INDEX

oie NAW Tl) es, VOL. VIE

INDEX TO TITLES AND SPECIES DESCRIBED.

Acanthochitidse, (notes on) with description of new species 31

Acanthochites exquisitus Pilsbry, n. sp. . : . 382,95

Acanthochites rhodeus Pilsbry, n. sp. : : 32

Acanthochites (Notoplax) Hemphilli Pilsbry, n. sp. . ; 32

Acanthochites (Meturoplax) retrojectus Pilsbry, n. sp. - 107

Acanthochites granostriatus Pilsbry, n. sp. : ; 119

Acanthochites Coxi Pilsbry, n. sp... : ; 119

Acanthochites Matthewsi Bednall & Pilsbry : 120

Actseon (Rictaxis) punctoczlatus Cpr. ‘ : : : 75

Agriolimax agrestis in Jamaica : : : : : 21

Alcyna ocellata A. Ad... ; } : 108

American Association of Concholosine , : ; . 23, 83

Amnicola olivacea. ; : : : : : : 121

Amphidoxa : : : é : 92

Ancylus Woodsi Toineton : : : ; : : 122

Angasia Cpr... : : : ; ‘ F 139

Aplodon Spix. . : : . 20, 30

Argonanta argo found alive at Pala Beach, F i : 47

Astyris gouldiana, remarkson . , 141

Beach shell collecting in connection with a andy of ocean

phenomena, ; : , 41

Bulimulus proteus Been, oe its Be bution 26

Bulimulus (Scutalus) Montezuma Dall. ; : : 26

Bulimulus (Nesiotus) duncanus Dall, n. sp. : 52

Bulimulus (Nesiotus) amastroides Ancey var. Loose Dall 53

Bulimulus (Nesiotus) jacobi var. vermiculatus Dall . ; 53

Bulimulus olla Dall : ; : : 54

Bulimulus (Nesiotus) tortuganus Dall, isp." : 54

iii

iv —- THE NAUTILUS.

Bulimulus (Nesiotus) Bauri n-ep. . ; ‘ ; 54

Castalia. : : . 20:30

Cerithium Piepre Whitfield, n. Sp. (Pl. IL, fi oS). . 388, 51

Cerithium serratoides Aldrich, n. sp. (PILIV). : ‘ 99

Cessare Maria Tapparone-Canefri (Obituary) . - ; 8

Charopa sylvia Hutton. : : : : 125

Chitons,new . : F : f 3h 107, 119

Chiton Coxi Pilsbry, be Sp) ; : : : : : 119

Choriplax ‘ 2 139

Chrysodomus (Sipho) Stonei Pilsbey n. sp. co III, ae if

2 SY = ; 67

Collecting trip m auterey. Bay ; : : : 70

Collecting trip to Departure Bay, Vancouver Isl. : ; 100

Collecting shellsin Jamaica. : ; : : - 110

Conchologists, to ‘ ; 4 : : : f : 25

Cry ptoplacide : F . : ‘ : ‘ dl

Cyprea Greegori Ford, n. sp. . 2 d : : . 39, 40

Cyprea Greegori, note on E , 64

Cyprza Greegori some responsive Se eee i : 78

Cypreea Greegori, a eps to some responsive remarks rela-

tive to : ' : 102

Cypreea Greegori, some final remelilig laine 5 ‘ : 130

Cyprzea Squyeri Campbell, n. sp. (PI. I, figs. 1, 2) . . 52

Cyprea Dalli Aldrich, n.sp. (PLIV) . : : ’ 98

Dall’s Tertiary Mollusks of Florida . ‘ ‘ : : 7

Edible Mollusks of Southern California. : d 27

Eucalodium compactum Pilsbry. (PI. II, fig. 4) : : 64

Endodonta (Flammulina) infundibulum, note on : ' 30

Endodonta, : : 3 j ’ . g . . §8,, 92

Exchanges, : ‘ P ” : : : . 36, 48

Flammulina es aire zn ; ; : ‘ 5 : 35

Flammulina : : ; : : é . 88, 92

Fuller, Chas. B. (Obituary) ‘ : : : : : 58

General notes, . : , , . é . 47, 108, 120

Gerontia . ; : : : , ‘ ; ; 77

Gundlachia petterdi . ; é : : ; : 122

Heeckel’s Plank tonic studies. : : . : . 86

Helices, a new hand book of the F : - : z 91

Helix aspersa. : : : ; : Fit

Hyalinia atamensts Dall, n. Spa : ; : : 54

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

Theringella, n. g. : ; : : : : 30

Illustrations of new shells ; ; ; 1

Illustrations of new Cretaceous shells : : 51

Illustrations of Mexican Melanians 5 - 61

Japanese Mollusks, notices of new. : , ; 143

Land mollusca observed in the Gaspé region. : 65

Land and fresh-water shells of Allegheny County, Pa, , 135

Land and fresh-water shells of the — Mts. . : ; 85

Laoma ‘ : . +8, 88, 92

Latirus aaliseinctns Aldvich, n. Sp. (PL. Iv) : ; 99

Leptothyra, a synonym of . ; ; 84

List of Brachiopoda, Pelecypoda, Piosapada, oo Nudi-

branchiata of Jamaica recent and fossil f 2 103, 113

Mactra, new species of : : j : : 136

Mactra catilliformis Conr. ; : : , : : 137

Mactra dolabriformis Conr. : . ; ; : 138

Mactra Hemphilli Dall, n. sp. . ‘ : : 157

Malacological Society of London, : : : : 11

Mesoden wetherby . F : : : : 6

Meturoplax Pilsbry, n. “ae : ; ; 107

Microplax Ad. & Ang. : E , ‘ : : 139

Mitra lintoidea Aldrich, n.sp. (PILIV) . : : : 97

Mollusca of Arkansas : ; : : : : : 33

Monocondylea . : 18

Murex (Pteronotus) Bata Alarieees D. sp. me IV) ; 98

Mutelide . : - : 20

Nassa brunneostoma Beans, Nl. Spas ; 10

New Cretaceous fossils from the Lower Green Marl of Ng: oT

New postal ruling. ‘ : . ; : : 58

New publications : ; : 96, 131

New Tertiary fossils from Red Bluff NG6: F 97

New Zealand land and fresh-water mollusk, notes on some. 122

Notes and news . ; . 11, 24, 35, 59, 84, 93, 130

Nuttallina, Californian species of the genus : - 133

‘Olfactory organs of Helix : : : : : 60

Pachychilus glaphyrus Morelet . ; 62

Pachychilus glaphyrus var. between Popeouatus peal immanis.

CPI, Ei fies) 6,6) 63

Pachychilus glaphyrus awison Pils. (PL. iY on 9, 10). : 62

Pachychilus glaphyrus potamarchus. (PI. III, fig. 7) , 63

= THE NAUTILUS.

Papuina, notes on

Papuina cerea Hedley, n. sp. ,

Patella hermadecensis Pilsbry, n. sp. .

Patella kermadecensis, note on . 7 ; : é r

Petropoma Gabb.

Phacellozona Pilsbry, n. g : : : : .

Plagiodon . : ; .

Pleurotoma Clarkeann Alacich: n. sp. (PL v)

Polygyra subpalliata Pilsbry, n. sp.

Polygyra, descriptive notes on certain ans a

Polygyra appressa Say :

Polygyra appressa perigrapta Pils. n. var. .

Polygyra tridentata edentilabris Pils. n. var.

Polygyra hirsuta altispira Pils. n. var.

Polynices

Polyplacognatha

Potomanax Pilsbry,nov.subg. .

Potomanax Rovirosai Pilsbry, n. sp. eh. TI, is 8, 9)

Rare old book : :

Reply to Professor W hecler :

Review of von Ihering’s classification af Tnienite a

Mutelidee

Rhenea

San Pedro as a Poncctine Pound

Sepia Hercules Pilsbry, n. sp.

Sheepscote River :

Shells of Henry Co., Ind.

Shell collecting in Northern Alaa

Shells of the Saginaw Valley, Michigan

Small grey slug in Jamaica :

South American notes

Spixoconcha, n. g.

Strobilops, preliminary note on the eyece be

Strobilops Hubbardi, variations of

Strobilops Hubbardi ‘ ;

Succinea, notes on North American eas of

Succinea stretchiana

Succinea corbis Dall, n. sp.

Tasmanian Land Mollusca, Contialuael eras revision

of the

THE NAUTILUS.

Tasmanian land shells, Preliminary notes on

Tetraplodon Spix

Tulotoma in the Tennessee drains

Unio Pilsbryi Marsh. a I, figs. 7, Ee

Unio muddle :

Unionide .

Unionide and Mutllide, ies on A ies genera of

Vallonia americana Ancey

Vitrina limpida in Pennsylvania

Volutoderma Woolmani Whitf. n. sp. @ LDF figs 4, Dy.

Walton, Robert. (In memoriam)

Yoldia montereyensis Dall, n. sp.

Zonitidz, some notes on

Zonites suppressus

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.

Aldrich, T. H.

Campbell, John H.

Clapp, Geo. H.

Cockerell, T. D. A.

Dall, Wm. H.

Ford, John

Gardner, A. H. .

Hanham, A. W.

Hedley, Chas.

Johnson, C. W. .

Monks, Sarah P.

Pilsbry, H. A.

Pleas, E.

Raymond, W. i,

Rush, Dr. Wm. H.

Sampson, F. A.

Sargent, H. E.

Simpson, Chas. T.

Smith, Edgar A.

Stearns, Robt. E. C.

Sterki, Dr. V. .

Stupakoff, S. H..

Suter, Henry.

Taylor, Rev. Geo. W..

Walker, Bryant

Webster, G. W. é

Wheeler, Chas. LeRoy

Whitfield, Prof. R. P. ;

Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton

Winkley, Rev. Henry W.

Wood, Williard M.

—_————

; . 74,94

21, 43, 94, 105, 113-

26, 29, 52, 86, 136

39, 78, 130:

141

: 65-

35, 73, 136

51, 90

: 74

5, 30, 56, 61, 67, 107, 109, 119, 138, 143

; 33

121, 130:

17, 22, 110

. 64, 102

135.

77, 87, 122

. 85, 100, 142

125-

84, 94

27, 41

58, 81

48, 70

viii

THE NAUTILUS, 1893. PL. I.

PILSBRY.—NEW UNIO AND PACHYCHILUS.

ae N Serius.

VOL. VII. MAY, 1898. No. 1

ILLUSTRATIONS OF NEW SHELLS.!

Unio Pilsbryi Marsh, Plate I, figs. 7, 8.

This species is a member of the plicate group of Uniones. It is

a decidedly compressed, oblong shell, black in color, having very

distinctly marked lines of growth, which are spaced over the greater

part of the disk, but become crowded on the lower margin. It has

numerous oblique waves, which generally bifurcate indistinctly

toward the posterior-lower end. The waves are more or less cut by

short impressed furrows, asin U. undulatus, ete. The nacre is white

and very thick anteriorly, but in the cavity of the valves and pos-

teriorly it is thin and stained with blue and olive-green. The lat-

eral teeth are also olive-green.

It was collected by Mr. Elwood Pleas in the Little Red River,

Arkansas, and the original description, by Mr. Wm. A. Marsh, will

be found in the Nautitus, V, p. 1.

Unio Pilsbryi is not closely allied to any other American species.

It has a striking resemblance to Unio Leai Gray of China.

Specimens, including the individual figured, are in the special

exhibit of United States shells, formed by the American Association

of Conchologists, in the Museum of the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia.

1The accompanying plate is reprinted by permission from the Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia.

THE NAUTILUS.

The Melanian illustrated (figs. 9, 10) will be noticed in a later

article.

SOUTH AMERICAN NOTES.!

BY DR. WM. H. RUSH, U. 8. N.

I have been adding lately to my collections many specimens,

nearly all the work having been done near Maldonado, but few spe-

cies being added, and they include the Unios Rhuacoica and

Charmana, a fine, large Anodonta, Azara labiata, Solecurtus Pla-

tensis; and some fine, large, clean specimens of Mytilus Platensis,

taken from the flukes and shank of an old anchor grappled here.

This old anchor proved to be quite a blessing in disguise, for on it

were some fine specimens of Chiton Tehuelchus and C. Isabellei, and

a few large Ostrea Puelchana. In my dredgings since, I have found

a few more Chitons, but always on rocky bottoms and attached to

stones, so that while adding only a few of these, I have been adding

nothing to my stock of the mud-lovers, such as Corbula, ete.

Mr. Burnett, the British Vice-Consul here, while visiting the ship,

told me that he had occasionally found in his garden a large black

slug. The day following proving pleasant found me on my way to

hunt the monster, but anxious as I was for the little game of hide

and seek, I found time on the way to loiter in a small patch of

native trees to hunt for my old friends, the Helix costellata d’Orb.,

to add to the number of my accumulating exchanges. Finally I

found Mr. Burnett and we started for the old ruins of a house. I

did not anticipate much success when we entered the enclosure, for

the ruins were in the center of the town of Maldonado, whose popu-

lation is about twelve hundred, and the surroundings were

extremely dry, there having been no rain for months. However,

with willing hands we started in and after turning over many large

masses of brick, my companion said, after the exertion of moving

an extra heavy one allowed him to recover enough breath to speak,

“There is one of those large mail-coated insects I was speaking of,”

I promptly said, “Hold on!” and proceeded to turn out with my

1The following extracts are from a letter received from our esteemed corre-

spondent, Dr. Wm. H. Rush, dated U. S. S. Yantic, Maldonado Bay, Uruguay,

March 7th, 1893.

THE NAUTILUS. 3

forceps what seemed to be the veritable monster in all his glory of

estivation, the Vaginulus solea d’Orbigny, or more correctly

according to Tryon, Veronicella, One more specimen was found

with its egg-nest. Both specimens were curled, and the tentacles

were not visible, in fact, it looked like a lifeless mass of very dark

grayish-brown opaque glue, with lighter gray spots: about the size

of that warred-upon Bland dollar, with a notch in one side and a

crack extending nearly to the center. ‘Turning it over it presented

the well known under surface as shown in d’Orbigny’s figure. Soon

two tentacles came forth, which stuck up in the air, and each had a

bright black eye visible in the exact center of its free end; then

two more were observed, which projected downward and were

broader and stouter than the others, and appeared bifurcated ; these

latter were constantly in motion, apparently acting as feelers, and

later when the animal was moving along on a glass plate seemed

to act as suckers. Finally he slowly straightened out until he was

ten centimeters long and a little over two wide. I next took a look

at the nest, of which I had found several in the woods, only never

very large, usually containing about ten or fifteen eggs, but in this

one I counted seventy-five, although, much to my discouragement as

an amateur artist, in my sketch of it I can only account for forty-

five—it was about the size of a silver half dollar and hemispherical,

the eggs being regularly arranged around the circumference and

held together by a heavy mucous-like rope. The eggs were oval in

shape, some perfectly clear and transparent, others yellowish and

more or less opaque, and all were covered by the stercoraceous

deposit of some insect, I judged. Unfortunately, it broke to pieces

before I reached the ship on account of the rough handling of curi-

osity. One specimen of the solea was much darker in color than

the other, and the lighter seemed to fade before I had my water

color sketch finished ; subsequent finds may show considerable varia-

tion in coloration. I killed the first specimen in a solution of

bichloride of mercury, 1 to 500, and then dropped it into glycerin

hoping thus to preserve its colors, but it has contracted and become

very dark: the second I killed in the same solution, in which it still

remains. In dying it threw out much mucus, most rapidly and in

greatest quantity from the extreme end so that I suspect there may

be a mucous pore there; it also seemed to come from its whole sur-

face enveloping it quickly in a cloud, completely hiding it, and in

sufficient quantity to render the fluid as nearly opaque as milk.

4 THE NAUTILUS.

The mantle retracted from the head, which thus exposed is one em.

long—the jaw was easily seen, by the unaided eye, as a brown cres-

centic band in the superior lip, and with an ordinary magnifying

glass the ridges were easily seen. The whole animal is faded and

contracted, but still pliable. The next I obtain will be killed

in accordance with your directions in water, and will be kept for

you.

Associated with the solea, and in damp places, I found some num-

bers of the slug which is given in d’Orbigny as Limax unguis Fer.,

but they are not as large as represented in the plate. I found this

latter species very plentiful in the Prado at Montevideo and always

several individuals together. This latter is in contrast with Veroni-

cella, which were alone and widely separated.

I had a few Chitons of both species mentioned in the first part of

this letter, alive in my aquarium bottle, for a few days in my room,

with a long strip of glass upon which I coaxed them to crawl for

the purpose of sketching for water-color work, and was surprised at

the rapidity with which they travel, and it was rendered all the

more decided when I compared it with the movements of the Ver-

onicella which I had in another bottle alongside.

CONULUS FULVUS MULL.! VAR. DENTATUS, N. V.

BY DR. Y. STERKI.

Among a number of Con. fulvus from Jackson Co., Alabama,

kindly sent by Mr. H. E. Sargent, last year, there were a few speci-

mens with distinct “teeth” in the base of the last whorl. Since

then, Mr. Sargent has paid attention to the matter, and a few days

ago sent me some more specimens in two lots, one from the valley and

another from the hills. The latter were most small, young and half

grown, and most of them showed 1-2-3 small, white, testaceous.

deposits in the base of the last whorl, at somewhat irregular inter-

vals, roundish or elongate in a radial direction. They are not high,

tooth-like, but quite distinct, whether seen through the shell, or if

near enough, from the aperture inside, and recall the same feature

1The species was first described by Miiller, not by Draparnand. It may

be said again, that Coz/us is a genus founded on anatomic characters.

THE NAUTILUS. 5

in the smaller Gastrodontas, although I have never seen more than

one tooth on the same radius. But, as said, in some they are in the

form of radial bars, and when two or three are present they are

always of the same character, either round or transverse. Two

examples, mature or nearly so, but weathered and opaque, have at

least one distinct round deposit each, about 3 volution above the

aperture. In the specimens from the valley, about a dozen in

“number, varying from young to large, and by the way a few of

them with very high spire, there is not a trace of teeth to be seen.

This is certainly a very interesting fact, and the character

described could mean a different species, and for the Nouvelle Ecole

would be sufficient to establish a new genus. But as the shell is, in

all other regards, formed like that of typical C. fulvus, we have to

regard it as a variety of that species, the more so since in the lot

there are a few examples without teeth and differing in no way from

the type. This, and the variation in number, shape and size, show

it to be a newly acquired character, which some time may be that of

a distinct species.

It remains to know whether the form be found also in other

places of our country—which is quite probable—and to ascertain

also the nature of the localities where it lives. Another question is

whether it also inhabits the Old Continent.

It may be mentioned here also that there are two different forms

of the common C. fulvus, one more pale horn, the other deep wine

or amber colored, and there are also differences in surface sculpture.

It would be of interest to know how far these forms are constant

and in correspondence with the nature of their habitats. I have

seen them in both Europe and North America.

New Philadelphia, O., March 21, ’93.

POLYGYRA SUBPALLIATA, N. SP.

BY H. A/BESERY-

Some time ago the writer received from Prof. A. G. Wetherby, a

suite of the land-snails found at his home, “ Roandale Farm,” Mag-

netic City, North Carolina; and with them a letter giving the col-

lector’s impressions and conclusions in regard to some, and queries

6 THE NAUTILUS.

respecting other forms. <A number of “ Zonites” were included,

among them specimens of Z. carolinensis Ckll., and of two new spe-

cies, one of about the same size as suppressus, the other larger. Of

these an account will be given later. Among the Helices, one of

the most interesting forms was labelled “ H. wetherbyi Bld. var. Don’t

believe it!” Upon glancing at the specimens I was compelled to

join Wetherby in his scepticism, for the shells are certainly unlike

H. wetherbyi, and belong to quite a different group of species. The

first notice of these so-called wetherbyi appeared in a paper written

by Mr. Wetherby on the shells of Roan Mountain, and published in

the Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, vol. iv,

as long ago as 1881. The paragraph is as follows:

“ Mesodon wether byi Bland.—Shells which have been referred to

this species occur somewhat sparingly at this locality. Like the

specimens from the original station, the shells are covered with a

thick coating of dirt, imbedded in the hirsute covering of the epi-

dermis, which being carefully washed away leaves the shell of a

pale greenish white color. These shelis have a lamellar projection

on the inferior surface of the peristome much like that of some

varieties of 7. appressa, and which is a character very distinct from

that of the same region in the type. A very careful examination

of the genitalia shows them to be much more like those of Triodop-

sis. Indeed, looking over the whole field, it seems not improbable

that here we have another case of the union of characters of Meso-

don with other groups, like that of Stenotrema, mentioned in my

notes, No.1. Mr. Binney says, Terr. Moll., vol. v, p. 301, “ Trio-

dopsis does not differ from Mesodon or Polygyra in the character of

its jaw.” Again, p. 306, he says that the genitalia of T. appressa,

resemble, in certain features, those of Mesodon sayii—=M. diodonta.

This shell certainly presents as many features that would ally it

to Triodopsis through appressa, as to Mesodon through dentifera.

In fact, I am inclined to the belief that the shell is not Mesodon

wetherbyi at all, but a distinct species, probably a Triodopsis, and

having the closest analogy to M. dentifera Binney, which certainly

has some very strong claims to relationship to Triodopsis through

T. appressa. The station of this species is always in the dirt under

and beside rotting logs. It is very sluggish and timid, and very

rare.”

It will be seen that Wetierby recognized the Triodopsoid affini-

ties of the snail; but in the writer’s opinion it is more nearly allied

THE NAUTILUS. i.

to the palliata than the appressa. ‘The species may be diagnosed as

follows :

Polygyra (Triodopsis) subpalliata u. sp. Shell depressed, thin,

pale green or buff-green, somewhat translucent. Surface shining,

minutely roughened by narrow granules elongated in the direction

of growth-lines. Spire convex, composed of slightly over 5 convex

whorls, the last rounded at the periphery, deflexed in front, and

very deeply constricted behind the lip. Aperture oblique; outer

lip flatly reflexed, white, wide, the arcuate basal lip bearing a long

plate-like callus, as in H. palliata; parietal wall bearing a large,

high, curved tooth, like that of H. palliata. Alt. 92, diam. 15 mill.

(largest specimen). Alt. 7, diam. 13 mill. (smallest specimen).

DALL’S TERTIARY MOLLUSKS OF FLORIDA.!

This second volume of Dr. W. H. Dall’s great work upon the

Tertiary Mollusks of Florida is much wider in scope than the pre-

vious part, including much matter upon other East American

faunas of the same epoch, notably the Pliocene of the Carolinas.

The introductory chapter graphically describes the series of changes

of shore line and elevation of our southeast coast, from the close of

the Eocene to the present time; and this has been noticed and

quoted from in a previous number of the Nauriuus.

The systematic enumeration and description of species occupies

the greater portion of the work, the subject being completed down

to the Pelecypods, which will form the third part of the work.

The new genera and subgenera proposed are as follows: Glypto-

styla (type G. panamensis Dall), a peculiar form like Pyru/a outside

but ponderous and with the plaits of Latirus. Trachyodon, new

subgenus of Chiton for C. eocenensis Conr.

The generic synonymy of Vivipara is worked out in full, the

author concluding that Vivipara (Martini) Lamarck, has priority

over the very bad masculine form, Viviparus Montf., which has

lately been adopted by English authorities. Incidentally the his-

tory of the name Bulimus is discussed, and shown to be totally

inapplicable to the genus of land snails generally known by that

name. Clava, of Martyn, is used as a generic name to supercede

1Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science of Philadelphia, vol.

3, pt. ii. Issued January, 1893.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

Vertagus. The genus Natica as used by most writers is definitely

divided into two genera, Natica, in which the operculum is shelly,

and Polynices Montfort (1810), in which the operculum is thin,

flexible, corneous. The last group contains, of course, the familiar

duplicata and heros of our east coast, and the similar western spe-

cies. This is a division heartily to be commended, and it is surpris-

ing that it has not been placed upon a firm basis long ago.

A very large nuinber of new species are described. The illus-

trations are excellent, having the merit of great clearness of detail.

The appearance of the volume is highly creditable to the Wagner

Institute, the officers of which have, with an enlightened apprecia-

tion of the importance of the work, spared no pains or expense in

its production. Especially are the thanks of both Palzeontologist

and Conchologist due to Messrs Joseph Willcox and Charles W.

Johnson, who collected much of the material, as well as to Dr.

Dall who has so ably worked it up.

CESARE MARIA TAPPARONE CANEFRI.

On the 6th of August, 1891, Cesare TAPppARONE CANEFRI

expired after a long illness. Professor CrsARE TAPPARONE

CANEFRI was born at Alexandria on the 5th of February, 1838,

being descended from a noble Piedmontese family. His father was

for many years Mayor, and destined his son for an official career-

Tapparone, therefore, at the age of 20, entered the University of

Turin as a law student; but he had already become interested in

the natural sciences, especially botany. At Turin he formed a

friendship with Lurct BeLLARpr and ViTroRE GHILIANT; and in

the elevating atmosphere of that fellowship he developed the

enthusiasm and love for science which pervaded his whole after life.

A few years after his graduation, Tapparone was employed in the

civil service of Spezzia; and there he was attracted by the rich

shell fauna of the Gulf, which had already been studied by JEF-

FREYS and CAPELLINI. Many species not known to these students

were found by the young enthusiast, who, in 1865, embodied the

results of his research in a “ Catalogue of the Mollusca of Spezzia,”

his first conchological paper. Henceforth, the greater part of his

time was given to the study of mollusks. He shortly became an

assistant to Professor Lessona, in the Chair of Zoology and Com-

THE NAUTILUS. g

parative Anatomy, in the Royal University of Turin; while here

he worked up the mollusks collected by DE Finippe during the cir-

cumnavigation of the Royal Frigate, ‘Magenta. In 1873,

Tapparone began the series of articles upon Oriental land mollusks

collected by O. Beccarr and L. M. D’AuBerris in New Guinea

and adjacent regions; and it is to this series of papers that his

reputation is chiefly due.

After a residence of eight years in Turin, Prof. Tapparone went

abroad for the purpose of studying the mollusks of foreign

museums. He visited the British Museum, the Zoological Museum

of Berlin, ete., and finally spent some time in study under SEMPER

at Wiirzburg. Returning to Italy, he went to Genoa, where he

devoted himself to the mollusk collection of the Civic Museum.

Shortly after, a disease of the circulation and nerves manifested

itself, and despite the tenderest care of wife and friends, it proved

fatal.

His collection and library have been given to the Civic Museum

of Genoa, by his wife.

All students of land shells will regret the death of so conscien-

tious and able a malacologist ; and particularly will his loss be felt

by those who have profited by his “ Fauna Malacologica della Nuova

Guinea,” and the other essays upon allied faunas.

A bibliography and full biographical sketch by IssEL, with por-

trait will be found in the Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Nat-

urale di Genova, 1892.

THE UNIO MUDDLE.

BY PROF. CHAS. LE ROY WHEELER.

Under the above heading appears an article in the February

Navurtixus from the pen of Mr. Berlin H. Wright. In a recent

number, also, appeared an article from Mr. John H. Campbell sug-

gesting that the Uniologists connected with the American Associa-

tion of Conchologists meet at Chicago this summer and settle dis-

puted points as to priority of description, nomenclature, and syn-

onymy. Certainly it would be “just too nice for anything” if the

aforesaid Uniologists could have a little pic-nic at Chicago, pass

a few resolutions forever settling all disputed points, pat each other

10 THE NAUTILUS.

on the back, shake hands, adjourn, go home, and sleep more soundly

then ever before; but, unfortunately, the ghosts of Dr. Lea, Mr.

Conrad, Mr. Say, and others might appear upon the scene, and

Mr. Ego might appear in the flesh, armed with carpet-bag, micro-

scope, and manuscript; in which ease the big show would not last

half long enough to enable the quarrelsome scientists to finish throw-

ing mussel shells at one another.

Seriously, however, this “ muddle” ought to be unmuddled; but

how is it to be done? Who is there upon whom all concerned will

be willing to rest the responsibility of deciding contested points?

Can three or five men be found upon whose judgment all will con-

sent to rest? Ifso, who shall they be?

By the time the “ Unio Muddle” shall have been fairly settled

the indications are that there will be three or four other first class

muddles ripe. Would it not be well for the American Association

of Conchologists to do in regard to American mollusks as the Amer-

ican Ornithological Union has done in regard to the American

Birds, and settle not only the “ Unio Muddle,” but all contested

points in American Conchology ?

Why is it that the reputation of a conchologist should rest upon

the naming of new species rather than upon a knowledge of Con-

chology? and, honestly, may not the making of new species some-

times be attributed more to conceited self-assertion than to a desire

to help the science? Suppose we have a committee of the American

Association whose duty it shall be to decide upon the merits of

so-called new species, and that a name be regarded as only provi-

sional until it be accepted or rejected by such committee. So mote

it be.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF NASSA FROM THE GULF OF

CALIFORNIA.

BY ROBT. E. C. STEARNS, U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Shell small, elongated, ovate, of seven to eight whorls, with an

acutely elevated spire, ornamented with generally three spiral ser-

ies of granules; occasionally four series are exhibited on the penul-

timate whorl, and six to seven on the basal. These granules also

correspond to a longitudinal arrangement. In some examples the

sutural series is a little more prominent and followed by a slight

THE NAUTILUS. dla

parallel suleation. Otherwise sculptured with revolving lire on the

lower half of the basal whorl. Suture more or less distinct, aper-

ture small, ovate, about one-third the length of the shell. Outer lip

externally rimmed and internally thickened, crenulated and dentic-

ulate on the inner side; pillar and face of basal whorl heavily cal-

loused, with a single plication or fold on the base and four or five

obtuse wrinkles above. Aperture notched above with the usual

attendant callosity; pillar roundly arcuated, and the whole sur-

face of the parietal region and edge of the lip showing a warm

shining brown glaze, light in some examples and quite dark in

others; some specimens are much more robust than others and

vary also in the elevation of the spire.

Dimensions of largest, altitude 16 mm., breadth 9 mm.

An intermediate example measures, altitude 15 mm., breadth 8

mm.

The majority of the specimens are much smaller than the least of

the above.

The nearest ally of NV. brunneostoma is Nassa complanata Powis,

and these two species, together with V. tegula of Reeve, form a lit-

tle group possessing similar general characters.

NV. brunneostoma is readily separated from its congeners by the

highly glazed and solid brown callus that surrounds the aperture.

Habitat—Gulf of California, near the mouth of the Colorado

River; also at Guaymas, on the easterly shore, where numerous

examples were collected by Dr. Edward Palmer (Mus. Nos. 23721,

37239, 55951).

Washington, D. C., May 2, 1893.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Tort MaracotoaicaL Society or Lonpon.—At a meeting held

on the 27th February, at 67 Chancery Lane, London, England,

W. Hz. Hudleston, F. R.S., in the chair, the following resolutions

were passed :

1. That a Society be formed in London for the purpose of fur-

thering the study of the Mollusca and Brachiopoda in all their

branches.

2. That the Society be called the “ MaLacoLocicaL SOCIETY OF

Lonpovy,” and that the Annual Subscription be 10s. 6d.

12 THE NAUTILUS.

3. That those who have signified to Mr. Sykes their willingness

to join the Society shall constitute the original members: to wit

(list of 70 names).

4, That the original Members, and those who join the Society dur-.

ing the year 1893, be exempt from entrance fee.

5. That the election of Members, subsequent to this the inaugural

meeting, be by ballot, under regulations to be drawn up by the

Council.

6. That there be an Entrance Fee, and that it be 10s. 6d.

7. That the following constitute the first Council:

President: Dr. H. Woodward, F. R. 8.

Vice-Presidents: Lt.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F. R. S., etc. ;

W. H. Hudleston, F. R. S., ete.; J. Cosmo Melvill, F. L.8.; E. A.

Smith, F. Z. S.

Treasurer: G. F. Harris, F. G.S.

Secretary: E. R. Sykes, F. Z. 8.

Other Members of Council: H. W. Burrows; G. C. Crick, F. G.

S.; W. Crouch, F. Z.S.; Rev. Canon Norman, D. C. L., F. B.58.;

J. H. Ponsonby, F. Z.S.; G. B. Sowerby, F. L.S.; B. B. Wood-

ward, F. G.S.

8. That the Council be instructed to draw up the rules, and sub-

mit them at the next Meeting of the Society.

9. That the Meetings be held on the second Friday in each

month, commencing in April, 1893.

10. That the Resolutions passed at this Meeting be printed and

circulated amongst the Members.

Votes of thanks were passed to the Chairman for presiding, and

to Mr. G. F. Harris for the use of the room.

The next meeting will therefore take place on Friday, April 14th, —

at 8.00 p. m., and succeeding Meetings on the second Fridays in

May and June, after which there will be no Meeting till November.

Until further notice, the Meetings will be held, by the kind per-

mission of Mr. Harris, at 67 Chancery Lane (second floor).

Mr. CHarues W. Jounson is spending a few weeks in Washing-

ton, D. C.

The death of the veteran botanist, ALPHONSE DE CANDOLLE,

April 9, 1893, is announced.

Mr. Joun Rircuie, Jr., of Boston, paid a flying visit to his

Philadelphia and Washington friends recently, being in the latter

city attending the meeting of the National Academy of Sciences.

ete N ABB ILUS.

VOL. VU. JUNE, 1898. No. 2

SOME NOTES ON ZONITIDAE.

BY DR. VY. STERKI.

1. The generic name Zonites Montf., has, by European malacolo-

gists, long ago been restricted to a group of circum-Mediterranean

forms, such as algirus, verticillus, gemonensis, ete., none of them

being represented in the recent North American fauna; and as it

seems to be a well-defined genus, we will do well to recognize this

restriction of the group. The old genus Zonites, or Hyalinia, is

being disintegrated, just as the old genus Helix has been. For

nitidus Miller, the genus Zonitoides has been established on charac-

ters chiefly anatomic, the presence of a dart sac and dart, and, as it

seems, peculiarities of the radula. As the same dart sac and dart is

present in a number of North American species, such as e//iotti,

ligerus, demissus, intertextus, gularis, suppressus, internus, etc., and,

as has been supposed, and I can positively confirm, arboreus—they

would range under Zonitoides, especially if their anatomy prove to

agree with nitida, also otherwise. Dr. v. Ihering makes the propo-

sition to unite all Vitrino-zonitidae having a dart’ in a family, as

xiphogone forms—“ Zon.” (or Hyal.) fulvous Mill., gundlachi Pfr.,

sterkii Dall., belong to the genus Conulus Fitz., well characterized

anatomically. Hy. erystallina Miill., diaphana Studer., etc., of the

old continent, have their peculiar anatomy also, and range under

1 Which, however, is not homologous with the dart of the Helicidae, and there-

fore named fzgio, by v. Ihering.

14 THE NAUTILUS.

the genus Vitrea Fitz. On the other hand, as well known, our

Mesomphix (s. str.) are hardly to beseparated generically from Hya-

linia (Euhyalinia), as glabra, draparnaldi, cellaria, etc., and forms

like our wheatleyi, petrophila from pura, ete., not to speak of radia-

tula which is equally distributed on the old and new continents.

We may, for all these, use the generic name Hyalinia, the more

since such authorities as W. G. Binney, Tryon and others have done

so before, and no embarrassing of the synonymy will result. Yetall

these forms stil] need careful examination as to their anatomy.

2. Some Zon. suppressus Say, show not a trace of internal teeth or

rather lamelle, when adult; W.G. Binney (1. c. p. 226) also says

that the tooth is sometimes “so little prominent as to be hardly

visible.” I have in possession specimens from Ohio and Virginia

(Petersburgh, collected by myself)" of 7-8 mill. diam. and 7-74

whorls, with the last whorl and aperture well-rounded, without any

“teeth,” and only a thin callus inside. As to size and shape, they

differ essentially from W. G. Binney’s description and figure.” With

these, there were examples of all ages and sizes, inseparately con-

nected with the former, having two strong lamellz upon a heavy

callus. Also in gularis and other forms of the group, the lamellz

considerably decrease in size and number with advancing age, and

at maturity sometimes are quite short and thin.

3. Mrs. Geo. Andrews, to whom we owe so many valuable finds

among land mollusca, sent me, in 1891, anumber of “ Zonites gularis

small var.” Then I was satisfied that they were not gularis; and

now, after repeated comparison and examination also of the soft

parts on specimens recently obtained, this is beyond a doubt, and as

well, that it is a distinct species, not yet described. Here only so

much of the description will be given as to serve our purpose. The

shell is of the general appearance of a small Z. ligerus, of only 9

mill. greater diameter, finely perforated, with a high spire, well-

rounded at the apex. Inside there is a rather long fold correspond-

ing to the same (outer) in Z. gularis, etc., and a lower one near the

columella. In a part of the specimens there is another (outer) long

fold, about }—} volution above the aperture, sometimes connected

by a fine marking with the one in front; evidently this is the one

previously formed and not resorbed, the same thing as in Z. internus,

etc.

4. A few examples of Zonites, I) think a form of demissus, from

? Manual, p. 225; fig. 241, looks like drawn from an immature specimen.

THE NAUTILUS. ey

Nashville, Tennessee, and Jackson Co., Alabama, the latter collected

by Mr. Sargent, have a strong, thick, white, testaceous deposit

inside the base of the last whorl, with some nodules, apparently

irregular, but equal in the specimens from either locality, which

correspond to teeth or folds. ‘These testaceous deposits in different

species are often smaller and thinner in mature shells than in ado-

lescent, and sometimes entirely resorbed; they evidently are the

same morphological element as the deposits and folds in Gastro-

donta.

5. I believe the fact must impress itself upon anyone that Zon.

suppressus, especially the form noted above; gularis, also more in

some forms, much resemble Z. ligerus, demissus, etc., and are nearly

related to them, much more so than the latter are to the Mesomphix

between which they are inserted in systematic works. ‘This feeling

found its expression also in W. G. Binney’s “ L. & F. W. Shells,”

where ligera, demissa, intertexta are ranged under the genus Hya-

linia, the Mesomphix under Zonites. To this now comes the species

announced under 3 above, resembling /igera as to the general con-

figuration of the shell, and “ Gastrodonta” in the lamellz, which

are of a somewhat peculiar type at that, approaching it to signifi-

cans Bld. Some light on the significance of presence or absence of

internal teeth is given also by Conulus fulvus, in which, as we have

seen, such may be found or wanting in the same form from the

same locality. And a character common to the two groups, valu-

able even of higher order, seems to be the presence of a dart, in the

genital organs, which would range them together in the genus Zoni-

toides. It may be communicated here, previously, that I have

found, in the upper part of the penis in Z. ligerus, suppressus, the

forms mentioned under 3 above, and in arboreus a peculiar papilla

(Reizkérper of German authors) in which a part is hard, sharp,

projecting and (in the 3 former species) impregnated with carbonate

of lime.

6. Quite lately, Mrs. Andrews has sent me specimens of a Zonites,

collected at Cranberry, Mitchell Co., North Carolina. They can

be referred to none of the described species, and may prove to be a

new one.’ The shell, of about 7 m. in diam., has two very small

lamellz or teeth near the aperture, corresponding to the same Z.

3 The n. sp., however, may be ‘‘ hanged in the smoke till cured,’’ or left in

suspense till fully confirmed; it is, as sch, of little consequence, but of great

importance as a form.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

guiaris, and thus proves to be a Gastrodonta. The shell is thin,

transparent, somewhat greenish deep horn colored, of the same

appearance as Z. nitidus Mill., which species it surprisingly resem-

bles below, while above it appears different by the greater number of.

whorls. It seems that here we have a “ missing” or connecting link

between the so-called type of Zonitoides, and its more characteristic

North American members.

7. Mrs. Andrews has, of late, again sent me numerous small

Zonitidae, collected in the mountains of Tennessee and North Caro-

lina. From these I learned, beside other things, that Zon. andrewsi

W. G. B., when adult, has very often (or always?) no internal teeth

at all. Moreover, the shell attains quite a different configuration :

the last whorl is placed considerably deeper on the penultimate, or

gradually descends, thus causing the spire to be much more ele-

vated ; it becomes also deeper and at last somewhat truncate in the

periphery (perpendicular section) and subangular below, compara-

tively large, just as we find it in some ligerus, gularis, suppressus.

At the same time, the base is no more equally rounded, but becomes

sloping inward, somewhat infundibuliform, the umbilicus is rather

large, and the striation becomes more crowded and coarse, even so

that the striz appear to be raised (7. e. the intervals) in place of

impressed, as they are on the inner whorls. The whole shell then has

quite a different appearance from that commonly known as Z.

andrewsi, much resembling the description and figure of Zon. placen-

tulus Shuttl. Gin W. G. Binney’s Manual, p. 222). The whorls are.

fully 9 or more, the diameter 7-7°5 mill. It was somewhat difficult

to state these relations, as I had, though, a good number of speci-

mens, no complete series from one locality at disposition. There is

no doubt, to say no more, that many such examples have been

taken for Zon. placentulus. And, as a striking proof of this, I have

in my collection four specimens from the mountains of North Caro-

lina received as Zon. placentulus, years ago, from a conchologist who

studied those land shells; they show more or less the characteristic

features noted above, and one of them has a distinct row of denti-

cles denoting it unmistakably as Zon. andrewsi.

8. As with the preceding, it is with Zon. significans Bld. Only the

younger examples, i. e., those commonly found in collections under

this name, have the teeth, two series of two, as a rule. In older

specimens, of 5-6 mill. diam., they are no more formed, or only

occasionally one or another, and then the shells have the characters

THE NAUTILUS. 17

of capsella Gld., and doubtless have been and will be taken for such.

A lot of fine examples, received from the same author, collected in

eastern Tennessee, and named capsella, are, to all probability,

nothing else but adult significans, in which the last whorl becomes

comparatively more voluminous and commonly more descending.

The spire is variable from almost flat to rather elevated, and also

the umbilicus shows some differences. Among lots, which to all

appearance, were Zon. capsellus, there were examples with a single,

sometimes barely perceptible, tooth.

9. With all this, 1 do not feel positive, at present, that Zon.

andrewsi W. G. B., and significans Bld., are only the juvenile

forms of Zon. placentulus Shuttl. and capsellus Gld. But so much is

sure, that they must be desperately similar, respectively, and that

they need careful revision, also as to anatomy. The words of W.

G. Binney that the latter form “a puzzling group,” become of an

increased meaning now.

10. For faunistics, it may be of interest that there were a few

specimens of Hyal. ferrea Mse., from eastern North Carolina,

among the materials sent by Mrs. Andrews. In my collection

there is one from Randolph Co., West Virginia. Also from differ-

ent places in eastern Ohio it is known.

New Philadelphia, Ohio, May, 1893.

A REVIEW OF VON IHERING’S CLASSIFICATION OF THE UNIONIDE

AND MUTELIDE.

BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON.

Since the theory of evolution has been generally accepted, a com-

plete revolution has taken place in the methods of study and classi-

fication among biologists. All artificial systems, or those based

upon a single character, have either been relegated to the past or

are hopelessly doomed. Students who are progressive and keep

abreast of the times, realize that in the study of organic life it is

necessary to seize on to every fact which can possibly aid them in

classifying: embryology, anatomy, the study of its development in

the past as taught by palaeontology, geographical distribution and

habits.

Dr. H. von Ihering, of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, has recently

18 THE NAUTILUS.

published in Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte,' a lengthy article on the

Najidae of San Paulo, Brazil, and a proposed system of classifica-

tion in which some startling discoveries are brought to light, and

which ranks as one of the ablest papers ever written on the subject.

This classification, while working a complete revolution in our pre-

conceived ideas of the relationships of the different members of this

group, is so clear and philosophical, it so thoroughly takes cogni-

zance of all the known facts, that it is certainly worthy of the most

thoughtful consideration. In a brief review like this I can only

allude to the more prominent points, and those who are interested

should read the paper itself.

H. and A. Adams, in the Genera of Recent Mollusca, divide the

Naiades into two families, Unionide and Mutelide,’ separated by cer-

tain minor characters of the shells and animals. Ihering uses the

same family names in a somewhat different sense from the Messrs

Adams, and unites the whole intoa larger group or super-family,

which he calls the Najide. He finds in all the genera which he

places in the Unionida, the larval state is a glochidium, that is, a

stage or condition in which the animal is completely enclosed in a

porous bivalve shell.

On the other hand, the species which he places in Mutelide, pass

through a state after hatching which he calls a dasidium, in which

the animal is divided into three parts, of which only the middle

bears the small, single shell. He finds, on examination, that those

South American forms that have hitherto been placed with Anodon,

pass through the lasidium stage, hence they must be separated

from that genus whose larval state is a glochidium, and he retains

for this group the name suggested by Gray—Glabaris. He believes

that Aplodon, having a few South American species, hitherto placed

in Monocondylea, and the so-called African Anodons belong to the

same family, and that the latter should be placed in Glabaris.

D’Orbigny established the genus Monocondylea for certain species

of South American Naiadae whose shells possess a single cardinal,

and no lateral teeth. Several of these will fall into other natural

groups. Ihering does not mention the Asiatic species which Lea

‘Najaden von S. Paulo und die geographische Verbreitung der Siisswasser

Faunen von Siidamerika, von H. von Jhering. Jahrg 59, 1 Bd., 1 Heft.

* Fischer, Manuel de Conchyliologie, p. 997, divides Uxitonide into two sub-

families; Unionine including Unio, AMonocondylea, FPseudodon, Anodonta,

Solenaia and Mycetopus ; 24 Muteline, with Mutela, Hyria, Castalia and Leila.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

and others have placed in this genus, but I believe they have no

close relationship to these South American forms, and that they are

merely depauperate Unios, which have a close affinity to species of

that genus found with them.

The Unionide of Europe, North and Central America, and prob-

ably of the whole Northern Hemisphere, develop eggs in the outer

gills alone as far as is known, with the exception of Unio multiplica-

tus and one or two others, which contain embryos in all four leaves

of the branchiae. Ihering states that in all the Najidae hitherto

examined from South America, the eggs are borne in the inner

gills. I may remark in passing that the shells of the Australian,

New Zealand, and many South African Unios bear an astonish-

ing resemblance to those of South America in form, texture, smooth

epidermis and concentric, sometimes slightly granulated sculpture,

and especially in the peculiarly compressed, parallel cardinal teeth,

and Suter states’ that the embryos of N. menziezi are borne in the

inner gills. Ihering calls attention to the fact that all South Ameri-

ean Unionide have a radial beak sculpture, and suggests that prob-

ably the same character may be found in the New Zealand species.

I have carefully examined extensive series of Unio menziezi and

lutulentus, and on the latter find that the umbos are radiately

ribbed where the shells are not too badly eroded, and there are

traces of such ridges on the former and on some Australian species.

He believes that we shall find the beak sculpture one of the best

characters for determining the minor divisions of the Unionide.

Notwithstanding the opinion of this eminent conchologist, and the

fact that Mr. Wm. A. Marshall, of the New York State Museum,

who has also given this subject some very careful study, believes that

the beak sculpture is quite constant and may be used in determining

species, my own experience in handling great quantities of material

from all over the world leads me to consider this a somewhat varia-

ble character, and although it will no doubt prove very useful in

studying species and the smaller groups, yet I am sure it cannot by

any means be always relied on.

It is only in Europe that the post-embryonic larve of the Union-

ide have been observed actually attached to fishes, though the

North American species are known to possess hooks and bristles

during this stage, and they no doubt make use of the same means to

assist in their distribution, as do their Old World relations.

3. Z. Jl. of Science, No. 6, Vol. I (new issue), p. 250.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

Ihering fails to find them on any of the South American Union-

ide he has examined, but he has probably overlooked the statement

of Lea’ that the glochidium of Unio firmus of Brazil is provided

with both of these appendages.

Castalia was placed in the Mutelide by the Messrs Adams,

but Ihering shows that it is very closely and curiously related to

Unio. In the latter the short branchial siphon is open; in the

former it is closed; in Unio the lateral teeth are either smooth or

obliquely striated ;? in Castalia they are vertically ridged. He has

applied the name Custilina to a few species which stand between the

two genera, and has given it generic rank. But he shows that

there is a complete intergradation and connection from one end of

the chain to the other. In certain Castalias there is a typical ani-

mal, in others it is that of Unio, and in Castalina there is an almost

complete blending and crossing of characters. I have noticed on

examining large series of these shells that in some Castalias the

peculiar tooth sculpture is nearly wanting.

Von Ihering finds that Unio multistriatus of Brazil is very closely

related to N. senegalensis of Africa, and to certain Indian forms.

He has, in his collection, a specimen of Unio radula of India that is

identical with NV. coriaceus from Rio Janeiro, and believes this fact

to be a proof of the long duration of the species of this family and

probably evidence in favor of the existence of the lost Atlantis.

His arrangement of the families and genera stands as follows:

Mutelide v. Ih. (mee Adams). Unionide y. Ih. (nec Ad.).

Leila Gray. Hyria Lam.

Glabaris (Gray) vy. Ihering. Castalia Lam.

A plodon Spix. Castalina v. Th.

Plagiodon Lea. Unio Retz.

Fossula Lea. Margaritana Schum.

Mycetopus Orb. Cristaria Gld.

Solenaia Con. Anodonta Lam.

Mutela Scop.

Tridina Lam.

Pleiodon Con.

Spatha Lea.

1 Observations on the Genus Unio.

*In Unio tortuosus Lea, a remarkable inequivalve species from China, the

laterals have perpendicular striz, and Lea remarks that if this is found in all the

individuals of the species, it would have to be placed in Cas¢a/ia. It has much

the appearance of Unio ellipsis Lea.

THE NAUTILUS. 21

This classification is, to a certain extent, provisional; and may

have to be somewhat modified when we have a fuller knowledge of

the anatomy. Whatever else may be said of it, the principle

adopted is the right one, and the only one which modern science

can recognize. The arrangement of the Adams brothers is largely

artificial, both as to genera and subgenera, as well as the system

adopted by Lea, as they bring together side by side, species and

groups from every country which have no close relationship what-

ever, and by such methods anatomical and conchological characters,

the facts of geographical distribution, habits and palzontology, are

ignored,

THE SMALL GREY SLUG IN JAMAICA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Some days ago Mr. W. Harris sent me from Cinchona some

strawberry plants, together with a beetle larva which was injuring

them. Of this larva there will be more to say hereafter, but the

object of the present note is to record that among the plants I found

three specimens of the small, grey slug of Europe, A griolimax agrestis.

This slug, well-known as a garden pest in England, has never before

been noticed in the West Indies, and there can be no doubt that it

has been introduced with plants. It is, I suppose, almost impossi-

ble to import living plants without sooner or later introducing for-

eign slugs. They and their eggs come in the earth about the roots,

and, in many cases, it must be practically impossible to detect them

on arrival. It might be advisable in some cases to isolate newly-

arrived plants by water, and search for slugs on them at intervals;

or we might import the carnivorous slug, Testacella; or introduce

some of our native carnivorous snails, Oleacina, into the locality

where the plants were being propagated. It has been recorded that

in twenty-four hours, 25 specimens of Testacella devoured 25 earth-

worms and 25 Agriolimax agrestis.

The small, grey slug, although now first detected here, has

spread to many distant localities by human means. I have seen

specimens from yarious parts of the United States, west to the

Pacific coast and east to New Jersey, from St. Helena, the Canary

Islands, Tristan d’Acunha, New Zealand, etc., and no doubt in time

it will inhabit every part of the earth in which the climate is suit-

23, THE NAUTILUS.

able to it. In Jamaica it will probably remain confined to the

higher altitudes.

Institute of Jamaica, April 13, 1893.

A REPLY TO PROFESSOR WHEELER.

I think that quite enough has been said on the subject of the

Unio muddle in the columns of the Naurius, and I do not want to

revive the subject. But there are one or two suggestive points in

Professor Wheeler’s note in the May number that I want to call

attention to.

While a Congress of American conchologists might be able to

settle certain contested points in nomenclature, if their work did not

come into too glaring opposition to certain established laws recog-

nized by scientific societies in general, yet I believe it is impossible

for any such body to straighten out the muddle of specific limits, or

perhaps, in all cases, the relations of one species to another. I

believe that an expert, a specialist who has devoted years to the

loving study of a family or genus, is better qualified to judge on

these points than any body of students, no matter how capable they

may be otherwise, but who probably have only a mere smattering of

the matter in question.

C. B. Adams and Dr. Gould ranked easily among the ablest

conchologists in the world, but who can doubt that Mr. Lea, or

James Lewis were better qualified to judge on the nice distinctions

of the Unionidae, or that Dr. Newcomb was more competent to

arrange the Achatinellas, or that Dr. Dall has a better knowledge

of deep sea Mollusks than did either of these? Because these men

have made life studies of these subjects, while the others were not

specially interested in them.

A specialist who works on a difficult or puzzling group, goes over

his work again and again, putting it aside when he tires of it, and

taking it up when the mind is rested. He patiently and lovingly

labors over the most minute and obscure points that to most students

would be of little or no interest, because his heart is in the work and

he is thoroughly determined to master the whole subject. As a rule,

his collecting is largely done in the direction of his hobby, and he

therefore has more material to work on than one slightly inter-

ested. He eagerly reads all literature relating to his work, and in

time, if his judgment is well balanced, he becomes an authority.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

Now I do not pretend to say that any such person can ever

arrive at a point where he never makes mistakes, or where his

authority should be taken as absolute, but I do say that he knows

at sight and has constantly on his tongue’s end much that the ordi-

nary student cannot possibly know or have.

And even when such a specialist publishes the results of his stud-

ies they must stand the test of criticism, merciless and searching;

they must be subject to all the modifications that will be caused by

future discoveries and enlarged knowledge, for it is the naked truth

alone that will stand, and not the assertions of any specialist or

body of scientists. But I believe that the man who spends years of

loving, conscientious labor and study on a subject is better qualified

to act as an authority than any body of outsiders.

Cuas. T. Simpson.

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.

Since the article in the October Nautius, the following have

been admitted as members of the Association :

T. S. Oldroyd, 142 N. Los Angelos St., Los Angelo, Cal. Sub-

ject—(not chosen yet).

Ww. H. Myles, 53 Arkledun Ave., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Subject—Helicidae and Pupidae of Ontario.

A. H. Gardner, P. O. Box 84, Fort Hamilton, Long Island, N.

Y. Subject—Land Shells and Fresh-water Univalves of the United

States.

Miss 8. P. Monks, 305 Bunkerhill Ave., Los Angelos, Cal. Sub-

ject—(not chosen yet).

A. G. Wetherby, Magnetic City, Mitchell Co., N.C. Subject—

(not chosen yet).

Chas. 8. Hodgson, Albion, Ill. Subject—Helicidae.

W. H. Conrad, 11 Bank St., Philadelphia, Pa. Subject—Terti-

ary Shells.

M. J. Elrod, Wesleyan University, Bloomington, Ill. Subject—

(not chosen yet).

Geo. H. Clapp, 116 Water St., Pittsburgh, Pa. Subject—Heli-

cidae.

Members will please note the following changes of addresses since

the publication of the list of members:

24 THE NAUTILUS.

John Ford, Holmes Station (B. & O. R. R.), Delaware Cov., Pa.

Mrs. E. P. Gaylord, 167 E. Congress St., Detroit, Mich.

L’abbé P. A. Begin, Seminare St., Charles Borromee, Sherbrooke,

Quebec, Canada.

Frank J. Ford, 314 Wabash Ave., Wichita, Kan.

R. T. Shepherd, 110 N. Market St., Troy, Ohio.

Dr. W.S. Strode, Lewiston, Ill.

T. Wayland Vaughan, 6 Brewster St., Cambridge, Mass.

John Watson, 6 Garson St., Rochester, N. Y.

Jas. H. Lemon, Avonmore P. O., Ontario, Canada.

Mrs. S. H. Young, 423 Second St., Cedar Falls, Iowa.

Chas. Le Roy Wheeler, Damascus, Wayne Co., Pa.

Robt. Walton, Houghton St., Lower Roxborough, Phila., Pa.

E. H. White, 1202 Thomas St,, Rockford Ill.

Dr. C. F. Newcombe, 70 Dallas Road, Victoria, B. C.

Rey. A. Dean, Fort Lee, N. J.

R. C. Barnard, 21 Park Row, New York City.

Berlin H. Wright, Penn Yan, N. Y.

A. Schlehenried, 16 N. William St., New York City.

John H. Campbell, 1009 Walnut St., Phila., Pa.

Robt. T. Jackson, 33 Gloucester St., Boston, Mass.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Mr. Hues Futon, of London, passed through Philadelphia,

recently, en route for Chicago. His stay, though short, was most

enjoyable.

Norr.—Owing to the expected absence from Philadelphia of the

Editors and Manager, the July issue of the NauriLus will probably

be delayed beyond the usual time.

Last week a coyote was found at Punta Banda, San Diego county,

trapped by an abalone shell [ Haliotis eracherodii]. The coyote had

evidently been hunting for a fish breakfast, and finding the abalone

only partially clinging to the rock had inserted his muzzle under-

neath to detach him, but the abalone closed down on him and kept

him a prisoner.— Weekly Bulletin, San Francisco, May 17.

He N Sericus.

VOL. VII. JULY, 1893. No.3

TO CONCHOLOGISTS.

The Editors of the Nauritus would like to impress upon Ameri-

ean Conchologists that they are not conducting this paper for their

personal aggrandizement, as some persons seem to believe. The

work done has been purely a labor of love, for the promotion of

interest in cunchology; and the Editors have not only put much

work into the enterprise, but, from first to last, a considerable num-

ber of large and shining Dollars, and this without expectation of

pecuniary return.

We have looked forward to the unanimous support and encour-

agement of American Conchologists, for it is only by such support

that a paper of this character can be sustained. We know that

there are enough persons in the States interested in Conchology to

give this support, and to enable us to increase the size, the number

of illustrations and the interest of the articles as well.

We depend upon you to aid us in bearing the expenses of publi-

cation. We depend upon you to send us notes and matter to

increase the interest and usefulness of the numbers from month to

month. The time we put on this work is time stolen from scientific -

work of vastly greater magnitude, and it is only by the liberality of

the Academy of Natural Sciences and the Wagner Institute that

we are enabled to give the attention necessary to conduct a monthly

journal.

We write thus because we know that we are not having the sup-

26 THE NAUTILUS.

port we deserve from American Conchologists. Scores of subserip-

tions remain unpaid, and requests by letter to “square up” are

calmly ignored.

We would ask our subscribers in all seriousness, Do you need

this paper? If so, why not support it. We depend upon the Con-

chologists of America to help and encourage us in making our

Nauriuus a journal worthy of American Science.

H. A.P: & Cais

BULIMULUS PROTEUS Broderip AND ITS DISTRIBUTION.

BY W. H. DALL.

Bulimus proteus was described by Broderip from Peru in 1832.

It was referred by Deshayes to B. sordidus of Lesson, an opinion

not generally adopted, and which he afterward relinquished. In

1860, Mr. J. Xantus, collecting for the Smithsonian Institution at

Cape St. Lucas, obtained one adult and two young specimens of a

large Bulimulus, which were referred to Broderip’s species by Bin-

ney; an opinion which was justified by the close resemblance and

small amount of material for comparison. The singularity of dis-

tribution has been commented on by every one from Binney to

Crosse and Fischer in their magnificent work on the Mexican land

shells, and Dr. Cooper in recent papers on Lower Californian land

shells. By a recent expedition of the California Academy of Scien-

ces to Lower California, nearly 100 specimens of the shell in ques-

tion were obtained, which I examined while in California in 1892,

and which are described by Dr. Cooper (Proc. Cal. Acad., 2d Ser.

III, p. 211, 1892), thus for the first time giving an opportunity for

careful comparison of our Californian species with that from Peru.

A series kindly sent by Dr. Cooper on behalf of the Academy,

together with the original specimens of Xantus and a series of four-

teen specimens of the Peruvian B. proteus, have been critically

compared, leaving no doubt, in spite of the close similarity, that the

Mexican shell is distinct and must receive a name, as the synonyms

are all strictly referable to the Peruvian form.

Bulimulus (Scutalus) montezuma Dall.

B. (S.) proteus Binney, L. & F. W. Shells N. Am., 1, p. 207,

fig. 358, 1869; not of Broderip, P. Z.S., 1832, p. 107. ‘

Habitat, Lower California, mostly from the mountainous region

(3500 ft. alt.), Eisen, Belding and Xantus.

THE NAUTILUS. dls

As Dr. Cooper observed, this species is not as “ protean” as some

others. It exhibits no such variations in form or color as B. proteus ;

the latter assumes almost every mutation of form, but taken on the

average is less acute and has the last whorl less patulously drawn

out, axially, than the B. montezuma. The color of B. proteus is

variably distributed, but tends in the most strongly colored exam-

ples to be laid on in 4-6 broad, spiral bands of brown, with indis-

tinet boundaries, separated by paler zones. In B. montezuma the

color is seldom present, but, when it is, it is laid on in narrow,

obscure zones, parallel with the incremental lines and never spirally

disposed. The granulation in the Californian shell is less coarse

and intense than in the Peruvian species when most developed, and

the umbilicus averages much smaller in the former. All these char-

acters are of degree rather than kind, but two features may be men-

tioned which appear constant and specific. In the Mexican shell

the angle which the outer lip makes with the body whorl, or axial

perpendicular, at its junction is invariably more acute than in B.

proteus, which latter has the lip bent suddenly down at this point.

Secondly, the larval shell or nucleus of B. proteus is beautifully

shagreened with minute punctations or short, almost vermicular,

indentations, visible plainly under a glass, and only absent when

worn off by abrasion. Traces of this sculpture may always be found.

In B. montezuma the nucleus is delicately ribbed in harmony with

the incremental lines, and does not show the peculiar shagreening

alluded to, a character which alone is sufficient to establish its dis-

tinctness, but the constancy of which could not be predicated from

the three specimens examined by Mr. Binney.

The distribution of the species now determined by Messrs Eisen

and Belding is sufficient to disprove the hypothesis of introduction

by artificial means, and it is satisfactory to have our largest North

American species placed upon a permanent footing.

EDIBLE MOLLUSKS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON, UNIVERSITY, LOS ANGELES CO.,

CAL.

In an interesting article upon the “ Edible Mollusks of Rhode

Island,” by Mr. Horace F. Carpenter, published in the Nauriius

some time ago, he compares the number of ‘marine edible mollusks

of Rhode Island with those reported from San Francisco by Profes-

sor Keep.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Without wishing to leave the impression that California can

compete with Rhode Island in the number of species found in the

“fish markets,” yet the number recently reported from this State

ean be greatly increased. The number of shells offered for sale here

is always limited, and the famous “clam-bake” of the eastern shore

is never duplicated. In the Los Angeles fish markets, Dona and

Chione are the most abundant.

Donax californicus Cony. is the favorite clam for soup. This tiny

bivalve might seem to an observer “all shell,” yet it proves a very

good substitute for the oyster in soup. The shells are carefully

washed, allowed to remain in fresh water some hours, boiled, then

drained. The liquid drained off is, with plenty of milk added, con-

verted into a very palatable soup, especially when one is on the

beach, and has just returned to the tent after a good bath in the

ocean.

Chione simillima Sby. is often offered for sale at five cents a pound.

Chione fluctifraga Sby. and Chione suceincta Val. are occasionally

found with the former, as they are collected from the same mud

flats. Soup made from this shell-fish is not finely flavored and the

meat is tough.

Tivela crassatelloides Conr., large shells are sometimes sold in the

markets, usually at five cents each. Tapes staminea Com., Ostrea

lurida Cpr., Ostrea virginica Gmel. (the latter brought here from

San Francisco), Mytilus californianus Conr., Mytilus edulis Linn.,

and Pecten aequisulcatus Cpr., are also occasionally offered for sale,

but in limited quantities. Haliotis cracherodii Leach may some-

times be seen in the market, although I have not seen one this win-

ter. Occasionally a small Haliotis fulgens Phil. has been seen with

the former species. The Mexicans seem to be fond of this shell-fish,

as I have seen three and four dozen Halioti dried and strung on a

cord, the same as they string red-peppers. When dried, the Aba-

lones, as they are named by the Mexicans, look like oblong pieces of

very thick leather, more than anything else that I can describe.

