THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. 59

JULY, 1945 to APRIL, 1946

EDITORS AND PTTBUSHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusks and Marine Invertebrates,

Academy of Natural Sciences

H. BURRINGTON BAKER

Professor of Zoolojo'i University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, Pa.

tANCASTES PBESS, INC., tANCASTEB, PA.

CONTENTS

Names of new genera and species in italics.

Alabama 34, 83

Alaska 23, 62

AnnulicoUiis Pils. & McGinty, subg. of Teinostoma 7

Area, tvpe A. noae 66

Atlantic coast . .1, 13, 32, 35, 37, 42, 52, 59, 67, 69, 73, 77, 95

Aorotrema crraticum Pils. & McGinty 11

Auris 116

Basteria 108

Bolten Catalog 50

Brazil 67

California 34, 36, 62

Canada 62

Carocolla Schumacher 117

Celebes 66

Cepaea nemoralis 44, 47

Ceylon 105

China 63

Claiborne types 34

Climacia athleenae Pilsbry & McGinty 78

Clima-cia tholiis Pilsbry & McGinty 79

Cochlicella 117

Cochlitoma 118

Cochlodina 118

Cochlostyla 119

Collecting at night 42

Collecting by digging 13

Collecting in winter 109

Collecting on the bar 73

Cones of Hwass 97

Cyclostrema cancellata 52

"Cvclostrema" interruptum sanibelense 58

"C." ihomasi Pilsbry 60

"Cyclostrematidae" & Vitrinellidae 1, 52, 77

Cyclostremiscus jeannae Pilsbry & McGinty 82

C. suppressus 82

Cymatopteryx Pilsbry & Olsson (for Mesopteryx) 105

Cypraea mus L 113

Dallimurcx Rehder 142

Dates of Nautilu>s, vol. 58 33

Diagonaidus Pils. & McGinty, subgenus of Didianema 12

Didianema pauli Pilsbry & McGinty 12

Dissentoma Pilsbry (Rissoidae ?) 59

62181

IV THE NAUTILUS

D. prima Pilsbry 59

Dosinia ponderosa 34

Durangonella Morrison (Amnicolidae) 18

D. dugesiana Morrison 21

D. mariae Morrison 20

D. pilshryi Morrison 22

D. seemani 19

Ellipetylus Pils. & McGinty, subg. of Teinostoma 8

Elysia chlorotica 95

Episcynia multicarinata 81

Eutomopeas Pilsbry (for Tomopeas) 105

Exelioidea, misspelling of next 62

Exilioidea 61

E. kelseyi 62

E. rectirostris 61

Ferussae 's generic names 115

Florida 1, 13, 32, 33, 35, 37, 42, 52, 59, 68, 73, 77

Goniobasis virginica Gmel Ill

Helicostyla ]20

Helix aspersa 144

Hesperarion niger 36

Idaho 34

Indiana 72

Journal de Conchyliologie 107

Lamellaxis mexieanus plate 9

Massachusetts 69, 95

Megaspira elata 67

Megaspira pilshryi Rehder 67

Mesodon appressus 49

Mesopteryx, replaced by Cymatopteryx 105

Mexico 18, 34, plate 9

Morrisonella Bartsch (Buccinidae) 23

M. pacifica (Dall) 23

New Ireland 94

New York 26, 36, 44, 68, 85, 86, 87, 109

Night collecting 42

Oregon 62

Orthalicus, type 0. zebra (Miiller) 29

0. zebra ( + O. maracaibensis) 31

Ostrca coxi Gardner 40

O. locklini Gardner 39

Otesia ( = Vitrinula) 66

Oxystyla ( = Orthalicus) 29

Pacific coast 23, 34, 61, 72

Papuina lamhei novohihcrnica Maxwell Smith 94

P. wcehsinnn Maxwell Smith 94

Parviturbo Pils. &. McGinty, " Cyclostrematidae " 54

THE NAUTILUS V

P. caliditnaris Pilsbry & McGinty 5G

P. franccsae Pilsbry & McGinty 5G

P. rehderi Pilsbry & McGinty * 54

P. wcbcri Pilsbry & McGinty 55

P. zacalles 57

Paziella Jouss 142

Pecten 69

Pedicularia californica Newe 124

Pisidum, species determination 24

Pisidium dubiiim (+ P. vir<2:iuicum auct.) 86

Pisidium woodringi Yen for P, exiguum Yen 34

Placunanomia pitiella Gardner 39

Planorbidae of P. C. Baker 70, 127

Pleuromalaxis Pils. & McGinty, section of Pseudomalaxis . . 10

Praticolella griseola (Pfr.) 144

Pseudoliotia bushi 72

Pseudomalaxis, section Pleuromalaxis 10

P. halesi Pilsbry & McGinty 10

Pupillidae, southwestern 121

Rhode Island 47

Siphonariidae 108

Sphaerium stamineum 83

Solomon Islands 94

South Carolina 58

Stili<?er fuscata 95

Strombus pugilis alatus 35

Teinostoma, subgenera Annulicallus & Ellipetylus 7, 8

T. hiscaynense Pilsbry & McGinty 5

T. clavium Pilsbry & McGinty 4

T. cocolitoris Pilsbry & McGinty 8

T. goniogyrus Pilsbry & McGinty 3

T. incertum Pilsbry & McGinty 7

T. lerema Pilsbry & McGinty 6

T. lituspalmanim Pilsbry & McGinty 7

T. nesaeum Pilsbry & McGinty 5

T. ohtecttim Pilsbry & McGinty 6

T. parvicallum Pilsbry & McGinty 4

T. pilsbryi 3

Tellina georgiana 35

Tertiary fossil localities 143

Tomopeas, replaced by Eutomopeas 105

Triodopsis albolabris traversensis 68

Turbo castaneus 11

Valvata piscinalis 36

Venezuela 30

Virginia 49

vi THE NAUTILUS

Vitrinella helicoidea plate 2

Vitrinula replaces Otesia 67

Viviparus pingi Chen 64

V. quadratus grahami Chen 65

V. ningkuoensis Chen, for V. heudei (Ping) 66

V. suifuensis Chen 64

Volsella tulipa = V. americana 68

Willett, George (obituary & bibliography) 101

Xenophora 75

INDEX TO AUTHORS

Baker, II. Burrington 33, 106, 108, 115, 127

Bales, Blenn K 13, 42, 73

Bartsch, Paul 23, 61

Blakeslee. C. L 44, 109

Bower, W. J 35

Chace, Elsie M 104

Chen, Sui-Fonpr 63

Clench, William J 32, 144

Cockerell, T. D. A 144

Dexter, Ralph W 70

Dodge, Henry 97

Farfjo, William G 143

Gardner, Julia 37

Gregg, Wendell 0 36

Hackney, Anne Graj' 49

Herrington, H. B 24

Humes, Ralph H 33

Ingram, William Marcus 87, 113

Jacobs, Sj'lvia 124

Jacobson, M. K 26, 69

Matteson, Ellen G 47

McGinty, Thomas L 1, 52, 77

McLean, Richard A 107

MacMillan, Gordon K 121

Morrison, J. P. E 18

Olsson, A. A 105

Palmer, Katherine V. W 35

Pilsbry, Henry A 29, 59, 66, 67, 71, 72, 83, 105

Pilsbry, Henry A., & T. L. McGinty 1, 52, 77

Pilsbrv, Henry A., & A. A. Olsson 105

Rehder, Harald A 29, 50, 67, 68, 142

Robertson. Imogene C 36

Russell, Henry D 95

Smith, Maxwell 36, 94

Woodring, W. P 34

Yen, Teng-Chien 34

■f

The Nautilus

VoL 59 July. 1945 No. 1

CYCLOSTREMATIDAE AND VITRINELLIDAE OF

FLORIDA— I

P.Y H. A. PILSBRY AND THOMAS L. McGINTY

The minute shells known as Cyclostrematidae and Vitrinellidae

have received little attention from authors and collectors work-

in^r on mollusks of Florida. This is mainly owing to their di-

minutive size — they go through the sieves ordinarily used in

collecting; but under the microscope, many of them are quite

equal to larger shells in symmetrical form and elegance of sculp-

ture.

In these papers we are giving an account of the Floridian spe-

cies known to us. with illustrations. Any conehologist having

undetermined material can probably add materially to our

knowledge of the group by communicating it to the authors.

The genera are not taken up in any systematic sequence — the

classification of these snails being admitted to be chaotic. Our

observations on their anatomy will be taken up later.

Nearly all of the figures were drawn by the junior author.

Teinostoma H. & A. Adams

Teinostoma was virtually a monotypic genus for T. politum

A. Adams, new species, which was defined by a figure; "T.

anomalum C. B. Adams," also included by the brothers Adams,

was an absolutely nude name, therefore automatically ruled out

of consideration as a genotype. T. politum is a large (diam-

eter 8-9 mm.), smooth, depressed species in which the outer ex-

tremity of the peristome flares outward. Figures will appear

in Pilsbry & Olsson's paper on Panamic Cyclostrematidae. Our

Floridian species are all far smaller and without the peculiarity

mentioned.

(1)

2 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (1)

Of the four species placed in Teinostoma in Johnson's list of

1934, only T. cryptospira (Verrill), from off Hatteras, is prop-

erly referable to this genus. T. semistriata (Orbig:ny), de-

scribed as a Rotella, and made type of Pseudorotella by Fischer,

apparently belongs here. We agree with Fischer and Dall in

considering Pseudorotella to be at best only a subgenus of Teino-

stoma. *' Pseudorotella" solida (Dall), described as an Ethalia,

and ''Pseudorotella" florid ensis Dall, have been reported from

off Fernandina, Florida, in 294 fms. Both are rather globose,

the height/diameter ratio about 73 to 75 percent, and the suture

is distinct. Their generic place is uncertain. We have not

seen them.

The count of whorls is often somewhat uncertain on account

of difficulty in seeing the suture, which in some species is glazed

over with a coat of translucent enamel (opaque in fossils),

sometimes covering the apex also. In some others a thick cal-

lous filling of the upper crevice of the shell cavity shows through

on the spire as a line parallel to the real suture, which at best is

usually quite superficial.

The following key may aid in the identification of Floridian

species.

1. Umbilical callus encircled by a keel (Subgenus Anuuli-

callus) T. lituspalmarum.

2. Umbilical callus and eolumellar lobe not closing the umbili-

cus completely (Subgenus Ellipctylus) .... 2'. cocolitoris.

3. Umbilicus closed by the callus, which passes smoothly into

the base (Subgenus Idioraphe).

A. Periphery strongly carinate T. gouioyyrus.

AA. Periphery rounded (or quite obtusely or indistinctly

angular).

J>. Sui face spirally striate.

C. Umbilical callus extremely convex and thick.

2\ pilsbryi.

CC. Umbilical callus strong, slightly convex.

D. Strongly spirally striate throughout;

(liani. 2.3 nnii T. clarium.

1)1). Iviithci- w<»akly striate above only ; diani.

1.45 nun T. ncsacum.

CCC. Umbilical callus small, imperfect, leaving a

crease; st rial ion excessively minute; diam.

l.G mm T. inccrfum.

July. 1045] THE NAUTILUS 3

BB. No spiral striatioii.

C. Diameter about 2 (1.8 to 2.2) mm.

D. KiitluT siflobose, h/d ratio 75.

T. parvicallum.

HP. nei)r('ss('(l, li/d ratio about 50.

E. Callus larj^e T. ohtectum.

EE. Callus small .... T. hLscnipicnsc.

CC. Diameter 1 mm. ; callus thick. ... 7". Icrema.

Teinostoma goniogyrus, new species. Plate 1, fig. 8.

The shell is rather thin, smooth, translucent white, depressed,

bi-convex, with a strong peripheral keel and a very prominent

umbilical callus. There are 3 whorls, regularly increasing, with

a distinct but slightly impressed suture, the last whorl convex

above and below the strong, round-edged keel, which becomes

weaker at the end. The rather strongly oblique aperture is cir-

cular except for an angle above. Outer lip thin, the upper

margin very little arched forward, basal margin but slightly

curved in basal view, the columella emitting a high, thick callus

over the umbilicus. Parietal callus thin, its edge indistinct

(probably on account of immaturity). Diameter 1.95 mm.,

height 0.75 mm.

Off Destin, west Florida, in 18-20 fms., marl bottom (T. L.

and P. L. McGinty, Oct. 1941). Type in McGinty collection.

This species resembles Teinostoma carinainm {Rotella cari-

nata Orb.) of St. Thomas, in shape, but in place of the small

umbilical callus of that species, ours has a remarkable, ex-

tremely thick callus, exceeding that of any other Teinostoma

except pilshryi. Under a high power some faint traces of close

spiral striation can be seen in a few places on the unique type.

Teinostoma pilsbryi McGinty. Plate 1, fig. 5.

McGinty, 1945, Nautilus 58 : 142.

The type was in worn condition. A fresher specimen from

the north inlet of Lake Worth shows that the strong spiral striae

are more or less distinctly granose, by the incidence of close

retractively axial striae. On the ba.se these striae are conspicu-

ous in the intervals of the spirals. The umbilical callus is not

always as regular in shape as in the type, but it remains con-

spicuously thick. Diameter 2 mm.

Palm Beach to Cape Florida.

4 THE NAUTILUS | Vol. 59 (1)

Teinostoma clavium, new species. Plate 1, fig. 1.

The shell is solid, white, depressed, transversely dilated, closely

striate spirally. Spire and base are about equally convex.

There are about 2% whorls, rapidly increasinfr; about one

whorl is smooth ; the rest are weakly convex, with sculpture of

fine, spiral threads about as wide as their intervals. Suture

superficial, becoming straight and tangential in the latter part.

Periphery rounded. The base is rather evenly convex, its cen-

ter occupied by the thick slightly convex, smooth umbilical

callus, continuous with a heavy parietal callus, which extends in

advance of the end of lip. The aperture is roundly ovate,

angular above. Peristome blunt, the columella rather thick,

separated from the umbilical callus by a slight ridge (indicated

in the figure by a line). Diameters 2.3 and 1.8 mm., height

1.3 mm.

Tavernier, Key Largo (B. R. Bales). Type 181106 ANSP,

paratypes in Bales collection.

The somewhat oval, "transversely dilated" outline, the

strongly developed spiral striation and the heavy umbilical and

parietal callus, are characteristic.

Teinostoma parvicallum, new species. Plate 2, fig 2.

The rather thin, faintly amber (or milky-translucent) shell

is moderately depressed with low conic spire and glossy surface.

There are 4 slightly convex whorls, appressed at the suture and

with a thin wash of callus there, which makes the actual suture

indistinct. Sculpture of faint lines of growth only. The pe-

riphery is broadly rounded. Base convex, quite slightly con-

cave around the central callus. Umbilical callus small but

moderately thick, translucent, a low convexity running down

its middle to the basal lip ; the parietal callus extends shortly in

front of the upper lip insertion : it is rather thick, especially in

the upper angle of the mouth. Aperture is oblique, rounded

ovate, being angular above. The peristome is rather thick.

Columella evenly curved, moderately thick. Diameter 2 mm.,

height 1.5 nun.

Missouri Key, Florida, under stones (Bales and McGinty).

Typo 181105 ANSP, paratypes in Bales, Weber and McGinty

colk'ctions. Also IV2 miles off Cape Florida in 70 ft. (J. A.

Weber). Lake Worth near the North Lilet, living under stones

(McGinty). Off Palm Beach in 50 fathoms (T. L. & P. L. Mc-

Ginty) ; Fort Myers beach, western Florida (J. A. Weber).

Bonefi.sh Key (McGinty).

.luly. IfUf)] TIIK N'AITIMTS 5

A ratlior j;lobi).so spei'it's with small umbilical callus, but clos-

injr the umbilicus at all stajjcs of jjrowth. Tlio type specimen

has some reddish stains, and possibly its faint amber tint is due

to stain.

Teinostoma biscaynense. new species. Plate 1, fijr. 4.

The stronjrly dojiressed shell is ^dossy and smooth except for

tine weak frrowth-lines; about e(iually convex above and below,

with rounded periphery and small umbilical callus. There are

about >P/-2 whorls, the first projectinji:, the next rather narrow

and flat, the last whorl increasinjr very rapidly. The suture is

distinct, visibly impressed, not obscured by overlaid callus.

The broadly ovate aperture is rather stronjrly oblique, anfjular

above. The upper mar<rin is thin, arching rather strongly for-

ward. The columella is rather thick, rounded, reflected in a

broad callus covering: the umbilicus and passing into a rather

thin parietal callus, which is thickened in the posterior angle of

the aperture. Diameter 1.8 mm., height 0.9 mm.

Biscayne Bay at Coconut Grove, in shell sand (J. A. Weber).

Type 181104 ANSP. Also on rocky sand bars in Biscayne Bay,

near Baker's Ilaulover, in shell sand (Weber, McGinty and

Pilsbry).

This species resembles the description of Teinostoma reclusa

(Ethalia r., Dall, Blake Rep. p. 361) in size and .small umbilical

callus ; but the figure of that species shows a much more elevated

spire, and the upper margin of the lip is different in .shape. The

callus in our shell is not polished, rather heavy, and extends

farther out behind the basal lip than usual. The umbilical lobe

is rather sharply limited, but the space beyond it is filled in.

Teinostoma nesaeum, new species. Plate 1, fig. 2.

The shell is rather strongly depressed, about equally convex

above and below, with rounded periphery; glossy, with some

spiral striae on the upper surface, none on the lower. There

are apparently about 2% whorls, but the sutures are obliterated

by a coat of translucent callus which covers the spire, with a

shallow impression over the apex. The upper surface .shows

.shallow spiral striae which weaken towards the periphery and

disappear on the base. The aperture is obli(iue. rounded, but

acute at the upper angle, which however is filled, making the

cavity round. Outer lip blunt. Columella thickened, passing

6 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (1)

into the rather thick parietal callus. Umbilical callus thick,

slightly convex, a trifle rugose. Diameter 1.45 mm., height

0.75 mm.

Missouri Key, one of the middle keys, Florida, living under

stones (T. L. McGinty, Mar. 1941). Type 181117 ANSP, para-

types in McGinty coll. Additional locality: rocky sandbars in

Biscayne Bay near Baker's Haulover, Miami (Weber, McGinty

& Pilsbry, 1945).

The type specimen, which was taken alive, has a dilute rufous

tint, as if covered with a thin glossy colored epidermis, the um-

bilical callus translucent whitish ; but possibly this is an acquired

stain. Name from vrjaalos, of an island.

Teinostoma obtectum, new species. Plate 1, fig. 6.

The moderately solid smooth shell is strongly depressed, trans-

versely dilated, the spire covered with a translucent glaze through

which the suture shows. About three rather rapidly increasing

but regularly spiral whorls are visible through the subtrans-

parent callous coat over the spire, which superficially shows no

trace of the suture. The periphery is rounded, the base not

very convex. Aperture is rounded, but angularly produced and

slightly channelled above^ and with a flattened parietal outline.

Outer margin of peristome thin, the concave columella rather

thick, passing into the rather large and slightly convex umbili-

cal callus. Parietal callus is rather thick. Diameters 2.2 and

1.65 mm., height 0.95 mm.

"Treasure Island," the first islet south of Singer bridge,

northern end of Lake Worth, Palm Beach, Florida, in shell sand

(T. L. McGinty, 1937). Type 181121 ANSP.

The elliptical outline, the strong depression, and the callus

smoothly covering the spire, distinguish this species, which is

known by a single shell. A small nick in the outer lip was re-

stored in the figure.

Teinostoma lerema, new species. Plate 2, figs. 1, la.

The shell is minute, rather solid, translncoiit white and smooth,

about (Mjually convex above and below. There are about 3

whorls, but the spire is glazed over, the spiral suture indistinctly

visible through, not forming a line at the surface. The pe-

riphery is broadly rounded. The aperture is small, circular,

July. 1945) THE NAUTILUS 7

the upper anjjlo filled witli callus. PeristouK' tliii-k for so small

a shell. Colunu'lla rather thiek. rmbilical callus tliick but

only sli<rhtly convex its edjres iiuiistinct, extendinjz up into the

thick parietal callus which extends somewhat in front of the

upper lip insertion. Diameters 1 and 0.7 mm., heijrht 0.45 mm.

Missouri Key. Middle Florida keys, living: under rocks (T. L.

MeGinty. March. 1945). Type 1S1120 ANSP.

The smallest of our species. {Arjprfna, a trifle.)

Tehnostoma incertum, new species. Plate 1, fig. 7.

The shell is depressed but witli a low-eonic spire with distinct

suture, a bluntly subanprular periphery, microscopic spiral stri-

ation. and very little umbilical callus. Whorls 3%, convex,

with impressed, linear suture, the periphery of last whorl very

obtusely subanjjular. The base is moderately convex, concave

around the center. The oblique, circular aperture is somewhat

an^rular above. Peristome blunt but rather thin outwardly;

the columella very thick, passing into a moderate parietal callus.

Behind the eolumellar thickening an umbilical callus closes the

umbilicus, its edge ill-defined except towards the front of the

shell, where it terminates in a rather deep crease. Diameter

1.6 mm., height 0.95 mm.

Off Destin, northwest Florida, in 18-20 fathoms, marl bottom

(T. L. & P. L. McGinty, Oct., 1941). Type 181118 ANSP.

The close spiral striation is too minute to be shown in the fig-

ures, and probably would not remain in beach specimens. The

uncertainty implied in the name is not as to the validity of the

species, but as to its systematic place. The deficient umbilical

callus and the distinct suture are rather unlike Teinostoma.

Annulicallus, new subgenus. Shell Teinostomoid, with the um-

bilical callus bounded by a keel terminating in a baso-columellar

projection on the peristome. For the following species.

Teinostoma lituspalmarum, new species. Plate 2, fig. 3.

The moderately depressed shell is white, with a low keel or

angle at the .shoulder and a sharp ridge around the umbilical

callus. There are slightly more than 3 whorls. The suture is

impressed but somewhat calloused. The surface, in proper

light, shows an extremely minute and close but shallow spiral

striation. The last whorl has an angulation or low keel not far

8 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (1)

below the suture, defining a flat shoulder, the periphery being

broadly rounded; the base is convex, with a strong but narrow

keel around the umbilical callus. Aperture somewhat oblique,

rounded, but angular at the upper extremity, and slightly so at

the termination of the shoulder angulation. Peristome thin

outwardly, bearing a projecting point in baso-columellar posi-

tion. Columella rather thick, and passing above into a mod-

erate parietal callus, not spreading in front of the lip-insertion,

and extending very nearly to the encircling keel. Laterally the

columella is continuous with the steeply inclined, flattened pad

of the umbilical callus. Diameter 1.7 mm., height 1.2 mm.

Off Palm Beach in 50 fms., rocky reef (T. L. & P. L. McGinty,

6-8-1940). Type 181103 ANSP, paratype in McGinty collec-

tion. Also, 1% miles off Cape Florida, in 70 ft. (J. A. Weber,

1943).

This minute shell, named for beautiful Palm Beach, is unique

for the smooth surface and basal keel, but it has the umbilical

callus and glazed suture of Teinostoma, and we think belongs to

that group. The spiral sculpture is so minute and superficial

that it would hardly be seen on "dead" or beach specimens.

The umbilical callus is slightly rugose while the columellar callus

proper is smooth.

Ellipetylus, new subgenus. The shell is Teinostoma-\\ke, but

the umbilical callus and the columellar lobe do not completely

close the umbilical orifice. For the following species.

Teinostoma cocolitoris, new species. Plate 1, fig. 3.

The rather thin, depressed, shell is translucent whitish, smooth,

with a notched callus not completely closing the umbilicus.

There are 3V-{ whorls, joined by a rather distinct though super-

ficial suture, the first 1% whorls somewhat convex; the last

whorl is appressed at suture, well rounded peripherally. There

is a semicircular umbilical callus which does not quite cover the

umbilicus, and has an indistinct outer edge, and a thick callous

tongue from the columella is superposed ; between them in front

there is an orifice in which an umbilical fissure can be seen in-

completely. The columella passes into a parietal callus which

is only shortly in contact with the j^receding whorl, and extends

forward at the uppci- insertion of the lip. The ajicrture is cir-

cular, a callus filling the ui)per angle. Peristome rather thin,

tliou'.'h a little thickened within. Diameters 3 and 2.5 mm.,

Iieiglit 2 mm.

TIIK XAiril.lS T)!! ( 1 1

IM^ATK 1

7. T. Uioert

e. T. gonlogTrua

Ti'iiiostdina iif Kldiid.-i.

THE XATTIU'S .If) (1)

|.'„j. 1, 1:,. Trinnslnmn h nnm. '2, T. pnrvirallinu. .1. T. Iilu.s,,nh,u,n,m.

4 r,lri',„lhi. .-,, niruirlln h,lirni,l,„. C, Aorolnma .rnitirn. 7. Turbo

roslmuuM. H, J'srudnmahuis h„hs,. '.., Tnnnn;, hir.nuh,l„. Id. Dulin,,. wo

imiili.

.hlly. 11)43 I TIIK NAUTILUS 9

Off Lakf Worth. Palm Hcach Co.. Florida, in 4 -f.OO fpet. (T.

I.. & Paul L. MctJinty). Typo 181122 ANSP. Pnratypo from

off Palm Beach in 400 ft., in McGinty collection.

The imperfectly covering unil)ilical callus sets this species

apart from all others known to us. The callus is es.sentially alike

in type and paratype. Both are "dead" shells, dredf^ed at sta-

tions within a few miles at about the same depth. The name is

another attempt to jret a Latin ecjuivalent for "of Palm Beach."

PSEUDOMALAXIS FischcF

Pseudotnaluxis P. Fischer, 1885, Man. de Conchyl. p. 714. —

Monterosato, 1913, Proc. Malac. Soc. Loud. 10:362, type

Bifroutia'l zanclaea Phil.— Kehder, 1935, Nautilus 48: 128.

Discosolis Dall, 1892, Trans. Wagner Free Inst. 3: 331, type D.

nobilis.

In this ^'cnus the flat shell has a squarish last whorl, with a

peripheral zone defined by two subequal spiral angles or keels.

The operculum (of P. balesi) is thin and multispiral as figured

for Cyclostrcma zacalles, but the whorls are narrow'er, about 8,

with a smaller central area in which whorls could not be made

out.

Dall, followed by Thiele and others, have classified these shells

in the Soluriidae (or Architectonicidae), but their place is in

the Cyclostrematidae.

The genus Ilaira H. & A. Adams, has been mentioned in con-

nection with Pseudomalaxis, but having examined the type, /.

evoluta (Reeve), we believe it correctly placed in the Liotiidae,

having sculpture similar to some of that family.

P. nobilis Verrill was figured in Bull. 37, U.S.N.M., pi. 46,

fig. 12. P. lamellifera Rehder in Nautilus 48, pi. 7, figs. 8-10.

By characters of the size and sculpture our species fall into

three little groups which can be retained as "sections," though

it is rather fine splitting. A key to the species follows.

Shell relatively large (diani. 11 mm.) of 5 whorls; sculpture of

very di.stinct, fine, close, raised lines of growth, becoming more

prominent nodules where they cro.ss the principal carinae.

Fine spiral striae present. {Section Pseudomalaxis s.s.) . Off

Chesapeake Bay, 70 fras P. nobilis Verr.

10 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (1)

Shell smaller (diam. 3 mm.), of about 4 ( ?) whorls. Sculpture

of prominent, rather closely set, retractivelv curved riblets

almost nodulose when they cross the carinae ; no spiral striae.

(Section Paiirodiscus Rhdr.) Florida Straits, 205 fms.

P. lamellifera Rhdr.

Shell smaller (diam. 1.8. mm.), of 3^4 whorls; sculpture of fine

spiral striae and stronpr, widely spaced radial ribs. (Section

Pleuromalaxis.) Palm Beach to the Kevs, littoral.

P. halesi P. & M.

PsEUDOMALAXis BALESi, uew spccics. Plate 2, fig-. 8.

The moderately solid shell is subtranslucent-whitish, discoidal,

the upper surface plane; peripheral zone flattened or concave

between two projecting nodulose keels; the base broadly umbili-

cate. There are about Sy^ whorls, with a well impressed suture ;

the first 1^/2 nuclear whorls are smooth, convex, the apex a

trifle prominent. Postnuelear whorls are moderately convex,

with sculpture of fine spiral threads and low, well-spaced, radial

ribs; its upper surface is convex in the half towards the suture,

flattened towards the periphery, and with about 24 radial ribs

(but the later ones are very weak). These ribs form nodules

where the^^ pass over the two keels bounding the peripheral

zone. The base is weakly convex, the ribs extending about

halfway to the obtuse smooth angle around the umbilicus. The

umbilicus is shallow and broadly open. The oblique aperture is

slightly wider than high, rounded oval, with more or less distinct

angles on the outer lip at the terminations of the lower peripheral

and the basal angles. The peristome is rather thick ; parietal

callus is very short and heavy, strongly oblique. Diameter 1.8

mm., height 0.6 mm.

Missouri Key, in the middle Florida keys, living under rocks

(B. R. Bales & T. L. McGinty). Type 181124 ANSP. Para-

types in Bales, Weber and McGinty collections. Also, North

Inlet of Lake Worth, Palm Beach (McGinty).

This minute species is very distinct by its flatly discoidal

shape, radiating ribs, and two nodulose keels projecting beyond

the sunken flat or concave peripheral zone. It is far smaller

than other known species of this genus, and is more elaborately

sculptured. In the considerable number seen, all are very simi-

lar to the type, except that some of the shells of those taken alive

are of a burnt sienna color.

Named in honor of our valued friend Dr. Bicnn K. Bales,

whose industry in the pursuit of mollusks leaves no stone un-

turned (or at least, leaves only a few, which are fastened down).

July. 1945] THE NAUTILUS 11

AoROTREMA, Sc'hwciij^el & McGinty

Aorotrewa S. »5c M., 1942, Nautilus 56 : 17. Subj^enus for Cyclos-

trema pontogencs S. & M.

The shell has few whorls which are stronprly angular above,

at the periphery, and around the broadly funnel-shaped iimbili-

cus; the aperture subtrianj^ular, peristome only shortly in eon-

tact with preceding: whorl or free.

For comparison with this prenus we figfure a Turbo castafieus

Gmel., of two mm. diameter, 3]'2 whorls, the first two quite flat

above (plate 2, fi«;. 7). At this stage the shell is superficially

much like Aoroircma, and could be identified with Turbo only by

examination of intermediate stages of growth. The specimen fig-

ured was dredged in 50 fathoms off Palm Beach by T. L. and P.

L. McGinty.

Three species are now known; two described as Cyclostrema:

A. cistronium (Dall), Hatteras to Cape Fear, 22-63 fms., fig-

ured in Proc. U.S.N.M. 12: pi. 11, fig. 11, and in Ball's Bull.

37, pi. 42, fig. 11. A. pontogenes (Schw. & McG.), Destin, Fla.,

Nautilus 56, pi. 3, fig. 3 ; and the following.

Name from Acopos, deformed, rpTj/xct, an aperture.

AoROTREMA ERRATicuM, uew species. Plate 2, fig. 6.

The shell is strongly depressed, the spire flat, last whorl tri-

carinate, becoming free towards the aperture. There are 2^

whorls, the first convex and smooth, following whorl flat above.

The last half of the last whorl descends; its upper surface is

slightly concave above a strong, slightly uneven keel, then slopes

steeply to the peripheral keel. The base has a strong, slightly

crenulated keel. The umbilical side of the whorl has a rather

strong spiral convexity overhanging the deep umbilical suture.

There seems to be no fine spiral or axial striation. The aperture

is somewhat triangular, the rather thin peristome being strongly

angular at upper insertion of lip, at terminations of the keels

and at the somewhat effuse base. Diameter 1.34 mm., height

0.85 mm.

One and a half miles off Cape Florida, in 70 ft. (J. A. Weber).

Type in McGinty collection.

This extraordinary mite is evidently adult though so small

and few whorled. It is much more depressed than the other

species of this group.

12 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (1)

DiDiANEMA Woodring

Didianema "Woodring, 1928, Miocene Moll. Bowden, Jamaica,

Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. 385, p. 447, type D. tytha Woodr.

We prefer Didianema to Molleria for the following species,

mainly on account of its wholly corneous, thin operculum, its

umbilical ridge, and also its geographic location. The Arctic

genus Molleria is described by Jeffreys ^ as having the operculum

"calcareous and of the same consistence as that of Cyclostoma.''

Sars - says, "operculo solido, calcareo, " and figures the radula

as rhipidoglossate (pi. Ill, fig. 5). The base curves into umbili-

cus without an umbilical ridge. The operculum of Didianema

is of course unknown. However, our shell differs from Wood-

ring's genus by being elaborately sculptured {Didianema being

smooth), and by having a single blunt circumumbilical ridge, not

"two spiral threads disappearing upward into umbilicus." We

therefore propose a new subgenus for it.

Diagonaulus, new subgenus. Subglobose, with few rounded

whorls and a small funnel-shaped umbilicus bounded by a blunt

ridge. Nucleus of about 2 smooth whorls ; the postnuelear shell

with strongly retractive corrugation. Aperture round, only

slightly oblique, the lip blunt, thickened within, its upper mar-

gin not arching forward; a small ledge within the inner lip.

Operculum corneus, thin, slightlv concave, multispiral (Plate

2, fig. 10).

Didianema pauli, new species. Plate 2, fig. 10.

The depressed-globose shell is white, solid and thick for so

small a shell, with rounded whorls, a small funnel-shaped umbili-

cus and close corrugation, more strongly retractive than growth-

lines. There are 8i/{ whorls, the first two smooth, tlie last l^a

strongly, evenly, corrugated with rounded ribs about e(jual to

their intervals. At the summit of the whorl tiierc is some ap-

pearance of sliort, protractive ribs or irregularity, and at the

l)a.sc the ribs weaken before passing over a blunt, rounded ridge

around the umbilicus. The umbilicus contracts rapidly within.

The aperture is but slightly obli(iue, circular. Tlie peristome

is continuous, the ui)i)cr margin not arching forward, outer lip

l)luiit, iHiticcably IliicUcucd within. The coluuiclhir-parietal

margin is thick, and shows a sliglit ledge within (easily over-

looked). Diameter 1.4 mm., height 1.2 mm.

Mcffreys, Brit. Condi, li: 292. 186r).

2 SarH, Moll. Keg. A ret. Norvog. p. 128. 1878.

.Inly, 1945] THE NAUTILUS 13

Off Dostin. iiortlnvt'st Florida, in 18-20 fatlioms, irtfcrl bottom

(Thomas L. & Paul L. McGinty, Oct. 1941). Typo 1H112K

AXSP, paratypes in McGinty ooll.

This spet'ios stands alone by the unusual and olc^'ant pattern

of its sculpture. It is named for brother of the junior, and

lonjj-time friend of the senior, author — a good companion in the

hammock, a stout hand at the dred{?e!

DIGGIN' 'EM OUT

By BLENN E. bales, M.D.

The chaste beauty of the water lily which receives its suste-

nance from the black ooze has its counterpart amonj? mollusks.

Visitors at southern curio stores may see various objects made

from sea shells. When these ornaments are made to represent

an anjrel or a swan, there is a certain white shell used in pairs

to represent wings. They really do look like pure white wings,

so much so, that the local or vernacular name is "Angel wing."

The scientific name is Barnca costata, and it, like the water lily,

comes from the mud. It is usually found in scattered colonies

of several dozen individuals and the home or burrow may be

more than a foot deep in mud or muddy sand. Being very

fragile, it is not an easy matter to collect them unbroken, for

one does not dare to use a shovel in digging, but must be able

to feel what he is doing and must do it all by hand. A quiet

muddy bay is a favorable place to find them and they must be

collected at low tide.

They are located by seeing a long fleshy siphon protruding

from the entrance to the burrow. Through this siphon, which

in large specimens is almost as large and long as a banana, the

moUusk "breathes" water and strains out the microscopic ani-

mal or vegetable organisms which make up its diet. Should

danger approach, the siphon is retracted and all that is visible

is the entrance hole which is easily overlooked should the water

become muddy.

Bearing this in mind, the collector secures a bundle of switches

from some nearby tree and places one in the entrance to each

burrow. lie may then proceed from one swit<'li to another until

14 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (1)

he has secured as many specimens as desired, regardless of the

opaque and muddy water. The switch also gruides the hand

when digrg:innr, as the burrow may become clogged with mud

and the direction may be lost. Care must be observed lest a

sharp fragment of shell imbedded in the mud or the shell itself

which has many sharp angles, lacerates the hands. Once the

shell is secured, the collector usually finds that he has sunk so

deeply into the soft and almost bottomless mud that the next

operation is to dig himself out.

The specimens containing the living mollusks must be placed

in a pail of sea water at once to prevent them from injuring

themselves, and many a specimen is broken by the violent con-

traction of the muscles which hold the two valves of the shell

together. Even when this precaution is taken, some are sure

to be broken.

There is no element of hurry when collecting "Angel wings,"

but it is either speed or no specimen when collecting "Razor

clams, ' ' Ensis directus, for these will dig into the sand so rapidly

that the collector cannot keep up with them, even when armed

with a shovel. The mollusk may be located by the tell-tale

little depressions in the sand where the drops of water ejected

by the siphon have left their marks as it disapeared beneath the

sand. A ring is dug all the way around this point, making a

sort of minature plateau where the specimen is concealed, the

surrounding moat being about a foot deep. Then from the

bottom of the moat, the shovel is quickly thrust under the mol-

lusk and it is thrown out upon the sand. Frequently the thrust

has not been rapid enough and the shell is cut s(juarely in two

by the sharp edge of the shovel as the mollusk was retreating

more deeply into the sand.

The mechanism of this rapid movement into the sand is not

hard to understand when the principle is known. It is done by

the contractions of the muscular foot which is sharp and

slender and is extended from the end of the upright shell. This

being shaped somewhat like the handle of an old fasliioned

razor, offers but little resistance as the sharp foot is thrust

downward and then contracted. This shortens the foot and

pulls the shell down. A series of rapid contractions <}nickly

carries the mollusk away from danger. The operation may be

.luly. 1J>45) Tin: nai'tiiats 15

more readily visualized when one eonsiders the biceps muscle

of the upper arm. When the arm is extended, the muscle is

lonfj and slender, but when contracted, it becomes short and

thick. A familiar example of this is often seen when some younf?

Penrod bares his <rood ri^ht arm and exhibits his "muscle" to

an admirin*; «rroup of little <rirls.

To add to the exasperation of collectinp: "Razor clams," they

are likely to injure themselves by violent muscular contrac-

tions, and must be placed immediately into a pail of water to

"soothe their nerves."

Not only must a concholop:ist be a worker in mud and sand,

but wood workiufr also comes in for its share of attention. Sev-

eral families of mollusks choose wood for their homes. The

most infamous and universally hated is the Teredo or ship worm.

Its habits and ill reputation are well known and need not be

considered here, but Martesia, a little fellow shaped somewhat

like "Anpfel winjrs" seeks refupre in pilinprs about docks, ships,

and in fact any woody object such as a water soaked old plank

or log. These may be fairly riddled by the mollusk.

I remember one occasion when a good sized, waterlogged

branch came ashore at Bonita Springs, Florida. It was heav-

ily infested with Martesia and was quite a prize. A three mile

walk from Big Hickory Pass back to the machine, carrying a

heavy waterlogged young tree was no easy task and I w^as con-

vinced it must weigh half a ton before I deposited it upon the

running board of the car.

After a couple of weeks in the sun, it had sufficiently dried to

permit me to saw it up in thin cross sections. These made

fine specimens, as each section was honeycombed with burrows

containing many choice shells in their original homes.

Nor is "diggin' 'em out" confined to those of a strictly scien-

tific bent. On many a sandy beach in Florida, you may see

some one filling a screen with sand at the water's edge and wash-

ing it vigorously in the oncoming surf. He is catching a "mess

of coquinas. ' '

Favorable stretches of sandy beach may be swarming with

these little bivalves and it is an easy matter to secure a bucket-

ful of Donax variabilis from which the cook will prepare a

broth, so delicious as to appear unreal. It is about the ultimate

16 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (1)

in its line. The shells are beautiful little things, being blue,

red, green, lavender and variously striped and rayed with a

darker shade of the same color.

