Vol. 82 JULY, 1968 No. 1

THE

NAUTILUS

THE PILSBRY QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Horace Burrington Baker, 11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pa.

(Emeritus Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania)

Charles B. Wurtz, Biology Department

La Salle College, Philadelphia, Pa. 19141

R. Tucker Abbott, Henry A. Pilsbry Chair of Malacology

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103

CONTENTS

Sexual dimorphism in Polinices lewisi (Naticidae) .

By F. R. Bernard 1

Note on ecology of Goniobasis proxima in North Caro-

lina. By Bruce Z. Lang 3

Distinction between Conns juliae, C. daucus and C.

brasiliensis. By /.-/. van Mol and B. Tursch 5

Occurrence and distribution of New Jersey Opistho-

branchia. By David R. Franz 7

Goniobasis curreyana lyoni, a pleurocerid snail of west-

central Kentucky. By Daniel Bickel 13

The systematic position of Glyptaesopus. By George E.

Radwin 18

A scalariform Biomphalaria glabrata. By Paul F. Basch. . . 19, 21

Elliptio nigella, overlooked unionid from Apalachicola

River system. By Richard I. Johnson 20, 22

The land snails of Mammoth Cave National Park, Ken-

tucky. By Leslie Hubricht 24

Death from desiccation in the mud-snail, Nassarius

obsoletus: Effects of size. By Carl W. Schaefer, Nor-

man L. Levin and Peter Milch 28

Notes and news 31 Publications received .... 36

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illogical Laboratory

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AUG 2 1968

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NAUTILUS:

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THE

NAUTILUS

THE PILSBRY QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. 82

JULY, 1968 to APRIL, 1969

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

HORACE BURRINGTON BAKER

Professor Emeritus of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania

CHARLES B. WURTZ

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MRS. HORACE B. BAKER

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THE NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 July, 1968 No. 1

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN POLINICES LEWISI

(NATICIDAE)

By F. R. BERNARD

Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B. C.

Sexual dimorphism of the gastropod shell usually is limited to

size differences. Gallien and Larambergue (1938) found that in

the marine littorinid Lacuna pallidula [da Costa] females are

more than twice the size of males. Quick (1920) showed that in

the brackish water hydrobiid Paludestrina stagnalis \— Hydrobia

ventrosa (Montagu) ] the female shell spire is longer and more

tumid than the male's. Cotton (1905) reported that the relative

width of Strombus pugilis alatus (Gmelin) is greater in females

than in males. Cotton's difference is small and its validity is doubt-

ful, judging from his statistically insignificant sample. Analysis of

Goodrich's (1944) measurements of the same species from Sanibel

Island failed to show bimodal distribution of the relative width.

Abbott (1949) working with Indo-Pacific Strombus gibberulus

(Linne) and Strombus fiammeus Link [= S. mutabilis Swainson],

found that on the average males are smaller than females, though

overlapping of the size ranges is so extensive that shell length

cannot be used as an index to sex. Abbott (1961) showed that for

Lambis lamb is (Linne) males are from 30 to 45 per cent

smaller than females and have a different sculpturing and that

these differences are most pronounced in the central parts of its

range, decreasing on the eastern and western limits.

Polinices lewisi (Gould) of all sizes from a population in De-

parture Bay, British Columbia, Canada, were sexed and measured.

Annual check-marks or others age indices are not present in this

species but because it has a seasonal breeding pattern and yearly

recruitment is not uniform, one can infer the age structure of the

population by means of size-frequency distributions.

Sheldon (1967) found that for Crepidula fornicata (Linn£) the

shell weight and age relationship is linear between ages 2 and 8

years. For P. lewisi this relationship is curvilinear, with the male

curve being more pronounced. While linear growth decreases with

1

NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 (1)

advancing age, the shell is continuously thickened from within.

Calculation of the total weight/shell ratios of 1,875 specimens of

P. lewisi gave a statistically significantly mean of 0.472 for the

males and 0.401 for the females (see Fig. 1) . Means are for the

entire population comprising all size groups. Dimorphism is

much more pronounced in the largest individuals, around 360 gm.

total weight. For the 270 gm. total weight group the mean is 0.499

for the males and 0.411 for the females.

5r-

150

TOTAL WEIGHT (Qms)

300

Figure 1. The total weight/shell weight ratio (TW/SW) of 1875 male and

female P. lewisi. The mean curve of the graph was fitted by eye. The means

(X) for each sex is shown to the right of the curve.

Abbott (1949) found that in Strombus gibberulus and S. fiam-

meus males are fewer than females, which comprise 60% of the

population. The same situation is present in P. lewisi; of the total

population only 38% is male. An interesting fact is that if the

ratio is calculated for each size-group the disproportion of males

is seen to increase with age. For small animals (total weight less

than 50 gm.) the sex distribution is equal. In the largest group

(total weight more than 270 gm.) only 15% of the population is

male. There are two probable causes for decrease in the proportion

of males as growth proceeds; the apparent 'telescoping' of males

to junior size classes, due to a slower growth rate, and a different

rate of mortality, male P. lewisi living on an average only 2/3 as

July, 1968 nautilus 3

long as females.

Measurement of small samples of Natica clausa Broderip and

Sowerby and the Atlantic Polinices heros (Say) indicate similar

shell differences. Further study is needed to determine whether

sexual dimorphism is general in the Naticidae.

It was found that the shells of males, particularly the older ones,

were proportionately thicker than those of same size females.

The author wishes to thank Dr. R. Tucker Abbott for his help-

ful suggestions and criticism of this paper.

References

Abbott, R. T. 1949. Sexual dimorphism in Indo-Pacific Strombus.

Nautilus 63(2): 58-61.

Abbott, R. T. 1961. The genus Lambis in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-

Pacific Mollusca 1: 147-174.

Cotton, H. S. 1905. Sexual dimorphism in Strombus pugilis Linne.

Nautilus 73(12): 139-140.

Gallien, L. and M. de Larambergue. 1938. Biologie et sexualite

de Lacuna pallidula da Costa (Littorinidae) . Trav. Sta. Zool.

Wimereux 13: 293-306.

Goodrich, C. 1944. Variations in Strombus pugilis alatus. Occ.

Papers Mus. Zool. Mich., No. 490, p. 1-10.

Quick, H. E. 1920. Notes on the anatomy and reproduction of

Paludestrina (Hydrobia) stagnalis. Jour. Conch. 16: 96-97.

Sheldon, R. W. 1967. Relationship between shell-weight and age

in certain molluscs. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 24 (5) : 1165-1171.

NOTE ON ECOLOGY OF GONIOBASIS PROXIMA

IN NORTH CAROLINA

By BRUCE Z. LANG

Department of Biology, Eastern Washington State College,

Cheney. Washington

An ecological study on a small leaf-choked stream (250 meters

long, 0.3-1.0 m. wide, and 1-11 cm. deep) near Chapel Hill, North

Carolina, indicated that Goniobasis proxima (Say) contributed

68% of the total biomass (dry weight) of the macrofauna present.

In the stream, snails were observed on sand and silt substrates,

leaves, and rocks. All G. proxima randomly sampled (132) had

a positive correlation (r = 0.613) with silt volume from the sam-

ples. Snails which were 5 mm. and over in size (width at widest

point of shell) gave a strong correlation with silt (r = 0.656) ,

while smaller snails, 2 mm. and under, had no significant corre-

4 nautilus Vol. 82 (1)

lation with silt (r = 0.123) . Some aspects of the habitat selection

of smaller snails differ from that of larger (older) snails. This is

indicated by their preference for a clean, sandy substrate and their

low correlation with bottom silt. Crutchfield (1966) has reported

on positive rheotaxis in G. proxima; however, size categories were

not indicated for his marked snails. He concluded that this orien-

tation response has possible survival value for G. proxima. Whether

snails of different size groups vary in their rheotaxis behavior

remains to be seen.

No obligatory stream organism was found preying on G. proxi-

ma. From intestinal analyses and field observations on larger

snails, apparently the main food source is dead leaves. The stream

is choked with dead leaves throughout the year and food is no

problem for the larger snails. This may explain the large biomass

of this species as compared to other obligatory stream organism

present in the samples. The main foodstuff for the smaller snails

was not determined. Small snails (2 mm. and under) are usually

found in the sand and could be eating algae, fungi, or bacterial

organisms growing on sand grains and gravel.

Twenty-five percent of the sampled snails (23/132) contained

larval trematode infections. These were identified as Metagoni-

moides oregonensis (Lang and Gleason, 1967) , and Mosesia chor-

deilesia. An unidentified member of the family Lecithodendriidae

was also present. These parasites would constitute a fairly sizeable

biomass, but the effects on the snail population are unknown. Snail

collections for several years (1961-1963) above and below the

study area revealed a marked seasonal fluctuation in infections

with M. oregonensis. These snail collections were not random, and

over 2000 specimens were collected. Infections were highest in-

winter (23%, 39.2%, and 52.7%) and lowest in spring (14.4%

and 17.6%).

The trophic structure of the stream is based on animals that

can feed on organic detritus. With the exception of G. proxima,

the primary consumers are particulate feeders. Therefore, the

energy stored in dead leaves is not available to them until it has

been softened by water, bacteria and fungi, and broken up by

the action of feeding snails and current flow. Feeding by the snails

breaks up some of the leaves, hastening the action of the decom-

posers, and also makes energy available to the particular feeders

July, 1968 nautilus 5

via fecal strings and leaf fragments. Since snails appear to be the

only primary consumers which can feed directly on whole leaves,

we might expect them to contribute a large biomass to the total

standing crop. Only a small portion of leaf energy is being utilized

by the stream community. The snail population, along with the

microdecomposer populations, may be responsible for making

energy available to other members of the community.

Teal (1957) reported that the most important source of energy

for the spring community he studied was leaves. This is the case in

the stream community considered here. The stream community

is a relatively open system in that organic material is passively

brought into the system in the form of leaves, litter, and wood

fragments.

Literature cited

Crutchfield, P. J. 1966. Positive rheotaxis in Goniobasis proxima.

Naut. 79: 80-86.

Lang, B. Z. and L. N. Gleason. 1967. Life cycle of Metagonimoides

oregonensis Price, 1931 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) in North

Carolina. J. Parasit. 53: 93.

Teal, J. M. 1957. Community metabolism in a temporal cold

spring. Ecol. Monog. 27: 283-302.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONUS JULIAE, C. DAUCUS

AND C. BRASILIENSIS

By J.-J. VAN MOL and B. TURSCH

University Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium

During a recent review of Brasilian Conidae (1) , our attention

was called upon the problem of the distinction between three

somewhat similar species of west Atlantic cones: C. daucus Hwass

in Brug., C. juliae Clench and C. brasiliensis Clench. The difficulty

might not appear dubious unless one has seen series of C. brasili-

ensis. Therefore, it is to be stressed that the holotype of this

species is rather untypical of the majority of the shells and that

its color pattern seems restricted to shallow-water specimens from

the coast of Espiritu Santo. C. brasiliensis presents a remarkable

variability in its coloration and is frequently of the same nearly

uniform reddish orange hue as C. daucus and C. juliae.

Although the distinction between C. daucus and C. juliae is

quite easy from the radulae (2) and the external shape (higher

spire and rather inflated body whorl for C. juliae) ; gross con-

NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 (1)

etiological features are sometimes not sufficient to discriminate

C. brasiliensis from young C. juliae. Radulae of the two species

are somewhat different (1) , but the real significance of the minor

variations observed is not really clear to us. The problem cannot

be satisfactorily solved on the basis of geographical data since all

the three species have common West Indian localities (Puerto

Rico) .

Figure 1. Apex of a: Conus juliae b : C. brasiliensis c : C. daucus.

A convenient criterion can be found by examination under

magnification of the first whorls of the spire.

C. juliae (fig. la) .* Nucleus : 3 whorls. Important axial

sculpture on the sides of the three first postnuclear whorls, weak-

ening progressively.

C. brasiliensis (fig. lb). Nucleus : 1% whorl. Occasionally a

few axial ribs on the sides of the first postnuclear whorls.

C. daucus (fig. lc) . Nucleus : 3 whorls. No sculpture on the

sides of the whorls.

Our general observation on Brasilian Conidae has been that

the microsculpture of the first postnuclear whorls is a constant

character. It is particularly useful in the present cases, although

it is naturally available only in perfect fresh specimens.

References

M^moires de l'lnstitut oceanographique de Monaco : Campagnes

de la Calypso. In press.

G. L. Warmke, Nautilus, 73, 119, 1960.

* This description is based upon two intact specimens of C. juliae kindly

lent to us by Dr. R. T. Abbott (A.N.S.P. 209733, 40 fath., 120 mi. E.N.E.

from Alacran, N. of Yucatan; no. 234389, 50 fath. off Palm Beach, Florida).

July, 1968 nautilus 7

OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF NEW JERSEY

OPISTHOBRANCHIA

By DAVID R. FRANZ

Systematic and Environmental Biology Section, Biological Sciences,

University of Connecticut, Storrs

The coastline of New Jersey, as well as that of other Middle

Atlantic states, is characterized by extensive sand beaches, salt

marshes, shallow bays and estuaries. The paucity of opisthobranch

faunal records, in an area heavily collected by both amateur and

professional malacologists over a period of many years, suggests

that the fauna is small. However, studies in other regions with

similar types of habitats have shown that systematic and diligent

collecting may reveal many new records. This is exemplified by the

collections of H. G. Wells (Marcus, 1961) from North Carolina

and Swennen (1961) in the Netherlands. I hope that the follow-

ing brief list of published and unpublished records will stimulate

malacologists to undertake a more thorough examination of the

New Jersey fauna.

Elysia chlorotica Gould.

Occurrence: Great Egg Harbor, 1873 (Verrill and Smith) ;

Cheesequake State Park, 1965 (K. Clark - pers. comm.) ; Shark

River Inlet, 1965 (pers. record). Further distribution: Minas

Basin, N. S. (Bailey Sc Bleakney, 1967) at least as far south as

Chesapeake Bay (Pfitzenmeyer, 1960) .

This attractive species was collected from Zostera by Verrill and

Smith. I have observed it on the open surface of a mud-flat at low

water as well as feeding on the alga Cladophora sp.

Elysia catulua (Gould) .

Occurrence: Great Egg Harbor, 1873 (Verrill and Smith) ;

Barnegat Bay, 1965 (F. Phillips, Rutgers University - pers. comm.)

Further distribution: Massachusetts to New Jersey (Johnson, 1934).

Very little is known of the biology of this species. Both of the

above records were taken from Zostera.

Doridella obscura Verrill.

Occurrence: Great Egg Harbor, 1873 (Verrill and Smith) ;

Raritan Bay, 30 VI. 1958 (D. Dean - Rutgers Univ. Coll.) ; Dela-

ware Bay, 1965 (pers. record) . Further distribution: This species

is now known from the entire east coast of the United States from

Vineyard Sound to the Gulf of Mexico. (Franz, 1967) .

8 nautilus Vol. 82 (1)

Polycerella emertoni Verrill.

Occurrence: Barnegat Bay near Beach Haven (record in Cham-

bers, 1934) . Further distribution: originally described from Woods

Hole, Massachusetts, it is known from Newport, R. I. and New

Haven, Connecticut.

Polycerella conyma Marcus.

Occurrence: Jarvis Sound, Cape May, X. 1965 (pers. record) .

Further distribution: Sau Paulo, Brazil; Virginia Key, Florida

(Marcus, 1957, Marcus and Marcus, 1960) ; Mississippi City,

Mississippi (collected by Mr. Leslie Hubricht, IX. 1967) .

Five specimens were scraped from pier pilings. The adults ap-

peared to be feeding on the bryozoan Bowerbankia gracilis, and

many egg masses were present, attached to Mytilus. Marcus (1957)

and Marcus and Marcus (1960) refer to the appearance of the

living animal but the figures are somewhat sketchy and in one case

based on the preserved slug. For this reason, a description of the

New Jersey animals is included here. Measurements of the two

largest slugs were as follows: length (mm.) — 3.34, 3.32; width —

0.85, 0.64; rhinophores — 0.58, 0.64; large papillae — 0.51, 0.58.

The 3 pinnate branchiae (Fig. 1) are located mid-dorsally. They

are erect and directed slightly posteriorly. The shaft of each

branchia bears 3 to 6 triangular lamellae per side. Generally, the

lamellae are opposite each other on each side of the shaft. Other

small papillae may occur on the branchiae. In most specimens,

the median branchia is somewhat smaller than the laterals but

this is variable. The shafts are colorless but the lamellae appear

yellow.

The simple, contractile, colorless rhinophores arise close to each

other and range in length from 1 to 1.5 times the length of the

branchiae.

Dorsally, the head appears subtriangular and sometimes notched

in front. The sides of the head from a ridge (pallial ridge) which

gradually fuses with the body contour in front of the branchiae

(Fig. 1) . Along the side of the head, the pallial ridge forms several

low angular projections. At the level of the branchiae, the presence

of the ridge is indicated by a series of small papillae which con-

tinue to the tail. In addition to these, there are two pairs of larger

papillae; one pair located just behind the branchiae and a much

smaller pair near the tail. (Fig. 1) . These larger papillae are

July, 1968

NAUTILUS

located medial to the pallial ridge but may be connected to it by

a series of very small papillae. A median, unpaired papilla occurs

on the dorsal surface of some animals, sometimes in front, some-

times behind the branchiae.

Fig. 1. Polycerella cony ma. left dorso-lateral view of living animal, r, rhino-

phore; b, branchia; p, pallial ridge. Fig. 2. Anterior end, ventral view, m,

mouth; f, foot. Fig. 3. Posterior end, left ventrolateral view, f, foot, a, ad-

hesive disc. Scale in all figures equals 1 mm.

On the ventral surface, the foot is very narrow, widening an-

teriorly (Fig. 2) . It is prehensile over its entire length. At its

posterior end (Fig. 3) the foot expands somewhat to form an

adhesive disc. The oral tentacles are small, simple and bluntly

rounded.

The animal is translucent and the entire body is more or less

evenly covered with minute yellow pigment spots which are denser

on the dorsal surface and on the tips of the papillae. In addition

to the yellow coloring, the body is lightly peppered with groups

of black pigment spots. The effect of the black and yellow colora-

tion is to give the animal a greenish hue. The rust-colored hepato-

pancreas is evident through the integument in the posterior half

of the body. The large papillae are devoid of any coloration.

The occurrences of this species close to the type localities of both

of the other two known members of this genus, P. emertoni Verrill

and P. davenportii Balch, makes it imperative that the taxonomy

and biology of all 3 species be examined in order to establish their

identities. Differences among the 3 described forms are discussed

by Marcus (1957) and Marcus and Marcus (1960) . P. emertoni

was not figured by Verrill and its external appearance must be

surmised from the description. The only other taxonomic informa-

tion available is Bergh's anatomical analysis (1883) . P. davenportii

is inadequately described and, to the best of my knowledge, has

never been rediscovered. Consequently, the conclusions drawn con-

10 nautilus Vol. 82 (1)

cerning the taxonomic identity of these two species and P. conyma

Marcus must be considered tentative at best and the possibility

that we are dealing with only two, or even a single species cannot

be ignored.

Cratena pilata (Gould) .

Occurrence: Delaware Bay, VIII & X. 1965. (pers. record) ;

Barnegat Bay, 1965 (F. Phillips - pers. comm.) . Further distribu-

tion: New England states to North Carolina. This species may be

the one identified only as "cuthonidae" by Cory (1967) from the

Patuxent River, Maryland.

In New England and North Carolina, C. pilata has been ob-

served feeding on the hydroid Pennaria. In Connecticut and New

Jersey, I have always found it in association with Tubularia crocea.

Tenellia fuscata (Gould) .

Occurrence: Barnegat Bay (record in Chambers, 1934) ; Shark

River, 13. X to 13. XII, 1961 (pers. record) ; Delaware Bay, VIII.

1967 (G. Hendler, Rutgers University - pers. comm.) . Further

distribution: Maine south through the New England states to New

Jersey. The Tenellia sp. reported by Cory (1967) from the Patux-

ent River, Maryland, is probably this species.

Chambers reported this species feeding on the bryozoan Amathia

dichotoma (= vidovici) . At Shark River, I found it on Obelia

geniculata and in Connecticut it is most commonly associated with

this species.

The taxonomic characteristics which separate this species from

the closely related European form, T. pallida (Alder &: Hancock) ,

are the possession of an unarmed penis and a hermaphroditic valve.

This is based on Chambers' (1934) study of the reproductive sys-

tem of New Jersey slugs. Since, however, the species is described

from Massachusetts and no comparative studies have been made

on animals from there, it is possible, although unlikely, that the

New England form may be T. pallida or even another species.

Since T. pallida is now known to occur in the New World on the

coast of Brazil (Marcus, 1960) it is important that the Massa-

chusetts animal be re-examined.

Tergipes despectus Forskal.

Occurrence: Shark River, 2. XI. 1961 (pers. record) . Further

distribution: Arctic seas to New Jersey on this coast; eastern at-

lantic from England south to the Mediterranean; the Black Sea.

July, 1968 nautilus 11

The single animal at Shark River was found in company with

Tenellia.

Aeolidia papulosa (Linne) .

Occurrence: Shark River, VIII. 1964 (pers. record) . Further

distribution: North Atlantic south to Portugal; on the American

coast from eastern Canada to Ocean City, Maryland, and from

Alaska to southern California; Japan.

The range extension of this species, as well as another boreo-

arctic species, Acanthodoris pilosa, as far south as Maryland (Mar-

cus, 1961) may be facilitated by the colonization of man-made

jetties.

Doto coronata (Gmelin) .

Occurrence: Great Egg Harbor, 1874 (Verrill and Smith).

Further distribution: Bay of Fundy to New Jersey on this coast;

Europe from the Scandinavian states to France and the Mediter-

ranean.

Discussion

Any zoogeographic conclusions based on the above records art

bound to be tentative because of the preliminary state of oui

knowledge. Nevertheless, a few generalizations may be suggested.

The New Jersey fauna represents a southern extension of the New

England fauna. Of the 10 species, only one, Polycerella conyma,

is not derived from the north although, admittedly, the origin of

Doridella obscura cannot be determined. The major barrier pre-

venting a larger representation of northern faunistic members is

probably the change from a predominently rocky shore to the

sandy-muddy coast of New Jersey. Indirect evidence for this is the

shift in the composition of the fauna. Thus, the Doridacea make

up about 30 percent, of all New England species of nudibranchs

and sacoglossans (excluding the pelagic nudibranchs Fiona and

Scyllaea) . Of the 9 New England species which occur in New

Jersey, only two are dorids and both of these are species not closely

associated with the rocky shore. Thus, the rocky shore New Eng-

land forms exemplified by species of Onchidoris, Acanthodoris,

Ancula and Polycera are absent in New Jersey.

Despite the overall similarity in physiography of the New Jer-

sey and North Carolina coasts, their opisthobranch faunas are un-

related. Of the 16 species of North Carolina sacoglossans and

nudibranchs, only Doridella obscura and Cratena pilata occur in

12 nautilus Vol. 82 (1)

New Jersey. Rather, the North Carolina fauna is related to the

tropical faunas of North and South America. Thus, 17 percent of

the North Carolina species also occurred in a collection of opistho-

branchs from Miami, Florida (Marcus and Marcus, 1960) and 62

percent are known from middle Brazil (Marcus, 1961) . Further,

the composition of the fauna is entirely different in that 50 percent

of the nudibranch and sacoglossan species are dorids. Of these,

only the ubiquitous Doridella obscura occurs in New Jersey.

References cited

Bailey, K. and J. B. Bleakney. 1967. First Canadian record of the

sacoglossan Elysia chlorotica Gould. Veliger 9 (3) : 353-354.

Bergh, R. 1883. Beitrage zu einer Monographic der Polyceraden.

III. Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 33: 135-180.

Cory, R. L. 1967. Epifauna of the Patuxent River, Maryland, for

1963 and 1964. Chesapeake Sci. 8(2): 71-89.

Chambers, L. A. 1934. Studies on the organs of reproduction in

the nudibranchiate mollusks. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

66: 599-641.

Franz, D.R. 1967. On the taxonomy and biology of the dorid

nudibranch Doridella obscura. Nautilus 80 (3) : 73-79.

Johnson, C. W. 1934. List of marine mollusca of the Atlantic coast

from Labrador to Texas. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 40: 1-204.

Marcus, E. 1957. On opisthobranchia from Brazil (2) . J. Linn.

Soc. Lond. Zool. 43 (292) : 390-486.

Marcus, E. 1961. Opisthobranchia from North Carolina. Journ.

Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 77 (2) : 141-151.

Marcus, E. and E. Marcus. 1960. Opisthobranchia from American

Atlantic warm waters. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and Carib. 10 (2) :

129-203.

Pfitzenmeyer, H. T. 1960. Notes on the nudibranch Elysia chloro-

tica from Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. Chesapeake Sci. 1 (2) :

114-115.

Swennen, C. 1961. Data on distribution, reproduction and ecology

of the nudibranchiate mollusks occurring in the Netherlands.

Netherlands Sea Res. 1 (1/2) : 191-240.

Verrill, A. E. and S. I. Smith. 1873. Report upon the invertibrate

animals of Vineyard Sound with an account of the physical char-

acters of the region. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish for 1871-1872.

Part I: 295-778. Washington.

July, 1968 nautilus 13

GONIOBASIS CURREYANA LYONI, A PLEUROCERID

SNAIL OF WEST-CENTRAL KENTUCKY

By DAVID BICKEL

Geology Department, Ohio State University and

The Ohio State Museum, Columbus

A heavily ornamented form of Goniobasis occurs in northern

headwater streams of the Rough and Nolin River drainages in

Kentucky. Populations are present in some spring streams of the

area that empty directly into the Ohio River. It is the Goniobasis

sp. discussed by Minckley (1962, 1963) in an ecological survey of

Doe Run in Meade County, Kentucky. This animal is Goniobasis

lyoni Lea, 1863, a species that Tryon (1865) placed in the

synonymy of Goniobasis glauca (Anthony) . It was subsequently

transferred along with G. glauca to the synonymy of Goniobasis

athleta (Anthony) by Tryon (1873) , and Goodrich (1940) shifted

it to the synonymy of Goniobasis laqueata (Say) . Goniobasis lyoni

is a form of Goniobasis curreyana (Lea) and is distinct enough to

merit recognition.

Description. Lea (1863, p. 266) gave a sufficient description of

the holotype of Goniobasis curreyana lyoni (Fig. 2) but the speci-

men is further characterized by having:

Measurements of holotype, USNM. 119147. Total height 23.1

mm., aperture height 8.0 mm., aperture width 5.1 mm., number

of whorls, 9 + .

Total shell height about 3 times aperture height; juvenile whorls

ornamented and flattened, adult whorls slightly convex; body

whorl convex, not distinctly rounded or protruded beyond spiral

angle; first 5 to 6 apical whorls with a carina on lower third of

whorl surfaces; juvenile whorls plicate, plicae indistinct on sixth

to seventh whorl; first 3 whorls with 4 striae, two equally spaced

above the carina, one atop carina, one below carina; fourth and

fifth whorls with four equally spaced striae above carina; sixth

whorl with all striae equally spaced; striae merge into pattern of

irregular wrinkles on adult whorls; body whorl without sculpture;

periostracum light greenish brown, upper third of whorl surfaces

light brown.

Body whorls of other specimens vary from rounded to slightly

convex. Egg masses of populations in Doe Run and Otter Creek

are plano-convex, 1.3 - 2.0 mm. in diameter, and partly covered

14 nautilus Vol. 82 (1)

with fine sand grains. Masses are deposited singly, although rare

adjacent capsules seem to share the same external cover (Fig. 4) .

Each packet contains from 3 to 18 individual eggs, with most cap-

sules having about 6 eggs. Minckley (1962) reported larger num-

bers of eggs per mass (up to 27 per capsule) .

Lea gave only Grayson County, Kentucky, as the locality. The

type locality is here further restricted to Spring Fork Creek (Short

Creek on some maps) , Grayson County, Kentucky. Spring Fork

Creek is the first large southern tributary of Rough River down-

stream from the Falls of Rough River. The holotype resembles

material from this stream quite closely.

Goniobasis curreyana s. s. is part of a large group of (Melasma)

pleurocerids characterized by Goniobasis laqueata. Goniobasis

curreyana lyoni can be distinguished from typical G. laqueata by

the well developed ornamentation pattern just described, carinate

juvenile and early adult whorls, and the tall spire with its greater

number of whorls (11). The profile of lyoni is like that of

G. curreyana and both have similar variations in whorl shape and

proportions. This relationship is obscured by the large plicae on

G. curreyana. Shell sculpture is identical to the pattern on G. cur-

reyana. However, plicae on G. curreyana lyoni are low and

rounded whereas those on G. curreyana are high and sharp. Striae

are raised and often present on the adult whorls of G. curreyana

lyoni, while G. curreyana has fine hair-like spirals confined to its

juvenile whorls. The prominent carina of G. curreyana lyoni is

absent or only partly developed on the apical whorls of G. cur-

reyana. The aperture on lyoni is similar to that of G. curreyana but

is generally slightly wider in proportion to height than is the

aperture of the latter. Shells from Doe Run and Otter Creek have

very slender spires and single broad color bands. They are often

heavily ornamented, with the pattern extending onto body whorls

(Fig. 1) . Lightly sculptured upstream populations superficially

resemble Goniobasis semicarinata (Say) rather than any species in

the group of Goniobasis laqueata. Egg mass characteristics confirm

its position in the Goniobasis laqueata group.

Two paratypes (USNM. 668553) of Goniobasis viridicata Lea,

1863 were compared with the type of G. lyoni and the other ma-

terial at hand. This name is a synonym for G. curreyana lyoni and

these paratypes, although smaller, are similar to my specimens

July, 1968

NAUTILUS

15

Fig. 5. Localities of Goniobasis curreyana lyoni Lea. Breckinridge Co.:

(1) Sinking Creek 2.2 mi. NW. of Rosetta, (2) Sinking Creek at Rosetta,

(3) North Fork of Rough River (Lost Run) 1.2 mi. SE. of Westview.

Grayson Co.: (4) Spring Fork Creek at Ky. Rt. 736, (5) Meeting Creek 2.3 mi.

NW. of Big Clifty. Larue Co.: (6) South Fork of Nolin R. 2 mi. SW. of

Hodgenville, (7) South Fork of Nolin R. at Buffalo. Meade Co.: (8) Otter

Creek at Ky. Rt. 1638, (9) Doe Run 4 mi. SE. of Brandenburg.

from Meeting Creek in Grayson County.

Distribution. Goniobasis curreyana lyoni occurs in tributaries of

Rough River and Nolin River, Kentucky (Fig. 5) . The form is

abundant in three streams, Sinking Creek, Doe Run, and Otter

Creek, that flow directly into the Ohio River in Breckinridge and

Meade Counties. It is probably present in other northern tribu-

taries of Green River and southern tributaries of the Ohio River.

This distribution range is flanked on the east by the Salt River

drainage, which is inhabited by Goniobasis semicarinata, Lithasia

16 nautilus Vol. 82 (1)

obovata, and Pleurocera acuta. To the south it is bounded by the

larger streams of the Green River system that are inhabited by

Goniobasis curreyana, Pleurocera canaliculatum , and several forms

of Lithasia obovata. Goniobasis laqueata occurs in southern tribu-

taries of Green River. Apparently the Ohio River limits its north-

ward distribution.

This subspecies is the most northern representative of the

Goniobasis laqueata group. The group as delineated by Goodrich

(1940) is distributed throughout the Cumberland and Tennessee

River systems and associated streams, as well as the Green River

system.

Ecology. Goniobasis curreyana lyoni lives in shallow areas of

permanent headwater streams. It is commonly found on firm sur-

faces in riffle areas but is more abundant in shallow spots near

shore where water is in motion although slow moving and less

turbulent. The water in such partially protected situations is often

2 to 3 in. deep and the bottom is usually silt, or rock covered with

a thin silt layer. Minckley (1963) reported densities of 243-329

individuals per square foot with an average of 296 per square foot

during his study of Doe Run. He noted even higher densities in

vegetation beds. Several of the localities discussed here, such as

Sinking Creek and Spring Fork Creek have low stream velocities,

and the Spring Fork Creek station has a mud bottom. Egg masses

are deposited on the undersides of stones near shore and occasion-

ally on the shells of living snails. Eggs are abundant during April

in Otter Creek and Minckley (1962) found masses in Doe Run

from July through September as well as during October, January,

and April.

The shells in some portions of Doe Run are heavily encrusted

with marl, and Minckley (1962) suggested that living snails were

killed by marl accumulations. Examinations of over 200 heavily

covered living snails showed that shell growth apparently keeps

ahead of carbonate accretion and the thickest deposits occur on

older portions of shells. Movements of these snails in their habitat

appear to be unhampered by calcium carbonate accumulations

just as movements of many other pleurocerids seem unaffected by

thick masses of algae, marl, or nondescript material on shell ex-

teriors. John G. Anthony (1858) during the summer of 1853 ob-

served pleurocerids heavily encrusted with marl while collecting

July, 1968

NAUTILUS

17

from Caney Fork of the Cumberland River. He remarked (p. 82) :

"I found every specimen in a small run, enveloped with a thick

deposit of calcareous matter, so that they looked like slender hazel

nuts — the deposits being probably three or four times the weight

of the nucleus, the enclosed Melania. Not a particle of the shell

was visible, yet the animal within was alive, and apparently as

well circumstanced as a Melania ought to be."

Acknowledgements. I wish to thank Dr. Joseph Rosewater of

the U. S. National Museum for arranging the loan of Lea's types.

Mr. Edwin H. Bickel provided valuable field assistance.

/

Fig. 1. A large specimen of Goniobasis curreyana lyoni from Doe Run,

whitened to show heavy sculpture. Fig. 2. Holotvpe of Goniobasis lyoni Lea,

1863 (USNM 119147) .Fig. 3. Specimen from Spring Fork Creek, All 1.5x.

Fig. 4. Two egg masses from Doe Run (15x) .

Literature cited

Anthony, J. G. 1854 (1858). Descriptions of new fluviatile shells

of the genus Melania Lam., from the western states of North

America. Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y. 6: 81-130.

Goodrich, C. 1940. The Pleuroceridae of the Ohio River drainage

system. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 417: 1-21.

Lea, I. 1862 (1863). Description of a new genus (Goniobasis) of

the family Melanidae and eighty-two new species. Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862: p. 262-273.

Minckley, W. L. 1962. Studies of a spring stream: Doe Run, Meade

County, Kentucky. Unpubl. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Louis-

ville, 374p.

. 1963. The ecology of a spring stream Doe Run, Meade

County, Kentucky. Wildl. Monogr. 11. 124p.

Tryon, G. T. 1865. Synonymy of the species of Strepomatidae, a

18

NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 (1)

family of fluviatile Mollusca, inhabiting North America. Con-

trib. Conchol. 3: 19-100.

— . 1873. Land and fresh-water shells of North America. Part IV.

Strepomatidae. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 253: 1-435.

THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF GLYPTAESOPUS

By GEORGE E. RADWIN

Smithsonian Predoctoral Intern, Division of Mollusks,

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

During the course of a taxonomic revision of the Columbellidae

of the western Atlantic, Glyptaesopas proctorae (M. Smith, 1936)

[fig. D], previously known only from the Pliocene of Florida, was

discovered to be still a living species. An adult specimen was col-

lected alive by Mr. Daniel Steger at Islamorada, Florida Keys, and

a second one, a juvenile collected in the Bahamas, was found in

the mollusk collection of the U. S. National Museum.

Fig. A. Two radular teeth of Glyptaesopas cetolaca showing two different

views. Fig. B. Shell of G. cetolaca. Fig. C. Typical columbellid radula: one

transverse tooth-row. Fig. D. Shell of G. proctorae. Fig. E. Protoconch of

G. cetolaca. The lines beside figs. B & D indicate natural size.

The genus Glyptaesopas (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941), whose type

species is G. xenicus (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) | = Mangelia cetolaca

Dall, 1908] was originally described as a subgenus of the colum-

bellid genus Aesopus Gould. In addition, two species, G. peror-

natus (Pilsbry 8c Olsson, 1941) and G. polypholus (Pilsbry &

July, 1968

NAUTILUS

19

Olsson, 1941) have been described from the Pliocene of western

Ecuador.

An examination of the radula of G. cetolaca has shed some light

on the proper systematic position of this genus. The typical

columbellid radula (fig. C) is distinctively stenoglossate, com-

prising a long narrow ribbon bearing a large number of trans-

verse, across rows of 3 solid chitinous teeth. In contrast to this, the

radula of Glyptaesopus cetolaca (Dall) comprises a small cluster

of 6 tiny (70 microns long) hollow darts similar to those of many

species assigned to the turrid subfamily Mangeliinae (fig. A) . In

addition, the regular, cylindrically coiled protoconch found in G.

cetolaca (fig. E) agrees well with that of other mangeliine species.

This information suggests that the assignment of Glyptaesopus

cetolaca to the Columbellidate is ill-advised and that this species

and the genus it typifies should be assigned to the Turridae,

Mangeliinae.

H

Scalariform specimen of Biomphalaria glabrata. Fig. 1, Apertural view.

Fig. 2, Shell rotated approximately 90°. Fig. 3, Apical view, showing normal

early whorls. Fig 4, Normal shell from a snail of the same population, viewed

from the left side. Magnification of Figs. 1, 2, and 4 is the same (horizontal

scale), of Fig. 3 approximately twice as large.

20

NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 (1)

Fig. 1. Elliptio chipolaensis (Walker). Chipola River, Florida. Holotype

MZUM. 96363. Length 56.5, height 32, width 22 mm. (nat. size) . Figs. 2-6.