The number of species found in Los Angeles city markets, and

not reported from San Francisco, would, I believe, add six more to

the Californian region. Professor Keep says the Mytilus californi-

anus is found outside of San Francisco Bay, but does not mention it

as sold in the city. Amiantis callosa Conr. is occasionally eaten

when collected in San Pedro Bay, although I have been told it was

“not a very tempting dish.” As it does not live near the shore,

THE NAUTILUS. 29

collectors do not often find more than single valves on the beach.

In the “ Catalogue of Economic Mollusks,” written by Lieutenant

Francis Winslow, upon the exhibition of the U. 8. Nat. Museum, at

the “International Fisheries Exhibition,” at London, in 1883, he

says of Macoma nasuta Conr., “It is abundant in San Francisco

Bay, and it was evidently eaten largely by aborigines, as the shell-

mounds in the vicinity of the bay are largely composed of shells of

this species.” I have not heard of this shell-fish being eaten here, nor

the much larger Macoma secta Conr., but Lieutenant Winslow says the

former is “eaten on the Pacific coast by all classes.” The same

writer mentions Platyodon cancellatus Conr. as existing in “ great

abundance in Bolinas Bay and Santa Barbara. Its habits are

essentially those of the ‘soft clam,’ and it forms one of the staple

food shell-fish of the Pacific coast,” although Mr. C. R. Orcutt, in

his “ Notes on the Mollusks of San Diego,” says this shell has

been collected for food at La Playa, “ but the animal is bitter.” I

fear lam digressing, as Professor Keep’s article was intended by

him as the first of a series of articles reporting “food mollusks

which may be bought in the markets of our country,” each writer

“reporting for his (or her?) own locality.”

Notwithstanding the number of species we can report from Cali-

fornia, I am compelled to admit that, in quality and number of

individuals, California cannot boast of her edible mollusks.

ON A NEW SPECIES OF YOLDIA FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY W. H. DALL.

Yoldia montereyensis n. s. :

Shell large, stout, inflated, with a polished, dark greenish olive

epidermis; beaks eroded in all the specimens, situated in the anter-

ior part of the middle third of the shell, not prominent ; valves full

and rounded, anterior end evenly rounded into the upper and

basal margins; posterior end narrower, rounded, the extreme end

nearer the cardinal margin with which it almost forms an angle,

below sloping obliquely toward the basal margin, with a very

obscure broad ray impressed in a radiating manner from the

beaks toward the oblique slope, the profile of which it does not per-

ceptibly indent; surface sculptured only by feeble incremental lines;

epidermis polished with one or two darker concentric color zones

and a microscopic, irregular, radially disposed wrinkling, most con-

30 THE. NAUTILUS.

spicuous at the margins of the impressed ray; posterior cardinal

margin nearly straight, anterior ditto evenly rounded ; interior por-

cellanous white, the pallial sinus not reaching the middle vertical

line of the shell, broad and rather rounded ; ligamental fosset large,

cuplike; anterior teeth V-shaped, about 22 in number, strong and

prominent; posterior teeth similar, and forming an equally long line

but only 18 in number, the posterior cardinal margin showing a

long narrow impressed area very feebly marked ; length of shell

32: beak from anterior end 12; vertical from beak to base 17;

max. diameter 15 mm.

Habitat U.S. Fish Com. Station, 3202, in 382 fathoms green

mud, Monterey Bay, California, bottom temperature, 41° Fahren-

heit.

This fine shell recalls Y. thracieformis, but is smaller, without the

angularity of that species and proportionately more solid. It was

dredged by the U. S. Steamer Albatross, several years ago. It is

probably a deep water species exclusively at least in the latitude of

California. The types are in the, U.S. Nat. Museum, 106,972.

NOTES ON THE GENERA OF UNIONIDEZ AND MUTELIDZ.

BY H. A. PELSBRY.

In the June number, p. 20, a list of the-genera of Unionide and

Mutelide recognized by Dr. v. Ihering is given. It should be noted

that by inadvertence Pleiodon Conr. is given as a genus, but Iher-

ing considers it a synonym of Jridina. The genus Pseudodon Gld.

was omitted after Cristaria Schum.’

Attention should also be directed to the fact that the name Cas-

talia Lam., 1819, is preoccupied in Vermes by Savigny, 1817 (Sys-

téme des Annelides). Probably TerraPLopon Spix, 1827 can be

used in this case as a substitute.

For Aplodon Spix (preoc. by Rafinesque in Pulmonata), may be

substituted SprxoconcHa.

Lea’s name Plagiodon (1856) seems also to be preoccupied (by

Dumeril in Reptilia, 1853), and the group may therefore be called

IHERINGELLA, Lea’s species isocardioides being the type.

‘The Editor fears that these errors may have been due to his own hasty proof-

reading, rather than to defects in the original MS.

THE NAUTILUS. 31

NOTES ON THE ACANTHOCHITIDZ WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW

AMERICAN SPECIES.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The family Acanthochitidz includes Chitons having the exposed

surface of the valves, when present, divided into a narrow dorsal

smooth or striated band, sometimes obsolete, with a granular area on

each side, formed by the union of the lateral areas and the plural tracts

of the central areas. The Cryptoplacide also share this peculiar plan

of valve-sculpture, but they are vermiform in shape and not nearly

covered above by the valves, whilst the Acanthochitide have well-

developed valves covering the upper surface, even in those genera

like Amicula and Cryptochiton which have the girdle-skin extend-

ing over the larger part or the whole of the dorsal armor. There

are many other differences, but still the Cryptoplacide give unmis-

takable evidence of their descent from Acanthochitide. On the

other hand, all other Chitons differ in having the valves divided into

triangular lateral, and wide central areas, and in other equally

important if less obvious features.

The following genera belong to Acanthochitide : Spongiochiton,

Leptoplax, Acanthochites, Katharina, Amicula, Cryptochiton. All

but the first two are found upon the United States coasts. It will

be noticed that the association of Acanthochites with Mopalia, insti-

tuted by Dr. Philip Carpenter, is not retained.

Some naturalists may find it difficult to believe that complex

structures so very similar to each other as are the posterior valves in

Mopalia and Acanthochites could have arisen independently ; but

that this is the fact I feel entirely assured. In the two cases, this

peculiar form of two-slit and sinused posterior insertion-plate, arose

from a perfectly regular, even, and many-slit plate; the two phyla

travelling along parallel roads. The Mopaloids reach their culmi-

nation in Plaxiphora, which has lost its two posterior slits, and is in

this respect quite analogous to an old individual of Cryptochiton

stelleri.

The genus Acanthochites, which has given its name to the family,

is readily recognized by the series of tufts of fine bristles, like spun-

glass, along each side. These tufts may be accounted for by the

theory that they are the result of over-nutrition caused by the fre-

quent flexure of the girdle at the sutures; this flexure naturally

bringing a greater share of nutriment to the stimulated point than

32 THE NAUTILUS.

to the comparatively motionless portion at the sides of each valve,

resulting in a more exuberant growth of girdle spicules there.

Within the Acanthochites stock the progressive diminution of the

tegmentum or outer layer of shell, has proceeded along two lines:

in one series of forms the girdle has encroached at the sutures, pro-

ducing a heart-shaped exposed area, seen in such species as the Noto-

places, and this system has also produced the Amiculas. In the others,

the tendepey has been to encroach along the sides of the valves, leay-

ing a narrow or linear tract, resulting in forms like Acanthochites

exguisitus, and culminating in Cryptoconchus (C. monticularis Q.,

and floridanus Dall.)

Acanthochites is divisible into four sections: Acanthochites typi-

cal, having a wide caudal sinus and two slits in the tail valve, and

well-developed sutural tufts; Notoplax, having several slits in the

tail-valve behind, and the girdle encroaching at the sutures; Oryp-

toconchus, having a similar tail-valve, but the girdle encroaches at

the sides, leaving only a linear dorsal area exposed ; and finally,

Loboplax (sect. nov.), with a many-slit tail-valve, the head valve

strongly 5-lobed and ribbed, girdle nearly naked—type A. violaceus

Quoy. The following two species belong to the typical section :

A. exquisitusn.sp. Visible portions of the valves extremely narrow,

generally less than one-fourth the entire width of the dried animal.

Valves dark olive, interior blue; the girdle light green, tufts very

large, either green, pink or bronze; fleshy covered with a green

pubescence. Length 30, breadth 18 mill. La Paz (Lockington).

The valves are more covered than in any other form, the tegmen-

tum being far less in area than one of the sutural amine.

A. rhodeus n. sp. Exposed portion of valves subtriangular, about

one-third the entire width, the valves depressed, obtusely carinated,

brown, almost separated by the encroachment of the girdle at the

sutures. Median area smooth, not striated. Interior deep rose

colored. Length 28, breadth 15 mill. Panama (MacNeil).

A. (Notoplax) hemphilli n. sp. Valves heart-shaped, about one-

third the total width; red, more or less maculated with white;

girdle rust-brown; dorsal area having some longitudinal striz.

Interior light green at the sides, deep rose-red in the middle. Girdle

wide, sparsely clothed with microscopic hyaline spicules, having a

marginal row of longer spicules and 18 small white tufts. Length

24, breadth 11 mill. Key West, Florida (Hemphill).

THE NAUTILUS. op

MOLLUSCA OF ARKANSAS.

BY F. A. SAMPSON, SEDALIA, MO.

A report on the shells of Arkansas, made to the State Geologist

of that State, will soon be published, and in this paper I will give

the list of species, not including the Unionidee.

I have collected in

twenty-five counties, but not equally in all—in some having made

search in many different places and at different times, and in others

in only one place or at one time.

The type specimens of those species marked * were from Arkan-

Ny p |

sas.

Selenites concava Say.

Limax campestris Binn.

Zonites friabilis W. G. B.

Z. levigatus Pfeif. (Binney’s

Manual).

Z. demissus Binn.

. brittsi Pils.*

. ligerus Say.

. arboreus Say.

. viridulus Mke.

. indentatus Say.

. minusculus Binn.

. placentulus Shuttl. (Binney’s

Manual).

Z. fulvus Drap.

Z. undetermined.

Z. gularis Say.

Tebennophoruscarolinensis Bose.

Patula solitaria Say.

P. alternata Say.

P. perspectiva Say.

Helicodiscus lineatus Say.

Strobila labyrinthica Say.

Polygyra texasiana Mor.

P. triodontoides Bland.

P. jacksoni Bland.

P. dorfeuilliana Lea.

P. dorfeuilliana sampsoni Weth.*

NNNNNNWN

M. divestus Gld.

M. elevatus Say.

M. exoletus Binn.

M. exoletus minor.

M. thyroides Say.

M. thyroides bucculentus Gld.

M. clausus Say.

M. kiowaensis arkansensis Pils.*

Doreasia berlandieriana Mor.

(Binney’s Manual).

Bulimulus dealbatus Say.

Pupa fallax Say.

P. armifera Say.

P. contracta Say.

P. procera Gld.

Succinea ovalis Gld.

S. ovara Say.

S. obliqua Say (Binney’s Man-

ual).

Helicina orbiculata Say.

Limnzea humilis Say.

L. columella Say.

L. catascopium Say.

Physa gyrina Say.

P. heterostrophe Say.

Planorbis trivolvis Say.

P. bicarinatus Say.

Ancylus tardus Say.

Vivipara contectoides W.G. B.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

P. leporina Gld. V. subpurpurea Say.

Stenotrema labrosum Bland. Campeloma subsolidum Anth.

S. edgarianum Lea (Binney’s’ C. ponderosum Say.

Manual.) Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say.

S. stenotremum Fer. Pleurocera subulare Lea.

S. monodon fraterna Say. P. canaliculatum Say.

S. leaii Ward. Goniobasis lawrencei Lea.*

Triodopsis obstricta Say. G. plebeius Anth.

T. appressa Say. G. cubicoides Anth.

T. inflecta Say. : G. crandalli Pils.

T. edentata Sampson.* Spherium suleatum Lam.

T. fallax minor Weth.* S. striatinum Lam.

T. vultuosa Gld. S. stamineum Conr. (Prime).

Mesodon albolabris Say. S. transversum Say (Prime).

M. albolabris minor. Pisidium abditum Hald.

M. albolabris alleni Weth.* P. virginicum Bourg.

One unnamed Zonites bears considerable resemblance to Z. lima-

tulus, but is of only three mm. diameter, more depressed, sutures

less impressed and outer whorl more rounded, and having four

whorls.

The other unnamed one has the general size and appearance of

Z. arboreus, but has six whorls. These were both found on the

Boston Mountains. Zonites brittsi was described in the NauriLus

of last January. The type specimens were collected by Mr. R. A.

Blair, of Sedalia, in Garland County near Hot Springs. They are

very close to Z. demissus.

Patulu solitaria has not before been recorded frem as far south.

Very few specimens of Polygyra texasiana were found in the State,

but they were very abundant in the Indian Territory across the

river from Fort Smith. In no county except Garland were both

dorfeuilliana and its variety sampsoni found. The latter was

most abundant in Carroll County, fifteen or twenty being frequently

under one stone. P. jacksoni was much larger than typical size on

the bluffs at Van Buren. But one Z. obstricta was found, and that

a dead one, near Batesville. 7. edentata were collected on the Bos-

ton Mountains in Franklin County. They are larger than injlecta

and almost or entirely without teeth on the peristome. T. fallaz,

from the northwest corner of ‘the State, were quite small, and many

of them albinos.

THE NAUTILUS. 35

The Mesodon albolabris, from Eureka Springs, are pronounced by

Wetherby to be a very distinct variety. He has also described the

two other varieties from the same place, and the exoletus minor

from there are said by Mr. Binney to be “ very curious.”

The kiowaensis variety, arkansensis, lately described in the NAv-

TILUs, were collected by Mr. R. A. Blair, near Hot Springs.

The Goniobases were generally very plenty where found at all,

and in other streams near by there were none. I have them from

many streams. The G. crandalli was collected at Mammoth

Spring, and described in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Acad-

emy of Sciences.

NOTE ON ENDODONTA (Flammulina) INFUNDIBULUM Hombr. & Jacq.

BY CHARLES HEDLEY, AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, SIDNEY, N. 8S. WALES.

In the “ Reference List of the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of

New Zealand” by Mr. H. Suter and myself, the species named above

was placed under Flammulina crebriflammis Pfr. as a synonym.

Tryon and Pfeiffer, whom we followed in this course, were certainly

wrong in connecting infundibulum with crebriflammis (Mon. Hel.

Viv. iii, p. 148, etc.). H. infundibulum was described from Vavas,

Tonga Is., and appears to be a small variety of Gradata Gould. It

was omitted from Mousson’s Tongan list.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Rey. Dr. A. Dean has removed from Muncy, Pa., to Fort Lee,

N. J., on the Hudson, above New York City. The best wishes of

many brother Conchologists go with him to his new home on the

Palisades.

AN interesting paper on the shells collected by the Death Valley

Expedition, by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, has appeared in the “ North

American Fauna” series, published by the U.S. Dept. of Agricul-

ture. Some pages are given to the discussion of the Tryonias, which

were collected alive by Dr. Merriam in a hot spring in Pahranagat

Valley, Nevada. The “Tryonia” protea is shown to intergrade per-

fectly with the smooth form which Frauenfeld called Hydrobia see-

mani. Itis a species of Bythinella. Stearns retains Tryonia clath-

rata distinct, as he has seen no examples connecting with protea.

Several species of Amnicolids are described and figured, and valu-

36 THE NAUTILUS.

able data on the south-eastward distribution of Avionta are pre-

sented.

Dr. H. von Inertne has been appointed Director of the Zoolog-

ical Department of the Museum at San Paulo, Brazil.

In electing officers of the American Association of Conchologists

for the ensuing year, John H. Campbell was elected President ;

John Ford, Vice-President ; Chas. W. Johnson, Secretary.

THE death of the well-known Zoologist, Cant SeMPER, of Wiirtz-

burg, Germany, on the 29th of May, has been announced.

Wiitarp M. Woop, of San Francisco, intends very soon to make

an eastern trip, visiting Chicago, New York, Philadelphia and

Washington.

Mr. H. E. Sarcent, formerly of Woodville, Alabama, is in Phila-

delphia, where he proposes to spend some time in biological work.

A “REFERENCE List of the Land and Fresh Water Mollusca

of New Zealand” has been published by Messrs Chas. Hedley of

Sydney, N.S. Wales, and H. Suter of Christchurch, New Zealand.

It forms an extremely useful index to that fauna, and is indispen-

sable to those who desire to understand the peculiar genera of Aus-

tralasia.

EXCHANGES.

WANTED, about 25 specimens of any one species of Dentalium ;

also live specimen of Zonites elliotti, demissus, intertextus, gularis,

internus and nitidus. Offered, British L. and Fr. W. and North

American L. and Fr. W. shells, also dart of Zonites ligerus Say.—

Robert Walton, Houghton street, Lower Roxborough, Philadelphia,

Pa.

M. M. Scnorepman, Rhoon, near Rotterdam, Holland, has, to

exchange, many East Indian sea shells. Send list and receive mine.

For EXCHANGE, 200 species of land and fresh water shells, from

British India, Burmah and Ceylon; also large collection of marine

shells from various parts. Offers solicited in land and fresh water

shells—Miss J. E. Linter, Arragon Close, Twickenham, England.

ee: N Mele US.

VOL. VII. AUGUST, 1893. No. 4

NOTICE OF NEW CRETACEOUS FOSSILS FROM THE LOWER GREEN

MARLS OF NEW JERSEY .!

BY R. P. WHITFIELD, AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL

HISTORY, NEW YORK CITY.

Mr. Pilsbry recently sent me a few New Jersey fossils for identi-

fication ; among them were the following new species which he wished

me to describe for the NAUTILUS.

Volutoderma Woolmani n. sp.

Shell, as shown by the internal cast, somewhat more than an

inch in length, and having a diameter of the body volution of seven-

sixteenth of an inch in the cast, being more slender than any species

yet described. Volutions largest just below the suture and attenuate

below, forming a moderately long beak; marked in the upper part

by eight comparatively strong vertical plications, which are obsolete

below. Columella marked by three very distinct folds or ridges, the

lowest of which is the strongest. These are well marked on the

inside of the upper volutions.

This species like most of those from the New Jersey Green Marls

is known only from an internal cast. It retains only two volutions

and is imperfect at the base of the beak. It is very distinct, how-

1 Tllustrations of the following species will be given next month.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

ever from any species previously noticed, being much smaller and

of more slender habit. The external markings are unknown. The

specimen is from the Lower Green Marls at Lenola Station on the

Long Branch Division, Pennsylvania Railroad in Burlington Co.,

New Jersey. The type is in the collection of the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Collected by Mr. Lewis Woolman

of Philadelphia for whom it is named.

Cerithium Pilsbryi n. sp.

Shell elongated and slender; volutions numerous, number not

determined, very gradually expanding with additional growth;

apex and aperture unknown. Volutions slightly convex between

sutures, and ornamented by a band of small oblique nodes immedi-

ately below the suture ; also by aseries of larger vertical folds which

extend across the exposed part of the volution, below the upper band

of nodes, and numbering something more than one half as many to

the volution as the nodes above. There are also very fine spiral

strie almost too fine be seen without magnifying. The lines of

growth are fine but distinct, and take a broad sweeping backward

curve between sutures. Apical angle fifteen to eighteen degrees.

This species is a new type for the New Jersey cretaceous, and I

know of none of the same type in the rocks of this age in North

America; while in the Cretaceous of Palestine there are several

species already described. The one most nearly like this being that

described in the Bulletin Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. for December, 1891,

figured on Pl. IX of Vol. III, figs. 11 and 12, under the name

Cerithium Conradi ; the point of difference between them being the

exact reversal of the lines of nodes, the upper one here being small

while on that one it is the largest. These specimens consist of concre-

tionary matrices, in what appear to have been Coprolitic bodies, in

one of which there are fragments of several species of molluscs repre-

sented. They are also from the Lower Green Marls at Lenola, N. J.

Collected by Mr. Lewis Woolman, and are deposited in the collec-

tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

Another Cerithium-like shell oceurs with the above, but is too

imperfect for specific description. It presents characters which

would most likely ally it to Cerithiopsis. There are imprints of por-

tions of six volutions remaining in the matrix showing three lines of

nodes on each yolution, increasing in size from above downward.

This also is an undescribed species. There is also an internal cast

of a species of Anchura or Rostellaria, which differs from any

THE NAUTILUS. 39

described form, but too imperfect for characterization. Mr. Wool-

man writes me that the locality from which these specimens were

obtained has yielded upward of sixty species of Molluscan remains,

which is rather more than that obtained from any one locality

within the State, from this bed, so far as I know.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CYPREA.

BY JOHN FORD.

In the description of Cyprea cruenta Gmel. var. Greegori Ford,

published in the Nautixus for Feb., 1893, it was suggested that most

conchological students would probaby have made Geegori a species

instead of a variety. It may at once be said that the writer of that

description is now fully convinced of the specific distinction of the

latter, and has therefore decided to alter the name from C. cruenta

Greegori Ford to C. Greegori Ford. Under the circumstances such a

change will doubtless meet with some opposition. Nevertheless, I

have no hesitation in making it, inasmuch as my conclusions are

chiefly based upon the careful study of some fifty specimens secured

by me since the description referred to was written.

These are of various sizes and stages of growth, yet all of them

can be readily separated from any other species belonging to the

genus, though in exceptional instances the heavy callus on the sides

and ends is creamy white and the typical blotches scarcely discern-

able. The larger portion of my former description may be profit-

ably retained, but as it is desirable to make a few additions it is

reproduced here with these included.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

Cyprza Greegori Ford, n. sp.

Shell depressed, orbicular oval in form, callus on the sides and

ends remarkably thickened. That on the sides light salmon in color,

with irregular purple-brown spots, having a blotchy appearance.

Dorsal surface similar to that of erwenta, but lacking the whitish

spots typically present in that species. Base semi-translucent, spot-

less, dark buff or salmon colored, darkest in the interstices. Teeth

on outer lip very strong, long and whitish ; on inner lip finer, with

exception of the anterior fold and one or two adjacent teeth, the first

of these latter being very prominent and notably transverse. Space

between the anterior fold and the following tooth wide and bright-

ened ; posterior teeth of inner lip prolonged outward upon the base.

Dimensions of average specimen: length 14, breadth ¢ inch.

That C. Greegori is more nearly related to C. cruenta than to any

other species, I have no doubt. But it is equally true that the

former possesses several characters altogether distinct from those

belonging to the latter. For instance, C. greegori is more translu-

cent, more rugged, much smaller and rounder in form, different in

general color, and in the peculiar variations of the teeth, also in the

remarkable thickness and brillianey of the callus with which it is

rimmed.

With the probable exception of one poor specimen, this shell was

unknown to the late Mr. Tryon, and for the same reason, perhaps,

it was not noticed in Mr. Robert’s catalogue of the species. Never-

theless, an excellent figure of it was published by Kiener' who merely

referred to it as a variety of C. cruenta (variolaria). A figure,

possibly intended for the same shell, was also published by Sowerby’

who seems to have considered it a variety of C. caurica. More

recently, Sowerby’s figures were alluded to by Mr. J. C. Melvill’, as

the var. coloba, but whether this variety was referable to C. cruenta

or C. caurica, seems to have been a question that he was either unable

or unwilling to decide. At least, in one sentence he apparently

makes C. cruenta responsible for its parentage, while in another

sentence the same honor is given to C. caurica. Verily it seems that

even the babes in “ Pinafore” could not have been more hopelessly

rixed than were these poor little waifs.

1Iconographie Coquilles Vivantes, Page 57, pl. 27, fig. 3.

* Thesaurus Conchyliorum. Plate 23, fig. 190.

31st Vol. 4th series of Memoirs and Proc. of the Manchester, (Engd.) Lit.

and Phil. Society, 1887--8.

THE NAUTILUS. 41

So far as I am aware, no description of the shell, previous to my

own, has been published ; and unless proof of such publication is

shown I shall claim priority both for the name and description.

This claim has especial reference to a criticism of the name applied

to the shell in my former articie.

It might be well to add that the incipient tooth in the interstice

next to the anterior fold, as shown in the figure published in THE

Navtiuus for April, 1895—is not typical, since it is discernable in

less than five per cent of the specimens, and very slightly in them.

In a hurried selection of the specimen for drawing purposes, this

very minute protuberance was unobserved by me. Otherwise it

would not have been drawn. This error has been corrected in the

figure accompanying this article.

BEACH SHELL COLLECTING IN CONNECTION WITH A STUDY OF

OCEANIC PHENOMENA.

BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON.

It has often occurred to me that a shell collector who is something

of a physicist, having a love for historical facts, could furnish

interesting data in regard to shore collecting under certain physical

conditions of the ocean. Few amateur collectors note the historical,

or rather chronological appearance of genera and species collected

by them, they are usually satisfied with obtaining a “good find,”

but time and seasons are hardly observed, certainly not studied as

furnishing data for future reference. A storm is hailed as a precur-

sor of “ rare finds,” but a study of the storm with notes in regard to

it, accompanied with a list of shells found after such a storm are too

frequently neglected by collectors. Mollusks are collected too often

as a miser collects his money, as a mania, not as a medium for an

intelligent study of Nature. It seems to me, that a study of

mollusks thrown upon the shore from other areas, in connection with

a study of the physical condition of the ocean at such times, would

be very helpful to the collector, although of no value to science. It

may be urged that shells cast up by the sea are merely “ happen-

4? THE NAUTILUS.

ings” and no data can be gathered in reference to what seems a work

of chance. When a heavy gale ploughs up the home of mollusks

and huge breakers land them, by the incoming tide, on the shore, no

collector can fore-tell when such a phenomenon may occur, nor

what conchological rarities may follow in the wake of such a storm.

Rare shells are sometimes washed ashore, then years may elapse

before they again make their appearance. Sometimes shells con-

sidered as belonging to the fauna of a different latitude are found

among the drift in such small numbers as to raise a quéstion as to

their introduction by artificial means. During a violent storm

mollusks travel great distances before they are cast upon the shore.

This is especially noticeable in pelagic organisms which are often

cast upon the beach when some ocean current buoys them inward

toward the shore. All these facts combine to make it impossible

to collect working data, but one cannot doubt that a study of collec-

tions as the result of unusual conditions of Neptune might be con-

ducted with some satisfactory results. A diary of the atmosphere,

tides, daily physical conditions of the ocean with lists of shells found

during the same period, if followed any length of time, might be

resultant in adding a few facts that would be interesting, even

though not very valuable. High and low tides would influence

“finds” atany time, but some “low tides” are much richer in

molluscan forms than others.

As a rule each region has its own fauna; when this fauna is dis-

turbed and carried outside the range of its own normal environment

it must be due to unusual conditions in the surrounding water ;

shells from the laminarian and inner corallines zones found strewn

upon the beach are the effect of some cause. To a physicist, a study

of the storm that stranded rare forms upon-the beach, would surely

be as interesting and important as the shells found in the drift!

The study of oceanic phenomena in connection with conchological

acquisitions might be valuable to the collector in many ways;

although of no value to the scientifie world in these days of applied

science, with hydrographers collecting data, and with all the modern

appliances furnished to ships sent out on scientific explorations.

We narrow our horizon by failing to observe and study that which

is near at hand. There are environments that afford more than

ordinary facilities for study, but only a few are so favored, and only

a small proportion of these utilize their opportunities.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

NOTES ON THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF SUCCINEA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

[ Coneluded from Vol. VI, p. 31.]

(18.) S. luteola Gould. Mr. Singley sent me this from Manatee Co.,

Florida, and at the same time specimens marked terasiana

Pfr., from Derby, Frio Co., Texas. I made notes on these

shells as follows:

(a.) S. texasiana. Belongs perhaps to putris group, but very

different from it, and forming a new subsection. Shell

shaped, but for mouth, like some varieties of Limnwa

palustris. Length 163 mill. Transversely irregularly

striate-ribbed. Young example semitransparent pale

horn, adults opaque yellowish-white.

(b.) S. luteola. No doubt the same species as texasiana, but the

specimens are horn-color and smaller; some little ones are

more like putris—7} mill. long, shiny, striate, horn-color,

more globose, spire short.

Sect. III. Lweene.

=Tycena Oken.

(19.) S. avara Say. This species varies in color a good deal, and

also in shape. The following are the varieties described or

known to me.

(a.) forma alba noy. - Shell greenish-white. Horseshoe Bend

Gulch, Custer Co., Colorado, at about 10,000 ft. alt. Mr-

H. Prime has an albino of §. avara from Arizona, and

there is a specimen in the Binney and Bland collection

from New York State (Dr. Lewis.)

(b.) forma wardiana Lea. Shell yellow.

(c.) var. vermeta Say. Yellowish, thin, suture deep. I have

seen a clear red-brown form of this from Toronto, Can-

ada (D. B. Cockerell). An amber-colored form was sent

to me by Mr. Binney, collected by Mr. W.S. Teator at

Barrytown, Duchess Co., N. Y.—this may also fall

under vermeta.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

(d.) var. compacta Ckll. J. of Conch., 1892, p. 39. Colorado.

(e.) forma major W.G. Binney, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Nov.,

1858, sine deser. A large variety, about 133 mill. long,

in the Binney and Bland collection, is from Utica, N.

Y. It is marked var. major, apparently in Mr. Binney’s

handwriting.

(20.) S. aurea Lea. I formerly supposed this might be

closely allied to pfeifferi; having received a close relative

or variety of that species from St. Thomas, Ontario, Can-

ada (D. B. Cockerell), which seemed to agree with aurea.

This view, however, was probably erroneous, as a speci-

men marked aurea in the Binney and Bland collection

seems to belong to the avara section.

(21.) S. mooresiana Lea. I have found shells in a dry locality

on Round Mountain, Custer Co., Colo., which, although

no doubt referable to a variety of avara, appear to be

Lea’s mooresiana. *A specimen of mooresiana in the

Binney and Bland collection, from the Platte River, also

seems to belong to S. avara.

(22.) S. oregonensis Lea. Mr. Singley sent me this from Dal-

les, Oregon, (E. H. White). I noted that they were of

the avara group, but in shape approaching the pfeiffert

group, pale reddish-horn, striate, dull. One in the Bin-

ney and Bland collection looks like a member of the

pfeiffert group, but another, marked with a query, is

larger and seems to belong to the avara section.

(23.) S. rusticana Gould. Mr. Singley sent me some shells

labelled oregonensis from Plumas Co., California (G. W.

Michael), of which I noted: avara group, larger than

oregonensis from The Dalles, greenish-horn, more shiny,

whorls more convex. These specimens seemed to agree

better with rusticana than oregonensis. Later, Mr. Bin-

ney has sent me a shell, apparently rusticana, found by

Mr. Hemphill at Julian City, San Diego Co., California.

This shell is 10? mill. long, form of rusticana, but aper-

ture more oblique, color reddish-horn, rather shiny; soft

parts (in alcohol) black. It is impossible to tell whether

THE NAUTILUS. 45

these shells should be separated from rusticana without

examining a larger series showing the variation.

(24.) S. verrilli Bld. Apparently belongs to sect. Lucene, but

I have not seen specimens.

(25.) S. grenlandica Beck. Specimens in the Binney and

Bland collection from Kuksuk, Greenland, almost cer-

tainly belong to this group; although the species seems

to have leaning toward the Campestres, with which it

allies itself through S. chrysis and S. annewa.

Section IV. Campestres.

(26.) S. campestris Say. Mr. Singley sent me specimens of this

from Long Key, Florida; they seemed to me nearly identi-

cal with S. lineata from Kremmling, Colo. A variety of

campestris was named inflata by Lea.

(27.) S. lineata W. G. Binney. Found in rejectamenta at Kremm-

ling, Colo., together with a form elongata, Ckll., J. of Conch.,

1892, p. 39.

(28.) S. greerii Tryon. This is considered asynonym of S. obliqua,

but a dead shell in the Binney and Bland collection from

Vicksburg, Miss. (Tryon), appeared to resemble campestris.

(29.) S. chrysis Westerl.

(30.) S. annexa Westerl. This and the last appear to belong here,

but are probably related somewhat to grenlandica. The

presence of whitish streaks on the arctic species is note-

worthy. Dr. yon Martens (Conch. Mittheilungen, 1885)

has described a var. auwrelia of S. chrysis from Alaska.

(31.) S. unicolor Tryon. A specimen so named is in the Binney

and Bland collection from New Orleans, La. It isa peculiar

shell, apparently of sect. Campestres, very globose, spire short

and blunt.

(32.) S. turgida Westerl. This species is unknown to me; it is

recorded in Land— och Sétv. Moll. Vega—Exped. 1885.

(33.) S. decampti Tyron. Belongs to Amphibine, and was acci-

dently omitted in the proper place. It is considered a form

of ovalis, but a specimen from Michigan (Tryon), in the

46 THE NAUTILUS.

Binney and Bland collection seemed hardly quite like

ovalis ; small, shiny, thin, rather greenish.

Of these 33 nominal species of Suecinea, possibly not more than

about half will prove valid, but it is impossible to arrive at any

exact results without further research into the variation, anatomy

and distribution of the several forms.

The distribution, so far as known, present some features of

interest. The species of the eastern and northern states are more

like those of Europe than the southern or western. The southern

and northwestern distribution of the campestres is noteworthy. It

appears that in glacial times, owing to a warm current, the coast of

Alaska was free from ice, while that of British Columbia was

‘glaciated down to the sea’; hence a contingent of the campestres may

have survived to the north, while their representatives in some of

the middle regions were exterminated.

While on the subject of Succinea, it may be worth while to call

attention to fig. 13 of pl. Il, Bull, U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 34,

(1886). The fossil there figured is referred by Dr. C. A. White

with doubt to Limnea, but is it not a Succinea of the section

Tnwcenee ?

Regarding the Calif. Suce. stretchiana (Naut. VI, p. 72), I fear

the specimens were in a box which unfortunately got lostin the

post on its way back to Mr. Singley. They seemed to represent a

distinct form, but it is possible that they were not true stretehiana.

Bland’s type was from Washoe Co., Nevada; and no doubt the

specimen from that locality in the Binney and Bland collection

belonged to the original lot, the actual type being in U. 8. N. M.

(see Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 497). The Washoe Co. specimen

examined by me was in some respects like avara, and by no means

altogether like the Californian examples; but considering the

variation seen in species of Succinea, I did not feel able to decide

without better material, whether they should be held distinct, and

so accepted the indication of the labels. There is a Colorado Sueci-

nea which was formerly thought to be stretchiana, but it is certainly

either a var. of avara or a species very closely allied. Is anyone

prepared to say exactly what distinguishes stretehiana from other

species? If the San Francisco specimens were not stretchiana, I am

rather puzzled to know what are the true characters of the species.

Perhaps the anatomy would settle the question.

See Prestwich, Geology (1888) Vol. II, p. 464.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

GENERAL NOTES.

VITRINA LIMPIDA IN PENNSYLVANIA.—In April of this year I

found about a dozen dead shells of Vitrina limpida Gould on the

bank of the Ohio River about 14 miles below Pittsburg, I have

since visited the place and found about 20 additional shells all dead

and most of them broken. There were many more too badly broken

to be worth taking. A careful search both times failed to bring

any live shells to light, and as many of the shells found were young

I think the colony must have become extinct last year. They were

found among “ drift,” so may have come from the head-waters of

the Allegheny River in New York State.

I intend visiting the place again soon and will report results—

Geo. H. Clapp, Pittsburg, Pa.

ARGONAUTA FOUND ALIve.—A living specimen of the Paper Nau-

tilus, Argonauta argo, was found at Palm Beach, Dade Co., Fla., in

April by Mrs. C. Rowland of Philadelphia. This handsome shell

is over six inches in diameter. It is rare that living examples of

this are found on our coast.

The West American Scientist for July contains a biographical

sketch of the late Henry Chandler Orcutt, of San Diego, Cal.

A Rare Ovp Boox.—An auction sale of old and rare books took

place here a few days ago. This collection was consigned to

a prominent auctioneer direct from Great Britain (around the

Horn). I was lucky enough to have a catalogue sent me. In look-

ing same over, I found only one book on Conchology. It was

numbered 324 and described as “Collection de differentes especes

de Coquillage, par George Wolffgang Knorr. Both parts, plates

giving hundreds of beautifully colored figures of rare shells, 4to”

I attended the sale and when no. 324 was put up the bid started

at 50 cents; I went one better, 55, then two prominent bookdealers

began bidding with me, until one of them struck the dollar limit

and ceased. I went one better, bidding $1.10; and as they saw that

I was determined to get it, they stopped; and the book was knocked

down to me for the above ridiculously small amount.

Upon reaching home I found it to be published in French, and

during the reign of King Louis XV—1765, although George

48 THE NAUTILUS.

Wolffgang Knorr, the author, states he wrote it during Nov. 1756

at Nuremberg. The print is in the old style; very large.

The book contains 100 pages, has 47 plates containing 248 exqui-

sitely water-colored (by hand) figures of shells.

Think of the time it must have taken to color these! How I

would like to have a glimpse of the person who colored them, 129

years ago! Some of the tints, especially the pearly ones used in

Haliotis striata, Haliotis marmorata and Trochus niloticus, are

something wonderfully clever.

On the inside of the cover, was a piece of paper glued. On it

was engraved a crest of some person, with the words “ Navitir et

Solerter,”’ and underneath it was engraved the following :—“ Daniel

Cresswell, S. T. P. Coll: S.S. Trin: apud Cant: Soc.” The crest

was composed of a large ostrich with a nail in its mouth. Beneath

this wasa shield, within same were three squirrels sitting on their .

hind legs, eating acorns or something of that sort. Upon close

investigation, I discovered this crest was pasted over another.

With a great deal of trouble I succeeded in separating the two.

The lower one was an egg-shaped circle, within was a shield with

three holes in the upper portion. On top of the shield rested some

kind of a royal head-gear. Upon this head-gear lay a mummy

and upon the mummy an eagle had just alighted, and was in the act

of tearing out the eyes of the mummy. Under the crest was the sig-

nature of “JOHN LATHAM, M. D., Winchester. ”

Who can tell me anything about the persons above named?

Also if there are many of these books in existence. I should judge

they were quite rare. HowTI do wish that many other British col-

lections of old books might be brought here and sold at pub-

lic auction. Many rare books published during 1567-1656-1780

and 1800 were sold at the above sale, all the way from 25 cents to

$5.00— Williard M. Wood, San Francisco, Cal., March 15, 1893.

EXCHANGES.

LAND AND FR.-waterR SHeius of Eastern Pennsylvania to

exchange for Land, Fresh-water or Marine-shells from other local-

ities.— Walter Black, 541 James Ave., Roxborough, Phila., Pa.

THE NAUTILUS.

NEW CRETACEOUS FOSSILS,

(hae: Nereus.

VOL. VII. SEPTEMBER, 1898. No. 5

ILLUSTRATIONS OF NEW CRETACEOUS SHELLS.

Volutoderma Woolmani Whitf. Plate II, figs. 4, 5.

Described in the Nautilus (August) Vol. VII, p. 57. Lenola,

Burlington Co., N. J.

Cerithium Pilsbryi Whitf. Plate II, fig. 3.

Described in the Nautilus (August) Vol. VII, p. 58. Lenola,

Burlington Co., N. J. Drawn from a guttapercha squeeze of the

natural cast.

Since the publication of Mr. Woolman’s article on the cretaceous

fossils found at Lenola, near Moorestown, Burlington Co., N. J., in

the Proc. of the Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phila., 1893, page 219, the

following additional species have been found by Messrs Morris

Schick, Robt. Hancock, John G. Johnson and Chas. L. Thackeray.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.’

Cyprimeria densata Conr. Vol. I, p. 157, pl. XXII, figs. 19-21.

Lucina Smockana Whitf. Vol. I, p. 130, pl. X VIII, figs. 21, 22.

Arca quindecimradiata Gabb. Vol. I, p. 208, pl. XX VII, figs.

10-13.

Crassatella conradi Whitf. Vol. I, p. 209, pl. XX VIII, figs. 1-

1 The references after specific names are to Whitfield’s Paleontology of N. J.

52 THE NAUTILUS.

Modiola (Lithodomus 2) inflata Whitf. Vol.I, p.197, pl. XX VI,

figs. 13, 14.

Inoceramus sagensis Owen. Vol. I, p. 76, pls. XIV, XV, figs.

16,4, 2:

Inoceramus sagensis var. quadrans Whitf. Vol. I, p. 79, pl. XV,

fig. 16.

Cardium sp.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FOSSIL CYPREA.

BY JOHN H. CAMPBELL.

Cyprea Squyeri n.s. Plate II, figs. 1, 2.

Shell ovate-oblong, attenuated at the extremities. Spire promi-

nent, showing four whorls; outer lip thickened and having on the

inner edge thirteen or fourteen teeth. Anterior half of the aper-

ture wide, but contracted at the extremity, posterior end contracted

and projecting slightly beyond the spire. Under the magnifying

glass the shell shows strong revolving raised lines and _striz.

Length 20 mm., width 11 mm., height 9 mm.

A notice of the finding of this shell by Mr. Homer Squyer of

Mingusville, Mont., in the cretaceous formation (Fox Hills Group)

of eastern Montana, and the above proposed name, were published

in the Nautitus Vol. VI, p. 50. This shell resembles in outline

the recent Cyprea stolida, but its very prominent spire would sepa-

rateit from this group. Shell structure is wanting on most of its dor-

sal surface and the inner lip obscured by the hard matrix, which it

would be inadvisable to remove. In a recent letter from Mr.

Squyer he says “ This summer while looking for fossils I found the

outer lip of the imperfect specimen, found at the time I obtained

the type. This specimen I have sent to the U. S. National

Museum.” The type has been placed in the collection of the

American Association of Conchologists.

PRELIMINARY NOTICE OF NEW SPECIES OF LAND-SHELLS FROM THE

GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, COLLECTED BY DR. G. BAUR.

BY WM. H. DALL.

Bulimulus (Nesiotus) duncanus n. s.

Shell short, stout, inflated, thin, with wrinkled and slightly gran-

THE NAUTILUS. 53

ulose surface and six and a half whorls; apex rather pointed,

whorls rapidly enlarging, the suture behind the last whorl deeper

than the rest, aperture relatively small, rather oblique; the lip sim-

ple, not reflected, a single tubercle on the body whorl well within

the aperture and about equidistant from either lip ; umbilicus per-

forate, narrow. Alt. of shell 18; of last whorl 12°5; diam. of shell

11 mm.

Duncan Island, Baur ; no living ones seen.

Bulimulus (Nesiotus) amastroides Ancey var. Anceyi Dall.

Shell resembling B. amastroides Ancey but with more plicate sur-

face, ruder aspect, smaller mouth and more angular periphery.

Lon. 9, lat. 4°55 mm.

Chatham Island, 1600 feet; Baur.

This may prove merely a depauperate variety of B. amastroides,

but at first sight it looks very different.

Bulimulus jacobi var. vermiculatus Dall.

Shell with five and a half sharply granulated, wrinkled whorls;

suture deep, aperture small, simple, thin-edged ; umbilicus perforate,

rather large but not funicular. Lon. 8, lat 5:5, alt. of last whorl 6:0

mm.

James Island at James Bay, Baur.

Resembles a dwarf B. jacobi with very sharp, beaded, alternate

granulations in spiral rows; transverse wrinkles small but distinct ;

the spire pointed but the apex rather blunt.

Bulimulus olla Dall. (B. jacobi Reeve, Icon., not of Sby., Conch. Illustr.)

Duncan, Indefatigable, and Barrington Islands, Dr.- Baur.

This shell is closely related to B. jacobi and was figured by

Reeve under the name of jacobi. The original jacobi was sent by

Cuming to Dr. Lea and subsequently a specimen of Reeve’s form

was added by Mr. Cuming. These are now in the Nat. Museum.

The true jacobi is smaller, and is sharply spirally sculptured with

fine lines of beaded granules alternating in size, every fifth or sixth

row being larger. It has six inflated whorls and a pale peripheral

band. B. olla has a nearly smooth almost polished surface, only

marked with incremental faint lines, seven whorls and a very bul-

bous pillar. It is a larger shell than the original jacobi. The lat-

ter comes from James, Albemarle, Charles and Chatham Islands, in

the wooded zone, while B. o//a inhabits the grassy upper zone.

54 THE NAUTILUS.

Bulimulus (Nesiotus) tortuganus n. s.

Shell small, solid, moderately elongated with six and a half

whorls ; the earlier whorls subtranslucent madder brown with a pale

peripheral stripe, more or less silky and sculptured with very fine

spiral lines ; sutures very distinct ; later whorls malleated, wrinkled

or pecked; rude, fleshy white, with a variably large perforate

umbilicus ; aperture small, with a Jump on the pillar and another

within the middle of the outer lip; lips thickened, white, slightly

reflected, the throat brownish, body with a thin, transparent callus.

Lon. of shell 12, of aperture 5°5; max. diam. of shell 7 mm.

La Tortuga, grassy zone, South Albermale, Baur.

This shell which is very characteristic seems to be abundant

where found by Dr. Baur. Itseems nearest to B. simrothi Reibisch.

of the described species. It is remarkable for the illustrations it

gives of the varied influence of the environment on different individ-

uals. The sculpture of the last whorl recalls that of B. rugiferus.

The young is hispid and colored like that of wnifasciatus, but is

narrower; the pale peripheral band is almost wholly obscured in

the adult and the hairs are soon lost.

Bulimulus (Nesiotus) Bauri nu. s.

Shell small, short, stout, with a dark rapidly attenuated spire,

distinct suture, and opaque yellow-brown last whorl ; whorls about

seven, the earlier ones dark livid purple with straw colored streaks,

paler at the suture, rude and malleated ; last whorl inflated, more

or less transversely wrinkled, somewhat polished ; umbilicus closed

or a mere chink; aperture subquadrate, angulated behind and at

the base of the pillar; pillar short, oblique; lips simple, thick,

especially across the body where the callus has a raised edge ; throat

white. Lon. of shell 10, of aperture 45; max. lat. of shell 6°5

mm.

Hibernating on the under side of leaves of plants at the Southwest

end of Chatham Island, 1600 ft. above the sea, Dr. Baur.

This is one of the most distinctive species of the whole group.

Hyalinia chathamensis n. s.

Shell small, thin, straw colored, depressed, with four rounded

polished whorls; suture distinct; sculpture of numerous radiating,

slightly flexuous, indented lines; umbilicus deep, exhibiting all the

volutions, but rather narrow. Max. diam, 3, min. diam. 2°25 mm.

Alt. of shell 1°30 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. v0

Chatham Island, 1600 feet, 1 specimen, Dr. Baur.

This shell recalls H. arborea Say, but is much smaller and has a

different umbilicus. In the characters of the aperture, etc., not

mentioned above, it duplicates arborea.

Conulus galapaganus na. s.

Shell close to C. fulvus, but has five whorls to four in a specimen

of fulvus of the same diameter; it has a very well marked suture

and the whorls between the sutures are more rounded than in

fulvus. The height of C. galapaganus is greater in proportion to

the number of whorls. Alt. of shell 3°25; max. diam. of shell 2°5

mm.

Chatham Island, 1600 ft., Dr. Baur.

This shell appears to difter from all the forms like fulvus, selenkai,

ccecocides, etc., by its smaller size, very brilliant surface, inflated

whorls and number of turns. It wants entirely the spiral striation

of Zonites bauri which isa much larger and more depressed shell.

In fact it seems like an elevated, dwarfed and inflated C. fulvus.

There are probably other Helices on the islands which have not

yet been collected.

Succinea corbis n. s.

Shell small, of two anda half whorls, to which a black mould

adheres with tenacity. The first whorl and a half are salmon pink

in the adult but the young of the same size are pale amber. In the

adult the last whorl is of a pale straw color. The shell resembles

S. wolfi in form but is smaller and has a more contracted aperture ;

it is instantly recognized, when examined with a good lens, by its

surface which is minutely shagreened all over with an excessively

fine network of closely recticulated incised lines. Alt. of shell 4.,

max. diam. 4; extreme length of aperture 4 mm.

S. Albemarle Island on dry bones of turtles, Dr. Baur.

The remarkable sculpture is not visible to the naked eye except

as a sort of hoary bloom on the surface. Under a compound

microscope it looks like closely woven basket work. I have exam-

ined a great many Succineas without finding any other species pos-

sessing this character. The sparse dichotomous impressed sculpture

which appears on Succineas from Samoa and other oceanic islands

and is occasionally visible on 8S. beftii is an entirely different

thing.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

I may add that the 8. bettii var. brevior of Smith, is in my opinion

distinct from S. bettii and should be raised as S. brevoir to specific

rank. I have examined a large number of both forms. S. bettii is

a species of the wooded zone, S. brevior of the dry zone. It is prob-

able that S. wolfi Reibisch may be only a variety of S. bettir.

The final report on Dr. Baur’s collections will not long be delayed.

The species will be figured and their anatomical characters dis-

cussed. The most important fact thus far determined is the close

alliance of all the Nesiotes, Rhaphiellus and Pleuropyrgus to the

American Bulimuli of the type of B. serperastrus. The different

forms of the shell are dynamic not genetic differences, and there is

no doubt as to the exclusively American type of the whole fauna,

when the groups represented are not of world wide distribution.

PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE SPECIES OF STROBILOPS.!

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The United States species of this genus have generally been

believed to be but two in number, the “ Helix” labyrinthica of Say,

and Hubbardi of A. D. Brown; the types of both being in the

museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

The writer some months ago, gave the varietal name virgo to

specimens sent him for determination by Rev. H. W. Winkley,’ and

later the name affinis* to another form.

Recently, with the assistance of Mr. H. E. Sargent, the various

species and varieties have been re-examined and compared, with the

result of finding that, in what has hitherto passed as “ H. labyrin-

thica,” there seem to be at least three well marked species. These

species agree in general form and sculpturing, but differ in size,

color, degree of depression, and especially in the internal lamelle of

1 Strobilops Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, p. 408, S¢robila Morse

1866, not S¢vodz/a Sars, 1883, nor Stvobz/us Anton, 18389.

*Nautilus. ,

*Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila., 1892, p. 404, (no description).

THE NAUTILUS. VE

basal and outer walls of the body whorl. In this they are compara-

ble to the Clausilias, Endodontas, ete.

The species may be tabulated thus:

a. Internal lamellz on floor of body whorl 2 or 3, short; color dark

brown ; one parietal fold conspicuously emerging from aperture.

b. Form elevated conoidal . . . S. dabyrinthica Say.

bb. Form much depressed . . S. labyrinthica strebeli Pfr.

aa. Internal lamelle on floor and adjacent side wall of body whorl

6 or more. :

b. 6 long lamelle ; 2 parietal foldsemerging; color white or

pale brownish ; form elevated, . . S. virgo Pils.

bb. About 8 short lamellz arranged in a curved radial series;

color dark brown; form elevated ... . S. affinis Pils.

The figures of Morse and Binney represent S. labyrinthica Say.

The S. labyrinthica strebeli Pfr. was described from Mirador,

Mexico, the specimens before me being from that locality. It was

well figured by Pfeiffer in the Malakozoologischer Blitter viii, pl. 1,

figs. 5-8; but Crosse and Fischer’s figures (Moll. Mex.) do not

represent it. They were probably drawn froma specimen of S.

virgo, but certainly not from strebeli. Mr. Sargent has found a

form closely resembling the Mexican strebeli, at Woodville, Ala.

The original examples of S. virgo are greenish-white in color.

They were collected by Rev. H. W. Winkley near Sebec Lake,

Piscataquis Co., Maine. Mr. Sargent has found a form of the same

species at Woodville, Ala., where they are of a light brownish

tint.

S. affinis isa large form, very abundant at many localities in

New York, Ohio, etc. Its prominent feature is the armature of

numerous short lamella, extending in a forwardly curved series from

the axis across the base and up the side wall.

The writer wishes to prepare an illustrated paper upon these

forms, and will be glad to receive specimens from as many localities

as possible, and especially western and southern localities. Anyone

sending specimens will receive in return (if they wish it) a copy of

the pamphlet “Preliminary Classification of the Helices,” and,

when it is issued, a copy of the projected paper on Strobilops.

58 THE NAUTILUS.

CHARLES B. FULLER.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

The death of Mr. Charles B. Fuller, which occurred in April

last, removes from our midst a man who had been a most enthusi-

astic worker in the Natural History of the State of Maine. Since

1858 he had been Curator of the museum of the Natural History

Society of Portland, and the results of his labor have greatly

enriched that museum. His interest in Conchology was great, and

though he never published his results, the rooms of the society show

what his labor was. I had several times suggested that he allow

me to send his name for membership in the Association but his reply

was “I am too old now and cannot help them.” He has however

helped many, and some of our younger members will recall him as

ever ready to assist. Though quiet and retiring, he soon became a

warm friend to one who loved Nature. His work and influence

must live for a long time, though he is no longer present.

THE NEW POSTAL RULING.

It has always been recognized that scientific research is greatly

furthered by the exchange of the various objects with which that

research is concerned. For the transmission of objects of natural

history from one country to another, the mails have offered a cheap

and speedy means. Heretofore, through the laxity with which the

regulations have been enforced, it has been possible to enter such

objects in the mails of the Universal Postal Union as “samples of

merchandise,” and under the rates of postage therefor. From

official information lately received from the United States Post

Office Department, it appears that such a rating is entirely unauthor-

ized by existing provisions, and that objects of natural history may

only be mailed by the rates required for letters. The United

States Post Office Department also stated that it had recently sub-

mitted a proposition to the countries comprised in the Postal Union,

THE NAUTILUS. 59

to modify the regulations so that such specimens may be entered in

the mails as “samples of merchandise ;” but that a sufficient num-

ber of countries had voted against the proposition to defeat it.

Those countries voting negatively were Austria, Bolivia, British

India, Canada, Germany, Great Britain, Guatemala, Hungary,

Japan, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Tunis, Uraguay

and Venezuela.

The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia has appointed,

through its President, a Committee (Chairman, Mr. P. P. Calvert)

to address the various scientific bodies with which it is in communi-

cation in those countries, and to request them to memorialize their

respective Governments in favor of the proposed modification. The

letter rate for postage in the Postal Union is ten times that required

for samples of merchandise, so that the former is virtually prohib-

itive.

In view of the fact that the subject is one which concerns all

Zoologists, the NauTiLus would urge its readers to use such influ-

ence as they may be able in favor of the proposed change. Foreign

Conchologists living in the countries named above, will, it is hoped,

exert their influence toward the modification desired.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Mr. E. W. Roper of Revere, Mass., returning from Chicago,

visited the Conchological fraternity of Washington and Phila-

delphia recently.

Dr. B. SHarp of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-

delphia has departed on a scientific mission to the Sandwich Islands.

He expects to return in December.

A VALUABLE MONOGRAPH upon the “ Pleistocene History of

Northeastern Iowa,” by W. J. M’Gee appears in the Eleventh

Annual Report of the U.S. Geological Survey, just issued.

The senior Editor of the Nauriuus is engaged upon a guide of

the Heliciform land snails. All of the genera and subgenera will

be thoroughly defined, both as to shells and anatomy ; a number of

species of every subdivision will be figured, the anatomy will be

figured, and the species of each groyp will be enumerated. An

60 THE NAUTILUS.

immense amount of new information, not to be found in any of the

eonchological manuals, will be offered. The work, it is believed,

will form a complete text book of the subject, and will be indis-

pensable to the student of land snails.

Pror. Ratpa Tarte describes a number of intepesiti new

Australian gastropoda in the Tr. Roy. Soc. S. Austr. June, 1893.

Among them are the following Turbinide and Trochide; Astralium

rutidoloma, Clanculus consobrinus, euchelioides, Thalotia neglecta,

Calliostoma spinulosum, Euchelus fenestratus, pumilio, vicumbilicatus,

annectans, and E. (Hybochelus) ampullus. He states that Euchelus

tasmanicus Tenison-Woods is the same as E. scabriusculus (Angas)

Fischer, the type of Pilsbry’s subgenus Herpetopoma. <A supple-

mental list of S. Australian mollusea is also given.

OLFACTORY ORGANS OF HeEtrx. Dr. A. B. Griffiths (Proc. Roy.

Soc. Edinb. 1892,) contends that Sochaczewer’s experiments, by

which he showed that the tentacula of Helix pomatia are not

olfactory organs, were untrustworthy from his use of turpentine,

which gives off a vapor that is irritating to the sensitive tissues

generally. If snails are placed on flat slabs, the edges of which

have been smeared with eau de cologne, methyl or ethyl acetate,

liquids the vapors of which are not irritants, such as have the

tentacula removed gradually approach the edges of the slabs, while

those whose tentacles are uninjured turn away from the edges. He

concludes, therefore, that the tentacles are the seat of the olfactory

organs in Helix.

The Mid-August number of the Zoologischer Anzeiger contains an

excellent portrait of J. Victor Carus, in commemoration of his

seventieth birthday.

Mr. A. Belt, in writing of the mollusks of Dorset, (England)

gives the following interesting notes. It is well known that thrushes

in seasons of scarcity hunt for snails, and to extract the animal

break the shell by beating it against a stone. Stones that have

been used for this purpose, with the broken shells lying around

them are frequently noticed but I had never before found them in

such profusion as on the present occasion. A very large proportion

of the 576 specimens of Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis found

consist of these fragments. In fact, the birds had so thoroughly

worked the district that until a heavy fall of rain induced the snails

to come forth from inmost hiding-places, I did not find more than a

dozen live shells of these species. On one occasion I found 42

H. aspersa, H. hortensis and H. nemoralis round one stone.

‘a

THE NAUTILUS,

Q >

1693.

PILSBRY.—NEW N. JERSEY AND MEXICAN SHELLS.

vr Neri vs.

VOL. Vu. OCTOBER, 1898. No. 6

ILLUSTRATIONS OF MEXICAN MELANIANS.!

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The distribution of the Melanians and of land operculates in the

Americas forms a most interesting chapter in zoogeography. As is

well known, the family Plewroceride comprises all of the Melanians

found living in North America above the Rio Grande; and more-

over no members of this family or subfamily are known to exist out-

side of this area. South of the Texas boundary there are few mela-

nians or none throughout northern Mexico; but as we approach the

isthmus of Tehauntepec the characteristic neotropical genera Pachy-

chilus and Hemisinus appear, and are represented by a considerable

number of species and innumerable local races. The richness of

this fauna in varietal forms rivals the prolific streams of Tennessee

and northern Alabama. Every spring and stream has its peculiar

variations, often so distinct typically, that the naturalist is tempted

into extravagance in naming them as species. The illustrations here

with given represent some of the forms of Pachychilus glaphyrus

from the State of Tabasco, sent to the Academy of Sciences by

Professor Rovirosa, a zealous and enlightened naturalist of that

State.

v Reprinted by permission from the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

Pachychilus glaphyrus Morelet.

This species is an exceedingly variable one, more so perhaps than

any other Mexican Melanian. The American student, however,

will readily call to mind cases of equal variability among the species

of our Southern States. The material sent by Prof. Rovirosa com-

prises a number of varietal forms not before made known.

P. glaphyrus Rovirosai Pils. (PI. I, figs. 9, 10.)

Shell large and heavy, elevated conical, the lateral outlines

straight above, modified by the slight convexity of the whorls below.

Spire more or less truncated at tip, half-grown specimens, (PI. I, fig.

9,) possessing 8 remaining whorls ; adults, (PI. I, fig. 10,) having one

or two whorls less.

Surface most minutely spirally striated the striz visible only

under a lens. Young and half-grown specimens are otherwise

smooth, except for very slight spiral lire toward the base. When

a little more than half-grown, there appear coarse, oblique, curved

wave-like folds on the body-whorl, extending to the periphery but

not below it. Simultaneously with these undulations, begin spiral

spaced lirze crossing them, which are slightly more prominent on

the crests of the waves. This sculpture continues upon all subse-

quent volutions. The last volution of an adult specimen is slightly

compressed below the suture, then quite convex. It has ten waves,

and about nine spiral lire, but the number of these last is quite

variable on different specimens.

The color is olive in young, blackish in old examples: interior of

the mouth white, maculated with brown at the position of the

periphery and folds. This marking is also seen on the eroded spire

in some specimens.

Aperture ovate, acute above, slightly exceeding one-third the

total length of the shell. Columella white, regularly arcuate,

spreading in a brown-tinted callus.

Dimensions. An adult specimen measures: Alt. 78, diam. 28

mm. Aperture, alt. 25, width 18 mm. A younger specimen

measures: Alt.56,diam.20 mm. Aperture, alt. 20, diam. 123 mm.

Collected from a spring which gushes from the western brow of

the little ridge of the Limon, State of Tabasco, Mexico.

This form is allied to P. glaphyrus typical, and to the var. scam-

nata, but it is distinct from both. The form is notable for its stout,

straight-sided spire, non-impressed sutures, and the unsculptured

young.

THE NAUTILUS. 63

P, glaphyrus var. between polygonatus andimmanis. (PI. II], figs. 5, 6.)

The two specimens figured are of the same size but differ in sculpt-

ure. One (fig. 6) is smooth above and below, having a strong sub-

spinous keel at the periphery, and a smooth, acute keel below it.

Upon the earlier whorls of the spire there are longitudinal waves,

and two spiral cords above the peripheral keel, which diminishes

in size. The base has no spirals. The other specimen has the

entire body-whorl spirally lirate (lire on body-whorl 9, on penullti-

mate whorl 3) and strongly plicate.

P. glaphyrus potamarchus. (PI. III, fig. 7.)

This is one of the largest. forms of Pachychilus known, and it is

the most aberrant of the glaphyrus stock. The shell is rather

slender and acutely conical, the outline of the spire being straight.

The aperture is ovate, narrowed above, and one-third the length of

the shell. Whorls 10-11 remaining, several of the earlier being

lost by erosion. The microscopic sculpture is the same as in var.

Rovirosai. There are no traces whatever of the waves or folds so

prominently shown by the other varieties of glaphyrus, and the

spiral cords are also completely obsolete, or indicated by the faintest

traces on the base. The color is olive-green or olive-brown.

Alt. 99, diam. 33 mill.

Alt. 87, diam. 29 mil.

Tabasco, Mexico.

This variety differs from the pyramidalis of Morelet in being

larger and smoother, lacking altogether the chestnut colored spirals

of that form.

Potamanax subgen. nov.

Shell solid, oval with short conic spire, spirally sculptured or

banded. Aperture ovate, acute above, broadly rounded below ;

outer lip not sinuous; inner lip more or less heavily calloused, not

notched at the base. Operculum few-whorled, with basal nucleus.

Type P. Rovirosai Pils.

This group has the sculpture of Hemisinus but differs from that

genus in the entire, un-notched basal lip. The columella callus is

much like some species of Pachychilus but the operculum is very

different from that genus. From both of these groups it differs in

the short, ovate contour of the shell. The description of the oper-

culum is taken from Melania brevis d’Orbigny of Cuba, which 1]

consider congeneric.

The relationship of Potamanax to Hemisinus in sculpture and

operculum is obvious, and has caused me to regard it as an subgenus

64 THE NAUTILUS.

rather than a distinct genus; but the total lack of a basal notch or

truncation is a character usually considered of generic importance.

P. Rovirosai n. sp. (PI. ITI, figs. 8, 9.)

Shell oblong-conie, very solid, whitish, encircled by numerous nar-

row smooth spiral lire of a dark brown color, and somewhat

alternating in size. Spire conical, apical whorl eroded ; whorls 5

remaining, slightly convex, the last whorl large, regularly convex.

Aperture a little less than half the length of the shell, ovate, angular

above; outer lip regularly acute; inner lip strongly calloused.

Alt. 20, diam. 12 mill. (old specimen.)

Alt. 163, diam. 9% mill. (young specimen.)