All up and down both the Eastern and Western coasts many

mollusks are caught for food, and most of them are dug out by

clam hook, rake, dredge or various tools of the trade. One

method often employed off the Virginia coast is unique. It is

called "treading." Off at a distance you may see a man with

his hands holding to the side of a small boat while he seems to

be executing a hula dance in the water. He really is moving

his feet about on the muddy bottom and locating little neck

clams. Frequently you see him stoop, pick up a clam from the

region of his feet and drop it in the boat.

The ultimate in "diggin' 'em out" is dredging. This calls

for more or less preparation and equipment and is indulged in

by only super-super collectors. They frequently dredge at a

depth of six hundred fathoms, which in land-lubber language

is thirty six hundred feet — more than half a mile! It is easy

to see that the conchological treasures brought up from these

depths are prizes greatly to be desired. Many a new species

is thus brought to light, to bask as a glamour girl among shell

folk until its place is taken by another.

It is hard to visualize the density of molluscan population in

favorable localities, but one illustration will be sufficient. At

Marco, Florida (since they have gone high brow, it is now often

called Collier City) is located a canning factory whose sole out-

put is canned clams and clam juice. These are taken by means

of a mechanical dredge off the Ten Thousand Islands. Accord-

ing to a report issued by the Bureau of Fisheries, and of un-

doubted authenticity, this dredge did not move its anchor for a

period of almost a year, yet the average catch of clams was two

hundred barrels of clams a day.

The dredge is a curious affair and viewed from a distaiu'c

when dredging was in progress near Pavillion Key, it appeared

to me to be a large floating barn. The method of dredging is

peculiar though evidently very efficient. A heavy anchor is put

in place and a long rope or hawser a half mile long is attached

to it, with the other end of the rope attached to the dredge,

which is e(|uipped with an endless chain on which are scoops or

buckets which dii: into the nuiddv bottom. An engine on the

July, IfU.')] THE NAUTILUS 17

ilred«ro slowly winds the rope, shorteninj; the distance between

the luu'hor and tho drodp:e and finally brinprs the two topether.

but di<;^Mnjr up the nuid from tlu' bottom as it proceeds. The

mud is washed from the clams as they are brou{?ht aboard by

the endless chain. The rope is then unwound from the windlass

and the dredjre allowed to float away as far as the len<j;th of rope

will permit and the operation repeated.

For nearly a year this was continued without ever ehanfrinp

the position of the anchor and a circle around it was completed.

The wind, tide and other conditions gave the dredge a diflFerent

path each time. Dredging was in depths of from six to eight

feet of water. The bottom of the sea at this place must have

appeared as a mosaic of living clams. Imagine two hundred

barrels of clams a day for a year !

Probably the most fascinating and commonly used methods

of scientific "diggin' 'em out" is sifting or screening. One

never knows just what he will bring up in his next screenful.

It is like patronizing a fish pond at a church sociable; one is

never sure just what will be found at the other end of the line.

These screens usually consist of two square or oblong frames

with screen wire cloth for bottoms and are nested so that the

top screen with its bottom of coarse mesh fits snugly into the

bottom screen which is covered with wire cloth of much finer

mesh.

A favorable place is chosen, and by means of a hoe, scoop or

even an old tin can, the screens are filled with sand, mud, marl

or whatever the bottom of the sea may be at that particular

place. The screens are violently shaken under water and much

of the finer debris is eliminated. Then the contents of the upper

screen which will contain the larger mollusks (if any) are ex-

amined. Afterward the lower screen with the finer mesh comes

in for its share of scrutiny.

Many of the smaller and rarer shells are taken by screening

and it is .so fascinating that it is seldom that a collector will stop

work at a given time, even though he knows he will likely miss

a good dinner of conch chowder or Florida lobster, and besides

receive a lecture on promptness, such as, "One would think that

anyone your age should KNOW when it is time for dinner."

The reply is truthful if unconvincing. "I had to try just one

more screenful."

18 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (1)

DURANGONELLA. A NEW HYDROBIINE GENUS

FROM MEXICO, WITH THREE NEW SPECIES

By J. P. E. MOREISOX i

The recent discovery of a slender aquatic species of snail in

Pleistocene or Post-pleistocene lake deposits in the Federal Dis-

trict of Mexico by Miss Marie E. Bourgeois, and the attempts to

determine its taxonomic position have brought to light an unde-

scribed generic group in the Mexican freshwater mollusean

fauna.

Family Bulimidae; Subfamily Hydrobiinae.

DURANGONELLA, UCW gCUUS

Shell slender, elongate-conic, apex slightly obtuse, translucent,

with smooth, slowly increasing, rounded whorls separated by a

distinct, deep suture. The aperture is small, oval, a little angled

above ; the lip entire, usually slightly appressed to the preceding

whorl above; the umbilicus small and deep. The operculum is

thin, corneous, paucispiral.

Animal Hydrobiine, with short tentacles and a relatively

shorter blunter snout. The male organ is large, simple (non-

flagellate), attached dorsally a little behind the tentacles, a

trifle to the left of the midline, and directed, in the "dried-in"

material prepared and examined, about 45° dextro-posteriorly.

It is much flattened, broadened distally (spatulate), with a

weakly trilobed anterior-distal margin and an evenly, narrowly

rounded tip. The females are ovo-viviparous ; the many uterine

young possessing short amnicoloid shells of about V/y whorls.

Genotype: Dnrangonella seemani (Franenield) =^ Hydrobia

seemani Frauenfeld.

Contrary to Dr. Stearns' opinions, tliere are no completely

smooth examples of Trifonin proiia known. Also, a comparison

of animals of protca from the Salton Sea area of California, and

of seemani from the City of Durango, Mexico, luis shown too

nnich difTi'rencc to consider them congeneric any longer.

The genus DurangoncUa differs from Tryonia by its lack of

marked sculpt nre and more particularly by possessing a verge of

> Published by pcrinissidii of the Sceietiiry of the Smithsonian Institution.

Till-: N A I "I" I Li S :.!> (1)

IM-A'I'K ;i

Fig. 1, DurangnncUii srtmani (Fiiiufiifrld), Topotypo. 2, Duranfjnnrlhi

inariar Morrison, Holotyjic. ;', Diintiif/oni llu iliif/i siaiin Morrison, Holo-

tyjic. 4, Diiiauffniulln pil.sbrifi Morrison, Ifoloty|K'. (All >■")). •">, Ihiran

'innrlhi .inmani, skotch of lu-ad iind verge of topotypt' ni.-iie; (5, operculum;

7-10, teeth of rndula, niueb onlarjjed, from topotype female; 7, racliidiun

tooth; 8, lateral; 9, inner piarf^inal; 10, outer marginal.

Figs. 11-14. Morrixonrlla pacifird (Dall), shell, tcitli. ;iinl outline of

head and verge.

July. l!>4r)| Tin: N.MTii.rs 19

(lifftTOMt pattern in mali' individuals. The same characteristics

will also distinfrnish it from the smooth phase of slender species

of the <;eniis Lyrodcs.

DuRANGONELLA SEEMANi ( Praucnfeld) . PI. 3, fitrs. 1, 5-10.

1863 — Hydrobia scemani FratMuifeld, Verh. der K. K. Zool.

Bot. Ges. Wien, 1.S6:}, p. 1025; ibid, 18G5, p. 525,

pi. 8.

1870 — Bythinclla scnnani Tryon, Mon., p. 50, pi. 16. fip;. 9.

1893 — I^ythincUa proica Stearns (pars), N. Am. Fauna, vol.

7, pt. 2. p. 278.

1901 — Pahidcstrina protea Stearns (pars), Proe. U.S.N.M.,

vol. 24. p. 277 {scemani; Duranjro only).

Orifrinal description: "Shell slender, conic, not acutely

pointed, frray-green. translucent, 5^2 smooth whorls, regularly

increasing, rounded, suture very strongly marked. Aperture

small, oval, a little angled above, lip simple, appressed to the

columella above, umbilicus small, deep. Length 4 mm. Breadth

1.8 mm."

"In Cuming's collection, N.\Y. Mexico, Durango, Dr. See-

man. ' '

The operculum is thin, corneous, paucispiral, of about 2 turns.

The radula is minute, similar to that of Lyrodes coronatus

7iicaraguanus Ancej^ from Lake Izabal, Guatemala, as figured

by F. C. Baker.- The radular formula is

A 1 A

: 4 — 1 — 4 : 25 i : 15 ±.

The cusps on the marginal teeth are so minute they are ex-

tremely difficult to count even with reasonable accuracy. The

diagnostic animal characters are furnished in the generic de-

scription above from topotypes ( U.S.N. M. No. 251826), col-

lected by Dr. Edw. Palmer "in freshwater algae, from a small

pond fed by a spring from which the City of Durango gets its

water."

The topotype figured (U.S.N.M. No. 251826) has 6 whorls and

measures: Height 3.5 mm., Diameter 1.45 mm.. Aperture height

1.1 m., Aperture diameter 0.8 m.

2 Freshwater Mollusca of Wis., vol. 2, p. 143, fig. 63; 1928.

20 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (1)

D. secmayii differs from the other known members of the genus

by the smaller size of adult shells, with usually about 5 whorls.

The periphery of the whorls is not evenly arched from suture to

suture, as in Z>. mariae, but shows indication of a rounded

shoulder near the summit. The shell is proportionately more

slender than that of D. pilshryi, although of about the same size.

DuRANGONELLA MARIAE, new specles. PI. 3, fig. 2.

Shell elongate-conic, terete, vitreous, almost transparent, cov-

ered by an extremely thin, light corneous epidermis ; Apex nar-

nowly pointed ; whorls slowly, regularly increasing in size and

tightly coiled around the axis. Nuclear whorls smooth, post-

nuclear whorls mostly smooth, sculptured by fine growth lines

crossed bj' microscopic spiral striations. Suture distinct, sharp,

wuth the well rounded whorls evenly arched from periphery to

summit. Aperture elliptical, slightly narrowed and obtusely

angled above; lip thin, entire, slightly sinuous above, slightly

or not at all appressed to the penultimate whorl ; umbilicus

variable, a narrow chink or slit behind the upright columellar

lip.

Operculum not found, apparently not preserved in these de-

posits. Animal not seen, but probably ovo-viviparous as in its

conchological relatives. Great numbers of minute shells found

with the adults indicate this possibility.

The holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 433399) was collected from the

shell stratum (marl), 1 meter below the present surface of the

dry bed of the lake at Tlahuac, 20 kilometers east of Xochimilco,

D. F., Mexico, by Marie E. Bourgeois. It has 7 whorls and

measures: Height 5.0 mm., Diameter 1.8 mm.. Aperture height

1.2 mm., Aperture diameter 1.0 mm. The great majority of

adult shells seen approximate the type in size ; a few however

are larger, the largest seen (one of many U.S.N.M. No. 433414)

has Sy_, whorls and measures: Length 7.5 mm.. Diameter 2.(5 mm..

Aperture height 2.1 mm., Aperture diameter 1.5 mm.

I), mariae is most closely allied to D. sccuinui (Frauenfeld)

from the City of Durango, but differs from that species in being

larger, longer, and in possessing more evenl}' rounded whorls.

The related form f). dugesmna from Michoacan is still narrower,

with the slope of the whorl above the periphery somewhat

flattened.

•July, im.')] THE NAUTILUS 21

IhiramjoncUa mariae, iiaiiu'd for its discovorer. is known only

from tlu* Pleistoc'ono or post-pleistocene lake deposits near

Tlahuac. It probably became extinct when the shallow lake

dried up or was filled uj) by the aceunmlated deposits. Seeds

present in the peaty marl indicate that these snails lived in a

habitat with species of Potamogcton and of Scirpus. The lake

deposits at Tlahuac, as sampled by Miss Bourfreois, consist of

a bed of black peat at a depth of 1.5 meters below the present

land surface, and above this bed a gradual transition to a light

grey or whitish shell marl at 1.2 meters depth. The marl at 1

meter depth is filled with shells, forming a visible "shell stra-

tum"; it continues upward to at least a point 0.4 meter below

the surface, with shells scattered through it, but not in the pro-

fusion of the well-marked "shell stratum." No shells were

to be found in the peat layer at 1.5 meters depth, but there were

small lime concretions and the bones and scales of small fish in

this layer. These fish remains apparently indicate the pres-

ence of small fish such as are living today in other lakes in Cen-

tral Mexico. The most conspicuous shell in these lake deposits

is the new species, D. mariae; it was present in small numbers

in the samples from a depth of 1.2 meters in the lower layers

of the marl, was extremely abundant in the "shell stratum" at

1 meter depth, and declined in numbers again in the upper

layers to uncommon occurrence in the uppermost layer of marl

.sampled at 0.4 meter depth.

In company with D. mariae in the marl deposits, but not in

great numbers, were found other species of freshwater shells,

namely: Valvata humeralis (Say), Phy sella osculans (Halde-

man), Helisoma tenue chapalense Pilsbry, Gyraulus parvus

(Say)?, Ferrissia species, Musculium suhtransversum (Prime),

and Pisidium species. Another marl sample collected by Miss

Bourgeois from the "shell stratum" at a point 1 kilometer di.s-

tant and 1.8 meters from the surface, yielded Durangonella

mariae in abundance, Helisoma tenue chapalense Pilsbry, and

numbers of Phy sella osculans (Haldeman).

Durangonella dugesiana, new species. PI. 3, fig. 3.

Shell elongate-conic, terete, opaque white (in specimens ex-

amined), apex narrowly pointed, the whorls very tightly coiled.

22 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (1)

slowly and regularly increasing: in size. Nuclear -whorls smooth,

the postnuclear ones smoothish, ornamented by growth lines

and microscopic spiral striations. The suture is well marked

between the eight rounded w^horls. The upper slope of the

whorls is slightly flattened above the periphery, accentuating

the discrete appearance of the whorls. Aperture subovate, ob-

tusely angled above; lip thin, entire, slightly appressed to the

penultimate w^horl, erect in front of a narrow umbilical chink.

Operculum and animal not observed.

The holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 433473) has 8 whorls and meas-

ures: Height 5.8 mm., Diameter 1.85 mm.. Aperture height 1,3

mm., Aperture diameter 1.05 mm. The type and about thirty

paratypes (U.S.N.M. No. 73908) were sent to the United States

National Museum by A. Duges, from near Andoeutira, Michoa-

can, Mexico. With these shells was also a single example of

Valvata humeralis Say. Years ago, Prof. Duges noted : ' * These

mollusks were found in an ant-hill at Andoeutira, Michoacan.

The person who sent them to me thinks that they came from an

old lacustrine formation, now overlain by later deposits. ' ' This

is evidently a Pleistocene or post-Pleistocene lake deposit similar

to the one at Tlahuac.

This species is the narrowest form of the genus known. The

slight flattening of the upper slope of the whorls will also help

to distinguish it from D. mariae.

DURANGONELLA PILSBRYI, nCW SpecicS. PI. 3, fig. 4.

Shell small, elongate-conic, with a slightly obtuse apex, trans-

lucent, of about 5 regularly increasing, well rounded whorls

separated by a deep suture. Nuclear whorls smooth, post nu-

clear whorls smoothish, crossed by fine lines of growth and ex-

ceedingly minute spiral striations. Aperture regularly oval,

slightly angled above; lip thin, almost entire, appressed to the

penultimate whorl above, and erect in front of a distinct but

narrow umbilical slit.

Operculum thin, corneous, paucispiral of about 2 turns.

Radula and verge not seen. The females are ovo-vivijiarous,

tlie uterine young possessing shells amnicoloid in shape, of about

V/2 whorls.

The holotype (U.S.N.M. No. 3()2551). collected by Oldroyd at

Paso del Kio, Colima, has 5 whorls and measures : Length 2.G mm..

. I Illy. I!l4r)l TIIK NAUTILUS 23

Dianu'tiT 1.15 inin., Apriturt' It'ii^th U.i) inin.. Apcrlurt' diameter

0.65 mm. U.S.N.M. No. ;{624J)6 contains thirty additional speci-

mens (paratypes) from the same source. This species is close

to /). seemani (Frauenfeld), but differs from it in possossinp:

evenly rounded whorls (not faintly shouldered) and in being

less slender.

MORRISONELLA. A NEW GENUS OF EAST PACIFIC

DEEP SEA MOLLUSKS

By PAUL BARTSCH i

An examination of the radula and other anatomic features of

Leucoayriiix ? pacifiva Dall (Plate 3, fifrs. 11-14) shows plainly

that this is not a member of the Family Turridae, but that it

belongs in that rather heterogeneous assemblage of genera col-

let'tively called by the family name Bucciuidae. The unique

holotype, U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 122590 (Plate 3, fig. 11) was dredged

by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Steamer Albatross at station

2859 in 1569 fathoms on ooze botton, bottom temperature 34.9°,

southwest of Sitka, Alaska. It was described by Dall as Leu-

cosyrinx ? pacijica in 1908 in the Bulletin of the Museum of Com-

parative Zoology, volume 43, pages 270-71. In 1921 Dall trans-

ferred it to the genus Irenosyrinx in Bulletin 112 of the U. S.

National Museum, page 69.

The animal of the holotype is without eyes, and is a male and

shows a huge verge (fig. 14). The radula consists of 3-cusped

rachidian teeth (fig. 12) and 2-cusped marginal teeth (fig. 13).

I am unable to fit the characters presented by this species in

any known genus and therefore bestow a new generic designation

upon it. MorrisoneUa is named for my associate J. P. E. Morri-

son in appreciation for much helpfulness in adducing the above

mentioned information.

Published by permiesion of the Secretary of the Smithaonian Institution.

24 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (1)

DETERMINING SPECIES IN PISIDIUM BY THE

SHELL

By H. B. HERRINGTON

Newburgh, Ont.

In the stud}' of the taxonomy of these little clams two differ-

ent points of view have been used in the past. I\Ir. B. B. Wood-

ward, in the "Catalogue of the British Species of Pisidium,"

seems to have depended exclusively on the hinge characters.

On this continent the emphasis has been more on the external

appearance of the shell.

Dr. Victor Sterki, who was responsible for giving specific rank

to so many of the forms in North American Pisidia, was influ-

enced by minor differences in the structure of the hinge. He.

therefore, rejected the hinge characters as determinative for

species. He held that what the hinge characters reveal is groups

only (The Nautilus, Vol. XXXV, April. 1922, page 115). So

he set to work, on the basis of the difference in the external

appearance of the shell, to divide these so-called groups into

species. It was this attempt to set up species on the basis of

these minor external differences, by Sterki and others, that was

largely responsible for the chaos in the taxonomy of the Pisidia.

These external differences are almost infinite, and are to be

found not only as between species but also within recognized

species, e.g., P. variable Prime. Furthermore, some of the shells

now passing as species are so alike in external appearance to,

and so intorgrade with other species, that it is impossible to set

down on paper anything that would enable another conchologist

to separate them. Dr. Sterki, himself, found his system un-

workable. Numerous lots of shells 'just wouldn't fit in'; hence

his labels bear such notes as "sc)mewhat like," "near," "ap-

parently," "dose to," and " ?"

After spending much time during a jx'riod of over three years

going over and over some fifteen hundred lots of Pisidia. the

writfT lias Ix-cii diiven to lean most heavily on tlu^ hinge char-

acters. For the hinge cliaiacters, although having certain

minor features that vary within a species, as Sterki suggests,

have other features that are constant and yet differ as between

July. l:)4r)| THK NAUTILUS 25

species. The shells brou«rht tojrether on tlic basis of hinji^e char-

acters are found to also have certain external features in com-

mon— these correspond to Sterki's }j:roup features. These ex-

teriuil features facilitate the sortinp: of shells.

To set up the hinjie as the chief basis of specific determination

will, of course, reduce the number of species of our Eastern

North American Pisidia by more than one-half. It will also be

found best, in the interest of clearness, to greatly reduce the

number of varieties.

Any written description of the external features is necessarily

vajxue, and the conchologist finds himself bewildered when he

sits down with a lot of shells before him and trys to identify

them by the written descriptions. It is difficult whatever be the

method used. But the hinge characters lend themselves to

clearer and more definite statement. Here are some of the

hinge characters : length and heft of the hinge ; distance of the

cardinals from the anterior laterals; shape of the cusp on the

laterals, and the position of the apex. Let us give some illus-

trations of some of these obvious points, retaining the recognized

specific names :

(a) There is some external resemblance amongst P. rotunda-

turn Prime, P. ventricosum Prime, P. vesiculare St., P. ferrugi-

}icum Prime, P. medianum St. and P. costatum St. But P.

rotundatum, P. ventricosum and P. vesiculare have a hinge that

is distinctly shorter for the length of the shell than the others.

This readily .separates these three from the others. Then P.

ventricosum and P. vesiculare have hinges that are the same in

heft and appearance, but are definitely heavier than that of P.

rotundatum; their beak is also tilted back. These, and other

less significant characters, show P. rotundatum to be a species,

and P. ventricosum also to be a species with P. vesiculare as a

variety of it. The other three, P. ferrugineum, P. medianum

and P. costatum have hinge characters that are essentially the

same. The first is the species and the other two varieties of it.

(b) Or take another case : P. novehoracense Prime has a longer

hinge than P. ahditum Ilald. (=, or a variety of P. pusilluni

Jen., with which it is often confused), and the cardinals an'

farther from the cusps of the anterior laterals.

26 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (1)

(c) Let us take one more illustration: In P. tenuissimum St.

the cusp of the anterior lateral of the left valve (a. 11.) is an

enlargement of the upward swing of the lateral at its distal end.

In P. scutellatum St. = P. lilljehorjii Clessin, the cusp rises at

the proximal end of the lateral.

In all of these eases there are other hinge characters that are

distinct, but these will serve to illustrate our meaning.

According to our judgment in determining species use should

be made of both the external appearance of the shell and of the

hinge characters, but, where the external appearance of two or

more forms closely resemble each other, the hinge characters

should be the last court of appeal.

A LIST OF MOLLUSCS FROM WARREN COUNTY.

NEW YORK

By morris K. JACOBSON

The molluscs found in Warren County, New York, do not

seem to have been the subject of much investigation. In the

Biological Surveys of the State of New York Conservation De-

partment (Biol. Sur. of Upper Hudson Wat. Shed No. VII,

1933 and Biol. Sur. of L. Champlain, 1929) some references are

made to a number of fresh water forms, chiefly in connection

with the studies of water pollution (1929: p. 218, 219; 1933: p.

214). DeKay's work on the Molluscs of New York State (1844)

contains three references to Lake George, which lies within the

boundaries of the County (pp. 25, 30, 223), and numerous ref-

erences to Lake Champlain, which may refer to this territory

although by far the greater part of the lake lies beyond the

boundaries of Warren County. Pilsbry in the first two volumes

of his still incomplete "Land Mollusca of North America"

(Philadelpiiia, 1939 and 1940) has only two definite references

to Warren County molluscs (pp. 683, 764), the latter coupled

with the name of J. B. Henderson, whose list for Warren

County, if indeed he compiled one at all, I was unable to find.

In view of these facts a preliminary list of the Molhi.scs of War-

ren County, New York, may not be without some interest.

July, l:»45| THE NAUTILUS 27

During; tho summer of 1044 T was ablo to t'olloct intensively

in the southern part of Warren County alonj; the Sciirooii Kiver

above Warrensburpr to as far as Brant Lake. This entire re-

fjion lies just within the southern boundaries of the Adirondack

State Park. One or two short trips were undertaken to the

shore of Lake George. The region is discourafjinfrly bare of land

molluses, beinp: dry, g^ranitic and covered largely with conifer-

ous trees, which are at present the subject of intensive lofrginj?

operations. Among the larger snails only Triodopsis alholabris

and Philomycus caroliniaims appear in any satisfying number.

Even the smaller and minute species are none too numerous.

The bodies of fresh water investigated, however, offer somewhat

better conditions; Brant Lake swarms with Viviparus contec-

toidcs of all sizes, the spires of which, however, are almost invari-

ably badly corroded. In Schroon River Sphaerium striatinum

can be freely dredged from sand in the lee of sunken logs and

boulders. Hardly less numerous are several of the smaller

Sphaeridae as well as Helisoma anceps, Gyraulvs hirsutus and

G. deflect us. The two kinds of Valvatidae were freely taken in

one restricted, richly mudded locality. Except for one dead

specimen from Lake George none was found outside this one spot.

Brant Lake offers many fine Helisoma eampayiidatuyn, during the

collection of which, however, the author made the painful dis-

covery that sharp reeds of sedge grass, seen from directly above,

are practically invisible. I was stabbed full in the left e^'e as

I bent over to retrieve a — for the record be it stated — very

mediocre specimen of Helisoma. Even now, ten months after,

I still feel sharp twinges in the wounded optic. Warning : look

well before you stoop! Dead shells of Elliptio complan<itus are

also very plentiful in Brant Lake, especially at the southern

outlet, where a colony of muskrats have their dens. In almost

all bodies of water Am7iicola limosa porata is as common as sand.

The shells I have listed as Helisoma campanulatum minus

Dunker seems to agree with the brief description offered by

Mina L. Winslow (Occ. Pap. Mus. of Zool., U. of Mich. No. 180,

p. 3).

My most successful land collecting was done in the mouldy

folds of a much deteriorated but comfortably moist horse blanket.

28 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (1)

discarded on a depressing; refuse heap of old bottles, tin cans,

etc. Here I found the two live Mesodon sayanus and the one

live Triodopsis deniifera. Many a happy hour was spent turn-

ing over moulderin<r heaps of blanket, paper and straw. All

was well, except that it made it somewhat difficult to point out

to polite scoffers that snail hunting was really quite a health-

ful avocation — it kept one, I carefully pointed out, out in the

fresh air. My case was considerably weakened when they dis-

covered just where it w'as that I went to for "fresh air."

A particularly happy, if mosquito plagued time was spent in

an intermittent woodland swamp of small proportions, where

considerable numbers of Fossaria iimhilicata and Pisidium

novel) oracense were gathered. The latter species appears also

in Schroon River, but here the size varies greatly from minute

to large, whereas in the swamp there was a striking uniformity

of size.

The identification of all "hard" species was kindly made by

Dr. Bartsch of the U.S.N.M., for whose solicitude and kindness

in guiding a bungling amateur the author cannot express enough

thanks.

Land

Carychium exiguum Say

Discvs cronkhitei catskillensis (Pilsbry)

Euconulus chersinus (Say)

Gastrocopta contracta (Say)

Uaplotrema concavum (Say)

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say)

Mesodon sayanus (Pilsbry)

Philomycus caroUnianus (Bosc)

RetineUa clcctrina (Gould)

Retinclla indcntata (Say)

Stenotrema fraternum (SajO

Succiyjca avara Say

Succinca ovalis Say

Succiuca pcoricnsis Walker

Tri(td apsis albolabris (Say)

Triodopsis dcntifcra (Binney)

Vertigo pcntodon Say

Zonitoidcs arboreus Say

.July. VJ4o\ THE NAUTILUS 29

Fresh Water

A))nii('ol(i liniosa porata (Say)

Atuxiotita (jraudis (Say)

Aplcja hypnurum (Liniio)

Campcloma dccisum (Say)

EUiptio complanatus (Dilhvyn)

Fossario modiccUn (Say)

Fossoria obrussa (Say)

Fossnria unihilicata (C. B. Adams)

Gyraulus dcflcctus (Say)

Gyraulus hirsutits (Gould)

Gyraulus parvus (Say)

Helisoma anceps (Menke)

Helisoma campanulaium (Say)

Helisoma campanulatum minor (Dunker)

Lampsilis radiata (Gmelin)

PhyscUa sayii (Tappan)

Pisidium abditum Haldemaii

Pisiditoti norehoraccnsc Prime

Pisidiu7n politum Sterki

Sphacrium rhomhoideum (Prime)

Sphaerium striatinum (Lamarck)

Sphacrium sulcatum (Lamarck)

Valvata sincera Say

Valvata tricarinata simplex Gould

BUCCINUM ZEBRA MULLER. THE TYPE OF

ORTHALICUS

By HARALD a. REHDER

(Foreword by H. A. Pilsbry — As I ^^•ish to exclude discussions

of on]}' temporary interest from my work on Land Snails of

North America, as far as possible, this opportunity is taken to

give needed details in the case of Orthalicus. While questions

of nomenclature are of the first importance, the discussion of

names is not a permanent part of science, thoug:h it is an essential

step before we may pass on to matters of more interest.

Beck in 1837 proposed the new j^enus OiiJialicus for ten spe-

cies, which he enumerated with references. The first autlior to

select a type from this list was Herrmannsen, Ind. Gen. Moll.

2: 159, Sept. 8, 1847, who chose "Bulimus zebra Miiller," evi-

dentl}' meaning Buccinum zebra Miiller. About two months

30

THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (1)

later ' Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 176, Nov., 1847, selected

HcUx sultana, a species described by Dillwyn in 1817. Miiller's

species has been understood differently by nearly every author

considering it. Beck, Shuttleworth, Binney, Fischer & Crosse

and Strebel have given their various views of its identity. Von

Martens relinquished the name zehra as too heterogeneous for

recognition. Under these conditions, revival of the name

Oxystyla was accepted in my monograph of 1899 as the simplest

solution of the puzzle. However, on taking the niatter up anew

the propriety of this decision was doubted, and it was thought

well to obtain the opinions of others. While there may still re-

main room for differences of opinion, I am wholly disposed to

accept the result of Dr. Rehder's investigation as finally fixing

the identity of Buccinum zehra, and thereby supplying a valid

type for Orthalicus.]

The problem concerning the type of Orthalicus reduces itself

ultimately to the question whether Buccinum zehra Miiller, 1774,

is a recognizable species, and if so, what it is.

Buccinum zehra was described rather well by Miiller, consid-

ei-ing the times, and is recognizable as a member of the genus

Oxystyla. Some of the figures referred to by Miiller agree with

his diagnosis and others do not, as was so often the case with

Linnaeus and other old authors. He states that the specimens

oil which he based his description are in the Spenglerian Museum.

The first subsequent discussion of this name was given five

years later by Schroter (Geschichte der Flusseonch, 1779, pp.

:J25-326), who, using a specimen in his collection, described it

as possessing three spiral bands (as in Seba, pi. 39, figs. 50, 51.

which is 0. maracaihensis imitator Pilsbry). The flammulate

forms he subordinates as varieties. This is the reverse of the

arrangement of Miiller, who described the flammulate speci-

mens as the principal form, and the three-banded form as a

variety.

The next important discussion is by J. H. Chemnitz in 1786

(Syst. Conch. Cabinet, vol. 9, pt. 2, pp. 24, 25, pi. 118, figs.

1015-1016). He describes and figures a form resembling in

<'()loration the 0. maracaihensis Pfeiffer as figured by von

Martens in Binnenmoll. Venezuelas, p. 32, pi. 1, fig. 7. This fits

the original description of Miiller, and, moreover, in the fore-

» By some confusion in noting tlio dates, I gave priority to Gray in Man.

Conch. XII.

July, 1945] THE NAUTILUS 31

word Chemnitz says : Ich liess es mir einen ganzen Ernst seyn,

die ansehnliehe Sammlung derselben [land and fresh- water

shells], die sich im Spenglerischen Cabinette befindet, dureh die

Beyhiilfe dieses edelmiithigen Freundes und Gonners besser

kennen zu lernen" (pp. XXII-XXIII). "We see therefore that

Chemnitz studied the Spengler collection w^hich was in his na-

tive city, and thus must have been acquainted with this Buc-

cinum zebra of Miiller, although he used a specimen from his

own collection for his figure. We may therefore consider

Chemnitz as fixing this species. And the species he figures is

closest to Oxysiyla maracaih ensis Pfeiffer. 0. undata Bruguiere

has a white basal zone which is not noticeable in the Chemnitzian

figure, and O. undata jamai-censis has in addition to the basal

zone much lighter parietal coloring.

The Mexican and Central American forms can, I believe, be

eliminated from consideration on the basis that this fauna was

unknown at that time. Not one of the very numerous and often

striking mollusks that make up the land and fresh-water fauna

of Mexico and Central America was described earlier than 1819,

and this malacological fauna was not known before the explora-

tion of Humboldt and Bonpland (1803-04), Deppe (1824-

1837), Cuming (1827), Schiede (1828), and Say (1828).

On the other hand, the malacological fauna of northern South

America and the West Indies w^as well known in Linnean times,

and it is in these regions that I believe we must search for the

home of Miiller 's Buccinum zebra. And the species coming

closest to the description of Miiller, and the figure of Chemnitz

is what has been called Oxysiyla maracaib ensis Pfeiffer. We

must of course keep in mind the fact that the figures in these

early works are not always exact.

It is better, I think, whenever possible to fix an old name,

especially where we have a rather extended description, and a

figure based at least partly on a knowledge of the original speci-

men. A precedent which might later be abused, would be set

up if we regarded the species in question as a species dubium.

Buccinum zebra Miiller is therefore, in my opinion, the oldest

name for what has been called Oxysiyla maracaib ensis Pfeiffer.

The genus Orthalicus, with that species as type, will again be

used for the group now known as Oxysiyla.

32 THE NAUTILUS fVol. 59 (1)

THE WEST INDIAN FAUNA IN SOUTHERN

FLORIDA

By WILLIAM J. CLENCH

There have appeared rather recently a few papers dealing

with the mollusks of southern Florida. Several species have

been described as new which seem to be very close to or identi-

cal with certain rather widely distributed West Indian species.

It should be borne in mind that the southern tip of Florida

from Jupiter Inlet to Key "West contains a fauna which is com-

posed mainl}^ of "West Indian species. Carolinian species are

present as well, but they are in the minority.

Durinof the past fifteen or more years there has been consid-

erable collecting in this part of Florida, collecting done by many

experienced people, which has added much to our knowledge

of this area. Prior to this period the collecting was spasmodic

and many of the records were never published.

Johnson 's list ^ was a publication based mainly on the records

published prior to this later period. As a consequence, many

West Indian species are not included, even many of the common

forms. For this reason, this list of Johnson's does not by any

means present a complete record. At the time Mr. Johnson was

making up this report it was impossible for him to review the

many collections extant relative to this area for the added rec-

ords. His aim was to bring the names up to date and add to the

list such records as had been published.

In a figurative sense, South Florida has a finger in the West

Indian pie. A species found in South Florida and not recorded

in Johnson's list is not necessarily new by any means. In fact,

the real fun begins when j-ou have exhausted the species refer-

ences in Johnson's list. From then on you liave a wide field

of investigation through scattered literature, much of it old,

many items not accessible locally. The descriptions are brief

and when these are found, they have a series of secondary ref-

erences to i)iil)li('ati()iis still older. The shells are figured by

wood cuts, .soim'tinics liaud colored, that allow free play of the

imagination.

' Jolinson, V. W., 19.14, List of tlip Marine Molluaca of the Atlantic Coast

from Labrador to Texas. Proc. lioston 8oc. Nat. Hist., 40, no. 1, pp. 1-204.

July. l!»4r)] TllK NAI'TIU'S 33

A very ^reat deal of West Iiulian inatorial roachod Europe

during: the early days of deseribiii};. Trade witli these islands

and tlie Spanish main was extensive and shells easily eollected

l)y the loeal inhabitants found a ready sale to returning: mer-

chants, sailors and others who found an open market in Europe.

A cabinet of natural history specimens was considered as essen-

tial in a library as the books that lined the walls. Certain of

these cabinets became famous and the describers of that period

were called in or souirht out such collections to study and report

upon the novelties. Many of these shells were without a stated

locality and many of the localities pfiven are now known to be

incorrect.

Unquestionably there are many new species in Florida as well

as in the West Indies, but caution should be exercised before

considering: every Florida novelty as new to the literature, at

least until most of the standard manuals have been examined

with care and comparison made with the many species that are

known to exist in and about the islands to the south.

NOTES AND NEWS

Dates of the Nautilus. — Volume 58, no. 1, pp. 1-36, pi. 1,

was mailed Aujrust 17, 1944. No. 2, pp. 37-72, pi. 2, November

24, 1944. No. 3, pp. 73-108, pis. 3, 4, Feb. 19, 1945. No. 4, pp.

109-146, i-vi, pis. 5, 6, June 20, 1945.— H. B. B.

The Glade fires have been terrific this year. They are still

burning now (June 8) but mostly down to muck. The Trail has

been closed twice that I know of. There are very few open spaces

that have not been burnt over at least twice, all the way from

the big Lake [Okeechobee] to Cape Sable. Many small ham-

mocks have been burnt seriously, while the large ones fared bet-

ter. Royal Palm Hammock is badly charred, but the Long

Pine Key ridge is not as hopeless as some spots in Pinecrest and

Collier County. No one can estimate the damage to wild life,

but it must be far greater than ever before known. Combined

with the drought, shells have taken a terrific licking, and still

we have had only a couple of showers. In spite of the serious

destruction, I believe that plenty of rain will restore the flora. —

Ralph II. Humes, Coconut Grove, Florida.

34 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (1)

A Pliocene Pisidrjm. — In my paper on freshwater mollusks

of the Idaho formation at Hammett, Idaho (Journal of Palaeon-

tology, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 101-108, 1944), a new species of Pisi-

dium was described as P. exiguum Yen. I overlooked that the

name exiguum has been used by V. Sterki for a subspecies of

P. ahortivum (Annals of the Carneorie Museum, vol. 10, nos.

3-4, art. 16, p. 470, 1916). The preoccupied name for the Plio-

cene species from Idaho is consequently to be changed into

Pisidium woodringi, after Dr. W. P. Woodring of the U. S. Geo-

logical Survey, who kindly pointed out to me this homonym. —

Teng-Chien Yen.

Northern Limit of Dosinia Ponderosa. — Since the publica-

tion in 1921 of Bulletin 112 of the United States National Mu-

seum, in which Dall cited San Diego as the northern limit of the

present range of Dosinia ponderosa, that record has been re-

peated in numerous publications. Local collectors, however,

have not found recent specimens of D. ponderosa at or near San

Diego. Their misgivings concerning this matter are expressed

by Burch in his recently issued Distributional List. Dall's rec-

ord was evidently based on a right and a corresponding left

valve in the National Museum collection, labelled "San Diego

Bay" (catalog no. 123402). The catalog record reads "San

Diego Bay, Shepard, 1891." The valves are bleached, have no

ligament or epidermis, and some sand grains are attached to the

nymph. These specimens evidently are fossils and are presum-

ably from late Pleistocene deposits, in which this species is

known to occur at San Diego, as well as farther northwest at

Signal 1 1 ill (near Long Beach), the San Pedro district, and

Santa Monica. The northernmost Recent specimens in the Na-

tional Museum collection are from Scammon's Lagoon, Lower

California (off Sebastian Vizcaino Bay), 350 miles south of San

Diego. I have not, however, searched the literature for possible

records between Scammon's Lagoon and San Diego. — W. P.

Woodring.

Marquis de Gregorio's Claiborne Types. — A note was pub-

lished by the writer in Nautilus, vol. 50, No. 3, 1937, p. 100, on

the location of the types and figured specimens of the Eocene

species described by Antoine de Gregorio in " Monographic de

la fioeeniqur de I 'Alabama." Ann. Geol. Pal., 7 ct S liv., 1890.

,llll>. l!»4r)l THE KAl'TIIA'S 35

Tlu* iiiati'iial was in lO.'JT at the De (iici^orio liomf in Palermo.

Sicily. Such information was also included in the paper on

Claibornian Mollusca by the author (Bull. Amer. Paleont.. vol.

VII. Xo. J^2. lOin") under the discussion of the respective niollus-

eau species described by De (Tre<;orio. The late marcpiis' daup:h-

ter. Rosalia de Grejjorio, wrote us recently (May 3, 1945) that

all of the collections of shells that belonu:ed to her father had

been jriven to the University of Palermo. — Katiierixe V. W.

