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THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. 63

JULY, 1949 to APRIL, 1950

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusks and Marine Invertebrates,

Academy of Natural Sciences

H. BURRINGTON BAKER

Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, Pa.

X.ANCASTEK PRESS. INC., LANCASTER, PA.

CONTENTS

Names of new genera and species in italics.

Adanaclava (Turridae) and A. adana Bartsch 87

Alabama 107

American Malacological Union, 15th annual meeting- 67

A. M. U., 16th annual meeting 140

A. M. U., Pacific Division, 3rd annual meeting 140

Amphithalamus, subg. Floridiscrohs Pils. & McG 15

A. dyshatus Pilsbry and McGinty 14

Apodosis (Auriculidae) and A. novimundi Pils. & McG. 9, 10

Atlantic marines 9, 15, 65, 85, 113, 123, 126

Bahamas, marines 9

Beetles, feeding on snails 142

Brasil, marines 113

California, inland 73, 97, 106, 107

California, marines 109, 112

Cayman Brae 37

Cerion copium 45

China 70

Chondropoma caymanbracense 40

C. (s.s.) schaliei H. B. Baker 108

C. swiftii 108

Clenchiella microscopica (G. Nevill) 62

Colombia 82

Cooke, Charles Montague, Jr 33

Coralliophila mansfieldi (McGinty) 11

Cristaria plicata = Symphynota Ihuysii 71

Cymatmm rehderi Verrill 126

Cypraea alleni Ostergaard Ill

Dallispira (Turridae), D. dalli, D. lowei Bartsch ... 92, 93, 94

Dates of The Nautilus 36

Dialeuca caymanensis 41

Dominica, B. W. I., marines 15, 36, 126

Errata and omissions 36

Florida, inland 108

Florida, marines 9, 65, 85, 123

Floridiscrohs Pils. & McG., subg. of Amphithalamus 15

Gastrodonta fonticula 63, 71

Generic names 17

Goniobasis proxima 78

Guatemala 82

Haplotrema concavum, habits 141

Hawaii, marines Ill

iii

iv THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (4)

Helicina fasciata caymanensis Pilsbry 40

Hemitoma ruhida Verrill 126

Hiatella = Saxicava 138

Hydaiina verrilli Pilsbry 15

Idaho 74

Imaclava pilshryi Bartsch 88

India 62

Indiana 119, 141

Indo-Pacific marines 58, 80

Iowa 25

Jamaica 37

Kentucky 106

Lacteoluna caymanhracensis Pilsbry 42

Lectotypes 125, 128

Liguiis menu 72

Lima, locomotion 112

Lithococciis venustus Pilsbry 82

Macromphalina palmalitoris Pils. & McGinty 85

Marsh, Phil L., collection of 72

Mitra fluviimaris Pilsbry and McGinty 13

Mitra fordi Pilsbry and McGinty 12

Murex argo and M. brevifrons 36, 127

Murex maculatus Verrill 126

Nevada 73

New York 140, 142

New Jersey 29

Neotropical 82

Neotypes 128

North Carolina 78, 106

Official list of generic names 19

Oriental 62, 70

Pachycheilus olssoni Pilsby 84

Pacific marines 87, 109, 111, 112

Palearctic 71

Parvitiirhoides Pilsbry & McGinty (Vitrinellidae) 86

Pennsylvania 28

Pfeiffer, Dr. Louis 1, 48

Physa heterostropha 20

Phos amoenus, P. lannumi Schwengel 81, 90

Pilshryspira (Turridae), P. pilshryi Bartsch 90, 91

Pisidium ultramontanum 118

Polygyra hippocrepis 1, 48

Proserpinula lewisi Pilsbry 42

Publications received 143

Puerto Rico 108

Roemer, Ferdinand 54

April, 1950] the nautilus v

Saxicava = Hiatella 138

Shell spinules for defense 107

Slug behavior 106

Solariorhis euzonus Pilsbry and McGinty 85

South Carolina 78

Sphaerium nobile, S. primeanum, S. simile, S. sulcatum .... 115

Striospira Bartsch (Turridae) 95

Striospira lucasensis, S. tahogaensis Bartsch 95, 96

Strompus, sexual dimorphism 58

Stromhus costatus spectahilis Verrill 127

Symphonota Ihuysii = Cristaria plieata 70

Tennessee 99, 106, 121

Texas 1, 48, 141

Thericium himiniense Pilsbry and McGinty 13

Thericium chara, T. lymani Pilsbry 65, 66

Torre, Carlos de la 143

Triodopsis hopetonensis claihornensis Lutz 121

Turridae 87

Type C'lectotype, neotype," etc.) 125, 128

Utah 74

Varicella (Melaniella) caymanbracensis Pilsbry 48

Varicella lewisi Pilsbry 47

Verticordia aequacostata Howard 109

Virginia 106

Vitrinellidae 85

West Indies, island 37, 108

West Indian marines . 9, 15, 36

Wisconsin 131

Zonulispira (Turridae), Z. reigeni Bartsch 89, 90

INDEX TO AUTHORS

Abbott, R. Tucker 58, 62

Aguavo, C. G 17

Baily, Joshua L., Jr 73, 112

Baker, Bernadine Barker (See H. B. &) 123

Baker, H. Burrington 36, 108, 128

Baker, H. B. and B. B 108

Bartsch, Paul 87

Bushey, Clinton J 119

Dodge, Henry 138

Eyerdam, Walter J 113

Freas, Dorothy D 140

Goodrich, Calvin 78

Haas, F 70

Hanna, G. D 97

Herrington, H. B 115

Howard, Arthur D 109

Hubricht, Leslie • 106, (2)

Ingram, William Marcus 142

Johnson, Richard 1 125

Kondo, Yoshio • • • • 33

Levi, Lorna H. and Herbert W 131

Lutz, Louis 99, 121

McGinty, T. L. (Pilsbry &) 9, 85

McLellan, Jack H 141

MacMillan, Gordon K 63

Ostergaard, J. M Ill

Pilsbry, Henry A 15, 36, 37, 65, 71, 82

Pilsbry and T. L. McGinty 9, 85

Robertson, Mrs. Harold R 140

Schwengel, Jeanne S 72, 80

Teskev, Margaret C 67

Verrill, A. H 36, 126

Webb, Glenn R 106, 107, 141

Wheeler, H. E 1, 48

Wurtz, Charles B 20, 7]

VI

The Nautilus

Vol. 63 JULY, 1949 No. 1

POLYGYRA HIPPOCREPIS AND ITS AUTHOR,

LOUIS PFEIFFER

By H. E. wheeler

One hundred years ago a German conchologist described a

new Helix from Texas, which, because of its curious aperture,

he fittingly named Helix hippocrepis, the horseshoe snail. This

very rare species, which has no near relative in its family, fo-

cuses attention not only on its author, Louis Pfeiffer, but on a

contemporary German geologist, Ferdinand Roemer, who was

its discoverer. The centennial year of its description, 1948,

furnishes an appropriate opportunity to review the species.

The biographical notes on these pioneer students of Texas

geology and conchology will, it is hoped, clear some misapprehen-

sions as to their researches and travels, for we are better ac-

quainted with their writings than we are with their personal

history.

The uniqueness and rarity of Polygyra hippocrepis is un-

questioned. Though published in 1848 ^ it seems never to have

been represented in any American collection, with the exception

of one specimen, until its rediscovery by Pilsbry in 1885 and

Singley in 1889.

Pfeiffer 's description is as follows:

T. anguste umbilicata, depressa, solidula, confertim arcuato-

plicata, opaca, fuscula ; spira vix elevata ; anfr. 5^2 angusti,

vix convexiusculi, sutura impressa discreti, ultimus superne

carinatus, basi convexior, antice solutus, subito deflexus, pone

aperturam constrictus et gibboso-inflatus ; umbilicus extus lati-

usculus, angustissime pervius; apertura subhorizontalis, auri-

formis, ringens; perist. sublabiatum, marginibus callo elevato

angulari, superne laminam profunde intrantem, alteramque

1 Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie 5: 119, 120, 1848. Repeated in Roemer's

** Texas," p. 455, 1849; also Conchylien-Cabinet, Helix, Part III, p. 332,

pi. 131, figures 4-6, and Monographia Heliceorum Viventium 3: 267, 1853.

(1)

2

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 63 (1)

minorem prope columellam (ambas profunde ferri equini instar

connexas) emittenti junctis, supero breviter expanse, laminam

obliquam emittenti, basali calloso-reflexo. Diam. maj. 12, min.

10, alt. 5 mill. (Coll. No. 6581/2.) Habitat in Texas.

Prope New Braunfels legit Dr. Ferd. Roemer.

Fig. 1. Polygyra hippocrepis, en-

larged outlines, with details of pari-

etal wall and interior of basal lip,

(From Pilsbry, Land MoUusca of

North America, fig. 399.)

Pilsbry remarks that '4t is an isolated, highly evolved shell,

remotely related to the Polygyra plicata group, apparently.

Onl}^ one of the shells measured reached the diameter given by

Pfeiffer, 12 mm. The usual size is about 11 mm., the smallest

4.5 X 10.3 mm. with 4% whorls. The parietal tooth is not V-

shaped as in other Polygyras, but U-shaped, hence the name

hippocrepis — horseshoe. ' '

Pilsbry - elsewhere covers the characteristics of the shell, stat-

ing that ''the structure of the aperture has never been fully

described or figured. Besides the parietal tooth there is an

internal tubercle on the columella, as in Polygyra mooreana.

The upper and lower lip-teeth enter and arch toward each other,

forming a U-shaped curve which stands close to but a little

deeper than that formed by the parietal tooth. Where the two

entering teeth join there is a notch and a delicate, slender hook

with the point curved toward the adjacent basal wall projecting

forward. The immersion of the original lower lip-teeth gives

2Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, p. 127; Land Mol

1940.

of N. A., 1: 638.

July, 1949] THE NAUTILUS 3

room for a secondary callous ridge along the basal lip, as shown

in figure 1. These structures form in their way a more perfect

barrier perhaps than that produced by other means in P. auri-

culata and uvulifera. The species stands isolated at present."

Collectors of the New Braunfels fauna have been very few

indeed. During the hundred years which have elapsed since

Eoemer's discovery we are able to name only Singley, Pilsbry,

Ferriss, H. B. Baker, Allan F. Archer and the writer. About

1912 Mr. Otto Heilig, the postmaster at New Braunfels, reported

the finding of the species under treatment and sent specimens to

the writer. In the summer of 1938 Dr. Allan F. Archer and

the writer made a survey of the territory extending from El

Paso by way of New Braunfels through Texas and most of

the counties in western Arkansas, even into Missouri, but we

found no other Polygyras that suggested any relation to hippo-

crepis.

Even in its own territory it is apparently restricted to a few

spots, all within a sector of 30° whose center is Comal Springs

and whose radius is less than six miles. The original habitat

was in all probability the hillsides above Comal Springs and

along the creek. Pilsbry and Ferriss added the foothills along

Guadalupe River, some five or six miles north of the town. Just

where Singley collected was not stated. Dr. Archer and the

writer recorded a new habitat at the well-known Hueco Falls,

three miles northwest of New Braunfels, where shells are less

disturbed than they are now on the margin of Landa Park. For

other species of mollusks we added the urban area and the road

between the village and Landa Park.

New Braunfels lies close to the Balcones Escarpment of the

Edwards Plateau in Comal County, Texas. The Guadalupe

River flows through a gap in the low-lying mountains to the

north and receives the waters of Comal River, having its rise

in the springs of that name, before it passes the limits of the

town. These springs, the largest in Texas, discharge 190,000

gallons of water daily, and they are the chief feature of the

pleasure gardens known as Landa Park. The botanist Lind-

heimer is supposed to have had his cabin on the creek near the

springs. Here Roemer made his headquarters for the better

part of a year while he was exploring the geology of Texas. The

4 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (1)

town had been founded only three j^ears before Roemer's arrival

by German refugees led by Prince Solms. They were attracted

to the region by the fertility of the valleys, its abundant waters,

and the prospect of an undisturbed home. The colony has

prospered greatly and other towns, recruited by similar groups

of Germans, have developed an industrious and loyal citizen-

ship.

The writer has visited New Braunfels in spring, summer and

early autumn, during the past two j^ears, but has never seen

P. Jiippocrepis crawling. The snail is doubtless somewhat noc-

tural in habit, hiding during the day under rocks and in debris,

but more often in the crevices of rocky ledges. It is generally

associated with Holospira goldfussi (Menke), Polygyra ynooreana

(W. G. Binney), and Microceraynus texanus (Pilsbry), the

first-named shell being the most abundant. Euglandina singley-

ana (W. G. B.), usually immature or dead, was occasionally

found, and commonly Retinella indent at a paucilirata (Morelet).

Bumina decollata (L.) is the common garden snail of this inland

town, but at the time of Roemer's researches and as late as 1903

it had not been introduced. Few Bulimuli were noted in the

haunts of the Polygj^ras but were common enough around dwell-

ings, estivating both on trees and the walls of houses. Helicina

orhiculata tropica (Pfr.) was found in suitable places, but was

not abundant at the type locality of P. hippocrepis.

The vegetation noted by Roemer in the vicinity of Comal

Springs is apparently unchanged, though some weeds and plants

escaped from cultivation, as well as introduced trees, shrubs

and flowering plants, were naturally to be expected in and near

a public park.

A descendant of a pioneer family whom I met at New Braun-

fels seemed to be more or less familiar with the local shell fauna,

particularly the bivalves of Guadalupe River, and reported that

he had found many fine pearls in the larger Unios. But the

freshwater shells have not received the attention they deserve.

The river, crossed many times by a winding road, locally

known as the River Road, cuts its way througli the mountains

to the north and flows in a southeastern and southern direction

passing on the eastern side of New Braunfels. Comal River,

issuing from the springs of the same name, and emptying into

July, 1949]

THE NAUTILUS

the Guadalupe, hardly deserves that desig-nation. If so, it is

the shortest ''river" in the United States, or elsewhere for that

matter, completing its entire course within the limits of the

town. Koemer called it "Comal-Creek," and this name is in

general use.

The Land Shells of the New Braunfels Area

The first list of Texas shells was that given by Roemer in the

*'Naturwissenschaftlicher Anhang" of his volume Texas, 1849.

It is well to note that this natural history appendix to Texas is

omitted in the English translation, which did not appear for

many years. Few students have access to the very rare original

edition. Roemer was careful not onlj^ to give complete lists of

all natural history material collected but to include the descrip-

tions of new species. He states that Pfeiffer and Philippi identi-

fied the species unknown to him, and they supplied the descrip-

tions. He listed 91 mollusks from Texas, of which 28 are land

mollusks. The marine species are mostly from Galveston. The

New Braunfels entries of his list follow. The names as given

by him are in the first column, the present nomenclature, or the

corrected identification, in the second. The numbers in paren-

thesis following some names refer to the notes following the list.

Helix arhorea Say

Helix avara Say (1)

Helix Berlandieriana Moric.

Helix chersina Say

Helix convexa Raf.

Helis fallax Say (2)

Helix hippocrepis Pfr.

Helix indentata Say

Helix lahyrinthica Say

Helix minuscula Binney (3)

Helix pustula Say (4)

Helix Texasiana Moric.

Helix thyroides Say

Zonitoides arhoreus (Say)

?

Praticolella h erlandieriana

(Moric.)

Euconulus chersinus trochulus

(Reinh.)

Stenotrema monodon aliciae

(Pils.)

?

Polygyra hippocrepis (Pfr.)

Betinella indentata paucilirata

(Morelet)

Strohilops texasiana Pils. &

Ferr.

Hawaiia minuscula (Binney)

?

Polygyra texasiana (Moric.)

Mesodon thyroidus (Say)

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 63 (1)

Bulimus n. sp. (5)

Bulimics Gossei Pfr. var. b.

Glandina truncata de Kay

Pupa contracia Say

PujDa exigua Say

Pupa minida (Say)

Pupa pelliicida Pfr.

Cijlindrella Roemeri Pfr.

Cylindrella Goldfussi Menke

Helicina tropica Jan

Bulimulus dealhatus moore-

anus (Pfr.)

MicroceramiLs texanus Pils.

Euglandina singleyana (W. G.

Binney)

Gastrocopta contracta (Say)

Carychium exiguum (Say)

Gastrocopta procera (Gld.)

Gastrocopta pellucida hordea-

cella (Pils.)

Holospira roemeri (Pfr.)

Holospira goldfussi (Menke)

Helicina orhiculata tropica

Pfr.

Notes on the above list:

(1) Hard to tell what *'H. avara" could be. Probably Polygyra auri-

formis (Bid.), which occurs there, and is not otherwise mentioned by

Hoemer. It had not been described at that time.

(2) This is an enigma, Triodopsis fallax (Say) being an eastern species.

(3) "Helix minuscula" was doubtless the variety alacJiunna Dall, and

probably included Eelicodiscus singleyanus, a shell of about the same appear-

ance.

(4) "Helix pustula" is another enigmatic identification as Polygyra

pustula (Say) is not known from west of Alabama. Could Eoemer's shell

be Polygyra mooreana (W. G. B.), which had not been described at that

time?

(5) Roemer states tliat his specimens of " Bidimus'* were "verloren

gegangen. " Only Bulimulus dealhatus mooreanus is known to occur in

Comal County.

Few additions to the New Braunfels list of land shells were

made until the publication of J. A. Sing-ley's Texas Mollusca

(Geol. Surv. Texas, 4th Annual Report for 1892, pp. 299-343.

1893). He reported 36 species from *' Comal County," no doubt

taken in the vicinity of New Braunfels. Several names reported

by Singley are omitted from the revised list below, either be-

cause they are known to be synonj^ms, or because it is evident

that they are misidentifications ; but he recorded some which no

other collector has taken, such as Vertigo ovata Say, V. tri-

dentata Wolf, and Pupa syngenes Pils. As Dr.Sterki identified

his Pupillidae, there can be no doubt of these species. Pupa

hordeacea Gabb, listed by Singley, is a name used by Sterki at

that time for Gastrocopta cristata. The single specimen of P.

syngenes was doubtless Ploistocono, and should be compared

July, 1949] THE NAUTILUS 7

with Pupilla muscorum sinistra Franzen. The Texas Geologi-

cal Survey has none of Singley's collections, and could not dis-

cover if they were deposited elsewhere.

Pilsbry and Ferriss visited New Braunfels in 1903. Their

records of 35 species of land shells published in 1906 (Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 125-161) included also some collected

by Pilsbry in 1885. Most of their species had already been

recognized by Singley, but several were new records. Their

specimens were preserved and are accessible.

The revised list following is based mainly upon the above-

mentioned records, with additional species, missing in earlier

records, taken by Allan F. Archer and the writer in 1938. In

the following New Braunfels list, complete up to this time, the

nomenclature of earlier lists has been modernized.

Polygyra auriformis (Bid.)

Polygyra hippocrepis (Pfr.)

Polygyra texasiana (Moric.)

Polygyra mooreana (W. G. B.)

Mesodon roemeri (Pfr.)

Mesodon thyroidus (Say)

Praticolella h erlandieriana (Moric.)

Bulimuliis dealhatus mooreanus (Pfr.)

Euglandina singley ana (W. G. B.)

Riimina decollata L.

Holospira roemeri (Pfr.)

Holospira goldfussi (Pfr.)

Microceramiis texaniis Pils.

Helicodiscics eigenmanni Pils.

Helicodiscus singley anus (Pils.)

Helicodiscus nummns (Vanatta)

Punctum '^pygmaeiim Drap."^

Euconulus cher sinus trochulus Keinh.

Retinella indentata paucilirata (Mor.)

Retinella roemeri (Pils. & Ferr.)

Hawaiia minuscula alachuana (Dall)

Striatura meridionalis (Pils. & Ferr.)

Zonitoides arhoreus (Say)

Limax maximus L.

Limax flavus L.

Deroceras laeve (Miill.)

Succinea luieola Gld.

3 No doubt the form intended is P. minutissimum (Lea). The species

is known from Texas only by Singley 's record.

8 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (1)

Succinea concordialis Gld.

Gastrocopta armifera (Say)

Gastrocopia contracta (Say)

Gastrocopta holzingeri (Sterki)

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say)

Gastrocopta tappaniana (C. B. Ads.)

Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pils.)

Gastrocopta procera (Gld.)

Gastrocopta cristata (Pils. & Van.)

Pupilla hlandi Morse. Pleistocene

Pupilla syngenes Pils.

Pupoides albilahris (C. B. Ads.)

Vertigo ovata Say

Vertigo tridentata Wolf

Vertigo rugosula Sterki

Vertigo oscariana Sterki

Vertigo milium Gld.

' Strohilops texasiana Pils.

Carychium exiguum (Say)

Carychium exile (H. C. Lea)

Helicina orhiculata tropica Pfr.

Probably a few other species will be found. It is curious

that no Vallonia has turned up.

Hueco Falls. The three habitats visited by Archer and

Wheeler in 1938, one of which, Hueco Falls, 3 miles north of

New Braunfels, was previously unrecorded, shows some interest-

ing facts as to the number of specimens collected, this particular

spot yielding a much larger number of Polygyra hippocrepis than

the writer collected on several trips to the original habitat near

Comal Springs. Fourteen species were collected here, of which

the most prolific were: Polygyra hippocrepis (Pfr.), 123; Holo-

spira goldfussi (Menke), 122; Helicina orhiculata tropica (Pfr.),

34; Eetinella indentata paucilirata (Morelet), 25; Helicodiscus

eigenmanni Pils., 24.

It was on this trip that two species hitherto unrecorded were

found, namely: Derocerus laeve (IMiill.) and Limax ffavus L.

Of Pfeiffer's seven species described from New Braunfels we

failed to find three, namely : Mesodon roemeri,^ Gastrocopta

pellucida, and Holospira roemeri.

* Pfeiffer was in error in giving New Braunfels as type locality of Helix

roemeri. Roemer states that he found that species in the San Saba River

valley. However, it is known to occur near New Braunfels, but it must be

rare there; Pilsbry records finding only one.

July, 1949] THE NAUTILUS 9

In 1946 the writer collected at the original habitat of P.

hippocrepis near Comal Springs the following shells in the

order of their abundance: Polygyra hippocrepis (Pfr.), Holo-

spira goldfussi (Menke), Microceramus texanus (Pils.), Eu-

glandina singleyana (W. G. Binney), and Retinella indentata

paucilirata (Morelet). The last three species named were in

larger abundance than in any of the other stations discussed.

Other species were found sparingly. This is the more remark-

able since this area is overrun by visitors to the park, and is

separated from it only by the creek that flows from the springs.

Along the road between New Braunfels and Landa Park, nine

species were collected, the most prolific being: Helicina orhi-

culata tropica (Pfr.), 83; Polygyra mooreana (W. G. Binney),

30; Polygyra texasiana (Moricand), 29; Bulimiilus dealhatus

mooreanus (Pfr.), 15; Praticolella h erlandieriana (Moricand),

14.

The urban area of New Braunfels. Eight species collected,

the most prolific being: Rumina decollata (L.), 74; this is the

first record of Rumina from Comal County. Helicina orhiculata

tropica (Pfr.), 36; Bulimulus dealhatus mooreanus (Pfr.), 15.

I am indebted to Dr. Allan F. Archer and Dr. H. A. Pilsbry

for checking all these lists and clearing some problems in their

synonymy.

[To te concluded']

NEW MARINE MOLLUSKS OF FLORIDA AND

THE BAHAMAS

By H. a. PILSBEY and T. L. McGINTY

Apodosis, new genus

The shell is small, thick, oblong-conic, spirally striate, with

rather narrowly ovate aperture about half as long as the shell,

having a single submedian entering fold at junction of columel-

lar and parietal margins; outer lip and columella very thick,

plain within. The internal partitions and columellar axis are

absorbed above the last whorl, as usual in this family.

The relations of this snail appear to be with a group of genera

beginning with Stolidoma Deshayes, but that Paleocene and

10 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (1)

Eocene genus differs by having a much more lengthened, thin,

polished shell, with a median fold as in our snail, but having

the columella indistinctly subtruncate at the base, while in

Apodosis it passes by an even curve into the basal margin.

Turning to genera still represented by living species, we have

been strongly inclined to treat Apodosis as a subgenus of the

antipodal genus Leuconopsis Hutton,^ of New Zealand and

eastern Australia, but it differs from that by the much more

solid oblong-conic (instead of ovate-conic) shell with non-im-

pressed suture, and the outer lip is strongly thickened within,

not thin as in Leuconopsis. The same characters and the single

submedian fold of the aperture rule out a reference to Leuco-

phytia,'- Microtralia,^ or other groups which have been associ-

ated with the name Leuconia Gray, and have already been dis-

cussed by Watson,* Pilsbry and others. When the dentition

is examined the affinities of Apodosis should be clarified. Un-

fortunately none of our specimens contains the soft parts.

Apodosis novimundi new species. Plate 1, fig. 1.

The shell is quite solid and strong, imperforate, oblong-conic,

pale brown. The outlines of the spire are a little convex, the

whorls nearly flat, the suture distinct but scarcely impressed ; the

first whorl convex, smooth and glossy, later Avhorls matt, evenly

sculptured with very fine spiral striae. The aperture is nar-

rowly ovate, acutely angular posteriorly, rounded in front. The

outer and basal margins of the peristome are thick within the

sharp edge ; columellar margin wide, concave ; parietal callus

a thin, transparent wash. Slightly below the mid-length of the

aperture there is a strong entering fold at the junction of

columella and parietal wall; as the fold does not emerge quite

to the plane of the aperture it appears weak in a direct face

view of an adult shell. It enters about one whorl.

Length 3.4 mm., diameter 1.8 mm. 51/2 whorls.

Clifton Bluff, New Providence, Bahamas, type 185474 ANSP.,

paratypes in McGinty collection. Collected by T. L. and P. L.

McGinty, 6-7-1947.

1 Hutton, F. W., 1884, Trans. N. Z. Inst. 16: 213, type L. ohsolcta Hutton.

2Winckworth, R., 1949, Jour, of Conch. 23: 38, type L. bidentata

(Montagu).

3 Dall, Wm. H., 1894, Bull. M. C. Z. 25: 117, type Auricula? (Microtralia)

minuscula Dall. Cf. Pilsbry, 1927, Nautilus 40: 125, 126.

4 Watson, Hugh, 1943, Jour. Conch. 22: 17-20.

July, 1949] THE NAUTILUS 11

The superficial spiral striation is often lost by slight erosion.

CoRALLioPHiLA MANSFiELDi (McGinty). Plate 1, figs. 2, 3.

Muricidea mansfieldi McGinty, 1940, Nautilus 53 : 83, pi. 10,

figs. 5, 5a.

This species was originally described from a male specimen

taken in the Pliocene at Clewiston. It has now been found

living at the North Inlet of Lake Worth, under stones in shallow

water, and elsewhere. We give figures of both sexes from this

place, the specimens collected by Virginia (Mrs. J. W.) Donovan.

A description of the female follows. The male is a much

smaller shell, often more strongly carinate.

The shell is white, solid and strong, biconic, imperforate but

having a concave umbilical area bounded by a scaly siphonal

f asciole. The nucleus is conic, buff, of- three smooth, somewhat

convex whorls, sometimes minutely plicate below the suture, the

last nuclear half whorl narrow, ending with a very small variceal

ridge. (The apex is more or less worn in adult shells seen.

It is described from a young shell 10 mm. long.) Later whorls

have a median keel and axial sculpture of strong, slightly re-

tractive axial waves, about eight on the last whorl. Spiral

sculpture of closely scaly cords of which there are about 7 or

8 above the peripheral keel, which is emphasized by a stronger

spiral cord extended in flattened lobes or short triangular spines

where it crosses the axial waves. Below the peripheral angle

there are about 10 scaly spiral cords and a few smaller ones in

the interstices. The aperture is oval, with 8 lirae a short dis-

tance within the outer lip. Anterior canal narrow but deep.

Length 30.7 mm., diameter 20 mm., length of aperture and

canal 18.4 mm., 7 whorls, the nucleus lost, ? .

Length 19.6 mm., diameter 15.4 mm. S

The operculum is aniline yellow.

This beautiful shell is doubtless a close relative of such Medi-

terranean coralliophilas as lamellosa Jan, habelis Requien and

other forms which Monterosato assembled as varieties of C.

hracteata (Brocchi), which should be compared when a sufficient

series of that species is available. In America C. mansfieldi

appears to be related to C. lintoni (Verrill and Smith), ^ from

off Marthas Vineyard in 70 fathoms, but that species is not

5 Trophon lintoni Verrill & Smith, Trans. Connecticut Acad. 6: 176, pi.

29, fig. 1.

12 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (1)

angular and the outer lip is smooth within, not lirate as in this

species.

C. mansfieldi occurs in Lake Worth as stated above and has

also been taken off Lantana in 100 fathoms, on the Venetian

Causeway, Biscayne Bay, and at Destin in 20 fathoms, northwest

Florida.

There is considerable variation in the sculpture. In Biscayne

Bay specimens the spirals above the shoulder are small with

shallow intervals, those of the base high with deep intervals.

In some specimens from Lake Worth the spirals above the

shoulder are very weak.

MiTRA FORDi, new species. Plate 1, fig. 4.

The shell is rather stoutly fusiform, the diameter somewhat

exceeding one-third of the length; solid, white with a broad

girdle of burnt sienna streaks above the periphery, part of them

extending to the suture, and a paler, more diffuse band in the

subbasal concavity of the whorl; the spire irregularly streaked,

summit white. About 6% whorls remaining in adult specimens

are convex, the last somewhat shouldered. The nucelus retained

in young shells is very small (diameter of first whorl 0.4 mm.),

mamillar, smooth and glossy, of about 1%. convex whorls, the

first globose, but the last half turn is very narrow, Fig. 4a, b.

Four crenulated spiral cords then appear, at first as mere

traces. The whorls of the spire have four rather coarse rounded

spirals, finely crenulated by axial striae which are much more

developed in the intervals of the cords (in unworn shells). On

the last whorl there are about fourteen spiral cords and about

seven much smaller on the siphonal fasciole. The second cord

from the suture is more prominent. The aperture is about

half the length of the shell, rather narrow. Outer lip straight-

ened in the middle, broadly curved into the basal margin.

Columella with four folds. Anterior canal broad and deep.

Length 30.7 mm., diameter 12.3 mm.

Length 30 mm., diameter 11.5 mm.

Length 28 mm., diameter 11.4 mm.

New Providence, Bahamas, type and paratypes 185479 ANSP.,

other paratypes in the Ford and McGinty collections, all collected

by the Rev. Paul D. Ford, in whose honor the species is named.

Also taken at Gun Cay, Bimini Is. by T. L. McGinty.

In beach specimens the color markings, which are mahogany

red in the darkest examples, fade to orange rufous or a lighter

tint.

July, 1949] THE NAUTILUS 13

MiTRA FLUViiMARis new species. Plate 1, fig. 5.

The shell is fusiform, white with some brown stains under a

thin, light brown epidermis; of about 7 rather weakly convex

postnuclear whorls. The nucleus is minute, conic, of 4% smooth,

lightly convex whorls, the last narrower than the preceding.

Later whorls have sculpture of five blunt spiral cords (or seven,

counting those at the suture above and below) on each whorl

of the spire. Somewhat crenulated by axial threads which are

much more prominent in the intervals of the cords. The last

whorl has about 14 to 18 cords, plus about 8 very small ones at

the anterior end. The aperture is more than half of the length

of shell, narrow, passing into a shallow anterior canal. There

are four columellar folds, the anterior one quite weak.

Length 28.8 mm., diameter 9.5 mm., lenirth aperture 15.3 mm.

Type.

Length 27.7 mm., diameter 9.3 mm., length aperture 14.5 mm.

Off Palm Beach, Florida, in 100 fathoms, type 185476 ANSP.,

paratypes in the Donovan and McGinty collections. Also

dredged off the Keys by J. B. Henderson (U. S. Nat. Mus.).

This miter, known only from the border of the Gulf Stream

in Florida, is peculiar for its long embryonic shell of 4I/2 smooth

whorls. Fig. 5a.

It is probably what has been identified as M. straminea A.

Adams (Proc. Zool. Soc, 1851, p. 132), an imperfectly described

species of unknown locality, which from Sowerby's figure (Thes.

Conch. 4, pi. 25, fig. 561) has a relatively wider aperture, and

measures 22 mm. long.

Thericium biminiense, new species. Plate 1, fig. 6, 6a, 6b.

The oblong-conic rather solid shell tapers regularly from the

last whorl to the apex, the lateral outlines of the spire being

about straight. The surface is matt and smoothish in all adult

shells seen being slightly corroded, but in immature shells a fine

and very weak spiral striation is visible on the somewhat shining

surface of the last whorl, and in a middle stage of growth there

are very low axial folds, more prominent midway between su-

tures. On a white ground there are irregularly bent or some-

times branched axial stripes of brownish black, extending from

suture to base or interrupted. The aperture is about half the

length of shell, broadly oval, acutely angular posteriorly, passing

into the short channel anteriorly; within either brownish and

showing dark stripes or white. The peristome is edged with

brown, dark or light, or it may be entirely white.

14 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (1)

Length 11.5 mm., diameter 6.7 mm. ; 61/2 whorls. Type.

Length 11 mm., diameter 6.8 mm.; 61/2 whorls.

Turtle Rocks, Bimini Is., Bahamas, type 185468 ANSP., para-

types in McGinty collection. Also taken in deep tide pools at

south end of South Bimini Island. Collected by T. L and P. L.

McGinty, 5-22-1947.

The nuclear whorls are lost by erosion in all adults seen. In

an immature shell 6.4 mm. long there are 8 whorls, two nuclear

whorls being quite convex and apparently smooth.

In size, shape and characters of the aperture this species re-

sembles T. variabile (C. B. Adams), but that species has spiral

cordons of tubercles with spirally striate intervals, of which

T. himiniense shows no trace.

Amphithalamus dysbatus, new species. Plate 1, fig. 7.

The shell is solid, very narrowly rimate, ovate-conic, but

truncate in the adult stage, clove brown in color, somewhat

glossy, without sculpture except for occasional faint lines of

growth. The spire tapers rapidl}^, the whorls remaining being

only weakly convex, the last whorl being dilated transverselj'

(that is, somewhat flattened between dorsal and ventral sides),

only slightly convex above and below the convex peripheral

region. The suture is only superficially impressed, and at the

end descends steeply to the upper angle of the aperture, some-

what as in the genus Stenothyra. The aperture is either vertical

or somewhat advanced below, ovate, the parietal side flattened.

The peristome is very thick, obtuse, flesh tinted, continued in

a thick parietal callus with abrupt edge, not appressed to the

preceding whorl, there being a groove between callus and the

surface of the whorl.

Length 3.4 mm., diameter 2 mm. Type.

Length 3.3 mm., diameter 1.9 mm. Paratype.

The operculum is very thin, oblong, the columellar margin

moderately convex, scar of attachment long and narrow. The

nucleus is probabty near the base, but no spiral figure could

be made out in the specimen mounted.

Snake Creek, Plantation Key, in the upper Florida Keys,

type 185478 ANSP., paratype in McGinty collection, collected

by T. L. McGinty, May, 1945.

The shell has the appearance of a fresh water snail, but Snake

Creek is a purely salt water inlet.

THE NAUTILUS: 63 (1)

PLATE 1

1, Apodosis novimuiidi. H, 3a, ComUiophihi mansfiehli 5 cV: ^. 4-4),,

Mitra fordi. 5, 5a, Mitm flMviimari.s. 6-6b, Thtvicium blminiense. l\

Ampliitlialamus dysbatiis. 8, Hijdatina vesicaria ; 9, small form. 10^

Hydatina verrilU. 11, Thericium chara Pilsbry, length 22.7 mm., Hudson'

Fla. 12, T. lymanl Pils., 1. 24 mm., Hudson. '

THE x\AUTILUS: 63 (1)

PLATE 2

^.V

1, I'hiisd (/j/riiKi hihlrrdiiditd Lc;i. --7. I'lii/sd hth rosi ntplid (S;iy).

July, 1949] THE NAUTILUS 15

The generic place of this little snail is uncertain, awaiting a

knowledge of the animal and especially the radula. The shell

does not agree fully with Amphithalamus or Scrohs, and we

form for it a new subgenus provisionally referred to Amphi-

thalamus, as follows :

Floridiscrohs n. subg. Shell solid, imperforate, ovate-conic,

of few whorls (the summit deciduous or lost by erosion in speci-

mens seen), smooth, wdth a dark cuticle. The suture is linear,

scarcely impressed. Last w^horl contracting slightly at the

aperture, the suture descending steeply there. Peristome con-

tinuous, thick, the parietal margin not appressed but separated

from the adjoining whorl by a groove.

No living specimens were found, but one contained an oper-

culum.

A WEST INDIAN HYDATINA

By H. a. PILSBRY

Last March, when looking over shells collected in the Antilles

by A. Hyatt Verrill, of Lake Worth, Florida, he called my

attention to a specimen of Hydatina w^hich he obtained at

Dominica, B. W. I. With a color design of the H. physis pat-

tern, it is a more solid, narrower shell than that, with the spire

produced. Description follows :

Hydatina verrilli, new^ species. PL 1, fig. 10.

The shell is more solid than H. vesicaria (Sol.) or H. physis

(L.), oblong, the diameter about 67 per cent of the length. The

spire rises shortly above the last whorl, the apex being obtuse

but not sunken. There are 4 whorls. The surface is smooth

except for rather strong lines of growth. Ground color is warm

buff, with four almost equally spaced indefinitely defined spiral

bands of van dyke brown, which color also forms streaks along

growth lines and little lunate spots in the intervals of about

twenty fine black spiral lines. The aperture is white within,

showing only weak traces of external bands. Columella white,

wider and less concave than in H. vesicaria, the base having a

crescentic convex fasciole outside of the columella.

Length 34 mm., diameter 23 mm.

16 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (1)

Dominica, B. W. I., collected by A. H. Verrill, 1948. Type in

Verrill collection but deposited in A.N.S.P.

Hydatina physis (L.) was formerly thouo-ht to have a wide

range in Indo-Pacific and also West Indian seas but is not known

from the tropical American west coast. Lake Worth specimens

observed by Mr. John Irons and described by Dr. P. Bartsch

were found to differ in coloration of the soft parts from Quoy

& Gaimard's figure of H. physis from Mauritius, and Dr.

Bartsch ^ proposed to separate them specifically under the name

Hydatina vesicaria (Solander), which was based upon figures of

West Indian specimens.