Two specimens are before me, collected by Prof. Rovirosa at the

mountains of Poana, State of Tabasco. The older individual (PL.

III, fig. 8) is considerably worn; the other is perfect but not

wholly adult, and neither contains the operculum. The species is

allied, apparently, to the Cuban Melania brevis Orb., but is

decidedly longer, and the lirse are much stronger.

EXPLANATION OF PuiateE III.

Figs. 1, 2, 3, Chrysodomus (Sipho) Stonei Pils.

Fig. 4, Eucalodium compactum Pils.

Fig. 5, 6, Pachychilus glaphyrus var.

Fig. 7, P. glaphyrus var. potamarchus Pils.

Figs. 8, 9, Potamanax Rovirosai Pils.

NOTE ON CYPRHA GREEGORI FORD.

BY EDGAR A. SMITH.

I sincerely trust that Mr. Ford’ wrongly estimates the critical acu-

men of modern conchological students. He says that most of them

would probably have made C. Greegori a species instead of a variety.

There is no doubt that the new French School of Conchologists

would agree with Mr. Ford in considering the shell in question spe-

cifically distinct from C. cruenta, but Iam glad to say that in Eng-

land (and I hope in America also) the ideas are not so advanced (?).

Although examples of this shell have been in the National collect-

ion for more than 50 years, no British author has ever suggested

that they belonged to a distinct species.

1 NAUTILUS, Vol. vi, p. 112, Vol. vii, p. 39.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

I fully admit that the differences pointed out by the author are

fairly constant, and that examples are pretty easily separable from

the typical form of cruenta. But admitting this does not prove that

they ought to be held specifically distinct, and I venture to suggest

that they only constitute a recognisable race or variety of an already

known species.

The chief object of this note, however, is to make complaint

respecting the name which Mr. Ford has imposed upon his so-called

species.

When he published G'reegori as a varietal name, it was already

five years previously preceded by Mr. Melvill’s varietal name coloba,*

and therefore there is no question I think, which name should be

employed if this variety be regarded |as a distinct species. Right

and justice (and even courtesy) at once direct us in the present case.

Mr. Ford is under the impression that Mr. Melvill was in a state

of uncertainty whether the form in question was a variety of eruenta

or caurica. I find no such impression conveyed by Mr. Melvill’s

sentences which are criticised by Mr. Ford. Moreover, in the cata-

logue of species (1. ¢., p. 245), Mr. Melvill ranges the var. coloba

under cruenta and in addition gives a representation of the ventral

side of the shell (PI. I, fig. 7).

LAND MOLLUSCA OBSERVED IN THE GASPE REGION.

A. W. HANHAM, QUEBEC.

About the middle of May last I left Quebec for Gaspé Basin, by

the way of Port Dalhousie, N. B. and the steamer “ Admiral.”

It was my intention to spend a week or more in this district collect-

ing shells and insects.

Unfortunately I found the season very backward up there, the

weather too was wet or cold during my stay ; owing to this but little

collecting could be done, and I was more than disgusted having

journeyed so far for so little purpose.

The following specimens were taken or seen at Barachois, near

Mal Baie; this village is at the inner end of a deep bay, and is

distant from Gaspé Basin some 25 miles, and from Percé about 10

miles.

With a few exceptions the land shells collected were found living

in the grass on a sandy hillside close to the beach. The open coun-

1 Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Philos. Soc., 1887-8. Ser. 4. Vol. I,

pp. 218 and 243.

66 THE NAUTILUS.

try was too wet and the woods were too full of snow to be worked at

all, in fact it was only in places on the hill side that the snow had

melted.

A broad sandy bar, some 5 or 6 miles long, cuts off the ends of

the bay at Barachois, leaving a narrow channel at one end: on this

bar I was surprised to find Pupa muscorum and Vallonia costata in

the sand under pieces of wood. Z. radiatulus, P. striatella, A. harpa

and F. subcylindrica oceurred here rarely, as well as a Vertigo, of

which two specimens only were taken.

Helix hortensis was very common on the hillside, generally buried

in the sand; several varieties were taken; the plain form seemed to.

be the least abundant. At the entrance to some burrows I found

quite an accumulation of empty shells, and nearly all being entire,

many were in very fair condition.

A little collecting under more favorable circumstances would no

doubt materially increase this list, from which several of the North-

ern or universally distributed species are absent.

At Gaspé Basin, Limnea palustris, catascopium, desidiosa, and

one Physa, most likely heterostropha, were found in drift. Some

marine species were also taken, but are not yet identified.

Limax campestris Binn. <A few.

Vitrina limpida Gld. Frequent. All dead.

Zonites arboreus Say. A few.

“ yadiatulus Alder. “Common.

“ fulvus Drap. Two specimens.

Patula alternata Say. Frequent.

“ striatella Anth. Common.

Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Rare.

Acanthinula harpa Say. Common.

Tachea hortensis Mull. Abundant.

Vallonia costata Miill.? A few. Mostly dead.

Pupa muscorum Linn. Frequent.

Vertigo. Two specimens (perhaps two species).

Ferussacia subcylindrica Linn. Common.

Succinea obliqua Say. es

“ avara Say. A few.

Carychium exiguum Say. Rare.

1 Reprinted by permission from the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia, 1892, p. 328.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

A NEW GASTROPOD FROM NEW JERSEY.!

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

At the regular weekly meeting of the Academy of Natural Scien-

ces of Philadelphia, October 18, 1892, Mr. H. A. Pilsbry exhibited

a series of specimens of a large species of Chiysodomus, belonging

to the subgenus Sipho, which he had received from Messrs Witmer

Stone, Chas. LeRoy Wheeler and John Ford. He stated that the

specimens were cast upon the shore during severe gales from the

south east, and were evidently derived from a submarine stratum

which was disturbed and broken up at those times. Associated with

the Chrysodomus were examples of Buccinum undatum, Urosalpinx

cinereus of extraordinary dimensions, and Chrysodomus (Sipho)

Stimpsonii, the latter being well developed and typical in sculpture-

The age of the deposit cannot be definitely settled at present, but

the evidence at hand indicates that it is post-pliocene.

The following description of the new species was offered :

Curysopomus (S1pHo) Sroner (Pl. Il, figs. 1, 2, 3,). Shell

obese-fusiform, rather thick and solid, with strongly convex whorls

separated by deep sutures. Sculpture consisting of strong spiral

cords, equal on young specimens and on the spires of adults, but

which alternate with smaller intermediate cords on the body-whorl

in full grown specimens. A young shell therefore has about 20, an

adult 40 spirals upon the body-whorl. The aperture is oval: the

canal is strongly curved to the left and backward.

Length 72, greatest diam. 45 mm.; length of aperture and canal

51mm. The largest individual measures, length 100, breadth 64,

length of aperture 73 mm. Both of these, as well as all specimens

seen, have lost several of the earlier whorls; so the length of a

perfect individual would be proportionately greater.

The more prominent features of this species.are the swollen form,

deep sutures, the strong spiral sculpture, and the strongly recurved

canal.

The localities whence specimens have been obtained are as

follows: Point Pleasant, N. J. (Witmer Stone); Sea Isle City, N.

J. (John Ford, Oct., 1892); Cape May, N. J. (C. LeRoy Wheeler,

1891.)

Prof. A. E. Verrill of Yale College very kindly compared spec-

imens of this species with the collection under his charge (a collec-

tion vastly richer than any other in mollusks of the north-west

Atlantic.) He writes as follows:

“T have made a careful comparison of the Sipho sent by you with

our series.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

“Tt differs notably from any thing we have, and is probably, as you

suppose, an undescribed species, unless described as a fossil. We

have specimens of the ventricose varieties of S. Stimpsoni, which

equal this in stoutness, and nearly equal it in curvature of the col-

umella, but the whorls are less ventricose, the shoulder less swollen,

the sutural region less deep, and the sculpture is very much finer.”

Comparisons have also been made by myself with the Atlantic

Siphos in the U. 8. National Museum, and of course with the recent

and fossil series in the collection of the Academy.

SHELLS OF HENRY CO., INDIANA.

BY E. PLEAS.

To judge from such works on the Mollusca as I have had access to,

Indiana has not been regarded as having a Molluscan fauna worthy

of the attention of the Conchologist. It is not often mentioned in

giving localities. W. G. Binney in his very valuable Manual of

Am. Land Shells, prints a list of his large collection as presented to

the Smithsonian Institute; some 312 species and varieties, only men-

tions a beggarly 4: Zonites fuliginosus, Patula solitaria, Triodopsis

appressa and T. inflecta as hailing from the Hoosier State.

I have been a student and collector of Mollusca for several years

and have made it a point to secure our home shells first, and am able

to present the following list collected within 5 miles of my residence

near Dunreith, Indiana. : =

Mesodon albolabris Say. striatella Anth.

elevatus Say. Polygyra leporina, Gould.

thyroides Say. Stenotrema stenotremum Fer.

‘ var bucculenta. monodon Rack.

Mesoden exoletus Binn. : var. leaii.

profundus Say. var. fraternum.

multilineatus Say. hirsutum Say.

Sayii Binn. maxillata? Gould.

clausus Say. Triodopsis fallax Say.

pennsylvanicus Green. tridentata “f

Patula alternata Say. palliata ss

“ var. carinata. . inflecta

perspectiva Say. appressa if

solitaria of Zonites ligerus Say.

THE

fuliginosus Griff.

intertextus Binn.

exiguus Stimp.

arboreus Say.

indentatus Say.

limatulus Ward.

nitidus Mull.

viridulus Say.

fulvus Drap.

minusculus Binn.

petrophilus Bland?

Strobila labyrinthica Say.

Helicodiscus lineatus “

Vallonia pulchella Mull.

Punctum pygmaeum Drap.

Pupa contracta Say.

pentodon es

corticaria

fallax oe

armifera ss

curvidens Gld.

Vertigo ovata Say.

milium Gld.

tridentata Wolf.

bollesiana Morse.

gouldii Binn.

Carychium exiguum Say.

Valvata sincera Say.

tricarinata es

Amnicola porata Say.

cincinnatiensis Anth.

Sayana rs

Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say.

Bythinella attenuata Hald.

Melantho integra Say.

Bulimus dealbatus Say.

Ancylus rivularis Say.

Limnaea reflexa Say.

palustris Mull.

desidiosa Say.

humilis; .“

NAUTILUS. 69

catascopium Say.

caperata a

Physa gyrina Say.

heterostropha Say.

Bulinus hypnorum L.

Planorbis trivolvis Say.

iy var fallax:

bicarinatus Say.

companulatus Say.

parvus

Segmentina armigera Say.

Succinea obliqua Say.

ovalis Gould.

avara Say.

“var. vermeta.

Sphaerium sulecatum Lam.

solidulum Prime.

occidentale “

striatinum Lam.

truncatum Lins.

Pisidium abditum Hald.

Unio rubiginosus Lea.

occidens sf

luteolus Lam.

sub-ovatus Lea.

gibbosus Bar.

pressus Lea.

eracillis Barr.

phaseolus Hild.

glans Lea.

radiatus Lam.

cocineuus Hild.

spatulatus Lea.

nigerrimus “

ligamentinus Lam.

plicatus Les.

undulatus Bar.

nov-eboraci Lea.

Margaratana marginata Say.

ealceola Lea.

deltoidea ‘

70 THE NAUTILUS.

M. rugosa Bar. shaefferiana? Lea.

Anodonta grandis Say. salmonea ~

plana Lea. ferusacciana “

decora “ ferruginea Lea.

imbecillis Say. stewartiana Lea.

ovata Lea. subeylindrica Lea.

edentula Say.

ON A COLLECTING TRIP TO MONTEREY BAY.

BY WILLIARD M. WOOD.

The editors of the Nauriuus have asked me to write ashort arti-

cle for the Nauritus, while I am here, on my trip to this once

famous collecting ground.

Now that I am about to leave for San Francisco, I feel sorry to

think that I have not devoted more time to the collection of speci-

mens. Of course, there have been many long drives to be taken, a

dip in the surf once in a day, huckle-berry expeditions with friends,

and a thousand and one things to be done, while stopping at a sum-

mer watering place.

Between these “sports,” if I may be permitted to call them such,

I have managed to find time to do some collecting.

The hotel at which I am stopping is situated within five hundred

yards of the beach. To the north, runs a very smooth beach,

devoid of rocks of any character for some fourteen miles. To the

south, and extending for many miles, is a very rocky stretch. To

this rocky portion, almost all of my collecting trips were confined.

Monterey is no longer the famous collecting ground it used to be.

The increasing population at and around Pacific Grove is driving

away all the land shells. The deadly sewerage flowing from the

various towns into Monterey Bay is killing the marine shells.

However, new and very interesting species are occasionally brought

up from deep water by the dredge.

Early in the morning, on the 28th of June, I started by steamer

from San Francisco with my shell collecting outfit, consisting of glass

pill bottles for small shells, paper boxes, cigar boxes, cloth bags,

long, thin pieces of wood with rubber bands attached for the Chi-

tons, alcohol stove and pan for the killing of bodies of the shells,

THE NAUTILUS. 71

cotton batting, long rubber boots, an immense sun hat, a chisel to

detach Haliotis shells from the rocks, ete.

I arrived here at seven in the evening and although the trip down

was rough, and our little “tub” rocked dreadfully, causing me to

be sea-sick, it nevertheless did not prevent me from starting right in

and collecting as soon as my feet rested on terra firma. On that

evening, I began collecting at seven o’clock and as it was very light

at that hour, I continued to collect along the beach until eight. I

am very glad I did so, as it netted me some beach-washed species

which I have not come across since.

I selected a week when the early morning small low tides

occurred. Thus, one morning I devoted to the collection of Hali-

otis cracherodii, another morning I went in search of Littorina

planaxis, another for Chlorostoma costatum, Acmzea scabra, Nassa

mendica, ete.

During this second week, when no morning low tides have

occurred, I have gone among the rocks, gathering any and every

species which was so unfortunate, nay, I should say, fortunate, as to

be placed within my reach.

Priene Oregonensis Redf. will be noted as having been collected

here. Ido not as yet understand how this large and beautiful

northern shell should be found so far south. It could not have

drifted into the bay, as it was a fresh, perfect-lipped specimen.

I may also mention that in a letter recently received from Mrs.

M. Burton Williamson, of University P. O., Cal., that lady informed

me that Psammobia rubro-radiata Nutt., is not found north of San

Pedro Bay. As will be noted, I found one specimen, alive and per-

fect. It is truly a beautiful shell. The inside of both valves

resembling delicate porcelain.

I am exceedingly sorry to think that I have no dredge here with

me, as I feel positive I could gather at least five times as many

specimens as I have already collected.

In the following list, the number of specimens taken is given

after each name, and will serve to show the relative abundance of

the species.

Arionta californiensis Lea, 51 ; dupetithouarsi, Desh., 4; nicklin-

iniana, Lea, 1. Acmza asini Midd., 33; mitra Esch.,11; patina

Esch., 5; pelta Esch., 2; persona’Esch., 2; scabra Nutt., 2; spec-

trum Nutt., 6. Amphissa corrugata Rve., 64. Astyris gausipata

Gld. 12. Bittium filosum Gld., 24; filosum Gld. var. esuriens

72 THE NAUTILUS.

Cpr., 2. Calliostoma annulatum Mart., 17; canaliculatum Mart.,

32; costatum Mart., 80. Chlorostoma brunneum Phil., 23 ; pulligo

Mart., 3; funebrale A. Ad.,2. Cerostoma foliatum Gmel.,1. Cru-

cibulum spinosum Sby., 9. Crepidula edunca Sby., 21; rugosa

Nutt., 2; navicelloides Nutt., 12. Conus ecalifornicus Hds., 4.

Cryptomya californica Conr., 1. Cheetopleura hartwegii Cpr., 11.

Chama spinosum Sby. (2), valves only, 4. Columbella carinata

Hds., 24. Drillia torosa Cpr., 5. Erato columbella Mke., 6; vitel-

lina Hds., 6. Fusus luteopictus Dall, 1. Fissurella voleano Rve.,

47. Gadinia reticulata Sby., 8. Glyphis aspera Esch., 3. Hali-

otis eracherodii Leach, 72; fulgens Phil., 1; rufescens Swains., 2.

Hipponyx tumens Cpr., 57. Lyonsia californica Conr., valves only,

1. Lottia gigantea Gray, 44. Lucina californica Conr., valves

only, 11. Lucapina crenulata Sby., 4. Lunatia lewisii Gld., 2.

Lamellaria stearnsiana Dall,1. Leptothyra carpenteri Pilsbry, 28.

Litorina planaxis Gray, 83; scutulata Gld. 2. Lazaria subquad-

rata Cpr., 5. Mitromorpha aspera Cpr., 2. Modiola fornicata

Cpr., 2. Mangilia variegata Cpr., 3. Mitra maura Swains.,»1.

Marginella jewettii Cpr., 25. Monoceros engonatum Conr., 2; lap-

illoides Conr., 75. Mopalia lignosa Gld., 3; ciliata Sby., 2. Mac-

oma inquinata Desh., 1; secta Conr., valves, 2. Mytilus californi-

cus Conr., 2. Nassa ecaliforniana Conr., 1; fossata Gld., 13; men-

dica Gld., 58. Nacella incessa Hds., 19; sp. undet., 2. Nuttallina

scabra Rve., 29. Olivella biplicata Sby., 14. Ocinebra cireum-

texta Stearns, 7; interfossa Cpr., 7. Priene oregonensis Redf., 1.

Psammobia rubra-radiata Nutt., 1. Pedicularia californica Newce.,

12. Purpura saxicola Val., very large, 16; saxicola Val., var.

emarginata Desh., 80. Pachypoma inzequalis Chem., 1. Phasia-

nella compta Gld., 9. Pecten hastatus Sby., valves only, 4. Pho-

ladidea penita Conr., 1. Placunanomia macrochisma, Desh.

(valves), 2. Petricola carditoides Conr., 2. Rupellaria lamellifera

Conr., 3. Saxicava arctica Linn. (valve only), 1. Scala indian-

orum Cpr., var. tincta Cpr., 10. Surcula carpenteriana Gabb., 3.

Septifer bifurcatus Rve., 11. Standella falcata Gmel. (?) (valves

only), 2. Schizothzerus nuttallii Conr. (valves), 2. Tapes staminea

Conr. (?), 3. Trivia californica Gray, 20. Tellina bodegensis

Hds. (valves only), 2.

Var NG us.

VOL. VII. NOVEMBER, 1893. No. 7

* NOTES ON PAPUINA.

BY CHARLES HEDLEY, AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, SYDNEY, N. 8. W.

All Papuina' are arboreal; this habit is as “good” a generic

character as any anatomical feature could be. Parenthetically, I

may remark, that my friend Mr. Brazier, who has probably gath-

ered more living Papuina than any other naturalist, agrees with

me that thejaccount (Ann. Mag. N. H, (4) xx, p. 242) of a Papuina

clinging half way up a reed in a brackish swamp is quite incredi-

ble. The usual position of Papuina is upon the trunks or limbs of

trees where an unpracticed eye might take it for a rough bit of

bark. In southern Europe the Macularia perch just so on precipi-

tous rocks ; indeed, I recollect there capturing an H. niciensis on an

olive tree in exactly the manner affected by the Papuina in New

Guinea.

A small group of Queensland snails, viz, conscendens Cox, fucata

Pfeiffer, and bidwilli Cox, seem to differ from the main body of the

genus in their habits. Not the stem or branches, but the leaves of

trees are chosen by these for their favorite abode. To suit the sit-

uation the shell has been modified until the contour would suggest

Partula rather than Papuina. The more conical shape has proba-

1This name is now generally used for the conical Helices characteristic of the

Papuan and Solomon Island faunas, formerly called Geotrochus.

74 THE NAUTILUS.

bly been adopted for greater safety in the exposed tree tops; to the

same end every superfluous atom of weight has been abandoned,

the shell reduced to the thinnest, and the reflected lip dispensed

with. Under the lens the apex is seen to be of one and a half

whorls, black or darker than the adult shell, smooth and subglobose,

Oblique growth lines are the predominant features of the adult

sculpture; by flashing the shell in the sunshine under a lens, an

extremely minutely shagreen surface is perceptible in the gleam, and

here and there broken lengths are decipherable of engraved spiral

lines. Viewing the shells of these three species by transmitted light

the color markings are seen as translucent spaces in the opaque

shell. I should interpret these signs as indicating a descent from

an ancestor like naso and macgillivrayi through a form very close to

bidwilli Pfeiffer.

The minute almost imperceptible shagreen surface may represent

the coarse sculpture of naso; the evanescent spiral lines are tracea-

ble from the clear cut lines of macgillvrayi through the fainter

sculpture of bidwilli Pfr., to their vanishing representative in bid-

willi Cox. But the minute subglobose apex and especially the

translucent spiral color bands ally this group unmistakably with

Papuina. Admitting this, in default of anatomical examination, it

will be necessary to rename the shell hitherto known as Bulimus

bidwilli Cox, lest it should clash with that other Papuina described

by Pfeiffer as Helix bidwilli. I therefore propose that in allusion to

its peculiar habits, it be henceforth called Papuina folicola.

Between these leaf-dwelling Papuina of Queensland and Bulimus

mageni Gassies, of New Caledonia, I note a strong resemblance in

color, form and sculpture, but especially in their translucent color

bands. Until further research settles authoritively the position of

this species I would provisionally class it with the foregoing.

SAN PEDRO AS A COLLECTING GROUND.

San Pedro, California, is remarkable for the number and variety

of recent and fossil mollusks.

New forms and an unusual abundance of known species are con-

stantly being found.

This is due in a great measure to the extension of the Government

breakwater, which has made changes in the sea currents near the

THE NAUTILUS. 75

shore, and caused the tide water of the harbor to scour out the chan-

nel and drift large quantities of sand over the shallows.

By this means new homes are made for wanderers, and old inhab-

itants are washed from their moorings and swept by the tide within

reach of eager Conchologists.

It is surprising, however, how seldom the year’s abundance of any

species repeat themselves.

At one time Nassa fossata Gld., at another Periploma discus

Stearns ; at another Lima orientalis Cpr.; or Scalatella striata Cpr.,

are found by the dozen, or score, or hundred in San Pedro Bay or

vicinity, and then for years after only a few are found at a time.

The sea conditions are unsettled. This keeps local collectors

alert.

Within a few months I have found a specimen of Tvritoniwm

gibbosum which is new to California, and one of Cylichna cylindracea

var. attonsa Cpr., which is new to San Pedro. Both shells are beach

worn.

This summer I spent July at San Pedro and added a number of

new specimens to my collection besides learning many interesting

facts about habits and habitat of molluscs.

A student only gets a half knowledge who cannot collect speci-

mens and study the living animals in their native haunts.

July seems to be a favorite month for many species to lay their

eggs.

Mitra maura (Ide), fastens her capsules to the underside of stones;

the Naticidz place their “sand collars” in the damp sand; Bulla

nebulosa Gld. coils up her yellow strings on the grassy flats, and

Haminea virescens Sby. chooses the same place and time, but has a

different shade of yellow for her egg-strings.

I was much interested in the eggs of Acteon (Rictaxis) puncto-

celatus Cpr.

This mollusk has been rare, and I am inclined to think it only

comes inshore in numbers during the breeding season and after that

burrows in sand in deeper water for the rest of the year. In July

we found them by the hundred.

The eggs are Jaid in a white string three or four inches long that

coils so as to form a loose spiral.

The spirals are anchored, by some means, so firmly that the wash-

ing of rough surf does not sweep them away.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

They so closely resemble the spiral pattern on the adult shell

that the collector, looking down through the water, not unfrequently

stoops to pick up what he thinks is one of these little gasteropods

and finds a string of eggs in his fingers.

I visited Portuguese Bend and learned that Purpura emarginata

Desh., which I found in quantity more than a year ago, is a resident

ora comer and a goer, for more than a dozen were collected this

summer. Its habitat is limited to a small mussel bed.

Other localities so much like this mussel bed, that one would

consider them suitable dwelling places do not boast of a single Pur-

pura; so that something besides collectors must disturb this usually

common species.

I collected at San Pedro an abundance of Acmea paleacea Gld-

on the eel grass.

These close clingers love the grass on the outside of the island

that is swept by heavy swells and where the water scarcely leaves

them even in very low tides.

Their more peaceful cousins Acmea depicta Gld. will probably be

found swaying with the grass in the stiller waters of the bay, for

dead shells have been frequently found in the drift.

In the quiet bay quantities of drift material are washed up with

algze and eel grass during medium tides.

This is rich in minute forms. It consists largely of broken shells

of molluscs and crustaceans, but there is a sufficient quantity of

Pedipes, Siphodentalium, Tornatina, Cecum, Truncatella, Mitromor-

pha, Turbonilla, Cerithiopsis, Triforis, Diala, Mumiola and other wee

bodies to amply repay any one for carrying away a few pounds of

the drift to be dried and sorted at home.

The sifting and the sorting with a microscope takes so much time

and patience, that the new and rare species hidden in my bags of

drift must wait a more convenient season.

The yearly extension of sand flats at San Pedro, must make

happy all sand loving species such as Bulla, Sigaretus, Natica, Ol-

vella and scores of bivalves.

Besides these sandy stretches there are mud flats, rocky points,

brackish water, fresh water, smooth or rocky beaches enough to

make San Pedro an ideal collecting ground.

Although nearly all the localities are easy of access for the Con-

chologist, or the collector who “makes shell flowers,” there are

changes enough taking place to insure a good supply of shells.

THE NAUTILUS. 77

A storm that stirs up the depths makes a grand holiday, but

nearly every visit, in storm or calm, repays the student by some

glimpse of the life history of some soft—hard dweller of the sea.

Sarah P. Monks.

PRELIMINARY NOTES ON TASMANIAN LAND SHELLS.

BY HENRY SUTER.

Since I became acquainted with the New Zealand and Tasmanian

land and fresh water molluscan fauna, some four to five years ago.

I came to the conclusion that both are very nearly related, though

this opinion is not shared by Conchologists generally. On several

occasions I expressed my views, especially when describing Charopa

subantialla and Ch. mutabilis. It is well known that no attempt

has been made to classify the Tasmanian land shells; all the Heli-

cidze have been simply placed in that “olla potida” genus Heliz,

Mr. Charles Hedley of Sydney, was first to publish structural details

of the animals of some Tasmanian land shells (Proc. Linn. Soc., N.

S. W. (2) VI, p. 19). Descriptions and very good figures of the

animals and the dentition were there given of Bulimus dufresni, B.

tasmanicus, Anoglypta launcestonensis, Rhytida lampra, Helicarion

verreauxt and Cystopelta petterdi.

I have not been successful in procuring land shells with their

animals from Tasmania, and I therefore decided to sacrifice part of

my collection. There were some specimens with the animal dried

in them and these I used for preparing the jaws and radule. I

have just finished the microscopic slides and have not yet had time

to study them carefully. However, I ascertained a few facts, which,

I feel sure, may prove of great interest to Conchologists, though

my communication is only provisional.

Conchologists of course know that the genera Endodonta, Charopa

and Rhytida are common to New Zealand and Tasmania. .The

new facts I ascertained of genera or sections of genera found in New

Zealand as well as in Tasmania, and part of Australia in some cases,

are the following :

Genus Gerontia.

Section Flammulina, thought to be confined to New Zealand

only. I think that H. Jungermannie Petterd, belongs to this sec-

tion, though I am not yet quite positive.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

Section Thalassohelix, hitherto not recorded from beyond New

Zealand. There is no doubt that H. fordei Brazier, (—petterdi Cox

—=positura Cox) must be classed under this section, and very likely

also H. austrinus Cox, H. allporti Cox, H. helice Cox, H. medianus

Cox, H. mixta Cox, H. tabescens Cox, H. tranquilla Cox, H. trajec-

tura Cox, which are said to be varieties of H. fordei. This species

is found alsoin Australia.

Genus Laoma.

Section Phrixgnathus, a genus which was thought to be peculiar

to New Zealand “ par excellence.” Now I am quite sure that the

following Tasmanian mollusks belong to this section:

H. cesus Cox (and var. occultus Cox?) Hl. henryana Petterd, and

H., pictilis Tate; the latter being found also in Australia.

Genus Rhenea.!

This genus of which two species are known from New Zealand, is

in Tasmania represented by Hyalina nelsonensis Brazier (—fulge-

trum Cox, and very likely H. dyeri Petterd, though the dentition

of the latter is unknown to me).

Iam confident that on examining my slides there will be some

other sections of Gerontia to be placed on record in my next com-

munication on Tasmanian snails.

In future we may no doubt be able to distinguish in New Zealand

and Tasmania two different immigrations of land mollusca, one

having spread from north southward, and another, the antarctic,

migrating from south to north.

Springfield Road, Christ Church, New Zealand, Sept. 6, 1893.

SOME (RESPONSIVE) REMARKS RELATIVE TO CYPRHA GREEGORI

FORD.

BY JOHN FORD.

In the note on Oyprea Greegori Ford, published in the October

number of the Naurrius, the writer, Mr. Edgar A. Smith, of Lon-

don, rather forcibly remarks that “the new French School of Con-

chologists would probably agree with Mr. Ford in consi the

shell in question specifically. distinct from C. eruenta,” but, “he

1A genus of carnivorous, jawless snails allied to Rhytida and Par -yphanta, for-

merly called Z/ea Hutt. (preoc.)—//d.

’

THE NAUTILUS. 719

was glad to say that in England (and, he hoped, in America also),

the ideas were not so far advanced (?).” In support of the last

proposition, he says: ‘ Although examples of this shell have been

in the National (British) collection for more than fifty years, no

British author has ever suggested that they belonged to a distinct

species.” This statement is apparently correct, but he might have

added quite as truly, that nearly all of these years were required

for “ British authors” to find them worthy even of varietal distinc-

tion,

In view of this “state of things,” it is not at all surprising that

Mr. Smith should consider it a “bit of presumption” for an

American student, having less than one year’s knowledge of the

shells, to attempt to lift them above the plane of varietal contro-

versy.

It matters not that this student has examined hundreds of speci-

mens, all showing the same distinctive specific characters. His

“ideas”? do not agree with English formulas, therefore they must

necessarily be too far advanced.

Nevertheless, the new species, C. Greegori, has doubtless come to

stay, since it has been endorsed already by quite a number of emi-

neut (American) Conchologists, whose opinions, were it necessary to

mention names, would at once be accepted as weighty. In

regard to Mr. Smith’s admission, “that examples are pretty easily

separated from the typical form of erwenta,” it may be said that I

have seen no specimens whatever that could not be separated on

sight from any form of C. eruenta. Just here, it may also be said,

that I do not hesitate to claim (asin my former article) priority

both for the name and description of the shell; and this claim is

made in face of the fact that British authors, as a rule, command

my highest respect and esteem. But while according this, I do not

expect them to throttle, without ample reason, even the humblest

seeker after knowledge.

It is only just to myself to say that not until my first description

was in type, did I learn that Mr. Melvill had ever referred to the

shells, nor, so far as I could ascertain, was this reference known to

any of my Conchological friends. Indeed, the gentleman who

finally gave me the information has, from the first, regarded them as

C. caurica var. As Mr. Smith suggests, I was then, and still am,

under the impression that Mr. Melvill’s sentences left the reader in

a state of uncertainty as to whether he considered the shells a

80 THE NAUTILUS.

variety of eruenta or of caurica. That his purpose is more plainly

shown in the list of figures given is apparent, but as the volume

examined by me was an uncut one, this list was not at the time dis-

covered.

Since many readers of the Nauritus may lack the opportunity

of seeing Mr. Melvill’s statement, and judging for themselves as to

its clearness, it is given here verbatim, as follows: “ C. cruenta

(Gmel.) is very nearly allied to the preceding, ” [i. e. cawrica] “and

the variety coloba (fig. 7), so-called from the stunted appearance, is

also figured in Sowb. Thes. f. 190, as caurica var. ; it would appear

nearer this species: the base is always brighter coloured, and teeth

interstices bright red. I possess stunted cawrica with which this var.

cannot be mistaken.”

Now if any reader of the NaurrLus can show by these sentences

to which of the two species Mr. Melvill assigned the variety, it will

be a pleasure for me to acknowledge my error in questioning his

meaning. But whether the language refers to one variety or

another is really of very little moment at this time, since it can in

no way affect the present status of the shells. Be it agreeable to

Mr. Smith or not, the fact remains that Mr. Melvill’s so-called

description is simply meaningless and void, embracing as it does,

just three words, viz, “base brighter colored,” meaning, of course,

brighter colored than the type shells he had in mind.

But how brighter or how colored? They are certainly not

brighter than both cruenta and caurica usually are; and there is not

a hint as to whether the color is green, blue, yellow or any one of a

dozen hues, yet with such a description at hand, the student was

expected to distinguish the shells from all others. It is true that

there are other words besides the three quoted, viz, “teeth inter-

stices bright red.” Unfortunately, however, the same sentence

is used in the description of the type C. cruenta, (to which species

Mr. Smith assures us the variety coloba relates) and is therefore

entirely worthless as a distinctive varietal character.

For these reasons, I claim that the name coloba is absolutely

devoid of collateral support, since nothing can be plainer than the

fact that without an accompanying description intelligible enough

for comprehension, the suggested name or title of a shell is of no

scientific value whatever.

But then, as Mr. Smith intimates, there is the figure! and surely

that counts for something.

THE NAUTILUS. 81

Perhaps it does. But not for anything of special importance in

this connection, for Kiener, many years before, gave us a pair of

figures quite as good; not to mention that made by Sowerby some

years later.

It should be understood that these references are not made in

defence of the present specific standing of the shells, but mainly in

deference to those readers who may have missed seeing my former

articles relating to them. The species, i. e., C. Greegori, is doubtless

already sufficiently fortified to prevent successful assaults from any

quarter.

In conclusion, it might be well to add, that Mr. Smith’s rather

emphatic “reminder” of my lack of courtesy, is wholly gratuitous,

and therefore does not call for comment.

In the interest of peace, however, it is accepted “ with thanks,

and filed for future courteous consideration.

Philadelphia, October, 1893.

THE SHEEPSCOTE RIVER.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

The fauna of the eastern coast of New England, aside from the

species which characterize it as a whole, has a number of small areas

where the oyster, quahog and other southern forms exist. The most

conspicuous of these areas is Northumberland Straits, where the

oyster is abundant enough to be of commercial value. Other

points, where the Virginian fauna occurs, are a few sheltered spots

on the east coast of Nova Scotia, in Minas Basin, Casco Bay and

Massachusetts Bay, with a few outliers of less importance.

These spots on the coast are widely separated from each other,

and have in the near neighborhood animals which are adapted to

the colder waters. Some few years ago the present writer published

a list of thirty species found in Northumberland Straits." The

present summer was spent in Wiscasset, Maine; this and a visit to

that place three years ago enabled me to dredge in many places in

the Sheepscote River.

Wiscasset is ten or twelve miles from the sea and the river is

practically a salt water bay or fjord. Its depth is ten fathoms in

1 Bulletin VII—Nat. Hist. Soc. of New Brunswick.

82 THE NAUTILUS.

places, and at no point is it shallow. The width, on the other

hand, is but a few hundred yards except at Wiscasset, where it is

three quarters of a mile wide. The river is famous for its scallops,

Pecten magellanicus Gmelin, these occur for the most part in the

lower part of the river.

It was frequently reported to me that oysters were to be found

“up river” four or five miles. I am sorry to say I had but one day

“up river;” that trip, however, revealed the fact that a very nar-

row spot known as the Falls, separated an upper basin from the

main part of the river. Here in the warmer waters oysters do

occur, but very few and far between. With the oysters I found a

few of the old companions noticed in Northumberland Straits, and

abounding south of Cape Cod.

As a whole this river is rich in specimens, and the cold and warm

water species are by no means distant neighbors. Some forms are

dwarfed, some like Bullinella alba, are colored probably by

iron to a darker shade than the normal. I believe that more spe-

cies may be added to the list by a more careful search above the

place dredged. I give the list of those found by me in the area

extending four or five miles each way from Wiscassett.

Mya arenaria Linn. Pecten magellanicus Gmelin.

Pandora gouldiana Dall. Ostrea virginiana Gmel.

Lyonsia hyalina Conrad. Anomia simplex Orbigny ?

Saxicava rugosa Lam. « ~~ aculeata Gmel.

Macoma baltica var. fusca Say. | Diaphana debilis Gld.

Cryptodon gouldii Stimp. Utriculus gouldii Stimp.

Astarte undata Gld. Bullinella alba Brown.

Gemma gemma var. totteni Chiton marmoreus O. Fab.

Stm. Chiton albus Mont.

Cardium pinnulatum Conrad. Acmeea testudinatis Mull.

Venericardia borealis Conrad.

Nucula proxima Say.

Nucula dolphinodonta Migh.

Yoldia sapotilla Gld.

Mytilus edulis Linn.

Modiola modiolus Linn.

Modiola plicatula Lam.

Modiolaria nigra Gray.

A discors Linn.

Crenella glandula Stimp.

Puncturella noachina Linn.

Skenea planorbis Fabr.

Cingula minuta Totten.

Onoba aculeus Gld.

Lacuna vincta Mont.

Litorina tenebrosa Mont.

fs litorea Jinn.

« palliata Say.

Odontostomia bisuturalis Say.

Odontostomia trifida Totten.

THE NAUTILUS. 83

Velutina haliotoidea Stimp. Purpura lapillus Linn.

a zonata Gld. Ilyanassa obsoleta Say.

Polynices heros Say. Nassa trivittata Say.

“ triseriata Say. Buccinum undatum Linn.

Bela incisula Verr. Chrysodomus stimpsoni Morch.

“ harpularia Couth. Chrysodomus pygmezeus Gld.

“ eancellata Migh. & Ad. Trichotropis borealis Sby.

‘ decussata Couth.

[CoMMUNICATED. ]

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CONCHOLOGISTS.

The President of the Association regrets that he has been com-

pelled through stress of business engagements and other matters, to

temporarily suspend his correspondence upon Conchological mat-

ters, but would be glad now to hear from any of the members,

especially those whose letters have not be attended to promptly.

The Association has recently not been so active as formerly, but

everything looks fair for a go-ahead, prosperous season. Nearly

200 members are enrolled in the Association, and any proposals of

new members will be acted upon promptly by the officers. Such

proposals should be made to the Secretary, Mr. Chas. W. Johnson,

Wagner Institute, Philadelphia.

Members desiring to forward fine specimens of shells to the

“ American Collection,” will kindly communicate with the Presi-

dent, Mr. John H. Campbell, 1009 Walnut Street, Philadelphia,

sending him lists of such species as they wish to forward.. Due

acknowledgment of shells received will be made in the pages of the

“ NAUTILUS. ”

The most recent addition to the collection has been a fine series

of fossil species from the Miocene and Pliocene of Maryland, Vir-

ginia, North Carolina and Florida by Mr. Joseph Willcox of Phil-

adelphia. The collection, already, is one of the finest “special col-

lections” in America, and bids fair to surpass all others. Each

species is carefully examined, named, mounted and placed in the

cases set apart by the Academy of Natural Sciences and the collec-

tion as a whole, is kept separate from the general collection of that

84 THE NAUTILUS.

institution. The name and address of each donor with date of

reception, are neatly written on the cards, upon which the shells

are mounted and the officers of the Association give the collection

their personal supervision.

Changes of address of members should be promptly noted to the

Secretary.

NOTES AND NOTICES.

Mr. F. H. Lattin, whose Natural History establishment at Albion,

N. Y., has long been well known to many of us, has recently

founded a “branch” in Chicago, where we lately had the pleasure

of looking through his large mass of material. Mr. Lattin has now

a considerable stock of shells in addition to his departments of orni-

thology and oology, and it is with pleasure that we announce this

first commercial enterprise in the Conchological line in the West.

F. H. Lattin & Co. now occupy a handsome and well filled build-

ing at 3571 Cottage Grove Avenue.

A VIGOROUS EDITORIAL from the pen of Mr. J. Ritchie, Jr., deal-

ing with the recent postal ruling against natural history specimens,

appeared in the Commonwealth (Boston), Saturday, September 23.

VARIATIONS OF STROBILOPS HUBBARDI.—In looking over our

collection of this species I find that over half of them have three

teeth, but about a third have four, and I found one with five. We

have collected them from several different localities, but all in Flor-

ida, and nearly all in this county, some near the coast and some 16

to 18 miles inland—G. W. Webster, Lake Helen, Florida.

A syNonyM or LeprorHyRA.—lIt seems to have escaped notice

hitherto that Gabb’s genus Petropoma (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

Phila. viii, p. 281) is founded upon a species exhibiting all the

essential features of Leptothyra. The operculum and shell are very

like in structure to the granulose species of the central Pacific.

Gabb, in his description, mistakes the inside for the outside of the

operculum. Being later in date than Leptothyra, the name Petro-

poma becomes a synonym.—H. A. P.

ae: N@erius.

VoL. VII. DECEMBER, 18938. No. 8

LAND AND FRESH WATER SHELLS IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

BY GEO. W. TAYLOR, VICTORIA, B. C.

In the October Nauriius there is a short paper by my friend

Mr. Hanham upon the shells found by himself during a trip in that

rather out of the way Canadian locality, the Gaspé region.

It may be interesting to have a record of a small collection made

by me a few weeks ago in another little-known locality at the oppo-

site end of the Dominion viz.: Laggan near the summit of the Rocky

Mountains.

I had received earlier in the year from Mr. T. R. Bean of Lag-

gan, anice little collection of shells which included specimens of

what Dr. Sterki considers to be the true Pupa hoppii of Maller,

and this tempted me to stay over for a couple of days when passing

through Laggan last September on my way to Toronto.

Dr. Bean most kindly showed me all the best localities known

to him, and our united exertions were rewarded by the discovery of

several species that he had not previously recognized, including one

which I believe had not before been found in Canada.

In the rivers, the Bow and the Pipestone, we could not find any

shells at all, the waters being cold and the stream rapid in each case,

but in all the little creeks and swamps Linnea palustris abounded

and Planorbis parvus occurred in less numbers. In a small lake

not more than a mile from Laggan we found, in addition to the

86 THE NAUTILUS.

species above named, 3 others—Planorbis trivolvis Say, common,

Pisidium abditum Hald., rare, and a Valvata, which I suppose to be

virens Tryon, 6 specimens only. ;

No Physa of any kind were observed, nor has Dr. Bean as yet

found any species of Unio, Anodonta, or Sphwrium.

The land shells enumerated below were all found under logs or

under pieces of board in the neighborhood of the settlement and

along the banks of the rivers. Vitrina limpida Gould, Hyalina

arborea Say, Hyalina radiatula Alder, Conulus fulvus Drap., Patula

striatella Anth., Vallonia costata Mull. (form gracilicosta Reinh.,

teste Sterki), Ferussacia subcylindrica Linn., Succinea avara Say,

and a species of Vertigo closely resembling gouw/dii, were all com-

mon.

Pupa hoppii Moller, was not very common in the spots I searched

and I only secured 8 specimens. Still less frequent was Pupa alti-

cola Ingersoll, which I had here the pleasure of finding for the first

time.

Dr. Bean has in his collection, besides the above, specimens of

Pupa pentodon Say, which he took a few miles to the west of Lag-

gan; and a second species of Suceinea perhaps S. ovalis Gould.

Lastly some slugs which were probably Limax hyperboreus West.,

were observed by us but not collected.

The altitude of Laggan is about 5,200 feet above sea level and the

locality is interesting, as being nearly at the summit of the Rocky

Mountain range, which seems to form, in Canada, a hard and fast

line of demarcation between the eastern and western species of Mol-

lusea.

HECKEL’S PLANKTONIC STUDIES.

All interested in the life of the open and deep sea, the so-called

pelagic or Plankton fauna, will be interested to read the translation

of Prof. E. Heckel’s paper of 1890, which is printed in the Report

of the U.S. Fish Commission for 1889-91, pp. 565-641.

Some of the German polemics are omitted, though a sufticient

amount remains to spice the article in a lively manner. There is

much reason to believe that Heckel, who has had no experience in

deep sea work, has overestimated the evidence in favor of zonary

distribution of life in the deep sea. Certainly the observations of

THE NAUTILUS. 87

Agassiz and Tanner are superior by reason of their better apparatus

to any heretofore made, and they seem to show that with the excep-

tion of a superficial zone of a few hundred fathoms and a thin zone

immediately over the bottom, the animal kingdom is represented in

the intervening region by the dead bodies of sinking animals only,

and has no peculiar fauna of its own and but little life. There is

no obvious reason why this must be so, but the most carefully

checked observations yet made indicate that it isso. Apart from

this one point, the paper of Heckel gives a most interesting, accu-

rate and vivid idea of the pelagic life of the sea, and one which

every one may read with profit. The vast experience in surface and

coast collecting which the Jena Professor has had, enables him to

speak from experience in this direction, and the material obtained

by others, on the Challenger and elsewhere, which he has worked

up, has given him great familiarity with the Plankton fauna.

Ws Et?

CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A REVISION OF THE TASMANIAN LAND

MOLLUSCA.

BY H. SUTER.

Since I wrote the “ Preliminary Notes on Tasmanian Land Shells,”

I have sacrificed many more specimens of my collection for the

study of the dentition, and, as I have just finished the work, I wish

to give here the result of my investigations.

Before giving the results of my study, it will be necessary to say

a few words on the classification of the New Zealand Helicide.

Mr. H. A. Pilsbry proposed (NautiLus, VI, 1892, No. 5, pp. 54-57)

a new classification of N. Z. Helicide, the main feature of it being

the furming of one genus, Gerontia, of these former genera consti-

tuting my family Phenacohelicide. Later on he published (Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philada., 1892, pp. 387, etc.) a “ Preliminary Out-

line of a New Classification of the Helices,’ in which he included

under the one genus Endodonta, the following groups: Endodonta

s. str., Ptychodon (=Maoriana), Charopa, and his genus Gerontia.

I can not agree with this latter classification, as the author was

under the impression that Endodonta, Charopa, etc., possess a muc-

88 THE NAUTILUS.

ous tail gland, which is not the case. Moreover, the jaw in Endo-

donta and Charopa is only striated, whilst stegognath in Gerontia,

and the radula in the latter is more or less distinctly pseudozon-

itoid. Iam of opinion that the separation of Gerontia from Endo-

donta is fully justified ; the patuloid shells being included in Endo-

donta, whilst the more zonitoid forms are embraced in Gerontia.

Mr. Charles Hedley and the writer substituted von Martens’

Flammulina for Amphidoxa of N. Z. authors, and as the genus of

von Martens dates from 1873, it must be used as the generic name

instead of Gerontia (1883). ;

The classification of the New Zealand Helicidz I propose, follow-

ing chiefly Mr. H. A. Pilsbry, is the following:

Group Hapiocona Pilsbry.

1. Genus Flammulina (von Martens) Suter.

Sections: (1) Flammulina v. Mart. s. str.; (2) Gerontia Hutt.;

(3) Phacussa Hutt.; (4) Therasia Hutt.; (5) Pyrrha Hutt.; (6)

Phenacohelix Sut.; (7) Allodiscus Pils.; (8) Suteria Pils.; (9)

Thalassohelix Pils.

2. Genus Endodonta (Albers) Pilsbry.

Sections: (1) Endodonta Albers,‘s. str.; subsect. Ptychodon

Ancey ; (2) Charopa Albers; subsections, a. Tesseraria Bottger ; b-

Aeschrodomus Pils.

Group PotyeLtacoeNatHa Pilsbry.

Genus Laoma (Gray) Pilsbry.

Sections: (1) Laoma Gray, s. str.; (2) Phrixgnathus Hutton.

Giving now the classification of the Tasmanian land shells ex-

amined, I wish to point out that it is based on the dentition as well

as on the shell characters; their numberjis thirty-two.

Genus Flammulina (von Mart.) Suter.

Sect. Flammulina von Martens, s. str.

(1) F. jungermanniae Petterd. (38) F. luckmani Brazier.

(2) F. sitiens Cox.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

Sect. Gerontia Hutton.

(1) G. albanensis Cox. (7) G. tasmaniae Cox.

(2) G. stanleyensis Petterd. (8) G. subrugosa Brazier.

(3) G. legrandi Cox. (9) G. mathiunee Petterd.

(4) G. marchiannae Cox. (10) G. macdonaldi Cox.

(5) G. diemenensis Cox. (11) G. bassi Brazier.

(6) G. gadensis Cox. (12) G. tamarensis Petterd.

Sect. Phacussa Hutton.

(1) Ph. savesi Petterd. (3) Ph. Hamiltoni Cox.

(2) Ph. stephensi Cox.

Sect. Allodiscus Pilsbry.

(1) A. limula Cox.

Sect. Thalassohelix Pilsbry.

(1) Th. fordeitBrazier.

Genus Endodonta (Albers) Pilsbry.

Sect. Charopa Albers.

(1) Ch. antialba Beddome.

Genus Laoma (Gray) Pilsbry.

Sect. Phrixgnathus Hutton.

(1) Ph. weldii Tenison-Wood. (5) Ph. pictilis Tate.

(2) Ph. caesus Cox. (6) Ph. pipzensis Petterd.

(3) Ph. henryana Petterd. (7) Ph. halli Cox.

(4) Ph. furneauxensis Petterd. (8) Ph. hobarti Cox.

Genus Rhytida Albers.

(1) R. sinclairi Pfeiffer. (2) R. ruga Cox.

Genus Rhenea Hutton.

(1) R. nelsonensis Benger.

It is a most astonishing fact how close the relation between the

Tasmanian and New Zealand molluscan fauna really is, more so

than I ever expected it to be. Of nine sections of the genus Flam-

90 THE NAUTILUS.

mulina occurring in New Zealand, five are represented in Tas-

mania. Most remarkable is the preponderance of Gerontia, a sec-

tion represented in New Zealand by two species only, and of Phriz-

gnathus, which is also well represented in New Zealand. A very

striking feature is the almost total absence of Endodonta, there

being one species of Endodonta s. str. (E. dispar Braz.) and one of

Charopa known from Tasmania. Rhytida is more abundant in

Tasmania, whilst Rhenea is represented by two species in each

country.

There can be no doubt about the great antiquity of these forms,

as they must date at least from the Cretaceous period.

New Zealand, Christchurch, October 4, 1893.

IN MEMORIAM—ROBERT WALTON.

[Ss

It is with sad hearts that we record the death of our young friend

Robert Walton. While out collecting on Saturday, November 11,

along the steep bank at West Conshohocken, he slipped and fell as a

freight train was passing below, receiving a terrible gash on the

head and having one of his legs crushed beneath the wheels, from

which he died at 8 p. M., the accident occurring about noon. He

was born in Halifax, England, July 17, 1875, and came to this

country in the summer of 1889. He was a collector from boyhood,

studying nature with that enthusiasm which only a born naturalist

can. He was not content with a collection of shells alone; his was a

collection of the mollusca. He studied their anatomy, working out

their jaws and dentition, the darts from the Zonites, and the testa-

ceous shell-plates, from the Limaces. He was a close observer, and

by his zealous collecting he found many forms not before recorded

from this section. Among his rarities were reversed specimens of

Zonites celiarius and Zonites ligerus, and I remember his saying,

when we met only a few days before his sad accident, that he found

the reversed Zonites cellarius at West Conshohocken. He was to be

appointed as a Jessup student at the Academy of Natural Sciences,

and was looking forward, as only a young heart can, to the day

when he would be studying and working there among the objects

he so dearly loved. Mr. Pilsbry was looking forward with a great

deal of pleasure to the time when he would have such a valuable

THE NAUTILUS. 9]

assistant. We shall miss him with his bright and happy face and

his pocket full of shells, and all tender our heartfelt sympathy to his

parents and brothers.

The appended lines are by his friend, Mr. John Ford.

CAVES:

Toll, toll the bell! his young heart beats no mure ;

His eyes are dimmed, his life’s short cycle run.

No more may Science yield him, as before,

The charming favors he so fairly won.

Alas, that in the East his sun should set,

And ’neath the shadows hide the hopes he knew !

Bright hopes, recalled to mind with keen regret

By all who felt his power to will and do.

Though now in sorrow we must say “ Farewell!”

Sweet memories of him our hearts will hold ;

While through the years that Time for us may tell

His friendship shall be cherished as of old.

A NEW HAND-BOOK OF THE HELICES.:

This new work, of which the first one of the four parts has now

appeared, aims to present a complete introduction, key and index

to the genera, subgenera and species, of the Helices of the world.

Each group, whether generic, subgeneric or sectional, is defined, and

its species enumerated ; the type and usually a number of prominent

species of each is figured, and the anatomy is described and figured.

The first genus included in the “ part ” just issued, is Trochomor-

pha, an important Asiatic and Polynesian group, many specimens

of which are in most collections. Although it has generally been

associated with the Helicide, Trochomorpha really belongs to the

Zonitide ; and it is admitted to this work only because the species

have been generally known as “ Helix.”

' By H. A. Pilsbry; being Vol. IX ofthe Manual of Conchology. Published by

the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

8 vo. Issued in parts, price $3.00 per part, plain edition ; or $5.00 per part col-

ored edition. Any volume complete in itself, and sold separately.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

The following genera belong to the Helicoid group Haplogona.*

They have a shell with simple, non-reflexed lip, more or less similar

to our “ Patula” alternata, etc. The genital system lacks all appen--

dages. The foot has on each side a border above the margin bounded’

by a groove (easily seen in alternata, solitaria, etc.). This last char-

acter is shared with the family Zonitide. _ The jaw exhibits consid-

erable variety in the several genera. It is either (1) composed of’

separate squarish plates, overlapping or imbricating, and only con~

nected by a common membrane (Punctum, Laoma), or (2) the plates

are soldered together, the outer edge of each being free (Flammutina,.

Charopa), or (8) the plates are completely soldered together, their

edges appearing only as vertical strie (Pyramidula—“ Patula”’).

The first type has been called Goniognathous, but falsely, as it has no-

near relationship to the jaw of Orthalicus, etc.; the second type has.

been called Stegognathous or “ plaited” ; and the third Awlacogna--

thous or “striated.” The three are really only stages of develop-

ment, and between the last two all intermediate forms occur.

The principal peculiarity of the generative system, besides its.

simplicity, is the very low insertion of the spermatheca duct. The

teeth show no very characteristic features, except that in many

cases the inner cusp is retained on the laterals, as in the Pupide.

The genera of Haplogona may be briefly tabulated thus:

a. Jaw composed of separate plates, Punctum, Laoma..

aa. Plates of jaw more or less soldered together,

b. Tail having a mucous pore, Flammulina..

bb. No mucous pore

c. Australo-Polynesian forms, Endodonta..

cc. S. American forms, Amphidoxa..

ecc. S. African forms, Phasis..

ecee. North temperate forms, Pyramidula..

The five last named genera include a great number of subgenera

and “sections,” all of which are defined and fully illustrated both:

as to shells and anatomy, with lists of the species of each.

The group Haplogona as a whole may be regarded as an ancient.

and unspecialized type, formerly world wide in distribution. At

present a vast majority of the species retain their footing only on the

southern extremes of the three great land masses of the globe, and

*The genus /o/yeyra, formerly included in the //af/ogona, does not belong there..

It has a solid, ribbed jaw and no grooves above the foot margin.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

on the Pacitic Islands, where they are free from the competition of

highly organized types of Helix, which have driven them from the

Tropics and North Temperate regions. In the north the species

are comparatively few in numbers, and live mainly in the colder

latitudes, where more recent types of Helix do not flourish, or in

some cases they have become reduced in size as in the sections

Helicodiscus, Pyramidula s. str., Planogyra, Patulastra, ete., acquir-

ing the habits of the Pupe with which they compete, and in many

cases the Pupa type of dentition also.

The name Pyramidula Fitz. 1833, has been preferred to that of

Patula Held. 1837, for the Eur-A merican group to which H. rotun-

data and alternata belong, on the ground of prior publication, and

because two other names for the group were proposed in 1837, either

of which has as much claim to be accepted as Patula. There are

moreover, still two more names antedating Patula, besides the ear-

liest name, Pyramidula. This change is therefore inevitable.

The figures were mostly drawn by the author. They illustrate

prominent typical species of all the subgenera and sections; so that

it is comparatively easy for a person unacquainted with the intrica-

cies of Helix classification to refer any specimen to its appropriate

group, whether it be a living or fossil form.

NOTES AND NEWS.

In a recent letter from Miss Ida M. Shepard, she says: “ We

have formed what we call the Los ANGELES CoNCHOLOGICAL

Cup, for the study of our local shells, and hope to take up the

west coast species generally later. We have eleven members, and

meet once or twice a month.” We heartily endorse this new organ-

ization for the study of the mollusca, and wish the club a success-

ful future—C. W. J.

Species DererMiIneD.—From M. M. Schepman, Rhon near

Rotterdam, Holland, 1. Sistrwm nodulosum C. B. Ads.; 2. Bittium

sp.; 3. Carditamera gracilis Shuttl.; 4,5. Aemaea cubensis Reeve ;

6. Acmaea leucopleura Gmel.; 7. Donax fossor Say ; 8. Heterodonax

bimaculatus, L.; 9. Intiopa bombyx Kien.; 10, 11. Afytilus exustus

Linn.—C. W. J.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

VALLONIA AMERICANA Ancey ms.—The description of this has

been published by Dr. Sterki in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893,

p. 266. The locality of Ancey’s types, however, is not stated, so it

seems desirable to record that they were from Davenport, Towa, col-

lected by Professor D.S. Sheldon. V. parvula, it will be noticed,

is recorded by Sterki from the same locality. It may be added that

I saw Ancey’s MS. description in May, 1890.—T. D. A. Cockerell.

SrROBILA HUBBARDI.—Noting your comments on S. labyrinthica

and vars., suggested to me the idea of comparing them with S. hub-

bardi.

There is evidently a close affinity between the two species, and

the same tendency to variation in the number of teeth. I find in

the Hubbardi three constant teeth, but in nearly one-half of our

collection of several hundred there is an extra tooth between the

second and third tooth counting from the umbilicus, and in some

eases a fifth tooth beyond the third. The variety S. strebeli found

here in our locality is also an approach to S. hubbardi in its de-

pressed spire and dark color. They are also found in similar sta-

tions often together under the bark of old logs or on palmetto trees,

hidden in dirt or old rubbish. Hubbardi is a very shy snail, and I

have spent many days looking for them. At first I thought three

or four a good day’s find-—-G. W. Webster.

VITRINA LIMPIDA IN PENNSYLYANIA.—In my note on Vitrina

limpida Gld. in Pennsylvania which you published in the August

Nauti us, I promised to report the results of future visits to the

place where the shells were found. I went down yesterday after-

noon and found 24 living shells, and as I could only go over a very

small portion of the hollow, owing to a very heavy growth of nettles, ©

brambles and other noxious weeds, I think the shells must be very

plenty—in fact, I do not think I “ worked” over two or three

square yards at the most. * * * 4

In continuation of my letter of October 2: On the 8th inst. I

again visited the place where I found the Vitrina limpida Gld., and

got 38 living specimens in about one and one-half hours, and went

over exactly the same ground as in my former visit, though

this time the space worked over was less than on October 1. The

colony appears to be in a very flourishing condition, although dead

shells are very plenty. * * * *

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Since writing you last, I have collected 208 living Vitrina lim-

pida Gld. The last time I was out, a friend and myself collected

70 in an hour, and only took the /argest specimens.

—Geo. H. Clapp, Pittsburg, Pa.

On Lanp anp Fresu Water Mouiusca or LOWER CaLiror-

nra, by Dr. J. G. Cooper (Calif’a Acad. Sci. III). In this paper

several very interesting species are described and figured. Among

them are two species referred to Columna, a Melaniella, two Planor bis

allied to P. cultratus Orb., and a sub-species of Helicodiseus lineatus.

THe Isaac Lea Cuaprer of the Agassiz Association is becom-

ing an important factor in the revival of interest in American

conchology. The President is now Prof. Josiah Keep ; the General

Secretary Mrs. M. Burton Williamson (University, Los Angeles

Co., Cal.). Interesting reports of their work are published by the

Secretary in Popular Science News from month to month.

A valuable paper on the anatomy of Bulimus acutus, by

Messrs. W. Moss and F. Paulden, appears in the Trans. Manchester

Micros. Soe. for 1892.

THe First MEETING of the Winter Session of the Perthshire

(Scotland) Society of Natural Science was held at Perth, Nov.

9, Mr. Henry Coates, President, in the chair. In his opening

address the Presideut gave his impressions of the principal Scientitic

Museums of America, which he had visited during the Summer.

The criticisms seem for the most part appreciative and just, and are

of interest to us as showing how our work appears in the eyes of a

cultured observer familiar with English museum methods.

Dr. Wm. H. Dat has left Washington to investigate geological

problems in South Georgia and Florida.

Messrs. HENDERSON AND Simpson, of Washington, have de-

parted on a winter tour in the West Indies, especially Jamaica.

They will no doubt return with a rich store of conchological

plunder from this paradise of mollusks.

ACANTHOCHITES EXQutisitus Pilsbry.—The locality given in a

former number of the Nautiuus for this species is incorrect. I am

informed by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns that Mr. Lockington procured his

96 THE NAUTILUS.

specimens of this and other Lower California mollusks from Dr, W.

J. Fisher, who fitted out a vessel at his own expense. He collected

this species at Los Animas Bay.—H. A. P.

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

Naturat History Nores rrom Nort Caronina, by A. G.

Wetherby. From the Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. An interest-

ing article strongly criticizing the present mania for species-making

with notes on the Mesodon of Roan Mountain and vicinity.

—C. W. J.

REPORT ON THE Monuusk-FAUNA OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS,

by R. E. C. Stearns, Ph. D., from the Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol.

XVI. The geographical and physical characteristics of the Islands

are thoroughly discussed, and with the amount of material at his

command, Dr. Stearns finds that the many so-called species of

Bulimulus are only forms of B. nux “for this is one of those protean

forms, like, for instance, Patula strigosa, cooperi, etc., that can not

be properly exemplified or understood by a few examples, nor even

by a hundred specimens.”— C. W. J.

An able article by Mr. Chas. T. Simpson, ON some Fossiz UNn1Ios

AND OTHER FRESHWATER SHELLS from the drift at Toronto, Can-

ada, with a review of the distribution of the Unionide of north-

eastern North America, appears in the Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

Vol. XVIL—C. W. J.

OBSERVATIONS ON VALLONIA, by Dr. V. Sterki from the Proe.

Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1893. In this article Dr. Sterki has, with

his accustomed acumen, revised the species and varieties of this

genus of minute Helices, illustrating the shells, dentition and jaws

of the species. The group has been much neglected heretofore ;

and while some Conchologists may not be prepared to accept so

many species as Dr. Sterki distinguishes, it must be everywhere

admitted that in pointing out the distinctive features of the forms, a

very valuable service has been rendered, and a substantial addition

made to conchological literature —H. P.

THE NAUTILUS, VII. Pl. IV.

P. CLARKEANA,

1. M. LINTOIDEA. 2: C., DAELE 3.

2° CG. DAELI 4 M. BURNSII. 6. L. INDISTINCTUS.

5. C. SERRATOIDES. 4. M. BURNSII

ALDRICH—NEW TERTIARY FOSSILS

Tue N Aeri.us.

Vou. VII. JANUARY, 1894. Nos 9:

NEW TERTIARY FOSSILS FROM RED BLUFF, MISSISSIPPI.

BY T. H. AEDRICH:

The fossil-bearing stratum designated by Dr. E. W. Hilgard as

the “ Red Bluff group,” occurs in Wayne County, Mississippi, near

Red Bluff station, and is exposed on the banks of the Chickasawharg

River. The fossiliferous stratum is four feet thick and contains

beautifully preserved specimens imbedded in a greenish clay.

