in 84 fathoms. Paratypes in the collection of Dr. J. H.

Beal, Cocoa, Fla., in whose honor the species is named.

The new species superficially suggests a very small race of

Marginella guttata Dillwyn, because of similaritj^ in general

color pattern. However, the apex of M. heali is more elongated

and the early whorls retain the irregular snow>^ flecks whieh are

glazed over in M. guttata. The brown markings which cover the

lip of Dillw>'n's species are merely suggested on M. heali, not

being visible from a frontal view. Also, the irregular small

teeth upon the lip of the new species do not appear on M. guttata.

AsPELLA ELizABETiiAE. n. sp. Vol. 53, Plate 10, fig. 7, Nautilus,

January 1940.

Shell elongated, obliquely subfusiform, chalkish white, with five

or six varices on each whorl ; several narrow grooves on the spire

and low spiral cords between varices, about six on the body whorl.

Nucleus smooth, opaque, apex acute, convex, suture deeply im-

pressed, aperture elliptical, lip expanded and indented, operculum

yellow and corneus, canal short, narrow and recurved.

Length 12 mm., width oh mm.

The type, 176449 A.N.S.P.. was collected by T. L. McGinty at

Middle Sambo Shoals, near Key West, Florida.

Named in honor of Elizabeth Pilsbrv.

64 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (2)

Olivella watermani, new species. PI. 3, figs. 4, 5.

Shell solid, whorls about 4, with a short conic spire; suture

canaliculate, deep and narrow; columellar area with a strong

raised callus, an upper and lower set of columellar plications;

lip about four fifths the length of shell, with upper third of aper-

ture closed off by the heavy callus. Color white, with three

rather obscure suffused bands of pink, orange or yellow spots on

the last whorl.

Length 10.5 mm., width 4.6 mm. Length 9.6 mm., width 4.5

The type, 176446 A.N.S.P., was dredged off Palm Beach,

Florida, in 80 fathoms, marl bottom. Paratypes in the Water-

man collection. Palm Beach. Named in honor of Dr. George A.

Waterman.

HALDEMAN'S 1840 SUPPLEMENT

By J. P. E. MORRISON 1

Li the library of the Division of Mollusks of the United States

National Museum, there is a copy of S. S. Ilaldeman's "Supple-

ment to number one of 'A Monograph of the Limniades, or

Freshwater Univalve Shells of North America,' . . . Published

October, 1840, for gratuitous distribution."

Since Sherborn^ definitely states that he had not seen this pub-

lication, and since neither Schultz, et al.,^ nor Neave* correctly

date the new genera contained therein, this brief list of correc-

tions and annotations of Molluscan names is presented to supple-

ment the magnificent works of compilation of those authors.

(P- 1)

Mclania intcrru}'>ia is correctly listed on p. 171 of Tryon's

Strepomatidae (Smith. Misc. Coll. J253, 1873).

Melania suturalis, Haldeman, Oct. 1840, jireoccupies Melania

suturalis, Philippi (Abb. Conch. 2: 173, 1847).

Melania cxilis is correctly treated on ji. 279 of 'Piyoii.

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

2 Index Animalium, II, (1801-1850).

3 Nomen. Animal, jjener. et aubgener., 1020.

* Nomenclator Zoologicus, 1939.

October. 11)40] Tin: naitili^s ' 65

Mflauia suhsfricfa, Ilaldomaii, Oct. 1840. was tlio name •riven

for the preoccupied Mdauia conica Say. llaldeman's later

homonj'm (Jan. 1844) is stated to be a synonym of Melania ohtusa

Lea (Feb. 1841) on p. 168 of Tryon.

Anculosa Say, used here in sensu latu; also in scnsu shictu,

with the four following additional subgenera.

Liihasia, Haldeman, Oct. 1840. Correctly dated by Sherborn,

in spite of his statement "mihi non visum."

Paludomus Swainson, no species mentioned, no correction

needed.

Ucmimitra Swainson, no species mentioned, no correction

needed.

Mudalia, Haldeman, Oct. 1840. This is the first description

and use of the name.

Anculosa (Lithasia) geniculata, Haldeman, Oct. 1840, de-

scribed from E. Tennessee, is the type of Lithasia, and correctly

dated on p. 13 of Tryon.

(p. 2)

Anculosa (Mudalia) turgida, described in the Supplement,

should be considered the type of Mudalia. It is given as a

synonym of Anculosa melanoides Conrad by Tryon, p. 399.

Tryon (p. 388) does not record Haldeman 's use of Paludina

(Mudalia) dissiniilis Say, which combination is merely listed, in

the observations.

Limnaea platystoma, is correctly dated on p. 463 of F. C.

Baker's Lymnaeid ^Monograph.

Limnaea expansa, dates from Oct. 1840, as treated by F. C.

Baker on p. 301.

Pliysa microstoma, Haldeman, dates from the Supplement

(Oct. 1840), where it was first described,

Phy.^a distorta, Haldeman, dates from Oct. 1840, also.

Planorhula, Haldeman, dates from Oct. 1840, where it was

briefly described and stated to be a new name for Discus Halde-

man, July 1840 (not Discus Fitzinger, 1833).

Paludina, Lam., used here in sensu latu; also in sensu strictu,

with the four following additional subgenera.

Lutella, Haldeman, Oct. 1840, has not been found in any

generic list consulted. The original description: "Shell like

66 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (2)

Paludina, opercule thick and shelly, just fitting the peritreme,"

can be easily recognized as the generic character of BuUnius

alone, among the forms probably known to Haldeman at the time

of description. In the absence of any previous fixation, Helix

tentaculata Linnaeus is hereby designated to genotype of Lutella,

which is a synonym of Bulimns Scopoli, 1777.

Tulotoma, Haldeman, dates from this supplement, Oct. 1840,

p. 2.

Nematura, Benson, briefly described with no species men-

tioned.

(p. 3)

>-3)

Amnicola Gould & Haldeman, is briefly described, with

ippies mentioned in Oet. 1840.

species mentioned in Oct. 1840

no

NERITINA VIRGINEA IN JAMAICA

{Continued from page 27)

By E. a. ANDREWS

LOCALITIES WHERE OTHER NERITIDAE WERE COLLECTED IN

1910 AND 1932

Neritina punctulata L. Port Antonio stream, 1910; and riv-

ers: Montego at bridge, 1910; Great, 1910 and 1932; Flint 1910

and 1932; Mt. Pleasant, 1932. Town Creek, Mo Bay, 1910; Rio

Grande Bridge, 1932; pebbles few miles from mouth of Buff Bay,

1932, Dr. Patterson.

Theodoxus mcleagris (Lam.). Concrete slab west side mouth

of Town Creek, Mo Bay, 1932; few inches from surface, migrat-

ing down with tide toward zone of green and red algae, exposed

to full sun, crowded few to square inch, firmly adherent. Water

contaminated, 29.6-9° C, air 30° C, density at top, 1.003-1.022,

ten inches down, 1.023. Some shells with hermit crabs. Eyes

white on black peduncles, tentacles light with black markings,

body black blotched with white, sole smoky, operculum wliite.

Ncrililia succinca Recluz. 1910: common in Town Creek, Mo

Bay, but none in 1932. Mt. Pleasant stream abundant with o^xff

f-apsules in 1932. Great River rapids abundant. 1910 and 1932;

many on under sides large stones migrate with surprising rapidity

Oi'tobor. 19401 Tiii: xArTiLi's 67

to shade of top wIkmi stone tiiriK'd upside down in air, may be

trains of 7-8 in row, like dueks.

Nerita tristis d'Orb. 1932: many at Sandy Bay shoals near

shore.

Xcrita pcloronta L. 1932: spray-wet rucks, IS. Xijrril Lij;ht

House with egg capsules, July; 1932: rocks 24 miles East of

Kingston, Cays off Kingston Harbor, White House Point, Mo

Bay.

Nerita tessellata Gmel. 1932: White House Point, Mo Bay;

Cays off Kingston Harbor.

Nerito versicolor Gmel. 1932: White House Point, Mo Bay;

Cays off Kingston Harbor ; rocks 24 miles East of Kingston.

Nerita alticola Pilsbry. First found in 1910 by Dr. C. B.

Wilson in brook from Spani.sh Dam, Catadupa ; July 1932 : many

on small stones, same rapid brook, with e^x'^ capsules. July 1910 :

Great River near bridge at ford near bridge where road down

from Catadupa joins road from Mo Bay to Black River, 20 miles

from each, on stones and logs in shade, dozen in few minutes with

many Hemisinus lineatus Gray; but in 1932 none to be found,

banks cultivated. July 1932: just above Lethe Bridge, Great

River, opposite Mrs. Grubb's and below remnants of old dam,

scattered 6-12 to square foot, or in small groups and pairs with

e^g capsules, dozen or more to square inch under stones, firmly

adherent, waist deep rushing stream. Stones with microscopic

algae turned upside down in air, snails rapidly migrate onto

darker face, former top. Many Hemisinus on top of stones.

Also Ampullaria fasciata Roissy. Also three miles farther up

Great River at Shettlewood Bridge same date, under stones abun-

dant in muddy rapid with egg capsules.

July 1932: Sweet River (Bowen's) near highway bridge and

112 milestone from Spanish Town, under stone with capsules in

waist deep rushing clear water, many plants, Hemisinus lineo-

latus and Ampnllnrin gossei Reeve.

EXPLANATION OF DATA IN TABLES

Size is expressed by the range from largest to smallest, meas-

ured by calipers across shell; by average of the above, or from

observation; and as maximum from measurements of greatest

68 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 54 (2)

dimension from apex to farthest edge, as ce. ; a concept of the

bulk of an average shell in each population got by dividing the

entire bulk measured in cubic centimeters in a tall graduate by

the numbers of shells in that lot, by the percentages of shells of

various sizes in each collection, recorded as a, b, c, d, that stuck

on iron wire screens of square mesh of 11, 5.5, 4.5, 3.5 mm. sides,

while e represents the percentage of (immature) shells that

passed through the smallest mesh, 3.5 mm.

By Brilliance is meant the percentage of reflected light from a

typical shell as compared with a slide of magnesium oxide taken

as 100.

A notion of the relative frequency of the more striking pat-

terns on shells is given in the columns I-V : I being the percentage

of shells that are melanic (or black) with at most fine white spots;

II, the percentage that are albinic with little color, or nearly lack-

ing in pattern ; III, the percentage banded or having spiral lines

or groupings of markings; IV, the percentage with large light

blotches demarked by dark sinuous or angular lines ; and V, the

percentage with more pigment reducing the light background to

minute spots or areas. All five inter-grade.

To he continued.

NOTES AND NEWS

Addition to the Range of Pectcn caurinus Gould. — In the

Nautilus, Volume 51, No. 4, 1938, p. 144, I cited the northern

range of Pecten caurinus as Kayak Island, Alaska, mentioned by

Steller and Stejneger. During the course of field work in Alaska

in 1938 G. D. Hanna definitel}' confirmed this northern record and

stated that live specimens of the species were taken by fishermen

some 60 miles north of this locality, off Channel Island, Orca

Inlet, Cordova, Alaska, in 25 fathoms. Live specimens were

dredged by G. D. Hanna, August, 1940, 2 miles AV by S ^ W of

Fort Bragg Buoy, Califoniin, in 47 to 50 fathoms while on board

the N. B. Scofficld, of the State of California Division of Fish and

Game. A fragment of a valve was dredged by Dr. Hanna Irom

the same ship in 100 fathoms 17| miles, "SV h N from Drakes Bay

Buoy, Point Reyes, California. Tiie range of the species as known

OctobtM-. lf)4()l Tin; NAUTILUS O'J

at j)ros(Mit is from Cluuuu'l Island, Orca Inlet, Cordova, Alaska,

to otT Point Reyes, California. — L. G. IIeutlein.

Akiox circumscriptus in Indianapolis, Indiana. — Two speci-

mens of Arion circumscriptus Johnston were collected November

2, 1936, under a stone in the rock-garden at 5348 Ohmer Avenue,

Indianapolis, Indiana. The larger specimen was preserved and

is no. 176395 A.X.S.P. The species has been found to be common

at this locality.

Specimens have also been found at a vacant lot on the north-

east corner of Good Avenue and Kawls Avenue; 28 specimens

being collected December 3, 1938, at this locality. The 18 pre-

served specimens are no. 176396 A.N.S.P. collections. The spe-

cies is also common at this locality, although it has not been found

in the three blocks separating this from the other locality. Speci-

mens collected from both colonies this spring seem to indicate

that the species is firmly established.

The writer is indebted to Tucker Abbott of Watertown, Massa-

chusetts, for citations to helpful references. — Glenn R. Webb.

Wilmington, N. C, Records. — On visiting Lake Greenfield at

"Wilmington, N. C, in January of the current year, the following

species were taken in beach drift :

Elliptio fisherianus Lea. Said bj' local residents to be quite

plentiful.

Campcloma geniculatiim Conrad. "A rather uiiusuall}' rounded

form of the species" (H. A. Pilsbry.).

Succijiea campestris Say. Identification uncertain owing to poor

condition of shells.

Mesodon thyroidus hucculetita Gould.

Triodopsis hopctoncnsis Shuttleworth.

Rumina dccollata Linnc. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry informs me that

Rumina dccollata has not previously been taken so far north.

— Joshua L. Bailey. Jr., March 14, 1940.

Another Record for Viviparus malleatus in Massachusetts.

— Mr. W. D. Thomas recently (Aug. 11, 1940) collected a series of

this species in "Whitman's pond, East Weymouth, Massachusetts,

and reported that the species was exceedingly' abundant. This

70 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (2)

"vvoiild indicate that the introduction may date back several years.

It is of considerable importance that these records be published

inasmuch as we then gain some idea relative to the time of their

introduction and the speed at which they occupy new territory.

Though East Weymouth is distant only 15 miles from Muddj'

River, Boston, the first record for New England, it is the most

southerl}^ record so far for the Boston area. These introductions

are unquestionably made by man, and very probably indirectly

through aquarium supply stores. They are now sufficiently abun-

dant in Muddy River to warrant their collection and sale in the

Chinese quarter of Boston. — W. J. Clench.

From Capt. Frederick Marryat, "A Diary in America, with

Remarks on Its Institutions," Philadelphia: Carey & Hart, 1839,

vol. 1, p. 212. "The shells found in their western rivers are very

interesting. I had promised to procure some for Mr. Lea, of

Philadelphia, and an old squaw had been despatched to obtain

them. She brought me a large quantity, and then squatted down

by my side. I was seated on the stone steps before the door, and

commenced opening and cleaning them, previous to packing them

up. She watched me very attentively for half an hour, and then

got up and continued, as she walked away, to chuckle and talk

aloud. 'Do you know what the old woman says?' said the old

Canadian interpreter to me ; ' she says, the man 's a fool ; he keeps

the shells and throws the meat away.' " — Calvin Goodrich.

New Subgenera of Antillean Helicinidae. — Hjalmarsona,

new subgenus of A/cod/a, type A. (Idesa) hjalmarsoni (Pfeitfer),

from Puerto Rico. Shell smooth and shining, with rapid whorl-

increase and large aperture ; peristome scarcely reflected and only

weakly tliickened internally; columella weakly convex and

scarcely thickened. Calcareous plate of operculum thin but well

developed, granulate externally; columellar margin sigmoid.

Differs from other sections of Idcsa by more rai)id whorl-increase

and simpler peristome. Probably also includes A. mcgastoma

(C. B. A.) and A. erythrozona Dean from Jamaica, A. (jonavcnsis

Weinland and A. oleosa (Pfr.) from llispaniola, and po.ssibly A.

neehiana (Pfr.) from Cuba.

October. 1940J tiik nautilus 71

Striatemoda, new subjienus of Alcadia ( ?), type .4. (Emodaf)

striata (Laiiiari'k), from Puerto Kieo. Shell with marked ^'rowth-

threads on earlier post-embryonic growth; eolumella swollen and

rather abruittly terminated below; animal often paedojrenetoid.

Operculum with calcareous plate well developed, althou^di smaller

than horny one, and pebbled externally ; columellar border almost

straight. Differs from Analcadia by absence of hairs at any stage

of growth and from Emoda by weaker calcareous plate of opercu-

lum and almost complete absence of spiral sculpture on shell.

Probably also includes A. platychilos (Miihlfeldt), A. striatula

(Sowerby), ^-1. rufa (Pfr.) and A. haitensis (Maltzan). — H. Bur-

RiNGTOx Baker.

Some ]\Iarine Species Hitherto Unreported from Florida. —

Strombus gallus L., 95 mm. in length, taken in 1938 and 1940

from shallow water in Lake Worth, at Boynton, Florida.

Bursa (Marsupina) spadicea Mont. Three living specimens

were found in Lake Worth, at Boynton, Florida, during 1938.

The largest specimen measured 56 mm. in length. Another speci-

men was dredged off-shore in 30 fathoms.

Tcllina (juildingi Hanley. Several specimens were taken dur-

ing 1939 in Lake Worth, at Boynton, Florida. Length 40 mm.

Natica {Stigmaulax) sulcata Born. A number of rather worn

beach specimens have been taken from the beach at Boynton.

This past summer Mr. and Mrs. James Donovan have taken living

specimens from the sand-bar at Peanut Island, Lake Worth. —

TUOMAS L. McGlNTY.

Hyaloteuthis pelagicus (Bosc) in the North Pacific. —

While on a trip from Dutch Harbor, Alaska, to Honolulu, T. H.,

in the late summer of 1939, F. E. Lewis, captain and owner of the

M. S. Stranger, collected three specimens of this interesting and

rather rare squid. These cephalopods were taken in approxi-

mately Lat. 29° 40' N., Long. 159° 15' W., which is about 580

miles due north of Kauai Island, T. H. According to Sasaki

(Monog. Dibranchiate Ceph. Japanese Waters, 1929, p. 288),

there had been at that time only two specimens recorded from the

northern Pacific Ocean, both from the Japanese Islands. Pf effer

72 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 54 (2)

records one specimen from the south Pacific, the scattered other

records being from the Atlantic Ocean. The specimens were for-

warded to the U. S. National Museum through the kindness of

Dr. G. E. MacGinitie of the Kerckhoff Marine Laboratorj^ at

Corona del Mar, California. — H. A. Rehder.

Note on Thericinm auricoma Schwengel and stantoni Dall.

— In a re-arrangement of certain Cerithiums in the collection of

the United States National Museum, initiated by the description

of Cerithium auricoma Schwengel from Florida, it was found

that the group to which the latter species belongs was first charac-

terized by the description of Cerithium moenensis Gabb, from the

Pliocene of Moin Hill, near Puerto Limon, Costa Rica (Journal

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1881, ser. 2, vol. 8, pt. 4, pp. 360-

361, pi. 46, fig. 49). The next species to be described was Ceri-

thium stantoni Dall (Nautilus, 1907, vol. 21, pp. 22-23). This

was a complex description, based on a specimen from Belize,

British Honduras (U.S.N.M. no. 150294) and one from the

Florida Keys (U.S.N.M. no. 110469) ; the color notes were taken

from the Central American form, while the measurements were

based on the Floridian specimen. The description of Cerithium

auricoma Schwengel (Nautilus, 1940, vol. 53, p. 109, pi. 12, figs.

8, 8a) from near Key West, Florida, may be considered as re-

stricting the name of Dall's complex species to the British Hou-

duran form. This form differs from the Floridian form in being

shorter, more broadly conic, having more numerous and stronger

ribs, and in having the ground color of the basal portion of the

whorls much darker. Dall considered his Florida specimen to be

bleached, but this form is naturally pale in color. It may be

noted here that the generic name to be used for this group is

Thericium Monterosato 1880. The type of Ceritiiium is C. adan-

sonii Bruguiere (by virtual tautonymy), which Adanson states

to have collected in the mouth of the Gambia River, near Albreda,

Gambia, West Africa, umloubtedly a brackish water habitat.

This species has apparently not been found again, but iroin Adan-

son's figure, is quite dilTerent from any of the West Indian forms.

This com]ilex of Antillean species may therefore be arranged as

follows :

October, 1940J the nautilus 73

Thericiuni moenensis moenensis Gabb 1881 — Pliocene, Costa

Rica.

Thericiuni moenensis stantoni Dall 1907 — Recent, Central

America.

Thericiuni moenensis auricoma Schwengel 1940 — Florida Keys.

— H. A. Rehder.

The Beal Collection. — We learn by the Rollins Record, June,

1940, that the fine collection of mollusks assembled by Dr. J. H.

Beal of Merritt Island and Cocoa, Florida, has been presented to

Rollins College. It will be housed in a museum building now in

process of erection on the Rollins campus, the gift of Mr. B. L.

Maltbie.

Dr. Beal, formerly Professor of Pharmacy at the University of

Illinois and the University of Pittsburgh, has devoted much time

and money to the accumulation of this museum of Florida and

exotic mollusks, which is notable for the quality of the specimens

and the large number of genera represented. In the last year he

added the great Mosier collection of Liguus among other acces-

sions. H. A. PiLSBRY.

A New Character of the Early Stages of the Mollusc

Janthina exigua. — At Deerfield Beach, Broward Co., Florida, I

found 25 specimens of J. exigua, all under 1.5 mm. long and con-

taining the soft parts, clinging to the under side of kelp. Their

prominent feature was the asymmetrical papillary nucleus set at

an angle with the following whorls and composed of two or three

whorls, depending on the example. It is of a porcellanous tex-

ture in most specimens. This is apparently a hitherto unknown

character of this shell. In the examples taken, the nuclei are

deflected to either right or left. The shells are very fragile and

of a semi-translucent texture. The color is a deep violet. They

all have a sharp peripheral angle. No examples with perfect

outer lips were taken. Specimens have been deposited in the

A.N.S.P., no. 176445, and one is shown in fig. 4 of plate 2. —

Richard L. Albany, Lantana, Florida.

We are grieved to announce the death on July 8th of Ida S.

Oldroyd. A biographical notice will appear in the January

Nautilus.

74 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 54 (2)

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

World-Wide Sea Shells, by Maxwell Smith. A book for the

identification of sea shells from all over the world. A large num-

ber of frenotypes and of the species likely to be found in collec-

tions being figured, with the names, localities and dimensions.

Two interesting essays on the names of shells were contributed

by Dr. Joshua L. Baily. One new name, StroiJihus gigas hor-

ridus, p. 131, is introduced for an abnormal specimen from Lake

Worth.— H. A. P.

The West American Haliotis. By Paul Bartsch (Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus. 89: 49-58, 3 plates). A review of the species and

subspecies, the following described as new: H. sorenseni, H.

rufescens hattorii, H. aulaea, H. smithsoyii. The long lost species

H. ponderosa C. B. Ad., is described and figured from the type.

It is thought to be from southern California, and looks much like

an old H. rufescens. — H. A. P.

Geographic Distribution of the Recent Mollusca of New-

foundland. By Stanlej^ Truman Brooks and Betty Watt

Brooks. (Ann. Carnegie Mus. 27: 53-77). This is a summary

of several years collecting by the authors in Newfoundland. Of

67 species listed, 41.7 per cent are considered circumboreal, 16

of them being forms of European origin, the rest considered to

be derived from the North American fauna. Among the Euro-

pean forms may be mentioned Helix hortenus, Limax arhorum,

Avion, 3 species, Hygromia striolafa, Succinea groe7ilandica{1),

Vertigo alpcstris, Discns rotioidatus. It is believed that jiart of

the species survived glaciation of the greater part of the ishiml.

An important paper on a fauna hillierto but little known. —

H. A. P.

^.v^

The Nautilus

Vol. 54 January, 1941 No. 3

WRECK OF THE JANTHINA JANTHINA

BY GEORGE FLOYD ROGERS

Asheville, N. C.