In both the Indo-Pacific and West Indian areas there is great

variation in the shell. The typical H. physis is subglobular,

the diameter about 84 to 89 per cent of the length, while more

oblong, usually smaller specimens occur in some of the same

localities. This narrower form has been called Bulla (Hy-

datina) staminea Menke. Menke states that the apex is more

sunken than in H. physis, and this is the case in part of the

specimens seen from Mauritius and Hawaii, but it is variable,

so that the racial status is uncertain. I select Mauritius as

type localitj- of H. p. staminea. In the West Indies also, a

narrow form occurs, some specimens not distinguishable from

Indo-Pacific staminea, so far as the shells are concerned. Fig. 9.

The small size and thin texture of the narrow Antillean shells,

as well as the less produced spire, appear to separate them

from H. verrilli.

The type figures of H. vesicaria (Sol.) in Seba represents

specimens of somewhat intermediate shape, but may be from

immature shells of the globose form. They are entirely like

some of the St. Thomas specimens before me in a lot varying

from globose to somewhat oval. PI. 1, fig. 8 represents a Lake

Worth H. vesicaria.

It is clear that we know very little about this H. physis group,

and until new studies are made of the living animals of the

several forms, their relations will remain uncertain. Persons

collecting them should draw or photograph the extended animals,

or make careful notes on the color pattern. They are not diflfi-

iProc. Biol. Soc. Washington 53: 92. 1940.

July, 1949] THE NAUTILUS 17

cult to collect in the spring when they come into knee-deep water

in protected hays or inlets to oviposit.

MALACOLOGY AND THE OFFICIAL LIST OF

GENERIC NAMES

By C. G. AGUAYO i

Having been requested to publish a Spanish edition of the

International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature as well as of

the Summaries of Opinions rendered by the Permanent Commis-

sion, I have noticed, not without astonishment, the scant num-

ber of generic names of MoUusca in the ' ' Official List of Generic

Names." Indeed, only 29 names have been accepted and only

25 Opinions refer to moUusks among the 194 examined by us.

This reduced number stands out the more sharply when com-

pared with those accepted in other less numerous zoological

groups.

According to Schilder, there are more than 450,000 species

of mollusks known (including fossils), with more than 11,000

genera, which shows that only Insects outnumber them from

the quantitative point of view. In spite of this, students of

various groups of less important animals have given more at-

tention to the fixing of their generic names than malacologists.

Thus, mammals are represented by 60 genera in the Official

List; birds, by 109; fishes, by 56; crustaceans, by 177, though

not one of these groups comes even to 10 per cent of the total

number of the species of mollusks.

These data do not mean that systematic malacology is more

stabilized than the other branches of zoology; on the contrary,

perhaps it is one of the most entangled owing to the brevity of

old descriptions, to the extensive literature, and to the am-

biguity of many generic names. All this often becomes evident

by the large number of genera whose status is very doubtful

because of the many homonyms and synonyms, some of which

are accepted by malacologists of this or the other school, and

1 Read at the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the A.M.U., Miami, Florida,

June 17. 1949.

18 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (1)

some rejected by those of still other schools. i\Ialacology is an

instrument for work both scientific and practical, which should

tend chiefly to attain uniformity in nomenclature and also to

stabilize names. On tackling the arduous problems of priority,

we should bear in mind that in case of disagreement between

priority and stability, the latter should have preference. The

number of conflicts of this nature is, as we all know, really

astounding, and for this very reason it is strange how little

interest we malacologists have shown in bringing to the atten-

tion of the International Commission the principal cases in

which there are doubts about the strict application of the Code,

as well as its suspension in favor of the stability of nomen-

clature.

We shall mention only one example for the sake of brevity:

that of the genus TriionaUa Fleming, which, according to some,

should be applied to those species that have Murex erhiaceus

L. as t.ype, and which, according to others, are included in

Ocenehra. Some think that the genus TriionaUa, being a substi-

tute for Triton Montfort (preoccupied by Triton L., Crustacea),

should take the same genotj^pe : Murex tritonis L., and should

therefore, be applied to the Giant Triton of tropical seas, better

known as Charonia tritonis (L.) but which, in our opinion,

should now be called Tritonalia tritonis (L.). We don't in-

tend to discuss the status of the group mentioned, but merely to

call attention to the fact that there are many similar cases in

which the clashing of opinions could be cleared up only by the

action of the International Commission.

Perhaps the most practical procedure would be that the

A.M.U. named a committee composed of curators from the

great Institutions which possess rich malacological libraries —

such as the U.S.N.M., the M.C.Z., the A.N.S.P.— who would

study the eases urgently needing revision that came to their

hands, and send them to the International Commission now at

London.

It is our opinion that all genera about which there exists a

divergence of opinion as to the criteria in determining the type

species, should be sent to the said Committee.

July, 1949]

THE NAUTILUS

19

Generic Names of MollusJcs in the Official List

(Opinions 1-194)

Genera

Agasoma Gabb, 1869

Anodonta Lam., 1799

Area L., 1758

Argonauta L., 1758

Buccinum L., 1758

Bulinus Miiller, 1781

Calyptraea Lam., 1799

Cerion Rod., 1798

Clausilia Drap., 1805

Columbella Lam., 1799

Conulinus v. Mart., 1895

Dentalium L., 1758

Helix Lin., 1758

Leueochila v. Mart., 1860

Limax L., 1758

Lytoeeras Sness, 1865

Mactra L., 1767

Mva L., 1758

Mytilus L., 1758

Neritina Lam., 1816

Oleaeina Rod., 1798

Ostrea L., 1758

Phvsa Drap., 1801

Sepia L., 1758

Sphaerinm Scop., 1777

Succinea Drap., 1801

Teredo L., 1758

Tornatellina Pfr., 1842

Vitrina Drap., 1801

Genotype Opinion

Clavella sinuata Gabb. 121

Mytilus cygneus L. 94

Area noae L. 189

Argonauta argo L. 94

Buccinum undatum L. 94

Bulinus senegalensis Mlill. 116

Patella chinensis L. 94

Turbo uva L. 119

Clausilia rugosa Drap. 119

Voluta mercatoria L. 94

Buliminus conulus Rve. 86

Dentalium elephantinum L. 94

Helix pomatia L. 94

Pupa fallax Say 115

Limax maximus L. 94

Ammonites fimhriatus Sow. 130

Mactra stultorum L. 94

Mya truncata L. 94

Mytilus edulis L. 94

Nerita pulligera L. 119

Bulla voluta Gmelin 119

Ostrea edulis L. 94

Bulla fontinalis L. 94

Sepia officinalis L. 94

Tellina cornea L. 94

Helix put r is L. 94

Teredo navalis L. 94

Tornatellina clausa Pfr. 119

Helix pellucida Miiller 119

Genera of mollusks rejected by the Commission

Achatinus Montf., 1810, as an emen. of Achatina Lam., 1798

Op. 120, 148)

Borus Albers, 1850, as a homonym of Borus Agassiz, 1846 (Op.

125, 148)

Leucochilus Boettger, 1881 to aA'oid confusion with Leueochila

V. Mart. 1860 (Op. 115)

Opinions of special importance to malacology

3, 20, 21, 39, 51, 79, 86, 94, 96, 100, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121, 123,

124, 125, 126, 148, 166, 185, 182, 184, 166.

20 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (1)

PHYSA HETEROSTROPHA (SAY)

By CHARLES B. WURTZ

Introduction. — During the course of some recent field worlj

in southeastern Pennsylvania it became increasingly evident

that certain described species of Physa were not based upon

constant characters. An extensive study of populations of

Physa contained in the collection of the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia led to the conclusion that only Physa

heterostropha (Say) is found in Pennsylvania east of the Alle-

gheny Escarpment, and that P. integra Haldeman is the only

other known species found in the state with the possible excep-

tion of P. gyrina Say which may occur in the Lake Erie region.

No authentic specimens of P. gyrina from this area are at hand.

This conclusion is at variance with the views of most recent

workers who have named collections of Physa for sj^stematie

purposes. Determinations by such authors have been made

without a critical evaluation of specific characters. Certain

''classic" characters are easily observed, and frequently are

sufficient to permit recognition of certain facies of certain

genetic strains. The fact that these characters are not constant

and that they show varying stages of intergradation is evidenced

by the presence of many lots in collections which are simply

labelled ''Physa sp." No extensive critical work on Physa

has been done since that of F. C. Baker (1928). Although the

knowledge of fresh water Mollusca has been tremendously in-

creased by the various works of Dr. Baker it must be borne in

mind that he was a ''splitter" in his later years. This is obvi-

ously true to any who have referred to various works of his that

were published in his later years. However, he was unquestion-

ably the authorit}" on fresh water forms and most recent de-

terminations are based upon his later publications.

The Physa of southeastern Pennsylvania are the common pond

or tadpole snails which are abi(iuitous in nearly all fresh waters

of the state. The shell, less than an inch long, is a sinistral

spiral ; thin ; with or without impressed spiral lines ; usually

shining ; either long or short spired ; and with a sharp outer

lip. The animal, also sinistral, has a narrow foot which is

pointed posteriorly ; two filiform tentacles with sessile eyes at

July, 1949] THE NAUTILUS 21

their inner base ; and with the mantle edge variously lobed and

reflected over the shell.

History. — Say (1816) described the first Pennsylvania Physa

(from the Delaware River at Philadelphia) as Lymnaea hetero-

stropha. Today the range of the species (of authors) is known

to include all of the northeastern states and Canada westward

to Michigan and Indiana. It is not known to extend south of

the Ohio River in the western part of its range. Say (1821)

saj^s of it, ''very common in ponds of the Missouri as far as

Council Bluff," but these Missouri River forms have since been

ascribed to another species.

P. ancillaria Say (1825) was described by the same author

from the Delaware River at Easton, Northampton County, Pa.

Its range has been extended by subsequent collecting to include

the same range as P. heterostropha, ''but it is not so plentiful

in the extreme east, and may extend a little further west, but

does not cross the Mississippi River" (Crandall, 1901).

The only other species with a type locality in Pennsylvania

is Physa lata Tryon. The type locality is the Juniata River at

Hollidaysburg, Blair County, Pa. The holotype (the only speci-

men in the Academy collection) is well within the range of the

individual variation of P. heterostropha of which it must be con-

sidered a synonym.

Three other species have commonly been listed as a part of

the Pennsylvania fauna. These are Physa sayii Tappan, P.

gyrina and P. Integra.

P. sayii was described from Lake Pepin, Portage Co., Ohio

(Lake Erie Drainage Basin). The range was subsequently ex-

tended to include the northern United States from Maine to

Nebraska. P. gyrina was described from Bowyer Creek, Council

Bluffs, Pottawattamie County, Iowa. The range is now recog-

nized as extending from the Arctic to Alabama and Texas and

from the Allegheny Mountains to the Rocky Mountains. It is

especially characteristic of the Mississippi Valley. P. integra

was described from Indiana. Its range is now known to in-

clude the Great Lakes Region from New York westward and

south to New Orleans and Texas.

As a result of incorrect determination many records of dis-

tribution that have been published are erroneous.

22 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (1)

There have been verj^ few comprehensive works concerning

Phxjsa. The first was Haldeman's (1842, Jan. 1843 on cover)

Monograph of the Freshwater Univalve Mollusca, Number 6.

W. G. Binney (1865) listed the known species in his Land and

Freshwater Shells of North America. Tryon (1870) dealt fully

with the genus as understood at that time in his continuation

of Haldeman's monograph. The best analysis of eastern North

American Physa to date is that of Crandall (1901). He studied

the subject thoroughly and reduced to synonymy or to varietal

level many of the then current names. Baker (1928) described

several new species and subspecies, and erected to specific level

many forms Crandall had relegated to synonymy. This was

contrary to his earlier opinion (1900) where he said that there

were probably only ten or fifteen valid species of Physa in the

United States, only six or seven of which were to be found in

the northern part east of the Rockies. Clench (1930) has dis-

cussed the sub generic names in Physa and designated those

which are valid. This series of treatises and their contained

discussions eliminates the need of further discussion of taxo-

nomic history in this paper.

Physa heterostropha is excessively plastic and the shell re-

flects the immediate influence of ecological factors. Thus, with

each habitat, the species may respond in a way peculiar to that

habitat. Since the 1928 work of Baker is generally used as the

authoritative work for determination of species of this genus

it is necessary to point out that Dr. Baker had a penchant for

naming each of the above peculiarities. Once a variation was

observed he apparently was not satisfied until the extreme form

of that variation was found and named. For example, Physa

vinosa Gould was the name given to an ovate-globose form from

Michipicoten, Lake Superior. Crandall (1901), recognizing the

variation of species, considered Gould's species to be a sub-

species of P. ancillaria. Baker, having collected an extreme

form of this facies from the Baj^eld Peninsula, Lake Superior,

restored it to specific rank and said (1928), ''the specimens

from Bayfield seem to indicate that it should be accorded specific

rank." Although Baker recognized the intergradation of many

species and subspecies, even taking cognizance of it in his

publication, he still persisted in attaching taxonomic terms to

July, 1949] THE NAUTILUS 23

these forms. As he was actively working with these organisms

it was undoubtedly a convenience for him to have a *' handle"

for each variation, but the result is confusion rather than

clarification as the nomenclature was not based on sound bio-

logical premises. He apparently looked upon each facies and

each intergrade as a static expression rather than as a variable.

Scope. — The present work does not include critical studies of

P. gyrina and P. integra. These are considered to be valid

species although the characters distinguishing P. gyrina from

P. JieterostropJia are the same as those used to separate the

various facies of P. heterostropha and which allowed these

various facies to receive specific names. A critical study of

P. gyrina is needed. P. integra is a distinct species evidenced

by the structural divergence of the anatomy of the soft parts

from other species of Physa.

This work presents a critical analysis of specific characters

demonstrating that the present concept of certain "species" of

Physa is not tenable. Thus Physa heterostropha (Say) prop-

erly includes in its synonymy P. ancillaria Say and P. sayii

Tappan. This is a sweeping statement. It brings under the

consideration of one species a series of complexes that have re-

sulted in twenty-three taxonomic entities at one time or another.

Many of these have long since been placed in synonymy while

others cannot be considered as synonyms as material was not

available to allow of their consideration in this study. The

inferences drawn from this work would, however, include some

of these in the synonymy of P. heterostropha. This w^ork,

though based on a limited amount of material and therefore

restricted in its scope, contains information pertaining to the

genus as a whole.

Characters. — The ''classic" characters referred to above are

those features of a shell which usually reflect differences that

are constant between species and subspecies. These features

are either sculptural or structural. Among the Physa the shell

is simple and most species of the genus have shells at best but

weakly differentiated from other species. Aside from the shell

the specific characters of snails are found in the radula and the

anatomy of the soft parts of the animal. Here again, however,

Physa fails to show striking differences. Many differences in

24 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (1)

the shell, radiila and genitalia of Physa have been delineated

in the literature, but the differences are woefully small when

critically studied.

1. Genitalia. — Baker (1928, fig. 190) presents a series of six

drawings of the male organ of each of six species (P. elliptica

Lea, P. warreniana Lea, P. sayii Tappan, P. gyrina hildrethiana

(Lea), P. chetekensis (Baker) and P. ohrussoides (Baker)).

Actually the variations shown in these drawings are well within

the limits of individual variation. They simply reflect the

degree of retraction within the haemocoele. The same figure

shows the male organs of P. Integra Say and P. walkeri Cran-

dall. These two drawings do show a fundamental difference

from the preceding six in the relative position of the gland on

the praeputium.

2. Radula. — Baker (1898) said, ''The writer has recently

tried Crosse and Fischer's suggestion in regard to specific char-

acters in the form of the teeth on the radula, but thus far

with a decidedly negative result." Later (1928) he emphasized

the radula as the best criterion for species determination in

Physa. His earlier beliefs were much closer to the observations

made for this study. 58 radulae from ten localities in south-

eastern Pennsylvania were prepared and studied in this work.

Baker (1928) used the number of cusps, number of denticles

between the cusps, and the distribution of the latter as specific

characters. He treated these as constant. The number of

teeth in a transverse row, i.e., the radular formula, was also

considered by him to be of specific value. In this study every

phase of tooth variation, and range of radular formula, was

found within P. heterostropha that Baker used as specific char-

acters in separating the species here discussed (excepting P.

heterostropJia which he did not examine). In brief, the radular

characters designated as specific by Baker are within the range

of individual variation of P. heterostropha (including the radu-

lar characters of several species discussed by him but not con-

sidered here). Thus the radula, of so much value in many

groups of snails, cannot be considered a valid character for

separating the various complexes of the Physa studied here.

3. Sculpture. — Sculptural characters of the shell include

growth lines and impressed spiral striae. The original descrip-

July, 1949] THE NAUTILUS 25

tion of P. heterostropha made no mention of sculptural features

and the species has always been considered to be a smooth shell.

Baker (1900) made the first reference to the sculpture of im-

pressed spiral lines on the shells of some species of Physa.

During a visit to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-

delphia Pilsbry pointed out to him the smooth shell of P.

heterostropha as opposed to the spirally striate shell of other

species. As a result Baker (1900) considered P. heterostropha

to be smooth while P. sayii, gyrina and Integra were spirally

striate. The only species to which Crandall (1901) attributed

spiral sculpture was P. gyrina. Baker (1928) modified his

earlier view of P. heterostropha and said of it, ' * spiral sculpture

subobsolete, faintly visible with a hand lens." Spiral sculpture

occurs in Physa heterostropha (of authors), P. ancillaria (of

authors) and P. sayii (of authors) as well as in P. gyrina.

This sculpture of impressed spiral lines is modified by three

variables. First, its distribution on the shell, i.e., whether re-

stricted to the spire, shoulders of the body whorl, etc. ; second,

its frequency", i.e., the number of such lines per unit of measure-

ment; third, its intensity, i.e., the degree to which the spiral

lines are impressed. P. gyrina hildrethiana has the highest

rating in all three of these variables. This species is figured in

Fig. 1, PL 2. The specimen figured is from Davenport, Iowa,

ANSP 123729, approximately X 30. A comparable phase is

found in P. sayii (of authors) (Fig. 2, PI. 2, approximately

X 30, Conestoga Creek, Lancaster County, Pa.). P. hetero-

stropha (of authors) is figured in Fig. 3, PI. 2, approximately

X 30, Pennypack Creek, Philadelphia County, Pa. Intergrades

are found between all phases of each of these three variables from

the highest rating observed to a complete absence of the char-

acter. These intergrades can be found in the same population.

As a result this spiral sculpture cannot be used as a criterion

for specific determination.

These impressed spiral lines have not been found to be cor-

related with any ecological factor. They are presumed to be

a phenotj'pic expression of a genotype that occurs throughout

the range of P. heterostropha. In all the populations of the

species examined this character is either present on nearly all

the individuals or absent on nearly all the individuals. That

26 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (1)

is, nearly all individuals of any population are of the same

genetic structure as regards this character. Two features have

some correlation with this genotype. The first of these is size.

Apparently the presence of spiral lines is linked with a genetic

structure which results in large individuals. In effect, therefore,

there is a greater chance of finding spiral lines in populations

of large individuals and, conversely, a greater chance of finding

smooth shells in populations of small individuals. Size itself,

however, is a feature that responds readily to ecological influ-

ences. Favorable habitats result in larger individuals. The in-

fluence of ecological factors over a genetic structure regulating

size, and vice versa, is unknown. The second feature correlated

with this genotype is geographical distribution. The genotype,

or genetic structure, which results in the presence of spiral lines

is found predominantly in the northern and western reaches of

the species range, while the genotype, or genetic structure,

allowing development of smooth shells is found predominantly

in the southern and eastern reaches of the species range. How-

ever there is a very broad overlap with both phases found

throughout the entire range. This observation already exists

in the literature in statements regarding the distribution of P.

heterostropha (of authors), P. sayii (of authors) and P. ancil-

laria (of authors).

Growth lines demarcate increments of shell material added

to the margin of the lip during growth. Growth itself is so

much influenced by ecological factors that growth lines cannot

be considered a valid character for systematic work. Crandall

(1901) refers to the appearance of growth lines as texture.

He considered it a character for specific determination. P.

heterostrojyha, for example, was considered by him to grow

by the addition of frequent and small increments resulting in

fine growth lines producing a smooth and shining surface.

However the activity of the snail and its physiological response

to ecological factors results in excessive variation of this shell

feature. Although growth lines are a sculptural character

their rate of occurrence is correlated with size, and in this

respect are probably, in part, a product of genetic structure.

Like size the rate of occurrence of these incremental lines of

growth is masked by ecological influences.

July, 1949] THE NAUTILUS 27

A sculptural phenomenon of not uncommon occurrence in

Physa is malleation. It is, however, so variable, and so sporadic

in occurrence, that it is assumed to be an individual physiologi-

cal response (perhaps pathologic) to ecological influences and

not a product of genetic structure. This feature is also found

in the family Lymnaeidae where, according to Baker (1911), it

is associated with stagnant water. Such a correlation has not

been developed for Physa. Malleation, as such, has no taxo-

nomic value, but it may in time prove to be ecologically signifi-

cant. (Figs. 4 and 5, PI. 2, show some malleation.)

4. Structure. — Structural characters of the shell include all

the features of a shell excepting surface features considered as

sculpture. Size, discussed above, is one of these. In Physa

other structural characters considered are height of the spire,

degree of convexity of the spire whorls, which is frequently

spoken of as the degree of sutural impression, degree of infla-

tion if present, degree of shouldering of the body whorl if

present, number of whorls, columellar features, the index de-

rived from the diameter of the shell divided by the length of

the shell, and the index derived from the length of the aperture

divided by the length of the shell.

P. heterostropha has long been recognized as dimorphic as

regards spire length. Both long and short spired forms occur,

and frequently they occur side by side in the same population.

Populations do occur in which all individuals are either long or

short spired. Fig. 4, PI. 2 is a long spired shell from Cresheim

Creek, Philadelphia, Pa. (ANSP 104378) while Fig. 5, PL 2 is

a short spired form from the same population. (Both figures

approximately X 4.) The same two figures demonstrate the

dimorphism of the degree of spire whorl convexity and the

degree of inflation of the body whorl. Intergrades also occur

between these latter features as they do between the long and

short spired phases. The degree of inflation, or, more properly,

campanulation, dictates the spire structure. Usually the term

inflation is applied only to the body whorl. In point of fact it

begins well above this whorl. This is evident in Fig. 5 where

the penultimate whorl is obviously more inflated than the cor-

responding whorl in Fig. 4. Shells with a low degree of spire

28 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (1)

whorl convexity (i.e., sutural impression) and an obtuse spire

are those shells with a high degree of campanulation. Fig. 6,

PI. 2, a specimen from Perkiomen Creek, Philadelphia, Pa.

(ANSP 123700), shows the typical obtuse spire associated with

campanulation and a shouldered whorl. This specimen is the

P. ancillaria of authors. The shoulder of the shell is recognized

as variable in its dinstinctness within the same population. It

may not be present in some individuals while quite prominent

in others. It is well pronounced in Fig. 6, but scarcely evident

in Fig. 7, PL 2, which is from the same population. (Figures

6 and 7 approximately X 4.) The greatest obtuseness of the

spire and the smallest degree of spire whorl convexity or sutural

impression is associated with the greatest degree of campanula-

tion combined with a well pronounced shoulder.

Among the complexes under consideration here the number

of whorls, and the differences in columellar features, have never

been considered to be of diagnostic value. They are not, there-

fore, discussed in this work.

The indices of shell diameter divided by shell length, i.e.,

D/L, and length of aperture divided by shell length, i.e., La/L,

are most useful in dealing with populations of snails. Such

indices are easily adapted to mathematical treatment. With

a view toward finding differences between populations these in-

dices were calculated, and curves prepared, for several popula-

tions of P. heterostropha and P. ancillaria (of authors). (Text

fig. 1.) These curves are based on a secondary grouping (the

data of each individual being considered a primary grouping

since the measurements are those of a continuous variate) with

a class interval of three percent. The percentage figures repre-

sent midpoints. The populations are indicated by the letters

A to II in the figure. The source of each population is as fol-

lows:

A, Lititz Spring Run, Lititz, Lancaster County, Pa. 1948

ANSP State Stream Survey, Station 105A. B, Tacony Creek

near Ashbourne, Montgomery County, Pa. ANSP 71412. C,

Near Valley Forge, Chester County, Pa. ANSP 174018. D,

Tullytown Creek, Tullytown, Bucks County, Pa. ANSP 110566.

July, 1949] THE NAUTILUS 29

E, Schulykill River, above Columbia Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.

ANSP 61348. F, Delaware River, west end of Burlington,

Burlington County, N. J. ANSP 98527. G, Delaware River,

above Bridesburg, Philadelphia, Pa. ANSP 72774. H, Dela-

ware River, above Delanco, Burlington County, N. J. ANSP

91869.

Populations C, D and E are P. ancillaria (of authors).

The curves as arranged in the figure from top to bottom pass

from a mode for D/L of 58% to a mode for D/L of 70% Simi-

larly the mode for La/L passes from 70% to 82%. It is interest-

ing to note that the populations with the highest modes are as-

sociated with the largest bodies of water. However eight popu-

lations are not enough data to justify presumptions as regards

this matter. Although curves D (Tullytown Creek) and E

(Schuylkill River) could be transposed in their relative po-

sitions in the figure it must be borne in mind that Tullytown

Creek (called ''Common Creek" on the U.S.G.S. Burlington

Quadrangle, edition of 1906) at Tullytown is fundamentally a

backwash from the Delaware River, and would be expected to

maintain a population comparable to the river population.

(The mean of D/L for population E, 67%, is the basis for posi-

tion in the figure since the modes are the same.) As this work is

limited to the study of shell characters per se the possible eco-

logical significance of this observation cannot be discussed.

Certainly the need for further work along these lines is indi-

•cated.

Since absolute size is, in a large measure, responsive to eco-

logical influences the indices used here are more valid as a

systematic character. To compare properly several populations

it is necessary to use a measure of variation. This is done in

this work by the use of the coefficient of variation represented

by V. The symbols used in the following data are as follows:

N, number of individuals (observations). M, mean, a,

standard deviation. 6o-, real range. R, observed range. V,

coefficient of variation.

The value of N in each of the eight populations studied was 50.

30

Fig. 1. D/L indices.

July, 1949]

THE NAUTILUS

31

The values derived for D/L and La/L are as follows

M

B

G

H

D/L 57

La/L 70

D/L 57

La/L 71

D/L 60

La/L 74

D/L 66

La/L 79

D/L 67

La/L 76

D/L 70

La/L 79

D/L 70

La/L 80

D/L 70

La/L 80

.305

.359

.279

.343

.248

.269

.316

.269

.368

.307

.305

.184

.412

.303

.334

.436

2.163

2.545

1.975

2.429

1.755

1.908

2.240

1.907

2.608

2.276

2.163

1.304

2.915

2.148

2.366

3.085

.216

.254

.197

.242

.175

.190

.224

.190

.260

.227

.216

.130

.291

.214

.236

.308

12.978

15.310

11.850

14.574

10.530

11.448

13.440

11.442

15.648

13.656

12.978

7.824

17.490

12.888

14.196

18.510

R

12

15

12

14

10

12

13

12

14

13

12

9

16

13

14

16

V

3.798 ± .379

3.635 zt .363

3.464 ± .346

3.421 ±z .342

2.825 ± .282

2.578 ± .257

3.393 ± .339

2.413 =t .241

3.892 ± .389

2.994 ± .299

3.090 =+= .309

1.650 ± .165

4.164 ± .416

2.685 dr .268

3.380=!= .338

3.856 ± .385

Inherent differences in variability of the several populations

are reflected by the different values of V derived for most of

the populations. The differences are moderate, but they do

exist. This is more likely to be a response to genetic structure

than a product of ecological influences, but it is not necessarily

so. The low values derived for V indicate that the use of the

indices as taxonomic characters is justified. The moderate dif-

ferences between some populations and the absence of this

difference between others as regards V indicates that all the

populations are of one species. This is in accord with the data

of the previously discussed curves which form a gradient of the

indices from a D/L mode of 58% and a La/L mode of 70% in

population A to D/L mode of 70% and a La/L mode of 82%

in population H. No decided break is evident in this gradient

and the various populations are presumed to be members of the

same species. Certainly P, ancillaria is not a recognizable

entity distinct from P. heterostropha on the basis of these data.

Yet the D/L index (expressed verballj^) has been the chief

diagnostic character of P. ancillaria. (P. sayii was separated

from P. heterostropha primarily on sculptural characters. The

D/L index has not been considered to be appreciably different.)

Conclusion. — P. heterostropha is a complex of populations in

which various genetic strains, or genotypes, are present, and in

which, if isolation were to become absolute, speciation would

32 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (1)

occur. P. ancillaria and P. sayii are two such genotypes and

are not, therefore, species distinct from P. heterostropha and

must be considered synonyms of the latter. Geoorraphic isola-

tion of populations of Physa composing the P. heterostropha

complex has never lasted long enough to allow the development

of sexual isolation with its resultant speciation. Geographic

isolation of freshwater habitats is one of the most transient

types of phj^sical isolation. The effects of stream capture, re-

versal of flow due to glaciation, formation and disappearance of

lakes and ponds, etc., are all measurable in magnitudes of 10,000

to 100,000 years. In a group as old as Physa (Cretaceous ac-

cording to Henderson, 1935) such units of time are not enough

to allow for speciation. Speciation could not have occurred

since the Pleistocene. Yet species have been described that

are restricted to bodies of w^ater that could only be a product

of the Wisconsin Ice. Actually such species are, in all proba-

bility, isolated genotypes which may, given enough time, form

distinct species. At present, however, the characters of such

entities scarcely justify subspecific recognition. This is all the

more evident from this study which shows Physa heterostropha

to be a polymorphic species which is excessively plastic and

which readily responds to ecological influences. A compre-

hensive study of each genotype in relation to ecological factors

is the next step toward an understanding of this species.

Bibliography

Baker, F. C, 1898: The Nautilus 12 (6) : 63-65.

1900: The Nautilus 14 (2) : 16-24.

1911 : The Lymnaeidae of North America and Middle

America. Chicago Acad. Sci., Special Publication No. 3.

1928: The Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin. Part I.

Gastropoda. Bull. 70, Wise. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey.

BiNNEY, W. G., 1865 : Land and Fresh Water Shells of North

America. Part II. Smith. Misc. Coll. No. 143, Wash-

ington, D. C.

1885 : The Complete Writings of Thomas Say, New York, N. Y.

Clench, W. J., 1930: Occ. Papers, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.

5: 301-315.

Crandall, 0. A., 1901: The Nautilus 15 (3) : 25-30; (4) : 42-

45; (5) : 54-58; (6) : 69-71.

Haldeman, S. S., 1842: A Monograph of the Freshwater Uni-

valve Mollusca. No. 6, Physa. Philadelphia, Pa.

July, 1949] THE NAUTILUS 33

Henderson, J., 1935 : Fossil Non-Marine Mollusca of North

America. Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Pap. No. 3.

PiLSBRY, H. A., 1925 : Monograph of New York Mollusca. MS.

Say, T., 1816 : 1st ed. Nicholson's Encyclopedia. Philadelphia,

Pa. 3rd ed. 1819 in Binney, 1885, p. 43.

1821: Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 2: 164. In Binney,

1885, p. 63.

1825: Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 5: 122. In Binney,

1885, p. 114.

Simpson, G. G., and A. Roe, 1939: Quantitative Zoology. Mc-

Graw Hill Co., Inc., New York, N. Y.

Tryon, G. W., Jr., 1870: A Monograph of the Fresh- Water

Univalve Mollusca. (In continuation of S. S. Haldeman's

work.)

CHARLES MONTAGUE COOKE JR.

Dr. Charles Montague Cooke Jr. passed away on the after-

noon of October 29, 1948, at the age of 73, after nearly four

months' illness. His last illness was caused by a fall upon the

laboratory floor at the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum on

Juty 1, 1948. This accident was the result of a weakened con-

dition caused by injuries sustained in January when he tripped

over a rope that was strung across the deck of an inter-island

steamer on which he was a passenger.

He devoted forty-six years to the Bernice Pauhai Bishop

Museum and about sixty to malacology, having collected land

shells since he was a youngster. He was born in Honolulu on

December 20, 1874. His father was a brilliant leader in the

financial development of Hawaii. His grandfather, Amos Starr

Cooke, a missionary, founded the Royal School for the children

of the chiefs in Honolulu. Princess Pauahi, whose name is

commemorated in the museum established bj' her husband

Charles R. Bishop, was a student in the Royal School when Dr.

Cooke was a child. The Princess spent much time caring for

him. As a boy he was continually asking questions, and in his

3^outh he had always wanted to work in the Bishop Museum.

Dr. Cooke graduated from Yale University in 1897 and re-

ceived his doctorate in 1901. During his senior year he applied

for a position in the Museum, but then decided to do graduate

work under the great zoologist A. E. Verrill. It was on an

expedition to Bermuda with Yerrill that he met the future IMrs.

Cooke, Elizabeth (Lila) Lefferts of Brooklyn. They were mar-

34 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (1)

ried in 1901. In 1902, while they were on their honeymoon in

Europe, Dr. Cooke received a cablegram notifying him of his

appointment to the staff of the Bishop Museum as a general

assistant. His greatest desire was satisfied when he took up his

duties in October, after a month spent in Dr. Pilsbry's labora-

tory in Philadelphia. The Bishop Museum was then in its forma-

tive years, under the guidance of William T. Brigham. One

of the new assistant's duties was to act as a guide for visitors.

In those early days the Museum had no department of mollusks.

It did, however, have Andrew Garrett's fine collection of

Polynesia land and marine shells. The marine species had been

studied and their taxonomy revised bj^ Dr. W. H. Dall. Dr.

Cooke at once began the museum collection of Hawaiian land

shells, making numerous expeditions on Oahu and to the other

islands, pa3dng attention to the minute shells as well as the

large. These trips were usually in company with other staff

members such as J. F. Stokes and C. N. Forbes, but also with

nonprofessional conchologists and friends. Good roads and

automobiles did not exist in Hawaii in those early days, and

collectors depended largely on their feet for transportation.

They thought nothing of tramping twenty or thirty miles to

their collecting grounds in the mountains with camping and

collecting gear.

In building up a collection Cooke was hampered by the lack

of adequate literature and accurately named specimens for com-

parison. In 1906 he made a trip to European and American

museums in order to study the widely scattered types of

Hawaiian land shells. To fill the gaps in the Bishop Museum

shell literature he copied the unobtainable material in longhand

at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Here

he worked again with Dr. Pilsbry, and a lifelong friendship

grew up between them.

Following his return from this trip Dr. Cooke was appointed

Curator of Pulmonate Mollusca, a position he held with distinc-

tion for 41 years. Later he was appointed to the Board of

Trustees of the Museum and was president of the Board at the

time of his death.

Time and again Dr. Cooke insisted that his contribution to

malacology was mainly in building a collection of Pacific Island

land shells of sufficient scope that any malacologist interested

July, 1949] THE NAUTILUS 35

in the pulmonates of this area would find most of them accessible

under one roof. Of course this was a characteristically modest

estimate of his work. However, toward this end he not only

collected the Hawaiian islands most thoroughly but took part

in, led, or directed from Honolulu, at least 16 major collecting

trips to Polynesia and Micronesia. The longest and most com-

plete was the Mangarevan Expedition of 1934, in which he led

a party of scientists in a converted tuna sampan on a six

months' exploratory expedition into eastern Polynesia, thus

bringing to life a dream he had had for many years.

The total number of shells in the collection he left amounts

to approximately three million, comprising most of the known

and many unnamed species of the Pacific archipelagos. To

round out the collection he instituted a system of open exchanges

with the American Museum of Natural History, Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, The U. S. National Museum,

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Rijksmuseum of Stockholm

and others. Thus many species, otherwise unobtainable, have

found their way to the Bishop Museum.

The beauty of the collection is that most of the species are

represented by both the shell and the preserved animal. This

has been greatly appreciated by anatomists such as Dr. H. B.

Baker, who studied the zonitids in this collection.

In the process of amassing this vast collection Dr. Cooke be-

came familiar with the literature of the subject. It is no ex-

aggeration to say that he knew Pacific land shells as no one

else in the world. It is a great loss to science that more of his

investigations were not put on permanent record. He pub-

lished authoritative papers on Carelia, new Amastridae and

many other groups; on new species of Partula jointly with

Professor Crampton; and he collaborated with Pilsbry in four

volumes of the Manual of Conchology, on Achatinellidae, Amas-

tridae, TornatelUnidae and Pacific Pupillidae.

Two other malacologists should be mentioned in connection

with Dr. Cooke, namely, Henry E. Crampton of Columbia Uni-

versity, and William J. Clench of the Museum of Comparative

Zoology. Together with Pilsbry and Baker, these names will

always be associated with Cooke, as each of them, with Cooke's

cooperation, has contributed much to the study of land shells

of this area.

36 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (1)

Scientific men visiting the Islands found the Doctor and Lila

Cooke the soul of hospitality. Nothing that would forward a

visitor's objectives was too much trouble. Many scientists in

Europe and America recall with keen pleasure the hours spent

under the generous roof of Kualii in lovely Manoa Valley.

Dr. Cooke is survived by Mrs. Cooke, a son Charles and

daughter Caroline. — Yoshio Kondo.

NOTES AND NEWS

Dates of The Nautilus. — Volume 62, no. 1, pp. 1-36, pi. 1

(11), was mailed July 22, 1948. No. 2, pp. 37-72, pis. 2-4, De-

cember 8, 1948. No. 3, pp. 73-108, pis. 5 and 6, March 18,

1949. No. 4, pp. 109-145, 1-vii, pis. 7 and 8, June 8, 1949.—

H. B. B.

Errata. — In the last number of Nautilus, p. 120, first line of

fifth paragraph, for ''Phenacolepididae" read Patellidae. Page

141, last paragraph, Haliotis "asinea" is a printer's or other

error for H. asinina L.

MuREx ARGO Clench and Farfante. — While on a recent col-

lecting trip through the Lesser Antilles, I collected a magnificent

living specimen of this extremely rare shell. Only one other

specimen is known, that being the holotype in the Liverpool

Museum taken at Grenada in deep w^ater. The specimen which

I obtained is absolutely perfect and measures 3% inches in

length. The color is deep cinnamon-brown, nucleus flesh pink,

interior of aperture bluish white. In life the shell was covered

with a very thin, dull black epidermis. Animal dull olive-

green, striped and blotched with purplish brown.