FJliptio nigella (Lea): 2. Unio. nigellus Lea. Chattahoochee River, near

Columbus [Muscogee Co.], Georgia. Holotype US'NM. 85567. Length 39,

height 23, width 14 mm. (nat. size) . 3. Unio purpurellus Lea. Flint River,

near Albany [Dougherty Co.], Georgia. Holotype USNM. 85675. Length 36,

height 19, width 13 mm. (nat. size) . 4. Unio denigratus Lea. streams near

Columbus [Muscogee Co.], Georgia. Holotype USNM. 85568. Length 39,

height 22, width 14 mm. (nat. size) . 5. Flint River, Recovery, Decatur Co.,

Georgia. MCZ. 191112. Length 58, height 31, width 20 mm. (nat. size).

6. Ibid. Length 61, height 34, width 20 mm. (nat. size) .

July, 1968 nautilus 21

A SCALARIFORM BIOMPHALARIA GLABRATA

By PAUL F. BASCH

The G. W. Hooper Foundation, University of California

San Francisco Medical Center

The specimen illustrated here appeared in a laboratory colony

of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) bred from specimens collected on

the island of St. Lucia, West Indies, by Dr. Robert F. Sturrock

of the Research and Control Department, St. Lucia. Dimensions

of this specimen were: height, 20.7 mm.; width, 8 mm.; weight,

almost exactly 100 mg.; number of whorls, almost 6. A normal shell

of 6 whorls weighs about 200 mg.

As soon as I noted that this snail was abnormal, it was isolated

and maintained in a separate one-liter aquarium with constant

aeration and fed only red-leaf lettuce like the rest of the breeding

colony. During its isolation (about 2 months) the snail continued

to grow, adding the last 2i/2 whorls, and it deposited several egg

masses. Whether this individual had mated prior to its separation

is not known, but all offspring were normally coiled. Presumably

an accident of some sort rather than a genetic factor was respon-

sible for the abnormality of the shell.

The snail spent most of its time floating apex downward in

the water, and appeared to be in no great distress. Upon its death

the animal was carefully extracted and dissected, but no peculiari-

ties were noted.

This shell has been deposited in the University of Michigan

Museum of Zoology, Division of Mollusks, accession number

230637.

Acknowledgements. I am grateful to Mr. C. Glen Sawyer of the

G. W. Hooper Foundation for taking the accompanying photo-

graphs. This work was supported by the University of California

International Center for Medical Research and Training, Hooper

Foundation, under research grants TW 00144 and AI 07054 from

the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service.

22 nautilus Vol. 82 (1)

ELLIPTIC) NIGELLA, OVERLOOKED UNIONID

FROM APALACHICOLA RIVER SYSTEM

By RICHARD I. JOHNSON

Museum of Comparative Zoology

Among the numerous specimens of Unionidae collected by Drs.

W. J. Clench, R. D. Turner and D. H. McMichael during the

summer of 1954, when they were surveying the Apalachicola River

sytem, were three specimens of Elliptio nigella (Lea) , which was

recognized by Simpson (1914, Cat. Naiades, 2: 646) but has not

been reported on since that time.

I wish to thank Dr. Joseph Rosewater, United States National

Museum (USNM.) and Dr. John B. Burch, Museum of Zoology,

University of Michigan (MZUM.) , for allowing me to borrow the

types of Lea and Walker which are figured here. Thanks are also

extended to Dr. Kenneth J. Boss, Museum of Comparative Zoology

(MCZ.) for critically reading the manuscript.

Elliptio nigella (Lea)

Unio nigellus Lea 1852, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 5: 251 (Chatta-

hoochee River, near Columbus [Muscogee Co.], Georgia).

Lea, 1852. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc, 10: 283, pi. 24, fig. 42;

figured holotype USNM. 85567. Lea, 1852, Obs. Unio, 5: 39.

Unio denigratus Lea 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 9: 171

(streams near Columbus [Muscogee Co.], Georgia) . Lea, 1859,

Jour, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2) 4: 200, pi. 23, fig. 83; figured

holotype USNM. 85566. Lea, 1859, Obs. Unio, 7: 18.

Unio purpurellus Lea 1857, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 9: 171

(Flint River, near Albany [Dougherty Co.], Georgia). Lea,

1859, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (2) 4: 19, pi. 23, fig. 81;

figured holotype USNM. 85675. Lea, 1859, Obs. Unio, 7: 16.

Unio nigellus Lea. Simpson, 1914, Cat. Naiades, 2: 646.

Elliptio nigellus (Lea) . Frierson, 1927, Check List North Ameri-

can Naiades, p. 28.

Elliptio strigosus (Lea) . partim. Clench and Turner, 1956, Bull.

Florida State Mus. 1: 166.

Description. Shell small, seldom exceeding 60 mm. in length.

Outline subelliptical or subrhomboid, generally slightly arcuate.

Valves subinflated, solid, inequilateral. Anterior end regularly

rounded; posterior end more broadly rounded, somewhat biangu-

late and extending slightly below the base line. Ventral margin

straight, or slightly arcuate. Posterior margin slightly curved, usu-

ally indistinctly joining the obliquely descending posterior margin.

July, 1968 nautilus 23

Hinge ligament prominent, located near the middle of the shell.

Posterior ridge rather acute toward the umbos, distinctly double,

ending in a faint biangulation near the base of the shell. Posterior

slope very flat, or slightly convex between the ridges. Umbos

slightly inflated and raised above the hinge line, located in the

anterior fifth of the shell, their sculpture consisting of numerous

corrugated, somewhat double looped, ridges. Disk generally slightly

concave, with a trace of an umbonalventral sulcus. The greatest

inflation is along the posterior ridge. Surface with irregular, deli-

cate growth lines, often smooth and shiny or subshiny. Periostra-

cum usually dirty greenish and rayed in immatures, becoming

black in adults.

Left valve with two low, chunky, somewhat triangular, pseudo-

cardinal teeth. Hinge line short and narrow, with two low straight

lateral teeth. Right valve with one rather chunky pseudocardinal;

one lateral tooth. Beak cavities very shallow, with a few dorsal

muscle scars under the hinge plate. Anterior adductor muscle scars

well impressed, posterior one less so. Pallial line distinct, especially

anteriorly. Nacre dirty white, salmon, copper colored or purplish,

iridescent posteriorly.

Length Height Width (mm.)

61 34 21 Flint River, Recovery,

Decatur Co., Georgia.

58 31 20 Ibid.

51 27 18 Ibid.

Habitat. Lives among rocks in muddy sand.

Remarks. Elliptio nigella (Lea) , from the Chattahoochee and

Flint rivers, appears to be allopatric with Elliptio chipolaensis

(Walker) 1 which is endemic to the Chipola River. While both

species occur in the Apalachicola River system, they appear re-

stricted to the drainage systems mentioned. E. nigella is close only

to chipolaensis, but the latter is consistently ovate, with the ventral

margin straight or slightly curved. It has an unrayed chestnut

colored periostracum which often has darker brown bands. E. ni-

gella is often subrhomboidal, with the posterior end higher than

the anterior one, which often extends belowe the base line. The

1 Unio chipolaensis Walker 1905, Nautilus 18: 135, pi. 9, figs. 6, 7 (Chipola

River, Florida; figured holotype MZUM. 96363) . Type locality restricted

to: Chipola River, 1 mi. N. of Marianna, Jackson Co., Florida, by Clench

and Turner, 1956, Bull. Florida State Mus., 1: 176.

24 nautilus Vol. 82 (1)

greatest diameter is on the posterior ridge. The periostracum by

contrast often has green rays and becomes black with age rather

than brown as in chipolaensis.

Distribution. Known only from the Chattahoochee and Flint

rivers of the Apalachicola River system. In addition to the locali-

ties of the several type lots, the only known localized specimens

are those whose measurements are included above.

THE LAND SNAILS OF MAMMOTH CAVE

NATIONAL PARK, KENTUCKY

By LESLIE HUBRICHT

With its river bluffs and floodplain, ravines, sinks and caves,

Mammoth Cave National Park, located in west-central Kentucky,

offers a wide variety of habitats for land snails. The summits of the

ridges are of sandstone, while the slopes of the ravines and the

river bluffs are limestone. The deeper sinks are usually cooler and

more moist in summer than surrounding areas, so that species of

land snails may be found in them that are not found in other

places. The caves also provide an unusual habitat. The smaller

caves, such as White Cave, have more species of land snails in them

than the larger caves, such as Mammoth Cave, Colossal Cave and

Long Cave. No land snails at all were found in the latter two caves.

The following list is based on collections made by the author

from 1956 through 1958. Four erroneous records cited by Pilsbry

(1939-1948) from near Mammoth Cave are listed, but enclosed

in brackets.

Polygyra pustuloides (Bland) . Near the Big Spring of Buffalo

Creek; and near Robbins Branch.

Polygyra leporina (Gould) . On the Green River floodplain.

Polygyra plicata Say. Common in dry, limestone woods.

Stenotrema barbatum (Clapp) . Common on the Green River

floodplain.

Stenotrema angellum Hubricht. In ravines, sinks, and on the Green

River bluffs.

Stenotrema stenotrema stenotrema (Pfeiffer) . In ravines, sinks,

and on the Green River bluffs.

Stenotrema hirsutum (Say) . Common in dry upland woods, on

both limestone and sandstone.

July, 1968 nautilus 25

Stenotrema fraternum fraternum (Say) . On the Nolin River bluff

near First Creek Lake.

Mesodon thyroidus (Say) . Common on the Green River flood-

plain.

Mesodon clausus clausus (Say) . Common on the Green River

floodplain.

Mesodon zaletus (Binney) . On the Green River bluffs, and in

sinks.

Mesodon elevatus (Say) . On the Green River bluffs, and in Cedar

Sink.

Mesodon laevior Pilsbry. In ravines, sinks, the Green River bluffs,

and in White Cave.

Mesodon rugeli (Shuttleworth) . Found only in Cedar Sink.

Mesodon inflectus (Say) . Generally distributed.

Triodopsis tridentata tridentata (Say) . In ravines, sinks, and on

river bluffs.

Triodopsis vulgata Pilsbry. Near Mammoth Dome Sink.

Triodopsis obstricta obstricta (Say) . Along Dry Prong of Buffalo

Creek, and the Green River bluffs.

Triodopsis denotata (Ferrusac) . In ravines, and on the Green

River bluffs. There is some hybridization between this species

and T. obstricta on the Green River bluffs.

Triodopsis albolabris (Say) . In upland woods.

A llogona profunda (Say) . A single dead shell was found in drift

of Dry Prong of Buffalo Creek.

Haplotrema concavum (Say) . Generally distributed.

Euconulus cher sinus chersinus (Say) . On river bluffs and in

ravines.

Guppya sterkii (Dall) . On the Green River bluffs, not common.

Glyphyalinia wheatleyi (Bland) . On the Green River bluffs.

Glyphyalinia lewisiana (Clapp) . On river bluffs, not common.

Glyphyalinia specus Hubricht. In White Cave. This species is

known only from the total darkness of caves.

Glyphyalinia indentata (Say) . Generally distributed.

Glyphyalinia solida (H. B. Baker) . Known only from a single

specimen collected on a sandstone glade near the western edge

of the Park.

Glyphyalinia praecox (H. B. Baker) . In Turnhole Sink.

[Mesomphix inornatus (Say) ]. Reported by Pilsbry, but the speci-

26 nautilus Vol. 82 (1)

men is a dead shell of two whorls and is unidentifiable. Its oc-

currence in the Park is very doubtful.

Mesomphix vulgatus H. B. Baker. In ravines and sinks, and on

river bluffs.

Mesomphix ruidus Hubricht. On the Green River floodplain.

Mesomphix friabilis (W. G. Binney) . In dry upland woods.

Paravitrea capsella (Gould) . In ravines and sinks, and on river

bluffs.

Paravitrea lapilla Hubricht. On the Green River floodplain at

Dennison Ferry.

[Paravitrea pontis H. B. Baker]. Pilsbry's record is probably the

result of mixed labels.

Hawaiia minuscula minuscula (Binney) . Generally distributed

on limestone.

Ventridens gularis (Say) . In upland woods.

Ventridens demissus (Binney) . Known only from Short Cave Sink,

which is just outside of the Park.

Ventridens ligerus (Say) . Common on the Green River floodplain.

Ventridens intertextus (Binney) . A single specimen was collected

at the old CCC. camp near Maple Spring.

Zonitoides arboreas (Say) . Generally distributed.

Zonitoides limatulus (Binney) . Common on the Green River

floodplain.

Zonitoides lateumbilicatus (Pilsbry) . Dead shells were found in

drift in a cave in Cedar Sink, and it was found living in Short

Cave Sink just outside of the Park.

Striatum meridionalis (Pilsbry $c Ferriss) . On river bluffs, and in

ravines and sinks.

[Striatura milium (Morse)]. Reported by Pilsbry, but the two

specimens are dead shells of S. meridionalis.

Deroceras laeve (Miiller) . Common on the Green River flood-

plain.

Anguispira alternata (Say) . Near the Green River and in sinks.

[Discus cronkhitei (Newcomb)]. Reported by Pilsbry, but his

specimens are Zonitoides limatulus.

Discus patulus patulus (Deshayes) . Generally distributed.

Helicodiscus notius notius Hubricht. Generally distributed in up-

land woods; and in White Cave.

Helicodiscus parallelus (Say) . Generally distributed.

July, 1968 nautilus 27

Helicodiscus punctatellus Morrison. Dead shells were collected in

White Cave, the type locality.

Punctum minutissimum (Lea) . On river bluffs and in ravines.

Punctum vitreum H. B. Baker. On the Green River floodplain

near Echo River.

Punctum smithi Morrison. On river bluffs and in ravines.

Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc) . Generally distributed.

Philomycus carolinianus form lividus (Rafinesque) . Near Mam-

moth Dome Sink.

Pallifera mutabilis Hubricht. Generally distributed, but not

common.

Pallifera marmorea Pilsbry. Cedar woods near White Cave.

Pallifera fosteri F. C. Baker. Low woods near First Creek Lake.

Pallifera secreta (Cockerell) . Mouth of Dixons Cave.

Succinea ovalis ovalis Say. Common on the Green River floodplain.

Catinella vermeta (Say) . Common on the Green River floodplain.

Strobilops labyrinthica (Say) . Common in upland woods.

Strobilops aenea Pilsbry. Common in upland woods.

Gastrocopta armifera (Say) . Common in cedar woods.

Gastrocopta clappi (Sterki) . Common in cedar woods.

Gastrocopta contracta (Say) . Generally distributed.

Gastrocopta pentodon (Say) . In upland woods.

Gastrocopta tappaniana (C. B. Adams) . In wet woods.

Gastrocopta corticaria (Say) . In sinks, not common.

Gastrocopta procera procera (Gould) . In dry upland woods and

clearings.

Pupoides albilabris (C. B. Adams) . In dry upland woods and

clearings.

Vertiga ovata ovata Say. Near Sloans Crossing Pond.

Columella edentula (Drapernaud) . In sinks and ravines, not com-

mon.

Cionella morseana Doherty. In ravines and sinks, not common.

Carychium clappi Hubricht. On the Green River bluff near Mam-

moth Cave.

Carychium exile exile H. C. Lea. Generally distributed.

Carychium stygium Call. In most of the caves in the Park (see

Hubricht, 1960) . This species is known only from the total

darkness of caves.

28 nautilus Vol. 82 (1)

Carychium nannodes Clapp. On river bluffs, and in ravines and

sinks.

Helicina orbiculata orbiculata (Say) . On the bluff in Big Spring

Hollow.

Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis (Lea) . Abundant near the Green

River.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say) . Abundant on the Green River flood-

plain, and in ravines.

Literature cited

Hubricht, Leslie. 1960. The cave snail, Carychium stygium Call.

Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 21: 35-38.

Pilsbry, Henry A. 1939-1948. Land Mollusca of North America

(north of Mexico) . Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. Monogr. 3,

vols. 1-2, pp. 2215.

DEATH FROM DESICCATION IN THE MUD-SNAIL,

NASSARIUS OBSOLETUS: EFFECTS OF SIZE

By CARL W. SCHAEFER, NORMAN L. LEVIN, and PETER MILCH

Systematic and Environmental Biology Section, Biological Sciences Group,

University of Connecticut, Storrs 06268, Department of Biology,

Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, N. Y. and Haskins Laboratories, Inc.,

New York City.

In an earlier paper (Schaefer, Milch, and Levin, 1968a) on

desiccation in Nassarius obsoletus (Say) [or Ilyanassa obsoleta],

we suggested that water is lost from the body surface, as well as

from the shell aperture. This raised the question of whether the

area of the aperture increased at the same rate as over-all shell

area, as snails increase in size. If the rates are different, more (or

less) of the water lost from snails of different sizes, would be lost

from the body surface than from the aperture surface.

In this paper we consider changes in these areas in addition to

changes in shell volume, with increasing size (weight) of Nas-

sarius. The results are approximate, because of the assumptions

we have had to make, but we feel that they are nevertheless of

interest.

Materials and methods. Snails were collected at Jamaica Bay,

Long Island, and divided into four arbitrary weight-classes (based

on damp-dried weights of living snails) , as in earlier work

(Schaefer, Milch, and Levin, 1968a, b) . The error introduced by

the use of arbitrary weight classes is not significant, as the scatter-

July, 1968 nautilus 29

ing in the terminal (open-ended) population classes is no greater

than that in the medial ones.

The shape of the Nassarius shell approximates a right circular

cone. Shell thickness was not taken into account in our measure-

ments and calculations. Since the shell may be disproportionately

thicker in older (= heavier) specimens, some bias is probably

introduced here.

We used the following formulas:

1. Volume of a cone =TT/3 (r2h)

2. Area of a right cone = Trr/r2h2

where r = width of shell at widest point and

h = length (or height) of shell

3. Area of an ellipse =Tab

where a and b are the length and

width of the aperture

Results and discussion: Table 1 presents the measured and cal-

culated results. Shell volume increases at a disproportionately

greater rate than does shell area (see Table 2) , as expected. If

shell thickness does not increase faster than shell volume, older

(= larger) snails will contain relatively more tissue than younger

(= smaller) snails. That is to say, a greater proportion of an

older snail's weight will be tissue. Of importance to our desiccation

studies, older snails will have relatively more water to lose than

younger ones. It follows that older snails will take a dispropor-

tionately longer time to lose their water when desiccated, and

therefore that they are more apt to withstand short-term desiccation

than younger snails. Our data (1968a) substantiate this point.

Data in Tables 2 and 3 show that the area of the aperture in-

creases at a faster rate than the area of the shell surface as a whole.

That is, in an older snail, a greater proportion of the total area is

aperture. If water is lost primarily from the aperture, an older

snail would be at a disadvantage compared to a younger snail.

This disadvantage might be great enough to counteract any ad-

vantage conferred on an older snail by its relatively increased

volume.

Our results on death-points from desiccation (1968a) indicate

that older snails are indeed more susceptible to water-loss at the

Table 2. Per-cent increases from size-class to size-class in Nassarius

Weight class (g) < 0.6 } 0.6-0.99 > 1.0-1.39 >) 1.39

Shell area

Aperture area

Shell volume

132*

20*

54*

33*

11*

13*

20*

Table 3. Ratios of shell area to aperture area in Nassarius

Weight-class (g) 0.6-0.99 1.0-1.39 > 1.39

Shell area

.Aperture area

1.9

1.5

1.4

relatively high temperature of 25 °C. We tentatively attributed this

susceptibility to the greater age and weakness of older snails. The

calculations here suggest, however, that an additional factor might

be a relatively greater water loss through a relatively larger aper-

ture. At a temperature closer to what the snails naturally experi-

ence (11°C), the stress is less on older snails. The advantage of

their relatively increased volume almost counterbalances the dis-

advantage of their relatively increased aperture area. At 11°C,

the mortality of older snails approximates that of intermediate

snails (Schaefer, Milch, and Levin, 1968a) .

Conclusions

Our hypothesis then is this: Small examples of Nassarius

(<0.99g) have a relatively high area; volume ratio and a thin

July, 1968 nautilus 31

shell; they lose water rapidly when desiccated and have a high

mortality. Intermediate snails (1.0-1.39g) have a lower area; vol-

ume ratio, their shells are somewhat thicker, and their aperture

area is larger relative to that of small snails. They lose water more

slowly (because of the lower area: volume ratio) , and they have a

lower mortality. (They are also probably sexually immature

[Scheltema, 1964], which may affect resistance to drying.) The

area: volume ratio of large snails (>1.4g) is lower still, the shell

is again somewhat thicker, and the aperture area is larger relative

to those of both small and intermediate snails. In addition, large

snails are old and somewhat weakened by age: Under conditions

of temperature-stress (25 °C) , the combined disadvantages of age

and a larger aperture area outweigh the advantages of increased

volume and a thicker (= less water-permeable) shell; at 25 °C

large snails have a higher mortality than intermediate snails.

Under more natural temperature-conditions (11°C), the ad-

vantages tend to outweigh the disadvantages, and large snails

have a mortality about equal to that of intermediate snails.

Our earlier results (1968a) are explained by the hypothesis, but

we emphasize again that it is based on a number of as yet un-

proved assumptions.

Acknowledgements. We are grateful to Mrs. Dorothy Peckham,

who did the calculations.

References cited

Schaefer, C. T., P. Milch, and N. L. Levin. 1968a. Death from

desiccation in the mud-snail, Nassarius obsoletus (Say) : Effect

of temperature. Nautilus 81: 109-114.

. 1968b. Effects of trematode infection on resistance to desic-

cation in the mud-snail, Nassarius obsoletus (Say) . Mar. Biol.

Assoc. India, Symp. Series 3 (in press) .

Scheltema, R. S. 1964. Feeding habits and growth in the mud-snail,

Nassarius obsoletus. Chesapeake Sci. 5: 161-166.

NOTES AND NEWS

Dates of the Nautilus. — Vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 1-36, iii, iv,

including pis. 1 & 2, was mailed July 6, 1967. No .2, pp. 37-72,

iii, iv, Oct. 16, 1967. No. 3, pp. 77-108, iii. Jan. 25, 1968. No. 4,

pp. 109-144, iii, and index, pp. iii-vi, April 18, 1968. — H. B. B.

32 nautilus Vol. 82 (1)

Giant cowries. — I have examined two unusually large shells

of live-taken Cypraea cervus Linne, one of which is probably the

largest known specimen of any living cowrie. Both were dredged

by shrimp boats working off Dry Tortugas, Florida, in 1967. The

largest, 178 mm. in length, is owned by Captain Riley Black of

Fort Myers. The other is 175 mm. (7 inches) in length, 92 mm. in

width, and 82 mm. in height. The outer lip has 43 teeth. This

specimen is owned by Carolyn Lowry, also of Fort Myers. —

R. Tucker Abbott.

Arion fasciatus in Wisconsin. — Gentner (1917; in Pilsbry,

1948) reported Arion fasciatus Nilsson (=: circumscriptus John-

ston) from "gardens in Madison," Wisconsin. There has been no

additional report of this species in Wisconsin. Cursory collecting

during the fall of 1967 indicates A. fasciatus is now widespread

over the state.

A total of 27 localities were examined in northern, central, and

southcentral regions of the state. A variety of situations were

examined in each region; these included camp grounds, picnic

areas, disturbed sites (including garbage dumps, areas adjacent to

houses and gardens, roadsides, and log piles) as well as natural,

relatively undisturbed habitats. A. fasciatus was found at 7 locali-

ties as follow:

5 mi. W. Belleville, Wisconsin; picnic area.

1 mi.. W. Eagle River, Wisconsin; maple grove back of motel.

4 mi. SE. Eagle River, Wisconsin; alongside road in birch-

maple stand.

1 mi. SE. Three Lakes, Wisconsin; alongside lake in second

growth birch-maple-hemlock stand with many boards on ground.

1 mi. S. Hazelhurst, Wisconsin; picnic area in second growth

upland birch-maple stand.

3 mi. S. Pelican Lake, Wisconsin; picnic area in second growth

birch-maple stand.

Madison, Wisconsin; numerous habitats within and around

the city.

All individuals examined were characteristic of the typical A . fas-

ciatus Nilsson.

A. fasciatus now occurs throughout most sections of Madison

and the immediate surrounding region (Robert Mesibov, personal

communication) and is especially abundant in the University of

Wisconsin Arboretum. It was found in practically all habitats

July, 1968 nautilus 33

within the Arboretum, including deciduous forest, bluegrass field,

tall grass prairie, grass-sedge marsh, as well as in refuse dumps and

nursery beds.

The distribution of A. fasciatus in Wisconsin is essentially

limited to sites reflecting human disturbance; none was found in

natural or undisturbed habitats. This agrees with the distribution

of the species in northeastern North America (Chichester, 1967;

Getz and Wakefield, 1963) and in southern Michigan (Getz,

1959). Many apparently suitable "disturbed" situations also did

not yield A. fasciatus, however; its distribution is not as uniform

in Wisconsin as it is in northeastern North America. This indi-

cates a later introduction into the region and/or a slower spread

from the original site (s) of introduction than has occurred in

the northeast.

Although its present-day distribution in Wisconsin is spotty,

A. fasciatus does occur widely over the state. This indicates that

eventually it probably will become as common as it now is in

the northeast.

The above conclusions are based on examination of relatively

few sites. More extensive work in the north central part of North

America is needed to determine the status of Arion fasciatus in

this region. The few published records from southern Michigan

(Getz, 1959) and Minnesota (Jensen and Corbin, 1966) indicate

that the species may be much more widely distributed than the

literature now indicates. — Lowell L. Getz, University of Con-

necticut, Storrs.

Bibliography

Chichester, L. F. 1967. The zoogeography, ecology, and taxonomy

of Arionid and Limacid slugs introduced into northeastern

North America. Ph. D. thesis, Univ. Connecticut.

Getz, L.L. 1959. Notes on the ecology of slugs: Arion circum-

scriptus, Deroceras reticulatum, and D. laeve. Amer. Midi. Nat.

61: 485-498.

and R. H. Wakefield. 1963. Arion in New England. Nautilus

77: 14-16.

Jensen, P. and K. W. Corbin. 1966. Some factors affecting aggre-

gation of Isotoma viridis, Bourlet and Arion fasciatus, Nilsson.

Ecology 47: 332-334.

Pilsbry, H. A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America. Phil. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Monogr. 11(2) : 521-1113.

34 nautilus Vol. 82 (1)

Snail shells as oviposition sites of water mites. — Living

snails with extensive areas of pink material on their shells have

been collected from ponds in central New York. These colored

areas are egg masses of 4 species of red water mites (Hydrach-

nellae: Eylais) . The pink color results from the deposition of a

white, translucent matrix over red eggs.

Single eggs are small (145 to 207 microns in diameter) , vary-

ing according to species. However, masses containing up to 2500

eggs in one to several layers may cover nearly the entire shell

of a large Viviparus georgianus or Helisoma trivolvis. During the

summer, many snails that were partly covered with eggs in various

developmental stages were observed and collected. In one in-

stance, eggs on a shell of V. georgianus were hatching when the

living snail was collected. Since the incubation period is 19 to

36 days, the snail had carried this egg mass for a considerable

time.

The larvae (150 to 200 microns) that emerge from the eggs

swim to the water surface and attach to their proper insect hosts.

The parasitized aquatic insects, Coleoptera and Hemiptera, pro-

vide nutrition and a means of dispersal for the mites. After en-

gorgement, the larvae metamorphose into nymphs (1.5 to 2.0

mm.) while still on the insects. Then they leave the insects and

prey on small crustaceans of the subclass Ostracoda. After a period

of feeding, the mites attach to an aquatic plant and metamor-

phose again, this time to free-living adults which also feed on

ostracods.

In nature, females oviposit on flat, relatively firm surfaces,

usually twigs, bark, fallen leaves of deciduous trees, or growing

leaves of pond weeds. In the laboratory, females lay eggs on the

walls of glass rearing containers and on leaves of aquatic plants.

Most egg-covered snails were collected from small artificial ponds

that lack higher vegetation and a firm substrate but support

large populations of snails. Apparently female mites select snail

shells as oviposition sites merely because they have hard, smooth

surfaces.

Unlike water mites in the genera Unionicola and Najadicola

which parasitize fresh-water clams (Unionidae) , mites of the

genus Eylais apparently have no significant relationship to

mollusks except this frequent use of snail shells as oviposition

July, 1968 nautilus 35

sites. The major effect on snails may be to increase the risk of

predation. Because the egg masses contrast sharply with the back-

ground, they presumably make snails much more conspicuous to

visually oriented predators. — Carmine A. Lanciani and Willard

N. Harman.

The Conchological papers of Arcangelo Scacchi. — During

the course of a revision of the western Atlantic Semelidae, I en-

countered a bibliographical problem in tracing the original refer-

ences of the 19th century Neapolitan scientist, Arcangelo Scacchi.

In many cases the original works of this author were reprinted

subsequent to their initial appearance in an umber of relatively

obscure Italian journals while in others they were entirely reset

and repaginated so that considerable confusion has obtained in

citing species descriptions and compiling synonymies. The object

of this short note is to provide a bibliographic guidepost to the

conchological writings of Scacchi.

I am indebted to the cooperative staffs of the libraries of the

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, the U. S.

National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, and the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Arcangelo Scacchi was born 8 February, 1810 at Gravina di

Puglia, Italy and died 1 1 October, 1 893 in Naples. During his

long, active, and productive career he held a post as lecturer in

medicine at Naples. His earliest interests were in zoological and

conchological matters, but he later contributed significantly to

the earth sciences, particularly mineralogy and crystallography.

1832 (15 December) . Lettera / di / Arcangelo Scacchi / Dottore

in medicina / su vari Testacei Napolitani / al signor / D. Carlo

Tarentino / Prof, di Storia Naturale Nel R. Liceo / Di Catan-

zaro / Napoli / 1832. [8 unnumbered pp., 8°].

1833 (February) . Osservazioni zoologiche / di / Arcangelo Scacchi

/ Dottore in medicina. / Napoli Febraro 1833 / Pe' Tipi Delia

Societa' Tipografica. [part one, unnumbered of the series of

two, pp. 1-12, 8°].

1833 (May) . Num. 2°. / Maggio 1833 / Osservazioni zoologiche /

di / Arcangelo Scacchi / Testacei. [part two, numbered of the

series of two, pp. 13-27, 8°].

1834. Notizie / Intorno alle conchiglie ed a' zoofiti fossili / che

sitrovano nelle vicinanze di Gravina in Puglia. Ananli Civili

del Regno Delle due Sicilie, (Novembre e Dicembre) , vol. VI,

fasc. XII, pp. 75-84 [part one, Bivalves, 4°].

36 nautilus Vol. 82 (1)

1835. Notizie / Intorno alle conchiglie ed a' zoofiti fossili / che

si trovano nelle vicinanze di Gravina in Puglia. Annali Civili

del Regno Delle due Sicilie, (Gennaio e Febbraio) , vol. VII,

fasc. XIII, pp. 5-18, pis. 1 and 2 [Parte II, Conchiglie Univalvi,

pp. 5-13; Parte III, Zoofitii, pp. 14-17; plate caption, p. 18, 4°].

1836. Notizie Intorno alle conchiglie ed a' zoofiti fossili che si

trovano nelle vicinanze di Gravina in Puglia. [The same, of all

3 parts, reprinted in Naples, (Tipogr. Fernandes) in 8°].

1836. Catalogus / Conchyliorum / Regni Neapolitani / quae

usque adhuc reperit / A. Scacchi / Neapoli / Typis Filiatre-

Sebetii / 1836. [18 pp., 1 unnumbered plate with 28 figures, 8°].

1841. Notizie geologiche sulle conchiglie che si trovan fossili

nell'isola d'Ischia e lungo la spiaggia tra Pozzuoli e Monte

nuovo. Antologia di Scienze Naturali pubblicata da R. Piria ed

A. Scacchi, Napoli. Vol. 1, pp. 33-48, 8°.

1841 (March) . Memoria sopra una specie of Clavagella che vive

nel Golfo di Napoli. Antologia di Scienze Naturali pubblicata

da R. Piria ed A. Scacchi, Napoli. Vo. 1, fasc. 2, pp. 152-161,

1 pi., 8°.

1842. Notizie geologiche e conchiologiche ricavata da una lettera

del Dott. R. A. Philippi ad A. Scacchi (in nota) . Rendiconto,

vol. 1, n. °3, pp. 86-88, 4°.

1857. Catalogus / Conchyliorum / Regni Neapolitani / quae

usque adhuc reperit / A. Scacchi / Neapoli Typis Filiatre-Sebetii

1836 / et Denuo Neapoli Typis Francisci Xaverii Tornese 1857.

[Back of title page]: Monitum / Opusculum hoc sine ulla im-

mutatione, auctoris venia, denuo / edere curavit Albertus

Detken. [19 pp., 1 unnumbered plate with 28 figures, 8°; this

is the Detken reprint which is not the same as the original 1836

edition, either word for word or for pagination] . — Kenneth

J. Boss

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Stratton, Leonard W. 1968. Your Book of Shell Collecting. Faber

and Faber, London. 64 pp., 1 color plate, 28 text figs. A useful

guide for children and beginners interested in mollusks of the

British Isles. About $1.00.

William Swainson's

EXOTIC CONCHOLOGY

All three issues of this classic work are faithfully reproduced,

using eleven different printing inks to duplicate the 48 hand-

colored plates executed by Swainson from 1821 to 1835. Hanley's

1841 edition is also reproduced on durable "antiqued" paper. A

biography of Swainson by Nora McMillan of Liverpool, England,

and a modern taxonomic analysis by Dr. R. Tucker Abbott are

included in this gilt-edged, handsomely bound volume. A guar-

anteed limited edition destined to be an art treasure, a worthwhile

investment and valuable research tool $30.00.

Van Nostrand's Standard Catalog of Shells by R. J. L.

Wagner and R. T. Abbott. The greatly enlarged Second Edition

with revisions of values has been receiving complimentary reviews

from faithful users. 303 pp., 4 color plates, $65,000 worth of shells

listed; complete Marginellidae and Tonnidae catalogs added. $5.95.

Order from your shell dealer, bookstore or

D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, N. J. 08540

and 46 Victoria St., London, S. W. 1, England,

WILLIAM H. WEEKS SHELL COLLECTION: New price lists

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FOURTH EDITION

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Revised by Joel W. Hedgpeth

This new edition of one of the classic works of marine

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"The material improvements made in each edition . . .

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STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

Vol. 82 OCTOBER, 1968 No. 2

THE

NAUTILUS

THE PILSBRY QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Horace Burrington Baker, 11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pa.

(Emeritus Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania)

Charles B. Wurtz, Biology Department

La Salle College, Philadelphia, Pa. 19141

R. Tucker Abbott, Henry A. Pilsbry Chair of Malacology

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103

CONTENTS

Are pelecypods primarily infaunal animals? By David Nicol 37

New records for introduced mollusks. By D. S. Dundee and

Pat W. & Henry R. Hermann 43

Chromosome number in nine families of pelecypod mollusks.

By R. W. Menzel 45, 53

New Sonorella from Arizona. By Walter B. Miller 50, 59

Four new species of land snails. By Leslie Hubricht 63

Thirty-fourth annual meeting of the American Malacologi-

cal Union. By Margaret C. Teskey 70

Notes and news 72 Publications received 76

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Mrs. Horace B. Baker, Business Manager

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NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and published

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THE NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 October, 1968 No. 2

ARE PELECYPODS PRIMARILY INFAUNAL ANIMALS?

By DAVID NICOL

Department of Geology, University of Florida, Gainesville

Thorson (1957, pp. 465-466) summarized the numbers of

epifaunal and infaunal species of marine animals in these few

sentences:

"Of an estimated 1,000,000 species of Recent animals described,

only something like one-fifth are aquatic and only about one-sixth

live in the sea. The graphs also show that, although the number

of epifauna and infauna species is practically of the same order of

size in arctic seas, the epifauna species greatly outnumber the

infauna species in tropical waters. Exact figures are not available,

but it is estimated that the total number of epifauna species in the

sea is at least 4 times as large as that of infauna species."

For those of us who are not quick with arithmetic, let us convert

the fractions to numbers of species as follows: There are 200,000

aquatic species, of which 33,333 are fresh-water species and 166,667

are marine species; of the marine species, 33,333 are infaunal and

133,334 are epifaunal. I am assuming that Thorson included in the

total of epifaunal marine species those animals that swim or float

above the sea bottom: the nekton and the plankton.

C. M. Yonge (1949, p. 228) in his book "The Sea Shore" had

this to say about the habitat of marine pelecypods:

"Of all marine animals, the bivalve molluscs are the most per-

fectly adapted for life within soft substrata of sand or mud. Their

fundamental characters, including the lateral flattening of the body

and foot, the enclosure within a hinged, bivalved shell, and the

great development of the gills within the enlarged gill chamber

so created, all unite to this end. With the evolution of the bivalve

form the molluscs were able to exploit the rich possibilities of life

beneath the protective surface of sand or mud while drawing in

food from surface deposits or from the suspended plankton. While

it is true that some took to attached life secured by byssus threads

or cement to a hard surface, the great majority of bivalves remain

burrowers and the further development of this habit, with suitable

37

38 nautilus Vol. 82 (2)

modifications of shell and foot, has led to the successful boring into

rock and timber already described."

In an excellent recent paper, Stanley (1968) has emphasized the

point that since the beginning of the Mesozoic several superfamilies

of pelecypods have developed large incurrent and excurrent siphons

which adapt these animalss admirably for a life within the sea

bottom.

We now know the habits of enough living speciess of marine

pelecypods to estimate with a good degree of accuracy the number

of infaunal and epifaunal species described within a region. The

greatest difficulty for accurate estimates lies within superfamilies

such as the arcaceans and mytilaceans which have some species that

lie attached on the bottom (epifaunal) whereas other species bur-

row or bore into the bottom (infaunal) . Another difficult group

is the erycinaceans, many of which are commensal and crawl

around on other invertebrates, but these tiny pelecypods have been

so little studied in many regions that we are not sure that all are

epifaunal in habit. Furthermore, again because of lack of study,

species allocated to the erycinaceans in many faunas do not belong

to that large superfamily; the Erycinacea have become a taxonomic

catch-all for many small species of pelecypods. More observations

need to be made on many species allocated to these 3 aforesaid

superfamilies.