Early iu February, 1939, we were heading across Tamiami

Trail from the West coast of Florida, laden with a precious cargo

of many fine specimens gathered on the treasure island, Sanibel.

A delightful afternoon and evening with friends on Miami

Beach passed, the next morning, Tuesday, February 7th, 1939,

we thought we would take a look at Key Largo. So off we went.

Soon we were crossing to the island, turned left on Largo and a

short distance up we found, as we had hoped, our little black

friend, Thomas Jefferson. His eyes were shining and his white

teeth beautiful by contrast, and a grand supply of tree snails,

striped and mottled, some yellow, some deep brown and some

ox-blood. I relieved him of most of them and he smiled the

more.

Turning south in a little while we were at Largo's southern

tip. There was an inviting Fisherman's Lodge. A good lunch-

eon was served. In my eagerness to eye the beach, I assigned

my mince pie and moved out. My eager impatience and my

gastronomic restraint were immediately rewarded. There before

my eyes on the beach, a large live Janthina janthinn^ lay, purple-

bubbling, before me! A little distance away, another, and an-

other and another! Two inlets deep in mud limited my scope

of investigation. More than a dozen good specimens were safely

"bagged" alive in my handkerchief, knotted at the four corners

and several which were "broken hearted" and exhausted by

reason of their separation from their native blue, had lately

died !

1 Also known as Janthina fragilLs, but the Linnaean name janthina is now

usually used.

(75)

76 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (3)

A good Venus clam, two nice live cowries and several live dis-

cus clams added to my delight and made my day complete.

I noticed the wind. It was strong from the southeast and

looked as if it would continue so through the night and be as

good or better in the morning. I did my own figuring and had

my hopes but said nothing. Back we went to Miami past the

"Sausage trees" and other things of great interest and beauty.

Next morning early we were loaded off on our northern trip

for Miami Beach. The wind was still strong from the southeast,

almost a young storm ! I could hardly wait to reach the beach !

Were the violets beauties coming in? Had the wind which

beached them on lower Largo reached and passed where we were ?

At the first opening to the beach I parked my car and nw wife,

head-on to the sea, so she could keep one eye on lier knitting and

one on the breakers as they came rolling in. A tip to a naturalist

husband : Head your wife in your general direction so that she

can look at something else more beautiful and you can maneuver

undisturbed, for a time !

My first close-up of the beach was a thrill that beggars descrip-

tion. There before me and riding in on every wave that came

were literally hundreds of the dainty purple shells and with them

an innumerable number of gorgeous purple Portuguese ]\Ien-of-

War, their long purple streamers stretcliing some of them ten

feet away from the main float !

The curving line of the incoming tide was marked as far as

the eye could discern, a brilliant puri)le. Purple shells, purple

balloons, purple streamers, purple bubbles! Bubbles, bubbles,

world without end bubbles. Every little shell luul bubbles all

its own! It was sad, too. Every little bubble was a jiart of the

last tragic effort — the only effort the little fellow knew how to

make to survive, and so lying still on the beach, each one. big

ones, middle sized ones, little ones, each one lay there blowing

bubbles! I had provided half a dozen Christmas-present hand-

kerchiefs; out they came and were soon knotted into little bags.

1 i)iled them in — all sizes, bubbles and all — then began to pick

and choose the largest, the deepest purple, the most perfect!

Dripping purple at every ste]) I made my way to the car and

back again to the beach. Tlu^ tin-ill is owe never to be forgotten!

.laiuiary, 1!M()| tiik xaitius 77

The sea jrulls were eolleetors too; they eanie by dozens and worked

away for a livinjr on these precious beauties!

The <rreatest show I had ever seen was pfoin;,' on. How many

millions of these violet gems lay, bubbles up, on the surface of

the sea ? How far up the beach would they be coming: in ? We

moved on up the beach to the north, stoppinf? every few hundred

yards. Back to the beach I would jro and the thrill was always

repeated ! There they were, literally thousands of them — bub-

bles, bubbles, purple bubbles and so many exquisite purple shells

and fondled by and confused with thousands of Men-of-War!

The same marvel of purple necklaces spread on the beach every-

where, with each incoming wave changing and enlarging its

beauty! Not till Fort Lauderdale was nearly reached did I

finally leave the beach and the great display ! How much

further north they were, still landing and making that wonderful

display of nature's best, I cannot say. I had seen them over a

distance of 00 miles ! That was enough.

Altogether I secured some 500 perfect specimens of all sizes

and could have as easily secured 10,000 more.

How did I get them home? Well, what difference does one

more smell make when you already have a car full? A half

dozen cigar boxes at the first store in Fort Lauderdale relieved

the handkerchiefs. We hung them out in the car to dry. They

did, a mottled purple ! They never looked the same ! Every

time a sight could be had of our Christmas 'kerchiefs, a full pic-

ture of the beach came back and happiness born of a pleasant

recollection, returned.

How to clean them? Well, after several days they are "ripe"

enough to respond perfectly to the gentle pressure of a small jet

of water. Carefully applied they are perfectly cleaned and not

one is injured by the process. The color remains as it does today.

I have read and rejoiced over the thrill of Mr. Charles T.

Simpson at Key West in January, 1883 (reported in Nautilus,

April, 1897), when his good fortune landed him in such a familiar

state of bliss. Now it was mine !

78 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 54 (3)

ON CERTAIN LAND SHELL LOCALITIES

BY CALVIN GOODRICH

In the recently published Part 2 of Volume I of the "Land

Mollusca of North America," Dr. Pilsbry closes the discussion

of Stenotrema monodon (Rackett) with these words, "As Thun-

der Ba}^ appears on maps of the time, properly located and under

that name, and was on the regular water route of trappers and

other travelers to Mackinac Strait and the Sault Ste. Marie, there

seems no reason to doubt that the type localitj^ of Helix monodon

was in what is now Alpena County, Michigan."

Inasmuch as 8. monodon does occur in Alpena County, Michi-

gan, and that county borders on Lake Huron, serving in Rackett 's

description to place his Thunder Bay, it is perhaps captious to

challenge a locality designation that answers all practical pur-

poses. I have, however, entertained doubts about the matter for

a long time and would like to recite them if only to get them

aside and forgotten.

In the first place, Rackett headed his article "Description of

Some Shells Found in Canada" and in the text says that these

shells were taken "by Edmund Sheppard, Esq., of the Royal

Artillery, in Canada, in the year 1818." He wrote in 1822, or

possibly 1821. By that time the demarkation of Michigan from

Canada was thirty-eight years old by treaty and twenty-five by

evacuation. The War of 1812 was over. Mackinac had been

returned to the United States after recapture ami white residents

of Michigan were beginning to think of their territory as some-

thing else than a source of furs. It seems to me unlikely that a

member of the British army would be traveling up the west side

of Lake Huron, going as he would be to Sault Ste. Marie in

Ontario and not to Mackinac, and more unlikely that he would

be making a landing on the American shore. If the error in the

use of the word "Canada" is wholly Rackett 's, it is understand-

able as reflecting the nineteenth century Englishman's notorious

confusion of North American geography. So, it would not do to

stress "Canada" as thus employed as deciding the argument.

Rackett described the site as "a little above Thunder Bay,

where the beach is formed entirely of shells." In that day of

Jaiuiary. 1940] THE nautilus 79

slow traveliiifr, "a little above Thunder Bay" could have been

no {jrreat distance, surely not to exceed forty miles. The shore

for forty miles above Thunder Bay of Michij^an consists of rocky

headlands, boulder strewn "flats" sometimes flecked witli reedy

pools, sometimes entirely under water; a few, narrow sand

beaches. Wave action is stron<r. The shallows are scanty hems

to the land, shelving off quickly into deep water. Except

Lymnaeidae in small colonies here and there and battered

Unionitlae lookinjr as though they had been swept in from a dis-

tance, I have seen few mollusks on that coast. The conditions

are not favorable ones for large molluscan populations and hence

not favorable for forming beaches "entirely of shells."

Across the lake in Georgian Bay, which is Canadian, is a

Thunder Bay. It is small, shallow and within an area of exposed

limestone. The baj', moreover, and the shore above and below it

are in the shelter of the Christian Islands, the whole forming a

sound the greatest depth of which, as shown on the hydrographic

chart, is twenty-six feet. I have not seen this area, but have vis-

ited Nottawasauga Bay, the broad southern loop of Georgian

Bay. Some of its beaches are as thickly covered over with shells

as the western arc of Lake Erie. Now this Thunder Bay lies

between the entrances to two portages or cut-offs to Lake Ontario.

These were used for at least a decade after the War of 1812. On

one of the "carries," guards were maintained over military stores

into the 1820 's. The streams making up the cut-offs could ac-

commodate only canoes and small boats. Only such craft could

be handled at the portages. Once in the lake, they had to keep

near shore for safety 's sake. At night and in storm, when head-

winds held up transport or when food was to be cooked, crews

and passengers had to make landings. They would be the ones

to observe a "beach formed entirely of shells" rather than trav-

elers on the open lake, for whom there were sailing vessels well

before 1770.

Among Michigan localities for Mesodon elevatus, Dr. Pilsbry

lists Grand Rapids and Ann Arbor (fossil only), quoting, I

gather, from Walker. Both these localities are in error, in every

likelihood. No specimens with such data are in the Walker Col-

lection, that of the Kent Scientific Institute of Grand Rapids and

80 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (3)

that of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan.

The one citation was seemingly an acceptance on faith of a dis-

tribution census sheet that Walker sent out and which was filled

in by Grand Rapids conchologists. The other was a paleontolo-

gist's determination, in every likelihood. M. elevatus occurs in

the extreme corners of Michigan close to the southern boundary

line. The indications are that the southwestern colonies repre-

sent migrations out of Indiana along the banks of the St. Joseph

River. The single known colony at the southeast corner occupies

a situation that was joined to the Ohio mainland until the

Maumee River changed its course. What remained of the Ohio

end of the land projection was inhabited by M. elevatus until an

oil refinery took it over. The species has been collected in north-

western Ohio only along the Maumee River and its tributaries.

NOTES ON SALASIELLA FROM MEXICO

BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER

This is part 7 of a series on Mexican mollusks collected for

Dr. Bryant Walker in 1926. The first part appeared (1928) as

Occasional Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 193, in which

the symbols for localities are explained on pp. 2-25. In plate

6, the small numbers over the scales indicate their lengths in

millimeters or fractions; all the figures of shells, genitalia or

radulae, with the exception of 5 to 7, have about the same mag-

nification. Those abbreviated labels, which are not explained in

the text, are defined in Bull. Bishop Museum 158: 92-93 (1938).

In the following description of the anatomy of the genus

Salasiella, use is also made of Strebel's (1878, Beitrag 3: 29, pi.

10, f. 1-7) figures of S. joaquinae.

Foot elongate; lower pedal groove distinct; tail without mid-

dorsal groove; sole narrow, attenuate but rounded postcriad.

Mantle collar very broad either side of pedal groove and dorsally,

so that pneumostome is distant from anterior wall of lung

(Strebel's f. 5), with a broad glandular zone and a narrow anal

extension along hindgnt (Strebel's f. 4); right mantle-lappet

not free; anterior aiul posterior left ones of medium size and

widely separated; nmliilical lobe small. Lung wall with indis-

tinct luinoi- venation. Ki(liu\v (Strehel's f. (i) with a triangular

liiiil) along and longer lliaii pcricardiuni and an exceedingly

Jamiary. liUO] the nai'TIU's 81

attenuate one extending: dia«;onally to hindfrut; ureteric opening]:

just short of posterior t-onier of luu^', but continued by broad

•rroove alonjz hindfjrut.

Ovotestis (G. jny f. 6) consistiiifz of few clavalc alveoli; talon

not evident; earrefour (X) spliaeroid, sliallowly imbedded or

exjn^sed (snudl speeies). Albumen •riand ((!(J) stout. Uterus

(UT) attenuate apieally; free oviduct (UV) and va<rina (V)

various; spermathecal sac (S) imbedded above aorta between

limbs of first S-loop of hindgut. Prostate (DG) ellipsoid, at-

tached to uterus but with free apical end not reachin*; uterine

apex, alonp: which it appears to be continued by an internal

proove. Epiphallus (E) consistinji: of an apical thin-walled sac,

which internally is papillate, and a lon^' thick-walled basal re-

gion, which internally is longitudinally plicate; invested termi-

nally by penial retractor and opening: into penis throufrh a verge

(PV, my f. 7). Penial retractor arising from diaphragm and

inserting mainly on penial apex around epiphallus. Penis ener-

vated from cerebral ganglion, with a lateral diverticulum (PL),

which contains a pilaster and is solid at tip (PA). Atrium (Y)

short, opening shortly behind and above inferior tentacle.

Columellar muscle system with heavj' tail-fan practically free,

pharyngeal retractor almost so, and two free retractors separat-

ing near origin. Free retractors similar to those of Euglandina

sowerbyaua (Strebel, pi. 17, f. 1) but lateral branches slenderer;

right ommatophoral muscle in penioviducal angle.

Labial lobes (retracted) fairly large and triangular. Ali-

mentary canal well shown in Strebel 's fig. 2; S-loops of hindgut

long. Radula with all 23-31 teeth unicuspid and aculeate (but

2nd of Salasiella s.s. with broad blade).

Central nervous system similar to that of Si)iraxis (1939, Naut.

53: pi. 3, f. 9) but cerebral commissure reduced to a constriction

and pedal or pleural connectives 2 or 3 times as long as either

cerebral ganglion.

Salasiella (Perpusilla) perpusilla (Pfeiffer), new subgenus

(PI. 6, figs. 1-4).

This species was collected at Necaxa, altitude 3100-5500 feet

(BCD, III, a, 31, 33-35, 41, 52). To ray eye, the most salient

difference, between S. perpusilla and S. modesta from Necaxa, is

in the larger apical whorls of the former, which also has larger

whorls that more widely override preceding ones and render the

spire shorter. In addition, S. modesta usually has closer growth-

striae, which appear shallower because their interspaces are more

convex. Both species are very variable in shape, but in shells

82 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (3)

of the same length and number of whorls, 8. perpusilla is usually

stouter. Shells of 4 whorls may attain sexual maturity but indi-

viduals from stations 41 (f. 3) and 52 develop 5.

Animal (station 33) similar to S. joaquinae, but foot and

tentacles less pigmented and liver with black pijiinent between

alveoli. Lung about twice as long as its base or kidney length,

which is 1.5 pericardium. Ovotestis (G, f. 1) consisting of 5 or

6 alveoli imbedded in basal half of apical liver lobe. Papillate

apex of epiphallus (E) about i its length. Verge (PV, exposed

by excision of penial wall) cylindric. Penial retractor arising

near base of prostate; diverticulum short and stout but larger

than epiphallic branch. Atrium Avithout demarcated thickening.

Radular formula (f. 2) : 15-1-15, 65 rows counted; central rela-

tively larger and less remote ; all teeth with elongate blades ; rows

(T shows shape of right half with spacing of teeth marked)

V-shaped; entire radula 1.19 mm. long.

The distinguishing characteristics of the subgenus Perpusilla,

type S. perpusilla from Necaxa (station 33, f. 4), are outlined

in the following key :

A. Radula with 45-65 rows of small, slender teeth, which de-

crease in size from first (less than .033 mm. long) out;

vagina short ; shell minute subgenus Perpusilla, new.

AA. Radula with fewer rows of big teeth (but central reduced

and remote), of which second is much the longest (0.33

mm.) and widest; vagina long; shell small.

subgenus SalasieUa, s.s.

Salasiella (P.) MODESTA (Pfciffcr) (PI. 6, figs. 8-10).

Races of this species were found near Cordoba, alt. 2600-3100

ft. (D, III, a, 3, 4) and around Necaxa, alt. 2600-5500 ft. (BCD,

III, a, 33, 34, 52-54). Those from Cordoba have smaller but

more whorls than those from Necaxa (f. 9). The differences in

genitalia, noted below, may be partly due to divergences in age

or contraction.

Animal (station 52) similar to *S. ])rr])usilla. Left mantle-

lappets relatively larger. Lnng length almost 2.5 its base or

thrice kidney length. Ovotestis with 3 alveoli. Penial diver-

I* I. ATI-: G

Figs. 1—1, Sahi.siclla pcrpiinilla. Figs. 5-7, S. jatKiiiiiuir. Figs. 8-11, S.

mofh'sta. Figs. VI, 13, .S. minima.

January, 1940] the naitius 83

tioulum (PL, f. 8) shorter tlian epipliallie braiicli, whit'li con-

tains conoid verjre (PV). Radular formula: 12 t 1 r 12, 52 rows

counted; central relatively shorter.

Animal (station 3) like precedinjr but smaller. Lun<r without

pi«rment. Ovotestis with 2 alveoli, but terminal one has small

branch on either side. Penis and diverticulum (PL, f. 10)

slenderer; verjre more cylindric. Radular formula (f. 11) the

same ; 58 rows counted.

Perhaps these two races may be subspecifically distinct but

they do not differ more than do Pfeiffer's (1862), Strebel's

(1878) and Pilsbry's (1907) descriptions of S. modesta, and the

separation of even the species of Perpusilla is difficult enough.

Salasiella (P.) MINIMA Pilsbry (PI. 6, f. 12-13).

The specimens dissected, from below Necaxa, alt. 2600-3100 ft.

(D, I, a, 53, 54), are larger (alt. 2.98 mm. with 4| whorls) than

the type lot.

Animal (station 54) similar to S. perpusilla but without pig-

ment except black eyes. Mantle collar mucii narrower. Lung

almost 4 times as long as base or thrice kidney length, which is

1\ times its base or 1.5 pericardium. Carrefour (X, f. 13) ex-

posed. Free oviduct slenderer. Penial retractor (PR) arising

above prostate. Penis and especially its diverticulum (PL)

relatively enormous but verge (PV) small. Radular formula

(f. 12): 11 + 1 + 2 + 9, 45 rows counted; first 2 teeth strikingly

stouter than others.

Salasiella (s.s.) joaquinae Strebel (PI. 6, figs. 5-7).

My specimens, from Atoyac and Peiiuela, alt. 1300-2800 ft.

(D, III, a, 1, 3), agree closely with Strebel's (1878, Beitrag 3:

29) account of the type, from Jalapa, but attain 5.6 whorls and

a length of 10.55 mm. They thus fit even better Pfeiffer's (1857)

description of 8. pulchella, from Chiapas, although von Martens'

figure (1891, Biologia: pi. 5, f. 9) shows a much shorter aperture.

Because Pfeiffer indicated that the aperture was almost % the

total length, S. joaquinae may be only a paedogenetoid form of

S. pulchella.

Animal (station 1) as in genus. Foot witli slight dark pig-

ment, intensified toward top of head, which shows middorsal

black stripe, bordered by narrow white ones. Lung with faint

dark blotches, becoming denser near hindgut and forming dark

band anteriad ; minor venation present but inconspicuous; 2.5

84 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (3)

times as long as its base or kidney length, which is about as long

as its diagonal base or 1.5 times pericardium. Ovotestis (G, f.

6) consisting of 4 lobes. Prostate shortly free from uterus (UT)

at apical end. Free oviduct much shorter than vagina. Epi-

phallus with apical (papillate) sac ovoid. Penis (P) internally

(opened ventrally and spread out in f. 7) with a slender verge,

a pilaster (PP) and longitudinal folds in epiphallic branch (PE)

and diverticulum ; solid end of diverticulum with concave base.

Base of penis and atrium with a large papillate thickening (YD)

on dorsal side. Radular formula (f. 5) : 13 + 1 + 2 + 11, 23 rows

counted (Strebel found 35) ; second tooth large enough to cover

most of 15 complete rows from radula of S. lierpusiUa; see

Strebel (pi. 11, f. 8), who also shows 11 marginals; entire radula

about 5 mm. long.

SURVIVAL OF FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS

DURING PERIODS OF DRYNESS

BY WILLIAM MARCUS INGRAM

The observations included here were made during the period of

from June 15 to September 1, 1940, on the Edmund Niles Huyck

Preserve, Rensselaerville, Albany County, New York. During

this time two species of fresh-water moUusks, one a clam, Pisidium

ahditum Haldeman, the other a snail, Physa gyrina Say, were

observed living apparently Avith some success, although deprived

of their customary watery habitat.

While collecting mollusks in Trout Pond Stream on tlie jire-

serve, 21 individuals of Phifsa gyrina were found in the dry

streambed which had been without running water for a period

of from June 25 to August 13. The stream bottom was formed

from compactly packed gravel and large rocks, which prevented

these animals from burrowing to carry on aestivation. Thus

individuals had the choice of remaining on to]) of tlie gravel

covering llic streambed, or of crawling beneath the rocks which

rested on the gravel bottom. The latter location ]irovided an

enviroinnent with greater moisture than did the exposed situa-

tion, for the gravel bcncjilh the rocks was iiioisl.

Of the 21 individuals studied, !) were beneath stones and 12

were in the open. The snails seemed able to survive unfavorable

conditions about e(|nally well in the cxixised and conct'aled situa-

tions: 5 of the exposed I'lijisn were lound dead and 7 wei-e taken

January, 1940] the naitilus 85

livin*?; 4 of the concealed Physa were dead and 5 were livinp.

The livinjr and deceased niollusks in the exi)()sed liabitat were all

taken from shaded areas of the streambed, where a boulder or

maple trees on the hank jirovided overhang:. The streambed was

further shaded by the steepness of the surrouiidiufjr cliffs, which

shut out direct sunliirht except for about 3 hours fi-om 11 a.m. to

2 P.M. Durinp: the period of the stream's dryness there were sev-

eral rain showers which served to moisten the f^ravel of its bed, but

never did enouyh water fall to form pools of standin*; water into

which the Physa could retreat. However, 90 feet from the area

in which the snails were observed, there was a pool of standinpr

water, but no snail moved more than 4 inches during the 49 days

that they were away from water.

Animals found beneath rocks with the Physa were 2 crayfish,

Cambants sp. ; 7 water beetles, Dytiscus sp. ; and 1 water-strider,

Gerris sp. All of these invertebrates survived the dry period con-

cealed beneath rocks. The 2 Camharus sp., both of which had

tunneled into the moist {Travel beneath a rock, were apparently

the only ones capable of burrowing in the firmly packed gravel

bottom.

That other invertebrates, Physa excluded, will leave unfavor-

able conditions, or follow retreating water to seek a stable pool

during a drought, seemed to be evidenced by finding the follow-

ing den.se Arthropod aggregation in a .standing pool of water

not affected by the drought : 83 Gerris, 40 Dytiscus, and 7

Eiihranchipus. This j)ool was 7 feet long by 2 feet wide, with a

5 inch maximum depth.

During the summer of 1939 this stream was without running

water for 60 days. The fact that the Physa observed were found

approximately 300 yards upstream from the nearest permanent

pool would probably indicate that in this locality this gastropod

can successfully survive extended periods of exposure summer

after summer. It does not seem likely that individuals in this

stream can travel 300 yards against a current during a i)eriod

of from 30 to 60 days when the Trout Pond Stream is flowing, an

act which would have to take place yearly provided that the

upstream population could not survive drought and by .so doing

maintain an upstream population through dry periods. On

August 14 Trout Pond Stream was again with running water.

86 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (3)

The 12 living Physa which had been observed over the period of

June 25 to August 14th were again returned to ideal environ-

mental conditions.

Thirteen Pisidmm ahditum Haldeman were collected beside

Myosotis Lake, on the shore of loosely packed flat shale fragments,

a habitat which was apparently not typical. This species is

usually found, according to Baker (1898, 1918, 1928) and Good-

rich (1939) in watery habitats varying from mud, sand, or claj^

to aquatic plants and muck bottoms in lakes and streams. At the

time these individuals were observed they were 10 feet away from

the water's edge, and were 3 feet above the summer's high-water

mark. Eleven of the 13 were found in the spring flood zone,

beneath the debris consisting of small sticks and dead grass.

