THE

NAUTILUS

THE PILSBRY QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL, 77

JULY, 1963 to APRIL, 1964

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HORACE BURRINGTON BAKER

Professor Emeritus of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania

CHARLES B. WURTZ

Biology Department, La Salle Cx)llege, Philadelphia 41, Pa.

R. TUCKER ABBOTT

H. A. Pilsbry Chair of Malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences

MRS. HORACE B. BAKER

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

PONY PRINTING, UPPER DARBY, PA.

April, 1964 nautilus iii

CONTENTS

Names of new genera, species, etc. in italics

Aestivation in Melampidae 139

Africa 142

Agaronia 110

Agaronia teaguei 132

Alabama 30, 31, 134

Alasmidonta mccordi Athearn 134

Alkaline lakes and sloughs 47, 81

Allochroa layardi 139

American Malacological Union 70, 143

Anachis -|- Brachystyloma 32

Anarctic, marine 92

Anisus 32

Arctic, marine 92

Arion fasciatus 14

Arizona 121

Asiatic clam 18, 30, 31, 105, 121, 142

Atlantic, eastern 55

Atlantic, western 8, 11, 28, 32, 68, 119, 125, 132

Auriculastra pellucens, larvae 11

Australasian 114, 1 39

Brachystyloma r= Anachis 32

Buoy mollusks 68

Busycon canaliculatum 28

California, inland 108

California, marine 1, 109, 110, 130

Canada 21

Cassidula paludosa 140

Champion, Merrill E 72

Commensal pelecypod 1 25

Conchodromus = Dromus 142

Connecticut 14

Corbicula fluminea 18, 30, 31, 105, 121, 142

Coretus 34

Correction of January number 142

Cuba 97, 142

Dates of Nautilus 29

Diplasma ^^^

Directory of conchologists 35

iv NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (Index)

Discus 62

Discus patulus edentulus 63

Dromus not a homonym 142

Elimia 35

Ellipsaria 141

Ellobiidae = Melampidae 119

Epiphragm formation 139

Euglandina dorsalis 72

Ferrisia meekiana 107

Florida, inland 105, 134

Florida, marine 11

Gastrocopta procera, northern 16

Goniobasis, western pi. 4, figs. 5-8, 43

Gulella bicolor 142

Haliotis tuberculata guineensis 57

Helix steursiana 112

Hemisolasma 141

Hemistena 141

Idaho 23

Illinois 16

Indiana 16

Indopacific 119

Iowa 16

Juga 35

Kansas 31

Kentucky 18

Laemodonta lirata 140

Lampsilis choctawensis 1 36

Lampsilis haddletoni Athearn 135

Lampsilis jonesi 138

Lampsilis luteola, type 58

Lampsilis radiata, type 58

Lastena 141

Leptarius Woodring := Psilarius 143

Limax maximus 107

Littorina littorea, pre-Columbian 8

Louisiana 30

Magnipelta mycophaga 23

Massachusetts 14

Melampidae + Ellobiidae 119, 140

April, 1964 nautilus v

Melampinae 34

Melampus flavus 119

Melasma 35

Mesodon thyroidus, twisting 31

Mexico 62

Michigan 37, 64, 108, 117

Mississippi 142

Missouri 63

Montana 23

Nebraska 31, 73

Neotropic 97, 142

New Caledonia 139

New Guinea 114

New Hampshire 14

North Carolina 62

North Dakota 31, 47, 81

Notes and news 29, 72, 105, 139

Nova Scotia 21

Ohio 16, 18, 72

Oklahoma 100, 107

Olivancillaria =r Agaronia 110

Olivancillaria teaguei Klappenbach 132

Olivella 1

Omalodiscus 33

Oregon 43

Oriental 143

Otala lactea 108

Oxyloma haydeni 73

Pacific, eastern 1, 90, 109, 110, 130

Pacific islands 120, 142

Paludomidae 34

Papuina steursiana 114

Plagiola 141

Planorbarious = Coretus 34

Polycera hedgpethi Marcus 128

Ponds 37, 47, 81

Psilarius Woodring (Nassariidae) for Leptarius 143

Publications received 35, (3) : iii, 144

Rafinesque, unionid names 140

Rhytidothyra jacobsoni & R. bilabiata 97, 142

vi NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (Index)

Rochefortia cuneata 125

Shell-attached pelecypods 92

Sinum cortezi Burch & Burch 109

South Carolina 142

Sphaerium (Musculium) partumeium 37

Stenotrema abaddona Branson 103

Stenotrema glassi Branson 100

Striatura meridionalis 108

Succinea ovalis, range 30

Siiccineidae, anatomy 73

Tagging whelks 28

Tennessee 31, 63

Texas 108

Triodopsis fosteri 72

Unio luteolus, type 58

Unio radiatus, type 58

Unionidae of Michigan 117

Utah 93

Valvata, reproduction 64

Villosa choctawensis Athearn 137

Virginia 108

Washington 34

West Indies 97, 142

Wyoming 16

INDEX TO AUTHORS

Athearn, Herbert D 1 34

Baker, H. Burrington 29, 32, 34, 34, 140, 142

Blinn, Walter C 31

Boss, Kenneth J 117

Branson, Branley A 100

Branson & Lewis Peters 107

Brunson, Royal Bruce & Niles Kevern 25

Burch, John Q 35

Burch, John Q. ^ Rose L 1, 109, 110

Clarke, A. H., Jr 8

Clench, William J 1 42

Dimelow, E. J, 21

Dundee, Dee Saunders ^ Walter J. Herman 30

Emerson, William K. %: William E. Old, Jr 90

April, 1964 nautilus vii

Ewald, Joseph Jay 1 1

Franzen, Dorothea S 73

Getz, Lowell L. & Robert H. Wakefield 14

Grimm, F. Wayne 72, 108, 108

Grosscup, Gordon (Roscoe Sc) 93

Hampson, George R. 1 25

Harman, Walter J. (Dundee &) 30

Heard, William H 64, 105

Henderson, Croswell (Ingram &) 121

Henrard, J. H 112

Horning, W, B. (Keup &) 18

Hubricht, Leslie 30, 31, 62, 142

Ingram, William M., Lowell Keup & Croswell Henderson 121

Ingram (Keupt &) 18

Jacobson, Morris K 97, 142

Keup, Lowell, W. B. Horning & William M. Ingram 18

Keup (Ingram 2c) 121

Kevern, Niles (Brunson &) 25

Klappenbach, Miguel A 132

Laird, Wilson M. (Tuthill k) 47, 81

Marcus, Ernst 128

Merrill, Arthur S 68

Morrison, J. P. E 119, 139

Nicol, David 92

Old, William E., Jr. (Emerson &) 90

Peters, Lewis (Branson &) 107

Reigle, Norman J 1 6

Robertson, Robert 32

Roscoe, Ernest J 43

Roscoe & Gordon Grosscup 93

Shaw, William N 28

Talmadge, Robert R 55

Teskey, Margaret C 70

Thomas, Grace Jean 37

Thompson, Fred G. 72

Tuthill, Samuel J. & Wilson M. Laird 47, 81

Wakefield, Robert H. (Getz &) 14

Wheeler, Mary J 58

Woodring, W. P 143

THE NAUTILUS

Vol. yy July, 1963 No. 1

GENUS OLIVELLA IN EASTERN PACIFIC

By JOHN Q. and ROSE L. BURCH

The preparation of a key to species based upon shell characters

is always a problem when working with any group. A dichoto-

mous key giving the choice of two alternatives is in favor by

many authors, but there are times when this is difficult. In some

families, a key may be made simply on obvious morphological

characters such as "shell with bands on the body whorl," and

let taxonomy go where it may. However, in the Olividae, the

worker will immediately be confronted with specimens that are

certainly of the same species with some having one band, others

2 or 3 bands, and others with no bands. In the genus Olivella,

in our opinion, the most dependable character is the pillar

structure, and we have arranged the genus largely on this basis.

Our opinion is that the multitude of names given to species of

this family is because authors have failed to consider variation

caused by races. The tendency of a single species to appear in

numerous color forms is also a contributing factor.

In giving credit to those who have helped us, please do not

assume that they agree with all our conclusions. We wish to

acknowledge our indebtedness to Axel A. Olsson whose publica-

tion in 1956 of "Studies in the genus Olivella" is the most schol-

arly work on this genus to come to our hands. He has sent type

specimens of his species from the eastern Pacific to us for study.

Dr. A. Myra Keen helped us with advice, specimens, and the

privilege of studying the Stanford collection. Dr, Leo G. Hertlein

and Dr. G. Dallas Hanna made available to us the large collec-

tion and library of the California Academy of Sciences as well as

many useful suggestions. Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Chace gave us free

use of the material in the collections of the Natural History

Museum of San Diego where we studied the collections of Her-

bert Lowe, A. M. Strong, and others. They also discussed many

problems with us. Dr. S. S. Berry permitted us to study and pho-

tograph type specimens in his collection, and also gave us many

2 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

valued comments. The Public Museum of Liverpool, England,

sent type specimens of F. P. Marrat for us to study. Dr. R.

Tucker Abbott of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-

phia sent the holotype of Olivella bitleri Olsson, and a paratype

of Olivella gracilis gay lor di Ford. Dr. Harald Rehder of the

United States National Museum sent the type of Olivella mor-

risoni Olsson for our study.

All measurements mentioned are either of the type specimen

or are approximate. Plate 1 contains figs. 1 to 9; pi. 2, figs. 10 to

18; and plate 3, facing page 28, figs. 19 to 27.

The acceptance of Olivella pedroana (Conrad 1856), and

placing Olivella pycna Berry, 1935 (fig. 16) in synonymy is a

controversial matter. We are satisfied that they are the same

species, but there are many who object to the use of a name

based upon a fossil when there is any question involved. A study

of the soft parts of Olivella pedroana is obviously impossible.

Furthermore, Conrad's type was lost. Dr. W. P. Woodring selected

a lectotype and placed it in the U. S. National Museum. The

validity of this action is the source of another controversy. We

have no quarrel with those who prefer to use the name Olivella

pycna Berry, 1935.

Olivella intorta Carpenter, 1856, has been questionable for

many years, but specimens from Magdalena Bay, Baja Cali-

fornia, Mexico (fig. 14) seem to fill all details of Carpenter's

description.

Olivella zonalis (Lamarck, 1811) , (fig. 25) , presents a problem

if we are to use numerous subgenera. It will key out into the

same group with those of the subgenus Callianax, but it possibly

should have a subgeneric name to contain it.

The small turrite species, Olivella inconspicua (C. B. Adams

1852) (fig. 13), was not well known until Dr. Ruth Turner

published her work on the C. B. Adams types. The species seems

to be strictly confined to Panama, but many sets are in collections

incorrectly assigned to this species. Most of them seem to be

Olivella alba (Marrat in Sowerby) , which is a very different shell.

Numerous varieties of Olivella biplicata (Sowerby, 1825), (fig.

4) , have been given names. We dismiss the white lapillus along

with fucana, angelena, parva, and others as mere forms with no

systematic value.

July, 1963 NAUTILUS 3

Olivella baetica (Marrat in Sowerby, 1871), (fig. 3), has been

generally given to P. P. Carpenter, 1864, but Dr. Katherine

Palmer, 1958, has shown that we cannot use Carpenter, but must

give it to Marrat, who first figured and described it. A number of

races have been named ranging from Alaska to far down the

outer coast of Baja California, Mexico. We consider these of no

systematic value with the possible exception of Olivella porteri

Dall, 1910. This is placed in the synonymy, but it may be a rec-

ognizable race. It is a slender, deeper water form of Olivella

baetica.

Olivella alba (Marrat in Sowerby, 1871) , (fig .1) , was not well

known as a species of this fauna prior to the work of A. Olsson,

1956. There are sets in almost all large collections incorrectly

assigned to Olivella inconspicua (C. B, Adams 1852), Olivella

miriadina (Duclos 1835) , and others that are of this species.

Olivella tergina (Duclos, 1835) , (fig. 21) , is a common species

around Mazatlan, scarcer in the Gulf of California. Surprisingly,

it is often confused with Oliva (Strephonella) undatella (Lam-

arck, 1811) . They have in common the strong lirae extending to

near end of aperture, and are of somewhat similar shape and

color, but the pillar of Oliva undatella is not secondarily ex-

cavated, and the posterior plicae are much stronger.

Typical specimens of Olivella gracilis (Broderip and Sowerby,

1829), (fig. 12), are more elongate with the whorls steeply de-

scending. It is a large species of 20 mm. or more. However, there

are many groups of shells with the identical pillar structure and

even the color of Olivella gracilis, but varying greatly in both

shape and size. We either have a great many more species or sub-

species, or as we suspect, many races of one entity. Olivella

gracilis, variety gaylordi Ford, 1894, (fig. 26), has the pillar

structure of Olivella gracilis, but is much smaller with a well

defined line of lead black bordering the upper part of the body

whorl. The general color is bluish gray. Having studied the type

lot we would consider this a good species or subspecies, but have

failed to recognize it in any of the material we have seen.

We are satisfied that Olivella walkeri Berry, 1958, (fig. 23), is

a distinct and recognizable species, but we are not pleased with

the assignment of the author to subgenus Macgintiella Olsson,

1956. Olsson described this species based upon the type sf>ecies

4 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

Olivella watermani McGinty mainly because of the peculiar rad-

ula, the rhachidian tooth of which is completely different from

that shown in any other species. The radula was not shown in

Olsson's work of 1956, and the above information is by personal

communication, June 29, 1962. The pillar structure is that of

Olivella s.s., and on shell characters alone we think that we are

justified in placing Olivella walkeri Berry in the subgenus

Olivella.

It has been our privilege to study the type lot of Olivella

versicolor (Marrat in Sowerby, 1871) , (fig. 27) . We might accept

this species, but have failed to recognize it in any of the material

we have studied. The pillar structure is that of the Olivella

gracilis group, and has been placed in the synonymy of that

species by Dr. Myra Keen and others. Maxwell Smith in "Pan-

amic Shells" figured it as a valid species ranging from Baja Cali-

fornia to Ecuador. Weinkauff adds the note "Species dubiosa."

We concur.

Key to eastern Pacific subgenera and species

1 Parietal callus not extending past apical end of aperture, or

but little above it

2 Columella basally with simple, or sometimes lirate, pillar

fold. Callianax H. & A. Adams, 1853

3 Columella ending in a simple plica

4 Parietal callus not entending above aperture; shell

ellipsoid with strong basal plica; 13 mm. (fig. 16)

pedroana (Conrad, 1856)

4 Parietal callus extending above aperture, but not to

suture; shell ellipsoid; spire short, pointed; 14 mm.

(fig. 14) intorta (Carpenter, 1856)

4 Columella with one plait at base; body whorl yellow-

ish or pinkish with 3 brownish red, spiral bands, with

chestnut blotch at upper end of parietal wall; narrow

brown band at base ending in basal notch; 4 to 5 mm.

(fig. 25) zonalis (Lamarck, 1811)

3 Columella ending in double plicae

4 Shell broad and stout; spire conic; usually bluish gray,

unicolor; 25 mm. (fig. 4) biplicata (Sowerby, 1825)

4 Shell oblong; spire sharp-pointed; color grayish or

drab, with darker spots; 15 to 20 mm. (fig. 3) baetica

(Marrat in Sowerby, 1871)

2 Columella basally with one plain fold, bordered externally

by low groove; shell minute; spire turrite; small blunt nu-

cleus; 3.5 mm. (fig. 13) inconspicua (C. B. Adams, 1852)

July, 1963 NAUTILUS 5

Minioliva Olsson, 1956

1 Parietal callus extending past aperture to or near suture

2 Pillar wall concave or deeply excavated; lirae of inner lip

if present cut off sharply at inner ends.

8 Pillar and parietal wall covered fully by a thick callus;

no pillar or parietal lirae at any stage Pachyoliva Olsson,

1956

4 Callus with short knob-like spire and large body

whorl; spire and fasciole white; body whorl with 3 broad

brown or bluish-gray, spiral bands; 14 mm. (fig. 8)

coliimellaris (Sowerby, 1825)

4 Pillar and color pattern similar, but with higher,

slenderer and sharply pointed spire, and less calloused;

apical 1/2 of body whorl with faint series of vertical

striae; 15 mm. (fig. 20) semistriata (Gray, 1839)

3 Pillar with lirae along parietal and columellar wall

Olivella Swainson 1840

4 Pillar with 3 or 4 oblique lirae below and 3 shorter

ones above; color white, often with much darker apex;

conic spire half of length; 4 mm. (fig. 1) alba (Marrat

in Sowerby, 1871)

4 Pillar with 4 or 5 strong, descending lirae on basal

part of columella; shell light and thin, with high turrite

spire; color dull white or cream, sometimes with faint

spots or flammules of brown in 3 zones (below suture

and around middle and base) ; shape similar to alba,

but with thinner shell; 7 to 8 mm. (fig. 18) rehderi

Olsson, 1956

4 Pillar with one large fold below, followed above by a

few small plaits which do not extend above the middle;

wide fasciolar band of yellow or white; color white,

variably marked with brownish or grayish zigzags; apex

of spire and aperture violet; 18 to 20 mm. (fig. 9) dama

(Wood, 1828)

4 Pillar with 6 or 7 strong lirae extending along parietal

wall to near angle; shell narrowly egg-shaped; spire

nearly I/2 length; color pattern gray or yellow blotches

and arrow-shaped, white marks edged with brown; 16

mm. (fig. 21) tergina (Duclos, 1835)

4 Pillar similar to tergina, with 7 lirae, of which apical

3 arch around anterior canal; shell subellipsoid, spire

less than i/o length; color pattern of brown, zigzag lines

and 2 dark bands just below the suture; fasciolar band

with brown checks; 8.5 mm. altatae Burch & Campbell,

1963

4 Pillar with series of small lirae extending along col-

NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

umellar part towards parietal wall; color gray or pur-

plish brown shadings, formed by dense pattern of small

dots spread over surface in ill-defined bands; related to

tergina but separable by more ellipsoid shape; 17.5 mm.

(fig. 6) brogii Olsson, 1956

4 Pillar deeply excavated; 6 or 7 rather uniform and

heavy folds on columella; shell slender fusiform; color

whitish with irregular reticulations; 20 mm. (fig. 12)

gracilis (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829)

4 Pillar and color as in gracilis, but smaller, with shorter

spire and more heavily calloused whorls; 10 mm. (fig.

7) cocosensis Olsson, 1956

4 Pillar with several small lirae extending upward along

about 1/2 of inner lip; shell thin, white or yellowish

brown, translucent except for opaque white fasciole;

spire elevated, evenly tapering; suture narrowly grooved

with the junction showing through as a faint line; 10

mm. (fig. 10) drangai Olsson, 1956

4 Pillar with narrow raised plate bearing 5 or 6 enter-

ing folds; fasciole smooth and wide; color light yellowish

brown on whitish or creamy ground; parietal callus

thinning out before reaching the suture; 10 mm. (fig.

11) fletcherae Berry, 1958

4 Pillar similar to fletcherae, with 8 to 10 fairly equal

plicae set apart from parietal callus; fasciolar band white

with brown bars or squares; color gray wath 2 bands

below suture joined with narrow brown bars; parietal

callus semitransparent; interior of outer lip dark brown;

10 mm. steveni Burch & Campbell, 1963

4 Pillar similar to steveni; 10 lirae on columella almost

to apertural angle; upper folds wider and flat, becoming

narrower anteriorly with 8th and 9th most prominent;

shell obese, white with brown markings; subsutural

spiral bands more intense; fasciolar band with brown

blotches; interior of outer lip brown; 10 mm. steveni

campbelli Burch k Campbell, 1963

4 Deep brown callus extending upward past end of

aperture, but not quite to suture; upper part of fasciole

brown but white below; interior of outer lip dark

brown; color and form similar to volutella, but wdth

pillar like Olivella s.s.; 15 mm. (fig. 5) bitleri Olsson,

1956

4 Pillar weak, forming a low ridge along columella,

finely Urate below; shell thin, spindle shaped with ele-

vated spire; gray-yellow base color mottled by small

brow^n blotches, which form short crooked lines at su-

July, 1963 NAUTILUS 7

ture; interior of outer lip deep brown; 12.7 mm. (fig.

19) riverae Olsson, 1956

4 Pillar similar to riverae, with 12 lirae forming a nar-

row area along columella; wider upper folds becoming

narrow and more vertical basally; inflated shell white

covered by small brown spots, with 2 narrow brown

bands below suture joined with vertical bars; fasciolar

band spotted with brown and rest of fasciole with sev-

eral brown arcs; 15 mm. sphoni Burch ^ Campbell, 1963

4 Sulcate fold bounding canal, with 2 plicae below and

several above; parietal callus heavy, wide, sharply

bounded, extending to whorl above; color spire and

fasciole ivory yellow, rest whitish, indistinctly marked

with pale brown, few minute spots under suture; aper-

ture 2/^ shell. 10.5 mm. (fig 23) walkeri Berry, 1958

2 Parietal wall not excavated; lirae of inner lip continuing

undiminished into interior. Lamprodoma Swainson, 1840

3 Lirae numerous, extending upward along pillar to edge

of fasciole, absent from wall above; spindle shaped with

high spire. 19 mm. (fig. 22) volutella (Lamarck, 1811)

3 Plicae fewer and shorter, confined to columellar part.

Zanoetella Olsson, 1956

4 Pillar with 4 to 5 long plicae around anterior end;

color white with 2 purplish-brown spiral bands. 17 mm.

(fig. 24) zanoeta (Duclos, 1835)

3 Lirae on pillar wall forming a separate structure in form

of tongue-shaped ridge; interior of outer lip with fine, low

lirae. Dactylidella Woodring, 1928

4 Spire high and slender; color zigzag pattern of darker

lines; fasciole solid brown. 18 mm. (fig. 2) anazora

(Duclos, 1835)

3 Pillar forming tongue along inner lip, widest below

where it extends outward assuming a hook-shaped form;

rest evenly and finely crenulate; outer lip sharp. Niteoliva

Olsson, 1956

4 Pillar finely lirate terminating in larger denticle at

each end; narrowly subovate with high conic spire; color

gray with brown zigzag lines on white or yellow base

edged with gray or brown; parietal callus white; fasciole

wide, double; upper band narrow, white or colored,

lower band gray or brown. 13 mm. (fig. 17) peterscni

Olsson, 1956

4 Pillar with about 7 small lirae between upper and

lower denticles; outer lip smooth; color dull white with

zigzag dark-brown marks; spire whorls white; fasciole

8 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

wide, dark brown in color except narrow white band

above. 9 mm. (fig, 15) morrisoni Olsson, 1956

References

Adams, C. B. 1852. Catalogue of shells collected at Panama.

Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. 5:229-344.

Adams, H. & A. 1854. The genera of recent Mollusca.

Berry, S. S. 1935. Proc. Mai. Soc. Lon. 2 (4) ; 262-5.

1958. Leaflets in Malacology 1 (15).

Broderip, W. J. and G. B. Sowerby Zool. Journ. Lon. -^.•379.

Carpenter, P. P. 1857. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. (1856) 228,

234, 339, 352.

1864 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. (1863, 1864).

Conrad, Timothy A. 1856. Pac. R. R. Reps. 5:327, pi. 6, fig. 51.

Ball, W. H. 1910. Nautilus 25:133.

Duclos, P. L. 1835. Histoire naturelle. Genre Olive.

Ford, John 1894. Nautilus <^:103-4.

Gray, J. E. 1839. Molluscous animals . . in Zool. Captain Beech-

ey's voyage: 130, pi. 36, fig. 10.

Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de. 1811. Ann. Mus. H: N: Paris

i(5(94):327.

Marrat, F. P. in Sowerby, G. B. 1871. Thesaurus Conchiliorum,

•^:328.

Olsson, Axel A. 1956. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 775:155-225.

Palmei', Katherine Van Winkle 1958 Geol. Soc. Am., Memoir 76:

217-219.

Sowerby, G. B. 1825. Catalogue of shells contained in collection

of . . Earl of Tankerville. App. 33.

Swainson, William 1840 Treat. Malac: 132 & 321.

Turner, Ruth D. 1856 Occ. Pap. on Moll., Mus. Comp. Zool.,

Harvard 2: (20) :21-135, pis. 5-11.

Wood, W. 1828 Index Testalogicus..

Woodring, Wendell P. 1928 Carnegie Inst. Washington no. 366.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ON PRE-COLUMBIAN

LITTORINA LITTOREA IN NOVA SCOTIA

By a. H. CLARKE, JR.

National Museum of Canada

Recently Erskine (1961) and Clarke and Erskine (1961) re-

corded the occurrence of Littorina littorea L. in two ancient

Micmac Indian camp sites excavated near Halifax, Nova Scotia.

The presence of distinctive Indian artifacts, reindeer bones, and

thickened valves of Mercenaria mercenaria found associated with

NAUTILUS 77 (1)

PLAIE 1

Fig. 1. Olivella alba (Marrat in Sowerby, 1871). Guatemala. 2. O. auazora

(Duclos, 1835) . Isla Grande Bay, west Mexico. 3. O. baetica (Marrat in Sow-

erby, 1871). Redondo, California in 25 fathoms. 4. O. biplicata (Sowerby,

1825). San Pedro, California. 5. O. bitleri Olsson, 1956. Holotype, Panama.

6. O. brogii Olsson, 1956. Paratype, Zoritos, Peru. 7. O. cocosensis Olsson, 1956,

Paratvpc. Chatham Bav. Cocos Island. 8. O. coIumeUaris (Sowerby 1825).

Puerto Elena, Ecuador. 9. O. dama (Wood, 1828, ex Mawe MS) Puertecitos.

Baja C:alifornia, Mexico.

NAUTILUS 77 (1)

PLATE 2

10

11

12

14

17

Fig. 10. OUveilo drangai Olsson, 1956. Paratype, San Cristobal Island, Gala-

pagos. 11. O. fletcherae Berrv, 1958. Agiiachale. Baja California, Mexico.

12. O. gracilis (Broderip and Sowerby. 1829) . Dredged in Mazatlan Harbor.

Sinaloa, Mexico. 13. O. inconspiciia (C. B. Adams. 1852) . Holotype. Panama.

14. O. intorta Carpenter, 1856. Magdalena Bay, Baja California, Mexico.

15. O. morrisoni Olsson, 1956. Holotvpe, Panama. 15. O. pedroana (Conrad.

1856) . Knobb Hill, San Pedro Pleistocene. 17. O. peterseni Olsson, 1956.

Paratype, Zoritos, Peru. 18. O. tehderi Olsson, 1956. Paratype, Panama Bay.

July, 1963 NAUTILUS 9

the L. littorea indicated that the whole assemblage probably

dated from approximately the thirteenth century, Clarke and

Erskine (I.e.) also reported that radiocarbon analysis of twelve

L. littorea shells from one of the sites (Indian Point, St. Mar-

garet's Bay, Halifax Co.) gave an age of 700 ±225 years B.P.

Since three kinds of evidence (archaeological, biological, and

radio-chemical) each placed the age of the L. littorea at approxi-

mately 700 years, it was concluded that the specimens were truly

pre-Columbian. It was also suggested that Dawson (see Ganong,

1856, 1857) had probably been correct in his opinion that L.

littorea was not first introduced to North America in the nine-

teenth century but was an "aboriginal member of the fauna of

Acadia."

Since publication of the 1961 reports, three additional radio-

carbon dates have become available which affect these conclu-

sions. These, together with zoogeographic correlations, are given

below.

Radiocarbon Measurement's. During the past few months, it

has become evident that anomalous oceanographic conditions

may bring about abnormally low radiocarbon concentrations in

shells of living mollusks and cause specimens to apj>ear, on anal-

ysis, to be older than they really are. Habitats made brackish by

the intrusion of fresh water containing fossil carbon may produce

false dates. Indian Point is not close to any source of fresh water

which would cause such errors, however.

Upwelling of deep oceanic water may also induce incorrect

dates. Although there was no reason to suspect upwelling to be

operative in Nova Scotia, as a precaution two additional lots of

L. littorea were submitted for dating to the Geological Survey of

Canada.

The first (GSC. 72), collected alive at Indian Point in 1962,

produced an activity measurement of 2.21% above the reference

standard, i.e., a negative age. This is the "atomic bomb effect"

(see Broecker and Olson, 1960), a phenomenon occurring with

presently living organisms which has been attributed to recent

additions of C^^ to the atmosphere by atomic explosions. The

specimens could not, therefore, be dated.

The second lot (GSC. 71) collected at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia,

in 1910, gave a radiocarbon age of 100 ±60 years. This is con-

10 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

sidered to be an excellent age correlation and indicates that

confidence in the accuracy of the pre-Columbian date is justified.

A third radiocarbon date which is probably more significant

than either of the two mentioned above is now also available.

The pre-Columbian L. littorea shells from Reid Site, Indian

Point which gave the date of 700 ±225 years B.P. reported

earlier were found in association with other shells and with char-

coal. This charcoal has now been dated by the University of

Saskatchewan (sample S-153 as 600 ±45 years B.P. and repre-

sents a striking confirmation of previous conclusions.

Zoogeographical Correlations. Comparison of the intertidal

invertebrate fauna of northwestern Europe with that of Nova

Scotia and Maine reveals great similarities. In addition to Lit-

torina littorea, virtually all the common, intertidal, rocky coast

mollusks of boreal eastern North America also occur in boreal

Europe (e.g., see Gislen, 1930) . Examples are Acmaea testudi-

nalis, Buccinum undatum, Hiatella arctica, Littorina obtusata,

L. saxatilis, Margarites heliciniis, Mytihis edulis, Thais lapilhis,

Tonicella marmorea, T. ruber, and Modiolus modiolus. With

the exception of a few species of Gibbula and Trivia which occur

in Europe but not in North America, the opposite is also true.

It is therefore not surprising that such an abundant and wide-

spread European boreal species as Littorina littorea should

finally turn out to be native to North America as well as to

Europe.

Although L. littorea has been reported from only two archaeo-

logical sites near Halifax, the sites investigated by previous work-

ers in northern New Brunswick and Nova Scotia have not been

analyzed in detail from a malacological point of view. It is hoped

that future archaeological investigations will provide further

information on the pre-Columbian distribution of this species

and will contribute to a bette^p understanding of its failure to

spread southward beyond the vicinity of Halifax before 1870.

Acknowledgments. The author is grateful to Messers J. S. Ers-

kine of Wolfville, Nova Scotia and Pierre Taschereau of the

Nova Scotia Museum of Science for providing material for radio-

carbon dating and to the Geological Survey of Canada and the

University of Saskatchewan for determining the dates. Useful

comments were also given by Drs. W. S. Broecker, J. G. Fyles,

July, 1963 NAUTILUS 11

K, W. Ockelmann, R. Robertson, and L. W Scattergood. All

this aid is sincerely appreciated, but the author alone is responsi-

ble for all conclusions and errors.

Summary

The recent conclusion that Littorina littorea was native to

eastern Canada in pre-Columbian time has been further substan-

tiated by two new radiocarbon dates. Another radiocarbon meas-

urement made of L. littorea collected alive in 1962, gave anomal-

ous results because of the "atomic bomb effect." On the basis of

faunal similarities between boreal Europe and boreal eastern

North America, one could logically expect L. littorea to have

occurred in North America before the advent of European

Culture.

Note: While this paper was in press, additional, possible

ancient specimens of Littorina littorea were found at two more

localities: (1) in archaeological excavations made in the vicinity

of St. Andrews, New Brunswick and (2) in a field near Musgrave

Harbour, Newfoundland which may be the site of a raised beach.

Radiocarbon dates for this material are now being determined

and the search for additional pre-contact specimens is continuing.

References cited

Broecker, W. S. and E. A. Olson. 1960. Science 752 (3429) : 712-

721.

Clarke, A. H., Jr. and J. S. Erskine. 1961. Science 134 (3476) :393-

394.

Erskine, J. S. 1961. Occasional Papers — 1, Archaeological Series

No 1, Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax, N. S., pp. 1-28 -f H pis.

Ganong, W. F, 1886, 1887. American Naturalist 2^:931-940; 21:

287-288.

Gislen, T. 1930. Skriftserie utgiven av K. Svenska Vetenskap-

sakademien. No. 3: 1-380 -f 6 pis.

LIVING EXAMPLES OF AURICULASTRA

PELLUCENS AND ITS LARVAL HISTORY^

By JOSEPH JAY EWALD

Institute of Marine Science, University of Miami, Florida

The living animal of the ellobiid snail Auriculastra pellucens

(Menke, 1830) is unrecorded in the literature, except for two

1 Contribution no. 394 of the Institute of Marine Science, University of

Miami.

12 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

sentences by Dall (1885) : "The animal has an entire foot with

short tentacles, well-developed eyes, and rather short nuzzle. It

was found living by Hemphill and Calkins." Although specimens

of this species are found abundantly as fossils in recent blue mud

deposits along the Florida east coast from Miami to Key Largo,

live specimens have not otherwise been reported.

In April of 1960, a fairly large colony of A. pellucens was lo-

cated in a 75-foot section of mangrove on north Key Largo,

Florida, i/^ mile east of Route 905 at the right angle bend in the

alternate route to Ocean Reef Resort Club. During a period of

half an hour approximately 30 snails were found, ranging in size

from 11 to 21 mm., of which the majority were of the larger sizes.

This area has been revisited several times by this writer and the

colony is maintaining itself. During one extremely dry period no

animals were found. However, subsequent visits reconfirmed

their presence.

The particular section mentioned above is slightly elevated and

though surrounded by mangrove swamps which are subject to

tidal flooding is seldom, if ever, inundated. The substrate appears

somewhat different in structure compared with that found in

most mangrove areas of south Florida. It is exceedingly spongy

in character and consists of a thick mat of wet peat covered by a

few inches of loose leaf mold. Large red mangroves (Rhizophora

mangle) provide dense shade.

The specimens of A. pellucens were diffusely distributed within

the leaf mold and none have been found on the surface. A few

very large Melampus coffeus and some Assiminea were also pres-

ent, but there was a striking absence of other snails, even Trunca-

tella, as well as the grapsoid crabs that frequently inhabit man-

groves. In the surrounding area, a much greater size range and

larger numbers of Melampus were found, but no Auriculastra

were present. One large, live Littorina angulifera was noted

close by.

In August of 1960, two smaller living individuals of A. pellu-

cens were found at a locality several miles away. The substrate at

the second locality was composed of rough limestone bedrock

covered by a thin layer of loose organic soil, which was dry except

for slightly moist concavities under dead wood. The two addi-

tional specimens were found in one of these cavities, along with

July, 1963 NAUTILUS 13

many semi-transparent empty shells which still retained the peri-

ostracum. Both specimens were about one-third maximum size.

A very complete growth series of dead shells was obtained, but

few of these were over two-thirds maximum size. The protoconchs

were uneroded. This area was much dryer than the previous

locality, and the difference in the size distribution of shells sug-

gests that it may be less optimal for this species, which is perhaps

a chance invader and not firmly established. The area is well

within a terrestrial hammock and probably never covered by

tides. Dead Blauneria, live Microtralia occidentalism Truncatella,

and such terrestrials as Euglandina, Polygyra, and an unidentified

bulimulid were found in the same locality. In subsequent visits

to this area, I have been unable to find additional specimens of

A. pellucens.

The smaller specimens of live Auriculastra pellucens have

prominent, black eye-spots slightly raised on the dorsal surface

of the anterior end of the extended foot. In larger specimens

these appear as vague, faint, grey spots due to a thickening of the

integument. Because of this they may be easily overlooked.

Shells are covered by a tan colored periostracum.

Live snails have been brought back to the laboratory and kept

for as long as 3 years in gallon jars, each containing 10 specimens,

whose openings are covered by a thin plastic film to permit gas

exchange but to prevent excessive evaporation. Wet mangrove

leaf mold is frequently added. The snails skeletonize the leaves

by eating away the decaying organic material, much in the same

way as Melampus.

Eggs have been deposited in the jars and these have hatched

to produce a new generation of snails. The eggs are contained

in capsules in firm, gelatinous chains several centimeters in length

and one millimeter in diameter. Each egg capsule is connected

to others in the chain by fine gelatinous threads.

Eggs developed into veligers within the capsule. Generally,

when the advanced veliger-containing chains were placed in sea

water hatching occurred and free swimming veliger larvae were

released within 12 hours. Post larvae soon crawled out of the

water and sought darkness under leaf mold, just above water

level. The veligers and the small snails were negatively photo-

tropic.

14 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

The snails of the family Ellobiidae are generally thought to

represent the most primitive stock of the Pulmonata. South

Florida has probably the largest number of genera and species of

these snails in the world, outside of the Philippines. The taxon-

omy of the group is somewhat confused, and very little is known

of ellobiid anatomy and even less of their ecology. The availa-

bility of living specimens of A. pellucens will permit detailed

anatomical studies of the adults and larvae and may perhaps

assist in elucidating phylogenetic relationships within the group.