Palmer. Paleontologfical Research Institution, Ithaca, N. Y.

Ego Laving Process of Strombus pugilis alatus Gmelin, as

observed May 11, 1945, in Boca Ciega Bay at the foot of 31st

St., S.. St. Petersburg:. Pinellas County. Florida.— All the shells

were found on a bar of clean white sand, about 150 feet out from

high water mark. As the tide ebbed, exposing the bar, the shells

began to pop out of the sand, very much like Terebras on an

exposed bar. Of the 122 specimens examined there were only

7 laying eggs. These were partly buried in the sand, with the

lip of the shell exposed. The eggs emerged from the mollusk

imbedded in a continuous string of matter, about a millimeter

in diameter. This string piled up into a loose ball in the space

between the lip of the shell and the sand. Microscopic examina-

tion showed this egg-string to be composed of small grains of

white sand, agglutinated by an albuminous substance. As the

egg-string did not pass through the sand, the mollusk apparently

takes in the sand, and fabricates the egg-string around the eggs

as they emerge. The egg-string balls averaged about the size

of an English walnut, but one was about twice that bulk. — W. J.

Bower, St. Petersburg 5, Fla.

Tellixa oeorgiana Dall in Florida. — A few years ago the

writer procured a fine living example of this species near the

South Inlet in Lake Worth. The species was described by Dall

in 1900. He placed it under Eurytellina and the range was re-

ported as "Cape Ilatteras, North Carolina, southward to St.

Thomas, West Indies."

This species is not well known and a few notes may be help-

ful. The shape of the shell recalls the common Tcllina nitida

Poli from the Mediterranean. The surface has the same silk-

like sheen, the conccnti-ic growtli lines being similarly distinct.

36 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (1)

Our shell, however, has a pale flesh-colored ground with numer-

ous reddish radiating: color lines which sugforest Tellina radiata

Linne but are more numerous, extensive and finer than on that

shell.

Tellina georgiana will be figured in the revised and enlarged

edition of East Coast Marine Shells which is now in the hands

of the printers. — Maxwell Smith.

Valvata piscixalis (Miiller) in Lake Erie. — The occurrence

of this European species in the Great Lakes, first reported in

1898, was discussed by John Oughton in The Nautilus in 1938

(Vol. 52, Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 30 and 60). At that time it was re-

ported as abundant on the shores of Lake Ontario from Belle-

view to Port Dalhousie, with a single specimen from Lake Erie,

collected by Clifford L. Blakeslee at Pre.sque Isle. Dr. Oughton

suggested the Welland Canal as the route through which entry

may have been made.

That the species already is becoming established in Lake Erie

is confirmed by the finding of a specimen previously overlooked

in material which I collected in 1939 on the lake shore near

Angola in Erie County, New York. This material had been put

away without sorting until recently when I had occasion to look

it over and so made this interesting discovery. — Imogene C.

Robertson.

Southern Record for Hesperarion nioer. — Dr. W. Harry

Lange (Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci.. Vol. 43, Part 1, 1944. p. 33-

40) recently listed counties in which this slug has been found

giving it a distribution extending from Tehama County, Cali-

fornia, in the north, southward to Monterey County, Calif. On

a recent collecting trip with Mr. M. L. Walton a single adult

specimen of Hesperarion niger (Cooper) was collected in a

swampy meadow west of Poso Creek and about one-half mile

north of the Glenville- Woody road in northern Kern County,

which is approximately 35 miles northeast of Bakersfield, Calif.

It was taken from the under side of a log associated with Ilel-

minthoghiptn aUyni<ina kcrncnsis Berry. This establishes the

most southern as well as the most eastern record for //. yiigcr.

It is the first record of that species from cast of the San .Toainiiii

Valley. — Wk.n'DKLl O. (iReo<j.

The Nautilus

Vol. 59 October, 1945 No. 2

THREE NEW SPECIES FROM AN UPPER MIOCENE

OYSTER "REEF" IN TAMPA BAY

By JULIA GARDNER i

Plates 4, 5; text fig. 1

The Tertiary beds around Tampa Bay have been represented

in raineraIoj:;:ical and shell cabinets since the middle of the last

century. The beach rocks near Ballast Point, especially those

containing the silicified shells and corals, attracted the attention

of army officers stationed at old Fort Brooke at the head of

Tampa Bay. John H. Allen, a Lieutenant of Artillery in the

U. S. Army of Florida, reported at some leno-th in the America)!

Journal of Science, 1846, on the general character of the geol-

ogy of the western part of the Bay. Even in that year the silici-

fied organic masses were well known to collectors as the

"chalcedony from Tampa Bay." The so-called "Tampa Silex

beds" have been exhaustively studied by Dall and subsequent

investigators and have proved to be of lower Miocene age.

The upper ^Miocene and Pliocene deposits of the Tampa Bay

district were unrecognized until the Florida boom in real estate

in 1924-1926. Highly fossiliferous sands were uncovered in

developments directly east of Pinellas Park, St. Petersburg

(locality 2 on key map). A superb collection, probably syn-

chronous with the Caloosahatchie fauna, was assembled by Wil-

liam G. Fargo of St. Petersburg.

A third fauna apparently derived from an upper Miocene

oyster "reef" was dredged off the southeastern end of Snell

Island. According to Charles K. Locklin of St. Petersburg.

Snell Island was subdivided in 1925. The island was united

1 Published with the permission of the Director, Geological Survey, United

States Department of the Interior.

(37)

38

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 59 (2)

with the mainland, and the neck filled in with dredged sand and

clay. The dredge which excavated to a depth of 25 feet pene-

trated the "reef." The interstices between the closely packed

"reef" oysters and most of the interiors of the double valves are

1 Dredge holes penetrating Miocene

2 Fossiliferous Pliocene sends

Map of T;impa Bay and onvirons

filled with clear (ju.irtz saiul ami liofht ^'ray liincy clay. The

fauna recovered from llic "reef" includes a few species not

hitherto recorded. Tlio description of two oysters and a Pla-

cunanomia follows.

October, 1945] the nautilus 39

I'LAcrxANOMiA I'lNELLA (jiirdiicr, H. sp. Plate 4, fif^ures 1, 2,

5, 6.

Shell rather lar^re, commonly warped, subcircular to ovate;

dorsal area squarish. Outer margin broadly and regularly

tinted in some individuals; in others, as in the type, irregularly

^varped and rippled. Irregular radial or oblique surfieial thread-

ing developed over the entire shell but commonly rubbed off.

Cardinal crurae in right valve, elongate, sturdy, converging at

a small angle ; fitted into the corresponding depression in the left

valve ; lateral margins of depression much thickened ; armature

of left valve imperfectly preserved in all available material.

Scar of byssal plug di.stinet, vertically elongated, placed ventral

and slightly anterior to the cardinal crurae. Single adductor

scar very large, linguiform, the rounded ventral margin of the

scar reaching in some individuals three-fourths of the distance

from the dorsal margin to the base. Bys.sal scar indistinct.

Dimensions: Double valves; height, 77 millimeters; width, 72

millimeters; thickness, 31 millimeters.

LocaUty: Spoil bank from dredgings of upper Miocene in

Tampa Bay off Snell Island, St. Petersburg, Pinellas County,

Florida.

Holotype, paired valves: U. S. National Museum No. 559874.

Topotypes, 9 sets of paired valves and 6 single valves: U. S. Na-

tional Museum No. 559875.

Pldcunanomia pinella differs in the development of a secon-

dary radial threading from Placunanomia plicata Tuomey and

Holmes of the Duplin marl of the Carolines, Georgia, and

Florida. The more regular, worn shells are commonly difficult

to separate from the Duplin species.

OsTREA LOCKUNi Gardner, n. sp. Plate 4, figures 3, 4; Plate 5,

figures 1, 2.

Shell of medium size, broadly falcate, attached by only a small

area on the left umbone. Valves subequal, the right valve a

little smaller, more compressed and less strongly rippled than

the left. Anterior and ventral margins forming a broad arc,

the posterior lateral margin rather strongly concave. Marginal

folds deep, confined in some individuals to the outer arc, in other

individuals originating in the nnibonal area; average number

5 or 6. Concentric sculpture feeble, incremental only. Possibly

a crude radial cording may be developed, but only faint traces

40 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (2)

are discernible on the weathered surfaces. Ligament area small,

low, flattened, depressed medially in the left valve. Inner mar-

ginal denticulations very fine, extending along the inner pos-

terior lateral margin and at least a third of the way down the

inner surface of the anterior lateral and ventral margin. Mus-

cle scar relatively large, pyriform, posterior, distinct.

Dimensions: Height, right valve, 56 millimeters; left valve, 59

millimeters; width, right valve, 38 millimeters; left valve, 41

millimeters; thickness of double valves, excluding marginal

rippling, 16 millimeters; including marginal rippling, 21 milli-

meters.

Locality: Spoil bank from dredgings of upper Miocene in

Tampa Bay off Snell Island, St. Petersburg, Pinellas County,

Florida.

Holotype, paired valves: U. S. National Museum No. 559870.

Toyotypes, 5 sets of paired valves and 4 single valves: U. S. Na-

tional Museum No. 559871.

Paired valves of the related Ostrea sculpturata Conrad are

common in the same dredgings. The right and left valves of

0. sculpturata are less similar to each other in size, outline, and

sculpture pattern than those of 0. locMini. The fluted crescent

outline is exceptional in 0. sculpticrata, but is the normal form

of 0. locklini. The plications in 0. sculpturata commonly num-

ber at least twice those of Ostrea locklini and are consequently

narrower and sharper and usually originate nearer to the tips

of the umbones.

Ostrea locklini has not been recognized in the outcrop.

The species is named in honor of the donor, ]\Ir. Charles R.

Locklin.

Ostrea coxi Gardner, n. sp. Plate 5, figures 3-6.

Shell of medium size, trigono-falcate. Right valve much

smaller than the left, flattened and sculptured only with con-

centric laminae. Left valve also compressed but not so n\uch

so as the right; seuptured with conccMitric laminae and with

radial lirae; laminae worn down on all individuals but, in fresh

specimens, probably free-edged and ruffled, as in Ostrea dis-

parilis; radial liration irregular, strongest near the beak, re-

stricted to the left valve. Beaks very narrow, iiroduced and

bent strongly backward. Ligament gi-oove also very narrow,

elongated parallel to the anterior dor.sal margin. Posterior

!•: XA I 'I'll. IS .-)!) (2)

I'l.ATi-: I

TllK XAI'TTLrS 59 (2)

PLATE 5

October. 1945] thk nautilus 41

tli)rsal niHrjiiii thiekcMiocl and denticulate in tlie ri^'ht valve and,

in l)t)th rij;ht and left valves, denticulate alonj; the anterior

marufin almost halfway down to the base. Sin<,de muscle sear

obli(|uely pyriform, the narro\V(>d posterior jiortion directed

hackwartl.

Dimoisions: nei<rht, ri^dit valve, UO millimeters; left valve, 71

millimeters; width, rifjht valve, 53 millimeters; left valve, 68

millimeters; thickness of double valves (worn) : 16.5 millimeters.

Locality: Spoil bank from dredj^injxs of upper jMioccne in

Tampa Bay off Snell Island, St. Petersburg, Pinellas County,

Florida.

Holotype, paired valves: U. S. National Museum No. 55!)872.

Topotypcs, 6 sets of paired valves and one single right valve :

U. S. National Museum No. 559873.

Ostrca coxi is remarkable for the very narrow curved beaks

and the discrepancy between the two valves. The sculpture

pattern of both the right and the left valves is similar to that of

Ostrca disparilis Conrad with which it is associated, but the out-

line of the dorsal half of the shell is distinct from the usual oval

outline of 0. disparilis.

The species is named in honor of Mr. George H. Cox, who sub-

mitted the first examples of this remarkable species.

Plate Descriptions

Plate 4

Figures 1, 2. Placunanomia pinclla Gardner, n. sp. 1, In-

terior of right valve. X 5/6. 2, Interior of left valve. X 5/6.

Figures 3, 4. Ostrca locklini Gardner, n. .sp. 3, Exterior of

left valve. X 5/6. 4, Interior of left valve. X 5/6.

Figures 5, 6. Placunanomia pinclla Gardner, n. sp. 5, Ex-

terior of left valve. X 5/6. 6, Interior of left valve. X 5/6.

Plate 5

Figures 1, 2. Ostrca locklini Gardner, n. sp. 1, Interior of

right valve. X 1. 2, Exterior of right valve. X 1.

Figures 3-6. Ostrca coxi Gardner, n. sp. 3, Exterior of left

valve. X 1. 4, Exterior of right valve. X 1. 5, Interior of

riglit valve. X 1. 6, Interior of left valve. X 1.

42 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (2)

NIGHT COLLECTING

By BLENN R. bales, M.D.

The long chain of islands extending from the tip of the Florida

mainland all the Avay to Key West, a distance of one hundred

and twenty-five miles, is well known as the Florida Keys and

their number is legion. The name comes from the Spanish cayo

which means island. The very name of Key "West is a corrup-

tion of the Spanish "Cayo Hueso" which means Bone Island.

Relics of Spanish occupation still persist in the names of Key

Vaca, Key Largo, Boca Chica and Bahia Honda Keys.

The ancient geographers must have been hard put to find

names for all of them, for we have Big Pine Key and Little Pine

Key; Duck Key and Little Duck Key; Grass Key and Grass}'

Key; Sand Key, Sandy Key and Sand Island; Molasses Key,

Sugar Loaf Kej', Knock-em-down Key, Sombrero Key and

finally, when they apparently ran out of names. No Name Key.

The region has been a Mecca for shell collectors for genera-

tions past and is now readily accessible over a fine highway.

One may drive to good collecting regions, park his car, and

within five minutes be picking up good specimens of shells. Nor

need he confine his activities to any one locality, for he can

change his collecting grounds (or waters) daily.

In places the warm, tropical waters lie witliin a few feet of

the road and in many places a person may stand in the road and

toss a pebble into the Gulf of Mexico on one side or into the At-

lantic Ocean on the other. One would think that every known

species of shell indigenous to this region had been found, but

there has not been a year for the past five years but what at

least one shell, never before known to science, has been brought

to light. New methods of collecting or improvements on older

ones are accountabh* for this. One of these is hunting molhisks

by the use of a gasoline lantern. Some dark night what might

appear to be a watery will-o'-the-wisp, or Diogenes searching

for an honest man, is likely to be one of tin? shell fraternity

hunting specimens. The intense white light produced by the

asbestos mantle of a good gasoline lantern illuminates the water

to such an extent that every object is as clearly .seen as by day-

liirht.

October, 1945] the nautilus 43

Of course it is necessary that the tide be low and there be verj'

little wind to ruffle the surface of the water. Tide and atmos-

pheric conditions are the eontrolliu}^ factors, and frequently a

month or two may pass before conditions are just rip:ht, but

when this does occur, a whole new world is opened to the vision.

The sea bottom is a wonderful moving panorama. Ki<>:ht at

your feet is a long spotted moray, a vicious creature under nor-

mal conditions, but it slowly wrijrjjles its slimy eel-like body in

and about the heavy growth of the sea bottom and pays not the

slightest attention to you as it seeks its supper.

Small fishes are attracted and swim about endlessly within the

circle of light as if fascinated by its brilliancy. A barracuda,

tiger of the sea, splashes just beyond your vision. The sea floor,

gorgeous with brilliant plant and animal life, is as colorful as a

flower garden. Amidst such beautiful and unusual surround-

ings, it is no wonder that the shell collector forgets the purpose

of his quest, and he frequently pauses in his search for mollusks

to admire the marine flower garden.

Many mollusks are nocturnal, and species that are considered

rare when collecting by daylight almost swarm about at night,

crawling among the clumps of coral or over the thick marine

growth. Such proved to be the case with Marginella carnea, a

beautiful red mollusk. The usual winter's take hardly ever ex-

ceeded a half dozen specimens, but the first time we collected

at night, more than a hundred were secured. We found that,

like the shell, the body of the mollusk was red also and beauti-

fully marked. We also found that it took quick action to se-

cure them. Upon the slightest provocation, the mollusk would

quickly drop, and to find it among the thick undergrowth was

no easy task and very few that dropped were ever found. The

red body was retracted into the shell which is white on the bot-

tom and matched the white sand perfectly.

Collecting at night is an eerie and weird sort of thing, for as

the collector moves away from the shore, he gradually moves

from the sight of any particular object he might use as a land-

mark. Soon no shore is visible and he is in a new world, un-

familiar and a little ghostly. He is just as likely to wade right

out to sea as toward the shore, having nothing to guide him.

Xo familiar object presents itself to view. All this is obviated if

44 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (2)

he has the presence of mind to set up some bright object on the

shore, such as an old tin can atop a stick. The light of the lan-

tern is reflected from this and acts as a beacon. Light reflected

from the windshield of an automobile may be seen, like a neon

sign, for more than half a mile.

Just as terrestrial animals seek their food in the early morning

hours, we found that many marine mollusks do a great part of

their feeding early in the evening. When low tide came later

than midnight, much molluscan activity had subsided.

"With the possible exception of diving, equipped with water

goggles or descending deeper with head helmet, where the water

denizens look you right in the eye, hunting mollusks at night is

the most thrilling and unearthly manner in which to collect shells.

THE CEPAEA NEMORALIS OF BRIGHTON, MONROE

COUNTY, NEW YORK

By C. L. BLAKESLEE

On a warm morning during the middle of last July I happened

to call on a friend who lives some distance from my home and

was enthusiastically greeted with "You are just the person I

want to see." Inquiring why, I was told that he had a snail

that he had been saving for some time for me. He directed me

to his garage where I found a paper bag containing the mollusk.

Peeling intuitively that it would prove to be uncommon I eagerly

opened the bag and peered into it to discover a beautiful bright

yellow specimen of Cepaea nemoralis. Inquiry revealed that

a neighbor's wee daughter, while on a visit to the home of a

friend, had noticed this snail crawling on a tree and remember-

ing that her neighbor had a friend who wanted snails she im-

mediately captured it and confined it in the bag.

Having no knowledge of the establi.shment of this species in

the viriiiity I insisted on meeting the fiiuler at once but my

friend pointed out tliat obviously the mother and her daughter

were taking a siestji. judging by the haze of serenity that en-

veloped their house, and that it behooved me to go away for

a wliile until the child and mother had had their customary rest.

Considering the im|)()r1ance of Iho find (to me) I could see no

Oi'tobor, 1045] the nautilus 45

point in his ar^'ument bnt lie was rcsohitc and I was ohli^'cd lo

yiold to his cK'inaiuls. A i-onph* of hours later I rcturnod and I

was rewarded with the eoveted interview with tlie mother and

the embryo shell collector. The pfirl's bashfulness acted as a

deterrent to obtaininj:: any coherent information until a deserved

gift stimulated an outpouring of directions that necessitated

considerable unraveling and interpreting by the mother. The

site was found to be in a somewhat newly populated district that

this collector, always on the lookout for mollusks, had passed

through many times without a suspicion that it was sustaining

a large colony of Cepaca iiemoralis.

The site is in the village of Brighton, a suburb of Rochester,

New York, and is in the vicinity of a center known as the Twelve

Corners. It occupies an area no less than four miles long and

two miles wide and is bisected by an improved arterial highway

from which improved streets branch in both directions. There

are few houses along the main highway but many new homes

clu.ster along the laterals. The soil is uniformly clay, with no

stratified rock visible, is of glacial origin and reflects the ero-

sion of the Medina shales and sandstones and an amount of

Queenston .shale that are exposed along the south shore of Lake

Ontario some twenty miles to the north and northeast. Many

years ago a brick works operated over the site and the whole

area was stripped of workable brick clay. In vegetation it sup-

ports mature elms, poplars and maples along the street curbings,

and over the collecting area can be found scrub elm, wild cherry

and apple, young poplar, w^illow and the plants of milkweed,

goldenrod, asters, dandelion, teazel, thistle, low growing plants

not recognized, coarse grass and a matting of dead weed stems

and gra.ss. The soil is inclined to be damp. Snails were feeding

and estivating on all these species of vegetation except the

cherry and a few cedars. They also clustered in cool spots

under the matting of dead material.

At the time of the first visit in July the atmo.sphcre contained

considerable humidity and a thunderstorm was complaining in

the west. The ground was damp and the sun was hot. Snails

were everywhere in profusion. One vacant lot yielded nearly

three hundred in twenty minutes from a space thirty by twenty

feet. The creatures were on the weeds in abundance, in the

46 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (2)

coarse grass and along the trunks and the branches of the trees

to a height, in some instances, of over twenty feet. A large

swarm was estivating in the sun on a section of the curbing, with

a southern exposure, along the main highway.

The shells are multicolored, ranging from banded varieties

on white or a gray white background to solid colors of yellow,

brown and tan and their tints. Shells in all stages of growth

were available. It might here be noted that apparently the dif-

ferent colorations are not determined by the organic elements

of the soil, as the banded varieties were found on the same vege-

tation in the same sites as were the solid colors. However, of

four plots, separated from each other only by the improved

roadways and walks, it was found that one yielded a much higher

percentage of banded shells than did either of the other three.

And one of the plots was very low in its percentage. Inasmuch

as soil, vegetation, sunlight and surface conditions were almost

identical in the four plots, no satisfactory explanation can be

offered here to account for the disparity in percentages. Ac-

cording to a neighborhood resident, the plot of low percentage

of banded shells is frequently visited by individuals who collect

the snails for food. One might conjecture that the shortage of

the banded varieties in this plot could be due to a preference of

the individuals mentioned for snails of that particular coloration.

A number of visits were paid the colony in September. On

cool days few snails were in evidence, yet on one visit, after a

night's rain, with the thermometer down to thirty-eight, snails

were found estivating on everything but the cedars and cherries

in great numbers. Many snails, at this time, had reached ma-

turity and many fine, large shells were obtained.

An attempt was made to ascertain how and when the colony

originated, by interviewing the residents of the oldest houses in

the area. It was found that though the houses were aged the

residents were comparative newcomers with one exception — an

Italian family whose house stood in the center of density of

population of the colony area. The owner "thought" the snails

had been there as long as he had, twenty years, but disclaimed

any knowledge of how they got there.

From information obtained from Dr. Pilsbry, Ccpaea nemo-

ralis has been found in the following established colonies east of

October, 1945] the nautilus 47

tho Mississippi. Ontario: Owon Sound and Meaford on south-

orn (Jeor<ria Ray. Ma.s.saehusetts: Marion; 0. L. Archer estate,

Steyson Road; Norwell, Plymouth County (phnited from the

Marion colony). New York: Tionir Island at Fl»isliin<r (lf)06)

and A.storia; Lloyd's Neck (extinct before 1894). New Jersey:

Burlinprton. Kentuckj': Lexinjjton. Tennessee : Knoxville. Vir-

{jinia : Hot Sprinprs. "Warm Sj^rinjifs. Lyncliburjr and Staunton.

In addition to the above there is the recently discovered

Brifrhton colony. Furthermore, Mrs. Margaret Teare, of the

Concholoprical Section of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences,

has generously supplied its members with excellent banded speci-

mens collected at Southampton, Lake Huron, Ontario. Pre-

sumably other colonies of more or less importance are in exist-

ence.

RHODE ISLAND IS INVADED

Bt ELLEN G. MATTESON

Some time in July of this year a colony of Cepaea nemoralis

appeared in Norwood, R. I., from where no one knows. A resi-

dent of Norwood took one of the snails in to the newsroom of

the Providence Journal where it was received with curiositj'^ and

some skepticism. The fact that snails had been found in trees

was almost too much to believe. I quote from an article printed

in the Journal: "There was brought to the newsroom the curi-

osity of the mouth if not the year — a snail which climbs trees to

partake of the leaves. The curiosity was all the more curious

because Rhode Island is a maritime State whose shores are lit-

tered with millions if not billions of marine snails of different

kinds, and these have come to be popularly accepted as the only

local varieties." The reporter went on to tell of consulting the

Encyclopedia Britannica, and the curator of the Roger Williams

Park Museum. From both sources he learned that snails really

do climb trees.

Shell collecting is my hobby and I am interested in the mol-

lusk, too, so naturally I wanted to add some of these to my col-

lection. Norwood is about three miles from Providence and

seven from my home, making it not too distant to go "shelling."

48 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (2)

The snails had invaded the gardens and Avere in the elm trees

and shrubbery beside the road. The place where I did my col-

lecting was, around thirty years ago, the site of a Home Nursery.

No one can recall having seen snails of this kind here so it is

possible that eggs were deposited on the nursery plants and so

the colony gradually developed. Anj^waj', the weeds (especially

milkweed), trees and shrubs were covered. This was in August

when the snails were feeding and lively.

The shells are very attractive. Some are pink and some yel-

low, but all are spirally banded. On some the bands are so wide

as to make the shell itself seem to be of a dark color.

In September I again went for more snails and this time found

them on the ground under the clover and dandelion plants. A

very few were still on the trees and weeds. I had noticed that

some of the adult shells were eroded so I checked and found that

about twenty per cent were in some stage of erosion.

A hundred have been released in various trees in my yard so

that I may learn more about them. When placed on the tree

trunk they immediately started for the top. A few that I

gathered in August have been kept, as pets, in a glass bowl.

They are most interesting to watch. They show their preference

for milkweed and lettuce, leaving spinach and cabbage leaves

untouched. One day I placed in the bow^l several quahog shells

from which the muscle had not been removed. The muscle was

promptly cleaned out and the outside of the shell polished. I

have since discovered that a deceased member means a party

with everyone there for a feast.

It seemed to me that enough publicity had not been given to

the nemoralis so I contacted the editor of the Providonco Sun-

day Journal. He felt as I did, so he came to my home bringing

a photographer with him. A recent edition of that iKijior fea-

tured the snails witli pictures of them in their bowl and crawling

on my hand.

This morning, October 4th, 1 found some of my nemoralis

decending tlie trees. Several were on the grass. I intend to

watch them this fall and winter to discover, if possible, where

they go during cold weather. I hope by another year to know

more about these little visitors to Khode Island.

October. 1945] the nautius 49

MESODON APPRESSUS (SAY) AT JAMESTOWN.

VIRGINIA

By ANNE GRAY HACKNEY

Early in May, 1945, I eolleoted a liviii;^ spoeinuMi of Mcsodon

appresstis (Say) in the ivy which arrows in the old pravoyard at

Jamestown, Virfxinia, the site of the first permanent Enprlish

settlement in America. Six dead specimens were fonnd a few

yards away, in the hollow trunk of an old tree. Later, another

livinfj specimen was found under an old loj? on a woody slope

at Carter's Grove, aLso on the James Kiver and about ten miles

south of Jamestown.

All of the shells are quite small, measurijig from 13 to 14 mm.

in diameter. Compared with appressus from other localities,

they agree with Dr. Pilsbry's description of the Bermuda form

sa7icta{ieorgiensis "Prime" Verrill; the lip being noticeably

wider, in comparison to the size, than in typical appressus.

In "Land Mollusca of North America" (Part 1, Vol. 2, 1940;

pp. 752-753), Dr. Pilsbry states: "... The small shells about

14 mm. diameter, taken at the Natural Bridge, Virginia, by

Clench, Archer and Rehder, are also similar [to sanctageorgicn-

sis]. Probably the Bermuda colony was accidentally trans-

planted from somewhere in Virginia, in colonial times."

He also reports (p. 751; footnote 1) that "Mr. Vanatta picked

up a small dead specimen of appressus on the Chester River,

opposite Chesterton, Queen Anne Co., Maryland."

If all of these are form sancta/jeorgicnsis, and in nn- opin-

ion it seems quite likely that they are (note that Mr. Vanatta 's

specimen was "small" and well out of the given range of ap-

pressus), they were probably introduced from Bermuda to

Jamestown at an early date, with some sort of cargo, and have

since spread, or been carried, to other places.

Natural Bridge is much farther west, but it is on the James

River, and they may well have been carried in some manner

along this waterway and introduced there from Jamestown.

Chesterton is close by the Chesapeake Bay, which the colonists

used extensively in trading and travelling.

The Jamestown specimens may explain the presence of satic-

iagcorgiensis in this country. Perhaps more thorough collect-

50 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (2)

ing will disclose that it has become well established in this sec-

tion of the Coastal Plain.

A NOTE ON THE BOLTEN CATALOGUE

By HAEALD a. EEHDER

The controversy over the catalogue of the Bolten collection has

to a large extent abated, and though some may have (luestioned

the wisdom of its resurrection and the validification of its no-

menclatorial availability, its names are now quite generally ac-

cepted and in extensive use. Two criticisms that are brought

against it from time to time are that we do not know the exact

date of publication, and that it was not validly published, since

so few copies are in existence.

My only reason for publishing the following communication is

to put on record some data which may clarify the status of this

catalogue. It is timely in view of the recent paper by R. Winck-

worth on the types of the Boltenian genera (Proc. Malac. Soc.

London, vol. 26, pts. 4 and 5, July 25, 1945, pp. 136-148). It

also contains the answer to his query in the second footnote on

page 136.

In the issue of January 16, 1799, of the Intelligenzblatt der

Allgemeinen Literatur-Zeitung, in columns 39^0, the following

notice appears, which I am giving verbatim for the sake of com-

pleteness :

III, Naturalien so zu verkaufen

Unter dem Nachlass des Hrn. Bolten, weiland ersten Phj'sieus

in Hamburg, befiudet sich, ausser andern grossen Schiitzen von

Natursoltenlieiten, eine sehr vollstaiidige Sammluiig von Con-

chylion. Es enthiilt dieselbe gegeu 7000 Stiick cinschalige

ScliMcckon, und an 1300 zwey und vielscliaalige Muscheln. Sie

Kind iiisgosamt auf das sorgfiiltigste erhalten, und von See-

sehmutz gereinigt. Der seel. Hr. Besitzer hat dieselbe, nach

seinem oigenen, auf das scharfsinnigste ausgearbeiteten System

goordnet. Die Erbon desselben haben dureh den Urn. Pro-

fe.'NSor, nunmchrigcii (JciKM-al-Suj^oriiitondentiMi Liclitenstein, wie

aiicb (lurch den Hni. iJi'xliug lsic|, das Handschriftlicli vor-

haiidcnc, geiiaiic N'cr/.cicbuiss, in welcluMn die grossentlicils unter

ncucii, wohl rrt'iiiKlcMCM Nameii, aufgeziihlten B<)ltonf>chen

(.lattiingen beybchalteu siud, naehsohen, auch die Arten und

October, 1945] the nautilus 51

Aburtoii mit den nothij^on ISynonymen, nadi tier KUeu Ausfjabe

lies Linneisc'heu Natursystems, und mit Xai-liwi'isuuf? auf die

neuesten und prachtifjsteu conehyliok)t:isc'lK'ii Kupferwerke

versohon. und alsdann jones dcm Druckc iib(M-<;eb('n lasson. Es

wiiro I'iir das Besto tier Xatur<,'osc'hichte zu wiinschcn, dass dieses

unjrlaublieh vollstiindifre Kabinet, darinii dor Kenner nicht

«j:leieh eine bis jetzt bekannte Conehylie vermisson w'wd, seiner

\'ullstiindij::keit halber, bey einander bleiben, und in die lliinde

oines systematiselien Kunstkeuners jjerathen niuehte. JJaher ist

denn auch die Familie entschlossen, diese Saramlung nicht zu

vereinzeln, sondern im Ganzen zu verkaufen.

Auswiirtifre Liebhaber kiinnen sich deshalb in postfreyen

Briefen an den Buchhiindler Iln. Bohn und Iln. P. J. Rodinf?

beym Neuenkrahn No. 42, melden, daselbst iiber alles niihere

Auskunft, wie auch das Verzeichniss fiir 6 ss. erhalten.

Noch dienet zur Nachricht, dass, obgleieh auf dem Titel des

Verzeichnisses — 2ter Theil — steht, es dennoch nicht unvollstan-

dig ist. Den das Verzeichniss der (schon im ganzen verkauften)

Spirituosen u. s. w. machte den Isten Theil aus.

A free but faithful translation of this notice follows :

Among the estate of Mr. Bolten, late leading physician in Ham-

burg, there is, besides other great treasures of natural history

varieties, a very complete collection of mollusks. It contains

nearly 7000 specimens of univalves and about 1300 bivalves and

multivalves. All are in the best condition, and free from in-

crustations. The worthy owner arranged the same according

to his own system, most carefully worked out. His heirs have

had his careful handwritten list, in which the Boltenian genera

are arranged, largely with new well-founded names, gone over

by Professor, now Superintendent-general, Lichteustein, as well

as by Mr. Boding [= Roding], who have added to the species and

subspecies the necessary synonyms, according to the 13th edition

of the Linnean System, together with references to the newest

and most elegant illustrated conchological works, and they have

then had it [the list] printed. It would for the sake of natural

history be most desirable if this unbelievably complete collection,

in which the connoisseur will not immediately find lacking a

single hitherto described species, remained intact because of its

completeness, and come into the possession of a scientific scholar.

Therefore, the family is resolved not to break up this collection

but to sell it as a whole.

Amateurs outside of the city may communicate in post-free

letters with the book dealers, Mr. Bohn and ^Mr. P. J. I^iding at

Neuenkrahn No. 42, concerning details of the same, as well as to

receive the list for 6 shillings.

52 THE NALTILUS [Vol. 59 (2)

It may further be remarked that although "2nd part'' is

printed on the title page of the list, it is nevertheless not incom-

plete. For the list of the preserved specimens, etc. (already

sold) comprised the first part.

From this we see that the catalogue was already in print by

Januarj' 16, 1799, and hence was probably published late in the

year 1798, or at the latest during the first half of January. 1799.

at least five months before the appearance in May-»June of

Lamarck's Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification in the Me-

moires de la Societe d'Histoire nuturclle de Paris.

"We also observe that it fulfils the principal conditions of pub-

lication, for it was offered for sale to the general public through

the medium of a widely read journal. When we consider the

labor of adding references from Gmelin and other conchological

works to the Boltenian names, we may conjecture that Roeding

regarded this catalogue as more than a checklist to be used and

then discarded.

It may be emphasized here again that the names proposed in

this work should, according to the International Rules, be cred-

ited to Roeding, as Bolton furnished the names only, and not the

"name and (italics mine) its indication, definition or descrip-

tion" (last part of Article 21, International Rules of Zoological

Nomenclature).

'•CYCLOSTREMATIDAE" AND VITRINELLIDAE OF

FLORIDA. II

By HEN'RY a. PILSBRY and THOMAS L. MolilNTY

Cyclostrema Marryatt

Cyclostrema Marr>-att, 181S, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 12: 338.

This genus was based upon C. cancellata Marryatt, who said:

"I found this beautiful little shell among a collection of chiefly

West Indian shells." The size was not stated,^ but the figures

measure 12.5 mm. diameter. They are apparently of natural

« Marrvatt'n brief descriptions of genus and species follow: " Cj/clvstrema.

Teata dcpressa, perspective unibilicata; apcrtura circularis. C. cancellata.

C testa alba, lineis longitudinalibos et transversis elevatis decussantibus,

inde cancellata. Habitat. . . . Apertura labiis cancellatis, cancellis trans-

Teraim striatus. ' '

Oc'tobor, 1945] the nautilus 53

size. No hitor antlior appears to have identified C. cancellata

correctly; the type specimen has apparently been lost; but the

species seems to have been found ajjain, and curiously enough

described in 1839 under the same specific name. As E. A.

Smith wrote: "Kiener's Delphinula canccUaia (Icon. Coquilles

vivantes. p. 10, pi. iv, fig. \Q)= kirncri Phil, is, I consider.

Marryatt 's species. ' '

Enlarged photographic copies of Marryatt 's figures of Cyclos-

Ircma canccUata (Plate 6, fig. 10) and of Kiener's Delphinula

canccUaia (PI. 6, fig. 11) are given here. Kiener gave the size

as "long. 3 lig., larg, 5 lig.," that is, about 7.75 X 12.25 mm.

His locality was vague, "Mers de I'lnde."

E. A. Smith was a mau of sound judgment in matters of spe-

cific discrimination, and we agree with him that the species of

Marryatt and Kiener are probably identical, or at lea.st closely

allied. The figures of these species show- a shell having several

spiral cords crossed by stronger axial ribs which over-ride the

spirals. These characters and the size — over 12 mm. diameter

— are not unlike some East Indian species of Lioiia (in the wide

sense). The resemblance of C. cancellata to this rhipidoglossate

group seems to be greater than its likeness to the very small or

minute shells commonly referred to Cyclostrema, one of which

K. M. White has shown to be taenioglossate. However, as we

have not seen the species of Marryatt or of Kiener, we merely

.suggest that the characters of Cyclostrema still call for investi-

gation.

After the above estimate was ^vritten (and in fact in type)

we looked further into the history of Cyclostrema, and found

that our opinion of its affinities had been anticipated by Iredale,

who noted the resemblance to Liotina as long ago as 1915 (Trans.

New Zealand In.stitute, 47: 440), and criticized its use for the

minute snails usually called Cyclostrema.

Ball (Bull. 37:166) reported "C. cancellatiim Jeffreys" ^^

- On application to the U. S. National Museum for information on Dall 's

species, Dr. Harald A. Rehder very kindly investigated the matter, inform-

ing us that in Ball's working copy of Bulletin 37 there is a note stating

that C. cancellata Jeffreys = Fefulonio jeffreysi Dall (Nautilus 27:86,

87), the species having originally been named Trochus cancellatus Jeffreys,

which was a homonym. Vetulonia was considered by Dall to belong to the

Trochidae.

54 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (2)

from Georgia and southward; and being unable to trace any

C. cancellatum in Jeffrey's writings, Johnson (List, 1934, p. 74),

who copied all these names from Dall, changed it to "C. can-

cellata Marryatt," which is an entirely different thing. Cf.

also, Katherine J. Bush 1897, Trans. Conn. Acad. 10: 97-99, for

notes on various species which have been confused with C. can-

cellata and other information. Also Kathleen M. White, 1942,

Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond. 25 : 89.

At all events, nothing agreeing at all closely with the type of

Cyclostrema has yet been found in Florida or adjacent seas, or on

the West Coast of the Americas. Cyclostrema possibly may still

cause discord in the Liotia family, but it fades out of the Florida

picture.

Parviturbo, new genus

The very small shell is solid, perforate or narrowly umbilicate,

turbinate or globose-conic, of few strongly convex whorls, with

one to two smooth nuclear whorls, the rest sculptured with sub-

equal spiral ridges, the intervals crossed by axial threads. Aper-

ture rounded, the concave columella somewhat thickened. Oper-

culum thin, corneous and multispiral. The living animal has

a rather long narrow foot, expanding in narrow auricles in front,

bearing three pairs of long, ciliated epipodial cirri and a much

shorter pair forward. Tentacles tapering, ciliated. Kadula

rhipidoglossate. Type P. rehderi, n. sp.

This group of Florida, the West Indies and the Panamic prov-

ince will probably prove to be rather numerous in species.

Cyclostrema turhinum Dall, from off Havana in 80 fms., and

C. (jranulum Dall, Samana Bay, Santo Domingo, apparently

belong here. Parviturbo needs comparison with the Mediter-

ranean genus Pscudorhis Monterosato (1884, Nomencl. Gen. e

Specif. Conch. Medit., p. 109), founded on Fossarus granidum

Brugnone (1873, Miscellanea Malac. 1: 13, fig. 25), of which the

animal and operculum are unknown, and the shell lacks inter-

stitial cros.s-threads. Tlie living animal and the radula of

Parviiurho will bo illustrated in a future paper.

Parviturbo hkiidkui, new sj)0('ios. riatc G, lig. 8

The shell is solid, white, subglobose with conic spire, rather

narrow umbilicus, and seven strong subequal spiral carinae.