Through the kindness of Prof. WW. H. Dall I have had an oppor-

tunity to examine the collections of the National Museum, which

were obtained here by Mr. F. Burns and others and with a series

in my own cabinet have been enabled to list 135 species from this

bed. Of these 26 are peculiar; 25 are found also in the beds at

Jackson, Miss.; 54 occur also at Vicksburg, and 30 are also com-

mon to Jackson and Vicksburg. This bed, therefore, should be

classed with the Vicksburg series. The following are described as

new:

Mitra lintoidean.sp. Pl. 4, fig. 1.

Shell fusiform, whorls nine, somewhat turrited, densely but

coarsely longitudinally ribbed, a transverse impressed line behind

the suture gives the upper whorls the appearance of being beaded ;

aperture narrow, elongate; outer lip sharp, slightly incurved,

striated within, labium four plaited; canal open, rather short,

curved, a number of impressed lines showing upon the lower part

of body whorl. Alt. 27 mm.; diam. 8 mm.

This species differs from Fusimitra cellulifera Con. by its lack of

98 THE NAUTILUS.

impressed revolving punctures and by being broader and much

heavier.

The ribs are almost obsolete in young specimens. Type is in

my collection. Examples in National Museum.

Cyprea Dalli n. sp. Pl. 4, fig. 2. 2a.

Shell ovate, moderately elevated, surface highly polished,

crossed above by a number of lines not closely set, dividing the sur-

face into a series of facets, base ventricose; labrum very much

thickened, profoundly striated but the striations do not extend up

over the whole surface. ‘Teeth on outer lip alternate. The smaller

ones half the length of the others; aperture narrowed in some speci-

mens in the centre, in others regular and strongly denticulated.

Length 15 mm.; width 12 mm.; alt. 9 mm.

This shell is also found at Jackson, Miss. It resembles C. lintea

Con., and has been considered as that species. It is however larger,

with a more thickened labrum on which the striations do not reach

the body of the shell as in Conrad’s species, but stop half way; the

surface of this shell is very different. In C. lintea the surface is

completely covered with close-set, very fine lines, while this species

has but few, and they are not impressed, some specimens being

smooth. The type retains some color, showing the shell to be choco-

late brown above with the lip white; C. /intea Con. is figured in my

Preliminary Report, Pl. V, fig. 2, p. 32, 1886.

Conrad’s original description contains a misprint which seems to |

have been perpetuated in later publications. It should read “ with

fine approximate equal impressed lines,” instead of “four . .

lines.” Type in National Museum; examples in my collection.

Pleurotoma Clarkeanan.sp. PI. 4, fig. 3.

Shell rather solid, fusiform, whorls about nine, spire smooth (?),

whorls with about eleven strongly raised and rounded ribs crossed

by coarse revolving lines ; somewhat alternate. The finer lines be-

tween often being double, especially upon the body whorl. Suture

appressed, bordered by a corded thread, and this in turn by a con-

cave space. Aperture oblong-oval. Canal short. Sinus semi-

circular, and well up in the aperture. Length 31 mm.; breadth

11 mm.

Murex (Pteronotus) Burnsiin. sp. Pl. 4, fig. 4, 4a.

Shell large, with three foliated varices, whorls nine. Nucleus

pointed, smooth ; whorls convex, appressed at suture, whorls fol-

THE NAUTILUS. 99

lowing the nucleus have two ribs on centre, each rib bearing a node

which is equidistant from the foliations; three continuous fin-like

varices continued from apex, which revolve in descending, edges of

varices dentate. Body whorl with about thirteen distant spiral raised

ribs, the two on the periphery bearing a node each between the folia-

tions. Aperture elongate-oval. Outer lip having internally seven

plications, inner lip smooth ; canal rather long, almost closed pos-

teriorly, widening anteriorly, and bent upwards. Canal of preced-

ing aperture persistent. Alt. 65 mm.; diam. 35 mm.

This elegant Pteronotus is described from the unique example be-

longing to the National Museum. Named in honor of its discoverer,

Mr. F. Burns, of the U. S. National Museum.

Cerithium serratoides n, sp. PI. 4, fig. 5.

Shell elongate ; suture linear ; whorls ornamented with transverse

ribs, which are moderate near the suture, but suddenly become

enlarged and spinous at the intersection of a spiral near the middle

of each whorl ; a couple of fine spiral lines occur between the spines

and preceding whorl ; also a single spiral line just below the suture.

Whorls slightly shouldered.

Specimen figured has lost its apex and aperture, but is so evi-

dently a serrate Cerithium that I have concluded to describe it.

Length of part figured is 56 mm.

Type in National Museum. Example in my cabinet.

Latirus indistinctusn.sp. PI. 4, fig. 6.

Shell fusiform, whorls nine, rounded; apical whorl smooth, the

remaining ones transversely ribbed, crossed by raised lines that on

the body whorl are alternately coarse and fine ; suture distinct, whorls

appressed to it anteriorly. Canal long, twisted strongly to the right

and then to the left. Striations continue to the end of canal. Ap-

erture oblong-oval, toothed posteriorly and shouldered anteriorly.

Outer lip striated internally ; inner lip covered with a thin callus,

definitely delineated and running to end of canal. No teeth on the

inner lip, but some of the striations show through the callus. Alt.

42 mm.; diam. 14 mm.

This handsome species is strongly Fusoid in appearance, and does

not possess plications on the inner lip like most of the genus, but it

evidently belongs there from its other characters.

Type in the National Museum. One example in my collection.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES OF A COLLECTING TRIP TO DEPARTURE BAY, VANCOUVER

ISLAND.

BY GEORGE W. TAYLOR.

The account given by Mr. Wood in the October nuniber of THE

Nauritvs of his collecting trip to Monterey Bay tempts me to put

on record au experience of my own which goes to prove that our

Northern waters are quite as rich in mollusean life as those of the

sunnier South.

Departure Bay isasmall bay on the east coast of Vancouver

Island, about 75 miles north of Victoria. It is shut in by its own

shores on the north, west, and south, and is protected from the open

sea on the east by a series of small islands. Consequently, the

water, at most seasons of the year, is smooth, and as the depth

ranges from 10 to 50 fathoms, and the bottom is varied, being sandy

in some places and rocky in others, the bay is a capital place for a

dredging expedition.

In August, 1888, through the kindness of Mr. S. M. Robins, the

managing director of the New Vancouver Coal Company, I was

able to spend four days in dredging from a small steam launch be-

longing to the Colliery Company. Much time was wasted on this

occasion in searching for suitable ground, but the result of the four

days’ work was by no means disappointing, as I took home with me

more than five thousand (5,000) specimens of one hundred and ten

different species. One of them, since named in manuscript by Mr.

Whiteaves as Pecten Vancouverensis, was new to science, and several

others were additions to our Vancouver lists.

In July of the present year, I spent three and one-half days in

the same locality in company with Professor Macown, the well-

known Canadian botanist and naturalist. We were determined, if

possible, to beat the previous record, and therefore worked very in-

dustriously. Wespent two and one-half days collecting on shore

between tide marks, and one day was devoted to dredging over the

ground prospected in 1888. ;

In the shore collecting my own captures amounted to nearly

2,500 shells of 61 species. In the dredging expedition our joint bag

reached the grand total of over seven thousand (7,000) specimens of

88 species. This very satisfactory result was obtained from an ordi-

THE NAUTILUS. 101

nary open sailing boat, with a crew of three men and a single home-

made dredge. I should mention that 15 species were taken both

between tides and by dredging, so that the actual number of differ-

ent species taken in the three and one-half days was 156.

In shore collecting, no attempt was made to collect the very com-

mon shells in quantity, or the numbers might have been swelled

indefinitely. In fact, I was looking more especially for Chitons, of

which I took seven species (183 specimens), and the smaller shells,

such as Volutella pyriformis Cpr. (40 specimens), and species of

Odostomia, which occurs commonly under rocks at low water. I

took also on this occasion a very fine series of Terebratella trans-

versa Sby., which was found literally in thousands attached to the

rocks on the south side of the bay.

Fine series of several Macomas were dug in the sand, and a few

specimens of the curious Lepton rude Whiteaves were found attached

(as is their habit) to the central segments of specimens of Gebia

pugetensis, which we dug out of the muddy shores.

When dredging, everything that came up was preserved, and the

finer sand and mud boxed, awd afterward dried and examined at

home.

Of the Pelecypoda dredged, by far the commonest specimen was

Acila Lyalli, of which at least a couple of thousand specimens were

taken. Another common bivalve was Cryptodon sericatus Cpr.,

about 300 specimens. Venericardia borealis Conrad, Nucula tenuis

Mont., and Lueina tenuisculpta Cpr., came next in order, about

100 of each being taken.

Of rarer shells may be mentioned, Pecten Vancouverensis W hiteaves

and hastatus Sby., Amusiwm caurinum Gould, Modiolaria levigata

Gray and nigra Gray, Crenella decussata Mont., Cardiwm blandum

Gould, Fulvia modesta Ad. and Rue., Cryptodon flecuosus Mont.,

Astarte Esquimalti Baird, and wndata Gould, Psephis Lordi Baird,

Clementia subdiaphana Cpr., Venus Kennerleyi Reeve, Macoma yoldi-

formis Cpr., Cuspidaria pectinata Cpr., Kennerlia filosa Cpr., ete.

Of the Gasteropoda the most abundant were, Nassa mendica Gould,

Nitidella Gouldii Cpr., Olivella baetica Cpr., Mesalia reticulata Mighels,

and the deep-water variety of Margarita pupilla Gould, of each of

which more than one hundred specimens were obtained.

Of rarer shells the following is a partial list: Drillia incisa Cpr.,

and cancellata Cpr., Mangilia sculpturata Dall, Cancellaria cireum-

cincta Dall, Velutina laevigata Linn., Turbonilla torquata Gould,

102 THE NAUTILUS.

chocolata Cpr., and Lordi Smith, Seala indianorum Cpr., Solariella

peramabilis Cpr., and varicosa Mighels, Puncturella galeata Gould,

cucullata Gould, and Cooperi Cpr. (all living), Cryptobranchia con-

centrica Midd., Ischnochiton interstinctus Gould, and cancellatus Sby.,

Placiphorella sinuata Cpr., Utriculus ineultus Gould, and Rictaxis

punctocelata Cpr., this last being new to our Vancouver list.

I have not attempted to give a complete list, as such would take

up too much of THe Navuritus’s valuable space, and would, more-

over, be of little interest ; but I think I have written enough to show

how very abundant the Mollusca are in our seas, and how much may

be accomplished in even a single day’s collecting if one knows ex-

actly how and where to look.

A REPLY TO ‘‘SOME (RESPONSIVE) REMARKS RELATIVE TO CYPREA

GREEGORI, FORD.”

BY EDGAR A, SMITH.

Tt is flattering to see that my remarks on Mr. Ford’s so-called

species of Cyprea have been deemed worthy of such lengthy con-

sideration. It were easy to take Mr. Ford’s paragraphs seriatim,

to make sharp replies, aud to confute them, but I value the pages of

Tue Navriuus too highly to occupy them with matter of that de-

scription. I will merely observe, then, that I have carefully recon-

sidered the subject, and I still am of opinion that Mr. Melvill’s

meaning is quite evident. It is to be regretted that Mr. Ford did

not cut the leaves of the work he was consulting and carefully ex-

amine it, for, had he done so, he could not possibly have failed to see

_to which species Mr. Melvill assigned the var. co/oba, and possibly he

would have adopted that name. When I suggested that even

courtesy directed us toemploy Mr. Melvill’s name, it occurred to

me that possibly some persons might be ignorant of or disregard the

friendly custom of adopting as a specifie name one already used in

a varietal sense by another, and the readers of THe NAvuTILus are

now in a position to judge whether my supposition was well-founded.

In conclusion I would point out that it is hardly fair for a writer

who is criticising the work of another, unnecessarily to put in in-

verted commas phrases and words which the general reader might

estimate as quotations. The words “state of things,” “ reminded,”

“ with thanks,” do not occur among my observations, and the “bit

of presumption ” also emanates from Mr. Ford.

THE NAUTILUS. 103

A LIST OF THE BRACHIOPODA, PELECYPODA, PTEROPODA, AND NUDI-

BRANCHIATA OF JAMAICA, LIVING AND FOSSIL.

COMPILED BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

No list of the bivalve Mollusca of Jamaica has ever been pub-

lished, and many of the commonest species are unrecorded from the

island. The present compilation was prepared during the time I was

Curator of the Jamaica Museum, and is, I think, almost as complete

as the present state of knowledge will permit. But for the kindness

of Mr. H. Vendryes in permitting me the free use of his collections

and MSS. the list could never have been prepared, and it is, in the

main, a monument of his industry, extending over a great number

of years. Mr. Vendryes informed me that the specimens recorded

by him might be regarded as correctly identified, as not only has he

given them careful study himself, but they were submitted to and

verified by Messrs. Swift and Carpenter.

All records are given as I found them, in alphabetical order

under each group; synonymy being indicated by cross references.

The solitary nudibranch at the end may serve to remind students

that there is a rich but unknown nudibranch fauna in the seas

around Jamaica.

[Since writing the above, I have submitted the list to Mr. E. A.

Smith, who has most kindly indicated some rectifications in the

generic nomenclature, and searched some works inaccessible to me,

with the result of discovering several additional records. Mr.

Smith thinks that a thorough search through the different mono-

graphic works, and the older books, would reveal many other

records, I regret I have neither time nor opportunity to make this

search, but I do not think many reliable records would be found.

Mr. Smith has discovered seven records (indicated in the list

within brackets) which are certainly erroneous, and in the case of

easily-recognized species attributed by older authors to Jamaica, but

not found there since, I think we may well express some doubt.

Specimens of various kinds were frequently brought to me at the

Jamaica Museum, which I might easily have supposed Jamaican,

without careful inquiry ; such specimens would be from Colon prin-

cipally, but in former days, when Jamaica was on the highway to

the Pacific and antipodes, they might have come from more distant

104 THE NAUTILUS.

points. Undoubtedly, the marine shells of Jamaica are imperfectly

known, but the additions will be made by dredging and such means,

and will not be found in such collections as were probably examined

by the earlier writers. |

I. BRACHIOPODA.

Cistella barrettiana, Dav.: Davidson, Zool. Challenger, 1, p. 22;

Zool. Rec., 1866, p. 212.

woodwardiana, Day.: Davidson, Zool. Challenger, 1, p. 22;

Zool. Rec. 1866, p. 212.

Discina striata, Lam.: Vendryes Coll., =? antillarum, d’Orb., teste

E. A. Smith.

Terebratula sp. undet.: Barrett, Proc., Geol. Soc., 1866, p. 282.

(foss.).

Terebratulina caputserpentis, L.: Davidson, Zool. Challenger, 1, p.

13:

Thecidium barretti, Woodw.: Davidson, Zool. Challenger, 1, p. 23

(foss. and viv.).

mediterraneum, Risso: Davidson, Zool. Challenger, 1, p. 23.

II. PELECYPODA.

Anomia ephippium? L.: Bowden, Vendryes MS. (foss. )—=simplex ?

simplex, Orb. : Vendryes Coll.

Arca adamsi, Shuttl.: E. A. Smith, Jr. Linn. Soc., 1890, p. 499.

[antiquata, L.: Dillw. Cat. Rec. Shells, but not truly Jamai-

can, teste E. A. Smith.]

candida, Chem.: Vendryes Coll.

carinifera, Adams: Jay, Cat. Shells, Ed. 1850, teste E. A.

Smith.

chemnitzti, Phil.: Vendryes Coll.=? incequivalvis.

consobrina, Sby.: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874; Ether. in Saw-

kins, p. 356 (foss.).

deshayesi, Hanley: Vendryes Coll.

domingensis, Lam.: Vendryes Coll.

Vorbignyt, Reeve: Vendryes Coll.

imbricata, Brug. : Dillw. Cat. Rec. Shells; Jay Cat. Shells,

Ed. 1850, teste E. A. Smith.

inequilateralis, Guppy : Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874 (foss.).

jamaicensis, Gm.: Turt. Linn., iv, p. 555. candida.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

listeri, Phil.: Vendryes Coll (viv.), Bowden, id. (foss.).

noae, L.: Ether. in-Sawk., p. 836 (foss.) ; Vendryes Coll.

(viv).

occidentalis, Phil.: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874 (foss.) ; Ven-

dryes Coll. (viv.).

pexata, Say ; Vendryes Coll.

rhombea, Born: Hunt’s Bay, Vendryes Coll.

[sentlis, Dillw.: Dillw. Cat. Rec. Shells, but recorded in

error, teste E. A. Smith. |

tenera, C. B. Ad.: Vendryes MS. Cat.

umbonata, Lam.: Lamk., vi, p. 38.

Asaphis coccinea, Mart.: Vendryes Coll.

Avicula jamaicensis, Dunker: Danker’s orig. descr., teste E. A.

Smith (viv. and foss. ).

macroptera, Lam.: Vendryes Coll.

radiata, Leach: Vendryes Coll.

Barrettia monilifera, S. P. Woodw.: Ether. in Sawkins, p. 808-310

(foss.)—Hippurites.

Caprina sp. Ether. in Sawkins, p. 308 (foss.).

Caprinella sp. Ether. in Sawkins, p. 508 (foss.).

Cardita ovata, C. B. Ad.: Vendryes MS. Cat.

scabricostata, Guppy: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874 (foss.).

Cardium antillarum, d’Orb.: d’Orbigny’s orig. deser., teste E. A-

Smith.

[apertum, Chem.: Jay. Cat. Shells, Ed, 1850, but record

erroneous, teste KE. A. Smith. ]

(Fulvia) bullatum, L.: Vendryes Coll.

? citrinum, Chem.: Bowden, Vendryes MS.=serratum (foss.).

domingensis, VOrb.: Vendryes Coll.

? dominicensis, Gabb : Bowden, Vendryes MS. (foss.).

elongatum, Brug.: Vendryes Coll.

graniferum, Brod. and Sow.: Vendryes Coll.

haitense, Sby.: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874 (foss.).

inconspicuum, Guppy: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874 (foss.).

( Trachicardium) isocardia, L.: North Side, Vendryes Coll.

(Levieardium) levigatum, L.: Kingston Harbor, Morant

Bay, Vendryes Coll.

lingua-leonis, Guppy : Guppy Geol. Mag., 1874 (foss. )—sub-

elongatum.

medium, L.: Vendryes Coll.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

muricatum, L.: Kingston Harbor, Vendryes Coll. (viv.),

Bowden, id. (foss.).

rusticum, L.: (Lister) Lamk., vi, p. 12.

serratum L.: Vendryes Coll.—lIcvicardium, teste E. A.

Smith.

spinosum, Meuschn.: Vendryes Coll.

subelongatum, Sby.: Vendryes Coll.

Chama arcinella, Linn.: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874 (foss.); Ven-

dryes Coll. (viv.).

gryphoides, Linn.: (see Turt. Linn., iv, p. 247).

involuta, Guppy: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874 (foss.).

[lazarus, L.: Dillw. Cat. Ree. Shells, but record erroneous,

teste E. A. Smith. ]

lobata, Brod.: Vendryes Coll.

macrophylla, Chem.: Morch. Mal. Blatt., 1877, p. 119.

ruderalis, Lam.: Bowden, Vendryes MS. (foss.).

Circe minima, : Bowden, Vendryes MS. (foss.) ? Kingston Har-

bor, id. (viv.).

cerina, C. B. Ads.: Kingston Harbor, Vendryes Coll.

? Coralliophaga sp. Ether. in Sawkins, p. 325 (foss.).

Corbula barrattiana, C. B. Ad.: Contr. Conch., p. 237.

blandiana, C. B. Ad.: Contr. Conch., p. 254.

chittyana, C. B Ad.: Contr. Conch., p. 238.

contracta, Say: Dall., Bull. 37, U.S. N. M., p. 70.

cubaniana, d’Orb: Dall., Bull. 37, U.S. N. M., p. 70 (viv. ;

and ? foss.).

dietziana, C. B. Ad.: Contr. Conch., p. 255=tahitensis.

disparilis, 7 Orb. : Kingston Harbor, Vendryes Coll.

kjeriana, C. B. Ad.: Contr. Conch., p. 237—caribea, d’Orb.

knoxiana, C. B. Ad.: Contr. Conch., p. 238—cubaniana.

krebsiana, C. B. Ad.: Contr. Coneh., p. 254.

lavalleana, VOrb.: Kingston Harbor, Vendryes Coll.

operculata, Phil.: Kingston Harbor, Vendryes Coll.

swiftiana, C. B. Ad.: Contr. Coch., p. 236—caribea.

tahitensis, Lam.: Kingston Harbor, Vendryes Coll.

vieta, Guppy: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874 (foss.)=disparilis.

viminea, Guppy: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874 (foss.)—Bothro-

corbula.

Crassatella Marylandica ? Courad: Vendryes MS. (foss.).

Crassinella ? martinicensis, d’Orb.: Bowden, Vendryes MS.—Gouldia

(foss.).

3 THE NAUTILUS. 107

Cuspidaria cleryana, d’Orb. (Sphena) : orig. deser., teste E. A. Smith.

costellata, Desh.: Guppy, Proce. Geol. Soc., 1866, p. 575 (foss.)

=? ornatissima d’Orb.

Oytherea carbasea, Guppy: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874 (foss.).

planivieta, Guppy: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874 (foss.).

trigonella, Lam.: Vendryes MS. Cat.

affinis, Gmel.: Vendryes Coll.

Dione, Gray—Cytherea, subg.

albida, Gmel.: Desh., Cat. Conch. B. Mus., 1 (1853), p. 69.

convexa, Say: Bowden, Vendryes MS. (foss.).

maculata, L.: Vendryes Coll.

Diplodonta candeana ? @Orb : Bowden, Vendryes MS. (foss.).

janetrensis, Rve.: Hunt’s Bay, Vendryes Coll.

soror, C. B. Ad.: Dall., Bull. 37, U. S. N. Mus., p. 52.

[ To be concluded in next number. |

NOTICES OF NEW CHITONS, I.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Meturoplax n. subg. of Acanthochites.

Subg. char. :—valves i to vii as in Acanthochites, but dorsal

(jugular) areas indistinctly differentiated ; valve viii having the mu-

cro posterior, the insertion plate strongly directed forward, with one

slit on each side, and no sinus behind. Girdle as in Acanthochites.

Type, A. retrojectus.

This group holds the same relation to Acanthochites that Pallo-

chiton holds to Chetopleura. It is a variation distinctly in the direc-

tion of the Cryptoplacide, recalling Choneplax, and clearly showing

the Acanthochitoid genesis of that family.

A. retrojectus n. sp.

Shell small, narrow and elongated, convex, not carinated; black

or black-brown, with a whitish “v” or three white stripes on each

valve, sometimes broadly maculated with whitish at the sides.

Intermediate valves moderately beaked (except valve ii, the pos-

terior margin of which is straight), sculptured with comparatively

coarse, rounded, scattered pustules, which become smaller and more

crowded toward the middle, and are lower and less distinct on the

ridge, no areas being distinctly differentiated on the valves. End

108 THE NAUTILUS.

valves similarly sculptured. Posterior valve small, having the

mucro obtuse and posterior, the posterior slope short, vertical.

Interior green, marked with black in the cavity. Head valve

having the insertion plate about one-third as long as the front slope

of the tegmentum, with 5 small slits. Intermediate valves having

very oblique plates with 1-1 minute posterior slits. Posterior valve

having the insertion plate short and strongly directed forward, with

a small slit on each side. Sutural laminze rather long and narrow,

projecting far forward. Sinus wide, deep, and square.

Girdle microscopically chaffy, with a series of hyaline spicules at

the edge, and 18 small and compaet silvery tufts.

Length 93; width 33 mill. (dry specimen).

Port Jackson, near Sydney. Abundant. Collected by Dr. J. C.

Cox.

GENERAL NOTES.

ALcyNA.—Specimens of the rare Aleyna ocellata A. Ad. are in-

cluded in Mr. F. Stearns’ last collection of Japanese mollusks. It

proves to have a corneous operculum, and therefore belongs to the

Trochide instead of the Phasianellide, where it has hitherto been

placed.— H. A. P.

S. AusTRALIAN Mo.iusca..— ‘A Hand List of- the Aquatic

Mollusca Inhabiting S. Australia”? has been issued by D. J. Ad-

cock, Adelaide, S. Australia. It will prove very useful to those in-

terested in this fauna.

CoNTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL History or Texas.—l.

Texas Mouiusca.—By J. A. Singley (Geol. Survey of Texas).

A complete list of species known from the State, with useful notes.

Mr. Singley’s personal researches have covered a large part of the

State, but he has supplemented them with citations of Texan locali-

ties by other authors, especially Binney and Dall. The paper forms

a very useful basis for further operations in the field of Texas conch-

ology.

Report ON THE ARTESIAN WELLS OF THE GULF CoasTAL Re-

ction (of Texas). By J. A. Singley (Geol. Survey of Texas, 4th

Annual Report). This paper is evidently the result of much care-

ful investigation, and will be especially valuable to those interested

in Tertiary and Quaternary Geology of the Gulf region.

oe. NGS:

VOL. VII. FEBRUARY, 1894. No. 10

A NEW SPECIES OF PATELLA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Patella kermadecensis n. sp.

Shell large and massive, conical, the apex subcentral ; slopes of

cone nearly straight ; outline short ovate, slightly narrower in front.

Exterior whitish, apparently strongly ribbed when perfect, but the

specimens described are everywhere deeply eroded. Border lightly

scalloped by the ribbing, and finely puckered at the edge. Muscle-

scar roughened, strongly marked, and either white or bright orange ;

rest of the interior white, stained in places with livid-brown or

purplish.

Length 135, breadth 115, alt. 48 mm.

Length 111, breadth 102, alt. 45 mm.

Habitat, Kermadec Is.

The two specimens above described, of this large species of the

subgenus Scutellastra, were sent to me by Mr. E. W. Roper, of

Revere, Mass., who obtained them from the original collector. The

species can be compared only with P. patriarcha Pils. from the Cape

of Good Hope, and P. mexicana Brod. & Sowb. from West Mexico.

The former of these is a wider, more angular species ; the latter is

more oblong, and has more obvious primary ribs. Figures will be

published later.

110 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON COLLECTING SHELLS IN JAMAICA.

BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON.

About the first of December, Mr. John B. Henderson, Jr., of

Washington, and the writer visited the island of Jamaica for the

purpose, principally, of collecting land, fresh-water and marine mol-

lusks. We called on Mr. Henry Vindryes, a veteran collector and

conchologist in Kingston, inspecting his magnificent set of Jamaica

Shells, and receiving from him every possible courtesy and many

useful notes as to localities.

As our stay was to be limited to some three weeks, we were anx-

ious to begin work at once, to actually put our hands on some

of the land snails in their homes. We hired a cab with a good

natured darkey for a driver, and a miserable, little, bony horse, of

uncertain color, and started for the suburbs, in the direction of

Rockport with our eyes strained to catch sight of the splendid

Orthalicus undatus, which we were told we might find on our way.

The poor little horse, which wobbled about first from one side of the

roaé to the other asif in search of snails, but probably from sheer

exhaustion, was suddenly brought to a standstill without much

exertion by the driver, who exclaimed as he pointed his whip to

some low trees on the south of the road “Da de snail you want

massa.”’ Ithink we had all observed them at the same moment, and

with a shout like boys we were out of the cab and racing across

the road, through a terrible hedge of wild pinguin in less time than it

takes to write it. There they were, great beantiful fellows, varie-

gated with ash color and glossy black, one, a half dozen, fifty, a

hundred, in fact without limit! They clung to all kinds of trees

and shrubs in the low tangled scrub, and in great numbers to the

tall cylindrical Spring Cereus; in almost every case glued by an

epiphragm so solid that it was well nigh impossible to dislodge them,

and invariably with the spire pointing downward.

When we came out of the woods an hour afterward we were as

wet with perspiration as though we had been dipped in water, and

covered with every description of sticking burrs; our flesh was

lacerated, and our hands dirty and bleeding, for everything in the

scrub bears villainous thorns. On the debtor side we had ruined

two suits of clothes, and to our credit could be placed over five

hundred superb living Orthalicus. We had learned a lesson, too,

THE NAUTILUS. jOLE

worth remembering, viz, never wear anything decent when collect-

ing in the tropics.

During our stay we drove around the entire island, visiting every

parish. Owing tothe worthlessness of our team, the illness of the

driver, and the almost incessant rains we encountered on the north

side, our opportunities for collecting were greatly diminished.

It was only when we stopped over a day or so at the towns that

we were able to get any great amount of material. Strangely

enough we found almost no marine species whatever. Occasionally

on the rocky beaches we obtained Neritina virginea, a few Littorinas,

Tectarius and Neritinas, but for miles, in fact along whole parishes,

though the road ran near to the sea, and we watched closely, not

even a valve was seen.

The lack of marine forms was made up in the abundance of the

land snails, and in some cases the fresh water species. In a branch

of the delta of Roaring River, under a great breadfruit tree, H.

picked up a dead Hemisinus lineolatus. Then I looked on the rocky

and sandy bottom and found it alive by handfulls, and we met with

it in quantities elsewhere.

We kept an eager watch for the great white Helix aspera. My

friend picked up asingle dead specimen on the road near Falmouth,

and this fairly turned our heads. We inquired of every darkey

from that on, hearing of it often like the Ignis fatutis, just a little

way out of reach. Near Montego Bay we got afew more dead

ones, and again as it was growing dark we discovered a dozen or so

on the bushes and vines when we were nearing Savanna la Mar.

The next day I started out early for a walk, resolved to find this

snail if thorough search would do it. I tramped the whole forenoon

and got only a few Ampullarias, and two o’olock found me tired,

hungry, and thoroughly disgusted, seven miles from our hotel, and

uncertain whether to push on to some low hills a mile ahead, or to

give it up and go back. My resolve determined me and I went on.

The first rounded knoll looked well at a little distance—one learns

in a short time to distinguish good from poor localities a long way

off. The elevation did not occupy more than half an acre ; red clay

with decomposed limestone. It was originally a dwarf scrub which

had been partly cleaved a couple of weeks before. The first thing

I saw was a finedead Helix aspera on the ground, then others, there

they lay thickly all around me, bright and fresh, with the animals

nicely cleared out by tropic showers, the sun, and swarming insects.

1A? THE NAUTILUS.

I hardly dared move for fear of stepping on them, and to calm my

excitement, and assure myself that it was not all a wild concholo-

gist’s dream, I stood still and tried to count a hundred, but when I

had got to twenty I saw half adozen live ones clinging like a string

of enormous white beads to a little shrub right beside me, and I

quit counting and gathered them in. Then I sat down and without

moving I picked up thirty fresh, cabinet specimens. About that

time it just began to dawn on me that the great Lucerna acuta was

as abundant as the aspera, and in no time I had my hands full of

the fine, big, brown fellows. Afterward I got me eyes focussed down

to seeing Sagdas, Helix sinuata, three or four Cylindrellas and as

many Judoras, and that under the leaves, and among rubbish there

were quantities of small Glandinas, Zonites and Microphysas, that

the ground when closely examined was literally bespangled with

lovely little Proserpinas, that shone in the sun like polished opals.

To my dying day I never expect again to see such collecting

unless I revisit Jamaica. Hunger, fatigue, headache, the flight of

time were forgotten, and J was only warned that I must return by

the fact that the sun was nearly down before I knew it, and that I

had an eight mile walk and darkness before me. On a little spot

no larger than a city lot, I had taken in a few hours over thirty

species of land shells. AsI reluctantly tore myself away I took

fifteen asperas from a small Mango, and on the border of the clear-

ing where some one had bent together a couple of young logwood

trees, not as large as my wrist, I picked twenty-five more fully adult

and one young one.

Shall I tell how in a narrow limestone gorge of the Rio Cobre near

Bogwalk in the talus under a ledge some two rods long we found

no less than forty-five species, all living, and nearly every specimen

in perfect condition ; or how at Mandeville the honey-combed rocks

were crowded with lovely Choanopomas, rough as chestnut burrs,

now H. wild with excitement and regardless of bats, centipedes,

scorpions, and poisonous vines wedged himself into a dark cave

whose mouth was at least two sizes too small for his body ; how he

stuck fast, and alone and far from help, could neither get forward

or backward for awhile, how he pushed on to be rewarded by find-

ing quantities of Helix peracutissima and the great purple H. jamai-

censis, the latter clinging to each other on the roof like so many

stalactites, a snail which, by the way, we had repeatedly been told

was extinct! I fear it may be now.

THE NAUTILUS. 113

It is enough to say that for the brief time and limited opportuni-

ties we had, our trip was a success, and we left with many regrets

that we could not spend the rest of the winter on the island, and

thoroughly explore it, and collect its inexhaustible treasures.

A LIST OF THE BRACHIOPODA, PELECYPODA, PTEROPODA, AND NUDI-

BRANCHIATA OF JAMAICA, LIVING AND FOSSIL.

COMPILED BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

[ Continued from p. 107. ]

Donax denticulata, L.: Milk River Beach, Pt. Morant, Vendryes

Coll. (viv. and foss.).

[rostratus, Adams: Jay, Cat. Shells, Ed. 1850, but. record

erroneous, teste E. A. Smith.]

Dosinia concentrica, Lam.: Vendryes Coll. (viv. and foss.).

incerta, Verkruzen (MS. ?): Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml., 1890,

teste E. A. Smith.

Ervilia nitens, Montagu: Vendryes Coll.

Erycina sp. Bowden, Vendryes MS. (foss.).

Gastrochena chemnitziana, @Orb.: Vendryes Coll. (viv. and foss.).

cuneiformis, Spengler: Vendryes Coll.

Eriphyla lunulata, Conr.: Kingston Harbor, Vendryes Coll.

var. parva C. B. Ads. Vendryes MS. Cat.

Inoceramus sp. Ether. in Sawkins, p. 308 (foss.).

Leda acuta, Conr.: Bowden, Vendryes MS. (foss.).

bisulcata, Guppy : Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874 (foss.).

clara, Guppy: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874 (foss.).

corpulenta, Dall: Dall, Bull. 87, U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 44.

illecta, Guppy: Bowden, Vendryes MS. (foss.).

jamaicensis, d’Orb.: Vendryes Coll.

vitrea, @’Orb.: orig. descr., teste E. A. Smith.

Lima carribea, D’Orb.: Vendryes Coll.=? squamosa.

scabra, Born: Vendryes Coll.

Limopsis aurita, Brocchi, var. paueidentata, Dall: Dall, Bull. 37,

U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 42.

Lithophagus bisuleatus, D’Orb.: teste E. A. Smith.

caudiger, Lamk.: Rockfort, Vendryes Coll. (as Modi-

ola).

114

THE NAUTILUS.

Lithophagus cinnamomeus, Chemn.: teste E. A. Smith.

gossei, Rve.: orig. deser., teste E. A. Smith.

[lithophagus, L.: Dillw. Cat. Rec. Shells, but record

erroneous, teste E. A. Smith. ]

caudigera, Lam.: Rockfort, Kingston, Vendryes Coll.

forficatus, Ravenel: Dall, Bull. 37, U.S. Nat. Mus., p.

38.

Loripes anatelloides, Rve.: Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samm]. 1890, teste

E. A. Smith.

Lucina americana, C. B. Ad.: Ad., Contr. Conch., p. 243—=quadri-

suleata d’Orb., teste E. A. Smith.

antillarum, Reeve: Ad., Contr. Conch., p. 243. (=ornata,

C. B. Ad. non Rve.) (viv. and foss.).

candeana, d’Orb.: Vendryes Coll.

costata, d’Orb.: orig. descr., teste E. A. Smith.

crenulata, Say : Bowden, Vendryes Coll.

dentata, Wood: Vendryes Coll. (Subgen. Divaricella).

[ digitalis, Lam.: Jay, Cat. Shells, Ed. 1850, but the record

erroneous, teste E. A. Smith. ]

divaricata, L.: Bowden, Vendryes MS. =dentata, Wood.

(viv. and foss.).

edentula, L.: Lam., V, p. 540. (C. B. Ad. also). =Zoripes.

granulosa, C. B. Ad.: Ad., Contr. Conch., p. 245.

imbricata, C. B. Ad.: Ad., Contr. Conch., p. 245. (=pecten

Rve.).

imbricatula, C. B. Ad.: Vendryes Coll.

jamaicensis, Chem.: Ad., Contr. Conch., p. 245.

janetrensis, Reeve: Ad., Contr. Conch., p. 245. (=subglo-

bosa, C. B. Ad.).

muricata, Chem.: fide d’Orb., teste E. A. Smith.

nasuta ? Conr.: Bowden, Vendryes MS. (foss.).

occidentalis, Reeve: Kingston Harbor, Vendryes Coll. =

imbricata, Ad.

pecten, Reeve (? Lam.) : Bowden, Vendryes MS.=imbricata?

(foss. )

pectinata, C. B. Ad.: Ad., Contr. Conch., p. 245-6. (viv. and

foss.).

pectirella, C. B. Ad.: Ad., Contr. Conch., p. 246.

pennsylvanica, L.: Ad., Contr. Conch., p. 246 (viv.); Guppy

Geol. Mag., 1874 (foss.).

THE NAUTILUS. 115

Lucina pulchella, C. B. Ad.: Vendryes MS. Cat.

scabra, Reeve (? Lam.): Ad., Contr. Conch., p. 247.

soror, C. B. Ad.: Ad., Contr. Conch., p. 247.

subglobosa, Adams (MS. ?): Jay, Cat. Shells, Ed. 1850, teste

E. A. Smith.

( Codakia) tigerina, L.: Ad., Contr. Conch., p. 247.

virgo? Reeve: Ad., Contr. Conch., p. 247.

Macoma cerina, C. B. Ad.: Dall, Bull. 837, U.S. N. M., p. 60.

Mactra alata, Spg.: Morant Bay, Vendryes Coll. =carinata, Lam.

(viv. et. foss.).

(Spisula) bilineata, C. B. Ad.: Vendryes MS. Cat.

braziliana, Lam.: Vendryes Coll.

(Spisula) subimbricata ? Mont.: Vendryes MS. Cat.

elegans, Sowb.: Vendryes Coll.

Modiola americana, Leach: Vendryes Coll. (Mr. Smith adds a?)

barbata, C. B. Ad.: orig. deser., teste E. A. Smith.

demissa, Dillw.: Vendryes Coll. (=plicatula, Lamk.,) teste

EK. A. Smith.

Myonera lamellifera, Dall: Dall, Bull. 37, U.S. N. M., p. 68.

Mytilus canalis, Lam.: Lam., VI, p. 123. (Mr. Smith adds a ?)

exustus, L.: Bowden (foss.), Dry Harbor (viv.), Vendryes

Coll. (viv. et foss.).

Nuculocardia divaricata, @Orb.: orig. deser., teste E. A. Smith.

Ostrea carinata, : Cat. Sawkins Coll., No. 133. (foss.).

folium. L.: Dillw. Cat. Ree. Shells, teste E. A. Smith.

parasitica, Gmel.: Bluefield Point, Vendryes Coll.

plicatula, Gmel.: Vendryes Coll.

Pecten exasperatus, Sow.: Port Antonio, Vendryes Coll.

exasperatus (nec Sow.): Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1894. (foss.). =

oxygonus.

incequalis, Sow.: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874. (foss.).

nucleus, Born: Vendryes Coll. (viv. et foss.)

ornatus, Lam.: Port Antonio, Vendryes Coll.

oxygonus, Sow.: Bowden, Vendryes MS. (foss.)

thetidis, Sow. (var.): Bowden, Vendryes Coll. (foss.).

zigzag, Chem.: Vendryes Coll. (viv. et foss.).

var. alba, : shell white, Vendryes Coll.

gibba, L. (Turt, Lim. IV, p. 267).

Pectunculus acuticostatus, Sow.: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874. (foss.).

angulatus, Lam.: Vendryes Coll.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

Pectunculus angulosus, Gmel.: Dillw., Cat. Rec. Shells, teste E. A.

Smith.

castaneus, Lam.: Port Antonio, Vendryes Coll.

decussatus, L.: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874. (foss.).

pectinatus, Gmelin: Vendryes Coll.

pennaceus, Lam.: Ether. in Sawkins, p. 337. (foss.). =

decussatus.

undatus, L.: Dillw., Cat. Rec. Shells, teste E. A. Smith.

Perna bicolor, C. B. Ad.: Kingston Harbor, Vendryes Coll.

ephippium, Linn.: Dall, Bull. 37, U.S. N. Mus., p. 36.

obliqua, Lam.: Vendryes Coll.

rigida, Dillw.: Vendryes MS. Cat.

Pholas clavata, Lam.: (see Lam., V, p. 446). =pusillus, L.

corticaria, Sow.: C. B. Ad,, Contr. Conch., p. 75. (=Mar-

tesia) teste E. A. Smith.

pusillus, L.: (see Turt. Linn., IV, p. 173). =striata.

striata, L.: Rockfort, Vendryes Coll. (==-Martesia) teste E.

A. Smith.

Pinna muricata, L.: Vendryes Coll.

Placuna sinuosa, : Ether. in Sawkins, p. 336. (foss.).

Placunanomia echinata, Brod.: Kingston Harbor, Vendryes Coll.

Plicatula cristata, Lam.: Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml., 1890, teste E.

A. Smith.

plicata, Chem.: Kingston Harbor, Vendryes Coll.

reniformis, Lam.: Lam., VI, p. 185. =barbadensis, Peti-

ver.

vexillata, Guppy: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874.

Psammobia affinis, C. B. Ad.: Vendryes MS. Cat.

biradiata, C. B. Ad.: Vendryes MS. Cat.

cerina. C. B. Ad.: Vendryes MS. Cat.

purpureo-maculata, C. B. Ad.. Vendyres MS. Cat.

Radiolites, sp. Ether. in Sawkins, p. 308. (foss.).

Sanguinolaria rosea, Chem.: Lam., V, p. 511. =sanguinolentus,.

Gm., Vendryes Coll.

Semele jayanum, C. B. Ad.: Vendryes Coll. —cordiformis, Chem.

proxima, C. B. Ad.: Vendryes Coll. =? elliptica, Sby.

reticularis, L.: Vendryes Coll. |

variegata, Lam.: Vendryes Coll.

Tagelus bidens, Chem.: Kingston Harbor, Vendryes Coll.

caribeus, Lam.: fide d’Orb,, teste E. A. Smith. —gibbus,

Speng.

THE NAULILUS. 117

Solen ambiguus, Lam.: Vendryes Coll. (viv. et foss.).

Spondylus bostrychites, Guppy: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874. (foss.).

Strigilla carnaria, L.: Morant Bay ; Port Antonio, Vendryes Coll.

carnaria, var. miocenica, : Bowden, Vendryes MS.

(foss.).

flexuosa, Say : Bowden, Vendryes MS. (foss.). Morant Bay,

Port Antonio, Vendryes Coll.

producta, Tryon: Zool. Ree. 1870, p. 172. Morant Bay,

Vendryes Coll.

pisiformis, L.: Morant Bay, Vendryes Coll.

Tellina antonii, Phil.: Kingston Harbor, Vendryes Coll.

arcuata, Sow.: Vendryes MS. Cat.

(Areopagia) bimaculata, L.: Kingston Harbor, Vendryes

Coll.

(Peronceoderma) biradiata, Schum.: Vendryes Coll.

carribea, d’Orb.: Vendryes Coll.

(Angulus) constricta, Phil.: WVendryes Coll.

(Angulus) cuneatus, d’Orb.: Hunt’s Bay, Kingston Harbor,

Vendryes Coll.

decussatula, C. B. Ad.: Vendryes MS. Cat.

(Arcopagia) fausta, Sol.- Vendryes Coll.

(Angulus) guadaloupensis: D’Orb.: Kingston Harbor, Ven-

dryes Coll.

jamaicensis, : Turt. Linn., LV, p. 193.

lineata, Turton: Vendryes Coll.

lintea, Conrad: Dall, Bull. 37, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 60.

(Angulus) martinicensis, d’Orb.: Hunt’s Bay, Kingston

Harbor, Vendryes Coll.

nitens, Adams: orig. descr., teste E. A. Smith.

punicea, Born: Vendryes Coll.

radiata, L.: Vendryes Coll. (viv.) Bowden, Vendryes MS.

(foss.) (viv. et foss.).

var. unimaculata, Lam.: Vendryes Coll.

striata, Chem.: Vendryes Coll.

subradiata, Schum.: Hunt’s Bay, Vendryes Coll.

tumida, Sow.: Vendryes MS. Cat.

Teredo fistula, Lea: Bowden, Vendryes MS. (foss.).

navalis, LL: Vendryes Coll.

Trigonulina ornata, d'Orb.: Vendryes MS. Cat. (ex Chenu.)

Venus antillarum, d’Orb., orig. deser., teste E. A. Smith.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

Venus blandiana, Guppy: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874. (foss.).

braziliana, Gm.: Plumb Point L. Ho., Milk River Mouth,

Vendryes Coll.

cancellata, L.: Pt. Morant, Vendryes Coll. (viv.), Bowden,

id. (foss.).

cardioides, Lam.: Lam., V, p. 590.

flexuosa, Lam.: Port Antonio, Vendryes Coll.

granulosa, Gmel.: Pt. Morant, Kingston Harbor, Vendryes

Coll.

listeri, Hanley: Port Antonio, Vendryes Coll.

maculata, L.: orig. deser., teste E. A. Smith.

macrodon, Lam.: Vendryes Coll.

paphia, L.: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874 (foss.); Vendryes

Coll. (viv.).

reticulata, Lam.: Vendryes Coll,

rubra, Gm.: Turt. Linn., IV, p. 236. =? Cytherea circinata.

rugosa, Gm., Chem.: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874. (foss.), Ven-

dryes Coll. (viv.).

subrostrata, Lam.: Vendryes Coll.

subrugosa, Sowb.: Port Antonio, Vendryes Coll.

walli, Guppy: Bowden, Vendryes MS. (foss.).

woodwardi, Guppy: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874. (foss.).

zigzag, L.: Pt. Morant, Vendryes Coll.

Pisidium pygmeum, C. B. Ad.: (Cyclas) Contr. Conch., Vendryes

List, p. 487. (=jamaicense, Prime) =adamst, Desh.:

Desh., 11, p. 184.

Spherium veatleyi, C. B. Ad.: (Cyelas) Contr. Conch., Vendryes

List, p. 487. Desh., 11, p. 283.

PTEROPODA.

Cleodora sp. Ether. in Sawkins, p. 319. (foss.).

pyramidata, L.: (See Turt. Linn., IV, p. 17).

retusa, ; (see Turt. Linn., IV, p. 117)

Creseis sp. Ether. in Sawkins, p. 319. (foss.).

Cuvieria sp. Ether. in Sawkins, p. 319. (foss.).

Hyalea (Diacria) vendryesiana, Guppy: Guppy, Geol. Mag., 1874.

(foss.).

Ze \

NUDIBRANCHIATA.

Glaucus atlanticus, Foster: R. Bergh, Chall. Rep., Zool., X, p. 11.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

NOTICES OF NEW CHITONS, II.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Chiton Cozi, n. sp.

Shell oblong, much elevated, carinated ; delicate bluish mottled

or blotched with olive-brown, yellow and white; girdle delicate

blue-green, with narrow white bars. Sculpture as in Ch. jugosus

Gld., but grooves of the pleura shorter, straighter, narrower, and

more spaced. Girdle-scales convex, shining, microscopically and

superficially striated, each measuring about .30 mm. wide. Length

13, breadth 7 mm.; divergence, 90 to 110°.

Port Jackson (Dr. J. C. Cox!)

This is probably the Lophyrus jugosus of Angas’ Port Jackson

Catalogue, P. Z.S. 1867. It differs from Goulds’ species in the

totally diverse color-pattern, etc.

Acanthochites granostriatus n. sp.

Elongated, the tegmentum occupying about one third the total

width in dry specimens. Valves obtusely keeled, the dorsal ridge

indisticntly clouded with whitish, orange and biackish; side mot-

tled in varied patterns with olive and white. Girdle olive, the 18

tufts silvery stained with blue or dirty olive.

Valves distinctly imbricating ; the dorsal areas rather wide, con-

vex, distinct but not raised at the edges, having numerous rather

weak longitudinal striz. Side areas having elevated pustules

arranged radially and connected by opaque lines giving the aspect

of radial striez. Tegmentum of post. v. subcircular, the mucro

rather acute and elevated, at the posterior third. Length 9, breadth

34mm. Port Jackson and Port Hacking, N.S. Wales (Dr. J.C.

Cox !)

Acanthochites Cowi, n. sp.

Valves grayish, somewhat mottled with olive and fleshy, the dor-

sal areas dark red or marked with olivaceous. Girdle olivaceous.

Valves nearly disconnected by spiculose bridges of girdle tissue at

the sutures. Dorsal areas longitudinally striate; sides sculptured

with convex pustules elongated radially. Tegmentum of posterior

valve subcircular, slightly wider than long, the rather elevated,

acute mucro slightly bebind the middle. Interior rose colored.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

Girdle densely clothed with short, hyaline spicules, the tufts repre-

sented by inconspicuous clumps of slightly longer spines. Length

23, breadth 13 mm.

Port Jackson, N.S. Wales, (Dr. J. C. Cox !)

Acanthochites Matthewsi Bednall & Pilsbry.

Much elongated, keeled, flesh-tinted with several olivaceous for-

ward-converging zigzag bands on each valve. Posterior margins of

valves i-vii concave, beaks small. Dorsal areas narrow, rounded,

with very fine, indistinct stri ; side areas having an indistinct diag-

onal riblet; plewra longitudinally ribbed, lateral areas obliquely

ribbed, the ribs more or less cut into granules. Tegmentum of

post. v. short-ovate, slightly longer than wide, its front half ribbed,

posterior half granulated. | Muero between the posterior third and

fourth of the length of tegmentum, strongly hooked backward, the

slope behind it very concave. Girdle narrow, tufts inconspicuous.

Length, 26, breadth, 8 mm.

South Australia. Collected by Mr. E. H. Matthews. The sculp-

ture is totally unlike that of any other known Acanthochites.

Illustrations of the above species will be given later.

GENERAL NOTES.

The death of Dr. Pau Fiscuer of Paris has been announced.

Mr. C. W. Jonnson will spend the latter part of January in

Cambridge, studying types of Diptera and Mollusca in the Museum

of Comparative Zoology.

Mr. E. W. Roper of Revere, Mass., has sailed for Jamaica where

he purposes spending some time.

Mr. A. W. Hanuam, formerly of Quebec, is now permanently

located at Winnepeg. His address is “ The Bank of British North

America, Winnepeg, Manitoba, Canada.”

VOL. vil. MARCH, 1894. No. 11

SHELL COLLECTING IN NORTHERN ALABAMA.

BY H. E. SARGENT, WOODVILLE, ALA.

Huntsville, Alabama., the county seat of Madison County, is a

somewhat exceptional southern city in that it has an abundant supply

of pure spring water bursting forth from its very foundations. This

spring of sparkling lime water, beside supplying the city mains,

attords a constant stream several feet in width and _ several

inches in depth to go to waste. In this stream and also in the reser-

voir I have, upon several occasions, taken large numbers of Gonio-

basis nassula Con., var. perstriuta Lea. A recent visit, however,

disclosed the fact that although still plentiful in the reservoir, this

interesting species has almost disappeared from the stream. A flock

of geese near by offered a possible solution of.the mystery.

Upon this occasion, a more careful search was made than upon

former visits, with very satisfactory results. The upper surfaces of

the rocks were found to be covered with a species of Ammicola

which the Editor refers to a form previously had from Florida, and

for which he proposes the name of Ammicola olivacea Pils. In more

secluded spots, several specimens of Pleurocera brumbyi Lea were

also taken. These specimens were much larger than those found in

other streams in this vicinity. A hand-dredge brought from the

oozy bottom numerous beautiful clear specimens of Pisidiwm sp.

Physa halei Lea and Limnaea desidiosa Say were found in consider-

able numbers. A single young specimen of Planor bis trivolvis Say,

and a single valve of Sphaerium indicated their presence, although

no good specimens were taken. Several dead specimens of Cam-

peloma coarctatum Lea also came to light.

** xx 2 ** x * ** aes ae

122 THE NAUTILUS.

A two-hour hunt for Helix carolinensis, made December 1, upon

the timbered flats of the Paint Rock River, resulted as follows:

Helix obstricta Say, var. 4. Binn = H. carolinensis Lea, 59. H.

inflecta Say, 22. H. thyroides Say, 13. H. stenotrema Feér., 3.

Zonites laevigatus Pfr.,1, Z. acerrus Lewis 2. Patula alternata

Say., var. mordax Shutt, 4. Selenites concava Say, 1 Limacidae, 8.

A little later in the season, these flats will be inundated most of the

time for several months. <A visit to the same station a little earlier

than this last year, yielded about the same results.

NOTES ON SOME NEW ZEALAND LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS.

BY HENRY SUTER.

1. Ancylus woodsi Johnston. About one year ago, I discovered a

small Ancylus in the River Avon, near Christchurch, which I

recognized as being identical with A. woodsi from Tasmania. ‘This

was, to my knowledge, the first Ancylus ever found in New Zealand,

and I mentioned the fact in Crosse’s Journ. de Conch., vol. 32, p.

248. I can not recognize Ancylus dohrnianus Clessin as a New

Zealand species, as long as Clessin can not give the exact locality

where his species has been found, and thus enable us to verify its

occurrence in this colony. There is no such Ancylus known to New

Zealand conchologists, and it therefore will only help to swell the

already large list of shells erroneously ascribed to New Zealand.

Only a few weeks ago, I collected a good number of A. woodst,

and this time alive. To my great astonishment I found several

specimens with a septum more or less in process of formation, so

that there could be no doubt but that this mollusk is not an Ancylus

at all, but a Gundlachia. This was further confirmed by examin-

ing the radula, which perfectly corresponds with the radula of a

Gundlachia collected and kindly sent to me by my friend, Dr. V.

Sterki, of New Philadelphia, Ohio. Having come into possession of

some literature on Tasmanian mollusks, I now find that Johnston, in

his description of A. woodsi (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1878, page 25)

says: “Animal and teeth almost similar to Gundlachia petterdi.”

And in the description of G. petterdi (1. c. page 23) he writes: “In

the young state the shell is simple, and resembles the common Ancy-

lus.” I really do not understand why Johnston established the n. sp.

A. woodsi, when he must have been fully aware of the fact that it

THE NAUTILUS. 123

was a young Gundlachia! In his list of Tasmanian mollusca, 1890,

he simply drops his A. woodsi without mentioning that it is a

young Gundlachia. I have not yet found full-grown specimens of

our Gundlachia, but I hope to succeed later on, and it is to be ex-

‘pected to be a similar form to G. petterdi Johnston.

Prof. Hutton suggested to me that this Gundlachia might, per-

haps, have been introduced from Tasmania on aquatic plants, which

were used in packing trout ova, and as our fish-hatching ponds are

in communication with the river Avon, there is all possibility of

this being really the case. However, there is one objection. Up to

the present day I found our Gundlachia only on aquatic plants in

the lower parts of the river, from the outflow of Horseshoe Lake to

New Brighton, but not upward between this outflow and the fish-

hatching ponds. This makes it very likely that Gundlachia occurs

in the swampy Horseshoe Lake, difficult of access, and was washed

down in the river Avon when the canal was cleared from Anacharis

weeds. If this mollusk is really indigenous, it will, no doubt, be

found in jocalities where the introduction from Tasmania is out of

question, but as long as this is not the case, we must remain doubt-

ful on this point.

In the “ Reference List” I published with my friend Mr. Ch.

Hedley, of Sydney (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., vol. VII (2) p. 624),

he put down Ancylus tasmanicus Tenison-W oods, as being synonymous

with A. woodsi. _ This is wrong, as the former is quite different, and

I believe it to be really an Ancylus. A. australicus Tate and A.

smithi Cox are very likely also young forms of Gundlachia. <A.

assimilis Pett. and A. oblonga Pett. I have notseen. It would be of

highest interest to examine the dentition of the Caledonian A. reti-

culatus Gassies and A. noumeensis Crosse, which Mr. Hedley thinks

to be nearly allied to the so-called A. woodsi.

2. Rhytida meesoni Suter (Reference List, |. c. page 631) is no

Rhytida, but a Paryphanta, as the animal lays calcareous eggs,

whilst the genus Rhytida is considered to be viviparous. The genera

Paryphanta and Rhytida are in the shells, the exterior of the ani-

mals and the radula so nearly allied, that it is not always easy to

separate them. Very likely the genital organs will show generic

differences, and it is my intention to study the anatomy of these

genera as soon as opportunity offers and time permits.

3. Thalassohelix ziczae Gould. There was always some doubt

whether this shell was really a New Zealand species or not, and at

124 THE NAUTILUS.

the request of Mr. Hedley, when we worked out our “ Reference

List,” I tried to solve the question. I came to the conclusion that

Th. portia Gray must be the same species, and therefore they appear

as synonyms in our list. I then selected two perfectly similar speci-

mens, and sent one to Mr. Edg. A. Smith of the Brit. Museum for

comparing it with Gray’s type of H. portia, the other to Dr. Dall,

Washington, to compare it with Gould’s type of H. ziczac. Both

gentlemen very kindly acceded to my request, and I herewith wish

to express my gratitude to them.

Mr. Edg. A. Smith writes: “Helix portia Gray. Right, but I

doubt if Gould’s ziczac is the same species.” And Dr. Dall reports:

“There is no doubt whatever of the identity of your shell with

Gould’s type. He, in his preliminary report (Otia Conch., p. 17),

refers it to New South Wales, but in his final report (Moll. U.S.

Expl. Exp., p. 41), he says that it was collected by Dr. Pickering

in a crater at Taiamea, New Zealand. His type was a little faded,

hence the prominence of the dark variable lines and the straw color

of the shell.” These reports set all doubts at rest.

4. Thalassohelix zelandie Gray. In a letter to me, Mr. H. A.

Pilsbry expressed his opinion that the shell Prof. Hutton and I con-

sidered to be Gray’s Hel. zelandie might, perhaps, be another spe-

cies. I therefore forwarded a specimen to Mr. Edg. A. Smith, and

he kindly compared it with Gray’s types. His opinion is as fol-

lows: ‘“ The shell under this name is, I think, a form of that species.

It is larger than any of our typical examples and more brightly

variegated, and the whorls are perhaps, a trifle flatter, still I think

it is only a variety.” To this I would remark that most species of

Thalassoheliz are subject to great variation, and I am confident that

we identify the right shell as Th. zelandie Gray.

5. Endodonta varicosa Pfeiffer, I considered to be synonymous

witb E. timandra Hutton (Reference List, l. ¢., p. 651). Mr. H. A.

Pilsbry, however, denies their identity (Man. Conch. (2) VIII, p.

84), and I therefore also sent specimens of E. timandra to Mr. Edg.

A. Smith for comparing them with varicosa Pfr. He kindly sent me

the following information: “ E. timandra Hutt. This is distinct

from varicosa Pf. It is smaller, more openly umbilicated, has more

riblets, and the armature of the mouth is different. There are three

teeth in timandra and one (overlooked by Pfeiffer and Reeve) in

varicosa, situated on the body-whorl. It is a very slender lamella,

and might easily be overlooked.” After receiving this report, I

7; ~-« ~~ ~

THE NAUTILUS. 13s

looked all specimens of EF. timandra in my collection carefully

through, and had the great satisfaction to find a few specimens of E.

varicosa Pf. The two species differ in the characters mentioned by

Edg. A. Smith; however, I have one specimen of E. varicosa with

two lamellae in the body-whorl. If not very carefully examined,

the two species may very easily be confounded. It seems that E.

timandra occurs only on the North Island, while E. varicosa seems

to be limited to South Island.

6. Charopa sylvia Hutton. I thought this species to be identical

with Ch. taw Pfeiffer (Ref. List., i. ¢., p. 657), but felt always more

or less doubtful. I therefore sent specimens with the others to Mr.

Edg. A. Smith, and he very kindly wrote to me: “ Ch. sylvia Hutt.

You question this being the same as Hel. tau Pfr. We have not yet

the latter in the Museum, but Pfeiffer’s description of the sculpture

‘ subdistantum costato-plicata’ scarcely applies to your specimens.

They are undoubtedly identical with Pieiffer’s Hel. gamma. Ihave

compared them with the types, and they agree in every respect, ex-

cepting that yours are fresher.’ ‘Therefore :

Charopa buccinella Reeve, sp., 1852 (=gamma Pfeiffer, 1852

(? 1853) == sylvia Hutton, 1885).

Now it remains to identify Ch. taw Pfr. It may be that my

Charopa mutabilis is this species ; I have sent a specimen to Vienna

to have it compared with Pfeiffer’s type, and am awaiting a report.

New Zealand, Christchurch, Sept. 6, 1893.

SHELLS OF THE SAGINAW VALLEY, MICHIGAN.

BY BRYANT WALKER, DETROIT, MICHIGAN.

Some twenty-five years ago the late Dr. George A. Lathrop,

while residing at East Saginaw in this State, made a considerable

collection of the shells, which he found in that vicinity.

After lying packed away for many years, the collection has recently

come into my possession, and as it contains some material of consider-

able interest, and no local catalogue from that part of the State has

ever been published, the following list of the species represented

has been deemed worthy of a permanent record.

I am indebted to Dr. V.Sterki for the determination of the Pupi-

dee and to Mr. A. A. Hinkley for the identification of Goniobasis

126 THE NAUTILUS.

semicarinata Say and depygis Say. Unless otherwise specified the

locality is in all cases East Saginaw.

Selenites concavus Say.

Zonites nitidus Mull. Zonites indentatus Say.

Zonites arboreus Say. Zonites minusculus Binn.

Zonites radiatulus Alder. Zonites fulvus Dr.

Zonites multidentatus Say. Heretofore cited only from the western

part of the State.

Patula alternata Say.

Patula perspectiva Say.

Patula striatella Anth.

Patula lineata Say.

Punctum pygmzeum minutissimum Lea.

Helix multilineata Say.

Helix thyroides Say.

Helix albolabris Say. Above the average in size and one example

an almost perfect albino.

Helix albolabris dentata.

Helix exoleta Binn.

Helix sayii Binu. Port Austin. <A new locality for this (in Mich-

igan) rare species.

Helix mondon fraterna Say.

Helix leaii Ward.

Helix tridentata Say.

Helix palliata Say.

Helix virgata Da Costa. A single well marked example of this

species, apparently of the variety called “‘alba” by Taylor, occurs

in the collection with the following label: “From Dr. Clark of

Flint, Michigan, where he says it was found.” Dr. Clark wasa

well known physician of Flint in times past; but as both he and

Dr. Lathrop are dead, it is not probable that any further informa-

tion in regard to the circumstances under which this shell was

found can be had. The specimenthough mature, is not quite fresh,

and as the body whorl was filled with hard packed fine sand it

seems very probable that it was imported in the earth about some

foreign plants.

Vallonia pulchella Mull. Determined by Dr Sterki.

Strobilops labyrinthica Say. _

Pupa corticaria Say. These are the first specimens seen from the

eastern part of the State.

THE NAUTILUS. eT

Pupa armifera Say.

Pupa contracta Say.

Vertigo ovata Say.

Vertigo gouldii Binn. Quite abundant apparently, and exhibiting

some considerable variation in size. A single albino example is

included, of which Dr. Sterki writes “This is a very interesting

and valuable specimen ; the only true albino among many thousand

specimens of our Vertigos I have seen.”

Vertigo ventricosa elatior Sterki. Not heretofore known from

Michigan.

Vertigo pentodon Say. Vertigo curvidens Gld.

Ferussacia subcylindrica L.

Succinea oblivua Say. Suecinea peoriensis Wolf.

Succinea avara Say. Succinea sp.

Succinea ovalis Gld. Suceinea sp.

There are four forms of Succinea in the collection, which group

around 8. ovalis Gld. as a type. ‘The first is the form usually called

ovalis characterized by the short; rather blunt spire, elongated body

whorl and effuseaperture. The second is the peoriensis of Wolf, a

very widely extended form in Michigan and easily separated from

the “ovalis” by reason of the shorter body whorl and more nearly

oval aperture, which though somewhat narrowed posteriorly lacks

the patulous expansion anteriorly so characteristic of the former.