This specimen was taken in a fish trap at a depth of between

30 and 50 fathoms off La Bime Point, Dominica, B.W.I. —

A. Hyatt Verrill.

Two OVERLOOKED SYNONYMS. — If you waut to Icam how much

you can overlook or forget, just write a book. I have found

two names for American land snails omitted from my book on

that subject, as follows: Vertigo yninuscula Sterki, 1897, a

synonym of V. parvula Sterki ; cf . MacMillan, Nautilus 57 : 127.

Helix minima True, 1857, a synonym of Punctum minutissimum

(Lea) ; cf. Nautilus 57: 132 and 58: 31.— II. A. Pilsbry.

Di:uckv.Th.>'i.s-h.M-

LiOuv.W.Pfaff.

S)c.^ ^f'- '*^^-

The Nautilus

Vol. 63 OCTOBER, 1949 No. 2

LAND MOLLUSKS OF CAYMAN BRAC

By H. a. Pilsbry

The first land snails to be reported from Cayman Brae were

collected by the ornithologist C. J. Maynard, who published new

species of Strophia {= Cerion) in 1889.^ Mr. James Bond, who

was there in 1930 investigating birds, brought in a single Chon-

dropoma, described as C. caymanhracense. In May, 1938, Mr.

C. Bernard Lewis visited the island briefly as a member of the

Oxford University Cayman Islands Biological Expedition. He

was not after mollusks especially, but picked up four species,

recorded in Nautilus for July, 1942; one, Alcadia lewisi, was

described as new. In 1940 Mr. Lewis, who had become Curator

of the Museum in Kingston, spent one week (March 30 to April

6) on Cayman Brae enroute to the Pedro and Morant Cays on

behalf of the Jamaica Government. The land mollusks were

one of several groups to which he gave special attention and the

collection resulting has given occasion for this paper.

Mr. Lewis writes ''I stayed at Stake Bay. Collecting was

done particularly in that vicinity and along the trail crossing

the island at that point. The weather had been very dry for

some weeks and, with the exception of Cerion, live shells were

scarce. Dead shells were abundant in the pits and pockets of

the limestone."

Geological and other descriptive information on the Cayman

Islands has been given by Chapman Grant, in Bulletin of the

Institute of Jamaica, Science Series No. 3, 1940. ''The Cayman

Islands, satellites of the Greater Antilles, political dependencies

of Jamaica, are perhaps the most isolated spots in the Caribbean

Sea. Cayman Brae lies 125 miles northwest of Jamaica and

about 120 miles from the nearest point of Cuba. . . . The sub-

1 Maynard, Charles J., Monograph of the genus StropJiia, in Contributions

to Science, I.

(37)

38 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (2)

marine slopes around the islands are steep. The hundred

fathom line is only a few hundred yards from the shore of

Cayman Brae. . . . Cayman Brae is the most easterly of the

group. Little Cayman is 5 miles to the west. These islands

are each about 13 miles long by ll^ wide. Grand Cayman lies

60 miles west-south-west of Little Cayman."

The Bluff Limestone, said to be of Oligocene and Miocene age,

forms the higher parts of the islands. The Ironshore formation

is a Pleistocene formation of coral and coral sand, forming the

low coastal platform. A low hardwood forest covers the island.

There are some brackish wells near the north coast, but no other

fresh water. Fruit and vegetables are abundant. Somewhat

over 1000 inhabitants live on the north shore.

One of the three Cayman islands, Little Cajrman, seems to

have been worked for Cerion only. A Chondropoma and a

Dialeuca have been found there, but no other land snails, I be-

lieve. Doubtless, further species are to be found there.

In my paper of 1930, an estimate was made of the affinities of

Cayman faunas. Evidence afforded by the considerable addi-

tions to the list of species confirms the results then reached that

the main affinity of the fuuna is with Jamaica. About 50 species

now known fall into the following categories;

1. Culture snails, some or all of which are usually to be found

wherever there is settlement and cultivation in the American

tropics. They are probably carried about on banana plants and

the like. This includes the species of Suhulina, '^Opeas/' Gas-

trocopta, and probably the single species of Karolus and Veroni-

cella are to be added to this category, both described from Ja-

maica. These eight species may be ignored in any inquiry into

the origin of the indigenous faunas.

2. Species belonging to groups generally spread in the West

Indies and Central America. Chondropoma, Heliciiia, Br achy -

podella, Microcerarnus and Cerion, and the freshwater snails

Tropicorhis and Drepanotrema. The genera Chondropoma (3

species) and Brachypodella (2 species) belong to little groups

special to the Caymans and Swan Island, their closest relatives

elsewhere being uncertain. Microceramns is nearest to the Cen-

tral American M. concisiis. Cerion has relatives in the islands

from Cuba to Porto Rico, and is the only one of these genera

Oct., 1949]

THE NAUTILUS

39

not found in Jamaica. Strohilops may belong to this group.

Its affinities are with species of the Mexican mainland.

3. Species most nearly related to those of Jamaica, many be-

longing to specially Jamaican genera or subgenera. This in-

cludes all the species of Poteria, Colohostylus, Lucidella, Stoas-

toma, Geomelania, Dialeuca, Lacteolnna, Stauroglypta, Proser-

pinula, Varicella (but not Melaniella), Spiraxis & Succinea, in

all 25 species.

Exclusive of the culture snails, all of which are widely spread

species, it is remarkable that all but one or two species are en-

demic in the Caymans. Most of them must date back to Pliocene

time, as from the records we have elsewhere, it is obvious that

very few snails have been differentiated specifically during the

Pleistocene. In Miocene times the islands had not emerged.

If the fauna is a wind-borne or drift one, it is rather remarkable

that there are not more species identical with those of the source

islands.

Spot

Fig. 1. Cayman Brae, showing collecting localities, road and trails.

Perpendicular limestone cliffs indicated by dotted lines, the elevation in feet

marked at intervals.

Eleven species of land moUusks are now known from Cayman

Brae. The fauna is closely related to that of Grand Cayman,

but there are two genera Alcadia and Proserpinula, not found

as yet on the larger island, and the cerions are apparently of

different genesis, not directly related to C. martinianum of

Grand Cayman.

40 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (2)

List of collecting localities: 1, Stake Bay below the bluff. 2,

North end of Stake Bay, south side of road. 3, Midway across,

on path south of Stake Bay. 4, South end of same bluff road

from Stake Bay. 5, South side below bluff*. 6, South side i/i

mile east of locality 5. 7, South side Mi mile east of locality 5.

8, South side % mile east of locality 5. (Thatch Palm grrove).

9, South side from locality 8 to about 1 mile from east end. 10,

West end, south side. 11, South of salt water pond at west end

of south coast. 12, South of the most easterly of the south east

baj^ ponds at west end of south coast.

Helicina fasciata caymanensis new subsp. Fig. 7.

Localities 1 to 4.

The shell is depressed-globose, rather strong, white with a

band of irregular spots of terra-cotta color below the periphery,

another on the upper surface. The moderately low spire is con-

vexly conic. The 41/2 whorls are weakly convex, the last rather

broadly rounded at the periphery. Aperture strongly oblique.

Peristome white, reflected and heavily thickened on the face.

Axial callus rather heavy, white.

Height 6.2 mm., diameter 8.2 mm. Type.

Height 7 mm., diameter 9.2 mm.

In a previous paper I referred Helicinas from Grand Cayman

to H. fasciata sub striata Gray, described from Barbados. The

original locality of H. fasciata was Porto Rico. However, the

periphery is more narrowly rounded, almost angular, in those

shells, while in the Cayman Brae specimens it is rather broadly

rounded, as may be seen from the photographic figures. It

seems best therefore to give this island form a separate name.

Alcadia lev^isi Pilsbry.

Alcadia lewisi Pilsbry, 1942, Nautilus 56 : 4.

Locality 2, 5. The specimens from locality 2 are mostly larger

than the original lot, from 4.5 to 5 mm., diameter, 4% whorls.

None were collected alive, but the freshest specimens are light

yellow,

Chondropoma caymanbracense Pilsbry.

Chondropoma cayman!) r accuse Pilsbry, 1930, Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Phila. 82: 352, pi. 30, fig. 1; 1942; Nautilus 56: 3 (Cay-

man Brae).

Oct., 1949] • THE NAUTILUS 41

Cliondropoma parvicaymanense Pilsbry, 1930, Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila. 82: 352, pi. 30, fig. 5; 1942: Nautilus 56: 3

(Little Cayman).

Localities 1 to 6. This species is rather variable in details of

sculpture. In some lots, as that from station 8, the size is rather

small and the axial threads coarser than in the type. In some

specimens the intersections of axial and spiral threads are far

more conspicuously beaded than in others. Several specimens

measure :

Length 13 mm., diameter 8 mm. ; 3% whorls.

Length 12.5 mm., diameter 7.7 mm. ; 3% whorls.

Length 11.4 mm., diameter 7.2 mm. Locality 8.

From an examination of the series collected by Mr. Lewis I

am inclined to believe that the forms from Little Cayman and

Cayman Brae, which I described from single specimens, are

extremes of one variable species. I have seen only one specimen

from Little Cayman, received from Thomas Bland many years

ago, the collector unknown.

DiALEUCA CAYMANENSis (''Mayuard" Pilsbry).

Helix caymanensis Maynard, Pilsbry, 1893, Man. Conch. (2)

8: 241, pi. 56, figs. 10-12 (Little Cayman I).

Cepolis (Hemitrochus) caymanensis "Maynard" Pilsbry,

Pilsbry, 1942, Nautilus 56 : 5, pi. 1, figs. 10, 10a, 11, 11a.

Localities 1 to 4. This species was described from specimens

taken by C. J. Maynard on Little Cayman Island. It is essen-

tially three-banded, but in the type specimen the upper band

is split on the last whorl, so that it was described as with four

bands. In the type the bands are cut into many narrow spots,

and some from Locality 3 are similarly variegated, but the bands

are continuous in most Cayman Brae examples having color

(most of those collected being bleached). The size and the

degree of elevation of the spire are variable.

Height 9.4 mm., diameter 13.4 mm.; 4% whorls (Type).^

Height 10.6 mm., diameter 13.8 mm. ; 4^2 whorls Locality 1.

2 The type is the first measurement given in my description of 1893. In

this work of more than fifty years ago I did not make caliper measurements,

and those made by holding the shell against a flat scale were sometimes

rather wide of the mark.

42 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (2)

Height 9 mm., diameter 11 mm. ; 4V;s whorls Locality 4.

Height 8.3 mm., diameter 11 mm. ; 4^4 whorls Locality 4.

In former papers (1930, 1942), I treated the Cayman species

as members of the genus Cepolis subgenus Hemitrochns. On

further study it became clear that they belong to the Jamaican

genus Dialeuca, type Helix gossei C. B. Adams, (cf . H. B. Baker,

Nautilus 56 : 82) where I had placed them in 1895, Man. Conch.

9: 183.

Lacteoluna caymanbracensis, new species. Fig. 1.

Locality 2. The shell is umbilicate, strongly depressed, the

very low spire with nearly straight outlines. Embryonic 1%

whorls are convex and smooth ; following whorls are convex, in-

crease slowly, and have sculpture of rather coarse but low,

irregular growth-wrinkles. The last whorl has a narrowly

rounded periphery, above the middle of the whorl. The base

is rather weakly convex except where it curves into the umbili-

cus. Umbilicus (measured to insertion of columellar lip) con-

tained 3.7 times in the diameter. The aperture is strongly

oblique. Peristome thin, its columellar insertion carried rather

far forward.

Height 2 mm., diameter 5 mm. ; 4 whorls.

In shape this snail is much like the far larger Lacteoluna

ptychodes (Pfr.) of Jamaica. It is not nearly related to the

species described from Grand Cayman, L. summa, L. cayman-

ensis and L. steveni (Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 82: 331-333) ; these

belonging to the subgenus Stauroglypta H. B. Baker (Nautilus

48: 136), a Jamaican group.

Proserpinula lewisi, new species. Fig. 2.

Localities 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

The imperforate shell is moderately depressed, with a low,

convexly conoidal spire ; translucent whitish ; polished, but show-

ing faint growth-lines. The whorls are weakly convex and in-

crease slowly, the last evenly rounded peripherally; the base is

only a little impressed around the center. The aperture is

oblique, rather deeply lunate, with no internal teeth or lamellae.

Peristome thin and simple, the columella short, oblique and

thick, a small callus covering the umbilical region.

Height 3.5 mm., diameter 5.4 mm. ; 4% whorls.

Height 3.2 mm., diameter 4.6 mm.; 414 whorls.

Oct., 1949] THE NAUTILUS 43

This species appears to be abundant. It differs from the

Jamaican species by its greater height, contained about one and

a half times in the diameter, while the Jamaican snails are more

depressed, the height being contained about twice in the di-

ameter. They have the spire lower and the base more deeply

impressed around the axis than in P. lewisi. In a broken speci-

men there is seen to be a small umbilicus at a very young stage.

The relations of the several species can be shown best by the

following

KEY TO SPECIES OF PROSERPINELLA ^

A. Shell strongly depressed, the height contained about twice

in the diameter.

B. A thread revolves within the base, terminating in a thin

tooth within the basal lip P. infortunate Bland

BB. No revolving thread or tooth.

C. Diameter 5 to 7 mm P. discoidea C. B. Adams

CC. Diameter less than 4 mm.

P. margaritella Pilsbry & Brown.

AA. Shell less depressed, the height contained about l^/o times

in the diameter; no tooth P. lewisi Pilsbry.

Proserpinula infortunata (Bland).

Helix opalina C. B. Adams, Jan. 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., p. 16.

Not Helix opalina Sowerby, 1840.

Helix margarita Pfeiffer, June, 1845, Zeits. f. Malak, p. 83; Monogr. 1:

13; and in Kiister's Conchyl. Cab., Helix, pi. 100, figs. 24r-27. Not

Helix margarita Montagu, 1808.

Odentostorna apalinum C. B. Ad., Pfeiffer, 1848, Monogr. 1:12.

''Helix hyalina C. B. Adams" (in MS. list) Pfeiffer, 1848, Monogr. Hel.

Viv. 1 : 13, as a synonym of Odonto stoma opalinum C. A. Ad. Not Helix

hyalina Le Guillou, 1842.

Prosperina opalina C. B. Ad., Pfeiffer, 1848, Monogr. 3:292.

Helix infortunata Bland, 1854, Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., 6:78.

Proserpinula infortunata (Bland), Pilsbry & Brown, 1910, Proc. A. N. S.

Phila. p. 316, fig. 2 (teeth of radula).— H. B. Baker, 1935, Nautilus

49:53 (distribution).

Proserpinula discoidea (C. B. Adams.)

Proserpina discoidea C. B. Adams, 1850, Contrib. to Conch, p. 81.

Helix prosperinula Pfeiffer, 1851, Zeits. f. Malak. p. 128; Monogr. 3:35;

4:15.

Proserpinula discoidea (C. B. Ad.) H. B. Baker, 1935, Nautilus 49:53.

3 The synonymy of the two older species was correctly given by the clear-

thinking Bland about 95 years ago, but as Tryon (Man. Conch. 2:201) did

not follow his decisions it may be convenient to give the references here.

44 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (2)

Proserpinula margaritella Pilsbry & Brown.

Proserpinula margaritella Pilsbry & Brown, 1910, Proe. A. N. S. Phila.

p. 526, fig. 6.

Brachypodella caymanensis Pilsbry. Figs. 3, 4.

Location 2. The ribs are a trifle more widely spaced than in

the Grand Cayman type lot, and the free neck is a little longer

(fig. 4) ; but in one specimen (fig. 3) the ribs and neck are

about as in the type, so that judging by only seven specimens

of the Cayman Brae form collected, no racial difference seems

indicated.

MiCROCERAMUS CAYMANENSIS Pilsbry.

Location 4. Known before from Grand Cayman, the type

locality. The single specimen agrees closely with the type. It

is nearly related to M. concisus (Morelet) which is known from

Swan and Little Swan Islands, Utila, and the mainland of

Guatemala and Yucatan.

In this connection I may mention that Dr. Axel A. Olsson

collected Microceramus honairensis (E. A. Smith) on the main-

land at Rancheria, a place northeast of Magdalena, in northeast-

ern Colombia. It was known before only from the Dutch Lee-

ward Islands. The Rancheria specimens reach a larger size

(length 9 to 11 mm., with lOV^ to IIV2 whorls), than any seen

from the islands. They are a little wider and the sutural

papillae are more generally developed, though still more minute

than in M. gossei or M. concisus. This mainland form might be

rated as another weakly characterized subspecies of M. honair-

ensis, nearest to M. h. ariihanus H. B. Baker; but the individual

variation is considerable, so that these subspecies rest upon aver-

age characters of the populations.

Cerionidae

''Living Cerion was found to be abundant at most places

where they occurred at all. Sometimes they would be com-

pletely absent. Coconut trees were wiped out through the rav-

ages of bud-rot and storms between 1920-33 so that Maynard's

reference to the 'coconut grove' has little significance todav.

THE NAUTILUS: 63 [2]

PLATE 3

^

<f

#

Vy." 4

■>

Fig. 1, Lactrohuia lewisi, type. i', Proserpinida lurisi, type. 3, 4,

Brachypodella caymanensis. 5, Varicella (Melaniella) caymanhracensis,

type. 6, Varicella lewisi, type. 7, Helicina fasciata caymanensis, type and

two paratypes. 8, Apodosis novi-mundi P. & M. (p. 10). All figures en-

larged. 9, Xeopefraf'HS crennwbatcs Pilsbry, Hydroelectric plant. R. 8anta,

Peru, n. sp.

THE NAUTILUS: 63 (2)

PLATE 4

Fi(is. 1-11). Cniou ropiuni an<l varieties. 1 a-g, Point at West end.

L> a-.l locality 10, 3 a-e, loc. 5, 4a-f, loe. 7, o ad, loe. 2. «, ''Strophia'' in-

tn-mrdia, specimen from Maynard. 7 a-d, ' SS/ro/>//<a " /)f/T/r.rt,. ^from

Maynard, r>6283, fiOOaO, 129005 ANSP. 8, young (\ copii<m, loc 2. I».

^^Htrnphhi filahrr, from ^Faynard, 00078 AXSP. 10 a-c. loc. 4.

Oct., 1949] THE NAUTILUS 45

We merely know that it was located toward the western end of

the south side.

"I made special effort to take unselected, random samples in

any given area. I would take a space of two or three square

yards and pick up every individual. Specimens obtained at

localities 2, 3, and 4 on the 'bluff' were all dead shells and out

of habitat. Some or all may have been taken inland by hermit

crabs which abound" (Lewis).

Cerion copium (Maynard). Plate 4.

Formerly (Manual of Conchology 14: 186) I considered this

to be a race subordinate to C. pannosum of Little Cayman, and

that view is probably correct; but as the typical form of pan-

nosum is not found on Cayman Brae it msiy be more convenient

to allow copium specific standing until the Little Caj^man forms

shall be fully studied.

Mr. Maynard (Contributions to Science I, 1889) recognized

six "Species" on Cayman Brae, named and located as follows.

Brief comments are added.

StropJiia copia. Widely distributed in western and southern

parts of the island, especially abundant in the ''coconut grove."

8. lineota. South side, coconut grove near the boat landing,

with S. copia, which it resembles except by having brownish

purple intervals of the ribs. There are 25 to 27 ribs on the

penult whorl. Also occurs on Little Cayman.

8. intermedia. South side as far east as the "coconut grove"

extends. It has scattered, unequally spaced ribs, and is rather

small, 20 to 23 mm. long. Many specimens are indistinguish-

able from 8. perplexa, but some perplexa have the ribs more

reduced and fewer.

8. perplexa. From "a barren, rocky section about two miles

from the west end of the key and one-fourth mile from the south

shore." Ribs are very weak and irregularly, widely spaced on

the last two whorls, but their number and size vary widely. It

is about the size of 8. copium and intergrades fully with 8.

intermedia. Figs. 7a-d represent specimens from Maynard.

Not obtained by Mr. Lewis.

8. parva. "Near northern termination of a path that crosses

the key near the western end" in "a strip of quite high shrub-

bery," also scattered at intervals into the large colony of Com-

mon Strophia [8. copia] in the coconut grove on the south side.

This is a small edition of C. copium, less than 18 mm. long.

46 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (2)

8. gldber. From ''near the area inhabited by S. parva.'^

This is a form of parva, differing from that by having the ribs

very weak on the last three whorls. Maynard found only 16

specimens, one of which is shown in fig. 9.

It is well known that in many land shells having color mark-

ings, there are populations in which part of the individuals, or

sometimes all of them, have lost the color markings leaving them

plain. The genes carrying color in inheritance have been

dropped out. The same applies in some degree to characters

of the whole organism. There are probably few species uni-

form in all characters. It is likely that all are more or less

heterogeneous, though the varying qualities may not be those

affecting the shell, and so may be overlooked.

Maynard 's S. copia and S. lineota are such varying members

of a single species. S. intermedia and 8. perplexa are forms of

copia in which variation is expressed in dropping out some of

the ribs ; but this is different in every specimen, and they occur

in the C. copium territory, sporadically. S. glaber (why mascu-

line I do not know) is a similar modification of S. parva. In

Cuba and elsewhere species occur which vary from ribbed to

nearly without ribs (Man. Conch. 14: 204).

S. parva is fully connected with C, copium by specimens of

intermediate size, and might perhaps be regarded as a little race

which had been evolved in isolation and subsequently mingled

with C. copium, with production of hybrids.

Mr. Lewis's specimens are as follows:

C. copium is typically uniform white, but specimens with dark

interstices or some mottling (which Maynard called S. lineota)

occur with the white shells in all lots I have seen from the locali-

ties 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (see map). In some places, such as

localities 1 and 10, white shells predominate; in some other lo-

calities shells with dark intercostal intervals are equally prev-

alent, or form a majority, or even, as at locality 12, all seen

are dark. Such variation in color is common in Cerion, as ex-

plained above. The size varies, the length 24 to 26 mm. or in

some lots the average is somewhat smaller. Frequently there

are some much shorter shells among those of normal populations

(figs. 2e, 4d).

Oct., 1949] THE NAUTILUS 47

Perfectly typical specimens of form parva occur with normal

C. copiiim in localities 5 and 11. The size diminishes from

copium measuring: Length 22, diameter 10.3 mm., 10 whorls,

26 ribs on penult whorl, and length 23.5, diameter 9.3 mm., lOi/^

whorls, 22 ribs on penult whorl, through intermediate sizes to

parva measuring : length 15, diameter 7.3 mm., 9V3 whorls, 21

ribs on the penult whorl. A series is shown in fig. la-g.

Locality no. 7, on the south coast, furnished small shells, 15

to 22 mm. long, mostly less than 20 mm. Some individuals agree

wholly with Maynard's 8. parva, but most of them are decidedly

stouter than that form. A series is figured, fig. 4a-f .

Localities 2, 3, and 4 are situated on the bluff, higher than

any of the preceding. Only dead shells which had lost most

or all of the color they may have had, were gathered. In local-

ity 2, at the north end of Stake Bay, south of the road, figs.

5a-d, the ribs are narrower than in copium of the lower areas,

and more numerous, up to 32 on the penult whorl in fig. 5a.

Evidently Maynard did not collect this form or he would have

made another '* species." In the same lot there are also some

shells which approach form intermedia, with about 18 spaced

ribs (fig. 5d).

At locality 3, midway across the island, south of Stake Bay,

there are also rather narrow, close riblets, 28 on the penult

whorl in a shell 25 mm. long. In this lot there are shells down

to 15 mm. long, and one ' intermedia' ^ with narrow, unevenly

spaced riblets.

Locality 4, at the south end of the bluff path, has shells like

the larger ones at locality 3 (fig. lOa-c).

Varicella lewisi, new species. Fig. 6.

Localities 1, 2, 3, and 4.

The shell is white, polished, fusiform, the diameter contained

about 2.6 times in the length. The apex is obtuse; first 2%

whorls are smooth, the following whorls weakly convex but

joined by a deep suture, and with sculpture of axial grooves,

separated by somewhat unequal intervals of the same or some-

w^hat greater width, the grooves becoming a little weaker at the

base. The aperture is less than half of the total length, long-

piriform; the outer lip is broadly arched forward. Columella

evenly concave, obliquely truncate at the base.

48 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (2)

Length 7.6 mm., diameter 3 mm., length aperture 3.5 mm.;

514 whorls. Type.

Length 9 mm., diameter 3.6 mm.

This Varicella belongs to the same group as V. caymanensis of

Grand Cayman, and may perhaps be a subspecies of that ; but it

differs by the broader form. Both are allied to V. pinchotif

which is larger and longer, with the columella much less concave.

Varicella (Melaniella) caymanbracensis new species. Fig. 5.

Locality 4.

This very slender or subulate shell belongs to the group of

V. (M.) gracilliama (Pfr.). The length is four times the great-

est breadth. The pointed apex is shaped as in Y. gracillima;

first 21/2 whorls are smooth. There are thin, widely spaced axial

ribs on following whorls, 14 on the last whorl. Intercostal in-

tervals have about four fine striae. The whorls are strongly

convex below the deep suture, elsewhere only weakly convex.

The aperture is piriform, somewhat oblique. Peristome is con-

tinued in a raised cord across the parietal wall, and the outer

lip is not ''bent inward and produced forward at its upper

third" as described for V. gracillima, being but slightly com-

pressed at that place.

Length 6 mm., diameter 1.5 mm. ; 8i/^ whorls.

A single specimen was taken. It is evidently related to V.

gracillima of Cuba (with subspecies in Florida and the Baha-

mas), but the Cayman race differs in details of form and

sculpture.

POLYGYRA HIPPOCREPIS AND ITS AUTHOR.

LOUIS PFEIFFER— II

By H. E. wheeler

In the last Nautilus we dealt with Pfeiffer and Roemer as

pioneers in Texas science, of their discoveries and the scene of

their labors. Not less interesting are the lives and family back-

ground of these men. Wc begin with Dr. Louis Pfeiffer

(1804-1877).

A book compiled by his nephew, August L. Pfeiffer, in 1886,

a copy of which is in the library of Kassel, traces the family

back to the early 16th century. It contains genealogical tables

of the different branches of the family and short biographical

Oct., 1949] THE NAUTILUS 49

sketches of its best-known members, among them of Louis

Pfeiffer. The earliest known Pfeiffer lived as a peasant at

Korle, a small village near Kassel, which was at the time the

capital of the Landgraftentum Hessen. Here the family lived

for nearl}^ two centuries, but at the beginning of the 18th cen-

tury Hans Jacob Pfeiffer, one of the eleven children of Nicolaus

Pfeiffer, burgomaster of Korle, moved to Kassel. One of his

grandsons was Johann Jakob Pfeiffer who lived from 1740 to

1791. This man qualified as Professor of Theology at the Uni-

versity of Marburg and later was tutor to the Crown Prince of

Hessen, and recognized as an outstanding and influential citizen.

One of his ten children, Carl Jonas, founded the leading private

bank in Kassel, and another, Buchard Wilhelm, became coun-

sellor of the high court of Justice of Hessen.

Carl Jonas was the first member of the family to show an

interest in the study of mollusks, and in his later years wrote

the first pretentious monograph on German land and fresh-

water shells. This was published between 1821 and 1828 figur-

ing all the German species then known. The fine drawings and

accurate coloring of the plates were notable for that time.

Burchard was the father of Louis whose full Christian name

was Karl Georg Louis. He was born July 4, 1804. He was a

clever boy and an exemplary student, graduating from the gym-

nasium when only sixteen years old. He then matriculated in

the University of Gottingen in medicine, but later at the Uni-

versity of Marburg, receiving the degree of M.D. on his twentieth

birthday, July 4, 1825. Postgraduate work at Paris and Berlin

followed, but he returned to Kassel in the autumn of 1826 and

entered upon the practice of his profession.

In 1831 he accepted a call from German physicians to go to

Poland, which was then at war with Russia, and worked as staff

physician at Lozienka, Pomonsk, and the great Alexander hos-

pital in Warsaw. His special assignment was ministering to

the wounded and in the treatment of the victims of the cholera

epidemic which was raging at that time. When Warsaw capitu-

lated on September 8, 1831 he received a flattering offer from

the Russian government to enter their service, but in sympathy

with the unhappy Poles he indignantly declined and returned

to Kassel. His experiences with cholera prompted the publica-

50 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (2)

tion of a short paper in 1831 in which he contended that the

disease was not contagious.

On May 19, 1833, Pfeiffer married Louise Philippine Nath-

usius and soon after gave up the practice of medicine in order

to devote himself exclusively to more congenial studies in natural

science, especially botany and malacology. His first work on

the cacti appeared in 1837 and immediately gave him high rating

as a scientist. Henceforth he was known as Kactus-Pfeiffer.

His first marital relations were not congenial, and after the

death of his three children he secured a divorce. His wife seems

to have had means and her endowment made him independent.

In 1842 he married again, his union with Wilhelmina Frederika

Wagner, of Wetzlar, being very happy and blessed with five

sons and a daughter. His eldest son became a merchant in

Spain ; his second son was an architect ; the third a Justice of

the Peace ; the fourth a Prussian officer ; and his only daughter

married one of the directors of the state bank, called the Landes-

kredithasse, in Kassel.

As early as 1833 Pfeiffer began making extensive excursions

through all parts of Germany and the low countries for which

his physical strength and endurance well fitted him. It is said

that on one occasion he walked from Marburg to Kassel, a dis-

tance of 55 miles, in a single day. He was blessed with a robust

constitution up to the time of the death of his youngest son on

the field of honor in the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, after

which by reason of depression his health was much impaired.

In 1838 Pfeiffer made his historic trip to Cuba, and this was

to have a significant bearing on his future work. The original

objective of the expedition was the collection and study of living

cacti. Cuba, however, is not a prolific habitat for this family,

so he turned his attention to the collection of mollusks.

Sailing from Hamburg on a small vessel in October, 1838, he

reached Havana after a stormy voyage of seventy days on Janu-

ary 5, 1839, remaining until some time in March. Pfeiffer wrote

an account of this voyage, which, in manuscript form, was pre-

sented to the Museo Poey, Havana, by his grandnephew, Dr.

Karl Pfeiffer, but it could not be located while this paper was

being written. It appears from Kamsden's sketch of Dr.

Oct., 1949] THE NAUTILUS 51

Johannes Gundlach that Mr. Charles Booth, who had an estate

in Mantanzas Province, had invited Dr. Gundlach, Dr. Edward

Otto, and Dr. Pfeiffer to be his guests, which invitation was

accepted. Pfeiffer spent a large part of his sojourn in Cuba

in this hospitable home. It seems that the brigantine on which

these fellow-travelers embarked was forced by contrary winds,

as it approached Cape Maisi at the eastern end of the island,

to turn southward and proceed along the southern coast, thus

delajdng their arrival in Havana until the fourth of January,

and they did not reach Matanzas until the thirteenth of the

month.

Otto w^as soon on his way to Surinam and to Caracas, Vene-

zuela, and Gundlach turned back for a time, hearing of the

death of a friend in Germany, but his decision had been made

for a life-long devotion to the natural history of Cuba. Otto

and Pfeiffer had already collaborated on a paper, dated 1838,

and published in 1839,^ which was Otto's first appearance in

print, with the exception of his thesis for a doctorate published

the 3^ear previous. This was followed by another paper - also

published in 1839.

Pfeiffer 's first papers on Cuban shells were: Bericht fiber die

Ergebnisse einer Reise nach Cuba im Winter 1838-1839, in

Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 50 (1), 348-358, 1939, and Ubersicht

der im Januar, Februar und Marz 1839 auf Cuba gesammelten

Mollusken, x\rchiv f. Naturg. 6 (1), 250-261, 1840. In 1840 he

also published his Kritisches Register zu Martini und Chem-

nitz' Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet.

The many species of marine, freshwater and land shells de-

scribed in the Cuban papers were collected for the most part in

the vicinity of Havana and Mantanzas. The total number of

his contributions on Cuban malacology is not less than eighty.

Species described after his return to Germany were collected

by Gundlach, Poey, and other correspondents. These studies

claimed his attention to the very last year of his life and were

1 Auszug aus einem Bericht iiber die zoologisehen Beobachtungen wahrend

der Eeise von Hamburg nach Havannah. In a yearly report of an unlo-

cated Society, III. pp. 9-12.

2 Zur Molluskenfauna der Insel Cuba. Malak. Blatter VII, pp. 9-32.

52 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (2)

published more or less regularly in monographs and papers for

more than forty years. ^

Eduard Otto is known to have continued his researches on

botany in the Antilles and parts of South America, but Gund-

lach remained until his death in 1896 a resident of Cuba and a

prolific writer on Cuban ornithology, botany, conchology, and

other zoological subjects. An important sketch of his life,*

written by Carlos T. Ramsden, contains notes on these fellow-

travelers. Otto at a later period collaborated with Pfeiffer in

his monumental work on cacti, at least in the first volume, pub-

lished in 1850, but the second volume, which concludes Pfeiffer 's

work on that family, was published in 1858, and was his work

alone. It was then, and has been ever since, applauded for its

exact and elegant execution.

It remains to be noted that these trips of Roemer and Pfeiffer

are now fully cleared. Pfeiffer was never in Texas; Roemer

was never in Cuba. Pfeiffer 's voyage preceded that of Roemer

by seven years. The expedition of Pfeiffer was within a com-

pass of seven months including the sea voyage; Roemer 's resi-

dence in Texas was a matter of eighteen months. Roemer made

voluminous collections while in the field, but Pfeiffer had no

Texas material to work on until Roemer submitted it to him

after his return to Germany.

It seems that Pfeiffer made frequent trips to Paris and London

to consult literature not accessible in Kassel and to study the

collections brought to Europe by the great French voyages and

especially by Hugh Cuming. After his death his o^vn books

3 The principal works of Louis Pfeiffer, omitting his voluminous treatises

on the flora of Europe and his monumental works on the cacti, include:

Symbolae ad Historiam Heliceorum. Kassel, 1841-1846.

Monographia Heliceorum Viventium. Eight volumes, Leipsig, 1847-1877.

Monographia Pneumonopomorum Viventium. 3 parts, Kassel, 1852-1876.

Monographia Auriculaceorum Viventium. Kassel, 1856.

Novitates Conchologicae. 5 Volumes, Kassel, 1854-1877.

Zeitschrift fiir Malakozoologie. 10 volumes, Kassel, 1846-1853 (Heraus-

gegeben zusammen mit Dr. Karl Theodor Menke). Continued as Malakozoo-

logische Blatter. 24 volumes, Kassel, 1854-1877 (the first eight volumes in

collaboration with Menke, all the others edited by Pfeiffer alone).

4 Vida y Explorationes Zoologicas del Dr. Juan Gundlach in Cuba, in

Memorias de la Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural, 1918, pp. 146-168,

with two portraits.

Oct., 1949] THE NAUTILUS 53

and all of his collections were sold to Dr. H. Dohrn who be-

queathed them to the Museum in Stettin, his native city, where,

if they have escaped the ravages of war, they may still be.

Stettin is now under the control of Poland. The Museum at

Kassel was never an important institution and was bombed out

of existence during the last world war.

Many letters of Pfeiffer in his own handwriting are preserved

in the Senckenberg Museum at Frankfurt a/Main but only one

was left in the hands of Dr. Karl L. Pfeiffer who entrusted

it to the writer. It contains a statement that the writer de-

clared that he had been and would remain a pure ^'schalen

(concha) Konchyliolog " in opposition to Adolf Schmidt, whom

he calls an " anatomizer. " Pfeiffer had been sending him shells

for dissection in alcohol. To whom this letter was addressed

is not stated. References to collections made by Frivalsky and

by Rossmassler, collecting in Spain, indicate that one of them

was the correspondent, probably Frivalsky.

Pfeiffer was undoubtedly a Protestant Christian, though no

specific records of his religious convictions have been located.

All of his children were baptized in the Christian faith.

In 1874 Pfeiffer, in spite of ill health, made a two months'

visit to one of his sons who was then living in Catalonia, Spain.

He had been prostrated by the death of his youngest son who

was killed on the field of battle in the Franco-Prussian war, and

his health had been greatly impaired. Two years before his

death, on the 50th anniversary of his career as a physician and

scientist, he was honored by the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

On this occasion many friends joined in the celebration, or sent

their congratulations, and he was made a member of many

learned societies, though he had already received recognitions

of this kind. On October 2, 1877, at the age of 72, he passed

away in his native city, Kassel, and he is buried there.

As to the value of Pfeiffer 's work, and especially his Mono-

graphia Heliceorum, Dr. Pilsbry informs me that even today it

is indispensable and in frequent use by those working on the

taxonomy of land mollusks, all over the world. In the United

States the field was covered in Pfeiffer 's time by Lea, Gould,

the Binneys and Bland, so that his work was far less extensive

here than in regions then without resident conchologists, such

54 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (2)

as tropical and South America and the Orient. The judicious

and conservative spirit of Pfeiffer's writingrs had a deep and

salutary influence upon land mollusk students of his time

throughout the world.

Ferdinand Roemer

It would be ungracious not to review the life and work of

Roemer in relation to that of Pfeiffer, for it presents a material

interest all too briefl^^ presented in this sketch.

Ferdinand Roemer ''' was born in Hildesheim, Hannover, on

January 5, 1818. He died at Breslau on December 14, 1891,

being nearly 74 years old. An elder brother, born in 1809, was

a geologist and was, at the time Ferdinand made his trip to

America, Professor of Mineralogy and Geology at Clausthal,

but seventeen years later was elected Director of the School of

Mines. He is distinguished as the author of three elaborate

works on the Cretaceous and Jurassic strata of German3^ The

father of these brilliant sons was a lawj^er and counsellor of

the High Court of Justice. Ferdinand was indebted to his

brother for his interest in geology, though he was persuaded by

him to take up the study of law. University training at Gottin-

gen and a semester at Heidelberg prepared him for his exami-

nations, but on account of political objections, he declined to try

for advanced courses, and his inclination for a scientific career

asserted itself.

Two years of stud}- in Berlin won him the degree of Doctor

of Philosophy, his thesis being on a paleontological subject.

After several years of geological researches in the Rhenish Moun-

tains he published the results at Bonn in 1844.*^ The next year

his first contribution to the Neues Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie,

Geologic und Paleontologie appeared, and ''thereafter for more

than forty years his name was familiar to the readers of that

journal."