The other two individuals w^ere beneath large flat shale rocks

in the debris zone. These 13 individuals were in such a habitat

at least from June 15 to September 1. No standing rain water

was ever observed in this area. Several rains during the sum-

mer served, however, to keep the Pisidia colony moist, thus pos-

sibly enhancing their chances of survival. The shore area was

protected from the sun's rays for a part of the day by the over-

hang of beeches growing on the shore.

The absence of dead individuals of this species in the area under

observation seems to indicate that this species under the stated

conditions can successfully withstand exposure to air, lack of food,

and lack of optimum moisture conditions for extended periods

of time on the Myosotis Lake shore. Due to the rocky character

of the shore none of the 13 individuals were capable of burrowing

into the substratum. Baker (1928), referring to the Sphaeriidae

in general, states, "Many of them live in ponds or pools that dry

up for a large part of the year, being full of water only in the

spring. In these places most of the animals die during the dry

interval, a few surviving by burrowing deeply in the nuul

bottom."

When the observation colony was collected and jilaced in

formaldehyde 6 young were voided into the preserving fluid.

The embryos apparently develoj) within the parent througliout

the spring and summer months and are released into the water

during late Septeinl)er or in Novend)er when the lake level rises.

If this does not occur t lie young would have to be released directly

J

January. 1940] THE nautilus 87

on the shore or held in the parent throufrli the winter to be

released into the water during' the following; s|)rin<r flood of

May.

This data eoncerniii<: the Pisidia colony is presented here with

Baker's (1928) statement in mind, "There is much need for more

accurate data on the ecology of these small clams [SphaeriidaeJ

as well as upon their age, reproduction, and general habits. ' '

I wish to thank Dr. Stanley Truman Brooks, Curator, Inverte-

brate Zoology, of the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsyl-

vania, for identifying the Pisidium discussed here. Gratitude

is also extended to members of the Biological Board and to the

Preserve ofiBcers of the Edmund Niles Huyck Preserve.

References

Baker. F. C.

1898. The Mollusca of the Chicago Area. Pt. 1. Chicago

Acad, of Sci., Bull. 3, Nat. Hist. Serr., pt. 1, The

Pelecypoda, pp. 1-130.

1918. The Productivity of Invertebrate Fish Food on the

Bottom of Oneida Lake, with Special Reference

to Mollusks. Tec. Pub., New York College of

Forestrv at Syracuse Universitv, vol. 18, no. 2,

p. 164. ^

1928. The Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin. Pt. II,

Pelecvpoda, Bull. University of Wisconsin, no.

70, Serial no. 1527, p. 365.

Goodrich, C.

1939. Aquatic Mollusks of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.

Pt. I, The Gastropods and the Sphaeriidae. Misc.

Publ., Museum of Zoology, University of Michi-

gan. No. 43, p. 32.

DAYLIGHT ACTIVITY OF LAND MOLLUSKS

BY WILLIAM MARCUS INGRAM

The following observations were made between June 15 and

September 1, 1940, on the Edmund Niles Huyck Preserve,

Rensselaerville, Albany County, New York. The preserve is a

tract of land of some 500 acres situated in the Helderberg Moun-

tains, the altitude varying approximately from 1500 to 1750 feet.

The climax forest is beech-hemlock.

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 54 (3)

,Tailli;ir\ , 11)40] THE NAl'TILUS 89

Duriiip: the summer's eolleetin}; an attempt was made to note

the ihiylifrht activity of the more common mollusks of the pre-

serve durinfr the hours of from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. Activity data

for 357 snails representinjr 11 species are included (table 1).

The species represented are: Triodopsis albolubris (Say), T.

dentifcra (Binney), T. tridentata (Say), Anguispira altcrnata

(Say), Zonitoides arbor eus (Say), Haplotrema concavum (Say),

Mesomphix cuprcus (Rafinesque), Succinea retusa (Lea), Vcn-

iridois iutertcxius (Binney), Stcnotrema fraternum (Say), and

Philomycus carolinianus (Bose.).

These data are not presented with the idea of shoAvin^r that

snails are typically diurnal in their habits, but principally to

indicate that snail activity for the species listed does not cease

durinjr daylipfht hours. The recorded data only concern snails

crawling in the open on top of the forest floor humus or in logs;

no snails are listed here that were taken moving beneath logs or

humus. In addition to the 357 snails which were crawling

actively on the forest floor 235 were found crawling beneath

humus, beneath logs, or in hollow logs and trees between the

hours of 7 A.M. and 6 p.m. These of course were active under

conditions approximating darkness. No data were gathered

after rainy periods when snails are known to be actively about

during daylight hours. The lack of data for the one o'clock

hour (table 1) is due to the AATiter's absence from the field.

The data presented in table 1 indicate that snails are actively

about during the daylight hours, and that many of these species

are not generally as secretive in their habits during the day as

has been suppo.sed. These findings are not in accord with those

of Binney (1885) who indicates that snails are definitely noc-

turnal in their habits. Binney (1885), speaking of American

land mollusks as a group, states, "They seldom come from their

lurking places while the sun shines, and indeed are never seen

ranging in the daytime unless the day be damp and dark.

Should they then be surprised by the appearance of the sun, they

immediately take shelter from its rays under some cover or on

the shaded side of the trunks of trees." Simpson (1901) in his

study on Triodopsis albolubris states in regard to the activity of

this snail, "They remain concealed through the day when the sun

90 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (3)

is shining, coming forth for their food toward evening and after

showers. ' '

The majority of the snails included in table 1 were observed

in the Beech-Hemlock association ; a minority were observed in

Beech-Maple, pure Maple, and Oak-Maple tree associations. In

each tree association area there was a good overhang so that

direct penetration of the sun's rays to the forest floor on which

the snails were moving was somewhat blocked, but the overhang

was b}' no means dense enough to make the areas dark.

Several of the active snails were observed feeding exposed to

direct rays of the sun in open areas of forest. One Philomycus

carolinianus was found feeding on an unidentified white mush-

room at 2 : 35 P.M. It browsed on the head and stalk of the

mushroom during a 20 minute observation period. Another P.

caroliniamis was observed at 2 : 55 p.m. exposed to the sun feed-

ing on a mushroom. In this instance the slug was stretched out

on top of the mushroom; it was active in its exposed position

for 15 minutes. It then moved beneath the head of the mush-

room and ceased its feeding activity. A young Triodopsis alho-

labris was likewise found partaking of food exposed to the sun

at 10:00 A.M.

Gratitude is expressed to members of the Biological Board and

to the Preserve officers of the Edmund Niles Huyck Preserve.

References

BiNNEY, W. G.

1885. A Manual of American Land Shells. Bull. no. 28 of

the U. S. National Museum, Serial no. 38.

Simpson, G. B.

1901. Anatomy and Physiology- of Polygyra albolabris and

Linuix maximus and Embryology of Limax

niaximus, Bull, of the N. Y. State Museum, No.

40. Vol. 8.

AN HERMAPHRODITIC MYTILUS

BY R. T. YOUNG

La JoUa, Culiforniai

While iicnnaplirodit ism is of common occurrence among mol-

il am indebted to Dr. H. U. Svcrdrup, director of flio Scrii)i)s Institution

of Oci'iinoprapliy, for tlic privilogcs of the iiistifuf ion duriiifj tliis study.

January, IIUO] the nautilus 91

lusks. esptH-ially in tlie pastropods, a careful search of tlie litera-

ture lias revealetl only three eases in the Mytilidae. Mcintosh

(1894) has described an hermaphroditic Mytilus modiolus from

St. AndreAvs. Scotland, while Pelseneer (1912) mentions an

abyssal mytilid, probably of the genus Myrina^ and tiie same

author (1935. p. 416) gives a record by Bispinghoff of a case of

hermaphrodistism in Modiolarca trapczina.

The following record may therefore be of interest. Among

some 800 specimens of Mytilus calif ornianus examined in the

course of another study I have found one hermaphrodite. In

this specimen the right gonad was exclusively female, while the

left one contained two patches of male cells. In each of these

two areas male and female follicles were indiscriminately mixed,

but every follicle was either entirely male or female, indicating

the origin of each from a single parent cell.

The cause of such a condition is entirely problematical, but the

most probable explanation appears to be a chromosome disor-

ganization in some of the cells of the developing gonad, giving

rise to a male determining combination in some of the cells, while

the majority retained the (presumably original) female determin-

ing combination.

This suggestion accords with the hypothesis of Pelseneer (1894)

that "hermaphroditism in Mollusca (is) secondary to a unisexual

condition, and, (is) grafted on the female."^

References

McIntosh, W. C.

1894. On a hermaphrodite example of Mytilus modiolus.

Ann. Nat. Hist. 14 : 196.

Pelseneer, P.

1912. L'hermaphroditism chez les lamellibranches. Verhdl.

VIII, Zool. Kongr. 1910, pp. 444-6.

1935. Essai D'fithologie Zoologique d'apres 1 'etude des Mol-

lusques. Acad. Roy. de Belgi(iue, Classe des

Sciences. P'ondation Agathon de Potter. No. 1,

pp. 1-662.

1894. Hermaphroditism in Mollusca. Quart. Jour. Micr.

Sci. 37 : 9-46.

2 He also mentions ' ' un nouveau genre hermaphrodite, a glande genitale

constitute comme celle de Montacuta," but does not give its classification.

3Fid6 Zoological Record, Vol. 31 (1894), Mollusca, p. 30.

92 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (3)

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF SPIXIA FROM

ARGENTINA

BY JUAN JOSfi PARODIZ

Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales

Odontostomus (Spixia) tucumanensis, new species (PI. 7, fig.

10, 12, 13, 16).

Shell ovate conic, rather lonjr, with 9o slip:htly convex whorls

which are axial rugose and irregularly sculptured. Last whorl

almost smooth, nearly one half the total lenp-th of the shell. Sur-

face with vestiges of spiral lines. Initial two whorls slightly and

finely sculptured. Suture not deep but well defined. Protoconeh

obtuse (fig. 10). Aperture ovate (fig. 13), with expanded peri-

stome, and containing five well developed teeth, similar to those

of other species in the subgenus. Callus of parietal union vari-

able. Color brownish-yellow, with the first four whorls rather

whitish. Measurements : 25 x 9 mm. ; aperture with peristome

8x5 mm. Some specimens may be a little longer or a little

shorter than the type.

Type : Margins of Rio Sali, near Tucuman City, Argentina ; no.

23109 M.A.C.N., coll. R. Schreiter 1919. Other localities: North

of the Sierra San Javier ; Sierra Vipos ; Parque Aconquija ; Esta-

cion Araoz, Province of Tucuman.

This species is unquestionably very closely related to 0. pyri-

formis Pilsbry and 0. martcnsi Doering, but is longer and its

configuration less pyriform, and possesses li more whorls. In

addition it is more conic than martensi, with the aperture regu-

larly ovate and possessing very faint spiral lines. The oldest

specimens may be confu.sed with alvarezi of the 0. spixi group,

though this latter species is almost without striae and very irregu-

lar in outline. However, 0. tucumayicnsis belongs to the group

of 0. pyriformis, a species of Spixia, more related to the subgenus

Plagiodontcs in its general appearances.

Odontostomus (Spixia) holmbergi, new siiocies (PI. 7. fig. 2, 5,

8,9).

Shell subcylindrical, small, ratlier long, with 10 slightly convex

whorls. Sutnrc well defined. Siirface with sculpture fine, axial,

and regular, nearly smooth and somewhat subpellucid ; the three

last whorls with vestigi's of s|)iral lines. Protoconeh obtuse (fig.

January. 1040] the NArrins IW

8). Ajiorturo (niailranpriilar-subcircnlar (fijr. 5). with peristome

broad ami tliii'koiiod. ami possessing' five fine teeth, only moder-

ately deveh)peil. and deeply placed within the mouth. Supra-

l)alatal snndl to obsolete, palatal relatively well developed with

the basal tooth rather low; eoluinellar tooth excavated and

twisted, the palatal and the columellar teeth in form somewhat

of an arch over the basal tooth. Callus of parietal union, thin.

Color brown. Measurements: 11 x 3i mm.; aperture with peri-

stome 3i X 3 mm.

The form, position and increase of the apertural folds is a re-

markable character of this species. It belonjrs to the jrroup of 0.

tumulonini Doerinjr, with similar shape but narrower in outline.

Type: Minas de Cobre, Province of Cordoba; no. 23105

:\I.A.C.X.. coll. Carlos Curt Hosseus, 1917. Other localities: Cima

del Kedillo, Province of Cordoba.

The species is named in honor of the late Dr. Eduardo Ladislao

Holmber?, in acknowled<rment for his many contributions to the

natural sciences in Ar<>:entina.

Odontostomus (Spixia) doellojuradoi, new species (PI. 7, fig.

11. U, 15, 18).

Shell fusiform-ventricose, with 8i rather convex whorls; the

last whorl globose and longer than the half of the total length of

the shell and with the palatal wall flattened. Columellar axis

slightly inclined toward the right side. Suture well defined.

Protoconch (fig. 14) rather obtuse. The surface in the early

whorls with axial rugosities ; the rest entirely smooth, other than

the infrasutural line which forms a thin grove. Aperture semi-

oval (fig. 15) ; and brownish-yellow inside of the mouth behind

teeth. Peri.stome is white. Five apertural teeth are pre.sent with

the suprapalatal obsolete in some paratypes. Callus of parietal

union very thin. Measurements: 25x10 mm.; aperture with

peristome 9x6 mm. The species is characterized principally by

its shining surface, internal color of the mouth and the degenera-

tion of the suprapalatal tooth.

Type : Estacion Casa Grande (between Cosquin and La Falda),

Cordoba ; no. 23124 M.A.C.N., coll. Prof. I. Vattuone 1919. Other

localities: Cosquin and Valle Hermoso, Cordoba.

Its form, observed in twenty paratype specimens, can be longer,

without a reduction in the globosity of the whorls, though the

last is sometimes less globose. The aperture may be more ovate

with its margins more sinuous. The teeth are more variable and

94 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (3)

in some specimens only three or four teeth reduced to callosities.

This species belongs with martensi and tucumanensis in the

group of 0. pyriformis, both are differentiated, however, by their

form, size and sculpture.

I have the pleasure of naming this species for Prof. Martin

Doello Jurado, Argentina malacologist, and Director of the

Argentine Museum of Natural Sciences.

O. (Spixia) doello juradoi minor, new variety (PI. 7, fig. 17).

Tliis species is smaller than the typical form, and has a nar-

rower outline. First 2^ whorls generally of a dark brown color,

remaining whorls with tlie surface less shining. The aperture

possessing usually only four teeth, the fifth, when present, is

formed by a thin callus. There is a feeble callus at the parietal

union, which sometimes is absent. The shape, size, and rugosities

of the surface are a little variable. Measurements : 20 x 6| mm. ;

aperture with peristome 6i x 5 mm.

Type : Pampa de Pocho, Province of Cordoba, no. 13244, coll.

Dr. Alberto Castellanos 1932. Other localities : Pampa de Olaen,

Cordoba; Oeste de Renca and Tiporco, Province of San Luis.

Odontostomus (Spixia) columellaris, new species (PI. 7, fig. 1,

3,4,6,7).

Shell fusiform-turreted, with 9-9 i whorls a little convex, de-

creasing proportionally in convexity from the first to last. Proto-

conch obtuse (fig. 7). Sculpture consisting of white, regular and

undulating ribs ; the first two whorls almost smooth. Between the

ribs there are usually spaces of h mm. in width with slight ves-

tiges of spiral lines. The last whorl is shorter than half the total

length of the shell, and its right wall presents two white spots,

which are produced by the internal impressions of the palatal

teeth. Suture not deep but well defined. A|)erture ovate (fig.

4), with peristome thin and expanded. The five apertural teeth

are deeply placed, and the colnmellar tooth very well developed

forwards aiul partially covering the others. The palatal fold

sometimes placed in a semitransversal position, behind the coln-

mellar, the parietal twisted above. Callus of parietal union fili-

form. Color yellowish in the first two whorls; 3rd to 5th chest-

nut; 8th and 9th rather clear. Measurements: 21 x 3i nun.;

aperture with j)eristoine 3^ ■ 2.1 mm.

Type: Minas de Cobre, Province of Cordoba, Argentina, no.

23107 M.A.C.N., coll. Carlos Curt Ilossens 1917. (Figs. 3, 4. (5, &

7 type; fig. 1 paratype.)

Till-: XAi Tii.rs: r)4 c^^

I'LATK 7

r.iriKliz : Xt\v siitrii'S of (Jtlontdstoinus (Si>i.\i;i)

THE XAT'TILFS: 54 (3) PLATE 8

^9

•

upper iigs., Orcoheli.r parairaiK ii^is tJrcjijj

Lower lij^s., l)r( ptntotn ma hoffmnni linker

January, 10401

THE NAITIU'S

95

This spi'i-u's holoiijrs to the prronp of 0. champaquianus, and is

characterized by the stronfr eolumellar tooth which easily differ-

entiates it from the other small species of the subgenus.

Fig. 1. 0.

Fig. 2. 0.

Fig. 3. O.

Fig. 4. 0.

Fig. 5. O.

Fig. 6. 0.

Fig. 7. 0.

Fig. 8. 0.

Fig. 9. 0.

Fig. 10. 0.

Fig. 11. 0.

Fig. 12. 0.

Fig. 13. 0.

Fig. 14. 0.

Fig. 15. 0.

Fig. 16. 0.

Fig. 17. 0.

Fijj. 18. 0.

Explanation of figures, plate 7,

(Spixia) cohonellaris paratype. x2|.

{Spixia) holmbcrgi type, x 4.

(spixia) columcllaris type.

(Spixia) eolumellar is type. Apertural view. x5

(spixia) holmberffi type. Apertural view, x 6.

(Spixia) eolumellaris type. Natural size.

(Spixia) eolumellaris type. Apical view, x 9.

(Spixia) holmbergi type. Apical view, x 9.

(Spixia) Jiolmbergi type. Natural size.

(Spixia) tueumanensis type. Apical view, x 12.

(spixia) doellojuradoi type.

(Spixia) tueumancnsis type.

(Spixia) tucumanensis type.

(Spixia) doellojuradoi type.

(Spixia) doellojuradoi type.

(Spixia) tucuma7iensis type.

(Spixia) doellojuradoi minor type. Natural size.

(Spixia) doellojuradoi type. Natural size.

xli

xli

Apertural view, x 3.

Apical view, x 4.

Apertural view, x 2|.

Natural size.

A NEW OREOHELIX FROM SOUTHERN UTAH

BY WENDELL O. GREGG

Oreohelix parawanensis, new species. PI. 8, upper figs.

Shell rather small, depressed, sublenticular, with a moderately

earinate periphery and a perspective umbilicus. Whorls 4^, con-

vex below the suture, prominent in the middle and then flattened

above the keel. In the final third of the last whorl there is a

pronounced fading out of the keel so that the peristome is nearly

circular. Peristome simple and connected by a faint callus over

the parietal wall. The last third of the body whorl descends

slightly bringing the suture line below the keel of the preceding

whorl. All whorls visible in the umbilicus which is contained

about 3i times in the diameter of the shell. The entire shell

is marked by radial striations, with faint spiral .striations over

the base of the body whorl. There is a suggestion of spiral

sculpture on the second whorl. A fairly well marked band of

chestnut-brown above and one close below the keel are present

while the rest of the shell varies from cinnamon-brown at the

apex to a light buff on the later portion of the body whorl.

96 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (3)

Heig-ht 5.4 mm., diameter 10.5 mm., umbilicus 3.0 mm.

This shell comes from a rock .slide on the southwest slope of

Brian Head, Parawan Mountains, Iron County, Utah, altitude

about 11,000. In all 31 specimens were taken, all dead and many

of them immature. Type no. 176907 A.N.S.P., paratypes no. 324

in authors collection.

This species seems nearest related to 0. eurekensis, located some

160 miles to the north, and 0. handi, located about the same dis-

tance to the southwest. From eurekensis it is readily distin-

guished by its larger umbilicus and by its keel which is more

prominent except on the last third of the body whorl. It is

smaller than handi, has a larger umbilicus, is less strongly cari-

nate and has its sculpture less strongly developed.

The location was above the timber line and I was surprised to

find associated with it a number of snails from the lower wooded

altitudes. Other species associated with it were: Vallonia graci-

licostata Reinhardt, Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey, Oreohelix

strigosa depressa Cockerell, Microphysida ingersolli Bland, Pu-

pilla blandi Morse, Pupilla hehes Ancey, Vitrina alaskana Dall,

Zonitoides arhorea Say and Discus cronkhitci cronkhitci New-

comb.

A NEW SPECIES OF DREPANOTREMA AND SOME

PREOCCUPIED PLANORBID NAMES

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER

Drepanotrema hoffmani sp. nov. PI. 8, lower figs.

Shell of six closely coiled whorls regularly increasing in diam-

eter; sutures not deei>ly indented but well mai'ked ; sculjiture of

regular, fine growth lines crossed by very fine iiuiiressed si)iral

lines; aperture ovately-lunate, outer lip sliarj) ; t-olor l)r()\\iiisli

horn to chestnut.

Height 2.0; maj. diani. 7.5; iiiiii. diaiu. ().6; aperture height

1.6; diam. 1.3 mm. Ilololyjie.

Height 2.0; maj. diam. 8.8; iiiin. diaui. 7.8; aperture height

l.(i; diam. 1.5 mm. Paratyix'.

Height 2.0; maj. diam. (S.2 ; min. diam. 7.2; ai)erture height

1.6 ; diam. 1.:! iiiin. Paralype.

Tiu' siiell (IdTers from Drcpanoirrmn lucidum Pfr. in having

one more whorl {hiriduin has 5 whorls), tiio wiiorls are more

January. lf)40| the NAiTiLrs 97

tijrhtly coiled and do not slope toward the spire side as abruptly

as in lucidum. The color is always dark(>r. The fjenitalia also

differ, the flajrelliini beinj; very short while in luculum the flajrel-

luni is half as long as the verg:ic sac ; the prostate has as many as

19 diverticula in a sinpfle row while in lucidum there are less than

10 diverticula. There are other minor anatomical differences.

Type locality: Isabela. Puerto Rico. Holotype 3952, paratypes

3953, collection of F. C. Baker. Collected by Dr. William A.

Hoffman, of the School of Tropical Medicine, San Juan, Puerto

Rico.

This handsome little species differs in both shell and anatomy

from its nearest relative, Drcpanotrema luciduyn. It is a common

mollnsk in Puerto Rico. I take pleasure in naming the new spe-

cies in honor of Dr. Hoffman, who has made a detailed study of

this and other species as intermediate hosts of Trematode worms.

The specimens sent by Dr. Hoffman were heavily infested with

stylet cercaria.

In the course of bibliographic research for the monograph of

Planorbidae several names were encountered which are homo-

nyms and must have other names applied. These affecting Amer-

ican species are as follows :

Planorhis planulatus Desh., Descriptions des coquilles fossiles

des environs de Paris, II, p. 88, tab. x, figs. 8-10, 1824. This

name antedates Planorhis planulatus Cooper, Rep. Nat. Hist.,

etc., of Washington Terr., p. 378, 1859. Cooper's species may be

called Menetus cooperi new name.

Planorhis applanatus Thomae, Jahrb. d. Nassau. Ver. f. Na-

turk. in Wiesbaden. II, p. 150, 1845, a European fossil. This

name invalidates Planorhis tenuis var. applanatus Martens, Biol.