The third resembles ovalis in the shape of the aperture, but is a

more slender shell and has the spire more elongated than either the

preceeding forms. It appears to range generally over the State and

is the same form noticed as “S. higginsi Bld.” in my catalogue of

Michigan shells (Naur. VI, p. 19).

The fourth form is quite remarkable. Having the general shape,

characteristic of the group, it far exceeds them all in dimensions,

equalling in length a good sized S. obliqua Say. These shells were

labeled by Dr. Lathrop as “S. sillimani Bld.?” They agree sub-

stantially in form and size with figures of that species given by

Binney. Some individuals, however, have the spire more produced,

resembling in that respect the figures of S. hawkinsi Bd.; but the

suture is not impressed to the extent represented in that species.

None of them have the blunt apex, which seems to be characteristic

of S. haydeni W. G. Binn., though fully equalling that species in

size. Cockerell (Naur. VI, pp. 23 and 29) refers all these forms to

the S. elegans Risso of Europe. — It is possible that these specimens

128 THE NAUTILUS.

are similar to the Canadian examples, which he refers to that spe-

cies.

Carychium exiguum Say.

Limniea stagnalis L.

Limnrea catascopium Say.

Two forms of this species are represented in the collection. One

from the Saginaw River is of the usual form, but of unusual size,

one example being nearly one and one-fourth inches in length.

The other form from Saginaw Bay is characterized by its greatly

inflated body whorl and very short, rapidly acuminating spire. A

single specimen from Lake Huron represents the form usually found

in the Great Lakes.

Limnea reflexa Say. Bayou, East Saginaw and Saginaw Bay.

The latter somewhat smaller and more slender than the former.

Limnzea reflexa sealaris. Intermediate between the type and the

variety.

Limnzea palustris Mull. Larger than the average in size. The

striped variety corresponding to form of L. refleca known as zebra

Tryon, is also represented.

Limnea cubensis Pfr.

Physa ancillaria Say. Saginaw Bay.

Physa sayil Tapp.

Physa gyrina hildrethiana Lea.

Aplexa hypnorum L,

Planorbis trivolvis Say.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say.

Planorbis campanulatus Say.

Planorbis albus Mull.

Planorbis exacutus Say.

Planorbis paryus Say. Among anumber of the usual form of this

species occurs one of the curiously distorted examples, in which the

whorls almost from the apex are entirely detached from each other

and coiled obliquely like a ram’s horn.

Segmentina armigera Say.

Ancylus fuseus Ad. Saginaw River.

Ancylus parallelus Hald. Saginaw River. Much narrower and

with the sides more flattened and hence more nearly parallel than

in specimens from other localities.

Lyogyrus pupoidea Gld. Heretofore this species has been cited

only from the western part of the State.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

Campeloma decisa Say. Cass River.

Amnicola porata Say.

Bythinella obtusa Lea.

Goniobasis livescens Mke. Saginaw Bay.

Goniobasis semicarinata Say. Saginaw River.

This is the first time this species has been cited from this State.

Goniobasis depygis Say. Saginaw River.

This species, although cited in the earlier lists of Sager and Miles,

has not been found by any of the more recent collectors.

Goniobasis milesii Lea. Cass River.

Two specimens “from Dr. Miles,” which seem to justify Tryon’s

doubt as to whether the species is more than a globose form of G.

livescens Mke.

Unio alatus Say. Saginaw River.

Unio asperimus Lea. Saginaw River. This is the first recorded

ocecurrance of this species in the eastern part of the State. It may

be of interest to add that Dr. W. H. DeCamp of Grand Rapids

informs us that the species has also been recently found in the Grand

River, so that the doubt formerly cast upon its occurrence in Michi-

gan must be considered as entirely removed.

Unio cornutus Bar. Another addition to the fauna of the eastern

part of the State. One example, probably a female, is unusually

elongated.

Unio ellipsis Lea. This and all the following species are from Sag-

inaw River.

Unio gibbosus Bar. Anodonta benedictii Lea.

gracilis Bar. footiana Lea.

ligamentinus Lam. imbecilis Say.

luteolus Lam. Spherium striatinum Lam.

nasutus Say. rhomboideum Say.

novi-eboraci Lea. occidentale Pme.

phaseolus Hild. partumeium Say.

rectus Lam. truncatum Lam.

rubiginosus Lea. Pisidum virginicum Lam.

schooleraftii Lea. abditum Hald.

ventricosus Bar. compressum Pme.

Margaritina deltoidea Lea. variabile Pme.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Mr. Joun Rrrcute, Jr. of Boston paid a short visit to his con-

chological friends in Philadelphia Feb. 3d and 4th, being the guest

of Mr. Ford.

TULOTOMA IN THE TENNESSEE Dratnace.—As the Paint Rock

River is a tributary of the Tennessee and hence in the Ohio drain-

age, it may be of interest to note that a fossil specimen of Tulotoma

magnifica Con. was recently found about 20 miles from its mouth.

T. magnifica is a living species of the lower Coosa—H. E. Sargent,

Woodville, Ala.

Rey. Samuet Locxwoop, Pu. D., well known in New Jersey as

an enthusiastic student of the Natural History of the State, died at

his residence in Freehold, N. J., on Jan. 10th.

Some Frnat REMARKS RELATIVE TO CyPRHA GREEGORI, FORD.

—Since Mr. Smith has, in the January number of the Nauritus,

deemed it expedient to make a purely scientific subject, the vehicle

of remarks chiefly personal in character, it is just possible that com-

ment is uncalled for from me. It might be prudent, however, to

notice one or two of the gentleman’s statements, especially that

touching the ease with which he could take Mr. Ford’s paragraphs

seriatum, and confute them, ete. In respect to this show of confi-

dence, I have nothing to suggest beyond referring him to the follow-

ing not very classic, but rather trite saying, viz.: “The man who is

always sure that he could have managed things better had be been

there, is usually the one who never gets there.”

Regarding the quoted phrases so pathetically alluded to by the

gentleman, J] cannot believe that any reader save himself ever sup-

posed they were presented as parts of his communication.

Certainly such a thought never occurred to me. The “inverted

commas” were added to them simply as evidence of their general

use. Was this fact apparent to Mr. Smith? Perhaps not, and yet

—Perhaps.

As my reasons for claiming priority for the name C. Greegort were

fully explained in the Nauriuus for Nov., 1895—and as the justice

of this claim has been heartily conceded by very many of our ablest

conchologists, I do not propose inflicting the reader with any further

THE NAUTILUS. 1611)

remarks on the subject, now or hereafter—John Ford, Philadelphia,

Jan., 1894.

The collection of Dr. Wm. D. Hartman of West Chester, Pa.,

is offered for sale. It is one of the richest in America in Melanians,

Partula, Achatinella, Bulimus, ete., and comprises the types of Dr.

Hartman’s new species, as well as duplicate types from Lea, Anth-

ony, Wheatley, and many other conchologists. It will prove a very

valuable collection to whoever may purchase it.

NOTES ON NEW PUBLICATIONS.

PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE MOLLUSCAN SPECIES collected by

the U.S. Scientific Expedition to West Africa in 1889-90, pp. 82.

On Rare or Lirrte Known Moxuusks from the west coast of

North and South America with descriptions of new species, pp. 11 and

plate.

REPORT ON THE Mouuusk-FAuNA OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS,

with descriptions of new species etc., 97 pp., plate and map.

The foregoing are the titles of recent papers on Mollusea by Dr.

Stearns published in the proceedings of the U. S. National Museum,

in Volume XVI, which includes the various articles for the year

1893. The first of the above, is an annotated catalogue of the shells

collected by the Eclipse Expedition so-called, that went to the west

coast of Africa for the purpose of observing the total eclipse of the

sun, that occurred on the 22nd of December 1889. The Natural

History work was of course incidental; itincludes also the forms

collected at the Azores, where the Pensacola touched on her way.

The total number of molluscan species collected foots up 120, the

greater portion, over one hundred, at various African points, Ascen-

sion Island and Cape de Verde, ete. Several of the species are

shown to have a wide distribution, from the Gulf of Mexico and the

Caribbean waters to the African region ; and Trochatella radians “not

before reported outside of Peru and Chili,” was detected, a single

example, at Cape de Verde; many other forms have nearly as wide

a range.

The second paper embraces several forms, some of which were

preliminarily described in “The Nauriius” in May, 1893. Many

iS THE NAUTILUS.

species of a decided Polynesian aspect are reported from the Gulf of

California region; among these are Chicoreus palmarose mexicana,

Ranella cruentata, Purpura hippocastanum, Casmaria vibex and

Luponia isabella mexicana. This paper includes also revised de-

scriptions of species previously described by the author, notably,

Dolabella californica, Onchidella binneyi= O. carpenteri Stearns not

Binney, etc. A newspecies of Tectarius, T. atyphus, the first of this

group detected on the West Coast is described ; it occurs at Manta

on the coast of Ecuador. Other species are referred to and com-

mented upon.

The last of the foregoing titles relates to a paper hitherto briefly

noticed in “ The Nautrius, ” (December, 1893). This includes a

list of Galapagos shells, compiled from the collections made by the

Albatross, Dr. Habel, Dr. Wolf, the Petrel, Dr. W. H. Jones and

the papers and publications of Carpenter, Albers, E. A. Smith,

Wimmer, Ancey, Reibisch, Dall, etc., etc. The Albatross collectors

obtained 109 species and several varieties; of these 59 were not

before reported as occurring at the Galapagos. A few new species

were detected and are described by the author. The total as shown

in the summarized list is 288 species and 30 varieties.

The land shells are of a distinctly West American type, compar-

able with Chilean and Peruvian forms, and with the exception of

half a dozen local species, the marine forms are West American—

with a slight color of Caribbean or Antillean types.

Norers on Recent Coiuecrions or N. A. Moiuusks, ETC., by

R. E. C. Stearns (Proce. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1893). Dr. Stearns records

numerous new localities for various land and fresh-water shells, dis-

cussing particularly the range of Patula strigosa Hemphilli, and its

occurrence in Arizona at Coon Mountain, that problematic crater.

Triodopsis Levetter is reported from Fort Huachuca and Tucson

Arizona (a large form). Ft. Huachuca is so near the Mexican

boundary that Stearns believes both P. hemphilli and T. Levetter

will eventually be found in the Mexican state Sonora. Helicina

orbiculata was collected by Mr. V. Bailey near Marble Cave, Stone

Co., Mo., probably near its northern limit. Attention is called to

the discontinuous distribution of the section Mesodon, which is repre-

sented by several western species, among them townsendiana and

ptychophora; records of North Dakota and eastern Montana locali-

ties for Mesodon are still lacking. In this tract muitilineata and

thyroides are to be expected, we think, but suitable stations are not

very numerous west of Minnesota and Iowa.

toe Nereus.

Vou. vu. APRIL, 1894. No. 12

THE CALIFORNIAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS NUTTALLINA.

BY W. J. RAYMOND, OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA.

In the Manual of Conchology, Vol. 14, p. 280, after directing

attention to the differences existing between Nuttallina californica

Nutt. and N. seabra Rve., Mr. Pilsbry remarks. that data are desir-

able concerning the areas of distribution of the two species along

the Californian coast, especially between San Diego and Point Piedras

Blancas, near San Simeon. Having collected numerous specimens

of this genus at various points between Bolinas and Santa Barbara,

I can offer the following notes.

A glance at a map ofthe West Coast will recall certain geograph-

ical features bearing upon the distribution of marine life. Going

southward from San Francisco, the coast line which has followed a

general southeasterly direction, bends abruptly to the east at Point

Concepcion. Asa result of this, the great ocean current from the

north which has held to a course near the coast and parallel with it,

all the way from Alaska, leaves it for the first time and flowing

southward, is still further deflexed by the chain of the Santa

Barbara islands. From Point Concepcion eastward, the ocean is

warmer and the other conditions surrounding marine life are such

as to warrant the expectation of an assemblage of species, different

from those found north of the cape. While many species of mollusks

are common to our whole Californian coast, Terebra simplex, Drillia

hemphilli, Marginella varia, Cypraea spadicea, Trivia solandri, Tur-

ritella cooperi, Norrisia norrisii, Trophon belcheri, T. triangulatus,

Periploma planiuscula and Barbatia gradata are species of a more

southern fauna, found in Santa Barbara county, which do not as far

134 THE NAUTILUS.

as we know pass Point Concepcion. Many other examples might

be noted.

This is not the place to enter into a discussion of the West Coast

marine faunal provinces. but it is interesting to note that as far as

the material at hand gives evidence, the two West Coast species of

Nuttallina are sharply divided by this natural boundary. At Carpin-

teria, ten miles east of Santa Barbara and at points west of that town,

to Santa Anita, within ten miles of Point Concepcion, the specimens

are uniformly V. scabra, as are also the more southernexa mples of

the genus. Specimens collected at Point Sal, thirty-five miles north-

ward from Point Concepcion, together with those collected at San

Simeon, at Monterey, at Purissima and at points near San Fran-

cisco are uniformly N. californica. No intregrading forms were

observed. While the external appearance is not always a sure

guide to specific position, disarticulation of the plates has, in all

cases examined, revealed the species with certainty.

A study of numerous specimens from the localities mentioned,

shows the following differential characteristics, in addition to those

cited by Mr. Pilsbry. Whether they would hold good in specimens

from other localities or not, I do not know. In color NV. scabra is

externally more varied than WN. californica. Specimens of the former

from Santa Barbara are clouded and mottled with greenish upon a

buff ground-tint, on the second, third, fifth and sixth valves. The

remaining valves are much darker and less variegated. In single

valves of scabra, viewed from above, the broad curving outline of

the tezmentum on each side is bordered by a small spot of brown,

placed centrally on the light blue surface of the sutural plates. This

feature is constant in all of the specimens examined. In UN. cali-

fornica the spots are wholly absent, or in some cases replaced by in-

distinct clouds of a color darker than the surface of the sutural

plates. Of course no one would separate the species because of these

slight color differences, but taken in conjunction with the weightier

points of difference furnished by the shape of the plates, sculpture

and character of the girdle, they are interesting as showing how far

these geographical races have become ditferentiated from the parent

stock.

THE NAUTILUS.

13:

LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY, PA.

COLLECTED BY Ss. H. STUPAKOFF OF PITTSBURGH, PA.,

FROM JAN., 1890 To DEc., 1893."

Mesodon albolabris Say.

Mesodon var. dentata Binn.

Mesodon dentifera Binn.

Mesodon profunda Say.

Mesodon pennsylvanica Green.

Mesodon thyroides Say.

Mesodon exoleta Binn.

Triodopsis tridentata Say.

Triodopsis palliata Say.

Triodopsis fallax Say.

Stenotrema monodon Rack.

Stenotrema var. fraterna Say.

Stenotrema hirsuta Say.

Helicodiscus lineata Say.

Vallonia pulchella Mull.

Vallonia excentrica Sterki.

Patula aiternata Say.

Patula solitaria Say.

Patula perspectiva Say.

Patula striatella Anthony.

Punctum pygmeum minutissi- |

mum Lea.

Selenites concavus Say.

Mesomphix fulginosus Griff.

Mesomphix ligerus Say.

Mesomphix intertextus Binn.

Mesomphix inornatus Say.

Hyalina arborea Say.

Hyalina indentata Say.

Hyalina minuscula Binn.

Hyalina milium Morse.

Hyalina radiatula Alder.

Hyalina wheatleyi Bld.

Conulus fulyus Drap.

Gastrodonta multidentata Binn.

Ferussacia subcylindrica Linn.

Leucocheila contracta Say.

Leucocheila armifera Say.

Vertigo ovataSay. &@

Vertigo pentodon Say.

Vertigo milium Gld.

Succinea avara Say.

Limneza columella Say.

Limnea humilis Say.

Limneea palustris Mull.

Limneea desidiosa Say.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say.

Carychium exile Lea.

Carychium exiguumay.

Helicina occulta Say.

Physa heterostropha Say.

Ancylus fuscus Adams.

Spherium striatinum Lam,

Pisidium ?

Goniobasis ?

Margaritana rugosa Barnes.

Unio ligamentinus Lam.

Unio gibbosus Barnes.

Unio ellipsis Lea.

Unio cariosus Say.

Unio pyramidatus Lea.

Unio trigonus Lea.

Unio alatus Lea.

1 The present list is the first essay toward a knowledge of the snail fauna of

western Pennsylvania.

The region is an interesting one, combining the features

of the Atlantic slope and the Ohio valley; and it is desirable to have a complete

and accurate catalogue of the fauna.

The fresh-water fauna will prove especially

interesting, as we know little of the range of the Ohio River types of Unionidz

and Strepomatidz in the headwaters of that river system.—EpD. NAUTILUS.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

In addition to the above the following species were collected by

Mr. Geo. H. Clapp; these complete to the present date all the

species found in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.

Strobila labyrinthica Say. | Vitrina limpida Gld.

Mesodon clausa Say. | Vertigo bollesiana Mse.

Mesomphix leevigatus Pfr. Pupa corticaria Say.

Gastrodonta suppressa Say.

A NEW PAPUINA.

4 BY CHARLES HEDLEY, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA.

Papuina cerea Hedley.

Shell thin, translucent; contour trochoidal, color waxen white,

becoming yellowish on the 3rd and 4th whorls, encircled below

the suture by an opaque white thread, nowhere are translucent lines

or spaces visible. Sculpture; surface of

a waxen polish; transverse growth

lines can be detected by the unaided

eye, and spiral grooves, almost effaced

above but plainer on the base, may be

deciphered with a lens. Whorls 53, flattened, regularly increasing,

the last constituting five-eighths of the shell’s height, angled at the

periphery, descending considerably and abruptly at the aperture,

gibbous at the point of flexure. Suture impressed. Aperture very

oblique, anterior margin waved ; columella oblique; wide, extending

nearly to the angle of the aperture, subtruncate below. A thin, trans-

lucent, shining callus extends over the imperforate axis to the inser-

tion of the anterior margin of the lip.

Height 133, major. diam. 16, min. diam. 14 mm.

Hab. Bloomfield River, North Queensland.

ON THE SPECIES OF MACTRA FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY WM. H. DALL.

In revising the Tertiary Mactracea of the southeastern United

States, it became necessary to examine the recent species and work

THE NAUTILUS. 137

up theirsynonymy. The species of the Pacific coast especially have

long been known to bein a very bad state as regards nomenclature,

ete. Several long known forms appear, on investigation, to be

really nameless, the titles belonging to other less conspicuous spe-

cies having been applied to them, while some of the earliest named

forms have been lost sight of. I hope to furnish the Nauritus,

shortly, with synonymic lists of the east and west coast Mactras,

pending the completion of which the following descriptions are

offered.

Mactra catilliformis Conrad. PI. V, fig. 3.

Shell large, thin, whitish or straw color, irregularly concentric-

ally striated, with a gray, wrinkled epidermis, inflated short-oval

subequilateral valves and closely adjacent inconspicuous beaks ;

anterior end of shell evenly rounded in front, a little shorter than

the posterior end; lunule narrow, impressed, escutcheon narrow,

longer, rather obscure; posterior end of valves rounded, slightly

compressed and with a narrow gape when closed; hinge resembling

that of M. polynyma Stm., but more concentrated, cartilage pit

large, rather produced; posterior muscular impression larger, pall-

ial sinus rather large, rounded in front. There is a faint posterior

flexure of the valves and a feebly marked area above it, on which

the epidermis is more conspicuous. Lon. 108-0, alt. 87-0, diameter

450 mm., in a moderately sized pair, but the adult reaches 140-0

mm. in length.

Distribution: Neeah Bay to San Diego, Cala.

This is Standella californica Carpenter, but not of Conrad or

Deshayes. It was imperfectly described without a figure by Conrad

in the Am. Journ. Conch. vol. ili, p. 193, 1867, and erroneously

stated to come from Panama. J. lenticularis, Gabb, 1866, from the

Miocene of California is closely related.

Mactra Hemphilliin.s. Pl. V, fig. 2.

Shell large, thin, inflated, subequilateral, creamy white with a yel-

low thin epidermis, which over the body of the shell in young shells

is beautifully evenly concentrically striated and on the posterior

dorsal area is irregularly wrinkled, with an elevated raphe of epider-

mis at the margin of the area; beaks rather prominent, the ante-

rior end of the valves longer than the posterior; posterior dorsal

slope excavated; lunule obscure, escutcheow marked by prominent

elevated radial lines of epidermis; the dorsal margin pouting in

front of the ligament, the posterior slope convex, the posterior flexure

38 THE NAUTILUS,

faint, but marked by a recession of the ventral border of the valves,

which gape but very little and not at all in front; anterior end

rounded, but smaller than the posterior; ventral border arcuate;

hinge and pallial sinus much as in the last species, except that the

sinus is somewhat smaller and less depressed. Lon. 120, alt. 93,

diam. 50 mm.

Distribution : San Diego, Hemphill and Cooper.

This fine and perfectly distinct species appears rare and I have

seen but two specimens, both from San Diego.

The preceding species belong to the subgenus Standella as

adopted by H. and A. Adams, but the following is a true Mactra,

with the ligament separated from the cartilage pit by a shelly plate.

Mactra dolabriformis Conrad, 1867, Pl. V. fig. 1.

Shell much compressed, polished white under a dull brown epi-

dermis, subequilateral with inconspicuous beaks. It closely resem-

bles M. faleata Gould (from type) but has higher beaks more cen-

trally set, the anterior end more attenuated and less truncate, the

left anterior lateral tooth single and distally more prominent; the

left cardinal larger and wider ; the posterior adductor scar horizon-

tally elongate and smaller. Lon. 90, alt. 65, diam. 26 mm.

Distribution: San Diego, Cala. to Guaymas, Mexico; ‘‘ Panama”

Conrad.

This remarkably handsome shell has not unnaturally long been

confounded with M. falcata, from which the hinge separates it sub-

generically.

The true MV. californica of Conrad is a Mactrinula and can at

once be recognized by its suleate beaks. It reaches 36 mm. in

length. The MW. planulata is also a small species, resembling DM.

polynyma in miniature. The northern form generally referred to

M. falcata is a barely separable variety of M. polynyma which may

take the name of Alaskana.

NOTICES OF NEW CHITONS, III.

BY H. A. BEESBRY.

Certain rectifications of the previously accepted nomenclature

have become necessary, and may be made here.

NAUTILUS,

VOL. Vil

Datt.—Californian Mactride.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

Genus Phacellozona Pilsbry (new name).

Synonymy: Angasia Crr., Table Reg. Chitons, 1873. Dat,

Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1881, pp, 283, 286, 289, 290. Prispry,

Manual of Conchology, XIV, p. 286.

Not Angasia White, Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1863, p. 498 (Crus-

tacea).

The type of the genus will, of course, remain Angasia tetrica Cpr.

Genus Choriplax Pilsbry (new name).

Synonymy: Microplax Ap. & Ana., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864,

p. 194. Puirsspry, Manual of Conch.. XIV, p. 21.

Not AMficroplax Fieber, Europ. Hem., p. 53, 1861 (Hemiptera).

Type Microplax grayi Ap. & Ana. This is an extremely peculiar

and isolated genus, and forms, I am disposed to believe, a distinct

family of the Koplacophora or slitless Chitons—that is, if the slits

really prove to be completely absent, for the unique type has not

been disarticulated. In some features it recalls the Acanthochitide.

The single species was described and illustrated from the unique

type in the British Museum, in the Manual of Conchology, vol. XIV.

DESCRIPTIVE NOTES ON CERTAIN FORMS OF POLYGYRA.

BY H. A. PEBSBRY

The genus Polygyra is one of the most numerous and characteris-

tic groups of North American land snails. It ranges over the whole

of the Eastern United States, from Canada to Florida, and from

Manitoba to Yucatan, with species in Idaho and on the Pacific slope.

A few stragglers have reached Cuba, the Bahamas and Bermuda.

Many of the species exhibit a great amount of variation, and in

some cases the variations of several allied species form chains of

mutations almost or quite connecting very unlike species. This is

the case in the group of Polygyra appressa. Typical P. appressais

a snail having the aperture three-toothed, but the upper lip tooth is

often small or wanting. It varies toward P. obstricta var. carolin-

ensis, which is close to P. obstricta, and less so to P. palliata. In

another direction P. appressa is allied to P. sargentiana. In fact,

appressa is not far from the ancestral form from which all the spe-

140 THE NAUTILUS.

cies mentioned above have been differentiated. This diagram ex-

presses roughly the relationships of the species and varieties:

palliata

subpalliata —

obstricta

carolinensis

sargentiana —appressa—perigrapta

dentifera.

Polygyra appressa Say.

Surface striate, but having no spiral incised microscopic lines;

outer lip frequently having an upper tooth, or the indication of it ;

parietal tooth generally long, curving downward and nearly joining

the columellar lip.

This species was collected by Say on Long’s Expedition. It is

abundant in Illinois, Arkansas, Missouri, ete. Say’s types are lost,

but his description unmistakably indicates this form.

Polygyra appressa perigrapta Pils.

Surface striate and having crowded microscopic spiral incised

lines, especially beneath ; outer lip with no upper tooth; parietal

tooth short, not connecting with columella.

Distribution mainly southern ; Woodville, Ala. ; Cherokee Co., N.

C.; Columbus, Ga.; etc. The types are Woodville specimens.

Polygyra fallax Say.

This is, as the writer has elsewhere shown, the H. introferens of

Bland. It is not the fal/ax of all modern writers and collectors.

Polygyra faliax obsoleta Pils.

General features as in the type, but all teeth of the aperture much

reduced in size, the upper lip tooth nearly or wholly obsolete. New-

bern, N. C,

Polygyra tridentata edentilabris Pils.

General characters as in the type, but lip teeth wanting in per-

fectly mature examples.

THE NAUTILUS. 141

Polygyra hirsuta altispira Pils.

Size large; spire high and conical; notch of the basal lip very

large. Alt. 7, diam. 9 mm.

Specimens are before me from near Magnetic City (Wetherby) and

from the Black Mountains, N. C. (Hemphill).

REMARKS ON ASTYRIS GOULDIANA.

BY A. H. GARDNER, FORT HAMILTON, N. Y.

In a careful examination of the Columbellide dredged by me

last summer in Long Island Sound, I find amongst specimens of

Astyris lunata, taken from a muddy bottom with eel grass, in 2 to

3 fathoms of water in Lloyd’s Harbor, 3 shells which are typical

examples of Astyris gouldiana Agassiz in litt. (fide Stimpson) and

- again recorded from this same locality by Mr. Sanderson Smith in

“The Mollusca of Long Island and its dependencies,” Smith &

Prime. The species seems to have been considered as of doubtful

validity by Prof. Verrill, as in “The Invertebrate of Vineyard

Sound,” he includes it in the synonomy of Astyris dunata, referring

to it as a color variety identical with the Wheatleyi of Dekay, but

I think the characteristics of the shell entitle it to rank as a good

species.

The shells measure in length 4 to 44 mill., and have 8 whorls.

A. lunata rarely exceeds 3 mill. and has from 6 to 62 whorls; in

Astyris gouldiana these whorls are more convex and inflated.

The apical termination of the shell resembles that of Belemnitella

americana, whilst in the general outline of its whorls it is very much

like the well known land mollusk, Ferussacia subcylindrica. The

rostrum is not only much produced but is curved to such an extent

in two of the specimens as to give the aperture a decidedly auriform

appearance. The thick loosely appressed callus on the pillar lip of

A. lunata is represented in this shell only by a very fine glaze.

The specimens all exhibit clear zigzag markings of a brownish red,

which are more pronounced than those found on any examples of

A. lunata in my collection.

The division line between the two species seems to me to be quite

sharp, both as regards size and form. I have seen no shells which

142 THE NAUTILUS.

might be classed as intermediate, which would seem to confirm my

conclusions.

NOTE ON PATELLA KERMADECENSIS, PILSBRY.!

BY GEO. W. TAYLOR.

More than a year ago a little parcel of limpets from Kermadec

Tslands was sent to me by a correspondent in New Zealand. They

were sent by way of England and were there delayed so that they

did not reach me until about a month ago.

I at once perceived that they belonged to an unknown species and

I promptly sat down and wrote a note, with a diagnosis of the spe-

cies for the Nauriius, but on a second thought decided not to be

too hasty, and so instead of sending my note, I sent a specimen (a

young one) of the shell itself to the Associate Editor asking him

kindly to compare it with the series in the Philadelphia Museum

and let me have his opinion.

I did this because I thought and still think it possible that the

young shell may have been already described.

This morning I received the February Nauri.us, and I find that

some one else has a correspondent in Kermadec Island and that Mr.

Pilsbry has been beforehand with me and named the new shell most

appropriately, Patella kermadecensis.

However, as Dr. Pilsbry has only 2 specimens and I have 14, I

venture to write a line or two to supplement his description.

I may say that in my opinion, the shell is very nearly related to

pica Reeve which by the way is a South Pacific species according to

the original descriptions, although Mr. Pilsbry in his “ Manual” has

transferred it to the Mauritius.

My suite of kermadecensis consists of 2 full grown shells and a

series of 12 others ranging from 75 mm. down to 6 mm. in length.

The large ones are respectively 130 mm. x 109 mm. x 41 mm. and

1 This remarkable limpet seems to have been received by Mr. Taylor and

Dr. W. H. Dall at about the same time. Dr. Dall sent to the NAUuTILUs a des-

cription of the species under the name P. Aermadecensis, but after the Editors’

description was already in print. Dall’s description of the young and adult shells,

with figures, will shortly be published in the Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila.—Ep.

THE NAUTILUS. 143

130x109x84 mm., being both considerably flatter than the speci-

mens described by Mr. Pilsbry.

All my specimens are distinctly narrowed in front, and in this

particular the species differs essentially from P. patriarcha, which is

very round in outline. I have aspecimen of patriarcha exactly the

same width as the two shells above mentioned, namely, 109 mm.,

but its Zength is only 119 mm. Our species is further distinguished

by its sculpture from both patriarcha and mexicana—the ribs being

narrower and much more numerous than in patriarcha and decidedly

heavier than in mexicana. Every 5th or 6th rib in the adult shell

seems to be more prominent.

Although my shells are not badly eroded there is but little color

observable outside, except in spots where smaller limpets have had

their stations. In such places the peculiar burnt red color so char-

acteristic of P. argenvillei is seen, and the same color, with an occa-

sional spot of black, edges the interior of the shell and in a paler

and browner shade blotches the spatula, which in the young shells

is sometimes entirely brown. It would seem that the color of the

interior becomes lighter with age, as is the case in many other spe-

cles.

The muscle scar is, as Mr. Pilsbry remarks, strongly marked and

callous in the adult shell, but in the young, it is not at all noticeable.

This is the case also with the 2 species with which kermadecensis is

compared.

On the whole this is the very finest of the many fine species of lim-

pets that Mr. Pilsbry has made known to science during the last few

years. It has no rival in size save P. mexicana, except it be the at

present unrecognized P. gigantea of Lesson from the Society Islands,

which may be found to be nearly allied or perhaps identical with

the present shell.

NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSKS, I.

BY H. A. PILSBRY:

The species described below were collected by Mr. Frederick

Stearns of Detroit, Michigan, during his second visit to Japan, in

1892. They will be illustrated in his Catalogue of Japanese shells,

now in preparation.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

Sepia Hercules n. sp.

Shell having the general form of that of S. esculenta Hoyle but

more convex ventrally; chitinous margin narrow; dorsal surface

tuberculate-rugose as in esculenta, but more coarsely so, the posterior

part haying the tubercles very deeply separated, flat-topped, and

leaning posteriorly ; dorsal surface evenly rounded, with no trace of

a median longitudinal rib. Ventral surface as in esculenta, but the

striation is much closer although the shell is triple the size. Last loc-

ulus has an index of 22. Inner cone well developed, its limbs aris-

ing about one-third the length of the shell from the posterior end,

gradually rising along the sides, posteriorly reflexed and appressed

on the outer cone, leaving below a narrow small cavity. The ante-

rior edge of the inner cone does not form a shelf across the posterior

end of the outer cone as is the case in esculenta, and the cavity is

much smaller, shallower and narrower than in a specimen of esculenta

155 mill. in length. Spine very stout, conical, its root excavated

ventrally.

Length 425 mill.; greatest breadth 160 mill.; length of spine 19

mill.

This species is the giant of the genus, tbeshell being about 16¢inches

long. It is allied to S. esculenta Hoyle, but differs as above indicated.

The dorsal slope does not descend abruptly to the spine as in that spe-

cies. Of S. esculenta a good many specimens are before me collected

by Mr. Stearns. They agree well with the “ Challenger” specimens.

The size of esculenta is moderately constant, those seen by Hoyle,

Appelloff and myself being from 155 to 163 mill. long (about 6+

inches). In color, S. Hercules is white in the middle, faint pink

at the sides; whitish beneath.

A second specimen from the Loo Choo Is. exhibits the same char-

acters throughout.

NOTES AND NEWS.

The Rev. Geo. W. Taylor reports the appearance of Paludina

Japonica Mart. in the Chinese Market at Victoria, B. C. These

Mollusks are accounted dainties by the Chinese and are retailed to

them at 25 cents a pound. The occurrence of this species in the San

Francisco markets was noted by Mr. W. M. Wood in the Navrius,

Vol. V, p. 114.

THRE

NAU TEILUS.

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS.

VOL. VIII.

MAY, 1894, to APRIL, 1895.

PHILADELPHIA:

Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON.

RSet

ceviweists

i ad raat

‘ Waod iad

< Pe, i

| ” bs ws a -

; ~: abies Ay ~ e as Me ie Oe : my 5

i 4 mn ‘ . . . ee

; oe. ra iv a ‘ ria a * Nia Hy He

: fe ; : ; . >t 3 ‘ 4 ta Y fs .

4 © 5A { aos ae *

MAN ye eer

ee f

‘ a

: * iy ’

ial ro —

=¥ la a

Ria es ae g

aes : i»

at a ‘

¢ *

‘ q

‘ ' F wa

;

a * -

ie aa be eal

: 4

= ee

hs C=

INDEX

tite MAU TI RES VON LUT.

INDEX TO TITLES AND SPECIES DESCRIBED.

Acmea cantharus Reeve 127

Acmea parva Angas var. tasmanica Bilebry; n. var. 128

Agriolimax campestris in New Mexico 57

Amnicola olivacea Pilsbry, n. sp. 115, 95

Anodonta dejecta, rediscovered types of 52

Argonauta argo on the East Florida coast 83

Buccinum undatum ; 2 ; : ; 78

Bulimus oblongus in St. Kitts. 3 : : 3

Bulimulus (Naesiotus) Reibischii Dall,n.sp. . ; 126

Bulimulus (Naesiotus) Fanneri (=Tanneri) Dall, n. sp. 127

Carychium, the American species of. (Illustrated) . 61

Carychium exiguum var. mexicana Pilsbry : , ‘ 63

Carychium occidentalis Pilsbry : ; : : : 63

Carychium exile var. jamaicensis Pilsbry 5 ; 63

Catalogue of the shells of Long Island, N.Y. . é : 69

Chicago Academy of Sciences, a glanceat the (Illustrated). 109

Chitons, descriptive notices of new . : . 18,58

Chiton Hartwegii and its allies ; : 45

Chiton (canaliculatus var. ?) tricostalis Pilsbry; n. sp. 54

Chiton aereus var. callizona a n. var. : , : 55

Chiton marmoreus . ‘ ; : : : 78

Chiton from California, a new : : 90

Clausilia (Stereophaedusa) stearnsii Eiebey, asp? |: : 47

Cyrena luchuana Pilsbry, n. sp. : : 30

Cyrena (papua var.?) yaeyamensis Fabby; siSepOaG.: 3

Cyrena fissidens Pilsbry, n.sp. . : : ; J , 3

Darina Gray. ; ; , 42

(iii)

iV THE NAUTILUS.

Darina declivis Cpr. : ; : : : : 43

Dead snails : ; ; 106

Doridium from Puget Sonrid: descoreeae a a new prea

of (D. adelle Dall) : E : F ; : 73

Eastport notes . , : : E : 78

Editorial correspondence fa Albbara : : 74

Epiphragmophora ellipsostoma Pilsbry, n. sp. é ; 81

Ferussacia sublindrica and two new species in Jackson Co.,

Ala. : ; : ‘ ; 104

Garlick, Mrs. D. L. (Opinuaey, : 12

Gastrodonta ( Pseudohyalina) Intausiiehents Pilsbey n. sp. 102, 105

Gnathodon Gray E : : : : . 27, 41

Greegor, Isaiah (Obitiary): ; : : : : : 56

Habits of Florida littoral Mollusks . : : : 79

Haminea virescens. (PI. II, fig. 15) A : : : 100

Helices carried by birds . : : : : : : 72

Helices, the rate of growth of . : : ; : ; 82

Helices, new forms of western : : : E 81

Helcioniscus nigrisquamatus Reeve, note on : . 66, 9h a8

Helix (Euhadra) yaeyamensis Pilsbry, n. sp. . : : 10

Helix nemoralis, the Virginia colony of. ; 92

Helix appressa, a few notes on . : ; 14

Helix (Arionta) coloradoensis, a new eeality : : : 29

Helix tridentata, a few notes on i ; : : : 43

Helix gossei Pfr. : : ; . 7D ede

Helix Sauliae Pfr. (non Reeve)= =pammante Bowerbie : 125

Holospira pasonis Dall, n. sp. . . : : : : 112

Isaac Lea Chapter, Agassiz Association. . : 10

Ischnochiton elizabethensis Pilsbry, n. sp. . : : : 9

Ischnochiton ptychius Pilsbry, n. sp. . : : 3 53

Ischnochiton (Haploplax) mayi Pilsbry, n. sp. ; z 128

Jamaican species of Veronicella : : : é 60

Japanese mollusks, notices of new. : E . 9, 16; 29e4e

Labiosa .. ; s : ; : » 2a

Lepidopleurus percrassa Dall, n. Spe : é : 3 90

Liparus, Note on : : : : : : 35

List of shells collected in a aieaee : : 1, 195.34

List of shells from the vicinity of Negeusville, Mont. A 63

Long Beach (California) Conchological Club. 2 : 95

Macroschisma Lischkei Pilsbry, n. sp... : : 29

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

Mactridae of North America, synopsis of the. . 26,39

Mactra Richmondi Dall, n. sp. . : ; ; . 26, 28

Mactrella (Harvella) elegans Sowb. : : : ; 28

Mactrella subalata Morch. ; : 42

Margarita undulata . : : : : : 78

Melongena corona. ; : ; 4 : : 11

Megatebennus Geapenlatas: : : ; : : : 112

Mollusca of the Paris Mains . ‘ : : 59

Mollusks of Allegheny Co., Pa. t , 116

Mollusk fauna of Philadelphia and environs’. ; 135

Mulinia from the Pacifie Coast j : : pod

Mulinia Gray : : ; : ; 27

Mulinia gabbi Tryon ; : ; : . 4,42

Mulinia modesta Dall, n. sp. (Pl. 1). ; : wrod

Mulinia coloradéensis Dall, n. sp. (PLD. . PROP 2

Mulinia coloradéensis var. acuta Dall, n. var. (Pl. 1). . 6, 41

Mulinia Bradley Dall, n. sp. (PI. 1). : ee Gy Al

My daily walk . , : ‘ 33

Navanax n. gen. (Ravarcias being precerapied) : : 131

New American freshwater shells : 3 114

New method of preventing cracking of Pendens be oT

New species of land shells from the Galapagos Islands 126

New publications ; ! : 28, 83, 96, 107, 119, 181, 144

New species of land shells from Puget Sound. : 129

Notes and news = 12, 24, 35, 48, 57, 71, 82, 95,106, 118, 130, 143

Notes on the reported extinction of the genus Achatinella

and marvelous development of a Florida Fasciolaria. 123

Olivella, a new variety of (O. ~— var. eee Ford).

CREE): : : 105

Orthalicus of Florida : f ’ UST SE

Patulastra? (Punctum?) pugetensis Dall, n. sp. : : 13

Perostylus, a new genus of Fusoid gastropod. ; : 17

Perostylus Brazieri Tryon . : ; : 17

Perostylus Fordianus Pilsbry . : ; 18

Perostylus the embryo of Megalatractus . : 67

Pisidia, two new ea eruciatum Sterki; P. atta tara

Sterki). (PI. ID). ; : .. 97, 99

Pisidia, on collecting : - : 113

Planorbis alabamensis Pilsbry, n. sp. : : : 114

Planorbis bicarinatus aroostookensis Pilsbry, n. var. . : 115

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Plaxiphora Suteri Pilsbry, n. sp. ; ; : ; 8

Pleurocera alveare Conrad, variations of . &2

Polygyra hirsuta, variations due to station in . ' : 24

Polygyra hirsuta on Long Island : 75

Potamanax, note on . E : f : : 2 : 131

Pupa syngensis from Montana : ; 3)

Purpura saxicola Val. : : : 12

Pyramidula? Randolphii Dall, n. sp. : : 150

Rafinesque, the life and writings of . ; ; : 119

Rangia the proper name of the Mactoid genus Gnathodon. 102

Remarks on the status of species and subspecies 49

Shell hunt forty feet under the sea. : , 85

Shells of Aroostook Co., Maine . : : : 5 : 125

Siphonaria sirius Pilsbry, n. sp. : 4 ; ; 8

Siphonaria acmaeoides Pilsbry, n. sp. : : 16

Siphonalia Stearnsii Pilsbry, n. sp... : 31

Somatogyrus Sargenti Pilsbry, n. sp. 102, 105

Some Arkansas snails : : : s : 36

Southern shells in Missouri : : 18

Spirula peroni in Jamaica : ; : : , : 36

Spisula Gray. , 3 40

Spisula subtruncata : : 28

Tasmanian Acmza and iechuocliiae” ae on. : ; 127

Trachydermon (Cyanoplax) Raymondi Pilsbry, n. sp. ; 46

Trachydermon (Cyanoplax) Raymondi in British Columbia. 27

Unio ellipsis in the Tennessee River . : : 82

Unio oregonensis Lea, note on . , ; : 5 116, 1380

Unio ochraceus and cariosus. (Illustrated). . : 121, 143

Urosalpinx cinereus in San Francisco Bay : : 13

Veronicella found in Central America, note on the species of 140

Veronicella sp. nov. vel. mexicana var... : : 142

Veronicella sp. noy. vel puntatissima var. . : : : 148

Vertigo morsei Sterki, n. sp. . 89

Vivipara georgiana limnothauma dobry i: Vals: ais 116

Zonites cellarius in Western Pennsylvania : ; 82

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.

Baker, Frank C. :

Bradshaw, Mrs. M. F.

Burns, Frank

Clapp, Geo. H.

Cockerell, T. D. A.

Dall, Wm. H.

Ford, John

Fulton, Hugh .

Gardner, A. H.

Gill, Theo.

Hedley, Chas. .

Henderson, Jr., J. B..

Hinkley, A. A. .

Hodgson, C. S.

Johnson, C. W.

Leach, Dr. M. L.

Lind, G. D

Nylander, Olof A.

Pilsbry, H. A

Prime, Henry

Sampson, F. A.

Sargent, H. E.

Schick, Morris

Simpson, Chas. T

Squyer, Homer .

Stearns, Robt. E. C.

mterki, Dr. Vi. . ;

Taylor, Rev. Geo. W.

Wetherby, A. G.

White, Frank A.

Willcox, Joseph

Winkley, Rev. Henry Ww.

Wood, Williard M.

8, 16, 29, 37, 45, 47, 49, : D3, 61, 81, 102, 114,

100, 112

~I tb bo

—

—,

= A eet

Omen Cw or co

—

et =]

CO WO CO

orf NNW Fe

a a

Nf ebay] ofeays

oS bo bo

18, 36

. 96, 104

5 133

2, o1. tGe a

Ge 29

Oomuii ante

14, 43

iif

(vil)

“oven sill

aca |

cunodé -

* } 7

io .

Ph = nah ble te wali:

me avo “eee

tx \0a ‘ 5

A -

wae

Aira ori

ol Se

) =o

AUTILUS

Dat. West American Mactride.

Dart —-West American Mactride.

oe Nereus:

Vou. vu. MAY, 1894. No. 1

LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED IN JAMAICA.

BY J. B. HENDERSON, JR.

First paper: Glandinide, Zonitide, Helicide.

The following is a list of a collection made by Mr. Charles T.

Simpson and myself in Jamaica, during the months of December

and January (in part) last. We were upon the island about one

month and although we devoted ourselves assiduously to hunting

snails, yet so much time was spent in getting about from place to

place, and otherwise lost, that our collecting appears, after all, to

have been very superficial—a mere hasty gathering of what pre-

sented itself along the roadside.

I have attempted, as far as possible, to be “up to date” in the

nomenclature. Mr. Simpson cheerfully assumed the heavy task of

identifying the material, for which I am very much indebted to him.

To Mr. Vendrves I wish to extend my thanks for courtesies shown

us by him in Kingston.

1. Glandina nitidiuseula C. B. A. Bog Walk.

2. Glandina unicolor C. B. A. Montego Bay; Bog Walk.

3. Glandina propinqua C. B. A. W. of Ocho Rios; Mandeville ;

Spurtree Hill; Port Antonio.

4. Glandina perplexa C. B. A. Montego Bay ; St. Anns ; Stony

Hill.

5. Glandina griffithi C. B. A. Bog Walk.

6. Glandina similis C. B. A. Gallina Point; Bog Walk ; Port

Antonio; Mt. Pleasant ; Hope River; Ocho Rios; Mandeville.

7. Glandina ligata C. B. A. Mandeville.

8. Glandina venusta Pfr. Hope River.

THE NAUTILUS.

9. Glandina nemorensis C. B. A. Hope Bay.

10. Glandina elegans C. B. A. (Bought).

11. Glandina philippiana Pfr. Bog Walk.

12. Glandina arcuata Pfr. Montego Bay.

13. Glandina costulata C. B. A. West of Port Antonio.

14. Glandina proxima C. B. A. Bog Walk.

15. Glandina gracilior C. B. A. Mandeville; Bog Walk.

16. Guppya epistylium C. B. A. Mandeville.

17. Zonites (Stenopus ?) simulans C. B. A. West of Port Antonio.

(This seems, from the characters of the shell, to be a Stenopus).

18. Sagda foremaniana C. B. A. Bought.

19. Sagda cookiana C. B. A. Bog Walk; Stony Hill; Mande-

ville.

20. Sagda spiculosa Shuttl. St. Anns Bay; Ocho Rios; Gal-

lina Point; Bluefields; Buff Bay ; Sav. la Mar.

21. Sagda connectens C. B. A Near Bluefields.

22. Sagdaepistylium Mill. Mandeville; Montego Bay ; Sav. la

23. Sagda alveare Pfr. Bog Walk; Stony Hill.

24. Sagda maxima n.s. Eight miles north of Sav. la Mar.

25. Sagda jayana C. B. A. Bog Walk.

26. Sagda alligans C. B. A. Near Sav. Ja Mar.

. Sagda epistyloides Fér. Mandeyille.

. Sagda (Hyalosagda) osculans C. B. A. Montego Bay.

29. Sagda (Hyalosagda) osculans var. delaminata C. B. A. (?)

Hope River.

30. Sagda (Hyalosagda) arboreoides C. B. A. Bog Walk; Buff

Bay ; Pt. Maria; Hope River; Stony Hill; Petersfield; Spurtree

Hill; Mandeville; Pt. Morant; Bowden; St. Anns; Port Antonio.

31. Sagda (Hyalosagda) hollandi C. B. A. St. Anns; Port An-

tonio; Ocho Rios; Bowden; Buff Bay; Montego Bay; Mande-

ville; Gallina Point.

The Sagdas are very variable in size, form and development of

internal lamine, and appear often to blend one into another.

32. Thysanophora spreta C. B. A. Pt. Antonio. (Microphysa

{preoccupied ] —Thysanophora).

83. Thysanophora brevior C. B. A. Gallina Pt.; W. of Pt. An-

tonia.

34. Thysanophora apex C. B. A. Montego Bay.

35. Thysanophora fuscula C. B. A. Bog Walk.

iw)

THE NAUTILUS. 3

36. Thysanophora diminuata C. B. A. Montego Bay; Mande-

ville; Long Mt.; Little River; Falmouth; Ramble (Hanover) ;

Pt. Antonio; Bowden; Cave and ledge near St. Anns; Gallina

Point; Pt. Antonio.

37. Thysanophora boothiana Pfr. Bluefields; Petersfield ; Man-

deville; Black River; St. Anns; Mt. Pleasant. (T. authoniana

C. B. A. seems to be only aslightly larger and solider form of this)-

38. Thysanophora sincera C. B. A. Port Antonio; St. Anns

Bay ; Ramble; Gallina Point; Montego Bay; W. of Pt. Antonio.

(Seems only to be a less strongly ribbed var. of 'T. diminuata).

39. Thysanophora peraffinis C. B. A. Cave St. Anns; Duncan ;

Rio Novo; Petersfield; Buff Bay; Hope River; Pt. Antonio;

Ramble; Bog Walk; Falmouth; Montego Bay; Bluefields;

Bowden ; Little River ; Gallina Point ; Ocho Rios ; Spurtree Hill ;

Mt. Pleasant.

40). Thysanophora perdepressa C. B. A. Long Mt.; West of Pt.

Antonio.

41. Thysanophora turbiniformis Pfr. Hope Bay; Gallina

Point; Bog Walk ; Bowden ; Mandeville; Mt. Pleasant; Pt. An-

tonio; Duncans; Rio Novo; Spurtree Hill; Buff Bay; St. Anns ;

Ocho Rios; Falmouth. (Quite variable. The var. from Spurtree

Hill much elevated. Those from Falmouth, Ocho Rios, St. Anns,

and Rio Novo greatly depressed).

42. Thysanophora ptychodes Pfr. Mandeville; Bog Walk.

43. Thysanophora immunda C. B. A. Bluefields; Stony Hill ;

Bog Walk. (T. ptychodes, according to Adam’s shells in the Natl.

Museum, is considerably more depressed and sharper keeled than

this species. All our material, however, of both forms is intermedi-

ate in form and it is probable that the two run together).

44. Zaphysema macmurrayi ©. B. A. Mandeville; Petersfield

(dead).

45. Zaphysema tunicata C. B. A. Bought.

46. Zaphysema tenerrima C. B. A. Bog Walk.

47. Zaphysema columellata C. B. A. Beach, Morant Bay ; S. of

Montego Bay. (Zaphysema is a generic name applied by Pilsbry

to the Jamaican forms hitherto included in Cysticopsis).

48. Helix (Pleurodonte) bainbridgei Pfr. Bought. (Lucerna is

now included in de Waldheim’s Plewrodonte. See Man. Conch., (2),

Vol. IX, p. 80).

49. Helix (Pleurodonte) lucerna Mull. St. Anns; Morant Bay ;

Yallaho R.

4 THE NAUTILUS.

50. Helix (Pleurodonte) lucerna vy. julia Fér. Cave, St. Anns.

51. Helix (Pleurodonte) lucerna vy. fuscolabris C. B. A. Little

River.

52. Helix (Pleurodonte) acuta Lam. (small var.). Mandeville;

Bog Walk.

54. Helix (Pleurodonte) acuta v. nobilis C.B. A. Stony Hill.

54. Helix (Pleurodonte) acuta y. nannodonta Brown. Mt.

Pleasant.

54a. Helix (Pleurodonte) acuta vy. albino. Sav. la Mar.

55. Helix (Pleurodonte) acuta v. lamarcki Fér. Bluefields; Bog

Walk.

56. Helix (Pleurodonte) peracutissima C. B. A. Mandeville

(fine living spec.) ; Petersfield ; Spurtree Hill (dead).

57. Helix (Pleurodonte) sloaneana Shuttl. Montego Bay. (Helix

vendryesiana of Cockerell, specimens of which were sent to the Natl.

Museum by the author from this localitiy, seems to be identical

with this).

58. Helix (Pleurodonte) schroeteriana Pfr. Petersfield; Mt.

Pleasant.

59. Helix (Pleurodonte) tridentina Fér. Say. la Mar. (Seems

to connect with last).

60. Helix (Pleurodonte) invalida C. B. A. Stony Hill.

61. Helix (Pleurodonte) bronni Pfr. St. Anns Bay.

62. Helix (Pleurodonte) sinuata Mull. Mandeville.

63. Helix (Pleurodonta) consanguinea C. B.A. Bog Walk.

64. Helix (Pleurodonte) sinuosa Fér. Bog Walk.

65. Helix (Pleurodonte) picturata C. B. A. Sav. la Mar.

66. Helix (Pleurodonte) anomala Pfr.. Bought.

67. Helix (Thelidomus) aspera Fér. Mandeville; Rio Bueno;

Spurtree Hill; Mt. Pleasant; Petersfield; Bog Walk; Montego

Bay.

68. Helix (Eurycratera) jamaicensis Gmel. Cave St. Anns;

Bluefields; Bog Walk; Mandeville.

69. Helix (Thelidomus) jamaicensis v. cornea Simpson. Man-

deville. (A var. without any coloring whatever, and with a corne-

ous epidermis).

70. Helix (Hemitrochus) graminicola C. B. A. Bog Walk;

Spurtree Hill; Long Mt.; Stony Hill; Mandeville.

71. Helix (Dialeuca) conspersula Pfr. Sav. la Mar, on logwood

trees.

THE NAUTILUS. 5

The Dialeucas are very variable and puzzling and none of the

specimens collected exactly agree with any figures or descriptions

known to the writer.

72. Helix (Dialeuca) conspersula v. platystyla Pfr. Sav. la

Mar (on trees).

73. Helix (Dialeuca) conspersula v. virginea C. B. A. Mt.

Pleasant (on trees).

74. Helix (Dialeuca) subconica C. B. A. Mandeville; Stony

Hill.

75. Helix (Dialeuca) fuscocineta C. B. A. Bought.

76. Helix (Dialeuca) nemoraloides. C. B A. (?) Bog Walk.

77. Helix (Dialeuca) blandiana C. B.A. Buff Bay; Pt. An-

tonio.

78. Helix (Dialeuca) gossei Pfr. Hope River. (Pilsbry and

others unite this with H. subconica C. B. A. There isa shell of the

above and specimens of Adam’s species in the Natl. Museum which

were labelled and sent by Adams to Dr. Lea. H. conica is a thin

shell, much more depressed and with straighter spire than this spe-

cies ; the last whorl is scarcely descending anteriorly, while in this

species it is abrupt and strongly deflected. In H. gossei the outer

lip is thickened and reflected, the columella is quite strong and

broad. Ifit were found in Cuba it would be called a Coryda, and

is suggestive of an elevated Helix alauda).

(To be concluded in June number.)

ON SOME SPECIES OF MULINIA FROM THE PACIFIC COAST.

BY W. HespAILL.

Mulinia modesta, n. s. (Plate I, lower fig.).

Shell rather small, ovate-triangular, thick, equilateral, covered

with a lineated straw colored thin epidermis, ivory white with a few

rusty flecks toward the umbones; surface smooth except for incre-

mental lines; anterior dorsal area obscure, posterior larger, bor-

dered by a hardly angulated ridge on which the epidermis forms a

raised line, but without any marginal flexure behind the basal ter-

mination of this ridge; anterior end evenly rounded, beaks promi-

nent, pointed rather distant, pallial sinus well marked. Lon. 42.0

alt. 31.0, diam. 24.0 mm.

Habitat, Guaymas, Sloat, in U.S. Nat. Mus.

6° 38 THE NAUTILUS.

This differs in its proportions from M. carinulata Desh. to which

Carpenter referred it. The latter is with little doubt merely a

young specimen of M. pallida Sby. the M. donaciformis of Gray,

better known as angulata Gray. Itis a thinner shell with a sharp

keel terminating in a somewhat recurved acute point, and having

the beaks more anterior than Mf. modesta. The beaks are decidedly

more distant in the latter.

Mulinia coloradoensis, n. s. (Plate I, upper fig.).

Shell larger, solid, rude, equilateral, resembling MM. modesta, but

having the posterior dorsal margin more arched, the base behind

the posterior dorsal angle, somewhat concavely flexuous, and the

surface anteriorly and on the dorsal area marked with obsolete,

little elevated radii. Lon. of a medium sized specimen 49, alt. 36.5,

diam. 52 mm.

Habitat, Head of the Gulf of California in the estuary of the Col-

orado River, abundant; Dr. E. Palmer.

M. coloradoensis var. acuta, n. s. (Plate I. left fig.).

Shell thinner, longer, and more flexuous posteriorly. Lon. 40,

alt. 29 mm.

Habitat, with the typical form, common.

Mulinia Bradleyi, n. s. (Plate I, right fig.).

Shell resembling a miniature M. donaciformis but more com-

pressed, shorter, the beaks smaller and less prominent, the posterior

dorsal margin much more arched, no basal flexuosity, the pallial

sinus longer and more rounded internally, and the epidermis ele-

vated into narrow fringes, more or less regularly spaced. Lon. 32,

alt. 26, diam. 15 mm.

Habitat, Panama; Bradley, in U.S. Nat. Museum.

TRIODOPSIS + MESODON.—DISTRIBUTION, ETC.

BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.

In the last number of the Manual (Pulmonata Series), Mr. Pils-

bry very properly unites Triodopsis and Mesodon ; both of these are

Rafinesque’s names; in order of date, the former has priority, there-

fore Mesodon must take a back seat. As to the propriety of these

names, neither is satisfactory. Triodopsis the name that must stand

for the reason above given, priority, conveys a false idea, for as

Mr. Pilsbry says, in the remarks' that precede his list:

1Manual of Conchology, pt. 34, pp. 74-76.

THE NAUTILUS. ff

“The species enumerated below have been divided by authors

into two sections, T’riodupsis and Mesodon, but such division seems

to be artificial. Some species of Triodopsis are known to have

varieties lacking lip teeth, and these would technically fall into

Mesodon.

“Tn other cases, such as the group of Idaho and Washington spe-

cies, all the transitions from tridentate to toothless apertures occur.

The group of P. appressa is also a transition group. Tryon has

resuscitated the section names ‘Yolotrema and Ulostoma. ‘The first

of these isa Rafinesquian name totally unidentifiable; the second

was proposed by Albers for species of Polygyra ss. and Triodopsis ss.,

and did not include either of the forms Tryon uses the name for!

Aplodon Raf. has also been used in this connection ; it is positively

unidentifiable.” Whoever has had occasion to review the points

referred to by Mr. Pilsbry, cannot fail to indorse his conclusions.

Triodopsis as a name is as unsatisfactory as Mesodon ; but there it

is, and it will have to stick. Nolotrema and Ulostoma must be con-

signed to the waste basket ; fortunately they are book names rather

than names in practical use.

Touching the matter of distribution in connection with the fore-

going, the farthest outpost of T'riodopsis+ Mesodon in the Southwest

is that occupied by 7. levettei at Fort Huachuca and Tueson, Ari-

zona, about on the line 32° N. latitude and 111° longitude W.

While Santa Fe, New Mexico, where the type described by Bland

was collected, is considerably further to the north and east. At the

first named place the three genera, Arionta, Patula and Triodopsis

occur in close geographical proximity, but there are wide gaps

between these localities and the west coast, and between the same

localities and the nearest eastern localities of Triodopsis+ Mesodon.

So the more northerly line of distribution of Triodopsis+ Mesodon is

interrupted or discontinuous as I have pointed out elsewhere,’ along

the line as we proceed eastward from the Pacifie Coast through the

states adjoining the southerly boundary line of the Dominion of

Canada, i. e. Washington, northern Idaho and Montana (according

to Binney); then comes the gap between western Montana and the

eastward.

Within the States above named we find Tviodopsis- Mesodon,

Patula and Arionta in geographical proximity as in the southerly

region previously named. We find the Triodopsis+ Mesodon

“Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XVI, pp. 749—50.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

characters shading into each other in both regions though perhaps

less frequently in the Atlantic Appalachian region, so that they

appear to be in no way related to geographical or environmental

differences or influences. Size, elevation or depression, color,

sculpture, ete., are exhibited as might be supposed, in many and

various facies, but the denticulation of the marginal lip of the

aperture, or the presence of a tubercular callus or tooth on the

parietal wall, or a tuberculoid lump or thickening at the base of the

pillar, all of these last characters are inconstant and variable and

are often present or absent in examples that are found in the same

colony, at many if not all places, within the territory inhabited by

the species of Triodopsis+ Mesodon group.

In Triodopsis levettei from Arizona and New Mexico, as well as

in T.devia+Mullani from the northerly region before indicated,

“we find all the transitions from tridentate to toothless apertures

oceur.” A comparison between 40 and 50 examples from Coeur

d’Alene, Idaho, in addition to those previously contained in the

National collection, indicate that Mullani is but a variety of devia

as Mr. Binney has placed it*; and to quote Mr. Binney’s remarks:

“ The variations of this species show very markedly the unsatisfac-

tory character of our so-called genera. Here we have the typical

devia as a Mesodon, though the variety is a true T’riodopsis.”

DESCRIPTIVE NOTICES OF NEW CHITONS—IV.

BY HH. AC EILSB RY.

Plaxiphora Suteri, n. sp.

Shell resembling P. biramosa Q. and P. superba Cpr. ; but girdle

all over sparcely hairy, without the least indication of pores or sutural

bristles. Valves smooth, with slight growth-wrinkles, the diagonal

rib but slightly indicated. Ridge with a chestnut band with a stripe

of green on each side of it, the pleura and lateral areas uniform

blackish olive. Girdle blackish with chestnut hairs. Interior blue,

fading to white on the sutural-plates. Length about 45, breadth

about 25 mm.; (specimens all curled and contracted).

Timaru, Sumner and Port Lyttelton, S. Island, N. Z.; (H. Suter).

A young specimen has the earlier formed portion of each valve

light brown, spotted with white. This is probably the normal color-

ing of the young shells.

*’Manual Am. Land Shells, p. 119.

THE NAUTILUS. 9

Ischnochiton elizabethensis, n. sp.

Shell small, elliptical-oblong, elevated at an angle of about 105° ;

carinated, the side-slopes somewhat convex. Color whitish or buff-

ish-olive, finely and closely mottled all over with light olive-green,

or having angular patches of olive at the sides of each valve ; some-

times with black-green triangles on the ridge of some valves (valves

ii, iv, vil, vili); the posterior margins of valves more or less tessel-

lated light and dark. Girdle indistinctly tessellated with numerous

small green bars or patches.

Intermediate valves not beaked. Valves finely granulated

throughout, the sculpture closely resembling that of Trachydermon

cinereus L. Lateral areas slightly raised. Posterior valve having

the central mucro somewhat prominent, posterior slope concave.

Interior bluish, with a pair of darker green rays in each inter-

mediate valve; the inflected posterior margin tessellated. Sutural

plates small, separated by a very wide, straight, smooth sinus. An-

terior valve having 10, intermediate valves 1-1, posterior valve 11

slits; teeth smooth and sharp; slit-rays showing as whitish lines;

posterior tooth in intermediate valves short, removed from the pos-

terior margin of valve by about its own length. Eaves narrow.

Girdle densely clothed with smooth, flattened imbricating scales.

Length 103, breadth 7 mm.

Habitat: Port Elizabeth, S. Africa.

This little species closely resembles Trachydermon cinereus L.

(marginatus auct.), or dentiens Gld., in sculpture and coloration,

but differs from them in the totally diverse girdle-covering. I am

indebted to Mr. G. B. Sowerby for specimens. It is the Ch. mar-

ginatus of his useful “ Marine Shells of S. Africa,” p. 50.

NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSKS, II.

BY H. A. PIESBRY-

Siphonaria sirius n. sp.