The year 1845 dates his expedition to Texas, funds being pro-

vided by the Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften, and he re-

ceived the endorsement and possible financial aid of Alexander

•"'My attention lias boon called to tlie fact tliat there is no *'von" in his

name as has been sometimes stated. (Dr. S. W. Geiser.)

0 Das Rhcinischc tybergangsgebirge.

Oct., 1949] THE NAUTILUS 55

von Humboldt. At this time little was known of Texas, cer-

tainly nothing of its geology, but in the year and a half of his

sojourn, with headquarters for a considerable part of the time

at New Braunfels, he covered the greater part of southern Texas

and completed an immense amount of investigation. He fre-

quently shared the humble hut of Lindheimer, the botanist,

which was in proximity to Comal Springs, finding him a very

congenial spirit and a helpful field companion. All his collec-

tions were left in the care of his friend until they were packed

for shipment overseas.^

Roemer's preliminary papers on Texas appeared in the

American Journal of Science and Arts in 1846 and 1849, but

in the latter year, after his return to Germany, he published at

Bonn his great work on the State. ^ In 1852 appeared an even

more pretentious volume, '^ which was also published in Bonn,

and which won him the title, "Father of Texas Geology."

Simonds,^^ who covers Roemer's life in splendid fashion, adds:

''That Roemer should have been able to accomplish so much

during his brief sojourn in the State is remarkable considering

the limited means of transportation and the serious danger from

wandering bands of Indians when conducting scientific w^ork

outside of the immediate vicinity of the settlements. Under

such circumstances that his results should have been so accurate

is a little short of phenomenal."

But if we depended on Simonds, or several other biographical

sketches, we would never have surmised that Roemer ever had

any contact with Pfeiffer nor that the geologist ever made the

collection of shells which engaged so heartily the attention of

the malacologist.

Roemer had other opportunities to treat of geological matters

in America, and his latest contribution, published only three

years before his death in 1891, had to do with Texas.^^

7 Notes on Lindheimer will be found in Geiser 's splendid volume, Natural-

ists of the Frontier, 1937.

8 Texas. Mit besonderer Riicksicht auf deusche Auswanderung und die

physischen Verhaltnisse des Landes nach eigener Beobachtung geschildert.

9 Die Kreidebildungen von Texas und ihre organischen Einschlusse.

10 American Geologist, XXIX, March 1903, p. 133.

11 Tiber eine durch die Haufigkeit Hippuriten-artiger Chamiden ausge-

zeichnete Faune der oberturonem Kreide von Texas. Paleont. Abh. Bd. IV.

Berlin, 1888.

56 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (2)

On Roemer's return to Germany he made extensive journeys

to all parts of Europe. He was actively engaged as a lecturer

in geology, paleontology and mineralogy. He made a magnifi-

cent collection of minerals which was later housed in a great

museum planned largely according to his wishes and located near

his home in Breslau.

Roemer never had any children of his own but was very de-

voted to his wife's nieces, whom he raised as his own daughters.

Though some of his conclusions have found a different explana-

tion, yet withal his work was done with great care, and his map

of Texas deserves the greatest praise for its fidelity to detail and

accuracy of delineation. He died at Breslau on December 14,

1891, in his seventy-fourth year, being spared the infirmities of

old age as he earnestly desired.

Conclusion

There is an incidental, but quite intriguing parallelism in the

life history of these distinguished scientists.

Their active years in research and authorship cover nearly

the same decades. They prepared themselves for different

careers, one in law, the other in medicine, abandoning them for

the more congenial appeals of science. Each was a contributor

to two or more different subjects not in the same field, Roemer

in mineralogy and paleontology, but principally in geology;

Pfeiffer in the translation of medical works, in botany, and

malacology. Roemer was at home in Latin and Greek, and spoke

English, French, and probably Spanish; Pfeiffer was proficient

in the classical languages, besides having a fluent use of French,

English, Spanish, and a working knowledge of Polish. Each

of them had a comprehensive knowledge of history and belles-

lettres. Roemer was talented as a lecturer, drawing many listen-

ers to his discussions even though they were not students of the

subjects, for they were fascinated by his charming style and

comprehensive knowledge. Pfeiffer was unusually proficient as

an artist making many sketches of subjects in his travels and

drawing the illustrations for his books. He was also an accom-

plished musician on the flute. He sang with fine expression the

baritone parts of the operas of the composer, Spohr, who was

his brother-in-law. The story is told that when the baritone

Oct., 1949] THE NAUTILUS 57

soloist left the choral society Pfeiffer surprised the group by-

volunteering to take his place and he sang at sight the parts to

the delight of all and interpreted the songs of Spohr to the

satisfaction of the composer.

Both were devoted to children: Roemer to his wife's neices

whom he raised as his own daughters; Pfeiffer to his dutiful

children. The travels of both were confined to the continent

of Europe, but each had one significant trip to America, Roemer

to Texas, Pfeiffer to Cuba. Both are distinguished by the ac-

curacy of their observations and the precision of their records.

They refused flattering opportunities in other fields of educa-

tion and service that they might render a better account in their

chosen subjects. On each of them were conferred degrees both

earned and honorary, and they w^ere elected members of many

scientific societies. Both were characterized by the simplicity

of their lives, their sincerity of character, their integrity and

unselfishness, and by their amazing energy. They were prolific

writers and their works won the highest recognition not only in

their own homeland but throughout the world.

We wish that we knew more of their field experiences and

their personal interests and habits. None of us would turn

down an opportunity to accompany such men as these, and

others like Von Mollendorff, Doherty, Arango, Poey, Gundlach,

and Herbert Smith — past masters these in the exploration of

unknown fields of malacological interest. These early pioneers

were too modest and too busy to make records of their methods

of work, their hardships, their means of getting to places now

easily accessible to the present-day naturalist, and it never oc-

curred to them how much their successors would be enriched by

their unpublished diaries.

Biographical Sources, additional to those mentioned in the text

Allgemeine Deutsche Biographic, Leipsig, v. 25, 643-646,

1887.

Enciclopedia Universal Illustrada Europea- Americana, Ma-

drid, V. 44, 353, 354, 1921.

Geiser, S. W., Naturalists of the Frontier, 1939.

Geiser, S. W., Eoemer, Southwest Review, vol. 17, 421-460,

with portrait.

58 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (2)

Simonds, Frederick, Dr. Ferdinand von Roemer, the Father

of the Geology of Texas, his Life and Work, American Geologist,

XXIX, 3, 131-140, with portrait, 1902.

Biographical Sketch of Dr. Louis Pfeiffer in Familie Pfeiffer,

by August Ludwig Pfeiffer, Kassel, 1886, prepared on the basis

of an obituary notice in the Hessische Morgenzeitung of De-

cember 29, 1877, and information handed down by word of

mouth.

The author's grateful acknowledgments are due to: Dr. S. W.

Geiser, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, for cita-

tions from his books. Dr. Karl L. Pfeiffer, Kassel, Germany, for

invaluable records and assistance, for papers of Louis Pfeiffer,

and transcriptions of biographical material in German. Dr. C.

G. Aguayo, Museo Poey, Havana, Cuba, for information con-

cerning Pfeiffer 's work in Cuba, and for Ramsden's sketch of

Dr. Juan Gundlach. Dr. H. A. Pilsbry for critical studies of

Pfeiffer 's species, biographical data, and a portrait of Louis

Pfeiffer. Dr. Allan F. Archer for the identification of species

collected in New Braunfels. Mr. Charles Long, AYitte Museum,

San Antonio, for photographing the type locality of Pohjgyra

hippocrepis and Comal Springs. Mr. Q. B. Schenk, Birming-

ham, Alabama, for photographing Pohjgyra hippocrepis, and

photostats of Roemer 's map of Texas, and a letter of Louis

Pfeiffer. Mr. Albert Wingfield, Birmingham, Alabama, for the

translation of German biographical excerpts and letters. The

Public Library of San Antonio, Texas, for the loan of Roemer 's

Texas, original German edition. The Library of Congress for

research service and photostats of original German biographical

excerpts and papers. Dr. John T. Lonsdale, Director of the

Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas, Austin,

Texas, for transcript of Singley's paper on Texas Mollusca, 1892.

The Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt a/Main, Germany, for

letters of Louis Pfeiffer, with permission to copy.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN INDO-PACIFIC

STROMBUS *

By E. tucker ABBOTT

Assistant Curator, Division of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum

Sexual dimorphism in shell characters is not uncommon among

the dioecious gastropods, although in many species it is expressed

only as a size difference between males and females. No dis-

* Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Oct., 1949] THE NAUTILUS 59

tinctive sexual dimorphism has been demonstrated in the family

Strombidae, although it is common knowledge among a few

Florida collectors that males of Stromhus raninus Gmelin and

S. pugilis alatus Gmelin are often smaller than females. Colton

(1905) attempted to show that the eolumellar angle, and hence

the relative width, in S. pugilis alatus Gmelin is greater in fe-

males than in males. There is some question as to the validity

of his results because of the small number of specimens employed

(28) and the small degree of difference noted (3°).

In 1945, I collected several hundred specimens of small Strom-

hus at the north end of Agana Bay, Guam Island, Marianas.

The shallow, protected waters and the sand-mud bottom of this

area are ideal for large, mixed colonies of S. gihherulus Linne

and 8. flammeus Link, 1807 (= floridus Lamarck, 1822). In the

process of cleaning the shells, females were separated from males.

The latter are easily recognized by the long, slender penis which

is attached to the right side of the body.

Additional observations w^ere made on a colony of Stromhus

gihherulus Linne collected June 5, 1946 by Dr. J. P. E. Morrison

on the southwest side of Igurin Island, Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall

Islands. Since these specimens were preserved in alcohol, it was

possible to separate the sexes.

The shell length of the males and females in each sample popu-

lation was measured, and the results found in the two Guam

colonies have been presented in the graphs shown below. It

will be seen in the growth curves of Stromhus flammeus Link in

fig. B that the males are, on the average, smaller than the fe-

males. The distinct separation of the peaks of the growth

curves is lost when the shell length of both females and males is

plotted, as shown by the dotted line. The extent and overlap-

ping of the range in size of the two sexes is such that the char-

acter of shell length cannot be used as an indication of sex.

Figure A, which is a graph of the males and females of

Stromhus gihherulus Linne from Guam, shows that sexual di-

morphism is present to a very small degree. The Eniwetok

colony of 297 specimens of S. gihherulus, which is not figured

here, showed growth curves very similar to those shown in the

Guam specimens (fig. A). The differences between the sizes of

the two sexes were more pronounced, and suggest that the degree

60

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 63 (2)

of sexual dimorphism, as expressed by size, may differ from one

locality to another. Ecological studies would be necessary to

determine if these geographical differences are genetically

founded or are products of the environment.

Fig. 1. Growth curves based on total shell length of male and female

Stromhus from Agana Bay, Guam Island. A: S. gihberuhis Linn6; B: S.

flammeus Link.

It was noticed that in each of the three colonies there are

fewer males than females. The percentage of males present in

each sampling were 40% (gihherulus, Guam), 437c {gihhcrulus,

Eniwetok) and 40% {flammeus, Guam).

There are two general color phases in Stromhus gihherulus:

(1) the light phase, in which the aperture is white or rarely with

Oct., 1949] THE NAUTILUS 61

yellowish markings and in which the markings on the outside of

the shell are light yellow or nearly absent. (2) the dark phase,

in which the columella and interior of the aperture are variously

splotched with deep or light purple and in which the markings

on the outer shell are light to dark brown. No correlation was

found between sex and color phase. At Eniwetok, 38 males and

51 females were dark, 92 males and 119 females light. At Guam,

36 males and 30 females were dark, 76 males and 136 females

light. In both these colonies there were roughly twice as many

light as dark phase individuals. At Tutuila Island, Samoa,

however, a colony possessed, in contrast, only 280 light phase to

452 dark phase individuals. These color phases are probably

genetically controlled, since individuals of each type are found

in the same immediate habitat, and since individuals do not

change from one phase to the other during their life span.

Whether or not the predominance of one phase over the other

follows a geographical gradient can be determined only when

large series from many localities are available for study.

Goodrich (1944) made an extensive series of measurements of

shell length of Stromhus pugilis alatus Gmelin from Sanibel

Island. Rather than measure 1100 specimens, he arbitrarily

chose the 10 largest and 10 smallest specimens of each group of

100 specimens. No growth curve can be constructed from his

raw data to determine whether or not the population curve is

bimodal as in the case of our graph B of ;S^. flammeus Link. It

may be noted in Goodrich's material, however, that the relative

width of the 110 largest specimens is exactly the same as that in

the 110 smallest specimens. Were Colton's assumption correct

that females are relatively wider, and if females on the average

are larger, we would expect to find a difference in relative width

of small and large specimens. Further study on sexual di-

morphism in Stromhus by some Florida student is needed.

Eeferences

CoLTON, H. S., 1905: Sexual Dimorphism in ^trombus pugilis

Linne. Nautilus, vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 139-140.

Goodrich, C., 1944: Variations in Stromhus pugilis alatus. Occ.

Papers Mus. Zool., Mich., no. 490, pp. 1-10.

Lamy, E., 1937 : Sur le dimorphisme sexuel des coquiUes. Jour,

de ConchylioL. vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 283-301.

62 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (2)

AN INDIAN SPECIES OF CLENCHIELLA

By R. tucker ABBOTT

Since the publication of the diagnosis of the genus Clenchiella

(Nautilus, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 75-80, 1948), the description of a

species from Port Canning, India, has been found in the litera-

ture which in all likelihood is referable to this genus. It was

described by G. Nevill in 1877 as Valvata ( 1) microscopica (Cat.

Moll. Indian Mus., fasc. E., p. 21). Its small size, shape, sculp-

turing, coloring, operculum and brackish water habitat seem to

indicate that it is congeneric with C. victoriae Abbott of the

Philippines. Probably this genus is widespread throughout the

East Indies and the Indian Ocean, but has escaped notice be-

cause of the small size of the shells. Clenchiella microscopica

does not appear to have been collected since Nevill's day. The

original description reads :

''Shell exceedingly minute, orbicular, moderately thin, de-

pressed, and discoidal; four whorls, moderate, convex, with dis-

tinct suture, the last whorl increasing rapidly; the shell, both

above and below, rugosely and distinctly spirally striated, deeply

umbilicated, with rounded and proportionately rather large

aperture; the specimens were coated with some thick black

deposit ; when cleaned the shell presents a brownish-red appear-

ance; the operculum examined under the microscope is horny

and circular, of comparatively rather thick substance ; it appears

to be multi-spiral, but we were not able to make out the structure

quite satisfactorily. Diam. 1^^ mil."

Nevill collected 30 specimens in a brackish water pond about a

quarter of a mile from the river. He stated that ''it is very

doubtful if it can remain in the Valvatidae; probably it will

prove to be a new section of the genus Hydro!) ia, or even pos-

sibly a tropical Skenea.''

I am uncertain whether or not Nevill's species is the same as

C. victoriae, and only examination of the types of C. microscop-

ica would solve this point. Correspondence with and a careful

search by the authorities of the Zoological Survey of India failed

to bring the types to light. In 1942, when danger of invasion

seemed imminent, the mollusk collection was moved to Kaiser

Castle, Cantt, India. The collections have now been returned

to Calcutta. I am told that no molluscan worker is at present

located in this part of India.

Oct., 1949]

THE NAUTILUS

63

ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF GASTRODONTA

FONTICULA WURTZ IN WEST VIRGINIA

By GORDON K. MacMILLAN

Carnegie Museum

Charles B. Wurtz described a new land snail from West

Virginia as Gastrodonta fonticula in The NautHjUS, vol. 61,

1948, p. 86, pi. 6, fig. 3. Upon a reexamination of the specimens

of Gastrodonta interna (Say) in the collections of the Section

of Invertebrates at the Carnegie Museum from that State made

by Neil D. Kichmond, Charles B. Wurtz, and myself in 1937

and 1938, G. fonticula can be reported from the following

localities. The number after each locality refers to its location

on the accompanying map. The distribution of G. fonticula

has thus been plotted, in order that a better perspective of its

occurrence throughout the state can be obtained.

■^

/

^.z"

■/^.

Tyrt,

^^tf ^^

\

r

64 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (2)

Boone County: cliffs and hillside 1/2 mile east of Peytona, 1.

Tiger Rock, along- Sandy Creek near Peytona, 2. Dry ravine,

Draudy Mt. 5 miles southwest of Peytona, 3. Wooded hillside,

Lens Creek Mt. 3 miles north of Racine, 4. Steep ravine, 1

mile southeast of Seth, 5.

Clay County: Elk River and Camp Creek Valleys 11/2 miles

south of Clay, 6.

Logan County: Damp ravine, Blair Mt. 1 mile southwest of

Blair, 7. Cliffs and hillside 2 miles southeast of Blair, 8. Hill-

side along Huff Creek 2 miles east of Davin, 9. Hillside and

bottoms along Spruce Fork, 1 mile east of Sharpies, 10.

McDowell County: Wooded hillside 3 miles north of laeger,

11. Steep hillside 2 miles south of Panther, 12.

Upshur County: Woods, farm of Maurice Brooks II/2 miles

south of French Creek, 13.

Wyoming County: Steep, open hillside 1% miles southwest

of Pineville, 16.

As with the observations made by Wurtz, no specimens of

G. interna were found associated with G. fonticula at any of the

above localities.

Wurtz reported that the type and paratypes of G. fonticula

are housed in the collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences

of Philadelphia and two paratypes in his ow^n collection. The

Section of Invertebrates of the Carnegie Museum contains one

specimen of G. fonticula from Hudnall, Kanawha County, West

Virginia, presented by Charles Wurtz to the Section in De-

cember, 1937. This specimen has been designated as a Topo-

type by me upon the assumption that it came from the type

locality.

All the specimens of G. fonticula had been obtained from

localities within the drainage system of the Ohio River. The

ancestral specimens presumably entered West Virginia by way

of Tug Fork of the Big Sandy, the Guyandot, and the Kanawha

Rivers. French Creek falls within the Monongahela system, but

the ancestral specimens of G. fonticula from that area did not

enter West Virginia along the Monongahela River as no speci-

mens of it occur north of that locality. The French Creek speci-

mens presumably migrated, with other species along the Kana-

wha Valley, the snails moving from the Kanawha drainage

Oct., 1949] THE NAUTILUS 65

system to the Monongahela system. The source of Laurel Fork

of French Creek is very close to the source of a small branch

of the Little Kanawha River. The distance between these two

sources is not more than one-eighth of a mile, and both originate

on the same ridge but on opposite sides.

G. fonticida might have been in existence in the area within

French Creek while still present in the Kanawha system. Its

occurrence in the drainage of French Creek might be explained

by stream capture of a part of the Little Kanawha system by

Laurel Fork of French Creek. However, there is no definite

proof as yet that this actually took place, and this supposition

is only a conjecture on my par.t.

G. fonticula seems to prefer a habitat consisting of dense

woods on a more or less steep gradient. In this type of situation

there is a predominance of limestone, but it will also inhabit

sandstone areas. This is the same type of habitat in which

G. interna is found. With this in view, the development of G.

fonticula as a distinct species from G. interna, or from an an-

cestral form common to both, cannot be attributed to ecological

differences in habitats, but to some other isolating factor. G.

fonticula and G. interna are at present isolated geographically

as, stated above, these two species do not occur together in the

same locality.

These new locality records are also mentioned in "The Land

Snails of West Virginia," MacMillan, Annals of the Carnegie

Museum, vol. 31, 1949, p. 179, but not as fully as in this paper.

NEW CERITHIIDAE FROM FLORIDA

By H. a. PILSBRY

Thericium chara new species. PI. 1, Fig. 11.

The shell is long and very slender, the greatest diameter nearly

one fourth of the length, buff with some minute speckles of

brown on the spirals or scattered, chiefly on the back of the last

whorl. The nucleus is lost, the early whorls remaining being

white in one specimen, black in others, with two spiral ridges.

Later whorls have strong axial ribs narrower than their inter-

vals, about 7 on each whorl. Spiral sculpture of threads, on

66 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (2)

the spire about three being distinctly larger. On the last whorl

there are four principal spirals, the lower two being strong cords,

the base below them concave with fine spirals. The aperture is

oval. The anterior canal long and recurved. Parietal callus

rather strong, with an angular tubercle defining a posterior

commissure.

Length 22.7 mm., diameter 5.4 mm. ; 15 whorls.

About seven miles off Hudson, Florida in 3 fms. (Frank

Lyman). Type and paratypes 185477 ANSP.

T. chara is remarkable for its slender shape and numerous

whorls. By the shape of the aperture, the rather strong basal

cord and the speckled coloration, this species and the next re-

semble T. muscarum (Say), apparently being off-shore represen-

tatives of that group. Some of the small slender forms referred

by Kobelt (Icon, schalentrag. europ. Meeresconch. 4: 93) to

Cerithium vulgatum gracile Philippi, such as C. vulgatum var.

longissima B. D. & D. and var. repanda Monts. (Moll, du

Roussillon, I, pi. 22), resemble our Florida shells rather closely,

but these forms from the Gulf of Gabes, on sponges, do not

appear to be directly related to our species.

Thericium lymani new species. PI. 1, Fig. 12.

The shell is rather slender, the greatest diameter about one-

third of the length. Color buff, irregularly and sparsely

sprinkled with chocolate dots or short dashes. Nucleus lost, the

earliest whorl remaining either black or white. Later whorls

are angular, with a submedian series of axially lengthened some-

what pointed tubercles, about 8 on the penult whorl. Spiral

sculpture of fine nearly even striae, and on the last whorl two

somewhat nodulose cords above the concavity of the base. The

aperture is oval, with a short anterior canal which is straight

or but little recurved. An entering ridge defines a posterior

commissure.

Length 22 mm., diameter 8.3 mm. ; 13 whorls.

Off Hudson, Florida. Type and paratypes 185475 ANSP.

This is evidently related to the preceding species but it is a

less slender shell with a series of strong tubercles below the

middle of each whorl. There is often a series of small subsu-

tural tubercles. The anterior canal is shorter, less recurved.

Named for Mr. Frank Lyman, of Lantana, who collected the

specimens of both species.

Oct., 1949] THE NAUTILUS 67

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

By MARGAEET C. TESKEY

The fifteenth annual meeting of the A.M.U. was held in

Miami, or to be specific, in Coral Gables, Florida, June 16th

to 18th, 1949. The University of Miami flung open its modern-

istic doors to 44 registered members, who began to gather on

the afternoon and evening of June 15th.

Thursday forenoon was devoted to registration in the beau-

tiful Students' Club on the main campus. Old friends and new

drifted in, until by noon the gathering was nearly complete.

The Faculty dining room was assigned for the use of the group,

and after lunch all repaired to the meeting room in the Me-

morial Classroom Building in still another part of the campus.

The University of Miami is anything but a crowded group of

buildings. The campus is a series of wide-open spaces, and

strolling from dormitories to cafeteria and to meeting room,

afforded time for plenty of discussion.

President Elmer G. Berry formally opened the first session

at 2:00 P.M., introducing Dean Charles Tharp of the College

of Liberal Arts, who made a gracious welcoming address. Dr.

Berry in reply said that one of the charms of the A.M.U. is its

informality, and that he spoke for the Union in voicing gratitude

for the privilege of meeting in such delightful surroundings.

The following papers were then presented, each bringing forth

much instructive discussion: "Malacology and Nomenclature,"

by Dr. Carlos G. Aguayo, ''Synopsis of the Cuban Macroceramus

and Microceramus/^ by Dr. Paul Bartsch, ''Some Kodachromes

of Live Achatina fulica,'* by William J. Clench, " MoUuscacidal

Experiments in Brownsville, Texas," by Dr. Elmer G. Berry,

"The Occurrence of Render sonia occulta in Pennsylvania," by

Gordan K. MacMillan, and "A Biographical Sketch of Dr. C.

Montague Cooke, Jr.," prepared by Yoshio Kondo and read by

Dr. H. B. Baker. The Clench and MacMillan papers were illus-

trated by slides.

It was during this initial session that the reports of the Sec-

retary and the Treasurer were read by Margaret Teskey, acting

68 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (2)

for Imogene C. and Harold R. Robertson, who were unable to

be present. Reports accepted as read.

The annual dinner was held at 6 :30 in the Faculty dining

room, followed by a short address by Dr. Bartsch paying tribute

to Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, to which Dr. Pilsbry replied briefly.

Then still another room of this amazing ''College of Tomor-

row" was thrown open, and in the Upper Den of the Students'

Club, movies of underwater scenes and of the activities of the

Marine Biological Laboratories of the University of Miami were

shown, accompanied by the running comment of Dr. Charles E.

Lane, who is in charge of this department. Afterward the as-

semblage remained to chat for another hour, while the Council

meeting was being conducted in an adjoining room.

The program began Friday with the report of the Council

after which nominations were read and officers for the coming

year were elected as follows: President, Dr. Fritz Haas; Vice-

president, Dr. Joseph P. E. Morrison; 2nd Vice-president, John

Q. Burch (President A.M.U.P.) ; Secretary, Imogene C. Robert-

son; Treasurer, Harold R. Robertson; Executive Councillors,

Dr. C. G. Aguayo, Dr. Jos. Bequaert, Dr. G. D. Hanna, Dr.

Jeanne Schwengel.

It was announced that no decision had been reached on the

time or place of the 1950 meeting, and that these would be

decided and announced later.

Another matter discussed by the Council and brought before

the members was the question of the Nautilus Index, a project

on which Dr. Aurele LaRocque and his colleagues at the Uni-

versity of Michigan have labored long and exhaustivelj^ and

which is now ready for the printer, needing only financial back-

ing for completion. It was the consensus of opinion that this

comprehensive index will be of great value to everyone con-

cerned, and that it deserves the support of every member.

The program of this morning session was as follows: an un-

scheduled but much appreciated showing of slides by Mrs.

Lillian Cockerill, illustrating a part of her collection of shells.

''The Reproduction in the Cuban Land Snail, Caracolus sage-

mon/' prepared by Dr. Luis Howell Rivero and read by William

Clench; the dissections described were exhibited. "Another

Technique for the Preparation of Radulae," by Dr. Henry Van

Oct., 1949] THE NAUTILUS 69

der Schalie. Dr. Van der Schalie asked that anyone observing

in Succinea an abnormal swollen and banded tentacle, send that

specimen to him for study by one of his students.

Noon-time afforded opportunity for some hurried collecting

in the scrub area near the cafeteria, and when someone discov-

ered that the lily pool harbored a variety of aquatic species,

some frantic "dipping" ensued until the signal was given to

re-convene.

These papers were read at the afternoon session: '* Notes on

the Florida Species of Bursa/'' prepared by Dr. J. P. E. Mor-

rison and read by Paul L. McGinty. ''Collecting Boards for

Teredo Studies," by Mr. Clench, who asked that those in a geo-

graphical position to do so, prepare these boards according to

the two plans illustrated, and so aid in the very important pro-

gram of ship-worm control now being carried on. Dr. Robert H.

Williams of the staff of the Marine Biological Laboratory spoke

of the organization and program of that unit of the University

of Miami. Dr. Isabel P. Farfante read ''An Exhibition of

marine moUusks from the Argentine," and passed about a col-

lection of these shells. ' ' Recent Investigations in Medical Mala-

cology," by Dr. Berry, completed the afternoon session.

The University kindly furnished a bus for transportation

downtown, and the entire company gathered in the Pan-Ameri-

can Room of the Columbia Hotel to enjoy Dr. Jeanne

SchwengeUs lavish hospitality at a cocktail party and buffet

supper. These parties, which of late years have become almost

a tradition, liven up the A.M.U. meetings at which she is present,

providing the "frosting on the cake," so to speak, and the

gracious hostess is to be congratulated on her contribution to

the program.

Following this much appreciated event, Mr. Ted Dranga

issued an invitation to all to visit his near-by shop, and for an

hour the attractive store, offering shells and shell products,

was jammed with an enthusiastic throng w^ho, at a late hour and

in a driving rain, straggled back to the campus dormitories, to

rest after a long, long day.

Saturday was devoted to field trips. Here the University

again came gallantly to the fore ; two busses were provided,

stocked with all the o:ear w^hich mijrht be needed for the diving

70 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (2)

trip aboard the Laboratory boat, which transported 15 persons

to a submerged reef off Elliott Key, and for the 22 who preferred

to keep two feet, albeit wet feet, on terra firma. These latter

were taken to a sponge and coral-studded shoal at Key Largo,

with Donald Moore and Herbert Voss acting as guides. It will

long be a matter of controversy whether the delights of seeing

finny and shelly population at home, through a diving helmet,

equal or surpass the joy of tipping up a slab of coral rock and

capturing the mollusks dwelling thereunder. And another ar-

gument: which is worse, sea-sickness or ferocious mosquitoes?

On one thing agreement was unanimous: it was a never-to-be-

forgotten day.

So ended another annual get-together of the A.M.U. The

few who did not go on either field trip, left Miami during the

day. There was a general exodus on Saturday evening; only a

few met for breakfast on Sunday morning before saying good-

bye. May we all meet again, soon !

NOTES AND NEWS

An overlooked Chinese unionid. — The species to which the

title of this note refers is contained in the following book : Dabry

de Thiersant, C.P., La pisciculture et la peche en Chine. 4°.

Paris, 1872, 195 pp., pis. 1-35, 35bis, 36-50.

The text and plates 1-35 are dealing with fishery and its

methods, the plates showing the corresponding implements used

in China. The plates 36-50 and their explanations show the

various kinds of Chinese fishes, and on plate 35bis, there is ex-

cellently represented, in natural size, a fresh water shell to

which, at the bottom, the following name is given : Symphonota

Ihuysii J. L. Soubeiran and Dabry. No mention of this shell

or its figure can be found in the text.

Since the picture in question is fully recognizable in all de-

tails, so that it constitutes a description without words, since a

binominary name is given to it, and since its provenance as

Chinese cannot be doubted, Symphonota Ihuysii seems to be

satisfactorily described and cannot be regarded a nomen nudum.

Oct., 1949] THE NAUTILUS 71

However, since the shell thus described and depicted repre-

sents undoubtedly one of the phases of the highly variable Cris-

taria plicata plicata (Leach), it does not add to our knowledge

of the Chinese unionid fauna, but adds only to the synonymy of

Cristaria plicata plicata. — Dr. F. Haas, Chicago.

The mollusk fauna of glasshouses in the Netherlands. —

In Basteria, 13 : 1-44, June, 1949, A. D. J. Meeuse and B. Hubert

have given a list with copious notes of the mollusks of green-

houses in Amsterdam, Utrecht and other Dutch cities. The fol-

lowing species native to the United States were found: Heli-

codiscus parallelus (Say), Hawaiia minuscula (Binn.), Pseudo-

succinea columella (Say) and Gyraulus parvus (Say). There

are several tropical American species, an unexpected one being

Varicella clappi Pils., of Jamaica. In all 41 species from various

countries were found. — H. A. P.

Gastrodonta fonticula Wurtz. — In Mr. MacMillan's article

concerning this species in this number of The Nautilus he

designates as a topotype a specimen of G. fonticula from

Hudnall, W. Va., which was collected by me. This specimen

is unquestionably a part of that collection which represents the

type material of the species. The two paratypes which Mr.

MacMillan mentions as being in my collection have since been

deposited (one each) in the U. S. National Museum and the

Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard. — Charles B.

Wurtz.

The Phil L. Marsh collection has been acquired on loan by

the University Museum of Zoology at Ann Arbor, Michigan. It

contains thousands of prepared and cataloged shells, maps of

shell distribution, and other valuable material, and is partially

the result of special expeditions made by Dr. Marsh while he was

affiliated with the Museum of Zoology. After a five-year period,

and upon agreement of Dr. Marsh, the collection will become a

permanent part of the Museum. There are approximately 20,-

000 lots of shells in the collection. About one-third of them are

marine species collected by Dr. Marsh while he was a resident

of California. The larger portion of the collection contains land

72 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (2)

and fresh-water species taken mostly from Michigan and adjoin-

ing states.

LiGUUS ENLARGES ITS MENU. — In a letter from my friend Nancy

F. (Mrs. Richard R.) Quigley, of Lock Haven, Pa., she mentions

a new comestible on the Liguus bill-of-fare. As I believe that

others have had difficulty in finding anything those fastidious

snails will eat in captivity, I send you the following quotation

from her letter. ''After we left Sanibel this Spring, we went

to Marathon on the Keys for a week. I obtained some Liguus

from Key Largo, not knowing they were 'restricted' [Wildlife is

'protected' in The Everglades National Park — J. S.] As a

matter of fact, they were given to me, but it wasn't until I

reached home and looked them up in Dr. Pilsbry's book, that

I realized I shouldn't have them!

"Then what to do! We kept them in a box with plenty of

fresh lettuce and frequent sprinklings of water on the way home.

They were alive and fine when we arrived. After reading that

they ate only 'a minute fungus' I was desperate. We tried

all kinds of protein, thinking they would possibly eat that, or

the mold or fungus that develops on cheese. Carnation Malted

Milk did the trick. They love it !

"I spray a strong solution of malted milk on the sides of the

glass aquarium every day. Every other day I clean the bowl

thoroughly and put fresh lettuce in the bottom. The lettuce

was originally put in to break their fall and hold moisture, but

now they are eating the lettuce. I have had them almost four

months, and they have grown new shell, which is much more

vividly colored than that which had developed with their normal

diet. It said in Dr. Pilsbry's book that they were nocturnal.

Anytime that I spray them with water the}^ emerge and start

hunting for food. Apparently the heavy dew at night on the

Keys is necessary for their moving about.

"Maybe this is all known to you. If it is, please excuse an

amateur's ravings. But I had to write some one and find out

if Liguus had ever been raised on Carnation Milk before." —

Jeanne S. Schwengel.

The nautilus

Vol. 63 JANUARY, 1950 No. 3

SOME PRELIMINARY NOTES ON THE DISTRIBU-

TION OF MOLLUSCA IN THE LAKES OF

THE WESTERN STATES

By JOSHUA L. BAILY, JR.

The exploration of inland lakes has always fascinated me.

Perhaps this interest dates from the reading" of Oliver Optic's

stories for boys long before I became addicted to the study of

malacology, and perhaps to the fact that there were no large

lakes in the vicinity of where I was born and raised may also

have been a factor. Consequently, when the wedding of a

nephew in Denver, the Goethe bicentennial celebration in Aspen,

and the opportunity to ride some of the few remaining narrow

gauge railroads which radiate from Durango coincided to de-

mand the presence of Ruth Ingersoll Baily and myself in the

Rocky Mountain area, we decided to take advantage of the op-

portunity to visit the relict lakes in the Bonneville and Lahontan

basins, to gather some of the remarkable species of Carinifex,

Parapholyx, and Pyrgulopsis for which they are so justly cele-

brated.

We had, of course, heard rumors of the peculiar distribution of

these genera, but even so we were not prepared for what we found

— that not only did each lake tend to have its own peculiar fauna

but also that each lake seems divided into local areas whose

faunas differ from each other just as the stars differ among them-

selves in glory. For instance, the west shore of Bear Lake is a

mud beach, whose fauna is characterized by the same genera that

one expects to find anywhere — Physa, Lymnaea, and Helisoma.

But at the north and south ends of the lake there are sand

beaches whose vegetation is somewhat suggestive of that of

marine sand dunes. The resemblance is accentuated by the oc-

currence of a Sphaeriiim with a large heavy shell that looks as if

it would feel more at home in the ocean than in an inland lake.

73

74 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

In addition there is a Carinifex which is so abundant that it is

hardly possible to walk on the beach without crushing quantities

of them. To us who had never collected this species before this

seemed a sacrilege.

At the Idaho end of the lake Carinifex grows to be half as

large again as at the Utah end. At both localities it has a thick

heavy texture, like that of Physa in the Salton basin, and quite

unlike that of living Carinifex in Klamath Lake. We saw no

living specimens, and as those on the beach were either bleached

white or of a dark blue-black color like the shells of Busycon and

Pecten from the Pleistocene mud banks of New Jersey which one

occasionally encounters on the beach after storms, we concluded

that they were fossils. Whether Carinifex still lives in the

depths of Bear Lake is a question to be solved by dredging.

On both sand beaches occurs one species each of Fluminicola

and Amnicola and two of Valvata. At the north end two addi-

tional species of Valvata, making four in all, occur, and the

young of an Oreohelix was found in the drift.

We were surprised to find shells on the beach of the Great Salt

Lake, for in nearly everything that has ever been published

about this strange inland sea it is stated that the only metazoan

inhabiting its saline waters is the brine shrimp. Yet in the

beach drift Physa and Lymnaea are plentiful, and Gyraulus and

Amnicola somewhat less so. That other collectors before us had

found some of these same species is evidenced by their occurrence

in the collection of the Museum of Natural History in San Diego.

They can be found not only in the drift along the upper beach

level but also embedded in the salt crust which binds the sand

at the water's edge. They may be fossils, but they do not look

like fossils. Neither does it seem likely that they may have

drifted into the lake from a fresh water stream, for there is no

fresh water entering the lake nearby. Their occurrence on the

Great Salt Lake beach is likely to remain a mystery until some

future malacologist whose search for living specimens in their

home has been crowned with success exclaims in the words of

Brigham Young, ''This is the place."

In Utah Lake one finds the same species of Carinifex, Flumini-

cola, and Sphaerium as at Bear Lake, and in addition a Ferrissia

and an Amnicola, the latter apparcMitly a different species. All

Jan., 1950] the nautilus 75

these can be found on the sand beach near the boat landing at

Provo, as well as at Saratoga on the opposite shore, together with

land shells of the Zonitidae, Succineidae, and Pupillidae. None

of these are found at Geneva, where the outstanding species is a

large Physa, apparently not found elsewhere. None of these

were seen alive. The surface of the lake is covered wdth a filthy

scum discharged by the steel plant at Geneva. Unless Uncle

Sam steps in and calls a halt it is likely that the next generation

will see the complete extermination of all aquatic life in this

interesting body of water.

So much for Lake Bonneville. To the west lies the valley of

Lake Lahontan, which differs in its physiographic features from

Lake Bonneville chiefly in that about half of its total area was

occupied by a mountainous island, so that its water surface had

the form of a comparatively narrow ring, which today is com-

pletely dry except in its lowest levels, which are occupied by

Pyramid and Humboldt Lakes. This ring-shaped valley had

three extensions, one to the southward which included Carson

Lake, now dry, and Walker Lake, which is still a sizable body

of water though it is rapidly drying up; one to the northwest

which includes the dry bed of Honey Lake; and one that pene-

trated the interior island which was formerly occupied by Win-

nemucca Lake.