I have selected 15 recent pelecypod faunas and 15 fossil pele-

cypod faunas, ranging in age from Late Jurassic to Pleistocene,

and have recorded the number of epifaunal and infaunal species

in each one. The percentage of infaunal species in the total fauna

has been estimated in each selected example.

In the recent faunas (Table 1) the high percentage of infaunal

species in the abyssal region is not surprising. In fact, one is sur-

prising. In fact, one is surprised that it is not even higher because

of the large number of species of protobranchs and septibranchs

in the fauna; these two groups of pelecypods are all infaunal

in habit.

There is no increasing percentage of epifaunal species as com-

pared to infaunal species from cold shallow to warm shallow

water. The number of both infaunal and epifaunal pelecypod

species appears to increase at about the same rate from cold to

warm water, unlike the general trend of invertebrates. For most

October, 1968 nautilus 39

other invertebrates, the number of epifaunal species increases

greatly and the number of infaunal species little as one goes from

cold water to warm water.

In the faunas of the subantarctic and antarctic regions, no more

than 60 per cent, of the species are infaunal, whereas in other

regions the infaunal species represent at least 71 per cent, of the

faunas. The subantarctic and antarctic faunas have a large number

of philobryids, which are byssally attached forms, and a large

number of species of erycinaceans and leptonaceans, most of which

are commensal and live on other animals. All these species are of

small size, commonly less than 10 mm. Have Australian and New

Zealand malacologists paid more attention to the small-sized pele-

cypods than have malacologists in other parts of the world? Or are

the subantarctic and antarctic pelecypod faunas populated with an

unusually large number of small-sized epifaunal pelecypods? In

an earlier paper (Nicol, 1966) , I had noted the uncommonly

large percentage of small-sized pelecypod species in the antarctic

fauna.

Table 1. Percentage of infaunal species of pelecypods in 15

Recent marine faunas. Data taken from the following sources in

the sequence shown below: 1. Clarke, 1962; 2. La Rocque, 1953

3. Keen, 1958; 4. Taki, 1951; .5 Nickles, 1950; 6. Smith & Gordon

1948; 7. Perry & Schwengel, 1955; 8. Warmke k Abbott, 1961

9. Olsson, 1961; 10. Macpherson & Gabriel, 1962; 11. Nicol, 1967

12. Cotton k Godfrey, 1938; 13. Carcelles & Williamson, 1951

14. Nicol, 1967; 15. Powell, 1946.

Mean per cent, of infaunal species in all 15 faunas is 72.

40 nautilus Vol. 82 (2)

Paleontologists have begun to show an interest in paleoecolog-

ical analyses of pelecypod faunas, and a good example is that of

Logan (1967, pp. 10-11) on the Permian pelecypod fauna of

northern England.

1 have deliberately restricted myself in this study to Late Jurassic

and younger faunas because most of the speciess in these younger

faunas can be allocated to living familiess or superfamilies in which

the habitat is well known.

Table 2. Percentage of infaunal species of pelecypods in 15

fossil marine faunas. Data taken from the following sources in the

sequence shown below: 1. Vokes, 1939; 2. Gorges, 1952; 3. Mans-

field, 1932; 4. Vokes, 1957; 5. Gardner, 1926-1928; 6. Gardner,

1933; 7. Chavan, 1952; 8. Mansfield, 1937; 9. Stephenson, 1953;

10. DuBar, 1958; 11. Stenzel, Krause k Twining, 1957; 12. Wood-

ring, 1925; 13. Stephenson, 1941; 14. Arkell, 1929-1937; 15. Ha-

yami, 1965-1966.

Age & Geographic Region Total No. Species

Middle Eocene, California

Late Oligocene, Germany

Late Miocene, Florida

Middle Miocene, Maryland

Middle Miocene, Florida

Paleocene, Texas

Late Jurassic, France

Late Oligocene Sc Early

Miocene, Florida

Middle Cretaceous, Texas

Plio-Pleistocene, Florida

Middle Eocene, Texas

Late Miocene, Jamaica

Late Cretaceous, Texas

Late Jurassic, England

Early Cretaceous, Japan

Mean per cent, of infaunal species in all 15 fossil faunas is 70.

Mean per cent, of infaunal species in the 10 Cenozoic faunas is 73.

Mean per cent, of infaunal species in the 5 Mesozoic faunas is 64.

The analysis of the fossil pelecypod faunas has also provided

some surprising results (Table 2) . I would have assumed that the

infaunal species would have a greater likelihood of being pre-

served than most of the epifaunal species because the infaunal

species are much more likely to be found in areas of deposition and

the attached forms found in areas of non-deposition or erosion.

October, 1968 nautilus 41

However, the mean percentage of the infaunas among the 10

Cenozoic marine examples is almost identical to that of the mean

percentage of all 15 Recent pelecypod faunas. This seems to indi-

cate that if a large enough sample (representing more than 50 total

species) is taken, it will represent an unbiased sample of the

infaunal and epifaunal species living in a certain geographic area

at a given time span in the past.

The 5 Mesozoic faunas analyzed, however, have a markedly

lower percentage of infaunal species than do the 10 Cenozoic

faunas. The 3 lowest infaunal percentages of all 15 fossil faunas

are of Mesozoic age, and the highest infaunal percentage for any

Mesozoic fauna does not quite equal the mean for all the Cenozoic

faunas. The Late Corallian of England is a reef fauna, and the low

percentage of infaunal species may be explained by the reef en-

vironment which favors a great diversity of epifaunal species, but

this does not explain the low percentage in the other Mesozoic

marine faunas. One notable feature of the Mesozoic faunas, as

compared with the Cenozoic faunas, is the much greater diversity

of the Pteriacea and Isognomonacea and to a lesser extent the

Ostreidae. Most epifaunal filibranch families are well represented

in these Mesozoic faunas. Even the Recent faunas have a mean

percentage of infaunal species considerably higher than the mean

percentage of the Mesozoic faunas (72 per cent, as compared to

64 per cent.) despite the erycinaceans and leptonaceans present in

Recent faunas, which are absent or rare in Mesozoic faunas. How-

ever, the small sample of 5 Mesozoic faunas may prove to be in-

sufficient to demonstrate that Mesozoic faunas generally had a

higher percentage of epifaunal pelecypod species.

In conclusion, I must agree with Yonge that pelecypods are pri-

marily infaunal animals, based on the percentages of infaunal

species in all 30 pelecypod faunas analyzed, but perhaps not so

overwhelmingly as one might judge from Yonge's statements.

Literature cited

Arkell, W. J., 1929-1937. A monograph of British Corallian La-

mellibranchia. Palaeontographical Soc. pts. 1-10: 1-392, i-xxxviii.

Carcelles, A. R., and S. I. Williamson, 1951. Catalogo de los mol-

luscos marinos de la Provincia Magallanica. Argentino Mus.

Cienciass Nat., Bol. Ciencias Zool. 2 (5) : 225-293.

Chavan, A,. 1952. Les pelecypodes des sables Astartiens de Corde-

bugle (Calvados). Mem. Suisses Paleo. 69: 1-132.

Clarke, A. H., Jr., 1962. Annotated list and bibliography of the

42 nautilus Vol. 82 (2)

abyssal molluscs of the world. Nat. Mus. Canada Bull. 181: 1-114.

Cotton, B. C, and F. K. Godfrey, 1938. The molluscs of South

Australia, part 1. The Pelecypoda. Government Printer, Ade-

laide, South Australia. 1-314.

DuBar, J. R., 1958. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Late

Neogene strata of the Caloosahatchee River area of southern

Florida. Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 40: 1-267.

Gardner, J. 1926-1928. The molluscan fauna of the Alum Bluff

Group of Florida. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Papers 142A-E: 1-249.

, 1933. The Midway Group of Texas. Univ. Texas Bull. 3301:

1-403.

Gorges, J., 1952. Die Lamellibranchiaten und Gastropoden Ober-

oligozanen Meeressandes von Kassel. Abh. hess. L.-Amt Boden-

forsch. 4: 1-134.

Hayami, I., 1965-1966. Lower Cretaceous marine pelecypods of

Japan. Mem. Faculty, Sci. Kyushu Univ., Ser. D, Geol. pt. 1.

XV (2) : 221-349; pt. 2. XVII (2) : 73-150; pt. 3. XVII (3) :

151-249.

Keen, A. M., 1958. Sea shells of tropical west America. Stanford

Univ. Press, California. 1-626.

La Rocque, A., 1953. Catalogue of the Recent Mollusca of Canada.

Canada Nat. Mus. Bull. 129: 1-406.

Logan, A., 1967. The Permian Bivalvia of northern England.

Palaeontographical Soc. Mon. 121 (518) : 1-72.

Macpherson, J. H., and C. J. Gabriel, 1962. Marine molluscs of

Victoria. Melbourne Univ. Press, Australia. 1-475.

Mansfield, W. C, 1932. Miocene pelecypods of the Choctawhatchee

Formation of Florida. Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 8: 1-240.

, 1937. Mollusks of the Tampa and Suwannee Limestones of

Florida. Ibid. 15: 1-334.

Nickles, M., 1950. Mollusques testaces marine de la cote occiden-

tal d'Afrique. Manuels Ouest-Africains, Paris. II: 1-269.

Nicol, D., 1966. Size of pelecypods in Recent marine faunas. Nauti-

lus. 79: (4): 109-113.

, 1967. Some characteristics of cold-water marine pelecypods.

Jour. Paleo. 41 (6) : 1330-1340.

Olsson, A. A., 1961. Mollusks of the tropical eastern Pacific particu-

larly from the southern half of the Panamic-Pacific faunal prov-

vince (Panama to Peru) . Panamic-Pacific Pelecypoda. Paleo.

Res. Inst., Ithaca, New York. 1-574.

Perry, L. M., and J. S. Schwengel, 1955. Marine shells of the west-

ern coast of Florida. Bull. Am. Paleo. 26 (95) : 1-318.

Powell, A. W. B., 1946. The shellfish of New Zealand. Whitcombe

and Tombs, Christchurch, New Zealand, 2nd. ed. 1-106.

Smith, A. G., and M. Gordon, Jr., 1948. The marine mollusks and

brachipods of Monterey Bay, California, and vicinity. Proc.

Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th. ser. 26 (8) : 147-245.

October, 1968 nautilus 43

Stanley, S. M., 1968. Post-Paleozoic adaptive radiation of infaunal

bivalve molluscs — a consequence of mantle fusion and siphon

formation. Jour. Paleo. 42 (1) : 214-229.

Stenzel, H. B., E. K. Krause, and J. T. Twining, 1957. Pelecypoda

from the type locality of the Stone City Beds (Middle Eocene)

of Texas. Univ. Texas Bull. 5704. 1-237.

Stephenson, L. W., 1941. The larger invertebrate fossils of the

Navarro Group of Texas. Ibid. 4101. 1-641.

, 1953. Larger invertebrate fossils of the Woodbine Formation

(Cenomanian) of Texas. U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 242.

1-226.

Taki, I., 1951. A handbook of illustrated shells in natural colors

from Japanese Islands and their adjacent territories, revised

and enlarged ed., Bunkyokahu, Tokyo, 134 pis. 1-46.

Thorson, G., 1957. Chapter 17. Bottom communities: in Treatise

on marine ecology and paleoecology. Vol. 1. Ecology. Geol. Soc.

Am. Mem. 67: 461-534.

Vokes, H. E., 1939. Molluscan faunas of the Domengine and Arroyo

Hondo Formations of the California Eocene. An. New York

Acad. Sci. 38: 1-246.

, 1957. Miocene fossils of Maryland. Maryland Geol. Survey

Bull. 20. 1-85.

Warmke, G. L., and R. T. Abbott, 1961. Caribbean seashells. Liv-

ingston Publishing Co., Narberth, Pennsylvania. 1-348.

Woodring, W. P., 1925. Miocene mollusks from Bowden Jamaica:

Pelecypods and scaphopods. Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub.

366. 1-222.

Yonge, C. M., 1949. The sea shore. Collins, Clear-Type Press,

London. 1-311.

NEW RECORDS FOR INTRODUCED MOLLUSKS

By DEE S. DUNDEE and PAT W. & HENRY R. HERMANN

Louisiana State University, New Orleans, and University of Georgia, Athens

According to Pilsbry (1948) and Burch (1962) , the introduced

slug, Limax maximus Linn., is found throughout much of the U.S.

In July of 1966, Dr. D. S. Franzen reported finding L. maximus at

202 and 204 E. Walnut, Bloomington, Illinois. The slugs were

found under shrubbery after a heavy rain which followed a pro-

longed drought. This is the second reported location for this slug

in Illinois, the Chicago area being the first.

Other new distribution records for L. maximus are Winder,

Georgia, November, 1967 (by L. Cooper) , and near railroad

tracks, corner of Mitchell and St. Thomas Streets, Athens, Georgia,

January, 1968 (by the authors) .

44 nautilus Vol. 82 (2)

Based on reports by Pilsbry (1948) and Burch (1962), the

distribution of Limax marginatus Muller in the United States

seems to be spotty. These authors report this species from Arizona,

California, Colorado (greenhouse in Boulder) , Missouri (green-

house in St. Louis) and New York-

Dundee (1967) documented the spread of L. marginatus south-

ward through Mississippi and Louisiana since 1948. By 1965, it was

found as far south as Hattiesburg, Mississippi. In December, 1967,

it was again found, this time beneath a slab of marble at Green-

wood Cemetery in New Orleans. This species recently has been

collected by the authors from 3 localities in Athens, Georgia. These

are: near railroad tracks, corner of Foundry and Hancock Streets,

January, 1968; from one of the University of Georgia greenhouses,

March, 1968; and near railroad tracks at 710 E. Broad Street,

April, 1968.

Lamellaxis clavulinus (Potiez and Michaud) , which has thus

far been reported from Pennsylvania (Pilsbry, 1946, and Burch,

1962) , is now reported by the authors from 710 E. Broad, Athens,

Georgia, April, 1968.

A brief evaluation of new mollusk records may include the fol-

lowing considerations. Factors accounting for new distribution

records may be: 1) collecting is underway in areas not previously

covered adequately or not covered at all, 2) occurrences that were

previously known are now being published, and 3) the mollusks

are extending their range.

Since our new records come from areas in which previous in-

vestigators have collected, there is some indication that these

species were either rare enough to have been missed by earlier

collectors or absent from the areas until recently. Mollusks may

often be present in restricted localities within an area for a con-

siderbale time before they proliferate and disperse in sufficient

numbers to be noticed by even a fairly thorough collector. How-

ever, many areas of the United States have been collected heavily

without turning up these species that are appearing presently in

collections. In short, it is likely that mollusks are spreading to

these new localities.

There may be several modes of range extension involved, but

based on what we know about the distribution and treatment of

commercial plants shipped in soil, a highly likely means of dis-

persal may be with these plants. Snails and slugs uncommon or

October, 1968 nautilus 45

absent in nearby open areas are often found in greenhouses where

commercial plants are housed. Dispersal may more commonly in-

volve the zygote (or developing) stage which would be harder

to detect than the adult.

Published reports of thorough and repeated collecting in specific

areas would greatly enhance our knowledge of mollusk introduc-

tion and dispersal.

Literature cited

Burch, John B. 1962. The eastern land snails. Wm. C. Brown Co.

Pub., Dubuque, Iowa. 214 pp.

Dundee, Dee S. 1967. Introduced slugs still spreading. Naut. 80

(3) : 108-109.

Pilsbry, Henry A. 1939-1948. Land mollusca of North America

(North of Mexico) . Acad. Nat. Sci. Monographs, No. 3, vols.

1 and 2.

CHROMOSOME NUMBER IN NINE FAMILIES

OF MARINE PELECYPOD MOLLUSKS

By R. W. MENZEL

Department of Oceanography, Florida State University1

Introduction. Until recent years there have been few studies of

the chromosomes of marine pelecypod mollusks. Makino (1951)

lists only two genera. Some of the earlier studies of species of

oysters were later shown to be in error. The earlier studies were

made from sectional material, which by its nature does not give an

accurate analysis. Rosenfield (1951) and Menzel and Menzel

(1965) used squashes of fixed and stained eggs and zygotes, a more

reliable technique. Ahmed and Sparks (1967), Longwell, Stiles

and Smith (1967) and Menzel (1968) used this method to report

a total of 9 species of oysters.

During an investigation of the cytotaxonomy of species of

quahog clams and species of oysters, chromosome counts have been

made of species of mollusks in 8 families, including 10 species

which have not been reported previously. In addition, previous

investigations of 13 species of marine pelecypods are listed, in-

cluding an additional family.

The majority of the species for which chromosome numbers are

reported for the first time were collected locally near the site of

1 Contribution No. 226, Department of Oceanography, Florida State Univer-

sity, Tallahassee, Florida 32306. Supported by NSF, Grant No. GB-5034.

46 nautilus Vol. 82 (2)

the Marine Laboratory of the Florida State University in Franklin

County on the northwest coast of Florida. These were spawned by

the writer or by students and prepared for examination. Fixed

eggs and zygotes of 4 species were supplied through the kindness

of Mr. Paul Chanley, Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Exotic

species of oysters (Crassostrea spp.) were supplied to the writer

through the kindness of several individuals in other areas. These

were spawned in our laboratory and the material fixed. The fol-

lowing individuals supplied oysters: Peter Wolf, Australia; Peter

Walne, England; Narcissco Ligeralde, Philippines; Luiss Almo-

dovar and Horace Loften, Puerto Rico and Canal Zone; Kenneth

Chew and Ronald Westerly, Washington. The following are

thanked for collecting, spawning and fixing some of the local

species: Edwin Cake, Sidney Pierce, Theodore Ritchie and William

Tiffany.

Methods. Sexually mature mollusks were induced to spawn by

heat and sperm suspension technique or were "stripped" and the

gametes mixed (LoosanofF and Davis, 1963) . The methods of

chromosome analyses have been described by Menzel and Menzel

(1965) . The eggs and zygotes were fixed at intervals in acetic acid-

ethanol and stored at a temperature of — 15°C. Storage at this

low temperature gave satisfactory results after two years. Aceto-

carmine, aceto-orcein and propio-carmine were used as stains;

ace to-carmine has proven as good as any of the others and generally

was used. A Zeiss microscope with phase contrast was used for

examination. The figures are camera lucida drawings and photo-

micrographs made with a Polaroid camera attachment. A 12-volt

illuminator was used for the photomicrograph to allow for a short

time exposure under phase contrast. In all the mollusks examined

meiosis is not completed until after sperm penetration of the egg.

Results. The species examined are listed below according to the

classification of Abbott (1954, 1961) . The chromosomes at meiosis

and mitosis are pictured for all the species examined by the writer,

except for two species of quahog clams (Menzel and Menzel,

1965) . Species for which no locality and donor are listed were

collected locally.

Order: Filibranchia

Mytilidate

Mytilus eduliss L. Virginia (Chanley; fixed material) .

N=12; 2N=24. Figure 1.

October, 1968 nautilus 47

Ostreidae

Crassostrea amasa (Iredale) . Australia (Wolf) .

N=10; 2N=20. Figure 2.

C. angulata (Lam.) (Cultured in) England (Walne) .

N=10; 2N=20. Figure 3.

C. commercialis (Iredale & Roughly) Australia (Wolf) .

N=10; 2N=20. Figure 4.

C. iredalei (Quoy Sc Gaimard) . Philippines (Ligeralde) .

N=10; 2N=20. Figure 5.

C. gigas (Thunberg) (cultured in) Washington (Chew & Westerly).

N=10; 2N=20. Figure 6.

C. rhizophorae (Guilding) . Puerto Rico Sc Canal Zone (Almodovar

& Lofte) .

N=10; 2N=20. Figure 7.

C. virginica (Gmelin) . Florida (local) .

N=10; 2N=20. Figure 8.

Ostrea edulis L. Europe.

N=10; 2N=20 (ex. Longwell, Stiles & Smith, 1967) .

O. equestris Say. Florida (local) .

2N=20 (mitosis only) . Figure 9.

O. lurida Carpenter. Washington.

N=10; 2N=20 (ex. Ahmed and Sparks, 1967).

Order: Eulamellibranchia

Cardiidae

Dinocardium robustum (Solander) . Florida (local) .

N=12; 2N=24. Figure 10.

Veneridae

Chione cancellata (Lamarck) . Florida (local) .

N=19; 2N=38. Figure 11.

Mercenaria mercenaria (Linne) . Atlantic Coast of United States.

N=19; 2N=38 (ex. Menzel & Menzel, 1965).

M. campechiensis (Gmelin) . Florida (local) .

N=19; 2N=38. (ex. Menzel & Menzel, 1965).

Petricolidae

Petricola pholadiformis (Lam.). Virginia (Chanley - fixed material).

N=23; 2N=46. Figure 12.

Semelidae

Cumingia tellinoides Conrad. New England.

N=16 (ex. Morris, 1917, 1918).

Donacidae

Donax variabilis Say. Florida (local) .

N = 19; 2N=38. Figure 13.

Mactridae

Labiosa plicatella (Lam.) . Florida (local) .

N=18; 2N=36. Figure 14.

Mactra sp. (presumably) Mediterranean.

48 nautilus Vol. 82 (2)

N=18; 2N=36. (ex. Kostanecki, 19042) .

Mulinia lateralis Say. Virginia (Chanley - fixed material) .

N=18; 2N=36. Figure 15.

Pholodaiedae

Cyrtopleura costata (Lamarck) . Florida (local) .

N— 17; 2N=34. Figure 16.

Barnea truncata (Say.) . Virginia (Chanley - fixed material) .

N=17; 2N=34. Figure 17.

Discussion. Chromosome analyses from squash preparations of

pelecypod eggs and early zygotes are more reliable than those made

from sectioned material. Inconsistencies occur in using sectional

material, e.g. Galtsoff (1964) summarized the studies on several

species of oysters of previous investigators as well as his own, and

the reported diploid number varied from 8 to 24. Kobayashi

(1954) reported the 2N number of two species of Japanese oysters

to be 24. Ahmed and Sparks (1967), Longwell, Stiles and Smith

(1967) and Menzel (1968) found that a total of 10 species in the

genera Crassostrea and Ostrea all have N=10; 2N=20, and these

species include those for which other numbers had been reported

previously. All these latter investigators used stained squash prep-

arations of eggs and zygotes.

It is easier to determine the chromosome number at meiosis than

at mitosis, partly because of the halved number and partly because

at metaphase I the chromosomes are usually rather compact dis-

crete bodies (vide the several figures) . At mitotic divisions, it is

usually difficult to see all the chromosomes in one focal plane

under the magnification needed. Longwell et. al. (1967) used

colchicine treatment and also extracted some of the yolk material

from the egg, which aided in the examination. Camera lucida

drawings in which focusing can be done, give a more reliable count

than photomicrographs.

It is interesting that in 4 families studied all the species and

genera within a family had the same number of chromosomes.

Relatively few mollusks have been examined as yet, and the con-

stancy of numbers of chromosomes within a family may be a coin

cidence. The data indicate, however, that chromosome studies of.

pelecypod mollusks may be useful as a systematic tool. There are

2 Makino (1951 erroneously cited Kostanecki (1904) as giving N = 12 for

Mactra. Kostanecki saw 12 chromosome bodies in the polar body of the

fertilized eggs but later in the paper stated "Die Zahl der Chromosomen

betragt die Halfte von jener in befruchteten Wiern namlich 18 statt 36."

October, 1968 nautilus 49

available locally several families of marine bivalves with multiple

species and genera. Attempt will be made to examine these to

determine if the chromosome number within a family is constant

Summary

1. The chromosome numbers of 23 species of marine pelecypod

mollusks in 9 families are reported, 10 for the first time.

2. Acetocarmine squashes of eggs and zygotes, that have been

fixed in acetic acid-ethanol, are reliable for rapid chromosome

analysis.

3. There is an indication chromosome numbers are constant

within a family and hence may be of importance in systematic

studies.

Explanation of figures 1 to 17. An actual photomicrograph of

a meiosis or mitosis usually is followed by a camera lucida drawing

of the chromosomes in the same or a similar preparation. In some

of the photomicrographs, all chromosomes are not in focus.

Literature cited

Abbott, R. T. 1954. American seashells. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc.

N. Y. 541 pp.

, 1961. How to know the American marine shells. Signet Key

Books, N. Y. 222 pp.

Ahmed, M. and A. K. Sparks 1967. A preliminary study of chrom-

osomes of two species of oysters (Ostrea lurida and Crassostrea

gigas) . Journ. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada. 24: 2155-2159.

Galtsoff, P. S. 1964. The American oyster Crassostrea virginica

(Gmelin) . Fish. Bull., Fish and Wildl. Serv., 64: 480 pp.

Kobyashi, H. 1954. Uber die Chromenzahl der zwei Arten von

japanischen Austern. Cytologia 10: 371-376.

Kostanechi, K. 1904. Cytologische studien an Kunstlich partheno-

gentisch sich entwiokelnden Eiren von Mactra. Archiv. Fuer

mikroskopische Anatomie 64: 1-98, 101 figs.

Longwell, A. C, S. S. Stiles and D. G. Smith, 1967. Chromosome

complement of the American oyster Crassostrea virginica, as

seen in meiotic and cleaving eggs. Canadian Journ. Genetics and

Cytology 9: 845-856.

Loosanoff, V. L. and H. C. Davis, 1963. Rearing of bivalve mol-

lusks. Recent advances in marine biology. Academic Press, Lon-

don. 133 pp.

Makino, S. 1951. An atlas of the chromosome numbers in animals.

Ames Iowa State College Press. Ames. 290 pp.

Menzel, R. W. 1968. Cytotaxonomy of species of clams (Mercen-

aria) and oysters (Crassostrea) . Marine Biol. Assoc. India.

In press.

50 nautilus Vol. 82 (2)

and M. Y. Menzel. 1965. Chromosomes of the species of

quahog clams and their hybrids. Biol. Bull., 129: 181-188.

Morris, M. M. 1917. A cytological study of aritificial partheno-

gensis in Cumingia. Journ. Exper. Zool., 21: 1-51.

, 1918. Further experiments on the effect of heat on the eggs

of Cumingia. Biol. Bull., 35: 260-271.

Rosenfield, A. 1963. Some cytological and chemical characteristics

of the Ostreidae. Natl. Shellfish. Assoc. Abstract.

NEW SONORELLA FROM ARIZONA

By WALTER B. MILLER

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arizona

Westernmost species

In the description of Sonorella coltoniana Pilsbry (1939) , there

is a reference to a race of shells from the vicinity of Oatman,

Arizona, which represents the westernmost known population of

the genus. Pilsbry states: "Around Oatman, in western Mojave

(sic) County, Ferriss took several hundred 'bones', a few of them

fresh enough to encourage the hope that living snails could be

found, although the most laborious search failed to discover them.

He did not supply the exact locations of his collecting stations."

Pilsbry referred this Oatman population to 5. coltoniana because

of the similarity of embryonic sculptures.

Munroe L. Walton began looking for specimens of this popu-

lation in the vicinity of Oatman in 1946. He searched sporadically

for years in the hills below Oatman without success. On 15 March,

1967, he looked in the Black Mountains along the Goldroad high-

way, just east of Sitgreaves Pass, and was rewarded with two dead

shells. Again, on 13 April, 1967, he collected two more dead shells

from the same locality. On 13 October, 1967, M. L. Walton,

Dr. J. C. Bequaert, and I worked the same rockslide and were

rewarded with one live adult. The embryonic sculpture and shell

diameter agree with Ferriss' shells as described under S. coltoniana

by Pilsbry. The genitalia, however, reveal it to be closely related

to S. coloradoensis (Stearns) . It is described below as a subspecies

of coloradoensis.

In citing this population of Sonorella as westernmost, a com-

ment should be made on the status of Sonorella (Mohavelix)

micrometallius (Berry) 1943 (Pilsbry, 1948, p. 1094) from the

El Paso Mts. of California. Although micrometallius has genitalia

October, 1968 nautilus 51

which fit the description of Sonorella genitalia, my opinion is that

Mohavelix had a different phylogenetic origin from Sonorella,

having most probably arisen from a nearby Micrarionta ancestor

and that therefore Mohavelix should be given full generic stand-

ing (Miller, 1967).

Sonorella coloradoensis mohaveana new subspecies. Fig. 1, D-F.

Description: Shell depressed-globose, heliciform, thin, glossy,

light tan, with chestnut spiral band on the well-rounded shoulder;

umbilicate, the umbilicus contained about 9 times in the diameter.

Embryonis shell of about \y2 whorls, its apex silky-smooth, not

glossy; the remainder with fine, irregular radial wrinkles over

which are lengthened papillae arranged in obliquely spiral trends

but not anastomosing into threads. Post-embryonic whorls marked

with light growth wrinkles and scars of worn-off periostracal pro-

jections; these scars becoming sparse to absent on the body whorl.

The body whorl with numerous, distinct, microscopic spiral

grooves above the shoulder. The periostracum presents a silky,

lustrous appearance. The last whorl descends slightly and abruptly

to the peristome. Aperture oblique, rounded, slightly wider than

high. Peristome slightly expanded, partly reflected over the um-

bilicus, the margins converging: parietal callus very thin.

Holotype measurements: Height 12.2 mm; max. diam. 19.9 mm;

umbilicus 2.2 mm; whorls 5.

Genitalia of holotype (Fig. 3, B) : The slender penis is en-

veloped at its base by a short sheath and contains a club-shaped,

blunt, scarcely annulated verge for nearly half its length; the

seminal duct orifice is terminal. The slightly shorter epiphallus

has a very small, not detached caecum. The vagina is about 2/s the

length of the penis.

Type locality: Black Mts., ca. Oatman, Mohave Co., Arizona,

in a west-facing, igneous rockslide on the north side of the Gold-

road highway (old US. 66) , east of Sitgreaves Pass, at a point 2.3

road miles easterly from the pass; elevation ca. 3200 ft. (Munroe L.

Walton, Joseph C. Bequaert, and Walter B. Miller, 13 Oct., 1967) .

Holotype ANSP. 314850. Paratypes in collections of Dept. of

Biological Sciences, University of Arizona (3122), Munroe L.

Walton (9377 & 9644) , and the author (5005) .

The type lot consists of 7 adult and 5 immature shells. Only the

holotype was found alive. There is some variation in shell diam-

52 nautilus Vol. 82 (2)

eter, from 18.9 to 21.1 mm., and in the extent of peristome reflec-

tions, body-whorl spiral striations and spire elevation. In general,

the spire is more elevated than in most other species of the genus.

In shell characteristics, S.c. mohaveana differs from S.c. colora-

doensis in its larger size. Pilsbry reported variations in the di-

ameter of coloradoensis from 14 to 18.5 mm. In the lots of Oatman

shells, which Pilsbry listed under S. coltoniana, he reported shell

diameters of 15 to 18 mm. in one lot and up to 20.5 mm. in

another. The embryonic sculpture of mohaveana is similar to that

of the nominate species. Likewise the presence of body-whorl spiral

grooves in coloradoensis varies from prominent to absent in indi-

viduals of the same population.

In the genitalia, mohaveana differs from coloradoensis (Fig. 3,

A) mainly in the shape of the verge, which is club-shaped and

scracely annulate in the former while it is cylindrical and strongly

annulate in the latter. It also differs in the diameter of the penis

and the length of the penial sheath, but these characteristics are

often inconsistent in Sonorella. Comparative measurements are as

follows (lengths, in mm., unless otherwise stated) :

C.c. mohaveana C.c. coloradoensis

(#5005-A holotype) (#4908-D, Bright Angel)

penis length 6.0 6.0

penis max. diam. 0.9 1.4

penial sheath 1.2 3.0

verge 2.7 2.7

vagina 4.0 4.0

epiphallus 5.0 5.0

caecum minute, minute,

not detached not detached

In my opinion, the characteristics which differentiate mohave-

ana from colordoensis, namely shell size and verge shape, are not

sufficient to warrant specific separation. Hybridization tests would

be highly desirable to determine reproductive isolation, if any.

Additional field exploration would also be desirable to determine

the possible presence of intervening, and perhaps intergrading,

populations between the Black Mts. and the Grand Canyon.

This subspecies is named after Mohave County, where it is found.

Peloncillo Mountains

Pilsbry (1939, p. 277) mentioned a record of an immature

shell in the U.S. National Museum from "Doubtful Canyon,"

Peloncillo Mountains, and indicated that it was probably Sonor-

October, 1968

NAUTILUS

53

, LS

4t yf

Fig. 2

% *

«*>•

lit?

Fig. 3

Fig. 1, Mytilus edulis. N = 12; 2 N— 24. a, photomicrograph of metaphase

meiosis. b, drawing of photomicrograph a. c, photomicrograph of mitotic

prophase; all chromsomes not in focus.

Fig. 2, Crassostrea amasa. N — 10; 2 N = 20. a, photomicrograph of meta-

phase meiosis. b, drawing of metaphase meiosis. c, metaphase mitosis; all

chromosomes not in focus, d, drawing of late prophase mitosis.

Fig. 3, C. angulata. N = 10; 2 N— 20. a, photomicrograph of metaphase

meiosis. b, drawing of a. c, metaphase mitosis, d, drawing of c.

54

NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 (2)

\

0

<*

^

<*n

Fig. 4

r

#

F.9.6

Fig. 4, Crassostrea commercialis. N — 10; 2 N— 20. a. photomicrograph of

metaphase meiosis. b, drawing of a. c, metaphase mitosis; all chromosomes

not in focus, d, drawing of metaphase mitosis.

Fig. 5, C. iredalei. N— 10; 2 N— 20. a, photomicrograph of metaphase

meiosis. b, drawing of a. c, metaphase mitosis, d, drawing of metaphase

mitosis.

Fig. 6, C. gigas. N = 10; 2 N=20. a, photomicrograph of metaphase meiosis.

b, drawing of a. c, metaphase mitosis; all chromosomes not in focus, d, draw-

ing of metaphase mitosis.

October, 1968

NAUTILUS

55

Fig. 7, Crassostrea rhizophorae. N = 10; 2 N=20. a, photomicrograph of

metaphase meiosis. b, drawing of a. c, metaphase mitosis; all chromosomes

not in focus, d, drawing of metaphase mitosis.

Fig. 8, C. virginica. N = 10; 2 N=20. a, photomicrograph of metaphase

meiosis. b, drawing of metaphase meiosis. c, metaphase mitosiss. d, drawing

of metaphase mitosis.

Fig. 9, Ostrea equestris. 2 N = 20. a, photomicrograph of late prophase

mitosis; all chromosomes not in focus, b, drawing of late prophase mitosis.

56

NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 (2)

4 %#^ &

Fig 1 0

Fig. 1 1

Fig 1 2

Fig. 10, Dinocardium rubustum. N — 12; 2 N=24. a, photomicrograph of

metaphase meiosis. b, drawing of a. c, prophase mitosis.

Fig. 11, Chione cancellata. N — 19; 2 N=38. a, photomicrograph of meta-

phase meiosis. h, drawing of metaphase meiosis. c, prophase mitosis; all

chromosomes not in focus.

Fig. 12, Petricola pholadiformis. N=23; 2 N=46. a, photomicrograph of

metaphase meiosis. b, drawing of metaphase meiosis. c, metaphase mitosis;

all chromosomes not in focus.

October, 1968

NAUTILUS

57

Fig. 13, Donax variabilis. N — 19; 2 N— 38. a, photomicrograph of meta-

phase meiosis. b, drawing of a. c, prophase mitosis; all chromosomes not

in focus.

Fig. 14, Labiosa plicatella. N = 18; 2 N = 36. a, photomicrograph of meta-

phase meiosis. b, drawing of metaphase meiosis. c, metaphase mitosis; all

chromosomes not in focus.

Fig. 15, Mulinia lateralis. N=rl8; 2 N=36. a, photomicrograph of meta-

phase meiosis. b. drawing of metaphase meiosis. c, metaphase mitosis; all

chromosomes not in focus.

58

NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 (2)

Fig. 1 6

Fig. 1 7

10 u

CAMERA LUCiOA (photos ca. 1/2)

Fig. 16, Cyrtopleara costata. N = 17; 2 N=34, a, photomicrograph of meta-

phase meiosis. b, drawing of a. c, prophase mitosis; all chromosomes not

in focus.

Fig. 17, Barnea truncata. N = 17; 2 N=34. a, photomicrograph of meta-

phase meiosis. b, drawing of a. c, photomicrograph of metaphasse mitosis,

d, drawing of c.

October, 1968

NAUTILUS

59

Figure 1: Holotypes. A-C. Sonorella waltoni W.B. Miller. D-F. S. colora-

doensis tnohaveana \V. B. Miller.

METRIC 1|

llllllll

Figure 2: A-C. Sonorella superstitionis subsp. W. B. Miller

ella hachitana peloncillensis Pilsbry and Ferriss.

Spurred by this record, Munroe L. Walton made two trips to

the vicinity of Doubtful Canyon in 1955 and 1960 and collected

large quantities of dead shells in a rockslide in West Doubtful

Canyon, about two miles from Doubtful Canyon. On 23 Oct.

60

NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 (2)

0 5 10mm

j i i i i i i ' i »

Figure 3: Lower genitalia. A. Sonorella coloradoensis coloradoensis

(Stearns) , #4908-D, Bright Angel trail. B. Holotype, S. coloradoensis

mohaveana W.B. Miller. C. S. hachitana peloncillensis Pilsbry & Ferriss.

#4987-A, Skull Canyon. Peloncillo Mts. D. Holotype, S. waltoni W.B. Miller.