Centr. Amer., Mollusca. p. 384, 1899. Marten's variety may be

called pertenuis new name.

Planorhis declivis Genth, N. Jahrb. f. Min. Geogn. Geol. u.

Petrefaktenk, p. 199, 1848. This makes a homonym of Planorhis

declivis Tate, Amer. Jour. Conch., V, p. 159. 18(J9. The Amer-

ican form may be called Tropicorhis tatei new name. This form

seems at least varietally distinct from Tropicorhis obstructus

Morelet.

98 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 54 (3)

NERITINA VIRGINEA, L., IN JAMAICA, B. W. I.

By E. a. ANDREWS

(Continued from p. 68)

The shells from the Bahamas are added to the tables to suggest

that elsewhere than in Jamaica size and pattern may indicate

habitat. These shells with maximum of 15 and volume of .47,

and failure to pass sieve b, belong neither in the sea nor in the

large fresh water streams, but with high reflection and large per-

centage of pattern III and dominance of IV over V they might

well be in shallow sunlit, saline waters, which is in harmony with

any probable habitat in the Bahamas.

TABLE I. SIZE

The shells being placed in the tables with reference to size, it is

to be emphasized that the smallest, at the top, are found in saline

environment and the largest, near the bottom, in large fresh

rivers.

Thus the snails in the sea (omitting the smallest as immature

dead shells cast up on shore) had a maximum of but 9-12 and

volume of .07-14 cc, and the majority passed as far as sieved ;

while the snails in fresh waters had maxima of 10-25 and volume

of .39-3.00, and the majority stuck on sieve b.

The greatest number of snails, however, are to be found in the

table between these extremes, and the most in numbers are in

saline environment of estuarine localities. Tliese snails are inter-

mediate in size as well as in living conditions of mixed fresh and

sea waters.

Their maximum size runs from 9.15, and volume .09-.37, and

the majority stuck on d, c, or even b.

If we use the term "saline eiiviroinnent" to inchule both tlie

sea and tlic brackish waters, it includes a wide range of amounts

of salts in solution, but also shallow waters that are generally

clear so that the snails are exposed to full sunshine with heating,

luminous, and actinic rays and are nourishetl by what food grows

in such conditions. In extreme cases the snails herd browsing on

the margin, or even above, the water line.

Assuming that all these snails are one species, the dwarf forms

January, 1940]

THE NAITIUS

99

100 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 54 (3)

(which may prove to be a distinct species) are found where they

may have been very long- in saline environment while the largest

snails are found in old rivers far up from the sea.

Assuming again that the large snails, as must frequentlj^ hap-

pen in these cloud burst rivers, have often been washed down into

estuarine conditions and finally into the sea, we may regard the

brackish forms as transitions from the fresh toward the sea-forms

of these snails.

To the general rule that big snails are in old rivers and smaller

ones in saline environment, exceptions may be explained as due

to lack of time since migration into present localities. Thus, that

the snails in the Brackish Pond, Mo Bay, were larger in 1932 than

in 1910 may be connected with the fact that they lived under dif-

ferent conditions, in somewhat deeper, darker waters, and not

marginal and that they may well have descended from new innni-

grants from the Montego River and not from the now extermi-

nated colony of 1910, which was in another part of the same pond.

It is elsewhere showTi that in the same pond two quite different

sizes of snails may coexist in different states of saline environ-

ment.

Again the smaller size of snails in the fresh waters of Town

Creek, Cabaritta River, Broad River, and West Lucea River in

1910, when compared with the big snails of upper reaches of other

rivers, may have to do with their living so near the sea level as

to be at times, now or recently, exposed to saline environments.

TABLE n. PATTERNS AND COLORS

In the field, as striking as differences in size ai'o tlie (liff(>rences

in light or dark aspects of these shells.

The big shells of big rivers are dark, and they tend to hide

under stones in waters often darkened while the marine shells

are ligiit and tend to browse in full snnlight in very shaUow

water, where they are not conspicuous on \\\e mottled, sandy

background.

In the table these differences are expressed partly as shade,

and "l)i-illi;ince," that is, i-clative reflection of light as coinjiared

with brilliant white oxide; thus some sea shells in the sea reflect

uj) to 28.5 or in dense saline uj) to 40 per cent, though in fresh

waters the reflections often are hut 16-19 per cent.

Jainiary. 1040] the naitius 101

These differenees depend upon the polish of the cutiele, and

the amount of pipnent in the pattern, but also upon baek^'round

color due to the cuticle, for as was lonj? since pointed out by Met-

calf, these shells from salt waters have a brilliant white baek-

grround but from fresii streams horny or yellow back^'rounds upon

which the pattern is displayed. This yellow of the cuticle in

some is even in the underlyinj? limy shell.

The fine lines and the reinforced lines of pi<rment form innum-

erable patterns upon larf?e or small background light areas.

"When such patterns are gross blotches of light with but little

pigment between them, we put them in Group IV ; but when the

pigment is so widespread as to reduce the background to minor

areas in a generally dark surface, we call them spotted, or

Group V.

While it is easy to recognize the extremes, these two groups

grade into one another imperceptibly. In the whole collection

the blotched, IV, may run from 9 per cent up to 80 per cent in

some cases, and again the spotted, V, maj' run from 5 per cent

up to 76 per cent ; while the norms of the two groups are 44 per

cent and 40 per cent, and the averages 40 per cent and 38 per cent.

In this species, then, irrespective of environment and of size,

there appears a genetic tendency to have most of the shells

spotted, or else blotched, but large populations always show some

in which these patterns are so placed as to form spiral or banded

arrangements, and a few may have the background black and the

spots few and white, and still fewer may have a deficiency of pat-

tern and of color.

However, there is some correlation between pattern and en-

vironment. It is noticeable in the table that while columns I

and II have no marked differences for the small shells in saline

and the large shells in fresh waters, the numbers in columns 111,

IV, and V show general differences between the upper and the

lower parts of the columns, that is, the percentages in III are

greater above for the saline dwellers and smaller below for the

fresh water snails, and again, the upper records in column IV

exceed those in column V, while lower down the numbers in

column V exceed those in column IV, as a rule.

In fact, of 28,906 shells in saline waters, the percentages were

102

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 54 (3)

.hmuiiry. 1I)40J the naitiu's 1U3

1-12 in (Jroup I, 6-11 in Gronp 11, 3-30 in Group TIT. 32-80 in

jjrroup IV, and 5— i4 in Group V. But of 86,650 sliells in fresh

waters, the percentajres were 0-11 in Group I, 7-11 in Group II,

0-33 in Group III, 8-80 in Grouj) IV, and 5-73 in Group V.

The rarity of banded sliells. III, in fresh waters as compared

with saline waters has a notable exception in the Port Antonio

collection, but the number collected was too small. In the large

population in the Lajroon, 5,472 shells with spots in spiral rows

made III very large and formed a peculiarity of this local com-

munity. The fact that banded shells are more prevalent in saline

waters than in fresh waters is one of the elements of gaiety that

is striking in the small saline shells.

Again the greater proportion of blotched shells, IV, in saline

environment adds to their brilliance, while the dominance of

spotted shells, V, in fresh waters is one of the factors that makes

fresh water shells darker than saline shells. The table expresses

the shade of the shells as it appears to the eye, and the brilliance

as compared with magnesium oxide as reflecting 100 per cent.

Fresh water shells are dark to very dark and reflect but 16-19

per cent, while saline shells are light to very light and reflect

up to 40 per cent.

Thus it appears that in general, Neritina virginea in Jamaica is

large with much pigment in fresh waters, and small with less

pigment in saline waters. And while the percentages of different

arrangements of color seem rather fixed for the species irrespec-

tive of environment, yet banded shells are generally more abun-

dant in saline environments; and also the blotched patterns pre-

dominate in saline, while the spotted predominate in fresh waters.

We have recorded Broad River as fresh, but the predominance

of IV over V and the larger percentage of III associates this popu-

lation with saline environment. They may be in a transition

phase from fresh to brackish, and possibly are immigrating into

estuarine habitat. On the other hand, shells in Mo Bay Lagoon

and the brackish pond have recorded dominance of V over IV,

which may be referred to recent immigration into estuarine con-

ditions from upper reaches of the same ^Slontego River, with

change to small size, but as yet no abandonment of river pattern

proportions.

104 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 54 (3)

Small shells are by no means all equally light; those of the

Lagoon are much darker than those of Ft. Clarence Salt Pond

and have not only more pigment over the surface, but a yellow

background due to cuticle and even inner shell being yellow.

HOW PIGMENT FOR PATTERN ^lAY BE LAID DOWN

The outer surface of Neritina virginea shows much pigment

but there is a pale area of the mantle, under which the head may

be withdrawn, that presents a striking line of pigment parallel

to the mantle groove that secretes the cuticle.

This narrow line of pigment is inferentially the source of all

the extended pigment pattern of the shell. This pigment line,

used as a die or stamp continuously, might make a uniformly

dark shell, or used at regular intervals a pattern of meridional

lines with pale background between.

In banded shells it is at once seen that there are a few inter-

ruptions in this line exactly corresponding to the colorless bands

of the shell ; that is, there is a point to point agreement between

shell pattern and placement of pre-formed pigment secretors that

are absent where bands of no pigment will be formed on the shell.

Moreover, in shells of Group I the pigment line is very dark

indeed, while in Group II it is quite pale; thus the pattern de-

pends not only upon pre-placement of dies but upon amount of

pigment available in those dies. However, while the pattern is to

some extent preformed, the complexities of spots and blotches in

groups V and IV need added activities. Either the dies must

change in character or else in position, else straight lines away

from the shell edge would be merely repetitions of the same ele-

ment. To explain the great irregularities, we assume that the

dies are moved about by muscles of the mantle so that they may

be drawTi upward or downward or toward the shell edge, or even

withdrawn from the cuticle so as to deposit no pigment in the

shell for a lime. Spots on the shell may be of two origins: in

Grouj) I they seem merely absence of j)igincnt, as it" small i)ai'ts

of the jngment line were absent or inactive; while in Group V

edges of spots or of blotches of IV commonly Jiaxc ])ii:nu'n1 a])sent

for a time and then added in excess, as if stored up during the

short period of no de])osit. In some preserved sj)eciinens, the pig-

.laiiuary. i:)40j the naitius 105

intMit liiK' is wavy or zi^'zajr and with lu^avier and li^rhtcr succes-

sive parts, and there may be tiMan^Mihir or V-shaped parts of the

line with heavy apices toward the mantle ed};e; such arranfje-

ments of pijiment would form some of the small spots that luive

the like shape and accept upon the apex. But many of the lar^'er

spots, blotches and diaproiials may be due not to such very local

contractions or distortions of the pifrment line, but to lonpr con-

tinued extensive contractions of such nature that a short section

of the active pijrment line acting: as a die and drawTi downwards

would form a long: diagonal of wide pigment; or again, contrac-

tions downward along with contractions upward might produce

the large Vs seen on many blotched shells. Apparently also the

pigment of the line is diffused or spread within the shell sub-

stance, so that the pattern may not be as sharp as the line of

origin which, however, as above stated, has different widths and

intensities along its course.

Granting the various shell patterns may owe their form and

character to pre-formed dies, or localized secretors of pigment,

we infer these may be moved sidewise, or up and down, small or

larger distances, by mantle muscles.

Sometimes the pattern of a shell radically changes and in some

eases this is due to injury to the above apparatus of gland cell and

muscle when the shell is broken. But there is a strong tendency

to recover and return to the normal. In other shells changes

seems as if due to inner causes and possibly originate in changed

materials supplied to the pigment gland cells.

The final pattern may then involve transport and storage of

material, pigment secretion from rather fixed areas, and also the

complex movements of these die-like areas by muscles.

CONCLUSIONS

In Jamaica, Neritina virginea is smaller and its shell less pig-

mented in saline environment. But saline environment involves

other factors tlian concentration and proportions of salts and it

is not known which are effective, nor what part genetic factors

may play. Possibly diminution in size may be associated with

salts more or less indirectly as through food; while loss of pig-

ment may arise from intensity of insolation. However, experi-

106 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (3)

mentation is needed to analyze connections of saline environment

with different aspects of Neritina virginea.

To some extent relative proportions of various patterns of shell

are independent of environment, but the lessening of pigment

quantity in shells in saline environment is accompanied by

greatly changed arrangements of the scanty pigment.

Complexities and individual differences in pigment pattern

seem dependent upon muscle control of pigment secretors.

Increased human populations during 22 years with extended

cultivation of hill-sides threaten extinction of fresh water

Neritidae in parts of Jamaica.

HENRY C. HIGGINS

Mr. Higgins was born in Cincinnatus, N. Y., May 6, 1865, and

died at Keyport, N. J., Sept. 15, 1939.

From boyhood he was an intense lover of nature and every-

thing pertaining to natural history. He made a scientific study

of birds and left valuable data pertaining to the birds that annu-

ally visited the vicinity of his home town, Cincinnatus, New

York. His early education was at the Academy there. His fine

collection of birds is in Cortland Museum. The taxidermal work

was done by himself.

As a boy he was also a baseball enthusiast and bicyclist, o^vning

the first Columbia high wheel in that section. His vocation was

newspaper work. He filled the editor's chair in Uxbridge, ]\Iassa-

ehusetts, and in the same capacity, conducted his own paper at

Belmar, New Jersey, and later, at Keyport, New Jersey.

His main hobby was shells, and how he loved them ! His col-

lection was said to be one of tlie finest private collections in the

United States. None but perfect specimens found a place in it.

Another hobby was stamps, of which he had a fine collection.

NOTES AND NEWS

Solarium bisulcatum Orbigny, 1845. — A Change of Genus.

— Living examples of this interesting little mollusk suggest that

it should be placed under the genus Torinin. The rather de-

pres.sed shape jirobably accounts for its having been classified as

January. 1940 1 the naitilis 107

Solarium {= Architcctunica). The opcrculuin has apparently

gone unnoticed. It is corneous, elevated and conically spiral,

somewhat suggesting a miniature coil of rope. The body and ten-

tacles of the niollusk are pinkish in color, streaked with narrow

black markings. The Boynton specimens, characteristically, were

closely associated with living coral polyps in shallow water.

Dredged specimens from 50-60 fathoms off Palm Beach are per-

haps a little more depressed but not radically different. All

specimens observed were covered with a thin epidermis. — Thomas

L. McGiXTY.

Tridacna qigas. — Wo have recently shipped to the Florida

State Museum two Tridacna gigas, one being 44 inches wide and

the other 44J inches. The latter weighed 492 lbs. net. They are

the largest w^e have found to date. — W. W. Trevor, Southseas

Shell Products Co., Manila, P. I.

Measurements Used in Shell Descriptions. — The following

measures were used mainly during the early part and the middle

of the 19th century in descriptions of mollusks. It may be of

value to modern workers to have these measures given in milli-

meters of equivalent value.

1 ligne (French) =1/12 inch (Fr.)=.088 inch (Eug.), = 2.25

mm.

1 line (English and American) = 1/12 inch (Eng.)=2.11 mm.

(in Martini and Chemnitz, Helix, Pfr.) =2.0 mm.

1/8 inch = 3.175 mm. 1/20 inch = 1.27 mm.— C. M. Cooke. Jr.

A Natural Introduction of Physa. — For use in lighting

forest fires a 300,000 gallon concrete reservoir was constructed at

the Missouri Botanical Garden Arboretum at Gray Summit, Mis-

souri. This was filled with water from a well in November, 1939.

In October, 1940, this reservoir was found to contain at least 500

Physa halei Lea. In addition to the snails there were frogs, tad-

poles, water-boatmen, and several species of water-beetles. There

were no visible algae, their food consisting of organic matter

blown in hv the wind. — Leslie Hubricht.

108 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 54 (3)

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

A Study of the Great Basin Land Snail, Orcohclix strigosa

depressa (Cockerell). By David T. Jones. Bull. Univ. Utah,

vol. 31, no. 4. 43 pp. With many illustrations of shell and anat-

omy, the structure, chemical composition and anatomy of this

snail are described, with notes on its bionomics and distribution.

Marine Shells of the Southwest Coast of Florida. — By

Louise M. Perry. No. 95 Bull. Amer. Paleontology, 260 pp., 39

plates. After interesting and useful chapters on "Generalia"

and "Collecting and Preservation," the species are described sys-

tematicall}' in language as non-technical as is consistent -witii ex-

actness. The figures are exquisite, by far the finest ever pub-

lished of most Florida shells. This book is the outcome of several

3'ears of collecting on the beaches and dredging, and of critical

study of the material in the author's laboratory and in northern

museums. It will be most useful to all concerned with Florida

shells.— H. A. P.

North American Snails of the Families Polygyridae and

Sagdidae. By H. A. Pilsbry. Land Mollusca of North America

(north of Mexico), vol. 1, part 2 (pp. 575-994). 1940. It must

be about fifty years ago that my old friend John Ponsonby ex-

pounded to me his views on the American Polygyrid snails. It

seemed to him that there was so much variation, with so many in-

termediates between the supposed species, that classification was

almost hopeless. This from a man who had long struggled with

the snails of Europe and North Africa, and luul sliulicd tlicni

intensively in the field. This estimate of Ponsonby 's, ])erlia|is not

to be taken too seriously, fairly expressed the difficulty and com-

plexity of the problem, but did not prove tiiat a satisfactory solu-

tion could not be fouiul. Tiirough tiie labors of various American

coucliologists, now greatly extended and splendidly organized

and illustrated by i'ilsbry, we have a presentation of tiie Poly-

gyrid fauna in all its knowu details, at oiu*e convincing and illu-

miiuitiug, a book which any intelligent person can use and under-

stand. Has the study thus been completed? By no means; one

of the great merits of the treatment is that it not only sets forth

what is known, but constantly invites the reader to new explora-

January, 1940] the naitiu's 109

tions. lu'w studios, wliicli cannot fail to be i'niitl'ul. Witli the

modern means of transportation, in the course of a short holiday,

it is possible to make discoveries of importance amon<i; the snails.

It is very remarkable that the various genera, mostly of vast

anti(iuity, have remained within their limited territories, as if

surrounded by some invisible fence. The whole subfamily Tri-

odopsiuae, very rich in species, is confined to the United States

and adjacent border of British America, except that a few species

of Ashmunella extend into the Mexican state of Chihuahua. .I.s7i-

miouUa, of which about fifty species and subspecies are now

known from New Mexico and Arizona, has never been seen in

California, Utah, Colorado or Texas. Certain species occur as far

north as Santa Fe, and it is possible that one will eventually be

found in southernmost Colorado, but it is astonishing that such

an old and diversified ^^enus, so distinct that it might well typify

a tribe Ashmunelli, should have failed to spread into regions

which, so far as we can see, are not unsuitable. Another inter-

esting problem relates to the survival and differentiation of spe-

cies in particular western areas. There is for instance the group

of Mesodon hinneyanus, peculiar to Arkansas and adjacent re-

gions in Texas and Oklahoma. The Ozark region seems to re-

semble that of Oregon in that it has on the one hand escaped

severe glaciation, and on the other desiccation. Hence the sur-

vival of interesting endemics, plants and animals. But the plains

westward of the Ozarks have been a barrier to migration; only

one species of Polygyra reached ea.stern New Mexico, and is now

no longer living there. The genus Allogona of Pilsbry, with its

type the Helix profunda of Say, lives in the Mississippi, Ohio and

Missouri valleys, but there is a group (subgenus Dysmedoma)

found from Oregon to British Columbia to western Montana.

Far back in Tertiary time these groups, now so widely sejia rated,

must have been represented by ancestors in the intervening

territory.

There is another .set of problems, no less interesting, connected

with the evolution of species, subspecies and lesser entities. It is

shown that in different series particular features, relating to size,

the structure of the aperture, the character of the .sculpture, or

what not may come and go, so that parallel and superficially

similar shells confuse the collector. Sometimes these changes

110 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (3)

seem to be related to the environment but commonly not ; they

seem to result from parallel gene mutations. Sometimes we ap-

pear to have the results of extensive hj^bridization, as in the

extraordinarily polymorphic populations of Ashmunella levettei

heterodonta and A. tetrodon mutator. Pilsbry is keen to detect

and record variations, racial or individual, but in many cases he

leaves them without special names. Recognizable subspecies are

all named, but there are very many eases in which this rank seems

not to be deserved, either because the peculiarities may be due to

the direct effect of environmental factors, or the peculiar individ-

uals occur mixed with the normal population, or the material

seen is too scanty to warrant a decision. All such cases invite

more careful investigation on the spot, ^lien names have al-

ready been applied to them, these are duly cited, and sometimes

new names are given. Such minor deviations are called "forms."

At the end of the volume we have an account of the Sagdidae,

a typically neotropical family with five genera in our area. It

has long existed northward, there being a fossil species in the

Eocene of Wj'oming. Of the living genera in our fauna all are

intrusions from the West Indies or Mexico, except Microphystda,

which belongs to the Rocky Mountains and the northwest. It is

remarkable that this long established genus has not produced

more than two species and a subspecies, aside from one or two

long extinct.

It will easily be seen that we have a work of extraordinary

value, not alone for students of Mollusca, but for all biologists.

The snails, for many reasons, afford admirable material for broad

biological studies, and now we have an adecjuate guide to the sub-

ject, affording an opportunity to the rising generation of biolo-

gists which they must not neglect. I am reminded of my experi-

ence in central Africa in 1931. I found railways, roads and

steamers, making it easy and relatively very inexpensive to travel

through the country which Livingstone explored slowly, facing

enormous difficulties and hardsliijis. and eventually losing his

life. Taking advantage of tlic facilities, I found very many new

insects and snails, still there awaiting the collector. Pilsbry 's

book is like a smooth and easy road tlirough the jungles, and

those who intelligently take advantage of it will be richly re-

warded.— T. D. A. COCKERELL.

The Nautilus

Vol. 54 April, 1941 No. 4

THE CAVE MOLLUSCA OF THE OZARK REGION

By LESLIE HUBRICHT

During the summer of 1940 the author explored about fifty

caves in the Ozark region. In several of these caves Mollusca

were found, which are reported in this paper. Only such mol-

lusks as were found alive in total darkness are treated. Those

found about the mouths of caves, or dead shells which have been

washed in, cannot be considered as being a part of the subter-

ranean fauna.

The collecting of this material was made possible by a Research

Grant from the American Association for the Advancement of

Science.

Zanitoides arboreus (Say) — Missouri : Crawford Co. : Missouri

Caverns, 5 mile.s southeast of Leasburg. Seven specimens were

found on rotten wood which had been part of an old stairway.

These were probably born in the cave, but their ancestors were

undoubtedly brought in on lumber.

Hawaiia minuscula (Binn.) — Missouri: Barry Co.: Crystal

Caverns, north of Cassville. A single specimen was found crawl-

ing over a muddy bank. It had probably been washed in through

a fissure.

Deroceras laeve gracile (Raf.) — Missouri: Camden Co.: River

Cave, Hahatonka. This cave is connected with several large

sink holes through which cloudbursts wash in large quantities of

leaves and trash. The last such rain was about ten years ago

when the floor at the lower end of the cave was covered with a

six-inch layer of leaves. One mature specimen and several newly

hatched young were found on the.se leaves.

Carychium exile C. H. Lea — Missouri: Camden Co.: River

Cave, Hahatonka. Five specimens were found with the last

species.

(Ill)

112 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (4)

Ferrissia kirklandi (Walker) — Missouri: Boone Co.: Hall's

Cave, 4 miles southeast of Roeheport. Abundant on stones in a

stream, feeding on bat guano. Their eyes and pigment are

normal.