October, 1945] the nautilus 55

There are 4 stronpfly convex whorls witli deep suture, the Kmooth

nucleus of sli<rhtly more than one hi^'h whorl, luirrowly rounded

at summit ; followin*; whorl stron<^ly anpjular, with some low

weak spirals below the anfjle. Last whorl has seven strong

spirals, the upper one with rather wide intervals above and be-

low it, the rest with intervals about e(|ual in width to the spiral

ridges. The intervals are crossed by low, well spaced axial

threads, which continue weakly on the slopes of the rid^'es but

not over their summits. The round aperture is sli}j:htly angular

above. Peristome rather thick. Columella somewhat thickened,

rounded, the parietal callus moderate. Diameter 1.7 mm., height

1.6 mm.

North Inlet of Lake Worth, Palm Beach, under rocks (T. L.

McGinty, 7-7- '45), type 181312 A.N.S.P.; paratypes in Weber

and McGinty collections. Also Fisher Island, Biscayne Bay

(McGinty & J. A. Weber) . Ft. Myers Beach (Weber, 5-14- '44) .

Characterized by the strength and small number of subequal

spiral ridges or carinae. " Cyclostrema" granuluyn Dall (1889,

Blake Rep., Gastropoda, M. C. Z. Bull. 18 : 395, from Samana

Bay, Santo Domingo) has more numerous spirals, the lower ones

smaller, and it is relatively higher. For comparison we figure

(Plate 6, figs. 3, 3a) the type of C. granulum kindly lent by Dr.

Bartsch, of the U. S. National Museum.

Named for Dr. Ilarald A. Ilehder of the National Museum.

Parviturbo weberi, new species. Plate 6, fig. 1

The shell is solid, turbinate, with rather high spire and narrow-

umbilicus; last whorl encircled by seven subequal cords, and

one smaller within the umbilicus. Whorls 434, strongly convex,

with deeply impressed suture. First two whorls are smooth.

The penult whorl has four low spiral cords; the last whorl has

seven strong spiral cords (and sometimes an eighth one, short,

within the margin of the umbilicus). The cords are about as

wide as their intervals, the upper two spirals rather strongly

nodulose where they are crossed by very low axial ribs radiating

from the suture. These axial ribs are obsolete in the peripheral

region, but reappear weakly at the base, where one or two lower

spirals are weakly nodulose. The intervals between spiral cords

are crossed by fine, closely and evenly spaced axial threads. The

umbilicus is narrow, smooth within, bounded by the eighth

spiral cord. The aperture is slightly oblique, circular; the thick

peristome is scalloped by the .spiral cords. Parietal callus thick.

Diameter 1.7 mm., height 1.75 mm. (off Cape Florida).

Diameter 1.6 mm., height 1.65 mm. (Fort Myers Beach).

56 THE KAl-TILUS [Vol. 59 (2)

One and one-half miles off Cape Florida, in 70 feet (J. A.

Weber). Type 181313 A.N.S.P.; paratypes in Weber and Mc-

Ginty collections. Also in shell sand, Fisher Island, near ]\Iiami

(J. A. Weber, March 1945). Loggerhead Key, Tortugas (T. L.

McGinty, August, 1941). Ft. Myers Beach, in shell sand (J. A.

Weber, May 14, 1944).

Distinct from otherwise similar Floridian species by the no-

dose upper spiral. Named for Mr. J. A. Weber of Miami. It

differs from the West Indian P. tuberculosa {Dclphinula t.)

Orbigny, by having a higher, more produced spire and mucl;

more prominent apical whorl. The apex of P. tuberculosa is

obtuse, the tip being depressed, the spire is shorter and the form

more globose. It is also thicker.

Parviturbo francesae, new species. Plate 6, fig. 6

The moderately solid but not thick white shell is broadly tur-

binate, with somewhat elevated but short spire, rounded pe-

riphery and narrow umbilicus, and with sculpture of strong

spiral cords, nine on the last whorl. There are 4^/o strongly

convex whorls, with deep suture. The first whorl is smooth ; the

next (or first post nuclear whorl) has 3 or 4 spiral cords crossed

by delicate axial threads. The last whorl has nine strong spiral

cords, the upper one somewhat smaller, the lower or ninth cord

bordering the umbilicus. The cords are separated by decidedly

wider intervals, which are closely sculptured across by delicate

axial threads. The umbilicus is narrow and deep, its walls

smooth within. The aperture is subcircular, peristome some-

what thickened within, continuous, with scalloped outer margin.

Diameter 3.4 mm., height 3.15 mm.

Off Palm Beach, in 50 fms. (T. L. and P. L. McGinty). Type

181316 A.N.S.P., paratypes in McGinty collection.

This is a broader shell than C. wcberi Avith narrower umbili-

cus, and having exceptionally delicate and beautiful sculi)ture

ill the intervals of the spiral cords. Tliv projecting embryonic

shell of only one whorl, or at most one and one-fourth, is also

characteristic. Named for our comi)anion on this dredging trip,

Frances Allen, of Atlanta, (leorgia.

Parviturho cAMDiMAKis, HOW spccics. Plate 6, fig. 4

The moderately .solid but not thick white shell is broadly

turbinate, with a moderately elevated conic spire, rounded last

October, 1945] the nautilus 57

whorl ami rathor narrow umbilicus, the last whorl encircled by

ten major spiral cords. There are 'i% stron^'ly convex whorls,

with a deep suture. The initial 1% smooth, rounded whorls

form the rather projecting: nuclear shell. Followiii<^ whorl matt,

rounded (worn?), with traces of spiral cords at first, becoming?

well developed on its la.st half. Penult whorl has three strong

spiral cords and a smaller one below the suture; the last whorl

has about ten high, luirrow spiral cords, those at and above the

perij)hery are more widely spaced, with an interstitial spiral

thread in the last half whorl. All of the intervals are crossed

by low, fine axial threads. The umbilicus is small, its walls

smooth within, and bounded by a higb cord. The aperture is

subcireular. Peristome thin, the outer margin scalloped, co-

lumella narrow, nearly straight. Parietal callus rather thin.

Diameter 2 mm., height 1.75 mm.

One and a half miles oK Cape Florida, in 70 ft. (Jay A.

Weber). Type 181319 A.N.S.P., paratypes in Weber and Mc-

Ginty collections. Also, North Inlet of Lake Worth, Palm Beach,

under stones (T. L. McGinty, 4-14- '45). Ft. Myers Beach (J.

A. Weber, 5-14- '44).

This species has more spiral cords than C. weberi and lacks

the imperfect axial folds which make the upper and the lowest

cords nodulose in that species. It is similar in figure to P.

francesae, but is much smaller, and the last half whorl has a

.spiral thread in the intervals (not showing in the face view).

It differs from P. zacalles by the same character, and also by the

form of the umbilicus and the columella.

Possibly none of the specimens are fully adult, as the lip is

still thin, not thickened as in similar species; but the sculptural

characters show that it is not the immature stage of any other

known species.

The epipodial cirri have been observed in specimens from the

North Inlet of Lake Worth.

Parviturbo zacalles (Mazyck). Plate 6, figs. 2, 2a, 5

Cyclostrema zacalles Mazyck, 1913, Contrib. Charleston Mus.,

2:18.

"Shell minute, white, solid; whorls four, with rather di.stant

strong spiral rounded ridges, the last one disappearing into the

small deep umbilicus; of these ridges there are two on the penulti-

mate whorl, and seven or eight on the body whorl. Radiating

58 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (2)

sculpture of fine, close, sharp, somewhat oblique threads which

cross the spiral ridges. Aperture very oblique; lip sinuous.

Diam. max. about 1.6 mm. Alt. 1.4 mm." (Mazyck).

Isle of Palms (Long Island), near the entrance of Charleston

Harbor, South Carolina, in sand sifted from a sponge. T\iDe in

coll. Charleston Museum (Mazyck).

A specimen kindly lent by the authorities of the Charleston

Museum measures, height 1.2 mm., diam. 1.25 mm., 4 whorls, of

which 234 are smooth, rounded, the next with three spiral cords,

beginning abruptly. On the last whorl the cords are less than

half the width of the intervals, not strongly projecting, and

rather weak on the base. There are about 8 cords on the last

whorl, with some additional fine spirals around the umbilicus.

The intervals are crossed obliquely by fine thin unequal striae,

like very fine threads. There is a rather indistinct spiral ridge

bounding the umbilicus. The last whorl is appressed at the

suture. The aperture is oblique, subcircular, but angular and

somewhat channelled above. Outer lip thin. Columella some-

what reflected, thickened ; parietal callus rather thin.

The operculum (Fig, 5) is thin, pale yellow, flat; about 5 or 6

closely coiled whorls can be counted, the central part showing

only indistinct traces of close whorls. The living animal has not

been observed.

"Cyclostrema" interruptum sanibelense Pilsbry.

Plate 6, fig. 9

Cyclostrema sanibelense Pilsbry, 1939, Nautilus 53:53, pi. 8,

fig. 3.— L. M. Perry, 1940, Mar. Shells Southwest Coast Flor-

ida, p. 102, pi. 22, figs. 141a, b.

This minute species has Sy^ whorls; slightly more than two are

smooth and convex, forming the embryonic shell. Spirals begin

abruptly, the last whorl being sculptured with seven principal

spiral cords, and interstitial obliquely axial threads, or more ex-

actly, low laminae. These are more widely spaced than in P.

zacalles except on the last third of a whorl, where they become

much clo.ser, and the spiral cords diminished tliere. Diam-

eter 1.05 mm., height 0.9 mm.

Off Sanibel Island, on Atrina in 4 fms. (L. M. Perry). Type

181119 A.N.S.P. Also, off Palm Beach, 50 fathoms, rocky bot-

October, 1945] the nautilus 59

torn; Manalapan wreck near Hoyiiton. 'M ft., on a sponjjo ; Boyn-

ton, in Lake Wortli, and on Hoynton Beach, in drift material;

Delray wreck, 30 ft., on sponge (McGinty). Baker's Ilaulover

Ijdct, Miami, and off Cape Florida, Miami, in 70 ft. (J. A.

Weber).

This snail is evidently a close relative of "Vitrinella" inter-

rupfa C. B. Adams, of Jamaica ; if the small differences prove

constant it may stand as a subspecies. Its generic position is

doubtful at present. By the shell, operculum and radula it ap-

pears to be a Parviturho, but the living animal differs remark-

ablj' by having no epipodial cirri, and the foot is bifid pcster-

iorly. It will be figured in a later paper.

NEW FLORIDIAN MARINE MOLLUSKS

By henry a. PILSBEY

DissENTOMA, new genus

Shell Risson-like but aperture with expanded outer lip with

a .stromboid notch and a short anterior canal. For the follow-

ing species.

DissENTOMA PRIMA, ucw species. Fig. 1

The shell is long-conic, with obtusely conic summit, rather

solid, smooth, and dark brown. There are six whorls, the apex

conic, minute. The whorls are moderately convex, the last

whorl contracted below, expanding towards the lip, the expan-

sion abruptly becoming spirally grooved and white with brown

bands. The aperture is subtriangular, whitish with two brown

bands, produced below in a short canal directed somewhat to

Fig. 1. Disscntoma prima. Scale line = 1 mm.

60 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (2)

the left ; narrowly rounded at the posterior extremity. The

peristome is white, thick, the outer lip broadly embayed, with

an external rounded ridf^e in the outer-basal region, where the

lip projects forward, followed by a moderately deep stromboid

notch, the basal lip approaching: horizontal. The columellar

margin of the aperture is sigmoid, the columellar margin with a

reflexed free edge. Length 3.6, diameter 2 mm.

Off Singer's Island, near North Inlet of Lake Worth, Palm

Beach, Florida, dredged in 15-20 feet, grassy bottom (Thomas

L. McGinty). Type 181369.

Operculum unknown. The smooth, brown shell is unlike

others of rissoid form by the expanded mouth with an anterior

canal and a distinct stromboid notch. No exact estimate of its

affinities can be made until living specimens are found.

" Cyclostrema " THOMASi, ucw species. Plate 6, figs. 7, 7a, 7b

The cinnamon-buff shell is minute, discoidal, openly umbili-

cate above, with widely separated low riblets radiating from a

subsutural ridge, below smoothish with a circum-umbilical cord.

There are 3 whorls, of which the first l^/o are smooth, convex,

the first projecting a little, forming the nuclear shell. Follow-

ing whorls have a narrow, rather sharp raised ridge separated

from the suture by a narrow space. From this ridge narrow,

widely spaced radial riblets radiate to near the peripheral re-

gion, where they disappear; 11 or 12 on the last whorl, those on

the penult whorl weak. There are very low and weak but rather

coarse spirals over the peripheral region and base and a stronger

thread in outer-basal position. A strong spiral cord limits the

umbilical area. The oblique aperture is rounded, a little flat-

tened at the parietal wall. Peristome is rather thin in its outer

arc, the columella thickened, concave; parietal callus thin.

Diameter 1.0 mm., height 0.56 mm.

The operculum is apparently multispiral, but only traces of

the whorls are visible.

North Inlet of Lake Worth, Palm Beach, Florida (Thomas L.

McGinty, June 9, 1945). T>T)e 181309 A.N.S.P.

I do not think this species congeneric with Cyclostrema can-

cellata Marryatt, but it would go into that genus as used by

many recent naturalists. I am using the name provisionally, as

it does not seem expedient to base a new genus on this species

until further studies of some allied forms can be completed.

Named for mj' collaborator in the investigation of Florida

Vitrinellidae.

I'llK X A 111 US 5!> (2',

I'LA'I'K <i

THE NAUTILUS 59 (2)

PLATE 7

Fl(is. 1. 4, ."), K.rilioiilot h-ilsijii. Ficis. 2, 3, «). K.tiliniilrti nrtiroslris.

Lower line: Fics. 1. r/7i>/M/.v snijurnsis. Vn.. 2. I'ivil'iinis f^iiiiii. V\r.. 3.

f'iriiHinis iiiiiiilnit IIS i/ihIki mi.

October. 19451 thk nautilus 01

SOME NOTES ON THE GENUS EXILIOIDEA *

Hy PAUL BAKTSCII

Curator, Pivisions ot' Mollusks and Ccnozoic Invertebrates, United States

National ^fuscuni

Exilioidca was created by Grant ami (Jale in IIJMI ' with

Chrysodomus rectirostris Carpenter as type.

The type species has enjoyed a rather extensive shiftiiif? of

supei-specific position which even the present note may not un-

alterably fix. Carpenter in 1864 placed it in the Muricidae, in

the genus Chrysodomus. A year later he placed a ? in front of

that generic designation. Tryon in 1881 placed it in the sub-

family Melongeninae of the family Buccinidae. Dall in 1902

put it in the Chrysodominae which he considered a subfamily of

the Buccinidae. Arnold in 1903 put it in the subfamily Fusi-

nae of the Fasciolaridae. In 1918 Dall placed it in the genus

Exilia with a ? and this he aligned in the Chrysodomidae.

Thiele in 1929 placed it in the Buccinidae with a ?. In 1931

Grant and Gale made it the type of a new genus, Exilioidea, and

placed this in the family Neptuneidae. In 1940 Bentson placed

it in the family Fusiuidae where it may rest until more evidence

for another relationship is produced.

My justification for this is : Some similarity in shape, nuclear

characters, sculpture, and anterior canal. Its distinctness from

all other known genera of the family includes blindness and

absence of a radula as well as opercular characters, which are

described under the recent species listed in the present paper.

Exilioidea rectirostris Carpenter. Plate 7, figs. 2, 3, 6

1864. Chrysodomus rectirostris Carpenter, Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv.

Sci. for 1863, p. 664.

1865. fChrysodomus rectirostris Carpenter, Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Philadelphia, p. 64.

1881. Sipho rectirostris Tryon, Man. Conch., ser. 1, vol. 3, p.

131, pi. 53, fig. 348.

1902. Tritonofusus (Plicifusus) rectirostris Dall, Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus., vol. 24, p. 525, pi. 34, fig. 2.

* Published by permission of the Secretary of tiie Smithsonian Institution.

1 Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, pp. 665-666.

62 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (2)

1903. Chrysodomus rectirostris Arnold, Mem. California Acad.

Sci., vol. 3, p. 228, pi. 7, fig. 7.

1918. fExilm rectirostris? Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 54,

p. 221.

1921. Exilia rectirostris Dall, Bull. 112, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 92.

1929. Exilia rectirostris Thiele, Handb. Syst. Weicht., pt. 1,

p. 309.

1931. Exilioidea rectirostris Grant and Gale, Mem. San Diego

Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, pp. 665-666, pi. 28, fig. 5.

1940. Exilioidea rectirostris Bentson, Univ. California Publ.

Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., vol. 25, p. 224, pi. 1, fig. 22.

A dissection of 5 specimens has revealed the characters noted

below: Tavo, U.S.N.M. No. 226117, were dredged by the U. S.

Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 4201 in Queen

Charlotte Sound, British Columbia, in 145 fms. on mud bottom ;

bottom temperature 45.5°. One of those is a male, the other a

female. U.S.N.M. No. 122662, 2 specimens dredged by the

Albatross at station 2890 off the coast of Oregon in 277 fms.

on sand bottom; bottom temperature 42.2°. One of these is

male, the other a female. U.S.N.M. No. 210621, a male dredged

by the Albatross off Point Pinos, California, in 389—456 fathoms

on mud bottom at station 4513. This specimen has served as the

basis for our sketch.

The animal is without eyes. It has a large flattened ribbon-

shaped verge (see sketch), bearing a seminal groove on the pos-

terior edge. The operculum is elongate-ovate with a somewhat

spur-like projection forming the terminal nucleus; it is twisted

and marked by concentric lines of growth on the outside ; on

the inside the apical end bears a pit corresponding to the spur

on the outside. No radula was found in the 5 specimens men-

tioned above. In only one lot out of 21 are the nuclear charac-

ters of the shell sufficiently well preserved to be described; in

all the others the early whorls are badly eroded or lost. This

lot, U.S.N.M. No. 216335, 3 specimens, was dredged by Mr. George

Willett ill 60 fms. off Forrester Lsland, Alaska. These show that

the nucleus consists of about 1.5 well rounded, smooth turns that

form a liliiiit a])cx.

ExELioiDEA KELSEYi (Dall). [Mate 7, figs. 1, 4, 5

V.H)H. Triionofusus (Plicifusus) kclsnji Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus.. vol. 34, p. 249.

October, 1945) the nautilus C3

lilLM. Exilia kclseyi (Dall), Bull. 112, IT. S. Nat. Mils., p. 02.

1040. Exilioidca kclscyi BentJiou, Univ. California I'ubl. Bull.

Dept. Geol. Sci., vol. 25, p. 225.

The type of thi.s species, U.S.N.M. No. IIOG.'U, was dredged by

F. W. Kelsey in 50 fms. off San Diego. The dis.section of 2

.specimens, U.S.N.M. No. 224346, dredged by the Albatross at

station 3172 in 62 fms. on sand bottom; bottom temperature 48°

off Bodega Head, California, and another, U.S.N.M. No. 186060,

dredged by J. H. Paine in 56 fms. off San Diego, shows parallel

characters to E. rectirostris.

The animal is blind. The verge is long, extending through

almost the whole length of a turn with the seminal groove on the

lower side. No trace of a radula was found.

EXILIOIDEA RECTIROSTRIS HERTLEINI BeutSOU.

1040. Exilioidea rectirostris hertleini Bentson, Univ. California

Publ. Dept. Geol. Sci., vol. 25, pp. 224-225, pi. 2, figs. 23, 24;

pi. 3, fig. 3.

This subspecies, which was reported by Bentson, "has been

found in the Pliocene of California from two localities: in the

Wildcat formation of Humboldt County, loc. 1850, C. A. S. loc.

115; and at Fourth and Hill streets, Los Angeles, in the 'Fer-

nando,' loc. 3030."

Explanation of Figures. — 1, Shell of Exilioidea kelseyi

(Dall). 2, Shell of Exilioidea rectirostris (Carpenter). 3,

Operculum of Exilioidea rectirostris, outside view. 4, Opercu-

lum of Exilioidea kelseyi in profile. 5, Sketch of head and verge

of Exilioidea kelseyi. 6, Sketch of head and verge of Exilioidea

rectirostris.

TWO NEW SPECIES, ONE NEW SUBSPECIES

AND ONE NEW NAME OF CHINESE

VIVIPARIDAE

By SUI-FONG CHEN

(Research Fellow, China Foundation 1938-1939)

In working on the collection of the Chinese Viviparidae in the

United States National Museum, two species and one subspecies

64 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (2)

were found to be iindescribed. Also one described species "was

found to be in need of a valid name.

I wish here to express my appreciation to the authorities of

the United States National Museum for the opportunity to study

their collections and especially to thank Dr. Paul Bartsch for

his guidance in this work.

ViviPARUS suiFUENSis, new species, plate 7, fig. 1.

Shell rather large, strongly solid, elongate-ovate, olive green

throughout excepting the aperture which is bluish. Nuclear

whorls 2, small and convex. Postnuclear whorls 5, convex, and

marked by microscopic spiral lirations of which 8 occur on the

third, 12 on the fourth and fifth, 13 on the penultimate and 14

on the last whorl ; they are most prominent in the fourth whorl.

Suture well impressed. Umbilicus absent. Aperture pyriform,

ovate ; peristome simple, moderately thick, well expanded, and

tinged internally with black along the edge; parietal wall thickly

calloused; columella concave and thickly calloused. The oper-

culum is thin, ovate, with subcentral nucleus toward the left.

The radula has the forinula : 5-1-5 : 4-1-4 : 4-1-5 : 20.

The type, United States National Museum Cat. No. 573611,

was collected by Rev. D. C. Graham in Suifu (Ipin), Szechuan

Province, China, and yields the following measurements : No. of

whorls 7; height 40.7 mm.; diameter 27.1 mm.; length of aper-

ture 21.5 mm.

Two other specimens from the same source as the type, give

the following additional information :

This species resembles Viviparus chinensis Gray, but it is

much thicker and more slender, and has no umbilicus.

Viviparus tinoi, new species, IMate 7, fig. 2.

Shell ratiier small, solid, lliick, ovate, dark olive brown

throughout exc'ei)tiiig the aperture which is i)urj>lish gray. Nu-

clear whorls decollated. Postnuclear whorls 2.4 remaining, con-

vex, aiul marked by 4 evenly spaced spiral cords on each wliorl.

()ft(>hor. 1945J riii: NAiriLUS 65

A spiral liration is present between the middle two eords of the

body whorl. Suture deeply excavated and well eonstrieted.

Periphery inflated and stroufjly rounded. Ba.se short, well

rounded and marked by 5 .spiral lirations. Umbilieus obsolete.

Aperture pyriform, well an{;led posteriorly and broadly ovate

anteriorly; peristome simple, thiek, well expanded and tinjred

with blaek alonjr the edpre ; jiarietal wall sli<i:htly calloused; colu-

mella concave. Operculum thin, horny, with subcentral nucleus

toward the left. The radula has the formula: 5-1-5:4-1-4:

5-1-4 : 25.

The type. United States National Museum Cat. No. 333887,

was collected by C. Pinp: at Foochow, Fukien Province, China,

and yields the followin*; measurements: Heip"ht 26.1 nnu.; diame-

ter 20.8 nun.; length of aperture 16.1 mm.

Two other specimens from the same source as the type, give

the followinar additional information.

This species resembles Viviparus quadratus Benson, but it is

much thicker and has a larger body whorl, and its umbilicus is

obsolete.

Viviparus quadratus grahami, new subspecies, PI. 7, fig. 3

Shell small, thin, elongate-ovate, olive green throughout. Nu-

clear whorls 1.5 convex. Postnuclear whorls 4, well convex, and

marked by two spiral brown bands of which one appears on

the summit while the other is just above the periphery. The

sculpture consists of spiral lirations of which 3 occur on the

third, 8 on the penultimate and last whorls. Suture well im-

pressed, periphery inflated and strongly rounded. Base short,

well rounded and marked by 20 microscopic spiral lirations.

Umbilicus moderately perforated. Aperture ovate, nearly

round, bhuitly angled posteriorly and broadly rounded ante-

riorly; peristome simple, thin; parietal wall slightly calloused;

columella slightly concave. Operculum thin, horny, pyriform,

with subcentral nucleus toward the left. The radula has the

formula : 4-1-4 : 5-1-5 : 5-1-5 : 18.

The type. United States National Museum Cat. No. 334007,

was collected by Rev. D. C. Graham from Suifu (Ipin), Szechuan

Province, China, aiul gives the following measurements: No. of

66 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (2)

whorls 5.5 ; height 26.8 mm. ; diameter 19.0 mm. ; length of aper-

ture 14.1 mm.

Selected specimens, from the same source as the type, give the

following additional information :

Average of 15 specimens: whorls 5.5; height 19.6 mm., diameter,

14.2 mm., length of aperture 10.2 mm.

This subspecies resembles Viviparus quadratns Benson very

much, but it has two spiral brown bands and a straighter

columella.

Viviparus ningkuoensis, new name.

Paludina heudei Ping, 1938, Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China,

Nanking, Zool. 13, 1, p. 2, figs. 1 and 2. (Not Vivipara quadrata

heudei Dautzenberg and Fischer, 1905.)

I take the liberty to rename this species after the type locality.

NOTES AND NEWS

The Genotype of Arca. — Opinion 189. The International

Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has decided: "Under

suspension of the rules: — (i) to set aside all type designations

for Area Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1:693 (Class

Pelecypoda, Order Filibranchiata), made prior to the date of

this Opinion; and (ii) to designate Arca none Linnaeus, 1758,

Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 693, as the type of Arca Linnaeus, 1758."

Otesia IL «&; A. Adams versus Vitrinula "Gray" Carpenter.

— In tlie B. M. Catalogue, Pulmonata, p. 65 (1855). Dr. (Jray

establislied a now genus, VitnncUn, for two Celebes land snails,

Helix jlammulata Q. & G. and Yitrina viridis Q. & G. As that

generic name had been used by C. B. Adams in 1850 for a group

of Jamaican marine shells, the brothers Adams (Genera of Re-

cent Mollusca 2: 642, Nov., 1858) proposed the new name Otesia

October, 1945] the nautilus 67

as a substitute for VitriyieUa dray not (Mi. A., with the same

two speeies. Hut meantime in 1857 Philip P. Carpenter (Catal.

Mazatlan Shells, p. 237) had discussed the double employ of

Vitririclla, and stated in a footnote that "Dr. Ciray proposes to

alter the name of this latter group [Vitrindla (iray) to Vitri-

tiula." This was apparently a verbal communication to Car-

penter, as Gray did not elsewhere publish Yifrinitla, so far as I

know.

Vitrinula clearly has precedence over Otesia, but it has been

overlooked by later authors on the Zonitacea, and it eluded

Neave and former nomenclators. — Pilsbry.

A Note ox Mcgaspira el4ita Gould.* — On critically examininj?

the type of Mcgaspira elata Gould 1847 (U.S.N.M. 5503), col-

lected in Brazil by the United States Explorin;? Expedition, I

discovered that it is M. elatior Spix 1827, agreeinj^c with it in

sculpture and in the internal armature. The species described

as M. elata Gould by Pilsbry (Man. Conch, (ser. 2), vol. 16, p.

186, pi. 28, figs. 5, 6; pi. 29, figs. 12, 13, 1904) differs in having

more crowded, less retractively inclined ribs and in having the

radial basal lamellae lower and without hooks. This species

may be called Megaspira pilsbryi, new name ( = M. elata

(Gould) Pilsbry 1904, not Gould 1847). It is apparently a

rarer shell than M. elatior. In the collections of the U. S. Na-

tional Museum there is only one specimen of pilsbryi, and 6 of

elatior; I have also seen the two specimens of pilsbryi from the

collections of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

(Cat. Nos. 3057 and 25041), which are figured on plate 28 of the

Manual. It may be noted that the species figured by Gould as

Megaspira elatior Spix (U. S. Explor. Exped., vol. 12, Moll, and

Shells, pi. 7, fig. 102, 1852) (U.S.N.M. No. 5504), and the other

specimens so labeled and also collected by the Exploring Expedi-

tion (U.S.N.M. No. 22073), are all M. ruschenbergiana 'Lea'

Jay. — 11. A. Reiider.

A Note on Volsella tulipa (Lamarck). — Mr. Henry Dodge,

Scarsdale, New York, has recently called my attention to the

fact that in most of the recent works on the moUusks of the

West Atlantic the name Modiolus tulipa is credited to Linne,

Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

68 THE XAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (2)

instead of to Lamarck. It is so quoted in Johnson's "List of

Marine Mollusca" (1934), Maxwell Smith's "East Coast Ma-

rine Shells" (1937), and Perry's "Marine MoUusks of the South-

west Coast of Florida" (1940). The earliest record of this

erroneous use that I have found is on page 187 in Tryon's

"American Marine Concholog^*" (1873). Dall also gave Linne

as authority' in his Bulletin U. S. National Museum No. 37

(1889), as well as in the reprint of that bulletin in 1903, but

quoted the author correctly in his "Contributions to the Ter-

tiary Fauna of Florida" (Trans. "Wagner Free lust. Science,

vol. 3, pt. 4, 1898).

There is, however, an earlier name which should be used for

this species. Leach (The Zoological Miscellany, vol. 2, 1815, p.

32, pi. 72, fig. 1) described Modiola americana from Bermuda,

which is without question the same shell as Lamarck's tulipa.

The name of this species will therefore be: Volsella americana

(Leach) 1815 (+ tulipa Lamarck 1819 j. — H. A. Rehder.

Triodopsis albolabris TRAVER5EN5IS Lcach. — Specimens were

taken Sept. 4, 1945, near Annsville, Westchester Co., N. Y.,

crawling on and under boulders of Annsville Phyllite and in the

shrubberj' near the Cut. It was associated with Mesodon ihy-

roidus, Mesomphix inornaia and Derocera^ agrestc. Inside some

of the dead and bleached specimens I found Coclicopa luhric^,

Vallonia pidcheUa, and Beiinella decirina.

The shells were collected at the famous Annsville Phyllite Cut

at Annsville, Westchester Co., N, Y. After having collected

quite typical alholahris in very small quantities in other sections

around Peekskill, N. Y., I was much impres.sed by the compara-

tively large numbers of these shells that were found in a short

time — most of them taken by my nephew, Walter Smit, who be-

came a sharp shell collector. In about one and one-half hours

collecting we took 25 mature live shells, at least twice as many

well preserved dead ones, in addition to seeing large numbers

of immature shells, which, of course, were left unmolested.

These specimens are entirely typical t raver setisis measuring

21 to 25.5 mm. diameter. One dissected by Dr. Pilsbry has, he

informs me, the relatively very short vas deferens characteristic

of the race, and unlike the long duct of typical albolabris.

October. 1045] the nautili's 69

Since this small race of T. albolabris has been found before

ill arid places near sea or lake shores, such as the patches of

ve{;etation amon«r sand dunes, some account of ecolopic condi-

tions in this locality may be in order. The Annsville Cut was

made in a hill between Annsville and Canopus Creeks in West-

chester Co., N. Y., to accommodate the short stretch of road

that connects U. S. 9 (Albany Post Road) with the Bear Mt.

section of the Taconic Highway near Peekskill. N. Y. I collected

the first specimens from the face of the Cut, where they were

clinging to the underside of shallow overhangs. (Phyllite tends

to cleave in layers like slate.) Small trickles of ground- water

were oozing from the hill and it was near these spots that the

snails were found. In grass at the foot of the cut more speci-

mens were taken. At the end of the Cut, where the original

hill cover (largely rough gravel) was undisturbed, we found

many dead and bleached specimens, with only an occasional live

one, usually immature. On the south side of the Cut, at the

Annsville Creek end, there are several large loose phyllite

boulders. Under these we found several more specimens. On

September 29. when we visited the spot again, we found the

edge of the road literally covered with dead and dying speci-

mens. For some reason they had left the natural cover and were

dying in the road.

Dr. Antiue-Biren, of the faculty of Mineralogy of Brooklyn

College, informs me that the entire Peekskill region is very poor

in any type of lime-bearing minerals. — M. K. Jacobson.

The Genus Pecten at Cape Ann, ^NIassachu setts. — The

genus Pecten is not usually found in the Annisquam inlet at

Cape Ann, Massachusetts. Two sporadic records are known,

however. Mrs. John W. Beardslee and family collected in the

early 1920 's a single, .small specimen of the common scallop

Pecten irradians Lamarck living on a mud flat along the tidal

river. It has not been found there since to the knowledge of

those who have collected mollusks in this region, although dis-

carded shells have been collected in certain places about Cape

Ann. This species does not usually occur north of Cape Cod

except for a number of scattered localities.

Shells of Pecten fftaneiis Solander have been found on the

shores of Cape Ann, but without doubt they had been discarded

70 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (2)

on certain beaches along with shells of other edible species. (See

Nautilus 57 : 67-68). The species was not collected while dredg-

ing in Ipswich Bay or in the Annisquam River. It is possible

that it may actually be present in Ipswich Bay, but it is reason-

ably certain that it does not ordinarilj'- occur in the Annisquam

inlet which joins the bay. A single specimen of this giant scallop

41/8 X 4:^2 inches was found on August 19, 1945, by a Mr. Lind-

berg and was given to the writer. It was found lying on a mud

bank in Goose Cove, a side channel and cove of the Annisquam

waterway, in about one foot of water at low tide. It was kept

alive in sea water for several days. — Ralph W. Dexter, Kent

State University, Kent, Ohio.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

The Molluscan Family Planorbidae. By Frank Collins

Baker, Collation, revision and additions by Harley Jones Van

Cleave, xxxvi -\- 530 pp., 141 plates, with portrait of author.

Urbana. Univ. of Illinois Press, 1945, $14.50. Since the times

of Haldeman, Binnej'^ and Tryon there has been no comprehen-

sive American work on this important family of aquatic snails.

Meantime a great many new species and races have been defined,

and a new classification, based upon the internal anatomy, has

been developed, in great part by the investigations of Mr. Baker.

Baker planned to treat the subject in two parts or volumes, the

first dealing w'ith the anatomy and classification of Planorbidae

of the world, the second to contain descriptions of the species of

both Americas.

In the first part, after chapters dealing with the general

morphology, reproduction, ecology and distribution. Baker con-

siders the classification, in which subfamilies are based upon

characters of the genitalia, and genera, while mainly according

to structure of the male organs, also depend upon shell struc-

ture. Four subfamilies are recognized: I, Segmentininae; seven

genera, represented in the United States only by Drepanotrema

cultratum Orb. II, Planorbinac, with six genera, of which

Gyraulus, Armiger and Tropicorbis have representatives in this

country. Ill, llelisomatinae, comprising all of our large pla-

norbids of llio giMiora Tfclisoma, Carinifex and Parapholyx. IV,

October, 1945] tfie nautilus 71

Planorliulinao, with PlanorbuJa, Menrtus and Promenetus. Of

tlu'si' .subfamilies, the Phuiorbinae are nearly worlil-wide in dis-

tribution. Seprmentininae is mainly an Old World group, but

with Acrorhis and Drcpanotrema in South America, the latter

extending into Florida and Texas (one speeies). Ilelisomatinae

is mainly American, but one genus, Plavorbarins, typified by P.

corneus, is European, and familiar to us as an aquarium snail.

The Planorbulinae appear to be an exclusively North American

group.

A systematic review of all of the oG geuera and their sub-

genera follows, with anatomical details admirably worked out,

and figured on 75 plates. The species and subspecies considered

valid are enumerated. ' It is fortunate that this part of Baker's

work, which is of value to those concerned w^th fresh water

faunas everywhere, was left practically complete. His classifi-

cation seems well considered, and a great advance over former

taxonomic arrangements. It will also direct attention to the

groups of doubtful generic status, requiring further investi-

gation.

The second part of the work was designed to include a mono-

graphic account of the Planorbidae of North and South Amer-

ica; but while copious notes had been prepared, the material

was left in form too unfinished for publication. To the 54 plates

which he had completed, with descriptive legends. Professor Van

Cleave was able to add 6 from unassembled photographs. Oi\

these 60 plates, most of the American species are fully illustrated.

As Baker had worked for years on the problems presented by

the many species and varieties and their distribution, his death

before making a permanent record of these details is a great loss

to American malacologists concerned with this family. An im-

perfect idea of his intentions, in many cases, may be gleaned

from the explanations of the sixty plates which Professor Van

Cleave has included.

A final chapter contains descriptions of nine new species and

seventeen new varieties, for which Baker had left longhand notes.

Malacologists are deeply indebted to Professor Van Cleave

for the interesting biography of Mr. Baker, accompanied by an

excellent portrait, and for his competent handling of a difificult

editorial task. — H. A. P.

72 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (2)

Revision of the Mollusca of Indiana. By Calvin Goodrich

and Henry Van der Schalie. Amer. Midland Nat. 32, Sept.

1944. This paper of 70 pages reviews the Indiana fanna bring-

ing the classification, nomenclature and occurrence data up to

date. Knowledge of the mollusks of this state began with

Thomas Say, was extended by R. E. Call (1899), F. Stein, E.

Pleas, A. W. Butler, and especially by L. E. Daniels (1903),

whose researches supplied a large part of the information on

distribution. The sequence of species throughout river systems

is discussed, with especial reference to the distribution of Pleuro-

ceridae and Unionidae in the "Wabash River. The text follow-

ing contains keys to genera, brief notes on the characters of many

of the species, and full records of their distribution. There is

little to criticize in the work. We doubt whether Triodopsis

iridentata juxtidens occurs so far west, but we have not seen

their material. In very few states has the entire mollusk fauna

been so satisfactorily dealt with. — H. A. P.

MOLLUSCAN SPECIES COMMON TO WESTERN NORTH AMERICA AND

Japan. By A. Myra Keen. Proc. Sixth Pacific Scientific Con-

gress III, pp. 479^83. Of 66 species said by one author or

another to be common to these coasts, Japanese examples of about

half were obtained for comparison. It appears that "The

large number of identical species seems an exaggeration." "In

the faunal area represented by the Bering Sea, about 5 per cent

of species present there range southward as far as to Puget

Sound on the east, and to northern Japan on the west. Of the

faunas in California and in Japan, only about 0.3 per cent range

the entire intermediate distance; not more than 0.2 per cent can

be said to occur in the two areas without also occurring in

Alaska." In this connection see also Hatai, same Proceedings,

2:479.-11. A. P.

Addendum. — On })age 53 it should have been mentioned that

"Cyclostreuia'^ hushi Dautzenberg & Fischer, which Kathleen

M. White found to be taeniogio.ssate, apparently belongs to the

''enns PscKdoliotia Tate. — II. A. P.

(;i:()i;(iK wii.i.irrT ( i^:;* i;tt:. >.

The Nautilus

Vol. 59 January, 1946 No. 3

THE BAR

By BLEXN R. bales, M.D.

Have you ever collected shells on a sand bar at extreme low

tide, or better still on a minus tide? No? Well you've missed

a lot.

All active conchologists constantly while on a collecting expedi-

tion consult the Tide Tables published by the Geodetic Survey,

and are generally better acquainted with them than they are

with the Golden Text of next Sunday's Bible School lesson.

It is not necessary to consult the Tide Tables to learn that

"the tide ebbs and flows twice each twenty-four hours," but it

does give the time of low tide, and that makes the whale of a

difference in the collecting. At that time many sandy beaches

and bars are bare, while at high tide they may be deeply covered

with water.

Twice each month, at new moon and full moon, the tides are

lower than low; that is. the water may fall lower than a normal

low tide, and it is known as a minus tide. The Tide Tables

simply state that on a particular date there is —0.1 or —0.2,

which means tiiat the tide will be one tenth or two tenths of a

foot lower than normal. These minus tides at times may be con-

siderably more than a foot below normal and it takes but littU^

imagination to visualize the extent of sea bottom which may be

exposed at such a time. Large stretches of sand bars and

beaches that are covered with water practically all of the time,

then provide a collecting ground that can hardly be surpa.ssed.

^lollusks that have lived day after day in congenial water-

covered homes suddenly find themselves high and dry and the

experience seems to be anything but pleasing to them. They

emerge from their homes and try to find more congenial sur-

(73)

74 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (3)

rouiidings. Tlicir sense of direction must be poor, for they are

just as likely to travel directly away from the water as toward it.