Pyramid Lake is to us the most interesting of all. Certainly

it is the most surprising. One strives in vain to recapture the

emotions of the first pathfinder who after days of interminable

hardships while crossing the alkali plain suddenly beheld the

sapphire waters of this lake, and watched its amethyst waves

tipped with white like the breasts of its own pelicans, as they

briefly caressed the margin of the sage brush desert before sink-

ing into its sands to disappear one at a time. The fact that this

lake is on an Indian Reservation explains why it is possible to

drive for many miles along its shore without seeing either a beer

can or a paper drinking cup, or any hot dog stand such as those

which disfigure Lake Tahoe. Its primitive beauty is unspoiled,

and in that respect unique.

Conchologically its outstanding feature is the genus Pyrgu-

lopsis of which there are two species, one of which appears to be

nondescript and not found elsewhere. The other also occurs in

76 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

the dry bed of Winnemucea Lake and on the beach of Walker

Lake, but is not plentiful there. One must search diligently to

find it at all, and that is quite a chore when the thermometer

reads 97 in the shade, or would do so if there were any shade.

Carinifex is found in Walker Lake but not in Winnemucea or

Humboldt Lakes, where its place seems to be taken by Para-

pholyx. Both genera occur in Pyramid Lake, but Carinifex is

quite scarce, several hours search resulting in a single specimen.

Perhaps these two genera illustrate Gause's law, that when two

species occupy the same niche in the environment one of them

must disappear.

Near the northern limit of Lake Lahontan is the locality where

Carl and Laura Hubbs found Goniohasis interioris about eight

years ago. With the help of very explicit instructions from

these two explorers we found the exact locality from which they

obtained their material but we did not find Goniohasis. Agri-

cultural developments have necessitated the diversion of all sur-

face water and that additional artesian wells be drilled. There

are no dead shells in the dried up water courses, and none at all

in the water above the diversion dams. If Dr. and Mrs. Hubbs

had not made their find when they did the existence of this inter-

esting pleuroceratid would never have been suspected.

Single species of Anodonta inhabits Pyramid and Walker

Lakes, and occurs in a semifossil condition in Carson Lake, but

the large Sphaerium of Lake Bonneville seems to be absent from

the Lahontan basin. The same species of Fluminicola occurs in

both, but it is interesting to note that the Fluminicola and Val-

vata from Humboldt Lake appear to be not conspecific with the

representatives of these genera found elsewhere in the two

basins. The complete absence of any shells at all in Smoke

Creek Desert is remarkable, for in its appearance it does not

differ conspicuously from Winnemucea Lake.

The greater part of Honey Lake is also devoid of any evidence

of molluscan habitation, but after an all day search a limited

area was discovered late in the afternoon where one species each

of Gyraulus, Helisoma, and Physa were taken, and two of

Lymnaea, one of which we did not see anywhere else in either

basin.

The question naturally arises. Why are all these lakes drying

Jan., 1950] the nautilus 77

up ? The answer is simple. Too much water is being diverted

from the streams which feed them, to be impounded behind dams

for irrigation. The evaporation of the Pleistocene lakes was a

slow process which required long periods of geological time, but

todaj^ the turbulent current which Lake Tahoe pours into the

Truckee River becomes an invisible trickle where it flows into

Pyramid Lake, and the surface level of Walker Lake has been

dropping about a foot each year for the past quarter century,

according to the testimony of an Indian who lives nearby.

Lake Tahoe, of course, was never part of Lake Lahontan, but

it belongs to the same drainage system. Unlike the relict lakes

which are relatively shallow, Lake Tahoe is deep enough to have

a true abyssal fauna, but it is doubtful whether its molluscan life

extends to its greatest depths. Along its beaches shells are

neither plentiful nor conspicuous, and in one day's driving

around it we found only four specimens — all of them Carinifex.

The shells were paper thin, quite unlike those from the relict

lakes generally considered conspecific.

The patient reader who has perused this narrative thus far

has doubtless noticed the absence of specific names. Specific

identifications in the Great Basin genera are attended with much

greater difficulty than in the days when Israel Cook Russell

wrote his monumental treatise nearly three quarters of a century

ago. Although this is still the leading work on the subject the

chapter dealing with the Mollusca is quite inadequate to meet

present day needs, largely because modern research has brought

about the dismemberment of the old nineteenth century species

to make half a dozen new ones of each. This necessary result

has so increased the difficulty of making specific determinations

that we do not feel justified in undertaking such a task at

present.

Further, Russell did not realize how limited and discontinuous

was the distribution of many species. He merely recorded what

species had been taken in Lake Lahontan, but what we need to

know is exactly where each one is found. It is also necessary

that the horizons in the different valleys that make up the bed

of the ancient lake be correlated and that the horizon from which

each sample of shells was obtained be recorded.

On the west side of Pyramid Lake the highway intersects the

78 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

ancient beach level of Lake Lahontan. Shells from this region

are essentially the same as those from the waters edge, except

that there are no blue-black specimens from the upper terrace.

(Incidentally, we saw no blue-black shells in Winnemucca Lake.)

Except for this detail the resemblance between the two faunas

is so great as to justify the conclusion that the one gave rise to

the other. But the species in the Lahontan terrace do not occur

in Honey Lake, and those in Honey Lake do not occur in the

Lahontan terrace. Whether or not this fact should be inter-

preted to mean that the Honey Lake fauna was introduced at

some time after the water level had begun to recede is one w^hose

solution must be held in abeyance until a more detailed concho-

logical survey of the tw^o basins has been made, that will require

the cooperation of many workers.

In the preparation of this report we would like to express our

gratitude to our cousins, Fisher C. and Margaret F. Baily, of

Reno, Nevada, who accompanied us to Lake Tahoe and to Honey

Lake, and without whose persistent encouragement the site of the

Honey Lake fauna would have eluded us.

GONIOBASIS PROXIMA (SAY)

By CALVIN GOODRICH

It is practise to call the single Goniohasis of mountainous

North Carolina G. proxima (Say) whether it is in the Tennessee

River basin or the more direct drainage to the Atlantic. So far

as shell characters offer any clue there is no difference between

the forms of one basin and the other. These are of very simple

terms, and it might be difficult to imagine further subtraction

of features. Yet since as a rule differentiation is marked as

between goniobases of southern river systems, and indeed, some-

times within the same system — take the genus in the Coosa,

Cahaba and Black Warrior rivers for example — one is pursued

by the suspicion that G. proxima of the western French Broad

and the east-flowing Broad is not identical anatomically.

Support for the suspicion is lent by a consideration of bio-

logical relationships. Going down the French Broad, G. clavae-

formis (Lea) is met with in side streams and after that G. sim-

Jan., 1950] the nautilus 79

plex (Say), the three species surely relatives. But the G.

proxima of streams of the eastern escarpment does not lead to

G. simplex, but through G. symmetrica (Haldeman) to G. vir-

ginica (Gmelin). This is toward the northeast. The Broad

River flowing southeast through South Carolina becomes the

Santee. Far down in the Santee is an area occupied by G.

catenaria (Say), a notably plicate species. Related to this shell

is the less plicate G. dislocata (Ravenel), a race of which has

been found in tributaries of the Broad just about where the true

uplands leave oif and the Piedmont, so-called, begins. All of

which appears to argue that ^'G. proxima'' is an end-product of

three distinct groups.

It sometimes seems that G. proxima, meaning here both eastern

and western forms, is merely hanging on, and that the next

freshet will carry it away altogether. On the other hand, an

occasional colony is made up of innumerable members, two or

three in the Catawba of McDowell County, North Carolina, for

instance. In a mere field rivulet I have seen individuals so

packed together that the bed of the rill was black with them.

Returning to the locality after a year, I could see none. While

it is odd to think that migration occurred, there were no dead

shells present to suggest destruction. Colonies almost as large

occup3^ springs along the French Broad River. The main stream

is polluted first by w^astes of a tannin factory and then by do-

mestic sewage. In only one place below the factory were the

shells come upon, and this was where water of a brook entered

and for a few square feet acted as a shield against contamina-

tion. No doubt the whole river once had populations of gas-

tropods as, within recent years at least, the shells were abundant

at the mouth.

Long ago it was observed that G. aterina Lea of the type

locality, Cumberland Gap, was a mountain climber. Until the

spring it inhabited w^as to put to use as a community water

source, the species covered the rocks of a steep slope five or six

hundred feet high. It lived in miniature falls, in spray, often

merely on wet stones. The same habit is to be seen in G. prox-

ima. It climbs far up in torrents that virtually have no quiet

waters. It sometimes goes, in fact, as far up as there is water

to let it. Latelv, the shell was discovered in the meager flow

80 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

from a dripping hillside spring. Connection with the mother

stream was cut off by road work except by seepage. The mol-

lusks had lived and reproduced in two or three inches of water

for a number of years, and they will disappear if and when an

especially dry season comes along, all chance of restoration as a

eolonj^ having passed. Flood and silt have done for shells in

many of the occupied valleys, and of course the mania for build-

ing power dams (at government expense) is increasing the speed

of annihilation. It may be that in time the shells remaining will

be those individuals that have taken to mountain climbing.

The peristome or outer lip of G. proxima is very nearly

straight except where a shell now and then succeeds in reaching

old age. This is what may be expected of moUusks forced to

live in a rush of w^ater. The foot of the animal has to cling to

the rocks. A crevice such as that formed by an incurved lip

would serve as a spot for an entering wedge, as the phrase goes.

Now it is a general habit in the genus for juveniles and adoles-

cents to keep to the faster currents, for adults to seek the quieter

stations, eddies or the lee of boulders or muddy banks. It is

in such spots that old specimens of G. proxima are to be found,

and that an incurved peristome can, as it were, be afforded.

A note may be added of the G. catenaria dislocata aforemen-

tioned. Specimens of it came to Lea that he named G. sparten-

hurgensis. This was for the town or county of Spartanburg,

South Carolina, drained by the Broad River. Search has been

made for the shell, but for a hundred years the area has been

given over to cotton growing, and no land washes worse than a

cotton field. Streams of Iowa look no more evil than do those

of the Piedmont. For the clean-living Goniohasis existence is

denied.

TWO PACIFIC SPECIES OF PROS

By JEANNE S. SCHWENGEL

Phos lannumi new species. PI. 5, fig. 3.

Shell small, of 91/2 whorls, over two and one-half times as long

as wide. The apex of two and one-(iuarter embryonic whorls is

blunt, smooth and glassy, slightly tipped. The following three

whorls are straight-sided, with the last four whorls slightly and

•

Jan., 1950] the nautilus 81

increasingly rounded. The suture is distinct. The entire shell

is nodulously, longitudinally ribbed, with spaces between the

ribs not quite equal to the width of the ribs. The first four

post-nuclear whorls have three nodules to a rib and between most

nodules a heavy continuous line, some of which thicken into

nodules, half the thickness of the primary three, so that on the

sixth whorl there are five spiral rows of nodules and on the

seventh or body whorl, there are fourteen nodules on fifteen

longitudinal ribs, the last rib forming a varix behind the outer

lip of the aperture. The color is light buff with the nodules

irregularly cinnamon colored. On the first five whorls the first

and second spiral row of nodules are mostly cinnamon. The

third and fourth rows are completely white. On the sixth whorl,

the first three spiral rows have cinnamon nodules with the next

three rows white. The two rows above the suture are again

cinnamon. The first three rows of the body whorl are cinnamon,

the next two heavy and three light rows are white, the next two

rows are cinnamon, the next two heavy and two light rows are

white and the following three or four rows are mostly cinnamon.

The last four or five spiral ridges are w^hite and not noduled.

The anterior canal is white. This alternation of white and cin-

namon rows gives a semblance of banding to the shell.

The aperture is long and narrow, a lamellar ridge on the parie-

tal wall and opposite on the outer lip, forms a distinct posterior

sinus. The columellar callus is slightly raised from the center

down, forming a sharp inner lip, which smoothes down toward

the base. There are seven hea\y ridges on the inner side of the

outer lip, flattening out before they reach the lip, which incurves

to form a definite, narrow anterior canal.

Length 17 mm. ; breadth 7 mm. ; length of aperture 8% mm.

Length ISy^ mm. ; breadth 5i/^ mm. ; length of aperture 6i/^

mm.

Type No. 186176 ANSP., paratype in my collection.

This shell was collected in 1947 by Mr. Dan Langford and Mr.

D. D. Thaanum, at Guam Island, in the Pacific. It has been

named for the two collectors by a combination of the two names.

This PJios is much the same size and shape as Phos amoenus^

but is coarser and heavier looking, and the coloration forms pale

but definite bands, whereas the maculations on Phos amoenus.

are scattered without pattern.

Phos amoenus new species. PL 5, figs. 4.

A small shell of eight whorls, over two and one-half times as

long as wide. Apex blunt, about two embryonic whorls, glassy

smooth, turned in at the tip. The following six whorls are

82 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

rounded, suture distinct. The first whorl has eight longitudinal,

rounded ribs, nine on the second, ten on the third, twelve on the

fourth and fifth and thirteen ribs on the body whorl, with a

heavy varix preceding an unribbed area of about one mm. to

the thin unevenly crenulated lip. The first, second, third and

fourth whorls are moderately shouldered, with the fifth and body

whorl rounded and sloping.

The entire shell is covered with heavy, spiral ribs, continuous

over the longitudinal ribs. Four spiral ribs on the first, five

on the second, six on the third and fourth, eight on the fifth, and

sixteen on the sixth or body whorl. Between each of these heav-

ier spiral ribs are three fine raised lines, and over the ribs and

intervals are blunt axial striae.

The color is pinkish-buff, with small mikado-brown macula-

tions sparsely scattered over the shell. The aperture is long,

narrow, with sub-parallel sides. A lamellar ridge on both lip

and columella, adjoining, form a small, but well-defined anal

notch.

The broad columellar callus is raised from the center down,

forming a sharp inner lip. There are seven thickened folds on

the columella, and beginning near the edge of the outer lip,

numerous, uneven lirae, giving it a crenulated appearance. The

columella bears a heavy basal fold below which is a short canal.

A heavy fold at the base of the outer lip, sharply defines the

anterior canal.

Length 15 mm. ; breadth 6^ mm. ; length of aperture, 6i/^ mm.

Length I3I/2 mm. ; breadth 6V2 mm. ; length of aperture QYz

mm.

Locality, Mbega Island, Fiji, collected in 1940 by Mr. D.

Thaanum.

Type No. 186177 ANSP., paratype in my collection.

At first glance, this shell could be confused with Phos lannumi,

but upon closer observation, it will be noticed that the colora-

tions do not form bands as in P. lannumi and the lirae between

the spiral ridges give it a finer and more delicate appearance.

FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS FROM COLOMBIA

AND GUATEMALA

By henry a. PILSBRY

LiTiiococcus VENUSTUS new species. PI. 5, figs. 1, la, lb.

The somewhat depressed-globose shell is solid, imperforate,

with low conic spire. The apex is eroded in all specimens seen,

THE NAUTILUS: 68 (3)

PLATE 5

THE XArTILUS: 6:^ (3)

PLATE 6

Jan., 1950] the nautilus 83

adults having about three whorls remaining. Younger shells

have a single strong, smooth carina. In the adult stage there

are five spiral ridges all armed with conic tubercles, the anterior

ridge smaller, often incomplete. The penultimate whorl shows

three tuberculate spirals. Fine lines of growth are rather dis-

tinct. Color olive or buffy-olive on the back, becoming lighter,

isabella color to honey yellow, on the spire and the front of last

whorl. The large aperture is quite oblique, nearly circular but

with an angle above, dull blackish plumbeous within, the basal

and columellar margins heavily thickened by a white callus.

Height 8.3 mm., diameter 9.3 mm.

The thin, light yellow operculum (fig. lb) is very shortly oval,

the nucleus a little above the lower third of the length and well

removed from the columellar margin. There are about three

rapidly widening turns, the last with an extension downward

past the inner spiral suture. The surface has fine wrinkles of

growth.

Between Boca de Napi and Suarez, Dept. of Narino, western

Colombia. Type 186145, paratypes 182273 ANSP., collected by

A. A. Olsson, Dec. 19, 20, 1935. Dr. Olsson writes :

' * Guapi in the Dept. Narino, Colombia, is an important village

with sawmills and stores. It is situated on the river of the same

name, and is reached by small launches and boats from Tumaco

and other points. Upstream travel is possible for small launches

to and possibly beyond the mouth of the Rio Napi, the trip

requiring, under normal conditions of water, about two hours.

To ascend the Rio Napi, change is made to dug-out canoes w^hich

are poled upstream, the current in the river being swift and

clear. The head of canoe travel is the village of Belen, at which

point giant blocks of agglomerate and other hard rocks are en-

countered in great profusion.

''Fresh water mollusks were found in the stretch of river

about midway between Boca de Napi and a place called Suarez.

The river in this zone has a good current, and high rock cliffs

line both banks at frequent intervals. A species of Mytilopsis is

common along these cliff banks, living in circular, deep holes,

probably of its own making. Rather uncommon is a dark-col-

ored Neritina. Commonest of all shells is Lithococcus which

was found clinging to rocks. It was not noticed above Suarez. ' '

The shells have a black incrustation, easily removed by oxalic

acid.

84 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

This is the second species of the genus. It differs from L.

multicarinatus (Miller) of the Rio Cayapan, Ecuador, by the

more elaborate sculpture, that species have usually two more

prominent tuber culate spirals, the tubercles on them much lower

than in L. venustus, and blunt, not pointed as they are in L.

venustus; the additional spirals are smooth or nearly so, and

also, L. midticar hiatus is a somewhat larger shell and often per-

forate or rimate.

Pachycheilus olssoni new species. PL 5, figs. 2, 2a, 2b.

The shell is long-conic, the spire with nearly straight lateral

outlines, of about 8 or 9 weakly convex whorls (the apex eroded

in specimens seen). Sculpture of strong spiral cords, typically

eleven on the last whorl, five on the preceding whorls, but in

many specimens some smaller interstitial spirals are developed,

so that the count may be about 15 spirals on last whorl. Some

specimens show very faint traces of axial folds on the spire.

Under the lens a fine axial striation is seen in many specimens,

but it is often worn or obsolete at the summits of the spirals.

The color is blackish olive, but sometimes light olivaceous with

small blackish spots sparsely scattered on the spiral cords. The

aperture is ovate, blackish brown or bluish within, the peristome

dark brown, the upper half of the outer lip retracted a little.

Columella concave, thickened by a white callus which extends

also over the parietal wall, and is thickened near the posterior

angle.

Height 34 mm., diameter 15.5 mm.

Height 32.3 mm., diameter 15 mm.

Height 34 mm., diameter 13 mm.

Height 36.5 mm., diameter 15 mm.

Height 26 mm., diameter 12 mm.

Rio de la Pasion, between P. Sabal and Sayaxche, Peten,

northern Guatemala, from a small brook arising from a lime-

stone spring and depositing much calcareous sinter with which

most of the shells are thickly coated. Collected May, 1945, by

Axel A. Olsson, for whom it is named. Type 186101 ANSP.,

paratypes 185947 ANSP.

In some specimens the last whorl is somewhat contracted, as

in fig. 2. Otherwise the principal variation is in the develop-

ment of interstitial spirals and in the color. Most of the appar-

ently adult specimens taken are about 26 to 30 mm. long.

Jan., 1950] the nautilus 85

No closely related species has been noted, though several

Pachycheili, such as P. pluristviatus (Say), have well-developed

spiral sculpture.

VITRINELLIDAE OF FLORIDA: PART 5

By H. a. PILSBRY and T. L. McGINTY

SoLARiORBis EuzoNus ucw specics. PL 5, figs. 7, 7a.

The shell is biconvex, carinate, umbilicate, the umbilicus nar-

row within, very rapidly widening in the last half turn to more

than a fifth of the shell diameter. The spire of about 3% whorls

is low dome-shaped, the first whorl smooth, convex, the last whorl

very wide, excavated above the peripheral keel, with a group of

fine spiral striae above the excavation ; the peripheral keel is

strong, rounded, two strong spiral cords and several fine spiral

striae below it ; the rest of the base is smooth to the umbilicus,

which is contracted by a strong, rather sharp ridge. The aper-

ture is quite oblique, ovate, the peristome blunt, the columellar

margin thickened and running forward into the thick, short

parietal callus.

Height 0.9 mm., diameter 1.75 mm.

Sebastian, Indian River Co., Florida. Type 185808 ANSP.,

paratype in McGinty collection (no. 43) ; collected by T. L.

McGinty, also North Inlet, Lake Worth. Also found by Charles

R. Locklin in the Shell Creek and Saint Petersburg Pliocene.

Macromphalina palmalitoris new species. PI. 5, figs. 6, 6a.

The thin fragile, white shell is strongly depressed, with

rounded periphery. The nuclear shell is conic, erect, of two

smooth, convex whorls. One whorl and two-thirds following are

rounded at periphery and base, and have sculpture of retrac-

tively curved, well spaced riblets and fine but distinct spiral

striae. In the concavity of the base the riblets are thin and

crowded. The very oblique aperture is oval, the columellar mar-

gin only weakly curved. The contact of peristome with pre-

ceding whorl is extremely short.

Height 0.95 mm., oblique diameter 1.95 mm.

Off Palm Beach, Florida, in 400-500 feet. Dredged by T. L.

McGinty. Type 185813 ANSP., presented by C. R. Locklin.

86 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

This is a much depressed species, also distinguished by its

erect nuclear shell.

Parviturboides new genus

The shell is depressed globose with conic spire of few (about

4) convex whorls, the apex minute, initial 2^/4 whorls smooth,

abruptly giving place on the rest to a sculpture of spiral cords

and very fine threads in the direction of lines of growth. Um-

bilicus very narrow bounded by a spiral cord. Aperture sub-

circular but angular above. Columellar margin thickened.

Operculum thin, multispiral.

The living animal has a narrow foot auriculate in front,

bilobed or emarginate posteriorly and showing a median longi-

tudinal line. The tentacles terminate in ciliated globules and

show very minute eyes near their outer bases.

There are no epipodial cirri. The radula is taenioglossate.

Practically the only superspecific difference in the shells be-

tween this group and Parviturho (type P. rehderi) is that

slightly over two nuclear whorls of P. interrupt us sanih elensis

are smooth, while P. rehderi has only about one nuclear whorl,

smooth and convex, the surface after it being dull with a ridge

beginning rather gradually at about the middle of the second

whorl. The change from smooth nuclear surface to ribbed later

growth is not so abrupt as in Parviturboides, but well indicated

by the dull instead of glossy luster.

While this group is apparently near Vitrinella, it differs b}" the

bifid foot. The narrowly umbilicate or closed axis, more globose

shape and coarse sculpture give the shells a different appearance,

and probably it will be considered generically distinct.

The type of Parviturboides is ^'Cyclostrema^* sanibelensis

Pilsbry. This, together with C. zacalles Mazyck, is probably a

slight variety or synonym of Vitrinella interrupt a C. B. Ad.

The species now referred to Parviturboides are as follows.

P. interruptus (C. B. Adams) {Vitrinella) . Jamaica.

P. i. zacalles (Mazyck) (Cyclostrema). South Carolina.

P. i. sanibelensis (Pilsbry) (Cyclostrema) . Florida.

P. copiosus (Pilsbry & Olsson) (Parviturbo). Ecuador to

Panama.

P. decussatus clausiis (Pilsbry & Olsson) (Parviturbo).

Ecuador to Colombia.

Jan., 1950] the nautilus 87

Parviturho weheri (Nautilus 59:55) was said to have two

nuclear whorls, but this was a mistake of observation due to

imperfect preservation. The examination of several fresh, im-

mature specimens shows that there are not over one and one-

fourth embryonic whorls.

In introducing Parviturho (Nautilus 59 : 54) we alluded to the

possibility that it would prove to be identical with Pseudorhis

Monterosato, based upon the Sicilian Fossarus granuluni Brug-

none. It is equally likely that Pseudorhis is identical with Par-

viturhoides. Until the nuclear whorls or the dentition of P.

granulum (Brugnone) can be examined, the nomenclature of our

genera will remain unsettled.

NEW WEST AMERICAN TURRIDS

By PAUL BAETSCH

In the preparation of the monograph of the Recent and Fossil

East Pacific Turrids it became desirable to study the collections

made by Mr. H. N. Lowe w^hich are in the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia, Thanks to the good offices of the Acad-

emy and Dr. Pilsbrj^ especially, these were placed in my hands

for study. A comparison of this material with the collections in

the U. S. National Museum makes it necessary to give nomen-

clatorial status to a number of species from that collection which

are here described.

Adanaclava adana new genus and species. Plate 6, figure 4.

Shell small, elongate-ovate, bright chestnut brown. The last

of the remaining nuclear whorls is carinated. The postnuclear

whorls have a w^eak cord at the summit followed by a concave

sinal area which extends over about two-fifths of the turns and

is marked by 4 spiral threads which are rendered feebly nodulose

by the incremental lines. Anterior to the sinal area, the whorls

are marked by protractively curved axial ribs which on the last

whorl extend to the columella. These ribs are separated by

spaces about twice as wide as the ribs, and the intercostal spaces

are marked by 8 spiral threads separated by incised lines about

half as wide as the threads. Base rather long, well rounded,

with the intercostal spaces marked by 10 spiral threads equaling

those on the spire in strength and spacing. These spiral threads

88 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

cross the axial ribs and render them feebly nodulose. The

columella is stout, slightly twisted with a rather strong basal

fasciole, posterior to which are 2 additional spiral threads equal-

ing those of the spire, while anterior to it the columella is rather

irregular and rough. Aperture elongate-ovate. Posterior sinus

only moderately deep and rather broad and outward reflected at

the edge. Anterior to the posterior sinus the outer lip is pro-

tracted and bears a Aveak stromboid notch a little posterior to

its anterior limit. A strong varix is present a little distance

behind the edge of the outer lip. The anterior canal is mod-

erately long and rather narrow. The inner lip is reflected over

and appressed to the base. The parietal wall is covered with a

thick callus which forms a low hump at the posterior angle.

The tyi>e, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia No. 158582, was col-

lected by Low^e at Manzanillo, Mexico. It has 8 whorls remain-

ing and measures: Height, 12.2 mm.; greater diameter, 5.3 mm.;

length of aperture, 6 mm.

Imaclava pilsbryi new species. Plate 6, figure 6.

Shell small for the genus, white with chestnut maculations ;

one row at the anterior end of the axial ribs, another at the

suture. There is also an interrupted band of chestnut on the

base, and the varix is of the same color. The nucleus consists

of almost 2 well rounded, smooth turns. The postnuclear whorls

are appressed at the summit and slope to the concave sinal area

which covers the posterior half of the turns. The anterior half

is marked by protractively slanting axial ribs which pass weakly

over the base of the last whorl. Of these ribs, 9 including the

varix are present on the last whorl. The axial ribs are about

half as wide as the spaces that separate them. Base moderately

long and moderately rounded. The spiral sculpture consists of

very feeble incised lines in the sinal area and mere indications of

incised lines in the intercostal spaces. On the base the spiral

markings are represented by very poorly defined incised lines

which, however, are more or less equally spaced. The columella

is moderately long, moderately stout, and bears a fasciole about

midway between its insertion and tip. Aperture elongate pear-

shaped. Posterior sinus deep with the edge outward reflected.

Posterior to the posterior sinus, the outer lip joins the heavy

lump on the parietal wall at the posterior angle of the aperture.

Anterior to the sinus it is protracted and bears a moderately

thick stromboid notch a little posterior to its anterior margin ;

it also has a heavy varix at some distance behind its edge. The

anterior canal is moderately long and moderately broad, and the

Jan., 1950] the nautilus 89

inner lip is reflected over and appressed to the columella. The

parietal wall is covered by a thick callus which forms a con-

spicuous hump at the posterior angle of the aperture.

The type and 3 immature specimens, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-

delphia No. 164446, were collected by Dr. Pilsbry at Punta

Penasco, Sonora, Mexico. The type has 9.5 whorls remaining

and measures : Height, 20.2 mm. ; greater diameter, 7.8 mm. ;

length of aperture, 8.1 mm.

This is the smallest of the three species here recognized. In

ribbing it most nearly resembles I. unimaculata, but differs from

this in its much smaller size and much weaker spiral sculpture.

ZoNULispiRA new genus

Shell varying from small to medium sized, varying in shape

from elongate-ovate to ovate-conic, usually dark colored. The

nuclear whorls consist of 1.5-2 small, round smooth turns which

are followed by 1-1.5 whorls which are axially ribbed. The

postnuclear w^horls bear a moderately strong spiral cord a little

anterior to the summit, which is followed anteriorly by a slightly

concave, broad sinal area. The latter is bounded by an inter-

rupted spiral series of nodules that have their long axis parallel

vv'ith the spiral sculpture. These nodules may be simple or con-

sist of 2 or 3 subnodules. Base rather long, moderately rounded,

and marked by a varying number of spiral cords which, like

the subsinal cord, bear elongated nodules. The columella is

rather short and also bears strong spiral cords which grow finer

near the tip. Between the nodulose cords, even on the narrow

area at the summit, are lesser spiral threads which vary in

strength and number in the different species. The nodules on

the spiral threads are usually also arranged in axial series. The

left outline of the base and columella is concave. Suture mod-

erately^ impressed. Aperture irregularly pear-shaped. Outer

lip with a deep round sinus which communicates with the edge

through a slit about half the width of the sinus. Posterior to

this sinus the shell is much thickened to form a hump. Anterior

to the sinus the outer lip is protracted and rendered sinuous by

the external sculpture; the inner lip is reflected over the short

stout columella and usually shows a slight umbilical chink at

the base. The parietal wall is covered with a heavy callus which

joins the knob at the posterior angle. Operculum irregularly

ovate, thin, wdth apical nucleus, marked by concentric lines of

growth on the outside. Radula with marginals only, which have

the two parts of the Y fused to form a hollow tube.

90 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

The type : Zonulispira zonxdata R^eve ( = Pleurotoma zonu-

lata Reeve).

This genus ranges from the Gulf of California to Ecuador and

Galapagos.

Zonulispira reigeni new species. Plate 6, figure 5.

Shell rather large, elongate-conic, blackish brown with the sub-

sinal cord of the early whorls white, and the nodules on the later

turns a little paler than the background. The nuclear whorls are

decollated. The postnuclear whorls are not high between summit

and suture and are marked by a strong spiral cord a little below

the summit followed by a rather broad concave sinal area. An-

terior to this, the median whorls bear an interrupted spiral series

of nodules of which 8 are present on the antepenultimate whorl.

On the last whorl this cord is narrow and scarcely distinguished

from the basal cord with quite feeble nodules. Base rather long

and moderately rounded and marked by 4 narrow spiral cords

which are almost equally spaced. The columella is short, stout,

and marked by 9 narrow spiral threads. In addition to this, fine

incremental lines, which are a little stronger on the base than

on the spire, mark the whorls and exceedingly fine spiral stria-

tions are present in the spaces between the spiral cords of spire

and base. Suture slightly constricted. Aperture oval. Pos-

terior sinus deep and rounded at base. Posterior to the posterior

sinus, the outer lip is thickened into a lump-like element that

connects with the parietal wall. Anterior to the posterior sinus,

the outer lip is protracted and rendered slightly sinuous by the

external sculpture. There is a strong varix at a little distance

behind the edge of the outer lip. The anterior canal is short

and broad; the inner lip is reflected over and appressed to the

columella and extends over the parietal wall as a rather heavy

callus.

The type and a paratype, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia No.

156406, were collected by Lowe at Mazatlan. The type has 7

whorls remaining and measures: Height, 21.7 mm.; greater dia-

meter, 8.2 mm. ; length of aperture, 9.4 mm.

This species recalls Z. castanea, but differs from it in having

the spiral lirations of the sinus area exceedingly weak.

PiLSBRYSPiRA new genus

Shell oval, bicolor with spiral zones of dark chestnut brown

and yellowish white. One of the brown zones extends over the

posterior half of the whorls ; another is at the posterior termina-

Jan., 1950] the nautilus 91

tion of the base ; another on the middle of the base, and another

at the tip of the columella. The nuclear whorls are decollated

in the unique type. The postnuclear whorls are marked with

a slender spiral cord a little anterior to the summit; anterior

to this is a moderately broad sinal area, while the anterior half

of the whorls is marked by heavy, broad, low, rounded axial ribs

separated by spaces less wide and crossed by 5 spiral cords which

render the axial ribs of the spire slightly nodulose. The base is

short, well rounded, and marked by 4 strong spiral cords which

are slightly nodulose. The columella is short, stout, and bears

spiral threads which decrease in size from the posterior anter-

iorly. In addition to that, numerous, hairlike incremental lines

are present and fine, very closely spaced spiral lirations, which

are very regular in size and spacing on the brown zone at the

summit and coarser and less regular on the anterior half of the

whorls and on the base. The aperture is oval. Posterior sinus

deep and well rounded at base. Posterior to the posterior sinus,

the outer lip is much thickened and joins the knob on the parietal

wall. Anterior to the posterior sinus, the outer lip is protracted

and bears a heavy varix immediately behind the edge of the

outer lip. The anterior canal is moderately long and broad.

The inner lip is reflected over and appressed to the columella.

Type : Pilshryspira pilshryi new species.

The presence of 5 slender spiral elongated nodules anterior to

the sinal area distinguishes this genus from all the other mem-

bers of the subfamily.

PiLSBRYSPiRA piLSBRYi ucw spccics. Plate 6, figure 2.

Shell small, oval with a broad brown band which extends from

the summit over the sinal area. There are 2 brow^i bands on

the base separated by a light zone. The anterior tip of the

columella is pale brown. The rest is yellowish white with a

faint orange flush. Nuclear whorls decollated. The postnu-

clear whorls are moderately rounded. They bear a slender

spiral thread at about one-sixth of the distance between summit

and suture anterior to the summit. Anterior to this is a slightly

concave sinal area which occupies about one-fourth of a turn.

Anterior to the sinal area the whorls are marked by low, broad,

rounded axial ribs which are separated by spaces much less wide

than the ribs. These ribs extend over the base to the columella.

Of these 12 are present on the last whorl. Between the sinal

area and the suture the ribs are marked by 6 spiral cords. Base

short, well rounded, and marked by 2 rather strong spiral cords

on the posterior dark band, of which the first limits the dark

zone, while the second is at some little distance posterior to its

92 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

anterior limit. The second dark zone is also marked by a strong,

somewhat nodulose, spiral cord, while the white zone between

the two bears a stronger, almost median, spiral cord. In addi-

tion to this, the entire surface of the whorls is marked by fine

hairlike incremental lines and fine, closely spaced, spiral stria-

tions which are very regular and fine in the sinal area and pos-

terior to the sub-summit cord, but heavier in the ribbed portion

of the whorls and on the base, and in the stronger reaches they

are somewhat variable in size. The columella is short, stout, and

marked with 9 spiral cords which decrease in size from the pos-

terior anteriorly. Suture moderately impressed. The posterior

sinus is moderately deep and rounded at base. Posterior to the

posterior sinus, the outer lip is thickened and joins the knob at

the posterior angle of the aperture on the parietal wall. An-

terior to the posterior sinus, the outer lip is protracted. It bears

a very broad heavy varix a little distance behind the edge of

the outer lip. Anterior canal short and broad. The inner lip

is reflected over and appressed to the columella. The parietal

wall is covered by a moderately thick callus.

The type, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia No. 153869, was col-

lected by Dr. Pilsbry on Taboga Island, Panama. It has 7

whorls remaining and measures : Height, 12.3 mm. ; greater di-

ameter, 6.2 mm. ; length of aperture, 6.4 mm.

Dallspira new genus

Shell rather small, elongate-ovate, varying in color from uni-

color yellowish white to blackish brown, or banded. The nucleus

consists of 2 small, smooth turns followed by a whorl bearing

protractively curved axial ribs. The postnuclear whorls may

have a feeble cord at the summit or this usually is absent. The

sinal area is moderately broad and moderately concave. An-

terior to the sinal area, the whorls may be marked by axial ribs

or mere nodules which sometimes almost become spinose. The

base, which is moderately long and rounded, bears nodulose

spiral cords. Aperture oval. Posterior sinus usually deep and

well rounded at base, sometimes narrowed toward the edge of

the lip. Posterior to the posterior sinus the outer lip is thick-

ened and joins the parietal knob. Anterior to the posterior

sinus the outer lip is protracted and rendered sinuous by the

external sculpture. It bears a rather heavy varix a little behind

the edge of the outer lip. The inside of the outer lip may or

may not have spiral lirations, depending upon the species in

question. The anterior canal is sliort and moderately broad.

The inner lip is reflected over and appressed to the columella.

Jan., 1950] the nautilus 93

usually leaving an umbilical chink. The parietal wall is covered

by a thick callus which terminates in a heavy knob at the pos-

terior ang-le. Operculum elongate-ovate with apical nucleus,

marked on the outside by concentric lines of groAvth. The

radula bears marginals only, in which the Y basal portion is

not equal, the lesser one being attached to the larger.

Type : Dallspira dalli new species.

This genus extends from the Gulf of California to Panama.

Dallspira dalli new species

Shell moderately large, ovate, blackish brown with a little

paler zone on the posterior portion of the base and a narrow

band at the insertion of the columella, while the nodules on the

base are yellowish white. Nuclear whorls decollated. The post-

nuclear whorls are appressed at the summit and have the merest

indication of a slender spiral thread a little anterior to this.

This thread is stronger on the early whorls, but fades out to-

wards the last. The sinal area is narrow, occupying about a

quarter of the whorls. This is marked by fine striations. An-

terior to the sinal area the whorls are marked by very strong

axial ribs which almost disappear at the suture but are indicated

by the nodules on the base. These ribs are heaviest at their

posterior termination and taper gently toward the suture. They

are much narrower than the spaces that separate them. Of these

12 are present on the last whorl. The intercostal spaces are

marked by slender, rather closely spaced, spiral lirations. Base

moderately long, well rounded and marked by 3 series of nodules

which are placed upon the axial ribs. The intercostal spaces

between these nodules indicate a broad feeble spiral thread.

The nodules themselves are very prominent and pearl-like. In

addition to this, the base is marked by spiral lirations of about

the same spacing as those between the ribs on the spire, but much

less strongly impressed. The columella is short, stout, and

marked by 15 spiral threads which grow consecutively stronger

from the posterior anteriorly. Suture moderately impressed.