I am indebted to Dr. Harold Harry of North Georgia College,

Dahlonega, Georgia, whose enthusiasm and valuable observa-

tions have encouraged the writing of this paper.

Literature Cited

Dall, William Healy. 1885. Notes on some Floridian land and

freshwater shells, with a revision of the Auriculacea of the

Eastern United States. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8 : 255-289.

ARION IN NEW ENGLAND

Bv LOW ELL L. GETZ and ROBERT H. WAKEFIELD

University of Connecticut, Storrs

The European slug, Arion fasciatus (^ A. circumscriptus) has

been introduced into various scattered localities in North Amer-

ica (Burch, 1962; Pilsbry, 1948) . As nearly as can be determined,

however, it has not previously been recorded from Connecticut,

New Hampshire, or western Massachusetts. Recent collections

have proven it to be present in these 3 areas.

On 21 October, 1961, several specimens of A. fasciatus were

collected from under logs at the Campton Campsite, 2 miles N.E.

Campton, Grafton County, New Hampshire. The species was

quite abundant, but concentrated in a small area of about 20 x

40 yards. Collections made at the same locality in July of 1960

(Getz, 1962) did not contain this species. Since it is now so abun-

dant the species was undoubtedly there at the earlier date, but

was overlooked because of its restricted distribution. A. subjuscus

was also very abundant in this locality. Individuals of both spe-

cies were collected from beneath the same logs.

Collections made by the junior author revealed A. fasciatus

to be abundant on the campus of the University of Connecticut,

Storrs, Tolland County, Connecticut. Subsequent collecting in

July, 1963 NAUTILUS 15

the vicinity of Storrs showed this species to be abundant in nearby

gardens, pastures, and abandoned fields. In certain instances, it

has become a garden pest (R. M. DeCoursey, personal commu-

nication) . Although estimates of the population densities were

not made, the slugs in some of the fields appeared to be at least

as abundant as they were in an abandoned field in southern

Michigan (Getz, 1959) . Therefore, A. fasciatus apparently is well

established in the vicinity of Storrs, Connecticut. A single speci-

men of this species was also collected in Lime Rock, Litchfield

County, Connecticut by John R. Oppenheimer.

A. fasciatus has been recorded from the eastern regions of

Massachusetts (Pilsbry, 1948) ; none has been reported from

the western portion of the state, however. Specimens of this spe-

cies were collected on 4 July, 1962, at a garbage dump 2 Mi. N.

Petersham, Worcester County, Massachusetts.

The locality recoixls reported above resulted from more or

less sporadic spot collecting; no intensive search was made for

A. fasciatus. Probably concentrated collecting would reveal this

species to be rather widely distributed throughout the southern

New England area. Its abundance in certain situations indicates

it is becoming one of the more important components of the

terrestrial moUuscan fauna in this region.

On 10 April, 1962, the senior author collected a single speci-

men of Arion ater from under the leaf litter in a seepage area

on the University of Connecticut campus. This species has been

recorded in North America only from Newfoundland, Quebec,

Maine, Michigan, and Oregon (Pilsbry, 1948) . An intensive

search was made of the general area where the specimen was

obtained, but no additional specimens were discovered.

The area is adjacent to a cemetery. Possibly, therefore, A. ater

was carried into the cemetery on potted plants and may not

represent an established colony. Flowers are not discarded in

the site where the specimen was collected, but the slug could

have easily crawled there from the cemetery. Burials were made

in the cemetery on 20 and 22 March (approximately 50 yards

from where the specimen was obtained) . Possibly the slug could

have been brought in at one of these times (it was not possible

to establish that potted plants had been placed on either of these

graves) . Because of the size of the specimen (35 mm when con-

16 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

tracted) more likely it was carried into the area at an earlier

date (the preceding year, perhaps) . Because of the dense ground

cover in the seepage area, there is still the possibility that a small

breeding colony of A. ater is present. The area will be kept under

observation to determine if this species has become established.

Summary

Breeding colonies of Arion fasciatus have been discovered near

Campton, New Hampshire, Petersham, Massachusetts, and in

Lime Rock and Storrs, Connecticut. A single specimen of Anon

ater was collected in Storrs, Connecticut.

References

Burch, J. B. 1962. How to know the eastern land snails. Wm.

Brown, Dubuque.

Getz, L. L. 1959. Amer. Midi. Nat., 61: 485-498.

1962. Nautilus 76: 25-28.

Pilsbry, H. A. 1948. Land mollusca of North America. Phil.

Acad. Nat. Sci., II (2): 521-1113.

NORTHERN RECORDS OF GASTROCOPTA PROCERA^

By NORMAN J. REIGLE

Museum of Zoology and School of Natural Resources

University of Michigan

The northern extent of the range of Gastrocopta procera

(Gould) , generally considered a southern species, has been some-

what confused. The general range of this species has been de-

fined by Pilsbry (1948) and more recently an "approximate

distribution" map was provided by Leonard (1959). Pilsbry

also noted the northern records of Sterki and F. C. Baker. The

records for G. procera in the peripheral states of its range have

in general been listed by the following: MacMillan (1949) West

Virginia; Taft (1961) Ohio; Goodrich and van der Schalie

(1944) Indiana; Baker (1939) Illinois; and Pilsbry (1918) and

Roscoe (1954) South Dakota.

A study of the pupillid collection of the Univesity of Michigan

Museum of Zoology has yielded six lots which extend the range

in four states and help to clarify the northern periphery of the

range. The range here defined also includes the two question-

able subspecies sterkiana Pilsbry and mcclungi Hanna and John-

1 Supported (in part) by a research grant (NSF-G17653) from the National

Science Foundation, Washington, D. C.

July, 1963

NAUTILUS

17

Fig. 1. Peripheral northern records for Gastrocopta procera (Gould) .

ston, the validity of which has been questioned by Franzen and

Leonard (1947) , A summary of the previous records and addi-

tions of the new records would seem to indicate a more northern

range for the species than was formerly considered. The accom-

panying map (Fig. 1) presents records which establish this range.

The circles represent records from material examined by me;

plus signs represent localities obtained from the literature. The

new locality data are given in detail below with the University

of Michigan Museum of Zoolozy numbers given for each lot.

Ohio: 56608 — drift of Toussaint Creek, East of Genos, Ottawa

County — April, 1933. Goodrich, Archer and van der Schalie,

Collectors.

106942 — two miles South of Perrysburg, Wood County. C.

Goodrich, Collector.

Indiana: 211751 — Indianapolis, Marion County. P. L. Marsh

Collection (from Kent Science Institute) .

lUinois: 106951 and 161281 —Winnebago County. W. A. Marsh,

Collector.

Iowa: 168119 — Ledges State Park, near Boone, Boone County,

June 7, 1947. A. La Rocque and H. van der Schalie, Collectors.

Barry Miller (personal communication) has examined a large

number of lots of G. procera from north west Iowa in the

former collection of B. Shimek which is now in the United

States National Museum.

Wyoming: 68639 — Hartville Canyon, Guernsey, Platte County,

Walker Collection.

211746 — drift, L. Guernsey, near Guernsey, Platte County,

August 29, 1941. P. L. Marsh Collector. This is apparently

a new state record for Wyoming (see Beetle, 1961) .

18 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

Acknowledgments. I would like to thank Mr. Barry Miller for

allowing me to look over the records he compiled from the col-

lections of the United States National Museum; Dr. John B.

Burch for helpful suggestions; and Dr. Henry van der Schalie

for permission to study material under his charge.

Literature Cited

Baker, Frank Collins, 1939. Fieldbook of Illinois Land Sanils,

Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv. Manual 2, Urbana.

Beetle, Dorothy E., 1961. Sterkiana No. 3: 1-9.

Franzen, Dorothea S. and A. Byron Leonard, 1947. Univ. Kas.

Sci. Bull. 21 (15): 311-411, 22 plates, 15 figs.

Goodrich, Calvin and Henry van der Schalie, 1944. Amer. Mid.

Nat. 32 (2) : 257-326.

Leonard, A. Byron, 1959. Handbook of Gastropods in Kansas,

Univ. of Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc., Pub. 20, pp. 1-224,

85 figs., 11 plates.

MacMillan, Gordon K., 1949. Ann. of Carnegie Mus. 31: 89-238,

15 plates.

Pilsbry, Henry A., 1918. Manual of Conchology, Acad. Nat. Sci.

of Phila. 24: 1-380, 49 plates.

1948. Land Mollusks of North America, Acad. Nat. Sci. of

Phila. Monog. 3, Vol. II, Part 2.

Roscoe, Ernest, 1954. Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters

31: 67-72.

Taft, Celeste, 1961, The Shell-Bearing Land Snails of Ohio, Bull.

Ohio Biological Survey, Vol. 1, New Series, No. 3, Columbus,

Ohio, 108 pp., lUust.

EXTENSION OF RANGE OF ASIATIC CLAM TO

CINCINNATI REACH OF THE OHIO RIVER

By LOWELL KEUP, W. B. HORNING, WILLIAM M. INGRAM*

Recent investigations of benthic fauna in the Cincinnati reach

of the Ohio River revealed the presence of the Asiatic Clam,

Corbicula fluminea (Miiller) , as a new component of the ben-

thos. Initial collections of this clam were made by William M.

Ingram, W. B. Horning II, and Jack Geckler on July 6, 1962, at

Cincinnati, Ohio (Ohio River Mile 465.6) . A portion of the

original sample was forwarded to the U. S. National Museum

where Dr. J. P. E. Morrison confirmed initial identification.

* Biologists, Field Opeiations Section, Technical Services Branch, Division

of Water Supply and Pollution Control, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering

Center, Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio.

July, 1963 NAUTILUS 19

W. B. Horning II made a second collection of Asiatic clams

on August 6, 1962, along the Kentucky shore of the Ohio River

(Ohio River Mile 468.0) . Subsequently, samples collected Sep-

tember 5 and 6, 1962, revealed the Asiatic Clam to be a signifi-

cant member of the benthic fauna from near Cincinnati down-

stream as far as Warsaw, Kentucky, (Ohio River Mile 530.0)

where studies were terminated.

A summary of the known American distribution of the Asiatic

clam was reported by Ingram (1959) . This clam probably first

arrived in the Pacific northwest, and after becoming established

at various localities along the Pacific Coast, next appeared in the

Tennessee River (Sinclair and Ingram, 1961) . Further distribu-

tion of the Asiatic clam in the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers

was reported in a life history by Sinclair and Isom (1961) . In

addition, Sinclair and Isom mention a tentative record of the

Asiatic clam for the Ohio River at Paducah, Kentucky.

Asiatic clams were not found in benthic samples collected as

late as January 1960 from the Ohio River, from Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania, downstream to Mound City, Illinois (Jackson and

Wiese, 1962) . By September 1962, however, this clam had in-

vaded the Cincinnati reach of the Ohio River and had become

a significant member of the benthic community (Table 1) . The

upstream limit of its distribution in the Ohio River is not known.

In addition to the natural history interest of the migration of

this species, the potential of its becoming a nuisance in irrigation

and water supply systems has already been depicted (Ingram,

1959) . The impact of its rapid population growth and develop-

ment on the ecology of an area is also of interest since its num-

bers soon predominate in a typical sample (Table 1) . Major

changes in benthic communities may be influenced through its

competition with other invertebrates for space and food. Utiliza-

tion of the clam by fish and waterfowl may prove its value to

wildlife.

The writers believe these organisms invaded the Cincinnati

area about 1960. The population consists of a large group of in-

dividuals 2-5 mm. long, and another less numerous group of

individuals 10-20 mm. long (anterior-posterior length) . A few

empty shells of a larger size (30 mm.) have been found. The

size-class distribution of the Asiatic clam indicates three "year-

20 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

TABLE I

Mean Number of Organisms Sampled Per Square Foot

September 5 and 6, 1962

classes" are probably existing in the Cincinnati reaches of the

Ohio River— 1960, 1961, and 1962.

Identification of the Asiatic clam is not difficult. A significant

characteristic, easily recognizable in the field, is the distinct

ridged sculpturing of the shell. The ridges are obvious on the

smallest specimens collected from the Ohio River (less than 1

mm., anterior-posterior length) .

Presumably, Asiatic clams will eventually extend their range

much farther. Barriers to their distribution are not obvious, and

once established, a population grows rapidly. Generally, they are

found in sandy or on sand and giavel areas; however, Ohio River

bottom samples with a high percentage of silt have also contained

significant numbers. Biologists in neighboring areas should re-

main alert to their appearance.

References

Ingram, William M. 1959. Jour. American Water Works Associa-

tion, 57 (3) : 363-370.

Jackson, Daniel F. and Wiese, John G. 1962. Limnological Ob-

servations on the Ohio River, Section II, pp. 21-47 in Aquatic-

Life Resources of the Ohio River, Ohio River Valley Water

Sanitation Commission, Cincinnati, Ohio, viii -[-218 pp.

Sinclair, Ralph M. and Ingram, William Marcus. 1961. Naut.

74 (3) : 114-118.

Sinclair, Ralph M. and Isom, Billy G. 1961. A Preliminary Report

on the Introduced Asiatic Clam Corbicula in Tennessee. Tenn.

July, 1963 NAUTILUS 21

Stream Pollution Control Board and Tenn. Dept. Public

Health. Multilith Report, v + 33 pp.

MOLLUSKS FROM HARDWOODS

OF THE CHIGNECTO ISTHMUS

By E. J. DIMELOW

In a previous paper (Dimelow, 1962) the occurrence of the

slug Philomycus carolinianus flexuolaris was noted in the Mari-

time Provinces of Canada (near Fenwick, N. S. ) . The slug Pal-

lifera dorsalis and snails uncommon in the "maritimes" {Meso-

don sayanus, Anguispira alternatd) were also found at this site.

An attempt was made to find out whether the Philomycus is

likely to become extinct in this area. The deciduous wood in

which it was found lies at a height of 300-450 feet, is about one

square mile in extent, but gives way to conifers at lower levels

at a point where several streams run down the hill slope to St.

George's Brook and the ground becomes wet underfoot. Sugar

mapling is still carried out in half of the wood and this involves

the cutting down of trees which are dead or not of the right

kind. Some logs are carried to a shed and stored till spring, then

burnt to evaporate the maple syrup. At the present time, the

wood cutting and tidying are not very great. The forest contains

a fair number of old trees. Large fallen decaying trunks are not

uncommon and the Philomycus can be found sparingly in these.

The other half of the wood, which lies mainly at a height of

400 feet next to the highway, has become an official picnic site.

Here the trees are rather far apart and fallen trunks are cleared

away, so that the slug is not able to extend into this zone. Offi-

cials of the Department of Lands and Forests for Nova Scotia

have, however, kindly consented to see that the tidying up is

not quite so thorough.

A few more plants found in the wood were offered to speci-

mens of Philomycus as food under laboratory conditions in early

summer. These were Trillium undulatum, T. cernuum, Rubus

pubescens, Smilacina racemosa, Polygonatum pubescens, Pyrola

elUptica, Circae alpina. Young Trillium leaves were eaten by

both Philomycus and Pallifera. Thus in nature Philomycus may

not feed entirely on fungus and lichens.

22 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

From Route 2a near Maccan a larger hardwood about two

square miles in extent at a height of 100-350 feet, can be seen on

the St. George's Brook slope. This forest is partly continuous

with the woodlands at Fenwick, but is best approached from the

village of Chignecto. Its slopes are well drained. Trees present

are sugar maple, beech, yellow birch and white ash. The slugs

Pallifera dorsalis, Deroceras reticulatum, D. laeve, Arion circum-

scriptus are found here along with the following snails:

Euconulus fulvus (Miiller)

Zonitoides arboreus (Say)

Striatura exigua (Stimpson)

Striatura ferrea (Morse)

Discus cronkhitei cronkhitei (Newcomb)

Discus cronkhitei catskillensis (Pilsbry)

Strobilops labyrinthica labyrinthica (Say)

By taking gravel roads to Salem, it is possible to penetrate

higher level deciduous woodland (400-450 feet) round the source

of St. George's Brook. Here the ground is more rocky and there

is less leaf litter. White birch trees predominate over sugar maple

and plants like Comptonia peregrina (sweet fern) , Kahnia an-

gustifolia, Cornus canadensis are common. Even so the same

slugs and snails are to be found as at the 250 foot level with the

exception of E. fulvus, D. cronkhitei cronkhitei and S. labyrinth-

ica. In addition a single shell of Retinella electrina (Gould) was

collected. Fallen birch stumps which are rather narrow in diam-

eter shelter the mollusks. One specimen of Zonitoides arboreus

contained the pupa of a parasitic sciomyzid fly which was sub-

mitted to Dr. C. O. Berg and identified by him as belonging

possibly to Pherbellia albovaria.

All the snails found at these tAvo additional levels extend to

Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, according to Macmillan (1954) .

Hardwoods at Collingwood, East Mapleton, South Brook in

the Springhill area lying at a height at 350-550 feet were searched

for Philomycus, Mesodon and Aiiguispira. Also similar forest on

the slopes of Indian Mountain near Moncton, New Brunswick,

was investigated. These woods all contained D. reticulatum, D.

laeve, A. circumscriptus, Z. arboreus and D. cronkhitei cronkhitei.

Pallifera dorsalis was collected near Stiles Village at a height of

500 feet on Indian Mountain and not anywhere else. It is not

easy to explain why the St. George's Brook woods contain more

July, 1963 NAUTILUS 23

slugs and snails than these others. In all cases the forest is ma-

ture, the soil well drained and the leaf litter deep. Conifers nor-

mally extend up to 300 feet so the hardwood areas are isolated

from each other for the most part. Perhaps the high altitudes,

cold winter temperatures and steep slopes (in some cases) are

unfavourable. In addition sugar mapling is carried out exten-

sively and sometimes, as for example at South Brook, nearly

all fallen trunks which could shelter mollusks are cleared away.

Since not all maple woods are as tidy as this, other factors must

be held partly responsible.

References

Berg, CO. (1961) . XI Internationaler Kongress fiir Entomolo-

gie, Bd. I.

Dimelow, E. J. (1962) . Nautilus 15.

Gleason, H. A. (1952) . The new Britton and Brown illustrated

flora. The New York Botanical Garden, N. Y.

Macmillan, G. K. (1954) . Proc. N. S. Inst. Sci. 23.

Pilsbry, H. A. (1939-1948). Land Mollusca of North America.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Monograph 3.

OBSERVATIONS OF A COLONY OF MAGNIPELTA

By royal BRUCE BRUNSON and NILES KEVERN

Montana Stale University

Two articles have appeared in the literature concerning Mag-

nipelta mycophaga Pilsbry. This genus and species was described

by Dr. Henry Pilsbry (1953) from an immature specimen which

was found by Dr. and Mrs. R. T. Orr in the Selway primitive

area of Idaho. This area was reached by going over the Bitter-

root Mountains on the Lolo Creek Road from Lolo, Montana.

At that time the road was a deadend road terminating in a

primitive white cedar forest. The road now connects Lolo, Mon-

tana and Lewistown, Idaho, as U.S. 12. The second article con-

cerning Magnipelta was a joint contribution of Pilsbry and

Brunson (1954). This report was based on 12 adult specimens

from the Deer Creek (Missoula) colony. Complete descriptions

of the animal's anatomy and some natural history notes were

recorded, along with photographs of the animal.

The present study is based on the Deer Creek colony, a colony

found at an elevation of 4,150 feet on the east side of Mount

24 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

Sentinel in the Sapphire Mountains. As far as could be deter-

mined, the animals are limited to an area of approximately

440 yards long adjacent to Deer Creek. The general habitat lies

between the creek and a small gravel road which parallels the

creek at a distance of 15 to 20 feet. No specimens were found

above the road or on the north side of the creek. During April

and the first half of May, the vegetational pattern was a mod-

erate covering of evergreens, chiefly spruce and fir, with the

undergrowth only beginning to leaf out. During the latter half

of May growth was very rapid (Missoula had one of the warmest

springs on record) . By June the area was completely covered

by dense undergrowth, except under concentrations of ever-

greens.

In addition to the vegetation, many other factors contribute

to produce a cool, somewhat moist gross habitat. Deer Creek,

fed by springs and melting snow, is cool; the water temperature

on July 20 was 48°F. at the time the air temperature was 77 °F.

The creek lies in a V-shaped valley, the sides of which are cov-

ered with tall trees. The sun strikes the habitat area only in the

middle of the day. Observations at 11:00 A.M. on some of the

warmer days showed that the giound and lower foliage was

still wet from dew of the previous night.

Within the gross habitat, there were many fir and Ponderosa

logs. Large pieces of bark from the Ponderosa logs provided

excellent niches for the slugs. Some pieces of bark were "planted"

to insure a greater distribution of the animals in the gross hab-

itat and to insure a more accurate count. Magnipelta was also

found under small logs, loose stones, and around the grass-

covered periphery of the more tightly adhering stones. On cool,

moist days the slugs were found roaming over the ground and

lower foliage. On warmer days there was no evidence of move-

ment. Therefore, it is assumed that most of the movement and

feeding during the warm period occurs at twilight or night.

Further evidence for this assumption was the large amounts of

fresh green faeces which could be seen early in the morning.

These faeces formed trails throughout the habitat.

The area was studied from the first of April, 1957, to the

last of September, 1957. The first slug (14 mm) was found on

April 29, when snow still covered most of the ground. The air

July, 1963 NAUTILUS 25

temperature was 72°F., and the ground temperature near the

slug was 57°F. In the area were found 3 Allogora, 1 Triodopsis,

and several Discus.

May 5 was a cloudy day with showers. Most of the patches of

snow were gone. The air temperature was 58°F. and the ground

56 °F. Only one specimen of Magnipelta was found. Many Allo-

gona were found, and about 30% of these were copulating.

Twelve specimens were found on May 10. The sizes of the

12 extended animals in millimeters were: 20, 55, 20, 67, 46, 23,

42, 15, 36, 42, 39 and 27. Four of the 12 specimens were found

under rocks, one under bark, four under logs, and three under

rotted wood. The air temperature was 74°F. The temperatures

of the habitats ranged from 53°-58°F.

Eighteen slugs were found on June 1. Nine large specimens

were found under a board, 6 feet long and one foot wide. The

other nine were found under logs and a small board. Tempera-

tures of the habitat-niche ranged from 56°-59°F. with the air

being 78°F.

June 7 was a cloudy, cool (64°F.) day. With the help of Dr.

William B. Hebard, of New York University, greater numbers

of Magnipelta were found on this day than on any other day of

the year. Eighty-six animals were located. Ground and niche

temperatures ranged from 57°-61°F. More than half the slugs

were moving around under a covering of plants on the open

ground. The rest were found under and near rocks, logs, and

bark. Only 4 slugs were found under the board that had 9 on

June 1, an indication that the slugs move about freely when

weather permits. Of the 86 animals collected, less than 10 were

smaller than 20 mm. Twenty slugs were measured. The smallest

was 14 mm. long, and the largest was 80 mm. Both were fully

extended. The average length of the 20 extended animals was

43 mm. Comparisons of the extended and contracted animals

were made. The largest slug measured 80 mm. long, 12 mm. wide,

and 11 mm. deep when fully extended. When contracted, it

measured 40 mm. long, 20 mm. wide, and 17 mm. deep. Undis-

turbed movement of the slug was 14 inches in one hour.

Twenty large Magnipelta were found on June 23. It is inter-

esting to note that no animals were found in areas which were

occupied on previous dates. Presumably most had migrated into

26 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

the deep areas of rock pilings bordering the road.

No counts were made on June 30, and July 6. Instead, efforts

were made to mark the animals and their slime trails. Some slugs

were injected with eosin in the hopes that the resulting slime

trails would be colored. The effects of the injection were quick

movements and short colored slime trails. None of the animals

was killed by the injection. All marks were sloughed off by the

ensuing slime.

A heavy rain fell on the morning of July 14. The area was

therefore very wet during the afternoon. The air temperature

dropped to 62 °F. Although no counts were made on this day,

approximately I/2 of the slugs were in their habitat niche and

the other 14 were moving around on the ground under the

foliage. This is the same free movement as that which occurred

on the other wet, cloudy days.

The temperatures of the habitat niches on July 20 and July 26

ranged from 50°-60°F. The air temperature on both days was

in the high 70's, and the relative humidity was very low. It was

not surprising, therefore, to find but few specimens during this

period. Four slugs were found on July 20, and two were found

on July 26.

Three animals were found on August 4. Most of the habitat

was dry and deserted. Two specimens were found under rocks,

and one under bark. The temperature under the bark was 68 °F.,

and the slug Avas contracted and showed no signs of activity.

The relative humidity was between 10 and 20 percent during

the month of August. No slugs were found between August 4

and September 1. However, on September 5, cool weather re-

turned. Air temperature of the habitat was 66°F. Temperatures

of the habitat niche ranged between 60° and 68°F. Ten speci-

mens were found, under logs, rocks, and bark. The size of the

extended animals ranged between 20 and 70 mm. Two specimens

were shorter than 40 mm. in length.

Snow fell on September 22 and much of it remained on the

23rd, when only one large slug was found. The animal was very

inactive. It proved to be the last animal to be found that year.

From the data obtained, evidently Magnipelta prefers a cool,

moist habitat with the temperature between 53° and 60°F. The

optimum season in the Deer Creek area occurs bteween May 10

July, 1963 NAUTILUS 27

and July 26. The green coloring of the faeces indicated that the

food of the slug in this optimum season is green plants or moss,

both of which are plentiful in the area. What is eaten, when the

animals leave the main area is unknown. One might deduce

that at the time the slugs are deep in the rocks (if that is the

place to which they go) their diet must consist of fungi.

Careful observations throughout the summer failed to shed

any light as to the eggs of this animal or the very young. The

length of all animals measured throughout the summer ranged

from 14 mm. to 80 mm. One might surmise, after studying the

habitat for a year, that the eggs and young occur in the deep-

rock area, much the same as do the snails which inhabit the

talus slides in Western Montana. To be certain of the eggs and

young, one should raise the animals in captivity.

There was no evidence of predation on Magnipelta. Only four

animals were found dead. One had drowned in a small pool of

water. The other three had died as a result of either having been

stepped on or hurt during the process of replacing the habitat.

From evidence obtained, apparently the slugs do not move

much during warmer days, or if they do move, they may have

a tendency to return to the same place. Under one board 9 large

slugs were found. The following week there were 9 large slugs

under the same board. Eight large slugs were present in the

same place the third week. To cite another case, one large slug

consistently appeared under the same rock over most of the

period of observations. It was either the same slug or one

exactly the same size.

It is hoped that in the future methods will be found to mark

the slugs and that a suitable method found for studying the

deep rock area so as to shed light on aging, movement, and

egg laying.

References

Pilsbry, H. A. 1953. Magnipelta, a new genus of Arionidae from

Idaho. Nautilus. 67 (2): 37-38.

and Royal Bruce Brunson. 1954. The Idaho-Montana Slug

Magnipelta (Arionidae) Notulae Naturae of Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phil. No. 262.

28 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

A METHOD OF TAGGING CHANNELED WHELKS

By WILLIAM N. SHAW

Fishery Biologist (Research) , U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,

Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Oxford, Maryland

Both the channeled whelk, Busycon canaliculatum (Linne) ,

and the knobbed whelk, B. carica (Gmelin) , are known pre-

dators of oysters. Carriker (1951) found that the predation rate

for both species of Busycon in aquaria ranged from 0.8 to 2.7

oysters (1.0-7.8 cm in shell height) consumed per whelk per

week. In field studies at Oyster Pond River, Chatham, Massa-

chusetts, Shaw (1960) found that B. canaliculatum, placed in a

wire cage with oysters greater than 7.6 cm. in height, consumed

0.3 oysters per whelk per week.

Shaw (1960) also noted in field observations that the major-

ity of channeled whelks could be removed from oyster bottoms

in the spring in wooden traps baited with partly crushed horse-

shoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus. The high rate of capture on

oyster beds at the beginning of each trapping season indicated

that the whelks had moved in from other areas during the

previous year.

With the intent of tracing the movements of the channeled

whelk, I tagged 100 individuals and released them at the mouth

of Oyster Pond River, about 14 mile down stream from the

nearest oyster bed, on June 10 and June 13, 1960. The purpose

of this note is to describe the method of tagging and the direct

effects of the tag on the whelk.

Each whelk was tagged as follows: Large polyethylene tubing

was cut open and rectangles, % x 14 inch, were cut from this.

A number was stamped on and a hole was punched in each rec-

tangle. Two holes, 2 mm. in diameter and 10 mm. apart, were

drilled through the shell of the whelk about one inch inside

the outer lip to the body whorl and just beneath the sutural

canal. A piece of polyethylene tubing, 1 mm. in diameter was

looped through the holes in the shell and through the hole in

the tag. The tag was then tied in place by joining the ends of

the tubing with a standard square knot (figs. 1 & 2, A & B) .

Prior to release of the whelks, the shell height (spire tip to

siphon tip) and maximum diameter (outer lip to the opposite

NAUTILUS 77 (1)

PLATE 3

21

22

Fig.

si rial a

Sinalo:

Berry,

1835).

Santa

1894.

1871) .

25

19. Olivella riverae Olsson. 1956. Paratype, Zoritos, Peru. 20. O. semi-

(Gray, 1839). Panama Bay. 21. O. tergina (Duclos, 1835). Mazatlan,

I, Mexico. 22. O. volutella (Lamarck. 1811). Panama Bay. 23. O. walkeri

1958. Holotype, Guavmas, Sonora, Mexico. 24. O. zanoeta (Duclos,

Aguachale, Baja California, Mexico. 25. O. zonalis (Lamarck, 1811).

Cruz. Nayarit, Mexico. Species dubiosa. 26. O. gracilis gaylordi Ford,

Paratype, Gulf of California. 27. O. versicolor (Marrat in Sowerby,

Type of Marrat. Liverpool Museums.

NAUTILUS 77 (1)

PLATE 4

Figs. 1-4, Busycon caualiculal inn (Linne). 1 &: 2: Shov/In:^ a::rchm:nt; cf

the tag. 3: Arrow points to area where inner loop of plastic tubing has been

covered over with shell. 4: New shell partially covering inner loop of plastic

tubing. Figs. 5-8, Goniobasis. 5: Fragment of body whorl from RB285. 6: From

RB102. 7: G. laurae Goodrich, paratype. 8: G. interioris Goodrich, paratype.

July, 1963 NAUTILUS 29

side) of each was measured to the nearest millimeter.

In February 1962, two tagged whelks were recovered. The

empty shell of one was found on the beach at the mouth of

Oyster Pond River just opposite the point of release. The broken

shell of the second whelk with the tag intact was found by an

oysterman on his barge one mile up river from the area of

release. Probably this individual had been dropped on the barge

by a seagull. Since I do not know where the seagull originally

found the whelk, the exact movement of this snail is not known.

The following changes were noted on the shells of the two

whelks: In one shell the loop of the plastic tubing inside the

body whorl had been completely covered by new shell thus

cementing the tubing in place (fig. 3) . This whelk had increased

in shell height from 158 mm. to 172 mm. and in maximum

diameter from 90 mm. to 96 mm. In the other whelk the inner

loop of plastic tubing was only partially covered with new shell

(fig. 4) . Probably the latter whelk died or was killed before

completely covering the tubing. Since this individual was not

intact, shell measurements could not be obtained.

Probably the loop of tubing inside the shell irritated the

mantle of the whelk stimulating the snail to secrete shell over

the tubing. After the loop was covered, the tubing became

sealed in place and probably would remain there throughout

the whelk's life.

These observations suggest that this is a suitable method of

tagging whelks for studies of their growth rates and migration

patterns in the field.

Literature cited

Carriker, M. R. 1951. Observations on the penetration of tightly

closing bivalves by Busycon and other predators. Ecology

i2(l):73-83.

Shaw, W. N. 1960. Observations on habits and a method of trap-

ping channeled whelks near Chatham, Massachusetts. Special

Scientific Report. Fisheries No. 325:1-6.

NOTES AND NEWS

Dates of the Nautilus. — Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 1 to 38, iii, pis.

1 & 2, was mailed July 5, 1962. No. 2, pp. 39 to 74, iii, pis. 3 to 5,

Nov. 14, 1962. No. 3, pp. 75 to 114, Jan. 17, 1963. No. 4, pp.

115 to 152, pis. 6 to 11, April 19, 1963 — H.B.B.

30 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

CoRBicuLA FLUMiNEA (Mullcr) in Louisiana. — The rapid

spread of this mollusk is a dramatic one. Since it was first ob-

served in the United States in 1938 it has shown a phenomenal

capacity for dispersal in that it has gone from the Columbia

River in Washington down into the Willamette River, Sacre-

mento River, San Jaoquin River, the tributaries of all these, into

the Colorado River drainage and irrigation systems, and into

the Gila River in Arizona. Then it appeared to skip over into

the TVA system where it was first reported from Paducah, Ken-

tucky, on the Ohio River. Since then it has rapidly spread into

the Tennessee River, the Cumberland River, and the Green

River. It has been observed in abundance in various localities

along all these rivers.

An excellent review of the whole Corbicula dispersal through

the United States plus a discussion of its life history, ecology,

and general habits can be had by reading the paper, "A Pre-

liminary Report on the Introduced Asiatic Clam Corbicula in

Tennessee" (R. M. Sinclair and B. G. Isom, Tennessee Depart-

ment of Public Health, Tennessee Stream Pollution Control

Board. 1961).

Now Corbicula fluminea is beginning to be found in streams

along the Gulf Coast. Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries (Water

Pollution Control) biologists, taking bottom samples in the Cal-

casieu River at mile 66 in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana, found

it in October, 1961. The same biologists also collected it in

Assumption Parish, Louisiana, on Bayou Magasille in April,

1962 and in Bayou Sorrel at the locks in Iberville Parish in

May, 1962.

Within less than 25 years this small, slow-moving, bottom-

dweller has spread over much of the United States. This once

again is evidence of the hazards involved in accidental or delib-

erate biological introductions. — Dee Saunders Dundee and Wal-

ter J. Harman, La. State University, in New Orleans and Baton

Rouge.

The range of Succinea ovalis. — Walker (Terr. Moll. Ala-

bama. Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool. Misc. Publ. no. 18. p. 167. 1928)

reported Succinea ovalis Say from several localities in southwest-

ern Alabama. Having collected rather extensively in this part of

July, 1963 NAUTILUS 31

Alabama without finding it, probably these records were based

on misidentifications. Only one lot of Succinea ovalis was found

in the University of Michigan collections from Alabama. These

were from Mobile. The one lot from the Clapp Collection of

the Carnegie Museum labeled S. ovalis proved to be Catinella

texana Hubricht. The Mobile specimens are probably a case of

mixed labels. Pilsbry's record from Smith Island, Brunswick

Co., North Carolina (Land Moll. N. Amer. 2: 803) is probably

also erroneous.

Succinea ovalis is a more northern species. Its southern limit

is from Maryland to Kentucky, but ranging southward in the

mountains as far as the Great Smokies. On the floodplain of the

Mississippi River, it ranges as far south as Memphis, Tennessee.

In central Missouri it is not known from south of the floodplain

of the Missouri River. It is known from as far west as Doniphan

Co., Kansas, Brown Co., Nebraska, and Devil's Lake, North

Dakota. — Leslie Hubricht.

CORBICULA FLUMINEA IN THE MOBILE RiVER. Covbicula flu-

minea Miiller was found abundant during the spring of 1962

in the Mobile River at the Riverview Fishing Camp, 1 mile

north of Bucks; and in smaller numbers in the Mobile River

at Chastang Bluff, east of Chastang, Mobile Co., Alabama. It

was not found in the Tombigbee River at the Ft. Stoddard

Fishing Camp, east of Mt. Vernon, Mobile Co., Alabama; nor

in the Tombigbee River, east of Mcintosh, Washington Co.,

Alabama. — Leslie Hubricht.

Twisting behavior in mesodon thyroidus — In the field, when

pulled by the shell from a surface to which it tightly adheres,

an occasional M. thyroidus reacts with a violent and repeated

twisting of the body from side to side, a response that, were the

shell free and the foot attached to a surface, would result in

rotation of the shell upon the body. Such a twisting of the shell

upon the body has been observed upon occasion in laboratory

animals burdened by other snails clinging to their shells. It is

therefore possibly a response to unusual tensions upon the body

and might contitute a defense reaction or, in progression through

the litter, might aid in extricating the animal from tight quar-

32 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

ters. This behavior is undoubtedly allied to the similar, but

chemically elicited, escape responses of many marine gastropods,

described by Kohn (1961, Am. Zoologist 1: 291-308) .—Walter

C. Blinn, Michigan State University, East Lansing.

Brachystyloma Weisbord a synonym of Anachis H. & A.