E. S. caerulifluminis Pilsbry & Ferriss, #4964-A, Tollgate Canyon, Peloncillo

Mts. ec, epiphallic caecum; ep. epiphallus; fo. free oviduct; pe, penis; pr.

penial retractor; ps, penial sheath; sp, spermathecal duct; va, vagina; vd,

vas deferens; ve, verge. All drawings to scale indicated, from stained whole

mounts.

October, 1968 nautilus 61

1966, a determined assault on this slide by Munroe L. Walton,

Albert R. Mead, Joseph C. Bequaert, and the author resulted

in obtaining many dead shells as well as over a dozen live speci-

mens. Dissections of the animals revealed that these specimens

were significantly different from topotypes of S. h. peloncillensis

and represented a new species, described below.

Sonorella waltoni new species. Figure 1, A-C.

Description: Shell depressed-globose, heliciform, thin, glossy,

light tan, with chestnut spiral band on the well-rounded shoulder;

umbilicate, the umbilicus contained about 8 times in the diame-

ter. Embryonic shell of about 1 14 whorls with sculpture of the

hachitana type; its apex silky smooth, not glossy; the first half

whorl with weak, irregular, radial wrinkles, the remainder of

the embryonic shell with thin, microscopic, raised striae arranged

in some ascending but mostly descending spirals, superimposed

over the radial wrinkles. Post-embryonic whorls marked with light

growth wrinkles and scars of worn-off periostracal projections;

these scars becoming sparse to absent on the body whorl. The

periostracum presents a silky, lustrous appearance. The last

whorl descends slightly and abruptly to the peristome. Aperture

oblique, rounded, slightly wider than high. Peristome slightly

expanded, the margins converging; parietal callus very thin.

Holotype measurements: Height 11.2 mm; max. diam. 19.8

mm; umbilicus 2.6 mm; whorls 414.

Genitalia of holotype (Fig. 3, D) : The long penis is of the

hachitana type, with a long, thin, annulated, tapered verge; the

orifice of the seminal duct at the apex of the verge. The epiphal-

lus is about 3/5 the length of the penis and bears a distinct, well-

detached epiphallic caecum. Penial sheath about 1/3 the length

of the penis.

The vagina is about 1/2 the length of the penis and is slightly

swollen at the base. The free oviduct, spermathecal duct, and

spermatheca have the usual proportions of such structures in the

group of hachitana.

Type locality: West Doubtful Canyon, Peloncillo Mts., Cochise

Co., Arizona, in a NE-facing rockslide along the right bank, at

R 32 E, T 13 S, Sec. 9, NW 14 (San Simon, 1950, topo. quad-

rangle) ; elevation ca. 4800 ft. (Munroe L. Walton, Albert R.

Mead, Joseph C. Bequaert, and Walter B. Miller, 23 Oct. 1966) .

Holotype ANSP 314848. Paratypes in collections of ANSP.

62 nautilus Vol. 82 (2)

(314849) , Dep't. of Biological Sciences, University of Arizona

(3007), Munroe L. Walton (9297), and the author (4931).

In shell characteristics, S. waltoni has a smaller diameter than

any of its nearest, described, geographical relatives except for some

forms of S. hachitana orientis from the Organ Mts. of New

Mexico and vicinity. In the type lot of over 60 specimens, the

largest has a diameter of 21.9 mm. while the smallest measures

17.3. The embryonic spiral threads show variation from closely

spaced, mostly descending on the holotype to more widely spaced,

equally ascending and descending on some paratypes. They are

always present on fresh specimens. The chestnut-brown shoulder

band varies from wide and dark on some specimens, to narrow

and lighter on others; a few specimens are completely bandless.

The genitalia of S. waltoni are most distinctive. They have a

considerably longer penis and verge than any of the known New

Mexico populations of the group of S. hachitana, as well as its

nearest geographical relatives in the Peloncillo Mts., namely

S. h. peloncillensis (Figure 3: C) from Skull Canyon at the

southern end of the range and S. caerulifluminis (Figure 3: E)

from Tollgate Canyon at the northern end of the range. Com-

parative measurements of the subspecies of S. hachitana are

listed in Pilsbry (1939, p. 275) . Comparative measurements of

genitalia (in mm.) of S. waltoni, S. h. peloncillensis, and S.

caerulifluminis are listed below:

Penis Verge Epiphallus Vagina

S. waltoni

(holotype) 17 12 10 9

S. waltoni

(paratype A) 16 13 10 9

S. waltoni

(paratype B) 16 13.5 9 9

S. waltoni

(paratype C) 18 12.5 11 9

S. h. peloncillensis

(topotype 4987-A) 9 7 8 9

S. h. peloncillensis

(topotype 4987-B) 10 7.5 8.5 9

S. caerulifluminis

(Blue River at Pigeon

Ck, my #4964- A) 8 4.5 7 12

5. caerulifluminis

(Tollgate Canyon,

my #4941 -A) 9 6 7 13

October, 1968 nautilus 63

S. waltoni is known only from the type locality. Probably it

exists also in other slides in West Doubtful Canyon as well as in

slides in the nearby Doubtful Canyon and Little Doubtful Can-

yon. It probably evolved from a common ancestor of S. h. pelon-

cillensis and S. caerulifluminis through geographical isolation and

genetic drift.

It is named after Munroe L. Walton, an eminent malacologist

and friend, who has searched for and collected Sonorella for over

20 years and who first located the type population of this species.

Literature Cited

Miller, W. B. 1967. Anatomical revision of the genus Sonorella

(Pulmonata: Helminthoglyptidae) . Univ. of Arizona doctoral

dissertation #E9791.

Pilsbry, H. A. 1939. Land mollusca of North America (north of

Mexico) . Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monogr. 3, v. 1, pt. 1,

573 p.

1948. Land mollusca of North America (north of Mexico) .

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monogr. 3, v. 2, pt. 2, p. 521-1113.

FOUR NEW SPECIES OF LAND SNAILS

By LESLIE HUBRICHT

Glyphyalinia rimula, new species. Figure 1, A-C.

Shell small, strongly depressed, pale coppery (when fresh) ,

glossy, thin and translucent, spire very low conoid. Whorls 4.5 to

5, well rounded, gradually and uniformly increasing except for

more rapid expansion on last half of last whorl, sutures moder-

ately impressed. Sculpture of rather widely spaced radial furrows

(34 distinct furrows on last whorl of holotype) , very faint spiral

sculpture visible in places at a magnification of 30x. Aperture

lunate; lip thin, sinuous, with a tongue-like callus at the columel-

lar end which partially covers the umbilicus. Umbilicus rimate.

Height 3.4 mm., diameter 7.7 mm., aperture height 3.0 mm.,

aperture width 4.0 mm., 4.5 whorls. Holotype.

Animal pale gray. Penis cylindrical, moderately stout; clearly

separated into an apical and basal chamber. The apical chamber

about one-fourth the length of the penis. Retractor short and

stout, attached a little below the end of the penis. Epiphallus

about one-half as long as the penis, sessile, attached to the base

of the apical chamber, very stout, enlarged towards the distal

end, distal end about twice the diameter of the penis. Vagina

64 nautilus Vol. 82 (2)

very short. Free oviduct about one-half as long as the penis.

Spermatheca ovoid, duct about twice as long as the spermatheca

and about half as wide.

Distribution: Tennessee: Clay Co.: cedar woods, 2 miles south-

east of Celina. Overton Co.: river bluff, 3.7 miles east of Alpine.

Cannon Co.: in Tenpenny Cave, 2 miles northwest of Woodbury

(Stewart B. Peck & Alan Fiske, colls.) holotype 156937, para-

types 156938, Field Museum of Natural History, other paratypes

36847 collection of the author; in Henpeck Mill Cave, 1.7 miles

northeast of Woodbury (Peck & Fiske, colls.) .

Glyphyalinia rimula appears to be most closely related to Glyph-

yalinia solida (H. B. Baker) . The shell differs in that the tongue-

like callus does not completely cover the umbilicus. Anatomically

it differs notably in the presence of a small extension of the penis

beyond the retractor and in the shape of the epiphallus.

Glyphyalinia latebricola, new species. Fig. 1, D-F.

Shell small, strongly depressed, nearly transparent with a

whitish wash, glossy, spire very low conoid. Whorls 5 to 5.5, well

rounded, gradually and uniformly increasing, sutures moderately

impressed. Sculpture of radial furrows (55 distinct furrows on

last whorl of holotype) , and distinct spiral striae visible under

30x magnification. Aperture lunate; lip thin, sinuous, with a

tongue-like callus at the columellar end which partially covers

the umbilicus. Umbilicus rimate. Base of shell deeply impressed

around the umbilicus.

Height 3.1 mm., diameter 6.3 mm., aperture height 2.4 mm.,

aperture width 2.9 mm., 5.3 whorls. Holotype.

Animal nearly white, with some black flecking on the back.

Penis claviform, stout; retractor short and stout, attached below

the end of the penis. Epiphallus about one-half as long as the

penis, very stout, the distal end bifurcate with the vas deferens

attached to the end of one of the lobes; epiphallus attached to

the penis opposite the insertion of the retractor and a little below

it. Vagina short. Free oviduct about one-half as long as the penis.

Spermatheca ovoid, duct a little longer than the spermatheca and

the same width.

Distribution: Alabama: Madison Co.: on the undersides of

stones, base of Burwell Mtn., east of Jeff, holotype 156939, para-

types 156940 F.M.N. H., other paratypes 35336 collection of the

October, 1968

NAUTILUS

65

Figure 1: Holotypes. A-C, Glyphyalinia rimula Hubricht. D-F, G. latebricola

Hubricht. G-I, Paravitrea grimmi Hubricht. J, Catinclla aprica Hubricht.

Drawings by Field Museum of Natural History.

66

NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 (2)

Figure 2: K-L. Catinella aprica Hubricht. Left and right views of two

penises. p. penis, a. appendix, v. vas deferens, r. retractor.

author. Jackson Co.: in Doug Green Cave, 2 miles northwest of

Swain (Stewart B. Peck, coll.) .

Glyphyalinia latebricola is most closely related to Glyphyalinia

praecox (H. B. Baker) , differing in the much shorter "flagellum"

of the penis; and in the stouter, distinctly bifurcated epiphallus.

The shell is most likely to be confused with that of Glyphyalinia

cryptomphala (Clapp) . It has the same whitish color but the

umbilicus is not completely covered.

Glyphyalinia latebricola, G. rimula, and G. luticola Hubricht

represent a connecting series between Glyphyalinia s. s. and Sec-

tion Glyphognomon H. B. Baker. The conspicuous differences

which were present in the species known at the time Glyphogno-

mon was described no longer exist, and Glyphognomon must be

placed in the synonomy of Glyphyalinia s. s.

Paravitrea grimmi, new species. Fig. 1, G-I.

Shell small, pale buff, subhyaline, shining; spire low, convex,

with shallow sutures. Whorls 6 to 6.5 slowly increasing, last

whorl increasing more rapidly. Periphery rounded, becoming

somewhat flattened above near the aperture. Umbilicus deep,

well-like, occupying about 17% of the diameter of immature

shells but enlarging to about 23% in the last whorl of mature

shells. Aperture somewhat oblique, lunate, wider than high,

somewhat flattened on the base and above. Lip thin, simple.

Sculpture of numerous irregularly spaced radial grooves and

October, 1968 nautilus 67

growth wrinkles, distinct above but becoming obsolete on the

base. Teeth absent at all stages of growth. Base flattened around

the umbilicus.

Diameter 5.2 mm., height 2.4 mm., aperture width 2.2 mm.,

aperture height 1.7 mm., umbilicus 1.2 mm., 6 whorls. Holotype.

Animal pale slate colored. Penis clearly separable into a basal

and apical section; basal section cylindrical, short and very stout;

apical section attached to the side of the basal section at the

distal end, very slender, a little less than one-half as long as the

basal section. Retractor slender, about as long as the apical

section of the penis. Epiphallus about four times as long as the

penis and attached at the distal end of the apical section; a basal

section about as long as the penis very slender, the rest about

the same diameter as the apical section of the penis. Vagina about

as long as the penis. Free oviduct very short. Spermatheca as

long as the basal section of the penis and about as wide; duct

about twice as long as the penis, rather slender.

Distribution: Virginia: Alleghany Co.: under leaves on a

sparsely wooded limestone hillside near an old quarry, 9 miles

north-northeast of Covington, holotype 156935 paratypes 156936

F.M.N. H., other paratypes 36263 collection of the author.

Paravitrea grimmi clearly differs from all other species for

which the anatomy is known in its peculiar penis and in its very

long epiphallus. The shell is most likely to be confused with that

of P. petrophila (Bland) but the base is more flattened and the

umbilicus enlarges more in the last whorl. From P. blarina

Hubricht it differs in its larger size.

This species is named for F. Wayne Grimm who first found it.

Paravitrea capsella lacteodens (Pilsbry)

Pilsbry recorded three localities for this subspecies: the type

locality, "Ramp Cove," Tuskeegee Mtn., Graham Co., North

Carolina; Wetumpka, Alabama; and Rock Bluff, Liberty Co.,

Florida. Through the courtesy of Dr. R. Tucker Abbott I was

able to examine these specimens. The specimen from Florida is

a slightly immature Paravitrea conecuhensis (Clapp) . The speci-

mens from Wetumpka are of an undescribed species similar to

P. pilsbryana (Clapp) but with a smaller umbilicus. The speci-

mens of the type lot do not appear to be fully mature and do not

look like a form of P. capsella. I tried to find the type locality but

was unsuccessful. According to people who have lived all of their

68 nautilus Vol. 82 (2)

lives at its base there are no ramps growing on Tuskeegee Mtn.,

hence no "Ramp Cove." I found typical P. capsella (Gould) at

two places on Cheoah Mtn., which is the first mountain south of

Tuskeegee Mtn., but did not find any Paravitrea on Tuskeegee

Mtn. Until this subspecies can be found at the type locality and

dissected its status will remain in doubt. It may be a form of P.

placentula (Shuttleworth) or it may be a good species.

Helicodiscus inermis H. B. Baker

Helicodiscus singleyanus inermis H. B. Baker, 1929, Nautilus

42: 86.

Helicodiscus (Hebeto discus) intermedins Morrison, 1942, Bureau

Amer. Ethnology Bull. 129, p. 378.

I could find no difference between topo types of H. intermedins

supplied to me by Dr. Morrison and specimens of H. inermis.

He reported that H. intermedins occurred with H. s. inermis and

was readily separable. However, specimens of the latter which he

kindly sent to me for examination proved to be a mixture of H.

singleyanus (Pilsbry) and H. hadenoecus Hubricht.

I found H. inermis associated with H. singleyanus in drift of

the Guadaloupe and Pecos Rivers in Texas and in several Pleis-

tocene deposits in the vicinity of St. Louis, Missouri and I could

always separate them readily.

Succinea barberi (Marshall)

Lymnaea barberi Marshall, 1926, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 68(11) :

1-4. L. aperta Marshall, loc. cit.

Succinea sanibelensis Rehder, 1933, Nautilus 47: 20.

Oxyloma sanibelensis (Rehder) , Pilsbry, 1948, Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia, Mono. 3, vol. II, p. 793.

O. barberi (Marshall) , Taylor, D. W., 1966, Malacologia 4: 114.

This species was collected in a salt-marsh on the south side of

the causeway opposite Woody's Motel, 3 miles west of Bridgehead,

Baldwin Co., Alabama. Upon dissection it was found to belong in

the genus Succinea rather than in Oxyloma where it would appear

to belong from the shell. The penis is rather long and slender

with a large terminal loop.

Catinella aprica, new species. Figs. 1 (J) & 2 (K-L) .

Shell small, thin, usually bright reddish-gold, translucent, shin-

ing. Whorls 3 to 3.5, well rounded, sutures deep, sculpture of

unevenly spaced growth wrinkles. Aperture ovate, occupying about

50% of the length of the shell, outer and basal margins well

October, 1968 nautilus 69

rounded. There is usually a slight angle at the junction of the

columella with the parietal wall.

Height 6.3 mm., diameter 3.5 mm., aperture height 3.3 mm.,

aperture width 2.4 mm., 3.3 whorls. Holotype.

Mantle and sides of foot deep chocolate. Penis very short and

broad; appendix short, about as broad as long, subapical; re-

tractor about as long as the penis, slender, attached at the apex

of the penis. Vas deferens entering the penis below the apex,

inflated at point of entry, looping downward before turning up-

ward and gradually narrowing to usually pass between the re-

tractor and the appendix. Spermatheca large, globose, duct rather

long, slender. Prostate gland large, oval but somewhat distorted

by pressure of surrounding organs. Hermaphrodite duct usually

well pigmented. Talon very dark, club-shaped with a terminal

notch.

Distribution: Alabama: Washington Co.: cedar glade, 1.5 miles

north of St. Stephens, holotype 156933 and paratypes 156934

F.M.N.H., other paratypes 34410 collection of the author. Clarke

Co.: cedar glade, 2 miles south of Suggsville. Sumter Co.: cedar

glade, 4.5 miles northeast of Livingston. Mississippi: Clay Co.:

Selma Chalk, 0.6 miles west of Trebloc; Selma Chalk, 3.5 miles

south of McCondy. Oktibbaha Co.: cedar glade, 1.0 mile south-

west of Osborn. Kemper Co.: roadside, 3.8 miles northwest of

Scooba. Jasper Co.: roadside, 2.5 miles southwest of Rose Hill.

Catinella aprica is most closely related to Catinella oklahomarum

(Webb) ; differing in the smaller, more brightly colored shell

with proportionately longer spire. Anatomically it differs in the

usually shorter and broader appendix on the penis. The ana-

tomical differences are not absolute, as there is some intergrada-

tion. As in some species of Succinea, the shell must be relied upon

for specific identification. The shell of C. oklahomarum is larger

with a shorter spire and larger aperture and the color is more

greenish. The habitat of the two species is quite different. C.

oklahomarum is a woodland species, found usually in pine or

oak woods which are usually somewhat acid; and specimens are

usually few in numbers. C. aprica is a sun-loving calciphile, which

when found is usually abundant.

Most references in the literature to the habitat of Succineidae

state that they are found in marshes, near bodies of water, and

70 nautilus Vol. 82 (2)

in other wet places. While this may be true for Oxyloma it is

certainly not true for some species of Succinea and Catinella.

These genera contain some of the most xerophilous land snails

known from the eastern United States.

THIRTY-FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE

AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

By MARGARET C. TESKEY, AMU. Secretary

Hosted by six Texas shell clubs, the American Malacological

Union held its thirty-fourth annual meeting July 15 to 19, 1968,

in Corpus Christi, Texas. President Arthur H. Clarke, Jr. pre-

sided over the following papers:

Activities of Strophocheilus oblongus. Ozro B. Wiswell. Some

physiological aspects of Strophocheilus oblongus. Ozro B. Wis-

well. Studies on the distribution of presumed hemaglobin in

bivalve Mollusca. Harold W. Harry. Small beginnings. Adlai B.

Wheel, Sr. Larval development of the commensal bivalve Monta-

cuta percompressa. Paul Chanley. Density and distribution of

the ocean quahog. Arthur S. Merrill and John W. Ropes. Estab-

lishment of a trematode cycle in Tarebia granifera (Lamarck)

in Texas. Harold D. Murray. Studies in the life history of the

naiad Amblema plicata (Say, 1817) . Carol B. Stein. Formation,

regeneration, pigmentation and luminosity. Mrs. C. J. Siekman.

Observations on western Atlantic Caecidae. Donald R. Moore.

Mollusks of Project Hourglass. William G. Lyons. Notes on

Periplomatidae (Pelecypoda, Anomalodesmata) . Joseph Rose-

water.

Symposium on rare and endangered North American mollusks.

Atlantic, Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico marine mollusks. R.

Tucker Abbott. [Discussant: Kenneth J. Boss.] Pacific marine

mollusks. A. Myra Keen. [Discussant: William K. Emerson.]

Brackish-water mollusks. J. P. E. Morrison. Eastern freshwater

mollusks (1) . David H. Stansbery. Eastern freshwater mollusks

(2) . William H. Heard. [Discussants: H. D. Athearn, A. H.

Clarke.] Western freshwater mollusks. Dwight W. Taylor. Eastern

land snails. William J. Clench. [Discussant: Dee S. Dundee.]

Western land snails. Allyn G. Smith. [Discussant: Joseph C.

Bequaert.]

Abundance, local variation and brood pouch formation in

October, 1968 nautilus 71

Libera fratercula from Rarotonga, Cook Islands. Alan Solem.

A "gastropod" bivalve, commensal on Squilla emposa. Charles E.

Jenner and Anne B. McCrary. Spiroglyphics: A study in species

associations. Joseph P. E. Morrison. Pyrimidine catabolism by

some gastropods. Stephen H. Bishop. Mollusks of El Paso County,

westernmost Texas. Artie L. Metcalf. Notes on captive Cerithium

variabile C. B. Adams and Mitra floridana Dall. Dorothy Raeihle.

A collection of marine Mollusca from the northwestern part of

the Gulf of Mexico. Helmer Ode. The marine mollusks of the

Marquesas Islands. Harald A. Rehder. Heterodont affinities of

the Lucinacea. Kenneth J. Boss. Literary mollusks. Morris K.

Jacobson. An immunological approach to lymnaeid systematics.

John B. Burch and G. K. Lindsay. More about introduced mol-

lusks. Dee S. Dundee. Some faunal-oral-subtrate interrelationships

at low tide. Fay H. Wolfson. Ecology and distribution of the

micro-mollusks of the Laguna de Tamiahua, Veracruz, Mexico.

Antonio Garcia-Cubas. Biological studies in the Teredinidae.

Ruth D. Turner and A. C. Johnson. Sexual dimorphism in

erycinacean bivalves. Charles E. Jenner and Anne B. McCrary.

Interesting mollusks from Brazilian fishes. William E. Old, Jr.

Remarks on the Cuban genera of Vianinae, formerly Eutrocha-

tella. Morris K. Jacobson. Prevention of reaggregation of dis-

aggregated molluscan cells. Vera King Farris. Reaggregation of

multiple organs from dissociated molluscan cells. Vera King

Farris. Analysis of quantitative records of Mollusca in Pleistocene

lakes of Ohio. Aurele La Rocque. The systematic position of the

Athoracophoridae. John B. Burch and Charlotte M. Patterson.

The following officers were elected to serve in 1968-1969:

President, Joseph Rosewater. Vice-president, G. Alan Solem.

Second Vice-president (Chairman, AMU. Pacific Division) Bruce

G. Campbell. Secretary, Margaret C. Teskey. Treasurer, Mrs.

Horace B. Baker. Publications Editor, Morris K. Jacobson. Coun-

cillors-at-large, Donald R. Moore, Robert Robertson, Donald R.

Shasky, Myra Taylor.

The 1969 meeting will be held July 21-25, 1969, in Marinette,

Wisconsin, and all interested persons, especially those specializing

in land and fresh-water mollusks, are invited to attend.

72 nautilus Vol. 82 (2)

NOTES AND NEWS

Harry R. Turver. January 8, 1892 - April 1, 1968.— The

death of Harry R. Turver is reported with regret. He was born

in Yorkshire, England. For 44 years Harry was employed as

paleontologist by the Standard Oil Company. He and his wife,

Mary, lived in Santa Cruz, California, for many years, and while

there they collected mollusks and started a marine aquarium

museum. He was the curator. In 1945 they moved to southern

California, and a few years later Harry was president of the Long

Beach Shell Club. Mrs. Turver was president of the Conchological

Club of Southern California in 1955. They were always free

with their help to others. They made many collecting trips south

of the border. Their collection was world wide. After retirement

they moved to Yucaipa, California, where his time was divided

between shells and the painting of many beautiful pictures. Mrs.

Turver has given their large collection to the Natural History

Museum of San Diego. — Rose A. Burch

Fred R. Tobleman. 1892-1968. — Fred Tobleman of Ocean

Grove, New Jersey, died July 2nd, in a local medical center. He

was born in Newark, N. J., retired 25 years ago as New York

jeweler, and is survived by his wife Minnie. He collected mollusks

most of his life, was an original member of the American Mala-

cological Union and of the New York Shell Club, and, because

of his interest in radulae, was a life member of the N. Y. Micro-

scopical Society. His colleagues will miss him. — H. B. B.

Interspecific competition between Bithynia and pleurocerids

— Since my article "Replacement of pleurocerids by Bithynia in

polluted waters of central New York" appeared in the Nautilus

(Harman, 1968) , several persons have asked about the mode of

competition between these 2 groups of gastropods. This note is an

attempt to explain these processes.

In all biotopes where pleurocerids occur they feed by grazing

on the substrate. Bithynia tentaculata can acquire food in much the

same manner, but it also possesses filter feeding capabilities (Jor-

gensen, 1966) . New York State's culturally enriched waters contain

high densities of suspended organic matter. Large populations of

Bithynia congregate in these environments, strongly reminding

October, 1968 nautilus 73

one of sessile, marine filter feeders. Apparently Bithynia is utiliz-

ing suspended organic matter for food in these situations. The clear

and cold Finger Lakes contain relatively low amounts of sus-

pended materials. Bithynia grazes over the substrate in these

waters just as other local gastropods, because the supply of nu-

trients available by filter feeding apparently is not adequate

for survival.

Bithynia and the pleurocerids apparently graze with about equal

efficiency. This results in relatively stable populations of these 2

groups in the Finger Lakes. In Oneida Lake, the Erie Canal, and

other more eutrophic waters, Bithynia utilizes the vast nutrient

resources of the phytoplankton, multiplies, and physically occupies

the range necessary to support the pleurocerids. Unable to graze

effectively, these snails are then exterminated. — Willard N.

Harman, Dept. of Entomology and Limnology, Cornell Uni-

versity, Ithaca, New York.

References

Harman, W. N. 1968. Replacement of Pleuroceridae by Bithynia

in polluted waters of central New York. Nautilus 81 (3) : 77-83.

Jorgensen, C. B. 1965. Biology of suspension feeding. Pergamon,

Oxford. 357p.

International Symposium on Mollusca. — The Marine Bio-

logical Association of India sponsored a week-long Symposium

on Mollusca held at Cochin-Ernakulam in South India 12-16

January 1968. This was organized by Dr. S. Jones, President of

the Marine Biological Association of India and Director of the

Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. Research papers

numbering 105 were submitted for the program and were divided

into the following sections: 1) Taxonomy and Phylogeny; 2)

Distribution; 3) Morphology and Anatomy; 4) General Biology;

5) Radiation Biology; 6) Reproduction and Early Development;

7) Ecology and Behavior; 8) Physiology; 9) Cytology; 10) Boring

and Fouling Mollusks; 11) Parasites and Commensalism; 12)

Culture; 13) Economics and Fishery; 14) Historical Review.

The meetings were held at the Central Institute of Fisheries

Operatives. The symposium was inaugurated by His Excellency

Shri V. Viswanathan, Governor of Kerala, who gave a brief dis-

course pertinent to the occasion. Dr. Jones delivered a presiden-

tial address. In addition to the technical reports, special invita-

74 nautilus Vol. 82 (2)

tional lectures were given by Shri K. P. A. Menon, Secretary of

the Indian Council of Agriculture Research and Shri G. N. Mitra,

Joint Commissioner for Fisheries in the Ministry of Food, Agri-

culture, Community Development and Cooperation. In addition

to social events and a film-showing scheduled in the evening, the

participants visited the various oceanographic and fisheries labora-

tories in the area. A sight-seeing trip of general and historic

interest was enjoyed by all on Sunday afternoon.

The papers have been edited for publication and will soon go

to press. Hopefully, the proceedings will be available in January

of 1969 when the next Symposium devoted to Corals and Coral

Reefs, the fourth in the series, will be held at Mandapam Camp

in South India. — Ralph W. Dexter, (Member of the Advisory

Committee) , Dept. of Biological Sciences, Kent State University,

Kent, Ohio.

Genital differences in Philomycus virginicus Hubricht and

P. bisdosus Branson. — The primary differences are in the lower

genitalia: P. virginicus possesses a relatively longer, broader dart

sac, a longer, more robust vagina, a considerably more slender

vas deferens, a thicker penis, and a heavier penis retractor muscle.

The three specimens of P. virginicus dissected were virtual topo-

types. — Branley A. Branson, Eastern Kentucky University,

Richmond, Kentucky 40475.

N. S. F. Grants, Fiscal '67. Previous tabulations have listed

government support in aspects of malacology from the National

Science Foundation for Fiscal '65 and '66 (Nautilus, 80: 141-2;

81: 104-5) . The amount of support has varied through these

years but increased significantly in '67. Totals are, for '65,

$268,500; for '66, $214,000; for '67, $445,200. These do not

reflect the real sum expended for any single fiscal year since the

tenure of some grants is for a period greater than 12 months.

The present data were compiled from the section on Basic Re-

search Support, Biological and Medical Sciences Research Projects

in the grants and Awards for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30,

1967, available for 75 cents from the U. S. Government Printing

Office, Washington, D. C. 20402.

Arnold, John M. Influences of the egg cortex on the develop-

ment of the molluscan embryo (GB5962) ; 12 months; $21,000.

October, 1968 nautilus 75

University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii (Developmental Biolo-

gy) •

Burch, John B. Cytotaxonomic studies of pulmonate snails

(GB5601) ; 24 months; $41,800. University of Michigan (Syste-

matic Biology) .

Clement, Anthony C. Development in llyanassa (GB5331X) ;

24 months; $37,400. Emory University, Georgia (Developmental

Biology) .

Collier, J. R. Gene transcription in the embryo of the marine

mud snail (GB5514) ; 24 months; $39,300. Cuny-Brooklyn Col-

lege, New York (Developmental Biology) .

Furnish, W. M. and Brian F. Glenister. Permian ammonoids

(GB5530) ; 24 months; $44,500. University of Iowa (Systematic

Biology) .

Hill, Robert B. Neural control of molluscan myocardial rhyth-

micity (GB5598) ; 12 months; $14,700. Dartmouth College,

Medical School (Regulatory Biology) .

Kohn, Alan J. Indo-Pacific mollusks of the family Conidae

(GB5942X) ; 24 months; $37,800. University of Washington,

Seattle (Systematic Biology) .

Kondo, Yoshio. Archaic land snail families, Achatinellidae,

Partulidae, and Amastridae (GB6450) ; 24 months; $57,800.

Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii (Systematic Bi-

ology) .

Loosanoff, Victor L. Development and spawning of different

physiological races of Crassostrea Virginica (Gmelin) (GB5250-

Amend. No. 1) ; $3,200. University of the Pacific, Dillon Beach,

California (Environmental Biology) .

Lowenstam, Heinz A. Environmental influences of marine

mollusk shell characteristics (GB6275) ; 24 months; $8,700. Cali-

fornia Institute of Technology (Environmental Biology) .

Morrill, John G. Ooplasmic segretation and experimental analy-

sis of development of fresh-water pulmonate Mollusca (GB5540) ;

12 months; $10,000. College of William and Mary, Virginia (De-

velopmental Biology) .

Mullins, Lorin J. The sodium pump of the squid axon

(GB5643) ; 24 months; $32,900. University of Maryland, School

of Medicine (Molecular Biology) .

Struhsaker, Jeannette W. Population genetics and larval ecology

of Hawaiian Littorina (GB6503) ; 24 months; $34,000. University

76 nautilus Vol. 82 (2)

of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii (Environmental Biology) .

Vokes, Harold E. Tertiary and Recent molluscan genera of

the Western Atlantic Region (GB6048) ; 24 months; $38,300.

Tulane University of Louisiana (Systematic Biology) .

Voss, Gilbert L. A monograph of the cephalopods of the At-

lantic Ocean (GB5729X) ; 24 months; $23,800. Institute of

Marine Science, University of Miami (Systematic Biology) . —

K. J. Boss

Attempted sinistral-dextral mating — January 18, 1955, a

sinistral captive Allogona ptychophora (Brown) was noted head-

on in courtship with a normal specimen. The courtship was as

usual (Gastropodia 1 (7) : 70-72) except that the sinistral snail

had the atrium on the left side. It was slow to evert and protrude

the basal penis and constantly failed to bring its atrium into

contact with the right side located atrium of the normal snail.

Ultimately the pair discontinued the effort to mate. Possibly two

sinistrals could mate successfully. When the sinistral snail became

feeble, it was dissected; the genitalia seemed normal except for

the reversed location of the atrium. I had collected the snail 4

miles west of Superior, Montana, Sept. 29, 1954. — Glenn R. Webb.

Intraspecies aggression — On March 19, 1953, an approxi-

mately half-grown juvenile Triodopsis tridentata frisoni (F. C.

Baker) was noted on the spire of a smaller individual, which it

was attacking by gnawing from above on the exserted body parts

near the columella. The attacked snail thrashed its shell about

which caused the aggressor to withdraw momentarily, but it soon

re-exserted the forebody and resumed chewing on the other's body,

causing the latter to retreat into its shell. The aggressor then

began chewing on the other's mantle rim.

Now the victim re-emerged quickly and violently; and, in so

doing, rammed its foot tip into the other's "face". The aggressor

now retracted, while the victim began to crawl away so violently

as to dislodge the aggressor. Such attacks are seemingly frequent

in dense cage populations of actively growing juveniles which

often show jagged, eroded aperture-rims. — Glenn R. Webb.

Publications Received

Abbott, R. Tucker, Editor. July 1968. Exotic Conchology by

William Swainson, xxiv + 48 pp., 48 colored pis. $30.00. D.

October, 1968 nautilus iii

Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, New Jersey 08540. Contains a

biography of William Swainson by Nora F. McMillan, a

modern explanation of plates by R. T. Abbott, and a facsimile

reproduction in color of the original 1821-22 edition and

Hanley's 1841 edition.

JOHNSONIA: VOLUME 1

Long out of print, this useful monograph series on Western

Atlantic Conidae, Muricidae, Strombidae, Cardiidae, etc., is now

once again available. Reproduced in its original size, original

paper, and beautifully soft-bound, it may be obtained for only

$15.00 (postage and packing free) from W. and R. McCauley,

1919 Sandy Hill Road, Apt. C-12, Norristown, Pa. 19401. If you

also wish vols. 2, 3 and 4, write: Dr. W. J. Clench, Museum of

Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. 02138, U.S.A.

Between Pacific Tides

FOURTH EDITION

Edward F. Ricketts and Jack Calvin

Revised by Joel W . Hedgpeth

This new edition of one of the classic works of marine

biology has been completely revised, expanded, and reset,

and many new photographs and drawings have been

added, including eight pages in full color. There is much

new material in the text, the annotated systematic index,

and the bibliography. A glossary has also been added.

"The material improvements made in each edition . . .

have always added to the value of the basic work, one of

such interest, of course, that it is found on the shelf of

every marine biologist." — The Quarterly Review of Biology

$10.00

Order from your bookstore, please

STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

William Swainson's

EXOTIC CONCHOLOGY

All three issues of this classic work are faithfully reproduced,

using eleven different printing inks to duplicate the 48 hand-

colored plates executed by Swainson from 1821 to 1835. Hanley's

1841 edition is also reproduced on durable "antiqued" paper. A

biography of Swainson by Nora McMillan of Liverpool, England,

and a modern taxonomic analysis by Dr. R. Tucker Abbott are

included in this gilt-edged, handsomely bound volume. A guar-

anteed limited edition destined to be an art treasure, a worthwhile

investment and valuable research tool $30.00.

Van Nostrand's Standard Catalog of Shells by R. J. L.

Wagner and R. T. Abbott. The greatly enlarged Second Edition

with revisions of values has been receiving complimentary reviews

from faithful users. 303 pp., 4 color plates, $65,000 worth of shells

listed; complete Marginellidae and Tonnidae catalogs added. $5.95.

Order from your shell dealer, bookstore or

D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, N. J. 08540

and 46 Victoria St., London, S. W. 1, England,

WILLIAM H. WEEKS SHELL COLLECTION: New price lists

of this famous collection, with full scientific data, are in prepa-

ration. Many new additions of fine and rare species are also

included. To obtain free copies write:

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WORLD WIDE SPECIMEN SHELLS

Bought — Sold — Traded. New 1968 sale catalogue available.

Write for free copy. Over 500 species listed. Many species

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Oliva, Terebra, Voluta and land shells.

Mr. k Mrs. P. W. Clover, P. O. Box 3246, Chula Vista, California,

U. S. A. 92011

Vol. 82 JANUARY, 1969 No. 3

THR

NAUTILUS

THE PILSBRY QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Horace Burrington Baker, 11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pa.

(Emeritus Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania)

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La Salle College, Philadelphia, Pa. 19141

R. Tucker Abbott, Henry A. Pilsbry Chair of Malacology

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103

7 p Tftretr Laboratory

CONTENTS

Structural characteristics of succineid gastropod Oxyloma

sanibelensis. By Dorothea S. Franzen .^ . . fl . ...Rr. . PR hr; . . "°77

Concerning the type locality of Micrarionta rowelli hutsoni

(Clapp) . By Hugh C. Rawls 83

A new Sonorella from the Salt River Mountains of Phoenix,

Arizona. By Walter B. Miller 87

A new Sonorella from Phoenix, Arizona. By Wendell O.

Gregg and Walter B. Miller 90

Hydroid and sponge commensals of Cantharus cancellarius

with a "false shell". By Harry W. Wells 93

Notes on exotic mollusks in Kentucky. By Branley A. Branson

and Donald L. Batch 102

Notes and news 106 Publications received 114

.25 per year ($4.75 to Foreign Countries) $1.25 a copy.

Mrs. Horace B. Baker, Business Manager

11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pennsylvania 19083

Second-Class Postage paid at Spring House, Pa.

NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and published

by Horace B. Baker, Charles B. Wurtz and R. Tucker Abbott.