This is especially true of Olives and OUvellas. The wise col-

lector is generally on hand as the tide recedes from the bar on

which he intends to collect, and if it be one that harbors Olives,

he at once begins the search. It is like tracking a rabbit in the

snow, for as the tide exposes the bar, they emerge from the sand

and start to crawl about, leaving a well marked trail and to

secure a specimen, one must follow it to the "trail's end."

Occasionally an Olive will come out of the sand but not start to

crawl, and there it stands upright and as evident as a sore

thumb. In some localities where TelUnas are common, they may

come up and start away, but are evidently cross eyed or have

some similar affliction. They never move in a straight line, but

always proceed in a circular manner so that their sharply cut

tracks assume the design of a large irregular watch spring.

Many of the conchological prizes do not emerge entirely, but

seem to start and then change their minds, but to the observant

and experienced collector, they are almost as evident as those

that move about, for their presence is betrayed by the small un-

natural elevations or humps in the smooth sand. It is a simple

matter to dig them out with the fingers, as they are just below

the surface. Hundreds of shells are dug out and about as many

discarded, for it is only the rarer ones that are desired. One

never knows what is hidden under the slight elevation in the sand

and the only way to find out is to dig. Constant stooping makes

one aware that part of his anatomy is his BACK after a busy

session on the bars.

Larger specimens may be seen some distance away as the

elevations in the sand are very evident and plainly seen. Not

all the "signs" indicate the presence of a buried moUusk and

many are the times when a starfish, a sand dollar, a sea biscuit

or a "rooster" crab is dug up only to be disgustedly thrown into

the nearby water.

Seldom are the really large mollusks trjipi)ed by a low tide

for they will move to deeper water as the tide recedes, but

such small or medium sized shells as Tcrchra, PyramideUa, Oliva

and the smaller varieties of Ciniiis are usually round in consider-

able numbers.

.lamiaiy, 1*>4G] the nautilus 75

While "working:" an exposed saml bar. the search is never

over as lonj; as it is exposed, for all the niollusks do not appear at

the same time, but keep poppin"? up from time to time. One

may retrace his steps several times and secure specimens each

time. A favorable time for some varieties is wlien the tide is

just bejriiniinjr to return and \vettin<? the sand. This induces

activity in the larger Conns and others.

On rare occasions, a large hump in the sand may cover a

specimen of Xenophora, often called "carrier shell" or the "col-

lector siiell," and both of these names are very descriptive.

This is one of the most interesting of molluscan families, for it

decorates its shell in an interesting and unusual manner.

The growth of all mollusks is not a steady, uninterrupted one,

but there is a period of growth during wliich time some shell is

added and then a period of apparent rest when no shell is formed

followed by another growth period. The new shell growth is

added to the aperture or opening, a little at each growth period

and during this time, it is soft and plastic, but it hardens

rapidly. The Xenuphora, at this time presses foreign objects

tliat happen to be close-by into the soft, newly formed shell

which soon hardens and the object remains there during the life

of the mollusk (and a long time after). It is about the same

as pressing some object into a mass of putty. This gives the

shell the appearance of a heap of small shells and the disguise is

a perfect one. No doubt hundreds of Xcnophora are overlooked,

even though the collector makes diligent search. When the

growth period is at its height, the time is ripe for the addition of

the disguising material and almost any convenient object is used,

but the mollusk is careful when using the small saucer shaped

halves of a bivalve, to place them with the convex side down.

The sharp edges of the added shells are thus in an upturned

position and may possibly serve as a cutting edge to aid the

owner in getting about. When shells are not available, any

other object such as a piece of coral, a fragment of rock or a

small lump of coal may be used and P^'rank Lyman of Lantana,

Florida has told me of seeing one specimen in Lake Worth,

Florida that had adorned itself with a piece of a wooden match

box.

76 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (3)

Any collector who is familiar with the characteristics of the

ocean bottom at various localities in Florida, will be able to

identify the locality where a specimen has been taken in at least

fifty per cent of the cases, for the mollusk's camouflage corre-

sponds to the ocean bottom where it lives. It must not be under-

stood that these shells are clean and that the various objects

cemented to them are in anj' way prominent, for such is not the

case. They are covered with moss and all manner of small

marine growth and it takes quite a bit of cleaning to uncover

the hidden beauty of the specimen.

Sea urchins add their bit to the confusion of a Xenophora

hunt, for there is a short spined variety that habitually covers

itself with pieces of shell, leaves or any other convenient small

object. When one of these, completely plastered with small

shells, is found, the thought of Xenophora at once flashes

through the collector's mind, only to be dispelled when he finds

it is another so-and-so sea urchin. In all sincerity, I believe a

million sea urchins are examined each j^ear by enthusiastic

Xenophora hunters.

Many of the deep sea mollusks come into sliallow water to

breed and spend part of their early life, but as they increase in

size, they seek deeper water. It has seemed to me that with

Xenophora, this has been reversed, for specimens brought up

from great depths by means of a dredge are very much smaller

than those found in shallow water. It is a great temptation to

keep every specimen taken, as naturally, each one is different,

but cabinet drawers are not elastic and "enough's enough of

anything."

It is generally admitted that the camouflage of Xctw}>hora is

for protection rather tiian ornamentation, for it would be incon-

ceivable that a female Xenophora would call over the back fence

to her girl friend with, "Come and see the perfect dream of a

shell I picked up today and tell me if I have it on straight."

THE XA( TILTHS 59 (3)

PLATK 8

Fl(!S. 1, lii, 111, L', '2n, ('linniri)i IIkiIks. Fuis. ;;, ;{;i, ('. tilhliiiiii). Fuis.

4, 4ji, ('i/rliislii i)iisrii.'< jiaitiiai . FliiS. ."i, .");i, ('. *•«/»/<;■<. v.vh.v. FlOS. (i, (ia,

Kiiiscfiitui iiiidl ii iiriiiiilii.

January. 1946] the nautilus 77

"CYCLOSTREMATIDAE" AND VITRINELLIDAE OF

FLORIDA. PART III

By henry a. PILSBRY and THOMAS L. McGINTY

Climacia Dall

Climacia Dall, 1903, Traiis. Wagii. Inst. 3, pt. 6, p. 1633, expl.

of pi. 60, figs. 1-3, for Tcinostoma {Climacia) calliglyptum

Dall.

The shell is wider than high, with dome-shaped spire of few

whorls and flattened base which is excavated and concave around

the central callus or umbilical cord. Surface with sculpture of

close spiral threads with punctate intervals (sometimes obso-

lescent) ; the base having radiating folds or waves. The oblique

aperture is somewhat quadrangular; peristome thick, the colu-

mella backed by a callous ridge or lobe spirally emerging from the

umbilicus; parietal callus curving forward.

The name is from K\ifia$, a climax.

Neither the group Climacia or its type species was described by

Dall, both being defined only by figures, and the size, "diam.

3.0 mm."

Climacia reached its climax in the Pliocene, in such species as

C. radiata (Dall), (described as Collonia radiaia, Tr. Wagn.

Inst. 3: 387, pi. 19, figs. 6-8), C. calliglypta (Dall), and two

species, not yet described, from the St. Petersburg Pliocene.

The living C. schumoi (Vanatta), from Monkey River, British

Honduras (described as Discopsis schumoi Vanatta, 1913, Proc.

Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila. 65: 24, pi. 11, figs. 2, 7), and C. athleenae

n. sp., probably Pleistocene or Recent, also belong to this typical

group. In all of these the radial folds are strongly developed,

the axial callus of the base is reduced to a spiral cord around the

umbilicus, and the spiral striation is more or less effaced in part

of them.

These species would seem to form an excellent generic group,

but another living species, C. tholus, is transitional to Tcino-

stoma. In this species the spiral cord which emerges from the

umbilicus in the typical climacias is transformed into a broad

callous lobe, almost entirely filling the umbilicus, and the radial

waves of the ba.se are only weakly developed. In Tcinostoma

pilshryi the callus wholly covers the axial region of the base, and

78 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (3)

no radial waves are perceptible, but the spiral sculpture is like

that of C. tholus. This appears to be the structure also in T.

laccus Woodring, of the Bowden Miocene. These transitional

species are probably survivors of the original stock which gave

rise to Climacia. Their existence may perhaps make it advisable

to treat Climacia as a subgenus of Teinostoma. The exact status

of vitrinellid groups is still to be worked out, but for the present

we leave Climacia as a genus.

Climacia athleenae, new species. Plate 8, figs. 3, 3a

The rather thin shell is dome-shaped, smoothish, with flatter

base and rather large umbilical cavity which becomes very nar-

row beyond the last whorl. There are about 3-/3 whorls, the

first one convex, forming the smooth and glossy nucleus, the

apex projecting slightly; following whorls dull. Suture well

impressed, in the last whorl accompanied by a deep groove about

as wide as the space between groove and suture. The last whorl

is extremely convex, impressed above the projecting peripheral

keel ; with sculpture of fine and regular but very faint spiral

striae (but on the penult whorl the spirals are more distinct, the

intervals punctate). The base is but slightly convex below the

keel, then concave near the umbilical callus, the convexity having

about 8 low radiating waves or folds, otherwise smooth, but in

the concavity around the callus some weak spirals are visible.

A spiral callus forms the border of the umbilicus, which is quite

narrow at first, becoming rather capacious in the last whorl,

where it has a vertical wall overhung by the spiral callus. The

aperture is moderately oblique, nearly round, tlie outer lip in-

serted above the peripheral keel. Peristome is rather thin,

bearing a little point where the keel terminates. Columella con-

cave and running forward, triangularly widened at the end of

the circum-umbilical callus. Parietal callus thin. Diameter 2.55

mm., height 1.7 mm.

Boca Ceiga Bay, in dredged material (Charles R. Locklin and

Athleen V. Underwood). Type 181291 A.N.S.P.

This cliarniing snail is known by a single specimen "found in

'drift' taken from Boca Ceiga Bay. The lay-down is from the

northwest end of Central Avoinie Causeway to Treasure Island,

and as the causeway was made of dredged material from the

Bay, it would be hard to determine just what was the original

position. It should be taken into consideration that Pliocene

and Pleistocene horizons are found in the vicinity, thus any

material taken could be either of the three ages."

January, ]04Cy] toe nautilus 79

It is larger than C. schumoi (Vanatta), with the suture more

impressed and accompanied by a furrow (hickinpr in C. schumoi) ;

the base is less convex and tlie radiating folds are fewer and

lower than in schumoi. Whether C, athleenae would develop a

projection of the lip at termination of the carina rcnuiins to be

seen when fully adult specimens are found. The rather thin

peristonie and thin parietal callus apparently indicate some de-

gree of immaturity ; yet it has doubtless readied full size, and it«

recognition should be easy, even though the parts mentioned

acquire a thicker finish.

Named for Athleen (^Mrs. P. 0.) Underwood, who found this

strange species and brought it to our attention.

Climacia TiiOLUs, ncw species. Plate 8, figs. 1, la, lb

The shell is solid, white, dome-shaped with flattened base,

spirally .striate surface, and narrowly open umbilicus. There

are about 3VL' wiiorls, the first one smooth, the rest flattened,

evenly sculptured with spiral threads about equal to their in-

tervals, the threads minutely irregular or somewhat beaded by

more minute axial striae which are chiefly noticeable as making

the intervals punctate. The last whorl is bluntly carinate at the

periphery. The base is somewhat convex, then concave around

the central callus; the convex part has (about ten) low radial

waves, and spirals like those of the upper surface. The strongly

oblique aperture is squarish with rounded angles. Peristome is

rather thick and in the fully adult stage the edge is slightly ex-

panded. The columella is deeply concave, thick, backed by a

thick, convex, smooth callus which curves spirally around and

into the umbilicus, nearly filling it. Diameter 2.6 mm., height

1.7 mm.

About four miles off Carysfort Light, Florida, in about 500 ft.

(Mr. and Mrs. Leo A. Burry). Type 181290 A.N.S.P. paratypes

in collections of Charles II. Locklin and T. L, McGinty.

The low radial waves of the base become irregular on the last

part of adults. The umbilicus is very much reduced in some

specimens. The lip is not produced in a point at the keel, as it is

in C. schumoi, and the upper surface of the last whorl is far less

convex than in either C. schumoi or C. athlccnac. The spiral

striation is much stronger than in any other Climacia, and the

umbilical callus is conspicuously heavier, leaving only a small

part of the umbilicus uncovered.

80 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (3)

A specimen (plate 8, figs. 2, 2a) from Baker's Haulover,

Miami, differs from the type of tholus as follows: it is larger,

diameter 3.6 mm., height 2.2 mm., of 4 whorls, the initial 1^4

forming the glossy embryonic shell, the rest spirally striate with

punctate intervals, as in tholus. The base has radiating waves

somewhat weaker than in the type of tholus. The periphery is

blunter than in tholus, the umbilical callus is not so thick and

wholly fills the umbilicus, but it is not appressed in front, there

being a notch and cavity where the umbilical callus joins the

parietal, as in typical tholus.

Compared Avith Teiriostoma pilshryi McGinty, this shell from

Baker's Haulover differs by its larger size, more dome-like shape,

the incompletely adnate callus, and more importantly by the

radial waves of the base. The constancy of these differences

remains to be tested.

Episcynia Morch

Episcynia Morch, 1875, Malak. Blatter 22: 155, for Architecto-

nica {Episcynia) inornata Morch, Solarium inornatum

Orbigny.

The small shell is depressed, with low conoidal spire of about

5 convex whorls with a minutely serrate peripheral keel ; um-

bilicus deep, scalar, bounded by an angle or keel. Surface nearly

smooth under a thin periostracum which bears spiral fringes of

filaments above and below the periphery.

Episcynia occurs in both east and west American tropical and

subtropical waters, but has not been reported from elsewhere.

The type is E. inornata (Orbigny) from St. Thomas, as de-

fined by Morch. Orbigny worked from a shell found in sand

from St. Thomas and evidently beach-worn. He did not mention

or figure the epidermal fringes or the serration of the keel, both

likely to be worn from beach specimens. Morch described his

specimens as having two ciliate lirulae.

The greater number of whorls and smaller apex, the serrate

carina, and in fresh specimens the epidermal processes, distin-

guish this genus from Vitrinclla. The operculum and living

animal are still unknown.

Jumiary. 1946] the nautilus 81

Episcynia MULTiCARiNATA (Dall) Plate 8, figrs. 6, 6a

Vitrimlla (Epi^cyriia?) multicarinata Dall, 1889, 'Blake' Re-

port, Bull. M. C. Z. 18: 392; 1892, Trans. \Va<,m. Inst. 3: 419.

Besides characters mentioned in the generic definition, it may

be noted that the serration of the narrow peripheral carina is

very minute. On the last whorl there is a blunt ridj^e, or spiral

angulation of the whorl, a short distance above the periphery,

another below it. In fresh specimens, these ridges bear fringes

of flattened filaments, heaviest on the upper ridge. There may

be two or three of these fringes. The base, mainly in its last

half, has rather strong radial riblets or wrinkles. Diameter

(without the epidermal filaments) 3.4 mm.; height 2 mm.; 5

whorls.

North Inlet of Lake Worth, Palm Beach; off Palm Beach in

300-350 ft. (T. L. McGiuty) ; off Cape Florida, Miami, in 70 ft.

(J. A. Weber) ; Destin, northwestern Florida (McGinty). Dall

gave the range as "Ilatteras to Florida, low water to 15 fath-

oms." Also, Miocene, Duplin Co., N. C; Pliocene, Cape Fear

River, N. C, and Caloosahatchie River, Florida.

Dall has raised the question whether this species is identical

with Architect onica gemma Holmes, 1860, from the Wando River

marl beds at Cainboy, S. C, Pleistocene. In view of the wide

distribution of E. multicarinata in time and space, its identity

with gemma appears highly probable ; but it can be demonstrated

only by the collection of topotypes of gemma, as Holmes's figures

do not show the accessory spiral ridges and are more elevated

than multicarinata. However, they may not be correct, as such

small shells have often been drawn inaccurately. The Miocene

Episcynia naso (Pilsbry & Johnson) of Santo Domingo, has

fewer, larger teeth on the carina, and is evidently distinct. No

satisfactory comparison with E. inornata (Orbigny) can be made

until St. Thomas material is available.

Cyclostremiscus Pilsbry & Olsson

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 97: 266. Type C. panamensis (C.

B. Adams).

The typical group of this genus, in which there are axial

riblets in the spaces between the keels, is not known to be rep-

resented in Florida.

82 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (3)

Cyclostremiscus jeannae, new species. Plate 8, figs. 4, 4a

The moderately solid, translucent-whitish shell is discoidal

with flat spire, four-keeled last whorl and funnel-shaped um-

bilicus. There are about 3% whorls, the first glossy, convex.

Penult whorl has a median keel, which extends upon the first

part of the last whorl. The last whorl has strong upper and

lower keels limiting a flattened peripheral zone, which has a

submedian smaller keel in front, but diminishing and disappear-

ing on the latter part of the whorl. The base is strongly keeled

around the funnel-shaped umbilical region. The aperture is

rounded-pentagonal, not very oblique. The peristome is blunt,

the parietal callus rather thick. Diameter 1.8 mm., height 1.1

mm.

Off Palm Beach, Florida, in 150 feet, rocky bottom (T. L. and

P. L. McGinty, 1940), Type 181371 A.N.S.P., paratypes in

McGinty collection. Also Fort Myers beach on the west coast

of Florida.

This species is closely similar to the Pacific C. hartschi Pilsbry

and Olsson, from southern Panama, but that species is a little

more depressed, has a much wider umbilicus, and differs in

several details of sculpture. The surface between basal carina

and umbilicus proper is distinctly but irregularly concave in C.

jeannae.

In a specimen from Ft. Myers the keel of the penult whorl is

subobsolete, merely a low convexity, and the median peripheral

keel is somewhat longer.

We take pleasure in naming this charming little shell for Dr.

Jeanne S. Schwengel, who has taken an active part in arousing

interest in the study of Florida sea shells.

Cyclostremiscus suppressus (Dall). Plate 8, figs. 5, 5a

Ethalia supprcssa Dall, 1889, 'Blake' Rep., Bull. M. C. Z. 18:

362.

The spocimon figured has been compared with the type. It is

apparently somewhat related to C. jeannae, but not at all closely.

The top is flattened ; the peripheral region has three keels ex-

tending to tiie aperture, and the base is flattened, with an angle

bounding a sloping area behind the coluniollar margin, the

deeper part of this area i)eing heavily calloused continuous with

.lamiary. 194G1 the nautilus 83

the parietal eallus, and ()verliaiitrin«r tlie umbilical cavity. The

surface is inarked with tine lines of growth. Diameter 1.5 to

1.7 mm.

(loodland Point, Collier Co. (Hemphill, type loc.) ; Baker's

llaulover, head of Biscayne Bay, Miami (J. A. Weber).

The callus overhanging the umbilicus varies, often half cover-

ing it, but in others leaving a rounded orifice.

{To he continued)

TWO MISUNDERSTOOD SPHAERIIDAE

By henry a. PILSBRY

About twenty-five years ago the writer had occasion to re-

view and figure the Sphaeriidae of New York State. In the

course of this work which has not been published, various dis-

crepancies in the published records appeared, two of them

noticed below.

Sphaerium STAMiNEUM (Courad). Fig. 1, A-E

Cyclas staminea Conrad, 1834, Amer. Jour. Sci. 25 : 342, pi. 1,

fig. 5. Not Sphaerium stamineum of Prime and later authors.

The shell is oval with the posterior end somewhat truncate

obliquely, the anterior rounded, the upper and basal margins

about equally curved, the beaks moderately full but low, not

projecting much above the hinge-line. The lunule is distinct,

wide ; escutcheon very narrow. The surface is slightly glossy,

finely, subregularly rib-striate throughout, the striae extending

on the ends, and well developed on the beaks. Color straw

yellow, fading to light grayish olive iiear the beaks. The hinge

is moderately curved, the ligament occupying more than half

of its width. Right cardinal tooth angular, the posterior limb

longer than tlie anterior, neither ramus bifid. Left anterior

cardinal triangular, somewhat excavated below, its crest there-

fore the shape of an inverted V. Anterior laterals heavy, to-

wards the cardinals curving under the level of the hinge; pos-

terior laterals rather slender.

Length 12, alt. 9.6, diam. 6.8 mm.

"Inhabits small streams in south Alabama" (Conrad).

Type 10186 A.N.S.P.

84 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (3)

Figures 1, a-e and the description, are from the type speci-

men, collected by Conrad. His original diagnosis and descrip-

tion are good, as far as they go, except that he did not see the

minute cardinal teeth; but the figure is misleading. It has the

size and shape of the type specimen except that the dorsal

margin, on each side of the beak, was not finished in the litho-

graph. It should have been built up nearly as high as the beak.

This led to an erroneous idea of the species on the part of Prime

and others, who identified as 8. stamineum a northern Sphae-

rium having the "beaks very full and prominent."

Other series of 8. stamineum show some variation in contour.

The shell may be shorter. The posterior limb of the right

cardinal may be shorter than the anterior, and weakly bifid, and

this is apparently the normal structure. The color is often

light graj'ish olive with a yellow zone below. These variations

are noted in a series from Greer Creek, Marengo Co., Alabama,

containing also typical examples. Two measure :

Length 14.4, alt. 10.7, diam. 8 mm.

Length 14, alt. 11.3, diam 8.2 mm.

8. stamineum is closely related to 8. solidulum (Prime) and

8. fuscafum (Prime), but the beaks are not so full and high,

and the hinge is a little less arched. The narrow, steeply slop-

ing, anterior interdental part of the hinge-plate is the same in

all, the anterior lateral teeth appearing to emerge from the

cavity of the beaks even more than in most Sphaeria. though

something of the same appearance is seen in other amesodas.

In 8. solidulum the ribs on the beaks are coarser and more

spaced than in stamincu7n; otherwise the sculpture is about the

same. S. striatinum differs by its coarser, less regular sculp-

ture, which becomes more or less obsolete posteriorly; and the

shape of the hinge is different. Possibly iSf. solidulum and 8.

fuscatum are subspecifically related to a*^. stamineum, yet the

three appear to be distinguishable.^

1 These notes weio jioiinod long ago. In 1S144 S. T. Brooks :uid H. R.

Huntington reduced most of the Sphaeria to svnonyms of S. stilcatinn and

S. striatinutn ; hut though a move in the right direction, this appears

rather an extreme reaction from Dr. Rterki's splitting. Cf. Nautilus

57: 95.

January, 194GI

THK NAUTILUS

85

Fig. 1. A-E Sphaerivm staviineum (Conrad) ; C, ventral view of hinge

of left valve ; D, E, Left and right details of cardinal area of hinge.

Fig. F, photographic copy of Lister's figure, the basis of Tellina virginica

Gmelin. Figs. G-I, Pisidium dubium (Say) ; G, inside of left and right

valves; H, more enlarged views of the hinge; I, dorsal profile of the left

valve.

We possess several lots of S. statnineum from Alabama, but

I have not taken time to work out its distribution in the southern

states. Thoujjh it has been reported from many localities in

New York by Beauehamp, Letson, F. C. Baker, J, B. Henderson,

and in the Sterki and Bryant Walker collections, all of the New

York specimens so labelled which I have seen turned out to be

/S. solidulum (Prime), H. striatinum (Lam.) or other species.

The true <S'. stamineum probably does not occur in New York or

elsewhere so far north.

86 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (3)

PisroiUM DUBiUM (Say). Figs. 1, G-I

Cyclas duhia Say, 1816, Nicholson's Eneycl. pi. 1, fig, 10.

Pisidium dubium Gould, Prime, 1852, Bost. Jour. N. li. 6 : 254.

Cyclas equalis (Phymeroda equalis) Rafinesque, 1820, Ann. Gen.

Sci. Phys. Bruxelles, p. 319.

Pisidium ahruptum Haldeman, 1841, Proe. A. N. S. Phila. p. 53

(Elk River, Md.) ; later (p. 103) said to be "not distinct from

P. dubium Say."

Pisidium virginicum Bourguignat, Prime, 1865, Mon. Amer.

Corbiculadae, p. 61, figs. 61, 62.

Pisidium virginicum (Gmelin), Sterki, 1916, Ann. Carnegie Mus.

10: 446. Not Tellina virginica Gmelin, 1792, Syst. Nat. (13),

p. 3236.

This well known pea-clam need not be described here, but

notes on the hinge may be given. The interior is pale blue.

The right valve has a cardinal tooth with stout, wedge-shaped

limbs, or sometimes oval posterior and more slender anterior

limbs, standing about at right angles, and deeply notched at the

urabonal bend ; the laterals are very low, but between each pair

are deep sockets with more or less granulate or crenulate borders.

The left valve has a triangular anterior and a slender, strongly

curved, diagonally descending posterior cardinal ; laterals are

well developed, short, high and triangular in profile (Fig. I).

Length 7.6 mm., height 6.6 mm., diameter 4.6 mm. It often

attains a length of 9 mm.

Dr. Sterki gave the distribution as "United States east of

the Rocky Mountains, north to Yukon and Alaska." Type

59830 A.N.S.P., from the Delaware River (doubtless at Phila-

delphia, where Say collected). The southern limit of the species

needs investigation. In New York it occurs all over that state.

I have seen it from the Boquet River, Essex Co., in the north,

to Bronx River in the south. The records are from 14 counties.

This species is widely spread in the ea.st, to be found in run-

ning water. The large size, irregular, coarse striation and

somewhat flattened beaks distinguish it. There is also a pecu-

liarity in the hinge of the right valve: the lateral teeth are very

weakly developed, but tiie cavities between each pair are very

deep, to receive the high, short laterals of the left valve. The

cardinal teeth are rather variable in shape; they are usually

as ill fig. II, or the size relations of the posterior limb of the

tooth may be reversed.

January, 10461 the nautilus 87

For the last SO years this eommon, lar^e species has been

known as P. virginicum,^ snpposed to have been deseribed by

Gmelin. But Gmelin's Tellina virginica was based solely upon

the fifrure of a Virginian shell in Lister, 1686, Ilistoria Conchyli-

oruni, pi. 159. fi|?. 15, which looks more like a youn^ Musculium

partttmeium, and could only be taken for a Pisidiuin in the dark.

Our Fij? F is a photofjraphic copy from Lister. Say's descrip-

tion of Cyclas dubia was good for the time, and his type is still

preserved. Say gave the species a rather disparaging name,

but it is probably the least "dubious" of our eastern Pisidia.

LAND MOLLUSCA OF THE EDMUND NILES HUYCK

PRESERVE, RENSSELAERVILLE. NEW YORK

Bt WILLIAM MARCUS INGRAM

Mills College, California

The Edmund Niles Huyck Preserve at Rensselaerville, Albany

County, New York is a tract of some five hundred acres situated

in the Helderberg Mountains. The altitude of the preserve

varies from approximately 1500 to 1750 feet. Varied plant

areas ranging in composition through grass and berry-covered

fields; abandoned apple orchards; maple, beech-maple, hemlock,

and beech-hemlock forest strips; flood-plain forests; maple and

oak hedge-rows ; and bogs make the Iluyck Preserve an interest-

ing area in which to study the distribution of land moUusks.

In addition to the native flora, white and red pine and spruce

plantings have been made ; these plantings are so dense that they

are devoid of snail life. The climax forest on the "low land"

is composed of a mixture of beeches and hemlocks; on the rises

hemlock trees represent the climax forest.

Previous reports on the specific fauna of the preserve have

been made by Hamilton (1940), (1941), Raney (1940), Raney

and Ingram (1940), Raney and Ingram (1941), Ingram (1941a),

(1941b), (1941c), (1941d), (1941e), Ingram and Odum (1941),

Odum (1941a), (1941b), and Davis (1941).

1 In a few papers which have passed through my hands I have substi-

tuted dubivm for virginicnm.

88 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (3)

Sixteen species of land snails and three species of slugs were

collected on the preserve from June 15 to September 1, 1940

amongst approximately 5,000 individuals which were observed

in the field. These species are discussed here in relation to the

habitats in which they were found and in relationship to the

associated vertebrate fauna. This list should add to the slight

knowledge now available on the distribution of land mollusks

of New York State.

Triodopsis alholahris (Say). This was the most abundant

large snail of the natural forest areas of the preserve. It pre-

ferred beech-hemlock, beech-maple and maple areas where the

humus and wet-rot logs were abundant. It was almost absent

from the pure hemlock forest and from decadent farmed land

overgrown with wild black and raspberry bushes. It was oc-

casionally found in deserted apple orchards. Individuals were

often taken in maple and oak hedgerows which ran between

cultivated fields from wooded areas. Individuals were found

to be active throughout the daylight hours. When at rest they

were collected from beneath the sprung bark of logs, from be-

neath logs, and from beneath the upper humus layer of the forest

floor. Occasionally they were found during the day inactive on

the surface of the forest floor. This snail was typically terres-

trial except during summer rainy periods when they were found

to ascend trees. Individuals generally avoided flood-plain forest

areas where a ricli humus covering was absent.

Individuals were taken from humus runs of the following

small mammals, the short-tailed shrew, Blarina hrcvicouda, and

the deer mice, Pcromyscus Icucopus tiovchoraccnsis and P. mani-

culatus gracilis. Extensive trapping and stomach analysis indi-

cate that these three mammals use this snail species as a food

item.

Triodopsis tridcntata (Say). This species wa.s the third most

common of the five species of Polygyridae. It was the only one

of the family at all common in pure hcndock stands; here it was

always taken from beneatli the sprung bark of fallen logs. It

was mo.st abundant in tlie beech-hemlock and maple stands.

Here it was commonly found at rest on top of humus on the open

forest floor; when found in such a situation individuals were

usually taken from depressions in the humus. Its local dis-

.lamiary. lf)4Gl the NAUTii.rs 89

tributioii is apparently uffected by man's cultivation efforts, for

it novor was fouml in <rrass or berry-covered fields or in old

apple orciiards. Individuals were rare in hedgerows and on

tlood plains. Opened "fresh" shells of this species in the feed-

ing: chambers of tlie short-tailed shrew were commonly found.

Triodopsis doitifcra (Binney). This was the second most

common Polygryrid of the preserve. It reached its greatest

abundance in tlie beech-hemlock forest, but was not ^'cnerally

taken with 2\ alholahris. Gathered data indicate that this spe-

cies is possibly a marginal snail; it was commonly found along

the edges of the various forest strips and in hedgerows border-

ing pasture land and abandoned fields. The species was ap-

parently well established in maple and oak hedgerows, for egg

masses and young were generally encountered here.

Triodopsis notata (Deshayes). Only one individual was col-

lected during the summer from beneath the sprung bark of a

yellow birch log. Althougli other yellow birch logs were exam-

ined none revealed the presence of this species. At Ithaca, New

York tiiis mollusk is abundant beneath the sprung bark of yellow

birches in the Sapsucker woods ; here too it has often been taken

from beneath yellow birch and beech logs.

Stcnotrema fratcrnum (Say). Individuals were generally col-

lected from beneath logs and on stumps in the beech-hemlock,

beech-maple, and maple areas. They were rarely found in the

humus layer. Young individuals were occasionally found in

hedgerows adjoining forest strips. They were marginal forms

in flood-plain areas. The short tailed shrew and the white-

footed deermouse feed on this species.

Mesomphix cupreus (Rafinesque). Individuals were very

abundant in pure maple stands ; their distribution in other areas

was negligible. Data indicates that this species prefers cool

areas with a dense overhang. On the preserve the maple area

in which they abounded was in a deep gorge; here a stream

was present and the maple leaf humus was two to four inches

thick. Their typical resting place was beneath such a humus

layer in contact with the soil substratum. Specimens were

rarely taken from beneath logs. Individuals were almost

strictly nocturnal in their habits, although several were col-

lected moving about during the daylight hours. On the pre-

90 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (3)

serve, individuals were found in groups varying from four to

six. Their tendency to aggregate was indicated when twenty-

six were found in a ten foot square quadrant. In the maple

areas this moUusk was the principal snail eaten by the short-

tailed shrew and the white-footed deer mouse; here too it fell

ready prey to the predatory snail, Haplotrcma coyicavum (Say).

Mesomphix inornatus (Say). Individuals were obvious be-

cause of their rarity. They were found on the forest floor in

maple and beech-hemlock areas. Only half a dozen were

collected.

Euconulus fidvus (Miiller). This small mollusk was occa-

sionally found beneath maple humus, and beneath old boards on

the bank of Myosotis lake.

Zonitoides arhoreus (Say). This was the most common small

snail of the preserve. It was found in all of the available areas

with the exception of grass covered fields. It was one species

that did not noticeably avoid hemlock areas. The only area that

it avoided was the flood plain forest where humus and logs were

not abundant.

Ventridens intertextus (Binney). Individuals were erratic in

their distribution, being found in all areas but fields and orch-

ards. Specimens were most abundantly taken from flood-plain

forests. On flood-plains individuals sought shelter beneath

water carried debris piles; less commonly it was collected from

beneath water carried logs. On the flood plain its companion

was Anguispira alternata (Say) ; these two species were the

dominant snails of the flood-plain area. Both were preyed upon

by H. concavum and the short-tailed shrew. V. intertextus

seemed generally to avoid wooded areas where thick humus

abounded.

Anguiapira alternata (Say). Individuals preferred flood-

plain areas; water-carried debris piles resting over moist soil

formed their typical habitat. Collections were also commonly

made from beneath debris piles and logs along the waterways of

the preserve. Altiiough they were found in all of tlie forest

areas, it was the exception rather than the rule to take them

from deep in forest areas. Fields and bogs were avoided. Sev-

eral apparent strays were found beneath the rocks and in hedge

January, 1946] the nautilus 91

rows. In hedjje rows they made their abodes beneath fallen

branches. In two instances specimens were found aestivatin^ in

hollow beech trees resting: upon the jjround. In one such in-

stance six specimens were co-inhabitants of a hollowed tree with

a raccoon. The latter apparently did not relish this moilusk

or was well fed on the customary crayfish diet, for the snails

remained in the hollow tree for 60 days before they were re-

moved. Fresh scats of the raccoon indicated that the tree was

used continuall.v by this mammal as a daylight retreat through-

out the summer. On the flood plains this snail was eaten by the

short-tailed shrew.

Discus cronkhitii catskillcnsis (Pilsbry). This abundant small

snail was found in all of the wooded areas adhering to the under-

surfaces of logs. It was also a common lake margin snail where

it was found beneath prostrate decaying fence posts resting on

blackberry bushes. Individuals were also taken from beneath

maple leaf humus and fallen bark in young maple stands and

maple hedge-rows.

Hclicodiscus parallelus (Say). This small moilusk was the

dominant bog species where it was found in abundance on hum-

mocks at the base of bog ferns. None were found in forest

stands.

Haplotrema concavum (Say). This moilusk was found in all

plant associations except in grassy fields and bogs. Individuals

were rather sparsely distributed in all areas but the flood plains ;

here individuals were commonly found concealed beneath water-

carried debris piles with Anguispira cUternata and Ventridens in-

tertcxtus. Throughout its distributional range on the preserve

individuals prefered to seek shelter beneath stick debris piles and

logs to humus. Ingram (1941d) based on field observations re-

ported Haplotrema using the following snails as food, Triodopsis

albolabris (Say), Triodopsis dent if era (Binney), Mcsomphix cu-

preus (Rafinesque), Zonitoides arboreus (Say), and Anguispira

alternata (Say).

Cochlicopa luhrica (Mullcr). This small moilusk was typi-

cally found beneath fallen fence rails and discarded lumber piles

on the shore of Myosotis lake. Careful search around the bases

of wild blackberry bushes often revealed numerous individuals.

92 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (3)

Specimens too were found beneath humus and fallen bark in

young maple stands. Clearino; of forest areas from the preserve

has no doubt numerically increased the population of this species

on the preserve. In grass covered fields it was common at the

bases of grass roots. It did not extend its range into climax

forest stands.

Succinea ovalis Say. This snail was typically a flood plain

inhabitant where it was taken from beneath stick debris piles;

specimens were also taken from beneath logs bordering the lake.

Sixteen individuals were collected beneath humus and logs deep

in the beech-hemlock forest strips. In bogs individuals were

found at the bases of bog ferns on hummocks. On the preserve

this species apparently adapts itself well to civilization for it

was not uncommon to make collections in hedge-rows bordering

roads. The short-tailed shrew fed on this species,

Succinea retusa Lea. Individuals were confined to lake and

pond margines. Collections were made from partially sub-

merged logs in Myosotis lake and in Lincoln pond. Individuals

were rarely collected from small stagnant ponds,

Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc). This was the most common

of the forest slugs. It was one of the dominant animals in the

beech-hemlock forest areas. Its local range did not extend into

fields or orchards. On the flood plains it was an outer marginal

form. In forest areas during summer dry periods they were

found concealed beneath humus, logs, fallen bark, and in decay-

ing log crevices. Occasionally they were taken from beneath

large mushrooms.

Deroceras laeve (Miiller). This small, introduced slug was

rarely taken. It was most often observed crossing roads before

the sun was high. It seemed to prefer forested land to over-

grown berry and grass covered fields. Collections were made

from beneath logs and humus in maple and bcecii-hemlock areas.

Avion circumscriptus Johnston. Individuals avoided forest

areas. They were abundant in fields at the bases of berry roots,

and on flood plains beneath logs and debris piles. Turning

boards around human habitations revealed good collecting

grounds. In oak hedge-rows specimens were taken curled up in

down-turned acorn cups.

January. 1946] the nautilus 93

Discussion

The land mollusks {generally have been thought of as being of

sliglit si<rnificance in relation to other animals and plants in

forest areas. There is no doubt that ecolojrical studies of land

mollusks and not just shell eoUeeting will sliow that their im-

portant'e as scavengers and as food for vertebrates has been

overlooked.

Three species, Zonitoides arboreus (Say), Triodopsis albola-

hris (Say) and Triodopsis dcntifera (Binney) have been shown

to have detinite scavenger tendencies (Ingram 1941d).

Seven species of the nineteen species of land mollusks listed

here were found to serve as mammal food. Notably, Hamilton

(1940) (1941) in his small mammal studies has shown snails to

be generally an important food item in the diet of small mam-

mals. Hamilton (op. cit.) found the following small mammals

feeding on snails : Long-tailed shrews, Sorex cinerus and Sorex

fuincus; Short-tailed shrew, Blarina hrevicauda; Deer mice,

Peromyscus Icucopus novehoracensis and Peromyscus manicula-

tus gracilis; Ked-backed mouse, Clethrionomys gapperi gapperi;

Lemming mouse, Synaptoniys cooperi, and the Hairj'-tailed mole,

Parascalopus hreweri. The importance of snails in the diets of

some mammals is especially realized in Hamilton's (1941) analy-

sis of 460 .stomachs of the short-tailed shrew where 5.4 percent

of the stomachs contained snail remains; in 180 stomachs of

Peromyscus 3.9 percent were found with snails in them.

All of the larger species of land snails in eastern forest areas

in their activities beneath forest floor humus turn the humus

thus allowing increased w^eathering to take place which adds to

the fertility of the forest floor.

Bibliography

Hamilton, Willi.\m J. Je., 1940. The Biology of the Smoky Shrew (Sorex

fumeus fumcu.t Miller). Zoologica, 25: pt. 4, pp. 473-492.

1941. The Food of Small Mammals in Eastern United States. Journal

of Mammalogy, 22: 3, pp. 250-263.

Ingram, William Marcus, 1941a. Survival of Fresh Water Mollusks

During Periods of Dryness. Nautilus, 54: 3, pp. 84-87.

1941b. Daylight Activity of Land Mollusks. Nautilus, 54: 3, pp. 87-90.

1941c. Habits of Land MoUusca at Rensselaerville, Albany County,

New York. American Midland Naturalist, 25: 3, pp. 644-051.