Adams (Columbellidae) . — Three shells from "red pebbly

sand" in the Abisinia formation (Pleistocene?) of Venezuela

have been described by N. E. Weisbord (1962, Bulls. American

Paleo., 42 (193) :27-28, 335-337, pi. 29, figs. 23-24) as a new spe-

cies in a new monotype genus provisionally placed in the Colum-

bellidae: Brachystyloma caribbeana. Examination of the holotype

(Paleont. Res. Inst. no. 26244) , graciously loaned to me by Dr. K.

V. W. Palmer, has confirmed a suspicion elicited by the illustra-

tions that Brachystyloma is a worn and badly broken columbel-

lid, probably the abundant and variable Anachis (Costoanachis)

hotessieriana Orbigny (see R. T. Abbott, 1958, Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia, Monogr. 11, pp. 68-69) or a closely related species

in the same subgenus. The whole shell has been abraded, and

the outer lip has been broken back almost one half a whorl.

The anterior siphonal canal has also been broken, and the "deep

excavation under the base of the columella" (the main generic

character of Brachystyloma) is an erosional feature that would

be found only in broken and abraded shells. Accordingly, Brach-

ystyloma Weisbord (1962) is a subjective junior synonym of

Anachis H. 'k A. Adams (1853) and of Costoanachis Sacco

(1890) . The holotype of Brachystyloma caribbeana is 3.2 mm.

wide, not 4.9 mm. as stated. — Robert Robertson, Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Anisus Studer (1820a: 91) was proposed to include Planorbis

O. F. Muller (1774: 152) and Physa Draparnaud (1801: 52).

In my judgment, the first valid selection of a type species was

made by Herrmannsen (1852: 9), who selected Planorbis um-

bilicatus Muller, which w^ould make it a synonym of Planorbis,

type (Cf. opinion 335) P. planorbis (Linne) . However, J. E.

Gray (1847b) had made 3 previous designations in one publi-

cation. On page 180, he listed "Anisus, Studer" in the synonymy

July, 1963 NAUTILUS 33

of Physa, for which he designated Physa fontinalis (Linne) [Cf.

opinion 94]. Also on p. 180, he selected "H[elix] spirorbis"

[Linne] as the type of "Anisiis Fitz., Studer" [Fitzinger, 1833:

111, who did not include that species]. Finally, to make matters

worse, on p. 181, he designated 'T. olivaceus" [1827] for the type

of ''Anisiis, Beck" [Anisi, 1837: 120], another misusage. If any

of these 3 be valid, which I doubt, it is the first one.

On the other hand, Pilsbry (1934: 62) accepted Gray's 2nd

choice. Since he was followed by F. C. Baker (1945: 55) , this

usage has become rather general. Actually, the valid name for

this subgenus of Gyraidiis is Omalodiscus Benson (1855: 127)

for which the first type selection, so far as I am aware, was that

of Hannibal (1912: 153, in a discussion of "Planorbis") , who

stated "Omalodiscus, Benson, 1855 (P.[lanorbis] vulgaris Swains.

=z H.[elix] vortex L., type by substitution) ," which clearly was

Benson's intent, since he proposed it to replace the homonymic

Spirorbis Swainson (1840: 337) .^ Of course, S. vulgaris Swainson

(loc. cit.) which was the only species included by the last, was

vested solely by citation of the figures Draparnaud (1805: 45)

gave for his Planorbis vortex, var. beta, and these apparently

represent Gyraulus (Omalodiscus) leucostoma (Millet) . The last

also has been considered either a distinct species, or a form of

G. spirorbis (Linne) . Unfortunately, Pilsbry (1934: 63) , fol-

lowed again by F. C. Baker (1945: 51) and many others, accepted

Kennard k Woodward's later selection, 1924, Proc. Malac. Soc.

London 7(5:11, of P. marginatus, which also was included by

Benson, and thus considered Omalodiscus a synonym of

Planorbis.

These notes were made during an arrangement of fresh-water

Pulmonata in the previously unlabeled collection of the Acad-

emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. In this, Omalodiscus

is used as a subgenus of Gyraulus in the Planorbidae. Anisus is

listed in the synonymy of both Physa (Physidae) and Planorbis,

which is where Studer autocratically proposed it. The abbrevi-

ated references have been checked with the originals, but, since

they are listed handily by Zilch, 1960, Handb. Palaozool. (5(4) :

731-795, why repeat them here? — H. Burrington Baker.

1 Benson stated: "This name having long been pre-occupied by a genus of

Aruielides, Swainson's subgenus requires a change of designation."

34 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

Planorbarius Dumeril, 1806, Zoologie Analytique: 164, evi-

dently is an invalid emendation of Planorbis, and automatically

takes the same type. He apparently considered his "planorbarius"

as a Latin synonym of his French "planorbiers." On the same

page, he also emended Trochus, Sigaretus, Turbo, Valvata,

Natica and other names in a similar manner, also without men-

tion of their original authors. The fact that Froriep (1806: 165)

added "helix cornea" as an example ("beyspiel" of preface: xx)

in his German translation has no effect on this. The earliest

valid name for the genus for which Planorbarius has been used

is Coretus "Adans., 1757" Gray (1847b: 180), type by original

designation C. corneus [Linne]. Incidentally, the prior name for

its subfamily is Coretinae Gray (1847b, loc. cit., as Coretina) . —

H. B. B.

Melampinae: — The older writers used Melampidae (Stimp-

son, 1851) or Melampinae (H. & A. Adams, 1855) but Crosse

& Fischer (1880) changed this to Melampodinae. Perhaps Mel-

ampus did come originally from 2 Greek words meaning black

and foot but, according to Ainsworth's (1830) "Latin Diction-

ary," the Romans used at least the physician's name, exactly as

Montfort (1810) spelled it, with the genitive melampi. For this

reason, Melampinae seems to be the better form. — H. B. B.

Paludomidae (PLEURocERmAE) . — Of the 5 familial names

prior to Pleuroceridae Fischer, 1885, all apparently are "nomina

oblita" except Paludominae Gill, 1871, which was used by Pils-

bry as late as 1956. In a rearrangement of the A.N.S.P. collection,

which mainly follows Goodrich's careful studies in its systematic

outlines, Pleurocera Rafinesque (1818) is used in its usual sense,

in the hope that the I. C. Z. N. finally will adopt the petition to

preserve it with the type P. acuta Rafinesque, 1831 (or Blain-

ville, 1824?) . As Pilsbry pointed out in 1917, Ceriphasia Swain-

son, 1840, is the legal name of the group. On the other hand,

even Rafinesque would not have squeezed his P. acuta into his

definition of the "genus Oxytrema," 1819, which makes Blain-

ville's (1824, under "Pleurocerus") and Morrison's (1954) addi-

tion of that species simply impossible. One must draw the line

somewhere, even in nomenclature. However, since Elimia H. & A.

July, 1963 NAUTILUS 35

Adams, 1854, type (Pilsbry &: Rhoads, 1896) E. acutocarinata

(Lea) , would not become obsolete for several years, it is em-

ployed instead of the subsequent, but more usual Goniobasis

Lea, 1862, which both Goodrich and Morrison suggested may

belong in Gyrotoma Shuttleworth, 1845. To be on the safe side,

although both of these synonyms apparently are "nomina oblita"

according to the latest "code," Elimia laqueata (Say) now is

selected the type of Melasma H. &: A. Adams, 1854, and E. silicula

(Gould) the type of Juga H. ^ A. Adams, 1854. Since there have

been so many guesses about the identity of Ellipstoma Raf.

(1818) , Lithasia Haldeman, 1840, is used for the group, of which

Pleurocera evidently is the legal name. Leptoxis Rafinesque,

1818, is employed instead of the much-emended Anculosa Say

(1821) . — H. BuRRiNGTON Baker.

DiREcrroRY of conchologists of the world ($2.65 postpaid) .

— It has been our custom to revise the directory every two years.

The 1962 edition is available and lists some 3,200 names and

addresses. This list is composed of persons or institutions inter-

ested in the study or collection of mollusks, and we wish to make

it as complete as possible.

When known the names will be followed by numbers indi-

cating interests from the following key or other specialties.

1. World Wide Shells. 3. Fresh Water Shells.

2. Land Shells. 4. Fossil Shells.

5. Exchange Shells

We plan to issue a revised edition early in 1964, and will

appreciate having our attention called to both errors and addi-

tions as w^e are now starting to assemble the data for the 1964

directory. There is no obligation to purchase a copy.

It is our custom to mail the first issues to those who have

ordered and paid. They will have some advantage in seeing

the names of the new collectors in the 1964 Directory of Con-

chologists of the World. — John Q. Burgh, 4206 Halldale Avenue,

Los Angeles 62, California.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED, 1962

Pages in italics include new taxons

Clench, William J. k Ruth D. Turner. New names introduced

by H. A. Pilsbry in the Mollusca and Crustacea. Acad. Nat.

36 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (1)

Sci. Philadelphia, Special Publ. no. 4, 218 pp.

Araujo, J L. de Barros, H. E, Barbosa de Resende k P. A. de

Fraga Rodrigues. Sobre "Bulimulus tenuissimus" (Origny,

1835) Rev. Brasil. Biol. 2{?: 33-42, figs. 1-25.

Athearn, H, D. &: A. H. Clarke, Jr. The freshwater mussels of

Nova Scotia. Nat. Mus. Canada Bui. no. 183:11-41, fig. 1,

maps 1-6, pis. 1-4.

Branson, Branley A,, John Taylor & Constance Taylor. A Pleis-

tocene local fauna from Caddo and Canadian Counties,

Oklahoma. Okla. Geol. Notes 22:280-295, 3 figs.

Clarke, Arthur H., Jr. On the composition, zoogeography, origin

and age of the deep-sea mollusk fauna. Deep-Sea Research

^:291-306.

Clarke, A. H., Jr. Sublittoral molluscs and brachiopods from

the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Nat. Mus. Canada Bui. no. 183:6-10.

Haas, Fritz. Caribbean land molluscs: Subulinidae and Oleacini-

dae. Stud. Faun. Curacao 'k other Carib. Is. 25:49-60, fig. 53,

pis. 7-11.

Heard, William H. The Sphaeriidae of the North American

Great Lakes. Amer. Midi. Nat. ^7:194-198.

Rezende, H, E. Barboza de, P. A. de Fraga Rodrigues k. J. L.

de Barros Araujo. Sobre o Strep taxis contusus (Ferussac,

1821) . Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ^^:337-345, figs. 1-13, 16 figs.

Riedel, Adolf. Materialien zur Kenntnis der palaarktischen

Zonitidae, 7-8. Materialien zur Kenntnis der Zonitidae des

Nahen Ostens, nebst Besprechung der Gattung Eopolita Poll,

im breiteren geographischen Rahmen. Ann. ZooL, Polska Aka-

demia Nauk 2^:221-227, 11 figs., 261-298, 31 figs. Vitrea argo-

lica sp. n. aus Griechenland. Bui. Acad, Polonaise Sci. CI. II,

10:315-317, 5 figs.

Robertson, Robert. Comments on the proposed use of the plen-

ary powers to suppress the generic name: Pupa Roding, 1798.

Vanikoro Quoy Sz Gaimard, 1832; proposed validation under

the plenary powers. BuL Zoo. Nomencl. iP:258-259, 332-336.

Solem, Alan. Notes on, and descriptions of New Hebridean land

snails. Bui. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zoo, 9:217-247, 17 figs.,

2 pis.

THE NAUTILUS

Vol. yy October, 1963 No. 2

STUDY OF A POPULATION OF SPHAERIID CLAMS

IN A TEMPORARY POND^

By grace jean THOMAS

University of Georgia

The following study of the composition of a population of

Sphaerium (Musculium) partumeium took place over a two-year

period.

The pond which contains the clams is located near Ann

Arbor, Michigan^. It was the site of a study by Kenk (1949) in

which he compared its fauna with that of other ponds. In addi-

tion, DeWitt (1954) used it as a source of material for his study

of the life history of Physa gyrina. The occurrence in the pond

of a very large population of a single bivalve made it a parti-

cularly favorable spot for a population analysis.

Ecology of the habitat. The pond, which is located in an open

field, has a bottom covered with a layer of rich organic material

and a maximum water depth of about 65 centimeters (2 feet,

11/2 inches). The number of months that water stands in this

habitat varies from year to year. Most commonly the pond dries

up in July, and remains that way until October or November

when it is refilled by autumn rains. In years of reduced rain-

fall, however, it remains dry over the winter months and is not

refilled until March, or even later.

The pond is bordered on two sides by wide bands of Typlia.

The bottom shows small patches of bare mud, but most of it

is covered with Alisma and Zizania aquatica. The Alisma is

dominant when the water level is low, and Zizania is luxuriant

when the pond is full, long after the emergent vegetation has

died down.

1 This study was a portion of research done in partial fulfillment of the re-

quirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of

Michigan. The author wishes to express her thanks to Dr. Frank E. Eggle-

ton for his interest and encouragement, and to Rev. H. B. Herrington for

the identification of the clams.

2 On the west of U.S. highway 23 just north of its intersection with U.S.

highway 112 (T3S/R6E/S23).

37

38

NAUTILUS

Vol. 77(2)

6-

5 -

in

o

c:

c

2 3

2 -

Jan Mar May July Sept Nov

Figure 1. Total monthly rainfall for the years 1953 and 1954.

The fauna includes micro-Crustacea, hydracarina, leeches,

oligochaetes, nematodes, turbellarians, many of them in very

large numbers. The mollusks are represented by Sphaerium

partumeium and 5 species of snails, Gyraulus parvus^ Helisoma

trivolvis, Lymnaea palusiris, Physa gyrina, and Planorhula

armigera. Of these, the clams, Lymnaea palustris and Physa

gyrina are very common.

Methods. Samples were taken monthly from January, 1953,

until March, 1954. At that time a program of weekly sampling

was instituted, and continued until July 23, 1954. The study was

to be ended then, but in October, 1954, heavy rains filled the

pond and made an extension of the sampling desirable. Collec-

tions were taken until March of 1955.

In sampling, an attempt was made to secure enough material

October, 1963

NAUTILUS

39

TABLE 1

COMPOSITION OF KOi-.THLY SAMPLES

each time to furnish at least 75 to 100 clams. However, during a

few winter months, this was impossible. The samples were all

carried into the laboratory for careful sorting, so that the young

would not be missed. Once the specimens were measured, the

sample was broken down into size classes, and the percent of

individuals falling within the limits of each size class calculated.

The monthly totals for the period from March 13, 1954, to

July 23, 1954, represent the lumping of weekly samples. The

measurement used in setting up the size classes was shell length.

Since none of the shells measured less than one mm., or more

than 10 mm., 9 size classes were set up as shown in table 1.

Measurements of total monthly rainfall for the years 1953 and

1954 (secured from the United States Weather Bureau at Willow

Run) were plotted in figure 1.

Results. The total number of clams taken each month, and

the numbers falling in each size class are given in table 1. The

number of individuals in a collection varied from 23 in one

February sample to over 1000 in a month during which weekly

collections were taken. The small numbers taken from frozen

ground in January and February, however, show a size class

40

NAUTILUS

Vol. 77(2)

JAN

1953

FE3

MAR

P

APR

h

JUNE

JULY

AUG

1_

OCT

NOV

\

DEC

"^

Figure 2. Histogram showing the monthly composition of the population

during 1953.

distribution which is quite consistent with the months preceed-

ing and succeeding them.

The numbers of individuals in size classes were converted to

percentages which are plotted as histograms in figures 2 and 3.

In January, February and March of 1953, only the first two

size groups made up the population. The pond had been dry

all winter, and finally filled in March when 3 inches of rain fell.

The April, May, and June data showed that the clams were

growing, and in addition, in June, the first young were pro-

duced. Meanwhile the water level was being lowered gradually

by increasing evaporation and little precipitation, and by June

18 the standing water had disappeared. Rooted vegetation

(chiefly Alisma) giew up rapidly and prevented the soil from

parching and cracking. Many dead shells of adult clams were

found in July and August. During the remainder of the year,

when there was no standing water, the population once more

consisted mostly of the smallest size class. These clams were

living buried in the mud.

In 1954 heavy rains in February caused the pond to fill by

March. The clams grew rapidly during April, May, June, and

October, 1963

NAUTILUS

41

1954

JAN

FEB

J

MAR

APR

MAY

JUNE

JULY

OCT

NOV

Ir

^.j'

""71

JAN

1955

"3

FEB

1955

_J

MAR

1955

~L

S

Figure 3. Histogram showing the monthly composition of the population

during portions of 1954 and 1955.

July, and attained a greater size than in 1953. The growing

period was one month longer, for the pond was not dry until

the third week in July. Note also that the young which began to

appear in June also showed growth.

No collections or observations were made during August or

September, but when very heavy autumn rains filled the pond

in October, a sample was taken, and another in November. In

the latter collection was a large number of clams of classes 3 and

4. By December ice covered the pond and, although no clams

were taken then, collections were made under the ice in January

and February of 1955. By early March the ice cover was gone,

and the collection taken then indicated that the animals had

already resumed growth.

Discussion. The data indicate that the life cycle of Sphaerium

(Miisculium) partumeium is 12 or 13 months in length, but

that it may be shortened by the early loss of standing water

from a temporary pond. The definitive size of the animals is also

affected by rainfall. This fact was shown clearly by clams which

presumably had emerged in early summer of 1952, showed no

appreciable growth until the following April, and died off in

42 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (2)

the following June and July, none of them having attained a

length of more than 6 mm. On the other hand, clams produced

in June or July of 1953, because of the early filling of the pond

in the following March, showed much more growth by April.

In addition they lived at least into July at which time a few of

them measured between 9 and 10 mm. There was no indication

that growth occuned under ice cover.

Another interesting point brought out by the data is the fact

that the population is primarily carried over the dry period by

the young. Very few sub-adults (3-5 mm.) were able to survive.

Aestivation is a phenomenon which has been reported in a

number of species of clams. Van der Schalie (1939) reported it

in 4 species of unionids, Vielhauer (1943) in Musculium

lacustre, Boycott (1936) in Pisidium pefsonatum and Pisidium

cinereum. Sphaerium occidentale occurs regularly in temporary

woods pools. In some of these cases, the life cycle is two or more

years long, (Herrington, 1943, 1947) and so the sub-adults regu-

larly aestivate. In these cases, however, the animals may be able

to burrow into deep mud, or as in the case of a woodland pool,

the conditions are less variable than in an exposed one.

The temporary field pond studied here is a severe habitat. The

water temperatures vary from 3° Centigrade under ice to 24° C,

and on the surface of the exposed mud, 28° C. or higher. Kenk

(1949) reported pH values varying from 5.8 to 7.7, and dissolved

oxygen fluctuation of 10 ppm. When ice covers the pond, hydro-

gen sulfide, formed in the decomposition of bottom material, is

produced in quantities sufficient to produce a noticeable odor.

Sphaerium partumeium appears to be tolerant of such physical

and chemical conditions.

Sphaerium is successful in this habitat primarily because of

this tolerance, its ability to grow rapidly under favorable con-

ditions, and its precocious production of young (Thomas,

1960) . The rapid growth is made possible by a combination of

favorable factors. This study has emphasized the importance of

water which enables the animal to make use of a filter feeding

apparatus, makes possible the growth of food organisms, serves

as a solvent for the various nutrients, and has a moderating

effect on the temperatures to which the habitat is subjected.

October, 1963 nautilus 43

Summary

1. A population of Sphaerium (Musculium) partiimeum in a

temporary pond was sampled monthly for over two years.

2. The life span of the clams is 12-13 months, but it may be

shortened by drying up of the habitat.

3. The clam population is maintained over the winter pri-

marily by the young individuals.

Literature Cited

Boycott, A. E. 1936. Jour. Animal Ecol. 5: 116-186.

DeWitt, Robert M. 1955. Ecol. 36: 40-44.

Herrington, H. B. 1944. Can. Field Nat. 55; (1).

Herrington, H. B. 1947. Can Field Nat. 62 (2)

Kenk, Roman 1949 The animal life of temporary and permanent

ponds in southern Michigan. Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool. U. of

Mich. 7.

Thomas, Grace J. 1959. Naut. 72: 131-140.

Van der Schalie, Henry. 1939. Naut. 53: 137-138.

Vielhauser, W. 1943. Arch. Molluskenk. Frankfort, A. M. 75:

195-207.

SOME GONIOBASES IN WESTERN UNITED STATES

By ERNEST J. ROSCOE

Raymond Foundation, Chicago Natural History Museum

The small disjunct group of goniobases, which occur in the

western part of North America, has been the subject of a number

of reviews and revisions since the middle of the last century

(Tryon, 1865; Pilsbry, 1899; Henderson, 1935; Goodrich, 1942,

1944) . On the basis of shell sculpture, two broad categories have

been recognized: (1) a gi'oup in which there is some kind of

conspicuous longitudinal or vertical sculpture (ribs, plicae, etc.)

on the whole or some portion of the shell, and (2) a group in

which such sculpture is either vestigial or entirely lacking. Judg-

ment is here reserved as to whether this grouping represents

natural biological units. The present paper is limited to a dis-

cussion of certain species in the latter, or so-called "smooth"

category.

In 1847, Gould described Goniobdsis hulbosa from an un-

designated locality on the Columbia River. In 1860, Lea de-

scribed G. newberryi from the "upper Des Chutes River, Oregon

Territory," Following Tryon (1865) , most authors up to Pilsbry

44 NAUTILUS Vol. 77(2)

(1899) have recognized bulbosa and newberryi as similar but

distinct species, the chief diagnostic criterion being the presence

of color bands in newberryi.

Revising the goniobases of Washington and Oregon, Pilsbry

(op. cit.) arrayed the "smooth" forms known from the region

as follows:

G. bulbosa (Gould, 1847).

Syn: G. newberryi Lea, 1860.

G. nigrina (Lea, 1856) .

Syn: G. draytonii Lea, 1862.

G. circiimlineata Tryon, 1865.

G. calif ornica (Clessin, 1882) .

Pilsbry hesitated to synonomize nigrina under bulbosa although

he thought such relationship "very likely." He recognized nigrina

as characteristic of the Sacramento drainage, bulbosa as charac-

teristic of the Columbia drainage.

An extensive study of western goniobases in the collections at

Stanford University and the University of Colorado led Hender-

son (1936:272) to conclude that:

"From the description and figures, together with photographs

of specimens in the National Museum, I seriously doubt whether

specimens suspected of being bulbosa could be identified even

by comparison with the types. Various lots labelled bulbosa in

the Hemphill and other collections are not in any way related

to it. The specimens we obtained at the mouth of the Deschutes

River are plicifera, and those we obtained at Maupin, some

distance up that river, represent a recently described form, G.

hemphilli maupinensis Henderson. A good series from the upper

parts of the Deschutes is highly desirable, in order to ascertain

just ivhat newberryi is." (Italics mine, E. J. R.)

Through the courtesy of Drs. L. S. Cressman and David L.

Cole, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, I

have recently had the opportunity to study goniobases from an

archaeological site in the middle Deschutes River drainage which

I believe has a bearing on the bulbosa-neiuberryi problem. This

material comprised 25 specimens, some consisting only of frag-

ments of body whorls, from two rock-shelter middens, designated

Round Butte sites nos. 1 and 2, located near the confluence of

the Metiolus and Deschutes Rivers, Jefferson Co., Oregon (for

map see Stearns, 1931) . The goniobases occurred with almost

1000 specimens of the freshwater mussel, Margaritifera margari-

October, 1963 nautilus 45

tifera (L.) , from the surface of the middens to a depth of 180

centimeters. A maximum of 4 goniobases occurred in any 20 cm

depth interval.

Some of the Round Butte midden specimens are unhanded

and appear to fit the description and figures of Gould's biilbosa

as given by Tryon (1865, pi. 24, fig. 17) . A single fragment of

the body whorl of one specimen (PI. 4, fig. 5; 1. 11.3 mm., d.

about 5.6 mm.; aper. 1. 6.0 mm., aper. d. about 4 mm. [outer

edge broken]; CNHM. no. 111879) bears the 3 color bands typi-

cal of Lea's newberryi (see Tryon, 1865, pi. 24, fig. 16) . The

remaining specimens, of typical bulbosa shape, show one or more

broad (coalesced?) bands of color on the body whorl, quite dif-

ferent from those described for newberryi (PI. 4, fig. 6; 1. 11.9

mm., d. 6.0 mm., aper. 1. 5.4 mm., aper. d. 3.7 mm.; CHNM.

111878).

The significance of the Round Butte material is that it seem-

ingly represents a population transitional between the two nomi-

nal species bulbosa and newberryi. Moreover, it is the first

Goniobasis material to be recorded from the Deschutes River

above Maupin, and the first of the bulbosa complex to be re-

corded from that stream above its mouth. It seems to bear out

Henderson's prediction (1936:272) that material from the upper

part of the Deschutes River would resolve the bulbosa-newberryi

problem.

While examining the Round Butte midden specimens, op-

portunity was also taken to compare them with the few known

Great Basin forms. The first report of goniobases from the Basin

proper was made by Goodrich (1935) . He remarked that his

specimens had been compared with the types of G. newberryi

in the U.S. National Museum and found ". . . no difference be-

tween the two forms except in the unimportant matter of color

bands." Subsequently Goodrich (1944) described his Great Basin

material under the names G. laurae and G. interioris, from two

localities in Nevada.

Comparison with paratypes of Goodrich's species, loaned

through the courtesy of Dr. Henry van der Schalie, Museum of

Zoology, University of Michigan, shows that G. laurae (PI. 4,

fig. 7; 1. 11.6 mm., d. 6.1 mm.; aper. 1. 5.5. mm., aper. d. 3.4

mm.; UMMZ. 160004) tends to be larger than the Round Butte

46 NAUTILUS Vol. 77(2)

midden goniobases, but that comparably sized specimens from

the two localities are very similar in appearance (cf. figs. 2, 3) . G.

laurae is generally more elongate and not as bulbous as the

Round Butte material, in this regard laurae resembling dray-

tonii and iiigrina more closely than bulbosa. Although the orig-

inal description of laurae stated that no varices exist, one is

clearly visible on the left side in the accompanying figure of a

paratype (fig. 3). In the Round Butte specimens, the varices are

moderately conspicuous or absent. Theie are no signs of sculp-

ture on either laurae or the Round Butte specimens. G. laurae is

of a uniform color, while the Round Butte material exhibits

considerable variation in this regard.

That both laurae and the Round Butte specimens are distinct

from interioris is evident in the accompanying photographs. G.

interioris does bear a similarity to draytonii, which is more no-

ticeable in the drawings of the type of interioris (Goodrich, 1944,

fig. 2) than in the accompanying photograph (PI. 4, fig. 8; 1,

20. mm., d. 7.5 mm., aper. 1. 6.4 mm., aper. d. 5.3 mm.; UMMZ.

160006) of a paratype. G. interioris is longer, more bulbous, and

with a rounder aperture than typical draytonii.

Finally, a word regarding an interesting facet of the ecology

of the Great Basin goniobases. G. laurae was found in seepage

from springs in both Nevada and California, and G. interioris

was collected from an outlet of artesian wells in Nevada (Good-

rich, 1944) . At the time of excavation, the Round Butte site

was quite damp from spring seepage (Cole, personal communica-

tion, Feb. 1, 1962) . No living goniobases were found in this

seepage, but the possibility that they may have lived in this

niche in the past cannot be ruled out entirely. At the moment,

however, I am inclined to the view that the Round Butte gonio-

bases represent individuals accidentally carried to the site at-

tached to the fresh-water mussels which constitute the bulk of

the site inaterial.

The photos of figs. 5 to 8 were made by John Bayalis and

Homer V. Hondren, C. N. H. M.

References

Goodrich, C. 1935. Nautilus ^P:66.

. 1942. Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich. No. 469:1-4.

. 1944. Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich. No. 485:1-11.

Gould, A. 1847. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc. 2:225.

October, 1963 nautilus 47

Henderson, J. 1935. Nautilus ^<^: 94-99, 130-134.

. 1936. Univ. Colorado Studies 23:251-280, pi. 2, figs. Ml.

Lea, I. 1860. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc. i2:93.

Pilsbry, H. A. 1899. Nautilus i5: 64-67.

Stearns, H. T. 1931. U.S. Geol. Surv., Water Supply Paper 637-D.

Tryon, G. W., Jr. 1865. Amer. Jour. Conch, i: 236-246, pi. 24, figs.

1-17.

MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF SOME ALKALINE LAKES AND

SLOUGHS IN SOUTHERN CENTRAL NORTH DAKOTA

By SAMUEL J. TUTHILLi and WILSON M. LAIRD2

Thirteen bodies of water in central North Dakota have been

sampled for their molluscan fauna and some aspects of their

limnology. The presence of molluscan communities in bodies of

water having total alkalinity of as much as 1145 ppm. and total

dissolved solids of as much as 5210 ppm. is noteworthy.

The living molluscan fauna of North Dakota has been poorly

studied in the past, that of the Devils Lake area being the only

part to have received systematic treatment (Winslow, 1921) . A

study of the molluscan faunas of various Pleistocene age sedi-

ments in central North Dakota, undertaken by the senior author,

necessitated a better knowledge of the living fauna of the area

in order to interpret adequately the fossil faunas. The study re-

ported here is the first part of a larger reconnaissance investi-

gation designed to establish the nature of the Pleistocene and

Recent molluscan fauna of the glaciated portion of the State.

We feel that the presence of successful communities of mol-

lusks in highly alkaline environments, as reported here, is of

general interest to ecologists and paleo-ecologists. We do not,

on the basis of such cursory sampling, suggest that the faunas

listed are complete, but the ecologic data does at least apply to

those species we do report. Further work may add other species

to the faunal lists.

During the summer of 1961, the senior author spent 6 weeks

in Mcintosh County studying the Pleistocene deposits and their

associated molluscan faunas for the North Dakota Geological

1 Graduate Student, NDEA Fellow University of North Dakota.

2 Chairman, Department of Geology, University of North Dakota and State

Geologist, North Dakota Geological Survey.

48

NAUTILUS

Vol. 77(2)

Survey. Note was taken of the Recent and living fauna of the

sloughs and lakes of the area and collections were made. In

October of 1962, we spent three days conducting an intensive

sampling program of the water bodies reported here. Water,

bottom sediments, and the mollusks were collected. Partial

analyses of the water and bottom sediments were conducted

during the following week and the fauna was identified and

curated in the Geology Department collection at the University

of North Dakota.

Physiographic setting. The Missouri Coteau district (Fenne-

r

i

1

^

1

■\

NORTH DAKOTA

Q = Area Studied

Fig. la. Sketch map of North Dakota showing area of this study (cross-

hatched) and approximate distribution of the Missouri Coteau and Coteau

Slope district.

man, 1931, p. 75) in North Dakota, extends from Dickey and

Mcintosh Counties in the southern part of the state to Divide

County in the north and extends as much as 50 miles on an

east-west axis (see fig. 1). It is characteristically an area of non-

integrated diainage, low hills and depressions without orienta-

tion. The entire Coteau is surfaced by upper Wisconsin drift and

its topography is the result of deposition from stagnant glacier

ice. Clayton (1962, in press) has restricted the Missouri Coteau

of Fenneman to the area of non-integrated drainage, creating

the Coteau Slope district for the area between the Missouri River

October, 1963

NAUTILUS

49

9^

LOGAN CO.

Mcintosh co.

Fig. lb. Sketch map of the area of this study showing the approximate loca-

tions of the various sites (see text) .

50 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (2)

and the Coteau. The Coteau Slope district is characterized by an

integrated drainage system and is presumably ot greater geo-

morphic age. Most of the drainage is integrated with the Mis-

souri River but some is internal only. Several of the bodies of

water reported here are in the Coteau Slope district. Possibly

the water bodies in the Coteau Slope district are of greater age

than those in the Missouri Coteau district. MoUuscan popula-

tion in the bodies of water in the Coteau Slope district might

therefore be older in lineage than those in water bodies in the

Missouri Coteau district.

Geologic setting. The lakes and sloughs sampled all have their

basins in sediments of Wisconsin Age drift. Those in the Coteau

Slope district are in drifts which are possibly of middle or early

Wisconsin age while those on the Coteau are in sediments of

later Wisconsin age. Radio carbon dates from the Coteau sedi-

ments indicate that they are approximately 8000 to 11,000 years

old.

The sediments of the Missouri Coteau district are till and

outwash. The topography developed on these two sediment

types varies within a maximum local relief of approximately

600 feet. The Burnstad Drift of Clayton (1962, in press) is the

stratigraphic unit which makes up the Missouri Coteau. His

Zealand Drift and Rau's Long Lake Drift (1962, p. 23) are the

units which surface the eastern portions of the Coteau Slope.

The Pierre Shale Formation (Upper Cret.) underlies the thick

(possibly 600 feet in places) drift cover.

In the Coteau Slope district, the drift is much thinner and

bedrock exposines, although not common, are more numerous

than in the Missouri Coteau district. In its eastern half, the part

with which we are here concerned, the underlying bedrock is

primarily Foxhills Formation with some Pierre Formation (Up-

per Cret.) . Dissection by streams flowing west and southwest to

the Missouri River dominates the topography.

Climate. The climate of the area has been described by

Thornthwaite (1948, pi. 1) as dry subhumid first (cool) meso-

thermal. The U.S. Department of Agriculture has published a

summary of the thermal and precipitational records of North

Dakota. A combined frequency polygon for precipitation in the

area of this study can be seen in Fig. 2; other data is given in

October, 1963 nautilus 51

Table 1. The mean growing season for the 5 communities in

this area, at which records have been kept, is 113 days. The

average date for first frost is Sept. 15. We assume that the period

of molluscan activity will approximate the growing season and

that they will be in a dormant state during the balance of the

year. The pattern of distribution of precipitation during this

113-day period is, therefore, the most significant portion of the

polygon. The rains of May and June create many ephemeral

aquatic environments in the undrained depressions of the Mis-

souri Coteau and in the intermittent streams of the Coteau Slope

district which do not survive the periods of decreasing precipi-

tation in July, August and the first half of September. Evapora-

tion exceeds precipitation (moisture deficiency index 0 to -20) .

Table la: — Average precipitation in the area of this study.

Mean of

Record Means Median of Mean

Community of Record Period (in. ppt.) Means Annual

Ashley, Mcintosh Co. 36 yrs. 1.51/rao. 1.27 in. 18.08 in.

Wishek, Mcintosh Co. 18 1.31 1.12 15.74

Napoleon, Logan Co. 40 1.41 1.21 16.95

Steele, Kidder Co. 40 1.46 1.11 17.51

Pettibone, Kidder Co. 30 1.37 1.12 16.39

Table lb: — Average January and July temperature in the area of this study.

Record Jan. Mean July Mean Max. Min,

Community of Record Period (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)

Ashley, Mcintosh Co. 37 vrs. -I31/2 20i/^ 45i/^ -43

Wishek, Mcintosh Co. 18 ' -13 21 49 -42

Napoleon, Logan Co. 40 -14i/^ 20i/4 48 -45

Steele. Kidder Co. 36 -14 21 1/2 50 -56

Pettibone, Kidder Co. 26 -15v4 2O1/2 48 -48

Note: It should be pointed out that temperature extremes below the freez-

ing point of water do not usually effect aquatic mollusks. The shallow nature

of the water bodies in the area of this study make freeze-out a distinct pos-

sibility. Extermination by this means is unlikely as mollusks would probably

survive in either the egg or adult form in mud at the bottom. A combination

of a season of extreme low water and a cold winter might have a profound

impact on the succes of a molluscan population.

This deficiency is an important factor in the chemical aspect of

the environment and has not been experimentally assessed.

Thermal data are given in the form of January and July aver-

ages and maximum and minimum values for the five communi-

ties. A summary of these data can be seen in table lb. The values

have been converted to the metric system for the sake of internal

consistency. The 106 degree range at Steele is striking, but that

52

NAUTILUS

Vol. 77 (2)

Table 2. Summary of Ecologic Data

Q

a

ALKALINITY-

(ppm)

CO2

(ppm)

o

o

Eh

O

Eh

00

O

O

(T>

O

o

H

O

EH

(1

(2

(3

(4

(5

(6

(7

(8

(9

(10

(11

(12

(13

15 7.70 13eO 429

16 8.75 9.4 204

16 7.50 10.0 304

7 no water data

16 6.23 10.6 96

16 8.20 10.6 471

16 7.97 10.0 170

16 no water data

17 8.50 9.6 853

17 8.20 990

17 no water data

17 8.18 1145

17 8.23 345

0 429 0 380

40 164 0 180

24 280 0 270

0 96 110 80

0 471 0 410

38 132 0 150

214 639 0 740

32 958 0 870

12 1133 0 1000

0 345 3.6 300

portion below 0 degrees may have little ecologic impact on dor-

mant mollusks. If extremely low precipitation over a period

were to combine with a subsequent period of extremely low

temperatures, freeze-out of the bottom sediments could certainly

occur. Probably this situation would cause local extermination

of molluscan populations.