AUTHORS PLEASE NOTE:

Matter for publication should be sent to the senior editor. Manuscripts

should be typewritten and DOUBLE SPACED throughout, including titles,

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Please correct and return galley proof (submitted without manuscript)

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THE NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 January, 1969 No. 3

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCINEID

GASTROPOD OXYLOMA SANIBELENSIS

By DOROTHEA S. FRANZEN

Biology Department, Illinois Wesleyan University

Oxyloma sanibelensis (Rehder) was originally described as

Succinea sanibelensis Rehder (1933) . Pilsbry (Pilsbry, 1948)

recognized the species as being of the genus Oxyloma. Both desig-

nations were based solely on shell characters.

The author, while on a field expedition in Florida, February-

March, 1966, searched for living snails or shells of Oxyloma sani-

belensis. Dr. William Clench and Margaret Teskey joined the

author in a search on Sanibel Island (type locality) as well as on

Captiva Island. Not a living snail nor shell of that species was

found. Subsequent diligent searchings by the author along the

western coast of Florida, in Long Pine Key of the Everglades, and

on Key Largo were, likewise, futile. This possibly may be attrib-

uted to changes of ecological conditions. At the time the localities

were visited they were dry due to a drought. Also, several hurri-

canes of recent years washed in marine water which may have

made the habitats undesirable for this species.

While examining shells of paratypes of O. sanibelensis (Rehder),

Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Cat. No. 163082, collected by W. F.

Clapp in 1911, the author noted that they contained dried bodies

of which she extracted two from their shells. It was impossible to

dissect the genitalia or any other soft parts but radulae and jaws

were successfully removed, stained and mounted. Radulae and

13-H-M IO-L-M l-L-M 10-L"!. I"L"L C

Figure 1. Representative teeth of a radula. 500x. C, Central tooth; 1-L-L,

1st left lateral; 10-L-L, 10th left lateral with an endocone; l-L-M, 1st left

marginal; 10-L-M, 10th left marginal; 13-R-M, 13th right marginal.

77

78

NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 (3)

Figure 2. Oxyloma sanibelensis (Rehder) . Jaw at right; shell of a para-

type at left.

jaws were obtained also from paratypes Mus. Comp. Zoology,

Harvard, Cat. No. 97928. The radulae studied bear, in general,

the characteristics of the Succineidae. The central tooth has a

large mesocone flanked on either side by a smaller ectocone. The

laterals have a large mesocone and a smaller ectocone. Although

the endocone is generally wanting in the laterals, a small one is

occasionally present in some laterals which are located near the

marginals. The laterals have a small endocone and a prominent

mesocone. The ectocone is divided into three of which the outer-

most is the longest (Text Fig. 1) .

The radulae bear the characteristics of the genus Oxyloma. For

example, one radula examined has a total of 87 rows of teeth. The

tooth formulae of four rows are as shown in Table I. This reveals

a ratio of laterals to marginals of approximately 1:2 except of the

most anterior rows of the radula. The basal plate of all the teeth

exceeds the length of the mesocone. Distinctive of the radulae of

Oxyloma are the long and tapering basal plates of the laterals

and marginals as contrasted with those of Succinea and Catinella.

The basal plates of the laterals and marginals of Oxyloma retusa

(Lea) are long and tapering as noted by Pilsbry (Pilsbry, 1948:

771, Fig. 413, A) and by Franzen (Franzen, 1963:89, Fig. 1) . The

basal plates of the marginals and laterals of Succinea are broader

January, 1969 nautilus 79

and shorter. This has been noted by Quick (Quick, 1933:296,

Fig. 2) to be true of Succinea putris (L) and, likewise, reported

byPilsbry (1948:777, Fig. 413, B) and by Franzen (Franzen, 1959:

195, Fig. 3) to be true of Succinea ovalis Say. The basal plates

of the laterals and marginals of Catinella are shorter and broader

than those of either Succinea or Oxyioma. The short and broad

basal plates of Catinella (Succinea) arenaria (B.-Ch.) are illus-

trated by Quick (1933:296, Fig. 4) and of other species of

Catinella by Odhner (1950:208, Fig. 6) .

The jaw, as recovered from the dried bodies, is light amber

color. Its form resembles that of O. retusa. A large median fold

projects anteriorly (Fig. 2) . It lacks lateral folds which are char-

acteristic of the jaw of S. ovalis Say (Franzen, 1959:194, Fig. 2) .

The shells of Succineidae, although lacking certain strik-

ing features such as color bands, carinae, excresences or denticles,

need to be carefully examined for certain generic and/or specific

characteristics. The maximum number of whorls, features of the

nuclear whorl, the color and texture of the shell as well as the

several dimensions and ratios of certain dimensions are significant.

The author examined shells of paratypes obtained on loan from

The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the Museum of

Comparative Zoology of Harvard University, and the United States

National Museum.

The shell of Oxyioma sanibelensis is slender in comparison with

those of other species of the genus. The nuclear and second whorls

TABLE I

TOOTH FORMULAE

Row

17

35

65

76

Counts made of representative rows of teeth of a

radula to show the number of the various teeth.

80

NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 (3)

2= X

+->

•H

vO

OOOLOLOtOLOi— I

\£>VO\DLOLOLOLO\0

4->

00

•H

CD

X

LO '*

tO CM

CM CM .—I

CM CM CM

\D LO

o

to

to

I

to

to

I

to

to

January, 1969 nautilus 81

are inflated forming an acute, obtusely rounded spire. The subse-

quent whorls increase rapidly in size and are only slightly inflated.

The sutures are not as deeply impressed as are those of, for exam-

ple, O. retusa, O. haydeni, and O. salleana. Although the shells

have been in museums for over fifty yaers they have retained what

is supposedly their natural luster and straw-yellow to grayish-

yellow color. The nuclear whorl is finely punctate and exceedingly

finely striate. The second whorl, also finely punctate, is finely

striate. The striae increase in size toward the aperature becoming

heavier on the ultimate whorl producing a wrinkled texture

(Fig. 2) . Of the paratypes examined only nine shells were intact

and, therefore, measurable. The measurements are to be noted in

Table II. The largest shell measured is smaller than the largest

reported by Pilsbry (Pilsbry, 1948:794) .

Comparisons of ratios of dimensions of the shell of O. sanibelen-

sis with those of O. retusa (Lea) , O. haydeni (W. G. Binney) , and

O. salleana (Pfeiffer) are to be noted in Table III. The measure-

ments of the last three species are based on previous studies made

by the author as noted above. Because only nine shells of O. sani-

belensis could be measured the comparisons must be considered

accordingly. As is indicated in Table II the width of the shell of

O. sanibelensis is proportionately narrower to its height than is

characteristic of the shells of the other three species here compared.

Summary

Further field studies may result in the finding of living snails

of Oxyloma sanibelensis (Render) . The known records of its

geographic distribution are limited to southern Florida. This

might indicate that this species is living in Central and/or South

America. As is shown in this study, the shell of O. sanibelensis

differs from that of other North American species of Oxyloma in

the shape, ratios of dimensions, and indentation of the suture. The

anatomy of the soft parts is not known. However, the character-

istics of the jaw and radula correspond with those of the genus

Oxyloma which verifies Pilsbry's placing this species into that

genus.

Acknowledgments: The field studies which included the search

for Oxyloma sanibelensis and the studies at The Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia were made possible through

financial assistance of a National Science Foundation Grant-in-

82 nautilus Vol. 82 (3)

TABLE III

COMPARATIVE RATIOS OF SHELL DIMENSIONS

Width of Shell / Height of Shell

January, 1969 nautilus 83

Table III (at left)

Comparative Ratios of Dimensions of Shells

The various ratios are results of previous studies of Oxyloma retusa Lea,

(Franzen, 1963, Table I) ; O. haydeni (W. G. Binney) , (Franzen, 1964,

Table I) ; O. salleana (Pfeiffer) , (Franzen, 1966, Table I) ; and of O. semi-

belensis (Rehder) , Table I of this study.

Aid. The author is indebted, also, to The Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia, the Museum of Comparative Zoology of

Harvard, and to the United States National Museum for the loans

of paratypes.

Literature cited

Franzen, Dorothea S. 1959. Anatomy of Succinea ovalis Say. Proc.

Mala. Soc. London 33 (5, Nov.) : 193-199 ,Tables I, II, Figs.

1-7.

. 1963. Variations in the Anatomy of the Succineid Gastropod

Oxyloma retusa. Nautilus 76 (3) : 82-95, Tables I, II, Figs. 1-4.

1964. Anatomy of the succineid gastropod Oxyloma haydeni.

Nautilus 77 (3): 73-81, Tables I, II, Fig. 1.

1966. Anatomy of the succineid gastropod Oxyloma salleana

(Pfeiffer) . Nautilus 80 (2) : 59-69, Tables I, II, Figs. 1-3.

Odhner, Nils Hj. 1950. Succinneid studies. Proc. Mala. Soc. Lon-

don, 28 (4 8c 5, Dec.) : 200-210, Figs. 1-6.

Pilsbry, Henry A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America (North

of Mexico) . Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Mon. No. 3, Pt. 2:

xlvii + 521-1113, 585 figs.

Quick, H. E. 1933. The anatomy of British succineae. Proc. Mala.

Soc. London 20 (VI, Nov.): 295-318, PL 23-25, Figs. 1-18,

Tables I - V.

Rehder, Harold A. 1933. A new Succinea from Florida. Nautilus

47 (1): 20-21.

CONCERNING THE TYPE LOCALITY OF MICRARIONTA

ROWELLI HUTSONI (Clapp)

By HUGH C. RAWLS

Department of Zoology, Eastern Illinois University

On surveying the literature related to the history of Micrarionta

rowelli hutsoni (Clapp) , it becomes apparent that there is still

some question concerning the location of the published type

locality of this subspecies. The locality given by Clapp (1907)

with his description of Epiphragmophora (Micrarionta) hutsoni

was "about 8 miles from Quartzite, Yuma Co., Ariz., in the foot-

hills, at an alt. of about 1600 ft." No direction from Quartzsite

84 nautilus Vol. 82 (3)

was given but, as Willett (1930) suggested, the available informa-

tion would seem to place the type locality "in the Dome Rock

Mountains." Later, however, George Hutson, the collector whose

name Clapp gave to this snail, corrected the location (in Pilsbry,

1939, p. 230, footnote 1) and placed the type locality in Arizona

"about 20 miles south of Quartzite, 12 miles north of Kofa, Yuma

County, in foothills of the Short Horn Range, at an alt. of about

1600 feet." To this correction Pilsbry added the comment, "It is

in the north end of the Eagle Tail Mountains." The purpose of

this paper is to present a further correction for the attention of

those who might be interested, and to attempt to identify more

precisely the site at which the writer believes Hutson collected his

specimens.

First of all, the distance between the towns of Quartzsite and

Kofa is about 60 miles by air, and substantially greater by any

means of land transport, which fact immediately leads to the con-

clusion that the corrected location (in Pilsbry, 1939) is still in

error. Second, Pilsbry's comment placing the location in the Eagle

Tail Mountains further compounds the error, because this group

of mountains lies considerably farther eastward and northward and

is separated from the Short Horn Range by the Little Horn

Mountains and about 10 miles of desert. Perhaps the confusion in

this regard arose from the similarity in names of the Little Horn

and Short Horn Mountains, and the proximity of the Little Horn

and the Eagle Tail Mountains. In any event, I conclude that the

type locality in question has no relation to the Eagle Tail

Mountains.

Speculation concerning the actual location of Hutson's site led

the writer to attempt to deduce his probable route, either from

Quartzsite or from Kofa. Having travelled by jeep over much of

the area in question, one must express admiration for those earlier

collectors who, like Hutson, travelled such distances over desolate

terrain by far more primitive means. If one assumes, as did the

writer, that the locality specified by Hutson lies somewhere in

the Short Horn Mountains, Quartzsite was the point from which

Hutson started. He might have travelled northward from Kofa,

a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad, toward the southern-

most portion of the Short Horn Mountains some 35 miles away,

but a journey southward from Quartzsite seems much more likely;

January, 1969 nautilus 85

he would have been near the northern portion of the Kofa Moun-

tains after having travelled about 20 miles, whereas the trip north-

ward from the town of Kofa would have involved a journey of

twice that distance. Moreover, the Short Horn Mountains are a

southeasterly extension of the Kofa Mountains, and at no point

therein is one less than about 35 miles north of the town of Kofa.

The assumption having been made that the site is, in fact, in the

Short Horn Range, as specified by Hutson, a reasonable and quite

logical explanation for the discrepancy in distances from Quartzsite

and from Kofa now becomes apparent. In citing "Kofa" as a

reference point, Hutson very probably was referring to the King

of Arizona Mine, often known in abbreviated form as K of A

Mine, Kofa Mine, and K of A; the last designated form easily

could be interpreted or even mis-read as "Kofa" by someone read-

ing Hutson's notes. Very evidently from the distances noted earlier,

Hutson was not using the Southern Pacific station (Kofa, or Kofa

Station) as his map reference; and his starting point probably was

Quartzsite.

Continuing to speculate, the writer searched a topographic sheet

of the area in order to attempt to find a point which would agree

with Hutson's description of the locality as "about 20 miles south

of Quartzsite ... in foothills of the Short Horn Range, at an alt.

of about 1600 feet." By tracing the course of each recorded mining

trail, a location was found which seems to fit very well with that

description. Driving south from Quartzsite on U. S. Highway 95

(Arizona 95 on older maps) for about 20 miles, one encounters

an unimproved road to the southeast which, if followed for about

5 miles, leads into "foothills" having 1500-1600 foot elevations.

The Kofa Mountains and spectacular Palm Canyon are about

4 miles farther east, at the end of the road. The group of mountains

immediately to the south of the highest peak (4852 feet) of the

Kofa Mountains is the Short Horn Range. Although Hutson did

not mention the high peak, the foothills are undoubtedly those to

which he referred. The King of Arizona Mine is about 15 miles

to the southeast of the foothills.

It is suggested here that Hutson followed essentially the route

which has been described, using a trail which has been replaced

in part by Highway 95, and arrived at a site which now can be

located in Section 8 of Range 18 West, Township 1 South; a site

86 nautilus Vol. 82 (3)

which very closely corresponds with Hutson's description, if the

correction concerning the reference to "Kofa" is accepted and the

reference to the Eagle Tail Mountains is deleted. The following

is therefore proposed as a corrected description of the type locality:

Arizona: Yuma County, in the northeast portion of Section 8,

Range 18 West, Township 1 South (USGS Map NI 11-9, Salton

Sea Quadrangle) ; about 20 miles southeast of Quartzsite and 15

miles northwest of King of Arizona Mine; at about 1600 feet ele-

vation in foothills of the Short Horn Range, 4 miles due west of

the base of the highest peak of the Kofa Mountains; about 50 feet

up the north side of a small hill which is immediately south of a

prominent wash; in a rock slide area below overhanging large

rock ledge; sparse ground cover of greasewood and paloverde

shrubs.

The foregoing account points up the necessity for more exact

reporting of data concerning collecting sites, particularly with

regard to type localities. The use of USGS. map range, township

and section numbers, I suggest, very likely will reduce the need

for corrections such as that with which this paper has been con-

cerned. Some mistakes in transcription of notes and labels are

bound to occur, and the use of names of towns, highway route

numbers and other convenient and seemingly adequate references

invites error if these are the only reference points given. As Hoff

(1961) and this writer have pointed out, names of towns change, as

do the route numbers of highways; and, on occasion, even the loca-

tion of geographic features such as mountain ranges becomes a

subject of some confusion. The suggestion is made, therefore, that

published records of collecting sites and/or type localities in the

future include, first of all, topographic map citations as primary

points of reference, in addition to the other means by which writers

ordinarily identify such sites. The purpose of recording a locality

is, after all, rather utilitarian: to enable another worker to find the

site and verify one's work. Each of us should make the job of find-

ing such locations more possible.

Field work related to this study has been supported, in part, by

a grant from the Research Council, Eastern Illinois University.

Appreciation is also due the Department of Biology of the Uni-

versity of New Mexico for facilities so graciously provided during

the writer's sabbatical leave.

January, 1969 nautilus 87

Literature cited

Clapp, George H. 1907. Epiphragmophora (Micrarionta) hutsoni,

n. sp. Nautilus, 20: 136, 137. 1907.

Hoff, C. Clayton. 1961. Place Names Used by Pilsbry in his

Monograph of the Land Mollusca of North America. Bull. New

Mexico Acad. Sci., 2(1) : 50-57. 1961.

Pilsbry, H. A. 1939. Land Mollusca of North America (North of

Mexico), Volume 1, part 1, page 230. 1939.

Willett, George. 1930. Desert helicoids of the Micrarionta hutsoni

group. Nautilus, 44: 4, 5. 1930.

A NEW SONORELLA FROM THE SALT RIVER

MOUNTAINS OF PHOENIX, ARIZONA

By WALTER B. MILLER

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arizona

Sonorella superstitionis taylori new subspecies. Page 59, fig. 2.

Description: Shell depressed-globose, heliciform, small, thin,

light-tan, with a dark-brown spiral band on the well-rounded

shoulder; umbilicate, the umbilicus contained about 6 times in the

diameter. Embryonic shell of about 1 1/2 whorls roughened by radial

wrinkles and superimposed papillae; the papillae punctate on the

first half whorl, becoming elongate, hyphen-like, and occasionally

anastomosing into spirally descending threads over the remainder

of the embryonic whorls. Post embryonic whorls roughened by

irregular growth wrinkles and numerous punctate papillae becom-

ing fainter and sparser on the body whorl but extending over the

base and into the umbilicus. Periostracum silky-lustrous. The last

whorl descends slightly and gradually to the scarcely expanded

peristome; aperture oblique, rounded, slightly wider than high,

with margins converging; parietal callus very thin.

Holotype measurements: Height 7.2 mm., max. diam. 14.2 mm.;

umbilicus 2.3 mm.; whorls AyA.

The body wall of the animal is dark grey anteriorly, becoming

lighter posteriorly. The mucus gland papillae on the mantle

collar are light brownish-white; no trace of orange mucus was

noted on the mantle collar. The sole of the foot is light orange-

brown and there is a tinge of orange pigment on the tail of the foot.

Genitalia of holotype (Fig. 1, A) : The moderately long penis

is enveloped in a long, thin penial sheath which has a short,

swollen, muscular base. It contains a short, stout, annulated,

88

NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 (3)

5mm

Fig. 1. Lower genitalia. A. Holotype, Sonorella superstitionis taylori W. B.

Miller. B. S. supertitionis superstitionis Pilsbry, #4933-B, Boulder Canyon,

Superstition Mts., Arizona. Drawings made from stained whole mounts

arranged to facilitate comparison of corresponding organs. Note close similar-

ities in size and shape of structures.

conical verge. A short epiphallus, about 2/s the length of the penis

bears a very short, barely detached epiphallic caecum. The penial

retractor is inserted on the epiphallus near the penis. Vagina nearly

as long as the penis; free oviduct very short, less than ]/3 as long

as the vagina.

Type locality: Salt River Mts. (South Mountain Park) , Mari-

copa Co., Arizona, in igneous rock piles on the south side of canyon

at west end of Guadalupe Road at a point 2.6 road miles west of

S. 56th St. Elev. ca. 1500 ft. (Holotype, W. B. Miller, 9 Feb., 1968.

Para types, D. W. Taylor & Paul Gabaldon, 3 Oct., 1967; W. B.

Miller, 9 Feb., 1968; J. T. Bagnara k W. B. Miller, 29 Feb., 1968) .

Holotype ANSP. (314851) . Paratypes in collections of ANSP.

(314852), Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Arizona

(3126), and the author (5009, 5043, 5047).

This subspecies [illustrated Oct. 1968, vol. 82, no. 2, p. 59,

fig. 2 a-c] is very small and superficially resembles S. allynsmithi

Gregg Sc Miller [see next article] which is found on the north side

of Phoenix in the Phoenix Mts. Its habitat is equally hot and arid

as that of allynsmithi. It differs conspicuously in shell sculpture,

however, presenting a rough surface of growth wrinkles and super-

imposed punctate papillae. In the genitalia, it differs from

allynsmithi by having a short but prominent and stout verge. The

size and shape of the verge, the lengths and proportions of penis,

penial sheath, and vagina are similar to those of S. superstitionis

super stitionis, figure IB, some 40 miles to the east, along the

Salt River, in the northern foothills of the Superstition Mts.

(Boulder Canyon at Canyon Lake) .

It differs from S. superstitionis superstitionis Pilsbry by its

significantly smaller shell diameter, wider umbilicus, and some-

what roughter sculpture on the post-embryonic whorls. The em-

bryonic sculptures are similar. In a lot of 9 S. s. superstitionis from

Boulder Canyon, the shell diameter ranged from 16.8 to 18.7 mm.;

the holotype, according to Pilsbry, measures 19.3 mm. In the type

lot of 34 adult S. s. taylori, the shell diameter ranged from 12.5

to 14.6 mm.

S. s. taylori is named after Dwight W. Taylor, friend and dis-

tinguished malacologist, who collected the first live adult specimen.

90 nautilus Vol. 82 (3)

A NEW SONORELLA FROM PHOENIX, ARIZONA

By WENDELL O. GREGG and WALTER B. MILLER

In 1953 Allyn G. Smith collected shells of a small Eremarionta-

like snail in the rocky hills just north of the Arizona Biltmore

Hotel in Phoenix. Additional collections were made on 28 Jan.,

1954 by Munroe L. Walton and again on 23 April, 1954 by the

senior author and M. L. Walton. On 30 Oct., 1965, M. L. Walton,

Joseph C. Bequaert, and the junior author collected large quanti-

ties of dead shells as well as live specimens in the same vicinity;

dissection of several specimens revealed them to be a new species of

Sonorella, described below:

Sonorella allynsmithi new species. Fig. 2, A-C.

Description: Shell depressed-globose, heliciform, small, moder-

ately thin, glossy, white with a tinge of brownish-grey, with a

light-brown spiral band on the well-rounded shoulder; umbilicate,

the umbilicus contained about 614 times in the diameter. Embry-

onic shell of about H/2 whorls, with a very small, silky-smooth

area at the apex, followed by closely-spaced radial wrinkles over

which are the faint remnants of superimposed spiral, hyphen-like

papillae which occasionally anastomose into forwardly descending

and ascending threads. Post-embryonic whorls with irregular, light

growth wrinkles, the first part with occasional pit scars of worn-off

periostracal projections; periostracum silky-lustrous. The last

whorl descends steeply and abruptly to the moderately expanded

peristome. Aperture oblique, rounded, wider than high, with

margins converging: parietal callus thin.

Holotype measurements: Height 7.8 mm.; max. diam. 13.4 mm.;

umbilicus 2.1 mm.; whorls 4i/g.

The body wall of the animal is very dark grey, nearly black.

The mucus gland papillae of the mantle collar are brownish- white

and occasionally exude vivid orange secretions, particularly in the

vicinity of the pneumostome. The sole is dark grey as is the tail

of the foot.

Genitalia of holotype (fig. 2, A) : The small penis is enveloped

in a thick, muscular sheath in the manner of S. rooseveltiana roose-

veltiana and S. rooseveltiana fragilis. It contains at its apical end

a minuscule verge. The epiphallus is about twice as long as the

penis and bears a prominent, detached epiphallic caecum. The

January, 1969 nautilus 91

penial retractor is inserted well up on the epiphallus, about half-

way between the penis and the epiphallic caecum. Vagina short,

about i/2 the length of the penis; the free oviduct is relatively

long, being nearly twice as long as the vagina.

Type locality: Phoenix Mts., Phoenix, Maricopa Co., Arizona,

in igneous rock piles on east side of Squaw Peak road, about 0.3

miles from Lincoln Drive; elev. ca. 1500 ft. (A. G. Smith, M. L.

Walton, W. O. Gregg, J. C. Bequaert, W. B. Miller.) Holotype

ANSP. (314853). Paratypes in collections of ANSP. (314854),

Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Arizona (1630) , M. L.

Walton (6807, 6851, 9225), W. O. Gregg (7029), W. B. Miller

(4833, 5042) , and A. G. Smith (10,974) . Additional paratypes to

be deposited in collections of Calif. Acad. Sci. and Los Angeles Co.

Museum.

This species is one of the smallest sonorellas known. In the large

type lots examined, with over 200 adult shells, the largest specimen

has a diameter of 15.7 mm. while the smallest measures 12.5 mm.

The embryonic spiral threads and post-embryonic periostracal pro-

jections are prominent on fresh, immature shells but are largely

or entirely worn off on older specimens. The shoulder band varies

from chestnut brown to light tan and is occasionally absent on

some fresh specimens.

The genitalia show a close relationship to S. rooseveltiana

rooseveltiana and S. rooseveltiana fragilis. In the latter two, the

penial sheath is short and muscular as in allynsmithi, but the verge

is completely absent. The very short vagina and the relatively long

free oviduct are unusual in Sonorella, the free oviduct normally

being shorter than the vagina. The insertion of the penial retractor

at a point about midlength on the epiphallus is a Micrarionta char-

92

NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 (3)

ep

D ■ — ' — '

0 .1 .2mm

pe

Figure 1. Lower genitalia. A. Holotype, Sonorella allynsmithi Gregg &

Miller. B. Paratype #5042-A, 5. allynsmithi. C. S. rooseveltiana rooseveltiana

Berry, #4935-E, Theodore Roosevelt Dam, Arizona. D. Details of verge of

S. allynsmithi (from photomicrograph of #5042-A) . Upper scale for A-C.

Lower scale for D. ec, epiphallic caecum; ep, epiphallus; fo, free oviduct;

lue, lumen of epiphallus; lup, lumen of penis; pe, penis; prm, penial re-

tractor muscle; pro, prostate; ps, penial sheath; sdo, seminal duct orifice;

sp, spermathecal duct; lit, uterus; va, vagina; vd, vas deferens; ve, verge.

acteristic; the usual insertion in Sonorella is on the epiphallus

very close to the penis. S. allynsmithi, therefore, forms a link be-

tween verge-less species of Sonorella and those with a verge. Its

existence raises doubts on the validity of Myotophallus as a good

subgenus.

The habitat of Sonorella allynsmithi is the most arid, hottest,

and lowest of any Sonorella known; it is more typical of Eremari-

onta habitats. The small size and light color of the shell, the nearly

black body wall of the animal, and the high insertion of the penial

retractor on the epiphallus are also Eremarionta characteristics.

This may be a case of convergent evolution or it may be a close

phylogenetic link which would tend to point to 5. allynsmithi as

a relatively unchanged descendant of the ancestral Sonorella

founder.

January, 1969

NAUTILUS

93

A

Figure 2. Holotype. A-C. Sonorella allynsmithi Gregg & Miller.

It is named after Allyn G. Smith, long time malacologist, friend,

and colleague, and current Curator of Invertebrates at the Cali-

fornia Academy of Sciences.

HYDROID AND SPONGE COMMENSALS OF CANTHARUS

CANCELLARIUS WITH A "FALSE SHELL"

By HARRY \V. WELLS

University of Delaware Marine Laboratories, Newark. Delaware

The marine gastropod Cantharus cancellarius (Conrad) , com-

mon in shallow waters of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (Ab-

bott, 1954) , frequently is collected in the Alligator Harbor area

of Florida in special symbiotic associations with a hydroid, Podo-

coryne carnea Sars, or with a sponge, Xestospongia halichondri-

oides. This report presents observations on the hydroid and sponge

commensals associated with this gastropod, and the occupancy of

the later's sponge-encrusted shell by a hermit crab. The occurrence

of a remarkable "false shell," sometimes the product of this com-

mensal relationship, is also recorded.

In the Alligator Harbor area, Cantharus cancellarius has been

collected from the inter tidal zone to a depth of approximately 25

feet. In the collections dredged from sand bottoms 10 to 20 feet

deep off Lighthouse Point, Alligator Harbor, and Dog Island on

20 March 1965, 9 October 1965, and other dates, the shells of all

live C. cancellarius were clothed by a white or pinkish encrustation

of the hydroid Podocoryne carnea. This hydroid species, which

has been recorded from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean (Fraser,

1944), is known primarily from gastropod shells occupied by

94

NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 (3)

Fig. 1. Sponge Xestospongia halichondrioides, 50 mm. long, cut to show

apical Cantharus cancellarius shell and spiral hermit crab chamber; Fig. 2.

X. halichondrioides, 51 mm. long, inhabited by a hermit crab, Paguristes

hummi; Fig. 3. X. halichondrioides, 45 mm. long, enclosing Cantharus can-

cellarius; Fig. 4. "False shell," 51 mm. long, formed of sponge tissue and an

apical C. cancellarius shell.

January, 1969 nautilus 95

hermit crabs. However, in these collections, colonies of Podocoryne

covered all exposed shell surface of each living C. cancellarius, only

the shell adjacent to the aperture remaining bare. The hydroid

colonies consist of many flexible zooids extending up to 2 mm.

from a fleshy, thin encrustation. Over the shell surface a colony

produces a dark-brown basal layer of perisarc from which project

tapering spines about 0.5 mm. long. Although the shells which were

occupied by hermit crabs were often free of Podocoryne colonies,

such bare hermit crab shells still retained some of the spinose

perisarc layer formed by a previous Podocoryne colony. In this

particular relationship, the hydroid primarily associates with the

gastropod rather than with the hermit crab.

Merrill (1964) has reported a corresponding association of a

similar hydroid, Hydractinia echinata, with several gastropods.

Like P. carnea, H. echinata is known primarily from gastropod

shells occupied by hermit crabs, but the latter species has also

been found on live gastropods (Buccinum undatum) and live deep

sea scallops (Placopecten magellanicus) off New England (Merrill,

1967) . Although both P. carnea and H. echinata are commonly

associated with hermit crabs in the Alligator Harbor area, H. echin-

ata was not found on the live C. cancellarius examined.

From inshore sandy areas, numerous live specimens of C. can-

cellarius have been collected which carried large colonies of the

sponge Xestospongia halichondrioides (Wilson) . During the per-

iod from 15 to 22 May 1966, 66 C. cancellarius were collected whose

shells were imbedded in masses of this sponge. Usually the size of

the shell (6 to 22 mm. long) was surpassed by that of the mass

in which it was imbedded (43 to 104 mm. long, by 2/s as wide) .

These sponge masses are smooth, lobate or ovoid in form and

somewhat flattened, up to 25 mm. thick. The gastropod shell is

usually subterminal in position on the lower surface of the mass,

with the aperture facing the substratum and with the siphonal

canal directed toward the nearby margin of the sponge mass (Fig.

3) . In many cases the shell is completely imbedded in sponge tissue

with only the aperture and siphonal canal visible; but in others,

the contours of the body whorl are exposed or are recognizable

under a relatively thin sponge encrustation.

Fresh Xestospongia masses are bright orange, relatively compact,

and firm in consistency. When exposed to unfavorable conditions,

96 nautilus Vol. 82 (3)

the orange color fades and is frequently replaced by blue-green

upon drying or by black after burial under sediments. The smooth

sponge surface is formed of a dense cortex 200 /x thick consisting

of a palisade of siliceous spicules. The interior of the sponge is

much less dense, organized in a bread-like structure, with no special

orientation to the abundant spicules. Adjacent to the shell, which

serves as the basal attachment, the sponge forms dark hemispherical

gemmules, 180 to 200 ^ in diameter, which enable it to survive

unfavorable conditions.

Epifaunal encrustations are frequently regarded as conveying an

advantage to their possessors, usually in terms of concealment,

thereby enabling them to escape the notice of would-be predators

(Caullery, 1952; Aurivillius, 1889) . However, by its size, the grow-

ing Xestospongia mass could convey a disadvantage to its host

that may offset any protective or camouflage value. By its over-

growth, Xestospongia often restricts movement of the gastropod's

foot, and often even blocks the siphonal canal. It seems likely that

the weight and bulk of the sponge seriously impedes the gastro-

pod's locomotion, and in some cases the sponge appears to have

overwhelmed and smothered the host. Such a relationship in which

one of the participants is inhibited while the other is not affected

is termed amensal, as defined by Odum (1953) . By acting upon

the sponge itself, wave action sometimes deposits such encrusted

C. cancellarius on nearby Gulf beaches, where they die of desic-

cation.

This association of Xestospongia halichondrioides with the shell

of C. cancellarius often continues long after the death of the snail

host. During the same period of collection (15-20 May 1966) , 157

specimens of Xestospongia were found which had been inhabited

by hermit crabs. In more than 70% of these cases a Canthams

cancellarius shell lay in the mass, completely covered by sponge

tissue, even the aperture being encrusted (Fig. 2) . The openings

in these sponges were semicircular, 4 to 17 mm. in greatest dimen-

sion (i.e. height), although most were 7 to 13 mm. high. In

sponges collected with hermit crab inhabitants, three crab species

were represented: Paguristes hummi Wass, Pagurus impressus

(Benedict) , and Pagurus pollicaris Say. Paguristes hummi, by far

the most common crab inhabitant, is characteristically associated

with small sponges in this region as Wass (1956) noted in his

January, 1969 nautilus 97

original description. A small species, P. hummi maintains a

smaller opening in the host sponge, compared to the other two

crab species which maintain larger openings (i.e. 15-17 mm. in

greatest dimension) . In each case the crab could withdraw through

this opening into a spiral cavity in the sponge, just as he could

into a gastropod shell.

The presence of any shell within these sponge masses inhabited

by hermit crabs was rarely evident. However, in 70 crab-sponges

examined in detail, a gastropod shell was located by probing and

was revealed by cutting into the sponge tissue. The imbedded shell

adjoined the apex of a spiral cavity which had been maintained by

the hermit crab occupant. In cases in which the crab inhabitant

was a relatively recent tenant, little additional sponge tissue had

formed around the shell aperture. In other cases, the shell was

deeply immersed in the sponge, and was attached at the apex of a

spiral chamber of up to three whorls that ultimately opened to the

exterior (Fig. 1) . Through long association with the crab, the

sponge tissue had grown around the crab, forming a continuous

spiral chamber of gradually increasing diameter as the crab con-

tinued its growth. Of 70 sponges examined in detail, 55 contained

shells of Cantharus cancellarius; the remaining specimens en-

closed shells of Terebra, Conus, Turritella, Crassispira, and Murex

species. On several Cantharus shells, traces of perisarc remained

from a previous encrustation by Podocoryne colonies, now covered

by sponge tissue. This perisarc is strong circumstantial evidence

for a sequential relationship between these commensal species,

with the Podocoryne preceding and perhaps preparing the shell

for subsequent Xestospongia colonization.

Elsewhere in the northeastern Gulf, I have collected Xesto-

spongia halichondrioides attached to C. cancellarius or to shells

occupied by hermit crabs from a number of localities, and as sub-

tidal encrustations on pilings from St. Andrews Bay, near Panama

City, Bay Co., Florida. This sponge has been reported previously

from North Carolina (Wells, et al., 1960) and Puerto Rico (Wil-

son, 1902) , but in these situations, no special commensal relation-

ship has been recorded.

However, in the Mediterranean Sea, a comparable commensal

relationship has been recognized between the sponge Suberites

domunculus and other hermit crab occupants of gastropod shells

98 nautilus Vol. 82 (3)

(Lendenfeld, 1896; Caullery, 1952) , and in boreal Atlantic waters

the sponge Suberites ficus occurs in a similar association (Burton,

1953; Hartman, 1958; Miiller, 1914) . Miiller (1914, pi. IV) shows

a series of crab-sponges (S. ficus) sectioned to show internal spiral

chambers like those reported here in X. halichondrioides. The

existence of parallel associations of sponges with different species

of hermit crabs in different parts of the world indicates a similar

ecological valence of the participants and a widespread potentiality

for such symbiotic relationships. Under de Laubenfels' 1936 scheme

of generic placement of sponges, however, Xestospongia is placed

in the Haliclonidae, rather distant from the placement of Suberites,

in the Suberitidae.

In the classical account of the Suberites domunculus commensal

association with hermit crabs, as described by Schmidt (1862),

Thomson (1888) , Caullery (1952) and Yonge (1949) , the sponge

is credited with eventually eroding, destroying, or resorbing the en-

veloped snail shell while retaining the internal contours of its spiral

chamber. That boring sponges, of the family Clionidae, charac-

teristically perforate and erode calcareous material has been dem-

onstrated in the laboratory and is accepted without question (Hart-

man, 1958; Topsent, 1900) . However, ability to erode shell ma-

terial is not generally recognized as an attribute of the Suberitidae,

which includes Suberites. Indeed, Celosia (1893) and Lendenfeld

(1896) supported the opposite view, that the sponge S. domun-

culus does not destroy the shell but constructs additional whorls

of sponge tissue around the growing crab. Sections of that sponge

figured by Lendenfeld and by Miiller (1914) show a very small

shell associated with a large spiral crab chamber which might

mistakenly be interpreted as the result of progressive destruction

of a much larger shell. Continued growth of the sponge about the

growing hermit crob can produce the interesting form found in

S. domunculus as it does in X. halichondrioides. Most shells found

in association with X. halichondrioides were entire, but in a few

shells occupied by hermit crabs, there were perforations and

galleries remaining from a former attack by boring sponges. Care-

ful examination revealed no evidence of such erosion in most

hermit crab shells, and none in shells still occupied by the gastro-

pod. Thus, there is no evidence to indicate boring activity by

X. halichondrioides. The question of whether Suberites domun-

January, 1969 nautilus 99

cuius can dissolve shells should be re-examined; the observations

summarized here suggest other explanations for the anomalous

dimensions of the shell in relation to those of the inhabiting her-

mit crab.

"False Shells"

Two remarkable structures collected on beaches of the Alligator

Harbor area correspond to the internal spiral formed by this crab-

sponge association and consequently bear a striking resemblance

to gastropod shells. These objects, best referred to as "false shells,"

are constructed of a thin layer of sponge tissue 0.3 to 2 mm thick

molded in the form of a gastropod shell, a conic spiral with several

whorls of increasing diameter. The better developed "false shell"

(Fig. 4) is composed of 4 convex whorls of sponge tissue and is

51 mm. long. At its apex there is a small Cantharus cancellarius

shell, whose cavity is continuous with the spiral cavity of the

"false shell." The bucciniform contours of the sponge tissue are

evenly developed and even show a deep umbilical pit between the

whorls. The base of the aperture is thicker and somewhat more

lobate. In this "false shell," the apical snail shell is easily over-

looked because of its small size (6 mm) and because of some

additional sponge encrustation. However, a second "false shell,"

consisting of only one broken whorl of sponge tissue, clearly shows

a larger (17 mm.) C. cancellaria shell at its apex, and its relation-

ship to the crab-sponges is more evident. Both "false shells" con-

sist of Xestospongia halichondrioides and a Cantharus cancellaria

shell.