Aperture elongate-ovate. Posterior sinus very deep, rounded at

base, and narrowed at the edge of the aperture with the edge

outward reflected. Posterior to the posterior sinus, the outer

lip is thickened and joins the heavy hump at the parietal wall.

Anterior to the posterior sinus, the outer lip is protracted and

rendered decidedly sinuous by the external sculpture. The

outer lip bears a moderately strong varix at a little distance

behind its edge. Anterior canal short and broad. The inner

lip is reflected over and appressed to the columella. The parie-

tal wall bears a thick callus which develops into the strong hump

94 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

at the posterior angle. Operculum elongate-ovate with apical

nucleus and marked on the outside by concentric lines of growth.

The radula bears marginals only in which the Y basal portion

is decidedly asymmetrical, one part being much smaller than the

other and attached to the other.

The type, U. S. N. M. No. 484896, was collected by Miss Robson

at Bella Vista, Panama. It has 8 whorls remaining and meas-

ures : Height, 16.7 mm. ; greater diameter, 7 mm. ; length of

aperture, 7.2 mm. A topotype is in Miss Robson 's collection.

This species most nearly resembles B. lowei from which it can

readily be distinguished by its decidedly oblique ribs and much

finer spiral striations.

Dallspira lowei new species. Plate 6, figure 1.

Shell moderately large, ovate, blackish brown. Nuclear

whorls decollated. The early postnuclear whorls bear a strong

nodulose cord at the summit Avhich rapidly fades and disappears

on the later turns, leaving the merest indication of a spiral

thread at some little distance below the suture, stronger than

the appres.sed suture itself. This entire area, as well as the

shallow, rather broad sinal area, is crossed by about a dozen

rather strong spiral threads. Anterior to the sinal area the

whorls bear short, slightly protractively slanting axial ribs which

appear as elongated nodules, and which are not quite as wide

as the spaces that separate them. Of these, 12 are present on

the last whorl. The intercostal spaces are marked by 7 spiral

threads which are separated by mere impressed lines. Base

moderately long and marked by 3 series of rounded nodules cor-

responding in disposition with the axial ribs. They are con-

nected by feebly indicated axial ribs. In addition to this, the

entire surface of the base bears fine, closelj^ spaced, low, spiral

threads separated by mere impressed lines. The columella is

short, stout, and marked by 13 spiral threads. Suture mod-

erately constricted. Aperture elongate-ovate. The posterior

sinus is deep, thickened and reflected. The outer lip posterior

to the posterior sinus is thickened and joins the heavy knob of

the parietal wall. Anterior to it it is protracted. It bears a

heavy varix a little behind its edge. Anterior canal short and

moderately broad. The inner lip is reflected over and appressed

to the columella. The parietal wall is covered by a heavy callus

which develops into a strong knob at the posterior angle.

The type, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia No. 155045, was col-

lected by Lowe at San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua. It has 10

Jan., 1950] the nautilus 95

whorls and measures : Height, 14.7 mm. ; greater diameter, 6.2

mm. ; length of aperture, 6.2 mm.

The more slender form, less oblique ribs and much stronger

spiral sculpture will readily distinguish this from Z). dalli.

Striospira new genus

Shell ranging from small to medium size ; in shape from ovate

to elongate-ovate. The surface bears a thin dark periostracum.

The nucleus consists of about 3 turns of which the first 2 are

small and smooth, while the rest bears protractively curved axial

riblets. The postnuclear whorls bear a spiral cord a little below

the summit which may be smooth or nodulose. Anterior to

this is a broad sinal area, and anterior to the sinal area are axial

ribs which may extend over the base or vanish before reaching

this, depending upon the species. The posterior termination of

these ribs frequently forms slight nodules, while on the basal

portion there is no indication of nodulation. In addition to this

the entire surface is marked by incremental lines and numerous

spiral lirations which vary materially in strength in the different

species. The base is well rounded, and the columella is usually

short and stubby. Suture not conspicuous. Aperture irregu-

larly^ oval. Posterior sinus well rounded, usually narrowed at

the edge of the aperture. Posterior to the posterior sinus the

outer lip is thickened into a knob which extends over the parietal

wall. Anterior to the posterior sinus the outer lip is protracted

and usually rendered denticulated by the external markings.

Anterior canal short and moderately broad. The inner lip is

reflected over and appressed to the base, in some of the forms

leaving an umbilical chink anteriorly. The parietal wall is cov-

ered by a moderately thick callus which joins the lump at the

posterior angle. Operculum elongate-ovate with apical nucleus

showing concentric lines of growth on the outside. The radula

bears marginals only in which the basal Y is approximated and

fused.

Type : Striospira lucasensis new species.

This genus ranges from the Gulf of California to Ecuador,

Striospira lucasensis new species

Shell of medium size, elongate-ovate, chestnut brown. The

nucleus consists of 2 small, smooth turns followed by a whorl

having protractively slanting, heavy axial ribs which are as

wide as the spaces that separate them. The postnuclear whorls

have a feeble thread about one-fifth of the distance between the

summit and suture anterior to the summit. This is followed by

96 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

the sinal area which covers about two-fifths of the turn. An-

terior to this the whorls are marked by protractively slantintr

axial ribs. Of these 10 occur on the last whorl. These ribs

evanesce on the base. The columella is short, stout, and rather

straight. The spiral sculpture consists of fine microscopic lira-

tions posterior to the heavy thread below the summit and 4 feeble

threads in the sinal area, while in the intercostal spaces mod-

erately deeply incised spiral lines separate 6 low, flat, rounded

threads, while on the base the spiral sculpture consists of 14

threads a little narrower than those on the spire. The columella

bears 28 spiral threads which vary materially in size and spacinjr.

Operculum elongate-ovate with apical nucleus marked on the

outside by concentric lines of growth. The radula bears mar-

ginals only, of which the Y portion is fused to practically form

a single element.

The type, U. S. N. M. No. 267916, was collected by Bartsch at

Cape San Lucas. It has 10.5 whorls and measures : Height, 17.2

mm. ; greater diameter, 6.8 mm. ; length of aperture, 8 mm.

U. S. N. M. No. 266213 contains 3 topotypes from the same

source. U. S. N. M. No. 566514 contains 2 specimens collected

by Bartsch with a boat dredge at Mulege Bay, Gulf of Cali-

fornia. U. S. N. M. No. 554252 contains 2 specimens collected

by R. Hawkins, Jr., on gravelly bottom at Cerros Island. U. S.

N. M. No. 566517 contains 2 specimens dredged by Hawkins in

12-18 ft. on fine black sand on the northwest side of Santa Inez

Bay, about 2 miles west of Point Inez. U. S. N. M. No. 566518

contains 1 specimen dredged in 5 fms. about three-quarters of

a mile off shore, 2i/2 miles southwest of Point Inez, Santa Inez

Bay, on gray sand bottom. U. S. N. M. No. 566519 contains 1

specimen dredged about one-half mile off shore in coarse gray

sand in 4.5 fms., 2 miles west of Inez Point, Santa Inez Bay.

U. S. N. M. No. 558211 contains 1 specimen collected by Hawkins

in 3-4 fms. in La Paz Bay. U. S. N. M. No. 56217 contains 1

specimen collected by Rich at Mazatlan.

This species is most nearly related to S. luctuosa but its larger

size will readily differentiate it from that.

Striospira tabogaensis new species. Plate 6, figure 3.

Shell rather large, elongate-turreted, blackish brown. In-

terior of the aperture livid, brown at the edge. Nuclear whorls

decollated. The postnuclear whorls show a feeble thread a little

I

Jan., 1950] the nautilus 97

below the summit scarcely differentiated from the rest of the

spiral sculpture. The sinal area covers about one-fourth of the

turns between this thread and the nodulose axial ribs. An-

terior to the sinus the moderately strongly developed, axial

ribs are present, which are slig:htly nodulose at the summit.

These ribs, of which 13 are present on the last whorl, evanesce

before reaching the middle of the base on this whorl. Base long,

gently rounded. The columella is long and stout. The spiral

sculpture consists of 7 low, slender, weak threads in the sinal

area. Anterior to the sinal area, 8 low, flattened spiral threads

are present, while on the base 15 similar threads occur. The

anterior members of the base are considerably more elevated,

in which respect they approach those of the columella. The

columella bears 17 spiral threads. In addition to this, the

whorls are marked by moderately strong incremental lines.

Aperture oval. The posterior sinus is moderately deep and

rounded. Posterior to the posterior sinus the outer lip is de-

veloped into a heavy lump which extends strongly over the parie-

tal wall. Anterior to the posterior sinus, the outer lip is pro-

tracted and bears a rather strong, broad, stromboid notch a

little posterior to its anterior termination. There is a heavy

varix a little behind the edge of the outer lip. The anterior

canal is short and moderately broad. The inner lip is thick,

reflected over and appressed to the columella. The parietal wall

is covered by a heav\^ callus.

The type, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia No. 153867, was col-

lected by Dr. Pilsbry on Taboga Island. It has 7 whorls re-

maining and measures : Height, 20.2 mm. ; greater diameter, 7.5

mm.; length of aperture, 9.1 mm. U. S. N. M. No. 219643 con-

tains 2 worn specimens collected by Zetek at Pena Prieta Beach,

Panama Citv.

SOME SHELLS OF CLEAR LAKE, NORTHERN

MODOC COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

By G. D. HANNA

A very large lake in northern Modoc County, California, is

called ' ' Clear Lake ' ' on many maps and ' ' Clear Lake Reservoir ' '

on others. It has been variously modified from time to time,

ostensibly for ''reclamation" purposes, and at the southern end

there is a large sign inscribed: ''Clear Lake Bird Reserve U. S.

98 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

Biological Survey." During the few hours Mr. Charles Ches-

terman and I were there on September 5, 1949, however, we

saw only about a dozen gulls and two killdeers.

Possibly other parts of the lake would be more interesting than

that which we saw at the southern end. Near the northeast

''Mammoth Springs" are indicated on some maps. Barren

''sage" brush desert surrounds the southern portion with here

and there a lone, stunted juniper. Scattered lava blocks and

mud flats form a zone up to 100 yards wide out to the w^ater

edge which is devoid of vegetation. No tules or cat-tails or

other water vegetation was visible as far as we could see from

our point of observation. Two or three springs of true water

plants had drifted on shore but there were no windrows of

drifted debris such as may be seen bordering most lakes of

large size.

On the mud flats there were large numbers of Anodonta cali-

forniensis Lea varying in size from half an inch long up to three

inches. They were fairly free of corrosion and beautifully col-

ored with green and brown.

A large HeUsoma w^as present but only dead shells were found.

Any one of a dozen names might be applied to this but it is about

the size and shape of H. trivolvis Say of the east, and, indeed,

it might be this.

Two Gyraulus shells, both dead, were found during our stay.

They are presumably G. parvus Say. Screening the mud and

fine sand produced no Pisidium.

Undoubtedly this cursory examination which was merely a

side issue in connection with nearby geological work is insuffi-

cient to give a real indication of the molluscan fauna. The

northern portion should be examined and a boat is needed for

some dredging operations. However, the subject is brought up

at this time because of a confusion of names.

Several species of fresh water shells have been described from

"Clear Lake, California" with no indication of the County. It

has always been presumed that the lake involved was the large

one in Lake County, about 130 miles north of San Francisco.

Dr. A. B. Leonard, working on Valvatay brought the matter up

recently, and it was thought that any investigation, cursory

though it be, would be worthwhile.

Jan., 1950] the nautilus 99

It so happens that there are three ' ' Clear ' ' lakes in California.

The one in Lake County is the best known. There are actually

two in Modoc County, one being that which is indicated above

and the other is a small one in the upper part of Pit River drain-

age in the Warner Mountains.

Clear Lake in Lake County contains relicts, forms which have

lived through from the great system of western Pliocene lakes.

Such genera as Carinifex and Parapholyx have survived in cer-

tain lakes while many others did not. If more than one ''Clear

Lake" contained these relicts the matter would be very confus-

ing. However, it appears from this brief examination that the

northern Modoc one is not involved. It is also very unlikely

that the one in the Warner Mountains is, because it is not well

known to travelers, and apparently none of the early geograph-

ical survey parties came close to it.

A LIST OF THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF CLAIBORNE

COUNTY, TENNESSEE, WITH DESCRIPTION OF

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF TRIODOPSIS

By LOUIS LUTZ

Department of Natural Sciences, Lincoln Memorial University,

Harrogate, Tennessee

Introduction : The purpose of this paper is to present a pre-

liminary list of the molluscan fauna of Claiborne County. Up

to the present time no compilation of this county has been pub-

lished. All species listed in this paper are for the first time

recorded for this county. Because the literature pertaining to

the mollusca of Tennessee has been rather limited, few regions

have been shown to have many species. This list is based pri-

marily^ upon the author's collection.

Investigation of past and recent literature on terrestrial snails

shows deficiency in comprehensive collecting. Many collections

made show indications of sampling of a random rather than of

a systematic nature. This weakness was forcibly brought to my

attention during the collecting of my material in the county.

Although mollusca are fairly abundant, the state of Tennessee

has at the present time only about 165 species and varieties of

100 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

terrestrial snails recorded in the literature. It is highly prob-

able that more species await discovery and that many more

ranges will be extended. This can be brought about by more

systematic methods of field work.

In order to acquire a fairly broad geographical representation,

the county was subdivided into major areas to be searched in

turn. It is hoped that other counties can be similarly covered

in the future.

In the early 1900s great contributions to knowledge of Ten-

nessee mollusks were made by Pilsbry, Ferriss, Clapp and their

co-workers, and in later years mainly by H. B. Baker. Some

of these references may be found in the bibliography.

The system of classification followed in this paper is that used

by Pilsbry in his Monographs, ''Land Mollusca of North

America" (1940, 1946, 1948). The species are listed in sys-

tematic order. The localities in Tennessee where the various

species have been recorded are listed with the name of the col-

lector in parenthesis. Claiborne County localitj' records under

each species are the result of the writer's recent studies. In all

19 species or subspecies, 10 genera and 7 families and sub-

families of terrestrial mollusca are represented.

At the end of the paper is found a brief list of references that

will serve as an introduction to the terrestrial snails in this state.

I wish to express my gratitude to the many people that have

made this paper possible. First, I wish to thank the various

members of the Division of Mollusks at the United States

National Museum : Harold A. Rehder, curator, J. P. E. Morri-

son, associate curator, and R. T. Abbott, assistant curator.

Credit for identification of specimens is due to H. A. Pilsbry

and C. Wurtz of the Academy of the Natural Sciences of Phila-

delphia, and J. P. E. Morrison of the United States National

Museum. I wish to thank Dr. A. O. Weese, University of Okla-

homa, for his helpful suggestions.

Description of Claiborne County : Location — Claiborne

County is in the extreme northeastern part of the East Ten-

nessee Valley, adjoining Kentucky and Virginia on the north,

and includes parts of both the East Tennessee Valley area and

the Cumberland Plateau.

Topography — Variable. Rolling to level valley lands are

Jan., 1950] the nautilus 101

separated by numerous ridges. The northeastern part of the

county is mountainous, being part of the Cumberland Plateau

which extends in a northeast to a southwest direction. The

larger part of the county slopes southwesterly and drains into

the Powell and Clinch Rivers, tributaries of the Tennessee River ;

the northwestern part of the county, however, drains to the

northeast into the Little Yellow River, a tributary of the Cum-

berland River.

Climate — Mild and humid. Mean temperature from July to

August averages about 76 degrees Fahrenheit; during months

of December, January and February the mean temperature aver-

ages about 38 degrees Fahrenheit. The average annual precipi-

tation is around 48.6 inches. The greatest monthly precipita-

tion occurs during July and the smallest occurs in October.

The total average snowfall is around 14 inches, but the ground

is rarely covered for more than a few days. Claiborne County,

being located partly on the Cumberland Plateau, experiences

some variation in climate, chiefly temperature, due to differences

in elevation. The summer temperature on the Cumberland

Plateau is approximately five degrees Fahrenheit lower than in

the valley but there is less difference during the winter.

Soils — The soils of Claiborne County are variable, being de-

rived from Knox dolomite, cherty limestone, weathered sand-

stone, siltstone, and shale materials. The soils in general are

deeply leached, acid in reaction, contain little organic matter,

are low in plant nutrients, and are severely eroded.

FAMILY POLYGYRIDAE

GENUS PoLYGYRA Say

Polygyra plicata (Say), 1821

Tennessee Records: Cowan, Franklin Co. (Archer). Marion

Co. At Dove and near Jasper (H. B. Baker) ; South Pittsburgh

(H. H. Smith); Seucachie Valley (Bishop Elliot). W. Pike-

ville, Bledsoe Co. (H, B. Baker). Roane Co. at Harriman (S.

N. Rhoads), and 2 miles west of Kingston (Clench and Archer).

Citico, Monroe Co. (A. G. Wetherby).

Claihorne County Records: Arthur. Ecology: Found among

rocky rubble (canyon near Arthur).

102 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

GENUS Stenotrema Rafinesque

Stenotrema stenotrema (Pfeiffer), 1842

Tennessee Records: Eastern two-thirds of the state (Pilsbry).

Claiborne County Records: Harrogate, Forge Ridge, bluff 8

miles south of Tazewell, on the bank of the Clinch River.

Ecology: Red and Black Oak communities (Harrogate) ; rocky

rubble (bluff overlooking the Clinch River).

Stenotrema spinosum (Lea), 1830

Tennessee Records: Pikeville, Bledsoe Co. Cowan, Dewanee,

Franklin Co. Chattanooga, Lookout Mt. and Walden Ridge,

Hamilton Co. Kyle's Ford and North Fork Knob, Hancock Co.

Knoxville, Knox Co. Fayetteville, Lincoln Co. Dove, Marion,

Nickajack Cave, Kimball, Prior Cove and South Pittsburg,

Marion Co. (Pilsbry).

Claiborne County Records: Harrogate and Arthur. Ecology:

Hilly terrain of Red and Black Oak communities, Harrogate.

GENUS ]\Iesodox Rafinesque

Mesodon inflectus (Say), 1821

Tennessee Records: Carter, Carroll, Davison, Hamilton, Knox,

Marion, Polk, Shelby, Unicoi, Washington, and Wilson counties

(Pilsbry).

Claiborne County Records: Harrogate, Arthur, Tiprell and

Speedwell. Ecology: Hardwood forests.

Mesodon clausus (Say), 1821

Tennessee Records: Valley Forge, Carter Co. Chattanooga.

Knoxville. Dove, Marion Co. Marbleton and Limestone Cove,

Unicoi Co. Johnson Co. Washington Co. Anderson, Frank-

lin Co. (Clinch). Tallassee Ford, Monroe Co. (Pilsbry).

Claiborne County Records: Harrogate. Ecology: Foothills of

Cumberland Mts. in Red and Black Oak forests.

Mesodon appressii^ (Say), 1821

Tennessee Records: Richland Creek, Davison Co. (S. N.

Rhoades). Oak dale, Morgan Co. (Clapp). Jefferson Co.

(Rugel). 2 miles west of Kingston, Roane Co. (Clinch). Knox-

Jan., 1950] the nautilus 103

ville, Knox Co. (Pilsbry). Chattanooga, Hamilton Co. (S. N.

Rhoades). Coltewah, James Co. (Clinch and Archer).

Claiborne County Records: Harrogate, Tiprell, Cumberland

Gap, Arthur, Canyon near Arthur, Tazewell, Goin, bluff 8 miles

south of Tazewell, Speedwell, Forge Ridge, Fork Ridge, and

Pruden. Ecology: Foothills of hardwood forests, rocky rubble

and under old logs.

Mesodon thyroides (Say), 1816

Tennessee Records: South to the Gulf of Mexico. Samburg,

Tenn. (Pilsbry).

Claiborne County Records: Tiprell, Arthur and bluff 8 miles

south of Tazewell on the bank of the Clinch River. Ecology:

Woody slopes of hardwood forests (Tiprell). Bluff 8 miles

south of Tazewell on the bank of the Clinch River.

GENUS Triodopsis Rafinesque

Triodopsis fraudulenta vulgata Pilsbry, 1940

Tennessee Records: Knoxville; near Dove, near Jasper, etc.,

4000-5000 ft. ; sink holes 2 miles west of Johnson City, Carter

Co.; Limestone Cove and near Marbleton, Unicoi Co. (H. B.

Baker). Monroe Co. (Anne M. Law). Samburg, Obion Co.;

Richland Creek, Davison Co. ; banks of Emory River, Harriman,

Roane Co., and William's Island 3 miles west of Chattanooga

(S. N. Rhoads).

Claiborne County Records: Harrogate. Ecology: Hills of Red

and Black Oak forests.

Triodopsis fallax (Say), 1825

Tennessee Records: Citico, Monroe Co. (Wetherby). Look-

out Mt. near Chattanooga (J. H. Ferriss). Holstein Valley (W.

G. Binney).

Claiborne County Records: Harrogate, Goin, Tazewell, Forge

Ridge, and Canyon near Arthur. Ecology : Forests of hardwood.

Triodopsis albolabris (Say), 1816

Tennessee Records: In east Tennessee large, solid specimens of

32 to 36 mm. have sometimes been taken for T. albolabris major

(Pilsbry).

104 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

Claiborne County Records: Arthur and Harrogate. Ecology:

Hills of hardwood forests, found amono; leaf mold.

Triodopsis tridentata (Say), 1816

Tennessee Records: Bledsoe, Blount, Carter, Cumberland,

DeKalb, Fentress, Franklin, Green, Hamilton, Polk, Sevier,

Sullivan, Unicoi, and Washington counties (Pilsbrj').

Claiborne County Records: Harrogate, Tazewell(?), imma-

ture forms. Ecology: Hilly terrain of Red and Black Oak

forests.

FAMILY ZONITIDAE

GENUS Mesomphix Rafinesque

Mesomphix cupreus (Rafinesque), 1831

Tennessee Records: Blount, Carter, Hamblen, Knox, Marion,

Obion, Roane, and Unicoi counties (Pilsbry).

Claiborne County Records: Harrogate. Ecology: Red Oak-

Black Oak communities.

GENUS Ventridens W. G. B.

Ventridens ligera (Say), 1821

Tennessee Records: Chattanooga, Hamilton Co. (Pilsbry).

Claiborne County Records: Harrogate, Speedwell, and Forge

Ridge. Ecology: Hardwood forests on sloping terrain (Har-

rogate ) .

Ventridens collisella (Pilsbry), 1896

Tennessee Records: Elizabethan and Valley Forge, Carter Co. ;

Johnson City, Washington Co.; Citico, Monroe Co. (Pilsbry).

Claiborne County Records: Arthur, bluff 8 miles south of

Tazewell on the bank of the Clinch River, ( ?) immature forms.

Ecology: Hilly terrain of hardwood.

FAMILY HAPLOTREMATIDAE

GENUS Haplotrema Ancey

Haplotrema concavum (Say), 1821

Tennessee Records: South to non-peninsular Florida. Humid

division of eastern North America (Pilsbry).

Jan., 1950] the nautilus 105

Claiborne County Records: Harrogate, Arthur, Canyon near

Arthur and Forge Ridge. Ecology: Rolling hills of hardwood

forests.

FAMILY LIMACIDAE

GENUS LiMAX Linnaeus

Limax maximus Linnaeus, 1758

Tennessee Records: Introduced into North America from

Europe. No specific Tennessee records published that the

author knows of.

Claiborne County Records: Harrogate, Pruden, Tazewell,

Arthur and Cumberland Gap. Ecology: Found in gardens,

around damp places in the above localities.

GENUS Deroceras Rafinesque

Deroceras laeve (Miiller), 1774

Tennessee Records: North America, generally from the Arctic

to middle Florida and Central America, the southern limit not

determined (Pilsbry).

Claiborne County Records: Harrogate. Ecology: Red Oak-

Black Oak communities.

FAMILY PUPILLIDAE

GENUS Gastrocopta Wollaston

Gastrocopta armifera (Say), 1821

Tennessee Records: Eastern United States and Canada: Que-

bec to northern Florida (Pilsbry).

Claiborne County Records: Harrogate. Ecology: Foothills of

the Cumberland Mountains, hardwood forests.

Gastrocopta rupicola (Say), 1821

Tennessee Records: South Carolina to the keys of Florida.

Claiborne County Records: Harrogate. Ecology: Foothills of

Cumberland Mts., in Red Oak-Black Oak communities. If this

identification is correct, this extends the range of this species in

an entirely new range. G. rupicola is supposed to be a coastal

species.

{To he continued)

106 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

NOTES AND NEWS

IVIesodon andrewsae normalis (Pils.) in Kentucky. — During

a recent collecting* trip I collected a single living shell of this

species below the Natural Arch, 2 miles west of Parkers Lake,

McCreary Co., Kentucky. Not only is this the first time that

the species has been reported from this State but the altitude

(1100 ft.) is about a thousand feet lower than previous recorded.

The shell measured : diameter 35 mm., height 26.5 mm. A speci-

men of Triodopsis alholabris (Say) found with it measured:

diam. 27.5 mm., ht. 18 mm. — Leslie Hubricht.

Notes on Pallifera. — Pallifera wetherhyi W. G. B. Collected

at night after a rain at Cumberland Falls State Park, and near

the mouth of Laurel River, Whitley Co., Kentucky, on trunks

of trees, fallen logs, and cliffs, apparently preferring vertical

surfaces. Living specimens fully extended were about four

inches long.

Pallifera hemphilli (W. G. B.) Found abundantly in the fir

zones on the mountain tops crawling about during the day on

the needle-covered ground, and rarely at lower elevations buried

in the leaves in the beech woods. Strictly terrestrial. Not a

single specimen was seen on the trunks of trees. Living speci-

mens fully extended were about two inches long.

New localities.— 6300 ft., Roan High Knob, Roan Mtn., Carter

Co., Tennessee; 5000 ft., Grandfather Mtn., Avery Co., North

Carolina; 5400 ft.. Beech Mtn., north of Banner Elk, Avery

Co., North Carolina; 5700 ft., Mt. Rogers, Grayson Co., Vir-

ginia; 5500 ft., Whitetop Mtn., Smyth Co., Virginia. — Leslie

Hubricht.

Slug Behavior, Ariolimax vs. Philomycus. — Since we seem

not to know why philomycids have not been found in the north-

west with such snails as Allogona, the following note may be

pertinent. Nov. 25, 1941, a rich-yellow, adult-sized Ariolimax

columhianus stramineus Hemphill (unverified genitalially be-

cause the slug escaped), collected Oct. 29, 1941 by Ernest N.

Wilcox at Salmon Falls Creek Canyon, Monterey Co., California,

was noted to commence eating a piece of lettuce. Just ahead lay

a slice of carrot which was mostly covered by an adult Philo-

Jan., 1950] the nautilus 107

mycus carolinianus (Bosc). The Ariolimax consumed all of the

lettuce and then crawled forward and brushed against the side

of the carrot-eating Philomycus. Very deliberately the Ario-

limax began to gnaw upon the side of the mantle of the other

slug. The Philomycus squirmed its mantle at this point and the

Ariolimax continued its attack, also moving forward, but allowed

the Philomycus to draw away. The Ariolimax then began chew-

ing on a fragment of shell from a chicken egg. By its aggres-

siveness and seeming greater crawling speed, would Ariolimax

prevent the two genera from coexisting in an area? I have not

noted Philomycus to be aggressive toward other snails even in

crowded cages. — Glenn R. Webb, Ohio, Illinois.

Shell-Spinules as Defense Structures. — After a juvenile

Stenotrema spinosum (Lea), progeny of adults collected Sept.

2, 1941, on S. bank of Mulberry Fork, Black Warrior River, near

Garden City, on route U. S. 31, Cullman Co., Alabama, was

added to a cage containing other young snails {Helix nemoralis;

Helminthoglypta dupetithouarsi, collected by Emery P. Chace

in an open pine grove near Point Pinos, Monterey Co., Cali-

fornia; Helm, umhilicata; and Polygyra septemvolva) , the fol-

lowing incident was noted. The dupetithouarsi was observed

crawling over the spire of the slightly smaller S. spinosum which

was twitching its shell from side to side. As the dupetithouarsi

sought to slide off onto the substratum, several times it was

noticed to suddenly retract its tentacles as if in alarm or pain.

The cause of its discomforture was evident, — each time it affixed

its forepart to the substratum, the movement of the shell of the

spinosum caused the spinules of the peripheral keel to scratch

against the anchored body of the other snail. After ultimately

freeing itself as I continued to watch, the dupetithoimrsi again

happened to encounter the spinosum. As its tentacles swept

over but seemed not to touch the now unmoving periphery, the

dupetithouarsi made an extreme avoidance reaction. Inasmuch

as the StenotremO' spinosum had just been put into the cage, the

dupetithouarsi had apparently learned to identify something

about the spinosum as being noxious after one brief discom-

forture. Later, however, the dupetithouarsi was noted gnawing

on the spines of the other snail. — Glenn R. Webb, Ohio, Illinois.

108 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (3)

Chondropoma (s. s.) schaliei, new species. — C. swifti (Sh.),

H. B. B., 1941, Notulae Naturae 88: 4; also Schalie, 1948, Misc.

Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 70 : 35, exclusive of synonymj^, pi.

2, fig. 10. Not Cyclostoma swiftii Shuttleworth, Mitth. Naturf.

Ges. Bern, 1854: 91; Cf. Chondropoma (Chondropomium)

swiftii swiftii, Bartsch, 1946, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 192 : 28, pi.

4, fig. 2. Type of C. schaliei, ANSP. 186175, from Cerro Capron,

semidesert hills east of entrance to Guanica Harbor, a female,

quite similar to cited figure ; it measures : length 10.7 mm., major

diameter 7.0, minor 5.6, with 3% whorls remaining. Tan uni-

color, with central wall of plugged whorl orange. Last 1/10

of body whorl solute. Parietal angle of peristome reflection

produced (apparently more than in closely related Haitian

species) to form narrowly rounded crest. Males average smaller ;

one measures: leng1;h 8.2 mm., maj. diam 5.8, minor 4.7, with

3% whorls retained. (Tallaboa shells more whitish ; males about

size of Guanica females.)

Through some lapsus menti, I evidently employed C. swifti

without a careful check of its original description. Full blame

is taken for Dr. van der Schalie 's (1948) repetition of my mis-

use, and the new species is named after him. My attention was

called to the error by Dr. Bartsch 's (1946) fine figure of Shuttle-

worth's type. Also, ANSP. 13867 is a set of the true C. swiftii,

from the Swift Collection, labeled as from Ponce, Puerto Rico.

Robert Swift was usually careful of his localities, but he also

collected on the island of Haiti (Hispanola). — H. Burrington

Baker.

Cerion incanum. — Last June, after the A. M. U. meetings,

some of the smaller snails, collected on Key Largo, were aired

out under a palmetto, just inland from the Tides Hotel, Reding-

ton Beach, St. Petersburg, Florida. A few specimens of C

incanum seemed to be missing. Any future collector, who may

discover a colony in the vicinity, will please not blame any other

birds.— H. B. B. & B. B. B.

Dr. Pilsbry, the week after his 87th birthday, left by airplane

for a visit to his daughters and son-in-law in Buenos Aires, Ar-

gentina. He hopes to do some collecting, and will return in the

spring. His permanent address remains unchanged, and manu-

scripts sent to it will reach The Nautilus.

The nautilus

Vol. 63 APRIL, 1950 No. 4

A NEW VERTICORDIA FROM THE PACIFIC COAST '

By ARTHUR D. HOWARD

In going over the bottom samples collected by the Velero III,

some verticordiae we noted are quite different from the series of

V. ornata (D'Orbigny) (1846) that have been taken. These con-

sisted of one right valve and a broken shell from Angel de La

Guardia Island, Gulf of California, March 21, 1937, 90 fathoms

and another broken right valve from near Catalina Island, Aug.

2, 1941, 105 fathoms.

The condition of the shells would indicate that they are recent

although, until living specimens are collected, that question will

be in doubt. I would not attempt to record this new species with

so little material but for the fact that it seems comparatively rare

and more material may be found if attention is called to it.

Verticordia aequacostata new species. PL 7, figs.

Shell, small, thin, subquadrate to suborbicular inflated with

prosocoelous subcentral beaks; anterior extremity evenly

rounded; posterior dorsal margin evenly arcuate and joining

arcuate ventral margin with slight angle ; surface sculptured

with about twenty-two or twenty-three rounded ribs with

rounded interspaces which give an evenly dentate margin to the

shell. The seventh and ninth ribs are shorter as plainl}^ inter-

polated in the growth of the shell. The whole surface is minutely

granulose, the granules appearing to be arranged in lines in a

photograph. Interior with brilliant pearly nacre. Hinge has a

prominent cardinal tooth in the right valve with apparently a

lateral tooth in the left valve with corresponding receptive groove

in the right. Adductor scars : anterior plain, impressed ; poste-

rior faint. Pallial line faint. Length 4 ; height 4 ; diam. 2 mm.

(one valve).

1 Contribution from the Allan Hancock Foundation, University of South-

ern California, Los Angeles, California.

109

110 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (4)

Holotype and paratype, Allan Hancock Foundation no. 4.371 ;

from north of Anjrel La Guardia Island, 90 fathoms. x\nother

paratype, A.H.F. no. 4.411 (numbers tentative) ; from off Whites

Cove, Santa Catalina Island, 105 fathoms.

Of the various species of Verticordia listed by Dall, Verti-

cordia {Haliris) jamaicensis seems to be close to this species, in

size, sculpture, and markings of the surface. The number of the

ribs, twenty-seven in V. jamaicensis is probably not within vari-

ability limits (23) of this species. V. fisher iana (Dall, 1885-6,

PI. II, fig. 4a, 4b), the type of subgenus Haliris, is considerably

larger.

According to Dall, there are several genera and subgenera of

the Verticordia group. Verticordia cardiiformis of Searles Y.

Wood (1844) has been accepted as the generic type. **The curi-

ous history of the genera of this family and of the many conflict-

ing views of their extent and relationships is ably given by Heil-

prin." (1881).

The two figures on plate 7 are from photographs by Daniel

H. Chapman. The upper one shows the exterior, and the lower

the interior of the holotype right valve.

Literature cited

Dall, W. H. 1885-6, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. XII, pp. 285-

292.

Dall, W. H. 1903, Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. Ill, pt.

VI, pp. 1509-1513.

D'Orbigny, Alcide. 1846, Sagras Histoire L'lle De Cuba, Mol-

lusques. Tome II p. 292, PL XXVII, figs. 30-33. Paris, 1853.

Heilprin, Angelo. 1881, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. 33-

34, pp. 423-428.

Tryon, George, W., Jr. 1884, Structural and Systematic Con-

chology, vol. Ill, pp. 196, 197. V. cardiiformis Wood, PI.

CXXV, fig. 26.

Wood, Searles V. 1841, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., Series I,

vol. VI, pp. 243-253; cryptodon? verticordia, p. 247.

Wood, Searles V. 1844, in Sowerby, Mineral Conchology of

Great Britain, vol. 7, p. 67, pi. 639.'

THE NAUTILI'S: ()8 (4

PLATE 7

Verticordia aequacostata Howard

THE XAT'TILTS: (V.\ (4i

PLATE 8

('iti)iai It (till lit Ostcr^iKiid

April, 1950] the nautilus 111

A NEW SPECIES OF CYPRAEA FROM HAWAII

By J. M. OSTERGAARD

As one of the rewards for his keen interests and energetic ef-

forts to increase our knowledge of the molluscan fauna of Ha-

w^aii, Mr. Charles A. Allen, former President of the Malacological

Society of Hawaii, secured a specimen of what appears to be a

new species of Cypraea.

Mr. Allen dredged the mollusk in a living state from a depth

of about 80 feet, one mile from Nawiliwili Bay, and 1500 yards

off the leeward shore of the Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands,

on April 25, 1949.

The shell was turned over to the author for study ; and, after a

careful diagnosis and comparison with related species, he has ar-

rived at the conclusion that it is new^ and is therefore naming it

for the discoverer, Mr. Allen.

Cypraea alleni new species. PI. 8, 3 figs.

Shell ovate, depressed, sides thickened and margined, pitted

throughout the length of the outer margin and above anterior

canal as well as at anterior and posterior ends of inner margin.

Spire depressed and concealed, slightly umbilicated. A light-

brown zone with numerous rounded dark-brown dots of varying

sizes extends from the margins about half way to the mid-dorsal

region. The dorsal region lying between the marginal zones is

of a cream yellow evenly sprinkled with minute white dots, in-

conspicuous on their light background; while faint brown ocelli

with large eccentric white pupils occur fairly evenly among the

white dots. Dorsal line indicated by transverse striations of the

white "pupils" of the ocelli. Base, teeth, interstices, as w^ell as

columella, white. Aperture straight, narrow; teeth fine, number-

ing on outer lip 21, on inner lip 17. Length of shell 22 mm.,

width 16 mm.

This species is probably most closely related to Cypraea oster-

gaardi Dall, which it resembles in form, teeth and aperture, but

departs radically from it in its markings. In markings and gen-

eral coloration, it shows some resemblance to Cypraea spurca

Linnaeus; but, unlike that species, the aperture in .Cypraea

alleni is straight and of equal width and the teeth are finer.

•112 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (4)

The number of teeth present has been stated, since it might

prove of some value ; but, as is a known fact, the fluctuation in

the number of these structures in Cypi'aea is great within the

species, even considerable among individuals from the same

colony.

The solitary specimen, being the holotype, is in Mr. Allen's

collection.

LOCOMOTION IN LIMA

By JOSHUA L. BAILY, JE.

' ' The Lima . . . darts through the water like a scallop, but in

a contrary posture. The hinder end instead of the ventral end

is in front, so that the mode of its progression may be compared

to that of a fish swimming tail foremost." So wrote Gwyn Jef-

freys ^ in 1863, and his statement has been accepted uncritically

and repeated by Tryon.- The present writer vaguely recalls

having seen the same statement in Ball's writing, but cannot now

find the bibliographic reference.

Authorities are by no means agreed on this matter, since ten

years before Jeffreys, Forbes, and Hanley ^ had stated that ' ' The

rounded extremity is that which is in front and the beaks behind,

when the animal moves."

In 1860, Reeve,* quoting from Landsborough,''' stated "Its

mode of swimming is the same as that of the scallop." And

Sowerby ^ made the astonishing observation that ''The animal

makes use of the valves of his shell for swimming, working them

like fins or paddles. ..."