Methods. Water: A one-quart water sample was taken from

a foot below the surface. As all the water bodies were thermallv

October, 1963

NAUTILUS

53

a

CO

H

CO

o

EH

BOTTCM SEDIMENTS

00

EH

H

U

H

go'

CO

o

1^

H

CO

15780 40 2.6 51,4 24.7

5000 480 5.8 3.1 4.5

2600 1120 7.0 31,7 26.4

180 < i 10.0

830 160 <6.0

4730 1600 5.1

2280

470

il.6

25.8

5210 850 8,3

3150 1600

31,

26.4

gel

fine sand

gel

clay size mud

med.-cr. sand

clay size mud

gel

clay sized mud

gel

fine sand

750

340

me d , s and

me do sand

unstratified, no purpose would have been served by a more com-

plicated sampling technique. The presence or absence of dis-

solved CO2 was established by the method of Theroux and

others (1943, p. 9) . A model 9600 Beckman pH meter was used

to determine pH values. The concentrations of various ions

here reported were established by the techniques described in

"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-

waters," 11th Edition, 1960.

54 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (2)

Table 3

Aquatic Mollusks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

GYRAULUS PARVUS X XXXXXXXX

LYMNAEA PALUSTRIS

PHYSA sp.

GYRAULUS sp.

HELISOMA TRIVOLVIS

PROMENETUS EXACUOUS

LYMNAEA HUMILIS

ARMIGER CRISTA

PISIDIUM sp.

LYMNAEA STAGNAUS

APLEXA HYPNORUM

VALVATA TRICARINATA

AMNICOLA LIMOSA

HELISOMA ANCEPS

SPHAERIUM sp. X

Note:-The mollusks are arranged in the order of the frequency of their occurrence

Temperature: A Whitney Marine thermometer permitting ac-

curacy of 0.1° C was used to determine temperature. The water

temperature was taken throughout the maximum depth of the

water and the sediment temperature was also taken.

Bottom Sediments: An Eckman dredge was used to obtain

samples of the bottom sediments. These were examined for:

grain size by wet sieving and hydrometer analysis; carbonate by

acid digestion; and organic content by calculation from data

obtained by ignition. The contained molluscan fauna were re-

moved from each sample during the grain size analysis.

Depth: Direct sounding with a measured cable was the method

used for determining depths. In no case was the depth sufficient

to necessitate correction for drift. Depth values are not neces-

sarily maximum depth of the bodies of water, but merely the

maximum values recorded during our sampling.

October, 1963 nautilus 55

Fauna: Shells found in the sediments were removed from the

bottom samples. A dredge net for sampling the aquatic vege-

tation and the surface of the bottom was also used. Where shells

were found concentrated at the strand line, they were col-

lected by hand and a grab sample was taken and examined under

magnification of 9 to 45 X. Shells were used as the basis for

identification, but living representatives were present in the

sample from each of the water bodies.

(To be continued)

REVISION OF A WEST AFRICAN HALIOTID

By ROBERT R. TALMADGE

Field Associate, Dept. of Invertebrate Zoology, Calif. Acad. Sci., Willow Creek

For many years the malacological world has known that some

species of the sea ear or abalone, genus Haliotis were to be

found along portions of the coasts of West Africa. However, when

the literature is scrutinized, apparently the identification is

somewhat amiguous, and in many cases the generalized distribu-

tion needs verification. Comparative specimen material, at least

in America, is not too plentiful.

There are sets of shells collected in the Canary Islands scat-

tered among major museum and private collections in this

country. Talmadge (1958) covered the systematics of the species

found in this island group; the work being based upon a com-

parison of not only the shells, but anatomical features as well.

The variable insular species was identified as Haliotis (San-

haliotis) coccinea Reeve. Both H. zealandica and H. janiis Reeve,

are classed as synonyms after selected specimens were compared

with the original "Type" lots.

Specimen material from the mainland coasts of West Africa

appears to be extremely limited. With the exception of my col-

lection, the only material that I could locate was in the Academy

of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. This set, shells only, was

used by Pilsbry (1890) when he wrote the last monogiaphic

work covering the family Haliotidae in Vol. 12, Manual of

Conchology. Several of the specimens in this series were used for

illustrations.

At the present time, the distribution of the haliotids along

56 NAUTILUS Vol. 77(2)

the mainland coasts of west Africa is still a problem. Nickles

(1950) verified Dunker's (1853) "Gulf of Guinea" locality, cit-

ing the "Gold Coast," now Ghana, on the north shore of the

Gulf of Guinea. Pilsbry (1890) had eliminated the Cape Verde

Islands, although references to this locality still persist, perhaps

based upon Reeve (1846) . Many of my letters of inquiry remain

unanswered, some answers are contradictory, and since little

comparative material is available to me from the general area,

the distribution must remain, at least at this time, rather un-

certain.

With the receipt of an excellent series of both shell and soft

parts, through the courtesy of Dr. I. Marche-Machad, Dakar,

Senegal, the taxon for that locale may be determined. Anatomi-

cal comparison indicates that this series is basically the same

as the European-Mediten^anean, Haliotis tuberculata Linne, and

I would classify them as such. There is, however, a consistent

and persistent shell variation, which is quite noticeable to per-

sons familiar with the genus. In all the specimens examined, the

recent Senegal as well as the Philadelphia series, I noted that

the shells were not only smaller and comparatively thinner, but

were also more elongate and deeper than the European-Mediter-

ranean examples. These form a definite shell grouping. There

are variations in coloration and sculpturing, but such poly-

morphic features are usual in most species of haliotids. The

basic differences were noted in all age stages, which at least to

me, is a strong indication of a local geographical race; similar

soft parts with a distinct shell feature which separates a group

from other populations of the same species, combined with a

rather distinct geographical separation.

Rather than add a new name to the already overburdened sys-

tematics, I searched through the available literature in an effort

to locate a name already applied to this population and which

would be available. Pilsbry (1890) had identified the race as

Haliotis rosacea Reeve, and Talmadge (1958) had followed this

identification, but had used the trinomial, H. tuberculata rosacea

Reeve, based upon a small set of shells which had an affinity to-

wards the more northern race. Nickles (1950) had identified

the species as H. tuberculata Linne, but did not separate the

west African and the European-Mediterranean populations.

October, 1963 nautilus 57

Dunker (1853) had also recognized the affinity of the Gulf of

Guinea specimens with the more northern group, and had used

the name H. tuherculata var. striata Linne. Philippi (1850)

had identified the species as new under the name H. descussata.

Variations in the specimens available match in close detail H.

marmorata, H. Virginia, H. rosacea, H. striata, and H. pertusa,

all as identified and figured by Reeve, but not the same as the

original authors.

Further search revealed that Wood (1828) figured and iden-

tified a haliotid as Haliotis guinensis. Wood's use of the name

was traced to Gmelin (1791), w^ho cited Schroter (1784) as his

authority. It is interesting to speculate why both Reeve and

Pilsbry missed this much earlier name. Perhaps it was confused

with a name in Martini (1769) , "Das Guineische, roth und

Weis marmoriter=exalba, rubro et fusco maculata, Guinaica,"

which is figured in Vol. 1, PI. 16, fig. 149 of that non-binomial

work. This is not a haliotid, but is probably a Siniim.

Gmelin (1791), Vol. 1. Pt. 6, page. 3689, gave the following:

"H. guineensis, H. testa ovata subconvexa solida descussatim

striata. Schrot. Einl. in Conch. 2, p. 388, T4 f. 18. Habitat rara

ad Guineae littora." A more detailed description follows, indi-

cating size, coloration, etc., which fits the specimens from Sene-

gal. Through the courtesy of Drs. A. Myi^a Keen and Robert

Robertson, microfilms of the title page, plate, and the two pages

of Schroter's work were made available. Again there is no ques-

tion in my mind that the Senegal material is the same as de-

scribed in both Schroter and Gmelin. However, Schroter is non-

binomial, so the name must be attributed to Gmelin. Because

anatomical features indicate that this is only a geographical

race of the European-Mediterranean species, and since Gmelin's

use of the name is the earliest found in accepted binomial litera-

ture, I propose that the name be: Haliotis (Sulculus) tuherculata

guineensis Gmelin (1791) .

The opportunity to examine the collection at the Academy

of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia was made possible by a

Grant in Aid, No. P-2958, from the American Philosophical So-

ciety of Philadelphia. Appreciation is expressed to Dr. R. Tucker

Abbott and the staff at the Academy of Natural Sciences of

Philadelphia for making space available to me for comparative

58 NAUTILUS Vol. 77(2)

work while I was at that institution.

Literature Cited

Dunker, W. 1853. Index molluscorum quae in intinere ad

Guineam Inferiorem collegit. Cassel. :VI, 74, 10 col. pis.

Gmelin, J. F. 1791. Caroli a Linne systema naturae as per regna

tria naturae, Edito decima tertia. Vol. 1. Pt. 6, Leipzig.

Martini, F. H. 1769. Neues systematiches von Conchylien Cabi-

net, Nuremberg. Vol. 1, : 175, PI. 16, fig. 149. (non binomial,

taxa unavailable)

Nickles, M. 1950. Mollusques testaces marines de la cote Occi-

dent d'Afrique, Paris. : 1-269, illustrated.

Philippi, R. A., 1845-1851. Abbildungen und Beschreibungen

neuer oder wenig bekannter Conchylien. Cassel. 3 vols.

Pilsbry, H. A. 1890. Manual of Conchology, Philadelphia, Vol.

12, : V-XII, 1-323, PI. 1-65.

Reeve, L. 1846. Conchologica Iconica, Monograph of the genus

Haliotis, London, i, 17 col. pis.

Schroter, J. S. 1784. Einleitung in die Conchylienkenntniz.

(Microfilm-Title page, PL 4, p.388-389.) (non binomial, taxa

unavailable)

Talmadge, R. R. 1958. The Canary Island haliotid. Naut. 12\ 55-

58.

Wood, W. 1828. Index Testaceologicus, London. :212, 38 Col.

Pis. Supp. : IV, 34, 8 Col. Pis.

TYPE OF UNIO LUTEOLUS LAMARCK, 1819

By MARY J. WHEELER

Research Associate, Paleont. Research Inst., Ithaca, N. Y.

For many years there has existed a difference of opinion

regarding the status of the name Lampsilis luteola (Lamarck) ,

1819, originally known as Unio luteolus Lam. Since 1922 this

species generally has been known as Lampsilis siliquoidea

(Barnes), 1823, originally Unio siliquoideus Barnes. I have

made an attempt to clarify this situation.

In res{X)nse to a request for photographs of the types of Unio

luteolus Lam. and Unio radiatus Lam., 1819, the Laboratoire

de Malacologie of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle

in Paris, France, where part of Lamarck's collection is deposited,

kindly sent microfilms of the two types. These are herewith

reproduced.

According to a personal communication (Oct. 3, 1962) from

October, 1963

NAUTILUS

59

"YFE ol UlNilO LuTEOLUS Lamarck, s'tn

LeVK^tW tf MM

y^^^

XCy

\

CoorDtay ^ HuseuM AZ/ttioh'^l d 'M»sns<«e ?if/4TU«€ia.E, RkniS

TrPE 9f Unio Raoiatus Lamarck, \?is

Lenatk 60 « m

''■*^>

Hte,

_ ^ ^ ^ 3 * 6 6 7 8 9 ' 10 ' 111

CourteSU. ^ ^W»/oM |{aT!ONAI. J?HlSl&JRe^t»<e^^E^ &«553

60 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (2)

Dr. William K. Emerson, the type ot Unio siliquoideus Barnes

apparently cannot be located. It is believed that Barnes' collec-

tion was lost in the fire which destroyed the old New York

Lyceum ot Natural History. Barnes gave only a bare outline

silhouette of his U. siliquoideus in his article of 1823 (pi. 5,

fig. 15).

In 1833 Isaac Lea went to Paris to examine Lamarck's

specimens at the Museum. In reporting on the type of U. luteolus

later the same year to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-

delphia, 1833 (p. 91), he stated:

"From the description and locality, I formerly supposed this

to be Say's cariosa. On examining this specimen at the Garden

of Plants, cited by Lamarck, I found it to be a true siliquoideus

of Barnes, which sometimes approaches the cariosus. . . .

Lamarck's name has precedence to that of Mr. Barnes."

The photograph of U. luteolus is that of a female, "posterior

end broader and rounded" and otherwise fits the description

given by Lamarck, 1819 (p. 79) . The Paris Museum reports the

length as 69 mm., which is also the measurement given by

Lamarck. In addition the specimen looks like those known in

western New York as L. luteola or L. siliquoidea and not like

L. cariosa.

The label is not in the handwriting of Lamarck, according

to Dr, E. Fischer, Director of the Laboratory of Malacology of

the Paris Museuin. Someone else at some time wrote: "Unio

radiatus Lam. de la riviera Susquehana par M. Michaud. Get

individu est celui qui a ete decrit par Lamarck sous le nom de

Unio Luteola. (U. Virginiana Lam.) ." The inscription along

the interior margin of the right valve is "riv. Susquehana et

Mohancks." Lamarck's vision because impaired about 1795 and

grew progressively worse imtil complete blindness overtook him

in his later years. By 1819 when he published the portion of his

"Animaux sans vertebres" in which the species under considera-

tion ^vere described, he was being assisted by his daughter and by

P. A. Latreille who succeeded to part of the Department of

Zoology at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle after

Lamarck's death in 1829.

The present label certainly could not have been the one which

was attached to the type of L. luteola when Isaac Lea examined

it in 1833, for there is no mention of this synonymy in his report.

He surely would have commented on it for, of course, he did

October, 1963 nautilus 61

not consider this species synonymous with Lamarck's L. radiatus.

In fact he stated that the type of the latter "is the true radiatus,"

1833 (p. 88) , and that his L. virginiana "doubtless, is the radiatus

described by Barnes." 1834 (p. 425) . In the description of his

own L. radiatus, Barnes listed that of Lamarck's as a synonym,

1823 (p. 265). However Richard I. Johnson reported in 1953

(p. 95) that the figured holotype of L. virginiana (Lam.) in the

Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, Geneva, Switzerland, is

Elliptio complanatus (Solander) . In any case L. virginiana is

not synonymous with L. luteola.

Until 1922 authors, generally, accepted Lea's confirmation and

statement, using L. luteola (Lam.) . In that year Ortmann and

Walker published a nomenclatural revision of some unionid

species. They stated that L. luteola could not be used, that the

species should now be known by Barnes' name, siliquoidea.

Their reasons were that "Lamarck's brief description applies

better to cariosa ('posterior end broader and rounded') and that

of the localities given, the first (Susquehanna) has only cariosa,

but not siliquoidea. If the type of luteola is the latter, the descrip-

tion is unsatisfactory. In either case the name luteola cannot be

used." 1922 (p. 62).

The first reason is obviously invalid, as the figure demonstrates.

It is a female. In addition it does not look like L. cariosa. The

second reason is partly invalid as L. luteola does occur in the

Mohawk, given by Lamarck as one of the localities. The Susque-

hanna may have been an error, due to one of several factors.

Only one conclusion can be drawn regarding the status of L.

luteola (Lam.) : this name must take precedence over that of

L. siliquoidea (Barnes) , the latter returning to synonymy. The

species should hereafter be known as Lampsilis luteola (La-

marck), 1819.

References

Barnes, D. H. 1823. Amer. J. Sci. 6 {2) : 258-280, pis. 1-8, 11-13.

Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de. 1819. Histoire naturelle des

animaux sans vertebres. Vol. 6, 232 pp.

Lea, Isaac. 1832 8c 1838. Observations on the genus Unio, etc.,

vols. 1 & 2. ["Reading" dates included. From Trans. Amer.

Phil. Soc. ^-6 (1830-1839).]

Johnson, R. I. 1953. Naut. 66(2): 63-67; 66(3): 90-95.

Ortmann, A. E. & Bryant Walker. 1922. Occas. Papers Mus. Zoo.

Univ. Mich. no. 12 (July 1), 75 pp.

62 NAUTILUS Vol. 77(2)

NOTES ON THE GENUS DISCUS

By LESLIE HUBRICHT

Discus catskillensis (Pilsbry) .

Pyramidula striatella catskillensis Pilsbry. 1898. Nautilus 12:

89.

Discus cronkhitei catskillensis (Pilsbry) . Pilsbry, 1948. Land

Moll. N. Amer. 2: 605.

Discus catskillensis differs from D. cronkhitei (Newcomb) in

the distinctly angular periphery of the shell, the larger umbilicus,

and in the lighter colored animal. The animal of D. cronkhitei

is dark gray, while the animal of D. catskillensis is nearly white.

D. cronkhitei is a species of low, wet places; while D. catskillensis

is usually found in upland woods, but it does occur in low, wet

places as well. In the latter habitat, it is sometimes found in com-

pany with D. cronkhitei. Where they occur together the two

species are readily separable. I have seen no evidence of hybridi-

zation. The two species have been found living together in

northern New York, Michigan, and West Virginia. They also

occur together' as Pleistocene fossils in the loess at New Harmony,

Indiana.

Discus patulus patulus (Deshayes) .

Helix patula Deshayes. 1830. Encycl. Meth. 2: 217.

Gonyodisciis bryantwalkeri Pilsbry. 1924. Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Phila. 76: 420.

Discus bryantwalkeri (Pilsbry) . Pilsbry, 1948. Land Moll. N.

Amer. 2: 611.

Discus patulus brooksi Kutchka. 1938. Nautilus 52: 13.

Discus patulus angulatus Kutchka. 1938. Nautilus 52: 13. Not

D. macclintocki angulatus (F. C. Baker) , 1928.

Discus patulus carinatus MacMillan. 1940. Nautilus 53: 143.

Not Helix (Patula) perspectiva variety carinata Gratacap, 1901.

Discus patulus is an extremely variable species, differing in

size and number of radial striae, in the elevation of the spire,

and in the angulation of the periphery. This variation reaches its

peak in eastern Tennessee and northern Alabama. Much of it

appears to be due to introgression from D. nigrimontanus. I have

collected several lots from what appear to be hybrid populations.

The primary isolating mechanism between these two species is

an ecological one. D. patulus is usually found on or about logs

and in deep leaves, while D. nigrimontanus is a species of rocky

places with sparse leaf cover. Hybridization apparently occurs

October, 1963 nautilus 63

when a log falls across a rocky place.

At high altitudes in the mountains of western North Carolina,

D. patulus has much smaller and closer radial ribs. Such speci-

mens resemble D. bryantwalkeri except that they have an internal

tubercle. Since the type of D. bryantwalkeri has a little less than

5 whorls it seems to be only a slightly immature specimen of this

high altitude form of D. patulus.

D. patulus brooksi with coarse radial ribs, and D. patulus

"carinatus" with an angular periphery, are forms with some

D. nigrimontanus admixture. Since they rarely occur in pure

colonies and are found sporadically in or near the range of

D. nigrimontanus, they do not seem worthy of recognition.

Discus patulus edentulus, new subspecies.

Discus patulus form edentulus Pilsbry. 1948. Land Moll. N.

Amer. 2: 610, fig. 330c.

Differs from D. patulus patulus in having more slender, more

loosely coiled whorls, and a larger umbilicus. Usually edentate

but often with a small tubercle within the aperture.

This is the form of the Ozark region, which also occurs in

Cheatum County, Tennessee.

Pilsbry's form edentulus was based on the absence of the

internal tubercle, a character of little value. However, the other

characters given above were found to be constant in all material

from the mountains of western Arkansas and southwestern

Missouri.

Discus nigrimontanus (Pilsbry) .

Gonyodiscus bryanti nigrimontanus Pilsbry. 1924. Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila. 76: 419.

Discus bryanti tuberculatus Kutchka. 1938 Nautilus 52: 14.

Discus bryanti nigrimontanus (Pilsbry) . Pilsbry. 1948. Land

Moll. N. Amer. 2: 613.

Discus bryanti form tuberculatus Kutchka. Pilsbry. 1948. Land

Moll. N. Amer. II, 614.

I have seen no intergradation between D. nigrimontanus and

D. bryanti. D. nigrimontanus seems more closely related to

D. patulus.

Discus bryanti tuberculatus is based upon shells with an in-

ternal tubercle, but some shells in the type lot of D. nigrimon-

tanus also have an internal tubercle. Some admixture with D.

patulus greatly increases the percentage of shells with the inter-

nal tubercle.

64 NAUTILUS Vol. 77(2)

REPRODUCTIVE FEATURES OF VALVATA^ -

Bv ^\ILLIA^I H. HEARD

Florida State University, Tallahassee

The members of Valvata and its family Valvatidae (Gastro-

poda; Prosobranchia) have long been of special interest largely

because they are uniformly hermaphroditic in a group (Subclass

Prosobranchia) which is usually dioecious. Most attention has

centered around the functional reproductive mechanics (Mo-

quin-Tandon, 1855; Bernard, 1890; Furrow, 1931a, 1931b, 1935),

although more recent information (Cleland, 1954; Fromming,

1956) has included broader facets of total reproductive behavior

and performance.

It is the purpose of this report to bring togetlier the somewhat

scattered literature and to revie^v certain features of the repro-

ductive biology of these aquatic, operculate snails by comparing

phenomena exhibited by several species. In so doing, the broader

patterns will be emphasized: for information on the functional

aspects ( e.g., structures, protandr)', gametogenesis) the reader

is refeiTed to Bernard (1890) and Furrow (1935).

Personal observations were made on several species of Valvata

from Douglas Lake, Cheboygan County, Michigan. The primary

study was made from a mixed population of typical V. tricarinata

(Say),r. t. perconfusa Walker, and V. t. unicarinata DeKay.

The two latter names represent neither true subspecies nor

ecological forms, but apparently genetic polymorphs of V. tri-

carinata. Since the data on these p>olymorphic forms did not

differ significantly from the findings of Furrow (1931b) on the

typical V. tricarinata, they are presented here as additional in-

formation representative of this variable species. I am indebted

to Drs. Frank E. Eggleton and Henry van der Schalie for their

stimulating advice and criticism during the course of this in-

vestigation.

As in many snails, reproduction in Valvata is seasonal. In the

Great Lakes region of North America, oviposition begins in late

spring or early summer and continues into late summer. In this

1 This investigation was supported (in part) by research grant 2E-41 from

the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. Public Health

Service.

2 A contribution from the University of Michigan Biological Station.

October, 196.^ nautilus 65

connection the annual V. piscinalis of Europe exhibits an in-

teresting migratory behavior which is probably initiated by a

combination of the degree of maturity of the gonad and seasonal

weather conditions (Cleland, 1954) . Immediately prior to egg-

laying, these snails leave the substrate and move to the aquatic

vegetation where the egg capsules are deposited. Upon hatching,

the young feed for a short time on the periphyton and then mi-

grate back to the substrate where they remain until their breed-

ing cycle occurs in the following year. This cycle adheres to a

complex pattern. According to Fromming (1956) , V. piscinalis

undergoes 3 periods of oviposition with an interval of about 4

weeks between 2 of these periods. Oviposition in each period,

which may extend from 8 to 14 days, occurs 2 to 4 times (de-

pending on the age and nutritional condition of the snail) . As

a result, the average snail produces about 10 capsules with an

approximate total of 150 eggs. There is just one breeding cycle

in the life span of this species.

In nature the egg capsules of Valvata are found most fre-

quently on aquatic vegetation. When available, however, other

objects with smooth surfaces (e.g., stones, twigs, bottles) may

serve as favorable sites for egg-laying. Cleland (1954) found that

V. piscinali showed no preference for any of the following plants

as sites for oviposition: Callitriche verna, Sparganium sp.. Iris

pseudacorus, and Nasturtium officianalis. However, there is a

pronounced preference for the site selected for egg-laying by

V. tricarinata. In a habitat in Douglas Lake, Michigan (Grape-

vine Point Cove) , egg capsules were found attached to aquatic

vegetation (Potamogeton illinoisensis, P. strictifolius, Vallisneria

americana, Myriophyllum heterophyllum, and Chara vulgaris)

and to leaves of deciduous trees (Quercus rubra, Betula alba var.

papyrifera, and Acer saccharum) which covered the surface of

a sandy-mud substrate. By means of experiments in which cap-

sule-free samples of each of the above mentioned 8 plants were

provided as the only natural substrate, I established that V.

tricarinata did select certain sites for oviposition. Ten snails were

maintained in each container (a four-inch diameter fingerbowl) ,

and the egg capsules deposited on the stem and leaves of each

plant were counted and examined. A marked affinity for aquatic

plants over leaves of trees was revealed; more capsules were

66

NAUTILUS

Vol. 77(2)

TABLE 1. FEATURES OF EGG PRODUCTION IN VALVATA SPP.

deposited on the glass finger bowls than on the deciduous leaves

(either fresh or partially decayed) . Notably the aquatic plants

with wider leaves (e.g., Potamogeton illinoisensis) contained

many more capsules than those with narrow, short, or needle-

like leaves (e.g., P. strictifolius) . Nekrassow (1928) reported

egg capsules of V. cristata from the leaves of Stratiotes aloides

and "other plants." All egg capsules of V. sincera observed in this

investigation (Hook Point Cove of Douglas Lake, Cheboygan

Co., Mich.) were recovered from the leaves and stems of aquatic

vegetation.

The egg capsules of Valvata show a striking contrast with

respect to the number of eggs in the capsule and in the time

required for hatching (Table 1) . These features seem to have

diagnostic value for certain species or gioups of species. The

eggs of V. cristata are fewest in number but require the longest

period for development, while V. piscinalis eggs are greatest in

number and have an intermediate hatching time; V. tricarinata,

S.I., has an intermediate number of eggs per capsule and needs

only a short period for development. Too little information

exists for V. sincera to permit positive conclusions at this time.

In snails that breed seasonally, the output of both number of

capsules (masses) and number of eggs per capsule increases with

time up to a peak, followed by a gradual decline. Unfortunately,

October, 1963 nautilus 67

the season of observation is not known for V. cristata. Valvata

piscinalis (Cleland, 1954) and V. tricarinata (Furrow, 1931b)

were studied during early and mid-summer when they were at

the peak of egg-laying. Data on V. sincera were obtained in late

summer which was probably in a declining period of oviposition.

The appearance of the egg capsule is similar among all species

of Valvata, but the internal organization varies somewhat. In all

species the fertilized ova are housed in individual t^^ cases im-

bedded in a colorless albuminous matrix in the surrounding

capsule. During development the greenish embryos fill almost

the entire space in the cases, a characteristic feature of Valvata

(see Nekrassow, 1928) . In V. piscinalis the case around one egg is

continuous with that of the next, its substance being constricted

to a thread between the two. In this way all the eggs within one

capsule are joined to form a single, continuous string (Cleland,

1954) . However, in V. tricarinata and V. cristata, each egg case

has its own individual thread. Pressures exerted by the expand-

ing sizes of the embryos cause the capsules of V. piscinalis and

V. tricarinata to split along a longitudinal suture. In V. piscinalis

the continuous thread disintegrates as development procedes, and

the rupture (1) of the outer membrance of the e^^ case and

(2) the inner egg membrane somewhat later releases the young

snails (Nekrassow, 1928) . However, in V. tricarinata the em-

bryonic snails increase their activity and either wear or eat their

way through the membranes of the Qg'^ case. Frequently, the hole

or tear in the case is not large enough to allow the young snail

to free itself, and the animal has been observed to crawl out of

the capsule accompanied by the eg^ case. When the distance

of the length of the thread has been traversed, the snail merely

pulls away from this anchoring leash. Throughout development

the embryo exhibits a conspicuous green color; at hatching the

young snail retains this feature only in the digestive gland. The

young of V. tricarinata emerge with varying degrees of carina-

tion of the shell, although those snails which hatched without

keels were observed to develop them in a few days.

Information bearing on the basic biology of Valvata is almost

entirely wanting, and life history studies concerning life span,

ability to self-fertilize, viability of eggs, and total reproductive

behavior are unknown or at best incomplete for most species.

68 NAUTILUS Vol. 77(2)

Surprisingly these features have been accorded little attention

in a group of snails of such widespread and common occurrence.

Intensive seasonal field studies should be supplemented by

laboratory observations to provide a more accurate and complete

account of the biology of these animals.

References

Bernard, F. 1890. Bull. sci. Fr. Belg., 22.

Cleland. D. M. 1954. Proc. Malacol. Soc. Lond. 30: 167-203.

Fromming, E. 1956 Biologie der mitteleuropaischen Susswasser-

schnecken, Duncker and Humblot, Berlin.

Furrow, C. L. 1931a. Trans. 111. State Acad. Sci. 23.

. 1931b. Trans. 111. State Acad. Sci. 24 (2) : 241-246.

. 1935. Zeit. Zellforschung mikros. Anat., 25(3): 282-304.

Germain, L. 1930. Faune de France, Mollusques terrestres et

fluviatiles. Lechevalier, Paris.

Moquin-Tandon, A. 1855. Histoire naturelle des mollusques

terrestres et fluviatiles de France, II. J.-B. Bailliere, Paris.

Nekrassow, A. D. 1928. Zeit. Morph. Okol. Tiere 13 (i/g) : 1-35.

MOLLUSKS FROM A BUOY OFF GEORGIA

By ARTHUR S. MERRILLl

A recent publication by Galtsoff and Merrill (1962) on the

shell morphology, growth, and distribution of Ostrea equestris

was based principally on a study of the oysters taken from a

buoy off the Georgia coast. The present paper discusses all other

species of mollusks found on this buoy»

The buoy was examined at the United States Coast Guard

Station, Charleston, South Carolina, where it had been brought

in for servicing. It had been moored offshore from the St. Mary's

River entrance, 30°42'5" N. latitude, 81°19'2" W. longitude,

about 6 miles from the nearest land point of Amelia Island,

Georgia, at a depth of 30 feet. The buoy had been in the water

from 28 February, 1957 to 16 November, 1960.

There was a wealth of molluscan fauna within the stabilizer

tube of the buoy (see illustration of buoy stabilizer tube in

Merrill, 1959) . Especially noteworthy was the predominance of

Ostrea equestris, but equally impressive were the great numbers

1 Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole,

Massachusetts.

October, 1963 nautilus 69

of several other sf>ecies, mostly very small specimens. These oc-

cupied an area of about 50 square feet in the tube and all were

carefully removed with the assistance of Mr. Richard Spencer of

North Charleston, South Carolina.

The mollusks have since been sorted and measured. The size

range of some species indicates recent setting. Many individuals

are so small that the larval and early postlarval shell characteris-

tics are easily recognizable. Some of the species are so numerous

as to permit the arrangement in series of juvenile growth for

studies of early shell morphology and variation. In fact, a series

of one species, Lithophaga bisulcata, has already been described

and figured in a study by Turner and Boss (1962) .

The mollusks collected from the buoy are listed below with

annotations. Greatest overall measurement, either height or

length, is used. The pelecypods are deposited at the Museum of

Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, where they are readily

accessible.

Pelecypoda.

Ostrea equestris Say: 820 specimens measuring 4.0 to 82.0 mm.

Av'ith two modes at about 15.0 and 48.0 mm.

CJiama macerophylla Gmelin: 6 specimens from 3.0 to 10.0 mm.

Noctia ponderosa (Say) : 535 specimens from 0.5 to 5.0 mm. with

a mode at about 2.5 mm.; 12 specimens over 5.0 mm. to 33.0

mm.

Gastrochaena hians Gmelin: 1 specimen 6.8 mm.

Bracliidontes exustus (Linne) : 3410 specimens 0.6 to 14.8 mm.,

mode at 2.5 mm.

Modiolus americaniis Leach: 144 specimens 0.9 to 12.8 mm.,

modes at 2.5 and 5.5 mm.

Musculus lateralis (Say) : 38 specimens 2.0 to 8.1 mm., mode at

5.0 mm.

Pododesmus rudis Broderip: 5 specimens 14.5 to 41.5 mm.

Lithophaga bisulcata Orbigny: 11 specimens 1.8 to 18.0 mm.

Gastropoda. The gastropods include 7 larval specimens less

than 1 mm. long and one adult pteiopod about 5 mm. long.

These were sent to Dr. Robert Robertson of the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for examination. The larval

specimens, too small for positive identification, comprise 4 high

spired forms, possibly columbellids, and 3 low-spired ones, pos-

sible naticids. The pteropod was identifiable. All the gastropods

were catalogued into the A.N.S.P. mollusk collection as follows:

70 NAUTILUS Vol. 77(2)

Cavolina longirostris (Lesueur) Cat. No. 255011.

fPolinices (Neverita) duplicata (Say) Cat. No. 255012.

fMitrella lunata (Say) Cat. No. 255013.

Literature Cited

Galtsoff, Paul S. and Arthur S. Merrill. 1962. Notes on shell

morphology, growth, and distribution of Ostrea equestris

(Say) . Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Carib. 12: 234-244.

Merrill, Arthur S. 1959. An unusual occurrence of My a arenaria

L. and notes on other marine mollusks. Nautilus 73: 39-43.

Turner, Ruth D. and Kennth J. Boss. 1962. The genus Litho-

phaga in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia 4: 81-116.

AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL MEETING

On June 18th and for the third time in its history, members

of the American Malacological Union convened as guests of the

Buffalo Society of Natural Science, and its Conchological Section.

The four-day meeting was as always an unqualified success.

High lights included a dinner at the University of Buffalo fol-

lowed by a film portraying underwater denizens in all their

fantastic beauty; a charming reception tendered by the Buffalo

Museum of Science and the Conchological Section, followed by

the annual dinner, and finally an all-day tour of Niagara Falls

and the adjacent points of interest.

A total of 95 persons registered, and in twice-daily sessions

for the first 4 days enjoyed an unusually fine and varied program

consisting of the following papers:

Malacology in 1963. William J. Clench.

Brief history of shell interest and American shell clubs. Katherine

V. W. Palmer.

Collecting on Cocos-Keeling, Indian Ocean. Virginia Orr,

Some unexplored collecting localities in El Salvador. Morris

Karl Jacobson.

Shell orchestra. Eugene Musial.

Some living mollusks. Dorothy Raeihle.

Pacific snail trail, a malacologist's journey from Hawaii to New

Zealand. Alan Solem.

Expedition to the Bay of Bengal. R. Tucker Abbott.

Problems of species analogues in world Littorinidae. Joseph

October, 1963 nautilus 71

Rosewater.

The Genus Agaronia (Olividae) . John Q. Burch.

Notes on American Siphonaria. J. P. E. Morrison.

The genus Conus in the Southern Caribbean. H. E. Coomans.

Variation and subspecific divisions, within Aequipecten irradians

(Lamarck) . Arthur H. Clarke, Jr.

Shells and their keepers: a world tour of museum mollusk col-

lections. Alan Solem.

Larval shells of the Architectonicidae. Robert Robertson.

Observations on embryonic shell sculpture of some freshwater

snails, Amphigyra and Neoplanorbis in particular. H. J.

Walter.

Some notes on the regeneration of shell in Oncomelania formo-

sana. George M. Davis (read by Robert H. Wakefield) .

Cytological studies of pomatiopsid snails. Charlotte M. Patterson.

A cytological study of African bulinine snails, vectors of urinary

schistosomiasis. John B. Burch.

Natural and experimental infection of Louisiana snails with the

blood flukes. Emile A. Malek.

Studies of the biology of Pomatiopsis and Oncomelania, snail

intermediate hosts of Oriental blood fluke (Schistosoma

japonicum). Henry van der Schalie.

Preliminary report — Pleistocene non-marine Mollusca of north-

eastern Wisconsin. Edward C. Roy, Jr.

Preliminary report on Pleistocene freshwater Mollusca from the

Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, Canada. Joseph F. Schwietering.

The distribution, ecology and life history of the mussel, Acti-

oniasis ellipsijormis Conrad, in Michigan. Henry van der

Schalie.

Notes on the naiad fauna of the Olentangy River in central

Ohio. Carol B. Stein.

Changes in the pelecypod populations in the salt fork of the Big

Vermilion River in Illinois, 1918-1962. Ralph W. Dexter and

Max R. Matteson.

An introduced slug. Dolores S. Dundee.

Otala lactea (Miiller) life history. Bernice Plummer.

Disease, decline and predation in the giant snail populations of

Hawaii. Albert R. Mead.

Report of progress on a new Nautilus index. Aurele LaRocque.

72 NAUTILUS Vol. 77(2)

Some local shells. Morley Bishop and Eugene Musial.

Colloquium: the expanding frontiers in malacology. (Compris-

ing the following five papers) :

New marine frontiers. Arthur H. Clarke, Jr.

New freshwater frontiers. Emile A. Malek.

New tropical frontiers. William J. Clench.

New desert frontiers. Albert R. Mead.

New frontiers in taxonomic criteria. John B. Burch.

The following officers were elected to serve in 1964, at which

time the annual meeting will be held at Louisiana State Uni-

versity in New Orleans:

President, John Q, Burch. Vice-president, Juan J. Parodiz.

Second Vice-President, A. Myra Keen. Secretary, Margaret C.