1941d. Utilization of Stones for Shelter by Land Snails. Nautilus,

55: 1, pp. 13-15.

94 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (3)

TWO NEW PAPUINA

bt maxwell smith

Among some land shells recently submitted by William H.

Weeks for identification there were found the following novelties :

Papuina lambei novohibernica, new subspecies. Plate 9, fig. A

(To appear in April number).

Shell imperforate, depressed, wider than high ; apex deep

flesh-color, obtuse, shining, whorls four and one-half as in lambei

Pfeiffer. Sculpture consisting of obliquely descending wrinkles

as in that species. Color light buff with two broad dark chest-

nut-brown zones, one above and the other below the periphery,

the latter strongly keeled, patterned with zig-zag brown stripes

and a few dots which largely cover the remaining surfaces.

Aperture oblique, dark within, the exterior color pattern showing

through, peristome whitish, broadly expanded, slightly reflexed,

not so rapidly descending from tlie wall as in lambei. Alt. 17,

greater diam. 26.5, lesser diam. 21.5 mm.

Type (in the writer's collection) from New Ireland. Para-

types mostly immature shells.

Papuina weeksiana, new species. Plate 9, fig. B

Shell imperforate, globose, wider than high; apex obtuse,

whorls four and one-half, suture slightly impressed, surface

shining. Sculpture consisting of distinct growth lines crossed

by minute irregular spiral punctulations which cover almost the

entire surface. Ground color ivory-white with chestnut-brown

colored zig-zag lines which extend from just below the suture to

the peripheral zone which is unmarked, the base of shell orna-

mented with narrower brown lines which are more or less spiral,

the terminations of these lines toward the peripliery being in

some cases deflected. Aperture oblique, showing inside the ex-

ternal pattern, peristome slightly expanded, of old fashioned

caramel color, parietal callus of the same shade but moderately

applied, tiie color extending in the form of a darker blotch be-

low the axis. Alt. 16, greater diam. 19 mm.

Type (in the writer's collection) from the Solomon Islands.

This species docs not appear to have any close ally. The

globose shape, rounded periphery and ornamentation are all

peculiar.

January, 1046] the nautilus 95

ECOLOGIC NOTES CONCERNING ELYSIA

CHLOROTICA. GOULD AND STILIGER

FUSCATA, GOULD

By henry D. RUSSELL

On May fifth and sixth while visiting Pasque Ishind, one of

the smaller islands of the Elizabeth Island chain which is situ-

ated to the southwest of Woods Hole, Massachusetts, specimens

of Elysia chlorotica, Gould and of Stiligcr fuscata, Gould were

collected by the author in a salt marsh.

The Salt Marsh. The marsh where these specimens were col-

lected consisted of a tortuous, tidal, main channel three-quartei"s

of a mile in len^h and varying in width from a few feet at low

water to over fifty at high tide. It terminated in a wider, shal-

low, muddy bay. The main channel was contained within firm

banks of peat upon which grew coarse marsh grasses. There

were many small bays and estuaries leading into the main

channel and the bottoms of these consisted of a mixture of sand

and flocculent peat mud. Only during storms from the south

when the waters of Vineyard Sound broke over the outer barrier

beaches was the marsh completely flooded. The salinity of the

main channel ranged between 31 and 32 parts per thousand and

the water temperature was 57° F. The marsh itself was over

fifty acres in extent.

The Pools. The irregular tide pools in the peat were located

chiefly at the upper end of the marsh, and varied in size and

depth from small depressions a few inches deep to those that

were approximately fifty feet long by thirty feet wide and two

or three feet deep. They were scattered along the banks of the

main channel above the mean high tide mark and it is interesting

to note that their water level changed very little with the rise

and fall of the tide. Probably they were flushed only by slow

subterranean seepage or during unusually high tides. Their

salinity was 32 parts per thousand which compares favorably

with the 31 to 32 parts per thousand for nearby Buzzard Bay

water. The bottoms of these pools consisted of peat mud from

which grew thick ma.sses of Enieromorpha clathrata. During

the day the temperatures rose as high as 71° F. and returned at

night to 54° F. or less.

96 TnE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (3)

Elysia chlorotica, Gould. About fifty specimens of Elysia

chlorotica, Gould were collected both in the pools where they

were found chiefly on the alga Enter omorpha clathrata, and

along the peat banks of the main channel of the marsh at high

tide. Many more specimens could have been collected, since

they were very abundant. At high tide, in one small bay 15 per

square foot were counted near the shore. At the same place at

low tide only a few could be found crawling sluggishly about on

the mud or just under its flocculent surface. Presumably the

majority moved off shore as the water receded. The specimens

collected varied in length from 14 to % of an inch long and about

1/16 to 1/8 of an inch wide. The color was also variable and

ranged from a bright emerald and olive green to deep chocolate

brown. All specimens possessed the irregular small light colored

spots along the lateral expansions, but a few specimens were

found that lacked the small irregular red spots mentioned by

Gould. ^ No egg masses were found at this time nor were any

animals seen copulating. It is possible that these were imma-

ture specimens, since Gould ^ mentions that his specimens were

1 to iy2 inches in length.

Stiliger fuscata, Gould. Twelve specimens of Stiligcr fuscata,

Gould were collected exclusively from the Entcromorpha clath-

rata growing in the tide-pools. The specimens were very nearly

uniform in size, measuring 14 of an inch long by 1/32 of an inch

wide. None was seen copulating at this time nor were any egg

masses found, though these specimens closely approached in

size those reported by Gould, A. A. and Binney, W. G. loc. cit. p.

250 as found "on logs in a mast yard, Boston. July 22, 1842."

Since these authors described the ova as "deposited in little

oval clusters" in July, it is possible that those specimens taken

by the author in April had not yet spawned.

The occurrence of this species at Basque Island extends its

range approximately 85 miles southward on the New England

coast from its previous recording at P>o.ston, Mass. by Gould.

F'ifty specimens of Elijsia chlorotica and twelve of Stiligcr fus-

cata were brought back from Basque Islaiul in a 400 cc. jar of

salt water into which had been placed a small clump of Entero-

1 Gould, A. A,, and Rinncy, W. G. Report on the Invertebrates of

Massac'liiisetta pp. 235 and 236, 1870.

January, 1046] tue nautilus 97

mnrphd. Tlu\v wore kept in a rcfripferator at a temperature of

40^ F. To insure a constant salinity as evaporation occurred, a

mark was placed on the jar at water level and unsalted water

was added as needed to maintain tiiis level. Tiie specimens thus

lived in an apparently healthy condition for two weeks as no

dead or dying animals were noted. However, at this tempera-

ture they were comparatively sluggish. When the jar was re-

moved from the refrigerator to room temperature they became

more active as the water temperature increased. No specimens

were seen to copulate nor were any eg^ masses observed during

this period.

A list of the mollusks found inhabiting the marsh at Pasque

Island during the latter part of April is appended. C following

the name denotes species from the Main Channel, T those in the

tide pools.

Gemma gemma Tot. C. Nassarius ohsoleta Say. C.

Modiolus modiolus L. C. Littorina littorea L. C, T.

£■7151^ directus Con. C. Littorina saxatile Olivi C. T.

Mya arenaria L. C. Polynices heros Say. C.

Venus mercenaria L. C. Polynices duplicata Say. C.

Solemya velum Say. C. Elysia chlorotica Gould C, T.

Siliqua costata Say. C. Stiliger fuscata Gould T.

Tellina tenera Say. C. Paludcstrina minuta Tot. T.

A LETTER CONCERNING THE CONES OF HWASS

AND OTHER COLLECTIONS IN SWITZERLAND

By henry dodge

I presume I am only one of a great number of amateur conch-

ologists who are confused by the history of the Hwass names

in the genus Conns and by the vicissitudes which these species

underwent at the hands of Lamarck, Bruguiere and other authors

of their time. The following letter may offer a lead for investi-

gation to those who are studying Conus and who may contem-

plate a trip to Switzerland, as well as being a record as to the

validity of certain names and as to the where abouts of several

of the important European collections of the last hundred and

fifty years.

98 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (3)

I had seen a reference to the effect that the Hwass collection

of cones was held in the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle at Geneva

and, knowing that I would go to Europe as soon as conditions

permitted, I wrote to the Director of the Museum to inquire as to

the extent of the collection and its availability to students.

As M. Mermod says that a study of the source of the cones in

the collection had never, up to now, been systematically under-

taken, the list of figures from the Eneyelopedie which either

eertainl}' or probably represents specimens used by Hwass in his

descriptions constitutes a long step towards clarifying the

nomenclature of many of these species, if, indeed, it be not the

final step. Therefore it seems timely to reproduce a translation

of his letter not only for the benefit of those who may have an

opportunity to study the Hwass shells at first hand but also for

the information of all who are interested in the taxonomic ques-

tions involved and in the data which the letter supplies as to

the dispersion and present custody of some famous collections.

Geneva, Sept. 5, 1945.

SIR:—

The Director of the Museum of Natural History in Geneva

has given me your letter of April 18th. I am the Curator of

the Collections of Invertebrates at the Museum in Geneva and I

give you such information as I can furnish.

In the first place, as to the Hwass collection : If I have not

replied more promptly to your letter it is because it arrived only

after a long delay, in June, and also because I wished to give

you some precise data upon just what we possess of the Hwass

collection. This is a study which had not been methodically

undertaken. In 1869 the Geneva Museum received, as a gift

from the heirs of Baron Benjamin de Lessert of Paris, the shell

collection of that wealthy collector (1773-1847). This collec-

tion, which was one of the most famous of its day, had been

formed out of several well-known earlier collections : the Du-

fresne collection, acquired in 1833, and that of Masscna in 1840.

This latter collection contained the collei-tions of Baudeville,

Solier la Touche, Castellin and finally Lamarck. In the collec-

tion of Solit'r la Toiiclie was incorporated the Hwass collection.

January. 1046] the nautilus 99

(See Notice sur le Musee Conchyliolopique do M. lo liaroii de

Lessort. par CMienu, Paris, 1844).

rnfortunately, as in the case of almost all of the old collec-

tions which have passed from owner to owner, there exist in

them many errors and indications of carelessness, so that it is

impossible, in the case of many specimens, to state their source.

As to the Ilwass collection and especially as to the p:enus Conus,

the situation is this: In the Encyclopedic Methodique (Paris,

1780, vol. 1, p, 598) Bruguiere said that the figures and descrip-

tions of the cones were the work of Hwass. Therefore the

originals of the figures in plates 315 to 345, to wit, 174 figures,

came from the Ilwass collection. In our collection I have [word

illegible, "isolated"?] 67 specimens w^hich may be considered as

certainly from the Hwass collection and 20 others which are

probably, but not certainly, from that collection.

The figures from the Encyclopedic are frequently so bad that it

is often impossible to make a certain identification. I cite be-

low the plates and figures which are represented in our collection

by original specimens, many of which are consequently Types.

The questionable figures are followed by a " ?".

The Solier la Touche collection in which the Hwass shells are

found had all its specimens marked on the outside with a small

"s". This is therefore the case with all thQ Ilwass shells, but

apart from the original figures listed above it is not possible to

state which of the specimens marked with an "s" had their

origin in the Ilwass collection.

The Museum in Geneva possesses, as a collection, a large part

(une bonne partie) of the shells from Lamarck's collection, in-

cluding many hundreds of Types, of which a goodly number

are figured either in the Encyclopedic, or in Kiener (Icono-

graphie des Coquilles Vivantes) or in Chenu (Illustrations

conchyliologiques), or in Delessert (Choix de coquilles etc. . . .).

Geneva has also the Bourguignat collection (Coquilles terrestres

et fluviatiles), the Mclania of Brot (See Mdania in I\rartini and

Chemnitz), the greater part of the specimens originating in the

collection of Angrand (Peron) published by ]\Iorlet [sic] in the

Series Conchyliologiques, and the collection of IMoricand, especi-

ally South American species, a collection not yet entirely inte-

grated with ours.

100

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 59 (3)

Encyclopedie Methodique ^

Plate 318, fig.

" 320,

" 345,

" 317,

" 343,

" 339,

" 339,

" 321,

*• 327,

" 334,

•• 342,

" 325,

" 325,

" 329,

" 342,

" 340,

" 337,

" 321^

" 321,

" 327,

" 319,

" 319,

" 334,

" 334,

" 335,

" 326,

" 338,

'• 321,

" 322,

" 341,

" 317,

" 318,

" 335,

" 333,

" 329,

" 342,

'• 329,

" 325,

" 320,

2

4

5

7

3

4

6

10

2 ?

4

4 ?

3

4

5

9 ?

6

6

7 ?

1

5 ?

2

1

6

5

5

2

8

5 ?

3

8

10

5

4

7 ?

9 ?

3

1

8

9

?

5

6

2

1

6

5 ?

1

7

6

2

2

3

5

7

3

6

8 ?

4

8

2

9 ?

3

6

5

7

1 I have eliminated certain repetitions in the liat of figures as given in

the original letter. H. D.

January, 1946] the nautilus 101

The Shuttleworth collection is at Beme; the Mousson collec-

tion at Zurioh ; tluit of Charpentier at Lausanne ; that of Godet

at XtHK'liatel, consisting predominantly of recent shells, and also

a part of the collection of Agassiz and Desor (perhaps princi-

pally fossils),

I am at your service for any other information, and if you

come to Geneva we will be happy to show you whatever may

interest you in our Museum.

Accept, Sir, etc.

G. Mermod.

Bibliographic References

Chenu, 1844. Notice sur le Musee conchyliologique de M. le Baron de

Lessert. Paris.

Lamt, 1915. Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Bulletin No. 3.

1930. Journal de Conchyliologie, pp. 42-60.

1930. Les cabinets d'Histoire Naturelle en France au 18 me. siecle.

(separate, p. 28 et seq.)

GEORGE WILLETT

The Conchological Club of Southern California lost one of its

most valued members when its president, George Willett, passed

away on August 2nd, 1945. He was born in Ilawksbury, On-

tario, Canada, on May 28th, 1879. His parents moved to Cali-

fornia while he was still very young, the family home being a

ranch near Highland. Willett attended Whittier College from

1896 to 1898, leaving school to join the United States Army and

serve in the Philippine campaign of the Spanish-American war.

Upon his return to California he joined the Los Angeles police

force with which he worked for several years, part of the time

as sergeant of the Chinatown squad. In the work he won the

lasting confidence and friendship of many of the Chinese, and

throughout his later years enjoyed the occasional opportunities

to meet with them in their "Tong" gatherings.

In 1912 he became a Reservation Inspector for the U. S. De-

partment of Agriculture Biological Survey, spending six years

102 THE N-AUTTLUS [Vol. 59 (3)

in the field. One of his early assignments was to Laysan

Island, which is. so far as I know, the first place where he

collected shells. From 1914 to 191S he was stationed during

the summers at Forrester Island, southeastern Alaska, where he

did intensive work both as a shell collector and an ornithologist.

Leaving the Biological Survey he re-entered the Army in the

first "World "War. and was at a training camp in this countrj*

when the Armistice was signed.

Ketuming to the neighborhood of Ketchikan. Alaska, he spent

some time fishing, had charge of a fox farm for a while, and

served as Deputj* U. S. Marshall.

In 1927 he returned to California where he became Assistant

Omitholegist at the Los Angeles County Museum. One year

later he was appointed Curator of Ornithology and Mammalogy,

retaining that position until his death. He leaves his wife,

Ora. a son by his first marriage, George Jr., and a brother and

sister.

Mr. Willett joined the Conchological Club of Southern Cali-

fornia in October, 1916, and was always a faithful and active

member. He served as President for the first time from 1929

to- 1931, and was recalled to that office at least twice in later

years. An unusually well rounded naturalist, he combined

ability and energy in field work with a keen sense of biological

relationships as well as facility in expressing his conclusions.

His generosity in making available to others the results of

his wide observ-ation and collections has been of great help to

those working in the subjects in which he was interested. How

numerous these were is indicated by the fact that he was a

member, and in many instances an officer, of the following sci-

entific societies: American Ornithological Union, Cooper Orni-

thological Club of Southern California, California Academy of

Sciences, Southern California Academy fo Sciences, Biological

Society of Washington, Northwest Bird and Mammal Society,

American Society of Mammalogists, Society of Vertebrate Pale-

ontology*, and the San Diego Societj- of Natural History.

The following li.st is believed to cover Mr. Willett's published

works on shells. His studies of birds and mammals make an

equally impressive list.

January, 1946] the nautilus 103

1918. Description of a new Pandora of the Subgenus Kenner-

lyia. Nautilus 31 : 134.

Notes on the Mollusca of Forrester Is. (Bivalves).

Nautilus 32: 65-69.

1919. Notes on the Mollusea of Forrester Is. (Univalves).

Nautilus 33: 21-28 (Description of Velutina rubra).

1928. Notes on some Pacific Coast Acteocinas. Nautilus 42:

37-38.

1929. Description of two new species of Mollusca from the

West Coast of North America, Nautilus 43 : 26.

Description of two new Land Shells from Southern

California. Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 28, part 2, p. 17.

1930. Micrariontas of the indioensi^ group, with description of

a new subspecies. Nautilus 43: 115.

Notes on Micrarionta rixfordi. Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci.

29: 15.

Desert Helicoids of the M. hutsoni group. Nautilus 44:

4-6.

1931. Two new Helicoids from the Mohave Desert, California.

Nautilus 44 : 123-125.

Three new Mollusks from Catalina I., California. Nau-

tilus 45 : 65-67.

Psephis (Petricola) teUimyalis (Cpr.) not the young of

Petricola denticulata Sbv. Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci.

30 : 30.

1932. A new chiton from S. California. Nautilus 45: 101.

A new Helminthog^-pta from Monterey Co., California.

Nautilus, 45: 134^135.

A new Cardita from the Aleutians and a new Epitonium

from Southern California. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat.

Hist. 5 : 85-90.

1934. Two new Cingulas from Alaska. Nautilus 47 : 103.

A new Helminthog^i-pta from the east slope of the Sierra

Nevada Mts. California {H. caruthersi) . Bull. S. Cal.

Acad. Sci. 33 : 57-58.

1935. Further notes on the desert snails of Riverside Co.

California {M. granitensis, M. mccoiana). Bull. S.

Cal. Acad. Sci. 34 : 1-2.

Three new Micrariontas from the Central Colorado

Desert. {M. brunnea, M. chocolata, M. chuckwal-

luna). Nautilus 49: 14-16.

1935. Some superfluous names in West American chitons.

Nautilus 49 : 42-44.

1937. Buecinum baerimorchianum (Fischer) not a tenable

name. Nautilus 50: 101.

Micrariontas of the southwest Colorado Desert, (il.

carrizoensis, M. rcmota). Nautilus 50: 122-125.

104 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (3)

A new Land Shell from the Riverside Mts., Colorado

Desert. (3/. immaculata). Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci,

36 : 6-7.

A new Callistochiton from Lower California. (C. con-

nellyi). Nautilus 51: 25.

Additions to knowledge of the fossil invertebrate fauna

of California. (Triphora fossilis, Leptothyra suhoh-

soleta). Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 36: 61-64.

An Upper Pleistocene fauna from the Baldwin Hills, Los

Angeles Co., California. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat.

Hist. 8 : 379^06.

Report on Pleistocene molluscan fauna at Capistrano

Beach, Orange Co., California. Bull. S, Cal. Acad.

Sci. 36 : 105-107.

1938. Remarks on some West American mollusks. Nautilus 52 :

10-11. Two new land shells from Kern Co., California.

(Micrarionta stageri, Helminthoglypta cuyamacensis

piutensis). Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 37: 52-54.

A new Pseudochama from Clarion I., Mexico. {Pseudo-

chama clarionensis) . Nautilus 52: 48-49.

1939. Description of a new mollusk from California. {Lamel-

laria sharoni). Nautilus 52: 123-124.

Mierariontas of desert ranges bordering the east side of

Coachella Valley and the Salton Sink. California.

Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 38 : 14-16.

A new species of mollusk from the San Pedro Pleistocene.

iAlabi7ia effiae). Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 38: 202.

1940. A new land shell from Lower California. {Micrarionta

chacei). Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 39: 80-82.

A new Ischnochiton from Catalina Island. {Isch. cata-

linae). Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 39: 185-186.

1941. California desert snails. Minutes Conch. Club of S. Cali-

fornia, November.

1943. Northwest species of Glycimeris. Bull. S. Cal. Acad.

Sci. 42 : 107-114.

1944. Two new West American Pelecypods. (Cardita hilli,

Chione picta). Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 43: 19-22.

New species of mollusks from Kedondo, California.

(Nuculana burchi, Volvulclla t( ntiissima, Philiuc cali-

fornica, Melanclla rosa). l>iill. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 43:

71-73.

1945. The Acteocina of Salton Sink, Colorado Desert, Cali-

fornia. Bull. S. Cal. Acad. Sci. 44 : 28-29.

Elsie M. Chace.

January, 1946] the nautilus 105

NOTES AND NEWS

The name Mesopteryx Pilsbry & Olsson (Proc. A.N.S. Phila.

07: 265) is preoccupied by Mesoptcryx Saussure, 1870 (Mitt-

heil. Sclnv. Ent. Ges. 3: 235; Orthoptera). We substitute

Cymatoptcryx for the molluscan group. — II. A. Pilsbry & A. A.

Olsson.

The subgeneric name Tomopeas Pilsbry, 1906, Man. Conch.

(2) 18: 123 (Mollusca: Aehatinidae), was preceded by Tomo-

peas Miller, 1900, Ann. Mag. N.H. (7) 6: 570 for a Peruvian

bat. The molluscan Tomopeas, type Opeas layardi (Benson)

from Ceylon, may be known by the new name Eutomopeas. —

Pilsbry.

Our senior editor, Dr. Pilsbry, is visiting his daughter, Mrs.

F. J. Barcroft, Avenida del Hipodromo 58, Guatemala City,

Guatemala. He left chilly Philadelphia Dec. 19th by train to

New Orlean.s, and then flew to his destination. In the meantime,

material for The Nautilus should be sent to his permanent ad-

dress. "We all wish him the best — and may all his troubles be

little — snails !

Lt. R. Tucker Abbott, who is studying snails that transmit

human parasites, wrote in September from Leyte, P. I.

Mrs. W. S. S. van der Feen (van Benthem Jutting) of the

Zoologi.sch Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands, writes: "Five

years of German occupation have made us 'a sadder and a wiser

man.' Still, you can congratulate us that Amsterdam and the

Museum have emerged with so little damage. Fortunately the

Germans did not rob scientific institutes or libraries, so we could

continue working more or less regularly. It was a severe loss,

however, that all international contact became impossible, espe-

cially with the East Indies. From the enclosed circular, you

will see that I married in August of this year. It coincided al-

most beautifully with the liberation of our eountrj'. I can keep

my situation as a curator of mollusks, and my husband is work-

ing in the same institute."

Dr. W. Adam, Musee Royal d'histoire uaturelle de Belgique,

says in a letter : "Fortunately our Museum did not suffer any war

106 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (3)

damage. Personally I suffered very much from undernourish-

ment, which rendered all serious scientific work impossible. Apart

from some publications on cephalopods from the Red Sea, which

I studied during my evacuation, in 1940, in Paris, I only pub-

lished a few notes on Belgian shells. Now food conditions are

improving and gradually I take up work again which had to be

abandoned during the war. Most of us suffer still from a seri-

ous loss of memory (perhaps owing to loss of proteins) which is

a great handicap in our work."

The preceding excerpts from letters are published without

permission of their writers, to whom all due apologies are pre-

sented.—H. B. B.

New Recruits for Conchology. — About the middle of De-

cember, the Assistant Curator arrived back at the Mollusk De-

partment of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,

after an absence of three years almost to the day. A goodly

portion of this time was spent in the Admiralty Islands, and of

course shells were not entirely overlooked, although not as much

time could be spent on shell hunting as might have been wished.

Similarly elsewhere, conchologists both amateur and profes-

sional are returning to other institutions from the armed forces

and from the far corners of the earth. Many people who for-

merly had no especial interest in shells have taken this up as a

hobby. On an isolated tropical island, the prospect of recrea-

tion seemed slim indeed. However all over the Pacific an in-

terest in shell hunting sprang up. Not only the bespectacled

butterfly hunter prowled the beaches. Sergeants vied with

boatswain's mates and marines. Most popular among the

trophies sought were the cat eyes or opercula of the turbos.

Perhaps next on the list would be the money cowry Cypraea

moneta. All types were gathered, the more showy ones having

priority.

A certain amount of the collector's lore apparently spread to

these widely separated enthusiasts or perhaps necessity proved

the mother of invention. At any rate glass-bottomed buckets

and boxes, pearl divers' masks, goggles and even shallow water

diving gear were frequently used. The beaches, coral reefs and

lagoons proved a fertile field. Some of this booty found its way

.Tanujiiy. lIM(i| tiik navtiu's 107

back to niust'iiins an<l sonu' to tlu' faniili(>s and frioiuls of the

collector. In many cases, the interest still lin<;ers and the forniei*

beach combers are finding their way to ninsenms and concholo-

•rists to inquire ahdut their specimens and comjiarc^ notes on the

spoils of others.

The recent travel ditTiculties have temporarily curtailed the

activities of the vacationist collector here at home but their in-

terest will return. When these ref]:ulars are taken together with

the new recruits from the armed services, it is safe to say that

there is a greater interest in shell hunting and eonchology now

than there has been for many years. Shell clubs will probably

benefit in membership and museums and private collectors alike

may be expected to profit both in material and ideas from these

new devotees of the ancient and honorable art of combing the

beaches. — Richard A. McLean.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Journal de Conch VLioLociiE, founded in 1850, has become the

oldest conchological periodical. American students are de-

lighted to learn that it is continuing publication, numbers 1 and

2 of volume 86 having appeared in September and October, 1945.

Forbidden by a German order after April 1, 1942, the last 3

numbers of volume 85 were printed secretly in that year, so

volume 86 stands for 1943 to 1945. Subscriptions (275 francs

per annual volume) maj' be sent to Madame H. Pi.scher, 51,

Boulevard Saint-Michel, Paris 5e, France.

The first number of volume 86 is largely devoted to the mem-

ory of Edouard Lamy (1866-1942), whose valuable revisions of

many pelecypod families and genera are so well known. An

obituary, with a fine portrait, a list of his scientific publications,

another of his new .species and new names, a list of his lamelli-

branch revisions, and a posthumous paper on " Gasteropodes

abondonnant leur coquille," are included. It also contains a

paper on "Les affinites de Nassa verbeeki Martin et le groupe

de Nassa hirta Kiener" by Rene Abrard.

Notices also are given of the deaths of the very eminent Bel-

gian malacologist Pwh Pelseneer and of Louis Germain, pro-

fessor of malacology and director of the National Museum of

Paris.

108 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (3)

The second number consists of a paper on Jurassic fossils:

"Les lamellib ranches heterodontes des sables astartiens de Corde-

bugle (Calvados), 1) Astartidae, Cyprinidae, Isocardiidae," by

A. Chavan. A new subgenus Nicaniella, type Astai'te communis,

and new species of Astarte, Neomiodon, Isocyprina and Pseudo-

trapezium are described and figured. — H. B. B.

Basteria, the esteemed journal of the Dutch Malaeological

Society, is also continuing publication, and is finishing its 9th

(1945) volume. Subscriptions (2.50 florins per volume) may be

sent to the Hon. Treasurer, Nederlandsche Malacologische

Vereeniging, Parklaan 323 (postgiro 288032), Katwijk aan Zee,

Netherlands.— H. B. B.

Phylogeny and Distribution of Siphonariidae, elucidating

the Phylogenj^ of Basommatophora and the Origin of Pulmonata.

B}' Bengt Hubendick. Zoologiska Bidrag fran Uppsala 24: 1-

126, figs. 1-105 (In German, with English summary). Two liv-

ing genera, Williamia and Siphonaria, are recognized. The

latter is divided, largely on differences in genitalia, into 2 sub-

genera : Liriola and s.s. Liriola is subdivided into 5 sections :

s.s., Pachysiphonaria (new) type 8. lessoni, Bcnhamina, Kcrgue-

lenia and Patellopsis. In addition to Siphonaria s.s., 4 new

sections of the typical subgenus are proposed : Siinplisi phonaria,

type S. cookiana; Ducio siphonaria, type S. bifurcata; Hetero-

siphonaria, type ;S^. gigas; and Sacculosiphonaria, type 8.

japonica. Although this monaulic family has a striking epi-

phalloid organ, which secretes a horny spermatophore, and often

has a muscular penis (Scheide), the male and female channels

are not divided structurally, which the author considers a primi-

tive condition. Largely because of the elongate parietal and

abdominal connectives of the Chilinidae, etc., the usual position

of the Actophila, as generalized basonnnatophores, is rejected.

The p()ssil)ility of convergence in the i)atellifoi'm (ladiniidae is

doubted, but Hubendick seems unfamiliar witii the similar

ancylid-lancid parallelism, as he also has missed the crucial

studies of F. C. Baker on so many fresh-water pulmonates. And.

his dissertation is done in tlie grand manner, .so that much rocky

Iiypotiiesis nnist be excavated to unearth the golden veins of

original contribution, that strike through it. — H. B. B.

THE XAI'TILUS 59 (4)

PLATE 9

^'v>

A

Fig. a, Papuina Untibei nnvohihcrnica. FiG. R, P. wrelsidna. Svv ^l;i.\\vi41

Smith, Xiiut. .')!» (3) : 94.

3 ^y .^..^*^-^

FlG.'<. 1 tri 4, l.finii llii.iis nnviraiiKs, anatomy. Scr II. I^nii'm^toii Ji.ikcr,

Naiit. .'),S (3) : !>'l.

The Nautilus

Vol. 59 April. 1946 No. 4

WINTER COLLECTING IN THE BARGE CANAL

AT PITTSFORD, N. Y.

By C. L. BLAKESLEE

"Who can say one cannot jro shelling in the winter time in

northern latitudes? Well, it can be done. This concholofrist

lives close to latitude 43°, which latitudinal position is almost a

taboo to any outdoor collecting: along this and more northern

belts during the late fall and winter months. In this period,

the waters are more or less frozen over and as winter recedes

the high waters from the melting snow and ice are for some

time a deterrent to anj* work in the streams, ponds and lakes.

So while those living in warmer climes are collecting and add-

ing to their collections, the conchologists of these more in-

hospitable regions have their equipment laid away and accept

the season as a good time to sort over the summer's shells,

post up the records, tidy up the cabinets and do a little ex-

changing.

Yet at this particular location, Pittsford, N. Y., there comes

at times a few hours or maybe a day or two when certain con-

ditions combine to give the Northerner an opportunity to get

in a little shelling. The medium is the New York State Barge

Canal that flows through the village and the site is immedi-

ately below a lock and accompanying spillway.

At the close of boat traffic, customarily during the fore part

of November, the authorities begin to drain the water from

the ditch. This is accomplished before the middle of Decem-

ber but usually by this time the top water has been frozen and

during the draining this ice drops and fills the bed of the

stream. Whatever water may be underneath is limited to a

couple of feet or less in depth and the mollusks seek this haven

for the winter period.

(109)

110

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 59 (4)

Sometimes in January, we have a thaw. Again, in Feb-

ruary, we may be blessed with another or an initial period

of warmth. If these periods are warm enough and remain

for a few hours, it will result in the thawing of spots of ice

along the canal bed and at the lower terminal of the spillway

for a distance of approximately two hundred feet. The water

from this spillwaj'' has considerable current, though narrow,

and apparently it contains an abundance of molluscan food for

in it can be found an abundance of fine shells. Their inhabi-

tants congregate in and along the edges of the stream and may

easily be collected by hand.

Collections made during such favorable periods over the past

five years have brought in the following species:

Alasmidonta marginata Say

Amblema costata Raf.

Anodonia grandis Say

Anodontoides ferussacianus

var. huchanensis Lea

Bythinia tentaculata Linne

Campeloma riifum Hald.

Carunculina parva Hald.

Elliptio complanatus Dill.

Fusconaia flava Raf.

Helisonia trivolvis Say

Goniohasis livescens Mke.

Goniohasis virginica Say

Lampsilis siliquoidca Barnes

Lampsilis ventricosa Barnes

Leptodea fragilis Raf.

Lasmigona costata Raf.

Ligumia recta Lam.

Ligumia nasuta Say

Physa gyrina Say

Proptera alata mcgaptera Raf.

Strophitus rugosus Swain.

Viviparus contectoides Binney

Lampsilis can be obtained here in abundance but they are a

puzzle. A set of over one hundred show no two exactly alike in

marking or appearance. However, until something is done about

it they will all remain classified as L. siliquoidca. A number

create a doubt as to whether they are L. siliquoidca or L. radiaia.

A specimen recently collected is typically L. rosacea.

Fifty specimens were sent to Henry van der Schalie for ex-

amination and were returned with the following comments:

"That Barge Canal is a tough one. I have broken the lot into

two groups which show tendencies to be more or loss radiata or

siliquoidca. I am left with the same feeling you experience,

i.e., no real feeling of certainty as to whether the division was

properly made. There seems to be some intergradation and it

migiit be of interest if the problem could be investigated in a

region such as tiic Barge Canal. Ortmann was of the opinion

April. liH6] THE NAUTILUS 111

that interjjradation did not occur in iiis Pennsylvania material

but ho did have some doubt and it certainly is still open for

investi<;ation."

Tied into this problem arc influences that are constantly beinp;

siphoned into the canal from the Great Lakes and their tribu-

taries, except Ontario, at its intake at the Niagara River and

also from the Genesee River, which crosses the canal at water

level seventy miles east of Buffalo. All these influences may be

distributed as far east as Oneida Lake in Central New York, a

distance of about two hundred miles. The laud traversed by

the canal slopes toward the east with a drop of two hundred

feet over that distance and the canal bed conforms rather uni-

formly to the drop, thereby necessitating the services of twelve

locks, variously placed, all with their lower terminals toward

the east. At Oneida Lake, higher land is reached which is a

bar to any further eastern progress of the Naiadacea of the

western sections.

The canal .section west of and adjacent to the Oneida lock is

about twenty miles in length and is lower than either section

at its ends. From the west presumably comes an amount of

glochidia attached to fish swept in by the filling of the ditch

in the .spring and also young bivalves dislodged, by the same

water, from the bed silt. Meeting this, from the east, dropping

through the lock, must come some of the interesting mollusks of

Oneida Lake. Right here, there may be opportunities for stud-

ies in intergradation.

The Gonwhasis virginica found here is an eastern form that

probably has established itself by transportation on the sides

and bottoms of boats coming in from the east. A number of

varieties are found ranging from the smooth form to multi-

Uneata. The discovery of G. virginica in the canal was the climax

of several years search. In the first year of collecting, a num-

ber of its dead shells were found among the stones of the em-

bankments. A long and thorough search brought no live

specimens. During the following three years, similar searches

were conducted but only dead shells were found. Li 1944,

starting out from the foot of the lock a .search was made along

one embankment for a couple of miles and then returning, on

112 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (4)

the opposite side, that embankment was thoroughly gone over but

without success.

Back at the starting point, I stood for a moment wondering

where the elusive mollusk could be hiding. While so engaged,

I glanced across the spillway stream and noticed a sheet of quiet

water lying at the foot of a concrete wall, a part of the lock's

basin. Its area was about six by twenty feet. I had no hope it

would be the answer to my prayer but decided to try it for it

was the only place I had not examined and so could go away

with the satisfaction that I had seen everything. Glancing into

it, it was found to be teeming with Goniohasis. A dip of the

metal sieve net brought up a fine lot of G. virginica and G.

livescens. That night the water froze over and before there was

another opportunity to collect from the site the water had been

turned into the ditch for the season. The following year a visit

to the same site at the first warm spell found the cover ice melted

and the place again full of Gojiiohasis.

Mention should be made of a beautiful Campelomo rufum

that is here. It is of an olive green color, — some are streaked

with brown. Several that were gathered had attained a length

of fifty mm. This color is not unusual in some regions but in

Western New York it is a novelty.

Over fifty years ago, an ardent Rochester conchologist, John

Walton, collected from these waters in Pittsford. In a paper

read October 26, 1891, before the Rochester Academj- of Science

Mr. Walton said: "Shells found in the canal only are common

in the large lakes and their tributaries west of us and doubtless

reach here in their young state with the influx of the water in

spring-time when the Erie (Barge) canal is replenished. The

most favorable time for canal collecting is in the spring as soon

as the weather will permit. At such times whatever the canal

contains can easily be seen. It is a delightful pastime in the

.sunny days of early spring to traverse the canal and follow in

the wake of the muskrat and if possible forestall him in the ap-

propriation of some choice living specimen. • • •"

P"'or the past three years I have enjoyed during my trips along

the canal the chaiu'c coiiijjanioMship. at times, of a young trapi)er

making tlic daily roniids of liis musUrat traps. I did not know

John Walton nor did lie know me but I soini'tinies wonder as I

April, 1946] the nautilus 113

WiilU iiloii^' tliosi' paths lliat in* troil fifty years afro, if lie also,

liail soiiu' sturdy youiiir trapper walking' hy his side proudly ox-

plaiiiiuir till' subtleties of his occupatiou in exehan^'c for a

L'limpse into a part of creation that be<ran too long ago foi- human

mind to fully eomprehend.

A CONTRIBUTION ON THE SHELL DEVELOPMENT

OF CYPRAEA MUS LINNAEUS

By WILLIAM MABCUS INGRAM

Mills College, California

The available literature referring to Cypraea mus Linnaeus is

largely of a systematic character. Here the developmental

stages in the shell growth of this cypraeid are described, thereby

adding data, although fragmentary, to this little known phase

of conchology.

The immature shell stages upon which the descriptions are

based were obtained through the courtesy of the late Dr. Bruce

L. Clark of the Department of Paleontology of the University of

California, Berkeley, California. They are a part of the vast

South American Standard Oil Collection, housed as a separate

unit at the above institution. The immature shell forms were

collected at El Cardon, Colombia; from their fresh appearance

they were either collected alive or were gathered from the beaches

shortly after death. They aje not fragmented, and the color is

generally well enough preserved to have enabled the writer to

describe it accurately.

The immature shells represent four growth stages in the de-

velopment toward an adult shell. These stages were designated

by numbering from 1 to 4. The terms applied to the bullae

are coined here for convenience of designation only; no "ex-

tremely young" bullae are among the specimens.

Stage 1, Young bulla: This shell representing this stage is

27.50 mm. long, 18 mm. wide, and 15 mm. high. The posterior

region of the shell is nearly flat, and the spire is represented by

a small, brown conical structure in its center. No evidence of a

posterior canal is present. The anterior canal is beginning to

form and is already bent to the left. The shell has seven trans-

114 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (4)

verse color zones rminino: across the dorsum: the most anterior

is light brownish-grey, 9 mm. broad ; the second is a white band

1 mm. broad; the third is a dark brown band 3 mm. broad;

the fourth is a light grey band, 1.50 mm. broad ; the fifth is a

light-brown band 3 mm. broad ; the sixth is a white band 1 mm.

broad; the seventh is a light greyish-brown band 9 mm. broad.

The anterior one-half of the columella is cream color, while the

posterior one-half is grey-brown. The columellar anterior canal

lip is beginning to form.

Stage 2, Intermediate bulla: The shell representing this stage

is 36 mm. long, by 23 mm. wide, by 19 mm. high. The body

whorl is now relatively inflated, leaving the spire projecting

from a concavity. There has been some loss of color in this

specimen, for only 5 color zones are clearly defined ; they are :

the most anterior is creamy-brown ; the second a narrow white

zone ; the third a creamy-brown zone ; the fourth a narrow white

zone ; and the fifth a creamy-brown zone. The shell interior and

the base are creamy-brown. The columellar anterior canal lip

is thickened, and projects as a prominent beak. The outer lip

has not yet begun to turn ventrally toward the left basal region

of the shell.