Recently the present writer has been privileged to examine

three specimens of the local species, now known as Lima hemp-

hilli Hertlein and Strong," but which generally has been referred

1 British Conchology, vol. 2, p. 77, 1863.

2 Structural and Systematic Conchology, vol. 3, p. 286, 1884.

3 British Mollusca, vol. 2, p. 267, 1853.

4 Elements of Conchology, vol. 2, p. 60, 1860.

5 Excursions to Arran, p. 319.

6 Conch. Manual, p. 183, 4th ed., 1852.

7 Zoologica, vol. 31, pt. 2, p. 66, 1946.

April, 1950] the nautilus 113

to Lima orientalis Adams and Reeve ^ and Lima dehiscens Con-

rad.^ These were taken in False Bay, San Diego, California, by

Mr. Robert Menzies and Mr. Roy L. Morrison. In each case,

while swimming they were observed to carry the hinge behind, in

the manner of Pecten.

Of course, some species of Lima possibly may swim one way

and others differently, but this seems unlikely. Further obser-

vations on other species of this family are desirable.

WEST INDIAN MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM

SOUTHERN BRAZIL

By WALTER J. EYEEDAM

In a recent exchange of shells "^dth Dr. H. de Souza Lopes of

Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, I received 80 species

of marine shells which were collected in the vicinity of Bahia and

Rio de Janeiro. On account of the similarity of many of these

shells with our Florida and West Indian faunule, I compared

each species with other specimens in my collection and looked up

the geographical ranges in both Charles Johnson's and Maxwell

Smith's western Atlantic Coast marine shells. A few other

species, that have already been treated in Wm. J. Clench's mono-

graphs of the Atlantic coast shells, were also compared for geo-

graphical ranges. As was quite a surprise to me, no less than 47

species in this casual exchange of shells from southern Brazil

were not recorded south of the West Indies.

Maxwell Smith's book on the Atlantic Coast shells is practi-

cally a duplication of the work of Johnson, as far as ranges are

concerned. When an important work of this nature is under-

taken, there should be an effort made to get a more comprehen-

sive idea of gathering fuller data on geographical ranges, which

is becoming a more necessary detail for determining ecological

factors and studying the vagaries of ocean currents, especially

at or near the limits of ranges.

As also seems somewhat surprising to note, the southward limit

of most of our Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea moUusks

8 Zool. Voy. Samarang, p. 75, pi. 21, fig. 7, 1850.

9 Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 7, p. 247, pi. 19, fig. 7, 1837.

114 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (4)

reaches no further south than the West Indies, with never a men-

tion of the vast country Brazil. I am sure that there must be

still plenty of shells from Brazil in the great museums of Europe,

U. S. A., and in Brazil, that are also found in the West Indies.

As I have collected shells along the coast from Uruguay to

Porto Gallegos in Patagonia, and along the Strait of Magellan to

Punto Arenas I have a good knowledge of the littoral marine

shells of the Magellanic region. Besides the shells I personally

collected from this region for my cabinets, I have made many

extensive exchanges to supplement the list. Very few of the W.

I. shells extend as far as Uruguay, and south of the mouth of the

Rio de la Plata, there is almost an entirely different shell fauna,

discounting a few species of wide range or near cosmopolitan

scope.

The following list of extended geographical ranges, southward

from the West Indies or Gulf of Mexico to Brazil, were collected

by Dr. H. de Souza Lopes.

Barnea costata Linne. Aracaju, Sergipe State.

Cardium muricatum Linne. Guiba Is. Est. do Rio.

Chama macrophylla Gmelin. Itagipe.

Chama congregata Conrad. Bahia.

Dosinia discus Reeve. Bahia.

Glycimeris americana Defrance. Rio de Janeiro.

Glycimeris pennaceus Lamarck. Guiba Is. — Est. do Rio.

Laevicardium serratum Linne. Guiba Is. — Est. do Rio.

Lucina jamaicensis Lamarck. Zumbi Id. — Rio de Janeiro.

Martesia striata Linne. Boa Viages Id. — Rio de Janeiro.

Mytilus exustus Linne. Mangaratiba.

Ostrea frons Linne. Rio de Janeiro.

Ostrea virginica Gmelin. Mangaratiba.

Pinctada radiata Leach. Gragoata (Est. do Rio) Niteroi.

Plicatula gihhosa Lamarck. Ipagipe, Bahia.

Tagelus gihhus Spengler. Bahia.

Semele proficua Pulteney. Gragoata, Niteroi.

Saxicava arctica Linne. Guaiba Is.

Venus mercenaria notata Say. Guiaba Is.

Dentalium callithrix Dall. Bahia.

Astraea longispina longispina Lamarck. Bahia.

Anachis avara Say. Niteroi Est. de Rio.

Btdla occidentalis C. B. Adams. Juruguba, Niteroi.

Calliostoma jujuhinum Gmelin. Bahia.

Cantharus auritida Born. Bahia.

Cerithium atratum Born. Juruguba, Niteroi.

April, 1950] the nautilus 115

Colus ohesus Verrill. Rio de Janeiro.

Colitmhella mercatoria Linne. Bahia.

Crepidula aculeata Gmelin. Mangaratiba.

Crepidula plana Say. Gragoata, Niteroi.

Cypraea exanthema exanthema Linne. Bahia.

Cypraea cinerea Gmelin. Bahia.

Cypraeacassis testiculus Linne. Bahia.

Diodora cayenensis Lamarck. Bahia.

Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener. Paqueta, Rio de Janeiro.

Littorina angulifera Lamarck. Piscina da Urea, Rio de

Janeiro.

Littorina ziczac Linne. Niteroi, Est. do Rio.

Morum oniscus Linne. Itaparica, Bahia.

Nassa amhigua Montagu. Jnrujuba, Niteroi.

Natica livida Pf eiffer. Bahia.

Oliva sayana Ravenel. Cabo Frio.

Olivella jaspidea Gmelin. Madre Deus, Bahia.

Semicassis in flat a granulosa Bruguiere. Bahia.

Stromhus pugilis Linne. Bahia.

Strombus pugilis alatus Gmelin. Bahia.

Sinum perspectivnm Say. Guaiba Is.

Siphonaria pectinata Linne. Niteroi, Est. del Rio.

SOME WRONG IDENTIFICATIONS OF

SPHAERIIDAE

By H. B. HERRINGTON

Newburgh, Ont.

It is pretty well recognized that the family Sphaeriidae (finger

nail clams) is in a bad state of confusion. Not only are there

cases of many names for the same species but there is also confu-

sion in the identification of species. This paper is presented as

a contribution toward the correction of the latter cause of con-

fusion.

I wish to express my gratitude to Wm. J. Clench of the Mu-

seum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., for the help he

gave me in person and by correspondence; to Gordon K. Mac-

Millan of Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Penna., for searching

the early records for references to Cyclas similis Say and Sphae-

rium sulcatum Lamarck; and to John Oughton of the Ontario

Agricultural College, Guelph, Ont., for help in preparing this

paper for the press.

116 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (4)

In June, 1948, the writer visited the Museum of Comparative

Zoology, through the kindness of the Royal Ontario Museum of

Zoology, Toronto, for the purpose of studying the Sphaeriidae.

The type specimen of Sphaeriicm nohile Gould was found to be

quite unlike the specimens in that collection marked nohile. The

latter appeared to be a form of S. primeanum Clessin of small

diameter. The following information is submitted.

Gould's description fits the type specimen in the M. C. Z.

[This is likely one of the specimens of which Prime says (Mon.

Amer. Corb., 1865, p. 42) 'Svere kindly presented to me by Dr.

Gould."] But his description does not fit the specimens that

have been travelling as S. nohile. The description says, ''Has a

general resemblance to what is usually regarded as C. similis [8.

sulcatum Lamarck] . . . epidermis delicate, light brown . . .

interior white." Who would think of comparing the specimens

that pass for nohile with sulcatum? The ''epidermis" of such

adults as I have examined range from dark brown to almost

black, the younger specimens being rather grayish, and the nacre

is quite blue.

S. primeanum Clessin is a western species, and part of the con-

fusion in the case of ^S^. nohile started at least as far back as Gould

himself. In his original statement (Boston Proc, V, 1855, p.

229) he gives the type locality as "near San Pedro, California."

But, as Dr. Wendell 0. Gregg has pointed out (Minutes Concho-

logical Club, So. Calif., 69, May, 1947, p. 7) "The locality as

given by Gould is definitely incorrect. It is ironical that the

genus Sphaerium is absent from Recent molluscan fauna of

Southern California."

The records show that Dr. Webb, who sent the specimens to

Gould, collected in the mid-southwestern States as well as in

Southern California. The specimens in question may have been

collected in the former area but by the time Gould came to deal

with them apparently they had been put with material from near

San Pedro. In any case, Dr. Gregg points out, no Sphaerium is

found in southern California and, besides, the type specimen in

the M. C. Z. has affinity with sphaeria from the mid-southwestern

States.

The specimens in the Royal Ontario Museum of Zoology, To-

ronto, Ont., that bear the name S. nohile, are S. primeanum Cles-

April, 1950] the nautilus 117

sin. The same state of affairs may exist in other museums. For

a long time, Dr. Victor Sterki also thought these thin primeanum

were nohile. But, by the spring of 1927, he had discovered that

what passed for nohile were really primeanum. In a letter to

Mr. Walter J. Eyerdam, dated April 6, 1927, accompanying

specimens returned to Eyerdam, Sterki wrote, '*I took for nohile

Gld. — cf . primeanum Clessin. The latter is appary. not specify,

distinct from the former; in his monograph, Clessin described

primeanum but does not even mention nohile of Gould; and they

are much alike." Evidently Sterki had thought that the clam

Gould had in mind was what passed as 8. nohile Gould. And

now, by the time he is writing to Eyerdam, he has made the dis-

covery that these are only a form of primeanum, so he concludes

that nohile should be reduced to a synonym of primeanum. Mr.

Eyerdam very kindly loaned me both this letter and the speci-

mens. These clams proved to be the same form of primeanum.

Whether Gould's nohile is properly recognized in some local-

ities or is given some other name I am not sufficiently familiar

with Southern sphaeria to be able to say. The specimen in the

M. C. Z. has some resemblance to >S^. sulcatum Lamarck but it

struck me, at the time I examined it, as being a different species

from sulcatum.

Cyclas similis Say vs. Sphaerium sulcatum Lamarck. [Cyclas

similis Say (Nicholson's Encyclo., 1st edition, 1816).]

''Shell suborbicular convex, base a little flattened; with nearly

equidistant, raised, concentric lines, giving a sulcated appear-

ance to the surface, and generally a more conspicuous elevated

darker wave, marking the former year's growth of the shell.

Epidermis brown or ferruginous; beak nearer central and ob-

tuse ; hinge with minute very oblique teeth, lateral ones very dis-

tinct, elongated, and considerably resembling those of the next

species. Length, seven-twentieths of an inch; breadth, two-

fifths." (The "next species" was C. duhia.)

This is not a description of the Sphaerium that passes for ^8^.

simile (Say) today and which is otherwise known as ;S^. sulcatum

Lamarck.

(1) The measurements do not fit S. sulcatum. Length 7/20

and breadth 2/5 of an inch (= L. 9; breadth 10 mm.). If

118 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (4)

''breadth" meant height the specimen described had a greater

height than length; on the other hand if ''breadth" meant diam-

eter (as A. A. Gould used the term when dealing with C. similis

Say in Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, 1841) then

the diameter was greater than the length. But sulcatum is elon-

gated, besides a specimen but 9 mm. in length would be only a

juvenile. Compare with the following measurements:

2489. Latchford's collection, S. crassum Sterki (which I take

to be a form of sulcatum) L. 9 ; h. 7 ; d. 5 mm.

S-253 (my own) Napanee River, Newburgh, the usual run of

sulcatum. L. 9 ; h. 6.5 ; d. 4.5 mm. L. 16.5 ; h. 12 ; d. 9.5 mm., an

adult of usual size.

(2) I cannot see why anyone would call these "suborbicular

convex." And certainly the base of sulcatum of the length given

in the description is not "a little flattened."

(3) Surely Gould would not say of the cardinals of sulcatum

"very oblique teeth." The cardinals of sulcatum are placed par-

allel, or nearly so, with the hinge-plate.

(4) The darker bands of sulcatum are sunken not "elevated."

That A. A. Gould in recording C. similis Say, and F. C. Baker

and others in recording S. simile (Say), did not give measure-

ments similar to those given by Say but measurements agreeing

with 8. sulcatum Lamarck also goes to show that the identifica-

tion of sulcatum with simile is an error.

It is true that 8. simile (Sa}-) was described in 1816 and 8.

sulcatum Lamarck not until 1818, but I do not know what species

Say was describing — certainly not what is known as 8. sulcatum

Lamarck. The fact that at a later time Gould, or someone else,

noted that among the types was a specimen that "measured in

length nearly three-fifths of an inch" does not alter what is here

set down (see below under P. ultramontanum Prime). There-

fore, I see no justification for discarding the name ;S'. sulcatum

for that of 8. simile.

PisiDiUM ULTRAMONTANUM Prime.

Mistaken identification has arisen on occasion because some

person did not succeed in keeping all the other species from

among the type specimens.

April, 1950] the nautilus 119

Take, for example, P. ultramontanum Prime. The eight type

specimens at the Museum of Comparative Zoology had four of

another species mixed with them. A comparison of these with

Prime's description (Mon. Amer. Corb., 1865, p. 76) showed that

he was describing the eight specimens. He says, ''remarkable

for its spherical and flattened appearance." The other four

specimens, I take to be a short, high form of P. ahditum Halde-

man, much like P. casertanum (Poli) var. humeriforme Stelfox.

[As will be borne in mind, P. ahditum Haldeman is the North

American name for the species that in Europe is called P. caser-

tanum (Poli) or P. cinereum Alder.]

Seemingly not the eight specimens Prime described, but the

other four, are taken currently to be P. ultramontanum Prime,

for all the other five lots at the M. C. Z. marked ultramontanum

consisted of specimens like the four that I have called a form of

ahditum.

Summary

(1) Apparently, a form of Sphaerium primeanum Clessin is

passing currently as S. nohile Gould; S. nohile likely being a

species from the mid-southwestern States.

(2) Sphaerium simile (Say) and S. sulcatum Lamarck are not

synonymous. This large Sphaerium should be called S. sulcatum

Lamarck.

(3) Pisidium ultramontanum Prime is almost round in out-

line and of very small diameter, and is perhaps confused in some

collections with P. ahditum Haldeman.

LAND SNAILS FROM GRANT COUNTY, INDIANA

By CLINTON J. BUSHEY

During the last two or three years, collecting land snails in

and around the community of Upland, Indiana, where Taylor

University is located, has been interesting. Although I have

done some collecting other than local, the following list is con-

fined to Grant County. In looking over previous Indiana snail

records, there apparently has been no systematic collecting of

snails in the state with the exception of a few^ specific localities,

such as Turkey Run. Thus the field is wide open for a complete

check list of Indiana land mollusks.

120

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 63 (4)

With this in mind, I feel that the following list of snails col-

lected in Grant county may add to total knowledge, and possibly

as time goes on other material from the county, as well as from

other counties, can be added until a fairly good picture of the

whole may be obtained. This is not a complete list. A few

small species have not been checked yet, and there may be

species which I have already identified. There may be some

confusion of names but I have attempted to avoid this by using

the nomenclature adopted by Dr. Pilsbry in his recent Mono-

graph of the Land Snails of North America. Dr. Pilsbry has

identified some of my specimens for me. Dr. van der Schalie

and his assistants have also helped out some. Consequently,

I feel quite confident that our identifications are correct, and

put out this list hoping it will accomplish good in the field of

conchology.

Allogona profunda*

Anguispira alternata*

A. a. carinata*

A. kochi*

Carychium exiguum

C. exile*

Cionella luhrica*

Cohimella edentula

Deroceras gracile*

D. reticulatum

Discus cronkhitei anthonyi o

D. patulus*

Euconulus chersinus o

E. fulvus

Gastrocopta armifera*

G. a. ahhreviata*

G. a. affinis*

G. a. similis*

G. contracta

G. corticaria

G. pentodon *

G. procera o

Haplotrema concavum*

Hawaiia minuscula*

Helicodiscus parallelus*

H. singleyanus inermis

Mesodon clausus*

M. elevatus*

M. inflectus

M. pennsylvanicus

M. thyroides*

M. zaletus

Mesomphix cupreus*

M. friahilis*

Pallifera dorsalis

Paravitrea capsella

Philomycus carolinianus*

Polygyra stenotrema

Pupoides alhilahris

P. modicus

Retinella electrina*

B. indentata*

R. ivheatleyi

Stenotrema fraterum*

S. hirsutuyn*

Strohilops labyrinthicao

Succinea avara

8. concordialis

S. ovalis*

Triodopsis alholahris*

T. fraudulent a*

T. multilineata*

* Means abundant; o = common.

April, 1950] the nautilus 121

T. notata V. ligerus*

T. tridentatao V. intertextus

Vallonia costata Vertigo tridentata

V. excentrica Zonitoides arhoreus*

V. pulchella * Z. limatulus

Yentridens demissus Z. nitidus

A LIST OF THE LAND MOLLUSCA OF CLAIBORNE

COUNTY, TENNESSEE, WITH DESCRIPTION OF

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF TRIODOPSIS

By LOUIS LUTZ

(Continued from January number)

The following new subspecies was found in considerable num-

bers in the foothills of the Cumberland Mountains, at Harro-

gate, Tennessee. The forest cover in this area consists mainly

of Eed and Black Oak, with Chestnut Oak, White Oak, Silver

Maple, White Hickory, Black Locust, Sourwood, seedlings of

Persimmon, and Red Cedar in lesser abundance. The soil in

this area is derived from an underlying dolomitic limestone

formation.

Triodopsis hopetonensis claibornensis new subspecies. PL 5,

figs. 5-5b.

Description. The adult shell of this subspecies is scarcely

distinguishable from that of hopetonensis. In most of the speci-

mens of claihornensis the upper margin of the lip flares forward,

less upward than in the typical form. The genitalia, however,

are strikingly different. The spermatheca is almost twice as

long proportionately as that in hopetonensis. Another struc-

tural difference is evident in a cross-section of the penis, for there

is only one pilaster in clai"bornensis (text fig. 1), and two in

hopetonensis.

Measurements. Height 6 mm., maximum diameter 12 mm.,

minimimi diameter 10.3 mm., aperture width 6.3 mm., aperture

height 3.9 mm. Holot>i)e.

Height 7.1 mm., diameter 12.2 mm., whorls 5.1. Paratype.

Height 6.3 mm., diameter 11.2 mm., whorls 5.1. Paratype.

Height 5.5 mm., diameter 10.0 mm., whorls 4.4. Paratype.

Height 6.17 mm., diameter 11.23 mm., whorls 5.03. Average

of 20 specimens.

122

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 63 (4)

•Cumberland Gap

Harrogate*

Canyon near Arthur ^^^j.^j,^j.

Fig. 1, Triodopsis hopetonensis claihornensis, Harrogate, Tennessee; geni-

talia; at a, cross-section of penis. Fig. 2, Claiborne County, showing areas

where collections were made. Fig. 3, outline of the state of Tennessee to

show location of Claiborne County.

Types.— The holotype is deposited in U.S.N.M. No. 599444.

Paratypes are in U.S.N.M. No. 599445, the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia No. 186179, the Museum of Compara-

tive Zoolog}^, and the personal collection of the author. Tyjye

locality: Foothills of the Cumberland Mountains, near the Grace

Nettleton Home for Girls, Harrogate, Claiborne Count}^, Ten-

nessee. L. Lutz, collector; Spring, 1948.

Remarks. — Dr. Allan F. Archer kindly pointed out the pecu-

liar nature of this form when I had sent him a number of

mollusks for identification. His remarks were limited to the

shell characters. Since then, upon his suggestion, 'I have made

a detailed study of the genitalia. It is interesting to note that

typical hopetonensis is a lowland form distributed from the

Carolinas south to Florida, and also recorded in Alabama by

Archer. The subspecies claihornensis, as far as is known, is

limited to the highlands of Tennessee.

Bibliography

Baker, H. Burrington, New Southern Appalachian Land

Snails, The Nautilus, XLII, January 1929.

Byrd, Elon E., Norton, Edna M., and Denton, Fred J., Studies

on the Gastropod Fauna of the Reelfoot Lake Region, Report

of the Reelfoot Lake Biological Station Volume IV, January,

1940.

KuTCHKA, Gordon M., New Varieties of Anguispira and Discus,

Nautilus, July, 1938, Vol. 52, No. I. Pp. 11-14.

April, 1950] the nautilus 123

Lewis, James, Desariptions of New Species of American Land

and Freshwater Shells, Proceedings of the Academy of Nat-

ural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1875.

PiLSBRY, Henry A., Mollusca of the Great Smoky Mountains,

1900, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of

Philadelphia.

PiLSBRY, Henry A., Land Mollusca of North America, Vols. I

and II, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,

Monograph Number 3, Philadelphia, 1940-1948.

Wetherby, a. G., Some Notes on American Land Shells, No. II,

Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Dec. 1881.

SOME MOLLUSKS NEAR ST. PETERSBURG,

FLORIDA

By BERNADINE BAEKER BAKER

Following the A. M. U. meetings at Miami in June, 1949,

my husband and I spent ten days at the Tides Hotel, Redington

Beach, about 7 miles north of St. Petersburg, Florida, directly

on the Gulf of Mexico. We averaged four hours a day, combing

the beach and collecting in Boca Ciega Bay, across the narrow

island. The collecting grounds were within a mile radius of

the hotel, in both localities.

The nearest places where shells could be swept from the Bay

to the Gulf were at Clearwater, 10 miles to the north, or at John's

Pass, 3 miles to the south. Most of the beach material was dead,

but most of the Bay mollusks were living or in a fresh condition.

The collectors had nothing but bare hands and sharp eyes with

which to work. Because of the muddy bottom and the quanti-

ties of Batillaria minimum in the Bay, they bought shoes for

wading. But all other equipment was lacking. The beach

was sandy and clean; the Bay had some sand, but for the most

part was muddy, dirty from sewage, and had mangrove and

sea ** grasses" in some quantity. Just off the Bay was a sand

flat, which was covered at high tide.

Of course, the following list is by no means exhaustive, but

it is published with the thought that amateurs (like me), who

have done little or no collecting, will be encouraged to know the

wide range of shells that may be had for the taking, and in the

hope that residents and visitors to the St. Petersburg area will

go to the beach and double the number of species herein listed.

124

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 63 (4)

All shells were found dead on the beach, unless otherwise

noted.

Isehnochiton papillosa C. B.

A dams*

Area transversa Say

A. secticostata Reeve

A. occidentalis Phil.

A. umbonata Lam.

Noetia ponderosa Say*

Glyeymeris peetinata Gmelin*

Atrina rigida Dillwyn*

Pteria colymbus Roeding

Ostrea virginica Gmelin*

Plicatula gibbosa Lam.

Pecten ziczac L.

P. gibbus L.

P. exasperatus Swby.

P. irradians Lam.*

Anomia simplex Orb.*

Mytilus recurvus Raf.*

Modiolus tulipus L.

M. arborescens Dill.*

M. opif ex Say ^

Polymesoda floridana Conr.*

Cardita floridana Conr.*

Chama congregata Conr.

Pseudochama radians variegata

Rve.

Echinochama arcinella L.

Lueina pennsylvanica L.

L. nassula Conr.*

Codakia orbicularis L.*

Loripinus chrysostoma Phil.

L. schrammi Crosse

Cardium isocardia L.

C. muricatum L.

C. robustum app. vanhyningi

CI. & S.

Papyridea spinosum Meuschen

Trigoniocardia medium L.

Laevicardium serratum L.

L. mortoni Conr.*

Dosinia elegans Conr.

Transenella stimpsoni Dall*

Macrocallista nimbosa Sol.

M. maculata L.

Chione cancellata L.*

C. grus Holmes

Venus mercenaria notata Say*

V. campechiensis Gmel.*

Tellina lineata Turton*

T. magna Spengler

T. alternata Say

Macoma constricta Brug.*

M. tenta Say*

Apolymetis intastriata Say

Semele proficua Pult.

Abra aequalis Say*

Donax variabilis Say ^

Tagelus divisus Spengler*

Mactra fragilis Gmel.

Spissula solidissima similis Say

Anatina lineata Say

A. canaliculata Say

Barnea costata L.

Diadora cayenensis Lam.

Turbo castaneus Gmel.

Natica canrena L.

Polinices duplicata Say

Crepidula' fornicata L.*

C. plana Say*

C. aculeata Gmel.

Littorina irrorata Say*

L. angulifera Lam.*

Vermicularia spirata Phil. -' ^

Modulus modulus L.

Batillaria minimum Gmel.*

Cerithium muscarum Say*

Cerithidea scalariformis Say*

Strombus pugilis L.

Ell pleura caudata sulcidentata

Dall*

* Boca Ciega Bay; Alive or very fresh.

1 Beach, living.

2 Dead, in great numbers, Boca Ciega Bay.

3 Juvenile live specimens in Boca Ciega Bay.

April, 1950]

THE NAUTILUS

125

Murex cellulosa Conr.*

Urosalpinx tampaensis Conr.*

Nassarius vibex Say*

Busycon contrarium Conr.*

B. pyrum Dill.

Melongena corona Gmel.*

Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener

F. tulipa L.*

F. distans Lam.^

Marginella apicina Menke*

M. veliei Pils.*

Oliva sayana Ravenel

Olivella pusilla Marrat*

Terebra dislocata Say

T. protexta Conr.*

Conus floridanus Gabb.

C. stearnsi Conr.*

Cerodrillia thea Dall*

Monilispira leucocyma Dall*

Bulla striata Brug.

Melampus coffeus L.*

ON THE SELECTION OF LECTOTYPES

By RICHARD I. JOHNSON

In 1902, when E. von Martens described Pseudodon resupi-

natus he did not figure it, nor did he select a type. In 1948

(Naut. 62, p. 50), I selected and figured a lectotype for this

species, drawn from a series of cotypes in the Museum of Com-

parative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, which compared

(perhaps by chance) exactly with the measurements given in

the original description. Later Dr. Jaeckel of the Berlin Mu-

seum wrote and told me that the ' ' type ' ' was in that institution

and requested that I publish to that effect.

Dr. Jaeckel has brought to light one of the most unfortunate

problems with which the present day worker is forced to deal,

namely the subsequent selection of a lectotj^pe in those cases

where the original author has neither figured the species, nor

chosen a holotype, nor (as in this particular case) indicated the

location of the main lot. Often we are not certain where the

main lot of a species is located, if indeed it exists; therefore I

believe that in keeping with modern procedure the first reviser

has the right, indeed, the duty, to select a lectotype if he has

type material before him. Only by this method can many other-

wise ''doubtful" species be fixed.

Therefore, though an injustice of the sort Dr. Jaeckel refers

to may occur from time to time, I feel that in the long run our

science will be forwarded by these selections which fix the

identity of a species once and for all.

126 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (4)

NEW MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM DOMINICA, B. W. I.

By a. H. VERRILL

MuREx MAcuLATus new species. Plate 9, fig. 3.

Whorls compressed, swollen, the last whorl almost globular;

each whorl with three low varices bearing slender, iipcurved,

sharp spines, three spines on each varix of last whorl, the spine

nearest shoulder twice as long as that next below; one spine on

each varix of other whorls. Canal straight, tapering, broad at

aperture and blunt at extremity. Varices extending to tip of

canal and with numerous short spines. Surface of shell with

fine concentric raised ridges with faint indications of five or six

low longitudinal ribs between the varices. Color creamy or

ochreous-white marked with pale orange or chestnut-brown

squarish spots arranged in vertical lines on each whorl. Length

47 mm., diameter 19 mm. Longest spine 14 mm. Taken in 40

to 50 fathoms off Dominica, B. W. I. Two living specimens ; the

type in my collection.

Cymatium rehderi new species. Plate 9, figs. 1, la.

Shell with from six to seven wide, rounded, strong concentric

ribs on last whorl, three to four on other whorls. Sutures dis-

tinct. Shoulders with six to seven nodules. Three large, strong

varices. Sides of spire whorls straight. Aperture elliptical.

Lip toothed. Columella with 14 to 16 strong teeth. Canal

broad, swollen from about midway of ^aperture to lower end of

aperture and curved to left near tip giving effect of a twisted

''tail." Color of shell pale brown indistinctly longitudinally

striped with darker brown. Ribs on varices alternately whitish,

brown and rich orange. Columella dull orange. Epidermis horn

color, silky. Length of holotype 75 mm., width 41 mm. Four

living specimens. Taken in 25 to 40 fathoms off Dominica,

B. W. I.

Named in honor of Dr. Harald A. Rehder. Type in U. S. N. M.

Hemitoma rubida new species. Plate 9, figs. 2, 2a.

Shell moderately pyramidal with apex about one-third of

distance between extremities. Strongly and conspicuously sculp-

tured with high rounded ridges with shorter lower ridges alter-

nating. Irregular concentric ribs quite prominent near margin.

Margins strongly imbricated. Color dull-purple. Interior vio-

let with an indistinct whitish zone near margin.

Animal brilliant vivid magenta. This limpet differs from

Hemitonia octoradiata Gmel. in its lower form and straight

THE NAUTILUS: 63 (4)

PLATE 9

THE NAUTILI'S: 63 (4)

PLATE 10

1 .\fi(rr.r hirrifi-oiis L;mi:i ick. L', M iiri.r tiifio riiMu-li &■ Fnrfjinte.

April, 1950] the nautilus 127

rather than curved slopes, in its more numerous, larger and

stronger ribs, in the position of the apex, in the strongly fluted

or imbricated margin, in the color of the shell and in the color

of the animal. Size of holotype : Length 40 mm., breadth 32

mm., height 13 mm. Reefs at Canefield Point, Dominica,

B. W. I. Five specimens. Type in the author's collection.

Strombus costatus spectabilis new subspecies. Plate 9, fig. 4.

The shells resemble Strom'bus costatus, but are shorter and

chunkier. Whorls with from ten to twelve strong spines, which

on last whorl extend completely around the shell to aperture.

Sutures verj' distinct, each suture covering the bases of the

spines on the whorl above, those of spire almost completely

hidden by the upward extension of shoulders. Shoulders broad,

flattened, concave. Canal bent very sharply to the right. Im-

mature specimens have exceedingly broad, flattened spines and

wide, flat shoulders. Color of adult shells whitish, longitudi-

nally streaked with fine stripes of horn-color to brown, the

spire often rose-pink with brown blotches. Columellar area and

inner lip delicate rose-pink or madder, sometimes \dolaceous.

Immature shells are white heavily blotched and spotted with

rich reddish-chestnut. Interior of lip lilac. Size of adult:

length 6 inches, diameter 5I/2 inches.

Collected in fish traps at from 30 to 40 fathoms off Dominica,

B. W. I. Type in the author's collection.

MuREx ARGO Clench and Farfante. Plate 10, fig. 2.

Since the validity of Murex argo C. & F. {M. ini'bricatus Hig-

gins and Marryat) has been questioned and because Mr. Clench

has expressed the opinion that ^' Murex argo is merely a form

of Murex hrevifrons/^ I feel that the accompanying photographs

are of great importance as convincing evidence that the two

shells are not the same. Both specimens are from Soufriere

Bay, Dominica, British West Indies, and are of the same size.

The differences between them are obvious. M. argo (fig. 2)

is a much slenderer shell than M. hrevifrons (fig. 1). The num-

ber of spines on the edge of the lip is not the same and the

sculpture on the whorls differs. The aperture of argo is much

smaller than that of hrevifrons, and is placed differently in re-

lation to the axis of the shell. In argo, the interior of the aper-

ture is lilac or pale purple, while in hrevifrons it is white or

yellow. M. argo is deep red or reddish brown, with black con-

128 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (4)

centric bands, with jet-black spines, and with a scarlet nucleus ;

whereas brevifrons is a light colored shell without bands and

with the spines only slightly darker colored.

Dr. Harald A. Rehder of the U. S. National Museum states:

**Your photographs of argo and brevifrons certainly show that

these are distinct species."

Plate 10, fig. 1, shows Murex brevifrons Lamarck, from 20 to

25 fathoms; fig. 2, M. argo Clench and Farfante, from 75 fath-

oms. Both figrures are natural size.

SCIENCE AND LEGALITY

By H. BUREINGTON BAKER

Taxonomy, even in its name, includes two very divergent

aspects : the science of systematics (taxinomy) and the legal pro-

cedures ^ of nomenclature (taxionymy ?). Although inseparable

in practice, their aims and methods often are in diametrical op-

position, so that most taxonomic problems involve a compromise

between them.

From the scientific viewpoint of systematics, the legal concept

of type is utter nonsense.- A species, for example, usually con-

sists of complex, intergrading, spacious series of populations, and

should be based on an adequate sample of one of them; this is

approximated more or less in a type lot (^'cotypes"). Almost

the only reason for type designation in species is the unscientific,

but intelligible practice of museums, which of course desire to

keep the selected type shell (^'holotype") and to distribute

some of the other examples Cparatypes") from the original

sample. But, in the case of species, the rules allow that sys-

tematic science has some rights; and nowhere does the code

require (cf. Art. 25, c, 3) type selection prior to the division

of a species (Art. 31), although original designation is legalized

(cf. Art. 29) and actually recommended (Appendix). How-

1 International rules (or code) of zoological nomenclature. Articles

(Art.) and appendix cited are from these.

2 See "Systematics and the origin of species," etc., by Ernst Mayr, who

attacks the legal "type," but confuses it with the old biologic usage (cf.

mode).

April, 1950] the nautilus 129

ever, subsequent selection of type (''lectotype") for a species

has no justification, until its original description is proved to

be based on a composite of more than one species or subspecies

(e.g., many of those of the early compilers, like Linne).^ Even

then, designation of a type locality,^ to restrict typical material

C'topotypes") to one population, would be better scientifically.

On the other hand, in groups larger than species (e.g.,genera),

the limits or sizes, which mainly are determined by convention

or convenience,* have fluctuated to a much greater degree.

Kealizing this difficulty, the rules have decided in favor of

nomenclature; thus a type species (** genotype '*) is now a legal

requirement for each new genus (Art. 25, c, 3) ; otherwise it is

ruled a ''nomen nudum," without status in nomenclature. But,

even for genera, hasty subsequent designations of type, although

legal (Art. 30, II), often have caused irreparable damage to

nomenclature, and I have made several that I deeply regret.

Now please return to the species level. Those who indulge in

subsequent type selection for undivided species should under-

stand that, under the present rules, such designation is futile;

it puts no obligation on anybody else. Also, if the strictly

generic rule (Art. 30, II) be applied, any selection should be

limited to material which the author of the original description

unquestionably included in it (Art. 30, e). For example, can

anyone prove that the *4ectotype" of Pseudodon resupinatus^

was identified by the author of this species? ^ Apparently this

may not be the case with the ''lectotype" or P. walpolei.^

Dealers and collectors, for obvious reasons, often send a few

shells from a large lot to a student or a museum for identifica-

tion or description. These few shells constitute the true type

lot, in any real sense of the term. As illustration, in Hawaii

were two ''type lots" of '^Philonesia indefinita (Ancey)": (1)

the type shell from Ancey and (2) a large lot from Baldwin,

the original collector. The first lot was P. indefinita, but the

3 See 1941, Johnsonia, vol. 1, number 1, p. 6, for an excellent example of a

careful study on one of these difficult problems.

4 This is not true of contents or relationships, which are the natural con-

cerns of systematic science.

5 1948, Nautilus, vol. 62, pp. 50, 51.

6 Some Berlin museum may have the original label in Martens ' handwrit-

ing, or at least a record that names him as the donor.

130 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (4)

second consisted almost entirely of P. perlucejis (Ancey), which

also was based on the few shells, selected by Baldwin from

his big set and sent to Ancey. Should any man, unless he ac-

cepts liabilit}^, be held responsible for the labels on shells which

he never has seen ?

A still more futile practice is the designation of a so-called

**neotype." For example, under the generic rule, W. J.

Clench's' "neoholotype" of Guppy's Purpura trinitatensis is

clearly illegal. Even the botanical rules, which, unlike ours,

apparently admit the relevancy of museum specimens, allow

that, if the actual type be lost,^ the original description (includ-

ing any figure) becomes the type. Under our rules, it defines

the type lot.

The printed page always continues to read the same, when

even authentic type lots, because of the various hands that re-

label and rearrange them, become less trustworthy with the

lapse of time. So, especially years afterwards, the identity of

an originally dubious species ("nomen dubium") cannot be

** fixed." At least, Cyclostrema cancellatum Marryat ^ does

not replace Ball's carefully described species, which apparently

is less than half the size and has a sunken spire (instead of a

slightly raised one?) and a markedly toothed suture (in place

of one that appears fairly smooth on account of the weaker

growth ribs on the earlier whorls?), just because ''We" decided

to ''designate it as the neoholotype." The gravest danger of

type selections, in fact of all legal procedures, is their tendency

to replace careful study, because they seem to offer a quick

and easy escape. Actually this appearance is purely illusory,

to which many tedious irenics, like this one, bear witness.

7 1947, Johnsonia, vol. 2, p. 70.

8 Because conchology takes advantage of one rule (Art. 27, a), the greater

portion of most molluscan types, sometimes the more essential part to sys-

tematics, is lost irretrievably.

8 1950, Johnsonia, vol. 2, pp. 196, 197.

April, 1950] the nautilus 131

NEW RECORDS OF LAND SNAILS FROM

WISCONSIN

By LORNA E. LEVI and HERBERT W. LEVI

University of Wisconsin Extension Center, Wausau, Wisconsin

The invertebrates of Wisconsin are not at all well known, the

land snails not excepted. Only few papers have appeared deal-

ing with the distribution of these snails in the state, the most

recent by J. P. E. Morrison (1929) who collected in Dane

County. G. H. Chadwick (1906) listed the snails of his col-

lection and of earlier workers, but these were mainly snails of

eastern Wisconsin. The rest of the state remained nearly un-

explored for land snails up to now.

Due to the help and encouragement of Professors L. E.

Noland and N. C. Fassett, of the University of Wisconsin, the

authors were able to make several trips throughout the State

during the summer of 1949, primarily for the purpose of col-

lecting spiders. The snail shells listed below were mainly a by-

product of the expedition. As the authors are partial to deep

woods, mouldy logs and large handsome shells, other habitats

and smaller shells might have been slighted.