Teskey. Treasurer, Jean M. Cate. Publications Editor, Morris

Karl Jacobson. Councillors-at-Large: Wendell O. Gregg, Arthur

S. Merrill, Dorothy Raeihle, Ernest J. Roscoe.

Margaret C. Teskey, Secretary, American Malacological Union

NOTES AND NEWS

Dr. Merrill E. Champion of Cambridge, Mass. died June 27,

1963, at the age of 83. Since 1943, he was an associate in the

Dept, of Mollusks, Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard.

Correction of the type locality of Euglandina dorsalis. —

In a current issue of the Nautilus (vol. 76: 97-99) I listed the

type locality of Euglandina (Guillarmodia) dorsalis Thompson

as one mile north of Pomero, Michoacan. This should be cor-

rected to one mile north of Pomaro, Michoacan. The field label

from which the data had been taken was in error, and it was

not until after my article had been published that the error

was brought to my attention by William E. Duellman, of the

University of Kansas. — Fred G. Thompson.

Triodopsis fosteri in Ohio. — In May, 1961, I collected Trio-

dopsis fosteri (F. C. Baker) on an embankment near a stream

on the floodplain of the Ohio River, at the southeast edge of

California, Hamilton Co., Ohio. Aside from the obvious and

well-recorded introductions on the Atlantic Coast, this record

is the farthest east for this common Mississippi Valley snail. It

may have been introduced at this locality also. — F. Wayne

Grimm.

THE NAUTILUS

Vol. 77 January, 1964 No. 3

ANATOMY OF THE SUCCINEID GASTROPOD

OXYLOMA HAYDENI

By DOROTHEA S. FRANZEN

Biology Department, Illinois Wesleyan University

Oxyloma haydeni (W. G. Binney) was first collected by F. V.

Hayden, M.D. In the years of 1855-1857 he accompanied the ex-

pedition of Lt. G. K. Warren in the exploration of an area which

included the Nebraska Territory (Hayden, 1858, pp. 139-158,

map) . Dr. Hayden served the expedition as physician, geologist

and naturalist.

Dr. Hayden designated the locality from which he obtained

the specimens now known as O. haydeni as "Habitat in provincia

Nebraska, frequens inter flumina 'Loup Fork', et 'L'eau qui

court' " as reported by Binney (1858, p. 114) in the original de-

scription of haydeni. The "Loup Fork" is now known as the Mid-

dle Loup River and the "L'eau qui court" as the Niobrara River.

To obtain succineids identifiable as O. haydeni from the probable

vicinity where Dr. Hayden may have found them, I collected

from a series of localities in the vicinity of the city of Valentine,

Nebraska, and southward to the North Platte River, between

100° 15' and 100°50' west longitude. The strip was selected be-

cause U. S. Highway 88 crosses the Sand Hill area through the

region of a series of lakes which are located between the Niobrara

and the Middle Loup Rivers. To date I have obtained O. haydeni

from 13 stations in Nebraska of which 12 are located from a few

miles north of the city of Valentine to a few miles south of the

city of North Platte. The westernmost station is at the Rock

Creek Fish Hatchery, Dundy County, Nebraska.

The collecting stations, together with brief descriptions of their

local ecology, listed in north to south geographic order are:

1. Three and one-half miles NE Valentine, Nebraska, along

the shore of the Niobrara River at the base of a marl clifE. The

shore supported a growth of sawgrass {Spartina sp.) .

2. Two and one-half miles NE Valentine, Nebraska, shores of

ponds at the Nebraska State Fish Hatchery. The shores were cov-

73

74 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3)

ered with grasses and shaded by trees, predominately oak and

Cottonwood.

3. The city park, Valentine, Nebraska. The locality, a hillside

off shore of Minnechaduza Creek, a tributary of the Niobrara

River, was shaded and wet because of drainage down the slope.

The snails were living on the wet giound under sawgrass {Spar-

tina sp.).

4. Seventeen miles S and 15 miles SW Valentine, Nebraska,

Duck Lake, Valentine Migratory Waterfowl Refuge. The snails

were creeping among the reeds, cattails {Typha sp.) and arrow-

head {Sagittaria sp.) on the very wet shore of the lake.

5. Seventeen miles S. and 17 miles SW. Valentine, Nebraska,

Pelican Lake, Valentine Migratory Waterfowl Refuge. The shore

of the lake was covered with a dense growth of Typha sp. and

Sagittaria sp. The snails were found living on the very wet

ground.

6. Twenty-one miles S, Valentine, Nebraska, alongside U. S.

Highway 83. The snails were found under dead leaves of Spartina

sp., reeds, and Typha sp. growing in a marsh bordering a lake.

7. Twenty-two miles S. Valentine, Nebraska, shore of a lake

located about five hundred feet west of U. S. Highway 83. The

wet, unshaded lake shore supported a growth of sedges. The

growth was not dense; therefore, the snails were exposed to the

sun.

8. One mile W. and % mile S. Halsey, Nebraska. The locality

is a sandy-loam bar extending into the Middle Loup River. The

snails were living on short sedges and on the wet ground. The bar

was not shaded by trees.

9. One-fourth mile S. Thedford, Nebraska, along the shore of

the Middle Loup River. Part of the shore was shaded by locust,

Cottonwood, and willow trees. The soil was a sandy-loam. The

snails were found among the sedges, reeds, Typha sp. and Sagit-

taria sp. growing on the low flood plain.

10. One mile W. Thedford, Nebraska, near State Highway 2.

The locality is a depression in the flood plain of the Middle Loup

River. The snails were living on the wet, soggy ground.

11. Two miles S. the Platte River, North Platte, Nebraska,

Nebraska State Fish Hatchery. The locality is the grass-covered

shore of the edge of a fish hatching pond. The shore was shaded

January, 1964 nautilus 75

by willow trees.

12. The location is the same as Station No. 11, but the habitat

is the edge of a ditch draining the fish hatching ponds. The edge

of the ditch was covered with tall grasses. Typha sp. grew in the

water.

13. Eight miles W. Parks, Dundee County, Nebraska, Rock

Creek State Fish Hatchery. The snails lived along the fish hatch-

ing ponds on the wet ground among the growth of Typha sp.

These localities were visited in the month of July in the sum-

mers of 1961 and 1962. The snails were mature and sexually

active. Oxyloma haydeni was not found in eastern Nebraska nor

in eastern Colorado; further collections will be necessai~y to deter-

mine the extent of its geographic distribution.

The Shell. The thin, glossy, amber-colored, elongate-ovate shell

consists of about 3 convex, sharply-incised whorls. From the arcu-

ate base of the aperture the shell becomes gradually inflated

towards the upper third of the ultimate whorl and then tapers to

form a pointed spire. The large aperture, equal to about 5/7 of

the entire length of the shell, is elongate-ovate, becoming sharply

attenuated toward the spire. The sharp peristone becomes

roundly infolded along the inner border of the ultimate whorl

and is continuous with the columella. In some shells the colum-

ella emerges below the apex of the aperture and continues along

the margin of the ultimate whorl in the form of a white spiral

plait such as that occurring also in Oxyloma retusa (Lea)

(Franzen, 1963, p. 86).

The nuclear whorl is finely punctate. The growth striae are

fine and evenly spaced on the nuclear whorl. The penultimate

whorl is marked with fine, closely-spaced striae and coarser irreg-

ularly-spaced ridges and furrows. On the ultimate whorl the

striae are coarser, the irregularly-spaced ridges heavier and the

furrows deeper and wider, resulting in a rough surface.

The range in height and width of the shell, ratios of those two

dimensions, the size of the aperture, and ratios of the height of

the aperture to its width as well as ratios of the dimensions of the

aperture to corresponding shell dimensions are to be noted in

Table I. The sizes of the shells are those of the largest taken from

each respective station. The maximum sizes attained cannot be

correlated with either the northern or the southernmost range.

76

NAUTILUS

Vol. 77 (3)

TABLE I

Measurements of Shells of Oxyloma haydenl (W. G. Binney)

The measurements are of the 3 largest shells of each of the 13 stations. In

the 4th column of measurements are listed the ratios of the width of the shell

over its height. In the last 3 columns are listed the ratios of the height of the

aperture over the height of the shell; width of aperture over width of shell;

width of aperture over height of aperture.

The largest shells were taken from Station 7, 22 miles south of

Valentine, Nebraska. The dimensions of those shells approach

more nearly those of the two paratypes which were measured.

The paratypes, borrowed from the Smithsonian Institution, are

(according to their labels) from "between Loup Fork and Big

Rapid River" (the Niobrara River) .

Description of the Body Wall and Mantle. The body wall is

light cream colored, finely and irregularly tuberculate, and pig-

mented with patches of black flecks. The pattern of the distribu-

January, 1964 nautilus 77

tion of the pigment on the dorsal anterior-most surface of the

head varies. On some individuals the patches anterior to the

posterior tentacles form indistinct bands which radiate laterally

from the mid-dorsal line. On others the patches on the anterior

part of the head are scattered, forming no discernible pattern

anterior to the posterior tentacles. Posterad, the pigment patches

converge between the posterior tentacles, and from there they fan

out to form three double-rowed bands which extend across the

posterior dorsal surface of the body terminating within 0.5-1.0

mm. of the attachment of the mantle to the body wall. On occa-

sional individuals the pigmentation is so sparse that the bands

are scarcely discernible. Patches of pigment are scattered along

the lateral surface of the body wall. The pigmentation may be

concentrated on the upper and anterior portion or may extend

over the entire surface continuing over the ventral surface of the

foot. The pigmentation of the lateral body wall does not tend to

form a band as in Oxyloma retusa (Franzen, 1963, p. 88).

The mantle is generally darkly speckled. Anteriorly the pig-

mentation may produce an irregularly banded effect extending to

the edge of the mantle collar. Or the pigmentation may extend

to the anterior edge of the mantle interrupted only by some white

patches. The collar may be free of pigmentation or may be

speckled. Through the mantle, the kidney is seen as an orange

band following the contour of the body. Usually a darkly pig-

mented band on the mantle outlines the posterior margin of the

kidney.

Towards the ventral margin of the body, shallow vertical

grooves incise the pedal groove and the very shallow supraj>edal

groove producing a series of shallow scallops along the ventral

margin, especially when the animal is in a partially contracted

state. The genital aperture is a slit (in contracted individuals it

may assume the form of a crescent) ranging in length from 0.8 to

1 .2 mm. and is surrounded by an oval, tumid lip on which usually

are scattered flecks of pigment.

The Radula. The structure of the radula bears the general gen-

eric characteristics. In the radulae studied, the number of rows of

teeth ranged from 66-96. The number of teeth in a row, as well as

the number of laterals and marginals, vary. The ratio of the mar-

ginals to laterals approaches 1:3 and 1:4 (Table II) . This is simi-

78 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3)

TABLE II

No. of Rows ,

Station of Teeth Row Tooth Formula

22 mi. S Valentine (a) 96 63 41 - 10 - C - 8 - ^

(h) 97 36 C - 10 - 36

74 50 - 12 - C - 11 - 38

1 mi. W Thedford 92* 69 22 - 10 - C - 8 - 52

2 mi. S Platte River 77 12 9-8-C-9-8

at North Platte ^^ , 9 . C - 9 - 42

49 45 - 8 - C - 9 - ■4-5

50 45 - 8 - C - 9 - -^5

Counts made of representative radulae to show variations in the number of

rows of teeth in a radula and variations of the number of teeth in a row.

lar to what has been reported of Oxyloma retusa (Franzen, 1962,

Table II, p. 89) .

The central tooth has the structural characteristics of the suc-

cineids, namely, a mesocone flanked on either side by an ectocone.

The laterals have a mesocone and an ectocone. Occasionally an

endocone is present in laterals near the marginals. The marginals

have an endocone, a mesocone, and an ectocone; the last is char-

acteristically divided into three cusps. In the most medial mar-

ginals an endocone may be wanting and the ectocone may be

divided into only two cusps. In the outermost marginals the lat-

eral cusp of the ectocone tends to be longer than the other two.

The length and shape of the basal plate is also characteristic of

the genus in being longer and more tapering than that of Suc-

cinea and Catinella (Quick, 1933, p. 296, figs. 1-4; Franzen, 1959,

p. 195, fig. 3).

The Jaw. The amber colored jaw resembles that of Oxyloma

retusa (Lea) . A large median fold projects anteriorly. The small

lateral folds, characteristic of the jaw of Succinea ovalis Say

(Franzen, 1959, p. 194, fig. 2) , are wanting in O. haydeni as in

O. retusa. No characteristics were noted which would serve to dis-

tinguish the jaws of these two species.

TJie Reproductive System. The elongate penis is encased in a

slightly speckled sheath. The vas deferens enters the sheath at its

posterior extremity. The stout penial retractor muscle is here

January, 1964

NAUTILUS

79

EPIPHALLUS

PENIAL RETRACTOR

MUSCLE

PENIAL APPENDIX

PENIAL SHEATH

Figure 1. — Penis shown inside of penis sheath cut open. All figures 7x. The

figures are from snails taken from the following stations: A. One-foiuth mile

S. Thedford, Nebraska; B. Duck Lake; C. Twenty-two miles S. Valentine,

Nebraska: D. Duck Lake; E. Pelican Lake; F. Duck Lake; G. One-fourth mile

S. Thedford, Nebraska.

attached. The epiphallus, the vas deferens atter its entry into the

sheath, continues as a coiled structure and enters the penis just

anteriorly to the terminal appendix as shown in Figure I, A. The

appendix is bulbous at its base but becomes an elongate, digiti-

form structure ranging in length from 0.6 to 1.2 mm. Its terminus

is either broadly rounded or in the form of a blunt hook. Such an

80 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3)

appendix was found to occur consistently in all of the popula-

tions studied with the exception of station 4 known as Duck

Lake. The individuals studied from this locality were found to

have a bag-like structure entirely without an appendix (Figure I,

B, F) or with a short, blunt appendix (Figure I, D) instead of a

digitiform appendix. This is probably the result of a mutation

persisting in an isolated, inbreeding population. To date this

variation has been found to be restricted to this one population.

The penial sheath and the vagina are approximately equal in

length. The oviduct and the duct from the seminal receptacle

enter the vagina terminally.

The albumin gland is about 3^ the length of the elongate-oval

prostate gland. The acini of the prostate gland are about twice

the size of the albumin gland. The lobes of the twinned seminal

vesicles are subequal to unequal in length with either the right or

the left lobe being the larger. Pigmentation of the lobes is vari-

able as is that of the hermaphroditic duct. In all of these features

O. haydeni does not differ from O. retiisa.

Summary

Oxyloma haydeni (W. G. Binney) and O. retiisa (Lea) cannot

be distinguished by characters of their shells. The sizes and ratios

of the several dimensions of the shells of these two species show-

no significant differences in their ranges of variation (Table I:

Franzen, 1963, p. 87) . Other shell characters, as well, are shared

by these two species. The radulae and jaws, likewise, lack unique

features.

Anatomical features which distinguish O. haydeni from O.

retusa are: 1. Differences in the pattern and degree of intensity of

the pigmentation of the body wall: The pigmentation along the

lateral body wall of O. haydeni does not assume the form of a

broad band as it does in O. retusa and overall pigmentation in

hcydeni tends to be lighter than in retitsa. No darkly pigmented

individuals of haydeni have been found as has been reported for

retusa (Miles, 1958, pp. 1522-1523; Franzen, 1963, p. 88). 2.

Length of the penial appendix: The consistently long, digitiform

penial appendix of haydeni is readily distinguishable from the

generally short (but highly variable) penial appendix of retusa.

The degree of variation in the length of the penial appendix ex-

hibited in O. retusa, within any single population and in general,

January, 1964 nautilus 81

has not been noted to occur in O. haydeni. Even when the penial

appendix of O. retusa is relatively elongate, its length is not com-

parable to that of the penial appendix of O. haydeni (Franzen,

1963, Figure 3, A, B) .

Geographic distribution: The eastern limits of the geograph-

ical range of O. haydeni are not known to extend into the western

range of O. retusa, although the two species occupy similar

habitats within their respective ranges (Franzen, 1963, pp. 84-85).

Acknowledgments: This study has been made possible through

the financial assistance of a National Science Foundation Grant-

in-Aid. The study of paratypes of Oxyloma haydeni (W. G. Bin-

ney) was possible through the courtesy of Harald A. Rehder,

Curator, Division of Mollusks, Smithsonian Institution, U. S.

National Museum. I am grateful to A. Byron Leonard for the

reading of the manuscript and for making helpful suggestions.

Literature cited

Binney, W. F. 1858. Notes on American land shells. No. 3. Pro-

ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

10: 114-116.

Franzen, Dorothea S. 1959. Anatomy of Succinea ovalis Say. Proc.

Mala. Soc. London. 33 (5, Nov.) : 193-199, tables I, II, figs. 1-7.

Franzen, Dorothea S. 1963. Nautilus 76 (3) : 82-95. Tables MI,

Figures 1-4.

Hayden, F. V. 1858. Explorations under the War Department. —

Explanations of a second edition of a Geological Map of

Nebraska and Kansas, based upon information obtained in an

Expedition to the Black Hills, under the command of Lieut.

G. K. Warren, Top. Engr. U.S.A. 10: 139-158. Map.

Miles, Charles D. 1958. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 28, Pt. II, No. 24,

March 20: 1499-1543, pi. 1, figs. 1-10.

Quick, H. E. 1933. Proc. Mala. Soc. London 20 (6 Nov.) : 295-318,

pi. 23-25, figs. 1-18.

MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF SOME ALKALINE LAKES AND

SLOUGHS IN SOUTHERN CENTRAL NORTH DAKOTA

By SAMUEL J. TUTHILL and WILSON M. LAIRD

(Continued from October no.)

Description of the locations

A number is assigned to each location to facilitate discussion.

Summaries of the faunal content and the water chemistry of each

location may be found on table 3 and 2 respectively. The range

82

NAUTILUS

Vol. 77 (3)

Table 4, Sumnary of Range of Eoologio Conditions

for each Species of Mollu.sk.

o

•H

w

•H

CO

6^

pH

Temp •

oc

6.23

9o6

10.6

6.2: 6.23 7.50 6.23 7.50 7.70

8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.75 8.20

9.4

10.6

9.4

10.8

9.4

10.0

10.0

10.8

9.4

10.0

10.0

13.0

AlXALIKLTf

Total 96 96 96 170 96

ppm 1145 1145 1145 1145 990

CO3

ppm

HCO,

ppm^

0

214

0

214

0

64

0

40

Free

ppm

0

110

0

110

0

110

0

38

96 96 96 132 96

1133 1133 1133 1133 958

COo

Total 80 80 80 150 80

ppm 1000 1000 1000 1000 870

0

110

170 170

1145 990

12

214

0

38

132 132

1133 958

150 150

1000 870

T0T4L

SOLIDS 180 180 180 2600 180 2280 830

ppm 5210 5210 5000 5000 5000 5210 15800

BOTTCM gel- gel- gel- gel- gel- gel- gel-

^^f^E or« or. cr, cr. cr. cr. fine

sand sand sand sand sand sajid sand

of ecologic conditions for each species of moUusk is shown on

Table 4. Three factors of selection may be regarded as recogniz-

able biases in this study. The first was proximity of the location

January, 1964

NAUTILUS

83

0) cS

>ao-P

•H w

<d o

•H

•H

CO

•H

Of w

Ph

c« H

eg CI

g 'oQ

K o

•p

H

!> -P

a

i-i

o oJ

O CO

•ri O

|.l

O CO

CO ft

•H CD

H O

W c3

Q)

,c! •

ft Ph

CO CO

7.97 7.50 8.23 7.97 7.97 7.97 7.97 8.75

8.20 8.20 8.50

10.0 10.0

10.0 10,0

10.0 9.6 10.0 10.0 9.4

170

990

170

1145

345 170

170

853

170 170 204

32

38

132

958

12

38

132

1133

38

345 132

38

214

132

639

38

38

40

132 132 164

150

870

0

0

150

1000

0

0

300 150

150

740

0

150 150 180

0

3150 2280 470 4730 4730 4730 4730 5000

4730 4730 5210

gel- gel- fine gel gel- gel gel

fine or, sand clay

s and s and

fine

sand

to exposures of Pleistocene deposits containing fossil mollusks.

Second, the number of basic types of aquatic environments avail-

able for study in the area is limited to permanent and ephemeral

84 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3)

sloughs and shallow lakes. And third, time available for the field

work was limited to three days, therefore necessitating selection

of bodies of water adjacent to passable roads.

Location 1. Nue Farm Slough; SW y^ Sec. 31, T. 130 N., R. 67

W., Mcintosh County. This pond contains water through the dry

seasons, but is so alkaline at all times that it is not potable even

for stock use. Rushes line most of the shoreline and abundant

aquatic vegetation grows in the slough. The bottom is a black

noisome muck. This pond is in the Missouri Coteau district.

Fauna: Lymnaea cf. L. humilis

Location 2. Lake Hoskins; N I/2 Sec. 33 and S 14 portion Sec.

28, T. 130 N., R. 70 W., Mcintosh County. Lake Hoskins remains

full of water throughout the driest season. Its position in outwash

sediments is probably the reason for its permanence. Lymnaea

paliistris dominates the fauna, being twice as abundant as any

other species. Large mats of aquatic vegetation cover almost the

entire lake surface. Rushes are abundant along the shoreline.

Lake Hoskins is situated in the Missouri Coteau district.

Fauna: Physa sp. Lymnaea paliistris, Gyraiilus sp. Helisoma

trivolvis. Sphaerium sp.

Location 3. Green Lake; S % portion Sec. 32, S I/2 Sec. 33, T.

132 N., R. 70 W., and NW i/4 Sec. 4, N 1/3 portion Sec. 5, T. 131

N., R. 70 W., Mcintosh County. Green Lake had algae filled

waters at the time of sampling. It does not dry up during the dry

season. Like Lake Hoskins it lies in outwash sediments which

probably account for its stable water level. Aquatic and marginal

vegetation is abundant. This lake is located in the Missouri

Coteau district.

Fauna: Lymnaea palustris. Gyraulus sp. Pisidium sp.

Location 4. Mummy Cat Slough; E y^ portion Sec. 10, SW 14

Sec. 11, T. 132 N., R. 69 W., Mcintosh County. This slough has

steep banks on its southwest margins which are probably wave

modified ice-contact faces which indicate the basin is a large

kettle in a perched lake plain (of late Pleistocene age) covering

approximately 40 square miles of the area. Water rarely stands

in this slough. Marsh vegetation abounds. The snails were taken

in organic matter and muds from a ditch along an overgrown

section line trail between Sec. 10 and Sec. 11.

No water was standing in the ditch but living specimens of

Januai~y, 1964

NAUTILUS

85

3 50

3.00

2.50

2.00

5" 1.50

0.50

0.00

Ashley, Mcintosh Co

Steele, Kidder Co.

Wishek, Mcintosh Co.

Pettibone, Kidder Co.

Figure 2. — Frequency polygon showing the mean monthly precipitation in

the area of this study. The mean growing season for the area is assumed to be

the approximate activity period for aquatic mollusks and is indicated above

by two vertical lines.

Aplexa hypnorum and Lymnaea palustris were taken. All others

were represented by fresh shells. This slough is located in the

Missouri Coteau district.

Fauna: Physa sp. Lymnaea palustris. L. stagnalis. Gyraulus

parvus. Helisoma trivolvis. Aplexa hypnorum. Armiger crista.

Land snails: Gastrocopta armifera, a fragment probably from a

species of Discus and Euconulus cf. E. fulvus.

Location 5. Slough; NW 14, NW y^, NW \/^ Sec. 13, T. 133 N.,

R. 71 W., Logan County. This slough is in the Coteau Slope

district. It is a 3- or 4-year-old stockpond behind an earth dam in

a tributary to the Beaver Lake drainage system. The lower pH,

total alkalinity, total dissolved solids and coarser grain size are

probably due to the short time the pond has existed.

Fauna: Physa cf. P. integra. Lymnaea palustris. Helisoma tri-

volvis.

Location 6. Slough; NE 1/^, NE y^, NE 14 Sec. 35 and NW 14

Sec. 36, T. 134 N., R. 71, W., Logan County. This slough is

probably ephemeral, being a pond in a low portion of the Beaver

Lake drainage. It is situated in the Coteau Slope district. The

high alkalinity values suggest the ineffectiveness of this inter-

86 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3)

mittent drainage system as a flushing agent for the surrounding

area. Small patches of open water amid abundant marginal and

aquatic vegetation typify this slough.

Fauna: Physa sp. Lymnaea humilis. Gyraulus parvus.

Location 7. Beaver Lake; E i/^ portion of Sec. 21, E I/2 portion

Sec. 28, W % portion Sec. 27 and NW i/4 Sec. 33, T. 134 N.,

R. 71 W., Logan County. Beaver Lake is a permanent lake at

the eastern edge of the Coteau Slope district, north of the village

of Burnstad. Willow and cottonwood trees border the lake at

many places. Aquatic and marginal vegetation is plentiful. The

bottom consists of a fetid muck. There is a striking similarity

between the characteristics of the water of this lake with those

of Lake Hoskins.

Fauna: Physa sp. Lymnaea humilis. Lymnaea sp. Gyraulus

parvus. Gyraulus sp. Helisoma trivolvis. H. anceps. Promenetus

exacuous. Aplexa hypnorum. Armiger crista. Amnicola limosa.

Valvata tricarinata. Pisidium sp. Land snails: Vallonia gracili-

costa. Euconulus fulvus. Zonitoides arboreus. Pupillidae spp.

Location 8. South Slough west of Napoleon; lying within Sec-

tions 13, 14, 23, 24, 25, 26, 35 and 36, T. 135 N., R. 73 W., Logan

County. This slough was sampled by taking about I/2 cu. ft. of

sediments from along the highest strand line. The sediments

between this point and open water were too soft to be traversed

so that no water sample or thermal data was taken. The slough

is in the Coteau Slope district. Marginal and aquatic vegetation

abounds.

Fauna: Physa sp. Lymnaea palustris. L. humilis. L. stagnalis.

Gyraulus parvus. Gyraulus sp. Aplexa hypnorum. Promenteus

exacuous. Armiger crista.

Location 9. Lake Isabel; SE I/3 portion Sec. 27, SW 14 Sec. 26,

N. 3/4 portion Sec. 34, NW 14 Sec. 35, T. 139 N., R. 72 W.,

Kidder County. Lake Isabel is one of several permanent lakes

which lie along the buried course of the ancestral Cannonball

River according to Rau and others (1962, p. 34, 35) . The shape

of the outwash body in which it is situated and the attenuated

series of lakes of which it is the largest eastern member suggests

it may have also been a depression in a major distributory

channel draining the ice which deposited the Burnstad Drift.

Lake Isabel is situated in the Coteau Slope district and is in the

January, 1964 nautilus 87

Long Lake drainage system.

Lake Isabel is in outwash sediments. Rushes grow in large

patches in the lake as well as along the shore. The strand line

has beaches of medium to fine grain sized sand, but the bottom

is covered with a foul mud.

Fauna: Gyraulus parvus. Promenetus exacuous. Valvata tri-

carinata.

Note: The sampling of this location was unproductive to such

a marked degree that we regard it as faulty. Previous inspections

of the shore line of this lake indicated that a more complex

inolluscan fauna exists. As no collections were made at the time,

no evidence exists for the more complex fauna and, therefore,

we do not report it here. The presence of Valvata tricarinata, an

operculate, in the present collections is significant.

Location 10. Lake Josephine. SE I/3 portion Sec. 26, NW

1/3 portion Sec. 25, SE 1/3 portion Sec. 24, NE 14 Sec. 35, T. 134

N., R. 74 W., and S 1/2 Sec. 19, T. 134 N., R, 73 W., Kidder

County. Lake Josephine is a shallow permanent lake in the

Missouri Coteau district. Aquatic and marginal vegetation is

plentiful, to the point of giving the lake the character of a marsh.

Fauna: Lymnaea palustris. L. humilis. Gyraulus parvus.

Gyraulus sp. Helisoma trivolvis. Promenetus exacuous. Aplexa

hypnorum. Armiger crista. Pisidium sp.

Location IL Slough; SE 14 Sec. 20, T. 143 N., R. 74 W., Kidder

County. This location consists of a very small ephemeral slough

which probably contains no water in a year of normal rainfall.

It is approximately 150 ft. by 25 ft. in dimension. Tumbleweed

balls filled the water which was only a foot or so deep. No water

or bottom sample was taken. The Slough is situated in the Mis-

souri Coteau district.

Fauna: Lymnaea humilis. Gyraulus parvus.

Location 12. Slough; Sec. 4 exclusive of the SW 14, S 14 Sec.

33, and the W 14 portion Sec. 3, T. 143 N., R. 74 W., Kidder

County. This slough lacked the large amounts of marginal and

aquatic vegetation typical of the others in the area. Its basin may

be partially or wholly in bedrock (probably Pierre Shale) . The

beach was made up of a very uniform medium to coarse grain

sized sand of shale fragments. The slough is situated in the

Missouri Coteau district.

Fauna: Physa sp. Lymnaea palustris. Gyraulus parvus. Gyrau-

88 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3)

lus sp. Promenetus exacuous. Pisidium sp^

Location 13. Woodhouse Lake; E 1/3 portion Sec. 11, SW 14

Sec. 1, NW 1/4 Sec. 12, T. 144 N., R. 74 W., Kidder County, Most

of Woodhouse Lake has more of the characteristics of a marsh

than those of a lake. It is a permanent body of water and is

situated in the Missouri Coteau district.

Fauna: Lymnaea palustris. L. stagnalis. Gyraulus parvus. Heli-

soma trivolvis.

Discussion

The ecologic data applies to the faunas reported, but should

not be construed as necessarily typical for the bodies of water

described. The summer of 1962 was one of the wettest on record

for the state, the lakes were thermally unstratified when sampled

and the sample density was inadequate to form the basis of

generalities on the limnology of the various bodies of water.

The information is presented to illuminate a set of conditions

under which the mollusks reported can successfully exist.

There is no observable correlation between any of the chemical

factors, or combinations thereof, reported here and the faunal

diversity of water bodies or with the distribution of single species.

Nitrates, nitrites, sulfates, oxygen, phosphorus, ammonia, etc.,

may be controlling factors. It is interesting to note that the

operculate snails, Valvata tricarinata and Amnicola limosa occur

in only two localities and that both of these are in the Coteau

Slope district. One of these two localities, Beaver Lake, has the

most complex molluscan community. As has been mentioned

before, the Coteau Slope district is presumably a geomorphically

older district than the Missouri Coteau. Beaver Lake, South

Slough at Napoleon and Lake Isabel may have been in existence

throughout the period of late Wisconsin glaciation which de-

posited the Burnstad drift.

The Burnstad drift contains numerous lake sediments which

were deposited in ice-walled ponds in and on stagnant ice and

contained faunas very similar to the fauna of Beaver Lake.

Amnicola and Valvata dominate most of the Pleistocene faunas

which have been studied. All of the species (except Aplexa hyp-

norum) which are now found on the Missouri Coteau and Coteau

Slope districts were present in the Pleistocene faunas. The ab-

sence of operculates from the Missouri Coteau bodies of water.

January, 1964 nautilus 89

if the present study proves to reflect the general situation, will

necessitate explanation. LaRocque has suggested that faunal

diversity is a function of the time required for mollusks to invade

an area (in Kupsch, 1960) . The faunas of Locations 7 and 8

seem to support his idea. The results of this study indicate that

no single or combined grouping of the parameters evaluated

explains the presence of operculates in two bodies of water and

their absence from eleven others. The position of the lakes con-

taining operculates in the Coteau Slope district and those lacking

them in the Missouri Coteau district may prove to be mere coin-

cidence as further studies are made. If correlation does not exist

between water content and fauna and operculates are not found

in the Missouri Coteau district, LaRoque's theory will be a

tempting explanation for the distribution of mollusks in the

area. However, much more work must be accomplished before

any such conclusion is justified.

Acknowledgments. We wish to express our appreciation to

Dr. James Underbill, of the Department of Zoology, The Uni-

versity of Minnesota for reading and commenting on the manu-

script. His suggestions were of great help, but he is in no way

responsible for the data or conclusions reported here.

Financial support for the field work was provided by the North

Dakota Geological Survey.

Literature cited

American Public Health Association, Inc., 1960, Standard

methods for the examination of watei' and wastewater, includ-

ing bottom sediments and sludges: New York, published by

the asosciation at 1790 Broadway, 626 p.

Clayton, Lee, 1962, Glacial Geology of Logan and Mcintosh

Counties, North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey

Bulletin 37, (in press).

Fenneman, N. M., 1931, Physiography of Western United States:

New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 534 p.

Kupsch, W. O., 1960, Radiocarbon-dated Organic Sediment near

Herbert, Saskatchewan: American Jour. Sci., v. 258, p. 282-292.

Rau, J. L., Bakken, W. E., Chmelik, James, and Williams, B. J.,

1962, Geology and Groundwater Resources of Kidder County,

North Dakota; part 1, Geology: North Dakota Geological

Survey Bulletin 36, 70 p.

Theroux, F. R., Eldridge, E. F., and Mallmann, W. Le R., 1943,

Laboratory manual for chemical and bacterial analysis of water

and sewage: 3rd Ed., New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 274 p.

90 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3)

Thornthwaite, C. W., 1948, An approach toward a rational classi-

fication of climate: Geog. Rev., v. 38, p. 55-94.

U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1941, Yearbook of Agriculture,

Climate and Man: 1248 p.

Winslow, M. L., 1921, Mollusca of North Dakota: Mich. Univ.

Museum of Zoology, Occ. Papers, no. 98, 18 p.

ADDITIONAL RECORDS FROM COCOS ISLAND

By WILLIAM K. EMERSON and WILLIAM E. OLD, JR.

American Museum of Natural History

During March and April, 1963, Dr. Paul Slud, Research Asso-

ciate of the American Museum of Natural History, collected,

incidental to his ornithological investigations, shells at Wafer

Bay, Cocos Island. This oceanic island is situated approximately

325 miles southwest of Costa Rica at 5° 32' 57" north latitude

and 86° 59' 17" west longitude.

Collections of mollusks from this isolated and uninhabited

island are not common. Hertlein (1963) , in a biogeographic

study of the island, recorded 88 species of marine and brackish

water species of mollusks, including 12 pelecypods, 61 gastrof>ods,

4 chitons, and 1 1 cephalopods. The specific identity of 3 species

was not determined and one record was thought to have been

based on mislocalized locality data. According to Hertlein's tabu-

lation, 88% of the species occur in the Panamic Province and

6% of the species apparently are endemic. Only 6% of the species

are represented in the Indo-Pacific Province, in sharp contrast

to Clipperton Island, where nearly 50% of the species have

affinities with the Indo-Pacific fauna (Hertlein and Emerson,

1953).

The present collection is composed largely of badly worn,

beach specimens. None of the gastropods or pelecypods was

collected alive, and many of the gastropods show evidence of

having been occupied by hermit crabs. This collection, however,

is significant in that 12 of the 40 species collected were not known

previously from Cocos Island. All the new records are species

common to the Panamic Province with the exception of Terehra

maculata (Linnaeus) , which is an Indo-Pacific species, and

Cymatium pileare (Linnaeus) , which is tropicopolitan in dis-

tribution.

January, 1964 nautilus 91

The species comprising Dr. Slud's collection are listed below,

using the nomenclature of Hertlein (1963) for the previously

reported taxons. New records for the island are prefaced by an

asterisk (*) . The collection is deposited in the American

Museum of Natural History.

Pelecypoda

*Arca (Anadara) grandis Broderip and Sowerby, 1 large valve.

Area (Anadara) reinharti Lowe, 1 valve.

Isognomon quadrangularis (Reeve) , 1 paired specimen.

*Ostrea iridescens Hanley, 1 valve.

Ostrea palmula Carpenter, 1 valve.

Gastropoda

Acanthina brevidentata (Wood), 2 specimens.

Acmaea (Nomaeopelta) mesoleuca Menke, 3 specimens.

*Bulla punctulata A. Adams, 2 specimens.

Bursa caelata (Broderip) , 1 specimen.

Cerithium adustum Kiener, 2 specimens.

Conus dalli Stearns, 2 specimens.

*Conus diadema Sowerby, 3 specimens; previous records of

Conus brunneus may be referable to this species.

* Conus purpuraseens Sowerby, 2 specimens.

Conus tiaratus Broderip, 1 specimen.

*Cymatium pileare (Linnaeus) , 1 specimen.

Cymatium vestitum (Hinds) , 1 specimen.

*Cypraea albugino'sa Gray, 1 specimen.

Cypraea isabellamexieana Stearns, 1 specimen.

Cypraea moneta Linnaeus, 6 specimens.

Ellobium stagnalis (Orbigny) , 4 specimens.

Hipponix gray anus Menke, 1 specimen.

Hipponix pilosus (Deshayes) , 3 specimens.

Littorina aspera Philippi, 2 specimens.

Nerita funiculata Menke, 1 specimen.