Physa halei Lea — Illinois : Monroe Co. : lee Cave, Camp Van-

deventer, 5 miles west of AVaterloo; Morrison's Cave, 2 miles

south of Burksville. Missouri : Pulaski Co. : Bat Cave, 5 miles

south of Crocker. Christian Co. : Smallin Cave, 2.8 miles north-

east of Ozark. These caves are all connected with sink-holes

through which leaves and logs wash in, providing a large quan-

tity of organic matter upon which the snails feed. The snails

are quite small with greatly reduced pigmentation.

Amnicola aldrwhi antroecetes Hubricht — ^Missouri: Wash-

ington Co. : Hamilton Cave, 5.5 miles southeast of Sullivan.

Crawford Co. : Green 's Cave, 4.5 miles southeast of Sullivan.

Osage Co. : Dowler's Cave, 3 miles west of Cooper Hill. Pulaski

Co. : Spring Cave, 5 miles south of Crocker ; Piquet Cave, 4 miles

southwest of Dixon. Shannon Co. : Cave Hollow Cave, near

Ebb and Flow Spring, 6 miles north of Montier. (For additional

localities see Nautilus 53: 120.) A common species in subter-

ranean streams in the eastern Ozarks. Unlike Physa it does not

require an excess of food. It has been found in streams which

seemed to be almost devoid of organic matter.

Amnicola procerpina Hubricht — No additional records are

available for this species (see Nautilus 53: 121).

Musculium sp. — Illinois : Monroe Co. : Morrison 's Cave, 2

miles south of Burksville. About two dozen specimens were col-

lected in a small stream. They show no modification to their sub-

terranean life, but they are naturally unpigmented and blind.

All of the land snails were apparently recently introduced into

the caves and were not modified in the least by their subterranean

life. It is doubtful if they will be able to maintain themselves

for many generations. The aquatic snails, on the other hand,

were breeding freely and have become adapted to their cave

habitats and can be considered a permanent part of the subter-

ranean fauna. The pill-clams wore breeding, and showed every

indication that they would be able to maintain themselves per-

manently.

April. 11)41) THK nautilus 113

THE STENOTREMA MONODON GROUP OF

POLYGYRIDAE IN MICHIGAN

By PHIL L. MAKSII

Of the Pohjgyridac which Pilsbry^ has placed in the Group of

Stenotrema monodon and Archer- has included in Section

Euchemotrema of Genus Stenotrema, three forms are found in

Michigan: Stenotrema monodon (Rackett), S. fraternum (Say)

and (S^. /. cavum (Pilsbry and Vanatta). Each is abundant over

a large area, and at least one occurs in every part of the state.

The differences in the distributions of these three forms are very

striking and are of considerable interest.

In Michigan there is very little diflSculty in distinguishing

between these three Stenotremata, and there is no other mollusc

with which they may be confused. S. fraternum is nearly or

entirely imperforate, while the other two have the umbilicus

almost completely uncovered. The shell of 8. monodon is usually

darker and more glossy than those of the others, the whorls are

more tightly coiled and the parietal denticle differs in being

shorter and having its distal end slanting into the aperture.

Archer^ has pointed out that the basal sinus of the lip in monodon

and its varieties is flattened or dished; in fraternum and its

varieties this surface is convex. Of the three, cavum is the

largest; the average diameter of a large number of Michigan

specimens is 10.5 to 11.00 mm. The other umbilicate form,

monodon, usually has a diameter of about 8.00 mm., rarely as

much as 10 mm., often less than 7.00 mm.; cavum, then, is com-

monly about one-third larger than monodon, and colonies of

either may be distinguished from the other at a glance. "While

the shells of cavum often seem somewhat more depressed than

those of typical fraternum, measurement shows that this is not a

constant or significant character ; many specimens of the typical

form have a smaller height/diameter ratio than the type of

cavum as given by Pilsbry,^ and topotypes received from J. B.

Henderson from Cazenovia, N. Y. It is probable that in most

> Pilsbry, H. A., Land Mollusca of North America, 1940, Vol. I, Pt. 2, pp.

675-687.

2 Archer, Allan F., Nautilus, 1939, 52 : 98 ; 53 : 33.

114 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (4)

of our land shells the degree of elevation of individuals of a

species depends on ecological rather than racial factors.

The ecological preferences of monodon and fraternum have

been pointed out by several observers. Monodon is found in wet

places; the flood plains of lakes and streams are favored sites,

and it is often found in swamps. During the spring floods,

large numbers of these shells may be found floating in a river or

cast up on the shores, and in inundated lowlands the snails are

found on hummocks or logs above the water. During the summer

their favored home is under the debris left by the subsiding

waters. Fraternum, on the other hand, is an inhabitant of the

uplands, and in Michigan is found in almost anj^ place that is

not too wet: woodlands, pastures, roadsides, farmyards. It is

one of the few species of the oak-covered glacial moraines of low

fertility, where it is associated with Triodopsis alholahris (Say),

Anguispira alternata (Say), Zonitoides arboreus and, sometimes,

Z. suppressus (Say). Cavum, in its area of distribution, may be

found not only in the uplands, but also along the streams, under

drift on lake shores and in cedar bogs. While monodon and typi-

cal fraternum are rarely found together, monodon and cavum

are more often associated.

For the mapping of the regions occupied by these snails in

Michigan, few landmarks are needed. It will be remembered

that Michigan is unique among the states in that it consists of

two large land masses separated by water. The Upper, or North-

ern, Peninsula forms a long narrow triangle, extending some 350

miles eastward from the mainland of Wisconsin ; its long north

and south boundaries are formed by the waters of the Great

Lakes. The Lower, or Southern, Peninsula extends northward

from Ohio and Indiana, with Lake Huron separating it from

Ontario on the east, and Lake Michigan separating it from Wis-

consin on the west. Its shape, like that of a mitten, is familiar.

On the east central shore is Saginaw Bay, separating the

"thumb" from tiie fingers, with Bay City at the inner end of

the bay. Jackson is about hall'way between the east and west

extremes ol" tiie peninsula, and is forty-five miles north of the

Ohio boundary, or one-fifth of the way up the peninsula. Mus-

kegon, on Lake Mieliigan on tiie west, is nearly oi)posite Bay City.

April, 1941 J THE nautiltts 115

Stcnotrcma monodon is found over the entire Southern Penin-

sula. It is not entirely absent from the hi*rh, sandy "jack-pine

region" of the north central part, and elsewhere in suitable habi-

tats it is abundant. In the Northern Peninsula it has been found

in Menominee County, in the extreme southwest part; presum-

ably this is the result of invasion from Wisconsin. It is interest-

ing that there is a thriving colony in Mackinaw City, on the south

side of the Straits of Mackinac, while on the north side of the

Straits, some six miles distant, it has not been found. It should

be pointed out that from some areas of the central part of the

Northern Peninsula there has been little collecting. In the east-

ern end, however, I have worked during parts of three summers,

without finding this species.

Either Stenotrema fratermim or its variety cavum is found in

every area of both peninsulas. The tj^pical form, however, is

found only in the most southern counties, while the northern part

of the Southern Peninsula and the whole of the Northern Penin-

sula are occupied by cavum. If a somewhat irregular zone about

twenty-five miles wide be imagined following a line drawn south-

west from Bay City, at the end of Saginaw Bay, to Jackson, in

the south central part of the state, and then turned northwest

through Grand Rapids and Muskegon, it will be found that

fraternum occurs only south of this zone, and cavum only north

of it. Among hundreds of series in the Museum of Zoology,

University of Michigan, and in my own collection, there is no

exception to this. In the zone of separation both are found.

Even here, each colony consists of one or the other, not both ;

only rarely have I found the two together.

Recently Pilsbry^ has said of cavum, which he originally de-

scribed with Vanatta, that he is "now inclined to think that its

recognition as a subspecies is of little practical utility." Its

definite geographical distribution in Michigan, combined w^ith its

recognizable characters, makes the retention of the name seem

useful. It is a northern form, replacing typical fraternum not

only in northern Michigan, but also in other northern areas with

which I am familiar, such as Vermont, northern Wisconsin and

Ontario, north of Lake Huron and in Peel County east of it.

Further studies along the north boundary of the United States

116 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (4)

are needed to establish the distribution outside of Michigan of

these two forms.

MOLLUSCA OF CEDAR BREAKS NATIONAL

MONUMENT, UTAH

By WENDELL O. GREGG

During the Summer of 1935 it was my privilege to spend

nearly three months at Cedar Breaks National Monument. This

area is about 20 miles east of Cedar City, Utah. Here the Pink

Cliffs, in some places exposed for a depth of nearly 2,000 feet,

display a great variation of shades of color ranging from white

or orange at the top to deep rose and coral. In contrast is the

dark green of the heavily forested rim which attains an altitude

of 10,400 feet. Though awed by the vastness of this spectacular

beauty, my thoughts turned to the molluscan inhabitants which

find shelter in these lofty forests of Engelmann spruce and alpine

fir.

Though my collecting extended over the entire area, I collected

most extensively in the region of "Sunset Point." Here the

altitude was 10,000 feet. There was a moderate amount of mois-

ture most of the time and but a few yards away a series of

springs in a swampy meadow formed brooklets which were tribu-

tary to Long Valley Creek. All species listed except Oreohelij:

strigosa depressa (Cockerell) were found in the vicinity of "Sun-

set Point." Oreohelix was found in only one place at Cedar

Breaks, along a steep wooded slope northwest of "Desert View."

The relative abundance of Microphysula was noticeable. The

material collected here is referable to the Arizona subspecies,

Microphysula ingersolli meridionalis Pilsbry and Perriss. I had

occasion to collect Microphysula from four other localities in

southern Utah : Cedar Canyon, 10 miles from canyon mouth ;

southwest slope of Brian Head, Parawan Mts., at 11,000 feet alti-

tude ; head of Deep Creek, Kano County ; and head of Mammoth

Creek, Garfield County. These are all referable to tncridionalis.

Many specimens of Pupilla blandi Morse were collected here,

also from the following localities in southern Utah : head of Mam-

moth Creek ; Zion National Park ; head of Deep Creek ; southwest

April. 1941] THE nautilus 117

slope of Brian Head ; and Cedar Canyon, 10 miles from canyon

mouth. These specimens were all examined carefully and com-

pari.sons were made with unmistakable specimens of Pupilla

sxjngenes dextroversa Pilsbry and Vanatta from Grand Canyon,

Arizona. After a careful study it has been concluded that the

Utah specimens are all referable to P. hlandi. Pupilla sytigenes

dextroversa probably does not exist in this part of Utah.

The seventeen species and subspecies found at Cedar Breaks

are:

Pisidium sp.'

Oreohclix strigosa depressa Cockerell.

Microphysula ingersolli meridionalis Pilsbry and Ferriss

Vallonia gracilicosfa Reinhardt.

Vallonia cyclophorclla Ancey.

Pupilla hlandi Morse.

Pupilla hebes Ancey.

Vertigo gouldii arizonensis Pilsbry and Vanatta.

Discus cronkhitei cronkhitei Newcomb.

Vitrinaalaskana Dall.

Zonit aides arbor ea Say.

Retinella elecfrina Gould.

Euconulus fiilvus alaskensis Pilsbry.

Succinea avara Say.

Stagnicola bulimoides techella Haldeman.

Stagnicola bnlimoides cassi Baker.

Stagnicola capcrata Say.

FLUMINICOLA AVERNALIS AND FLUMINICOLA

AVERNALIS CARINIFERA

FROM NEVADA

By WENDELL O. GREGG

The material from which Fluminicola avernalis Pilsbry and

Fluminicola avernalis carinifera Pilsbry were described bore

only the indefinite locality "Colorado Desert." Dr. Pilsbry^

assumed that this referred to the Colorado Desert in the usually

restricted sense and gave the type locality as "Colorado Desert,

1 The Pisidium has been turned over to Dr. Stanley Brooks for determina-

tion.

1 Pilsbry, H. A., Nautilus, 48: 90, 1935.

118 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (4)

California. ' ' Junius Henderson^ later listed the above two with

species from this region. We now restrict the term Colorado

Desert to that desert region in California which lies to the west

of the Colorado River and also the low lying areas which drain

into the Salton Sink. "The northern limit of the Colorado

Desert maj^ be arbitrarily placed as far north as a line drawn

from the Morongo Pass easterly to the Colorado River. "^

It is suggested bj' Morrison* that Tryonia clathrata Stimpson

is probably restricted to Nevada, and I know of no records which

would definitely place it in California. On the basis of associa-

tion with Tryonia clathrata, Morrison assumes that Fluminicola

avernalis Pilsbry and Fluminicola avernalis carinifera Pilsbry

are also from the Pahranagat Valley, Nevada, and not from the

Colorado Desert in the restricted sense.

A discovery which I made in November, 1934. while acting as

camp surgeon at a CCC camp near the Home Ranch, about six

miles west of Moapa, Nevada, gives us one definite locality record

for these two forms. At this camp site there are five or six warm

springs, all within a distance of about 75 yards. The streams

from these springs converge to form a brook which is tributary

to the Muddy River. The temperature of the water at these

springs varied from 87.5 to 89.5. The elevation was 1700 feet.

The vegetation was tj^pical of the lower desert flora. There were

quite a few native palms {W ashing tonia) along the brooklets

with ash, screw-pod mesquite and white cottonwood. Having

been told of the springs, my first thouglit was to look for mollusks,

and I was not disappointed. The following five species were

found: Amnicola lonainqna Gould, Tryonia prutca Gould,

Tryonia clathrata Stimpson, Fluminicola avernalis Pilsbry and

Fluminicola avernalis carinifera Pilsbry.

On some of the older maps the Home Randi is designated as

"Muddy Spring." It is about 50 miles south of the Pahranagat

Valley.

I am indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for identifying the specimens of

Fluminicola and Tryonia clathrata.

2 Henderson, Junius, Nautilus, 50: 41, 1936.

3 Jaeger, I']dmund C, The California Deserts, p. 3.

* Morrison, J. P. E., Nautilus, 53: 124, 1940.

April. li»41] THK nautilus 119

NOTES ON CHINESE SPECIES OF ASSIMINEA

By TENG-CHIEN YEN»

The history of Assimitiea^ is comparatively little complicated.

The {jrenus was proposed by Tjeach as early as "1819" in a manu-

script, not bein<? published till 1828 by Fieminj,'. In 1821, Gray

proposed Nerita Syncera Hepatica apparently for the same group

of shells. However, in 183") (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, p.

303), he recofrnized clearly : "The shell in question and its animal

were described and figured by Dr. Leach, in his hitherto unpub-

lished work on British MoUusca, under the name of Assiminea

Grayana; and as this name has been referred to by Mr. Jeffries

and other conchologists, it may be regarded as established, and

that of Syncera hepatica, proposed by myself in the Medical Re-

pository, vol. X, p. 239, will take the rank of a synonym."

Except that in his Manual of Mollusca Woodward adopted

Syncera hepatica Gray for Assiminea grayana Fleming, As-

sitninea seems to have been accepted by most of the malacologists

working in the century following. A few useful lists of species

of this genus successively appeared in the literature, notably that

given by Martens in 1866 (Ann. Mag. Xat. Hist. Lond. Ill, 17, pp.

202-207); Pease in 1869 (Jour. Conchyl., pp. 161-167); and

Boettger in 1887 (Jahrb. d. malak. Ges., 14, pp. 147-234). In

these lists, as in other early literature, some heterogeneous ele-

ments were included, but the last-mentioned work is by far the

most comprehensive and useful as a basis for further studies of

this genus.

So far as the Chinese species are concerned, two forms were

involved in confusion, namely Hydrocena chincnsis Pfeiffer and

Laguncula pulchella Benson. During my last visit to Europe I

was able to examine the type-lots of both species in the British

Museum (Natural History), and found Hydrocena chincnsis

Pfeiffer is only the young form of a certain Borneo species of

Schistoloma Kobelt, which has been so far not recorded from

China. Laguncula jnilchclla Benson is a doubtful group of

1 With the grant-in-aid from American Philosophical Society in Philadel-

phia and heartfelt thanks to Dr. II. A. Pilsbry for hia encouragement.

2 Syncera Gray 1821 of some authors.

120 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (4)

Naticidae. I have dealt elsewhere with both cases in fuller

detail as well as with illustrations, in a paper left in London for

publication, and they are certainly not species of Assiminea, nor

connected with Assimineidae nor Viviparidae.

Among other Chinese species of Assiminea, there are no fewer

than 20 forms on record with but a few of them whose specific

standing needs further consideration. However, these species

seem to agree well with Assiminea Fleming with Assiminea

grayana as its genotype, and most, if not all, of these Chinese

species are comprised in one of my recent works on Chinese

gastropods.^

In a recent issue of Nautilus (vol. 53 (2), p. 68), Dr. Morrison

attempts to show that some of Chinese species, hitherto being

accepted as Assiminea, belong to the Indian genus Ekadonta

Rao, namely " colombiensis" (probablj^ means colombeliana) and

scalaris, both being described by Heude from Yangtze valley.

He seems to be almost certain that the former is an Ekadonta,

while the latter "may belong to this group also."

Assiminea colombeliana Heude 1885, a species named in honor

of its collector, R. P. Colombel, is comparatively a narrower shell

and was collected from a brackish habitat at the mouth of the

Yangtze river. However, it differs but slightly from Assiminea

scalaris Heude 1882, a very common species of amphibious habitat

existing in the interior farther from the coast. These two forms

are closely related, if not identical, and the latter opinion was

held by Boettger (I.e., p. 170).

As compared with Rao's detailed descriptions and figures of

Ekadonta shanensis, I found that his species resembles in some

shell and radula features Assiminea scalaris Heude, material of

which is available in my hand at present. But, nevertheless, I

fail to trace out much difference in kind of scalaris from rjrayana.

It is true that, for instance, the marginals of scalaris carry more

numerous and minuter cusps than that in the ease of grayana, l)ut

could that difference be specific rather than generic?

On the other hand, if all otlier differences be proved that

3 Yen, Teng-Chien, Die chinesischcn Ljind iind Siisswasser-Gastropodcn dcs

Natur Museum Senckcnhorfj, AMiandl. Hciick. ii.it urf. Gcs. Frankfurt a. M.,

444, 8. 1-233, 16 Taf., 1939.

April, 1941] THE nautilus 121

scalaris, as well as colombcUana, should ri^rlitfully be separated

penerieally or subgenerically I'rom Assiminca, Ileude in 1882

already proposed Solenomphala for scalaris as a subgenus of

Assiminca. Moreover, if both these Chinese species, scalaris and

colomhfliana, be further eonfirmed in detail comparison that they

are congeneric witii Ekadonta shancnsis Rao, still Ileude 's name

Solenomphala will have precedence over Ekadonta Rao.

LYMNAEA CONTRACTA CURRIER

By CALVIN GOODRICH

The mollusk was described by Currier in 1868 from shells taken

in Higgins Lake, Roscommon County, Michigan. From time to

time for seventy years thereafter, additional specimens were

collected, but always from the same body of water. It has never

been found in Houghton Lake, into which Higgins Lake dis-

charges, or in Marl Lake, a small feeder of Higgins Lake and

probably once an arm of it.

The most striking characteristic of L. coniracta is the pinched,

flattened, strongly shouldered body whorl. The plaited columella,

for one character, justified Mr. Frank Collins Baker in connect-

ing the shell closely with L. emarginaia. In one form or another,

this species is in all the lakes of the Higgins group and in at least

one stream of it. L. contracta has not been found living, and

from this Dr. Bryant Walker suspected that the shell is an occu-

pant of deep water "that only comes to shore occasionally.'"

Still earlier, he ventured the opinion that it might be "semi-

fossil" or "extinct. "^

Among mollusks taken by Dr. Laurence C. Stuart in Barney

Lake of Beaver Island, Lake Michigan, in 1939 were two examples

of contracta. Though without soft parts, the shells were quite

plainly of animals recently alive. I myself visited the lake in

July, 1940. I came upon numbers of contracta which currents

had brought together in shallow depressions of the lake bed, but

yet did not see a living specimen. It is probably relatively

rare. The fact of this rarity, both in Higgins and Barney lakes,

1 F. C. Baker, The Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America, 1911, p. 4.34.

2 Bryant Walker, Nautilus, 6, 1892, p. 33.

122 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (4)

its geographical discontinuity and the resemblance to L. emargi-

nata, which is common in the two regions, provides ground for

the belief that contracta is not a true species, but simply an en-

vironmental variation. The identity of the shells has been veri-

fied by Mr. Baker.

Barney Lake lies in an irregularly shaped pocket, one end of

which is a curving sand dune. A little over this dune is Lake

Michigan. The owner of Barney told me that the water level

varies with the general level of the large lake, and that at one time

it went almost completely dry. This was when Lake Michigan

was in a cycle of falling levels. So it may be that the molluscan

fauna of the inland Barney Lake has to be renewed at periods and

contracta has to be evolved from reintroduced L. emarginata.

A COMPARISON OF YOUNG HELMINTHOGLYPTA

UMBILICATA AND H. DUPETITHOUARSI

By GLENN E. WEBB

It seems desirable to record some chance observations on the

likenesses and differences of equal sized 2-2^ whorl ed young of

Hclminthoglypta unibilicata (Pilsbry) and //. dupctithouarsi

(Deshayes). The young nmhilicata are the offspring of adults

received from Mr. Ernest N. Wilcox, who obtained them from

". . . under old logs in a swamp just back of the pump station

of the Union Oil Co. at Santa Margarita, California." I am

equally indebted to Mr. E. P. Chace for the dupetithouarsi speci-

mens, the parent material being collected under brush and trash

of an open pine grove near Point Pinos, ^lonterey County, Cali-

fornia.

The unsought opportunity of studying the young of these two

species was occasioned by the numerous viable eggs deposited by

adults kept for anatomic studios. In view of tlie fact that I have

not had extensive personal experience with these Western land

siuiils, and tliat much of tlie literature is })r()bal)ly unknown to

me, tliese observations may not be entirely now.

Helminthoglypta uinbHic<it<i youn;,'-: Tlio sliglitly indented

nuclear section of the eiul)ryonic whorl occupies one-fourth

volution and is smooth, unpolisliod, and niicroscopically ^M-anular.

April. 1941] THE nautilus 123

Within the next quarter-volution, transversely elonprate pustules

appear by the inferior suture, lengthen, increase in numbers, and

ultimately bridjre from suture to suture. "Within the first-

quarter of the last-half of the first volution, the elonj^ate pustules

tend to become broken-up, scattered, and slifjhtly sinuous, dis-

appearing on the whorl-face as dot-like papillae among the aris-

ing ripple-striae; the diminished, papilliform pustules persist

by the inferior suture, however, until nearly the end of the first

whorl. With the disappearance of the apical-pustules, a series

of transverse, close-spaced, finely undulant or rippled striae ap-

pear and become progressively finer and closer spaced until they

disappear on the post-embryonic whorl — breaking up into smaller

and smaller segments to form micro-papillae. An examination

of fresh shell-growth on a near-mature collected specimen failed

to reveal either micro-papillae or the much larger hair-base

papillae. The transformation of the ripple-striae is somewhat

veiled by the conspicuous growth-striae which appear on the post-

embryonic whorls.

The young shell is strongly hirsute on the early whorls with

conspicuous, tapering hair-spinules ; these arise on the last half

of the first whorl. The hairs are aligned in protractive and

retractive, oblique, curved series. This dual alignment is more

perfect in some specimens than others, particularly in respect to

the retractive trend. The hairs are shorter, closer spaced, and

more numerous on the later whorls — the progressive shortening

being quite apparent. The regular ripple-striae are interrupted

about the base of the hairs, giving them the appearance of having

erupted through the ripple-striae. The hairs on the post-em-

bryonic shell (after the disappearance of the ripple-striae) still

present this "erupted" appearance, being encircled sparsely by

radiating, hj-phen-shaped micro-papillae.