Shell oblong, polygonal, low-conical with subcentral, erect, apex ;

primary ribs all single, generally 7, strongly elevated and white ; inter-

spaces wide, dark brown, radially finely ribbed. Interior brown-

black, the larger ribs indicated by white rays; Siphon occupying a

single rib, never a double one. Cavity with a white callus (rarely

10 THE NAUTILUS.

chestnut colored), the region of the muscle-impression bordered with

chestnut stains. Length 22, breadth 17-19, alt. 5 mm.

Sagami, and Kashiurazaki, Boshiu, Japan (Frederick Stearns !)

This species differs from S. atra Q. & G., coreensis A. & R., and

their allies in, having the siphonal rib single and simple. It is

probably the species identified as S. atra by Dunker and other

writers on Japanese shells. Several hundred specimens collected

by Mr. Stearns agree in the characters above given. Not one shows

any tendency to double the siphonal rib.

Helix (Euhadra) yaeyamensis n. sp.

Shell sinistral, perspectively umbilicated, depressed, thin but

rather solid, light brown with a supra-peripheral brown line. Surface

irregularly wrinkle-striate and in places showing an excessively fine,.

superficial spiral striation. Spire low conoidal, composed of 6 con-

vex, slowly widening whorls, the last nearly twice as wide as the

preceding, a trifle descending in front, rounded at the periphery and

beneath. Aperture oblique, wide lunate ; peristome flesh-tinted, nar-

rowly expanded and subreflexed, and slightly thickened within,

dilated at the columellar insertion. Alt. 17, greater diam. 272>

lesser 23 mm.

Yaeyama (Okinawa) Island, Loo Choo group. (Frederick

Stearns).

This species is apparently most nearly allied to the Chinese H.

latilabris Mlldff., but the umbilicus is more open, the lip narrower,

aperture more oblique, ete. The umbilicus is wider and more open.

than in H. queesita.

ISAAC LEA CHAPTER, AGASSIZ ASSOCIATION.

BY DR. M. L. LEACH, WEXFORD, MICH.

A vigorous chapter of the Agassiz Association has been in exist-

ence for several years and is known as the “ Isaac Lea Conchological

Chapter.” Its members are scattered over this country from Maine

to California, and some of them reside in Canada. The Chapter is

divided into sections, each having a secretary, who has special

knowledge of his department. A juvenile section has recently been

added, and a goodly number of boys and girls are learning about

shells. As the members are so widely separated, most of the com-

THE NAUTILUS. Ef

munications must be in writing. The most valuable papers consist

of annual reports, which are sent to the members in turn, and are

finally preserved by the general secretary. During the past years

excellent work has been done by members of this Chapter, and an

invitation is extended to working conchologists to apply to the

secretary for membership.

The President of the Chapter is Prof. Josiah Keep, of Mills

College, Cal., and the Secretary is Mrs. M. Burton Williamson,

University P. O., Los Angeles Co., California.

MELONGENA CORONA Gmel.

BY FRANK A. WHITE, GEORGIANA, FLORIDA.

For many years I have seen these shells and have been sure that

they were from a living mollusk, but until March 20, 1894 had

never seen one alive.

On that day I went from Georgiana to Oceanus and as the river

was very boisterous I went by way of the Thousand Islands. When

about halfa mile from my destination we all went ashore for a few

minutes and there in the shoal, still water, were several pairs of

Melongena corona apparently in the act of copulation. I very much

desire to visit the station again when I have more time at my com-

maud and secure more of the shells and observe more closely their

actions.

Structural and Systematic Conchology in the description says

*‘operculum solid” but does not give material. It is horny and not

very thick.

There is some variation in the living shells some having varices

near anterior end of aperture, others smooth. Some time ago I

found a broken shell much larger than any recent shell I haveseen.

The spire and part of the body whorl were gone but the aperture

was intact ard measured 3 inches in length including the callus of

posterior canal. This seems to indicate that in “ prehistoric times”

these mollusks attained a much greater size than at the present

time.

I neglected to say in the proper place that the living shells were

in the Banana river in brackish water.

A? THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Mr. Epwarp W. Roper has returned from a two months trip to

Jamaica. He reports a good time and considerable collecting.

PURPURA SAXICOLA VaAL.—A large suite of this species recently

presented to the collection of the American Association of Con-

chologists by Mr. Witirarp M. Woop, shows an extraordinary

amount of variation. Some very large examples are represented,

the largest measuring 34 mm. alt. Others show variations from

smooth to strongly corded. In color they vary from livid-white or

gray; white to bright orange and to black, some being spirally

banded with brown in the intervals between the white spiral riblets.

The entire lot was collected in San Francisco County, Cal.

Mr. FREDERICK STEARNS of Detroit, isin Philadelphia, working

upon the literature of Japanese mollusks.

A. B. Krenpic, D. D., has removed from East Orange, N. J., to

2190 Seventh Ave., New York City.

OBITUARY.

Mrs. D. L. Garuick expired suddenly March 16, 1894, in San

Francisco. She was spending the winter in Alameda, as the

guest of her sister, Mrs. Gaylord, 2116 Central Avenue, and the two

ladies went out to the Cliff House and vicinity yesterday to spend

the day collecting shells.

They climbed a precipitous height near Land’s End station on

the line of the Ferries and Cliff House Railroad, and when she

reached a little station on the road, they sat down for a rest. Sud-

denly Mrs. Garlick fell forward and dropped on the floor. Upon

trying to raise her up, Mrs. Gaylord was horrified to see that her sis-

ter was dead.

Weakness of the heart, aggravated by over exertion, is attributed

as the cause of death.

The home of the deceased was at St. Paul, Minn., and she made

it a practice for many years to spend the winters in California,

either in Alameda or San Diego. She had been interested in the

collection of shells for some years.

- S

‘>

ee Nee rius.

VOL. VIII. JUNE, 1894. No.

UROSALPINX CINEREUS IN SAN FRANCISCO BAY.

ROBT. E. C. STEARNS.

The Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries

1889-91 just published (March, 1893), contains an interesting and

valuable paper by Mr. Charles H. Townsend of the AJ/batross on

“The Oyster Resources and Oyster Fishery of the Pacific Coast,”

etc., etc. in which he mentions the occurrence of Urosalpina cine-

reus (—=Fusus cinereus Say) on the beds of transplanted Eastern

oysters near Belmont. It appears that this species, the “drill” of

the oystermen, “has not become troublesome until very recently, and

even now is abundant only in the southern part of the Bay.

“Atthe Belmont beds I had no difficulty in gathering a quart

of these mollusks, in less than ten minutes, by merely turning over

the large oysters when the water had receded from the beds.

* * x x x * x * x

“ This destructive animal may have been introduced much earlier

than the oyster-men suppose, as a few individuals accidentally

imported among the original oysters would require several vears to

increase to the present numbers.” They had not at the time of Mr.

Townsend’s investigation, been detected on the oyster beds at Mill-

brae, which are much nearer the sea.

This is the second form that has incidentally been introduced

with the oysters from the Atlantic seaboard, Mya arenaria being the

first ; the latter has already become abundant, and therefore a val-

14 THE NAUTILUS.

uable addition to the food supply of the West Coast. It seems

strange that some of the conchologists or collectors should not have

detected the Urosalpinx before; for while, no doubt it multiplies

rapidly under favorable conditions, still the abundance of this form

as shown by Mr. Townsend’s investigation, indicates that it must

have been on the Belmont beds for several years. The common

Purpura of the coast, P. erispata has heretofore been found in con-

siderable numbers on some of the oyster beds in San Francisco Bay.

How it compares with the dri//, as an oyster borer and pest to the

oyster men, I have not learned.

We may reasonably look forward to the finding of a third eastern

species, as an accidental or incidental transplantation ; it may be

already established there, in some of the beds of eastern oysters.

I refer to the ribbed Mytilus, M. hamatus Say, which is so frequently

met with here, attached to Ostrea virginica. Mr. Townsend or

some of the local naturalists, should look after it—if not there now,

it will be sooner or later.

Washington, D. C., March, 1894.

A FEW NOTES ON HELIX APPRESSA.

BY A. G WETHERLY.

In the April Naurinus, Mr. Pilsbry has given us his description

of Triodopsis appressa, and named a variety thereof, perigrapta. As I

am at war in a good humored way, with the modern habit of desig-

nating the hundreds of varieties of our land shells by latin names,

I hope to make my reasons plain in the following brief note. Re-

ferring to, but not copying Pilsbry’s description of perigrapta, I will

say that I have shellsin my collection exhibiting every gradation of

the sculpture in question, from a few “spiral incised lines ” in speci-

mens from Cherokee Co., N. C., to those in which these lines are not

only crowded, but much more pronounced individually ; and as

these specimens are heavily ribbed, they aid in giving some parts of

the surface of the shell a beaded appearance.

Every gradation may be traced in the specimens which I have,

from the smooth albino form found at Cincinnati, Ohio, to those

rough mountaineers from Morrowville, Tenn. Where then, does

THE NAUTILUS. 15

perigrapta begin and where does it stop? Any of these varieties is

just as much entitled to name as is the one selected for this honor.

Among the rest is a large var., 23 mm., from Lookout Mt., Tenn.

This variety is almost smooth or very sparingly costate. It is

slightly wrinkled like Z. inornatus. Butit is crowded with these

incised lines above and below !

Another form that I collected at Gasper, Picking Co., Ga., in

August, ’83, is very costate, and has the incised lines very much

crowded and developed. The Lookout shells have the parietal

tooth long, curving, and joining the columellar callus in the umbili-

cal region. The Gasper specimens have this tooth short and very

erect. They also have the lip very much widened, and the spire ele-

vated. I have, in my suite of this species, four shells, taken at ran-

dom from a lot collected at Murphy, Cherokee Co., N. C., in every

one of which the wpper tooth is well indicated, the parietal tooth is

short and erect, the spire elevated, the body whorl obtusely carinate

and the whole surface above and below is crowded with “ microscopic

spiral incised lines.” Now which is perigrapta? The deep cost

and the multitude of spiral incised lines roughen the epidermis of

the Morrowville examples and begin to introduce the conditions

attaining in swbpalliata. These shells, in consequence, have a some-

what dull appearance, while the Lookout Mt. and Cherokee Co. spec-

imens are highly polished.

A variety from Braden Mt., Tenn., is heavily costate, and has the

spiral lines (as has every shell of appressa) but not “ incised.”

These shells range from 12 mm. to 25 mm. (my largest specimen of

sargentiana). ‘This last form is costate, has the erect tooth, the cari-

nate body whorl, and the spiral lines, not “ incised,” and is in fact

nearer to the typical appressa, in every aspect, than the highly

polished and shining specimens from N. C.

Now what is the philosophic method in treating such a problem ?

Is it to give all these varieties names, loading up our literature and

check lists with trinominal designation for varieties that differ in the

same County of the same State? Or shall we write our labels ap-

pressa var. with locus and so on to the end? There is at least one

collection in the U.S. where the latter method prevails and will to

the end. I am tempted, in this place, to prune and reset Mr. Pils-

bry’s phylogenic tree according to my ideas, but I will not take

space for so doing now. I do not, however, believe that dentifera is

the root or that the branches sargentiana, appressa and perigrapta

16 THE NAUTILUS.

are of equal specific rank, or that two of them are of any specific

rank whatever; and I base my statement not only upon the varie-

ties of this species here briefly mentioned, but upon many others in

my collection, from many States and mostly collected by myself.’

Why do we not take to our heart of hearts the great truth that

there are no hard and fast lines in Nature’s record either present or

past, and hold close the splendid proof given by this shell?

The foreign student who has not seen all our shells can tell noth-

ing by these names, but if he knows appressa he will have the

truth suggested by eppressa, ete. So, too, our catalogues will be

something besides names and nobis! They will be expressive of

facts in the life history of this humble race.

This is the method that appeals to me as the scientific, the truth-

ful, the suggestive method ; and I shall never cease to believe in it.

and to work for it.

NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSKS, III.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Siphonaria acmeoides n. sp.

Shell oblong, nearly equilateral, but with excentric apex like S.

radiata A. & R. (Zool. Samarang pl. 13, fig. 2). The even surface

hardly modified by the 9-16 low, wide ribs, between which it is very

finely radially striated. Siphonal rib wide but low and inconspicu-

ous. Apex spiral, bent down and appressed. Interior blackish or

chestnut within the muscle impression, outside of which it is radially

striped black and white, the siphonal channel extremely shallow

and inconspicuous. Color outside whitish-buff, speckled and mac-

ulated with brown, or whitish on the principal ribs, the intervals

black-brown. Length 12}, breadth 93, alt. 33 mm.

Prov. Boshiu, Japan (Frederick Stearns).

This little species very closely resembles Acmea Heroldi in the

general form and the coloration of the interior.

1 Mr. Pilsbry intended appressa, not dentifera for the root, in his diagram.

The “tree” is seen from above, not from the side.—Eb.

THE NAUTILUS. 1

PEROSTYLUS, A NEW GENUS OF FUSOID GASTROPOD.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In volume IX of the Manual of Conchology, Mr. Tryon described

and figured a shell from Port Darwin, N. Australia, as Cerithiwm

(Colina) Brozieri. Having occasion recently to study a large

number of C. macrostoma Hinds, the type of the subgenus Colina, I

was at once struck by the notable difference between this species and

C. Brazieri. The latter does not seem to belong to the Cerithiide

at all, much less to the group Colina. Jam more inclined to view

it as an aberrant type of the Fuside, although only a knowledge of

the operculum and dentition can decide the question. The new

group may be thus diagnosed :

PEROSTYLUS n. g. Gen. Char.: Shell cylindrical or pillar-shaped,

thin, with decollated apex like that of a Rumina or Cylindrella;

last whorl but little wider than the spire; aperture small, shaped

like that of Fusus or Chrysodomus (Sipho), produced in an open

canal below; columella straight or sinuous, without folds; outer lip

thin and fragile. Type Cerithium (Colina) Brazieri Tryon.

The decollation of the spire is not the result of erosion, as in the

species of Potamides and Melaniide, nor is the apex filled with a

thick solid mass of shell-tissue as in those groups. In Perostylus

the structure is like that of Rumina decollata or the West Indian

Cylindrellas.

The genus will consist for the present of two species.

P. Brazieri Tryon.

Shell cylindrical, white, fragile, hardly tapering, consisting of 63

remaining whorls, each carinated and obtusely nodulous in

the middle, and obsoletely spirally lirate. Last whorl with

one or two spiral cords below the peripheral keel, and more

distinctly spirally lirate, the base nearly smooth. Aperture

one-third the length of the shell ; outer lip thin and fragile,

columellar lip distinctly sigmoid, smooth. Alt 21, diam.

6 mm.

Habitat, Port Darwin, N. Australia (John Brazier).

If this shell could be reproduced in the form it would have were

the earlier whorls not decollated, it would be by all odds the most

attenuated Gastropod known, surpassing even the Terebras in the

number of its slowly increasing whorls. The numerous young shells

18 THE NAUTILUS.

before me fully support this opinion. Unfortunately none of them

are young enough to show the apex. The youngest of them,

although not half the diameter of the adult, show the same almost

imperceptible degree of tapering.

P. Fordianus Pilsbry.

Shell cylindrical, white, thin; spire hardly tapering, but last

whorl notably wider. Remaining whorls 4}, sculptured as

in the last species, but the next-to-the-last whorl is distinetly

narrower than the preceding whorl. Aperture nearly one-

half the length of the shell; outer lip thin, simple; colu-

mella straight, a trifle deflected toward the left below. Alt.

19, diam. 73 mm.

Habitat unknown. The specimens were presented to the Acad-

emy by Mr. John Ford.

This species is distinguished from the preceding by its straight,

not sigmoid columella, and by the fewer remaining whorls. As the

last character might possibly be the result of greater age, I do not

now attach much importance to it, although it will probably prove

to be a constant specific feature.

SOUTHERN SHELLS IN MISSOURI.

BY F. A. SAMPSON, SEDALIA, MO.

In the March Nautilus there is a reference to Helicina orbiculata

having been collected in Stone county, Missouri, “ probably near its

northern limits.” I have it in my collection from three other

counties in Missouri: Jasper, Barry, and Macdonald, all of them

being near the southern line of the state.

Of some other southern species I have specimens from places fur-

ther north, a list of which is here given:

Bulimulus dealbatus Say, from the counties of Macdonald, Barry,

Douglas, Camden and Cooper, the two latter being in the central

part of the state.

Polygyra triodontoides Bland, from Barry.

P. jacksoni Bland, from Jasper, Barry, Macdonald, Dade and

Camden.

P. dorfeuilliana Lea, from Howell and Douglas.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

P. sampsoni Weth., from Macdonald, Jasper, Barry, Camden and

Benton the latter being in Central Missouri.

P. leporina Gld., from Barry, Butler and Cape Girardeau.

Stenotrema labrosum Bland, from Macdonald, Barry, Jasper,

Dade and Greene.

Triodopsis vultuosa Gould, from Macdonald, Dade and Pettis, the

latter being in Central Missouri.

Mesodon divestus Gould, from Barry, Jasper and Dade.

M. andrewsi W. G. B., from St. Francois.

LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED IN JAMAICA.

BY J. B. HENDERSON, JR.

Second paper: Orthalicide, Cylindrellide, Pupide, Operculata.

78. Bulimulus immaculatus Rve. Long Mt.; S. of Pt. Maria.

79. Orthalicus undatus Brug. E. of Kingston, ontrees. Hope

River (dark var.).

80. Cylindrella montana C. B. A. Bought.

81. Cylindrella columna C. B. A. Bog Walk (?).

82. Cylindrella striata Chitty (?). St. Anns.

83. Cylindrella ovata Desh. (?). St. Anns.

84. Cylindrella cylindra Chem. Stony Hill.

85. Cylindrella sanguinea Pfr. Bog Walk.

86. Cylindrella brevis Pfr. Long Mt.; Ocho Rios ; Hope River

Rock fort.

87. Cylindrella brevis v. intermedia C.B. A. Hope River,

88. Cylindrella obesa C. B. A. Falmouth.

89. Cylindrella columna C. B. A. Roekfort.

90. Cylindrella gravesi C. B. A. Montego Bay; Little River ;

Bluefields.

91. Cylindrella bacquieana Chitty (?). Cave, Pt. Antonio.

92. Cylindrella nobilior C. B. A. Bog Walk.

93. Cylindrella aspera C. B. A. Yallahs River.

94. Cylindrella rosea Pfr. Mandeville.

95. Cylindrella rosea v. fortis C. B. A. Spurtree Hill.

96. Cylindrella rubra C. B. A. Bog Walk.

97. Cylindrella tenella C. B. A. Falmouth; Little River ; Ocho

Rios; Bog Walk; St. Anns; Gallina Point; Montego Bay.

20 THE NAUTILUS.

98. Cylindrella alba C. B. A. N. of St. la Mar.

99. Cylindrella inornata C. B. A. Mandeville (dead).

100. Cylindrella seminuda C. B.A. Bog Walk; Long Mt.

_101. Cylindrella robertsi C. B. Ad. Ocho Rios; Montego Bay ;

Stony Hill.

102. Cylindrella elongata Chem. Bog Walk; Stony Hill.

103. Cylindrella gracilis Wood. Mandeville.

104. Lia maugeri Wood. Bog Walk. Bought.

105. Macroceramus gossei Pfr. Spurtree Hill.

106. Pupa servilis Gould. Hope River; W. of Pt. Antonio.

107. Pupa tenuidens C. B. A. W. of Pt. Antonio.

108. Pupa jamaicensis C. B. A. Falmouth; Rockfort.

109. Pupa grevillea Chitty. W. of Pt. Antonio.

110. Pupa jardineana Chitty. W. of Pt. Antonio.

111. Pupa lata C. B. A. W. of Pt. Antonio.

112. Stenogyra (Opeas) pauperculus C. B. A. W. of Pt. Anto-

nio; Mt. Pleasant.

113. Stenogyra (Opeas) terebella C. B. A. St. Anns; Long Mt.;

Falmouth; Black River; Bog Walk; Gallina Point; Montego

Bay.

114. Stenogyra (Opeas) striosa C. B. A. Rockfort; Montego

Bay; Black River; Bog Walk; Duncans; Pt. Antonio; Mt.

Pleasant; Bowden ; Bluefields; Long Mt.; Ocho Rios; St Anns;

Gallina Point ; Hope River.

115. Stenogyra (Subulina) octona Chem. St. Anns; Pt. Maria;

Pt. Antonio; Kingston; Hope Bay: Gallina Point; Buff Bay ;

Bowden; Mandevllle; Mt. Pleasant; Bluefields; Remble; Peters-

field; Bog Walk; Stony Hill; Long Mt.; Annotha Bay; Ocho

Rios.

116. Stenogyra (Subulina) octonoides Chem. Pt. Antonio; Bog

Walk; Black River; Mandeville; Gallina Point; Montego Bay.

117. Stenogyra (Spiraxis) solitaria C. B. A. Long Mt. ; Mon-

tego Bay.

118. Stenogyra (Spiraxis) pellucensC. B. A. Bog Walk; Ocho

Rios; Rio Novo; Hope River; Annotha Bay.

119. Stenogyra (Spiraxis) aberrans Pfr. Cave, St. Anns.

120. Stenogyra (Spiraxis) subula Pfr. Spurtree Hill ; Mande-

ville; Bog Walk ; Stony Hill.

121. Stenogyra (Leptinaria) pallida C. B. A. Bog Walk; Mon-

tego Bay; Pt. Antonio; Mandeville ; Ocho Rios.

THE NAUTILUS. 21

122. Geostilbia iota C. B. A.W. of Pt. Antonio.

123. Succinea sagra d’Orb. Montego Bay; Pt. Antonio; Bog

Walk; Bowden; Rio Novo; Buff Bay; Gallina Point ; Pt. Maria;

Petersfield ; Mandeville; Bluefields.

124. Succinea contorta C. B. A. Bowden; Bluefields.

125. Succinea angustior C. B A. Montego Bay; St. Anns;

Petersfield,

126. Succinea latior C. B. A. Pt. Antonio; Montego Bay ;

Mt. Pleasant; Gallina Point; Bowden; Mandeville; Rio Novo;

Pt. Maria; St. Anns; Bog Walk; Black River.

(I believe all these Succineas to be one species).

127. Veronicella occidentalis Gldg. Pt. Antonio.

128. Veronicella sloanei Cuvier. Mandeville.

129. Carychium exilis C. B. A. Petersfield; St. Anns; Pt. An-

tonio.

130. Geomelania beardsleyana C. B. A. Bog Walk.

131. Geomelania minor C. B. A. Mandeyille.

152. Geomelania fortis C. B. A. Mandeville.

135. Geomelania procera C. B. A. Pt. Antonio; Bowden.

134. Geomelania jamaicensis Pfr. Petersfield.

135. Geomelania pygmaea C. B. A. Rio Novo.

136. Geomelania vicina C. B. A. Black River.

157. Geomelania pauperata C. B. A. Montego Bay.

138. Geomelania affinis C. B. A.(?). Kingston.

139. Truncatella pulchella Pfr. Rockfort.

(In fresh water pool with Planorbis decipiens! This pool is by

the roadside, the water slowly oozing out of a cutin the hill. A

few above and a short distance from Kingston Harbor).

140. Truncatella scalerina Mich. Little River, on stones at low

tide.

141. Truneatella succinea C. B. A. St. Anns; Petersfield, on

mountain with hermit crabs, 9 miles from the sea; Ocho Rios.

142. Neocyclotus dubiosum C. B. A. Montego Bay ; Falmouth.

(“ Neocyclotus ” has been applied by Crosse and Fischer to the

American forms of Cyclotus. The group of species with corrugated

shells peculiar to Jamaica is placed by them in the subgenus Platy-

stoma).

143. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) portlandiensis Chitty. Pt. Anto-

nio.

144. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) semi-nudus C. B. A. Bog Walk.

THE NAUTILUS.

145. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) varians C. B. A. Mandeville;

Petersfield.

146. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) varians vy. “a” Chitty. Bog

Walk.

147. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) jamaicensis Chem. Petersfield ;

Mt. Pleasant; Mandeville; Bog Walk.

148. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) subrugosus Sby. Mandeville;

St. Anns: Hope River; Sat. la Mar.

149. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) rupis-fontis Chitty. Mandeville.

150. Neocyclotus (1Patystoma) corrugatus Pfr. Mandeville;

Spurtree Hill.

151. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) erassus C. B. A. Black River;

Mandeville; Montego Bay: Sat. la Mar; Mt. Pleasant.

152. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) pretiosus Chitty. Bog Walk:

Rio Novo.

153. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) ruber Chitty. St. Anns Bay.

154. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) jugosus C. B. A. Sat. la Mar.

155. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) jugosus v. rufilabris C. B. A.

Bought.

156. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) corrugatissimus Chitty. Ocho

Rios.

157. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) biswichi Chitty. Bluefields.

153. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) corrugatior Chitty. Gallina Pt. ;

Duncans.

159. Neocyelotus (Platystoma) gemma Chitty. Petersfield ;

Montego Bay.

160. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) granulatus Chitty (MS). Gallina

Point.

161. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) nova-spei Chitty. Rio Novo.

162. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) zig-zag Chitty. Montego Bay.

163. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) annotatior Chitty. Gallna Pt.

164. Neocyclotus (Platystoma) sp. Bluefields.

(There is a remarkable rssemblance between the shells of this

group

furnis

165

166

167

168.

169

, but a great diversity in the sculpture of the opercula which

hes good specific characters).

. Choanopoma fimbriatulum Sby. Mandeville.

. Choanopoma lencina L. Bog Walk.

. Choanopoma interruptum Lam. Mona House, Long Mt.

Adamsiella variabilis C. B. A. Bluefields.

. Adamsiella mirabilis Wood. Montego Bay.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

170. Adamsiella pulehra C. B. A. Gallina Point ; Rio Novo.

171. Adamsiella grayana Pfr. Stony Hill; Bog Walk.

172. Adamsiella grayana y. aureo-labris Simpson. Rio Novo.

(These differ from the type in being less elevated, smoother and

somewhat shining, in having a larger umbilicus; and in the aper-

ture, which has the inner lip slightly or often not at all developed,

and the outer smooth and reflexed, the whole a bright reddish

orange. The outer lip of the type is little reflexed and generally

lamellar, the border is usually straight at its upper part; in the

var. it is invariably bent back. Were this not such a variable spe-

cies, Mr. Simpson thinks it should receive a specific name).

178. Tudora columna Wood. Bog Walk.

—=quinquefasciatum C. B. A.

174. Tudora armata C. B. A. Rochfort.

175. Tudora fecunda C. B. A. Hope River; Long Mt.; Stony

Hill.

176. Tudora proxima C. B. A. Bog Walk; Mandeville; Pt.

Maria.

177. TudoraangustaeC. B A. Bowden; Hope River; St. Anns ;

Ocho Rios.

178. Tudora angustae v. rufilabre C. B. A. Near Ocho Rios.

179. Tudora fascia Wood. (Gallina Point; Buff Bay; Pt. An-

tonio; Hope Bay; Little River.

180. Tudora crenulosum C. B. A. Spurtree Hill; Bluefields.

181. Tudora aurora C. B. A. Gallina Point; St. Anns.

—waritima?

182. Tudora maritima C. B. A. Rio Novo; Ocho Rios; Cave,

St. Anns.

183. Tudora adamsi Pfr. St. Anns; Gallina Point; Falmouth,

near Long Bay.

184. Tudora vilkinsoni C. B. A, Bluefields.

185. Tudora shepardiana C. B. A. Mt. Pleasant.

186. Colobostylus jayanus C. B. A. Mandeville; Bog Walk.

187. Colobostylus jayanus var. Bought.

188. Colobostylus albus Lam. Gallina Point; Rio Novo; St.

Anns; Buff Bay.

189. Colobostylus albus v. fuscus C. B. A. Rio Novo.

190. Colobostylus tectilabris C. B. A. Spurtree Hill; Mande-

ville. °

191. Colobostylus redfieldianus C. B. A. Bog Walk; Blue-

fields ;Kings; Mt. Pleasant ; Montego Bay; Black River.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

192. Colobostylus bauhsianus Sby. Mandeville.

=hyacinthimum C. B. A.

193. Colobostylus chevalieri C. B. A. Little River.

194. Colobostylus chevalieri v. albus C.B. A. Montego Bay.

195. Colobostylus chevalieri virgatus C. B. A. Little River.

196. Colobostylus lamellosus C. B. A. Near Little River.

197. Colobostylus bronni C. B. A. E. of St. Anns; Falmouth ;

Little River; Ocho Rios; on stone walls in the sunshine at Mon-

tego Bay.

(One specimen from Mt. Pleasant that differs slightly from the

others, but hardly specifically).

198. Colobostylus yallahensis C.B. A. (?). Duncans (in Port-

land): E. of St. Anns.

(Agrees with Reeves figure in Cone. Icon., Vol. XIII, pl. 13, but

hardly with Adams’ description. If it is not this it must be a new

species).

199. Helicina neritella Gray. Montego Bay; Bluefields; Mt.

Pleasant ; Petersfield; Pt. Maria; Annotta Bay; Mandeville; Pt.

Antonio; Stony Hill; Buff Bay; Bog Walk; Sav. la Mar.

200. Helicina neritella var. (banded) (new?) Bog Walk.

201. Helicina jamaicensis Sby. Mandeviile.

202. Helicina aurantia Gray. St. Anns; Montego Bay.

(To be Continued.)

NOTES AND NEWS.

VARIATIONS DUE TO STATION IN POLYGYRA (STENOTREMA) HIR-

suTA Say.—Having read your “ Descriptive Notes on Certain

Forms of Polygyra” in the April “ Nauritus,” I take the liberty

of sending you two forms of P. hirsuta Say that I have found in this

County. The first measures 8 mm. in diameter, is very common on

low ground, in some places being the most plentiful species of Helix

found, while the second form, 6 mm. diam., I have only found on

one high, and dry hill, clear up at the top, among moss and stones,

where the Trailing Arbutus (Epige@a repens) and Wintergreen grow.

I think you will find No. 2 alive, as I only collected them last

Sunday. Under the microscope you will see that while No.1 has

“sharp, rigid hairs” those of No. 2 are curved or hooked. _ It also

seems to me that there is a noticeable difference in the “notch.”—

Geo. H. Clapp, Pittsburgh, Pa., April 3, 1894.

ay ae « —

Tue Nautivus.

VoL. vul. JULY, 1894.

Ze,

rd)

—s

SYNOPSIS OF THE MACTRIDE OF NORTH AMERICA.

BY WM. Beep Ari:

In revising the group of Muctracea with the intention of working

up the Tertiary species of North Amcrica it became necessary to go

over the whole of the recent species and enquire into their synony-

my. The following lists of east and west American species seem

likely to be useful to students, as the synonymy of the group has

been in a confused state hitherto. The distinctions between the

different types of Mactride have hitherto largely been lost sight of,

owing to the practice of confounding all together under one or two

generic names ; and while, to those habituated to previous methods,

the present arrangement may at first sight seem excessively sub-

divided, I have found, in going over the whole group of Mactracea

in the National Collection, that features of geographical distribution

and characters of importance in the development of the family in

time, are brought out by it in a way which was wholly impossible by

earlier methods. The present subdivision compared with that of

most other groups of mollusks at the present time is not excessive,

and by those who may be led to a close and accurate study of the

mollusks in question hereafter I believe it will be found to be useful

and convenient.

I. Synopsis of the Mactride of the Eastern coast of the United

States.

26 THE NAUTILUS.

Subfamily Macrrin.

Genus MACTRA (L.) Lam., 1799.

(+ Crassatella [cygnea] Lam., 1799); Type M. stultorum L.

Mactra Richmondi Dall. Greytown, Nicaragua.

Subgenus Macrreua Gray, 1853.

(-+ Papyrina Morch, 1853) ; Type:

Mactra (Mactrella) alata Spengler, 1802. Porto Rico to Brazil.

—WM. carinata Lam., 1818; + MM. striatula Auct. non L.

Subgenus Macrroroma Dall.

(=Standella Cpr. ex parte, non Gray ; Spissu/a Morch non Gray).

Anterior left lateral tooth bidentate, right ventral tooth triden-

tate. | Lype':

Mactra (Mactrotoma) fragilis Gmelin, 1792, Hatteras to Rio Janeiro.

—WM. dealbata Pult. 18038; + M. brasiliana Lam., 1818; +. ob-

longa Say, 1822; +M. ovalina (Lam.?) Auct.; +M. oblongata

Ravenel, 1834; +. bilineata (C. B. Ads.) Reeve, 1854; +. sili-

cula Reeve non Desh. (?) 1854; +. ambigua Weink. (?); +.

anserina Guppy, 1875. Not Spisula fragilis Gray, 1858.

Genus SPISULA Gray, 1838.

(=Spissula Phil., 1847, not Morch, 1853 ; + Spizula Conr., 1868 ;

+ Spisulina Fischer, 1887). Type Mactra solida L., Gray, 1847.

Subgenus HemimmacrrRa Swainson, 1840.

Spisula (Hemimactra) solidissima Dillwyn., 1817. Labrador to Virginia.

—M. gigantea Lam., 1818; --M. procera Sol., mss.; +1. Sayi

Gray, 1838.

S$. (Hemimactra) solidissima var. similis Say, 1822. Rhode Id. to St. Thomas,

W. Indies,

=WM. Raveneli Conr., 1831; not M. similis Gray, 1828.

Section Mactromeris Conrad, 1868.

Spisula (Hemimactra) polynyma Stimpson, 1860. Hudson Bay to Cape Ann, Mass

=M. ovalis Gld., 1840, not J. Sowerby, 1817; --M. ponderosa

Phil., 1844, not Eichw. nor Conr., 1830; --M. grandis Desh., 1830,

not Gmel., 1788; +M. similis Gray, 1828, not Say, 1822; +M.

Grayana Schrenck, 1867.

‘|

THE NAUTILUS. ae

Genus MULINIA Gray, 1838.

Type M. typica Gray (— WM. edulis King).

(=Moulinea Phil., 1853, + Mulinea Conr., 1867.)

Mulinia lateralis Say, 1822. New Brunswick to the West Indies.

= Mactra subtruneata Greene, 1833 ; not Da Costa, 1788.

Mulinia lateralis var. corbuloides Deshayes, 1854. Mostly southern.

=Mactra rostrata Phil., 1848, not Spengler, 1802.

Mulinia guadelupensis Reeluz, 1852. West Indies,

=Mactra cantrainei Reeve, 1854; +M. portoricensis Shuttlew.,

1856; +M. donaciformis Auct. non Gray; +. tumida and turgida

Guppy, non Gmelin.

Genus GNATHODON Gray, 1831.

Type G. cuneatus Gray, 1831.

(=Rangia Desm., 1832, +-Clathrodon Conrad, 1833 ; +-Peris-

-sodon Conrad, 1863; + Columbia Blainville, mss., 1834.)

Gnathodon cuneatus Gray, 1831. Gulf of Mexico,

—Rangia cyrenoides Desm., 1832.

Gnathodon cuneatus var. nasutus Dall, 1894. Texas.

Subgenus RANGIANELLA Conrad, 1868.

Gnathodon flexuosus Conrad, 1839. Gulf of Mexico.

= G. rostratus Petit, 1853.

Gnathodon flexuosus var. Petitianus Dall, 1894. Mexico.

Genus LABIOSA (Schmidt) Moller, 1832.

Type Mactra anatina Spengler, 1802.

(=Anatina Schumacher, 1817, non Lamarck, 1809, + Cypricia

Gray, 1840; + Leucoparia Mayer, 1867.)

Labiosa lineata Say, 1822, New Jersey to San Paulo, Brazil.

=Mactra nuttallii Reeve, 1854, non Conrad ; + MW. recurva Gray,

1828; +M. papyracea Auct. non Lamarck.

Subgenus RaEra Gray, 1853.

Type ZL. canaliculata Say, 1822.

(=Cryptodon H. & A. Adams, not of Turton or Conrad, + Lovel-

lia Mayer, 1867.)

28 THE NAUTILUS.

Labiosa (Raeta) canaliculata Say, 1822. New Jersey to southern Brazil.

—=Mactra campechensis Gray, 1828.

Doubtful or spurious East American species.

Mactra nucleus Conr., 1831, from “New Jersey” is exotic, and

stated by Tryon in the Am. Marine Conchology to be a native

of Manila.

Mactrella (Harvella) elegans Sowerby, has been reported from

“Florida” where it is unknown, and ‘“ Jamaica”’ probably by

a misidentification. There is no specific difference between

Panama and alleged Antillean specimens and the name cannot

be admitted to the East American list without further evidence.

Spisula subtruncata Da Costa. What appears to be a somewhat de-

formed subfossil valve of this species was sent from Lawlor’s

Lake, New Brunswick, to Dr. Stimpson by Matthews, many

years ago. It is in the National Collection but no other spec-

imen seems to have been collected on this side of the Atlantic

and it is probably a ballast shell.

Spisula solidissima var. Acadica Matthews; Can. Nat. viii, no. 2, p.

111, 1877, from the higher clays beds at St. Johns, N. B. See

also Ann. Soc. Mal. de Belgique ix, 1874. This may be

founded on the specimen of S. subtruncata above mentioned,

though Mr. Matthews’ paper is not sufficiently explicit to deter-

mine. It is probably an exotic as he suggests.

Spisula “ subimbricata Mont.” Cockerell, in list of Jamaica shells,

Nautilus, vii, p. 115, 1894. Montagu described no Mactra of

this name. What the shell intended may be, is of course im-

possible to say, but possibly the following :

Mactra Richmondi n.s. Shell thin, small, white, inequilateral, with

the posterior end shorter and its dorsal aspect obtusely keeled ;

surface nearly smooth, except the dorsal areas, which hayveshort

deep concentric grooves; beaks moderate, adjacent; lateral

teeth rather short and small, smooth; pallial sinus small,

rounded, extending forward to the vertical of the beaks ; poste-

rior end obtusely pointed. Longitude 21; alt. 14; semi-

diameter 4.5 mm.

One valve on the beach at Greytown, Nicaragua; Chas. Rich-

mond. It isthe only American species belonging to typical

Mactra with grooved dorsal areas.

Mactra Cumingiana “ Bush,” Zool. Rec., 1885, from Cape Hatteras,

is a lapsus of the Recorder for Mactra Cumingiana.

THE NAUTILUS. 29

HELIX (ARIONTA) COLORADOENSIS :—A NEW LOCALITY.

ROBT. E. C. STEARNS.

This form first detected by Dr. C. H. Merriam’ in the Grand

Cafion of the Colorado, opposite the Kabab plateau, at an elevation

of 3500 feet, in 1890, and subsequently near Resting Springs’ in the

southeastern part of Inyo County, California, at an elevation of 900

feet above the Springs, in February, 1891 by Mr. Vernon Bailey

has recently (March of the present year) been obtained by Mr. C.

R. Oreutt of San Diego, at Mountain Springs, Colorado desert, San

Diego County. Mr. Bailey found his specimens among rocks on a dry

hill: Orcutt found but one example a bleached shell with the band

barely discernable. With these three points in mind it will be

seen, that a wide range of distribution is already indicated for this

species,

NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSKS, IV.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Macroschisma Lischkei n. sp.

Nemoto, Boshiu (Stearns).

Shell oblong, the length less than twice the breadth; lateral mar-

gins convex, anterior margin well rounded, posterior margin bluntly

rounded, subtruneate. Anterior slope straight, decidedly less than

half the length of the shell; side slopes straight.

Surface sculptured with fine radial striz, alternately larger and

smaller, finer on the forward half of the side slopes ; slightly decus-

sated by growth lines. Color either (1) uniform black, or (2)

closely speckled with black on a buff ground, or (3) crimson

with or without dusky rays. Posterior slope lony for the genus,

about one-fifth the length of the entire shell; flattened or subcon-

cave behind the hole, but not guttered. Perforation large, oblong,

slightly narrower in front, and wider behind, with a very narrow

Described by me in the Proc. U. S. National Museum, Vol. XIII, 1890.

* Mollusks of the Death Valley Expedition, U.S. Dept. Agriculture, (N. A.

Fauna, No. 7), 1893.

30 THE NAUTILUS.

eroded tract behind it. Length of hole contained two and one-half,

times in length of shell. Interior bluish-white, the hole callus darker

at the sides. When resting upona plane surface, the peristome of

the shell is seen to be very much elevated behind, and but little less

so in front ; the latero-basal margins strongly curved throughout.

Length 17%, breadth 9, alt. 5mm.

Length 16, breadth 94, alt.5 mm.

Twenty-two specimens collected. This seems a very distinct spe-

cies; the position and proportions of hole, the long posterior and

short anterior slope, and the strongly curved basal margins being

especially characteristic, and unlike other described forms.

Cyrena luchuana n. sp.

Shell large, inequilateral, oblong, the anterior end short, broadly

rounded, posterior end long, produced, and squarely truncated ;

basal margin gently arcuate, dorsal] margin narrowly rounded at

the beaks, the anterior slope short and nearly straight, posterior

slope long, rectilinear. Valves strong, convex, the posterior dorsal

area flat or concave, bounded by a blunt angle, another obtuse

angle extending from beaks to lower posterior extremity. Interior

white, stained with buff-olive on the hinge. Cardinal teeth bifid ;

anterior lateral very short and strong; posterior lateral long, remote

from cardinals. Cuticle dull brown, with a yellow under color,

irregularly wrinkle-striate, lamellose behind, and less so over the

whole disk. Length 94, breadth 72, diam. 47 mm,

Yaeyama Island, Loo Choo group (Fr. Stearns).

Cyrena (papua var. ?) yaeyamensis.

Shell shorter than the preceding, being less produced posteriorly,

the posterior surface not so distinctly angular, posterior truncation

less marked; anterior lateral tooth not so short. Anterior dorsal

slope of hinge line straight, posterior dorsal slope slightly convex.

Color and sculpture asin /uchuana, except that there is usually

some oblique corrugation of the posterior slope. Length 75,

breadth 63, diam. 36 mm.

Yaeyama I., Loo Choo group (Frederick Stearns).

This may prove to be a form of Cyrena papua, or of C. buschii

Phil. of China, but it is more triangular, with the posterior margin

more produced.

Cyrena fissidens n. sp.

Shell resembling C\. sinuosa as figured by Clessin (Conch. Cab.,

pl. 45, f. 1), but the posterior lateral tooth and corresponding pit

THE NAUTILUS. ae

much slenderer and somewhat longer, the posterior cardinal tooth

in right valve split by a suleus much broader than the space be-

tween the posterior and the next adjacent cardinal tooth. Valves

orbicular, very convex, lightly wrinkle-striate, and covered with a

black cuticle. Posterior slope depressed, with a radiating wide and

shallow furrow, rendering the margin slightly emarginate. Dorsal,

anterior and basal margins well rounded ; posterior margin obliquely

subtruncate. Length 86, breadth 77, diam. 49 mm.

Yaeyama I., Loo Choo group. A single specimen (Frederick

Stearns).

Siphonalia Stearnsii n. sp.

Shell fusiform, solid, brownish; spire conical, shorter than the

aperture, consisting of 8 convex whorls, which are finely spirally

lirate, and closely and strongly plicate; plicee becoming partly or

wholly obsolete on the body-whorl, which is very indistinctly or not

at all shouldered, and runs upward somewhat toward the aperture,

causing a narrow, small posterior channel. Aperture shaped as in

S. fuscolineata Pse. but wider, the inner lip smooth, its edge raised

and free; outer lip with a wide yellow internal border, inside of

which it is thick, lirate and white. Anterior canal strongly

recurved, short. Alt. 46, diam. 25mm. Oblique alt. of aperture

29 mm.

Allied to S. longirostris Dkr., but less elongated, with more

strongly plicate spire and different aperture, I cannot see that any

of A. Adams’ unfigured species agree with the specimens before me.

The spire is longer and more plicated than in S. fusoides Reeve, and

the canal more recurved.

LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED IN JAMAICA.

BY J. B. HENDERSON, JR.

Third Paper: Operculata, Aquatic Pulmonata.

203. Aleadia hollandi C. B. A. Duneans; W. of St. Anns.

204. Aleadia adamsiana Pfr. Mandeville.

205. Aleadia solitaria C. B. A. Black River; Bluefields; Mt.

Pleasant; Bog Walk.

206. Alcadia depressa Gray. Bluefields; Ora Cabessa; Bog

Walk.

32 ‘THE NAUTILUS.

207. Aleadia browni Gray. Montego Bay; Bog Walk.

208. Alcadia palliata C. B. A. Mandeville; Bog Walk; Sav.

la Mar; Stony Hill;*Ora Cabessa; Mt. Pleasant; Gallina Point.

209. Alcadia palliata v. labiosa C. B. A. Montego Bay.

210. Alcadia maxima C. B. A. Petersfield.

Aleadia, as typified in Alcadia palliata (with slit in the base of

the aperture) gradually blends into Helicina.

211. Eutrochatella tankervillea Gray. Bought.

(“ Trochatella” being preoccupied, “ Eutrochatella” of Fischer is

taken).

212. Eutrochatella pulchella Gray. Bog Walk; Ora Cabessa ;

Mandeville; Gallina Point; Stony Hill; St. Anns; Pt. Antonio;

Montego Bay ; Ocho Rios.

213. Eutrochatella costata Sby. St. Anns ; Falmouth; Gallina

Point; Little River; Rio Bueno.

214. Lucidella nana Pfr.

—Helicina lineata Ads. Mona House; Mande-

ville; St. Anns; Petersfield; Pt. Antonio; Bog Walk.

215. Lucidella inaequalis Pfr. Black River; Mt. Pleasant.

(Probably only a var. of LZ. aureola).

216. Lucidella aureoia Fér. Everywhere.

217. Lucidella aureola v. granulosa C. B. A. Mandeville.

218. Lucidella aureola v. interrupta Simpson. St. Anns; Dun-

cans.

219. Stoastoma jayanum C. B. A. Pt. Antonio; Petersfield ;

St. Anns; Bog Walk.

220. Stoastoma gouldianum C. B. A. Buff Bay.

221. Stoastoma pisum C. B. A. Mandeville.

222. Stoastoma sp. Mandeville.

223. Stoastoma sp. Petersfield.

224. Proserpina bidentata C. B. A. Mt. Pleasant.

225. Proserpina nitida Sby. Mandeville; Petersfield.

226.

Proserpina discoidea C. B. A. Bluefields; Petersfield ; Mt.

Pleasant ; Black River; Kings. :

227. Proserpina opalina C. B.A. Montego Bay; Ocho Rios;

Mandeville; Bog Walk.

228. Proserpina pulchra C. B. A. Mt. Pleasant; Bluefields ;

Bh. River; Kings.

229. err ienla (?) riv Saris C. B.A. Sweet River.

2530. Amnicola jamaicensis C. B. A. Rockfort.

231.

232.

233.

254.

235.

236.

237.

238.

239.

THE NAUTILUS. 33

Potamopyrgus candeana Orb. Sweet River.

Neritina jamaicensis C. B. A. Great River.

var. of N. tristis Orb. ?

Neritina punctulata Lam. Buff Bay.

Neritina tristis Orb. Sweet River.

Neritina tenebricosa C. B. A. Buff Bay; Sweet River.

Limnea umbilicata C. B. A. Bluefields ; Sweet River.

Physa jamaicensis C. B. A. Ramble; Sweet River.

Planorbis affinis C. B. A, Kingston.

Planorbis dentiferus C. B. A.

239a. Planorbis dentiferus var. edentata C. B. A. Bluefields;

Black River; Sweet River.

240.

241.

242.

245.

244,

Planorbis redfieldi C. B. A. Bluefields.

Planorbis decipiens C. B. A. Bluefields.

Planorbis pallidus C. B. A. Rockfort.

Ampullaria fasciata Lam. Savannah la Mar.

Hemisinus lineolatus Wood. Sweet River; Great River;

Rio Cobre ; Mt. Pleasant ; Sav. la Mar; Roaring River.

245.

246.

247.

248.

Melampus flavus Gmel. Little River.

Melampus caffeus L. Little River.

Melampus (Tralia) pusilla Gmel. Little River.

Pedipes naticoides Stearns. Little River.

=ovalis C. B. A.

MY. DAILY WALK.

WILLIARD M. WOOD.

What student of conchology does not take a daily walk, whether

it be to one’s business house, a stro]! after luncheon or a walk home.

And while thus taking the outdoor exercise, does one “ keep an eye

open ”

for specimens? If not, do you imagine how many speci-

mens are passed by?

My exercise consists of a daily walk of sixty blocks; thirty of

which, I walk to my office, starting at 8.30 o’clock in the morning,

and the balance, coming home at 5 o’clock in the afternoon.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

Every day I carry with me, a smail tin box, one which I can

very conveniently carry in my pocket, in which my “ finds” are

contained ; and when a morning is very damp, the result of a rain

the day before, or when a heavy fog settles over the city, then I

take with me a much larger box, inasmuch as I find that I can col-

lect two or three times the amount of specimens that I would when

the ground is not very moist.

Some mornings I gather great quantities of Zonites lucidus

Drap. (sent to Mr. Pilsbry to be identified) while other mornings,

Agriolimax agrestis Linn. may be found very numerous. However,

the following list may be called a fair sample of the specimens I

collect, while on my daily walk.

Specimens gathered on Nov. 11, 1893. No. collected.

Helix (Lysinoe) nickliniana Lea var. reticulata Pfr. 48

Zonites cellarius Mull. 3

Zonites lucidus Drap. 32

Ariolimax columbianus Gld. 5

Amalia hewstoni Cooper 13

Agriolimax agrestis Linn. 27

Limax maximus Linn. 30

Prophysaon andersoni Cooper 21

Total 179

I may add, that of the above species, although Limax maximus

Linn., has only been an inhabitant of this country for a period of

about two years, it has multiplied so greatly, that it has become a

nuisance to people who have flower gardens.

The slugs I find, generally crawl across the cement sidewalks and

walls surrounding residences, while the Zonites apparently delight

in crawling over the wooden door steps, and the Helix reticulata

prefer secluded spots in vacant lots, among the grass or under

boards, Of the last named species, I have at present, almost a

thousand specimens and of the Zonites lucidus Drap. over three

hundred specimens.

Is it not worth while then, to be “ on the lookout” for specimens

when out walking? One can thus see how I profit by my daily

walk. ;

San Francisco, Cal., March 31, 1894.

THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES AND NEWS.

REVERSAL OF CLEAVAGE IN Poysa.—Mr. Henry E. Crampton,

Jr., has recently studied the early stages of Physa and Limnea. In

the former the cleavage is according to the typically spiral type,

but totally reversed in direction. Jt will be interesting to learn

whether this is directly correllated with the sinistral form of the

adult.

On the 28th of January last, A. TH. von MippENDorREF, the ceie-

brated traveller and zoologist died at his home near Dorpat.

Middendorff is especially known to American conchologists as a

writer on shells of the northwest coast.

BuLiMus oBLonGus has recently been found by Mr. H. G. Hub-

bard, of the U. S. Agricultural Department, flourishing in St. Kitts,

where it has been introduced from Antigua by a resident concholo-

gist. Thisis perhaps, worth making a note of, since it has not been

found so far north, and some one hereafter may suppose it native.

Mr. Hubbard finds that a species of Tillandsia holds large quanti-

ties of water in the axils of the leaves; a good sized one he says

will hold a barrel of water, and this water in the mountainous for-

ests of Montserrat has a fauna of its own. He brought an Amphi-

bulima (possibly A. patula) and Pellicula (? depressa) which he

found in these moist retreats—W. H. DALL, in letter.

PupaA SYNGENEs Pils., has recently been received by the National

Museum from Beaver Creek, Montana, (a tributary of the Little

Missouri) in the river drift. This is a new locality, I believe, and

interesting on account of its distance from the original place (Ari-

zona).— W. H. Dau.

Nore on Liparus.— When studying the apices of the Australian

land shells Panda and Caryodes, the writer had occasion to examine

those of the Australian Bulimuli belonging to the subgenus Liparus

of Albers. In this group the earlier whorls are very closely pitted,

somewhat like a thimble, while in Panda they are decussated,

and in Caryodes spirally lirulate. The characters of the earlier

whorls seem to be of much greater importance than has generally

been supposed. Placostylus agrees with Liparus in the peculiar pit-

ting. Bul. (Leucotenius) favannii has a closely costulate apex, like

our B. schiedeanus. The name Liparus in mollusca is preoccupied

by Liparus Olivier, Entomologie, ou Hist. Nat. des Insectes, Vol.

36 THE NAUTILUS.

V, pp. 73, 283 (1807), for a genus of Rynchophorous Coleoptera. I

therefore suggest us a new name for the Australian group Born-

RIEMBRYON, the type being Bul. melo-——Pitspry.

SpIRULA PERONII in Jamaica—Mr. Edw. W. Roper reports find-

ing aspecimen of this cephalopod containing the animal, during

his recent visit to Jamaica.

Mr. F. C. Baker has been appointed Curator of the zoological

department of the Field Columbian Museum at Chicago.

The collection of shells of the late Dr. Poitip P. CARPENTER is

offered for sale. This is an excellent opportunity to obtain a val-

uable and authoritatively named collection. Address Mrs. Minna

M. Carpenter, 241 University St., Montreal, Canada.

Some ARKANSAS SNaAILs.—On my trip here (Fort Smith, Ark.,)

I did what I did some years ago—walked from Winslow, on the top

of the Boston Mountains, to Porter, six miles this side. I collected

quite a number of shells, and will send you some living Triodopsis

edentata, Stenotrema labrosum, Polygra Sampsoni and P. Jacksoni.

I got the edentata from the top of the mountain to Rudy, a vertical

distance of 1500 feet. At the latter place they are found with the

ordinary Triodopsis inflecta. I hope you will have time to examine

the internal parts. I find that where I got the type specimens was

in Washington County, instead of Crawford; but on this trip I

gathered them in both counties—F. A. SAmMpsoN, in letter.

THe Micuican Fisa Commission has commenced an investiga-

tion of biological conditions of the Great Lakes, with especial refer-

ence to the life history of the white fish. The work will include a

determination of the fauna and flora of Lake Michigan at Ann

Arbor, and of their vertical and horizontal distribution. This de-

termination will be both qualitative and quantitative, and will be

particularly directed towards a study of the life history of the white

fish and lake trout. Since the life of the water constitutes first or

last the food of the fish in it, this determination will afford some

idea of the value of this locality as a breeding ground for fish and

of its adaptability as a planting ground for the fry. The party at

work in the laboratory will consist of various specialists, Mr. Bryant

Walker, Detroit, Mich., taking charge of the mollusca.

RR ote ean

ae N Serius.

VoL. VIII. AUGUST, 1894. No. 4

ON THE ORTHALICUS OF FLORIDA.

H. A. PILSBRY.

Thanks to the Brnneys, father and son, we American malacolo-

gists rarely have anything but comparatively fair sailing when we

have occasion to work with the land mollusks of our own Country.

Only those who have spent daysand months striving to unravel the

tangled threads of synonymy, striving to see a little way into the

‘Orthalicus melanocheilus var.

Foridensis.

mysteries of structure, of phylogeny

or origin, and of geographic distribu-

tion, can rightly appreciate the debt

we owe to two men who have given

the best energy and scholarship of

their lives to the study of American

land shells.

These reflections come to me as I

think on the question of the number of

species of Orthalicus found in Florida—

a matter in which it seems to me that

Mr. Binney’s books have not been

clear.

The species of this genus. (or per-

haps better, subgenus, for structurally

it differs from Liguus only in trifling

points) are not, for the most part, at

38 THE NAUTILUS.

all weli defined. The older authors mixed them sadly; and we

moderns are in some danger of drawing over-fine distinctions

Still, the systematic zoologist who makes any voyages at all, must

perforce sail between Scylla and Charybdis. The great art is to

steer a middle course.

Returning to our Orthalicus, we notice that the older collectors

found only the zebra-striped forms in Florida, these being identical

with the species so common in Jamaica, and known for many years

under the names zebra Miiller and wndatus Bruguiére.

Some authors have attempted to establish undatus and zebra as

distinct species, but the last name was proposed for a medley of

Achatinas and Orthalicus, not including the form now known as

undatus ; so it will be dropped from the lists entirely. The well-

known Florida and West Indian species is O. unpatus Brug., (see

W. G. Binney’s works). It is not known from Mexico.

Besides this form, we find in a number of localities in Southwest

Florida, an Orthalicus with nearly white shell, spiral brown bands

and occasional oblique stripes, but none of the zig-zag flames so

characteristic of O. undatus. This form was described by the writer

in 1891, as follows:

Orthalicus melanocheilus Val. (1833).

One of the most distinct species of the genus, described originally

from ‘‘ New Spain” (i. e., the Middle American mainland). The

Florida specimens differ from the Mexican and Central American

in a number of characters and seem to me perfectly distinct as a

geographic variety.

0. melanocheilus var. Floridensis Pilsbry.

Shell white or slightly stained with brown, having no longitudi-

nal zig-zag flames. The body whorl has three narrow brown bands,

the upper one often broken into spots. There is a black varix on

the penultimate whorl, and one or two on the body whorl. The

varices are generally not visible within the aperture, but the three

spiral bands are conspicuous there. Lip bordered with blackish-

brown ; columella white edged, but parietal callus deep brown.

The types of this variety are from near Cape Sable, Florida.

The synonymy of my variety includes:

Bulimus zebra W.G. Binney, Terr. Moll. U. S. Vol. IV, Pl.

Ixxviii, fig. 12.

O. zebra W. G. B. & T. Bld., Land and Fresh-water Shells of N.

A., Vol. I, p. 216, figs. 370, 371.

THE NAUTILUS. 39

O. undatus W. G. B., Manual of N. A. Land Shells, p. 440, fig.

483.

Von Martens has recently expressed the opinion that “ Pilsbry’s

O. melanocheilus var. floridensis is probably a dark-mouthed variety

of O. undatus;” but he had not seen a Florida specimen. The

fact is that this is one of the most distinct forms of the typical

group of Orthalicus, and if it be a variety of undatus, then undatus

will cover all of the typical group of so-called species admitted by

Crosse and Fischer, v. Martens, et. al.

II, SYNOPSIS OF THE MACTRIDZ OF NORTHWEST AMERICA, SOUTH

TO PANAMA.

BY WM. H. DALL.

Subfamily Macrrin&.

Genus MACTRA (Linné) Lam., 1799.

Subgenus MacrropERMA Dall, 1894.

Shell as in Mactra but rude, inequilateral, with a coarse epidermis,

pronounced pedal gape, the ligament set off from the cartilage but

mostly sunken, concentrated dental armature, and the anterior

arm of the right cardinal in the plane of the adjacent ventral lami-

na. Type:

Mactra (Mactroderma) velata Phil., 1848. Panama to the Gulf of California.

Subgenus Macrroroma Dall, 1894.

Section Mactrotoma ss.

Accessory lamellze coalescent with laterals and cardinals.

Mactra (Mactrotoma) nasuta (ould, 1851. West Columbia to Lower California.

=WM. californica Desh., 1854, not Conr., 1837; + M. hiantina

Desh., 1854; + M. ovalina Auct. not Lam.; +M. falcata Weinkauff

not Gould; +M. fragilis Cpr., 1858, not Gmel.; + M. Deshayesi

Conr., 1868; + Merope sp. Weinkauff and Spisula sp. Conrad.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

Section Micromactra Dall.

Hinge like the typical section, beaks sulcate, shell small.

Mactra (Mactrotoma) californica Conrad, 1837. Fuca Strait to Central America,

=WM. augusta Desh., 1854; +10 nasuta Auct. not Gould; not MM.

californica Desh.

Section Stmomactra Dall.

Accessory lamellze free of the laterals.

Mactra (Mactrotoma) dolabriformis Conrad, 1837. San Diego, Cal., to Guaymas,

Mexico,

Subgenus MacrreELra Gray, 1853.

Section Mactrella ss.

Surface of the valves smooth.

Mactra (Mactrella) exoleta Gray, 1857. Gulf of Cal. to Guayaquil.

+ Lutraria ventricosa Gould, 1851.

Section Harvella Gray, 1853.

Surface of the valves plicate.

Mactra (Mactrella) elegans Sby., 1825. Panama to Gulf of Cal.

+ WM. pacifica Conr., 1868.

Genus SPISULA Gray, 1837.

Type ©. solida L. Gray, 1847.

Subgenus HemrmMactrRA Swainson, 1840.

Section Mactromeris Conrad, 1868.

Spisula (Hemimactra) polymyma Stm., 1860, var. alaskana Dall, 1894. Icey

Cape to Neeah Bay. (See eastern list for synonymy).

Spisula (Hemimactra) catilliformis Conr., 1867. Neeah Bay to San Diego,

+-Standella californica Cpr., Auct., non Conr.

Spisula (Hemimactra) Hemphillii Dall, 1894. San Diego.

Spisula (Hemimactra) planulata Conrad, 1837. Monterey to San Diego, Not

planulata of Cala. authors.

Cay ae

THE NAUTILUS. 41

Subgenus Symmorphomactra Dall, 1894.

Teeth of Mactrotoma, ss.; hinge of Spisula.

Spisula (Symmorphomactra) falcata Gld., 1850. Comox, Br, Col. to San Pedro,

Cala.

Genus MULINIA Gray, 1857.

Mulinia pallida Brod. & Sby., 1829. Panama to C, St. Lucas.

+ M. donaciformis Gray, 1839, not of Reeve, 1854; + M. angulata

(Gray) Reeve, 1854; + M. carinulata (Desh.) Reeve, 1854, (young

shells) ; ?=M. goniata Desh., 1854, (unfigured and insufficiently

described) ; +. bistrigata Moérch, 1862.

Mulinia modesta Dall, 1894. Guaymas, Mexico.

-+-M. carinulata Cpr. non Deshayes.

Mulinia Gabbi Tryon, 1869. Lower California.

Mulinia coloradoensis Dall, 1894. Gulf of California, at Guaymas and thence to

the Colorado-mouth.

Mulinia coloradoensis var. acuta Dall, 1894. Colorado river-mouth, Gulf of Cali-

fornia,

Mulinia Bradleyi Dall, 1894. Panama, Bradley.

GenusGNATHODON Gray, 1831.

Subgenus RANGIANELLA Conrad, 1863.

Gnathodon (Rangianella) mendicus Gould, 1851, Estuaries, Gulf of Cal,

+ G. trigonus Petit, 1853; -+-G. truncatum Petit, 1853.

Subfamily PrERopsin»®.

Genus LABIOSA (Schmidt) Moller, 1832.

Labiosa anatina Spengler, 1802. West Mexico.

+L. pellucida Schum., 1817; +M. cyprinus Gray, 1828; +L.

papyracea (Lam.) Sby., 1824.

Subgenus Raeta Gray, 1858.

Labiosa (Raeta) undulata Gould, 185!. San Pedro, Cala., to Panama.

+R. californica Melvill, as of Sowerby.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

Subfamily Lurrarin®.

Genus TRESUS Gray, 1853.

+- Cryptodon Conrad, 1837, not Turton; +-Sehizotherus Conrad,

1853, (about three weeks after Gray) ; type:

Tresus nuttallii Conrad, 1837. Sitka to San Diego, Cal.

+Lutraria maxima Midd., 1849, non Jonas, 1844; +L. capax

Gould, 1850; +L. inflata Dunker, 1853.

Genus DARINA Gray, 1853.

Darina declivis Cpr., 1865. ‘ Vancouver;” ‘“ Forbes;” fide Cpr.

DovuBTFUL OR sPpURIOUS WrsT AMERICAN SPECIES OF MACTRID®.

There is no typical Mactra or Spisula known from the Pacifie

Coast.

Mactra angusta Desh., 1854, from the Gulf of California as figured

by Reeve, resembles a refined M. californica Conr. Wein-

kauff’s figure is undoubted californica Conr. not Desh. I have

not seen authentic specimens.

Mulinia bistrigata Mirch, 1861, appears to be a mere color variety

of M. pallida.

Mulinia Gabbi Tryon, is stated to have come from Lower Califor-

nia, but has not since been reported from there. It is very

close to the South American M. exalbida Gray, and as M. exal-

bida is found near Panama it may reach California.