Nerita ornata Sowerby, 2 specimens.

Neritina latissima Broderip and form pilsbryi Tryon,

5 specimens.

*Oliva cf. O. spicata (Roding) , 1 specimen.

Planaxis planicostatum Sowerby, 6 specimens.

Purpura patula pansa Gould, 1 specimen.

*Semicassis centiquadrata (Valenciennes), 1 specimen.

Siphonaria gigas Sowerby and form characteristica Reeve,

3 specimens.

'*Terebra cf. T. maculata (Linnaeus), 3 juvenile specimens, fide

G D. Hanna and L. G. Hertlein.

*Turritella sp. indet., 1 badly worn specimen.

Thais columellaris (Lamarck) , 3 specimens.

92 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3)

Thais haemastoma biserialis (Blainville) , 1 specimen.

Thais (Vasula) melones (Duclos) , 10 specimens.

* Thais planospira (Lamarck) , 3 specimens.

Thais speciosa (Valenciennes) , 1 specimen.

Thais triangularis (Blainville), 1 specimen.

Amphineura

Chiton (Chiton) stokesii Broderip, 11 live-taken specimens and

many single valves.

Literature cited

Hertlein, L. G., 1963, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, ?2;219-289,

4 figs.

Hertlein, L. G. and W. K. Emerson, 1953, Trans. San Diego Soc.

Nat. Hist. 7i;345-364, pis. 26, 27.

LACK OF SHELL-ATTACHED PELECYPODS IN ARCTIC

AND ANTARCTIC WATERS

By DAVID NICOL

Department of Geology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois

In the frigid waters of both the arctic and the antarctic regions,

no pelecypods attach themselves to the bottom by cementing the

shell to solid objects as do the ostreids and the chamids. Pele-

cypods of the frigid waters of these regions that are members of

the epifauna attach themselves by their byssi or may lie on the

bottom on one valve (pleurothetic habit) . Shell-attached pelecy-

pods are rare in deep water (more than 1829 meters or 1000

fathoms) , and only 3 species in Clarke's annotated list of abyssal

mollusks have this habit out of a total of 402 species of pele-

cypods recorded. One of the species listed is an Anomia which

attaches by a calcified byssus and is thus not in the true sense

attached by shell material of one of the valves. The other two

abyssal species which attach by cementation of one of the valves

are Pycnodonte cochlear and Hinnites pusio.

Shell-attached forms do live in cold water, as for example,

Hinnites gigantea in the Gulf of Alaska and Crassostrea virginica

in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; but the majority of bivalve genera

which attach themselves to the substrate by shell cementation

during part of or all their lives are wholly confined to warm

water or are poorly represented in cooler water, as for example

Spondylus, Chama, Echinochama, Plicatula, and Cleidothaerus.

It is interesting to note also that the shell-attached fresh-water

I

January, 1964 nautilus 93

naiades are confined to warm water, mainly in Africa, South

America, and India.

What possible explanations are there for the lack of shell-

attached species in the arctic and antarctic regions and their

scarcity in deep water, which is, of course, cold water, and also

in cold shallow water? There seem to be two main contributing

causes. Most shell-attached pelecypods have thick shells and most

frigid-water pelecypods have thin shells, and the lack of sufficient

shell material may be one factor in the scarcity of shell-attached

bivalves in frigid or cold water (less than 10° C) . This, however,

•cannot be the only factor involved. One other consideration is

the uncommonness of epifaunal pelecypods in cold water. For

example, ice periodically scraping the bottom in shallow areas

would prevent shell-attached pelecypods from anchoring to solid

objects there. The relative scarcity of the proper physical environ-

ment in regions having frigid water would certainly be another

factor. However, the writer is not completely satisfied that these

two reasons alone would explain the complete lack of shell-

attached pelecypods in the present-day arctic and antarctic

regions.

This short note is part of a study of antarctic pelecypods which

is supported by a research grant from the National Science

Foundation (Gl-3335) .

Literature cited

Clarke, Arthur H., Jr., 1962, Annotated list and bibliography of

the abyssal molluscs of the world: Nat. Mus. Canada Bull. No.

181, 114 pp.

MOLLUSCA FROM EAST TAVAPUTS PLATEAU,

GRAND COUNTY, UTAH

By ERNEST J. ROSCOE and GORDON GROSSCUP

Chicago Natural History Museum and

Anthropology Department, University of Utah

Introduction. While engaged in archaeological survey and ex-

cavations near the Youth Camp of the Uintah* and the Ouray

Ute Tribe at the invitation of the Ute Business Council, the

junior author took the opportunity to make incidental collections

spelling of Uintah for the county and tribe, and Uinta for the mountains,

river, and valley, follows usage set by the U. S. Geological Survey and the

U. S. Geographic Board.

94 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3)

of mollusks during the summers of 1961 and 1962. These speci-

mens were submitted to the senior author for identification in

August 1963. The paucity of data on the molluscan fauna of this

region makes it desirable to place these identifications on record.

Specimens are deposited in the collection of the Zoology Depart-

ment, University of Utah and in the junior author's collection.

Location and General Features. The Tavaputs Plateau forms

the southern lip of the Uinta Basin, a section of the Colorado

Plateaus physiographic province (Fenneman, 1931) . Ranging in

elevation from about 7000 to 9000 feet, the Tavaputs descends

some 3000 to 4000 feet to the Canyon Lands section to the south

by two giant steps designated the Roan and Book Cliffs. The

Roan Cliffs are an eastward extension of the Pink Cliffs of the

High Plateaus section to the southwest, the most spectacular fea-

tures of which are Cedar Breaks and Bryce Canyon. The mollus-

can fauna of the Cedar Breaks area has been reported by Gregg

(1941) . The Roan and Book cliffs are distinct in the western

part of the Tavaputs but tend to merge eastward. The Tavaputs

as a whole is divided into an east and west member by the Green

River. U. S. Highway 50 skirts the southern margin of the cliffs,

while the Basin itself is traversed in its northern portion by U. S.

Highway 40. The Tavaputs is accessible only from highway 40

via secondary roads. The material reported herein was obtained

from five stations located near the head of Hill Creek, T. 17 Sc 18

S., R. 19 E., in Grand County, about sixty miles south of Ouray,

Uintah County. Hill Creek flows northward, merges with Willow

Creek and empties into the Green River a few miles downstream

from the confluences of the White and Duchesne rivers with the

Green river near Ouray. The general area is readily located on

most road maps of the State.

Previous work. As an outgrowth of its paleontological interest

in the region the Carnegie Museum has done extensive work on

the biota of the Uinta Basin and adjacent Uinta mountains. Only

a portion of the molluscan material collected by the Carnegie

Museum has been reported to date, mostly from the northern

portion of the Basin (Brooks, 1935, 1936). The report by Graham

(1937) on the plants of the region includes a resume of the geog-

raphy and geology of the entire Basin.

Environment of the Collection Stations. The following remarks

January, 1964 nautilus 95

are abstracted from field notes by the junior author. The East

Tavaputs Plateau is highly dissected. All of the rock exposures in

the area are of a yellowish sandstone, presumably part of the

Eocene Green River formation. According to Graham (1937) the

soils of this area have a pH of between 6 and 7. During July and

August the days are pleasantly warm; the nights are quite chilly.

Heavy, but brief, rainstorms are frequent, particularly in August.

Snowfall is heavy in the winter and may begin in September or

October and last into May or June.

In the upper Hill Creek area (stations 1-4) the forest cover

includes aspen, spruce, pine and fir. The valley floors and other

open areas are grassy, with interspersed stands of sagebrush.

Juniper and scrub oak occur sparingly. Deer are abundant, and

elk, bear, badger and porcupine also occur. Beaver have been

introduced. Animal bone recovered from archaeological deposits

in a small cave in Jennie Canyon included deer, mountain sheep

and porcupine. All of the stations in this area lie within 100 to

200 feet of the 8000 foot elevation marker at the Weaver Reser-

voir dam located near the head of the east fork. The Ute Youth

Camp is located at the head of the west fork of Hill Creek.

Florence Creek (station 5) heads to the west of Hill Creek and

flows through a deep canyon almost directly west to its junction

with the Green River, The collection station was about seven

miles upstream from the mouth of the canyon at an elevation of

between 6000 and 7000 feet. The vegetation here included pine

but no spruce or aspen. Mountain mahogany grows on the slope

at the head of the canyon and elderberry was noted in the

canyon itself.

All specimens collected were of terrestrial gastropods and were

collected alive unless otherwise noted. A number of springs and

several branches of Hill Creek and Weaver Reservoir were ex-

amined for aquatic mollusks but none were found.

Collection Stations and Mollusks Obtained

Sta. 1. East fork of Hill Creek, east side of valley near Weaver

Reservoir dam. Sec. 13, T. 18 S., R. 19 E. El. about 8025 feet.

Specimens collected at base and trunk of aspen trees, Aug. 7,

1961. Oreohelix eurekensis Henderson and Daniels; Oreohelix

subrudis (Pfeiffer) ; Pnpilla blandi Morse.

Sta. 2. West fork of Hill Creek on east slope of Steer Ridge

and just above Ute Youth Camp, Sec. 10, T. 18S, R. 19 E. El.

about 8000 feet. Specimens collected on dead leaves at base and

96 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3)

on trunk of aspen, Aug. 4, 1961, and July 10, 16, 29, 1962.

Oreohelix eurekensis Henderson and Daniels; Oreohelix subrudis

(Pfeiffer) ; Oreohelix sp. indet., juv., probably subriidis: Piipilla

blandi Morse; Vallonia albula Sterki; Vitrina alaskann Dall;

Zonitoides arboreus (Say) .

Sta. 3. West iork of Hill Creek between Jennie Canyon and

the next (unnamed) canyon to the north (downstream from Sta.

2), Sec. 3, T. 18 S., R. 19 E. July 27, 1962. A single empty shell

of a badly weathered Oreohelix found floating in the creek.

Probably O. subrudis (Pfr.) .

Sta. 4. West side of the north fork of Burnt Draw near the

mouth of the fork, Sec. 27 or 34, T. 17 S., R. 19 E. Specimen

collected in humus at base of aspen, July 27, 1962. Oreohelix

subrudis (Pfeiffer) , young.

Sta. 5. Florence Creek Canyon, near head of one branch of

canyon along trail which enteis Florence Creek Canyon from

Post Canyon, Sec. 18?, T. 17 S., R. 19 E. El. between 6000 and

7000 feet. July 29, 1962. Empty shells of an apparently stunted

form of Oreohelix subrudis (Pfeiffer) .

Remarks. Oreohelix eurekensis Henderson and Daniels, here

recorded from the Tavaputs Plateau at stations 1 and 2, was

described from specimens from the north side of Godiva Moun-

tains near Eureka, Juab County in the Bonneville drainage basin.

The species has not been found outside of the type locality except

in the Deep Creek Mountains near the Utah-Nevada border

(Roscoe, 1954) . A subspecies, O. e. uinta, was described in 1939

by Brooks from specimens obtained at Hominy Creek near

Whiterocks, Uintah County. The senior author has grave doubts

as to the validity of this subspecies, being distinguished primarily

on the basis of its relatively wider umbilicus, an exceedingly

variable feature in the oreohelices. The Tavaputs specimens

cannot be distinguished from the typical eurekensis, although the

younger individuals have the basal sculpture like those of uinta

as illustrated by Pilsbry (1939, fig. 348). Type specimens of uinta

have not been examined but it is suggested that these may be

subadult individuals of eurekensis. The species is undoubtedly

widely distributed over both the Bonneville and Colorado drain-

ages in favorable situations. A close relative, O. handi Pilsbry

and Ferris, replaces it in Nevada, and O. californica Berry, is

apparently a related form in California.

References

Brooks, S. T. 1935. Naut., 48:\00.

January, 1964 nautilus 9'

1936. Naut., 5^:13-14.

1939. Naut., 52:105-106.

Fenneman, N. F. 1931. Physiography of Western United States.

McGraw-Hill Co.

Graham, E. H. 1937. Ann. Carnegie Mus., 26:\AS2.

Gregg, W. O. 1941. Naut., 5^:116-118.

Pilsbry, H. A. 1939. Land Mollusca of N. A., vol. 1, pt. 1. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila., Monogr. 3.

Roscoe, E. J. 1954. Great Basin Nat., i^:19.

ON RHYTIDOTHYRA JACOBSONI ALCALDE

By morris K. JACOBSON

In 1948 (p. 4) Alcalde described Rhytidothyra jacohsoni from

the Sierra San Carlos near Luis Lazo, Pinar del Rio Province,

Cuba. This shell has never been figured. The purpose of this

paper is to provide a figure and to clarify the difference of this

species from its only congener, R. bilabiata (Orbigny) . In addi-

tion a number of notes are added. A translation of the original

Spanish description follows:

"Shell ovate and semiobese, varying in size in accordance with

sex, color yellow-orange on the last whorls and reddish on the

postnuclear whorls, peristome reddish, polished; nuclear whorls

unknown since all specimens collected were decollated; the post-

nuclear whorls well rounded and marked with a fine axial sculp-

ture, regular and closely set, and a less prominent spiral sculpture

having a corded appearance; in the last four whorls of the shell

the intersection of both types of sculpture form prominent nod-

ules that give a semi-spinose appearance to the shell; this charac-

teristic is most noticeable in the ultimate and penultimate

whorls; umbilicus well marked with both types of sculpture, the

axial sculpture markedly entering into it; suture well marked and

half hidden by the extremities of the axial sculpture which is

strong, doubled, and prominent in this area; peristome bilabiate

as is characteristic of the genus; operculum typical. Dimensions

of the type: Alt. 22.5, width 18 mm."

It should be noted that the color of most specimens is very

much subdued, giving way to a general drabness of appearance.

As far as the sexual variation of size is concerned, this is very

noticeable, the male being distinctly the smaller shell. This fact

was not noted by Torre and Bartsch (1941) in the related R.

bilabiata.

The easily observable and unmistakable difference lies in the

98 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3)

nodulate or corded appearance of the axial ribs, caused by the

intersections with the spiral sculpture. In typical bilahiata the

spiral ribs, when present, lie lower than the axial ribs, and hence,

as Torre and Bartsch noted, do not form conspicuous nodules

(1941, p. 219). These nodules are apparent to the naked eye and

readily visible under low magnification. The axial ribs become

wavy and long at the sutures, filling them much more effectively

than in bilahiata. There is in addition a pronounced difference

in the outlines of the shells of the two species, jacobsoni being

much more ovate than the generally turrited bilabiata.

The genus Rhytidothyra was erected by Henderson and

Bartsch (1920, p. 65) on the basis of the peculiar device used for

breathing and the distinctive design of the operculum. There is

no reason to doubt that these characteristics form a strong sup-

port for generic distinction.

Rhytidothyra jacobsoni seems to occupy a narrow salient along

the southeast slope of the Sierra San Carlos. This mountain range

lies to the south of the Pinar del Rio-Guane highway and runs in

a southwest direction from the town of Luis Lazo. I have speci-

mens from the following localities: Hoyo de la Guataca (type

locality) , Ensenada del Palmar, and Ensenada de la Cruz del

Muerto, all being indentations along the steep slope of the Sierra.

The entire range of the species as far as we could determine

stretches for about 2 miles.

Torre and Bartsch (1941) described 5 subspecies of R. bilabi-

ata. Though their validity remains to be established, it might be

worthy of note that I frequently found more than one of these

subspecies in a single locality.

The type specimen of jacobsoni, which used to be in the collec-

tion of Alcalde, is now in the newly organized Academia de Cien-

cias de Cuba, housed in the former capitol building in Havana.

Until the superb figures by Torre and Bartsch were published,

no accurate figure of R. bilabiata was available. Orbigny's figure

(1842) for an unknown reason is colored green (pi. 22, figs. 3, 4,

5) . The sculpture shows axial and transverse striae of equal

strength. As Arango and Torre and Bartsch noted, figs. 8 and 8'

are illustrations of the operculum of this species and not of

Cyclostoma pudica (sic) as Orbigny stated. Arango is right in

assigning Reeve's shell (1863, pi. 9, fig. 71, not fig. 31 as in

January, 1964 nautilus 99

Arango, nor fig. 7 as in Torre and Bartsch) to Chondropoma

violaceum Pfeiffer. Surprisingly, Torre and Bartsch (1941, p.

221) still listed Reeve's incorrect reference in the synonymy of

bilabiata Orbigny. Aside from the unique color pattern of Reeve's

figure, the pear-shaped aperture in no way represents the circular

aperture so characteristic of Rhytidothyra. Pfeiffer's figure (1846,

pi. 43, fig. 31-82) is quite obviously not the shell described by

Orbigny, thus confirming the doubts Pfeiffer himself expressed

(p. 317) . The description (p. 316) and the figure seem to refer to

some form of Chondropoma pictum (Pfeiffer), 1839. The figure

in Zilch (1960, fig. 1449) , adapted from Reeve, is unrecognizable.

I wish to express my gratitude to the American Museum of

Natural History in New York and to John Ernest Jacobson for

providing the illustrations that accompany this paper; to Dr. Wil-

liam K. Emerson for reading the manuscript and giving valuable

suggestions; and to Mr. William Old for aiding in the hunting

down of tricky biographical references.

Literature cited

Alcalde Ledon, Oscar. 1948. Rev. Soc. Mai. Carlos de la Torre: 4.

Arango y Molina, Rafael. 1878. Contribucion a la fauna malaco-

logica cubana, Havana, pp. 1-280, plus 1-35.

Henderson, John B. and Paul Bartsch. 1920. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.

58 (2327) : 49-82.

Orbigny, Alcide d'. 1842-1853. Mollusques in Ramon de la Sagra,

Hist, phys., polit., et nat. de I'lle de Cuba, Paris, vol. 1, p. 1-246.

1853, Atlas pi. 1-28 [1842].

Pfeiffer, Louis. "1846" [1843-1846]. Die gedeckelten Lungen-

schnecken (Helicinacea et Cyclostomacea) In Martini, Chem-

nitz System. Conchy. Cab. 1 (19) : pp. i-iv plus 1-400, pi. A and

1-50.

Reeve, Lovell. 1863. Concologica Iconica, Chondropoma, pi. 1-11.

Torre, Carlos de la and PaulBartsch. 1938. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus.

85 (3039) : 193-423, pis. 7-39.

1941. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 89 (3096) : 131-385, pis. 9-57.

Zilch, Adolf. 1959-1960. Gastropoda, part 2 Euthyneura in

Handb. der Palaeoz. 6: 1-834 plus i-xii, figs. 1-2515. Berlin.

100 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3)

RECORDS AND TWO NEW SPECIES, STENOTREMA

ABADDONA AND S. GLASSI, FROM OKLAHOMA

By BRANLEY A. BRANSON

Department of Biology, Kansas State College, Pittsburg

Stenotrema GLASSI, new species. Figure 1 d, e, f

Type Locality: A well-shaded limestone and sandstone hillside,

near east rim of Lake Tenkiller Dam, Tenkiller State Park,

Sequoyah County, Oklahoma. Collected on 24:Vin:1963.

Description of holotype: (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 290010) .

Nuclear whorls nearly smooth, strongly everted; remaining

whorls with short, prostrate periostracal hairs; periphery mod-

erately angular; apex depressed-conical; base convex; sutures

lightly impressed; aperture long, its interdenticular sinus broad

and relatively shallow; edge of basal lip slightly raised proxi-

mally and free for its entire length, the groove behind it pro-

gressively deeper toward the upper insertion; callosity of basal

lip demarked by only a slight groove, notches or teeth completely

lacking; buttress of parietal tooth very strongly developed and

raised slightly away from parietal wall; parietal tooth moderately

high, highest near its point of entrance into aperture, then

abruptly diminishes in height and is directed sharply into the

aperture, appearing truncated and short in a basal view, the

descending arm not being visible; length of aperture 7.5 mm.;

greatest width of aperture 4.5 mm.; diameter of shell 11.5 mm.;

height of shell 6.5 mm.; by^ whorls. Named in honor of my good

friend Dr. Bryan P. Glass, Department of Zoology, Oklahoma

State University.

Stenotrema glassi is most closely related to S. labrosiun from

which it differs in several respects. The aperture is longer and

broader in glassi than in labrosum, 48 specimens taken with the

holotype averaging 6.78 mm. (6.5-7.0) for apertural length and

3.84 mm. (3.5-4.0) for width. The basal lip edge is less adnate in

glassi and the groove behind the lip much deeper. In labrosum

the parietal tooth forms a rather even curve where it is directed

into the aperture whereas in glassi it is abruptly curved, the de-

scending arm being hidden in the latter species but at least par-

tially visible in the former. The lack of a notch in the basal lip

oi glassi and its presence in labrdsum is another salient difference.

The sutures of labrosum are considerably deeper and the whorls

less elevated than in glassi; the einbryonic whorls of labrosum

possess the typical Stenotrema granular striae whereas these are

nearly lacking in glassi.

January, 1964

NAUTILUS

101

Rhytidothyra jacobsoni Alcalde

02

NAUTILUS

Vol. 77 (3)

Figure 1. — a. 1), c, Stenoireiua abaddona sj). iio\.; d. c. i. Stt'iiotrcnia glassi

sp. nov. Scale line equals 2.0 mm.

January, 1964 nautilus 103

Stenotrema abaddona, new species. Figure 1 a, b, c

Type Locality: A well-shaded, talus-laden hillside overlooking

a small, unnamed creek, easternmost arm of Lake Tenkiller, Ten-

killer State Park, Sequoyah County, Oklahoma. Collected on

24: VIII: 1963.

Description of holotype (A.N.S.P. 290011) . Light yellowish-cin-

namon in color, nearly transparent; first one and two-thirds

whorls strongly everted and marked by closely-set, transverse

granular striae; remaining whorls with small transveise ridges

beset with short, stiff and tapering, nearly to quite prostrate

periostracal hairs, all directed peripherad; hairs above sutures

and at the acute periphery longest, about 0.5 mm. in length,

double at periphery; base moderately convex, with numerous

short, spiral ridges bearing minute prostrate hairs, the latter lying

in the same plane as ridges; imperforate but base deeply im-

pressed over umbilical region; parietal tooth completely lacks a

buttress; columellar origin of basal lip begins in the impressed,

well-like base, arches strongly outward, then becomes pinched

inward to produce a very deep and broad interdenticular sinus;

inner edge of basal lip rounded and very narrow% not being de-

marked from rest of lip by a groove; notch of basal lip located

in outer one-half, small, but broadly u-shaped; outer edge of

basal lip strongly adnate for nearly its entire length, being free

only where it angles upward around periphery, then becomes ad-

nate again; upper insertion of outer lip bears a small tubercle a

short distance within near the parietal w^all; parietal tooth low

and thin, barely reaching level of basal lip, strongly arched and

highest near middle, then is directed into the moderately capa-

cious distal portion of aperture where it ends a short distance

within; rest of aperture slightly wader than basal lip; shell cracked

behind aperture by photographer.

Corroborative description. The first paratype (Kansas State

College 7708) , taken with the holotype, has a parietal tooth

which is slightly hooked and which does not completely penetrate

into the aperture because of the very deep interdenticular sinus.

Paratype two (University of Michigan 215712), taken alive, has

a somewhat more conical apex than the holotype. The foot is

narrow and nearly black; the mantle is marked by black dashes.

It was collected on 21: VIII: 1963 from the shaded side of Mia-

michi Mountain, one-eighth of a mile west on the Kiamichi

Tower Road from its junction with Highway 259, LeFlore

County, Oklahoma. The third paratype (Kansas State College

7826) was found in a locality with conditions similar to those

prevailing at the type locality, 5.5 miles east of Salina, on High-

104 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3)

way 82, Mayes County, Oklahoma; 25: VIII: 1963. The two para-

types listed as number four (Kansas State College 7911), two

immature shells and two dead shells with their apices broken,

were collected from a shaded, limestone-strewn hillside overlook-

ing Spavinaw Creek, Spavinaw, Mayes County, Oklahoma;

25: VIII: 1963. The second shell of the fourth paratypes has a

higher spire than any of the others and nearly lacks the basal lip

notch. The immature form has an exceedingly fine knife-edge

acute periphery, low growth striae and impressed, very fine spiral

lines. The fifth paratype (Kansas State College 7915) was found

on a steep, heavily shaded and moist hillside, one mile south of

Lanagin, McDonald County, Missouri; 26: VIII: 1963.

Measurements:

Stenotrema ahaddona (specific epithet from Abaddon, "the pit

of Hell," referring to the deeply impressed basal region) is con-

sidered to be most closely related to 5. evardsi (Bland) from

which it differs in having a much more deeply impressed axis and

a more strongly adnate basal lip, the latter being free for over

one-half of its length in evardsi. The new species also differs in

having a wider notch in the basal lip and a very broad and deep

interdenticular sinus. The two species are similar in having rela-

tively narrow apertures and parietal teeth which turn abruptly

into the aperture; the periostracal hair arrangement is also

similar.

Stenotrema unciferum (Pilsbry) .

On 20: VIII: 1963 a single living specimen of this interesting

little polygrid was collected from deep leaf litter on Rich Moun-

tain, 5.6 miles east of Page, on Highway 59, LeFlore County,

Oklahoma. The shell (Kansas State College 7840) measures 8.5

mm. in diameter, 6.4 mm. in height and has slightly more than

five whorls. The basal lip is strongly arched and the projection

January, 1964 nautilus 105

from the outer end of the parietal tooth is completely detached.

This new record, and the two species described above, brings the

total number of Stenotrema known from Oklahoma to eight.

Mesodon clenchi (Rehder) .

Two freshly dead shells, taken from the limestone bluffs sur-

rounding the Darby Boyscout Camp, Cherokee County, Okla-

homa on 24: V: 1963, represent another addition to the known

molluscan fauna of Oklahoma. One of these shells has the faint

indications of a parietal tooth and both have moderately angu-

lated peripheries; the umbilicus is partially closed in both. The

measurements for these specimens (Kansas State College 7932)

are:

Diameter Height Whorls

23.5 mm. 11.0 mm. 5

23.0 mm. 11.5 mm. Si/g

NOTES AND NEWS

CoRBicuLA FLUMiNEA IN FLORIDA. — The ocuiTcnce of the intro-

duced Asiatic clam, Corbicula fiuminea (Miiller) into the west-

ern United States has been well documented, and it has been

recorded from the Tennessee River (Sinclair and Ingram, 1961,

Naut., 74: 114-118), the Ohio River (Fechtner, 1962, Naut., 75:

126), and several Gulf drainages in Louisiana (Dundee and

Walter, 1963, Naut., 77: 30) and Alabama (Hubricht, 1963,

Naut., 77: 31) east of the Rocky Mountains. Recent collections

of fresh-water mollusks from the Florida Panhandle and Penin-

sula have disclosed the presence of C. fiuminea in these areas as

well.

On May 20, 1963, C. fiuminea was collected in abundance from

the Apalachicola River at U. S. Hwy. 90, 1/2 mi. west of Chatta-

hoochee, Gadsden County, Florida. This clam was not present at

this same station (i/^ mi. below the Jim Woodruff Dam) when

visited by Clench and Turner in 1953 (1956, Bull. Fla. State

Mus., Biol. Sci., 1: 97-239). Hence, the introduction of C. fiu-

minea into this southern drainage system occuned within the

past decade.

Further collecting was undertaken in the Apalachicola drain-

age system in an attempt to determine the range of C. fiuminea.

106 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3)

Several localities above the Jim Woodruff Dam at Chattahoochee

were examined: (1) Lake Seminole at Jim Woodruff State Park,

Jackson County, Florida, (2) Lake Seminole at Florida Hwy. 2

(= Georgia Hwy. 91) , Jackson County, Florida, (3) Chatta-

hoochee River at U. S. Hwy. 84, Houston County, Alabama, (4)

Spring Creek at Reynoldsville, Seminole County, Georgia, (5)

Flint River at Bainbridge, Decatur County, Georgia, and (6)

Lake Seminole at Jim Woodruff Dam Project, Decatur County,

Georgia. One additional site below the Jim Woodruff Dam was

visited: Apalachicola River at Florida Hwy. 20, I/2 mi. west of

Bristol, Liberty County Florida. Corbiciila fliiminea was found

to be absent above the dam, but present below it at both stations.

The Chattahoochee station specimens were generally larger

(length of largest 33.0, height 30.5, width 20.6 mm.) and more

abundant than those of the Bristol station (largest 1. 23.0, h. 22.3,

w. 15.7 mm.). The substrate at Chattahoochee consisted of sand

and gravel, while the Bristol substrate was composed of sand and

clay. The Apalachicola River is characterized by high turbidity

and a general lack of aquatic vegetation. Corbicula fiuminea was

collected from the Chattahoochee station with one gastropod,

Campeloma geniculum (Conrad), 15 species of unionid clams

including Crenodonta neisleri (Lea) , Elliptio crassidens incras-

satus (Lea) , Lampsilis anodontoides floridensis (Lea) , and

Qiiinciincina infucata (Conrad) in considerable quantity, and

two sphaeriid clams: Sphaerium lacustre (Miiller) and Eupera

cubensis (Prime).

On August 10, 1963, C. fliiminea was collected in astounding

quantity from the Withlacoochee River (not the Withlacoochee

River which is a tributary of the Suwannee River) at the south

edge of Inglis, U. S. Hwys. 19 and 98, Levy County, Florida, a

stream 200 miles southeast of the Apalachicola River. This local-

ity is 3 miles below the dam at the lower end of the Florida Power

Corporation Reservoir. The presence or absence of C. fliiminea

above the dam has not yet been determined. However, to note

that so many sites, in which C. fluminea is found flourishing, are

below such power dams is of interest. Probably the absence of

silting at these sites is favorable for their existence, while silting

in the impoundments may preclude these clams immediately

above the dam.

January, 1964 nautilus 107

In contrast to the Chattahoochee and Bristol stations, the

Withlacoochee River was not turbid, and its substrate consisted

of fine sand. Only rare individuals of one snail Goniobasis flori-

densis (Reeve) , and one unionid clam, Elliptio strigosus (Lea) ,

were found associated with C. fiuminea.

Corbicula fiuminea from the Withlacoochee station varies in

size, shape, and coloration from the populations in the Apalachi-

cola stations. The Withlacoochie animals (largest 1. 28.3, h. 25.1,

w. 17.9 mm.) are smaller than those of the Chattahoochee station

but larger than those of the Bristol station. Shells from the Apa-

lachicola River are generally more inflated, have more prominent

beaks, and appear more triangular in outline than do the Withla-

coochee shells. In addition Apalachicolan shells are of a dark

brown color over the beaks and a horn-yello\v color over the peri-

pheral half of the valves, while the Withlacoochee shells are uni-

formly dark brown. There was no evidence of growth annuli in

any of the specimens. — William H. Heard, Florida State Uni-

versity, Tallahassee.

LiMAX MAXIMUS AND FeRRISSIA MEEKIANA IN OKLAHOMA.

While attempting to find an intermediate host for Nematoboth-

riuni, in conjunction with parasitological research at the Uni-

versity of Oklahoma Biological Station, Dr. Lewis Peters discov-

ered a very large colony of limpets on 24 July, 1962, living in

Lake Oberlin. This is a very muddy and shallow oxbow of the

Red River, located in the southeastern corner of Bryan County,

Oklahoma. Although several hundred specimens were collected,

only 27 were kept for records. Eight of these are Ferrissia meeki-

nna (Stimpson) ; the remaining 19 are all Laevapex fiisca

(Adams) . Heretofore, "Gundlachia" has not been found living

in Oklahoma. Branson, Taylor and Taylor (in press) reported

fossils of this species from south-central Oklahoma, as did Taylor

(1960) from southwestern Kansas. The only records of living

F. meekiana near Oklahoma are those of Leonard (1959) from

east-central Kansas. The specimens range from 2.0 x 1.0 mm. to

2.5 X 1.6 mm. in size; 6 of them are septate.

The habitat from which these two limpets were secured

is usual for both (Basch, 1959). However, L. fusca, recently re-

ported from Oklahoma (Branson, 1961) , is sometimes found in

streams with a moderate current. Two of the Laevapex were in-

108 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (3)

fected with ophthalmoxiphidio-cercariae, as determined by

Peters. This record brings the total of ancylid species known

from Oklahoma to 5.

On 22 July, 1962, Branson discovered 3 large specimens, 110.0

to 118.0 mm. when fully extended, of Limax maximus Linnaeus

in a water meter cover at Miami, Ottawa County, Oklahoma.

This species likewise has not been reported heretofore from

Oklahoma. Leonard (1959) recorded it for nearby Kansas. This

record brings the total for slugs known from Oklahoma to 12. —

Branley a. Branson, Kansas State College, Pittsburg and Lewis

Peters, Northern Michigan College, Marquette.

Literature cited

Basch, P. 1959. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 602: 1-9.

Branson, B. A. 1961. Biol. Stud. Okla. State U., 6: 1-72.

Branson, B. A., J. and C. Taylor, in press. Bull. Okla. Geol. Surv.

Leonard, A. B. 1959. Misc. Pub. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kans.

20:1-224.

Taylor, D. W. 1960. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 337: 1-94.

Striatura meridionalis in Michigan. — In May, 1961,

Striatura meridionalis (Pilsbry and Ferriss) was found in leaf

mould from a moist, shaded glen on the wooded east side of

"Mt. Rosy" sand dune, five miles south of Grand Haven, Ottawa

Co., Michigan. The dune region on the eastern shore of Lake

Michigan is florally peculiar, for it contains several species of

plants found elsewhere only along the Atlantic Coast. Perhaps

this floral peculiarity has some bearing upon the occurrence of

this species at this locality. Other snails found with it have been

found elsewhere in southern Michigan. This is the first record

for this species from the state of Michigan, and the northern-

most record to date. I am indebted to Miss B. A. Wilson, of

the Entomology Department of Michigan State University, for

her assistance in collecting at this locality. — F. Wayne Grimm.

Otala lactea In Virginia, Texas, and California. — In 1961

and 1962, I found Otala lactea (Miill.) on wasteground in 4

places. In Virginia, a single weathered shell was found in an

overgrown garden at Ocean Park, Princess Anne Co. A search

on similar ground both in this town and in nearby Norfolk failed

to produce additional specimens. In Texas, specimens were

hibernating on Amaryllis leaves in a vacant lot near the Freue-

THE NAUTILUS

Vol. yy April, 1964 No. 4

A NEW SPECIES OF SINUM FROM

THE GULF OV CALIFORNIA

By JOHN Q. and ROSE L BURCH

Authors writing on the Panamic fauna have generally accepted

Sigaretus concavus Lamarck, \%22,^Sinum concavum (Lamarck,

1822) with Sigaretus grayi G. P. Deshayes in Lamarck, 1843=

Sinum grayi (Deshayes, 1843) in synonymy. This species is known

from Chile and Peru. Our opinion is that the form from the

Gulf of California is another species,

Sinum cortezi, new species. PI. 5, figs. 1 Sc 3

Shell fawn-colored, globosely ear-shaped; spirally striate with

epidermis of rust color; whorls slopingly ventricose, spirally

ridged, with narrow interstices; spire light color.

Type locality: Shrimp trawlers working between Mazatlan and

Altata in 15 fathoms.

Holotype: deposited in California Academy of Sciences, San

Francisco (Dept. Geology, Type Coll. no. 12601) .

Sinum concavum (Lamarck, 1822) from Chile and Peru (PL

5, figs. 2 8c 4) consistently has an interior of a deep glossy chest-

nut-brown, whereas that of the form from the Gulf of California

is nearly white with growth lines showing light and dark through

the shell. The apex of the South American form is uniformly

dark, whereas that of the Gulf form is light. The concentric

sculpture on the South American shells is broader and more

even on the body whorl, and is much more evenly colored. The

umbilicus of the Gulf of California shells is more open, and

mature shells are heavier and thicker.

There are 30 paratypes of which two are in the collection of

Dr. Bruce Campbell, one in the collection of Dr. Homer King,

some will be retained in the Burch collection, and others dis-

tributed to institutions. We are indebted to Mr. Allyn G. Smith

and Dr. Leo. G. Hertlein of the California Academy of Sciences

of San Francisco for their advice.

References

Deshayes, G. P. 1835-45. Historie naturelle des animaux sans

vertebres. Deuxieme edition.

Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de. 1815-22. Histoire naturelle des

109

110 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4)

animaux sans vertebres.

Sherborn, Carolo Davies. 1925. Index Animalium.

Reeve, Lovell. 1864. Concholgia iconica, vol. 15, pi. 1, fig. 3,

a, b.

Sowerby, James. 1820-25, The Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells.

Tryon, G. W., Jr. 1879-1913. Manual of Conchology.

THE GENUS AGARONIA J. E. GRAY, 1839

By JOHN Q. and ROSE L. BURCH

We should consider the extent to which we are justified in

generic separations based solely on the radula. It is well known

that Johannes Thiele and others thought it to be conclusive.