On most young shells, the revolving, brown shell-band is not

yet evident.

The deep, narrow umbilicus exhibits numerous small, hyphen-

shaped pustules aligned in curved, retractive series on the first

whorl ; but these seem to become transformed into scattered

papillae on the second. The ventral-surface hairs (often dis-

arrayed and variously twisted) do not usually extend into the

umbilicus.

124 THE NAUTEbUS [VOL. 54 (4)

HelmintJioglypta dupetithouarsi young are similar in general

shell-sculpture to young umbilicata; however, there are a num-

ber of constant and nonconstant differences. Enumerated, the

constant differences include :

(1) The shorter, more numerous hairs of dupetithouarsi. (2)

The more widely spaced hair-lines of iinibilicata. (3) The red-

dish shell of dupetithouarsi as compared to brownish umhilicata.

(4) The prominent, red color-band of dupetithouarsi. (5) The

more polished shell of dupetithouarsi. (6) The more intensely

black-spotted mantle of recently hatched umhilicata. (7) The

coarser, more intensive sculpture of the intra-umbilical whorls of

umbilicata. (8) The less black more slate-blue body coloration

of dupetithouarsi.

Whether all of these constant differences are typical of the

species or merely relative to the respective strains of the species

compared, I do not know. Stated for dupetithouarsi, the non-

constant characters are: the generally larger apical whorl; the

weaker and more scattered apical pustules; the finer, less per-

sistent ripple-striae; the smaller hair-base papillae and bent-tip-

ped hairs, the curl causing the hair-tip to point in an up-spire

direction; and lastly, the earlier development of the shell-band.

These characters, by appropriate negative or positive implication,

characterize umbilicata as well.

Before concluding this dupetithonarsi-umbilicata comparison,

the resemblances demand consideration. Thus, as has already

been suggested, the general plan of sculpture is similar for the

two forms. Both have an initially smooth shell-nucleus, apical

pustules, ripple-striae, hair-spinules, and "erupted-hair" ap-

pearance. The resemblances continue on the post-embryonic

whorls in the "erupted-hair" marks and the numerous micro-

yiapillae.

By way of conclusion, I offer a few queries which presented

themselves during the coarse of the observations. These are: (1)

Do all young Hclminthof/hfpta bear hairs? (2) Are the larger

l)apillae evidence of past hirsuteness in adult shells? (3) Is H.

walkeriana (Hemphill) papillate? (4) May not size of hair

and space between hairlines afford inij)(>rtant taxononiic-ijhylo-

genetic clues? (5) Would the offspring of alleged (hijxtithouarsi-

umbilicata intergrades duplicate the differences cited here?

April, 1941] THE NAUTILUS 125

A casual survey of the most accessible descriptive data, prin-

cipally from the synopsis of Helmitithofjlifpta species presented

by Dr. Pilsbry,^ affords some interesting hints in answer to some

of these queries. Thus, about 12 species are known to be hirsute :

H. benitoc7isis, H. californiensif!, 11. cuyama, 11. cuyamacenKis

vcnturensis, H. dupciiihouarsi, H. fontiphila, H. nickliniana, H.

petricola and var. orotes, H. sequoicola, H. traski tejonis, H.

tularensis sequoia, and H. nmhilicata. Also, all species except

five {H. allyniana, H. hcrryi, H. contracostae, H. exarata, H. fer-

rissi) possess papillae. Possibly H. walkeriana should be in-

cluded among the non-papillate species, although several speci-

mens in my possession exhibit papillae in oblique, curved,

protractive rows on the embryonic-shell.

THE TYPE OF NEPTUNEA "BOLTEN" RODING

Dr. Pilsbry, Chairman of Committee on Nomenclature, A. M.

U., has received the following inquiry from Dr. Joshua L. Baily,

Jr.

' ' Would you mind giving me benefit of your opinion on the use

of the name Neptuneaf This name first appeared in the Museum

Boltenianura, 1798, without diagnosis. It included a multiplicity

of species now placed in different families.

"In 1840 Swainson suggested the name Ckrysodomus, naming

Neptunea antiqua as type. Then in 1901 Cossmann named the

same species as type of Neptunea. This serves to make the two

names synonymous, and whichever name is used will be deter-

mined by whether a name published without a description has

anj' standing. In this ease where species were given it is pos-

sible to tell what the author intended, but the fact that he included

a heterogeneous assembly makes it doubtful what he would have

considered was typical of his genus.

"Then in 1918 Dall designated Neptunea clathrus Bolten as type

of Neptunea. Apparently he was unaware of Cossmann 's earlier

designation or he may have believed that Swainson 's selection of

this species as type of Chrysodomus precluded its later selec-

tion by Cossmann. But Neptunea clathrus had already become

the type of Boreotrophon Fischer, 1884, by monotypy. If this

1 Pilsbry, H. A., 1939, Land Moll, of N. America, Vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 63-201.

126 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (4)

designation by Dall is allowed to stand Neptunea and Boreo-

trophon will be synonymous.

"There are thus two questions to be answered. First is the

name Neptunea available at all, being nondescript? Second, if

it is should it replace Chrysodomus or Boreotroj^honf"

These questions have been considered by all members of the

Committee, Horace B. Baker, Paul Bartseh, H. A. Pilsbry, and

Harald A. Rehder, who unanimously agree in the following

opinion, written by Rehder with the cooperation of Bartseh.

"Pilsbry has asked me to send you my opinion concerning the

question of the type of Neptunea Bolten raised by Joshua L.

Baily, Jr., as outlined in his letter herewith enclosed.

"It is the opinion of those of us here that the type designa-

tion of Cossmann (Essais de Pal. Comp., vol. 4, 1901, p. 99) is

valid. However, there is an earlier type designation which seems

to be valid and which is found in an article by Kobelt ( Jahrbiicher

d. malak. Ges., vol. 3, 1876, p. 63). The sentences of importance

in this connection are :

" 'Die Neptuneen der borealen und arctischen Regionen um-

fassen zwei ziemlich scharf geschiedene Gruppen, deren Typen

einerseits Neptunea antiqua, andererseits islandica Chemnitz

sind. Man hat aus ihnen zwei Gattungen, Neptunea and Sipho,

gemacht, und Troschel hat in seinem ausgezeichneten Werke die

letztere auf Grund einer Angabe Loven's sogar ganz von Neptunea

entf ernt und zu den Fasciolariiden gestellt. '

"This earlier type designation, Neptunea a)itiqua (L.), fortu-

nately, does not change the nomenclature of this group."

Dr. Baily 's question as to the validity of an undefined name is

not here considered, as the list of species is accepted as an "indi-

cation" of the characters of a genus in the meaning of the Inter-

national Rules, Art. 25a.

SOME SHELLS FROM SOUTH CAPE MAY BEACH

By ROBERT C. ALEXANDER

Lying between the western end of tlie Cape May boardwalk and

the Coast Guard Station at Cape May Point, New Jersey, is a

strip of beach a mile and a lialf long. This beach has no name as

April, 1941] THE NAUTILUS 127

far as I have been able to discover but, because a portion of it

extends aloii^ the ocean front of South Cape May, I have become

acenstt)nied to refer to it as Soutii Cai)c May Beach. During the

summer of 1940, I visited this beach many times.

Donax fossor Say and Nassarius trivittdhi Say live near the ebb

tide line; Spisula soli(iissi7)w Dilhvyn, Myfilus edulis Linne,

Myfilus edulis var. pellucidus Pennant, and Modiolus demissus,

an inhabitant of the salt marshes, are found cast up alive on the

beach by the breakers ; and growing on shells washed up on the

beach are Crepidula fornicata Linne, Crepidula convexa Say, and

Crepidula plana Say. Crepidula plana usually grows inside the

opening of empty gastropod shells but I have found it here several

times growing on the exterior of Myfilus edulis shells.

Besides the common shells which are found on the beach, I

have found the worn valves of Astarte castanea Say which in-

habits the deeper w-ater off the coast, a few shells of Epitonium

lineatum Say, and two small shells of Epitonium humphreysii

Kiener. I believe this is the first time Epitonium humphreysii

has been reported from this place. On several occasions, I have

found a number of separate valves as well as large, entire shells

of Solen viridis Say. Whether this species still lives off-shore

here or whether these shells are remnants of a by-gone period,

I do not know.

A part of this beach has been washed away by the ocean currents

revealing flat areas of old meadow sod some of which are exposed

at ebb tide. In this sod lives Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck.

Although the color of this shell is normally white, I have found

a great manj^ of them here with a dull reddish-purple coloration

near the posterior extremity and sometimes throughout a young

shell. This coloration may be an artificial condition caused by

an excess of some chemical in the sea or the land in this locality.

However that may be, the same coloration is present in shells on

the bay shore several miles above Cape May Point in Cold Spring

Harbor and also on the beach east of Cape MaJ^ Urosalpinx

cinerea Say lives on these flats and I have found one small living

specimen of Barnea truncata Say here too.

Fossil shells found here during the summer include two valves

of Area (Noetia) pondcrosa Say; a full-grown specimen of

128 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (4)

Busy con perversum Linne; and three specimens of Neptunea

stonei Pilsbry, varying from less than three-quarters of an inch

to two and a half inches in length. The largest of these Neptunea

stonei shells, an extinct species, is one of the best-preserved speci-

mens I have seen.

EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURE AND ALGAE ON THE

SURVIVAL OF A POND SNAIL DURING

PERIODS OF RELATIVE DRYNESS

By E. J. STRANDINE

Northwestern University and North Park College

The fate of aquatic snails in temporary prairie ponds during

the dry summer months is a problem which few investigators have

considered. Pilsbry (1896) records the observation that two

dozen out of fifty Lymnea hulimoides Lea were still alive after

having been out of water for 45 days. Cooke (1913) mentions

that several aquatic snails will bury themselves in mud during

periods of drought. Baker (1914) has observed that some spe-

cies of aquatic snails may survive periods when ponds are dry,

whereas in other species the adults die and only the eggs which

are buried in the mud survive. Barlow (1933) has reported that

certain species of Egyptian snails, which are involved in the

spread of schistosomiasis, can survive drying for periods of 30

to 50 days. Van Cleave (1931) notes that the great drought of

1930 reduced land snails to 1 per cent of their usual numbers,

and killed many pond and lake animals which were left in the

dried out aquatic habitats.

During the course of an ecological survey of a temporary pond

in Orland Park Township of Cook County, Illinois, I encountered

a dense population of Gyraulus parvus (Say), which ajiparontly

is able to withstand long periods of drought.

This pond was completely dry from the first of August to the

11th of November, except for short periods following heavy rain

storms. The algae {Zy<)ncma, Ocdogonium, and others) in the

pond had formed a dry dense mat over the soil in the dried out

pond, but the soil (Table 1) underneath this dry algal mat was

very moist and exhibited a moisture gradient from the edge

(Station A) to the deepest point in llio pond (Station E).

April, 1941]

THE NAUTILUS

129

TABLE 1

All of the Gyraulus parvus found in an area 10 cm. square

underneath the protective alg:al mat were collected, counted, and

put into water to determine the number living. The result of

quantitative collections on September 30 {i.e., 60 days after dry-

ing out) in various regions on the dry pond bottom is shown in

Table 1. Station A, which was near the shore and had been

dry for the longest period of time (66 days), had the driest soil,

the smallest population density (11 snails per 10 cm. square) and

the smallest per cent (21.6%) of living snails. The greatest

population density (122 living snails per 10 cm. square) was

found in the deepest place in the pond where the soil moisture

was the greatest. The high per cent of soil moisture in Station

E was due to this area drying out last, and to the nearness of the

surface of the soil to the water table, which was only six inches

beneath the surface. Evidently, the algal mat and the soil mois-

ture provide an environment which is favorable to the survival

of many of these snails during periods of drought, when these

aquatic snails aestivate. Less moist areas near shore are not as

favorable for survival, as indicated by the percentage of dead

snails.

That the greater number of snails were found in that part

of the pond which became dry last is to be expected, as removal

of the water tends to concentrate the population. Using the 5

quadrats which were taken at random on various parts of the

pond bottom to compute the average number of living snails per

unit area, we find an average of 66 individuals per 10 cm. square

area, or 6600 per square meter, or 26.710,200 per acre of pond

floor. Before the pond became dry, this number was undoubtedly

130 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (4)

even greater. The great population density of this small snail

indicates that Gyraulus parvus plays not an insignificant role in

the community of this pond. The ability of this snail to survive

during periods of drought is probably augumented by the pro-

tective action of a dense drj' algal mat which is left on the pond

bottom when the pond dries out.

The results of this study demonstrate that Oyraulus parvus

produces a dense population in this temporary prairie pond ;

that a high percentage of these snails can survive long periods of

drought; that the algae in the pond form a protective mat on

the bottom of the pond when it dries out; and that the great

amount of moisture in the soil of the dried pond and the pro-

tective algal mat provides a favorable environment for the sur-

vival of these snails.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Baker, H. B. 1914. Physiographic and molluscan succession

in lake pools. Mich. Acad. Sci., 16 : 18-45.

Barlow, C. H. 1933. The effect of the "winter rotation" of

water upon snails involved in the spread of schistosomiasis

in Egypt 1930-31 and 1931-32. Amer. Jour. Hyg., 17 : 723-

742.

Cooke, A. H. 1913. MoUusca. Cambridge Nat. Hist. Series.

PiLSBRY, H. A. 1896. Limnea bulimoides Lea resisting drought.

Nautilus, 10 : 96.

Van Cleave, H. J. 1931. Some biological effects of drought.

Sci. Month., 33 : 301-306.

SOME HAPLOTREMATIDAE

By II. BURRINGTON BAKER

Since 1930 (Proc. A.N.S.P.. 82: 307), Drs. W. 0. Gregg and

G. D. Hanna have kindly sent me the animals of 3 additional

species of Ilaplotrcma from California, and 2 of Austrosclcnitcs

have been collected in Puerto Rico. In plate 9, the small num-

bers at the end of each scale indicate their lengths in mm. or

fractions. Those abbreviated labels, which are not explained in

the text, are defined in Bull. Bishop Museum 158: 92-93 (1938).

Incidcntallv. in 1930, I retained the term "entoeone" for the

TlIK XAI TILTS: :)4 (4)

IM^ATK 't

Figs. 1-1', ll<i/il„lni,io rill lain III. Fijr.s. .{-4, //. n,i/<niinii. Fig. .">, Jl.

IrntisfiifKi. Fijrs. (■,-:. .tiislriisili iiilis rniiriilor. Fij,'s. H-1l\ ./. altirola.

April. 1941] THE NAUTILUS 131

peculiar and very variable dentii'le under the principal cusp on

some inner radular teeth of Haplotrctnu. But, since the true

entocone disappears first in most pulmonates that approach car-

nivorous dentition, it may actually be the mesocone, which would

make the principal cusp an ectocone, homolofrous with the one

that, on the laterals of the Spiraxinae, about equals in size the

mesocone, but, in most Oleacinidae, completely disappears. The

compounded term "under-cusp" seems self-explanatory and ob-

viates any decision. Because laterals and mar<,nnals are rarely

differentiated, "centrifugals" is also used, to include all teeth

except the centrals.

Haplotrema (Greggiella) caelatum (Mazyck), new subgenus

(Plate 9, figs. 1,2).

The figured animals were collected Dec. 6, 1931, by Dr. W. O.

Gregg (for whom the subgenus is named), under willow trees,

along Los Angeles River, near Glendale, California.

Animal similar to H. alameda but foot lighter; lung with black

blotches. Ovotestis (omitted from f. 1) with 7 small, fan-shaped

lobes of few clavate alveoli visible, in basal half of apical liver

lobe. Epipliallic chamber (E) more constricted at base. Penis

(P) with a white diverticulum (PL) and containing a subapical

stimulator-papilla (outlined at PP). Atrial stimulator (out-

lined at YD) quite large; atrial opening not far from inferior

tentacle. Radular formula (f. 2) : 25 + 1 + 25 ; 50 rows counted ;

central without definitely free cusp; vestigial under-cusp on

second tooth but absent from all others.

Oreggiella, type H. caelatum, differs from Ancomena in its

penial diverticulum, which is reminiscent of Salasiella and Olca-

cina, in its simpler radula, and in the heavy and angular, but low

riblets on its smaller shell.

Haplotrema (Ancomena) transfuga (W. G. Binney) (Plate 9,

fig. 5).

The figured animals were collected April 20, 1940, by Dr. W.

0. Gregg, in La Mision Valley, Baja California.

Animal similar to H. alameda Pilsbry, H.B.B., 1930: 414.

Spermathecal sac long ellipsoid; free oviduct with slender apical

region and more abruptly swollen base. Internal folds of apical

132 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (4)

penial chamber more papillate. Radular formula (f. 5): 13 +

6 + 1 + 19 ; 35 rows counted ; central without evident cusp ; under-

cusps "without definitely free points but represented by thicken-

ings on inner 6 teeth, under and apparently fused to undersides

of principal cusps.

The divergences in genitalia between H. transfuga and H.

alameda might be due to differences in contraction, but the radu-

lar ones seem slightly more important.

Thiele's (1931, Handbuch) reduction of Ancomena to the

synonymy of his Proselenites, although reasonable enough, is

nomenclatorially indefensible. Incidentally, the apparent dis-

courtesy of my (1928) valid designation of H. concavum as the

type of Proselenites came about because, at the time, neither

Thiele nor I had realized that Ancomena (H. vancouverense) and

Geomene (H. concavum) were even sectionally distinct.

Haplotrema (Ancotrema) voyanum (Newcomb) (Plate 9, figs.

3,4)

The figured animal was collected in June, 1931, by Dr. G. D.

Hanna, along a small creek entering Stuarts Fork, Trinity River,

•J mile north of Trinity Alps Camp, Trinity County, California.

No embryos have been observed by me.

Animal similar to H. sportella (Gould), H.B.B., 1930, Proe.

A.N.S.P. 82: 418. Lung with brown spots, sometimes grouped

into a vague network. Vagina (V, f. 4) much longer, with mus-

cular collar near middle. Penial retractor (PR; § omitted)

arising partly from diaphragm but connecting with nearby tail

fan by muscle strands. Penis (P) internally shows, in apical

half, high, papillate folds below entrance of vas deferens; small

apical pocket much less sharply demarcated ; basal chamber very

thick-walled, but with longitudinal folds much weaker towards

apex (basally also smooth when everted). Radular formula (f.

3): 12-13 + 8 + 1 + 20-21; 29 roAvs counted; central with two

minute points, visible only on more posterior teeth; under-cusps

longer, on inner 8 teeth.

The longer vagina, the shifted origin of the penial retractor

and the stronger radular entoconcs of //. voyanum approach the

conditions in the section Ancomena.

AusTROSELENiTEs (Zopiios) CONCOLOR (Forussac) (Plate 9, figs.

6, 7). Z. c. II.B.B., 1925, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ.

April, 1941] THE nautilus 133

iMic-h. 56: 19, radula. Haplotrcmn c. H.B.B., 1020. Proc.

A.N.S.P. 82: 422, I'rafrmentary anatomy.

The figfured animal was collected Aujr. 24-29, 1939, under lime-

stone rocks in rich humus, altitude 0-300 feet, 2 miles south of

Catafio, Puerto Kico. It was not prcjjnant but had apparently

been so. This species appears to attain sexual maturity at almost

any size; the uterus in some specimens contained as many as 7

large, shell-less eggs, in others embryos.

Sides of foot blue-blackish with white sulci ; tentacles dark ; tail

abruptly pointed. Lung (f. 7) colorless except for black blotches

over kidney (K), which has a transverse extension towards hind-

gut (HG) ; ureter (KD) complete; mantle-glands (MG) broadly

invading. Ovotestis (omitted from f. 6) with 8 lobes, separated

by liver tissue, visible in basal § of long apical liver lobe. Her-

maphroditic duct (GD) swollen. Talon (GT) digitiform with

apical white knob; carrefour (X) largely exposed. Uterus (UT)

very thin-walled after (and greatly swollen during) pregnancy.

Spermathecal sac (S) ellipsoid (often more swollen), imbedded,

between stomach and first limb of intestine, to opposite apex of

albumen gland (GG). Anterior genitalia very slender. Penis

(P) enervated from cerebral ganglion. Pharj'ngeal retractor

separating almost immediately, as heavy as all others combined

and enveloping apex of buccal mass; tentacular retractors very

soon free; right ommatophoral free from genitalia; inferior ten-

tacular branching off just behind nerve ring; lateral retractors

fused to tail fan. Labial lobes not evident. Buccal mass stout

and cylindric, almost as long as retracted foot, with heavy pro-

tractors, and with oesophageal entrance not much over 0.1 length

from anterior end (about 0.4 in Ilaplotrema) ; oesophagus often

greatly swollen anteriad to form a conical crop stouter than and

as long as buccal mass; stomach small and little more swollen

than upper oesophagus or intestine; second of S-loops (HG, f. 7)

short. Salivary glands slender, \ as long as buccal mass, lying

above oesophagus, attached to both body walls by muscles and

fused for 0.8 of length ; ducts 3 times as long as glands. Cerebral

ganglia closely joined but pleural or pedal connectives often 10

times as long as either ganglion; pleural, parietal and visceral

ganglia juxtaposed; right parietal and visceral only demarcated

by shallow groove; buccal ganglia relatively larger than in

Haplotrema. Jaw fold without evident cornification. Radular

formula of large individual : 35 + 0 + 35 ; 68 rows counted.

Formula for 2-whorled embryo : 25 + 0 + 25 ; teeth relatively

somewhat stouter but verv similar.

134 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (4)

These more complete data on the shape of its kidney, with com-

plete ureter, its more thoroughly vestigial jaw and its much larger

radular pouch, as well as the radula. of which the embryonic data

seemingly connote ancient fixation, all indicate that Zophos is but

distantly related to Haplofrema. On account of its very similar

shell, it is still subordinated to Anstroselenites Kobelt (1905).

Although well preserved animals of Haplomena will be needed

for proof, the salivary glands, long kidney and lack of radular

central in A. {?) paucispira (Poey) suggest that it also belongs

in this genus. The first radular centrifugal of this species has

been reexamined and its "vestigial entoeone" is, even when most

evident, little more than an angle on the thickened support of the

main cusp.

Until new studies of Haplomena can be made, the new sub-

family, Austroselenitinae, is retained in the Haplotrematidae,

although it seems, in some ways, more aberrant than the Rhytidae

and similar to the Spiraxinae, as outlined in the following key to

agnathomorph families and their American subfamilies:

1. Kidney triangular or longer than broad ; penis not armed

with thorns and with weak epiphallus ; genital talon evi-

dent; shell heliciform or depressed, umbilicate and with

simple columella ; lung with weak minor venation

Haplotrematidae.

la. With kidney and ureteric opening separated from hindgut

by posterior angle of lung-wall; S-loops of hindgut large;

salivary glands forming a ring around oesophagus; shell-

growth discontinuous and peristome thiekenod or weakly

reflected; jaw thin but hirge ; radula with reduced central

and with under-cusp represented on some inner centrifugal

Haplotrematinae.

lb. With hindgut limb of kidney evident and ureter complete;

S-loops much reduced; salivary glands forming lanceolate

shield over gullet ; shell-growth continuous and peristome

sharp; jaw at best vestigial; radula without central and

with all centrifugals unicuspid Austroselenitinae.

2. Like 1, with kidney and S-loops (excl. Schizoglossaf) like la

and salivary glaiuls, shell-growth and radula (central vari-

ous) like lb, but talon apparently smaller, jaw absent and

lung venation like 3a Rhytidae.