Although these "false shells" harbored no hermit crabs when col-

lected, presumably hermit crabs have participated in their forma-

tion in much the same manner as they have in the formation of the

internal whorls within the more abundant, massive Xestospongia

specimens. The "false shell" corresponds exactly to the more dense

cortical layer of sponge that lines the spiral cavity in the massive

sponges. Its "outer surface" has no dermis and is neither compact

nor well denned as is the lining of the cavity.

The "false shells" are clearly the product of decomposition of

the outer tissues of the common massive crab-sponges, the remain-

ing inner cortical layer having been more resistant to decomposi-

tion and to the additional erosion caused by wave action. They

constitute only the apical shell and the remaining inner cortical

100 nautilus Vol. 82 (3)

layer that surrounded the crab's burrow. An intermediate stage in

the breakdown of the sponge structure has been collected which

supports this interpretation of the "false shells." In this specimen

only the lost whorl of thin sponge tissue is exposed, while most

of the original massive sponge, partly decomposed, remains at-

tached to a C. cancellarius shell. Additional partially decomposed

tissue can be removed from this specimen almost without effort.

Similar spiral constructions formed around hermit crabs by a

Japanese hydroid, Hydractinia epiconcha, have been described

(Green, 1961) . Merrill (1967) indicated that this phenomenon is

not unusual for Hydractinia echinata associated with hermit crab

shells from Georges Bank. He described the shells of several gastro-

pods as having apertures badly deformed and greatly enlarged

by the interaction of hydroid and hermit crab. In 1891, Aurivillius

had described this type of enlargement of the hermit crab's

domicile and recognized its development as a product of their

symbiotic relationship. The present observations extend this type

of development to long-term crab-sponge associations. Because

such objects occur on beaches where they may excite the interest

of conchologists, these "false shells" and their relation to the crab-

sponge symbiosis deserve recognition.

Conclusions

From its commensal relationship with Cantharus cancellarius,

the hydroid may receive debris from its host's feeding, but the

sponge seems unlikely to share in this manner in its host's feeding.

Water movements produced by the gastropod in the process of

respiration and in locomotion may benefit both hydroid and

sponge. However, the primary advantage gained from this rela-

tionship by the hydroid and the sponge is their attachment to the

firm substrate of the gastropod shell. The nematocysts of the hy-

droid and the spicules or a distastefulness of the sponge could give

a host snail or hermit crab a degree of protection from predators.

Any such advantage received from the encrusting commensals

would be secondary to the shelter which the gastropod shell be-

stows upon its occupant.

Clearly the primary commensal relationship established between

the sponge and Cantharus cancellarius may be replaced by a sec-

ondary commensal relationship with the hermit crab. Apparently

the sponge may also attach to a variety of other shells occupied by

January, 1969 nautilus 101

hermit crabs, but whether these hermit crabs contribute to the

death of the gastropods whose shells they occupy is not known.

Literature cited

Abbott, R. T. 1954. American Seashells. Van Nostrand, New York.

541 pp., 40 pi.

Aurivillius, C. W. S. 1889. Die Maskirung der oxyrrhynchen deca-

poden durch besondere Aupassungen ihres Korperbaues vermit-

telt. Kongl. Sven. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 23 (4) : 1-72, 5 pi.

Aurivillius, C. W. S. 1891. Uber Symbiose als Grund accessorisches

Bildungen bei marinen Gastropodengehausen. Kongl. Sven.

Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 24: 1-38.

Braverman, M. H. 1960. Dufferentiation and commensalism in

Podocoryne carnea. Amer. Midland Nat. 63: 223-225.

Burton, M. 1953. Suberites domuncula (Olivi) : its synonomy, dis-

tribution, and ecology. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool.

1 (12): 353-378.

Caullery, M. 1952. Parasitism and Symbiosis. Sidgwick and Jack-

son, London. 340 pp.

Celesia, P. 1893. Delia Suberites domuncula e della sua simbiosi

coi Paguri. Bull. Mus. zool. Genova, 1893, No. 14, 63 pp., 4 pis.

Fraser, C. McL. 1944. Hydroids of the Atlantic Coast of North

America. Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto. 451 pp., 94 pi.

Green, J. 1961. A Biology of Crustacea. Quadrangle Books, Chi-

cago. 180 pp.

Hartman, W. D. 1958. Natural history of the marine sponges of

southern New England. Bull. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist., Yale

Univ. 12: 1-155, 12 pi.

Lendenfeld, R. von. 1896. Die Clavulina der Adria. Abh. K.

Leop.-Carol. Deutsch. Akad. Naturforsch. 69 (1) : 1-251, 12 pi.

Merrill, A. S. 1964. Observations on adverse relations between the

hydroid Hydractinia echinata and certain mollusks. Amer.

Malacol. Un. Repts., 1964: 2.

. 1967. Shell deformity of mollusks attributable to the hydroid,

Hydractinia echinata. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull.

66 (2) : 273-279.

Moulins, C. des. 1872. Fragments zoologiques. i. Questions obscures

relatives a V Hydractinia- echinata Flem., et a la Alcyonium do-

muncula Lamk., tous deux logeurs de Pagures. Act. Soc. Linn.

Bordeaux 28 (38) : 325-356.

Miiller, K. 1914. Gemmula-Studien und allgemein-biologische

Untersuchungen an Ficulina ficus Linne. Wiss. Meeresuntersuch.

Abt. Kiel 16: 287-313.

Odum, E. P. 1959. Fundamentals of Ecology. W. B. Saunders Co.,

Philadelphia. 546 pp.

Schmidt, O. 1862. Die Spongien der Adriatischen Meeres. Leipzig.

88 pp., 7 pi.

102 nautilus Vol. 82 (3)

Thomson, J. 1887. On the structure of Suberites domuncula Olivi

(O. S.) together with a note on peculiar capsules found on the

surface of Spongelia. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 33 (1) : 241-

245, 2 pi.

Topsent, E. 1900. Etude monographique des Spongiaires de France,

III. Monaxonida (Hadromerina) . Arch. Zool. exp. gen. (Ser. 3)

8: 1-331, 8 pi.

Wass, M. L. 1955. The decapod crustaceans of Alligator Harbor,

and adjacent inshore areas of northwestern Florida. Quart. Jour.

Florida Acad. Sci., 18 (3): 129-176.

Wells, H. W., M. J. Wells, and I. E. Gray. 1960. Marine sponges

of North Carolina. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 76 (2) : 200-

245.

Wilson, H. V. 1902. The sponges collected in Puerto Rico in 1899

by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Fish Hawk. Bull. U. S.

Fish Comm., 2: 375-411.

Yonge, C. M. 1949. The Seashore. Collins, London. 311 pp. 40 pis.

NOTES ON EXOTIC MOLLUSKS IN KENTUCKY

By BRANLEY A. BRANSON and DONALD L. BATCH

Department of Biology, Eastern Kentucky University

Few geographic regions in North America are less known as

regards molluscan faunas than Kentucky (Bickel, 1967) . There

has been no concerted effort to survey the entire state; hence de-

tailed collecting in any region proves fruitful. The purpose of this

paper is to present some distribution records and notes on several

species of mollusks introduced into Kentucky by man. The records

for Limax maximum Linnaeus, Limax (Lehmannia) valentianus

Ferussac, Milax gagates Draparnaud, and Lymnaea auricularia

(Linnaeus) are new, and those for Deroceras reticulatum (Miiller)

and Limax flavus Linnaeus are essentially so, since Pilsbry (1948)

only implied their occurrence in Kentucky by general description.

Annotated List

Cepaea nemoralis (Linnaeus) . Both Blakeslee (1945) and Reed

(1964) indicated the presence of this European species in Ken-

tucky. The following are additional localities: (1) April 11, 1967.

Scott Street where it crosses railroad tracks, Lexington, Fayette

County, Kentucky. One specimen. (2) June 18, 1966. Also Lex-

ington; 328 Aylesford place. Sixteen living specimens.

The 16 specimens are all similar, yellow with one to five dark-

brown bands. The single band below the peripherey is very wide,

January, 1969 nautilus 103

and is lacking in two specimens. The Scott Street specimen is

pinkish brown with a single band. Selected mensurable details are:

Diameter (mm.) Height (mm.) Whorls

17.0 14.2 42/3

21.5 18.1 5i/2

23.3 19.1 5i/4

24.7 19.5 5i/3

Deroceras laeve (Muller) . Surprisingly enough, the only pub-

lished records for this species in Kentucky are the Pleistocene fossils

of Browne and Bruder (1963) . Our collections yielded the fol-

lowing: (1) May 9, 1965. Murray State University Campus, be-

neath vegetation, Calloway County, Kentucky; nine specimens,

ranging from 11.0 to 17.6 mm in total length (contracted).

(2) April 23, 1967. Camp Daniel Boone Church Camp, banks of

Kentucky River, Jessamine County, Kentucky; 1 specimen.

(3) April 9, 1966. Beneath a board, Zackarich, Lee County, Ken-

tucky. Contracted length and width of sole 22.9 and 3.5 mm., re-

spectively. (4) December, 1965. Eastern Kentucky University

greenhouse; 1 specimen.

Deroceras reticulatum (Muller) . Since Pilsbry (1948) provided

no definite localities for this species, the following are presented:

(1) October 3, 1965. On Mud bank of Silver Creek, 1 mile south,

i/2 mile east of Richmond, Old Barnesmill Road, Madison County,

Kentucky; 1 specimen 19.5 mm. in contracted length, sole 2.5 mm.

wide. (2) September 8, 1966. Junior author's residence, flower

garden beneath boards, Richmond, Kentucky; 2 specimens, very

pale tan, 16.2 and 22.1 mm. in contracted length; sole width 1.8

and 1.9 mm. (3) March 24, 1967. Lulbegrud Creek at State High-

way 15 crossing, 18 miles southwest of Winchester, Powell-Clark

County line; 3 specimens. 16.0 to 27.5 mm. contracted length.

(4) April 1, 1967. Mouth of Lulbegrud Creek, Lily Ferry Road,

Clark County, Kentucky; 4 specimens beneath debris, 13.3 to

18.0 mm. in contracted length, 2.0 to 2.5 mm. in width of sole.

(5) July 13, 1967. Garden, 244 South Collins Street, Richmond,

Kentucky; Two specimens, 15.6 and 21.5 mm. in contracted length.

(6) April 9, 1966. Zackariah, Lee Co., Kentucky.

Limax flavus (Linnaeus) . Three specimens, 18.0 to 26.0 mm. in

contracted length with soles measuring 2.0 to 2.6 mm., were secured

from beneath a garbage can on March 16, 1967 at 429 West 4th

104 nautilus Vol. 82 (3)

street, Lexington, Fayette County, Kentucky, and one specimen

was collected at the first site listed for D. laeve.

Limax maximum Linnaeus. Specimens were secured at the fol-

lowing sites: (1) September 9, 1965. In a sunken water-meter

housing, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Madison Coun-

ty, Kentucky; 2 specimens, 41.0 and 41.6 mm. contracted length.

(2) November 22, 1966. On a lawn, Main Street, Richmond;

1 specimen, 83.7 mm. extended length. (3) March 16, 1967. At the

4th Street site listed under L. flavus; 2 specimens, 59.0 and 65.7

mm. contracted length, 6.3 and 7.0 mm. sole width. (4) May 18,

1967. Near Honeybee, McCord Road, Trimble County, Kentucky;

1 specimen, 71.5 mm. contracted length, sole width 8.7 mm.

(5) July 4, 1966. Gross's farm, State Highway 1277, Whitley

County, Kentucky; 3 specimens, all around 50.0 mm. contracted

length. (6) July 13, 1967. At the 5th site listed under D. reticula-

tum; 3 specimens, 30.5 to 62.0 mm. contracted length, 3.5 to 6.2

mm. sole width. (7) July 23, 1967. Under decaying lumber, road-

side amusement stand, just west of Virginia state line, State High-

way 80, Pike County, Kentucky; 10 specimens, 25.5 to 62.4 mm.

contracted length, 4.5 to 8.7 mm. sole width.

All these specimens exhibited the usual color pattern of black

blotches, streaks and lines on a flesh-colored to yellowish back-

ground.

Limax (Lehmannia) valentianus Ferussac. Two immature speci-

mens of this slug were secured at a road side trash heap near Pine

Mountain State Park, Bell County, Kentucky, May 23, 1967. They

measure 13.0 and 16.5 mm. in contracted length. The overall color

is whitish or yellowish tan. The mantle is broadly oval, slightly

pointed behind, and bears a pair of broad, black bands which are

nearly confluent anteriorly, and which enclose an obscure, brown-

ish blotch medially. Posteriorly, they are continuous with stripes

of the same color on the body, which bears a keel on the posterior

one-third.

Milax gagates Draparnaud. On 8 August 1967, the junior author

secured a single specimen from a flower bed, Sunset Street, Rich-

mond, Kentucky; 32.0 mm. in contracted length. The back is

strongly keeled from the mantle to the posterior extremity of the

tail. The central part of the mantle is set off by a distinct groove,

and the color is glistening black.

January, 1969 nautilus 105

Lymnaea auricularia (Linnaeus) . Numerous adult specimens

were removed from a small pond on the Eastern Kentucky Uni-

versity campus on October 7, 1965. This pond supports numerous

imported water lilies; consequently, the source of the snails is com-

pletly problematic. Measurements for four specimens follow:

Kentucky mollusks, Bickel (1967) missed some published records

which should probably be incorporated. This small pelecypod is

apt to reach even more important status than in the past, not-

withstanding Homing's and Keup's (1964) findings that the

species was declining in the Ohio River. Bickel (1966) found

that such declines are seasonal, and that populations are rapidly

built up with the onset of warm weather. The latter workers also

reported specimens from near Warsaw, Kentucky; Stein (1962)

reported several Kentucky sites for the clam in the Ohio River,

and indicated that the species had not been reported from the

Kentucky River.

Our records, listed below, indicate that Corbicula is rapidly ex-

panding its range in Kentucky, and that it occupies many miles of

the Kentucky River, and possibly some of its tributaries. (1) July

14, 1966. Kentucky River, mouth of Silver Creek, Madison County,

Kentucky. The bottom of the stream was literally "paved" with

living individuals. For the record, 75 specimens were secured and

catalogued (BAB 9446) . In greatest length, these specimens ranged

from 14.8 to 33.0 mm., and in greatest depth 13.0 to 29.3 mm.

Several specimens contained embroys. (2) April 21, 1967. Ken-

tucky River at Camp Daniel Boone, Jessamine County, Kentucky;

3 live specimens, one with embryos, the largest specimen measur-

ing 27.0 mm. in length, 25.0 in depth. (3) August 12, 1967. Mouth

of Red River (tributary of Kentucky River) , Estil County, Ken-

tucky. Eleven living specimens were secured for the record, and

numerous others seen.

The authors estimate that Corbicula has only recently invaded

106 nautilus Vol. 82 (3)

the last area, since there is a commercial boat dock located at the

site. The owner had never seen the clam before 1966. The only

other pelecypod collected here was Lampsilis siliquoidea. Numer-

ous specimens of Campeloma were also collected.

REFERENCES

Bickel, D. 1966. Ecology of Corbicula manilensis Philippi in the

Ohio River at Louisville, Kentucky. Sterkiana 23: 19-24.

. 1967. Preliminary checklist of Recent and Pleistocene Mol-

lusca of Kentucky. Sterkiana 28: 7-20.

Blakeslee, C. L. 1945. The Cepaea nemoralis of Brighton, Monroe

County, New York. Nautilus 59: 44-47.

Browne, R. G. and P. Bruder. 1963. Pleistocene Mollusca from the

Loesses of Kentucky. Sterkiana 11: 53-57.

Horning, W. B. and L. Keup. 1964. Decline of Asiatic Clam in

Ohio River. Nautilus 78: 29-30.

Pilsbry, H. A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Philadelphia Mongr. 3, II 2: 521-1113.

Reed, C. F. 1964. Cepaea nemoralis (Linn.) in eastern North

America. Sterkiana 16: 11-18.

Stein, C. B. 1962. An extension of the known range of the Asiatic

Clam Corbicula fluminea (Muller) in the Ohio and Mississippi

Rivers. Ohio A. Sci. 62: 326-327.

NOTES AND NEWS

The thirty-fifth annual meeting of the American Malacolog-

ical Union will be held July 21-25, 1969 at Marinette, Wisconsin.

Housing will be provided by the Silver Dome Motel, a lovely re-

sort on the shores of Green Bay (Lake Michigan) and adjoining

the campus of the University of Wisconsin Extension College. All

sessions will be held at the College which will act as co-host to

the AMU.

Ample opportunity will be provided to collect land and fresh-

water species and the field trip on the final day (Friday) will be

an excursion to a small lake harboring, among other things, the

curious Acella haldemani.

Details, reservation and call-for-papers forms will be mailed to

all AMU members in April; others desiring to attend should ad-

dress AMU secretary Margaret C. Teskey at P.O. Box 217,

Big Pine Key, Florida 33043.

Bulimus unicolor and Bulimulus ocraspiris. — In a recent

review of the land and freshwater mollusks of Campeche (1967,

Bull. Fla. State Mus., 11: 221-256) I discussed the geographic and

January, 1969 nautilus 107

ecological variation of B. unicolor Sowerby and reduced to its

synonymy Bulimus umbraticus Reeve, Bulimus ignavus Reeve,

Bulimus petenensis Morelet and Bulimulus sanmiguelensis Rich-

ards. These forms were named on the basis of size, color and whorl

convexity. In an ecological transect of the Yucatan Peninsula four

size classes are represented: a. 9.0-10.0 mm. (ignavus), b. 10.0-12.6

mm. (unnamed) , c. 12.3-16.5 mm. (unicolor, petenensis, um-

braticus), and d. 14.8-18.7 mm. (unicolor, sanmiguelensis). Size in-

creases ecologically from dry to wet forests, and geographically

from northwest to southeast. Variation in size is clinal, and small

forms recur elsewhere in dry areas within the range of the species,

as in the Polochic Valley of Guatemala.

Subsequent to my paper Branley A. Branson and Clarence J.

McCoy called to my attention the description of Bulimulus

ocraspiris Branson and McCoy, from Campeche (1965, Neo tropica,

11: 97-100) . B. ocraspiris is the same as the size class b (10.0-12.6

mm.) of B. unicolor from the mesic deciduous forests of Campeche

and Yucatan. The holotype is unusually large (14.0 mm.) , but the

mature paratyes fall within the size range of class b.

B. ocraspiris is synonymous with B. unicolor, being an ecological

variety, and is linked to B. unicolor by intermediate populations.

If ocraspiris is recognized taxonomically it should be as a sub-

species of B. unicolor, in which case it will also be necessary on

the basis of equal merit to recognize as subspecies the other forms

placed in synonymy. These subspecific variations are correlated

with ecological conditions; they are clinal; they broadly overlap;

and they are repeated at different places within the range of

B. unicolor. The merits of their distinctions are minor. — Fred G.

Thompson, Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gaines-

ville, Florida.

Revaluation of Vallonia excentrica. — In 1950 I published

a note (Nautilus 64: 35.) in which I concluded that Vallonia

excentrica Sterki was only a form of V. pulchella (Miiller) be-

cause other species in the genus had round and eccentric forms.

Recently I re-examined my non-costate vallonias and found that

I could sort them readily on the character of the outer lip. — on

whether it was expanded or reflected. I have therefore concluded

that V. excentrica is a valid species. In addition to its expanded

108 nautilus Vol. 82 (3)

rather than reflected outer lip, it differs from V. pulchella in being

less striate and more hyaline. It is also more uniform in size and

does not get as large as V. pulchella. As in all other species which

I have examined, both V. excentrica and V. pulchella have round

and eccentric forms, so that this character cannot be used for their

separation. — Leslie Hubricht.

Feeding and chemoreception in mud-snail, Nassarius obso-

letus. — Scheltema (1964) describes Nassarius (=Ilyanassa)

obsoletus (Say) as primarily a non-selective sediment feeder less

adapted for scavenging than others of its congeners. It seems not

to prey on mollusks, but it can very quickly find dead animal

matter at considerable distances (Hyman, 1967: 367) ; and it can

be kept in the laboratory for long periods on clam or shrimp meat.

In the field, however, there are so many snails relative to the scant

amount of carrion, that it is not likely to be important in the diet.

Carr (1967a,b) has studied the ability of N. obsoletus to find

dead animal matter. Using shrimp, he showed that Nassarius re-

sponds in a characteristic way to the chemostimulus, and he gave

some of the characteristics of the substance (s) which elicits the

response. Significantly, no single substance, of the 25 (mostly

amino acids) extracted from shrimp, was so stimulatory as were

combinations of substances. There are several implications of this:

1 . As Carr suggests, there may be much receptor specificity. That

is, receptors respond to an appropriate molecule and only slightly

to structural analogs.

2. Chemoreceptors are therefore probably specific for a par-

ticular molecule.

3. Since the snail does not respond maximally to a single com-

pound but rather to combinations, and if each receptor is specific

for a particular condition, there must be several (many?) different

chemoreceptors, no one type in much greater abundance than

any other.

4. This situation is of advantage to an animal to whom carrion,

of different kinds, is only occasionally available. Different kinds

of carrion will produce different kinds of stimulants, and the snail

should be "equipped" to be stimulated by them all. In such a

situation one would not expect selection to "favor" the develop-

ment of a highly specific chemosensory mechanism; and apparently

January, 1969 nautilus 109

selection has not. This explains Carr's failure to find one com-

pound of shrimp to which the snails responded as eagerly as they

did to whole-shrimp extracts. — Carl W. Schaefer, Systematic &

Environmental Biology Section, Biological Sciences Group, Uni-

versity of Conn. Storrs, Connecticut 06268.

References cited

Carr, W. E. S. 1967a. Chemoreception in the mud snail, Nassarius

obsoletus. I. Properties of stimulatory substances extracted from

shrimp. Biol. Bull. 133: 90-105.

. 1967b. Chemoreception in the mud snail, Nassarius obso-

letus. II. Identification of stimulatory substances. Biol. Bull.

133: 106-127.

Hyman, L. H. 1967. The Invertebrates, vol. 6, Mollusca 1. New

York, McGraw-Hill Book Co.

Scheltema, R. S. 1964. Feeding habits and growth in the mud-snail,

Nassarius obsoletus. Chesapeake Sci. 5: 161-166.

New host and distribution records of Odostomia dian-

thophila. — Boss and Merrill (1965) discuss the degree of speci-

ficity in selection of hosts of ectoparasitic gastropods of the family

Pyramidellidae. They noted that but one host had been recorded

for the species Odostomia dianthophila Wells and Wells, although

increasing evidence has accumulated that pyramidellid snails gen-

erally are not limited to a single host. The species in question,

O. dianthophila, was originally described from specimens recov-

ered from the serpulid polychaete Eupomatus dianthus (Verrill)

in North Carolina waters (Wells and Wells, 1961) . Subsequently,

Roberge (1968) has reported the occurrence of O. dianthophila

with E. dianthus from Buzzard's Bay, Massachusetts, and Ode

(1967) has reported it (no host given) from Matagorda Bay,

Texas. The present report records the association of this pyra-

midellid with other serpulid polychaetes examined in studies of

marine epifaunal communities of the southeastern United States.

On the south Atlantic coast, O. dianthophila has been found

with Eupomatus microtis (Morch) off Core Bank, North Carolina

(4/3/61) , and with Eupomatus floridanus Bush off St. Augustine,

Florida (6/26/63) . On the Gulf coast of Florida, O. dianthophila

has been found with Hydroides crucigera (Morch) offshore from

St. Marks Lighthouse, Wakulla Co. (12/19/63) and Alligator

Harbor, Franklin Co. (5/16/63) ; and with Eupomatus floridanus

near Panama City, Bay Co. (2/7/66) , near Dog Island, Franklin

110 nautilus Vol. 82 (3)

Co. (10/9/65) , and near Cedar Key, Levy Co. (4/9/64) . In addi-

tion, O. diantJiophila has been found at Panama City (8/26/64) ,

Alligator Harbor (7/2/65) , and Cedar Key (4/9/64) with E. di-

anthus, the host from which it was described originally.

Although a variety of serpulid polychaete species have been

examined, O. dianthophila has been recovered only from members

of the Hydroides - Eupomatus group. Like several other pyra-

midellid species, O. dianthophila thus feeds on a range of hosts,

rather than on a single species. However, its natural choice of

hosts seems to be restricted to those those serpulid species which

possess an opercular calyx of many horny spines.

The present records of O. dianthophila extend its known dis-

tribution to include a broad area from Massachusetts to northeast

Florida and on the Gulf coast, from northwest Florida to Texas.

Its geographic distribution extends over a wide range of temper-

ature conditions, as well as the wide range of salinity conditions

previously noted (Wells and Wells, 1961) .

Collections which yielded specimens reported herein were sup-

ported by National Science Foundation grants GB-128 and GB-819

which are gratefully acknowledged. — Harry W. Wells, The

Marine Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, Uni-

versity of Delaware; and Mary Jane Wells, Newark, Dela-

ware 19711.

Literature cited

Boss, K. J., and A. S. Merrill. 1965. Degree of host specificity in

two species of Odostomia (Pyramidellidae: Gastropoda) . Proc.

Malacol. Soc. London 35: 349-355.

Ode, H. 1967. Recent finds at Palacios. Texas Conchologist 4 (3) :

23-24.

Roberge, A. G. 1968. Odostomia dianthophila (Gastropoda, Pyra-

midellidae) from Buzzard's Bay, Mass., a northern range ex-

tension. Nautilus 81 (4) : 145.

Wells, H. W. and Mary Jane Wells. 1961. Three species of Odos-

tomia from North Carolina, with description of new species.

Nautilus 74(4) : 149-157.

On Lymnaea pseudopinguis (F. C. Baker) . — The late Frank

Collins Baker described Lymnaea pseudopinguis in 1907 from

biackish water at Crystal Brook, Long Island, New York, the type

locality, and he cited additional specimens from Mount Sinai,

Long Island (Nautilus, 21: 54) . In 1911, under the name Galba

January, 1969 nautilus 111

pseudopinguis (Lymnaeidae of North America, Chicago, p. 395,

pi. 41, figs. 6, 7, pi. 42, figs. 9-13) Baker redescribed and figured

the species and added Canarsie, King [sic] Co., New York to the

localities where it occurred.

I could find no Crystal Brook on any Long Island maps avail-

able to me, but on the U. S. Geodetic Survey map of the Mount

Sinai quadrangle, printed in 1904 and reprinted in 1944, there

is shown a long, narrow tidal extension southward of Mount

Sinai Harbor. This is the waterway know locally as Crystal Brook

and is undoubtedly the place where Baker's specimens were taken.

It is today a pond, separated by a low dam and spillway from a

meandering tidal stream. On the geodetic map of 1904 the dam is

not shown.

In October, 1967, I collected some Lymnaea, associated with

Physa heterostropha (Say) and Sphaerium sp., living on the under-

side of submerged leaves in the spillway in fresh water. The

Lymnaea are indistinguishable from L. palustris (Muller) and look

quite different from the figures of L. pseudopinguis. The shells are

slender, the body whorl is not inflated and the characteristic spiral

lines of catascopium, to which pseudopinguis was thought to be

allied, are missing.

Although Baker's type specimens were taken "in salt or brackish

wrater at low tide in shore of bay fed by springs." (op. cit., 1911:

396), the upper part of what is now a pond, has been separated

from the tidal water by the dam which must have been constructed

some time after 1907, the date when Baker received his specimens.

Hence the water of the upper part of Crystal Brook is now com-

pletely fresh, while the lower part, where the springs mentioned

by Baker can still be seen, has become more saline. I found fresh

water species only in the upper part of Crystal Brook; in the lower,

more saline part I found only Melampus bidentatus Say and a

few dead shells of Littorina saxatilis (Olivi) .

It is easy to realize what has happened. The lymnaeas, before

the time the dam was built, were living in water that was more

or less strongly affected by the diurnal tides and hence they had

to adapt to a brackish water situation. After the dam was built,

the tides no longer affected the brook, and consequently the water

turned completely fresh. In the fresh water environment the shells

of the lymnaeas returned "naturally" to the form represented by

112 nautilus Vol. 82 (3)

the wide ranging L. palustris. I must conclude therefore that the

type specimens of the taxon, L. pseudopinguis (Baker) were based

merely on ecotypes, i.e., local populations with environmentally

induced variations of the shells.

Baker suspected that the shells were no more than phenotypes

for he wrote: "It is probably a variation of the catascopium stock,

produced by changing conditions of the environment which have

dwarfed the shell. It is a significant fact that the icy cold spring at

Mount Sinai has produced the same shell characteristics as the

brackish water of Crystal Brook." {pp. cit., p. 396)

Shells discussed in this article have been deposited in the col-

lections of the American Museum of Natural History, the United

States National Museum, and the Museum of Comparative

Zoology of Harvard University.

I wish to express my gratitude to the administration of the Chi-

cago Academy of Sciences for readily making the type material

available to me; to Dr. Joseph P. E. Morrison of the United States

National Museum for permitting me to examine the material in

the collection and for discussing the matter thoroughly with me;

and to Dr. William K. Emerson of the American Museum of

Natural History for reading the manuscript. — Morris K. Jacob-

son, Associate, American Museum of Natural History.

Feeding behavior of some new England marine gastropods. —

A single specimen of Velutina laevigata (L.) was observed feeding

upon a Halocynthia pyriformis Rathke at Robbinston, Maine in

May 1968. The predator had a shell-aperture diameter of 16 mm.

and was firmly attached at the base of the tunicate. The prey was

shrivelled and withered to a length of slightly under 3 inches and

a diameter of y4 of an inch. The Velutina had to be pried free,

but the proboscis was parallel to the surface of the prey and did

not retract immediately so that it had to be worked free in order

to remove the gastropod. The faecal string of the predator was a

brilliant orange color for the following 24 hours. Considering the

size of the Halocynthia, the snail must have been feeding for a

long period of time. The impression left on the tunic of the prey

by the snail's shell was almost like a scar.

Ankel (1936) reported Velutina velutina (Miiller) feeding on

solitary ascidians and V. plicatilis (Miiller) feeding on an hydro-

January, 1969 nautilus 113

zoan. Diehl (1956) expanded on the relationship of V. velutina

to its prey, Styela coriacea.

Large numbers of Colus stimpsoni (Morch) were found moving

over the mud surface of an eel grass bed at Cobscook State Park,

Edmunds, Maine; also in May, 1968. Several were feeding on

Littorina littorea (L.) . The periwinkle was enveloped by the foot

of the Colus, foot to foot, with the shells of prey and predator

oriented in the same direction. The predator was on its side with

its exposed foot projecting upward and slightly laterad. When the

littorines were removed in the field and later in feeding studies at

the Marine Science Institute, the head of the Colus could not be

seen, and the parts involved in the feeding process were retracted

too rapidly to be seen. The initial part of the feeding process could

be observed in the laboratory. The aperture of the shell of the

prey was drawn toward the head of the predator and the latter

probed the surface of the operculum with its proboscis. In all ob-

served feedings, the proboscis was inserted between the operculum

and columella, and all living parts of the prey were ingested.

The Colus were associated with Buccinum undatum L. and

Neptunea decemcostata (Say) but were not observed feeding on

either of them nor would they feed on them in the laboratory.

Some Acmaea testudinalis (Miiller) were placed in an aquarium

with Buccinum undatum for safe storage since Buccinum is a scav-

enger; however, they rapidly attacked the limpets. The attacks were

made at the front end of the limpet with the proboscis of the whelk

extending over the limpet's head. Only the visceral mass was in

gested. The limpet was left still attached by its foot to the aquar-

ium wall after each predation.

This failure to ingest the foot is similar to the situation of

Busycon canaliculatum (L.) feeding on large Buccinum undatum.

However, B. canaliculatum ingests all living parts of Polinices

heros (Say) , leaving only a well-cleaned shell and operculum. —

Nathan W. Riser, Marine Science Institute, Northeastern Uni-

versity, Nahant, Mass. 01908.

References cited

Ankel, W. E. 1936. Prosobranchia. In Grimpe and Wagler: Die

Tierwelt der Nord - und Ostsee. IX bl. Leipzig.

Diehl, M. 1956. Die Raubschnecke Velutina velutina das Feind

und Bruteinmieter der Ascidie Styela coriacea. Kieler Meeres-

forsch., 12: 180-185.

114 nautilus Vol. 82 (3)

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Ricketts, E. F. and J. Calvin. 1968. Between Pacific Tides. Fourth

edition revised by Joel W. Hedgpeth. Stanford Univ. Press. 614

pp., 302 figs., 8 color pis. $10.00. This well-known and useful

classic on the sea life of our Pacific coast has once again been

successfully revised by Joel Hedgpeth. Eight color plates, a

chapter on "Beyond the Tides," a becoming dispersal of im-

proved text figures and a greatly expanded index are the fea-

tures in this best book on western marine organisms. About 166

species of mollusks are included. — R. T. Abbott

Stix, Hugh and Marguerite, and R. Tucker Abbott. 1968. The

Shell — Five Hundred Million Years of Inspired Design. Harry

Abrams, Inc., N. Y. 188 pis. (82 hand-tipped in color) with

accompanying text and bibliography. $25.00. Copies may be

obtained from any of the authors.

Abbott, R. Tucker. 1968. The Helmet Shells of the World

(Cassidae) . Part 1 . Indo-Pacific Mollusca, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 7-202,

187 pis. (8 in color).

Abbott, R. Tucker. 1968. Fakta om Konkylier. Lommebiblioteket

Lademann, Copenhagen. 160 pp., illus. Translation into Danish

by Torben W. Langer of the first printing of "Sea Shells of the

World" originally published in English by Golden Press, N. Y.

Unfortunately it contains many nomenclature and editorial

errors not corrected until the third American printing of 1963.

Abbott, R. Tucker. 1968. Shells. 63 pp., illus., 29 colored stamps.

Nelson Doubleday, Inc., N. Y.; National Audubon Society Na-

ture Program. Revised and corrected edition.

Nordsieck, Fritz. 1968. Die europaischen Meeres-Gehauseschnecken

(Prosobranchia) . 273 pp., 1200 drawings, 16 colored photos.

A useful annotated checklist of the marine mollusks of Eastern

Atlantic prosobranchs. Some new species poorly and perhaps

illegally described (in Nassaria, Plicifusus, Aporrhais, and

Amyclina) . — R. T. Abbott.

January, 1969 nautilus iii

JOHNSONIA: VOLUME 1

Long out of print, this useful monograph series on Western

Atlantic Conidae, Muricidae, Strombidae, Cardiidae, etc., is now

once again available. Reproduced in its original size, original

paper, and beautifully soft-bound, it may be obtained for only

|15.00 (postage and packing free) from W. and R. McCauley,

1919 Sandy Hill Road, Apt. C-12, Norristown, Pa. 19401. If you

also wish vols. 2, 3 and 4, write: Dr. W. J. Clench, Museum of

Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. 02138, U.S.A.

WILLIAM H. WEEKS SHELL COLLECTION: New price lists

of this famous collection, with full scientific data, are in prepa-

ration. Many new additions of fine and rare species are also

included. To obtain free copies write:

George E. Jacobs, 853 Riverside Drive, New York 32, N. Y.

SOMETHING NEW

CARIBBEAN CONES

from St. Croix and the Lesser Antilles

By G. W. NOWELL-USTICKE

A very complete listing, with full descriptions of all

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trated with 64 pictures of Cones.

An indispensable book for the serious student, with

much new information, both controversial and thought

provoking.

Price $3.35 Post Free, or $3.65 First Class Air Mail.

Order from: —

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1 North St., Christiansted, St. Croix,

U. S. Virgin Is. 00820.

William Swainson's

EXOTIC CONCHOLOGY

All three issues of this classic work are faithfully reproduced,

using eleven different printing inks to duplicate the 48 hand-

colored plates executed by Swainson from 1821 to 1835. Hanley's

1841 edition is also reproduced on durable "antiqued" paper. A

biography of Swainson by Nora McMillan of Liverpool, England,

and a modern taxonomic analysis by Dr. R. Tucker Abbott are

included in this gilt-edged, handsomely bound volume. A guar-

anteed limited edition destined to be an art treasure, a worthwhile

investment and valuable research tool $30.00.

Van Nostrand's Standard Catalog of Shells by R. J. L.

Wagner and R. T. Abbott. The greatly enlarged Second Edition

with revisions of values has been receiving complimentary reviews

from faithful users. 303 pp., 4 color plates, $65,000 worth of shells

listed; complete Marginellidae and Tonnidae catalogs added. $5.95.

Order from your shell dealer, bookstore or

D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, N. J. 08540

and 46 Victoria St., London, S. W. 1, England,

Vol. 82 APRIL, 1969 No. 4

THE

NAUTILUS

THE PILSBRY QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Horace Burrington Baker, 11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pa.

(Emeritus Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania)

Charles B. Wurtz, Biology Department

La Salle College, Philadelphia, Pa. 19141

R. Tucker Abbott, Henry A. Pilsbry Chair of Malacology

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103

CONTENTS

Meiocardia floridana, an overlooked Eocene pelecypod.

By David Nicol 115

Mollusks new to South Carolina: II. By Arthur S. Merrill

and Richard E. Petit 117

Occurrence of Cymbulia peroni de Blainville, a

pseudothecosomatous pteropod, in the Bay of Bengal.