However, to do so, at least in the Olividae, would seem to place

species together that would leave the paleontologist and others

incredulous when they must depend upon the morphologic

characters of the shell alone. It is a question as to which causes

more difficulty, two species with very similar shell characters

that are shown to be very different, or two species with very dif-

ferent shell characters that are shown to be very much alike.

Thiele and many others have placed Agaronia as a subgenus

of Olivancillaria. The genus Agaronia J. E. Gray, 1839 has

priority over Olivancillaria Orbigny, 1840, If either is to be made

a subgenus of the other, the genus should be Agaronia. Agaronia

J. E. Gray, 1839, Zoology of Captain Bechey's Voyage, p. 131;

type, monotypy, Oliva hiatula Lamarck= 0/it;a hiatula (Gmelin).

Sherborn in Index Animalium, 1929, gave the date of the

genus Olivancillaria A. Orbigny as 1841, but later Sherborn and

Griffin in the Annals and the Magazine of Natural History,

series 10, voL 13, 1934, gave us another version. In this article

the authors stated that they had examined a complete set of

Orbigny's Voyage dans I'Amerique Meridionale with the dates

on the original wrappers. In the volume on "Mollusques," the

genus name Olivancillaria occurs on page 420. Two species are

discussed, Olivancillaria brasiliensis on page 420, not illustrated,

and Olivancillaria auricularia on page 421, pi. 59, figs. 20-22.

According to Sherborn and Griffin, the livrasion containing

pages 409-424 bears the date 1840. As far as we have been able

to ascertain, Olivancillaria dates from 1840. O. auricularia is

cited on plate 59, but the "O" undoubtedly refers to Oliva which

accompanies the preceding species. This plate was dated in

April, 1964 nautilus 111

1839 and may be the basis of the 1839 date given to Olivancillaria

by Fischer, Thiele, Wenz et al. We think the correct date to be

1840.

Olivancillaria Orbigny, 1840, Voyage dans I'Amerique Meri-

dionale; type, Oliva brasiliensis Chemnitz, 1788=z:0/wa brasiliana

Lamarck, 1811^ Porphyria urceus Roding, \19^ z=z Agaronia

(Olivancillaria) urceus (Roding, 1798). It is our opinion that

Olivancillaria Orbigny, 1840, may be recognized as a subgenus

of Agaronia J. E. Gray, 1839. The species urceus Roding is un-

questionably prior to the Lamarckian brasiliana. Deshayes in the

second edition of Lamarck's Histoire cited the same figures for

the Lamarckian species that are given as the basis of the Roding

name. No 50-year rule can possibly save the Lamarckian name.

The Roding name has been frequently used by modern authors.

It is interesting that Dillwyn, 1817, recognized the identity of

Lamarck's fonn with the brasiliensis Chemnitz, but he tried to

resurrect a still earlier name from the Portland Catalogue, Valuta

pinguis, p. 174, lot. 3740. Fortunately this is a nomen nudum

and can be ignored. Roding placed all in his genus Porphyria

which falls into the synonymy of Oliva Bruguiere, 1789. Por-

phyria urceus Roding, 1798, Museum Boltenianum, p. 37, sp. 457.

We have two basic types of radula to consider here. In Oliva,

the radular ribbon shows but little variation. Differences be-

tween species are small. The rachidian tooth is tricuspidate.

Oliva porphyria (Linnaeus) is the type of the genus Oliva

Bruguiere, 1789. (p. 6, fig. 3, pi. 7, fig. 10) . While the rachidian

teeth of both Agaronia and Olivancillaria are tricuspidate, there

are small denticles on the sides that are not present in Oliva. The

radular teeth of both are very similar in this character.

A study of Agaronia is very perplexing. Our common Panamic-

Pacific species is extremely variable with several shell forms in a

single colony. Quite possibly there is but a single good species in

the Panamic-Pacific region. The species Agaronia testacea (La-

marck, 1811) certainly ranges from the head of the Gulf of Cali-

fornia southward on the Pacific coast to Panama, and seems to

be very common along the Caribbean coast of Central America.

The first reference we have to these is an article in Nautilus 19

(2), 18, 1905 by W. H. Fluck. Fluck mentions that his shells

were identified by Pilsbry, Johnson, Dall, etc. Mr. A. A. Olsson

112 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4)

has also given numerous Carribbean localities for the species.

The species Agaronia travassosi Lange de Morretes, 1938 from

Brazil is amazingly like the west Mexican Agaronia testacea

(Lamarck) , and two other species from Brazil remind one of

Agaronia murrha Berry of the Central American coast. They

are Agaronia lanei Lange de Morretes, 1938, and the recently

described Agaronia langei Zanardini, 1960. Agaronia acuminata

(Lamarck, 1811) is a distinct west African species. Nickles, 1950

accepts the species annotata Marrat, 1871 from the same fauna

as distinct. Tryon and many others have placed it in the

synonymy of Agaronia acuminata (Lamarck) . In this we concur.

Agaronia lutraria (Roding, 1798), p. 34, sp. 421, with Agaronia

subulata (Lamarck, 1811) in synonymy, is a species from In-

donesia. It was placed in the synonymy of the west African

Agaronia acuminata (Lamarck, 1811) by Tryon, 1883, but in

our opinion it is quite distinct. Reeve in Conch. Icon., 1850,

figures it well. H. C. Weinkauff, 1878, separated the two species.

Agaronia gibbosa (Born, 1778) is a common large species from

the Indian Ocean. We are placing the species nebulosa Lamarck,

1811 in synonymy.

References

Deshayes, G. P. 1835-45. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans

vertebres. Deuxieme edition.

Dillwyn, Lewis Weston 1817. A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent

Shells.

Gray, John E. 1839. Zoology of Captain Beechey's Voyage.

Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) : 16,

for 1810.

Orbigny, Alcide D. d' 1835-47 Voyage dans I'Amerique Meri-

dionale.

Roding, P, F. 1798. Museum Boltenianum.

Sherborn, Carolo Davies 1929. Index Animalium.

Sherborn and Griffin 1934. Ann. and Mag. Nat. His., series 10, 13.

IDENTIFICATION OF HELIX STEURSIANA

By J. B. HENRARD

Oegstgeest, The Netherlands

This Helix was described by Shuttleworth in 1852. He received

a specimen from Mr. Steurs, at that time governor of Amboyna

(Moluccas) , and named it after the donor. His description is very

exact, but no figure was given. Pfeiffer copied the description in

April, 1964

NAUTILUS 77 (4)

NAUTILUS

lin

PLATE 5

Figs. 1 & 3. Holotype of Simim corlezi Burch &: Burch. 43.9 mm. Figs. 2

& 4. Hypotype of .S. concaxnun (Lamarck) from Peru. 5L8 mm. Photographs

by .\llyn G. Smith.

NAUTILUS

Vo\. 77 (4)

Fig. 1. Agaronia Davassosi Lange de Morretes, 1938. Fig. 2. A. (Olivaiidl-

laria) urceus (Roding. 1798). Fig. 3. Oliva porphyria (Linnaeus. 17.58). Fig

4. Agaronia (OlivanciUaria) contorluplicate (Reeve, 1850). Fig. T). A. acumi-

nata (Lamarck, 1811) . Fig. 6. A. (OlivanciUaria) auricularia (Lamarck, 1811)

Fig. 7. A. gibbosa (Born, 1778). Fig. 8. A. Lestacea (Lamarck, 1811).

1859, Mon. Hel. Viv. 3: 179. Martens, who investigated the

Moluccas so thoroughly, says in Preuss. Exped., 1867, that many

species irom that region were seen by him only in the collections

of amateurs, and that certainly they did not occur in the Moluc-

April, 1964 nautilus 115

cas. He could not affirm that Helix steursiana and others were

inhabitants of that area (loc. cit.: 324) .

Dr. Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (2) : 7: 33, gave an exact translation

of the original description and, with his great sagacity, recognized

that Shuttleworth's species was a member of the genus Papuina,

and placed it in his "6th group of H. pileohis." In 1961, Naut.

75: I divided this group into more homogeneous ones, and

Papuina steursiana evidently belongs in the "group of P. ferus-

saci."

Because all the species of my group are endemic on the west

coast of New Guinea, I was more and more convinced that P.

steursiana also was an inhabitant of that region. However, P.

hedleyi E. A. Smith, 1892, J. of Conch. 7: 72, was another species

of this group. Smith's exact description, but without figure, was

based on a single specimen, found in the British Museum without

locality. However, since he recognized that it was allied closely

to Papuina exsultans (Tapp.) and P. ferussaci (Lesson) , he

probably accepted it also as a species from New Guinea.

If Pilsbry 's translated description of P. steursiana be compared,

character by character, with that of Smith's, both specimens do

agree in height (30 mm.) but P. steursiana is somewhat larger.

Also the shells differ in 3 very striking characters. The most im-

portant of these is the subcolumellar tooth in P. steursiana, al-

though none is mentioned in Smith's description. Secondly, P.

steursiana is unicolor, while P. hedleyi has a small cinnamon

zone beneath the suture and a castaneous base. Last but not least,

the margin of the peristome is castaneous in P. hedleyi, but rosy

in P. steursiana.

Later, Smith, 1897, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 20: 413, in an

article on the land shells of New Guinea, gave many new data

on P. hedleyi, and listed as synonym, P. canefriana "Dohrn, Ms."

Kobelt, 1894, Conch. Cab., ed. 2: 708, pi. 202, fig. 1, ans. 2. Very

important is the fact that he indicated the great color variation

in his species, and that all specimens appear to have a white,

tooth-like prominence or thickening on the columella On p. 414,

Smith adds: "Other specimens (var. concolor, nov.) are of a

uniform whitish color beneath the pale greenish-yellow or

ochraceous periostracum, and the peristome is margined with

pinkish purple-brown or purple-black." Such specimens from

116 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4)

Kapaur also, precisely agree with Shuttleworth's description ot

the peristome in P. steufsiana.

Finally, the great variability oi P. Iiedleyi is discussed by C. K.

Gude, 1910, Proc. Malac. Soc. London 9: 83, who had extensive

collections at his disposal from Hamatawarea near Fak-Fak, a

locality south of the Gulf of McCluer. His specimens ranged

from pale ochraceous to buff and dark, almost blackish brown;

some of the paler shells had a pale base and pinkish peristome,

while others had a pale base with a dark brown, narrowly mar-

gined peristome and another had the base blackish brown and

a correspondingly dark, broadly margined peristome. However

all dark specimens had a dark base. Important is Gude's state-

ment that the columella always has a more or less prominent,

whitish thickening, which in some bears a tooth or tubercle.

Gude stated that the species had been recorded only from south-

west New Guinea, but it also occurs north of the Gulf. I have

examples from Inanawatan, called Negri Besar (Great Hinter-

land) , collected by Mrs. T. van der Stoep-Frouwer and from

Sorong (loc. Malami) , found by my friend Paul Stelleman. Also

on the large island Salawati, I fortunately discovered a popula-

tion, which contained one living albino, with a totally white

peristome. On the smaller nearby islands, which probably were

connected formerly with Salawati, all the specimens seen by

me were albinos.

My conclusion is that there are no differences between Papuina

steursiana and P. hedleyi concolor, and that P. hedleyi, 1892, is a

junior synonym of P. steursiana, 1852.

Iredale, 1941, proposed a genus Zetomina with Papuina hedleyi

as type, but, at that time, he had insufficient knowledge of Pils-

bry's 6th group. For the time being, I prefer Pilsbry's opinion

that the formation of a number of groups for Papuina species

seems a better plan, that anatomical characters afford good clues

to these minor groups, and that the establishment of "sections"

is practically impossible. Smith's opinion, that P. hedleyi was

most nearly related to P. ferussaci, is not acceptable. His species

with its concave profile differs conspicuously from the 3 other

species in the group of P. ferussaci.

April, 1964 nautilus 117

UNIONIDAE OF RED CEDAR RIVER, MICHIGAN

By KENNETH J. BOSS

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Sei-vice, Washington, D. C.

The major objectives of this note are to document more fully

the distribution of 14 species of unionids in the Red Cedar River,

to indicate some areas of pollution, and to provide a record of

faunal changes since the report of van der Schalie (1940).

The Red Cedar River is a tributary stream of the Grand River

in western Michigan. Its main channel is nearly 50 miles in

length and its total drainage area, including its three main

tributaries, is approximately 355 square miles. The bottom types

are variable, but the lower portions of the stream are gravel or

rock while the upper are predominantly sand. The minimum

discharge flow (July, 1931) was 3 cubic feet per second while

the maximum (April, 1946) was 5,510 cubic feet per second;

therefore, the depth at any one station in the river varies ac-

cording to the amount of precipitation and evaporation. The

river is slightly alkaline and highly buffered and in some areas

the oxygen content is above 90% saturation (Brehmer, 1956) .

During the fall of 1958, a series of collecting stations along

the river was sampled for the unionid fauna. Five general areas

may be delimited:

1. At East Lansing, Ingham Comity, Here 4 stations were made,

all upstream from the local sewage treatment facilities. The

bottom type was predominantly gravel.

2. At Okemos, Ingham County. This area included five stations

in the vicinity of Okemos; the substrates were gravel, sand

and mud.

3. At Williamston, Ingham County. Three stations were made

in this area; bottom types included gravel, sand and mud with

some local concentrations of silt.

4. At Webberville, Ingham County. The three stations here were

made in sand and gravel substrates.

5. At Fowlerville, Livingston County. Soft clay and mud sub-

strates were typical of the two stations in this area.

The following is a list of the species with numbers, designating

the areas in which specimens were collected. Most of the specific

names are modeled after Clarke and Berg (1959) .

Elliptio dilatatus (Rafinesque) , 1, 2, 3, 4.

Fusconaia flava (Rafinesque) , 1, 2, 3, 5.

Pleiirobema cordatu?n (Rafinesque), 1, 2, 3.

118 NAUTILUS VoL 77 (4)

Anodonta grandis (Say), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Lasmigona compressa (Lea) , 4, 5.

Lasmigona costata (Rafinesque) , 1, 2, 3.

Anodontoides ferussacianus (Lea), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Strophitus undulatus (Say), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Alasmidonta calceolus (Lea), 2.

Alasrnidonta marginata (Say), 2, 3.

Villosa iris (Lea) , 2.

Lampsilis radiata siliquoidea (Barnes), 1, 3, 4, 5.

Lampsilis ovata ventricosa (Barnes) , 1, 2, 3, 4.

Actinonaias ellipsiformis (Lea) ,1,2.

The most common species was Elliptio dilatatus while Fusco-

naia flava, Anodonta grandis, Strophitus undulatus and Lampsilis

ovata ventricosa were moderately common and the most widely

distributed. Villosa iris, Actinonaias ellipsiformis, Lasmigona

compressa and Alasmidonta calceolus were rare. When a com-

parison of these observations with those of van der Schalie (1940)

is made, a decrease in the abundance of Villosa iris, Actinonaias

ellipsiformis and Alasmidonta calceolus is evident while an in-

crease in the abundance of Anodonta grandis, Lasmigona costata

and Alasmidonta marginata is obvious. The stream is entirely

devoid of unios immediately downstream from Fowlerville and

East Lansing; industrial and sewage effluents have rendered the

conditions unsuitable for the maintenance of the unio fauna in

these areas.

The author is indebted to Dr. T. W. Porter for his guidance

and help in the field; to Dr. H. van der Schalie, who kindly ad-

vised on the identification of some species; and to Mr. R. L

Johnson, who checked some aspects of the nomenclature.

References

Brehmer, M. L. 1956. A biological and chemical survey of the

Red Cedar River in the vicinity of Williamston, Michigan.

Unpub, thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing,

Michigan.

Clarke, A. H., Jr. and C. O. Berg. 1959. The freshwater mussels

of central New York. Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell

University, Memoir 367, 79 pp.

Schalie, H. van der. 1940. Zoogeography of naiades in the Grand

and Muskegon Rivers of Michigan as related to glacial history.

Papers of Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, 26: 297-310.

April, 1964 nautilus 119

NOTES ON AMERICAN MELAMPIDAE

By J. P. E. MORRISONi

The earliest name for this family based on a genus in use is

Melampidae of Stimpson, 1851 (Shells of New England, p. 51).

Subfamily names based on Melampus were used by Pfeiffer

(Zeit. fur MalakozooL 10: 8: 1853) and by H. & A. Adams (Proc.

ZooL Soc. London 1854: 30: Jan., 1855) before the name Ello-

biidae was validated. Pfeiffer in August 1854 (Malak. Blatt. 1:

146) mentioned the names Ellobiidae and EUobiinae from H.

k A. Adams' manuscript, but did not include the genus name

Ellobium, and did not adopt either of these names. The family

name Ellobiidae was first published by H. & A. Adams in their

"Genera" (2: 236: Sept., 1855).

Pfeiffer continued to use the subfamily name Melampea in

his Auriculacea Monographs of 1856 and 1876. H. & A. Adams

in 1855 (Genera 2: 242), and Pease in 1871 (Proc. ZooL Soc.

London 1871: 450) used the name Melampinae. Odhner in 1925

(Arkiv for Zool. 17 A (6) : 14) and Morrison in 1951 (Amer.

Malac. Union Annual Report for 1950: 8) used Melampodinae

for the subfamily. There is no question of a nomen ohlitum; the

earliest subfamily name in current use should be used for the

family name also.

In my opinion, the "Studies on the Genus Melampus'' by Holle

and Dineen (Nautilus 7i (1) : 28-35: July 1959; and 73 (2) :

46-51: Oct, 1959) are confusing and incomplete. In the part of

the "genus" studied by Holle and Dineen I recognize 4 generic

gioups under their three "species." The groups studied by Holle

and Dineen should be labelled, even if considered only subgenera

or sections, since their names have been in existence for many

years. I cannot agree that these four groups, represented by four

biologically separate species, recognizable on shell characters

alone, can be given only three species names.

Holle and Dineen studied 4 species:

1) Melampus (Melampus) coffeus (Linnaeus). This is the geno-

type of Melampus; it is known from only the southern half

of Florida, and from Central America and the West Indies,

southward to Colombia, Suriname, and Brazil. It was fig-

ured on plate 5, figure 1, and plate 6, figure 4, by Holle and

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institute.

120 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4)

Dineen.

2) Melampus (Micromelampiis) hidentatus Say. This species

ranges from southern Quebec (north shore of the Baie de

Chaleur) southward all the way to Texas and into the West

Indies. It was figured on plate 5, fig. 2, and plate 6, figs. 5

and 6, by Holle and Dineen.

3) Detracia floridana (Pfeiffer) . This smaller species lives on

Atlantic United States shores only, from New Jersey (Dela-

ware Bay) to New Orleans, Louisiana. Holle and Dineen

figured it on plate 5, fig. 3,

4) Pira monile (Bruguiere) . This species is known from south-

ern Florida across the West Indies to South America. It is

the "group C," the "Melampus flavus" of Holle and Dineen.

Apparently Holle and Dineen did not read the Nautilus 71

(4), p. 124, where I pointed out the fact that all known Texas

Melampus belong to the species M. bidentatus Say. I repeat here

the generic group sculpture characters I listed in 1958, by means

of which every specimen of Melampus, Micromelampus, and Pira

may be correctly identified. Words inserted at this time are

bracketed.

"The distinction of Melampus [(Mela7npus)] coffeus [ (Lin-

naeus)] from M. [(Micromelampus)] bidentatus [Say] and from

Pira monile [ (Bruguiere)] is easily made, because the scidpture of

the shell above the shoulder of the body-whorl is different in each

case. M. [(MicromelampusJ] bidentatus possesses spiral incised

lines on this part of the shell (if not all the way up and down the

body-whorl). M. \_(MelampusJ] coffeus has no such spiral incised

lines on the spire or the upper part of the body-whorl. Pira

monile, on the other hand, shows a single spiral row of epidermal

setae, or pit-scars after loss of the setae, in the middle of each

whorl on the spire."

In my opinion, these are generic groups of the Melampidae,

because on coasts other than the western Atlantic shores of Amer-

ica, the same groups are represented by other species which

possess correspondingly identical sculpture characters on the

shells. For example, the Indo-Pacific species include:

Melampus (Melampus) flavus (Gmelin) 1791,

Melampus (Micromelampus) nucleolus Martens 1865,

Detracia pulchella (Petit) 1842, and

Pira fasciata (Deshayes) 1830.

The name Pira monile (Bruguiere), 1789, must be used for the

"group C" of Holle and Dineen, for two reasons: First, it was

April, 1964 nautilus 121

published two years ahead ot Gmelin's flava, and secondly, the

name flava does not concern the same species. "Melampus flavus"

of authors generally, has been a confused mixture of at least 3

American species. As a matter of fact, this name does not belong

to any American species. Valuta flava of Gmelin, 1791 (Syst. Nat.,

13th edn., p. 3436), and of Dillwyn, 1817 (Descr. Cat., I, p. 506),

are both based solely on Martini-Chemnitz, Conch. Cab,, Vol. 2,

p. 126, pi. 43, fig. 444, published in 1771. Examination of the non-

binomial work of Martini-Chemnitz shows a poorly colored figure,

and a text that says this is the "Golden Shell" of the East Indies.

In other w^ords, Melampus (Melampus) flavus (Gmelin), 1791, is

the earliest and only correct name for the Indo-Pacific species

later named Melampus luteus by Quoy and Gaimard in 1833.

The generic name Pira is still in need of a valid type designa-

tion. The currently accepted designation by Kobelt 1880 (111.

Conchylienbuch, 2:303) is technically invalid because the name

fasciata Deshayes was not one of the originally included specific

names. I hereby designate as the genotype of Pira: Tralia (Pira)

husteri ("Krauss" in) Kuster 1844 = Pnrt fasciata (Deshayes)

1830. By the designation of one of the originally included names

that is known to be a synonym of the species Pira fasciata

(Deshayes), the generic name Pira will remain with the group

for which it has been used, on the very few occasions it has been

recognized and appeared in print.

ASIATIC CLAMS AT PARKER, ARIZONA

By WILLIAM MARCUS INGRAM, LOWELL KEUP, and

CROSWELL HENDERSON*

The Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea (Miiller), has infested

the irrigation system on the Colorado Indian Reservation for the

second time in little more than a year. Collections made by Public

Health Service biologists evidence the great rapidity with which

this clam can repopulate an area. This second infestation necessi-

tates removal of the clams and other detritus from portions of

the irrigation system.

The clams were present when the Bureau of Reclamation last

cleaned the cement-lined canals of the system in Januai~y 1962.

Biologists. Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control, U.S. Public

Health Service.

122 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4)

Large populations of the clam were found 16 months later in

May 1963. After learning of the reinfestation, Public Health Serv-

ice biologists collected samples May 23, 1963, from the "Main

Canal" at a bridge crossing 4 miles southwest of Parker, Arizona,

on the Parker-Ehrenberg Highway. Their sampling indicated a

population of from 135 to 275 clams per square foot of canal

bottom in heavy gravel, sand, and decomposing organics. The de-

composing organics were primarily dead Cladophora buried in

sand and compacted by roots of abundant growths of a rooted

pond weed, Potamogeton spp. and the algae, Chara spp. and

Cladophora spp. Associated animals were physid snails, dragon-

flies, planarians, simulids, and tendipedids. The remarkable

population growth in the cleaned irrigation canal shows that the

clams can rapidly repopulate an area. The closest source of clams

for the canal is the Colorado River. Asiatic clams have previously

been reported infesting the Colorado River intake of the Metro-

politan Water District of Southern California's aqueduct (Ingram,

1959). More recently, the clams have been reported to be rela-

tively abundant and widely distributed in the lower Colorado

River from Parker Dam to the Mexican border.^ Asiatic clams

have also been found in irrigation canals in Phoenix (Dundee

and Dundee, 1958).

Rapid dispersion and population growths have also been re-

ported in the Eastern United States. The clam was first reported

in the Tennessee River in 1959 (Sinclair and Ingram, 1961). The

clam extended its range slightly in the Tennessee River during

the next few years (Sinclair and Isom, 1961). Within a short time,

the clam was found at various places along the Ohio River:

Metropolis, Illinois (Fechtner, 1962); Dayton, Kentucky (Stein,

1962); and from Cincinnati, Ohio, to Warsaw, Kentucky (Keup,

Horning, and Ingram, 1963). During this period. Bates (1962)

also reported it in the lower Green River, a tributary of the Ohio.

The methods of dispersal remain open to speculation. Several

hypotheses have been advanced. In the construction of cement

locks, dams, docks, bulkheads, etc., in navigable waterways gravel

is used as aggregate. Gravel may be dredged from river gravel

bars, loaded on barges, and transported hundreds of miles to the

construction site. Clams present in these gravels could be lost

1 Manuscript; Henderson, C. and A. D. Sidio.

April, 1964 nautilus 123

through spillage during transport or at the construction site.

The clams could survive in the moist underlayers of gravel, or

even for some period in dry gravel. The senior author has kept

Asiatic clams alive out of water for a minimum of five days after

which time they were discarded. Ingram (1941) has also reported

that another small clam, Pisidium abditum Haldeman, survives

when left on lake shores during drawdown periods.

Another hypothesis was forwarded to the senior author by

Dr. William J. Clench, Curator of Mollusks, Harvard University,

during a recent personal conversation. Dr. Clench suggested that

clams resistant to desiccation may "hitch-hike" a ride on water-

fowl; or possibly a tightly closed clam swallowed by a duck could

survive the action of the gizzard and digestive juices, pass through

the duck's digestive tract and thus be deposited in a waterway

different from its origin.

Another logical hypothesis for distribution would be the trans-

porting and eventual discarding of the clams by tourists, by

fishermen who may have collected them as bait, or by aquarium

hobbyists. These hardy clams do well in aquaria. Sinclair and

Ingram (1961) surmised that Asiatic clams could have been

introduced into the United States as aquaria contents that were

later dumped into suitable waterways.

Three different size-classes were apparent in the clams collected

at Parker, Arizona, with 30% ranging in size (anterior-posterior

length) from 3 to 7 mm., 65% from 9 to 18 mm., and 5% from 22

to 28 mm. Ohio River clams exhibited approximately the same

three size-classes (Keup, Horning, and Ingram, 1963). These 3

size-classes probably represent "year-classes." The 3-year-old clams

at Parker, Arizona, indicate that some clams remained in the

canal after it was cleaned in January 1962, or that clams at least

1 year old gained entry to the canal after it was cleaned. The

remaining or introduced clams would have formed a nucleus for

refK>pulation of the canal. The lack of a fourth-size class in

neither the Ohio River nor the Arizona canal perhaps indicates

that the clams rarely live longer than 3 years, or that the clams

grow very little after their third year, which does not allow ready

recognition of older groups based on size-class distribution.

The Asiatic clam has been receiving increased attention in the

United States. The writers are not unmindful of the fact that

124 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4)

many more "inquisitive eyes" are looking into American water-

ways today than in the 1940s; therefore extended fresh-water

mollusk distributions are bound to be discovered. Interest in the

Asiatic clam will probably make its discovery in new areas of

the United States more rapid. Since this clain aeates nuisance

conditions in canals, ditches, pumps, and cooling systems (Ingram,

1956; Ingram and Bartsch, 1960), distribution records are more

likely to be published. The Public Health Service has received a

number of requests for advice on control of the mussel in Western

water systems. Recently problems have also been reported in its

Eastern range. ^ Increased demand for its control will undoubt-

edly stimulate more investigations into the clam's life history,

ecology, and physiology.

The writers wish to thank the personnel of the Land Opera-

tions Office, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Colorado River Agency,

United States Department of the Interior who extended every

courtesy to enhance our clam collections.

Literature cited

Bates, J. H., 1962. Extension of the Range of Corbicula fltiminea

within the Ohio Drainage. Nautilus 7?(3):35-36.

Dundee, D. S. and H. A. Dundee, 1958. Extensions of Known

Ranges of Four Mollusks. Nautilus 72:51-53.

Fechtner, F. R., 1962. Corbicula fliiminea (Miiller) from the Ohio

River. Nautilus, 75 (3): 126.

Ingram, W. M., 1941. Survival of Fresh Water Mollusks During

Periods of Dryness. Nautilus 54 (3): 84-90.

, 1956. Snail and Clam Infestations of Drinking- Water Sup-

plies. Journ. American Water Works Association 48 (3): 258-268.

-, 1959. Asiatic Clams As Potential Pests in California Water

Supplies. Journ. American Water Works Association 51 (3):

363-370.

Ingram, W. M. and A. F. Bartsch, 1960. Animals Associated with

Potable Water Supplies: Operators Identification Guide-M-7;

American Water Works Association, pp. 1-31.

Keup, L., W. B. Horning, and W. M. Ingram, 1963. Extension of

Range of Asiatic Clam to Cincinnati Reach of the Ohio River.

Nautilus 77(1): 18-21.

Sinclair, R. M. and W. M. Ingram, 1961. A New Record For The

Asiatic Clam in the United States, The Tennessee River, Nau-

tilus 7^ (3): 114-1 18.

Sinclair, R. M. and B. G. Isom, 1961. A Preliminary Report on

the Introduced Asiatic Clam Corbicula in Tennessee. Tenn.

2 Manuscript; Thomas, N. A. and K. M. Mackenthum.

NAUTILUS 77 (4)

PLATE 6

Fig. 1. Agaronid liialula (Gmelin, 1791). Liberia, ^Vest Africa. Hypotype.

Type species ot Agaronia J. E. C.rav, 1839. Fig. 2. A. lestacea (Lamarck,

1811) . Hypotype from Guaymas, Soiiora, Mexico. Fig. 3. A. tranassosi Langc

de Morretes, 1938. Hypotype trawled 5 miles off l^unta de Justinga, Rio de

Janeiro state, Brazil, in 25 fathoms. Fig. 4. A. minilia Berrv. 1953. Hypotype

from Acapidco, Mexico. Fig. 5. A acuniiiuila (Lamarck, 1811) . Hypotype from

Louanda. Angola. ^Vest Africa. Fig. 6. A. gihhosa (Born. 1778) . Hyptotype

from Piicket, Thailand.

NAI^TILITS 77 (4)

PLATE 7

8

Fig. 7. Agaronia (Olivancillaria) contortupUcala (Reeve, 1850) . HypoLype

from Montevideo, Uruguav. Fig. 8. A. (OlivanciUaria) auricula) ia (Lamarck.

1811). Hypotype from Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Fig. 9. ./.

(Olk'aucillaria) urceus (Roding, 1798) . Hypotype from Rio Grande do Siil,

Brazil. Type species of OlivanciUaria Orbigny, 1840. Fig. 10. Olina prophyria

(Linnaeus, 1758) . Hypotype from Panama Bay. "I ype species of Oliva

Brugiere. 1789.

April, 1964 nautilus 125

Stream Pollution Control Board and Tenn. Dept. Public

Health. Multilith Report, v. -\- 33 pp.

Stein, C. B., 1962. An Extension of the Known Range of the

Asiatic Clam Corhicula fluminea (Miiller) in the Ohio and

Mississippi Rivers. Ohio Journal of Science 62 (6) : 326-327.

REDESCRIPTION OF A COMMENSAL PELECYPOD,

ROCHEFORTIA CUNEATA, WITH NOTES ON ECOLOGY

By GEORGE R. HAMPSON

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

The object of this paper is to describe and illustrate again

Rochejortia (Pythinella) ciineata, a commensal pelecypod. Previ-

ous illustrations have not clearly shown the critical taxonomic

characteristics to facilitate identification. Because the original

description by Verrill and Bush 1898 makes no mention of the

ecology of this species, and because there has been no subsequent

liteiature on its ecology, a brief description of the association of

R. cuneata with its host is included.

I wish to thank Dr. Howard L. Sanders (Woods Hole Oceano-

graphic Institution), for his assistance in the preparation of this

paper, and Dr. Joseph P. Morrison (U. S. National Museum) and

Dr. Myra Keen (Stanford University), who kindly identified the

pelecypods. I would like also to thank Dr. Robert Hessler (Woods

Hole Oceanographic Institution) for his critical review and Mr.

Wallace R. Bard for the illustrations. This work was supported

by the National Science Foundation Grant GB 563 and is Con-

tribution 1449 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

RocHEFORTiA (Pythinella) CUNEATA (Verrill & Bush, 1898).

Page 129, fig. 1.

Montacuta cuneata Verrill & Bush, 1898, p. 782, pi. 43, fig. 5,

pi. 41, fig. 4.

Mysella (Pytiiinella) cuneata, Dall, 1899.

Mysella ? (Pythinella) cuneata, Thiele, 1935.

Rochejortia (Pythinella) cuneata, Morrison, 1962.

Location. Found in association with a sipunculid worm Phas-

colion stromhi (Montagu), in empty shells of the gastropods

Nassarius trivittatus (Say), and Eupleura caudata (Say). Speci-

mens collected subtidally in Quisset Harbor, Falmouth, Massa-

chusetts, at 5 meters depth, and in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts,

126 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4)

(41°30'N., 70°31'W) in soft clay silt at 20 meters depth (Sanders'

station R (Sanders, 1960).

Description. Small, fragile, inequilateral, from 0.4-2.5 mm.

long. Adult vaguely kidney-shaped, extended anteriorly, and ob-

tusely rounded posteriorly. Umbo, together with beaks moderate

in size, raised, situated slightly posteriorly. In end view (fig. C)

shell expanded dorsally, tapering to ventral margin. In side view

(fig. A) ventral margin of larger valves characteristically concave;

anterodorsal margin broadly convex; dorsal margin immediately

posterior to umbo, shorter and slightly concave. In posterior view,

margin of valves skewed to right (fig. C). Midway along ventral

margin, valves broadly concave to right (fig. D). Right valve with

two prominent, rounded sub-triangular cardinal teeth; anterior

tooth slightly larger than posterior (fig. A); curved ossicle situ-

ated in triangular gap between cardinals; two elongate ridges

continue from bases of cardinals extending anteriorly and posteri-

orly respectively. Left valve without cardinals; anterodorsal and

posterodorsal margins infolded to level of muscle scars, forming

two shelves (fig. B). Pallial line weakly inscribed, extending from

dorsal edge of one scar to that of the other, and slightly concave

along ventral edge; lack of pallial sinus related to absence of ex-

ternal siphon. Muscle scars weakly inscribed, elliptical, but

pointed at either end; long axis arranged nearly parallel to verti-

cal axis of valve. Smaller valves nearly transparent with muscle

scars and internal organs clearly evident. Adult valve covered

with light to dark tan periostracum. Sculpturing of shell consists

of faint concentric growth lines and faint radial lines; more

prominent "annular type" giowth rings also discernible.

Notes on ecology. Phascolion strombi has been found to oc-

cupy empty gastropod shells in Buzzards Bay, usually of Nassarius

trivittatus, and less frequently of Eupleura caudata. The sipun-

culid extends from the aperture into the inner whorls up to the

apex of the shell. Phascolion is enclosed by a tube which extends

into and fills the inner chambers of the shell. This tube is com-

posed of sand grains and particulate matter cemented with mucus.

Typically, the gastropod shell is positioned with the aperture fac-

ing down, allowing the everted introvert of the sipunculid to

probe through the sediment.

Individuals of Rochefortia cuneata generally gather around a

April, 1964 nautilus 127

less conspicuous passage which extends through the siphonal

canal (fig. F) . Typically one, or sometimes two, larger individuals

are found together with several smaller specimens. They are em-

bedded in the loosely packed sedimentary matrix and attached to

the matrix by means of byssal threads. Less commonly, the bi-

valves are found posed around the main orifice of the sipunculid

tube (not illustrated). In one case, a shell was found with a

perforation in one of the whorls; around and in this perforation

a few Rochefortia were clustered.

By observing the general feeding activity of the sipunculid, one

can detect a water current with finely suspended particulate

matter moving through the main aperture and the siphonal canal.

These currents show that the siphonal canal connects internally

with the main sipunculid tube. Movements of Phascolion have a

direct control upon the direction of water flow through these

passages. When the sipunculid everts its introvert from the shell,

it induces water to be drawn into the siphonal canal to displace

the volume previously occupied by the animal. Upon retraction

of the worm, water is ejected through the siphonal canal. Thus,

this canal appears to function as a passage for water when vol-

umes are displaced in the movement of the animal. However,

even when the sipunculid is not feeding, its slight undulating

movements cause a steady current with suspended particles to

pass into the siphonal canal. Smaller cuiTent movements were

observed at the main orifice, but their function was not clear. In

this unique manner, the tiny pelecypods are provided with a

steady supply of fine organic material.

Similar sipunculid-pelecypod associations already have been re-

ported in the literature. Perez (1924) described a commensal rela-

tionship between Phascolion strofnhi, and Montacuta pJmscoli-

onis (Dautzenberg) in the gastropod shell of Zizyphinus conu-

loide's. He found the pelecypods to occur in any location where a

perforation existed which modified the circulation. Knudsen

(1944) described a new pelecypod, Jousseaiimiella concharum,

which is quite similar to Rochefortia cuneata in its size range and

ecology. His specimens were found living commensally with

Phascolion sp., attached by byssal threads to apertures and perfo-

rations of dead Mitra shells. A polychaete, belonging to the family

Syllidae, was mentioned as a third member of the association.