3. Like 1, with shell-growth like lb. but talon vestigial, shell

elongate and usually imperforate, columella variously

April, 1941] THE NAUTILUS ISf)

modified, jaw absent, and radular centrifugals with nieso-

cone beeoniin<r dominant Oleacinidae.

3a. With kidney, S-loops and salivary jrlands like la; radular

centrifu<;als with mesoeone always larj^est and ectocones

usually lost; epiphallus usually more prominent and lunj?

in bifx species strongly venate Oleacininae.

3b. With kidney, S-loops and salivary glands like lb; ectocone

on all centrifugal teeth and subequal to mesoeone on

laterals Spiraxinae.

4. Unlike 1-3, because kidney more oblong and transverse, and

penis armed with thorns, but radula like lb, 2 or most 3a,

shell-growth like la but more so (excl. Streptostelef) and

lung venation like 3a Streptaxidae.

AusTROSELENiTES (Z.) ALTicoLA, new spccics (Plate 9, figs. 8-12).

The type (A.N.S.P. 177180) and the figured animals were col-

lected under dead leaves and strips of bark, near the top of Bl

Yunque, altitude 3000-3500 feet, eastern Puerto Rico (station

ER4), July 12 and 14, 1939. The uterus of the type contained

two subspherical chalk-shelled eggs about 2 mm. in diameter; a

specimen 11 mm. in shell-diameter contained 5, but the protan-

drous animal figured, although almost as large as the type, had

immature female organs. A. alticola was only obtained at alti-

tudes above 1500 feet, but was found as far west as Maricao, often

with similar eggs but never with embryos.

Shell (f. 10-12) similar to A. concolor but almost flat apically,

with larger, more terete whorls, but with closer sutural spiral and

smaller umbilicus; darker in color (type almost black), without

distinct varices. Embryonic whorls (badly eroded except in

very small shells) about 2, appearing polished but soon assuming

fine, weakly incised, spiral striae, and more gradually developing

growth-threadlets. Later whorls with much more regular and

sharper, subequal, closely spaced growth-threadlets (about 24 per

mm. on late 5th), which gradually weaken on base; spiral striae

becoming almost obsolescent ; suture less impressed and more

widely overriding. Aperture much more evenly rounded, with

dark blue interior; peristome sharp and simple, weakly arcuate

above and about 25° to shell-axis. Umbilicus conoid ; maj. diam.

4.3, minor 4.9 times in maj. diam. of shell. Altitude 11.1 mm.,

maj. diam. 222 (22.4 mm.), min. diam. 179 (19.85), alt. apert.

8.7 (9.7), diam. apert. 95 (9.25) ; 5.6 whorls. Maj. diam. at 4.5

wh., 12-( ?) ; 5 wh. 16.85; 5.5 wh. 22.0; 6 wh. 27 + ( ?) mm.

136 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (4)

Living animal almost black with bluish-green sulci, or with

longitudinal black stripes on tail ; lower tentacles with pale tips ;

eyes small and ommatophores not much enlarged apically ; mantle-

collar and lappets bluish-green; tail almost cylindrical. Has

habit of raising anterior end, which is longer than tail, off the

ground. Anatomy similar to A. concolor, but mantle-glands less

deeply invading; lung about 6 times as long as its base or over

2.5 length of kidney, which is slenderer and about twice its base

or pericardial length. Genitalia very similar but penis relatively

larger and more stoutly fusiform, with terminal entrance (DE)

of vas deferens (D) ; internally (f. 9, opened out), more spongy

epiphallic chamber (E; sometimes containing a soft spermato-

phore) demarcated largely by an ovoid thickening (EP) ; middle

region of penis (P) containing a large papilla (PP) with apical

half recurved, digitif orm and free ; basal part with a pilaster

(PP'), which continues halfwaj^ down atrium (Y; mostly

omitted). Jaw apparently represented by a very much wrinkled

plate, which is usually doubled around jaw fold but appears

weakly cornified. Radular formula (f. 8): 24-25 + 0 + 24-25;

49 rows counted ; inner 4 or 5 teeth similar, increasing rapidly

in size; others developing sharp wings on either side of tip, at-

taining (9th or 10th) almost 0.5 in length, then gradually de-

creasing (to 23rd) and finally diminishing rapidly until last is

about 0.6 as long as first. [T shows shape of right half of a

crowded posterior row; anterior ones may expand to over twice

as long.]

The structure of the penis and the expanded tips of most radu-

lar teeth indicate that A. alticola is a very distinct species from

A. concolor. Also, no intergradation in their shells has been seen,

although A. alticola sometimes has fairly evident varices on a

diluted background. The oviparity of this highland species

seems probable but is not completely proven.

AQUARIUM BEHAVIOR OF EUNATICINA

OLDROYDII (BALL)

By WILL1.\M MARCUS INGRAM

Zooloj^ical Laboratory, Cornell University

The specimens of the (lastropod, Eunaticina oldroydii (l)all),

upon which this paper is based were obtained in October, 1937,

by means of a beam-trawl of the kind commonly used by Mon-

terey Bay fishermen in obtaining flounders. Twenty animals

April, 1941] THE NAUTILUS VM

wero taken in approximately 20 fathoms of water off-shore from

Elkhorii SIouj^li, whieh empties into Monterey Bay. An addi-

tional 5 specimens of uncertain locality other than Monterey Bay

were supplied throufiii the courtesy of the Hopkins Marine station

of Leland Stanford Jr. University. The animals were brouj,'ht

into the Agassiz laboratory of the marine station and placed in

marine aquaria supplied with runninfr sea water. A sand bottom

was provided in an attempt to approximate a natural benthonic

habitat.

Data listed here include method of reproduction, formation of

the e'^'^ collar, movement, and burrowing by Eunaticina.

The fact that 20 specimens of Eunaticina were collected from

one locality bj^ the writer, and that the 5 presented to him by the

Hopkins Marine Station were also collected together, possibly

indicates that this mollusk is a gregarious one. Ideal bottom

conditions no doubt bring individuals naturally together. Indi-

viduals thus form aggregates to enjoy ideal environmental con-

ditions offered by only restricted areas of sea bottom.

Copulation. — The act of copulation was observed once among

the animals kept under observation in the aquaria. The opening

of the genital duct in both male and female of this dioecious spe-

cies is located at the base of the columellar muscle on the right

side of the animal, necessitating an approach of the sexes in

opposite directions preparatory to the copulatory act. In the

instance under observation this process occurred while both ani-

mals were active on the surface of the sand in the aquarium.

The male was the aggressor; approaching the female "head-on"

in order to bring the penis in close proximity to the external

genital opening of the female. The male inserted the penis into

the vagina on the fourth attempt. His failure in the first at-

tempts was due to the temporary obstruction caused by the right

dorsal margin of the propodium, wliieli rests in front of the

vaginal opening, and had to be forced aside before the external

sex organs could come in contact with one another. The copu-

latory act consumed 47 minutes. During the process slight mus-

cular contractions and expansions passed over the foot. No

actual purchase upon one another by use of the foot was at-

tempted by either sex during the act.

138 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (4)

Egg Collar Formation. — One egg collar, characteristic of the

Naticidae, was observed still in the gelatinous state, but in such a

condition that no measurements of its diameter or circumference

could be obtained. This collar was adhering to a female which

had been removed from under the sand in an aquarium and killed

for dissection. The collar was in place around the foot under

the dorsal extensions of the propodium, mesopodium, and meta-

podium. A dissection of the oviduct showed that it was dis-

tended with eggs embedded in a mucous mass. This information

together with other available data on the anatomy of the female

genital tract, and field knowledge about completely formed col-

lars in related genera of the Naticidae, Polinices and Natica,

make possible the reconstruction of the egg laying process given

below.

Gross dissections of females with ripe ovaries indicate that

there are two general histological divisions of the oviduct, namely,

a proximal non-glandular portion, and a distal glandular portion.

Eggs occupying the extent of the oviduct were found in two

females. The eggs in the non-glandular area lacked the addition

of the mucous mass, while those in the glandular portion were

embedded in mucous.

The egg mass in the captive individual was apparently secreted

while the female was under the sand. The first eggs to be forced

from the oviduct are apparently directed by the pressure of the

succeeding eggs, since the distal half of the oviduct is glandular

rather than muscular. On reaching the external genital open-

ing, the eggs in the mucous mass are directed around the shell

between it and the dorsal expansions of the three foot divisions

until they make a complete circuit of the shell. When this circuit

is completed the initial part of the gelatinous mass overlaps the

portion which is still issuing from the oviduct. Since the e^:^

mass is lichl in place between the shell and tlio foot divisions it is

prevented from floating away until the collar is complete. Sand

is apparently allowed to accumulate between the foot and the

shell during the egg-laying process, for the presence of innumer-

able sand grains in the incomplete eg:g; collar of Eunaticiua uld-

roffdii (I)all) and in mature collars of Polinices and Natica seems

to indicate that sand is a mechanical factor which serves to give

April. 1941 J THE NAUTILUS 139

tlieiii stiffness. E«;jr collars collecttHl in the Monterey Bay rej^ion

offer evitlenee that they are allowed by the female to float I'ree

after they have been completed. The writer has often observed

similar collars of Poliniccs in the mud-flat rejrion of Balboa Bay,

California, both in place and floating. Johnson and Snook

(1935), concerning egg collars of Polinices lewisii (Gould), P.

draconis (Dall), and P. recluziana (Deshayes), state, ". . . the

eggs are laid in a gelatinous sheath which is apparently moulded

over the foot of the animal for it is about the same size, and

shaped like a collar. These "collars" are encrusted with

sand. ..."

Movinicnt. — Movement in this species of Eunaticina is accom-

plished by waves of contraction initiated at the tip of the meta-

podium. These waves pass over the mesopodium and terminate

at the anterior extremity of the propodium. The animal, by

means of the transversely situated mucous gland located at the

posterior-ventral portion of the propodium, secretes a viscous

substance which is laid down on the substratum, and over which

the mesopodium and metapodium pass with ease.

The animal precedes forward movement by a cautious testing

of the substratum with the tip of the propodium ; if the sub-

stratum is satisfactory it moves ahead; if not it bends the pro-

podium laterally and turns to one side. In the aquaria it was

often observed that if a rock were placed in the path of one of

the animals, it made no effort to try to surmount the obstacle,

but instead turned aside and moved around the rock or reversed

its initial path of progression. The activity of tliese mollusks

as observed in the aquaria was nocturnal rather than diurnal.

Burrowing. — The time consumed in burrowing, from the sur-

face of the sand until the animal assumed its normal resting posi-

tion under its surface, was recorded for twelve individuals. This

time varied from one minute and fifty seconds to three minutes,

with an average of two minutes and fifteen seconds for the ani-

mals subjected to these tests.

The means by which the mollusk accomplishes its burrowing

are quite interesting. Crawling over the aquarium bottom,

apparently trying to find a suitable place to burrow, it tests the

surface from time to time by lifting the tip of the propodium and

140 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (4)

pressing: it against the sand. The higrhly developed, muscular

tip of the propodium serves also as an eflBcient wedge in forcing

an entrance into firmly packed sand. When a suitable location

is found the animal thrusts the tip of the propodium downward

and turns it back and forth. The mesopodium and the meta-

podium are held parallel to the bottom on the surface of the sand

for purchase, while the propodium pushes the sand from side to

side. When the propodium is well submerged the mesopodium

and metapodium are raised free from the bottom at an angle

comparable to that at which the propodium first entered the sub-

stratum, and twisting them both from side to side, accompanied

by additional lateral movement of the propodium, the animal

makes its final entrance. The body of the animal is then ad-

justed so that the sole of the foot is parallel to the bottom of the

aquarium. This final position was observed always to leave the

apical whorls and the pseudosiphon projecting from the sand,

thus, apparently, allowing the animal to control the water content

of the mantle cavity.

It is to be understood that the observations included here were

made in aquaria. They should not be thought of as applying to

this species in its natural habitat. Exceptions to scientific rules

exist throughout the animal kingdom ; the included data may be

only one phase of egg collar formation, copulation, burrowing,

and movement. When more of these animals are studied no

doubt variations in carrjnng out actions cited here will be found.

I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Taga Skogsberg, who first

interested me in the study of this mollusk at the Hopkins Marine

Station of Stanford University.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Johnson, M. E., and H. J. Snook. Seashore animals of the

Pacific coast. The Macmillan Co., New York, pp. 1-659.

NOTES AND NEWS

The Beal Collection. — The large ;iiul valuable collection of

shells assembled by Dr. J. II. Beal. of iMcM-ritt Island. Florida,

and presented by him to Rollins College, was opened to the public

April, 1941] THE NAUTILUS 141

on February 22. It occupies a special building; on the Rollins

campus, the gift of Mr. B. L. Maltbie, of Newark, N. J., and Alta-

monte Springs, Fla. The collection comprises shells from all

over the world, and is notable for the beauty and perfection of

the specimens. One of its treasures is the ^'reat Hosier collection

of Florida Liguus. Conchologists visiting Florida should not

fail to include Rollins College, Winter Park, in their itineraries.

A Sinistral Albino. — In the molluscan collection of the Kent

Scientific Institute of Grand Rapids, Michigan, recently trans-

ferred to the University of Michigan, is a specimen of Hebnintho-

glypta nickliniana ramentosa (Gould) which is sinistral, and at

the same time albino. The color is pure white except the embryo

shell, amounting to one and a half whorls, that is slightly tinged

with yellow. The specimen is labelled simply as from California.

No clue is provided as to who the collector was. In looking over

accounts of species that are rarely sinistral and whose sinistrality

is reported upon, no instance was found reported in which the

abnormality was combined with albinism. I admit the search

has not been thorough. — Calvin Goodrich.

Viviparus contectoidcs Binney in Massachusetts. — While col-

lecting in Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Massachusetts, during Octo-

ber, 1940. I found examples of Viviparus contectoides Binney.

This species is well established in Little Fresh Pond, and is also

found in several other small bodies of water nearby. This is a

new record for this species, since it has not previously been cited

from Cambridge, Massachusetts. Although this species was

recorded by C. W. Johnson from the public gardens in Boston

(Nautilus, 1916, Vol. 30, p. 72) it has since disappeared there. —

Richard I. Johnson.

Myrsus H. and A. Adams 1858, the valid name for Apoly-

metis Salisbury 1929. — When A. E. Salisbury (Proc. Malac.

Soc. London, vol. 18, 1929, p. 255) rechristened the preoccupied

name Metis H. & A. Adams (Genera Recent Mollusca, vol. 2, p.

399) Polymetis Salisbury, and then later (op. cit., p. 258) named

it Apolymetis, he did not realize that H. & A. Adams had already

given their genus a new name. In the Additions and Corrections

142 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (4)

of their work, found on pages 653-660 of the second volume, and

published in 1858, they replace 3Ietis with Myrsus H. & A. Adams

(p. 660), which therefore becomes the proper name for this

group. This name has been generally overlooked, as the most

recent workers have used the name Apolymetis Salisbury. S. A.

Neave, however, in his Nomenclator Zoologicus, cites it, as do

Schulze et al. (Nomenclator animalium generum et subgenerum).

Strangely enough. Grant and Gale mention it in the synonymy

of Apolymetis (Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1931, p.

363), but they apparently did not realize the validity of the

name. — H. A. Rehder.

Winter "Colonization" of Snails. — On February 5, 1941, I

uncovered a "colony" of snails containing four species. In-

cluded were 58 Mesodon thyroidus (Say) (of which two were

immature), 14 Triodopsis tridentata (Say) (one of these was an

empty shell), two Anguispira alternata (Say) and one Vcntridc7is

ligerus (Say). They filled an area that would be the equivalent

of about one liter. Soil filled all interstices between the speci-

mens, and adhered closely to all the shells even after the animals

became active. The temperature at the time of uncovering was

about 30° F. The snails were about 12 inches below the surface

of the leaf mold, which was two inches thick and frozen, as was

the first two inches of the soil. There was about five inches of

snow over all. The animals had clustered on the uphill side of

a log, and were not directly beneath the log itself.

Most of the animals became active within three or four hours

after being introduced into a terrarium. They were all active

within 12 hours.

None of these snails had an observed epiphragm, but all had

a soil "plug" that filled about the first \ whorl of the shell. This

was pushed out witli the posterior end of the foot as the animals

became active.

The locality was near the Cliun-hill Valley Country Club in

Churchill Borough, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. It was

situated on a hillside which sloped in a northerly direction.

R. E. Call in his Mollust-a of Indiana (1898) mentions several

species, including Mesodon thyroidus (Say), as commonly occur-

ring in such situations, but I tliink this is the first record of such

April. 1!)41) THE NAUTILUS 143

a "colony" contaiiiinj^ more than one species. Although this

colonization action has apparently been observed a number of

times I have never seen any full descriptions of such colonies. —

Charles B. Wurtz.

Copi'LATioN AND Egg Laying OF Mcsodou thxjroidus (Say) at

Ithaca, New York. — The writer has an additional copulation

date of Mesodon thyroidus (Say) to add to those of Van Cleave

and Foster (1937, Nautilus, vol. 51, no. 2, p. 51). A pair of

snails were found copulating on October 16, 1940, in the Casca-

dilla Creek Gorge at Ithaca, New York. This record gives fur-

ther evidence that in some individuals of this species of snail

fertilization occurs in the fall, and that the eggs are retained

within the parent during the winter months and are deposited

in the spring. The copulation records of the above writers for

M. thyroidus in Illinois were made on November 2, 1931, and on

September 21, 1935. The same authors report that egg laying

by this species in the field continued until August 15 in Illinois.

Freshly laid egg masses of M. thyroidus were found in beech and

in sycamore woodlands at Ithaca in the fall of 1940 as late as

October 1. Field observation of such masses indicates that they

are destroyed by cold weather and do not hatch. — William

Marcus Ingram, Zoological Laboratory, Cornell University,

Ithaca, New York.

Turrit omella, new subqeneric name for Turritoma Bartsch. —

My attention has been called to the fact that Ulrich and Scofield

published Turritoma in 1897, Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2,

vol. 42, p. 623, which of course antedates my Turritoma, 1941,

Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 54, p. 7, Feb. 26. I therefore

suggest Turritomella to replace my Turritoma. — Paul Bartsch.

Marl Deposit in Houlton, Aroostook County, Maine. — On

August 16, 1933, near the Maine No. 1 highway, on Mr. Edward

C. Currier's farm in the northern part of Houlton, I discovered a

peat bog of about 4 feet in thickness. It was underlaid by a marl

bed about a foot thick, and in this marl deposit are a lot of fresh

water shells, all of which are of a large size for their species.

Lymnaca stagnalis L. is found in the top of the marl and must

have been in abundance as several specimens were there, all of a

144 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (4)

good size, but so brittle that only a few good specimens were se-

cured. This is the first time this large fresh water snail has been

found in the eastern part of North America to my knowledge.

A list of the fourteen species of shells observed follows :

Valvata lewisi Currier Gyraiilus parvus Say

Physella heterostropha Say Sphaerium sulcatum Lamarck

Lymnaea stagnalis Linne Sphaerium rhomhoideum Say

Fossaria ohrussa decampi Musculum securis Prime

Streng Pisidium varidbile Prime

Helisoma trivolvis Say Pisidium ventricosum Prime

Helisoma antrosa Conrad Pisidium contortum Prime

Helisoma companulata Say

Olof 0. Nylander, Caribou, Maine.

Marl Deposit in Bona venture, North of Bay Chaleur, Que-

bec, Canada. — Since the opening of the road from St. Leonards

across the north of New Brunswick to Bay Chaleur, I have been

able to make a trip there nearly every summer; sometimes even

two. My chief object has been to check up on the many publica-

tions related to the fossils and to collect specimens for my collec-

tion, and to take photographs of the most important places.

On October 19th, 1940, we stopped at a place along the road to

examine a marl deposit that I had noticed in passing by there

several times before. This was on a farm belonging to Mr. Leazari

Henry in east Bonaventure, north of Bay Chaleur. The day was

cold and windy, and our time limited, so I could not spend the

time to give the subject all the attention it should have had. The

marl deposit is 12 feet thick (overlaid by two feet of peat), which

has been worked for 17 years. The marl was sold to farmers for

50c a yard and is used for improving the land. The marl is

largely deposited by algae and some remains of fresh water shells.

In the top layer of the marl are a lot of the large fresh water

snails, Lymnaea stagnalis L., in a good state of preservation.

Fossaria umhilicata C. B. Adams, rather scarce.

Helisoma trivolvis Say, 7 specimens

Gyraulus parvus Say, coinnion

Sphaerium sulcatum Lam, 1 partly preserved

Pisidium, 1 large sj)(>ciinen of a species not seen before

This last one is reniarkal)h'. L. sfagualis is alimidaut in the top

layer. To my knowledge it has not been fouiul living in any body

April, 11)41 J THE nautilus 145

of water in nortli-eastoni America wiiere all the other species are

of coininon oeeiirreiu'e. — Olof O. Xylander.

A Wisconsin Colony of Helix pomatia L. — Some years apro

while gathering: specimens of land snails alon*!^ the banks of the

Milwaukee River some ten miles north of the city of Milwaukee,

my attention was drawn to numerous larpre empty shells of a

species with which I was unfamiliar. Thinkin<2: I had discovered

something' unique, I brought a few empty shells home with me.

Investigation proved them to be Helix pomatia, the European

edible snail. Becoming more interested in my find, I revisited

the site and found numbers of living specimens. The question

then arose as to the origin of this colony. My efforts at first were

fruitless, but in a casual conversation with a naturalist friend

I learned that they had been planted on an island in the river

some miles north of the colonj' and had been used as a source

of food by an epicure. Some years ago a spring freshet washed

them away from the island but apparently a few must have

floated downstream and landed on the mainland where thej' have

apparently become permanently established.

The colony at present is flourishing and living specimens can

be found at any time during the summer.^ The colony is located

in a county park but in a location not much frequented by pic-

nickers. If not ruined by some W.P.A. project it should be

permanent.

Two years ago I planted a few on a point in Pine Lake in

Waukesha county about thirty miles from Milwaukee, but so far

have not succeeded in finding any active colony. — Dr. Robert G.

Washburn, 2502 X. Frederick Ave., Milwaukee, Wis.

Cleaning Shells with Aid of Blow-fly Maggots. — During

the past Summer, June 26th to Oct. 19th, 1940, while engaged

in the herring fishery at Thum Bay, Knight Island, Prince Wil-

liam Sound, Alaska, I collected a large series of the slender

variety of Thais lamcllosa, which reaches its perfection in beauty

in Prince William Sound. About 1,000 selected specimens were

taken in all sizes, colors, shapes and in different depths and

habitats.

1 They are associated with Allogona profunda, Triodopsw multilineata,

Anguispira alternata, as well as numerous small forms as Pomatiopsu lapi-

Jaria and Stenotrema hirsutum.

146 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 54 (4)

The principal drawback in colleetinp: Thais lamellosa for the

cabinet is in the difficulty of cleaning them. Generally, when

they are being extracted from the shell after a slight boiling, a

small portion of the soft liver is left. This decays, darkens the

tip of the shell and attracts Dermestcs beetles. The general pro-

cedure in cleaning Thais, after failing in pulling the whole ani-

mal out of the shell, is to throw it away. At the herring saltery

where I worked, thousands of tons of herring meal was prepared.

Often, when some of the sacks of meal were not properly dried

or became damp, they attracted blow-flies which soon produced

teeming masses of maggots.

About a gallon of Thais and other mollusks were brought to a

boil in a pail of water and left to stand for a week or more until

slightly putrid, then the water was thro-wn away and about a

pint of maggots put into the pail, or box, with the shells. In a

week or ten days the shells were all washed and found to be

cleaner than a whistle. A bath in a weak solution of chlorox for

several hours was then sufficient to make a clean, attractive speci-

men of each shell.