By D. V. Subba Rao 123

A double tentacle in Viana regina (Morelet) .

By Hortensia Sarasua 126

Lucinacea and their heterodont affinities (Bivalvia) .

By Kenneth J. Boss 128

The Unionacea of William Irvin Utterback.

By Richard I. Johnson 132

Notes on a light-colored specimen of Philomycus

carolinianus (Bosc) . By Pat W. Hermann

and Dee S. Dundee 135

Hinge tooth reversals in sphaeriid clams.

By William H. Heard 137

Notes and news 144 Publications received ... 147

$4.25 per year ($4.75 to Foreign Countries) $1.25 a copy.

Mrs. Horace B. Baker, Business Manager

11 Chelten Road, Havertown, Pennsylvania 19083

Second-Class Postage paid at Spring House, Pa.

NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and published

by Horace B. Baker, Charles B. Wurtz and R. Tucker Abbott.

AUTHORS PLEASE NOTE:

Matter for publication should be sent to the senior editor. Manuscripts

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THE NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 April 1969 No. 4

MEIOCARDIA FLORIDANA,

AN OVERLOOKED EOCENE PELECYPOD

By DAVID NICOL

Department of Geology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

Druid Wilson of the U. S. Geological Survey noticed the

similarity of Isocardia floridana Dall (1900, p. 1,066) and a

species I recently described in the Nautilus as Meiocardia pal-

merae (1968, pp. 89-93) . The latter species was collected from the

Upper Eocene Crystal River Formation. In his original descrip-

tion of Isocardia floridana, Dall erroneously recorded the age of

the strata from which his specimen came as Vicksburgian Oligo-

cene. The locality was stated as Arredondo, Florida, which is

about six miles southwest of Gainesville. The description of the

U. S. Geological Survey locality (#367) where Isocardia floridana

was collected also included the words "at a blue sink," but this

spot has apparently been lost in antiquity because there is no

blue sink shown on any of the maps of the Arredondo region.

There are, however, some long-abandoned limestone quarries at

Arredondo, and the Crystal River Formation is either at the

surface or only a foot or two below it. There is no other younger

limestone stratum above the Crystal River in the immediate area.

Furthermore, Puri's Lepidocyclina-Pseudophragmina faunizone

crops out at the top of the quarries at Arredondo, and that is

the faunizone in which Meiocardia palmerae was collected.

In a list of Ocala fossils (p. 1,557), of which the Crystal River

Formation is a part, Dall listed this species in the following

manner: "tlsocardia floridana Dall, Arredondo." Does the ques-

tion mark indicate that Dall doubted that this species came from

Ocala strata? It is not so surprising, then that this species has

been overlooked by later workers.

Dall had only an internal limestone cast of a right valve

(U.S.N.M. 115773) of a true Meiocardia. In the measurement of

the length, he gave three different figures: in the original descrip-

tion on page 1,066, 30.0 mm.; on plate 46, figure 21, 25.0 mm.;

and on the same plate, figure 26, 36.0 mm. I have measured the

115

116 nautilus Vol. 82 (4)

specimen and find that the length is 29.2 mm. and the height is

28.0 mm. This is a large specimen, but I have found one larger

which measures 30.6 mm. long and 29.7 mm. high (U.S.N.M.

646026) . The measurements of the holotype of Meiocardia flori-

dana (Dall) agree well with the larger specimens of Meiocardia

palmerae Nicol. The smaller specimens are commonly slightly

higher than long, but the larger specimens (more than 25.0 mm.

in height) are all slightly longer than high. Other morphological

features on Dall's specimen are like those of Meiocardia palmerae,

and it seems certain that Dall's specimen came from the same

strata and within the same geographic area as Meiocardia pal-

merae. Therefore, I am convinced that Meiocardia palmerae

Nicol, 1968, is a synonym of Meiocardia floridana (Dall) , 1900.

There are only 13 specimens of this rare species known at the

present time.

Unfortunately, Palmer and Brann (1965) also overlooked

Isocardia floridana Dall when they compiled their Catalogue of

the Paleocene and Eocene Mollusca of the southern and eastern

United States. Another probable Eocene Ocala species these

authors did not include in their catalogue is Fistulana ocalana

Dall, 1898, p. 826, which appears to be the cast or internal filling

of the tube of a gastrochaenid pelecypod. The sole specimen and

holotype is U.S.N.M. 112510.

Literature cited

Dall, W. H., 1890-1903. Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of

Florida: Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Philadelphia, pt. 1,

1890; pt. 2, 1892; pt. 3, 1895; pt. 4, 1898; pt. 5, 1900; pt. 6,

1903; 1,654 pp., 60 pis.

Nicol, D., 1968, A new Meiocardia (Pelecypoda, Glossidae) from

the Eocene of Florida: Nautilus, 81 (3) : pp. 89-93.

Palmer, K. V. W., and D. C. Brann, 1965, Catalogue of the

Paleocene and Eocene Mollusca of the southern and eastern

United States. Part I. Pelecypoda, Amphineura, Pteropoda, Sca-

phopoda, and Cephalopoda: Bull. Am. Paleo. 48 (218) : 466 pp.

April 1969 nautilus 117

MOLLUSKS NEW TO SOUTH CAROLINA: II

By ARTHUR S. MERRILL1 and RICHARD E. PETIT2

This paper is a second report of molluscan range extensions to

South Carolina. An earlier paper (Merrill and Petit, 1965) gave

the method and extent of our collecting, the references used in

determining the distribution of mollusks, and the intended

deposition of the material.

We have identified about 300 species of an estimated 450 in

our collection. Twenty-six new range records were reported in the

first paper, 19 in this one — a total of 45 extensions to South

Carolina. In addition, five other species have been tentatively

identified. If the identifications are confirmed, the total new range

extensions will be over 50 from the first 300 species studied — a

ratio of about one to six.

Several additional range records originally placed in this report

were withdrawn when Cerame- Vivas and Gray (1966) recently

reported extensions for the same species to North Carolina.

Records for two other species, Haliotis pourtalesii Dall and Cyp-

raecassis testiculus (Linnaeus) , have been withdrawn at the

request of Dr. Tucker Abbott, who had occasion to review this

manuscript. Dr. Abbott called our attention to the fact that Dr.

J. H. Ferguson had reported Haliotis pourtalesii Dall in his manu-

script check list of North Carolina mollusks (also Abbott, 1968,

p. 54) , and that there is a North Carolina record of Cypraecassis

testiculus in a 1966 North Carolina Shell Club Bulletin. The high

frequency of range extensions points to the need for further study

of the fauna of this area.

Pelecypoda

Anadara (Larkinia) notabilis (Roding)

Area notabilis Roding 1798, Mus. Boltenianum, p. 173.

Several large fresh valves, dredged off McClellanville, S. C.

(N. Lat. 32°31.2'; W. Long. 78°51.0'), in 46 meters, on July 3,

1963. Previous northernmost record, "northern Florida" (Abbott,

1954, p. 344).

Chlamys benedicti Verrill & Bush

Chlamys benedicti Verrill & Bush 1897, Trans. Connecticut

1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological

Laboratory, Oxford, Maryland 21654.

2 Ocean Drive Beach, South Carolina 29582.

118 nautilus Vol. 82 (4)

Acad., 10: 74.

Many live adult specimens and fresh valves dredged off Mc-

Clellanville, S. C. (N. Lat. 32°31.2'; W. Long. 78°51.0'), in 46

meters, on July 3, 1963. Verrill 8c Bush (loc. cit.) recorded this

species from off Martha's Vineyard, Mass., in 1356 fathoms, but

Clarke (1962) did not include C. benedicti in his deep-water

list. Abbott (1954, p. 364) gave the northernmost range as

"southeast Florida."

Lima (Ctenoides) scabra (Born)

Ostrea scabra Born 1778, Index Mus. Vindobonensis, p. 96.

Two fresh valves, largest 53.6 mm. long, dredged off Cape

Romain, S. C. (N. Lat. 32°49.4'; W. Long. 78°16.7'), in 55

meters, on November 27, 1963. Our specimens from Cape Romain

are the smooth form called L. tenera Sowerby 1843, non Turton

1822. Johnson (1934, p. 26), listed L. scabra as ranging north-

ward to North Carolina, but restricted L. tenera to southeast

Florida. Abbott (1954) referred to L. tenera as a form of L.

scabra, the range of which he mentioned as "southeast Florida."

Pododesmus rudis (Broderip)

Placunanomia rudis Broderip 1834, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,

pt. 2, p. 2.

Several live adult specimens, dredged off McClellanville, S. C.

(N. Lat. 32°31.2'; W. Long. 78°51.0'), in 46 meters, on July 3,

1963. Mazyck (1913, p. 21) questioned a report of this species

from Charleston Harbor, S. C. Later works, therefore, did not

include P. rudis north of Florida (Warmke and Abbott, 1961,

p. 172) . Merrill (1963, p. 69) , recently reported this species from

a buoy off Georgia. Our findings definitely establish the range

to South Carolina and confirm Mazyck's listing. Moreover, while

checking Museum of Comparative Zoology collections, we located

the following lots of P. rudis: from buoy off Port Royal, S. C,

collected by R. C. Spencer, 1947, MCZ. No. 165400; from buoy

off Cape Romain, S. C, collected by A. S. Merrill, May, 1949,

MCZ. No. 213285.

Pycnodonte hyotis (Linnaeus)

Mytilus hyotis Linnaeus 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 704.

Numerous large fresh valves, to 80 mm. in greatest dimension,

dredged off McClellanville, S. C. (N. Lat. 32°28.7'; W. Long.

78°47.r), in 64 meters, on July 3, 1963. Previous northernmost

range "off Palm Beach, Fla." (McLean, 1941, p. 7, for P.

April 1969 nautilus 119

thomasi [= P. hyotis]) .

Diplodonta verrilli Dall

Diplodonta verrilli Dall 1899, Journ. Conch., 9 (8) : 245.

One large single fresh valve dredged off McClellanvile, S. C.

(N. Lat. 32°28.7'; W. Long. 78°47.1'), in 64 meters, on July 3,

1963. Dall (1889, p. 52) recorded this species (D. turgida = D.

verrilli) from Rhode Island to Grenada. Johnson (1934), how-

ever, restricted the range from south of Martha's Vineyard, Mass.,

to North Carolina and later workers have not reported D. verrilli

farther south.

Antigona strigillina (Dall)

Cytherea (Ventricola) strigillina Dall 1902, Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., 26 (1312) : 381, pi. 12, fig. 5.

Several fresh valves dredged off McClellanville, S. C. (N. Lat.

32°28.7'; W. Long. 78°47.1'), in 64 meters, on July 3, 1963.

Previously reported only as far north as "South Carolina." (Ab-

bott, 1968, p. 230).

Thracia morrisoni Petit

Thracia morrisoni Petit 1964, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 77:

157, figs. 1-6.

Three live specimens, the largest (holotype) 17.7 mm. long

found in beach drift at low tide at Ocean Drive Beach, S. C, in

January 1958. This species was described recently by Petit (loc.

cit.) , and is included here as a species new to South Carolina.

Gastropoda

Puncturella (Cranopsis) antillana Farfante

Puncturella {Cranopsis) antillana Farfante 1947, Johnsonia,

2(24): 120.

One fresh dead specimen, 9 mm. long, dredged off Cape Romain,

S. C. (N. Lat. 32°35.0/; W. Long. 78°01.2'), in 265 meters, on

November 27, 1963. Previous northernmost range, "along the

West Indies" (Farfante, loc. cit., p. 121) .

Aorotrema cistronium (Dall)

Cyclostrema cistronium Dall 1889, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

18(2): 394.

One adult specimen dredged off Cape Romain, S. C. (N. Lat.

32°49.1'; W. Long. 78°16.3'), in 65-80 meters, on November 27,

1963. The known range of this species was limited to North

Carolina. Its geographic range is possibly extensive, but small

size (ca. 2 mm.) and sparse collecting in southeastern waters

120 nautilus Vol. 82 (4)

limit our knowledge of distribution. Pilsbry and McGinty (1945,

p. 11) reported the range, Cape Hatteras to Cape Fear, N. C, in

22-63 fathoms (ca. 40-113 meters). Our finding extends the

range southward to South Carolina waters.

Astraea caelata (Gmelin)

Trochus caelatus Gmelin 1791, Syst. Nat., ed. 13, p. 3581.

One moderately worn medium-sized specimen dredged off Mc-

Clellanville, S. C. (N. Lat. 32°28.7'; W. Long. 78°47.1') , in 64

meters, on July 3, 1963. Previous northernmost range, "southeast

Florida" (Warmke and Abbott, 1961, p. 47).

Modulus modulus (Linnaeus)

Trochus modulus Linnaeus 1758, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 757.

One very fresh specimen, 8.4 mm. long, dredged off Cape

Romain, S. C. (N. Lat. 32°50.2'; W. Long. 78° 18.8'), in 36

meters, on November 27, 1963. Abbott (1944, p. 4) gave the

range, "Bermuda, Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, and south through

the West Indies to Brazil." He noted that Dall's (1892, p. 295)

record of this species from 25 miles off Hatteras, N. C, is possibly

an accidental specimen transported by migrating fish or other

mechanical means, as it was not known to occur between Hat-

teras and east Florida. In view of the Bermuda record of M.

modulus, which is of similar latitude as North Carolina, and of

our finding it in South Carolina, we feel that Dall's range record

is correct.

Cerithium semiferrugineum Lamarck

Cerithium semiferrugineum Lamarck 1822, Anim. s. Vert., VII,

p. 74.

One large rather worn shell dredged off McClellanville, S. C.

(N. Lat. 32°28.7'; W. Long. 78°47.1'), in 46 meters, on July 3,

1963. Mentioned respectively as a subspecies, a variety, and a

form of C. literatum Born 1870 by Johnson (1934, p. 110) , Dall

(1889, p. 140), and Warmke and Abbott (1961, p. 72). The

most northern record is Dall's (1889, p. 140) specific designation

of St. Augustine, Florida.

Primovula carnea (Poiret)

Bulla carnea Poiret 1789, Voy. Barbarie, pt. 2, p. 21.

One fresh dead adult specimen dredged off Cape Romain, S. C.

(N. Lat. 32°49.1'; W. Long. 78°16.3'), in 65-80 meters, on

November 27, 1963. Previously reported as far north as southeast

Florida by Abbott (1954, p. 181).

April 1969 nautilus 121

Charonia variegata (Lamarck)

Triton variegatum Lamarck 1816, Tableau Encyclopedique et

Methodique, Liste, p. 5, Atlas 3, pi. 421, fig. 2 a-b.

One very fresh fragment (35 mm.) of juvenile. Estimated size

of entire shell about 65 mm. Dredged off Cape Romain, S. C.

(N. Lat. 32°49.1'; W. Long. 78°16.3'), in 65-80 meters, on

November 27, 1963. Another moderately worn fragment taken at

a nearby station. Previous northernmost range in Western At-

lantic: U. S. Coast, lower Florida Keys; Bermuda (Clench and

Turner, 1957, p. 197) .

Latirus brevicaudatus (Reeve)

Turbinella brevicaudata Reeve 1847, Conchologia Iconica 4,

Turbinella, pi. 10, fig. 50.

One live medium-sized specimen, 30 mm. long, dredged off

Cape Romain, S. C. (N. Lat. 32°49.4'; W. Long. 78°16.7'), in

54 meters, on November 27, 1963. Previous northernmost range,

"lower Florida Keys and West Indies" (Warmke and Abbott,

1961, p. 120).

Oliva reticularis Lamarck

Oliva reticularis Lamarck 1811, Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., 16:

314.

One live specimen, 33 mm. long, dredged off McClellanville,

S. C. (N. Lat. 32°31.2'; W. Long. 78°51.0'), in 46 meters, on

July 3, 1963; also taken commonly live, fresh dead, and moder-

ately worn in other nearby dredgings. Reported as far north as

southeast Florida (Abbott, 1954, p. 245) .

Marginella haematita Kiener

Marginella haematita Kiener 1834, Icon. Coquilles (Margi-

nella), p. 11.

One adult, length 10.7 mm., dredged off Cape Romain, S. C.

(N. Lat. 32°49.4'; W. Long. 78°16.7') , in 54 meters, on November

27, 1963. Another specimen, 10.2 mm. long, taken at a nearby

station. Previous northernmost range, "southeast Florida" (Ab-

bott, 1954, p. 254).

Ancistro syrinx radiata Dall

Ancistrosyrinx radiata Dall 1889, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

18(2): 78.

One moderately worn specimen, 14 mm. long, dredged off Cape

Romain, S. C. (N. Lat. 32°49.1'; W. Long. 78°16.3'), in 65-80

meters, on November 27, 1963. Previous northernmost record,

122 nautilus Vol. 82 (4)

"south Florida" (Abbott, 1954, p. 268) .

Conus fioridanus Gabb

Conus fioridanus Gabb 1868, American Journ. Conch., 4: 195.

Two specimens, one fresh, one moderately worn, dredged off

McClellanville, S. C. (N. Lat. 32°34.9'; W. Long. 78°51.3'), in 36

meters, on July 2, 1963. This is the form C. floridensis of Clench

(1942, p. 28) . Previous northernmost range off Ft. Walton,

Florida (Clench, 1942, p. 29) .

Literature cited

Abbott, R. Tucker, 1944. The genus Modulus in the Western

Atlantic. Johnsonia 1 (14) : 1-8.

1954. American seashells. D. van Nostrand and Co., New

York, 541 p.

1968. Seashells of North America. Golden Press, New York,

280 p.

Cerame-Vivas, M. J. and I. E. Gray, 1966. The distributional pat-

tern of benthic invertebrates of the continental shelf off North

Carolina. Ecology 47 (2) : 260-270.

Clarke, Arthur H., 1962. Annotated list and bibliography of the

abyssal marine mollusks of the world. Nat. Mus. Canada, Bull.

No. 181, 114 p.

Clench, William J., 1942. The genus Conus in the Western At-

lantic. Johnsonia 1 (6) : 1-40.

_____ and Ruth D. Turner, 1957. The family Cymatiidae in the

Western Atlantic. Johnsonia 3(36): 189-244.

Dall, William H., 1889. Marine mollusks of the southeastern

coast. U. S. Nat. Mus., Bull. No. 37, 229 p.

1892. Tertiary fauna of Florida. Trans. Wagner Free Inst.

Sci. Philadelphia 3 (2) : 201-473.

Johnson, Charles W., 1934. List of marine Mollusca of the At-

lantic coast from Labrador to Texas. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.

Hist. 40(1): 1-203.

Mazyck, William G., 1913. Catalog of Mollusca of South Caro-

lina. Contrib. Charleston Mus. No. 2, 39 p.

McLean, Richard A., 1941. The oysters of the Western Atlantic.

Notulae Naturae, No. 67, p. 1-14.

Merrill, Arthur S., 1963. Mollusks from a buoy off Georgia.

Nautilus 77(2): 68-70.

and Richard E. Petit, 1965. Mollusks new to South Caro-

lina. Nautilus 79 (2) : 58-66.

Pilsbry, H. A. and Thomas L. McGinty, 1945. Cyclostrematidae

and Vitrinellida of Florida — I. Nautilus 5P(1): 1-13.

Warmke, Germaine L. and R. Tucker Abbott, 1961. Caribbean

seashells. Livingston Publishing Co., Narberth, Pennsylvania,

348 p.

April 1969 nautilus 123

OCCURRENCE OF CYMBULIA PERONI DE BLAINVILLE,

A PSEUDOTHECOSOMATOUS PTEROPOD,

IN THE BAY OF BENGAL

By D. V. SUBBA RAO1

Department of Zoology, Andhra University, Waltair, India.

Although the pseudothecosomatous pteropod Cymbulia peroni

de Blainville is known to occur in the Indian Ocean (Tesch,

1904; Meisenheimer, 1905; Stubbings, 1938), there has been no

report on its distribution in the Bay of Bengal. During March,

1962, six live Cymbulia peroni were collected from Lawson's Bay,

Waltair (17°44/N and 83°23'E) . Four specimens were collected

on the 19th and two on the 26th of March. The surface water

with the animals was gently drawn into a bucket from a

catamaran. Only those animals collected on the 26th possessed

the characteristic fleshy slipper-like pseudoconchae. The pseudo-

conchae were 15-20mm long (Fig. 1) . The anterior extremity

was sharply pointed and slightly curved to the right. The pos-

terior end of the pseudoconcha resembled a fin and was drawn

into two long lateral spines. The margin of the pseudoconcha

had two rows of denticles. The animals possessed two wings

which together measured 8- 13mm across. 'Fenestrae' were absent.

The muscle fibers showed a reticulate appearance. The animals

possessed a flat tail drawn into a pink tentacle.

Earlier accounts on the distribution of Cymbulia (Tesch, 1904,

1946, 1948; Meisenheimer, 1905; Massy, 1932; Stubbings, 1938;

Morton, 1954) indicate that these pteropods are mainly oceanic

and apparently deep water forms in the Mediterranean Sea, At-

lantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The sharply pointed pseudo-

conchae and the smaller size of the animals, which are character-

istic of oceanic specimens (Tesch, 1946) , suggest that the

specimens in the Lawson's Bay could have originated from the

open ocean. According to Tesch (1948) , the Indo-Pacific and

Atlantic Cymbulia also do not grow to such a large size as the

Mediterranean forms.

During March, a northerly clockwise current skirting the east

coast of India sets in and brings into the Bay of Bengal large

volumes of central equatorial Indian Ocean water (Sewell, 1932) .

1 Present address: Marine Ecology Laboratory, Bedford Institute, P. O. Box

1006, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada.

124

NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 (4)

During the same period, upwelling of subsurface slope waters

also takes place off Waltair coast (Ganapati and Subba Rao, 1957,

1958; LaFond, 1957) . During the northerly current, transporta-

tion of a few holopelagic animals like Physalia physalis (Linnaeus)

and Velella sp. into Lawson's Bay along with oceanic waters has

been reported (Ganapati and Subba Rao, 1962) . It is possible

that Cymbulia peroni are transported from the open ocean into

the bay by the prevailing water movements. The occurrence of

Cymbulia peroni in the bay could be considered sporadic as they

were absent in the townet collections made during 1952-1961 twice

a week in Lawson's Bay and at about 700 oceanographic stations

in the Bay of Bengal. The present report thus extends the distri-

bution of C. peroni northwards and shorewards into the Bay of

Bengal.

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Prof. P. N. Ganapati under whose guidance

this work was done. My grateful thanks are due to Dr. C. M.

Lalli, Zoology Department, McGill University, Montreal and to

Dr. D. J. Tranter, C.S.I.R.O., Division of Fish, Oceanography,

Cronulla, New South Wales for constructive criticism of the

manuscript. This research was supported by National Institute

of Sciences of India, New Delhi.

VENTRAL VIEW

Fiq. 1. Cymbulia peroni

April 1969 nautilus 125

References

Ganapati, P. N., and D. V. Subba Rao. 1957. On upwelling and

productivity of the waters off Lawson's Bay, Waltair. Curr.

Sci., 26: 347-348.

and 1958. Quantitative study of Plankton off Law-

son's Bay, Waltair. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., B 48: 189-209.

1962. On the distribution of Physalia in the Indian

waters. Proc. First All-India Congr. Zoology, 2: 324-328.

Hyman, L. H. 1967. The Invertebrates, VI. Mollusca I. 792 p.

McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.

LaFond, E. C. 1957. Oceanographic studies in the Bay ol Bengal.

Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., B 46: 1-46.

.Massy, A. L. 1932. Gastropoda Thecosomata and Gymnosomata.

Discovery Reports, 3: 267-296.

Meisenheimer, J. 1905. Pteropoda. Wiss. Ergebn. dt. Tiefsee-

Exped. 'Valdivia', 9: 1-314.

Morton, J. E. 1954. The pelagic mollusca of the Benguela Cur-

rent. Discovery Reports, 27: 163-200.

Sewell, R. B. S. 1932. Geographic and oceanographic research in

Indian waters. Part 6. The temperature and salinity of the

deeper waters of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea. Mem.

Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 9: 357-424.

Stubbings, H. G. 1938. Pteropoda. Sci. Rep. John Murray Exped.,

5: 3-33.

Tesch, J. J. 1904. Thecosomata and Gymnosomata of the Siboga

Expedition. Siboga Exped. Monogr., 52: 1-92.

___ 1946. The thecosomatous pteropods, I. The Atlantic. Dana

Report, 28: 1-82.

1948. The thecosomatous pteropods, II. The Indo-Pacific.

Dana Report, 30: 1-44.

126 nautilus Vol. 82 (4)

A DOUBLE TENTACLE IN VIANA REGINA (MORELET)1

(Mollusca : Prosobranchia : Helicinidae)

By HORTENSIA SARASUA

Laboratorio de Malacologia, Instituto de Biologia,

Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Havana.

Viana regina is a beautiful terrestrial prosobranch which in-

habits the Province of Pinar del Rio in Cuba. This report deals

with a specimen which possesses an abnormal tentacle.

The animal has a double right tentacle, the right eye being

absent. The tentacle in the usual position is like a normal

tentacle; the extra tentacle occupies the spot where the eye is

usually found.

This teratological specimen was taken in Sumidero, Vinales,

Pinar del Rio. The shell measures: major diameter 28 mm, minor

diameter 22 mm., altitude 26 mm. The presence of the extra

tentacle and the absence of the right eye did not appear to inter-

fere with the locomotion or other movements of the mollusk.

The shell is yellow in the earlier whorls and has a reddish

subsutural line with more or less broken bands; the base color

is greenish when the animal is present, yellow after it has been

extracted. The animal is a female since the shell lacks the labial

notch which is found only in the male. The three tentacles are

lustrous black in color and contrast with the pale gray color of

Figure 1. Viana regina (Morelet) from Cuba showing a double right

tentacle. X 2.5.

1 Published by permission of the Director of Instituto de Biologia, Academia

de Ciencias de la Republica de Cuba.

April 1969 nautilus 127

the rest of the animal. The animal remained alive for about six

weeks in the laboratory and was photographed by J. Danilo

Cortes of the Instituto.

I am grateful to Vicente Carrion who collected the abnormal

specimen and graciously presented it to me together with several

other land shells taken at the same locality.

Abnormalities in the organs of mollusks are thought to be

rare. The following cases of tentacular monstrosities have been

reported:

1853, Forbes E. and S. Hanley, Hist. British Moll., 4:288.

Limax agrestis L. (= Deroceras reticulatum Muller) "upper

tentacles united into one."

1856, Fischer, P., Jour, de Conchyl., 5:230, pi. 11, fig. 4. Sube-

marginula Gray 1847 (= Hemitonia Swainson 1840), two bifid

tentacles, two eyes to each.

1864, Fischer, P., ibid., 12:89, pi. 8, fig. 8. Patella vulgata L.,

left tentacle bifid with two eyes, right tentacle normal. (See also

Fischer, 1880, Manuel de Conchyl., p. 108, fig. 103).

1884, Baudon, A., Jour, de Conchyl., 32:209, Limax laevis

Muller (= Deroceras laeve) , tentacles wanting.

1888, Fischer, P., ibid., 36:131. Triopa clavigera Loven (=

Euphnrus claviger) , right rhinophore with three branches "deux

anterieures lamelleuses, portees sur un pedoncle commun, lisse,

et une posterieure simple, de forme reguliere et representant

problement le rhinophore normal droit."

1955, Kishimoto, H., Venus, 18:282, text fig. 1. Euhadra herk-

lotsi hesperia Pilsbry, figure shows an aborted right tentacle,

smaller and thinner than the left.

1967, Sarasua, H., Trabajo de Divulgacion 53, Museo Felipe

Poey, La Habana, Chondropoma poeyanum (d'Orbigny) , pos-

sessing a branched tentacle like the horn of a deer.

The cited last record plus the present one involving Viana

regina seem to be the only cases of tentacular anomalies reported

for land prosobranchs.

128 nautilus Vol. 82 (4)

LUCINACEA AND THEIR HETERODONT AFFINITIES

(BIVALVIA)

By KENNETH J. BOSS

Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

It has recently been hypothesized that the Lucinacea, as a

group, be elevated to the highest categorical rank short of the

class level in the Bivalvia (McAlester, 1966) . The evidence

marshalled for such a taxonomic overhaul rests in the probable

phylogenetic relationship between the Ordovician clam, Babinka,

and all modern lucinaceans and in McAlester's belief that Babinka

is related to the Monoplacophora. The historical facts which bear

on the phylogeny of Mesozoic and Genozoic lucinoids cannot be

doubted. The fossil record and recent anatomical evidence (Boss,

in press) support the contention that the Lucinidae and the

Fimbriidae are more closely related to each other than are the

Thyasiridae and Diplodontidae, a lineage which appeared in the

Mesozoic and diverged by the Cretaceous. Most probably a basic

lucinoid stock gave rise to the distinct fimbriids which paralleled

the lucinids themselves for millions of years while a thyasirid-

diplodontid line was derived from the lucinoid ancestors early in

the Mesozoic.

In bivalves evolution usually has proceeded slowly. While one

sees the vast radiation of mammals in the short time of the

Cenozoic, the bivalves have diverged relatively slowly, appearing

already rather highly diversified in the early Paleozoic (Pojeta,

in press) .

If we concede that Babinka is indeed a lucinoid, the origin of

this group is placed back in the Ordovician. If not, we find a

true lucinoid in the Silurian, with Dall's Prolucina from Gotland,

Sweden (i.e. Ilionia prisca (Hisinger) ) and in the Devonian

with Paracyclas Hall. Thus at least sometime in the early Paleo-

zoic we have a lucinoid. Of its anatomical characteristics we can-

not be certain — save the distinctly elongate, subsemilunate form

of the anterior adductor muscle, a conchologically preserved

feature, suggested in Babinka, indisputably present in Ilionia

[Prolacina] and known for a fact to be of functional significance

in modern lucinids.

Allen (1958) has dwelt long and well on the functional mor-

phology of modern lucinoids. From his work we learn: 1) the

April 1969 nautilus 129

remarkable adaptive features of numerous species of lucinoids;

2) the generally conservative features which allows us to recog-

nize this superfamily's relation with its confrere's and its phylo-

genetic relationships of very long standing.

Both of these aspects of Allen's work are of special interest. On

the adaptively distinctive side, we see that lucinoids utilize an

anterior inhalant current, facilitated largely by an enlargement

of the ciliated ventral surface of the anterior adductor muscle and,

frequently, by a pedunculate foot which constructs an accessory,

extraneous inhalant siphon out of mucoid pastes, benthic detritus,

and sand grains.

In certain of the families (lucinids and fimbriids) , the outer

demibranches have been lost, the labial palps astonishingly re-

duced, and mantle or secondary respiratory flaps elaborated. It

even appears that the Diplodontidae and Thyasiridae have sec-

ondarily evolved an external demibranch, although I cannot

always be certain of paleontological reconstructions based on

evidence derived from external forms.

Although the special adaptations of the Lucinacea are of

intrinsic interest, their heterodont features constitute noteworthy

traits which must not be mislaid amongst a plethora of minutiae.

From Allen's work, we see that the nervous system with its

constituent cerebral, pleuropedal and visceral ganglia plus con-

comitant commissures, and that the circulatory system with its

paired, thinly-walled auricles and median, thickly walled ventricle,

transversed by the alimentary canal, are but fundamental traits.

Heterodonta was introduced by Neumayr (1884) and formally

named by Steinmann (1888). Through the years, it has been

chopped, pared, reduced, enlarged, pummelled and universally

criticised; nevertheless, it has endured, though somewhat modi-

fied. Notwithstanding Neumayr's provocative elucidation, Bernard

(1895) brought forth the requisite data which undeniably charac-

terized certain bivalve taxa and their hinges. Thus, it was recog-

nized that some bivalves have both anterior/posterior and cardinal

dental features in their early ontogeny, and species belonging

to such groups were characterized as being "heterodonts" (Newell,

1957).

Dall (1895), who was a contemporary of Bernard, established

the Teleodesmacea, an order roughly tantamount to Neumayr's

heterodonts, and it included the Lucinacea.

130 nautilus Vol. 82 (4)

McAlester's thesis is that the Lucinacea are so distinct and

separate that "the entire group should be assigned to a separate

bivalve taxon of the highest rank." That the Lucinacea possess

a fossile lineage traceable at least to the Middle Silurian cannot

be denied but that they should be elevated to the rank of sub-

class, and thus be separated from other bivalves, particularly the

Heterodonta as delimited by Newell (1965) , can be refuted with

meaningful and compelling zoological evidence.

Other than the nervous and circulatory systems previously

mentioned, the Lucinacea share important common inheritances

with other heterodonts: 1) they are bilaterally equivalved, with

subequal anterior and posterior adductor muscles; their pedal

musculature is divided into bifurcated anterior and posterior

retractors which insert into the shell dorsad of the adductor

muscles; 2) their excretory system is distinctly of an advanced

complexity (Odhner, 1914) where the nephroprocts or ciliated

funnels connect directly with the pericardial cavity and where

the distal portion of the kidney is medially and broadly coex-

tensive; the nephric ducts debouch laterally and separately into

the suprabranchial chamber, or at least a dorsal division of the

mantle cavity; the distal portion of the kidney envelopes the

posterodorsally traversing posterior pedal retractors; 3) the gills

or ctenidia are eulamellibranch and reticulate with tissue-grade

fusions between filaments; and the relation between the labial

palps, if present, and the ctenidia is of Stasek's (1963) type three

(III) ; 4) the alimentary canal of lucinoids conforms to the

"Stomach Type IV" of Purchon (1958) ; 5) The ventral gape

of lucinoids is broad and extensive, and notwithstanding the

anterior inhalant current, both inhalant and exhalant apertures

are present posteriorly.

Conchologically, the Lucinacea are endowed with what may be

considered basic heterodont characteristics: ontogenetically they

possess anterior/posterior lamellar dental structures as well as

central, subumbonal or cardinal denticles, even though in adult

stages, represented by such genera as Anodontia, both lateral and

cardinal dentitions are lacking. The shell microstructure is com-

plex cross lamellar (Boggild, 1930; Oberling, 1964) . The liga-

ment is opisthodetic and parivincular (Pojeta does not consider

an opisthodetic, parivincular ligament to be a heterodont feature,

in litt.) .

April 1969 nautilus 131

Thus there is little doubt that the Lucinacea are intimately

related to other bivalves of the heterodont lineage. Anatomical

and conchological data attest to their relationship with such

similar groups, albeit presently distinct, as the Carditacea, Crassa-

tellacea, Isocardiacea, Tellinacea and Veneracea.

In summary, I have shown that the Lucinacea, old and persever-

ing, are distinctly and obviously heterodont.

Literature cited

Allen, J. A. 1958. On the basic form and adaptations to habitat

in the Lucinacea (Eulamellibranchia) . Phil. Trans. R. Soc.

(B), 241: 521-484, 53 figs.

Bernard, F. 1895. Premiere note sur le developpement et la mor-

phologic de la coquille chez les lamellibranches. Bull. Soc.

geol. Fr. (3), 23: 104-154.

Boggild, O. B. 1930. The shell structure of the mollusks. D. Kgl.

Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, Naturvidensk. og Mathem. Afd.,

(9) 2(2): 235-325, pis. 1-15.

Boss, K. J. in press, Fimbria and its lucinoid affinities (Mollusca;

Bivalvia) .

Dall, W. H. 1895. Tertiary Fauna of Florida. Part 3. A new classi-

fication of the Pelecypoda. Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci. Philad.,

5(3): 483-565.

McAlester, A. L. 1966. Evolutionary and systematic implications

of a transitional Ordovician lucinoid bivalve Malacologia,

3(3): 433-439, 2 figs.

Neumayr, M. 1884. Zur Morphologie des Bivalvenschlosses. Sitzber.

Akad. Wiss. Wien, 88(1): 385-418.

1957. Notes on certain primitive heterodont pelecypods.

Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1857. 14 pp.

Newell, N. D. 1965. Classification of the Bivalvia. Am. Mus.

Novit., no. 2206, 25 pp., 3 figs.

Oberling, J. J. 1964. Observations on some structural features of

the pelecypod shell. Mittle. Naturforsch. Gesell. Bern (N. F.) ,

20: 1-60, 6 pis., 3 figs.

Odhner, N. 1912. Morphologische und phylogenetische Unter

suchungen iiber die Nephridien der Lamellibranchien. Z. wiss.

Zool., 100: 287-391.

Pojeta, J. in press. Ordovician bivalves.

Purchon, R. D. 1958. The stomach in the Eulamellibranchia;

Stomach Type 4. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 131 (4) : 487-525.

Stasek, C. R. 1963. Synopsis and discussion of the association of

ctenidia and labial palps in the bivalved Mollusca. Veliger,

6(2): 91-97.

Steinmann, G. 1888. Invertebrates. In Steinmann, G., and L.

Doderlein, Elemente der Palaontologie. Leipzig, 19 -f- 848 pp.

132 nautilus Vol. 82 (4)

THE UNIONACEA OF WILLIAM IRVIN UTTERBACK

By RICHARD I. JOHNSON

Museum of Comparative Zoology.

William Irvin Utterback is remembered for his work on the

Unionacea of Missouri but almost nothing is known about him.

He was born in 1872 and graduated from Wabash College,

Crawfordsville, Indiana, in 1901. In 1915 he received a degree

of Master of Arts from the University of Missouri, Columbia,

Missouri, for his study, "The Naiades of Missouri." Utterback

published on the Missouri fauna from 1914 until 1917 and then

dropped from view. He spent many years teaching biology at

Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia. He died in 1949.

The Utterback collection did not find its way into any of the

major museums. It was not located at Wabash College or at the

University of Missouri. It appears that Utterback kept it with him.

Through the kindness of Dr. Harold E. Ward of Marshall Uni-

versity, all that remained of the collection was recently presented

to the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) . This consists

of 30 single valves of specimens figured or mentioned in, "The

Naiades of Missouri" and one valve of the holotype of Pleuro-

bema utterbackii Frierson. The remaining shells in the collection

were without data and of no scientific interest. Unfortunately,

none of Utterback's types have survived.