128 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4)

References

Dall, W. H., 1899. Synopsis of the recent and tertiary Leptonacea

of North America and the West Indies. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

27:892.

Knudsen, J. 1944. A gephyrean, a polycheate, and a bivalve living

together commensalistically in the Indo Malajan Seas. Vidensk.

Meddel. Dansk. Naturhis, Foren 108.

Morrison, J. P. 1962. Rochefortia — A new record in Tampa Bay

(Abstract). The Amer. Malcol. Un., p. 14.

Perez, C. 1924. Sur le complexe etholique du Phascolion strombi.

Bull. Soc. ZooL France, 5^:74-75.

Sanders, H. L. 1960. Benthic studies in Buzzards Bay. Ill The

structure of the soft-bottom community. Limn, k Oceanogr.,

5:138-153.

Thiele, J. 1935. Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde.

Jena, Germany, 2:874-875.

Verrill, A. E. and Bush, K. J. 1898. Revision of the deep-water

Mollusca of the Atlantic coast of North America, with descrip-

tions of new genera and species. Proc. U. W. Nat. Mus., 20:1%2.

A NEW SPECIES OF POLYCERA (NUDIBRANCHIA)

FROM CALIFORNIA

By ERNST MARCUS

Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil

Two specimens of nudibranchs from Tomales Bay, sent in by

Dr. Joel Hedgpeth, Director of the Pacific Marine Station, Dillon

Beach, California, appear to represent a new species, which is

here described.

Suborder Doridoidea, Tribe Phanerobranchia, Family Poly-

ceridae.

Poly CERA hedgpethi, spec. nov. Page 130, figs. 1-4.

Material: Marshall's Landing, Tomales Bay, Marin County,

California; 15 ft., on pipe covered with Bugula sp., Mr. C. I.

Haydock col.; two specimens: holotype and paratype (USNM.

575603).

Description: From a photograph by Dr. Joel Hedgpeth and a

drawing by Mrs. Haydock, the base color is gray with small black

dots, with yellow-orange marks on the rhinophores, corners of

the foot, and on the velar and extrabranchial appendages; streaks

of the same color are seen on the pallial ridge, caudal crest, and

upper border of the foot, and yellow orange spots are present on

widely spaced tubercles all over the body. Preserved animals are

light brown, mottled with dark, with the tubercles light and in

part still orange, the gills blackish brown with lighter borders.

April, 1964

NAUTILUS

129

Fig. 1. Rocheforlia (Pytliiiiella) cuiieata (Verrill & Bush, 1898). A. Right

\alve, medial view, B. Left valve, medial view. C. Posterior view. D. A'entral

view. E. Dorsal view. F. Shell of Nassarius trh'it talus occupied bv Pluiscoiiou

shoinhi and Rochefortia cuneatn.

130

NAUTILUS

Vol. 77 (4)

Figs. 1-4. Polyciea hedgpethi, new species: 1, jaws; 2, evened tip ol penis;

3, radula, half row; 4, right side of living animal.

April, 1964 nautilus 131

and the sole light. Living animals are up to 50 mm. long and 5

mm. broad when fully extended; preserved specimens are 16 and

20 mm. long, 10 mm. high, and 7-8 mm. broad.

Velum with 2-3 digitiform processes on either side. Rhino-

phores slender, perfoliated, with 12 leaves; oral tentacles quite

short. Foot corners in one specimen more, in the other less promi-

nent; sole narrow; tail pointed. Lateral velar appendages con-

tinuous with pallial ridges, these provided with some tubercles.

Three extrabranchial appendages on each side, larger than velar

ones and increasing in size posteriorly. Nine tripinnate gills.

Ridges uniting behind gills, continued as tuberculate caudal

crest.

Jaws pale, with wing-like processes. Radula dark red, with 17

rows; fonnula 3-4.2,0,2.3-4; innermost of outer teeth with rudi-

mentary cusp; height of teeth (in micra): 430, 520, 270, 200, 180,

150. Penis with 50 long, bristle-like spines.

Named for Dr. Joel W. Hedgpeth.

Holotype: the slug and slide (jaws and radula), USNM. 575602.

Discussion: The attempt to use Odhners' key of Polycera (1941:

16-19) leads me to P. zosterae O'Donoghue (1924:7) from the

Vancouver Island region; no other species published since 1941

comes closer to hedgpethi. P. zosterae is 10.25 mm. long when

moving, has 5-6 short tubercles on each side of the velum, 5-6

outer teeth in the half-row of the radula, and 3 righly branched

gills.

Together with the new species, I received a specimen of Poly-

cera atra MacFarland (1905:50; 1906:142) from the same locality

(USNM 575604). Until now, P. atra was only known from

Monterey Bay. The specimen from Tomales Bay extends the

intraspecific variation of atra. It has a total of 6 velar appendages,

3-4 extrabranchial tubercles on each side and 9 gills. In the

original material, the corresponding numbers were 4, 1-2, and 8.

Literature cited

MacFarland, Frank M. 1905. A preliminary account of the

Dorididae of Monterey Bay, California. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash-

ington i5;35-54.

-, 1906. Opisthobranchiate Mollusca fiom Monterey Bay,

California. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. 1905, 25:109-151, pi. 18-31,

Odhner, Nils Hj. 1941. New polycerid nudibranchiate Mollusca

and remarks on the family. Goteborgs Kungl. Veterisk. Vitterh.

Samh. Handl. 7. Folj., Ser. B, 1 (No. 11); 1-20, 9 figs.

O'Donoghue, Charles H. 1924. Notes on the nudibranchiate

Mollusca from the Vancouver Island region, IV. Trans. Roy.

Canadian Inst. i5;l-33, pi. 1-2.

132 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4)

A NEW SPECIES OF OLIVANCILLARIA

FROM URUGUAY AND BRAZIL

By MIGUEL A. KLAPPENBACH

Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Montevideo, Uruguay

Among the collections of Olividae obtained by the author in

recent years for the purpose of revising the species of this family

in the southwestern Atlantic, a number of lots were obtained of

a form of Olivancillaria which, preliminarily, appeared to be

young, albinistic O. auricularia (Lamarck). Additional specimens

from the Department of Rocha, Uruguay, display constant char-

acters, in addition to lack of pigmentation, which are of specific

value in differentiating this new species from the sympatric O.

auricularia. Some of the larger specimens of this new species have

vestiges of adhered egg capsules which are ordinarily smaller than

those of auricularia.

This new species is named in honor of Mr. Gerard W. Teague

for his valuable and generous collaboration with the Museo

Nacional de Historia Natural of Montevideo. This work was sup-

ported by the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas do Brazil (Inst.

Ocean. Univ. Sao Paulo).

Olivancillaria TEAGUEi, new species. PI. 8 Figs. 1,3,4,5,8

Diagnosis: Shell relatively small (21 x 10 mm.), oval-elongated,

with a short spire. Color white, except for two zones of brown-

olivaceous over the nuinerous folds of the columellar callus, and

another on the inner side of the siphonal notch.

Description: Shell sub-cylindrical, surface polished, shiny,

rather thin but strong. Spire very short; suture channeled, deep,

and partially filled (first whorls) with materials from the callus.

Apex obtuse, rounded, very small and mammillate. Four whorls.

Columellar callus not very developed, rather thin, but very con-

spicuous, less lustrous than the rest of the shell, and extending

beyond the suture. Under magnification the surface of the callus

shows a punctiform surface, opaque. Aperture subtriangular,

elongated and narrow, its length corresponding approximately to

4/^ of the total length of the shell. Outer lip smooth, simple and

sharp, slightly curved. Columella almost straight from a ventral

view, with two, very weak sinuosities on the concave anterior

third and one other on the lower convex third. Turning the shell

clockwise, one can observe a small notch, produced by the rota-

tion of the basal fold; above this there is a series of smaller folds

(figs. 4, 5), 10 in number, parallel, and slightly slanting with

respect to the columellar axis, extended over the zone limited by

April, 1964 nautilus 133

the fascicle band. On the outer side of the callus, there are 4 other

larger folds, running in a position almost perpendicular to the

smaller ones, that is, in the same direction as the columellar axis.

The fascicle band rather wide, well limited above, but without

precise limits below. Color white, shiny, but on the zone of the

callus and its extension rather dull, with brown-violaceous spot

on the smaller, interior folds, and another on the siphonal notch.

Without operculum, Radular ribbon with 90 rows of teeth;

rachidian tooth tricuspidate (fig. 8).

Measurements (holotype): Length 21.0 mm. Width 10.5 mm.

Aperture: length 17.5 mm., width 5.0 mm.

Holotype: Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, Mollusks Collec-

tion No. 1238. Collected by M. Souza, January 1960. Type local-

ity: La Coronilla, Department of Rocha, Republic of Uruguay.

Paratypes: Paratypes in the Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Montevideo

(all from La Coronilla): no, 1218 (coll. E. Duarte, Mar. 1957);

no. 1230 (coll. E. H. Ureta, Mar. 1959); no. 1237 (coll. M. Souza,

Jan. 1960); no. 1241 (coll. F. Mane-Garzon, Feb. 1960). Paratypes

in the Mus. Ocean. Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: no. 8845 (from

Chui, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, Jan. 1963).

Three paratypes in the collection of the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia (no. 290783). The average measurements

of all specimens: 19,5 x 9.5; aperture: 15.5 x 4.5 mm.

Remarks: In some specimens, the number of horizontal folds

is reduced to 8; the vertical ordinarily 4, only one specimen with

3, or the fourth is vaguely suggested. The spots on the folds are

very constant, varying only in intensity and size. The spot on the

siphonal notch is lacking in only one specimen of lot no. 1230.

These spots are of stronger violaceous color in live specimens or

for a short time after being collected; after several months the

violaceous hue is less intense and more brownish. Some specimens

have below the fascicle band a yellowish tinge.

Distribution: The new species is known to date from the type

locality in Uruguay and from Chui, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;

in shallow water on sandy bottoms, uncovered at low tide.

Comparisons: O. teaguei is easily separable from all other

sj>ecies of the genus in the region, such as O. urceus (Johnson,

1915), O. contortuplicata, O. deshayesiana (Carcelles, 1944; Lange

de Morretes, 1949). In shape it is close to O. auricular ia which is

always more ventrose, with the cuter lip stronger and very curved

(more "auriculed" and reaches a larger size. In the Museum at

Montevideo, a specimen from the Brazilian coast measured 67

134 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4)

mm., although in La Coronilla they do not exceed 50 mm. Also,

the last whorl in auricularia is bluish, with the fasciole band and

adjacent zone pale-brown, while teaguei is entirely white (except

for the mentioned spots which are not present in auricularia), has

an interior of violaceous-brown, is clearer on the outer lip and on

the siphonal notch. O. auricularia (figs. 6, 7) has only 4 or 5

horizontal folds which are thick and parallel and very short above

the basal fold, and has the rest of the columellar callus com-

pletely smooth. The columellar callus extends to the apex, which

generally is covered by the enamel, while in O. teaguei the apex

is free.

References

Carcelles, A. 1944. Catalogo Moluscos Marinos Puerto Quequen,

Rev. Mus. La Plata, Zool. 5:233-309, pis. 1-15.

de Monetes, F. Lange. 1949. Ensaio Catalogo Moluscos do Brasil,

Arquiv. Mus. Paranaense 7:1-216.

d'Orbigny, A. 1841. Voyage dans I'Amerique Meridionale . . .,

Mollusques 5 (3): 409-488.

Johnson, Ch. W. 1915. Further notes on the Olividae, Nautilus

2(9(9):97-104, and (10):114-116.

THREE NEW UNIONIDS FROM ALABAMA AND FLORIDA

AND A NOTE ON LAMPSILIS JONESI

By HERBERT D. ATHEARN

Cleveland, Tennessee

Few new species of unionids may be found in North America

today. Most areas have been well explored, especially the Ala-

bama and Tennessee River systems which still support an ex-

ceedingly rich unionid fauna. The greatly varied Elliptio fauna

of central Florida has been well collected and many names have

been applied to its forms. The streams of western Florida have

not been so thoroughly worked. This statement appears to be

particularly applicable to the lower Choctawhatchee, the Yellow,

the lower Escambia and the Perdido Rivers. Two of the new

unionids described herein are from one of these streams, the

Choctawhatchee River.

ALASMmoNTA MCCORDi, new species. Plate 9, figs, a, b.

Description. Shell medium-small in size, the type 58 mm. (about

2 1/4 inches) in length, oval in outline, fairly thin in structure and

inflated. Color tawny with broad and narrow rays of dark green

which are strongest on the disc. Posterior slope slightly concave

April, 1964 nautilus 135

below the ligament. Posterior ridge low, rounded. Umbos slightly

anterior of center, fairly high, swollen and turned forward over

a lunule. The portion of the disc behind the posterior ridge is

moderately swollen. Shell tapers off abruptly anteriorly. Peri-

ostracum shining on the disc, roughened posteriorly and becom-

ing cloth-like anteriorly where it exhibits many fine growth lines.

Nacre pearly, slightly iridescent, blotched in the vicinity of the

beak cavity. Pseudocardinal teeth small, erect, one in the left

valve and with the vestige of another behind it; two in the right

valve. Lateral teeth nearly absent, there being a vestige of a

single one in the left valve and a double one in the right valve.

Muscle scars large, the anterior adductor scar somewhat im-

pressed.

Type. Holotype is deposited in the National Museum of Can-

ada as catalogue number 20094. No other specimens are known to

exist at the present time. Holotype collected by the author on

August 2, 1956, Measurements: length 58 mm, height 40 mm,

breadth 25 mm.

Type Locality. Coosa River, Ten Island Shoals, just below old

Lock 2 Dam, three and two-tenths miles south of Greenport, St.

Clair County, Alabama.

Remarks. This specimen was collected alive on a sand and

gravelly bottom which was thickly strewn w^th rock debris from

Lock 2 Dam. The water here was swift and shallow. The valves

are slightly mis-shapen and the growth lines are not entirely con-

centric. Apparently during its juvenile stage, this specimen was

Avedged between two rocks. Certainly this does not account for its

appearance of uniqueness as a new species, however.

This species does not closely resemble any other American

species. Exteriorly, the shell may be compared with Alasmidonta

calceola Lea. A. mccordi is much higher and a little more in-

flated than the latter. Its rays are narrower and more widely

spaced but like A. calceola, these rays extend across the entire

disc. Interiorly, the hinge teeth resemble those of Lasmigona

holstonia Lea. The delicate cardinal teeth are located slightly

fonvard of the beak cavity as in L. holstonia.

This species is named in honor of John McCord of Cleveland,

Tennessee, an esteemed colleague.

Lampsilis haddletoni, new species. Plate 9, figs, h, g.

Description. — Shell rather small in size, mature specimens meas-

uring 30 mm. (1 3/16 inches) in length, subelliptical in outline,

thin in structure, scarcely inflated, and with the lip only slightly

thickened. Color tawny, smoky on the disc and anteriorly with

136 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4)

well defined narrow rays on the posterior slope. Posterior ridge

low, rounded, having a very slight tendency to be double. Um-

bones anterior of center, low and much corroded. Beak sculpture

not seen. A dorsal view of both type specimens shows their great-

est diameter to be centrally located. Ligament tawny, moderate

in width and about y^ length of shell. Periostracum smooth and

shining over the entire surface and having a waxy appearance.

Nacre flesh colored dorsally and anteriorly, pearly along the

ventral margin and posteriorly, and very iridescent posteriorly.

Anterior muscle scars deep and well defined. Posterior scars faint

and with nacre iridescent within. Lelt valve with 2 curved laterals

and 2 pseudocardinal teeth. Right valve with one curved lateral

tooth, one stubby pseudocardinal tooth and two vestigial pseudo-

cardinal teeth.

Type lot. — Holotype is deposited in the National Museum of

Canada as catalogue number 20095. The paratype is in the collec-

tion of the author as catalogue number 6705. These two mature

specimens were collected by the author on September 23, 1956.

Measurements

Length Height Breadth

(mm) (mm) (mm)

30 23 12.5 Holotype.

30.5 22 12.5 Paratype.

Length Height Breadth

Type Locality. — Choctawhatchee River, West Fork, seven miles

southwest of Ozark, Dale County, Alabama.

Remarks. — The distribution of this species is probably re-

stricted to the headwaters of the Choctawhatchee River system,

where it is very rarely found. The type shells were collected on a

shoal which was xtensively worked over with a hoe. L. haddletoni

appears somewhat similiar to L. ochracea Say. It is smaller than

that species, less inflated, the shell thicker, and the cardinal teeth

are much larger. The species differs from Villosa choctawensis

Athearn (herein described by its orbicular outline, flesh colored

nacre and in particular in the coloration of the epidermis. The

epidermis of L. haddletoni is darker anteriorly on the disc while

it is lighter near the ventral margin and on the posterior slope.

Rays are prominent only on the posterior slope. The epidermis of

adult V. choctawensis is dark throughout except in the vicinity of

the umbones where it appears lighter and exhibits fine rays.

I take pleasure in naming this species after my good friend and

colleague Arthur Haddleton Clarke, Jr. of the National Museum

of Canada.

April, 1964 NAUTILUS 137

ViLLosA CHocTAWENSis, new specics, Plate 9, figs, c, d, e, f.

Description. — Shell small in size, measuring up to 42 mm

(about 1 S/g inches) in length, subelliptical in outline, moder-

ately thin in structure, somewhat inflated, and with the lip

slightly thickened. Color brownish black to chestnut brown, often

lighter in the vicinity of the umbones, young specimens usually a

greenish brown and often exhibiting fine rays. Posterior ridge

poorly defined, low and rounded. Sexual dimorphism pro-

nounced. Female specimens truncate or widely rounded posteri-

orly, male specimens more evenly rounded and sometimes

bluntly pointed. In addition, females are usually slightly more

inflated. Umbones well anterior to center, wide and full. Beak

sculpture consisting of 4 or 5 thin and slightly undulating ridges.

Greatest diameter of shell just behind the beaks. Ligament about

14 length of the shell and of moderate width. Periostracum usu-

ally smooth and shining on the upper disc, but roughened closer

to the ventral margin and on the posterior slope.

Nacre consistently whitish in color, sometimes slightly blotched

and somewhat iridescent posteriorly. Anterior muscle scars well

defined, the adductor scar being especially deep. Posterior scars

poorly defined. Left valve with 2 laterals and 2 pseudocardinal

teeth. Right valve with one lateral tooth and the vestige of a

second, one large erect pseudocardinal tooth and usually 2 vesti-

gial pseudocardinal teeth.

Type lot.— Holotype, NMC 20096 deposited in the National

Museum of Canada. Paratypes are deposited in the United States

National Museum, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, University of Michigan Muse-

um of Zoology, Florida State Museum and the collection of the

author. Tyj>e and paratypes collected by the author on November

28, 1958.

Holotype.

Paratype from tyj>e locality.

Choctawhatchee R., Roaring Cutoff,

2.6 mi. NE of Redbay, Walton Co.,

Florida.

Choctawhatchee R., about 3 1/2 mi. SE

Hinsons Cross Roads, Washington Co.,

Florida.

30 21 13.5 Choctawhatchee R., Waterford, 1.1 mi.

N. of Newton, Dale Co., Alabama.

138 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4)

Type Locality. — Choctawhatchee River, two miles southwest of

Caryville; about one mile downstream from U. S. Highway 90,

Holmes County, Florida.

Remarks. — V. choctawensis lives in moderate to swiftly moving

water, on sandy bottom. The type specimens were collected on

sandy bottom which was free of mud. In this kind of environ-

ment, the periostracum tends to be rather shining on the disc. On

sand bars which contain mud rich in vegetable detritus, the

species grows larger and the periostracum becomes coarser with

heavier lines of growth. The Roaring Cutoff lot is of this latter

sort.

V. choctawensis has probably been mistaken for Pleurobema

strodeanum B. H. Wright by collectors in the past. The males of

V. choctawensis are strikingly similar to that species. However,

they lack the consistently well defined posterior ridge of P. stro-

deanum. The male and female shells of P. strodeanum are essen-

tially alike as is characteristic of shells of the genus Pleurobema

(Simpson, 1914) . Sexual dimorphism is well defined in specimens

of V. choctawensis.

The nacre of the posterior area of V. choctawensis lacks most

of the bluish appearance found in that area in P. strodeanum.

V. choctawensis is in some respects similar to V. villosa B. H.

Wright but is much shorter than that species.

This species is named in honor of the Choctaw Indians.

Lampsilis jonesi van der Schalie.

Clench and Turner (1956) list the known naiades of west

Florida together with their descriptions and much other valuable

data. Their synonomy of Lampsilis jonesi van der Schalie as

Lampsilis australis Simpson, however, is not correct. These two

species may be distinguished as follows: the posterior ridge of

L. jonesi is double with each valve exhibiting a characteristic

scalloped edge between the extremities of these ridges; the perio-

stracum of L. jonesi is somewhat coarser than that of L. australis,

the latter species exhibiting a smooth, often glossy effect; L. jonesi

is more cylindrically shaped while the lateral outline of L. aus-

tralis is rather evenly elliptical and the shell not so inflated. The

two species were collected from the same shoal of the West Fork,

Choctawhatchee River, about 7 miles SE of Ozark, Dale County,

Alabama. I experienced no difficulty in separating the 35 speci-

mens of L. australis from the 98 specimens of L. jonesi taken at

April, 1964 nautilus 139

that station.

Sexual dimorphism is well pronounced in the adult stages of

L. jonesi. Female specimens exhibit a general swelling of the disc

below the posterior ridge. In L. aiistralis sexual dimorphism

sometimes may be noted, but only by a gieater rounding of the

ventral margin.

References

Clench, W. J. and Turner, R. D. 1956. Freshwater Mollusks of

Alabama, Georgia, and Florida from the Escambia to the

Suwannee River. Bull., Florida State Mus. 1 (3) , 144 pp.

Simpson, C. T. 1900. New and unfigured Unionidae. Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Philadelphia: 75, pi. 2, fig. 2.

Simpson, C. T. 1914. A descriptive catalogue of the Naiades, or

pearly fresh-water mussels. Bryant Walker, Detroit, pp. 733.

van der Schalie, Henry, 1934. Lanipsilis jonesi, a new naiad from

southeastern Alabama. Nautilus ^7:125-127, pi. 15.

NOTES AND NEWS

Formation of an epiphragm and true aestivation in

Melampidae.^ — Members of the family Melampidae are usually

considered as extremely primitive Pulmonata. In particular, up to

now, they have been regarded as incapable of any specialized

means for hibernation or aestivation under conditions seasonally

unfavorable for activity. It is believed that epiphragm formation

by members of the family Melampidae is recorded here for the

first time.

Allochroa layardi H. & A. Adams 1855 was collected in num-

bers in apertures and pockets on the under side of coralline

rubble and slabs, on the exposed reef along the south side of

Amedee Island, about 12 miles off Noumea, New Caledonia, on

December 15, 1960. These individuals were not active, but were

resting on the walls of these (sometimes tiny) openings when

found. Each one had to be detached, and picked, shaken, or

jarred out of these blind holes in the coralline rock pieces. Upon

checking their specific characters under the microscope, I dis-

covered that the majority of these shells showed an epiphragm

at the aperture, that had sealed the shells against excessive loss of

moisture, and had fixed them against the rock surface in their

hiding places. Apparently this is not an accidental or isolated

1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

140 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4)

occurrence. The only other specmien of this Alloclnoa species I

collected alive on New Caledonia shows the same thing. The

locality was the rocky, upper intertidal zone on the northwest

side of N'GO Bay, between 50 and 150 metres from the mouth of

the bay. In other words, this is on the practically open, exposed

rocky salt water shore line of the main island of New Caledonia.

Here under pieces of coralline rock, and in pockets on the under

side of these coralline rocks, one specimen of Allochroa layardi,

and a number of Laemodonta lirata H. Sc A. Adams 1854 were

collected on January 14, 1961. The Allochroa, and a few in-

dividuals of the Laemodonta from this habitat show epiphragm

formation.

In a larger sample I collected on the shore of the Baie de

Prony, a number of Laemodonta lirata individuals showed evi-

dence of epiphragm formation in sealing themselves onto the

under surfaces of the rocks under which they live. This was also

true of some of the specimens of Cassidula paludosa Garrett

1872, found living under the same rocks on January 1, 1961. In

still another sample from the Baie de Prony, a single Laemodonta

lirata individual was sealed onto the rock with an epiphragm

formation, when collected on January 2, 1961.

All these shells were dropped into alcohol when collected, and

later were packaged in cheese-cloth in alcohol drums for ship-

ment, yet they still show this epiphragm formation after drying

for permanent placement in the United States National Museum

collections.

To summarize, certain members of the very primitive pul-

monate family Melampidae, namely Allochroa layardi H. &: A.

Adams 1855, Laemodonta lirata H. & A. Adams 1854, and (occa-

sionally) Cassidula paludosa Garrett 1872, do aestivate (with the

formation of an epiphragm) under the upper intertidal rocks of

southern New Caledonia shore lines in the hotter summer season.

— ^J. P. E. Morrison.

Some of Rafinesque's unionid names. — Almost half a century

ago, A. E. Ortmann and Bryant Walker, 1922, Occ. Papers Mus.

Zoo. Univ. Mich. 112, with notes by H. A. Pilsbry, made a care-

ful survey of the nomenclature of North American unionoids,

with special attention to the bewildering confusion of tenns pro-

NAUTILUS 77 (4)

PLATE 8

Fig. 1. Olh'ancillaria teaguci ii. sp.. shell, holotype, dorsal view. Fig. 2. The

same, apertural \ie\v. Fig. 3. O. auricularia (Lamarck), dorsal view, length

22 mm. Fig. 4. O. teuguei, mouth wiih pillar structure. Fig. 5. The same,

rotated. Fig. 6. O auricularia, mouth with pillar structure. Fig. 7. 1 he same,

rotated. Fig. 8. O. teagiiei, rachidian tooth.

NAUTILUS 77 (4)

PLATE 9

-•**T!a^

I'igs. a-b. Alasmidonta niccordi Alhearn, holotype. Figs. c-L J'illosa rliocta-

weiisis Athearn, paratypes iiom type locality (c-d, male; el. Icinale) . Figs,

g-h. Lampsilis haddlctoni Athearn, paratvpes.

April, 1964 nautilus 141

posed by Rafinesque, 1819, 1820 and 1831. ^ In the cases oiLemiox,

Lasmonos, Toxolasma, etc., O. Sc W. wisely decided that, since

the type species of these names were unidentifiable, the generic

names also became "nomina dubia" and should be rejected. With

this, I agree thoroughly.

On the other hand, in their discussions of Lastena (p. 32) and

Plagiola (p. 51) , they rejected Herrmannsen's (1847) subsequent

selections, because his type species were unidentifiable [with

which I also agree] but accepted still later selections for these

cognomens [which is not peimissible]. Since Anodonta ohiensis

Raf., 1820: 316, is not identifiable, Lastena Raf. (loc. cit.) also

must be rejected completely, and for still another reason; Raf.

(loc. cit.) did not include A. lata in Lastena sensu stricto, but

proposed another subgenus Hemistena for it, which is Frierson's

(1927) correct generic name of Hemistena lata (Raf.). [I think

this has been discussed previously, but forget by whom.]

Similarly, since Obliquaria interrupta Raf., 1820: 302, is not

identifiable, Plagiola Raf. (1819) also must be a "nomen dubium"

unless the I. C.Z.N, set aside Herrmannsen's type selection, and

validate Plagiola, as generally used. Incidentally, the Poulson

"type" of interrupta is a Dysnomia (Triincillopsi's) but Frierson

(1927) guessed the name to apply to a Ligiimia. However, the

specific name also is not preoccupied for two reasons; according

to the present "code" [article 58 (e)] a name "proposed for a

species takes precedence over one proposed for a subspecies."

Apparently, the legal name for ''Plagiola" is Ellipsaria Raf., 1820:

303, type by absolute tautonymy Obliquaria ellipsaria Raf.

O. & W. agreed that this name is a synonym of ''Plagiola" line-

olata (Raf.).

A usage of another Rafinesque name also is considered in-

correct, for the same reasons as those discussed under Lastena.

In 1914, Naut. 28:1, Frierson correctly selected D. marginata Raf.

as the type species of Diplasma Raf., 1831:6, and apparently

thought it to be Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck) . Of course,

Frierson's later (1927, A classified and annotated check list of

N. A. naiades, appendix) selection is invalid, also partly because

Raf. (loc. cit.) did not include D. vitrea in his Diplasma s.s., but

in his "subgenus" Hemisolasma, 1831:7, for which D. vitrea now

1 See bibliography of O. & W.: 72-75 for full references.

142 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4)

is selected the type species. If the last name be identifiable (and

Frierson's argument is rather convincing) , Hemisolasma vitrea

might replace Unio olivarius Lea, 1834 (1831, preprint?) and

Hemisolasma is prior to Nodularia Conrad, 1853. Evidently,

"Diplasminae" Modell, 1942, Arch. Molluskenk. 74:111, was

based on Frierson's second and invalid type selection. — H. Bur-

RiNGTON Baker.

Dromus not a homonym. — Dromiis Simpson, 1900, Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus. 22: 614, "Type, Unio dromus Lea," evidently is not a

homonym, since "Dromus" Selby, 1840, Cat. Typ. Birds: 45,

plainly is an "incorrect subsequent spelling" instead of an inten-

tional emendation. Under the present "code," unless an undis-

covered emendation prior to 1900 preoccupies, Conchodromus

Haas, 1930, Senckenbergiana 12: 317, was an unnecessary substi-

tute and becomes a junior synonym. — H. Burrington Baker.

Correction: — In Nautilus 77:101, the figure in the upper right

is Rhytidothyra bilabiata (Orbigny) and that in the upper left is

R. jacohsoni Alcalde, as is the bottom figure of sculpture. The

two species were put on one plate for purposes of comparison.

— Morris K. Jacobson.

GULELLA (HUTTONELLA) BICOLOR (HuTTON) . Dr. L. A. W. C.

Venmans has recently published an excellent paper on the Strep-

taxidae of the Caribbean area (1963, Studies on the Fauna of

Curacao and other Caribbean Islands 14:A\-1Q>) . Under the above

species I would like to add the following localities, as they extend

the range considerably. His northernmost records were from the

Virgin Islands.

Hispaniola: Puerto Sosua, Repiiblica Dominicana.

Cuba: Jardin Botanico, Habana, Habana Prov.; Cardenas, Ma-

tanzas Prov.; El Pureo, Calabazar, Las Villas Prov.; Isla de

Pinos.

North America: St. Peter's Cemetery, Charleston, South Carolina.

H. Vander Schalie has reported this species from Guayama,

Puerto Rico (1948, Univ. of Michigan, Mus. of Zoology, Misc.

Publications 76>: 68) and M. K. Jacobson from Coconut Grove,

Florida (1957, Nautilus 71 (2):in) .

In addition, the Museum of Comparative Zoology has speci-

mens from the follow^ing places:

April, 1964 nautilus 143

Brasil: Manaos.

Frejich Guiana: Cayenne.

Marquesas Ids.: Nuka Hiva.

Fiji Ids.: near Lautoka, Viti Levu.

Caroline Ids.: Yap.

Marianas Ids.: Guam.

Japan: Okinoerabushima, Ryukyu Ids.

Philippine Ids.: Manilla, Luzon; Boac, Marinduque; Palo, Leyte;

Lubang Id.; Calapan, Mindoro; Dapitan, Mindanao.

Africa: Mombasa, Kenya.

Madagascar: Nossi Be. — William J. Clench.

CoRBicuLA fluminea AT ViCKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI. — On October

13, 1963 Corbicula fluminea (Miiller) was found abundant in the

Yazoo River at the foot of China Street, Vicksburg, Miss. It was

also found in the Yazoo River at the old Eagle Lake Ferry land-

ing, 7.5 miles north of Vicksburg, but not as abundantly. It was

not found in the Yazoo River north of Redwood, nor at Satartia.

— Leslie Hubricht.

PsiLARius, new name for Leptariiis Woodring, 1964, not Lep-

tarius Gill, 1864 (Gastropoda, Nassariidae) . — Through a regret-

table oversight Leptarius, recently named as a monotypic genus

of the family Nassariidae (Woodring, U. S. Geological Survey

Prof. Paper 306-C, p. 272, 1964), is a junior homonym of

Leptarius Gill (Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc, 1863, p. 170, 1864).

Psilarius is proposed as a substitute name. The type species is

Leptarius leptus Woodring, now Psilarius leptus (Woodring), a

middle Miocene species from the Gatun formation of the Panama

Canal Zone. — W. P. Woodring.

American Malacological Union. — The 30th annual meeting

will be held July 21 to 24, 1964, in New Orleans, Louisiana.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Adam, William. 1961. Res. Sci. Camp. "Calypso," fasc. 5 (13)

cephalopodes. Ann. Sci. Ocean. (France) 39: 227-235.

1962. Etudes sur les mollusques de I'Afrique noire et des

regions voisines. 3, Quelques especes peu connues de Gonaxis.

Bui. Inst. roy. Sci. nat. Belg. 5<^(17) : 1-lL 2 figs., 1 pi. 4, Con-

tribution a la connaissance du genre Lamelliger Ancey, 1884.

Bui. ibid. (21): 1-11, 1 pi.

144 NAUTILUS Vol. 77 (4)

Aguayo, Carlos G. 1963. Notas sobre moluscos antillanos, 4. 1, La

familia Sphaeriidae (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) en Cuba y Puerto

Rico. 2, Sobre el hallazgo de Gyraulus parvus en Cuba. Carib.

J. Sci. 5:69-71.

Boettger, Caesar R. 1962. Die Flussperlmuschel in der Liine-

burger Heide, ihr Gebietsverlust in historischer Zeit und uber

ein vermutetes Vorkommen der Art in der Ise. Beitr. Naturk.

Niedersachsens 15: 1-6, 1 fig.

1962. Gastropoden mit zwei Schalenklappen. Verb. Deutsch.

Zoo. Ges. Wien: 403-439, 6 figs.

Branson, Branley A. 1962. The slugs (Gastropoda: Pulmonata

of Oklahoma and Kansas with new records. Trans. Kas. Acad.

Sci. 55; 110-119.

1962, The recent Gastropoda of Oklahoma, part 4. Ter-

restrial species, families Polygyridae and Bulimulidae. Proc.

Okla. Acad. Sci. 42: 60-80, incl. 3 pis.

1963. A note on molluscan zoogeography: distribution of

Gyraulus arizonensis (Pilsbry and Ferriss) . Southwest. Nat. <^;

51.

1963. Additions to and distributional annotations on the

Kansas gastropod fauna. Trans. Kas. Acad. Sci. 66: 72-75.

Chiu, Shui-Chen and Ken-Ching Chou. 1961. Observations on

biology of the carnivorous snail Euglandina rosea Ferussac.

Bui. Inst. Zoo. Acad. Sinica 1: 17-24, 11 figs.

Clayton, Lee. 1961. Late Wisconsin Mollusca from ice-contact

deposits in Logan County, North Dakota. Proc. N. D. Acad.

Sci. 15: 11-18, 2 figs.

Marcus, Ernst and E. du B.-R. Marcus. 1963. Mesogastropoden

von der Kiiste Sao Paulos. Abhandl. Math.-Naturwissenschaft.

Klasse. Jahr. 1963, no. 2:1-103, 95 figs. A very thorough treat-

ment of the gross anatomy, eggs, larval forms and ecology is

given for several species of Littorina, Littoridina australis

nana new subsp.. Caecum pulchellum Stimpson, C. corneum

Dunker, and Bittium varium (Pfeiffer) . These authors place

the Caecidae in the Rissoacea, next to the Hydrobiidae. They

had not, as yet, seen D. R. Moore's 1962 paper (Bull. Mar. Sci.

Gulf and Carib., 12 (4) \695-701) in which the Caecidae were

also placed in the Rissoacea, but allied to the Vitrinellidae.

— R. T. A.

Vol. 77 JULY, 1963 /^^ / No. 1

THF

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Genus Olivella in eastern Pacific. By John Q. and Rose L.

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Supplementary notes on pre-Columbian Littorina littorea

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Living examples of Auriculastra pellucens and its larval

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Avion in New England. By Lowell L. Getz and Robert H.

Wakefield 14

Northern records of Gastrocopta procera. By Norman J.

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Extension of range of Asiatic clam to Cincinnati Reach of

the Ohio River. By Lowell Keup, W. B. Horning, William

M. Ingram 18

Mollusks from hardwoods of the Chignecto Isthmus. By

E. J. Dimelow 21

Observations on a colony of Magnipelta. By Royal Bruce

Brunson and Niles Kevern 23

A method of tagging channeled whelks. By William N.

Shaw 28

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