Stage 3, Late hulla: The shell representing this stage is 43 mm.

long, 30 mm. wide, and 25 mm. high. The available specimen

would have represented a large, mature form had it survived

to adulthood, for, although immature in markings and shell

characteristics, it is larger than the nearly mature bulla herein

described. The dorsum is of a uniform creamy-brown with no

color zones present ; this lack of color zonation is possibly ac-

counted for by bleaching on the beach, for the next stage in

bulla formation has them clearly defined. An irregular brown

spot 4 mm. wide by 3 mm. long is present over the spire on the

body whorl. The shell interior and base are creamy-brown.

The outer lip teeth are beginning to develop along the entire outer

lip, giving the lip a serrate appearance ; the teeth are confined

to the lip margin and do not project at all over the base. They

are most strongly developed on the anterior one-half of the outer

lip. The columellar posterior canal lip is represented in its

formative stage by a slightly raised, broadly rounded ridge.

Both anterior canal lips are present. A shelf is beginning to

develop over the dorsal surface of the anterior canal.

Stage 4, Nearly mature bulla: Tiie shell representing this stage

is 38 mm. long, 28.50 mm. broad, and 21 mm. high. The seven

color zones observed on the young bulla stage are present ; from

anterior to posterior extremity they are: grey-brown, grey- white,

grey-brown, grey, grey-brown, grey-white, and grey-brown.

Pour color zones are present on the columellar side of the base;

they are: a posterior grey-brown zone, a grey-white zone, a grey

April, 1946] the nautilus 115

zone, and a jxroy-wliite zone. Brown dots and flecks are super-

imposed over tliese basiil color zones. The most anterior one

third of the columellar side of the base is brown; this color con-

tinues over the anterior canal lips. The dorsal color zones like-

wise have brown color spots and flecks superimposed over them.

These spots are arran<2:ed in lines runninja: alon^ the lonj; axis

of the shell. The spire is depressed and has a brown blotch

above it on the body whorl. Both anterior canal lips are well

developed, and a narrow shelf rests above the canal. The

columellar lip of the posterior canal is slijrhtly advanced over

that of stage three. The lateral margin of the base on the outer

lip side is of a uniform brown color, lighter than that forming

the spots. The brown and white color striping characteristic of

the mature shell on the basal area is beginning to appear. The

teeth on the anterior one-third of the outer lip are especially well

developed, and are beginning to extend over the base. Only

three columellar lip teeth are present as minute projections less

than .50 mm. high.

Definitive Shell Characteristics: By a comparison of the mature

shell with stage four of the bulla the following characteristics are

shown to be the last to develop :

1. Anterior canal lips become flanged.

2. The posterior canal columellar lip becomes greatly elongate.

3. The columellar teeth behind the anterior three develop and

become marked wnth brown.

4. The outer lip teeth become marked wuth brown, and the

most anterior extend partially out upon the base.

5. The shell assumes the mottled adult coloration, adding white

to the grey-brown and brown already present in the nearly

mature bulla.

6. The spire becomes obscured by the addition of shell ma-

terial.

7. There is everywhere a general thickening of the shell.

SOME OF FERUSSAC'S GENERIC NAMES

By H. BUKRINGTON BAKER

A. S. Kennard's careful researches ^ into the dates of the vari-

ous livraisons of Ferussac solve many perplexing questions.

Very wisely, he has decided that, out of all the divisional names

proposed in livraison 9, only those are valid, which include spe-

1 1942, Proc. Malac. Soc. London 25: 12-17, 105-118.

116 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (4)

cies, or which cite older names that do include them. Thus,

CochUtoma, Cochlodina, Helicella, Helicigona and Helicostyla,

among the names which will be discussed here, date from livraison

9 (April 6, 1821).

The others proposed on pages 27 to 28 (or 23-24) of the "Pro-

drome limagons," e.g., Cochlicella, Cochlostyla and Helicodonta,

are not accompanied by a definition or description, in the sense

of Article 25a of the International Rules. They certainly can-

not be considered as "Genera for wliich no species was distinctly

named," in the sense of Opinion 46 of the International Com-

mission, since none was distinguishable, in livraison 9, from all

the other new names proposed in the same publication. Ap-

parently Kennard considers these as practically nude names,

which he dates from livraison 10 (May 26, 1921). The only

other alternative would be to regard each as a "genus dubium,"

in which case, if I understand the discussion of Opinion 54, it

would preoccupy any subsequent use, even by Ferussac himself.

On the other hand, the Rules contain no authority for the two

propositions submitted by Kennard on p. 112 (op. cit.). Quite

the contrary, in the discussion of Opinion 9, "composite genera,"

founded on two (or more) older names, are not considered sub-

stitute names, but are treated as if subject to Article 30 of the

Rules, as regards selection of type. Actually, the Barons de

Ferussac were proposing a new SYSTEM, with arrogant con-

tempt for all predecessors, including themselves.

AuRis Spix (1827), type A. melastoma (Swainson).

This genus of Bulimulidae is not invalidated by the "Auris"

of non-binomial Chemnitz or by any subsequent citation of it in

synonjTny. Opinion 5 has decided that pre-1758 names only

become valid when accepted by some post-1758 binominal au-

thor. The welcome Padua amendment (1930) to the Rules evi-

dently places non-binomial post-1758 names (e.g., those of Chem-

nitz) under the same regulations. Since neither Dillwyn nor

Ferussac accepted "Auris Cliemnitz," it cannot be dated from

either of them, but should be dated from Kennard (1942, p.

112).

April, 1946] the nautilus 117

CuERSiNA "Plumphrey" Fer. (1821, livr. 10, Prodrome: 53-54

or 49-50).

Pilsbry's selection - of Bulla achatina L. as the type of "Cher-

sina [Humphrey] " would seem to make it a synonym of Achatina

Lamarck (1799).

Carocolla Schumacher (1817, Ess. Vers Test.: 192-193), type

C. lam pat! (Miill.)

This generally neglected but valid name needs discu.ssion.

Originally, it included 3 new species : C. magna = Carocolla

lampas (^liiller), C. gualtieriana = Iberus gualtieranus (L.)

and C. unifasciata = Pleurodonte (Caracolus) marginella

(Gmelin). Neither P. (Caracolus) carocolla (L.) nor Cara-

colus Montfort (1810) was mentioned, so it cannot be a substi-

tute for the last. According to Opinion 31, Gray's^ selection of

Helix lampas as type was not valid because Schumacher did not

mention this specific name. Pilsbry's* selection of Schumach-

er's second species would place Carocolla in the synonymy of

Iberus Montfort (1810). But, since C. magna was founded on

two selected figures of "Helicis carocollac variet. Chenui.," ^ was

not C. magna the type of Carocolla by absolute tautonymy? If

so, it would replace Pyrochilus Pilsbry (1892). Even worse, if

Thiele's (1931, Handbuch : 688) arrangement w^ere accepted,

it would become the generic name to replace Helicostyla Ferus-

sac (1821).

CocHLiCELLA Fer. (livr. 10, Prodrome: 56 or 52), type C. cono-

id ea (Drap.).

Since a subsequent type selection must be definite, Thon's"

designation of Helix decollata L. as the type of "Fam. Turritae"

2 1919, Nautilus 32: 98.

8 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 172, no. 457.

<1931, Nautilus 44: 138.

'^ Helix carocolla Linnaei Chemnitz, 1795, Conch. Cab. 11: 267, pi. 208,

figs. 2044, 2045.

0 1829, Ersche & Grube, Allg. Encyckl. Wissensch. Kunstc, sect. 2, vol.

5 : 138. My knowledge of this work is based solely on notes kindly made

by Dr. Harald A. Rehder.

118 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (-4)

probably was not valid for Cochlicella, even though "Turritae"

■was the only group included in Thon's "CoclilicolW and Ferus-

sac's Cochlicella. Pilsbry ' has accepted Gray's (p. 173)^ se-

lection of Helix conoidea as the type of "Cochlicella, sp. Ferus."

Von Martens (1860) and probably Pfeiffer (1848) chose Helix

acuta Drap. Perhaps the best solution would be to regard

Cochlicella of livr. 9 (Prodrome: 28 or 24:) as a "genus

dubium."

CocHLiTOMA Fer. (livr, 9, Prodrome: 28 or 24), type C. zebra

(Bruguiere).

This name was founded on "Liguuae, Montfort" and "Acha-

tinae, Lam." but was a substitute for neither Achatina Lam.

(1799) nor Liguus Montfort (1810). Since Lamarck* already

had included Bulimus zebra Bruguiere ^ in Achafina and, in

fact, had quoted part of Bruguiere 's remarks (p. 358) on that

species in his description of the genus, Pilsbry's^" selection of

B. zebra as the type of Cochlitoma seems valid, unless an earlier

designation be found.

CocHLODiNA Fer. (livr. 9, Prodrome: 28 or 24), type Marpessa

laminata (Montagu).

Cochlodina was vested solely by the inclusion of "Clausiliae,

Draparn.," but Ferussae's addition of 3 other, nude sectional

names and his use of the plural seem proof enougli that he did

not propose it as a substitute. Since Clausilia Drap. (1805) in-

cluded C. bide7is Drap. = C. laminata (Montagu), Pilsbry's^^

selection of this species as the type of Cochlodina remains valid,

unless an earlier choice be found. But anywa}-, Marpessa

Gray '* seems to be the prior name.

7 1939, Laud MoUusca of North America I: 22. {Thiha, p. 13; IIcH-

cclla, p. 21).

8 1801, Systr-me anim. aans vertt-br. : 91.

0 1792, Encycl. Meth. I: 357, no. 100.

10 1904, Man. Concli. (2) 17: 77.

11 1922, Nautilus 36: 31.

12 March, 1821, London Med. Rep. 15: 239. {Jacosta on p. 236.)

April, 1946] toe nautilus 119

CocHLOSTYLA Fei*. (livr. 10, Prodrome: 51-52 or 47^8), type

Hclicostyla ovoidea (Brufruiere).

If Cochlostyla of livraison 9 bo rejrarded as a iiractically nude

name, its second use will replace the preoccupied Canistrum

Morch (1852), as a subgenus or section of Hclicostyla.

IIexicella Fer. (livr. 9. Explic. pis. 1-47), type H. subdentata

(Per.).

As shown by Kennard (1941), Helicclla unfortunately must

replace Theba' Risso (1826) ov Euparypha Hartmann (1842) as

the greneric name of Helicclla jyi^ana (Miiller) in the Helicidae.

This apparently means that Planutella Clessin (1876), type

Helix cricctorum ]\Iiiller, becomes the name of the grroup ''Heli-

cclla"'' of the genus Jacosta Gray (Mar. 1, 1821)^- in the

Hygromiidae. Anj'way, Jacosta seems to be prior to Helicclla

(Apr. 6, 1821).

Helicigoxa Fer. (livr. 9, Prodrome 27 or 23 and Expl. pis.

1-47), type Vortex lapicidus (L.).

Since Vortex Oken (1815) contained V. lapicida, Pilsbry's"

selection of this species as the type of Helicigona seems valid.

Hclicigona drops into the synonymy of Vortex Oken (1815),

with the same type, selected by Thon (1829: 138).

Helicodoxta Fer. (livr. 10, Prodrome: 37-39 or 33-35), type

H. ohvoluta (Mull.).

Since "Anostomae, Lam." was just as nude in 1821 as the

other "four with Latin vernacular plurals," Helicodonta of

livraison 9 (Prodrome: 27 or 23) was just as "not defined" as

were Cochlostyla and Cochlicclla. Either it was a "genus

dubium," which means that no subsequent usage would be

valid, or it dated from livraison 10, where it included H.

obvoluta (Miiller), which was selected as its type by Pilsbry

(1895 : 284) and possibly also by Pfeiffer." Gray's (1847 : 174)

designation of Helix gularis as the type of "Helicodonta, sp.

13 1895, Manual of Conchology (2) 9: 296.

1* 1846, Monogr. Helic. II: 545.

120 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (4)

Feruss." is not valid because Ferussac did not mention this

specific name (Cf. Opinion 31).

Helicostyla Fer. (livr. 9, expl. pis. 1-47), type H. mirahilis

(Fer.).

Although its result would be the same, Gray's (1847: 171)

selection of Helix galactites as the type is not valid, since Ferus-

sac did not mention this subsequent specific name (cf. Opinion

31). Martens' (1860) is.

As pointed out by Bartsch (p. 378),^^ Cochlostyla would take

precedence over Helicostyla, if the two groups were of equal

date. In this connection, the careful study of Drs. Bartsch and

Rehder on a copy of Ferussac 's "Histoire" in the U. S. National

Museum, generously shared with me in letters, solved the ques-

tion of the contents of livraison 9 mentioned by Kennard (1942:

105, 107), and determined the priority of Helicostyla. The fol-

lowing subgenera or sections of Helicostyla will require or have

suffered changes in names:

Helicostyla s. s. of Pilsbry (p. 224) ^^ and Bartsch (p. 399) "

would be valid even if the prior Carocolla Schumacher were con-

sidered congeneric.

Cochlostyla Ferussac (1821), type H. ovoidea (Brug.), might

replace the preoccupied Canistrum Morch (1852), used by

Pilsbry (p. 230).

Orthostylus Beck, 1837, Ind.: 49, type by subsequent designa-

tion of Herrmannsen,^" //. mctaformis (Fer.), replaces Cochlo-

styla s. s. of Bartsch (p. 407). Gray's later selection of type

was not valid.

Bulina Lesson, 1831, 111. Zool., pi. 22, only species (type) H.

rufogaster (Lesson), replaces "Orthostylus Beck" of Gray

(1847), Pilsbry (p. 227) and Bartsch (p. 434). unless Bulina

be considered a misspelling or emendation of Bulinns or Bulimus

(cf. Opinion 120). Pithohelix and PythohcUx Swainson (1840)

are available synonyms.

Dolichostyla Pilsbry, 1896, Naut. 9: 108, type //. virgata

(Jay), has replaced the preoccupied Prochilus Albers (1860) of

the Manual (p. 231) an.l Bartsch (p. 454).

If' 1938, U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 100: 373-533.

10 1847, Index Gener. Malac. II: 166.

April, 1946] the nautilus 121

Opalliosiyla Pilsbry (1896), type H. effusa (Pfr.), has re-

placed Eudoxus Albers (1850) of the Manual (p. 229) and

Bartseli (p. 446). The preoccupation of Eudoxus Albers de-

pends on wiiether Eudoxus "Kirby" Agassiz " is considered an

emendation or a mere misspelling: of Eudoxus Kirby (1837).

Stcatodryas Pilsbry, 1932, Naut. 46 : 72, type H. cepoides

(Lea), has replaced ColumpUca Hartmann (1843) of the Manual

(p. 226). But, aeeordingr to Opinion 31, Ilerrmannsen's (1847,

I: 274) and Pilsbry 's (1932) selections of Helix unidentata

"Chemnitz" as type of the last were not valid, since this specific

name was not mentioned b}' Hartmann in the synonymy of his

C. tniiplicata = Stylodonta mkrodonta (Deshayes), which I

now designate as the type of Columplica.

NOTES ON SOME SOUTHWESTERN PUPILLIDAE

By GORDON K. MacMILLAN, Carnegie Museum

In the summer of 1940, Dr. Arthur C. Twomey, Curator and

Field Collector for the Section of Ornithology at the Carnegie

Museum, on one of his expeditions to the southwestern part of

the United States, made a small collection of mollusca from

the Huachuca Mountains in Cochise County, Arizona. Among

these mollusca were two species of Vertigo worthy of notation.

Three specimens of Vertigo hinkleyi were collected in Ramsey

Canyon, which is northwest of the reservoir of Cave Canyon,

the type locality of this species, and on the northeast slope of

the Huachuca Mountains. The Ramsey Canyon specimens are

smaller in length than the type. In two of these specimens, in

which the epidermis has been partially worn off, the parietal

lamella is long, somewhat tongue-shaped, and slants towards the

upper palatal fold and is directly opposite the highest part of it.

The parietal lamella has somewhat the same shape as the one of

figure 12 on plate 6 of the 26th volume of the Manual of Con-

cholog>', but occupies a position farther down the parietal wall

towards the columella and might be mistaken for the supra-

columellar lamella if the columellar and subcoluniellar lamella

were not present.

17 1846, Nomenclat. Zool. Coleoptera: 67.

122 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (4)

From Miller Canj'on was collected one specimen of Vertigo

concinnula. This shell differs from most examples by having

more prominent, oblique striations and by a reduction in the

size of the teeth. The parietal lamella is normal, but is much

more vertical than usual and slants downward to the lower

palatal fold. The angular lamella has been reduced to a mere

"pimple." The lower palatal fold is slightlj' smaller, while the

upper palatal fold has become much reduced, to about one-

quarter normal size. The columellar lamella has been reduced

to one-half normal size.

Of the records that I have on hand, V. co7icinnula has been

collected at the following localities in Arizona : —

Miller Peak, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, which is

south of Miller Canyon, the locality from which Dr. TAvomey

obtained his specimens of concinnula.

Mt. Mingus, near Jerome, Yavapai County, northeast of Co-

chise County.

Nogales, Santa Cruz County, southwest by west of the Hua-

chuca Mountains.

San Francisco Mountains and Big Williams Mountain, both

in Coconino County, northwest of Cochise County.

Dr. J. LeRoy Kay, Curator of the Section of Vertebrate

Paleontologj^ at the Carnegie Museum, invited me to accompany

him on his annual collecting expedition for western fossils in

the summer of 1941. The first stop for collecting was made in

Arches National Monument, situated in the east-central part of

Utah in Grand County. This j\Ionument consists mainl}' of

semi-desert conditions and sandstone outcrops that have been

sculptured in a multitude of designs by the action of the wind.

Throughout this area, deep washes have been cut by rains,

whose turbulent waters race madly to the Colorado River to the

soutli. Tiie first collecting locality in the Monument was at

Willow Springs, where natural springs have created a small

stream tiiat flows for a mile tlirougii a narrow, winding, rocky

canyon before it gradually disappears in tlic sand}' soil com-

prising most of the floor of the wash. In the more sheltered

parts are found small clumps of willows, and a thick carpet of

grass forms ilic floor of these growths, together with twigs,

willow leaves, and a few rocks. Only two species of land snails

April, 1946] the nautilus 123

were collected at this place. These were Vallonia cyclophorella

Aiu-ey and Gastrocopta pellucida ptirvidens (Sterki).

The five specimens of G. p. parvidcns from Willow Springs

ditTer from the type of this race at the Carnegie Museum in

being longer and narrower in shape and in the reduction of the

size of the teeth. The bifid parietal lamella is typical. The

upper palatal fold has become so reduced that it is barely visible

under the binocular microscope, while the lower palatal fold

has become reduced to half its normal size. The columellar

lamella is also normal.

The discovery of O. p. parvidens at Willow Springs, Arches

National Monument, Grand County, Utah, extends the known

range of this race much further northeastward than reported

to date. Dr. Pilsbry mentions only two localities for this race in

the Manual of Conchology, vol. 24, 1916, p. 81. These are Mescal

Gulch and Drift of Verde River, near Jerome, Yavapai County,

Arizona, which is on a branch of the Gila River, a tributary of

the Colorado River; and Navajo Springs, Apache County,

Arizona, on Sherelons Fork of the Colorado River, It is not

difiScult to understand the presence of G. p. parvidens at Willow

Springs, Arches National ]\Ionument, when one remembers, as

stated above, that the waters from this Monument drain also

into the Colorado River.

H. A. Pilsbry and J. H. Ferriss recorded this race from Pecos

River drift, Pecos, San Miguel County, New Mexico (Proceed-

ings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol.

58, 1906, p. 144) and Junius Henderson had it from the Jemez

^Mountains, near Valle Grande, Santa Fe County, New Mexico

(The Nautilus, vol. 26, 1912, p. 81). Both these last two locali-

ties are in the drainage system of the Rio Grande, and are not

mentioned in the locality records of this race in the Manual of

Conchology. This might be due to the fact that Dr. Pilsbry

considered them as G. pellucida hordeacella and not G. p.

parvidens.

Until 1922, the westernmost record for G. p. hordeacella was

from Quartzsite, Yuma County, Arizona. In that year, S. S.

Berry recorded it from Palm Creek, San Jacinto Mountains,

Riverside County, California. This extended the distribution

of this race nearly to the West Coa.st. More collecting in the

124 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (4)

territory between the Plumosa Ranpe in Yuma County. xVrizona,

and the San Jacinto Mountains in Riverside County, California,

and between this latter locality and the Pacific Ocean might

bring to light new locality records for this race and extend its

range still further westward. More collecting is also needed in

Louisiana and Oklahoma in order to complete the distributional

range of this race in that territory.

G. Dallas Hanna (Nautilus, vol. 23, 1909, p. 94) includes G.

pellucida hordeacella in the fauna of Douglas County, Kansas,

one specimen being found in the river debris at Lawrence. I

am inclined to discredit this locality as this seems to be too far

out of the present distributional range of this race. Dr. Hanna

has also included in this same fauna Planogyra asterisciis

(Morse), a northern species whose distribution has not been

recorded south of Michigan, and Beiiiulla rhoadsi (Pilsbry),

which has not extended its distributional range westward beyond

Ohio and Michigan.

COLOR VARIATIONS IN PEDICULARIA

CALIFORNICA NEWCOMB

By SYLVIA JACOBS i

I have before me what is perhaps the largest group of Pcdicu-

laria calif ornica Newcomb ever available for study at one time.

Though this little shell was described by Dr. Wesley Newcomb

on February 1, 1864, the last edition of Keep's "West Coast

Shells" states that it is "still rare." Those previously gathered

came almost exclusively from pieces of coral and gorgonias

brought up from fairly deep water by dredges or caught in fish

nets.

In October, 1945, my husband, wlio is a commercial diver,

made two exploratory dives on Farnsworth Banks, a treacherous

coral reef near Catalina Island. No other diver is known to have

made a successful descent there. (A popular account of these

dives will appear soon in Esquire magazine.) He sent up sev-

eral fine pieces of Ilydrocoral aUapora calif ornica Verrill, and

1 r)38 N. Palos Vcrdos St., San Pedro, Calif.

April. 1!)46] the nautilus 125

fri)iu tliis coral the Ptdicularia wore detaelied. Tliis is the

first known occurrence of tliese shells south of Monterey. They

came from 150-200 foot depth. (Durinj? the second dive, he also

found a perfect livinj? specimen of the rare Tcgula rcgina

Stearns.)

In describinpr Pcdicularia, Baily states, "The color is peculiar

for our shells, beinj? a rich, rosy pink, far more beautiful than

that of the famous 'Peach-blow vase.' " I mij^ht venture a

guess that the shells so described lived on gorgonias in the red

color range, which are most often seen by divers in these waters,

or on reddish corals such as Balaiiophyllia elegans Verrill, which

are more common than the Hydrocoral allapora.

It is of interest to note that the great majority of the louse

shells in this group are a pronounced purple, so close to the color

of the coral while wet as to be almost invisible. Whether this is

an example of protective coloration, I am not quite qualified to

state. There is some evidence of a micro-organism in the water

which affects the color of marine life in the waters above Farns-

worth Banks. Mr. Jacobs reported a blue haze which he had not

seen at the same depth in other areas. Also, sheephead caught

at Farnsworth Banks were a different color than the sheephead

usually seen. The coral itself is far more fast to action of boil-

ing bleach than other corals I have tested, though, like most

corals, it fades on prolonged exposure to sunlight.

The larger shells (to 13 mm.) have a purple bull's-eye at the

apex, with concentric rings of irregular widths around it, these

rings ranging in color through tints of purple to white. The

smaller shells (smallest found 5^ mm.) tend to be far more

uniform, both in color and shape, than the larger ones. The

small ones, at first glance, appear to be all purple, but closer

examination shows a narrow band of lighter tint around the

aperture. It would seem that these shells start with the bull's-

eye, adding gro%vth rings of lighter tints.

Only about one percent of the shells in this group could be

described as pink without a tinge of purple, and only about six

percent are more pink than purple.

The purple and pink specimens have a translucent quality,

are transparent when held over a light. But about two percent

126 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (4)

of those gathered are chalky and opaque, ranging from greenish

gray to white. Upon removal of the animals, it is found that

this color tinges the inside of the shells as well, modifying the

purple color inside. In two or three shells, there is almost no

trace of purple inside. These curious chalky shells illustrate

more clearly than any of the others Keep's statement that Pcdi-

cularia are shiny inside but rough outside.

I am not qualified to state that this chalky effect is not caused

by a foreign encrustation. But I do not believe that it is. My

rep^on for this, aside from the inside color, is that the character-

istic pattern of lines of these shells may be seen as clearly with

the glass on the clialky specimens as on any others. Also, these

shells seem to be extremely resistant to foreign growth. Almost

all are perfectly clean. Only half of one percent have barnacles

and coral on the back, only one shell has been drilled by a borer.

These shells are very strong, considering their small size.

Considerable force had to be used to loosen the hold of the living

animals, but only one shell was broken in the process. Prac-

tically every adult shell shows marked distortion in shape, ac-

commodating itself to the snug corners of the hard coral, where

they lodged when young. Even after the hold of the animals

was loosened, most of the shells did not fall from the coral, but

had to be shaken out of the intricate coral labyrinths by turning

the piece of coral upside down. This would seem to indicate

that the animals do not travel from home base when mature ; in

many cases, motion would have been impossible.

The specimens showing most marked color variation have been

sent to U. S. National Museum. A graduated series of ten of

the purple shells may be seen at Buffalo IMuseum of Science.

Pieces of coral from these two dives are on display at Cabrillo

Museum, San Pedro, Calif., and the study collection of Chicago

Natural History Museum. Dr. Hill of Exposition Museum of

Los Angeles has both coral and specimens of the Pedicularia in

his private collection. Joshua F. Baily, Jr., revisor of "Keep's"

has purchased specimens.

April, 1946] the nautilus 127

INDEX TO F. C. BAKER'S "THE MOLLUSCAN

FAMILY PLANORBIDAE"

By H. BURRINGTON BAKER

The following: abbreviated taxonomic index to the late Frank

Collins Baker's "The Molluscan Family Planorbidae" ^ is meant

simph^ to assist systematists to find the species and subspecies

in their new or unfamiliar generic and subgeneric positions. N*

distinctions are made between species (or genera), subspecies

(or subgenera) and synonyms. Only those page referene":

which determine the systematic position or are of nomenclatoriai

importance, are included, and the accepted usages are given

first. The dates, after a few of the trivial names, are taken

from the Index Animalium, the Zoological Record and various

monographs, without examination of the original sources. For

these reasons, some of them may be inaccurate, but their inclu-

sion may assist students in their searches for the original de-

scriptions. Attention is called to errors (or emendations) in

spelling, except where they involve only changes in endings.

Most planorbid species were originally described in the genus

Pla7iorhis, but the exceptions which involve a change of genus

are indicated by inclusion of the original generic name, or an

abbreviation, after the date.

abyssinicus (Jickeli), Gyraulus (1874) 70

Achoanomphalus Lindholm 193

acronicus (Ferussac), GjTaulus (1807) 70

Acrorbis Odhner 121

acutus Clessin, Gyraulus (1907) 71

adansonii (Gray), Gyraulus (1850, Bulinus) 70

adowensis (Bourguignat), Afroplanorbis (1879) 87

Adula A. Adams 150

aeruginosus (Morelet), Gyraulus (1851) 75

aethiopicus (Bourguignat), Gyraulus (1883) 70

affine (C. B. Adams), Helisoma (1849) 149

Afroplanorbis Thiele 86

agraulus (Bourguignat), Gyraulus (1864) 70

ahenum H. B. Baker, Drepanotrema (1930) 118

alabamensis (Pilsbry), Menetus (1895) 190

1 April 4, 1945, is the exact date of publication, according to a letter from

the University of Illinois Press.

128 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (4)

albertensis (Moore), Biomphalaria (1901, Planorhia) 89

albicans (Pfeiffer), Tropicorbis (1839) 85

albopersicus (Germain), Gyraulus (1918) 70

albns (Miiller), Gyraulus (1774) 70

alexandriensis (= next), Afroplanorbis 87

alexandrinus (Ehrenberg), Afroplanorbis (1831, jffe^ix) .. 86

alternatum (Pilsbry), Helisoma (1934) 446

altissimus (F. C. Baker), Gyraulus (1919) 75

amauronicus (=next), Choanompbalus 193, 194

amauronius Bourguignat, Choanompbalus (1860) 193

Ameria Dall 129

ammon (Gould), Helisoma (1855) 149

amosbrowni (Pilsbry), Gyraulus (1930)- (75)

amplificatus (Mori), Gyraulus (1938, Anisus) 71

anatinum (Orbigny), Drepanotrema (1835).... 118, 484, 492

Aneaeus 11. Adams 150

anceps (Menke), Helisoma (1830) .... 128, 219, 400, 402, 428

Ancylidae 202

ancvlus (Westerlund), G.yraulus (1885) 70

andecolus (Orbigny), Taphius (1835) 79

andersoni ( = next) , Gyraulus 70

anderssoni (Ancey), Gyraulus (1890) (70)

angarensis Dyb. & Gra., Segmentina (1922) 193

angistoma (Haldeman), Helisoma (1844) 402, 428

angulatus (Bourguignat), Gyraulus (1883, CaiUaudia) .. 65

angulatum (Rackett), Helisoma (1821, Helix) 400

Anisopsis Sandberger 94

Anisus Studer 55, 57, 51, 109, 112, 114

anitense (Cooper), Drepanotrema (1893) 118

annandalei (Germain), Armiger (1918) 78

anodonta (Pilsbry), Tropicorbis (1920, Planorhula) 85

Anomphalodes Tomlin 194

Anomphalus Dyb. & Gra 194

anomphalus Dybowski, Choanompbalus (1901) 194

anticostianum F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1945) 219

antiguensis (Sowerby), Australorbis (1877) 93

antiochianus Loeard, Planorbis (1883) 55

antrosum (Conrad), Helisoma (1834) 128

Appendicularia Ficinus 97

applanatum (Martens), Helisoma (1899) 149

arcticus (Beck), Gyraulus (1842) 70, 71

arizonensis (Pils. & Forr.), Gyraulus (1915) 75

armata (Gray), Plauorbula (1847) 172

Armiger Hartmann 75

armigera (Say), Planorbuhi (1821) 176,472,474

2 Proposed as substitute for Planorbis ^liccus.

April, 1946] the nautilus 120

arnoulcli Germain, Planorbis (li)():{) 55

aroostookonse (Pilsbry), Ilelisonm (1895) 128

assiH'iatus (Westerlund), Gyraiilus (1883) 71

Atropoarinijrer D. & G 78

attic'us Honrjruiiriiat, Planorbis (1852) 55

Australorbis Pilsbry 90, 512, 514

avakubiensis (Pils. *& Beq.), Gyraulus (1927) 70

avus (Pilsbry), Menetus (1905) 190

bahiensis (Duuker), Australorbis (1850) 93

barrakporensis (Clessin), Gyraulus (1884) 71

bartsc'hi P. C. Baker, Helisoma (1945) 219

Bathyomphalus Charpentier 62, 114

beliu'm (Lea), Ilelisoma (1841) 414

ben<ruelensis (Dunker), Hippeutis (1845) 103

Bian<;ulatus D. & G 194

bicarinatus Dybowski, Choanomphalus (1901) 194

bicarinatum (Say), Ilelisoma (1817) 128

binneyi (Meek),'Vorticifex (1870, Carinif ex) 160

binneyi (Tryon), Helisoma (1867) 149, 221

Biomphalaria Preston 89, 86

biwaensis (Preston), Gyraulus (1916) 71

blauneri (Germain), Australorbis (1922) 93

boetzkesi (Miller), Gyraulus (1879) 71

boissyi (Pot. & Mich.), Afroplanorbis (1838) 87

borealis ("Loven" Westerlund), Gvraulus (1875) 70, 71

boueardi (F. & C.), Helisoma (1893) 149

boueardianus (Preston), Tropicorbis (1907) (85)

boureardi (= boueardi), Helisoma 430

boureardianus (= boueardianus), Tropicorbis 85

bourjifuifrnati (Moitessier), Gyraulus (1867) 70

bridouxianus (Bourguignat), Afroplanorbis (1888) 87

brogniartianus (Lea), Menetus (1842) 190

brondelii (Raymond), Gyraulus (1853) 70

buehanensis (Lea), Menetus (1841) 190

Bulinidae 196

Bulinus Miiller 201, 386

caenosus (Benson), Helicorbis (1850) 107

caenosa (Benson) Polypylis (1850) 104

cahni F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1927) 128

Caillaudia Bourguignat 65

calathus (Benson), Polypylis (1850) 106

calculus (Sandberger), Anisopsis (1870) 96

ealiforniense F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1934) 149

calioglyptus (error for next), Menetus 7, 231

eallioglyptus (Vanatta), Menetus (1895) ^ 186, (230)

3 This is the name of the species, with M. c. coopcri as a variety.

130 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (4)

caloderma (Pilsbry), Helisoma (1923) 149

campanulatum (Say), Helisoma (1821) .153, 226, 452

campestris (Dawson), Plaiiorbula (1875, Segmentina) .... 176

canadense F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1931) 153

eaunarum (Morelet), Tropicorbis (1849) 85

canonieus (Cousin), Tropicorbis (1887) 85

cantori (Benson), Gyraulus (1850) 71

capitis Annandale, Intha (1922) 114

capocestianus ("Vidovic" Brusina), Gyraulus (1866) .... 70

caribaeum (Orbigny), Helisoma (1841) 149, 222

carinatum (= bicarinatum), Helisoma 124

carinatus Miiller, Plauorbis (1774) 55

Carinifex W. G. Binney 154

Carinogyraulus Polinski (1929) included P. paradoxus.. (193)

earns (Pilsbry & Ferriss), Gyraulus (1906) 75

castaneonitens (Pils. & Van.), Drepanotrema (1896) 118

centervillensis (Tryon), Menetus (1866) 186

centimetralis (Lutz), Tropicorbis (1918) 85

centrogyratus (Westerlund), Anisus (1875) 60

chapalense (Pilsbry), Helisoma (1920) 149

charteus (Held), Anisus (1837) 60

chautauquense F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1928) 149

chedeaui (= chudeaui), Gyraulus 70

cherraensis ("Godwin- Austen" Germain), Gyraulus (1923) 71

ehilensis (Anton), Tropicorbis (1839) 85

chittyi Aguayo, Drepanotrema (1935) 118

Choanomphalinae 192

Choanomphalodes Lindholm 193

Choanomphalus Gerstfeldt 192

choanomphalus Martens, Planorbis (1879) 89

christopherensis Pilsbry, Australorbis (1934) 93

ehristyi (Dall), Planorbula (1905, Scgmcntina) 176

chudeaui (Germain), Gyraulus (1907) (70)

cimex (Moricand), Drepanotrema (1838) 118, 490

circumstriatus (Tryon), Gyraulus (1866) 75

clymene (Shuttleworth), Nautilinus (1852, Zonites) 202

coekbruni (error for next), Gyraulus 70

cockburni (Godwin- Austen), Gyraulus (1883) (70)

coenosus (emendation of caenosus), Helicorbis 22

collinsi F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1939) 153

eoloradoensis (F. C. Baker), Promenetus (1945, Mcnctus) 230

columbiense F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1945) 222

complanatus (L.), Hippeutis (1758, Helix) 103

eomplanatus "Stein," Planorbis 51

compressus (Hutton), Gyraulus (1834) * 71

eompressus (Midland), Anisus (1831) * 60

* Preoccupied by Planorbis compressus Marcel de Serrea (1818).

April, 1046] the nautilus 131

couaiiti (Dall), Ilelisoma (18}10) 448

coucava (^Meek), VorticitVx (1870, Carinifcx) 60

condoni (Haiina), Parai>liniorbis (15)22) llf)

contortus (L.), Aiiisus (17")8, Iltlix) 64

contortus (Miehaud), Bulinus (1820, Physa) 201

contrerasi (Pilsbry), Helisoma (1020) 149

convexiusculus (Huttoii), Gyraulus (1849) 71

cooperi F. C. Baker, Menetus (1940) ' 186, 230

cordillerana (Hannibal), Perrinilla (1912, Helisoma) .... 160

cordilleriana (= precedinfr), Perrinilla 394

Coretus Gray 166

Cornells (L.), Planorbarius (1758, Helix) 171

coromandelicns (Beck), Indoplanorbis (1837) 201

eorpulentum (Say), Helisoma (1824) 149

corru?atum ("Currier" Walker), Helisoma (1893) 400

costarieense (Preston), Helisoma (1907) 149

costata ("Hemphill" Stearns), Parapholyx (1901, Pomph.) 164

Costorbis Lindliolm 61, 388

eostulatus (Krauss), Gyraulus (1848) 70

erassilabris F. C. Baker, Menetus (1945) 230

erassilabris (Walker), Planorbula (1907, Segmentina) . . . . 176

crawfordi (Melv. & Pons.), Gyraulus (1893) 70

crista (L.), Armigrer (1758, Nautilus) 78

cristatus (Draparnaud), Armiger (1805) 75

Cristoarmiger D. & G 78

crosseanus (Bourfruignat), Gyraulus (1862) (70)

crossei (= preceding), Gyraulus 70

Cryptomplialus D. & G 194

cryptompbalus Dybowski, Choanomphalus (1901) 194

cubense F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1945) 222

cultratum (Orbigny), Drepanotrema (1841) 118

cumingianus (Dunker), Australorbis (1848) 90

cvclostomus F. C. Baker, Gyraulus (1934) 71

dalli F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1945) 226

dalli F. C. Baker, Menetus (1945) 231

dalli F. C. Baker, Parapholyx (1945) 227

davisi (Winslow), Helisoma (1926) 153

decipiens (C. B. Adams), Tropicorbis (1849) 85

declivis (Tate), Tropicorbis (1870). See T. tatei 85

deflectus (Say), Gyraulus (1824) 71

demissus (Westerlund), Gyraulus (1883) 71

Dentatus Gray 172

dentiens (Morelet), Tropicorbis (1849) 85

dentiferus (C. B. Adams), Tropicorbis (1845) 85

depressissimum (Moricand), Drepanotrema (1838) 118

' Variety of M. callioglyptus, not vice versa.