Mactrella subalata Morch, 1861, was described from a single worn

valve obtained at Realejo, Costa Rica. This was probably a

ballast shell or one in some way transported from the Atlantic

Coast. Caribbean shells are taken to Panama and other Pacific

ports for sale to visitors, as I have personally experienced.

Mactrella alata, of which subalata is a pure synonym, has not

been authenticated from the Pacific where it is replaced by M.

exoleta Gray.

M. (Mactrella) lacinata Cpr., 1856; Panama, Bridges; is probably

a Mulinia, notwithstanding its reference to Mactrella. Its

small size (0°7 in.) points toward immaturity. It has not been

THE NAUTILUS. 435

figured or sufficiently described to enable it to be referred to its

proper place in the family.

Tnutraria Sieboldii Desh., 1854; “ Vancouver Id., Kellett”; is a

Japanese species, with which LZ. lucida Gld., 1861, (a young

shell) is probably synonymous.

Darina declivis Cpr., 1865, has not been found by any collector on

the N. W. coast since reported from a collection alleged to

have been made by Dr. Forbes, R. N., but which had passed

through the hands of a dealer. The same lot contained a

shell described by Dr. Carpenter under the name of Saxidomus

brevisiphonatus, which also has not subsequently been discover-

ed in the region.

[Errata. July Navurius at foot of p. 28, should read: Mactra

Cumingiana “ Bush,” Zool. Rec., 1885, from Cape Hatteras, is a

lapsus of the Recorder for Macha Cumingiana. |

April 15, 1894.

A FEW NOTES ON HELIX TRIDENTATA.

BY A. G. WETHERBY.

T have recently received from Mr. Pilsbry his Critical List of

Mollusks collected in the Potomac Valley. Proc. Acad. Sci., Phila.,

1894, pp. 11 to 31, with plate.

This is a valuable and interesting contribution from this inde-

fatigable worker. But he has again dropped into the business of

adding latin names to varieties of our common shells, so that we

now have from Say’s species no less than three trinominal relations,

viz., H. tridentata edentilabris ; H. tridentata juxtidens and H. tri-

dentata frandulenta. I propose, in this note, to briefly review this

case, as Mr. Pilsbry, having the spirit of the true naturalist, has

kindly opened his pages for that purpose.

This species, though exhibiting so many variations, due to differ-

ences of station, or to inherited race proclivities, has always a gen-

eral facies that marks it well. No student of our land shells need

ever or does ever, mistake it for anything else. It cannot be con-

founded with H. fallax Say, though Dr. Binney believed them to be

identical ; nor is there any other North American species, worth any-

thing as such, that need be taken for it. Now with this fact well

44 THE NAUTILUS.

before us, I wish to use this criticism of these unnecessary names to-

illustrate the suggestions as to labeling such shells, made in my

notes on H. appressa in the June Nauritus. The chief forms of

H. tridentata in my collection are the following :

The type, from many localities in many States; I need not cite

them here.

A variety found under the shingle and waste of the limestone

cliffs about Cincinnati. This shell is characterized by its very light

color, horny texture, polished appearance, comparatively few and

little impressed strize, and the aperture of Pilsbry’s juatidens.

A variety found on Braden Mt. in Campbell Co., Tenn., of very

large size, very much depressed, deeply sculptured and with the

denticles little developed and remote.

A smooth variety from Whitley Co., Ky., with polished surface,

strize very little impressed, aperture nearly circular, almost with-

out denticles.

A variety from Putnam Co., W. Va., very small, with all the

mouth parts approximated, but not like Pilsbry’s fraudu/enta.

This is a most interesting form, and as widely separated from the

last as it well could be.

A variety from Cherokee Co., N. C., with all the characters of

juctidens but with the mouth parts cupped like H. fallaz.

Now I do not hesitate to affirm that in these lots are every gradation

necessary to unite them with the type. This is a matter of the eye simply.

Now what shall we do? Shall we label the first form H. tridentata

polita, the second H. tridentata edentilabris or what not, and so on

to the end, or shall we say for the first H. tridentata Say, var. Cin-

cinnati, O., and for the second H. tridentata Say, var. Campbell Co.,

Tenn.? and so on to the end. The first method loads up our liter-

ature with trinominal designations of varieties that fix a limit just as

rigid as a specific name. The second method is in accordance with

nature and the facts in the case. They are varieties, uniting each

other, through the gradations in each, with the type. What is a

“subspecies” ? I undertake to say that there is no such thing in

nature whatever. We may have species; we certainly have no.

“ subspecies.” The moment the specific line is passed, if any exists,

that instant we are in the realm of variations, inhabited only by

varieties. To name these varieties is to make types of them as

rigid as the specific type itself. Ifnot, why namethem? If so, why

THE NAUTILUS. 45

call them varieties or ‘“ subspecies,” endeavoring in this way to

dodge a dangerous breaker ?

As the humblest student of these beautiful and variable forms of

molluscan life, I shall not cease, upon every opportunity, to enter

vigorous protest against these inversions of the natural order in

development.

As there are no such things in nature as subspecific or varietal

barriers, so there should be none in the literature devoted to her

record.

Here may the educated finer sense, the critical insight, the intense

love of truth, the most unbounded capacity for labor, the acumen

derived from the union and cultivation of all these, find wholesome

employment and scope for all legitimate ambitions.

This is better than erecting obstructions in this highway of the

omnipotent, that must crumble of their own inherent falsity.

Magnetic City, N. C.

ON CHITON HARTWEGII CPR. AND ITS ALLIES.

BY H. A. PHESBRY.

In the “ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London” for

1855, Dr. P. P. Carpenter described a number of West American

Chitons, now mostly well-known to western naturalists, among them

C. Hartwegit and C. Nuttalli. The descriptions though concise are

excellently worded, leaving no doubt of the exact forms intended ;

for Carpenter was an adept in the art of writing diagnoses. In his

later publications on the shells of this fauna, the systematic position

of these species caused Carpenter some trouble; for he refers them

to both Trachydermon and Chetopleura ; and the difficulty of plac-

ing them in either of these genera caused the present writer to

make anew group, CyYANOPLAX (in allusion to the color of the

interior), to contain them. There cannot be much doubt that

Cyanoplax is a subgenus of the Carpenterian genus TRACHYDER-

Mon. The species Hartwegii was founded upon specimens collected

at Monterey by Hartweg (whom Carpenter is pleased to call

“ diligentissimus”). The type measured about 31x19 mm. (1°26x°76

46 THE NAUTILUS.

inch), and agreed in its rather long and narrow form and impressed

sutures with fig. 85 of plate 14 of the Manual of Conchology.

The Nuttalli (named in honor of the naturalist whose name is so

familiar to botanist, conchologist and ornithologist alike) was col-

lected at the same locality, and was stated to differ in being wider,

depressed, the valves squared where they join the girdle, the latter

not projecting between them to form deep sutures. The type meas-

ured about 26}x20 mm. This is the form figured by me on pl. 14,

fig. 84 of the Manual.

It is not at all difficult to pick out specimens of this short, broad

form, or of the longer, narrower form, even more pronounced in

character than Carpenter’s types; but trouble begins when we come

to the intermediate examples. In one lot of 18 specimens recently

received from Miss Shepard, 6 are typical Nuttal/i; 8 are more or

less typical Hartwegii; but it would puzzle a Philadelphia lawyer

(or conchologist either) to tell what the other specimens are. The

same extremes and intermediates occur in many other trays of

specimens I have seen from various localities; so that one cannot

doubt that the two forms named by Carpenter are merely the varia-

tions of one species, and are not correlated with differences of station

or geographic range.

All of the specimens are dull greenish, gray or even black, the

lighter forms generally having a row of dark blotches on each side

of the dorsal ridge; and seen under a lens, all are minutely but

sharply granulated, with coarser granules scattered irregularly over

and among the smaller ones, especially on the lateral areas; and

they are all rather deep colored inside, varying from “ Robin-egg ”

to “ Catbird-egg” blue.

Some months ago, the writer received from Mr. W. J. Raymond,

fourteen specimens of Cyanoplax, which differ so markedly from the

species discussed above that that they must form a distinet species.

After reaching this conclusion the shells were put aside, for one is

slow to describe new littoral shells from so well worked a locality as

middle California; but renewed study of them convinces me of the

necessity of the step.

Trachydermon (Cyanoplax) Raymondi n. sp.

Shell longer and narrower than 7. Hartwegii. Back somewhat

keeled, varying in elevation. Color (1) olivaceous green mottled

with white, sometimes with dark lateral streaks as in Hartwegii,

THE NAUTILUS. AT

sometimes ruddy at the ridge, or (2) uniform blackish, or (3) dark

brown, uniform or with whitish flecks.

Valves rather strong, slightly beaked when unworn, the posterior

(sutural) margins straight or slightly concave. Intermediate valves

rather rounded where they join the girdle, scalloping the inner bor-

der of the latter; not distinctly divided into areas. Lateral areas

hardly or not raised (the diagonal being indistinct) evenly seulptured

with minute, equal granules. Central areas also evenly sculptured

throughout with similar granules, slightly finer on the ridge. End

valves with the same equal sculpture, the tail valve with the mucro

central and a little projecting.

Interior light blue, with darker stains at bases of the sutural lam-

inze and behind the rather strong blue-white valve callus. Sinus

and sutural lamin asin Hartwegii. Slits in valvei, 8 ; valves ii—vii,

1-1; valve viii, 11; teeth of end valves blunt, thick, but not distinctly

bilobed. All teeth longer than the narrow, porous eaves.

Girdle narrow, black or with small whitish spots, leathery, very

minutely papillose.

Length 23, breadth 11 mm. (type; San Francisco).

Length 123, breadth 7 mm. (Bolinas specimen).

Habitat, San Francisco, Bolinas, Purissima, San Mateo Co., Mon-

terey, with typical Hartwegit.

Specimens from the first three localities were collected by Mr. W.

J. Raymond, who has seen them from Monterey also.

This is a longer species than T. dentiens Gld., with heavier valves,

less apparent diagonal, and much longer, thicker teeth. It differs

from T. Hartwegii (to use Mr. Raymond’s words) in being (a)

“narrower and smaller than southern Hartwegii (Monterey to San

Diego) with which alone I have been able to compare them from

the material at hand; (6) the color of the inside is lighter blue

than in Hartwegii; (c) I cannot make out the warty sculpture,

which you emphasize in the description of Hartwegii.” Moreover,

the teeth are much longer than in Hartwegii, from which the finer,

even granulation well distinguishes T. Raymondi.

NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE MOLLUSKS.

BY H. A. BWESBRY:

Clausilia (Stereophedusa) Stearnsii n. sp.

Shell elongated, regularly tapering, the next to the last and the

48 THE NAUTILUS.

iast whorl widest, the latter hardly contracted below; moderately

solid, closely, lightly striated, the strie wanting on the earlier

whorls, more distinct and spaced on the latter part of the last

whorl. Color opaque purplish-brown. Whorls 12-13, but slightly

convex, separated by a shallow, simple suture. Aperture contained

43 to 43 times in length of shell; peristome reflexed, whitish,

slightly thickened, not adnate; superior Jamella strong, extending

to the lip-edge; inferior lamella deep-seated, parallel to the superior,

invisible from the front; subcolumellar lamella extending to lip-

edge, bounded by grooves; palatal plicsee two, the upper one long,

second rather short, with a thin white subvertical callus below it,

which is strengthened below into a low bar.

Alt. 31, greatest diameter of last whorl above aperture 5 mill.

Alt. 26, greatest diameter of last whorl above aperture 5 mill.

Yaeyama (Okinawa), Loo Choo Is. (Fr. Stearns).

Believing this species to be new, I sent examples to Prof. Dr. O.

Boettger, the great authority on these shells, and received the fol-

lowing emphatic confirmation of my opinion: “ Die Clausilia von

Okinawa ist ohne jeden Zweifeln.sp. Es ist eine Stereophedusa

und steht in der Mitte zwischen japonica Crosse und brevior y.

Mts.”

No similar form has hitherto been reported from the Liu Kiu

group, the nearest allies of the species being Japanese. It is named

in honor of my friend FREDERICK STEARNS of Detroit, who has

coutributed so largely to our knowledge of the Japanese fauna.

The specimens vary considerable in length, but not in cther char-

acters.

GENERAL NOTES.

Mr. Wm. B. Marsuaty, who has been doing good work in the

department of Zoology of the New York State Museum (Albany),

has accepted the chair of Biology in Lafayette College, Easton,

Penna.

The peculiar shell described in the June Naurtiius as Perostylus,

proves to be the larval form of Fusus proboscidiferus. A paper on

the subject will appear in the September number.

ioe N Bais.

VoL. VIII. SEPTEMBER, 1894. No. 5

REMARKS ON THE STATUS OF SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

BY H. A. -PIESBRY.

In several articles published in recent issues of this journal, a con-

chologist as well known for his wide experience in the field as for

the vigor and point of his fluent pen, has been at some pains to

criticise certain work by the writer, on American land shells.

Several newly named varieties of well known shells are particularly

obnoxious to my good friend; and in another place’ he attacks the

recent systems of classification of land shells, darkly hinting at

certain tabulated results which he fancies would astonish system-

atists. Now in view of the amount of ink wasted over the questions

of SPECIES, VARIETIES and CLASSIFICATION, it may be worth while

to point out a few of the facts in the case; to show the futility of

arguing on the abstract question of species, and incidentally to call

attention to some of Mr. Wetherby’s mistakes in dealing with cer-

tain varieties described by myself.

Mr. Wetherby says: “we may have species; we certainly have

no subspecies.” Now the truth is that Natwre knows nothing of

“species” or “subspecies,” but only individuals. All groups of in-

dividuals are conventional and artificial. Were the record of palzeon-

tology complete, almost the entire mass of living individuals would

be found to be connected throughout by intermediate forms. Not

only would most of the species intergrade, but the genera, families

1Tand Shells of Roan Mt. and Vicinity, Journal Cin. Soc. N. H.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

and orders likewise. I say “most” because some would not inter-

grade ; for contrary to the old adage, nature does sometimes jump.

The theory of descent, and the connection of distinct, recent species

by their extinct ancestors being admitted, we may next inquire what

convenient artificial limits may be erected to defined the “ species ;””

for all scientific investigation would be at a stand still if we have no

names whereby to designate the various organisms about us. Prob-

ably the only definition of any use is that a species is any assem-

blage of similar individuals of presumably common ancestry, which

cannot be connected by living intermediate specimens with other

groups of individuals. It is the break in the chain which allows us

to constitute the species; and whether this break be wide or narrow

is of little importance so long as no recent organisms intermediate

in characters are known.’ However this idea may be worded, there

is no possible foundation for species on any other basis. Now, many

species, especially those having a wide range of distribution, show in

some parts of their range considerable modifications usually correl-

lated with peculiarities of climate, soil, or other factors known or

unknown of their environment. These modifications are often

sufficient for specific separation were it not for the fact that in some

localities the links connecting the extreme forms occur. We have

here species in process of making, waiting only for the extinction

of the intermediate individuals or for the further intensification of

the differential characters, to become full-fledged specific types. It

is obvious that science must take cognizance of these incipient

species, if itis to be a true record of nature; and for this reason

“subspecies” or “ varieties” are recognized. Of course they “run

into” each other in some part of their range, otherwise they would

be species. To ignore these varietal forms would be not removing

obstructions from “ the high-way of the Omnipotent ” as Mr. Weth-

erby says, but a piece of the most pedantic falsity. |The far-reach-

ing importance of these local or geographic “ subspecies” will be re-

cognized when we understand that in them we have the material of

future species in the making. We have moved away from the Dar-

winian conception that species have arisen from favorable variations

of occasional individuals, preserved by the action of natural selec-

tion or “survival of the fittest’; and now we see much reason to

believe that the whole mass of individuals over a given area of

changed or changing conditions, is simultaneously remoulded, not

2The question of hybrids need not be considered here for obvious reasons.

THE NAUTILUS. 51

by individual variations (which must usually be quickly effaced by

interbreeding with normal or differently modified individuals), but

by the steady action on the entire mass of the factors of climate,

elevation, food-plants, currents and other quantities of the complex

equation unknown to us.’

Mr. Wetherby proposes to avoid the use of subspecific or varietal

names by the circuitous method of writing the Jocality after the

specific name. He would say “ H. tridentata Say, var. Campbell

Co., Tenn.” “ H. tridentata var. Cincinnati, O.” “ H. cereolus var.

Sanford, Fla.” ete. Now the disadvantage of this system is that it

tells absolutely nothing to the man who has no specimens from those

exact localities, without a detailed description of the shells in each

ease. Moreover, Mr. Wetherby would write “H. appressa var.

Woodville, Ala.” for both H. appressa perigrapta and H. sargent-

dana, two very dissimilar forms. Who would know which one he

meant to indicate? The trinomial system on the other hand offers

a convenient, concise, readily understood index to geographic and

local races. When one says “P. cereolus septemvolva” the idea is con-

veyed as exactly and much more concisely than by saying “ P.

cereolus large var. St. Augustine,” for unless one has specimens from

this locality he would not then know just what was meant. Again,

were one to say “ P. cereolus small var. Sanford, Fla.” nobody could

tell whether the variety found there was that with an internal lamina

(P. cereolus carpenteriana) or without a lamina (P. cereolus volvowis).

Now what is the use in all this cireumlocution when we have so

convenient a system of nomenclature as the trinomial system,

already in practical use in other departments of zoology.

Having discussed the abstract questions at issue at such length,

we can devote but little space to the particular cases cited by Mr.

Wetherby ; but this is the less needful because what we wish to estab-

lish is the great importance of subspecies in general, not of any partic-

ular one of our own naming. We may, however, re-affirm the

3One of the most potent causes of specific or varietal differentiation has

been the glacial epoch, which undoubtedly caused a southward movement of

the entire northern fauna. Upon the recession of the ice sheet the species

thus driven south found themselves exposed to changing climate and food-

plants in their new home. Those following the retreat of the ice found the

topography, soil and drainage systems of their former area in the north vastly

changed. What wonder that we find many geographic subspecies! And shall

we shut our eyes to the results upon our snails of the action of these cosmic

forces, these manifestations of the Omnipotent ?

‘gy THE NAUTILUS.

reality of the distinction between the mass of southern, and the

northern specimens of P. appressa. The northern shells described

by Say have no incised spirals whatever, and the upper lip-tooth is

frequently developed. The southern specimens (which we have

called P. appressa perigrapta), have spiral incised lines more or less

developed, and the upper tooth is wanting in the vast majority of

cases. When it is present, as in the Cherokee Co., N. C. examples

mentioned by Mr. Wetherby, I would regard it as an interesting

ease of reversion.

As to Polygyra tridentata, Mr. Wetherby has not read my paper

with sufficient care to see my meaning. He attacks my P. fraudu-

lenta, but says in the next sentence that P. fallax is perfectly distinct

from tridentata. The truth is that Helix fallax of Wetherby and

other modern authors and collectors is identical with my fraudulenta !

The true H. fallax of Say is identical with H. introferens Bland, as

I have already stated in this journal and elsewhere. So my eritic

discredits and affirms the validity of this form in one article! As

to P. tridentata edentilabris, Mr. Wetherby has evidently never seen

it. The var. juctidens is a well-known form. I believe it to be a

distinct line of differentiation, well worth attention and recognition

by name.

I have not referred in this article to the large class of individual

variations such as is shown in the banding of many Helices. This

mode of variation is often repeated, different species having parallel

modifications. The mutations are frequently not inherited, any of

the forms giving birth to numerous others, as is the case with the

band-varieties of Helix nemoralis. This tendency to “ sport” in all

directions is a totally different thing from the moulding of an entire

race explained above; and its products cannot usefully be given

varietal names. They are best expressed by formule devised to

cover entire classes of such variations.

TYPES OF ANODONTA DEJECTA REDISCOVERED.

BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON.

In making a final arrangement of the general collection of Union-

ide of the National Museum I found the other day among some

THE NAUTILUS. To

Unios, Lewis’ types of Anodonta dejecta. The species was furnished

by Dr. H. C. Yarrow, Surgeon and Naturalist of the Wheeler Ex-

pedition, and was said to have come from the Arkansas or its tributa-

ries, west of the 100th meridian. The lot consists of three broken

valves, two of them forming a normal pair but very much distorted.

I saw in a moment that the shell I named Anodonta mearnsiana

in the Nautiuus, Vol. VI, no. 12, p. 184 was the same, and my

name will therefore have to be relegated to the synonymy.

Lewis described his species in Field and Forest, Vol. 1, nos. 3 and

4, page 26, and in Wheeler’s Report upon Geographical and Geo-

logical Explorations and Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meri-

dian, vol. V, Zoology, p. 952, 1875, but did not figure it.

I am almost certain that the locality given by Dr. Yarrow is

wrong, as the specimens collected by Dr. Mearns were from San

Bernandino Ranch, Arizona, out of waters that drain into the

Colorado River of the West. A very large number of specimens

were sent, and there can be no doubt as to where they were found.

It would indeed be a strange thing if this species was obtained

from two places seven or eight hundred miles apart, in two distinet

drainage areas. As the locality given for Lewis’ species is rather

vague, and a large amount of the collections of the Wheeler Expe-

dition were made on the Pacific slope it is quite probable that the

types of A. dejecta came from the Colorado drainage basin.

Washington, D. C., Aug. Ist, 1894.

DESCRIPTIVE NOTICES OF NEW CHITONS, V.

BY H. A. 2RESBRY.

Ischnochiton ptychius n. sp.

Shell small, oval, moderately elevated, with fine and distinct

though rather obtuse dorsal keel and slightly convex side-slopes ;

bright flesh-pink, with a few white dots along the sutures, and creamy

angular patches on the outer portions of the pleura of some valves,

the girdle dull flesh-colored with indistinct whitish mottling in some

places.

Median valves short, the posterior outlines slightly concave, with

the beaks but slightly indicated. Lateral areas slightly raised, each

54 THE NAUTILUS.

divided by one curved radial groove in front of the middle of the

area, with one or several shorter, less distinct grooves in front of it ;

concentrically sculptured with coarse, low, irregular wrinkles, which

make the sutural margin feebly dentate. Central areas finely and

minutely sculptured with irregularly zigzag transverse, vermiculate

subgranose wrinkles, which are broken into granules on the ridge,

and are puncticulate, the outer portions of the pleura more coarsely

wrinkled. Valve i having weak radial grooves and concentric

wrinkles. Valve viii with central, low, mucro, the posterior

slope somewhat concave; sculptured like the head-valve but more

obsoletely.

Interior rose-pink, fading to white on the sutural laminz. Sinus

wide, notched at the bases of the sutural laminz ; eaves narrow and

distinctly porous. Median valves with 1-1, tail valve 16 slits; teeth

sharp, very distinctly crenulated at the inner edge.

Girdle wide, densely clothed with scales which are weakly

striated, and measure about one-seventh of a millim. in width, and

imbricate inward and backward.

Length 11, breadth 8 mm.

Hab. St. Vincent Gulf (Bednall).

A peculiar little species, shorter than most Australian Jschnochi-

tons, and wrinkled much as in J. strio/atus Gray. In the individual

before me there are creamy patches at the outer ends of valves iv,

vy, vii and viii; on the last valve there is some olive-green variegation

of the cream color.

Chiton (canaliculatus var. ?) tricostalis, n.

Allied to C. canaliculatus Q. & G. (+insculptus Ad. and stangeri

Ry.) and ©. discolor Souv. (-+-miniaceus Cpr.), but having fewer

radial riblets on end valves and lateral areas than the first, and more

elevated than discolor, with projecting, more backward-hooked

mucro on the tail valve.

Shell oblong, elevated, acutely keeled with nearly straight side

slopes. Color variable, either (1) uniform chrome yellow, or (2)

olivaceous mottled finely with white, with some white patches on the

lateral areas, the outer halves of the pleura blackish, girdle oliva-

ceous with cream-white bars opposite the sutures.

Median valves a trifle beaked, the posterior (sutural) margins

nearly straight. Lateral areas well raised, having three radial

tuberculate riblets, the middle one shortest ; tubercles rounded and

spaced on front two ribs, closer and compressed on the posterior rib,

THE NAUTILUS. 5d

where they denticulate the sutures. Rarely a fourth very short rib

is indicated on some valves. Central areas having a smooth dorsal

band of about the same width in front and behind, or somewhat

wider in front. Pleura having 14-15 longitudinal riblets, narrower

than their intervals, the inner i to 3 on each side not reaching to

the anterior margin of the valve. Head valve with 17-19 radiating

tuberculate ribs. Posterior valve elevated, the mucro projecting,

posterior slope concave. Interior milky bluish, the sutural laminz

white.

Girdle densely clothed with imbricating finely striated scales,

shaped like those of Chiton sinclairi and measuring about one-third

of a millim. in width.

Length 17, breadth 9 mill.; an olivaceous, variegated specimen

is somewhat larger.

Hab. St. Vincent Gulf, S. Australia (W. T. Bednall).

This form differs from C. muricatus in the shape of the girdle

scales. It is more roughly sculptured than C. canaliculatus, with

the girdle-scales different in form, although they are about the same

width ; and with a different pattern of coloring, although in this

respect all the allied forms of the canaliculatus group vary a good

deal. The smooth dorsal band is wider than in canaliculatus.

It is somewhat doubtful whether this should be considered a geo-

graphic variety of the New Zealand species or an independent

species. It is at all events closely allied to the C. canaliculatus,

although actual connecting links between the two are unknown to

me. The detail figures given in volume xiv of the Manual of Con-

chology (pl. 36, f. 4, 6) excellently represent the sculpture of C.

canaliculatus, being drawn from a specimen furnished by Professor

Hutton.

Chiton cereus var. calliozona n. var.

Shell oblong, elevated, the dorsal ridge acutely keeled, side-slopes

straight; light olive-green, with a few concentric lighter streaks

upon each valve, and obscure dusky-green longitudinal streaks on

each side of valves ii and vi, less conspicuous on iii and v. _ Poste-

rior (sutural) margin of valves i to vii articulated or tessellated,

being painted with alternate whiteand brown oblique spots. Girdle

buff, paler on the outer half of its width, variegated with transverse

bars of crimson and black scales mingled with the buff ones; about 10

bars on each side.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

Median valves scarcely beaked, the posterior outline of each con-

eave. Lateral areas raised, sculptured with two or three radial

grooves, becoming more numerous toward the bases, and inconspic-

uous growth-strie. Central areas having a wide smooth triangle in

the middle ; sculptured in front of each diagonal slope with narrow,.

spaced impressed longitudinal grooves, not half as wide as the inter-

vals, and which form a sculptured band, increasing but little in

width outwards. Toward the beaks of each valve these grooves dis-

appear entirely, but are replaced by distinctly painted green lines,

very curiously simulating the grooves. Anterior valve with about

28 convex radial riblets, some split at base. Posterior valve with

subcentral subprominent mucro, and slightly coneave posterior

slope, weakly radiated. Interior pale blue, the sutural laminze

white. Sinus very narrow. ’

Girdle densely clothed with very convex, shining, polished solid

scales, those in the middle of its breadth largest, measuring, six-tenths

mill. in width.

Length 38, breadth 18 mill. (exclusive of girdle).

Hab. St. Vincent Gulf (W. T. Bednall).

I have not much doubt that this shell is a form of Reeve’s wreus,.

but the coloration is different, the number of riblets on the pleura is

not nearly so great. Mr. E. A. Smith has united wreus to the Mediter-

ranean C. siculus (=olivaceus), but I can hardly endorse such a

lumping of forms from totally different areas.

ISAIAH GREEGOR.

bean |

We have heard with deep regret of the death of Mr. Isaiah

Greegor, which occurred on the 26th of July at his home, Cuyahoja

Falls, Ohio.

Mr. Greegor was not only an extensive dealer in shells, but also.

an ardent and earnest Conchological student. Though for many

years engaged in a business requiring strict attention and skilful

management, he never allowed this to interfere with the promptings

of his generous heart ; a fact which was constantly exemplified by

his timely suggestions and gifts of specimens to friends and others

engaged in Conchological pursuits. He also took much interest in

the completion of the American Association’s collection. His last

THE NAUTILUS. BY

gift to this,—some two months ago, wasa number of Florida species ;

among them a suite of Strombus w/atus Gmel., remarkable for their

very large size and brilliant coloring; the latter ranging from the

brightest crimson to the deepest purple. The presentation of this

suite gave him a great deal of pleasure, and we shall never forget

his gratified expression when he saw them safely placed.

How little did he then think that his eyes rested upon them for

the last time!

“ We mourn him dead, yet is he living.”

[COMMUNICATED. |

NOTES AND NEWS.

TRACHYDERMON Raymonpt IN British CotumpirA.—Mr. C. F.

Newcombe has found this species abundant at Victoria, on exposed

headlands, its stations being similar to those of the Nuttallinas. It

was formerly confused by collectors of that district with Tr. dentiens,

young Mopalia lignosa, and young Nuttallina scabra. The occur-

rence of the latter species in British Columbia is extremely doubt-

ful. Trachydermon raymondi will probably prove to have the dis-

tribution of Nuttallina californica, Ischnochiton mertensii and Ton-

icella lineata.

Nore ON ORTHALICUS MELANOCHEILUS FLORIDENSIS.—In the

reference to Land and F. W. Shells, N. A. (foot of p. 38) “ fig. 371”

should be omitted. That figure represents a shell from the Sierra

Madra, and shows the conspicuous dark oblique stripe in the aperture

characteristic of typical melanochetlus, and the spirals are very faint

there. A good figure of the Florida shell has been given by Mr.

Binney in “ Fourth Supplement T. M. V,” pl. 2, f. 4.

AGRIOLIMAX CAMPESTRIS IN NEw Mexico.—Mr. A. Boyle has

given me a specimen of Agriolimax campestris which he found in his

garden at Santa Fé, about 7100 ft. above sea level. The specimen

is pale brown, with a pale grey unicoloroussole. So far as I know,

this is the first slug recorded from New Mexico.—T. D. A. Cockereil.

July, 1894.

New Meryop or PREVENTING CRACKING OF ANODONS.—

Eps. Nautritus: All collectors are aware of the trouble we have

58 THE NAUTILUS.

‘

in preserving Anodons. No matter how good they may be, they

won't stay so if they can only get to split up in pieces, Last

spring a fish pond here was drained and I obtained a good lot of

very fine large Anodonta fluviatilis. I washed them clean on

Saturday and put them aside to dry, and when I came back

Monday morning they were having a regular “pic-nic” splitting

and popping. So I just gave them a bath of thin white shellae and

alcohol and they have been behaving well ever since. Isend you

some specimens that you may see the effect it has on them.

Frank Burns, Washington, D. C.

[The specimens are still in good condition, and the plan is worth

a further trial. The principle is that the shellac forms an impervious

layer over the epidermis, preventing that evaporation of water from

the latter which causes it to contract and break the thin calcareous

layer. The shellac should therefore be applied as soon as the

surface of the mussel is dry. Its main disadvantage is in the arti-

ficial gloss which it gives the shell, which would prevent its use on

lusterless specimens. If the shellae is very thin it does not effect

the appearance of glossy shells like A. fluviatilis—Ep.]

Errata.—A typographical error occurred in the July number of

the Nauriius and I desire to correct same. In the article “My

Daily Walk” on page 34, the second line under the list of species

collected, I notice the ninth word should have read as “ county” and

not “ country.”— Williard M. Wood.

NOTICES OF PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Natura History Nores From Nortu Carona (Papers nos.

2 and 3) by A. G. Wetherby (from the Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat.

Hist.). In these papers on “ The Land Shells of Roan Mountain and

Vicinity ” the author enumerates fifty-four species with interesting

notes on each. A parasitic species of Diptera is here recorded in-

festing Zonites clliotti and Polygyra fustigans.—C. W. J. -

GEOGRAPHIC AND HypsomMeErRIc DisTRIBUTION OF NorTH AMER-

IcCAN VivipAriD# by Prof. R. Ellsworth Call (from the Amer-

ican Jour. of Science for August). This interesting article is aecom-

panied by a map showing the distribution of each species. The

THE NAUTILUS. 59

author recognizes two species of Tulotoma (magnifica and coosaensis),

four of Vivipara (contectoides, interterta, subpurpurea, troostiana),

two Lioplaces, and nine species of Campeloma. ‘The main facts of

the distribution and station of each species are stated, largely from

the authors own wide experience in the field. It would be unrea-

sonable to expect any discussion of synonymy in a paper of the

scope of this one, but even if Prof. Call could prove the specific

identity of Vivipara contectoides with georgiana, wareana, ete., why

should he use the atest instead of the ear/iest name for the species ?

—J.& P.

Dr. Wo. H. Dat has recently issued a ‘“‘ MONOGRAPH OF THE

Genus GNATHODON, GRAY (Rawata Desm.).” In this essay the

priority of the name Gnathodon for the group is demonstrated ; the

anatomy of both soft and hard parts is described, and the species are

discussed and figured. Dall concludes that Gnathodon does not con-

stitute a distinct family near Cyrenide, as Fischer has it, but that it

belongs without doubt to Muctride andis probably an off-shoot from

the Mulinia stock. The range of the genus is “ Subtropical Amer-

ica, the Gulfs of California and Mexico, in shoal quiet water, vary-

ing from salt to fresh, but preferably somewhat brackish; range in

time from the newer Miocene to recent seas.” ‘Three sections are

adopted, Gnathodon typical, Miorangia Dall and Rangianella Conr.

G. cuneatus Gray is the commonest species in collections (often under

the name Rangia cyrenoides).

THe Moxiuusca oF THE Paris Marns.—M. Locard has been

making some very interesting studies of the mollusks of the water-

mains of Paris, from which he has collected forty-four species belong-

ing to thirteen genera, among which several species are described as

new to science. These are, however, only slight varieties of well

known species. Among other peculiarities of this strange fauna he

notes four marked modifications, due to their environment, in which

they differ from the types in the waters from which these mains are

supplied. These are: [1] A diminution of size, due to the absence

of light ; [2] a decrease of marked coloration, due to the same cause ,

[3] decided modifications of form, generally producing a lengthened

shell, due to the mechanical action of a steady and rapid current ;

[4] difference of general appearance, the polished, brilliant shell

being developed with regularity in a constant medium. The last

two peculiarities may be noticed in the shell life of those streams in

tropical countries which in the shaded mountains are constant; as

60 THE NAUTILUS.

differentiated from the formation and appearance of members of the

same species found in the periodic streams of the open plains, which

disappear with each recurrence of the dry season.

ON THE JAMAICAN SPECIES OF VERONICELLA, by Prof. T. D. A.

Cockerell and R. R. Larkin. (Journ. of Malac. III, pt. 2, 1894).

The material discussed in this paper consists of 18 specimens, all

referred to V. sloanii, from Jamaica. ‘These were dissected and

their characters carefully noted. The conclusions reached are of

much value to investigators of this difficult genus. ‘The results

obtained are quite remarkable and tend to throw doubt on the

validity of several characters hitherto used for the separation of

species in the genus * * * The specimens show great differences

from one another, so that by selecting a few of the most distinct

forms, several apparently good species might be described. Yet we

believe that the whole series represents the variations of but one

species, V. sloanii, and that V. virgata Ckll. must be reduced to

V. sloanti var. virgata. * * notwithstanding so much variability,

the species as now defined should be easy of recognition. The

following characters appear to be quite constant and of specific

value in V. sloanit. (1) The under-side is always free from spots

or markings of any kind, whereas occidentalis Gldg. from the Lesser

Antilles, has some spots below. (2) The sole never projects from

behind the body, as it does in one or two of the continental species.

(3) The filiform glands are less than 10 mill. long, whereas in

dissimilis and floridanus they are considerable longer. (4) The

penis is always long, cylindrical, with the end slightly bulbous and

the orifice terminal. It thus entirely differs from that of such

species as V. portoricensis. (5) The filiform glands are always

more than 10 in number thus differing from V. morchii and V. dubia,

(6) The female orifice is always post median, thus differing from

the continental V. nigra, ete.”

The characters of size and shape, distance of female orifice from

head and sole, size of penis and splitting of its retractor, number

and length of filiform glands ete., were found to vary within wide

limits, and their several variations were not correllated in the

different organs, so that no dependence could be placed upon the

various combinations presented for specific distinctions. Color,

contrary to the opinion of some authors, seems useful in some cases.

The whole series examined is systematically tabulated; and the

only thing lacking in this admirable paper is i//ustration. Still,

this is a lazy complaint when all is so clearly described.

ae N Aericus.

VOL. vu. OCTOBER, 1894. No. 6

THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF CARYCHIUM.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The genus Carychium contains some of the smallest land mollusks

known. The shell is cylindrical or high conical like that of Pupa,

but the lack of eye-stalks and the form of the lingual teeth show the

genus to belong to the family Auriculide, a group best known in

America by the salt-marsh inhabiting Melampus. The species of

Carychium, like other Auriculide, are terrestrial in habit, living

among damp leaves or wood. The genus contains about 15 recent

species, distributed over nearly the whole northern hemisphere.

In THE Navrivus for 1891, vol. iv, p. 109, the writer gave a brief

notice of the United States forms of the genus. Subsequent study

resulted in a synopsis of the group, which was published in Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1891, p. 518, with plate xiv. With a view of

enlisting the services of conchologists in the needed examination of

more material from various parts of the country, this synopsis is

here reprinted. Information is needed to establish the range of the

various forms, particularly in the West and South, and also the

variations of the several forms. Only the collection of specimens

from points geographically intermediate between the extremes of the

range of this genus, and the examination of such material by a

competent person, can finally decide the question of the number of

naturally defined species, and which, if any of them, must be con-

sidered geographic races or sub-species.

THE NAUTILUS

C{D- Ce qe >

THE NAUTILUS. 63

Carychium exiguum Say. Figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell cylindrical, the last two whorls of about equal diameter.

Whorls 43. Aperture decidedly over one-third the total altitude.

Outer lip sinuous, moderately thickened, very strongly arcuate at

its upper outer portion.

This is the common East American form, ranging from Maine

southward and westward, the limits of its range not exactly deter-

mined as yet.

Carychium exiguum var. Mexicanum Pilsbry. Figs. 7, 8, 9.

Shell cylindrical. Whorls 4}. Aperture equal to, or a trifle ex-

ceeding one-third the total altitude of shell. Outer lip thickened at

and below the middle by a very heavy deposit of callus upon its face.

Lower fold of the columella sub-obsolete. Surface delicately striated.

Orizaba, Mexico.

Carychium occidentalis Pilsbry. Figs, 4, 5, 6.

Shell distinctly conical, tapering. Whorls 5. Aperture very

oblique, larger than in C. exiguum, the outer lip flatly expanded,

thin, not at all thickened on its face.

Portland, Oregon, is the only locality from which I have seen

this species.

Carychium exile H. C. Lea. Figs. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.

Sheil elongated. Whorls 5-5}. Aperture small, very oblique,

about one-third the length of the shell. Outer lip more or less thick-

ened. Surface closely, regularly and very distinctly striated.

Eastern Pennsylvania (H. C. Lea); Kent, Ohio (Geo. W. Dean).

Lea found this form on the Wissahickon Creek, near Philadelphia,

but I have not been able to rediscover it there.

Carychium exile var. Jamaicensis Pilsbry. Figs. 15, 16.

Much elongated, similar to C. exile, but the surface smooth, not

perceptibly striated.

Jamaica.

LIST OF SHELLS FROM THE VICINITY OF MINGUSVILLE, MONTANA.

BY HOMER SQUYER.

Many of the smaller forms were picked out of fine river drift

found along the banks of Beaver Creek, a tributary of the Little

Missouri, after the subsidence of the freshets.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

The occurrence of Pupa syngenes Pils., previously known only

from Arizona, and of Planorbis umbilicate//us Ckll., described and

reported only from Manitoba, are especially interesting. Many of

the forms were identified at the National Museum by Messrs. Dall

and Simpson, while Dr. Sterki has kindly named the Pupide and

Vallonias. Mingusville is two thousand six hundred and forty-five

feet above sea level.

HELICACEA.

Family ZONITIDZ.

Vitrea arborea Say ; worn var., approaching V. breweri Newe.

Vitrea radiatula Alder, rare.

Conulus fulvus Drap., one specimen.

Pseudohyalina minuseula Binn.

Pseudohyalina leviuseula ? Sterki. Close to vars. of minuseula.

Pseudohyalina conspecta Bland.

Family ENDODONTID&.

Pyramidula striatella Anth.

Family HELICIDA.

Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh.

V. gracilicosta var. close to costata Say.

Vallonia perspectwa Sterki.

Vallonia pulchella Mull.

Family PUPIDZ.

Pupa muscorum L.

Pupa blandi Morse.

Pupa blandi var. edentata ; one specimen.

Pupa syngenes Pilsbry. Eight more or less perfect specimens.

Pupa holzingeri Sterki.

Pupa armifera Say.

Pupa pentodon Say.

Pupa decora Gould.

Vertigo ovata Say.

Vertigo binneyana Sterki.

SUCCINEACEA,

Family SUCCINEID A.

Succinea avara Say.

Succinea obliqua Say.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

Succinea grosvenori Lea.

Suceinea lineata Binn.

LIMNASACEA.

Family LIMN AIDE.

Limnea palustris Mull.

Limnea bulimoides Lea.

Timneea humilis Say.

Timnea caperata Say.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say.

Planorbis lentus ? Say ; young shells only.

Planorbis parvus Say.

Planorbis umbilicatellus Cockerell ; (P. wmbilicatus Taylor, Leeds

Journ. Conch. IV, p. 351, 1885, not of Miller, 1774). Described

from Manitoba.

Family ANCYLIDZ.

Ancylus rivularis Say, one specimen.

Family PHYSIDZ:.

Physa gyrina Say, young only.

Physa ancillaria Say.

Physa heterostropha Say.

Physa lordi Baird.

PELECYPODA.

Family CORBICULID 2.

Spherium suleatum Lam.

Pisidium compressum Prime.

Family UNIONIDA,

Anodonta plana Lea, young.

Anodonta ovata Lea, young.

Only one perfect and adult specimen of Planorbis umbilicatellus

was obtained in the river drift. It is readily distinguished from

P. parvus Say by its narrow funnel-shaped umbilicus and higher,

somewhat beveled whorls. It was first collected in Manitoba by

R. M. Christy, Esq., and described by Taylor under a name al-

ready widely known in the literature though generally regarded as

a synonym of one or another Linnean species. It was re-named by

Cockerell, in the Conchologist’s Exchange, November, 1887, p. 68.

CW. i. D.).

66 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTE ON HELCIONISCUS NIGRISQUAMATUS REEVE, SP..

BY GEO. W. TAYLOR.

I have recently received from Mr. Frederick Stearns of Detroit a

number of shells collected by himself and labelled as follows :

“ Patella boninensis, Bonin Is.”

“ Patella stearnsit.”

“ Patella near stearnsti, Japan, 1892, only 8 found.”

“ Patella nigrisquamata (?), Loo Choo Is., Yacyama Is.”

“« Patella nigrisquamata (?), a var., Japan, 1892.”

All the specimens sent are, in my opinion, referable to a single spe-

cies which has long had a place in my cabinet as H. nigrisquamatus

Reeve.

Reeve’s locality for this species was “ Australia,” but this has

never been confirmed and is doubtless an error. The same I think

must be said of the additional locality, “Concepcion Chili,” given

by Mr. Pilsbry Gin the Manual, XIII, 126), on the authority of Dr.

W.S. W. Ruschenberger, for we cannot concede to any limpet a

range so extensive as from Japan to Chili, and Japanese shells of

which I am now writing are certainly true nigrisquamatus if figures

and descriptions count for anything. I may add as negative evi-

dence of a certain value that of several thousands of limpets from

Chilian and Australian localities that have passed through my

hands, I have never seen a specimen, young or old, approaching

this species.

With regard to P. boninensis, the differences on which Mr. Pils-

bry relies are 3 in number (see Man. Conch. XIII, 152). The first

geographical; but as nigrisquamatns has not been found in the same

habitat as the original specimens of boninensis this distinction no

longer holds. Secondly, the size of the central callus; but such a

difference would hardly be specific, taken by itself, I should think,

and moreover, it is not apparent in the series before me. Lastly,

Mr. Pilsbry notes the brown streaks diverging from the head seg-

ment of the central callus. These marks, however, are present in

some of the specimens sent as nigrisquamata and absent in others

sent as boninensis, showing either that the original collector was un-

able to separate his shells accurately or else that the distinction is

not a constant one.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

As to P. stearnsii, if the shells sent to me by Mr. Stearns are con-

specific with the type specimens named and figured (from his col-

lection) by Mr. Pilsbry, then in my opinion stearnsii is only a

young form of nigrisquamata and I suspect (from the description)

that Patellu grata of Gould is the same shell. I am, therefore, in-

clined to write:

Helcioniscus nigrisquamatus Reeve (Patella), 1854.

—=?P. mazatlandica Sowb., 1831.

= P. grata Gould, 1859.

= P. boninensis+-P. Stearnsii Pilsbry, 1891.

Habitat: Japanese Seas, Stearns; ‘“ Australia,’ Reeve, error ;

“ Chili,” Ruschenberger, ? error.

PEROSTYLUS, THE EMBRYO OF MEGALATRACTUS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In a former number of this journal (June, 1894) the writer

proposed a new genus, Perosty/us, for the Cerithinm (Colina) bra-

ziert Tryon and another supposed new species. Upon the appear-

ance of the paper describing these forms, I was informed by my en-

cyclopedie friend, Professor Theodore Gill that the type of the new

group had been shown by Professor R. Tate to be the embryonic

portion of “ Fusus” proboscidiferus. Some time after, the article by

Tate, published in the Proc. Linnean Society of New South Waies

(Australia), Second Series, Vol. VIII, pt. 2,’ p. 244, came to hand.

In reference to Cerithium (Colina) Brazieri, Professor Tate writes :

“The above named gastropodous shell is described in Tryon’s Manual

of Conchology, Vol. LX, p. 142, and illustrated t. 26, fig. 16. The oc-

currence of Colina in the Eocene beds of Victoria has led me toastudy

of the recent species, and in doing so I was arrested by the unlike-

1 Mr. Taylor is unquestionably right in considering Helcioniscus boninensis

a synonym of nigrisquamatus Ry. I had satisfied myself of this by the exam-

ination of the National Museum collection some years ago. He errs, how-

ever, in placing H. stearnsii in the same category as it is a totally distinct

thing. Mr. Taylor probably had the young H. nigrisquamata before him, as

so acute an observer could hardly confuse stearnsii with the other species.—

ED.

? Issued March 12, 1894.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

ness of Tryon’s figure, as above quoted, to other members of the

genus; moreover, the shell seemed familiar to me, and if I am

right in my identification it is nothing more than the embryo of

Fusus proboscidiferus, of which I have examples from Port Essing-

ton. The apical whorls of that shell are often decollated, but in

some specimens there remains sufficient of the apex to permit one to

arrive at the opinion just stated.”

If any further evidence is needed to demonstrate the true nature

of Perostylus, it is supplied by Mr. Edgar A. Smith of the British

Museum (Natural History), who writes to me as follows:

“The presence of a fine series of Fusus proboscidiferus Lamarck

in the British Museum Collection, ranging from the very young

state up to the adult form, enables me to show that Perostylus is

merely the apical portion of the spire of that immense West and

North Australian shell.

“The late Capt. Beckett brought from the Dampier Archipelago

a number of specimens of this species besides a fine mass of the egg-

capsules containing the young shells in large numbers. These

agree exactly with the description and figure of P. brazieri (Tryon)

and P. fordianus Pilsbry, as given by the latter author. The num-

ber of whorls in specimens from the same compartment of the

mass of capsules is variable from four to six, and the length of

the rostrum and canal is also subject to slight variation. Some

specimens are also considerably broader than others. We have in

the museum collection a specimen corresponding in size with Swain-

son’s figure’ of Fusus aruanus (=probocidiferus) with the apical

whorls still remaining intact. Another example is nine inches in

length and still retains the nucleus, but in all the larger shells this

part is broken off.’

“The apical portion of Turbinella pyrum is also very similar,

but a close examination reveals the incipient characteristic colu-

mellar folds.

“Tn the description of Perostylus the apex is said to be decollated

like that of Rumina or Cylindrella. Whether this is really the

the case has yet to be proved by further observation. There cer-

tainly is every appearance of there having been an embryonic shell

which has become detached, but it is also certain that this takes

1 Exotic Conchology.

2 It is broken off in all the specimens ia the Philadelphia collection.—P.

THE NAUTILUS. 69

place within the egg-capsule, at an early stage of the creature’s ex-

istence, for no such nucleus is attached to any of the specimens in

the egg-capsules at hand which are of the same size as the shells fig-

ured by Mr. Pilsbry.”

In conclusion it should be stated that Fusus proboscidiferus has

been made the type of Megalatractus, a subgenus of Hemifusus

(Semifusus Fischer !), by Fischer. There are good reasons for giv-

ing the group generic rank. It certainly does not belong to Fusus,

the embryonic whorls being very different from those of the typical

species of that genus. Neither can it be referred to Hemifusus as

Fischer has done.’ Perostylus will, of course, become a synonym of

Fischer’s group.

CATALOGUE OF LAND SHELLS OF LONG ISLAND, N. Y.

BY HENRY PRIME.

The time in making this collection embraces a number of years

and I think it to be rather complete, having left no stone (or log)

unturned in searching for the species. Mesodon albolabris and thy-

roides are dwarfed, and Tachea nemoralis does not compare as to

size with those from Europe. The sea air may have something to

do with this. The soil is of a sandy nature, as a rule, not adapted

to the growth of sand snails.

Hyalinia arborea Say. Coldspring; Greenport; East Hamp-

ton; Huntington; Prospect Park, Brooklyn; Astoria; Myrtle

Ave. Park, Brooklyn; Lloyd’s Neck ;- Centerport.

Hyalinia binneyana Morse. Huntington.

Hyalinia cellaria Mill. Astoria.

Hyalinia indentata Say. Huntington.

Hyalinia milium Mors>. Huntington.

Hyalinia nitida Mill. New Lotts.

Limax agrestis Mill. Jamaica; Brooklyn; Huntington ; Cen-

terport. |

Limax campestris Binn. Lloyd’s Neck; Whitestone; Center-

port.

1 Manuel de Conch. p. 623.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

Limax flavus Linn. Huntington. Was introduced in egg state

among mushroom spawn. Brooklyn.

Limax maximus Linn. Brooklyn.

Patula alternata Say. Richmond Hill; Lloyd’s Neck.

Tebennophorus carolinensis, Bose. Lloyd’s Neck.

Pallifera dorsalis Binn. Lloyd’s Neck.

Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Brooklyn; Huntington; Lloyd’s

Neck ; Centerport.

Pupa contracta Say. Huntington; Lloyd’s Neck.

Pupa corticaria, Say. Huntington.

Pupa fallax Say. East Marion; Coldspring. At Coldspring

this species was at one time quite abundant among the brick (of

what was left of a house cellar); these being removed the colony was

broken up!

Pupa pentodon Say. Huntington.

Vertige milium Gld. Coldspring.

Vertigo ovata Say. Shelter Island; Greenport; Coldspring ;

Huntington; East Marion; Myrtle Ave., Prospect Park, Brook-

lyn ; Centerport.

Strobila labyrinthica Say. Huntington; Lloyd’s Neck; Cen-

terport.

Triodopsis introferens Bld. New Lotts. Two specimens were

found without the animal, might they have been the playthings of

some children ?

Mesodon albolabris Say. New Lotts ; Huntington; Oyster Bay;

Prospect Park, Brooklyn.

Mesodon thyroides Say. Lloyd’s Neck ; Prospect Park, Brook-

lyn; Astoria; Huntington ; New Lotts; Richmond Hill.

Vallonia pulchella Mill. Huntington ; Centerport ; Coldspring ;

Prospect Park, Brooklyn.

Tachea nemoralis. Yellow, plain, Flushing; yellow, 2 bands,

Astoria; yellow, 4 bands, Flushing. A colony existed sometime

since on Lloyd’s Neck, but that locality being used as a public

picnic ground, they in time removed.

Punctum minutissimum Lea. Coldspring.

Succinea avara Say. Coldspring.

Succinea aurea? Lea. Peconic.

Carychium exiguum Say. Huntington ; Centerport.

Melampus bidentatus Say. Lloyd’s Neck ; Huntington; White-

stone ; Coney Island ; Eaton’s Neck.

Low

THE NAUTILUS. 71

GENERAL NOTES.

Wir the cooler weather of autumn conchologists will find in-

door operations once more agreeable, and all who have availed

themselves of the past season for adding to their knowledge of mol-

lusk life or to their cabinets of specimens should try to share their

harvests with others by telling of the interesting experiences in the

field, of the occurrence of uncommon species or varieties, or the

turning up of well known ones in new localities. Frequently ran-

dom observations on the life habits of one or a few species are valu-

able. Who knows where most of our marine or land snails lay their

eggs, how many there are, their form and size? And yet this isa

vital point in the life of the species; and there are hundreds of

others, some of which are sure to come to the knowledge of every

collector. The difficulty is that such facts are too often esteemed of

less worth than a fine lot of shells, and so are forgotten and left half

seen or unrecorded. A collector’s note-book should be as valuable

as his cabinet, especially if the knack of sketching living animals,

etc., is cultivated.

We hope that each of our readers will give us some fact or ob-

servation which has been made his or her own, during the past

summer. Short notes dealing with single topics are always wel-

come, and have the advantage of being published promptly. Such

a magazine as this one is always co-operative, and the more each

gives, the more each receives. If anything you have seen interests

you it is likely to be of value to others: but being interested one’s

self is a good test of what makes good reading. Meantime the edi-

tors will try do their part. In future, more attention will be given to

notices of current literature of conchology than has been our custom

in the past ; and it is of course understood that our pages are freely

open to all opinions, entirely regardless of those held by ourselves.

THe Juntor Epiror of the Nauritus will be away from Phila-

delphia for some time after the middle of October, as he contem-

plates a paleontological trip to Alabama.

Nore on HE tx Gosser.—<s the identity of this species is some-

what obscure, it may be well to clear it up in this place. Helix

gosset was first described by Pfeiffer in the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

for 1846, p. 37, the description being repeated in Monographia, I,

p- 30. In the later Conchylien Cabinet, Helix, p. 219, Pfeiffer de-

AL THE NAUTILUS.

clared it to be a mere color variety of H. subconica C. B. Ad., de-

scribed in 1845, and the figure he gives of his type amply confirms

this opinion. In the Conchylien Cabinet, a few pages further on,

Pfeiffer describes and figures a “ Helix gossei C. B. Adams MSS.”

This name, of course, cannot stand, being preoccupied by that prior

H. gossei of Pfeiffer himself, and this decision is not affected by the

fact that Pfeiffer’s first gossei isasynonym. This gossei of (C. B.

Ad.) Pfr., I consider a race or variety of H. nemoraloides C. B. Ad.,

1845, and it is practically covered by C. B. Adams’ H. pulchrior,

1851. It is this form which caused Messrs. Simpson and Hender-

son some trouble in Naurrius for May, 1894, p.5. The conclu-

sion is that neither of the “ gosseis” can stand, the first gosset of

Pfr. being a synonym of subconica, and gossei C. B. Ad. MS. of Pfr.

(later) becoming a synonym of H. nemoraloides var. pulchrior.—

Pilsbry.

HELICES CARRIED BY BIRDS.—“ From the throat of Rallus pee-

toralis Mr. J. A. Thorpe of the Australian Museum extracted the

snail I now exhibit. This is a specimen of Ch/oritis jervisensis

(uoy and Gaimard, a species common in this neighborhood, whose

almost adult and uninjured shell measures 18 mm. in diameter, and

which weighed, shell and animal together, 1°26 grammes. When

found by Mr. Thorpe, to whom I am indebted for both facts and

specimen, the snail was quite dead; asa test I immersed the ani-

mal in strong spirits without inducing contraction ; since, however,

its consumer had been killed forty hours earlier, the suffocation of

the molluse was to be expected. The bird was shot at Randwick,

near Sydney, on the 19th May, 1894, by Mr. Newcombe, Deputy

Registrar-General. In enumerating “ Means of Dispersal,” Dar-

win observes (Origin of Species, 6th ed. p. 372): ‘A bird in this

interval [eighteen hours] might easily be blown to the distance of

500 miles, and hawks are known to look out for tired birds, and

the contents of their torn crops might thus readily get scattered.’

In view of the above incident, this suggests a means whereby the

geographical range of jervisensis might be considerably extended.”

—Charles Hedley, in Abstr. Proce. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, May 30,

1894.

Pror. H. E. Sarcent who has been pursuing biological studies

at the Chicago University, has returned to Woodville, Ala.

‘Loe Nerius.

VOL. VII. NOVEMBER, 1894. No. 7

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF DORIDIUM FROM

PUGET SOUND.

BY W. H. DALL.

Among specimens of mollusks collected in Puget Sound by the

Young Naturalists’ Association of Seattle, Wash., and forwarded

for identification by Prof. O. B. Johnson,was a species of Doridium,

a genus new to the region, and detected by Miss Adella M. Parker,

in whose honor, at the request of the society, it has been named.

The specimens were dredged in 30 fathoms at Eagle Harbor, Puget

Sound.

Doridium adelle n. sp.

Animal] naked, about 16 mm. long, of a dark plum color, mottled

with fine vermiculate spots of golden yellow; general form that of

D. carnosum Cuvier, but with a shorter velum, half as long as the

body and transversely truncate behind; the posterior free portion of

the mantle short, obscurely bilobed, and without a flagellum ; front

edge of the velum slightly excavated; parapodia wide, the sole

slightly longer than the body; shell internal, subconical, white

covered with a brownish epidermis; pillar strong, reflected with a

deep grove outside of it, the basal end projecting spur-like; nucleus

small, depressed.

The shell is more conical and the eycloid wall of it narrower than

in D. carnosum, and the excavated pillar much more prominent.

74 THE NAUTILUS.

See Ann. Mus. de Marseilles, Zool. t. II, p. 45, pl. 2, figs. 42-44,

1885.

EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE FROM ALABAMA.

The following paragraphs from a letter received from the junior

Editor of the Naurrius, written from Claiborne, Alabama, under

date of Oct. 18th, will be of interest to our readers:

«ok 7s > J arrived here [Claiborne] last evening, seven days

out from Selma. While waiting fora train at Selma, I took a stroll

along the river. The steep bank of bluish gray clay, probably forty

or fifty feet in height, tempted me to look for fossils. A small

Ostrea, or Gryphea, a Pecten resembling Camptonectes burlington-

ensis, and several parts of a large Inoceramus told me it was creta-

ceous. But the specimens were too scarce and poor to warrant the

expenditure of much time. From Selma I went by train to Catha-

rine, and thence to Prairie Bluff.

“Jt is at the latter place that the collector of cretaceous fossils is

in his element. The bluff is over one hundred feet high, and in one

place slopes gradually, giving one a good opportunity to collect.

Fine large specimens of Exogyra costata and Gryphea vesicularis

were abundant. ‘The shells of the latter were unusually thick and

the lower valve very convex. Perfect specimens of Plicatula urti-

cosa were also common. Finely preserved casts and, in many cases,

the shells of numerous species of Gastropods, were abundant. Ex-

ceptionally numerous were: Anchura spirata, Turritella encrinoides,

Rostellites texturatus, Pyropsis sp.,Natica abyssina and Lunatia Halli.

Of the Cephalopods, I found Nautilus DeKayi, Baculites ovatus and

Ammonites sp., in fair numbers.

“At Matthew’s Landing, ten miles below Prairie Bluff, is the first

good exposure of strata containing Eocene fossils. They are well

preserved and very interesting, many that I found being new to the

Philadelphia collection, Cardita, Arca, Volutilithes, Pleurotoma,

being some of the principal genera. I found the spire of a large

and handsome conch, reminding one of JMelongena corona, except

that the projections on the angles of the whorls are nodulose instead

of spinose, but I looked in vain for a perfect specimen.

On the west bank of the river, a short distance below Clifton,

are high bluffs of indurated blue clay, and I found the first (and

THE NAUTILUS. 18

last, so far) Strepomatide of the trip, Goniobasis solidula Lea. The

bank below the water-line was covered with them. In many places

little springs trickled down the bank, and in these they were to be

found to a height of twelve feet above the river level. Notwithstand-

ing the very low stage of the river, I have seen no living Unionide,

and only a few worn and faded valves on Burford’s Bar.

“In the the bluff at Peach Tree there is a narrow stratum of

ferrugineous sand containing a few Eocene fossils. Monday, the

15th, was spent at Gregg’s Landing, four miles below Peach Tree.

As there were no accommodations there for staying over night, we

made every minute tell. It is a fascinating spot; great masses of

a hard fossiliferous sandstone in which Turritella mortoni and Ostrea

compressirostris predominate, and which has come from an upper

stratum seventy or eighty feet above the present water-line,

lay strewn along the base of the cliff, reminding one of Potomac

Creek, Va. In the lower fossiliferous stratum, of a dark, indurate,

sandy clay, Cardita planicosta, Cucullea sp., Turritella humerosa,

Turritella sp. and Calyptrephora trinodosa, were the conspicuous

ous forms.

“Bell’s Landing, five miles below Grege’s, was next visited.

The fossils were similar to those found at Gregg’s, but among them

were many rare species—rare in collections and rare at Bell’s

Landing.

“Tt was indeed singular how many uniques of some very inter-

esting forms I found here. The stratum referred to above was also

present here, but the upper one was for the most part a soft sand,

and contained a greater number of species. As it was impossible to

work the upper stratum in place, and as both were mixed together

in the talus at the base of the cliff, I found it impracticable to

keep the fossils of the two separate. I have not had time to hunt

for land shells, but from appearances it seems somewhat unfavor-

able. On the bluffs it is extremely dry, while the lowlands are

subject to overflow. To-morrow I go to work at the Claiborne

fossils. Yours sincerely,

“Cuas. W. JOHNSON.”

POLYGYRA (STENOTREMA) HIRSUTA ON LONG ISLAND.

BY A. H. GARDNER, FORT HAMILTON, L.I., N. Y.

In the October number of the Naurixus I noted a catalogue of

the land shells of Long Island, N. Y., by Mr. Henry Prime, which

76 THE NAUTILUS.

seems, from my own investigations, to be very accurate. I venture,

however, to supplement the same with a species hitherto unrecorded

amongst the annals of the mollusk fauna of Long Island, and exist-

ing in what I believe to be a very circumscribed area. Most of the

species Mr. Prime records I have found in localities other than those

-he names, and from his more extended investigations and those of

his predecessors, Messrs. Temple Prime and Sanderson Smith—

ranging over nearly the entire island—I am inclined to believe that

the species of which I am about to write is to be found in but one

locality, the one in which it was first discovered.

During the early spring of 1891 a colony of Stenotrema hirsuta

was accidentally discovered by my friend, the late Mr. James Arm-

strong, a naturalist residing in Bay Ridge, L. 1.; they were found in

a small patch of woods, or rather, a small thicket, laying at right

angles to a good-sized wood, at what is now 13th Ave. and 74th St.,

Brooklyn. The situation was a good one, being shady, and the

ground covered with small fragments of boulders cast there at some

past time from the surrounding fields. It had been undisturbed

for years, as the position of the stones testified to; the leaves of

many summers had fallen, decayed, and left their remains amongst

the interstices in the form of a rich, dark mould.

The surrounding woods, for there ure (or were) several in this

immediate vicinity, had been thoroughly searched, both by myself

and Mr. Armstrong, for many previous years, with a view of col-

lecting specimens of the land mollusea, and had yielded to active

and close search examples of Helix (Mesodon) albolabris and

thyroides, Zonites arboreas and indentatus, Helicodiscus lineatus,

Strobila labyrinthica, Vertigo Bollesiana and milium, but never a

trace of the Triodopsis or Stenotrema groups, which, moreover, had

never been noticed before by either of us in Long Island. Steno-

trema hirsuta is at all times a rare shell in this part of the country.