Bibliography of Utterback

1914. Mussel Resources in Missouri. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau

of Fisheries, Economic Circular, No. 10, Pp. 1-6.

1915-16. The Naiades of Missouri. American Midland Nat., 4:

1-29; 41-53; 97-152; 181-204; 244-273. 1916, pp. 311-327; 339-

354; 387-400; 432-464, pis. 1-29.

1916. Also reprinted and repaged, Pp. 1-200, pis. 1-29.

1916. Breeding records of Missouri mussels. Nautilus 30: 13-21.

Also reprinted and re-paged, pp. 1-8. Nov. 1916.

1916. Parasitism among Missouri naiades. American Midland

Nat., 4: 518-521.

1917. Naiadgeography of Missouri. American Midland Nat., 5:

26-30.

New taxa described in, "The Naiades of Missouri."

contrayensis Utterback, Quadrula quadrula: 1915, Amer. Mid.

Nat., 4: 138 (56) *, pi. 18, figs. 47 A, B (Lake Contrary, St.

* Page numbers in reprint are in parenthesis.

April 1969 nautilus 133

Joseph [Buchanan Co.], Missouri, type lost).

curtisii Frierson and Utterback, Truncilla: 1916, Amer. Mid.

Nat., 4: 453 (190), pi. 6, figs. 14 a-d, pi. 28, figs. 109 A-D.

(White River, Hollister [Taney Co.], Missouri, types in the

possession of Utterback, lost) .

dakotana 'Frierson' Utterback, Anodonta: 1915, American Mid.

Nat., 4: 265 (114). Error for Anodonta dokota Frierson 1910.

Megalonaias Utterback: 1915, Amer. Mid. Nat., 4: 123 (41) .

Type species, Unio heros Say, original designation.

lefevrei Utterback, Truncilla: 1916, Amer. Mid. Nat., 4: 455

(192), pi. 6, figs. 13 a-d, pi. 28, figs. 108 A-D. (Black River,

Williamsville [Wayne Co.], Missouri, type lost).

trigonoides 'Frierson' Utterback, Fusconaia undata: 1915, Amer.

Mid. Nat., 4: 107 (25), pi. 15, figs. 30 A-D, pi. 4, figs. 9 a, b

(Platte River, Dixon Falls [not located] and Garretsburg

[Buchanan Co.]; Osage River, Schell City [Vernon Co.], and

Warsaw [Benton Co.]; all Missouri, type lost).

utterbackiana Frierson, Quadrula tuberculata: 1927, Check List

North American Naiades, p. 52. Based on shell figured by

Utterback, 1916, Amer. Mid. Nat., 4: 183 (72), pi. 20, figs.

57 A, B (Gasconade River, Gascondy [Osage Co.], Missouri,

type lost) . New name for Plethobasus cooperianus Utterback,

non Lea 1834.

utterbackii Frierson, Pleurobema: 1915 [in] Utterback, Amer.

Mid. Nat., 4: 197 (86) , pi. 5, figs. 12 a, b, pi. 20, figs. 63, A-D

(White River, Hollister [Taney Co.], Missouri, holotype MCZ

271448. Consists of valve figured on pi. 20, fig. 57 A) .

Specimens figured in, "The Naiades of Missouri." The brackets

indicate data from label on shell or from modern atlases.

1. Plate 2, Fig. 5a. Plagiola securis (Lea) .

[Meramec R., Meramec Highlands, St. Louis [St. Louis Co.],

Missouri]. MCZ 271418

2. Plate 15, Fig. 29A. Fusconaia undata (Barnes).

Miss. R. [La Grange, Lewis Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271419

3. Plate 15, Fig. 34A. Fusconaia ebena (Lea) .

Miss. R., La Grange [Lewis Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271420

4. Plate 16, Fig. 35A. Amblema peruviana (Lamarck) .

Osage R., Osceola [St. Clair Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271421

5. Plate 16, Fig. 36C. Amblema rariplicata (Deshayes) .

Tarkio R., Craig [Holt Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271422

134 nautilus Vol. 82 (4)

6. Plate 16, Fig. 37 A. Amblema perplicata (Conrad) .

St. Francis R., Greenville [Wayne Co.], Missouri.

MCZ 271423

7. Plate 16, Fig. 38C. Amblema perplicata quintardi (Cragin) .

Osage R., Proctor [Morgan Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271424

8. Plate 17, Fig. 40C. Megalonaias heros (Say) .

Osage R., Monegaw Springs [St. Clair Co.], Missouri.

MCZ 271425

9. Plate 18, Fig. 45C. Quadrula quadrula (Rafinesque) .

Lake Contrary, St. Joseph [Buchanan Co.], Missouri.

MCZ 271426

10. Plate 19, Fig. 50 A. Quadrula verrucosa (Rafinesque) .

Grand R., Darlington [Gentry Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271427

11. Plate 19, Fig. 51A. Quadrula nobilis (Conrad) .

Marais des Cygnes R., Richhill [Bates Co.], Missouri.

MCZ 271428

12. Plate 19, Fig. 52A. Quadrula cylindrica (Say) .

Black R., Williamsville [Wayne Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271429

13. Plate 20, Fig. 56A. Plethobasus aesopus (Green) .

Des Moines R., Dumas [Clark Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271430

14. Plate 20, Fig. 59A. Pleurobema catillus (Conrad) .

Black R., Williamsville [Wayne Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271431

15. Plate 21, Fig. 66A. Elliptio dilatata (Rafinesque) .

Osage R., Osceola [St. Clair Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271433

16. Plate 21, Fig. 68A. Elliptio dilatata subgibbosa (Lea) .

Black R., Williamsville [Wayne Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271434

17. Plate 22, Fig. 70A. Symphynota complanata (Barnes) .

Big Mud Lake, Kenmoor [but on shell, Halls, both Buchanan

Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271432

18. Plate 22, Fig. 71C. Symphynota costata (Rafinesque) .

Gasconade R., Gascondy [Osage Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271435

19. Plate 24, Fig. 78A. Alasmidonta marginata (Say) .

Gasconade R., Gascondy [Osage Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271436

20. Plate 24, Fig. 80C. Strophitus edentulus (Say) .

White R., Hollister [Taney Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271437

21. Plate 25, Fig. 85A. Nephronaias ligamentina (Lamarck) .

Meremec R., Fern Glen [Meremec Highlands, St. Louis,

St. Louis Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271438

22. Plate 25, Fig. 87C. Nephronaias pleasii (Marsh) .

White R., Branson [Taney Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271439

April 1969 nautilus 135

23. Plate 26, Fig. 91 A. Lasmonos simpsoni (Ferris) .

White R., Branson [Hollister, both Taney Co.], Missouri.

MCZ 271440

24. Plate 27, Fig. 98D. Eurynia (Microtnya) brevicula (Call) .

Jack's Fork [of] Current R., [Shannon Co.], Missouri.

MCZ 271441

25. Plate 27, Fig. 100A. Eurynia (Eurynia) recta (Lamarck) .

Osage R., Osceola [St. Clair Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271442

26. Plate 27, Fig. 100C. Eurynia (Eurynia) recta (Lamarck) .

Meramec R., Meramec Highlands, St. Louis [St. Louis Co.],

Missouri. MCZ 271443

27. Plate 28, Fig. 103A. Lampsilis luteola (Lamarck) .

Black R., Williamsville [Wayne Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271444

28. Plate 28, Fig. 103C. Lampsilis luteola (Lamarck) .

Black R., Williamsville [Wayne Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271445

29. Plate 28, Fig. 104A. Lampsilis luteola rosacea (DeKay) .

Black R., Williamsville [Wayne Co., but on shell, White

River, Branson, Taney Co.], Missouri. MCZ 271446

30. Qiiadrula metanevra wardii (Lea) .

Des Moines R., Dumas [Clark Co.], Missouri. Bush Colin.,

mentioned on p. 147 (65), but not figured. MCZ 271447

NOTES ON A LIGHT-COLORED SPECIMEN OF

PHILOMYCUS CAROLINIANUS (BOSC)

By PAT W. HERMANN and DEE S. DUNDEE

Dept. of Pathology and Parasitology School of Veterinary Medicine, University

of Georgia and Dept. of Biology, Louisiana State University in New Orleans.

Pilsbry (1948) describes alcoholic albino specimens of Philo-

mycus carolinianus (Bosc) having a light ochraceous buff tint,

without markings. All occurred singly in lots of variously pig-

mented individuals from Florida, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New

York, and Maine.

A single specimen of P. carolinianus approaching the above

description was collected by the senior author from the "Big

Cypress Swamp" along Florida Highway 29 near Immokalee,

Collier Co., Florida on September 11, 1968. It was found in a

bromeliad, Tillandsia sp., which was attached to a cypress tree

about four feet above the water level. No other slugs were located

in this area so it cannot presently be ascertained whether this was

136 nautilus Vol. 82 (4)

the only light-colored specimen occurring in a normally pig-

mented population.

The slug was of a uniform light cinnamon buff color both above

and below (Fig. la) except for a slight intensification of the

pigment at the extreme anterior and posterior ends of the mantle.

The head and lower tentacles were of a light tan color while the

upper tentacles appeared whitish except for their tips which were

light cinnamon. When fully extended the slug measured 57mm in

length and 10mm in width.

The specimen, in the laboratory, deposited 15 eggs on Novem-

ver 1, 1968 (Fig. lb) each of which ranged in size from 2.8-

3.0 mm wide and 3.5-4.0 mm long. The clutch was deposited as a

two-layer roughly circular mass. On November 17, 1968 one of

the eggs hatched revealing a young slug with same coloration as

the parent (may indicate true albinism) . The other eggs did not

develop properly nor hatch, probably because of contamination

of the culture with decaying lettuce and free-living nematodes.

The latter were seen moving about within and on the eggs

presumably feeding on this egg material. The adult is being

maintained in the hope that it will deposit more clutches that

can be reared and examined.

While albinism is not new in slugs, it is of interest each time

Fig. 1. (a) Adult albino specimen of Philomycus carolinianns (Bosc) col-

lected in Collier Co., Florida, (b) Egg clutch deposited by albino P.

carolinianus.

April 1969 nautilus 137

it is found since it must be of non-adaptive value. A slug as light-

colored as this surely stands out starkly against the background

when compared with those of normal color which blend well. As

pointed out by Livezey (1968) adult albinos are rarely en-

countered since they are more readily seen by predators and

devoured before they can mature — Pat W. Hermann and Dee

S. Dundee, University of Georgia and Louisiana State University,

respectively.

Literature cited

Livezey, Robert L. 1968. Albinism and concealing coloration.

Turtox News 46 (1 1) : 290-294.

Pilsby, H. A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America. Acad. Nat.

Sci., Philadelphia Mongr. 3, II 2: 756.

HINGE TOOTH REVERSALS IN SPHAERIID CLAMS1

By WILLIAM H. HEARD

Florida State University, Tallahassee

Introduction. The transposition of hinge teeth in marine

bivalves has been investigated by Popenoe and Findlay (1933) ,

and van der Schalie (1936) reviewed this phenomenon in mem-

bers of the freshwater mussel family Unionidae. In addition,

partial or complete reversal of the hinge teeth of another large

group of freshwater pelecypods, the family Sphaeriidae (finger-

nail and pill clams), has been noted by Walker (1896), Sterki

(1899, 1922), Kuiper (1943), Eggleton and Davis (1961), and

Herrington (1962) .

Sphaeriids possess heterodont dentition, and the typical (i.e.,

most frequently encountered) arrangement of teeth in the shell

of Sphaerium s.s., Musculium, Pisidium, and Pseudocorbicula is:

2 anterior laterals (AL) — 1 cardinal (C) — 2 posterior laterals

(PL) in the right valve, and 1 anterior lateral — 2 cardinals — 1

posterior lateral in the left valve (see Herrington, 1962, Fig. 2;

Heard, 1965a) . Seven types of "reversals" are possible (Table 1,

this paper) , and other anomalies may also occur. The genus

Eupera has a typical hinge tooth formula of 1 — 1 (C-2?) — 1 in

the left valve, and 2 — 1 (C-3) — 2 in the right valve, and at

present no data exists concerning deviations from this arrange-

xThis investigation was supported, in part, by grant GB-4626 from the

National Science Foundation.

138 nautilus Vol. 82 (4)

ment. Byssanodonta, considered edentulous by Klappenbach

(1960) and Heard (1965a) , has been noted by Bonetto and

Ezcurra (1964) to possess a system of slight, rudimentary ridges

similar to the formula in Eupera: 1 — ("eminencia mamelona-

cea") — 1 ("relieves articulares") in the left valve, and 2 — 1 —

2 in the right valve (although one of the posterior laterals may

be absent) .

Detailed frequencies of the various types of reversals are largely

lacking. Walker (1896) and Kuiper (1943) merely listed num-

bers of individuals displaying deviations, while Sterki (1899,

1922) indicated that "20 to 30 per cent of all specimens from

some localities" may be reversed. Eggleton and Davis (1961),

however, presented values for specific reversals in Sphaerium

striatinum: 40.5% for PL, 41.0% for ALC, and 18.4% for

ALCPL (complete reversal) .

Generic Differences. Without providing more detailed informa-

tion, Sterki stated (1) in 1899 that "In Sphaeria rhomb oideum,

occidentale, corneum, etc., reversion seems to be rare; and so in

Calyculina" (= Musculium) , and (2) in 1922 that "With

Pisidium they are less frequent, though noticed in many species,

and with Musculium they are apparently scarce." Although more

information is desirable, it is clear that reversal percentages are

indeed higher in species of Sphaerium s.s. than in members of

Pisidium (see Table 1) . While overlooked as a possible generic

difference, this variation prompted Kuiper (1943) to conclude

that reversals ("Inversodontie") in Dutch sphaeriids were rare

compared to those occurrences in North America. It should be

pointed out, however, that until now the Nearctic data concerned

Sphaerium s.s., while Kuiper's (1943) observations dealt primar-

ily with Palearctic Pisidium. Regretably, few studies have been

made of reversals of hinge teeth in Musculium (= M. lacustre,

M. partumeium, M. securis, and M. transversum; frequently,

Musculium is considered a subgenus of Sphaerium rather than

a valid genus) .

Walker (1896) listed 4 kinds of reversals: AL, PL, ALC and

ALCPL, while Sterki (1899, 1922), Kuiper (1943), and Eggleton

and Davis (1961) recorded only the last 3 groups. Herrington

(1962) specifically mentioned the reversal of AL ("more com-

mon") and ALCPL, indicating in addition that "Other irregu-

larities are also known to occur." In the original data presented

April 1969 nautilus 139

here (Table 1) several new types of reversals are reported:

C and ALPL in Sphaerium s.s., PL in Musculium, and AL in

Pisidium. This leaves only the CPL reversal in Sphaerium s.s.,

and C, ALC, GPL and ALPL reversals in Pisidium, and the

remaining six reversals in Musculium as never having been ob-

served. Thus, there is seen greater variation among the types of

reversals, as well as greater proportions, in Sphaerium s.s. as com-

pared to these phenomena in Pisidium (and Musculium?) . This

conclusion is upheld despite intragenic and intraspecific variation

in both Sphaerium s.s. and Pisidium.

Population Variation. Eggleton and Davis (1961) reported

variation in the "rate" of reversal in Sphaerium striatinum from

two different populations in the same drainage. Similar variations

occur in Sphaerium fabale, Pisidium casertanum, P. compressum

and P. dubium (Table 1) . This prevalence of one or another

kind of reversal in different populations of the same species is

considered to represent a reflection of the reproductive habits

of sphaeriids: all species are hermaphroditic and ovoviviparous.

While the occurrence (let alone the extent) of self-fertilization

in nature is unknown, this phenomenon has been demonstrated in

Musculium partumeium (Thomas, 1959) and in Pisidium con-

ventus (Odhner, 1951; Heard, 1963) in the laboratory. However,

as with most monoecious animals, self-fertilization is at least

theoretically possible (mature ova and spermatozoa may occur

simultaneously; Heard, 1965b) , although cross-fertilization is

thought to be prevalent in nature. In either case, a sphaeriid

population with insignificant emigration and immigration can be

considered to comprise a comparatively closed breeding associa-

tion with little if any genie exchange with other populations.

Thus, in populations practicing a degree of inbreeding, a feature

with genetic basis may vary in frequency of occurrence from one

population to another.

Hereditary Relationships. Kuiper (1943) suggested a genetic

relationship between reversals of the cardinal teeth and the

anterior laterals because the cardinals never were reversed alone

(refuted in this paper; see Sphaerium fabale and 5. rhomboideum

in Table 1) but were reversed with the anterior laterals (viz.,

ALC and ALCPL) . Sterki (1922) , however, stated that hinge

tooth reversals in sphaeriids ". . . are not hereditary, or at any

rate not regularly or even prevalently so: nepionic mussels with

140

NAUTILUS

Vol. 82 (4)

SPECIES

LOCALITY AL C PL ALC

Table 1. Hinge tooth reversals in sphaeriid

Numbers: numbers of individuals; *: different

April 1969 nautilus 141

ALPL ALCPL TYPICAL REFERENCE

clams. X: presence only was noted;

populations in Michigan.

142 nautilus Vol. 82 (4)

reversed hinges have been taken from normally hinged parents,

and vice versa; also, young with normal and others with reversed

hinges may be found in one parent."

The latter problem is receiving the attention of Professor

Frank E. Eggleton of the University of Michigan who has been

gathering extensive data on the relationships of hinge tooth

reversals between Px and Fx generations in Sphaerium crassum

(= S. simile?) and S. simile.

Anomalies. Other atypical dentition, apart from the 7 possible

(6 observed) reversals, may also appear on the hinge of sphaeriid

clams: (1) Duplication or absence of teeth can occur either

without or with any normally-encountered reversals (Table 2) .

The data, though small, suggest that duplications are more

common in the left valve and deletions more common in the

right valve. (2) Small denticles may occur in addition to the

typical number of teeth. In one specimen of P. adamsi two small

one denticle was found between the cardinal (s) and posterior

lateral and cardinal teeth, and in one specimen of P. compressum

on denticle was found between the cardinal (s) and posterior

lateral (s) in each valve. However, in neither instance did the

opposite valve contain corresponding depressions to receive the

projections which were much smaller than the cusps of the

ordinary hinge teeth.

Literature cited

Bonetto, A. A. and I. D. Ezcurra. 1964. Notas Malacologicas II.

Algunos Rasgos Anatomicos de Byssanodonta paranensis Or-

bigny. Physis, 24: 317-321.

Eggleton, F. E., and G. M. Davis. 1961. Hinge tooth reversal in

populations of Ohio Sphaeriidae. Amer. Malacol. Union Ann.

Rpt. (for 1961), pp. 19-20 (abstract).

Heard, W. H. 1963. The biology of Pisidium (Neopisidium) con-

ventus Clessin (Pelecypoda: Sphaeriidae) . Pap. Mich. Acad.

Sci., Arts, Lett., 58: 77-86.

1965a. Recent Eupera (Pelecypoda: Sphaeriidae) in the

United States. Amer. Midi. Nat., 74: 309-317.

1965b. Comparative life histories of pill clams (Sphaeriidae:

Pisidium) . Malacologia, 2: 371-411.

Herrington, H. B. 1962. A revision of the Sphaeriidae of North

America (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) . Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool.

Misc. Publ. No. 118, 74 pp., pis. I-VII.

Klappenbach, M. A. 1960. Uber die Gattungen Byssanodonta und

Eupera. Arch. Moll., 98: 141-143.

April 1969

NAUTILUS

143

SPECIES

LEFT VALVE RIGHT VALVE

CONDITIONS

P. casertanum (1)

P. fallax (1)

P. fallax (1)

P. casertanum (1)

P. fallax (3)

P. casertanum (1)

P. nitidum (1)

S . f abale

oa_o_oa

2a-2-l

i-2-2c

2d-2-i

1-2-1

^a_o_oC

l-lc-l

2c-2-2c

2-1-2

2-1-2

2-1-2

2-i-r

2-i-r

2-i-r

l"-2c-2

lC-2a-lc

2 duplications,

no reversals.

1 duplication,

no reversals.

1 duplication,

no reversals.

1 duplication,

1 deletion,

no reversals.

1 deletion,

no reversals.

1 duplication,

1 reversal.

1 depletion,

1 reversal.

1 duplication,

2 reversals.

Typical hinge tooth formula: 1-2-1

2-1-2

Table 2. Hinge tooth duplications and deletions, with and without

reversals, in sphaeriid clams, a: duplication; b: deletion; c: re-

versal; numbers in parentheses indicate the number of specimens.

Kuiper, J. G. J. 1943. Over Inversodontie bij Cycladen. Basteria,

8: 33-41.

Odhner, N. 1951. Swedish high mountain Mollusca. Lunds Univ.

Arsskrift. N. F. avd. 2, 46: 26-50.

Popenoe, W. P., and W. A. Findlay. 1933. Transposed hinge

structures in lamellibranchs. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.,

7: 299-318.

Schalie, H. van der. 1936. Transposed hinge teeth of North

American naiades. Nautilus, 49: 79-84.

Sterki, V. 1899. Some studies on the morphology of the Cycladi-

dae. Nautilus, 12: 117-119.

144 nautilus Vol. 82 (4)

1922. Some notes on the hinge of the Sphaeriidae. Nautilus,

35: 104-117, pi. III.

Thomas, G. J. 1959. Self-fertilization and production of young in

a sphaeriid clam. Nautilus, 72: 131-140.

Walker, B. 1896. On certain abnormal sphaeria. Nautilus, 9:

135-137.

NOTES AND NEWS

Second Annual Meeting of the Western Society of Malacolo-

gists will be held at the conference grounds at Asilomar State Park,

Pacific Grove, California, June 18 to 21, 1969. Scientific papers,

symposia on related problems, and exhibits will be presented in

various fields related to the study of malacology and invertebrate

zoology.

Officers for the coming year who were elected at the 1968 con-

ference are as follows: President, Dr. William K. Emerson, Ameri-

can Museum of Natural History; First Vice President, Dr. A.

Myra Keen, Stanford University; Second Vice President, Dr.

Eugene V. Coan, Stanford University; Secretary, Mrs. Paul O.

Hughes, Los Alamitos; Treasurer, Mrs. Leroy Poorman, Pasa-

dena; Members-at-Large, Dr. Judith Terry, Palo Alto, California

and Miss Betsy Harrison, Honolulu, Hawaii.

All persons interested in malacology and conchology are cor-

dially invited to attend and participate in the coming conference.

Excellent accommodations in varying price ranges (American

Plan) will be available for those making their reservations early.

For information on the conference or on membership in the

Society please address the Secretary, Mrs. Paul O. Hughes, 12871

Foster Road, Los Alamitos, California 90720.

— William K. Emerson.

Land shells of Jost Van Dyke. Virgin Islands. — I am most

grateful to Mr. George A. Seaman of the Pittman-Robertson Wild-

life Restoration Program and to Mr. Earle B. Nelthropp, Admin-

istrator of St. John, U. S. Virgin Islands, for the specimens listed

below from the small island of Jost Van Dyke. This island is

located about 7 km. north of St. John. It is nearly 5 km. in length

and about 2.5 km. in width, with a height of 326 m. Great Harbor

is the main port. About two hundred people live on the island.

As far as I have been able to determine, there are no published

April 1969 nautilus 145

records from this island. Because of dryness no live shells were

obtained.

Chondropoma tortolense Pfeiffer.

Subulina octona (Bruguiere) .

Lamellaxis micra (Orbigny) .

Lacteoluna selenina (Gould) .

Drymaeus elongatus (Roding) .

Plagioptycha nemoralina (Petit) .

— William J. Clench.

Dispersal of Helix aspersa with container grown nursery

stock. — Dundee, Hermann, and Hermann (1968) observed that

mollusks appear to be spreading to new localities and that com-

mercial plants shipped in soil are highly likely means for their

dispersal.

During the spring and summer of 1968 Helix aspersa Miiller

was intercepted by plant inspectors of the Michigan Department

of Agriculture at nursery sales grounds in Ingham, Oakland, Sagi-

naw, and Wayne counties of Michigan on container grown

Enonymus and Pyracantha plants produced in Los Angeles county,

California. Plants originating in California were shipped directly

to Michigan, or were first routed to Mississippi, wintered, and

then shipped to Michigan. The snails occurred on foliage, in soil,

or attached to sides of containers. Adult and subadult stages were

encountered, but never in large numbers. The egg stage of H.

aspersa was observed September 18, 1968 at a nursery outlet in

Saginaw, Michigan. The clutch was partially concealed by the

soil in which a container grown Euonymus plant had been shipped

from California. It was not possible to determine whether the

eggs were deposited before, during, or after shipment.

Fine cooperation by nursery firms in Michigan has apparently

prevented infested material from leaving retail markets. H. aspersa

is of regulatory concern, but established colonies are not known to

occur in Michigan. — Murray Hanna, Mich. Dept. of Agriculture.

Literature cited

Dundee, Dee S., and Pat W. Sc Henry R. Hermann, 1968. New

records for introduced mollusks. Naut. 82 (2) : 43-45.

146 nautilus Vol. 82 (4)

CORBICULA MANILENSIS PHILIPPI IN THE NoLICHUCKY RlVER,

Tennessee — During a collecting trip in September of 1968 to

the upper reaches of the Tennessee River system we found this

Asiatic species occurring in great abundance in the Nolichucky

River, 3.5 miles southeast of Warrensburg, Greene Co., Tennes-

see. It did not occur at two stations made about twenty miles

upstream. This present station was a shoals where the river bottom

consisted of beds of angular limestone, loose limestone rocks, and

with gravel, sand and sandy mud.

— W. J. Clench and D. H. Stansbery.

Littorina nebulosa in Florida — On October 19, 1968, twenty

living specimens of Littorina nebulosa Lamarck 1822, were col-

lected by the writer on the west rock jetty at the entrance of St.

Andrews Bay, near Panama City, Bay County, Florida, in con-

junction with a study of the distribution and biology of Littorina

along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. (The author is

grateful to R. Tucker Abbott for species identification.) Subse-

quent collecting has shown the species to be common in St.

Andrews Bay. Shells of specimens found thus far vary from 5 to

23 mm. in length.

Bequaert (1943, p. 12) listed the range of L. nebulosa as

"Greater and Lesser Antilles, Gulf of Mexico (from Tampico

southward) and Caribbean coasts of Central and South America

to Trinidad and the Guianas."

Specimens of this species from several localities in Texas are

now in the U. S. National Museum (personal communication

with Dr. Joseph Rosewater) . The easternmost of these localities

is "near Sabine Pass," Jefferson County, Texas.

Hedgpeth (1953, p. 197) used L. nebulosa to illustrate sporadic

occurrence of a tropical species along the northern Gulf Coast and

did not believe that the species was well-established in Texas.

The colony of L. nebulosa in St. Andrews Bay extends the

known range of the species about 430 miles eastward and about

30 miles northward along the U. S. Gulf Coast. It is not known

whether the St. Andrews Bay colony is a recruited or reproducing

population. — Frasier O. Bingham, Department of Biological

Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee.

April 1969 nautilus 147

Literature cited

Bequaert, Joseph C. 1943. The genus Littorina in the western At-

lantic. Johnsonia, no. 7: 1-28, pis. 1-7.

Hedgpeth, Joel W. 1953. An introduction to the zoogeography of

the northwestern Gulf of Mexico with reference to the Inverte-

brate fauna. Texas University Institute of Marine Publications

3: 107-224.

Microfiche editions of important malacological works —

A microfiche is a sturdy transparent sheet of film, 9x 12 cm. in

size, on which as many as 70 pages may be reproduced in reduc-

tion. The film may be read with a special enlarger, and copies of

texts and illustrations can be made. Among the scientific papers

available on microfiche is a substantial collection of malacological

items. The important, large, and nearly impossible to obtain,

monographs of Reeve's Conchologia Iconica, Martini-Chemnitz's

Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet , Sowerby's Thesaurus Conchy-

liorum are all available. Additionally, various oceanographic re-

ports (Samarang, Sulphur, Voeltzkow's and Semper's Reisen) and

basic taxonomic texts (Linnaeus, Adams Sc Adams, Adanson, Born,

Costa, Dillwyn, Forskal, Hanley, Lister, Menke, Miiller, Philippi,

Pulteney, and Wood) may be purchased. The prices, readers, and

catalog of available microfiches of Basic Collections in microedi-

tions of zoological works may be obtained from the Inter Docu-

mentation Company, Poststrasse 9, Zug, Switzerland. — K. J. Boss.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Nowell-Usticke, G. W. 1968. Caribbean Cones from St. Croix

and the Lesser Antilles. 31 pp., 4 pis. Livingston Publ. Co.,

Narberth, Pa. $3.35.

The author of this booklet is a kindly gentleman known to

many visitors to St. Croix for his cheerful helpfulness and his

ardent interest in Caribbean seashells. His pursuit of specimens

and new facts is admired by many conchologists.

Unfortunately, this 31 -page booklet is so filled with errors, mis-

statements, mis-spellings, ignorance of the fundamentals of the

international rules of zoological nomenclature, confusion of closely

resembling names, and lack of scientific methods, that it presents

a serious problem to the scientific community. Twelve new names,

148 nautilus Vol. 82 (4)

both on the trivial and infra-subspecific level are proposed, some

perhaps illegally. No types are identified, nor accounted for.

Homonyms are created. A question arises as to whether or not the

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should

declare the names invalid. The booklet is copyrighted, so that

none of the descriptions of new species may be quoted or used in

scientific literature without obtaining the written permission of

the author.

Amateurs who approach the hobby of conchology in the fashion

of coin and stamp collectors will find the booklet interesting. The

photographs by John Holeman are excellent. The Livingston

Publishing Company of Narberth has shown a degree of irre-

sponsibility in printing or publishing an over-priced booklet of

considerable disservice to science and a bad example of neglectful

editing. — R. T. Abbott.

McAlester, A. Lee. 1968. Type species of Paleozoic nuculoid bi-

valve genera. Memoir 105. The Geological Society of America.

143 pp., 36 pis. $7.25, hardback.

JOHNSONIA: VOLUME 1

Long out of print, this useful monograph series on Western

Atlantic Conidae, Muricidae, Strombidae, Cardiidae, etc., is now

once again available. Reproduced in its original size, original

paper, and beautifully soft-bound, it may be obtained for only

$15.00 (postage and packing free) from W. and R. McCauley,

1919 Sandy Hill Road, Apt. C-12, Norristown, Pa. 19401. If you

also wish vols. 2, 3 and 4, write: Dr. W. J. Clench, Museum of

Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. 02138, U.S.A.

WILLIAM H. WEEKS SHELL COLLECTION: New price lists

of this famous collection, with full scientific data, are in prepa-

ration. Many new additions of fine and rare species are also

included. To obtain free copies write:

George E. Jacobs, 853 Riverside Drive, New York 32, N. Y.

April, 1969 nautilus (Index) iii

CONTENTS

Names of new genera, species, etc. in italics

abnormal tentacles in snails 127

Aeolidia papillosa 11

American Malacological Union, 34th meeting 70

Apalachicola River system (Unionidae) 22

Arion fasciatus, in Wisconsin 32

Arizona (Sonorella) 50

Biomphalaria glabrata 21

Bithynia-pleurocerid competition 72

British Columbia (Naticidae) 1

Bulimus ocraspiris 107

Bulimus unicolor 106

Cantharus cancellarius 93

Catinella aprica Hubricht 68

chemoreceptors, in Nassarius 108

chromosomes in marine pelecypods 45

columbellids, radulae 18

commensals of Cantharus 93

Conus brasiliensis 5

Conus daucus 5

Conus juliae 5

Corbicula manilensis 105, 146

Cratena pilata 10

Cymbulia peroni 123

Cypraea cervus, giants 32

dates of Nautilus for vol. 81 31

death from desiccation, in Nassarius 28

desiccation, in Nassarius 28

Doridella obscura 7

Doto coronata 11

ecology of Corbicula 146

ecology of Goniobasis 3, 16

egg masses, of Goniobasis 17

Elliptio chipolaensis 20, 23

Elliptio nigella 20, 22

Elysia catulua 7

Elysia chlorotica 7

"false shells" (sponge and Cantharus) 99

iv nautilus Vol. 82 (Index)

feeding (by Goniobasis) 4

feeding (by Nassarius) 108

feeding (by Velutina, Colus, Buccinum) 112

fossil infaunal pelecypods 40

Georgia, Unionidae 22

Glyphyalinia latebricola Hubricht 64

Glyphyalinia rimula Hubricht 63

Glyptaesopus (Turridae, Mangeliinae) 19

Glyptaesopus cetolaca 18

Glyptaesopus perornatus 18

Glyptaesopus polypholus 18

Glyptaesopus proctorae 18

Glyptaesopus xenicus 18

Goniobasis curreyana lyoni 13

Goniobasis semicarinata 14

Haliotis pourtalesii 117

Helicodiscus intermedius 68

Helisoma trivolvis 34

Helix aspersa, dispersal 145

heterodont bivalves 128

hinge tooth reversals 137

Ilyanassa obsoleta 28, 108

infaunal marine pelecypods 39

intraspecies aggression (Triodopsis) 76

introduced land mollusks 43

Kentucky, cave land snails 24

Kentucky, Goniobasis 13

Kentucky, introduced land and fresh-water 102

Lamellaxis clavulinus 44

Limax marginatus 44

Limax maximus 43

Littorina nebulosa (in Florida) 146

Lucinacea 128

Lymnaea pseudopinguis 110

Mammoth Cave, land snails 24

mating in Allogona 76

Meiocardia floridana 115

Meiocardia palmerae 115

Melasma (pleurocerids) 14

Micrarionta rowelli hutsoni 83

April, 1969 nautilus (Index) v

microfiche cards on malacology 147

mites, in snail shells 34

Mohavelix 51

Nassarius obsoletus 28, 108

Natica clausa 3

New Jersey, Opisthobranchia 7

North Carolina, Goniobasis 3

N.S.F. grants in mollusks, 1967 74

nudibranchs, of New Jersey 7

Odostomia dianthophila 109

Opisthobranchia, of New Jersey 7

Oxyloma sanibelensis 77

parasitism, by Odostomia 109

Paravitrea grimmi 66

pelecypods, infaunal animals 37

Philomycus carolinianus 135

Philomycus, genital differences in 74

Polinices heros 3

Polinices lewisi 1

Polycerella conyma 8

Polycerella davenportii 9

Polycerella emertoni 8

radulae, of Glyptaesopus 18

Scacchi, Arcangelo, bibliography 35

scalariform Biomphalaria glabrata 21

sexual dimorphism 1

shell volume, formula 29

Sonorella allynsmithi 90

Sonorella coloradoensis mohaveana Miller 51

Sonorella superstitionis subsp 59

Sonorella superstitionis taylori 59, 87

Sonorella waltoni W. B. Miller 59, 61

South Carolina, marine mollusks new to 117

Sphaeriid clams, tooth reversals 137

St. Lucia, West Indies (Biomphalaria) 19, 21

Symposium on endangered mollusks 70

Symposium on Mollusca, International 73

Tergipes despectus 10

Tobleman, Fred R., death notice 72

trematode infections 4

vi nautilus Vol. 82 (Index)

Turver, Harry R., obituary 72

Unio nigellus, purpurellus, denigratus (Lea's type fig'd.) . . 20

Unionacea of W. I. Utterback 132

Utterback, William 1 132

Vallonia excentrica 107

Viana regina 126

Virgin Islands, land shells 144

Viviparus georgianus 34

Wisconsin (Arion) 32

April, 1969 nautilus (Index) vii

INDEX TO AUTHORS

Abbott, R. Tucker 32, 114, 148

Baker, H. Burrington 72

Basch, Paul F 19, 21

Batch, Donald L. (Branson 8c) 102

Bernard, F. R 1

Bickel, Daniel 13

Bingham, Frasier 0 146

Boss, Kenneth J 36, 75, 128, 147

Branson, Branley A 74

Sc Donald L. Batch 102

Burch, Rose A 72

Clench, William J 144

Sc D. H. Stansbery 146

Dexter, Ralph W 73

Dundee, Dee S. (Hermann &) 135

Sc Pat W. Sc Henry R. Hermann 43

Emerson, William K 144

Franz, David R 7

Franzen, Dorothea S 77

Getz, Lowell L 33

Gregg, Wendell O. Sc Walter B. Miller 90

Hanna, Murray 145

Harman, Willard N 72

______ (Lanciani &) 35

Heard, William H 137

Hermann, Pat W. (& Dundee) 135

(H. R. Hermann Sc Dundee) 43

Hubricht, Leslie 24, 63, 107

Jacobson, Morris K 110

Johnson, Richard 1 20, 22, 132

Lanciani, Carmine Sc Willard N. Harman 35

Lang, Bruce Z 3

Levin, N. L. (Schaefer Sc Milch Sc) 28

Menzel, R. W 45, 53

Merrill, Arthur S. Sc Richard E. Petit 117

Milch, Peter (Schaefer Sc Levin Sc) 28

Miller, Walter B 50, 59, 87

_____ (Gregg &) 90

viii nautilus Vol. 82 (Index)

Nicol, David 37, 115

Petit, Richard E. (& Merrill) 117

Radwin, George E 18

Rao, D. V. Subba 123

Rawls, Hugh C 83

Riser, Nathan W ' ■ 112

Sarasua, Hortensia 1 26

Schaefer, Carl W 108

, N. L. Levin & Peter Milch 28

Stansbery, D. H. (W. J. Clench k) 146

Teskey, Margaret C 70

Thompson, Fred G 106

Tursch, B. (van Mol &) 5

van Mol, J. J. (& B. Tursch) 5

Webb, Glenn R 76

Wells, Harry W 93

(& Mary Jane Wells) 109

MBL/WHOI LIBRARY

UH 17XS 111