132 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (4)

depressum F, C. Baker, Helisoma (1934) 149

devians (Porro), Gyraulus (1838) 70

diagonalis Henderson, Parapholyx (1929) 164

diaphanellus (Bourguignat), Hippeutis (1864) 103

dilatatus (Gould), Menetus (1841) 190, 232

Diplodiscus Westerlund 56

Discoidina Stein 62

Discus Gray 96

Discus Haldeman 172

disjectum (Cooper), Helisoma (1890) 149

dispar (Westerlund), Anisus (1871) 64

disstoni (Dall), Helisoma (1890) 448

donbilli (Tristram), Tropicorbis (1861, Segmentma) 85

draparnaldi (Jeffreys), Gyraulus (1820) (70)

draparnauldi (= preceding), Gyraulus 70

Drepanotrema F. & C 114, 118, 484, 486, 492, 494

duenasianum (Tristram), Drepanotrema (1861) 118

dufuorii Graells, Planorbis (1846) 22

dunkeri F. C. Baker, Tropicorbis, "new name" 494

duryi (Wetherby), Helisoma (1879) 134, 446

effusa (Lea), Parapholyx (1856, Pompholyx) 164, 227, 468

elegantulus (Dolirn), Gyraulus (1858) 71

elophilus (Bourguignat), Planorbarius (1860) 171

equatorium (Cousin), Helisoma (1887) 149

esperanzense (Tryon), Drepanotrema (1866) 484

essingtonensis (Smith), Gyraulus (1882) 70

eucosmium (Bartsch), Helisoma (1908) 128

eudiscus Pilsbry, Helisoma (1934) 134

euphraticus (Mousson), Gyraulus (1874) 71

exacuous (Say), Promenetus (1821) 182

exacutus (emendation of preceding), Promenetus 182

exaggeratum (Martens), Helisoma (1899) 149

exustus (Deshayes), Indoplanorbis (1832) 196

everdami Clench & Aguayo, Helisoma (1932) 149

fallax (Plaldeman), Helisoma (1844) 149

ferrissi (F. C. Baker), Helisoma (1922) 452

fieldi (Tryon), Tropicorbis (1863) 85

fisheri Forbes, Planorbis 37

floridanus ( = next), Menetus 529

floridensis F. C. Baker, Menetus (1945) 232

fontanus (Lightfoot), Hippeutis (1786, Helix) 100

Fossulorbis Pilsbry 118, 490

fouladougouensis ((Jormain), Gvraulus (1917) 70

foveale (Menke), Helisoma (1830) 149

fragilis (Millet), Anisus (1854) 60

gardei (Germain), Gyraulus (1909) 70

gibbonsi (Nelson), Gyraulus (1878) 70

April, 1046] the nautilus 133

•rilberti (Dimker). Gyrauhis (1848) 70

(liraulus Moquin-Taiuloii 65

•rlabratus (Say), Australorbis (1818) 93

{rlobosa (Morelet), Isidora (1868, PhysopsU) 201

grracilentus (Gould), Tropicorbis (1855) 85

frredleri ("Bielz" Gredler), Gyraulus (1859) 70

•ruadaioupensis (Sowerby), Australorbis (1821) 93

•ruadoloupeusis (= preceding), Australorbis 22, 510

•ruadeloupensis (Maze), Plesiopliys<i (1883, Physa) .... (196)

jruatenialense (Clessin), Helisoma (1884) 149

crundlaehi ("Dunker" Clessin), Tropicorbis (1884) 500

Gyraulus Charpentier 65, 66, 72

Gyrorbis Moquin-Tandon 56, 51, 80

Gyrostonia Haas 56

Gyrulus Gray 65

habiense, Helisoma (1945 ?) 518

haldeniani (C. B. Adams), Drepanotrema (1849) 484

Haldemanina Ball 177, (229)

havanensis (Pfeiffer), Tropicorbis (1839) 85

hebraicus (Bourfruignat), Gyraulus (1852) 70

Plelicorbis Benson 106

Helisoma Swainson 123, 124, 219, 400, 402, 408, 410, 448

Helisomatinae 123

heloicus (Orbigny), Tropicorbis (1835) 85

hemaesphaerula (= next), Polypylis 22

hemisphaerula (Benson), Polypylis (1842) 106

Hemithalamus (Leach) Turton 9Q

hendersoni Walker, Gyraulus (1929) 75

Heterodiscus Westerlund 88

heteropleurus (Pils. & Van.), Platytaphius (1896) 120

hiemantium (^Yesterlund), Gyraulus (1883) 71

himalayaensis {= next), Gyraulus 71

himalayanus ("Hutton" Clessin), Gyraulus (1884) (71)

Ilippeutes Gray 100

Hippeutis Charpentier 100, 106, 109, 114

hirsutus (Gould), Gyraulus (1840) 71

hispidus (Draparnaud), Gyraulus (1805) 65

hoffmani F. C. Baker, Drepanotrema (1941) 118

hohenacheri (= next), Gyraulus 71

hohenackeri (Clessin), Gyraulus (1884) (71)

holstonense F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1945?) 410

hornensis F. C. Baker, Gyraulus (1935) 71

hornii (Tryon), Plelisoma (1865) 149

hudsonicus (Pilsbry), Promenetus (1934, Meneins) 182

huttoni ("Benson" Clessin), Gyraulus (1884) 71

Hypsogyra Lindholm 150

hyptiocyclos (Benson), Gyraulus (1863, Helix) 71

134 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (4)

idahoense F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1945) 220

imbricatus (Miiller), Armi<»er (1774) 78

immiinis (Lutz), Australorbis (1923) 93

imus (Vanatta), Promenetus (1910) 182

indianeiisis F. C. Baker, Planorbula (1930) 472, 474

indicus (Benson), Indoplanorbis (1836) 201

Indoplanorbis Amiandale & Prashad 196

infirmus (Mori), Gyraulus (1938, An is us) 71

infraearinatum F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1932) 149

infralineatus (Martens), Gyraulus (1867) 71

infraliratus (Westerlund), Gyraulus (1877) 70

intercalare (Pilsbry), Helisoma (1887) 134, 446

intermixtus (Mousson), Gyraulus (1874) 70, 71

intertextum (Sowerby), Helisoma (1878) 149, 414

Intlia Annandale 112

Isidora Ehrenberg 201

issykulensis Clessin, Gyraulus (1907) 71

isthmicus (Pilsbry), Tropicorbis (1920) 85

iwaotakii (Mori), Gyraulus (1938, Ajiisus) 71

jacksonensis Henderson, Carinifex (1932) 158

janeirensis (Clessin), Tropicorbis (1884) 85

janinensis (Mousson), Gyraulus (1859) 70

japonicus (Martens), Gyraulus (1867) 71

japonicus Preston, Choanomphalus (1916) 193

jenksii (Carpenter), Planorbula (1871) 176

johanseni (Mozlev), Anisus (1934) 60

jordanense (Winslow), Helisoma (1923) 128

junodi Connolly, Hippeutis (1922) 103

kabylianus (Letourneux), Planorbarius (1870) 171

kansasensis (F. C. Baker), Promenetus (1938, Mcnctus) . . . 516

katangae (Haas), Planorbis (1934, Biomphalaria) 89

kennicotti F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1945) 223

kermatoides (Orbigny), Drepanotrema (1835) 118

kigeziensis (Preston), Gyraulus (1912) 70

kisumionsis (Preston), Gvraulus (1912) 70

klamathensis F. C. Baker! Parapliolyx (1941) 164, 228

kolymonse Lindholm, Helisoma (1933) 149

krambergeri (Halavats), Odontojryrorbis (1903) 65

kiihnerianus (Clessin = next), Tropicorbis (1883) 84

kiihnianus ("Dunker" Clessin), Tropicorbis (1886) .. 83. 500

labiatus F. C. Baker, Menetus (1945) 232

labiatus (Benson), Gyraulus (1S50) 71

labrosum Pilsbry, Drepanotrema (1I>34) 118

laeustris (Li<:litt'()()t), Sej^nnciitina (178(5, Xaidihis) 96

laevis (Alder), Gvraulus (1838) 74, 70

ladacensis (Nevill). Gyraulus (1878) (71)

laidocensis ( = preceding), Gyraulus 71

April, 1946] the nautilus 136

lamyi (Germain), Gyraulus (1905) 70

lantnm ( = lentiim), llelisoma 22

lar^'illiarti ( = next), Polypylis 394

lar'.'illiorti ("Diinker" .AJartens), Polypylis (18G7) 104

latc-hfordi (Pilsbry), Ih'lisonia (1927) 128

Latoorbis F. C. Baker 85, 500

latestomus (= next), (.Jvraulus 68, 69, 274, 330, 527

latistomus F. C. Baker, Gvraulus (1932) 71

laxus (Chamb. & Berry), Carinifex (1933, Vorticifcx) 160

leana (II. & A. Adams), Parapholvx (1863, Pompholyx) .. 164

lentum (Say), llelisoma (1834) '. 149, 294, 414

letourneuxi (Bour^'iiiirnat), Gyraulus (1883, Caillaudia) .. 66

leueoehilus (Melv. & Pons.), Gyraulus (1903) 70

leueostoma (Millet), Anisus (1813) 60

libanicus (Westerlund), Syrioplanorbis (1899) 89

liebmanni (Dunker), Tropicorbis (1850) 80, 494

limnophilus (Westerlund), Gyraulus (1867) 70

liratus (Westerlund), Gyraulus (1883) 71

loryi (Coquand), Anisopsis (1859) 95, 398

lucida (Gould), Polypylis (1859, Segment ina) 106

lucidum (Pfeiffer),'Drepanotrema (1839) 118,486

lupubris ("Spix" Wagner), Australorbis (1827) 93

maacki Gerstfeldt, Choanomphalus (1859) 192

macnabianum (C. B. Adams), Drepanotrema (1849) 490

maerostomus (Whiteaves), Helisoma (1863) 149

majjrnifieum (Pilsbry), Helisoma (1903) 149

mailliardi Hanna, Parapholyx (1924) 164

malaeaensis ( = next), Gyraulus 71

malaccaensis (Germain), Gyraulus (1922) (71)

malheurensis Hend. & Rodeek, Carinifex (1934) 154

malheurensis Hend. & Rodeek, Platytaphius (1934) 121

malleata Pilsbry, Carinifex (1934) 158

mar<.'inatus Draparnaud, Planorbis (1805) 51

marmoratus Michaud, Planorbis (1833) 55

marshalli Arnold, Carinifex (1910) 160

marshalli F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1945) 225

maya (Morelet), Tropicorbis (1849) 85

mearnsi (Bartsch), Helicorbis (1907) 107

mejras (Dall), Promenetus (1905) 182

mefjastoma (DeKay), Helisoma (1843) 408

Mepasystropha Lea 154

melleum (Lutz), Drepanotrema (1918) 118

mendipensis Moore, Planorbis 37

Menetus H. & A. Adams

182, 183, 230, 232, 516, 80, 86, 90, 178, 190

meridaensis (Preston), Tropicorbis (1907) 85

meridionalis (Brazier), Gyraulus (1876) 70

136 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (4)

metidgensis (Forbes), Planorbarius (1838) (171)

metidjensis (emendation of preceding) Planorbarius 171

michiganense F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1927) 153

Micromenetus F. C. Baker (new) 187, (231, 232)

milleri Hend. & Rodeek, Platytaphius (1934) 121

milleti (Germain), Anisus (1909 = next) 60

milletianus ("Bourguignat" Locard), Anisus (1893) .... (60)

mindanensis (Bartsch), Gj'raulus (1907) 71

minnesoteuse F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1927) 400

minor Cooper, Carinifex (1870) 158

misellus (Morelet), Gyraulus (1868) 70

montanus (Orbigny), Taphius (1835) 79

montrouzieri (Gassies), Gyraulus (1863) 71

moricandi (Beck), Helisoma (1837) 518

multicostatum F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1932) 149

multiformis (Zieten), Poecilospira (1832, Paludina) 194

multilineatus (Vanatta), Menetus (1899) 186

multivolvis (Case), Helisoma (1847) 153

natalensis (Krauss), Gyraulus (1848) 70

nautileus (L.), Armiger (1767, Turho) (75)

Nautilina Stein 65, 75

Nautilinus Mousson 202

Nautiloarmiger D. & G -. 78

Nautilus Gray 75

nautilus (emendation of nautileus), Armiger 75

neritoides "Hemphill," Parapholyx 468

Neoplanorbis Pilsbry 202

nevadensis Henderson, Parapholyx (1934) 164

newberrj'i (Lea), Carinifex (1858) 158

nigricans ("Spix" Wagner), Australorbis (1827) 512

nigrilabris (Lutz), Tropicorbis (1918) 85

nitidellus (Martens), Polypylis (1877) 106

nitida (Miiller), Segmentina (1774) 100

normale Pilsbry, Helisoma (1934) 134

noziriensis (Mori), G^yraulus (1938, Anisus) 71

numidicus (Bourguignat), Gyraulus (1864) 70

obliquus (DeKay), Gyraulus' (1843) 71

Obstructio Haas 85, 80, (219), (530)

obstructus (Morelet), Tropicorbis (1849) 85, 530

occidentale (Cooper), Helisoma (1870) 149

occidentalis Hanna, Carinifex (1924) 158

Odontogyrorbis Liirentiiey 64

olivaceus ("Spix" Wagner), Australorbis (1827) 93

Omalodiscus Benson 51

Omphalocrypta Toniliii 194

opercularis (Gould), Menetus (1848) 186

optima (Pilsbry), Parapholyx (1934, Pompholyx) 164

April, 1946] the nautilus 137

orbiculus (Morelet) Tropicorbis (1849) 85, 494

orcjj'omMiso (Tryon), Ilolisoiim (1865) 149

pabloana (CoopVr), Perriiiilla? (1894) 161

paotoli (Jit'keli), Afroplanorbis (1874) 87

l*alaeorbis Beneden & C'Oomans 202

pallidus (C. B. Adams), Tropicorbis (1848) 85

palustris F. C. B. & Calm, Planorbula (1931) 176

paufrongrensis (= next), Gyraulus 71

pankoiifjensis (Martens), Gyraulus (1882) (71)

panuoo Pilsbry, Drepanotrenia (1934) 118

paparyensis (Fred Baker), Tropicorbis (1914, Segmentina) 85

papyraceus (Benson), Helicorbis (1842) 107

Paradines Dall 159

paradoxus Sturanv, Planorbis (1894) ^ 193

Parapholyx Hanna 161, 227, 468

Paraplanorbis Hanna 119

parapseide ( = paropseides), Drepanotrema 118

Paraspira Dall 56

paravortex (Ping & Yen), Anisus (1933) 60

paropseides (Orbigny), Drepanotrema (1835) (118)

parvus (Say), Gyraulus (1817) 75

Patula (Albers) Ping & Yen 109

paysanduensis (Marshall), Australorbis (1930) 514

pedrinus (Miller), Tropicorbis (1879) 85

peipinensis (Ping & Yen), Pingiella (1932, Pyramidula) . . Ill

peuinsulare (Cooper), Drepanotrema (1893) 492

pennsylvanicus (Pilsbry), Menetus (1916) 190

percarinatum (Walker), Helisoma (1909) 128

perdisjunetum F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1945) 224

peregrinus (Orbigny), Tropicorbis (1835) 85

perezii ("Graells" Dupuy), Anisus (1850) 60

Perrinilla Hannibal 160

pertenue (F. C. Baker), Helisoma (1940) 149

peruvianum (Broderip), Helisoma (1832) 149, 518

petenensis (Morelet), Tropicorbis (1851) 85

petricola Odhner, Acrorbis (1937) 122

pfeifferi (Krauss), Afroplanorbis (1848) 87

philippianus (Dunker), Tropicorbis (1848) 85

Pierosoma Dall 134, 221-225, 410, 518

pilsbrj-i (F. C. Baker), Helisoma (1926) 149, 224

Pingia ( = next ) 96

Pingiella F. C. Baker (new) 109

piseinarum (Bourguignat), Gyraulus (1852) 70

pistiae H. B. Baker, Drepanotrema (1930) 118

Placorbis "Draparnaud" Lindholm 51

0 Included in Gyraulus, subg. Carina gyraulus Polinski (1929).

138 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (4)

Planaria Brown 65

planissimus ("Mousson" Clessin) Gyraulus (1884) 70

Planorbarius Froriep 166

Planorbella Haldeman 150, 226, 452

Planorbia Moore 89

Planorbifex Pilsbry 190

Planorbina Haldeman 56, 90

Planorbinae 50

Planorbis (Geoffrey) Miiller 51, 166

planorbis (L.), Planorbis (1758, Helix) 55

Planorbula Haldeman 172, 173, 229, 472, 80, 86

Planorbulina Germain 86

Planorbulina Martens 173

Planorbulinae 172

planospirus F. C. Baker, Menetus (1945) 231

planulatus (Cooper), Menetus (1860) 186

Platybasalis D. & G 194

Platytaphius Pilsbry 120

pleistocenicum F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1945) 226

Plesiophysa Crosse (196)

plexatum (Ingersoll), Helisoma (1874) 149

Poecilospira Moreh 194

polaris (Westerlund), Gyraulus (1885) 70

politum F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1945) 221

Polygyrus Gray 62

Polypylis Pilsbry 104

Pompholopsis Call 165

Pompholiginae 165

Pompholycodea Lindholm 161

Pompholyx Lea 161

ponsonbyi E. A. Smith, Carinifex (1875) 158

portagense (F. C. Baker), Helisoma (1908) 128

portlandensis F. C. Baker, Menetus (1945) 233

preblei F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1945) 224

preglabratum (Marshall), Helisoma (1926) 134

proelivis (Martens), Gyraulus (1897) 71

Proraenetus F. C. Baker 178, (230), (516)

pronus (Martens), Taphius (1873) 79

pseudotrivolvis (F. C. Baker), Helisoma (1920) 294, 408

puk'her (Mori), Gyraulus (1938, Anisus) 71

pusilla F. C. Baker, Parapholyx (1945) 229

Pyramidula (Fitzinger) Ping & Yen 109

quadrasi (Mollendorff), Gyraulus (1893) 71

randolphi F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1945) 221

ravinondi (Bourguignat), Hippeutis (1864) 103

redfieldi (C. B. Adams), Drepanotrema (1849) 486

refulgens (Dunker), Australorbis (1853) 93

April, 1946] the nautilus 139

refjiilosus (= rujifulosus), (tyraulus 70

ressmaimianus (Westeiiiiiid), Aiiisus (1875) 60

retit'ulatuiu (Dall), Helisoina (1})1(), nude & preocc.) 414

rideauenso F. C. Baker, Helisoina ( lf)45) 227

riisei ("Diinker" Clessin), Tropieorbis (1883) 85

riparius (Westerlund), Hippeutis (1865) 103

rossiteri (Crosse), Gyraulus (1871) 71

rotula (Benson). Gyraulus (1850) 71

rotundatus (Poiret), Anisus (1801) 56

royalonse (Walker), Helisoma (1909) 128

rubellus (Sterki), Pronienetus (1894) 182

rudentis (Ball), Helisoma (1905) 153

nijiulosus (Lindliolm), Gyraulus (1909) (70)

riippellii Bunker, Planorbis (1848) 89

rushi F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1939) 128

saijxonensis (Crosse & Fischer), Gyraulus (1863) 71

salinarum (Morelet), Afroplanorbis (1868) 87

saltensis (Grermain), Gyraulus (1922) 71

salvinii (Clessin) , Helisoma (1884) 149

sampsoni ("Aneey" Sampson), Menetus (1885) 190

sanctaeclarae Hannibal, Carinifex (1909) 160

santaeruzensis (Germain), Gyraulus (1923) 75

sayi F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1928) 128

scalare (Jay), Helisoma (1839, Paludina)' 134

schmackeri Clessin, Planorbis (1884) (22)

schmakeri (= preceding?), Polypylis? 22

schrammi (Crosse), Tropieorbis (1864) 502, 504

sehrencki Bybowski, Choanomplialus (1875) 193

schweinfurthi (= next), Gyraulus 70

schweinfurti (Clessin), Gyraulus (1884) (70)

Segmentaria Swainson 96

Segmentina Fleming 96, 100, 104, 173

Segmentininae 96

Seminolina Pilsbry 129

Seminole Pilsbry, Helisoma (1934) 134

septemgyratus ("Ziegler" Rossm.), Anisus (1835) 60

shellense F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1927) 128

shimeki F. C. Baker, Tropieorbis (1945) 218

sieversi Mousson, Planorbis (1873) 55

siliceus (P. & B.), Gyraulus (1914, = G. amoshrowni) .... 75

similaris (F. C. Baker), Gyraulus (1919) 75

singularis ("Mouss." Clessin), Gyraulus (1884) 71

sinitsini F. C. Baker, Parapholyx (1945) 228

sinuosum (Bonnet), Helisoma (1864) 149

7 Not preoccupied by P. s. "Zicgler" Menkc, 1828, Syn. Mcth.: 23, which

is included as form c of "P. similis Fer., " but is completely nude. Any-

way, Physa carinifera Ancey (1886) is available.

140 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (4)

sivalensis ("Hutton" Clessin), Gyraulus (1884) 71

smithii (F. C. Baker), Helisoma (1912) 153

smithi F. C. Baker, Planorbiila (1945) 229

smithi Preston, Biomphalaria (1910) 89

socius (Westerlinid), Gyraulus (1881) 70

solida (Dall), Parapholyx (1870, Pompholyx) 164

sperabilis (Preston), Gyraulus (1912) 70

Spiniformis Germain 75

spinulosus (Clessin), Armiger (1873) 78

Spiralina "Hartmann" 51, 56, 114

Spirodiscus Stein 166

Spirorbis Swainson 55

spirorbis (L.), Anisus (1758, Helix) 60

stearnsii (White), Vorticifex (1883, Carinifex) 160

stelzneri (Dohrn), Gyraulus (1858) 71

stenostoma C'Bgt." Servain), Planorbarius (1881) 171

stewarti (Germain), Gyraulus (1909) 71

stramineus (Dunker), Tropicorbis (1848) ^o, 500

strauehianus (Clessin), Anisus (1884) 61

strebelianum (F. & C), Helisoma (1894) 149

striatum (F. C. Baker), Helisoma (1902) 128

subcrenatum (Carpenter), Helisoma (1857) 149, 224

subpronus (Martens), Tapliius (1899) 79

subrotunda Pilsbry, Carinifex (1932) 158

sudanicus (Martens), Afroplanorbis (1870) 87

Sulcifer Lindholm 193

sumatranus (Martens), Gyraulus (1897) 71

sumichrasti (C. & F.), Drepanotrema (1879) 118

swinhoei (H. Adams), Polypylis (1866) 106

syracusanus ("Cafici" Westerlund), Hippeutis (1883) ... 103

Syrioplanorbis F. C. Baker (new) Sdi

taia (Annandale & Rao), Polypylis (1925, Segmcniina) .... 106

tanganikanus (Bourjiuipnat), Afroplanorbis (1888) 87

Taphius II. & A. Adams 79

tatei F. C. Baker, Tropicorbis (1940) '^ (85)

tenagophilus (Orbijiiiv), Australorbis (1835) 93

tenue ("Philippi" Dunker), Helisoma (1850) 149

tepicensis (Martens), Tropicorbis (1899) 85

tetragyrus (Westerlund), Gyraulus (1881) 70

Tliomsonia Ancey 12!)

tilhoi ((Jermain), Gyraulus (1911) 70

titicacensis (Clessin). Taphius (1884) 71'

tokyoeiisis (Mori), (Jyi-aulus (1938, Aniaus) 71

loiidaiu'iisis (Quoy & G.), Gyraulus (1832) 71

Tor((uis Dall 72

toukotoensis (Germain), Gyniulus (1917) 70

8 Proposed as substitute for Phmorbis declivia Tate.

April, 11)4G] THE NAUTILUS 141

traskii (Lea), Helisoma (1856) 149

tri-rvriis (Plnlippi). Tropicorbis (18(jf)) 85

trivolvis (Say), llrlisoiua (1817) . .14!), 225, 294, 408, 410, 414

trot'liif(»rniis (Stalil). Poeoilospira (1824, Hclicites) 194

TrcK'lilea llaldeiiian 65

trochoideus (Benson), Troehorbis (1836) 109

Troehorbis Benson 108

Tropicorbis Pilsbry & Brown 80, 85, 218, 494, 500, 502

Tropidisc'us Stein 51, 56

trnnc-atuni (Miles), Helisoma (1861) 149

tryoni (Meek), Vortieifex {1870, Carinifex) 160

tuniens (Carpenter), Helisoma (1857) 149

turjridum (Jet^'reys), Helisoma (1830) 149

nlipinosus (Vanatta), :Menetus (1910) 190

umbiliealis (Benson), Helieorbis (1836) 107

umbilieatellus (Cockerell), Promenetiis (1887) 182

nmbilicatus ^Miiller. Planorbis (1774) 51

uniearinatnm (Haldemau), Helisoma (1844) 128

unic'ostatum (= preoedinfr?), Helisoma 221

usta (Gould), Polypylis (1859, Segmentina) 106

valvatoides Dvbowski, Choanomphalus (1875) 192

Valvatomphahis D. & G 194

vanvleeki (Arnold), Planorbifex (1910) 190

vaughani (Bartseh), Helisoma (1908) 128

velifer (Annandale), Gyraulus (1918) 71

ventrieosa (Meek), Vortieifex (1870, Carinifex) 160

vermioularis (Gould), Gyraulus (1848) 75

vermilionense F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1929) 149

villae (Adami), Anisus (1876) (60)

villai (= preceding), Anisus 60

vortex (L.), Anisus (1758, Helix) 60

Vortieifex Meek or Dall 159

vortieulus (Troschel), Anisus (1834) 60

Vortifex Meek 159

vulgaris (Swainson), Anisus (1840, Spirorbis) 55

walkeri (Vanatta), Gyraulus (1902) 75

wheatleyi (Lea), Planorbula (1858) 177

whiteavesi F. C. Baker, Helisoma (1932) 149

whitei Call, Pompholopsis (1888) 166

winslowi (F. C. Baker), Helisoma (1926) 149

wiseonsinense (Winslow), Helisoma (1926) 153

AVladislaviidae 193

AViistia Honigmami 56

wyldi (Tristram), Helisoma (1861) 149

yeni (error for next ?), Gyraulus 71

yui (Ping & Yen), Gvraulus (1933) (71)

yzabalense (C. & F.), Drepanotrema (1879) 114

142 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (4)

NOTES ON SOME GROUPS IN THE MURICIDAE OF

THE WEST ATLANTIC, WITH DESCRIPTION

OF A NEW SUBGENUS '

By H. a. REHDER

In the process of preparing: a report on the mollusks of the

Chipola formation of the Miocene Alum Bluff group. Dr. Julia

Gardner asked me to check over the generic assignment of some

of the species of Muricidae. In this connection I have made use

of the very useful monograph of the Western Atlantic Muricidae

by Clench and Farfante in Number 17 of Johnsonia (May 29,

1945). I have come, however, to a few divergent conclusions on

the generic classification of some of the species, which I wish here

to put on record :

Faziella Jousseaume 1880

1880. Paziella Jousseaume, Le Naturaliste, vol. 1, no. 42, p. 335.

1882. Paziella Jousseaume, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1879, vol. 42, p. 325.

This West Indian group, which was synonymized by Clench

and Farfante with Poirieria Jousseaume 1880, should, in my

opinion, be considered a distinct genus. The neozelanic Poirieria

has a longer, spineless siphonal canal, while Miircx pazi Crosse,

the type of Paziella, has a row of prominent spines on the canal.

Poirieria has a fossil history in New Zealand beginning in the

Miocene (Finlay, Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 55, pp. 496, 508, 1924;

Powell, Rec. Auckland Inst. Mus., vol. 1, p. 88, 1931).

Subgenus Dallimurex, new subgenus

Subgenotype: Murex nuttingi Dall.

Shell differing from typical Paziella in having stronger lami-

nated varices, which have the spine on tlio shoulder shorter and

stouter, and which bear numerous shorter spines below the

shoulder. The whorls below the shoulder have strong irregular

spiral ridges, which culminate in the varicial spines. The

siphonal canal is broader, the spiral succession of previous canals

forming a prominent umbilical chink.

Murex nuttingi, from the region of Key West, Florida (the

collection of the U. S. National Museum contains seven speci-

mens all restricted to this area), and Murex carnicolor Clench

and Farfante from the Lesser Antilles belong in this subgenus.

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

April, 1946] the nautilus 143

There is also an unclescribed species from the Chipola River

Miocene of Florida which bclon<rs lierc, bespeakinj; an extended

phylofTcnetic history for this fj:roup, of which typical PazicUa

may be a more recent, deep-water offshoot.

Clench and Farfantc placed the species of this complex in

MnnxsuU another neozclanic fjfroup. The type of this ^enus,

Murtx octogonoa Quoy and Gaimard, has strongrer, more nu-

merous spiral ridfies and as a consequence more numerous vari-

cial spines. There are two rows of spines on the anterior canal

as opposed to only one in DalUmurex. The nuclear characters

are also different, the nuclear whorls in Murexsul beinp: some-

what flattened, bluntly shouldered and roughened, see Finlay,

Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 47, p. 487. 1926 (Jan. 15, 1927),

while in DaUimurex they are evenly rounded and the first nuclear

whorl is bulbous and smooth. Murexsul has a parallel geo-

logical history of its own in the New Zealand tertiary.

NOTES AND NEWS

Pinellas County, Florida, Tertiary Fossil Localities. —

Corrections of errors in published localities are here made to pre-

vent further misapprehension. (1) In Nautilus, vol. 59 (Oct.

1945), p. 38, the locality for Pliocene collections is shown on the

map at No. 2, on the stream or ditch, w^hich is the outlet of Saw-

grass Lake, where it crosses 9th Street. How^ever, all the shells

in the spoil banks along this four to six foot deep ditch are dis-

tinctly of Pleistocene age, none extinct. While the more deeply

underlying strata are believed to be of Pliocene age, the only

Pliocene outcrop, now known, in this general area begins about

three fourths of a mile south from that ditch. It lies on the

east side of 9th Street, between 69th and 70th Avenues, North,

in the City of St. Petersburg. At this place, there is a Pliocene

reef, less than an acre in extent, close to the surface on low level

ground. Its northern end is about 200 feet east of the N.W. cor-

ner of Sec. 31, T. 30 S.R. 17 E., and extends roughly S. 45° E.,

some 400 feet. It is surrounded on the surface on all sides by

Pleistocene material. This small reef or bar, mostly less than

50 feet wide, and about three feet deep to its base, has been

rich in well preserved Pliocene shells and some corals, but now

144 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 59 (4)

is nearly exhausted by intensive collecting for eight years. Here

occurred in profusion such characteristic Caloosahatchee Plio-

cene species as Area wagneriana Dall, Ttirritella apicalis Heil-

prin, Solenosteira metigeana Dall, along with hundreds of other

species of which about one half are now extinct.

(2) In the 20th Annual Report of the Florida Geological Sur-

vey (1929), p. 224, the location of the Melbourne bone beds of

Pinellas County, explored by "Walter W. Holmes et al. in the

1920 's, is given as in "Sec. 5, T. 31 S.R. 16 E., about 21^ miles

S.SW. of Pinellas Park." However, the principal site of the

extensive Pleistocene vertebrate collections made by Mr. Holmes

and now in the Am. Museum of Natural History in New York,

was not in Sec. 5 of that Township, but near the center of See.

6. Here, in 1942, could still be seen a considerable heap of dis-

carded vertebrate bone fragments and remains of Mr. Holmes'

office. This site is on the northerly or right bank of Joes Creek,

a few hundred feet upstream, southeasterly, from wliere the

creek crosses County Highway No. 16, which here is on the east

and west quarter line of Sec. 6. See "Extinct Land Mammals

of Florida," by George Gaylord Simpson, 1928, p. 264.— Wil-

liam G. Fargo, Jackson, Michigan.

Praticolella griseola Pfr. in Hispaniola. — While in Banes,

Cuba, my friend Alberto Quefiones gave me a few shells that had

been sent to him from Colonia "Lechugas," Central Santa Fe,

San Pedro de Macoris, Hispaniola. Among these, there were

several specimens of Praticolella griseola Pfr. that agree in all

details with another series, also introduced, from Habana, Cuba.

I have not been able to find any previously published record of

this species for either Santo Domingo or Haiti, the two republics

that compose the island of Hispaniola. — W. J. Clench.

Helix aspersa in New Mexico. — It may be wortli wliile to

record that, when visiting Santa Fe last spring, I found Helix

aspersa well established theie. — T. D. A. Cockerell.

Vol. 59 JANUARY, 1946 No. 3

TT H F

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PrBMSRERS

Henrt a. Pilsbry, Curator ol" the Department of MoUusca,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3

H. BuRRiNGTON Baker. Professor of Zoology

University of Pennsylvania

CONTENTS

The Bar. By Blenn E. Bales, M.D

Marine Biological Laboratory

L I B fl .A. PI "ST

FEB 2 1 1946

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

ZJ

"Cyclnstreniatidai- " and Vitrinellidae of Florida, part 3. By Hcnrij

A. Pilsbry and Thomas L. McGinly 77

Two Misunderstood Sphaeriidae. By Henry A. Pilsbry 83

Land Mollusua of the Edmund Niles Huyck Preserve, RonssilacMvilU',

New York. By William Marcus Ingrain !S7

Two New Papuina. By Mojcwell Smith 1)4

Ecologic Notes concerning Elysia chlorutiea Gould and Stiligcr fuseala

Gould. By Henry D. Jinssell 95

A Letter concerning the Cones of Hwass and otlier Collections in

Switzerland. By Henry Do'h/e <J7

George Willett 101

Notes and News ](l."i

Publications Received Ui7

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Forripn Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Ih>sinrs.i Mana;irr

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Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 10.12, at the Post Office at

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THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

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lished by Henry A. Pilsbet and H. Burrington Baker.

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EXCHANGE NOTICES

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Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The

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6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. l"; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,

nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all

nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol.

25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,

no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3; or any of

these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

For Exchange: Fiftoon varieties, Floriila tree snails (lApuus) including

three of the rare L. unlidus, to e.xchango for Acliatinelln, Amphidromus,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to Pai7L P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

For Exchange: Physidar, Lvnmjioidae, .nn<1 Plannrbidae from Colorado for

those of other areas. — Robert .]. Drake, Box 291, Gunnison, Colorado.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.

List of foreign shells for sale on roq\ie8t.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Burch, 4206 S. Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, California.

THE NAUTILUS 111

For Exchange: My list of duplicate shells, personally taken in southwest

Mexico, contains some ratlicr attractive items. Send list with first

letter. R. R. R.m.ks, M.D., 149 W. Main St., Circleville, Ohio.

For Exchange: Native material for live land Mollusca, especially Ccpara

nemorali3, Otala species, and Helix aspersa.

Gi.E.NN R. Webb, 5.348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Tmliana.

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. Send your

list; ask for mine.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of

Natural History, Cliicago, Illinois.

Wanted: Unsclectod lots of American Rphaeriidae. Offered: Identified

European Sphacriidae and Dutch non marine mollusks.

J. G. J. KuiPER, Care of Zoologisch Museum Amsterdam,

Plantage Middenlaan 53, Netherlands.

Two green Abalone shells (Haliotis fulgens) and one pink {Ilalintis cor-

ruqnia), colorful. Post paid for a $1 bill.

Aldrich-Museum, Balboa, Calif.

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST

FLORIDA COAST

By

Louise M. Perry

Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with

dear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved

from photographs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION

126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50)

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . $5.00

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

.Ml i)nHt-i»>lil in U. H. A.

AddrPNB author:

MAXWELL SMITH.

Box 65, Winter Park, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

123 Years of Research —

LAND MOLLUSCA OF

NORTH AMERICA

(NORTH OF MEXICO)

By henry a. PILSBRY

Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first

volume of its "Journal," the Academy has occupied an outstand-

ing position in increasing the world's knowledge of Mollusks.

As the years followed, Haldeman, Conrad, Isaac Lea and Tryon

carried on in Say's steps.

In 1888 Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry succeeded Tryon as Curator of

Mollusks, and during the past 52 years has carried forward the

Academy's traditional position as a center of conchological dis-

coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened

our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol-

lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him in

recognition of his discoveries.

Today, the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the publi-

cation of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) "

by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbrj'-, the first comprehensive treatment of

this subject in half a century. Here are presented the sum-

marized conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory

investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre-

viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and

species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft

anatomy make the volumes comprising this Monograph indis-

pensable to students of land mollusks.

The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00,

payable proportionately as each section is issued.

Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the liclicoid mol-

lusks while Volume II will cover the remaining terrestrial groups.

Volume I, Part One (issued Dec. 6, 1939) by subscription,

$7.50; if purchased separately, $10.00. Volume I, Part Two

(issued August 1, 1940) by subscription, $7.50; if purchased

separately, $8.00. Volume II (in preparation) by subscription,

$10.00; if purchased separately, $12.00.

For sale by

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF

PHILADELPHIA

19th Street axd the Parkway

Philadelphia, Pa.

Vol. 59 APRIL, 1946 No. 4

nr H F

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Henrt a. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department MnJtoBuBiiJOgical LahOlcilOt/

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philade

H, BuREiNQTON Bakee, Professor of ^ology,

University of Pennsylvania

CONTENTS

phia 3libpi^^pi-y

JUL 8-194f.

WOODS HOLE. MASS.

Winter Collecting in the Barge Canal at Pittsford, N. Y. By C. L.

Blakeslee 109

A Contribution on the Shell Development of Cypraea Mus Linnaeus.

By William Marcus Ingram 113

Some of F6ru8sac's Generic Names. By H. Burrington Baker 115

Notes on Some Southwestern Pupillidae. By Gordon K. MacMillan . . . 121

Color Variations in Pedicularia Californica Newcomb. By Sylvia

Jacobs 124

Index to F. C. Baker's "The MoUuscan Family Planorbidae. " By

H. Barrington Baker 127

Notes on Some Groups in the Muricidae of the West Atlantic, with

Description of a New Subgenus. By H. A. Eehder 142

Notes and News 143

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered as Second-Clasa matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at

Pbiladelpbia, Pa., under the Act of March 3. 1879.

THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of MoUusks, edited and pub-

lished by Henry A. Pilsbey and H. Bureington Bakee.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the

month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).

Manuscript should be typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be

submitted to authors unless requested.

Eepeints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OE ATTACHED TO FIEST PAGE OF MANUSCEn>T.

4 pp. S PP' 16 pp.

50 copies $2.50 $4.00 $6.50

100 copies ...„ 3.00 4.75 8.00

Additional 100s 1.00 1.50 3.00

Plates (pasted in): $2.00 for 50; additional 1.5c each

[Postage Extea]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.

Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.

Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,

Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The

Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The

Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.

6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,

nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all

nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol.

25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6 ; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,

no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of

these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

Foe Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

For Exchange: Physidae, Lymnaeid.ic, and Planorbidae from Colorado for

those of other areas. — Robert J. Drake, Box 291, Gunnison, Colorado.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.

List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom BuRcn, 4206 S. Ilalld'ale Ave., Los Angeles 37, California.

THE NAUTILUS 111

For Exchange: My list of duplicate shells, personally taken in southwest

Mexico, contains some rather attractive items. Send list with first

letter. B, R. Bales, M.D., 149 W, Main St., Circleville, Ohio,

For Exchanqe: Native material for live land MoUusca, especially Cepaea

nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa.

Glenn R. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. Send your

list; ask for mine.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of

Natural History, Chicago, Illinois.

Wanted: Unselectcd lots of American Sphacriidae. Offered: Identified

European Sphaeriidae and Dutch non-marine mollusks.

J. G. J. KuiPER, Legation de Pays-Bas,

Ostring 17, Berne, Switzerland.

Wanted: American land and fresh water mollusks. Offered: European

(especially Dutch) land and fresh water mollusks.

L. A. W, C. Venmans, Tolsteegsingcl 13, Utrecht, Netherlands.

3-Only Abalone shells, Ealiotis fulgens, corrngata and cracherodii, For a

$1.00 Bill, Post paid.

Aldrich-Museum, Balboa, Calif.

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST

FLORIDA COAST

By

Louise M. Perry

Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with

clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved

from photographs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION

126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50)

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

All pnst-i>nlcl in U. 8. A.

AddrPNN author:

MAXWELL SMITH,

Box 65, Winter Park, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

123 Years of Research —

LAND MOLLUSCA OF

NORTH AMERICA

(NORTH OF MEXICO)

By henry a. PILSBRY

Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first

volume of its "Journal," the Academy has occupied an outstand-

ing position in increasing the world's knowledge of Mollusks.

As the years followed, Haldeman, Conrad, Isaac Lea and Tryon

carried on in Say's steps.

In 1888 Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry succeeded Trj^on as Curator of

Mollusks, and during the past 52 years has carried forward the

Academy's traditional position as a center of conchological dis-

coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened

our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol-

lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him in

recognition of his discoveries.

Today, the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the publi-

cation of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) "

by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the first comprehensive treatment of

this subject in half a century. Here are presented the sum-

marized conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory

investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre-

viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and

species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft

anatomy make the volumes comprising this Monograph indis-

pensable to students of land mollusks.

The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00,

payable proportionately as each section is issued.

Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the helicoid mol-

lusks while Volume II will cover the remaining terrestrial groups.

Volume I, Part One (issued Dec. 6, 1939) by subscription,

$7.50; if purchased separately, $10.00. Volume I, Part Two

(issued August 1, 1940) by subscription, $7.50; if purchased

separately, $8.00. Volume II (in preparation) by subscription,

$10.00; if purchased separately, $12.00.

For sale by

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF

PHILADELPHIA

IQtd Street and the Parkway

Philadelphia, Pa.

Mill Wllol I II, ,( vio

WH 17XJ N