For identification, Pilsbry's monograph, F. C. Baker's ''Field-

book of Illinois Land Snails," and Oughton's list of Ontario

snails were used. Credit should be given to Mr. C. B. Wurtz

of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for identi-

fication of the more difficult shells.

Since all determinations were made from the shells only,

there may be some inaccuracies, especially in the families Suc-

cineidae and Zonitidae.

To make this list more useful to those unacquainted with the

geography of Wisconsin, a map is included.

All the Polygyridae except Triodopsis midiilmeata were found

in climax forests with limestone.

Stenotrema liirsuium (Say) 1817. Grant County: Wyalus-

ing. Juneau County : Necedah.

1 Supported in part by the Research Committee of the Graduate School of

the University of Wisconsin from funds supplied by the Wisconsin Alumni

Research Foundation.

132

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 63 (4)

Stenotrema fraternum (Say) 1824. Chippewa County: Bru-

nei Island. Clark County : near Stanlej^ Door County : Pen-

insula State Park, Potawatomi State Park. Grant County:

Wyalusing State Park. Kewanee County: Kewanee. Lang-

lade County : Polar. Marathon County : Haider. Pierce

County: Maiden Rock. Polk County: St. Croix Falls. Vernon

County: Coon Valley, Wildcat Mt.

Stenotrema monodon (Rackett) 1821. Dane County: Mad-

ison. Door County: Peninsula State Park. Kenosha County:

Kenosha.

Mesodon thyroidus (Say) 1816. Clark County: near Stanley.

Monroe County : Coon Valley. Vernon County : Coon Valley.

April, 1950] the nautilus 133

Triodopsis alholahris (Say) 1816. Clark County: near Stan-

ley Door County : Peninsula State Park, Potawatomi State Park.

Fond du Lac County : Mauthe Lake. Manitowoc County : Point

Beach. Marathon County : Haider. Monroe County : Coon

Valley. Oconto County : Machickanee Forest. Price County :

Memorial Grove. Shawano County: Neopit. Trempealeau

County : Perrot State Park. Vernon County : Coon Valley.

Triodopsis midtiUneata (Say) 1821. Dane County: Madison.

Grant County: Wyalusing. Rock County: Edgerton (A. D.

Hasler!) These shells were found near water except for sev-

eral immature animals from Wyalusing which were found on

limestone outcrops far above the Wisconsin River.

Allogona profunda (Say) 1821. Door County :Potawatomi

State Park. Florence County: Tipler. Grant County: Wya-

lusing State Park. Jefferson County : Lake Mills. Kewanee

County: Kewanee. Monroe County: Coon Valley. Ozaukee

County: Saukville. Sauk County: Baxter's Hollow. Shawano

County: Neopit. Taylor County: Chequamegon National For-

est. Vernon County: Coon Valley, Wildcat Mountain. The

Wyalusing shells vary in color and include an albino.

Haplotrema concavum (Say) 1821. Grant County: Wyalus-

ing State Park. These snails were found mating in a stump

after several days of heavy rain. (June 15, 1949.)

Zonitoides arhoreus (Say) 1816. Adams County: Wisconsin

Dells, Roche a Cri. Ashland County : Copper Falls State Park.

Buffalo County: Merrick State Park. Chippewa County: Bru-

net Island. Clark County: Owen. Dane County: Madison.

Door County: Peninsula State Park, Potawatomi State Park.

Douglas County : Brule, Pattison State Park. Florence County :

Tipler. Fond du Lac County: Mauthe Lake. Forest County:

Alvin. Grant County: Wyalusing State Park, Fenimore. Iowa

County : Tower Hill State Park ; Spring Green. Jackson County :

Castle Rock. Juneau County: Necedah, Rocky Arbor. Kenosha

County : Salem. Kewanee County : Kewanee. Langlade County :

Polar. Lincoln County: Merrill, Corning. Manitowoc County:

Point Beach. Marathon County : Wausau, Haider. Marquette

County: Westfield. Monroe County: Coon Valley. Oconto

County: Machickanee Forest. Oneida County: Lake Toma-

hawk. Ozaukee County: Saukville. Pierce County: Maiden

134 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (4)

Rock. Polk County: St. Croix Falls. Price County: Memorial

Grove. Richland County : Rockbridfje. Rusk County : Lady-

smith. Sauk County: Baxter's Hollow. Taylor County:

Chequamegon. Trempealeau County : Perrot State Park. Ver-

non County: Wildcat Mountain, Coon Valley. Vilas County:

Nicolet National Forest. Walworth County : Kettle Moraine.

Waukesha County : Palmyra. Wood County : Marshfield. This

snail was found in almost every habitat visited.

Zonitoides limatulus (Binney) 1840. Door County: Pen-

insula State Park. Monroe County: Coon Valley. Vernon

County: Coon Valley, Wildcat Mountain. These are all lime-

stone areas.

Retinella indentata (Say) 1823. Door County: Potawatomi

State Park. Douglas County: Pattison State Park. Fond du

Lac County: Mauthe Lake. Monroe County: Coon Valley.

Vernon County: Wildcat Mountain. These shells were taken

in limestone areas with climax forest.

Retinella hinneyana (Morse) 1864. Ashland County: Copper

Falls State Park. Clark Countj^ : Owen. Door County : Pen-

insula State Park. Douglas County: Brule. Juneau County:

Necedah. Oneida County : Lake Tomahawk. Taylor County :

Chequamegon National Forest. Vernon County : Timber Coulee.

Walworth County: Kettle Moraine State Park. As this species

was distinguished from the following one hy shell character-

istics only, errors in determination may have been made.

Retinella electrina (Gould) 1841. Dane County: Madison.

Langlade County : Polar.

Euconulus chersinus (Say) 1821. Dane County: Madison.

Douglas County: Brule. Florence County: Tipler, Fond du

Lac County : Mauthe Lake. Grant County : Wyalusing. Ke-

wanee County : Kewanee. Langlade County : Polar. Marathon

County: Haider. Oconto County: Machickanee Forest. Ver-

non County : Wildcat Mountain, Coon Valley.

Euconulus fulviis (Miiller) 1774. Ashland County: Copper

Falls. Dane County : Madison. Door County : Peninsula State

Park. Douglas County: Brule, Pattison State Park. Florence

County : Tipler. Manitowoc County : Point Beach. Marquette

County : Westfield. Price County : Memorial Grove.

Hawaiia minuscida (BinnejO 1840. Dane County: Madison.

Vernon County : Wildcat Mountain.

April, 1950] the nautilus 135

Striatura milium (Morse) 1859. Douglas County: Brule, Pat-

tison State Park.

Striatura exigua (Stimpson) 1847. Douglas County: Brule.

Striatura ferrea Morse 1865. Rusk County : Ladysmith.

Paravitrea multidentata (Binney) 1840. Door County: Pota-

watomi State Park, Peninsula State Park.

Anguispira alternata (Say) 1774. Adams County: Wiscon-

sin Dells. Chippewa County : Brunet Island. Dane County :

Madison. Door County : Peninsula State Park. Dogalas County :

Pattison State Park. Florence County: Tipler. Fond du Lac

County: Mauthe Lake. Grant County: Wj^alusing. Iowa

County : Tower Hill State Park. Jefferson County : Lake Mills.

Juneau County : Rocky Arbor. Kewanee County : Kewanee.

Langlade County : Polar. Manitowoc County : Point Beach.

Marathon County: Wausau. Monroe County: Coon Valley.

Oconto County : Machickanee Forest. Oneida County : Lake

Tomahawk. Ozaukee County : Saukville. Pierce County :

Maiden Rock. Polk County: St. Croix Falls. Price Countj^:

Memorial Grove. Sauk County: Baraboo, Baxter's Hollow;

Trempealeau County : Perrot State Park. Vernon County : Coon

Valley, Wildcat Mountain. Walworth County : Kettle Moraine

State Park.

Punctum mi7mtissimum (Lea) 1841. Adams County: Roche

a Cri.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say) 1817. Chippewa County: Bru-

net Island. Clark Countj^: Owen. Door County: Peninsula

State Park, Potawatomi State Park. Douglas Count}^: Brule.

Grant County: Wyalusing. Jackson County: Castle Rock.

Marathon County : Wausau. Monroe County : Coon Valley.

Oneida County : Lake Tomahawk. Ozaukee County : Saukville.

Price County: Memorial Grove. Rusk County: Ladysmith.

Wood County : Marshfield.

Discus patulus (Deshayes) 1817. Monroe County: Coon Val-

ley. Sauk County : Baxter 's Hollow. Vernon County : Coon

Valley, Wildcat Mountain. This species was collected only in

climax forest on limestone.

Discus cronkhitei (Newcomb) 1865. Clark County: Owen.

Dane Countj^ : Madison. Juneau County : Necedah.

Discus cronkhitei catskillensis (Pilsbry) 1898. Adams

County: Roche a Cri. Ashland County: Copper Falls. Chip-

136 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (4)

pewa County: Brunet Island. Door County: Potawatomi State

Park, Peninsula State Park. Douglas County: Pattison State

Park. Florence County : Tipler. Fond du Lac County : Mauthe

Lake. Kewanee County: Kewanee. Langlade County: Polar.

Polk County: St. Croix Falls. Price County: Memorial Grove.

Rusk County: Ladysmith. Shawano County: Keshena.

Succinea ovalis (Say) 1817. Clark County: Owen, near

Stanley. Dane County: Madison. Door County: Peninsula

State Park. Douglas County: Pattison State Park. Grant

County : Wyalusing. Iowa County : Arena, Spring Green.

Langlade County : Polar. Vernon County : Coon Valley. These

were found in moist woods or near water.

Succinea avara Say 1824. Buffalo County: Merrick State

Park. Dane County : near Sauk City. Door County : Pen-

insula State Park. Grant County: Wyalusing. The Dane

County shell was found on top of a dry sandstone bluff. The

others were found near water.

Oxyloma retusa (Lea) 1834. Buffalo County: Merrick State

Park. Dane County: Madison. Fond du Lac County: Mauthe

Lake.

Strohilops aenea Pilsbrj^ 1893. Door County: Peninsula

State Park. Grant County: Wyalusing State Park.

Strohilops affinis Pilsbry 1893. Fond du Lac County:

Mauthe Lake.

Strohilops lahyrinthica (Say) 1817. Adams County: Wis-

consin Dells, Roche a Cri. Ashland County: Copper Falls.

Door County: Potawatomi State Park, Peninsula State Park.

Douglas County: Brule, Pattison State Park. Fond du Lac

County : Mauthe Lake. Forest County : Laona. Grant County :

Wyalusing. Juneau County : Rocky Arbor. Kewanee County :

Kewanee, Langlade County: Polar. Lincoln County: Corning.

Manitowoc County : Point Beach. Monroe County : Coon Valley.

Oconty County : Machichanee. Oneida County : Lake Toma-

hawk. Pierce County : Maiden Rock. Polk County : St. Croix

Falls. Price County : Memorial Grove. Rusk County : Lady-

smith. Shawano County: Keshena, Neopit. Vernon County:

Coon Valley. Walworth County: La Grange.

Columella edentula (Draparnaud) 1805. Ashland County:

Copper Falls. Clark County : near Stanley. Door County : Pen-

April, 1950] the nautilus 137

insula State Park. Douglas County: Brule. Forest County:

Laona. Kusk County: Ladysmith. Taylor County: Chequam-

egon National Forest. Vernon County: Wildcat Mountain.

Vertigo ovata Say 1822. Ashland County: Copper Falls.

Douglas County: Brule. Florence County: Tipler. Sheboygan

County: Sheboygan Falls.

Vertigo ventricosa (Morse) 1865. Taylor County: Chequa-

megon National Forest.

Vertigo nylanderi Sterki 1909. Door County: Peninsula

State Park.

Vertigo gouldi (Binney) 1843. Douglas County: Pattison

State Park.

Gastrocopta coritracta (Say) 1822. Ashland County: Copper

Falls. Door County: Peninsula State Park. Douglas County:

Pattison State Park. Fond du Lac County: Mauthe Lake.

Grant County: Wyalusing. Monroe County: Coon Valley.

Pierce County: Maiden Rock. Sauk County: Baxter's Hollow.

Gastrocopta armifera (Say) 1821. Dane County: Madison.

Marquette County: Westfield.

Gastrocopta tappaniana (C. B. Adams) 1842. Dane County:

Madison.

Vallonia pulchella (Mliller) 1774. Dane County: Madison.

Langlade County: Polar. Marathon County: Wausau. Sheb-

oygan County : Sheboygan Falls.

Vallonia cost at a (Miiller) 1774. Dane County: Madison.

Marathon County: Wausau.

The two species of Valloniidae listed are usually found near

human dwellings, a habitat which the authors did not fre-

quently collect.

Cionella luhrica (Miiller) 1774. Ashland County: Copper

Falls State Park. Clark County: Owen. Dane County: Mad-

ison. Door County: Peninsula State Park. Douglas County:

Brule. The shells collected were from fields or relatively open

places, a habitat not well covered on the collecting trip.

Carychium exiguiim (Say) 1822. Dane County: Madison.

Kenosha County : Kenosha.

Carychium exile canadense Clapp 1906. Douglas County:

Brule, under strips of bark in a cedar bog.

138 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (4)

Hendersonia occulta (Say) 1831. Door County: Potawatomi

State Park. Kewanee County: Kewanee. Monroe County:

Coon Valley. Vernon County: Coon Valley, Wildcat Moun-

tain, Timber Coule. These were found in limestone areas, usu-

ally on rocks.

References

Baker, F. C, 1939. Fieldbook of Illinois Land Snails. 111. Nat.

Hist. Survey Manual 2: 1-166.

Chadwick, G. H., 1906. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc, 4: 67-99.

Morrison, J. P., 1926. Trans. Wise. Acad. Sci., 24: 406-i25.

OuGHTON, J., 1948. A Zoog-eographical Study of the Land

Snails of Ontario Univ. Toronto Studies, Biol. Ser., 57 : 1-126.

PiLSBRY, H. A., 1939-1948. Land Mollusca of North American,

vols. 1 and 2. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monographs 3.

HIATELLA DAUDIN VERSUS SAXICAVA BELLEVUE

By henry dodge

The name Saxicava Fleuriau de Bellevue (1802) is almost uni-

versally used for the genus of burrowing bivalves, of which the

best-known species and subjective type ^ is Saxicava arctica

Linne, the Mija arctica of the ''Systema Naturae." The date of

Saxicava is well established. It was validly proposed in two dif-

ferent journals — the ''Journal de Physique," volume 54, pages

345-355, and the Bulletin 62 of the ''Societe Philomathique de

Paris," pages 105-109. The volumes of both journals bear the

date *'1802" on their title-pages.- Moreover both serials men-

tioned the date on which the paper had already been read before

1 Saxicava was proposed with a single species, S. striata, which is identical

with Mya arctica Linne. The latter, therefore, becomes the subjective geno-

type, by monotypy. Cliildren in 1823 and Gray in 1847 designated Saxicava

rugosa (Linne) 1767 {Mytilus rugosiis Linne) as type, but these designa-

tions are invalid, since the last name was not upon the original list of Saxi-

cava. But the question of validity is academic.

2 In the ** Journal de Physique" the title-page reads *' An 10 de la Repub-

lique (1802. v.st.) " [vieux style]. In the other journal, it reads simply

"1802." Although the use of the Republican calendar was compulsory and

was officially in use until 1805, it was more honored in the breach than in

the observance during its last years.

April, 1950] the nautilus 139

the Institut National, in one ease **le 26 Ventose, An 10" (March

17, 1802), and in the other ''le 6 Ventose, An 10 (February 25,

1802).

From time to time, particularly in the first half of the nine-

teenth century, the name Hiatella Daudin appears in the litera-

ture as the generic name for this group, but for the last hundred

years or so its use has almost died out because of the dispute as to

its priority, the date of its publication being unknown to modern

writers. Possibly the early commentators who used the name

were aware of the basis for its use, but this basis was never

stated.^ In recent years, the practice has been to use Saxicava

and to query the validity of Hiatella by giving its date as

''n801"or''n802."

The problem exists because the work in which the name was

proposed, the ''Histoire Naturelle des coquilles," a five-volume

work by L. A. G. Bosc, which was integrated into the *'new"

Castel's edition of Buff on 's Natural History, as a part, has upon

the title-page of each of its volumes only the date ''An 10," ac-

cording to the Republican calendar. That "year" began on

September 23, 1801 and ended on September 22, 1802. Thus

there is no internal evidence of the exact date of publication.

According to our calendar, it might have been in either of the

two years.

3 The name Hiatella was used by Lamarck (1819), Blainville (1825),

Sowerby (1839), Reeve (1841), Hanley (1841 and 1855) and Gray (1847),

among others. The most recent use of the name as a good genus was by

Cotton and Godfrey (1938, p. 284), who cite it as of Daudin 1801 and add:

''Genotype H. arctica Linne. Saxicava Bellevue 1802 is a synonym." They

state no grounds for the priority of Hiatella. Bucquoy, Dautzenberg and

Dollfus (April, 1896, pp. 589-590) use Saxicava as a valid name, but,

strangely enough, in citing one of Daudin 's species, Hiatella monoperta, in

the synonymy of S. arctica Linne, give it the date 1801. The family name

Hiatellidae is also used by Cotton and Godfrey (loc. cit.), and has been used

by Maxwell Smith (1940, p. 120). Between the middle of the nineteenth

century and the Cotton and Godfrey paper I have been able to find no author

Avho cites Hiatella as a good genus. Indeed Lamy (1915, p. 249) said: ''In

fact . . . this Mya arctica ... is a Saxicava, and the genus Hiatella should

be abandoned.", and later (1921, p. 361) he definitely cites the genus as of

Daudin 1802.

{To ie continued)

140 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (4)

NOTES AND NEWS

The American Malacological Union will hold its 16th an-

nual meeting in Chicago, Illinois, June 14, 15, 16, 1950. The

meetings will be held in the Chicago Natural History Museum,

where Dr. Fritz Haas, the president of the Union, is in charge of

the conchological collections. Announcement of hotel accommo-

dations and other details will be made later.

Pacific Division, 3rd annual meeting. Mr. John Q. Burch

(Chairman) reports: *'We have finally agreed and made all ar-

rangements for the 1950 meetings of the Pacific Division. "We

are to meet April 7, 8 and 9, at the Barbara Hotel, Santa Bar-

bara, California. There are many advantages to this because

we will have an amply large meeting room on the main floor of

the hotel, and also in the same hotel there is a very good dining

room, also a coffee shop. So we will meet, sleep, eat, and have

our annual banquet all under the same roof." Any of our east-

ern members will be cordially welcomed at this meeting. From

''News bulletin and annual report, 1949," Mrs. Harold E. Rob-

ertson, Secretary, 136 Buffum Street, Buffalo 10, New York.

Some snails in the city parks. — New York City seems an un-

usual place to hunt mollusks, but I had some small success. In

Central Park Lake, there were twenty-five Vivij^ara confectoides,

although only half were live shells. Further search revealed no

other forms of mollusks, but this park was the only one in which

V. contectoides was found. The Bronx River, in the south end of

Bronx Park, had Physa heterostropha in quantity, at the water's

edge. There is a little stream running through the Brooklyn

Botanic Gardens, and following its length gave me several spe-

cies. Vivipara chinensis, plentiful, but all smaller than those

found later in Forest Park. HeUsoma trivolis, Stagnicola palus-

tris elodes, Anguispira alternata, Physa heterosiropha. Prospect

Park, in a small pond near the boat-house, contained many HeU-

soma trivolis, some white, some horn-color. A little further from

the heart of the city, in Forest Park, Queens County, many Vivi-

para chinensis live in the mud under the leaves of the small yel-

low pond lilies. These were large, many two, to two and one-

quarter inches. The tips are often eroded, but the shells and

April, 1950] the nautilus 141

operculum are very pleasing when cleaned. On the stems and

leaves of the lilies were many Physa heterostropha. — Dorothy D.

Freas, 8935 86th Street, Woodhaven 21, New York.

Texas snails. — Dr. Pilsbry may be interested in learning of

the occurrence of Otala lactea (Miill.) in the southwestern section

of Houston, Texas. I found a portion of a fresh shell several

years ago, and last month I accidently came across a colony in

the same area. I noticed thirty or forty living specimens in grass

and on garden plants over an area of two city blocks. I picked

up four or five dozen fresh shells in a large vacant lot. Accord-

ing to the owner of a small greenhouse, they have been a consid-

erable annoyance for about four years. I moved to Bellaire, a

community on the southwestern edge of Houston, about six weeks

ago, and was surprised to find Praticolella griseola (Pfr.) very

abundant in my yard, and in nearby lots. This appears to be

considerably beyond the reported range, at least according to

the literature available to me. — Jack H. McLellan. (from

letter.)

Attempted defense by Haplotrema concavum and mode of

eating. — Having frequently observed Haplotrema concavum

(Say) in captivity and in the field, I have found that it rarely

eats its own kind. The following observation on captive speci-

ments from Marion County, Indiana, indicates a possible reason

for its general abstinence from cannibalism. On the occasion

noted, a young snail of moderate size was seen adhering to and

gnawing at a corroded area on the shell of an adult. Appar-

ently the young snail was merely eating shell material. Since

the habit of shell-eating is very common among land snails (in-

volving the eating of empty or of living shells) I merely removed

the young snail. While doing so, however, I was surprised to

discover a hole in the eroded area, and to see that the victim was

gnawing outwardly through this perforation. The adult was

seen to be retracted unusually far into the body whorl, and the

head was free of the usual envelopment by the mantle, which was

yet further retracted. Seemingly the adult was deliberately de-

fending itself from the attacking snail. That the victim had

found the exact locus of the attack, and had been able to bring

142 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (4)

its own mouth and radula into apposition to that of the assailant,

indicates either random luck, or a well coordinated defense be-

havior. Unfortunately, careful observations on the possible re-

covery of the victim were not made ; it was found dead about a

week later in the can-cage into which it had been isolated.

In contrast to the foregoing wherein cannibalism was at-

tempted by a perforation of the shell, the following instances of

successful snail eating but not shell eating were effected by at-

tacks through the aperture of the prey without harming the shell

in the least. The victims were living specimens of Stenotrema

hirsutiim (Say) and of Mesodon inflectus (Say), and both at-

tacks occurred in collecting bags. Seemingly the apertural arma-

tures of these two species occasionally are ineffective against the

insertion of the feeding organs of Haplotrema concavum. —

Glenn R. Webb, Ohio, Illinois.

Feeding of the beetle, Calosoma on snails. — The following

observations on the feeding of the carabid beetle, Calosoma sp.

on snails were made on the Edmund Niles Huyck Preserve, Rens-

selaerville, Albany County, New York during the summer of

1948.

In the field in beech-hemlock stands Calosoma beetles were

found in leaf mold beside fallen logs in wet-rot decay feeding on

Triodopsis alholahris (Say) on seven occasions. One beetle was

brought into the laboratory to observe its feeding habits at first

hand and was kept in a jar terrarium. The terrarium bottom

was covered with damp soil and beech leaves were added. The

following species of land snails were proferred the beetle over

a period of six weeks: Triodopsis alholabris (Say), Triodopsis

tridentata (Say), Stenotrema fraternum (Say), and Ventridens

intertextus (Binney). Of these common snails of the Huyck

Preserve only Triodopsis alholabris and Ventridens intertextus

were fed upon.

Observations were made when the beetle began its attack and

consequent feeding on two mature Triodopsis alholabris and on

one immature shell without a lip. In each instance when feeding

began, the snails were retracted with the aperture toward the

substratum. The shells were turned over by the beetle through

the use of its legs and mandibles so that the aperture was turned

April, 1950] the nautilus 143

upward before feeding commenced. With mature shells with a

fully formed lip, the beetle tore off parts of the snails foot bit by

bit; the beetle made no attempt to reach the soft parts of the

snail that were in the whorls of the spire. When feeding on the

individual with an immature and consequently more fragile shell

the beetle broke away and discarded the body whorl of the shell,

and thus managed to devour completely all the soft parts.

The feeding behavior of the beetle may be leisurely, with the

beetle pulling pieces of flesh from the snail, then walking away

for a number of seconds only to return again to continue tearing

flesh from the body of the snail piece by piece. When the beetle

was feeding it was comparatively difficult to disturb it ; shaking

the jar terrarium and striking it on a table and placing it ex-

posed to the sun did not deter the insect from its feeding activ-

ities.— William Marcus Ingram.

Carlos de la Torre. — With feelings of sorrow and loss, our

readers will learn of the death of Dr. de la Torre, Feb. 19, at his

home in Havana, Cuba, aged 91. Of course he continues to live,

in the minds and hearts of all who have known him, either scien-

tifically or personalh^. More details will follow.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

EiNFtJHRUNG IN DIE ZOOLOGISCHE NOMENKLATUR DURCH ErLAU-

TERUNG DER INTERNATIONALEN KeGELN. By Eudolf Richter.

2nd ed., 252 pp. Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main, 8.50

marks. — This excellent introduction to zoological nomenclature,

by a member of the international commission, is both an explana-

tion of the international rules, article by article, and a plea for

a more tolerant attitude towards their application. Especially

valuable are the discussions of the more pertinent opinions under

each rule ; these are much more instructive than their formal re-

sults. In general, Dr. Richter keeps his treatments remarkably

objective, although occasionally (cf. pp. 37 and 149 with 208)

subjective opinions do creep in. The official list of generic names

and a bibliography are included. — H. B. B.

144 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 63 (4)

Cowries (C. moneta and annalus). By George W. Briggs.

The Review of Religion, vol. 10(3), pp. 227-253, 1946.— Atten-

tion of conchologists is called to this article on cowries published

under the above title, with Cypraea annulus Linnaeus misspelled

** annalus"; this spelling is repeated through the text. The art-

icle deals with the uses of cowries throughout the world and tells

of the folklore that has been built around them. Professor

Briggs could have made his article even more valuable if he had

referred to specific species on occasion when his allusions to cow-

ries could wtII point to species other than Cypraea moneta Lin-

naeus and Cypraea annulus Linnaeus. The paper is well refer-

enced, there being some 164 footnote citations to literature that

might welbbe obscure to the conchologist as might the journal in

which this paper has appeared. Briggs is Professor of History

of Religions (retired), Drew University. — William Marcus

Ingram.

The poetry of shells. By Josiah Keep. The Eucalyptus

Press, Mills College, California. $3.50. October, 1949, pp. 1-25.

— This beautifully written and printed volume by the late Pro-

fessor Josiah Keep of Mills College has just come into my hands.

This writer believes that opportunity should be taken here to

call it to the attention of conchologists. The manuscript from

which this small book was printed between boards was presented

before the Berkeley Club in 1899. The author's daughter. Pro-

fessor Emeritus of Typography of Mills College, Miss Rosalind

A. Keep, but recently discovered the existence of this manuscript

and dutifully, with artistic touch, has caused it to be published.

Miss Keep, an artist of typography, has set the type by hand in

Centaur on Worthy Hand and Arrow paper and has struck an

edition of but 225 copies. The booklet is illustrated by cuts that

were made five or six decades ago from the original pen and ink

drawings of Laura M. Mellen for the early editions of Professor

Josiah Keep's ''West Coast Shells." Dr. Joshua L. Baily, Jr.,

of San Diego has written an extremely fine and altogether suit-

able foreword for it. — William Marcus Ingram, Mills College,

California.

Vol. 63 JULY, 1949 No. 1

T H F

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS ' \r>n\ni\ I ohrtfjjtnrv

Henry A. Pilsbrt, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, OglCai LdUUldlu»>

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3 . I=t ^A. I=t "Y

H. BuRRiNGTON Baker, Professor of Zoology, QFP 0 7 104.0

University of Pennsylvania . oLr /v i \u^^

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

CONTENTS

Polygyra hippocrepis and its author, Louis Pfeiffer. By

H. E. Wheeler 1

New marine mollusks of Florida and the Bahamas. By

H. A. Pilshry and T. L. McGinty 9

A West Indian Hydatina. By H. A. Pilshry 15

Malacology and the official list of generic names. By

C. G. Aguayo 17

Physa heterostropha (Say). By Charles B. Wurtz 20

Charles Montague Cooke Jr. By Yoshio Kondo 33

Notes and News 36

$2.50 per year ($2.65 to Foreign Countries) 65 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at

Philadelphia. Pa., under the Act of March 3. 1879.

11 THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-

lished by Heney a. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the

month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).

Manuscript should he typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be

submitted to authors unless requested.

Eeprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $3.58 $5.72 $ 9.30

100 copies 4.29 6.80 11.44

Additional 100s 1.43 2.15 4.29

Plates (pasted in): $2.86 for 50; additional 2.15c each

[Postage Extra]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.

Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.

Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,

Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The

Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The

Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.

6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,

nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all

nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol.

25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6 ; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,

no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of

these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare L. solidns, to exchange for Achatinella, Aniphidromus,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.

List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Burch, 4206 S. Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, California.

iv THE NAUTILUS

Foe Exchange: Native material for live land MoUusca, especially Cepaea

nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa.

Glenn E. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list

ready. Ask for it, and send yours.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of

Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois.

Wanted: Recent and Tertiary Mollusca. Offered: Similar material from

various countries. Apply with list.

J. L. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Eheims, Marne, France.

STUDIES IN AMPULLARIA

By E. G. Alderson, M.A.

19 plates (Quarto)

1925

(Limited edition of 150 copies)

A few copies available at $6,00 postpaid.

Watkins & Doncaster, 36 Strand, London W.C. 2, England

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

All post-paid in U. S. A.

Address author:

MAXWELL SMITH,

Box 65, Winter Park, Florida

Marine Shells of the Southwest Coast of Florida, 260 p., 40 plates,

by Louise M. Perry. (No. 95 of Bulletins of American Paleontology.)

A few paper covered copies (excerpts from vol. 26 of the Bulletins) are

now available at $5.00. Address

Paleontological Research Institution,

126 Kelvin PL, Ithaca, N. Y.

Vol. 63 OCTOBER, 1949 No. 2

THE

NAUTILUS

A QUAETEELY

DEVOTED TO THE INTEEESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the "nppnrfmPTif-. nf ^nllnHPa.,

Academy of Natural Sciences, PhUadel^h^^^j^y^ .^ —

H. BuRRiNGTON Baker, Professor of Ziology, -. '^i,'-'-! I.. ,. .,;;,

University of Pennsylvania | "^ -'- ^ I^ -A. PJ. Y

j NOV 9 -1949

WOODS HOLE, MA'-S

CONTENTS '

Land MoUusks of Cayman Brae. By H. A. Pilsbry 37

Polygyra hippocrepis and its Author, Louis Pfeiffer — II.

By H. E. Wheeler 48

Sexual Dimorphism in Indo-Pacific Stromhiis. By B. Tucker

Ahhott 58

An Indian Species of Clenchiella. By R. Tucker Ahhott 62

Additional Records of Gastrodonta fonticula Wurtz in West

Virginia. By Gordon K. MacMillan 63

New Cerithiidae from Florida. By H. A. Pilsbry 65

The American Malacological Union Fifteenth Annual Meet-

ing. By Margaret C. Teskey 67

Notes and News 70

$2.50 per year ($2.65 to Foreign Countries) 65 cents a copy

HOEACE B. BAKEE, Business Manager

University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at

Philadelphia. Pa., under the Act of March 3. 1879.

ii THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-

lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrinqton Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the

month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).

Manuscript should be typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be

submitted to authors unless requested.

Reprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $3.58 $5.72 $ 9.30

100 copies _ 4.29 6.80 11.44

Additional 100s 1.43 2.15 4.29

Plates (pasted in) : $2.86 for 50 ; additional 2.15c each

[Postage Extra]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.

Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.

Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,

Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The

Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The

Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.

6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6,. 8, 10; vol. 18,

nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all

nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol.

25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6 ; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,

no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of

these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare L. solidns, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.

List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Burch, 4206 S. Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, California.

THE NAUTILUS HI

For Exchange: Native material for live land Mollusca, especially Cepaea

nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa.

Glenn R. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list

ready. Ask for it, and send yours.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of

Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois.

Wanted: Recent and Tertiary Mollusca. Offered: Similar material from

various countries. Apply with list.

J. L. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France.

Wanted: Marine shells, in exchange for identified marines, land and fresh

water mollusks.

Mrs. H. B. Baker, 11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pa.

STUDIES IN AMPULLARIA

By E. G. Alderson, M.A.

19 plates (Quarto)

1925

(Limited edition of 150 copies)

A few copies available at $6.00 postpaid.

Watkins & Doncaster, 36 Strand, London W.C. 2, England

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

All post-paid in U. S. A.

Address author:

MAXWELL SMITH,

Box 65, Winter Park, Florida

iv THE NAUTILUS

SECOND INDEX TO THE NAUTILUS

The second index to The Nautilus is ready for the printer. In

order to make printing possible we must have at least 400 subscrip-

tions. The new volume will be a companion issue to the first index

and it will cover Volumes 35 through 60. If you wish to subscribe

for this forthcoming volume and have not already signed the card

enclosed in last Nautilus, please notify

Dr. Henry van der Schalie,

Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, Michigan

Marine Shells of the Southwest Coast of Florida, 260 p., 40 plates,

by Louise M. Perry. (No. 95 of Bulletins of American Paleontology.)

A few paper covered copies (excerpts from vol. 26 of the Bulletins) are

now available at $5.00. Address

Paleontological Research Institution,

126 Kelvin PI., Ithaca, N. Y.

Vol. 63 JANUARY, 1950 No. 3

THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTEELY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF C0NCH0L0GIST8

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

>nt of MolluBoa^

Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Departm*

Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila lejj^p,^ BiolOgJCal LaboratCTy

H. BuRRiNGTON Baker, Professof of

University of Pennsylvania

CONTENTS

Zoology^ I 53 SI -A. I^ "Y

FEB 2 31850

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

Some preliminary notes on the distribution of Mollusca in

the lakes of the western states. By Joshua L. Baily, Jr. 73

Goniohasis proxima (Say). By Calvin Goodrich 78

Two Pacific species of Phos. By Jeanne S. Schwengel .... 80

Fresh water mollusks from Colombia and Guatemala. By

Henry A. Pilsbry 82

Vitrinellidae of Florida: part 5. By R. A. Pilsbry and

T. L. McGinty 85

New west American turrids. By Paul Bartsch 87

Some shells of Clear Lake, northern Modoc County, Cali-

fornia. By G. D. Hanna 97

A list of the land Mollusca of Claiborne County, Tennessee,

with description of a new subspecies of Triodopsis.

By Louis Lutz 99

Notes and news 106

$2.50 per year ($2.65 to Foreign Countries) 65 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at

Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3. 1879.

THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-

lished by Henry A, Pilsbry and H. Burrinqton Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the

month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).

Manuscript sJiould he typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be

submitted to authors unless requested.

Reprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

4 pp. S pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $3.58 $5.72 $ 9.30

100 copies 4.29 6.80 11.44

Additional 100s 1.43 2.15 4.29

Plates (pasted in): $2.86 for 50; additional 2.15c each

[Postage Extra]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.

Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.

Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,

Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The

Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The

Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.

6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,

nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all

nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol.

25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,

no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of

these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including

three of the rare L. solidns, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,

Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to * Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

For Exchange: Native material for live land Mollusca, especially Cepaea

nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa.

Glenn R. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

THE NAUTILUS 111

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list

ready. Ask for it, and send yours.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of

Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois.

Wanted: Recent and Tertiary Mollusca. Offered: Similar material from

various countries. Apply with list.

J. L. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France.

Wanted: Marine shells, in exchange for identified marines, land and fresh

water mollusks.

Mrs. H. B. Baker, 11 Chelten Eoad, Havertown, Pa.

For Exchange: Bookbinding and book repair done — The Nautilus,

Johnsonia, etc. — for duplicate shells or molluscan literature.

Dr. Walter H. Jacobs, 124 West 93rd Street, New York 25, N. Y.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.

List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadlet, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

Specimen Shells and books or papers relating to them bought, sold and

exchanged.

John Q. Burch, 1584 West Vernon Ave., Los Angeles 37, Calif.

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

All post-paid in U. S. A.

Address author:

MAXWELL SMITH.

Box 65, Winter Park, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

SECOND INDEX TO THE NAUTILUS

The second index to The Nautilus is ready for the printer. In

order to make printing possible we must have at least 400 subscrip-

tions. The new volume will be a companion issue to the first index

and it will cover Volumes 35 through 60. If you wish to subscribe

for this forthcoming volume and have not already signed the card

enclosed in last Nautilus, please notify

Dr. Henry van der Schalie,

Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, Michigan

Vol. 63 APRIL, 1950 ^ No. 4

X H R

NAUTILUS

A QUAETERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department of MolluBca,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia73 p.. ^ . — — —

H. Burrington Baker, Professor of. Zoolo^ DlOlOgj.-.v) | ..• . ^^.

University of Pennsylvania^ -^ ■^ -^ ^ ^^ J^ '^

APR 1 0 1950

CONTENTS I WOODS HOIE. Mflv^S

A new Verticordia from the Pacific Coast. By Arthur JJ. llowaf

A new species of Cypraea from Hawaii. By J. M. Ostergaard Ill

Locomotion in Lima. By Joshua L. Baily, Jr 112

West Indian marine mollusks from southern Brazil. By Walter J.

Eyerdam 113

Some wrong identifications of Sphaeriidae. By H. B. Herrington .... 115

Land snails from Grant County, Indiana. By Clinton J, Bushey 119

A list of land Mollusca of Claiborne County, Tennessee, with descrip-

tion of a new subspecies of Triodopsis. (Continued.) By Lo^iis

Lutz 121

Some mollusks near St. Petersburg, Florida. By Bern<idine Barker

Balcer 123

On the selection of leetotypes. By Richard I. Johnson 125

New marine mollusks from Dominica, B. W. I. By A. E. Verrill .... 126

Science and legality. By H. Burrington Baker 128

New records of land snails from Wisconsin. By Lorna, B. Levi and

Herbert W. Levi 131

Hiatella Daudin versus Saxicava Bellevue. By Henry Bodge 138

Notes and news 140

Publications received 143

$2.50 per year ($2.65 to Foreign Countries) 65 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter. October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at

Philadelphia. Pa., under the Act of March 3. 1879.

il THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A, Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-

lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the

month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).

Manuscript should he typewritten and doutle spaced. Proofs will not be

submitted to authors unless requested.

Eeprints are furnished at printer *s rates. Orders should be written