Of the many methods used for cleaning shells that are difficult

to extract, I have found the above method of recruiting the repul-

sive maggots to do the work has been the most efficient. — Walter

J. Eyerdam.

THE ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE

AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

The Eleventh Annual Meeting of the American Malacological

Union will be held in Thomaston and Rockland. Maine. August

26 to 29. The opening session will be in the Knox Academy of

Arts and Sciences on Tuesday, the 26th. Mr. Norman W. Ler-

mond. Director, is preparing a most attractive program for the

meeting.

Hotel headquarters will he in The Crescent Beach Inn. Owls

Head, Rockland, which will be available for all meetings. A flat

rate of $15 per person includes room, meals, and boats during the

meeting, whenever desired.

Reservations should be made early through Mrs. Harold R.

Robertson, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, New York, to

whom titles of papers should also be sent.

Vol. 54 JULY, 1040 x\o. 1

T H F

NAUTILUS,^s«r.

A QUARTERLY /^ Ay* ^A '

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGI8T8 /•* '*'•'*' <^>

!-«-• I I I P R A R V

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS ^ I '

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Curator of the Department of MoUusca, V — \ -*-♦-•

Academy of Natural Sciences. Philadelphia \^/ \.

H. BDRRINGTON BAKER, Professor of Zoology. \^^/^^^-^^ ^

University of Pennsylvania ^v^ *. \^

CONTENTS

A Visit to the Arctic of Eastern Canada. By John Oughton 1

Civilization and Aquatic Mollusks. By Calvin Goodrich 6

The Snails of Ted Cave, Tennessee. By Leslie Huhricht 10

Two New Snails of the Genus Campeloma from Ontario. By

N. T. Mattox 12

A New Helisoma from the Pliocene of Florida. By Frank

C. Baker 17

Land Molhisea of a Ruderal Field Community in North Cen-

tral Alabama. By Allan F. Archer 18

Mollusca from Point Isabel, Texas. By H. B. Stenzel 20

Neritina virprinea in Jamaica. By E. A. Andrews 21

Molhisks of the 0(iuirrh and Stansbury Mountains, Utah.

By David T. Jones 27

Mollusks of Zion National Park, Utah. By W. 0. Gregg 30

Notes and News 32

Tenth Annual Meeting of the A. M. U. By Mrs. Harold

R. Robertson 35

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

nORACE B. BAKER. Business Manager

Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania.

38tb and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia. Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29. 1932, at the Post Office at Phila-

delphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

U THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-

lished by Heney a, Pilsbey and H. Buerington Bakee.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the

month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).

Typescript should be double spaced. Proofs will not be submitted to authors

unless requested.

Eeprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCEIPT.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $3.70 5.40 7.60

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Additional lOOs 75 1.20 1.80

Covers: 50 for $2.50; additional covers at the rate of $1.50 per hundred.

Plates (pasted in) : 65 cents for 50 ; $1.20 for 100.

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.

Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.

Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,

Buffalo, N. y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of Thi

Nautilus.

HoEACE B. Bakee, Zool. Lab. Univ. Penna.

Fob Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to

Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida,

Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially Vols.

3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address

Horace B. Bakee, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania.

Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection.

Peof. C. M. Steknbeeq, University of Copenhagen,

Norregade 10, Denmark

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.

List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, 88 Oliver St., Maiden, Mass.

THE NAUTILUS lU

TRIDACNA GIGAS

live collected specimens from the Sulu Sea. 30 to 40 inch widths, guaran-

teed to be of good shape and to reach you in good condition. U. S. $40.00

to $100.00 per pair C.I.F. any world seaport. ALso Nautilus Pompilius in

quantities, and other Philippine marine shells. Tell us your needs and we

will do our utmost to supply them.

Correspondence of all kinds is solicited.

We need commercial agents in many cities and countries.

WILLARD W. TREVOR

SOUTHSEAS SHELL PRODUCTS COMPANY

P. O. Box 2410

MANILA, Philippines

HANDBOOK FOR SHELL COLLECTORS

2,200 illustrations and descriptions, prices they are usually sold for and much

other valuable matter. How to properly clean shells, approximate number of

species under the genera treated. Price $2.50 prepaid. Also a special U.S.A.

book covering marine shells on both coasts, some land shells, invertebrates,

etc., paper bound only $1.00.

I have 25,000 species of shells in stock properly classified and sold for the

most reasonable prices. Boxes on approval and selection as often as you wish.

Shells have been my hobby since 1893 and I expect I have followed it farther

and spent more real cash on them than any one now living in this country.

Let me hear from you if you mean business.

Walter F. Webb

2oa Westminster Road Rochester, N. Y.

ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

by

Horace G. Richards

An illustrated guide book to the marine invertebrates of the

Middle Atlantic States

go QQ New Jersey State Museum

Trenton, N. J.

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS

Descriptions of shore mollusks occurring from Maine to Texas together

with figures of practically every species including many from oflf shore sta-

tions. More than a thousand illustrations, including photographs and draw-

ings.

Edition limited to one thousand copies. Cloth bound $4.50. Orders filled

in order of receipt. Address the author:

MAXWELL SMITH,

Lantana, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

123 Years of Research

LAND MOLLUSCA OF

NORTH AMERICA

(NORTH OF MEXICO)

By henry a. PILSBRY

Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first

volume of its "Journal," the Academy has occupied an outstand-

ing position in increasing the world's knowledge of Mollusks. As

the years followed, Haldman, Conrad, Isaac Lea and Tryon car-

ried on in Say's steps.

In 1887 Dr. Henry A. PUsbry succeeded Tryon as Curator of

Mollusks, and during the past 52 years has carried forward the

Academy's traditional position as a center of conchological dis-

coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened

our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol-

lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him in

recognition of his discoveries.

Today, the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the publi-

cation of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) "

by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the first comprehensive treatment of

this subject in half a century. Here are presented the sum-

marized conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory

investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre-

viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and

species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft

anatomy make the volumes comprising Monograph III indis-

pensable to students of land mollusks.

The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00,

payable proportionately as each section is issued.

Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the helicoid mol-

lusks while Volume II will cover the remaining terrestrial groups.

Volume I, Part One (ready for delivery) — by subscription,

$7.50; if purchased sei)aratcly, $10.00. Volume 1. Part Two (to

be issued in July) by subscription $7.50, if purchased separately

$8.00. Volume II (in preparation) by subscription $10.00, if

purchased separately $12.00.

For sale by

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF

PHILADELPHIA

19th Street and the Parkway

PUILADELPHIA, PeNNA.

Vol. 54 OCTOHKK. 1040 No. 2

NAUTILUS""^

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF C0NCH0L0GI8TS

EDITOnS AND PCBLISHER8

HENRY A. PILSBRY. Curator of the Department of Mollusc*^

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia

II. BURRINC.TON BAKER. Professor of Zoology,

University of Pennsylvania

CONTENTS

The Rock Dwellers of the Florida Keys. By B. R. Bales 39

Two New Marine Mollusks from Japan. By Maxwell Smith 43

New Recent and Fossil Mollusks from Florida. By Maxwell

Smith 44

Addition to the Molluscan Fauna of California. By Tom

Burch 46

Notes on the Snail Humboldtiana fortis Pilsbry. By E. J.

Koestncr and Richard A. Schneider 47

New Mollusca from Florida. By Jeanne S. Schwengel 49

Freshwater Shells of New Hampshire. By William J.

Clench and Henry D. Russell 52

Some Maximum Sized Cardium corbis from Alaska. By

Walter J. Eyerdam 53

A New Race of Cancellaria from Florida. By H. A. Pilsbry 54

Some Antillean Sagdidae or Polyjryridae. By H. Burring-

ton Baker 54

New Marine Shells Dredged off Palm Beach, Florida. By

Thomas L. McGinty 62

Haldeman's 1840 Supplement. By J. P. E. Morrison 64

Neritina virginea in Jamaica. By E. A. Andrews 66

Notes and News 68

Publications Received 74

$2.00 per year (S2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Dusineaa Manager

Zoolojdcal Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post OflQce at Phila-

delphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of MoUusks, edited and pub-

lished by Henry A. Pilsbet and H. Buerington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the

month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).

Typescript sJwuld be doiible spaced. Proofs will not be submitted to authors

unless requested.

Eeprints are furnished at printer's rates. Ordees should be wkitten

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $3.70 5.40 7.60

100 copies 4.10 6.00 8.50

Additional lOOs 75 1.20 1.80

Covers: 50 for $2.50; additional covers at the rate of $1.50 per hundred.

Plates (pasted in) : 65 cents for 50; $1.20 for 100.

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.

Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.

Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,

Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each wUl be paid for July, 1938, copies of The

Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nauti-

lus. Especially Vols, 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address

Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab. Univ. Penna.

Foe Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinclla, Amphidronius,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to

Paul P, McQintt, Boynton, Florida.

Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection.

Pbof. C. M. Steenberg, University of Copenhagen,

Norregade 10, Denmark

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.

List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, 88 Oliver St., Maiden, Mass.

West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Bukch, ICll S. Elena Ave., Redondo Beach, Calif.

THE NAUTILUS 111

TRIDACNA GIGAS

live collected specimens from tlio Sulu Sea. 30 to 40 inch widths, guaran-

teed to be of good shajie and to reach you in good condition. U. S. $40.00

to $100.00 per pair C.I.F. any world seaport. Also Nautilus Pompilius in

quantities, and other Philipi)ine marine shells. Tell us your needs and we

will do our utmost to supply them.

Correspondence of all kinds is solicited.

We need comnu-reial agents in many cities and countries.

WILLARD W. TREVOR

SOUTHSEAS SHELL PRODUCTS COMPANY

P. O. Box 2410

MANILA, Philippines

HANDBOOK FOR SHELL COLLECTORS

2,200 illustrations and descriptions, prices they are usually sold for and much

other valuable matter. How to properly clean shells, approximate number of

species under the genera treated. Price $2.50 prepaid. Also a special U.S.A.

book covering marine shells on both coasts, some land shells, invertebrates,

etc., paper bound only SI. 00.

I have 25.000 species of shells in stock properly classified and sold for the

most reasonable prices. Boxes on approval and selection as often as you wish.

Shells have been my hobby since 181)3 and I expect I have followed it farther

and spent more real cash on them than any one now living in this country.

Let me hear from you if you mean business.

Walter F. Webb

2oa Westminster Road Rochester, N. Y.

ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE

by

Horace G. Richards

An illustrated guide book to the marine invertebrates of the

Middle Atlantic States

j2 00 New Jersey State Museum

Trenton, N. J.

Marine shells from the Fiji Islands, including the rare Cypraea

Aurantiuni.

List and prices sent on request,

W. R. Steadman, Suva, Fiji Islands

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS by Maxwell Smith

Now ready

lUustrationa of more than 1(500 species, 1900 separate figures, 151 pages,

special features, map, cloth bound, $4.50 postpaid in United States. Sample

pages free.

MAXWELL SMITH,

Lantana, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

123 Years of Research

LAND MOLLUSCA OF

NORTH AMERICA

(NORTH OF MEXICO)

By henry a. PILSBRY

Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first

volume of its "Journal," the Academy has occupied an outstand-

ing position in increasing the world 's knowledge of Mollusks. As

the years followed, Haldman, Conrad, Isaac Lea and Tryon car-

ried on in Say's steps.

In 1887 Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry succeeded Tryon as Curator of

Mollusks, and during the past 52 years has carried forward the

Academy's traditional position as a center of conchological dis-

coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened

our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol-

lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him in

recognition of his discoveries.

Today, the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the publi-

cation of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) "

by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the first comprehensive treatment of

this subject in half a century. Here are presented the sum-

marized conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory

investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre-

viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and

species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft

anatomy make the volumes comprising Monograph III indis-

pensable to students of land mollusks.

The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00,

payable proportionately as each section is issued.

Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the helicoid mol-

lusks while Volume II will cover the remaining terrestrial groups.

Volume I, Part One (ready for delivery) — by subscription,

$7.50; if purchesed separately, $10.00. Volume I, Part Two

(issued August 1) by subscription $7.50, if purchased separately

$8.00. Volume II (in preparation) by subscription $10.00, if

purchased separately $12.00.

For sale by

THE ACADEMY OP NATURAL SCIENCES OF

PHILADELPHIA

19th Street and the Parkway

Philadelphia, Penna.

\'()1. .U JANUAKV, 1041 No. 8

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia

11. BURRINGTON BAKER, Professor of Zoology,

University of Pennsylvania

CONTENTS

"Wreck of the Janthina janthina. By George Floyd Rogers 75

On Certain Land Shell Localities. By Calvin Goodrich 78

Notes on Salasiella from Mexico. By H. Burrington Baker 80

Survival of Fresh Water Molliisks During Periods of Dry-

ness. By William Marcus Ingram 84

Daylight Activity of Land Mollusks. By Wm. M. Ingram ... 87

An Hermaphroditic Mytilus. By R. T. Young 90

Four New Species of Spixia from Argentina. By Juan Jose

Parodiz 92

A New Oreohelix from Southern Utah. By Wendell 0.

Gregg 95

A New Species of Drepanotrema and Some Preoccupied

Planorbid Names. By Frank Collins Baker 96

Neritina virginea L., in Jamaica, B.W.I, (cont.). By E. A.

Andrews 98

Henry C. Higgins 106

Notes and News 106

Publications Received 108

$2.00 per year (§2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, liusinraa Manager

Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania,

38th and Woodland Avenue. Philadelphia, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter. October 29, 1932, at the Po«t Office at PhUa-

delphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

U THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-

lished by Heney a. Pilsbry and H. BtJERiNGTON Bakes.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the

month preceding the month of issue (January, AprU, July and October).

Typescript should be double spaced. Proofs wUl not be submitted to authors

unless requested.

Eepbints are furnished at printer's rates. Oedees should be weitten

ON OE ATTACHED TO FIEST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $3.70 5.40 7.60

100 copies 4.10 6.00 8.50

Additional lOOs 75 1.20 1.80

Covers: 50 for $2.50; additional covers at the rate of $1.50 per hundred.

Plates (pasted in) : 65 cents for 50 ; $1.20 for 100.

The Nautilus is the oflBcial organ of the American Malacological Union.

Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.

Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,

Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of Thb

Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nauti-

lus. Especially Vols, 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address

HoEACE B. Baker, Zool. Lab. Univ. Penna.

Foe Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection.

Prof. C. M. Steenberg, Univ. of Coi>onli.i}i;on, Niirregadc 10, Denmark.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.

List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, 88 Oliver St., Maiden, Mass.

West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Burch, 1611*S. Elena Ave., Redondo Beach, Calif.

THE NAUTILUS 111

For Exchange: My Hat of duplicate sHcIIh, personnlly taken in South-West

Mexico, contains some rather attractive items. Send list with first letter.

B. R. Bales, M.D., 149 W. Main St., Circleville, Ohio.

For Exchange: Native material for live land moUusca, especially Cepaea

nevioralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa.

Glenn R. Webb, 5348 Olimer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Philippine marine shells in wide variety and large quantities for specimen,

decorative and conunorcial purposes. Please describe your requirements in

detail, advising purpose for wiiioh desired.

P. O. Box 2410, MANILA, Philippines

SOUTHSEAS SHELL PRODUCTS COMPANY

P. O. Box 2410

MANILA, Philippines

HANDBOOK FOR SHELL COLLECTORS

2,200 Illustrations and descriptions, prices they are usually sold for and much

other valuable matter. How to properly clean shells, approximate number of

species under the genera treated. Price $2.50 prepaid. Also a special U.S.A.

book covering marine shells on both coasts, some land shells, invertebrates,

etc., paper bound only $1.00.

I have 25,000 species of shells in stock properly classified and sold for the

most reasonable prices. Boxes on approval and selection as often as you wish.

Shells have been my hobby since 1893 and I expect I have followed It farther

and spent more real cash on them than any one now living in this country.

Let me hear from you if you mean bu.siness.

Walter F. Webb

202 Westminster Road Rochester, N. Y.

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST

FLORIDA COAST

By

Louise M. Perry

Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens ; with clear,

definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved from photo-

graphs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION

126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50)

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS by Maxwell Smith

Now ready

Illustrations of more than 1600 species, 1900 separate figures, 151 pages,

special features, map, cloth bound, $4.50 postpaid in United States. Sample

pages free.

MAXWELL SMITH,

Lantana, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

123 Years of Research

LAND MOLLUSCA OF

NORTH AMERICA

(NORTH OF MEXICO)

By henry a. PILSBRY

Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first

volume of its "Journal," the Academj^ has occupied an outstand-

ing position in increasing the world's knowledge of Mollusks. As

the years followed, Haldman, Conrad, Isaac Lea and Tryon car-

ried on in Say's steps.

In 1887 Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry succeeded Tryon as Curator of

Mollusks, and during the past 52 years has carried forward the

Academy's traditional position as a center of conchological dis-

coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened

our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol-

lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him in

recognition of his discoveries.

Today, the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the publi-

cation of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) "

by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the first comprehensive treatment of

this subject in half a century. Here are presented the sum-

marized conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory

investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre-

viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and

species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft

anatomy make the volumes comprising Monograph III indis-

pensable to students of land mollusks.

The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00,

payable proportionately as each section is issued.

Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the helicoid mol-

lusks while Volume II will cover the remaining terrestrial groups.

Volume I, Part One (ready for delivery) — by subscription,

$7.50; if purcliased separately, $10.00. Volume I, Part Two

(issued August 1) by subscription $7.50, if purchased separately

$8.00. Volume II (in preparation) by subscription $10.00, if

purchased separately $12.00.

For sale by

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF

PHILADELPHIA

19th Street and the Parkway

PniLADELPniA, Penna.

Vol. 54 APRIL, IDil Xo. 4

T H F

NAUTILUS

^ p

L

A QUARTERLY c^i

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF C0NCH0L0GIST8_ [ iURAR'

EDITORS AND PrilLISHEnS ■JC"

HENRY A. PILSBRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, *^

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia \^^A.

H. BURRINOTON BAKER. Professor of Zoology. X^

University of Pennsylvania ^T^

CONTENTS

The Cave Mollusca of the Ozark Region. By Leslie Huhricht 111

The Stenotrema Monodon Group of Polygyridae in Michigan.

By Phil L. Marsh 113

^lollusca of Cedar Breaks National Monument, Utah. By

Wendell 0. Gregg 116

Fluminicola avernalis and Fluminieola avernalis carinifera

from Nevada. By Wendell 0. Gregg 117

Notes on Chinese Species of Assiminea. By Teng-Chien Yen 119

LjTnneae contracta Currier. By Calviyi Goodrich 121

A Comparison of Young Helminthoglypta umbilicata and

H. dupetithouarsi. By Gleiui R. Wehh 122

The Type of Neptunea "Bolten" Roding 125

Some Shells from South Cape May Beach. By Robert C.

Alexander 126

Effect of Soil Moisture and Algae on the Survival of a Pond

Snail during Periods of Relative Dryness. By E. J.

Strandine 128

Some Haplotrematidae. By H. Burrington Baker 130

Aquarium Behavior of Eunaticina oldroydii (Dall). By

W. M. Ingram 136

Notes and News 140

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER. Bu»ine»t Manager

Zoological Laboratory. University of Pennsylvania.

38th and Woodland Avenue. Philadelphia. Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29. 1932, at the Poet Office at Phila-

delphia. Pa., under the Act of March 3. 1879.

11 TELE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-

lished by Henry A. Pilsbey and H, BuERiNQTO>f Bakeb.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the

month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).

Typescript should be double spaced. Proofs will not be submitted to authors

unless requested.

Keprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $3.70 5.40 7.60

100 copies 4.10 6.00 8.50

Additional lOOs 75 1.20 1.80

Covers: 50 for $2.50; additional covers at the rate of $1.50 per hundred.

Plates (pasted in) : 65 cents for 50 ; $1.20 for 100.

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.

Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.

Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,

Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each wUl be paid for July, 1938, copies of Thi

Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nauti-

lus. Especially Vols, 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address

Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab. Univ. Penna.

Fob Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Acbatinella, Amphidromus,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobapbe and Placostylus.

Send your list to Paul P. McQinty, Boynton, Florida.

Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection.

Prof. C. M. Steenbero, Univ. of Copenhagen, Niirregade 10, Denmark.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.

List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, 88 Oliver St., Maiden, Mass.

West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Rurch, 1611 S. Elena Ave., Rcdondo Beach, Calif.

THE NAUTILUS Ul

Fob Ejcchanok; My list of duplicate sliellH, personally taken in South-Weat

Mexico, contains some ruther attractive ituins. Send list with first letter.

B. R. Bales, M.D., 149 W. Main St., Circlcvillo, Oliio.

Fob Exchange: Native material for live land mollusca, especially Cepaea

nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix o-spersa.

Glenn R. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Philippine marine shells in wide variety and large quantities for specimen,

decorative and commercial purposes. Please describe your requirements in

detail, advising purpose for which desired.

P. O. Box 2410, MANILA, Philippines

SOUTHSEAS SHELL PRODUCTS COMPANY

P. O. Box 2410

MANILA, Philippines

HANDBOOK FOR SHELL COLLECTORS

2.200 illustrations and descriptions, prices they are usually sold for and mucb

other valuable matter. How to properly clean shells, approximate number of

species under the genera treated. Price $2.50 prepaid. Also a special U.S.A.

book covering marine sholls on both coasts, some land shells, invertebrates,

etc., pai)er bound only $1.00.

I have 25.000 species of shells in stock properly classified and sold for the

most reasonable prices. Boxes on approval and selection as often as you wish.

Shells have been my hobby since 1893 and I expect I have followed it farther

and spent more real cash on them than any one now living in this country.

Let me hear from you if you mean business.

Walter F. Webb

2oa Westminster Road Rochester, N. Y.

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST

FLORIDA COAST

By

Louise M. Perry

Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with clear,

definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved from photo-

graphs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOQICAL EESEABCH INSTITUTION

126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50)

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS by Maxwell Smith

Now ready

Illustrations of more than 1600 specie.s, 1900 separate figures, 151 pages,

special features, map, cloth bound, $4.50 postpaid in United States. Sample

pages free.

MAXWELL SMITH,

Lantana, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

123 Years of Research

LAND MOLLUSCA OF

NORTH AMERICA

(NORTH OF MEXICO)

By henry a. PILSBRY

Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first

volume of its "Journal," the Academy has occupied an outstand-

ing position in increasing the world's knowledge of Mollusks. As

the years followed, Ilaldeman, Conrad. Isaac Lea and Tryon car-

ried on in Say's steps.

In 1887 Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry succeeded Tryon as Curator of

Mollusks, and during the past 52 years has carried forward the

Academy's traditional position as a center of conchological dis-

coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened

our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol-

lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him in

recognition of his discoveries.

Today, the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the publi-

cation of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) "

by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the first comprehensive treatment of

this subject in half a century. Here are presented the sum-

marized conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory

investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre-

viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and

species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft

anatomy make the volumes comprising this Monograph indis-

pensable to students of land mollusks.

The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00,

payable proportionately as each section is issued.

Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the helicoid mol-

lusks while Volume II will cover the remaining terrestrial groups.

Volume I, Part One (issued Doc. 6, 1939) by subscription,

$7.50; if purchased separately, $10.00. Volume I, Part Two

(issued August 1, 1940) by subscription $7.50, if purchased sepa-

rately $8.00. Vohime II (in preparation) by subscription $10.00,

if purchased separately $12.00.

For sale by

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF

PHILADELPHIA

19th Street and the Parkway

Philadelphia, Penna.

Mill WIIOI I IHHMO

bJH 17XD H