I know but of one specimen, collected at Highbridge, N. Y. City,

and have heard of a few specimens being found on Staten Island

by the late Dr. Hibbard, on the palisades of New Jersey. I have

found them, but even there they are exceedingly scarce.

Now in this particular locality they abounded, and a very large

quantity of specimens was procured.

The question arises how or by what means were they introduced.

Evidently they were not the survivors of a species that had once

flourished there, as in that case at least dead shells would have

THE NAUTILUS. (Ore

been found elsewhere near the locality. The large quantities found

would point to their having been native to the place for a long

period of time. Why they had notspread is not strange when their

habits are considered: they are slow in movement and retiring,

loving to adhere to the under side of a stone, where moisture can

be procured in the hot days of summer. Surrounded by conditions

favorable to their existence, they neither seek nor require change

of locality.

It is easy to account for the introduction in any place of a new

plant or insect. The influence of the wind will scatter spores or

seed vessels over a vast area; whilst when the locomotive powers of

insects are considered, both aerial and terrestrial, it needs but a

new condition, generally the scarcity of food, to cause an immediate

migration, bounded only by arrival at the nearest spot indicated by

instinct as the place where more suitable conditions exist, necessary

to the preserval of life and development. But in the case of a

snail, and especially such a slow moving one as S. /uirsuta, it is

different ; to such an organism transition over an extended distance

would be an impossibility, that is to say, by its own natural

powers.

The only theory possible to solve this question is that they were

carried there either as snails or the spawn of snails by some out-

side influence which we can only attribute to a winged animal

capable of covering an extended distance continuously ; for exam-

ple, a hawk or other bird of strong flight may have left the Pali-

sades of the Hudson river with dirt adhering to its claws containing

the embryo “hirsuta,” and winging its way across river and land,

alighted on a tree at this spot, and in the process of perching,

scraped off dirt and snail spawn, which dropped amongst the stones

below. And again, the bird may have swallowed the S. hirsuta,

and asit is a globular shell and of very hard substance, it may have

escaped the grinding of the stones in the cesophagus, passed through

the digestive organs, and been ejected at the locality with other

excrement, and there perpetuated the species.

At any rate, this appears the only agency by which the species

can have been introduced, and unless the same can be distinctly

refuted, it forms a theory illustrated by the present example of the

diffusion of certain forms of mollusean life over a continent—an

agency probably uncommon and rarely put in force by the strange

workings of Mother Nature.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

N. B.—This locality has been recently invaded by civilization in

the form of an electric road passing near it, bringing its attendant

blessings (?), houses and their inhabitants. But as yet the colony

exists; I collected specimens there as lately as last September.

EASTPORT NOTES.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

Chiton marmoreus Fab.

A variety differing from the type in size and color occurs at

Eastport. The type occurs in size as long as 14 inches, and even a

trifle more than that. The blue variety is not over an inch,

the average being about { of an inch. The type has the color

of the interior white at the edges of the valves, deepening to rose

color. In the variety, which may be called var. ceruleus, the rose

color gives place to a delicate light blue. The outside is robin’s

egg blue. Though not common, this variety seems to be established.

I have found it twice, and in small numbers.

Bucinum undatum Linn.

The type is abundant at Eastport. Largest specimen, 25 inches.

(I have a specimen from near Old Orchard 4 inches long.) A vari-

ety (v. plana) occurs at Eastport and Grand Manan ; size of largest

specimen, 1{ inches, resembling the type except in size and loss of

waves. In some cases the waves remain in faint form; in some

cases they are absent altogether. The type form at Eastport has

the waves very heavy.

Margarita undulata Say.

Type is abundant; an albino form occurs rarely ; it is about one-

half the size of the type.

Terebratulina septemtrionalis (young), Menestho albula and a

few of the deep water starfishes were found at low tide in small

numbers.

Astarte crebricostata—formerly common in 10 fathoms, could not

be found.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

The season has been a good one for collecting at Eastport. Some

of the rare forms, like Lunatia grenlandica and Bela Pingelii, were

found at 15 fathoms, and on the whole, there was a tendency among

the deep water forms to the shallower water.

THE HABITS OF FLORIDA LITTORAL MOLLUSKS.

BY JOSEPH WILLCOX.

Although the following facts may be well known to some Con-

chologists, there are many undoubtedly who have not had the oppor-

tunity of observing the habits of southern shells. It is a very inter-

esting scene to witness the actions of many mollusks in the shoal

waters in the bays of Florida, and on the sand flats that are ex-

posed to the air at low tide. Below is a list of some of the shells

that are found above the water level at low tide on the southwest

coast of Florida:

Fulgur perversum, Aplysia,

F. pyrum, Sigaretus perspectivus,

Oysters, Callista gigantea,

Oliva literata, Nassa vibex,

Fasciolaria gigantea, Marginella apicina,

F. tulipa, Melongena corona,

F. distans, Conus proteus,

Cerithium atratum, C. Floridanus,

C. nigricans, Cardium isocardia,

C. muscarum, Cardium magnum,

Cerithidea scalariformis, C. muricatum,

Lucina Floridana.

Aplysias do not remain voluntarily out of water at low tide, as

they then become dry on the surface and appear to suffer for want

of water, often emitting in such cases a large amount of purple

fluid. They possess no power of locomotion on land.

The Cerithium usually crawl about on the sand soon after the

water has receded, and remain above the surface until the return of

80 THE NAUTILUS.

the tide. Their tracks may often be traced more than twenty

feet.

Cerithidea scalariformis habitually crawls up the stems of grass,

and lives the greater portion of the time out of water.

The Cerithium nigricans live in large colonies between high and.

low water marks.

Cardium isocardia craw]s out of the sand soon after the water dis--

appears; but they do not travel far. When put ina basin of salt

water, they often close their shells with a lively snap.

Fasciolaria distansis the only shell, observed by the writer, which

feeds upon the Vermetus nigricans colonies, into the tubes of which

it inserts a long proboscis.

Fasciolaria tulipa is the only shell, in the knowledge of the wri-

ter, which makes an effort for freedom when held in the hand. It

projects its body out of the shell and “slashes ” about its long and

sharp operculum with sufficient force to occasionally bring into view

some of the blood of its captors.

The Oliva literata often lives in colonies. It emerges from the

sand soon after the disappearance of the water, and crawls for a

considerable distance.

Sigaretus lives usually under the sand, but at low tide it often

comes to the surface; but it does not proceed far. It is a favorite

morsel for the “littoral pigs,” who root it out of the sand with

avidity.

Lucina jamaicensis affects the muddy sand. They lie deeply

buried under the surface, and seldom are seen on top of the mud.

The Lucina tigrina probably possesses the same habit, as many dead

shells are found in places where few are seen living.

The Pholas costata, I presume, lives below low water mark, as their

shells are washed ashore in some places in great quantities. They

also live in colonies in the muddy sand flats that are dry at low

tide.

The sheli reposes about 10 to 12 inches below the surface, but

the animal can project its long siphon to the surface, through a hole

permanently kept open.

In a future article we propose giving the results of observations

upon the feeding habits of some Florida mollusks.

THE NAUTILUS. 81

NEW FORMS OF WESTERN HELICES.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The Pacific Slope has been proven by the researches of many

collectors to be richer in varietal forms of Helices than any other

part of the United States; but although there are a large number

of well-marked local varieties, there has been a tendancy to over-

split them on differences of no racial value. The following forms

are believed to be sufficiently individualised to require names.

Although superficially some species such as arrosa, tudiculata ete.

are very much like the European group Arionta, others like Cam-

pylea, and still others from Lower California are like Euparypha,

it is the writers belief that the American forms are not closely allied

to these European groups, but rather to the forms found in Japan,

China and the Philippines, the resemblance to European types being

a case of “convergence” of one character, the shell, and not extending

to the less readily modified viscera. Other allies of the Californian

group are the Hemitrochus of Floridaand the greater Antilles. in

Mexico another allied group, Lysinoe, is found; but the genuine

Californian type extends southward along the mountain axis as far

as the Argentine Republic. All these American, and the East

Asiatic groups are more nearly allied to each other than any of

them are to the European Helices.

The earliest name for this group of forms is the rather cumber-

some term Epiphragmophora of Déring; and it is proposed to use

this in a generic sense, to supercede Arionta, Aglaiaand Euparypha

of American writers. The history of all these snails and their

names, with a discussion of their probable ancestry and migrations,

will be found in the writer’s Guide to Helices, now in press.

Epiphragmophora ellipsostoma n. sp.

Shell globose-depressed, with low-convex spire, round periphery

and almost covered umbilicus; thin ; colora greenish straw tint, with

one supra-peripheral brown band, surface shining, showing irregular

growth wrinkles, and closely, somewhat spirally wrinkle-malleate

all over, much as in the thin forms of FE. tudiculata; the spiral

tendency of the wrinkles more marked below. Whorls 4, the apical

13 forming a rather large nuclear shell; last whorl deeply descend-

ing in front, a little constricted behind the basal lip. Aperture

very oblique, short-elliptical, obliquely truncated by the penultimate

whorl; peristome rather narrowly but evenly and well reflexed

82 THE NAUTILUS.

throughout, dilated at the columella insertion and almost covering

the umbilicus. Alt. 12°5, greater diam. 20, lesser 16°2 mm.

Belongs to the E. rowelli group, but differs from other species in

its malleation. From tudiculata and its allies, it differs widely in

the elliptical mouth, coarse apex and fewer whorls. The same

characters and its sculpture remove this shell from E. traskii and

its several varieties described by Hemphill.

Locality, “San Juan del Norte” (Gabb). Probably on the east

coast of Lower California.

NOTES AND NEWS.

VARIATIONS OF PLEUROCERA ALVEARE Conrad.—In L. and

F.-W. Shells, part 4, (Strepomatide), page 50, Mr. Tryon says:

“The species is very variable in length,” leading one to infer that

the other features were more constant. Such is not the case.

Specimens from Cypress and Shoal creeks, Ala., present such a

difference that on first sight the mature shells of one stream would

not be taken for the same species as those from the other.

From Cypress creek they have the folds or tubercles on each

whorl and the striz on the base well defined. From Shoal creek

they are eroded on the spire, giving the shell a cylindrical appear-

ance; body whorl smooth and the striz of the base faint or want-

ing; a number from both streams are two-banded; the upper band

causes the dark spots Mr. Lea mentions in his description of perno-

dosa. In both streams they were found on rocks in the current.—

A. A. Hinkley, Dubois, Ill.

New Locarity ror Unto Exuipsis Lea.—While collecting in

the vicinity of Florence, Alabama, the past summer, eight speci-

mens of this species were found in the Tennessee river—A. A.

Hinkley.

Mr. Epw. W. Roper, of Revere, Mass., gave his friends in

Philadelphia and Washington a short but pleasant call recently.

Z. CELLARIUS IN WesTERN PennsyLyANiA.—I found 3 speci-

mens of Zonites cellarius Miill., 2 living and 1 dead, from the Phipps

Conservatory in Allegheny City, and as the 3 specimens came from

3 different greenhouses, they must have obtained a pretty good

foothold. None of the shells were fully mature, the dead one being

the largest— Geo. H. Clapp.

Tue Rare or Growru or Herices.—I have placed mature

Helix appressa in a box the middle of May. They have laid eggs,

THE NAUTILUS. 83

the eggs have hatched, and the animal has grown to maturity by

the first of November. With Helix alternata the growth was much

less, hardly making more than one-half that of H. appressa.— Chas.

S. Hodgson, Albion, Ill.

ARGONAUTA ARGO on the East Florida coast.—A specimen of

this species measuring 7% inches diameter, and perfect in every re-

spect, has been obtained by Mr. Wm. P. Stanley. It was found

about 10 miles below Palm Beach, and contained the animal when

cast ashore.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS.

Oxpras MaALaAcoLoaicas DE J. G. Hipateo. Madrid, 1894.

The name of Joaquin GonzALez Hiparco has long been a fam-

iliar one to conchologists acquainted with recent French and Spanish

literature of mollusea; and whoever has used the more extended

works “ Moluscos Marinos de Espana, Portugal y las Baleares” and

the “ Moluscos Terrestres,’—works indispensable in the study of the

shells of Southwestern Europe—will hear with pleasure of the pub-

lication of the “Obras Malacologicas.” This magnum opus, of which

several parts lie before us, will consist of three portions: works re-

lating to the fauna of Spain, works upon the South American fauna

and publications on the land shells of the Philippine Islands. Of

the former two we may judge in advance by the magnificently illus-

trated volumes named above, and the “ Moluscos del Viaje al

Pacifico.”

That upon the Philippine fauna, now in course of publication, aims

to present asummary of the literature of each species, with valuable

critical notes on the variations, distribution, ete.; and it is illus-

trated ona scale which leaves little to be desired. The land snails

of the Philippines are among the most beautiful of any region, and

it is only fair to say that for the first time justice is done them in the

splendid plates of Hidalgo’s Obras. The Helices and Cochlostylas

are illustrated in the parts already issued, and we hope to have the

Bulimi and operculates before long. The text is characterized by its

moderate and conservative spirit, refreshingly free from “ nouvelle

ecole” vagaries, but well abreast of the times.

84 THE NAUTILUS.

The work will doubtless be of the greatest assistance to all students

of this rich fauna, and we hope that its talented and industrious

author may succeed in bringing it to a good completion.

List oF Texas Mottusca collected by J. D. Mitchell. This

catalogue embraces both marine and fresh-water forms, and adds

many localities to the published records of Texas shells.

Nores oN SomME MARINE INVERTEBRATA FROM THE COAST OF

British CotumsBra, by J. F. Whiteaves. A new Pecten, P.

(Pseudamusium) vancouverensis is described and figured, and an

adult specimen of Turcicula cidaris is for the first time illustrated.

A CONTRIBUTION TO A KNOWLEDGE OF INDIANA MOLLUSCA,

by R. Ellsworth Call (from Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., III). The pres-

ent paper is a preliminary list of the Indiana mollusk fauna, show-

ing what has already been done toward an exact knowledge of the

conchology of that State. Only authentic locality references are

given, and nothing is admitted to the list on the strength of its

occurrence in neighboring States. Of land shells, 58 species are

enumerated ; fresh-water univalves, 47 species; bivalves, 102 spe-

cies. No less than 53 species were originally described from Indiana

localities. A bibliography is given, both of special and general

works bearing on Indiana shells. The “ Contribution” is a step in

the right direction, and will be welcomed by both Indiana collectors

and those interested in the distribution of United States shells

generally.

Nores ON THE MIOCENE AND PLIOCENE oF Gay HEAD, Mar-

THA’s VINEYARD, Mass., Etc., by W. H. Dall (Amer. Jour. Sci..,

Oct., 1894). The result of Dall’s visit to this locality, examined

by Lyell 50 years ago, and by numerous other geologists later, are

important, verifying its reference to Miocene, in which it corre-

sponds to the Chesapeake, “in all probability to the upper part of

the Chesapeake, certainly not lower than the St. Mary’s fauna, and

probably between that and the Yorktown beds.” At about 80 feet

above sea level a small patch of shell fragments was found, in a

stratum of sand, which is considered Pliocene. Nucula shaleri and

Macoma lyelli are described as new from the Miocene; and Chry-

sodomus stonei Pilsbry, originally described from stray specimens

washed ashore on the New Jersey coast, was found, thus fixing its

position, hitherto unknown, in the Miocene.

Aan: N Berius.

A SHELL HUNT FORTY FEET UNDER THE SEA.

BY C. HEDLEY, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA.

To widen the fairway of Port Jackson (Australia), a submarine

reef is being removed. An opportunity of going down with the

divers employed thereon was kindly offered to myself and a scien-

tific friend by the officer in charge of the operations. So tempting

an invitation was, of course, accepted with delight. Often in im-

agination had we wandered on the ocean floor, peering into ghastly

wrecks of ships sunk long ago, fighting with some huge shark or

monstrous octopus, and gathering treasures of science or heaps of

gold. Now our dreams were to come true and we were indeed to

tread that fairy-land. We might not have the luck of the mariner

in the song who

‘* Fell overboard in a gale,

And found down below where the seaweeds grow,

Such a lovely maid with a tail,”

but we should certainly pluck strange growths at the bottom of the

sea as one might pick flowers in a meadow.

A trim launch sped with us from Cireular Quay down the famous

Sydney Harbor, past bay after bay, some lined with wharves and

shipping and some with trees growing to the water’s edge, by rocks

and white sandy beaches, past point and headland gay with villas

and gardens, or sombre with eucalypt forest. So familiar was the

86 THE NAUTILUS.

scene to us, that we smoked and chatted, unmindful of its beauties,

till we reached a flotilla of punts and barges moored near the Heads.

After a cup of tea with the overseer, we prepared for our descent

by divesting ourselves of boots, coat, vest and collar. A couple of

laborers officiated as my valets de chambre, wrapping me first in

thick flannel socks, trousers and jacket, and then in a canvas over-

all garment which ieft only the head and hands uncovered. The

hands being left bare, the sleeves were secured at the wrists by rub-

ber cuffs and bracelets. My feet were thrust into a pair of enor-

mous boots, each sole of which was weighted with 25 pounds of

lead. Bending my head, two men placed over it a huge diver’s

helmet and screwed it into a brass collar of the canvas dress. My

costume completed by slinging on chest and back two large metal

weights, I was told to rise. Thus encumbered, it was no slight ex-

ertion to get up, take three steps to the ladder, and descend into the

water knee-deep. There I halted while my signal cord was belted

round my waist ; my air-tube, which reminded me ofa garden hose,

was screwed to my helmet and the pump commenced to force air

through it. Finally an attendant screwed a plate-glass front, the

size of a saucer, into my helmet; from the inside, this last operation

resembled the closing of a coffin-lid. Some one tapped my helmet

twice, the submarine signal for “all’s well,” and I started.

Stepping off the bottom rung of the short ladder, down I went,

till the keel of the barge loomed up, rose and passed me—down,

down into the green sea water, watching the silvery bubbles stream

upward—down, down, down, as the water darkened. That sensa-

tion of gliding down into an emerald abyss, was the weirdest, dream-

iest thing I ever felt. Then so gently did I alight, that I merely

noticed that I had ceased to fall. At my feet I saw rock and sand

and seaweed; looking up, I saw a monster in a helmet with two

ropes leading away up to where the sky ought to be. The monster’s

face showed through his little window as a big, fair moustache and

a pair of kindly blue eyes. Fetching out of a capacious trouser

pocket a small school slate, he wrote, “ How do you feel? Shall we

goon?” and held it up. Taking his slate, I wrote, First rate; go

on.” He read the message, gravely rubbed the slate clean with his

finger, pocketed it, and held out his hand. I grasped it and we

started for a walk at the bottom of the sea.

Then I noticed a pain in my ears; the compressed air was hurt-

ing me. To cure it, I went through the motion of swallowing once

THE NAUTILUS. 87

or twice. Feeling more comfortable, I “began to take notice,” as

they say of the babies. The light was bright enough to see small

things plainly twenty feet away, but the water strangely magnified

familiar objects. A shoal of little fish passed us, swimming under

our arms and between our legs in the most ridiculous way. I tried

to take one with my hand, but it deftly turned and avoided my

grasp. The guide, seeing my attempt, pinned one to the ground

with an iron rod he carried, and handed it to me; another he

stabbed and caught as it swam by. Before we had gone far I had

lost all sense of time, space or direction, and became too confused to

know whether I had travelled east or west, ten yards or a hundred,

in ten minutes or half an hour. A queer sensation was that of hay-

ing escaped from the law of gravity; it seemed just as easy to walk

up as down a cliff—we usually walked on our toes, sloping from the

ground at an angle of forty to sixty degrees. When too much air

is pumped down, the submarine pedestrian is unduly buoyant, and

his aims to clutch a shell from the ground must be comically like

the dodging and staggering of a drunken man.

A little dell lay before us choked with rank seaweed, through

which we strode waist-deep like plunging into a tangle of fern in

some damp valley on the land. My guide reached out, picked some-

thing off a broad frond, and handed it to me. It was a Doris, a

lovely creature, whose like | never saw in books, striped with purple

on a milk-white ground. It began to crawl over my fingers quite

unconcernedly. I clapped my hands and tried dumbly to express my

delight by patting my companion’s big fist. He replied by offering

me the slate, on which I wrote, ‘ Very good; put him in the bottle.”

Rubbing out my words, he wrote, “Send down the bottle,” tied the

slate to the rope and jerked the latter four times. Away went rope

and slate to the regions above. In response to an answering signal,

the slack was hauled in and my collecting-jar descended tied to the

rope. In turn, we tried in vain to open it. Although our corre-

spondent above had filled the bottle with water, the pressure at our

depth so sealed it that we could not raise the stopper. With a mes-

sage on the slate, “Open this bottle and send it down open,” we

sent the jar aloft. When is was lowered to us the second time, I

found that my Doris had slipped unobserved through my fingers,

and so I lost a possible new species, the rarest treasure I was to see

that day.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

Continuing our travels in the dim water-world, we passed through

a field of sponges. Not the brown, round masses of the bath-room,

but radiant growths of scarlet (Raphyrus hixoni and Halicondria

rubra) and purple, here and there great open oscula, tempting one

to poke in a mischievous finger. Some grew in tufts like moss, some

expanded like a dainty vase (Phyllosiphonia caliciformis), some

forked like branches of trees and some spread like a lady’s fan.

One abundant species, about the size and shape of an orange, was

pure ice-white, studded with golden dots that almost glittered (Leu-

condra sp.). Of all these we gathered what we could, pricking our

hands sore with sponge spicules as we worked. When, on the mor-

row, our ravished beauties lay dead on a table in the museum, they

had faded sadly from their pristine splendor. Among the sponges.

grew purple Boltenia pachydermatina, a pear-shaped head upon a

slender stalk, like tulips in an earthly garden.

For a surprise, the diver held up before my face and pressed an

Aplysia. From it flowed a violet stream which stained the water

for two feet around, hiding hand and mollusk in the cloud. One of

my last captures was an exquisite nudibranch, which swarmed on

the broad fucus blades. In hue it was the blue of a summer sky,

flecked with blood-red dots and stripes. I had now grown weary ;.

not of searching for wonders, but of supporting the heavy diving

armor, and was content to be drawn up again to the world of air

and sunshine, which I had quitted three-quarters of an hour before.

On reflection, I found the reward of my under-water foray to be,

not a hoard of specimens, but a better appreciation of the circum-

stances under which marine life exists. Our party of four had only

observed, dead or alive, Chamostrea albida, Vola fumata, Trigonia

lamarcki, Struthiolaria scutulata, Drillia oweni, Cassis pyrum, Cypreea

wxanthodon, Astralium tentoriforme, Ranella leucostoma,A plysta kerau-

dreni, Chromodoris bennetti, and two undetermined Doris. Mol-

lusean life seemed, on the spot I explored, to be less plentiful than

at low-tide mark. Perhaps, however, the difficulties under which I

labored as a beginner in the art of diving, impeded me from finding

what was really there. After seeing the rough sea floor, one won-

ders that a dredge should capture as much as it does. A rich harvest

probably awaits a conchologist who should seriously practice diving

as a means of collecting. -

THE NAUTILUS. 8&9

VERTIGO MORSEI, n. sp.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

Shell large (for the group), cylindrical-turriculate, with a rather

acute apex, imperforate rimate, with few obsolete striae of growth,

shining, translucent; whorls six, rather slowly and regularly in-

creasing, the last scarcely higher than the penultimate and rather

narrower, somewhat sloping towards the buse, slightly ascending at

the aperture ; suture deep; aperture lateral, scarcely oblique, com-

paratively small, inferior and palatal part well-rounded, the latter

with an angular impression and slightly protracted in about its

middle, the upper half more strongly curved, peristome everted ; on

the palatal wall, at some distance from and parallel with the mar-

gin, a moderate crest, behind it a deep and large impression over

the palatal folds, ‘and in front of it a groove corresponding with the

impression at the auricle ; inside the crest there is a distinct callus

of the same color as the shell; apertural lamellae and folds typic-

ally nine: three on the parietal wall (the same as in JV, ovata), the

largest whitish ; two on the columella, the superior strong, vertical

above, then in an angle turning horizontally, the inferior horizontal,

lamelliform, thin, high and directed obliquely upward ; basal small,

sometimes double, rarely 0; palatals high, and rather long, curved

and directed upward; suprapalatal small, nodule-like.

Size: alt. 2°7, diam. 1:3; apert. alt. 0°9, lat 0°8 mill.

Soft parts not examined.

Habitat: Kent County, Michigan.

This magnificent Vertigo has been collected by Dr. DeCamp and

kindly sent for examination by Mr. Bryant Walker. There were

seven specimens, all fully mature, well-formed and almost exactly

alike. Yet there are some slight differences, as they may be found

in all forms of this group: in one example the inferior parietal tooth

is wanting, in another the basal only trace-like, and in a third the

same is double, as frequently found in V.ovata. With the latter

species, V. morsei has much resemblance, especially in the aperture :

the configuration and the “teeth” are the same, but the inferior

eolumellar, and the two principal parietals, are rather larger, and

markedly directed upward. ‘The main difference is in the number

and relative size of the whorls: while in V. ovata they are five, and

rapidly increasing, the last predominating; in our species there are

six, slowly increasing, the last, and consequently the aperture, com-

90 THE NAUTILUS.

paratively smal]. This is a radical difference, and gives the shell

quite another aspect, so that there can be no question about its being

distinct. But V. morsei is also decidedly larger, V. ovata not, or

little, exceeding two millimers of altitude.

The species is named in honor of Mr. E. 8S. Morse, who has so

considerably promoted our knowledge of the Pupidae.

New Philadelphia, Ohio, Nov., 1894.

A NEW CHITON FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY W. HeepALL:

Genus LEPIDOPLEURUS Risso.

Section Lepidopleurus ss. Valves adjacent, jugal area obscure,

not separated from the pleural tracts; lateral areas distinct, or

feeble, when all the sculpture is feeble. Type Z. cajetanus Poli.

Mediterranean.

Section Oldrovdia. Valves separated by narrow extensions of

the girdle, reaching to the jugum ; jugal area prominent, sculptured

differently from the pleural tracts and extending in front of them

between the sutural laminz; lateral areas not differentiated ; valves

heavy, strongly sculptured. Type L. (0.) percrassus n. sp.

Lepidopleurus percrassus n. sp.

Shell solid, strong, small, of a pale pinkish-brown with a darker

brownish girdle which appears rather narrow in the dry state ; scales

very minute, partly dehiscent, chaffy, with occasional slender

spinules resembling hairs; scales on the base crowded, minute,

sandy; an extension of the girdle is prolonged between the valves

on each side as far the jugum, the surface of these sinuses is also

minutely scaly with occasional spinules ; valves thick, white below,

moderately arched with the prominent jugum forming a sort of keel ;

near the points of insertion the valves are heavily callous below;

the sutural lamin are short, smooth and separated at the median

sinus by a prolongation of the jugum in advance of the anterior

margins of the pleurve ; sculpture of the jugum consisting of punc-

tate fore-and-aft parallel grooves with some small elevated transverse

ridges anteriorly; the rest of the valve has, on each side, six or

eight vermicular ridges divaricating toward the posterior edge of

the valve and irregularly corrugated with sharp, fine, elevated

THE NAUTILUS. 91

lamellze crossing the interspaces transversely but fading out on the

ridges ; head-valve with minutely nodulous concentric ridges; tail-

valve highest at the subcentral, not very prominent mucro, in front

sculptured like the intermediate valves, behind the mucro like the

head-valve. Length about i4, width 5°75, height 25 mm., in the

dry state. The dry girdle about half a millimeter wide.

Specimens obtained by Mr. T. S. Oldroyd from a stone pulled up

from about 75 fathoms in the Santa Barbara Channel off San Pedro,

California.

This species, for which a section named in honor of Mr. Oldroyd

is proposed, is very remarkable. The girdle recalls that of Deshayes-

iella Carpenter, but is extended in such a manner as to partly sep-

arate the shelly portions of the valves. The very callous surfaces of

the interior, according to Mr. Pilsbry, are unique in the group.

Most of the species of Lepidopleurus are comparatively thin, and

though L. cajetanus is a solid shell, none of the species are as heavy

as the present one in proportion to their size. The conspicuous and

forwardly produced jugum is unique in the family. The type is in

the National Museum, and will be figured later.

PATELLA (HELCIONISCUS) NIGRISQUAMATA REEVE.

BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON.

In the collection of the National Museum are twenty specimens

of Patella bearing the above name received from Frederick Stearns,

the U. S. Exploring Expedition, W. K. Fischer, and the Lea-

Chamberlain Collection—the latter credited to “ Dr. R.” by Mr.

Lea, and probably from Ruschenberger. One other specimen of the

same name is in the museum from the Rich Collection without lo-

cality.

These vary from young shells less than an inch in diameter to

those which are more than 3) inches in length. There can be no

doubt that the above name is correct, as all the specimens agree

fairly well with Reeves’ description and excellent figures in the

Cohchologia Iconica (Vol. VIII, Patella, species 3, plate II, figs.

3* and 3°).

The species described as P. boninensis in the Nauritus (Nov.,

1891, p. 79), was characterized by its author as having a large cen-

tral muscular callus, and two diverging dark bands from the an-

erior head segment.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

Our large series shows every possible variation in the develop-

ment of these characters, from young specimens in which no scar or

tails (for they look very much like squirrel tails) are visible, to old,

solid shells with a heavy, snowy, swollen callus, and having these

brown wings very strongly developed.

The same characters are seen in Patella (Helcioniscus) argentata

Sowb., better known as P. talcosa Gld. H. clypeater, which Mr.

Pilsbry places with Nacella, on account of slight differences in

anatomical characters, but which, conchologically, seems closely

allied to P. argentata, and in other species.

In short, there can be no doubt that this scar and the curious

radiating brown lines are merely adult characters which are de-

veloped in quite a number of species. I quite agree with Mr. Geo.

W. Taylor in believing that this species does not come from the west

coast of South America, but is probably confined to the north-west-

ern part of the Indo-Pacific region.

THE VIRGINIA COLONY OF HELIX NEMORALIS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, N. M. AGR. EXP. STA.

There appeared in the Nauri.us, of Nov., 1889, a paper under

the above title, setting forth some very interesting facts regarding

the variations exhibited by a colony of H. nemoralis at Lexington,

Va. Prof. J. H. Morrison, who collected the shells studied, took

considerable interest in the matter at that time, and had gathered

together a good deal of information additional to that given in the

above-cited paper. I have, therefore, been quite disappointed not

to see any publication by him on this subject, or any evidence that

the colony has received further attention.

It is scarcely necessary to dwell on the extreme interest attaching

to the history of this colony. Here we have a variable species in-

troduced into a new country, and varying in a most extraordinary

manner under the influence of the new environment. The peculiar

variations are very numerous, though, in the main, tending entirely

in one direction—to the splitting of the normal bands. Although

the number of individuals thus varying is considerable, very few of

such have exactly the same formula, whereas, several of the old

European variations occur in numerous specimens.

It appears, in the highest degree, probable that these peculiar

variations are congenital and not acquired during the lifetime of

THE NAUTILUS. 93

the individual,’ in which case we have an example of environment

modifying the germ-plasm—the odds against the variation being

only accidentally coincident with the changed environment being

enormous.

In 1889, the above-mentioned changes had taken place in the

colony, but time was needed to show whether they would increase

in number and degree; or whether, as seemed more probable, the

old European varieties would eventually assert themselves, and

swamp the rest. In either case, the result would be very interest-

ing, and now that five years have elapsed, it is extremely desirable

that some one should make a new investigation and report in detail.

It is really astonishing that no one has yet done so. The colony

was, in 1889, so evidently in a condition of unstable equilibrium,

that it seems certain that changes must have occurred in the inter-

val, tending to the predominance either of the old or the new (split-

band) type.

Believing that Prof. Morrison would publish, I did not follow my

paper of 1889 with further observations, but it will be as well now

to put the following on record:

(1) Lexington, Va., received from Morrison one of each of the

following, Oct. 26, 1889 :

Helix nemoralis mut. guetturdia Moq.

Helix nemoralis mut. arcelinia Loe.

Helix nemoralis mut. petiveria 10345 = requienia Mog.

Helix nemoralis mut. libellula 1(234)5 Kregl.

Helix nemoralis mut. libellula 123(,4)5 nov.

Helix nemoralis mut. libellula 0030, Ckll. (juv.).

Helix nemoralis mut. libellula 12,45 Ckll.

Heliz nemoralis mut. libellula 1,25,(45) nov. (juv.).

Helix nemorulis mut. libellula 12,3(45) nov. (juv.).

(Morrison had another example.)

Helix nemoralis mut. libellula 12,3(,,4)5 nov.

(Morrison had another example.)

Helix nemorvalis mut. libellula ,0,45 nov. (juv.).

Helix nemoralis mut. libellula 123,45 nov. (juv.).

Helix nemoralis mut. libellula ,234(5,) nov. (juv.).

Helix nemoralis mut. libellula 123,45 nov.

Helix nemoralis mut. libellula 12,.3,,45 nov.

Helix nemoralis mut. libellula 003,5 Ckll.

Tf so acquired, it must be in very early life, as, in many instances, the vari-

ations were recorded from immature examples.

THE NAUTILUS.

Helix nemoralis mut. libellula 12,(45) Ckll.

Mr. Morrison also sent me word of the occurrence of mut. libellula

0030, CkIl.

(2) Lexington, Va., received from Morrison in November, 1889.

H. nemoralis mut.

HA. nemoralis mut.

(nov. mut.

H. nemoralis mut.

libellula bimarginata 12,345 nov.

(the bands tend to coalesce.)

libellula 12345 Mog.

libellula bimarginata major 00000 Mogq.

(thin, max. diam. 283 mm.)

libellula major 12345 Mogq.

(max. diam. 26? mm.)

petiveria (12545) = richardia Mog.

petiveria umbilicata 123.45 Ckll.

umbilicata, shell more globose, umbilicus open.)

libellula 1234445, nov. = morrisonia nov.

(extra bands 44, much thinner than 4.)

albescens 00000 Mog.

(pale yellow, like mut. swhalbida of hortensis.)

(3) Lexington, Va., not seen, recorded by Morrison in litt., Nov.

16, 1889.

HA. nemoralis mut.

H. nemoralis mut.

H. nemoralis wut.

FB. nemoralis mut.

H. nemoralis mut.

. rubella 123(45) Mog. (four).

HA. nemoralis mut.

H.. nemoralis mut.

HT. nemoralis mut

libellula (12)(345) Kregl. (one).

libellula 120(45) Kreg. (one).

libellula 1,045 noy. Morr. (two).

Libellula (123)45 = nilssonia Mog. (one).

libellula 1234455 nov. Morr. (one).

rubella 10345 Mog. (three).

rubella 123X45 Ckll. (one).

(4) Lexington, Va., not seen, recorded by Morrison in litt. Jan.

2, 1890. This is the most extraordinary series of all; about all the

band-variations are new.

Mut. petiveria 12,,.45. Mut. libellula 1(22)045.

Mut. petiveria (12)3(45) Mog. Mut. libellula 1234(55).

Mut. ibellula 1,,45.

Mut. libellula 12(83)45.

Mut. libellula 12,3,.45. Mut. libellula 1,5,4,(55).

Mut. libellula 12(,3),(45). Mut. libellula 12,3,4(55).

Mut. libellula 123(45) bimargin- Mut. libellula 1(22)3(45).

ata. Mut. libellula 123,(4445).

Mut. libellula 123,45 Ckll. Mut. libellula 1(2,)345.

Mut. libellula 123,45. Mut. libellula (,12,5,,4,555).

Mut. libellula 123,,(45). Mut. libellula 125,45.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Mut. libellula roseolabiata bimar- Mut. libellula 123(44)5.

ginata 12345. Mut. Jibellula 1234,5.

Mut. libellula 123(4,)5. Mut. libellula 1(22)545.

Mut. libellula 123(,,4)5. Mut. libellula 1,03,45.

Mut. libellula 12,345 CkIl., bi- Mut. libellula roseolabiata bimar-

marginata. ginata (,2345).

Mut. libellula 12,345 Ckll. Mut. libellula 1,5,45.

Mut. libellula 12,,(4445). Mut. libellula (12,,,45).

Mut. libellula (,2,.3,)(49). Mut. libellula (12,,.45).

Mut. libellula 103(44)5.

It should be explained that a split-band bracketed, as (44), means

that it is split, but joins near the mouth of the shell.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Mr. T. WAYLAND VAUGHAN is now engaged in geological work

on the scientific corps of the U. 8. Geological Survey.

Mr. Givpert D. Harris, formerly of the U.S. Geological Sur-

vey, has, after spending the summer abroad, taken up the work of

his new appointment at Cornell University, where the valuable col-

lection of mollusks, of which Dr. Newcomb was so long curator, is

under his charge, as well as the Paleontological Department.

THe Lone Bracu (CALtrorniA) ConcHoLocicaL Cius elected

the following officers for the next year: Miss I. M. Shepard, Presi-

dent ; Mrs. M. Darling, Vice-President; Mrs. Terry, Treasurer and

Secretary, with Miss E. Lowe her assistant.

The Club is to hold its meetings twice a month. The following

are the charter members: Miss E. Lowe, Mrs. M. Darling, Mrs. E.

Cushman, Mrs. R. Preston, Mrs. Terry, Mrs. Craig, Miss I. M.

Shepard and Mrs. Dial. At the next meeting, to be held Decem-

ber 1, new members will be received. The Club has been studying

and collecting for a year, but had not before formally organized.

They held their first Annual Meeting and Reception at the home

of Miss E. Lowe, on the evening of October 6. <A short program

was given and letters of greeting read from Dr. W. H. Dall, Mr.

H. Hemphill and Prof. Josiah Keep. Ice cream and cake were

served in shells, and the rooms handsomely decorated with palms,

shells, kelp, and smilax.

The Club would be glad to hear from any and all interested in the

same study, and will make a special study and collection of our

local shells or shells of Los Angeles Co.

AMNICOLA OLIVACEA Piis.—In April, I visited the original lo-

96 THE NAUTILUS.

eality (Huntsville, Ala.) and was surprised to find this species in

vast numbers. The stream has a mud bottom which is much in-

dented with cow tracks. In these the Amnicola had congregated—

not as a layer on the surface, but as a solid mass. To get an idea

of how many there were I scooped up the contents of three holes,

and after washing them thoroughly, found I had a full quart of the

living animals. There must have been bushels of them in the few

rods of stream which I inspected. The stream receives some of the

city sewerage, so it is probably a good feeding-ground.

The geese which infest the neighborhood do not seem to care for

this species. —H. E. SARGENT, in Lit.

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

THe Lire AND WRITINGS OF CONSTANTINE SAMUEL RAFINES-

QuE, by Richard Ellsworth Call, is announced to be published in

January next. The volume will be in quarto form, and issued in

paper only. It will contain several full-page illustrations, one of

which will be a portrait of its subject. A complete bibliography of

the writings of Rafinesque, on every subject, comprising over four

hundred titles, will be included, together with a certified copy of his

will, one of the most remarkable testamentary documents ever pro-

bated. It will prove of exceptional value to those interested in

botanical, conchological, or ichthyological matters.

A MonoGRAPH OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF

THE BritisH Isues, by J. W. Taylor, F. L.S., is announced as in:

press. The object in issuing this work is to bring together, as far as

practicable, all reliable information bearing upon the study of the

British Land and Freshwater Mollusca. It will aim to combine

the information upon all aspects of the study, and thus form a

standard work of reference as well as a reliable text-book upon

British Land and Freshwater shells. The first volume will be de-

voted to general characters of the shell, the morphology of the ani-

mal, geological and geographical distribution, habits, parasites, ete.

The second volume will be devoted to the treatment of species in-

dividually, and will aim to give accurate descriptions and faithfully

colored figures of the typical shell and the chief varieties of every

species; the various organs of the animal will be described and

illustrated in the text, and full lists of localities, with a full syn-

onymy will also be given, as well as observations upon the habits

and peculiarities of each species. Mr. Taylor’s work promises to be

a timely and useful one. Fuller notice will be given upon the ap-

pearance of the first volume.

THE NAUTILUS, VIII. PLease

1-6, 13, 13a, Pisidium cruciatum Sterki. 7-12, P. punctatum Sterki.

14, Olivella gracilis v. Gaylordi Ford. 15, Haminea virescens Sowb.

S Pne Neaerius:

VOL. vil. JANUARY, 1895. No. 9

TWO NEW PISIDIA.

BY DR. V. STERKTI.

Pl. II, Figs. 1-18.

Pisidium cruciatum, n.sp. Figs. 1-6, 13, 13a.

Shell minute, inequipartite, oblique, subtriangular in outline,

high, ventricose, regularly and comparatively coarsely striated,

straw colored; anterior part moderately long with an oblique,

nearly straight edge above and the end rounded ; posterior part

short, the end somewhat obliquely truncate, superior margin rather

strongly curved, scutum scarcely, scutellum little marked, the latter

forming a rather distinct angle; inferior part moderately curved ;

beaks prominent, each with two ridges diverging at nearly right

angles, together forming a cross on the upper aspect of the shell,

each of the ridges ending in a nodule of which the posterior is

larger and more prominent; nave rather thick, whitish; hinge

very stout, list strong ; cardinal teeth rather large, and strongly pro-

jecting inward from the hinge list; in the right valve one, strongly

curved, posterior part thick, anterior thin, lamellar, the ends united

by a lamella so as to form a deep groove into which the posterior

tooth of the left valve articulates; in the left valve two, the poste-

rior (inferior) stout, massive, the other, superior and a little anterior,

rather short, fine, lamellar, oblique, little curved; lateral teeth

large, high and pointed in the left, strongly projecting inward in

98 THE NAUTILUS.

the right valve, the latter with no (or only traces of) outer teeth, and

a deep groove; between the cardinal and the lateral teeth the hinge-

list is rather deeply excavated, so that all teeth are markedly isola-

ted; muscle insertions visible; ligament, short, strong.

Size; long 1°9, alt. 1:9, diam. 1-4 mill.

Soft parts slightly yellowish.

Habitat: Tuscarawas River, at New Philadelphia, Ohio.

Figure 1 represents an adult specimen, 2 the posterior, 3 the dor-

sal aspect, 4-6 a young example, 0°8 mill. long; fig. 13 the hinge ;

13a the dorsal aspect of the right cardinal tooth with an indenta-

tion ; figs. 1-6: scale 15 x1.

The singular shape of the umbones is so characteristic that this

species will be recognized at once, and cannot be mistaken for any

other. And also in the formation of the hinge it is quite unlike

any other Pisidum, so that it holds a peculiar position in the genus.

In the hinge structure it is very illustrative and instructive for

the understanding of the different forms of cardinal teeth ; yet this

is not the place to discuss the subject at length.

Our species is rather variable, even so that all specimens from

one place in the river are different in size and shape from those of

another place scarcely half a mile distant. It measures from 1°6 to.

2-1 mill. (One specimen 2°1:2'1:1°6, another 1°7:1°7:1°3 mill.), 1°9

being about the average; the margins may be rather obtuse or

somewhat acute, the beaks more or less prominent, and the anterior

nodule more or less marked. Asa rule there are no outer lateral

teeth in the right valve, yet traces of them may be seen in some

specimens. Also in the formation of the cardinal teeth there is

some variation, as the one in the right valve may be indented in its

middle, at the angle, and so there are apparently two teeth (fig.

13a).

Pis. cruciatum is not rare in the Tuscarawas River, where, so far,

it has only been found, but probably it has a wider distribution, and

may even have been collected and taken for the young of some other

species, owing to its minute size. In October and November, 1891,

it was first found, and some specimens were sent to several conchol-

ogists, so to Mr. E. W. Roper, who also recognized it as a new spe-

cies. In 1893 and 1894 about a hundred were collected, in all

stages of growth. Only few of them are quite mature, and almost

globular, most adolescent, and, though apparently old, much less

inflated. They live in mud among aquatic plants and dead leaves,

THE NAUTILUS. 99

and, as a rule, are covered with a black or brown coat, sometimes

so thick that they appear to be globules of dirt, and only a sharp

eye may recognize them from the hair-like free line along the edge.

Some old specimens are badly eroded.

Pisidium punctatum, n. sp. Figs. 7-12.

‘Shell minute, inequipartite, high, oblique, strongly ventricose,

almost globular, regularly and sharply striated, microscopically

rugulose, whitish; anterior part moderately long, the edge above

oblique, almost straight, end slightly angled, rather inferior ; anterior

part short, truncate, slightly angular above, rounded below; superior

and inferior margins moderately curved, the former rather short,

the latter long; scutum little, scutellum moderately marked, both

forming slight angles; vertical section heart-shaped, horizontal,

short, lanceolate-rhombic; margins very slightly acute; beaks

moderately full and prominent, with a longitudinal, slightly oblique

ridge (sometimes obsolete) below the culmination ; nave moderately

thick, whitish, with crowded, small pits, from which it appears as if

dotted ; hinge moderately strong; cardinal teeth fine, in the left

valve two, lamellar, longitudinal, about equally long, a little curved,

almost parallel, the upper little anterior; in the right valve one,

longitudinal, little curved, lamellar, the posterior end slightly thick-

ened; lateral teeth rather small and thin, in the left valve one,

pointed, in the right valve two, the outer quite small; hinge-list fine,

rather regularly formed ; ligament rather long and fine.

Size; long 1-8, alt. 1°6, diam. 1:3 mill.

Soft parts colorless, rest whitish.

Habitat: Ohio; Tuscarawas River, Bear Run, tributary to the

Mahoning River, Portage Co., a spring brook at Rootstown Station,

Portage Co., emptying into the Cuyahoga River (Lake Erie and

St. Lawrence drainage) ; in all places collected by the writer.

Figures 7-9 represent an adult, 10 a young specimen, scale

151; fig. 11 the hinge, 11a the dorsal aspect of the cardinal teeth

in the left valve; fig. 12 shows a remarkable abnormity of the car-

dinal tooth in the right valve.

This species resembles somewhat Pis. compressum Prime, in hay-

ing a ridge or appendage, but not in the seme place, as it stands on

the outside, below the culmination of the beaks, while in the mature

P. compressum it has its place rather on top. The shape of the

shell is different, and the size is very much smaller, its bulk being

only about one-tenth of that shell. And while the upper part of

100 THE NAUTILUS.

the posterior margin in P. compressum is rounded or flattened, it is

sharp, somewhat “ pinched ” in P. punctatum. In this the shell is

purely whitish, or light straw colored, the latter more so when dry,

while the mature P. compressum is always more or less grayish. <A

marked feature is the finely and densely pitted interior surface of the

shell, the dots being distinctly perceptible through the shell from the

outside. Yet thisis not unique, as I have also seen it in other Pisidia.

Some specimens show not a trace of the appendages on the beaks,

yet they are evidently identical.

In the Tuscarawas River this Pisidium appears to be rare, as

only thirty were taken, twelve of them in one place, in company of

about five hundred P. campressum, most of the latter quite young

to half grown, P. cruciatum and a few P. abditum, which is common

in pools and ditches. More frequent it is in the Bear Run, where

about 120 were collected, but only one-fourth of them adult. Those

from the spring brook mentioned above, are somewhat larger, aver-

aging 2:0 millimeters long.

These two well characterized and very small Pisidia are a valua-

ble addition to our molluscan fauna. Besides them there are several

other undescribed species from our country at hand. These small

mussels have been somewhat neglected and a more assiduous col-

lecting and closer study will doubtless bring to light not only more

unknown forms, but also interesting geographical relations.

New Philadelphia, Ohio, Noy., 1894.

HAMINEA VIRESCENS. (PI. II, fig. 15),

BY MRS. M. F. BRADSHAW.

One afternoon in August, when the low tide of the month occur-

red, we went to our favorite reef of rocks to see what of interest new

or old we could find.

There were acres of mussels with Purpura saxicola in great num-

bers and various colors wedged in between them. ‘These Purpuras

are graceful in form and often beautifully colored and striped, and

I never tire of them. There were several species of Acmcea and

Fissurella voleano plentiful enough, and as we reached the outside of

the reef where the waves dashed at us threateningly, we found a

few small Haliotis cracherodii, some seaurchins and starfish. These:

THE NAUTILUS. 101]

last we left to the enjoyment of their home in the deep pools among

the rocks.

But I wanted to tell you of the real “find” of my summer. On

the flat surface of the rocks, and nearest the shore, were small in-

dentations and shallow crevices. While looking into these in search

of a possible new Chiton, I saw a gray object which I picked up

with the remark that here was some sort of key-hole limpet.

My little companion says: “ What isa key-hole limpet?” and

so I took out my knife and was about to dissect it to give her a les-

son in econchology, but to my surprise I found I had something

quite new to myself.

I had very rarely picked up on the beach a small, pale yellow

bubble shell never more than {inch in length, but had no idea

whereabouts this little mollusc had lived. But here in my hand

was a real live Haminea, the pale greenish shell so nearly transpar-

ent, that it was excusable to at first think it was internal instead of

on the creature’s back.

The shell was about ¢inch in length, and as we found none

larger, was probably an adult, and it covered less than one-third of

the mollusk.

The animal itself was a slimy gray globule, not pleasant to touch,

and one could not help wondering what possible use or protection

was this fragile, inconspicuous, insufficient shell.

Further search revealed several dozen, but they were hard to find

even after we knew exactly what to look for, so nearly were they

like their surroundings.

After that we searched for Haminea in all similar places for sev-

eral miles of our coast, but never again found them; so I am still

of the opinion that they are rare in this locality.

Monoceros engonatum is not rare on this coast I believe, but I

never found them until that day, I got two, one a fourth of a mile

from the other. Careful search failed to reveal more, though these

individuals could not be living alone, and I have no doubt had only

taken a short excursion, leaving the rest of their families safely at

home.

The field of my observations has been but limited; situated

about midway between Los Angeles and San Diego, but I think it

is a locality rich in the number of its species.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW FORMS OF AMERICAN SHELLS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Gastrodonta (Pseudohyalina) lateumbilicata n. sp.

Shell resembling Ps. limatula in color, texture and sculpture, but

much depressed, the upper surface almost flat, last whorl of much

smaller calibre, the umbilicus very much wider, shallow, its cavity

widely open and saucer-shaped, much as in Helicodiscus lineatus.

Alt. 1:4, diam. 4°3 mm.

Hab., near Woodville, Alabama. Coll. by H. E. Sargent, whose

labors in northern Alabama have been remarkably fruitful in

increasing our knowledge of the conchology and mammalogy of

Alabama, as well as in his chosen work as an educator.

Somatogyrus Sargenti n. sp.

About the size of S. aureus Tryon, but shouldered as in S. sub-

globosus Say, and imperforate. Shell globose-turbinate, light olive-

green, smooth except for fine growth lines. Whorls about 44, those

of the spire very convex and separated by deep sutures; last whorl

shouldered above, flattened toward the suture, large and convex.

Aperture large, ovate, a little flattened on the parietal side, broadly

rounded below, narrowly rounded above, and angular at the upper

insertion of the lip. Columella concave, moderately heavy, the

callus becoming wider at the umbilical region ; parietal wall with

a transparent callus layer. Alt. 6, diam. 5mm. Mud Creek, a

tributary of the Tennessee R., Ala.; coll. by Prof. H. E. Sargent.

This species differs from S. integer and the closely allied species

or varieties depressus, aureus and parvulus in its shouldered whorls,

planulate below the suture. It hasno such heavy columellar callus

as S. currierianus; and it is a smaller species than S. subglobosus

(isogonus) of Say, with wholly closed umbilicus and differently

formed columella.

RANGIA THE PROPER NAME OF THE MACTROID GENUS GNATHODON.

BY THEODORE GILL.

Mr. Dall, in the Naurttus (VIII, 27) and Proc. U. S. Nat.

Mus., (XVII, 91), has shown that the generic name Gnathodon was

THE, NAUTILUS. 103

introduced before Rangia for the same genus of Mactroid bivalves.

Nevertheless, the former name must give place to the latter, because

it had been previously used in zoology for a different genus. Ever

since Mr. Dall communicated to me the results of his investigations,

Thad a dim recollection of having seen the name used in another sense,

and that Rangia would have to stand, but could not recall any cir-

cumstances connected with it. Having had occasion recently to

refer to the Plectognath fishes, I recalled that the name Gnathodon

had been given to a combination of the genera Tetrodon and Dio-

don, because neither of the latter was applicable to all the forms of

the composite genus. It was Goldfuss in 1820 who thus used the

name in his “ Handbuch der Zoologie.” I have not access at pres-

ent to a copy of Goldfuss’ work,’ but have verified my recollection

by reference to Cuvier and Valenciennes’ “ Histoire Naturelle des

Poissons,” (I, 226), where, in a summary of the work, the name is

thus mentioned “ Gnathodon (Diodon Tetrodon.)”’. Of course, the

name is not active in ichthyology, and, also of course, it is not

recorded in any of the Nomenclators of zoology, but, in accordance

with the law “once a synonym always a synonym,” the previous

application of the name in ichthyology precludes its use in con-

chology.

A NEW VARIETY OF OLIVELLA.

BY JOONBEOERD:

Some months azo, I received from my friend, Mrs. E. M. Gay-

lord, of Alameda, Cal., a suite of Olivella which had been found

by her in a box of shells that apparently came direct from the

Gulf of California.

All of the associated species were well known Gulf shells, and as

the Olivella were in the same fresh condition as the rest, there was

no reason to doubt that the entire lot had been secured simultan-

‘Handbuch der Zoologie, von Georg August Goldfuss, Nuernberg, 1820, be-

ing the Zweite Abtheilung of the Dritter Theil of Dr. G. H. Schubert's Hand-

buch der Naturgeschichte. Gnathodon appears on page 100, is suitably

diagnosed, and includes as sections Orthragoriscus Schn., Diodon L. and

Tetrodon L.—Eb.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

eously, and, probably, at the same locality. In view of this con-

clusion, also of the fact that the specimens are in some respects dis-

tinct from any heretofore known to me, or, so far as I can learn, to

any writer on conchological matters, I assume the responsibility of

naming and describing them as follows :

Olivella gracilis Gray. Var. Gaylordi Ford. PI. IT, fig. 14.

Shell similar in outline to O. gracilis, but much smaller, general

color bluish-grey, with a well defined interrupted band of a lead-

black hue bordering the upper part of the final or body whorl.

Smaller spots of a like hue also appear at the upper edge otf the

fasciole. Circling the middle portion of the whorl is a number of

irregular brownish lines, which also occur less prominently on the

fasciole. In some specimens a splotch or two of the same color as

the interrupted band referred to, appears on the upper part of the

preceding whorl. Apex very acuteand free from spots. Length of

aperture rather more than one-half that of the shell ; dorsal portion

of the extreme base creamy white. Average length of specimens.

9 to 10 mm., width 3-2 to4 mm. MHab., Gulf of California.

Mrs. Gaylord, for whom the variety has been named, is not only

a practical collector, but an unusually earnest and capable con-

chological student also. It gives me great pleasure, therefore, to.

associate her name with the beautiful specimens referred to.

FERUSSACIA SUBCYLINDRICA AND TWO NEW SPECIES IN JACKSON

cO., ALABAMA.

H. E. SARGENT, WOODVILLE, ALA.

The pleasure which thrills the field naturalist upon locating witb

in his range, a species previously unknown to the region, must be:

experienced to be appreciated. It is my privilege at this writing”

to report three such finds.

Late last November, at the end of a shell hunt of two hours,

which had among other things brought to light several fine speci-

mens of H. obstricta Say var. y, I chanced to detect for the first

time a specimen of F’. swbeylindrica L.

Its station was a flat surface rock about thirty feet square, at an

angle of 30°, with a north exposure. Having a sack with us, my

THE NAUTILUS. 105

assistant and I proceeded to “bag” the leaf mould. While doing

so another new thing attracted my attention. Upon comparing it

with asingle specimen of Z. dimatulus Ward in my collection, I

pronounced it the same with a question and sent it to the Editor for

verification. He writes “ Your /imatulus I find, on comparing with

typical specimens, are much flatter and have wider umbilicus. I

therefore, call them Gastrodonta (Pseudohyalina) latewmbilicata n.

”

sp.

Daylight failing and being a mile from home in a ravine 500 feet

below home level, and only the bed of a mountain torrent for foot-

path, we could only carelessly collect the bushel of mould which we

brought away, doubtless leaving many specimens. Upon assorting

the material the following was the result:

Ferussacia subcylindrica L., 245. Pomatiopsis lapidaria 48.

Gastrodonta latewmbilicata Pils., 200.

G. eapsella Gld., 25. Z. indentatus Say, 18.

G. interna Say, 18. Helicodiscus lineatus Say, 5.

Patula perspectiva Say, 51. Helix spinosa Lea, 1.

H. stenotrema Fer., 3. H. inflecta Say, 4.

A subsequent visit to another part of the same ravine resulted in

the finding of 50 more specimens of G. latewmbilicata, but none of

F. subcylindrica. J have since received two specimens of the latter

from another locality not far distant.

This trip also resulted in the finding of two living specimens of

Gastrodonta acerra Lewis, the gem of our American Zonites. A

number were also found which had been broken into and eaten.

Query ; may not-the rarity of this species be due to its delicate

shell and habit of remaining among the loose leaves rather than

burying itself in the mould as does its more thrifty neighbor

Omphalina laevigata Pfr. ?

This is thus far the only station at which I have found G. acerra.

A new species of Somatogyrus for which the name Somatogyrus

sargenti Pils. is proposed, is found in considerable numbers, twenty

miles northeast of here in a spring, tributary to Mud Creek, which

is in turn tributary to the Tennessee River. It is found attached

to the dead leaves in company with one species each of Physa,

Planorbis, Limnaea and Goniobasis.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES AND NEWS.

The Conchologists Exchange was started so oddly (on a postal

card) and ended so abruptly—and without an index to either vol-

ume, that we are constantly receiving letters of inquiry regarding

its contents, numbers, etc. We once proposed to make a reprint,

but could not obtain sufficient subseribers to warrant it. We now

propose to print an index of both volumes, if enough of our sub-

eribers want it to pay for the cost of printing. The index will

contain a list of contributors with the titles of their articles, and

a list of the species mentioned. Those wishing an Index will

please send twenty-five cents to the Editors. It will be printed as

soon as sufficient money is received-—H. A. P. and C. W. J.

There is being built at Finderne, N. J., a large Casino Building,

one room of which is to be devoted to Natural History. Mr.

Thomas Morgan, of Somerville, N. J., has been appointed Curator.

He intends placing there his entire collection. Any donation of

specimens will be thankfully received.

Derap Syatis.—On the 14th of last April, (1894), I turned over

a log in the woods in Miami Co., Ohio, and found, all in «a heap,

the following shells: 74 adult Helix elevata, 38 young of same, 1

H. profunda, 9 H. alternata, 1 H. albolabrisand 2 H. hirsuta, mak-

ing in all 125 individuals. They were all dead but well preserved,

and many were clean inside so that they would make good cabinet

specimens. Besides these perfect shells there were many so broken

that they could not be readily identified.

How can we explain this? Did these mollusks seek the warmth

to be derived from a number huddling together, or were they acted

upon by the common impulse of protection? Were they destroyed

by insects, or did they perish by the cold? The preceding winter

was an unusually mild one, and the size of the log and quantity of

leaves which surrounded them would preclude the latter theory.

The fact that so many were so thoroughly cleaned inside would seem

to show that some insects as ants had made an attack upon them

and eaten them. What are the enemies of our commonsnails? I

have often found perfectly clean dead shells under logs—G. D.

Lind, Lebanon, Ohio. ss

An interesting study of Scissuredlu, illustrated with figures of the

living animal and dentition, by A. Vayssiére, of Marseilles, is pub-

THE NAUTILUS. 107

lished in the current number of the Journal de Conchyliologie.

The external features as well asthe dentition differ very widely

from Pleurotomaria, the teeth being as in Trochide.

In Abstr. Proce. Linn, Soc. N. 8. Wales, meeting of Sept. 26,

1894, Mr. John Brazier retracts his former opinion that Patella

kermadecensis is not from the Kermadee group, and quotes from a

pamphlet published in 1887, stating that on Macauley Island there

occur “ large limpets (as big as small saucers and good eating).”

The last number of the Journal de Conchyliologie contains a

portrait and biographical sketch of Dr. Paul Fischer.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

On A MoLuuscan GENUS NEW TO, AND ANOTHER FORGOTTEN

FROM AUSTRALIA, By Charles Hedley (Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict.,

1894).—Lucapinella is identified from Australia with two species,

nigrita Sowb. and pritchardi Hedley. Scyllea pelagiea, recorded by

Cuvier from W. Australia years ago, has lately been collected at

Port Philip by Mr. J. B. Wilson.

Description d’un Hélicéen nouveau provenant de la cote occi-

dentale du Maroc, par Ph. Dautzenberg (Bull. Soc. Zool. de Fr.

1894, p. 17).— Helix (Jucostu) Renatiis described and figured. We

cannot distinguish it from H. argonautula Webb & Berth., a spe-

cies reterred by European authors to Ochthephila or Diseula, but

really belonging to Jacosta.

Tue LAND AND FRESHWATER Mo.tu., New PaItapevputa, O.,

by Dr. V. Sterki.—A list freely annotated with Dr. Sterki’s habit-

ual critical acumen recording 151 species. The new forms

described are Pupa curvidens var. gracilis, “intermediate in shape

between the type and P. holzingeri;” P. pentodon f. curta ; Vertigo

ventricosa v. elatior ; Planorbis exaeutus var. rubellus. Gundlachia

is reported, and two Pisidia described in the preceding pages are

noticed.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

Urser Brynen-Concuyt. der Kiistenzone von Rio Grande do

Sul, von Dr. H. von Ihering.—From the study of land snails found

in Quaternary deposits the conclusion is reached that formerly the

region in question was wooded, and more favorable to snail life

than the present sandy expanse with sparing grass growth. In the

living fauna a remarkable new genus of Succinide occurs, like a

Hyalimax with completely internal, spireless shell.

Dre SusswassER-BIVALVEN JAPANS, von H. von Ihering (Abh.

Senck. naturforsch. Gesellsch.).—In the discussion of the species,

this work supplements Kobelt’s Fauna Japonica, describing several

new specific forms. Inthe Japanese bivalve fauna, v. Ihering finds

only East Asiatic types, and those occupying the entire Holarctic

tract (such as Margaritana margaritifera). There are no peculiar

forms of more than specific value, the fauna being merely a part of

that of the adjacent Siberian and Chinese countries, unspecialized

except in the specific characters, and many of the species are very

near those of the mainland. It is interesting to find that these

results coincide with the facts known in regard to the freshwater

gastropods and the land shells. Except that the mollusk fauna of

Japan has a more southern aspect than that of the adjacent main-

fand (due to the warm ocean current, the “ Gulf stream of Japan”),

there is no difference of any importance in zoogeography.

PRELIMINARY List oF THE Motiusca OF ARKANSAS, by F. A.

Sampson (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ark., Vole II)—81 species are

the result of several years work by Mr. Sampson, not including

Unionide, which will be treated separately. The State has been

little known to conchologists hitherto, and the present catalogue

supplies data for the southwestern range of a considerable number

of species. It is judiciously annotated, and illustrated with wood-

cuts of Triodopsis edentata Sampson.

A BrotocicaL EXAMINATION OF LAKE Sr. Ciarr (Bull. Mich-

igan Fish Commission, No. 4)—The present preliminary account

details the methods adopted by the Michigan Fish Commission,

with brief lists of the various forms of life, a map of the lake, ete.

The mollusks were studied by Mr. Bryant Walker and listed on

pp- 43, 44. More elaborate reports on the principal groups are in

preparation.

hy -

see

ate oi man,

as ae —— . ms oy

a ons

Li ta ‘IMA “SO TILAYN AHL

Yaar Neer ILus.

VOL, VIL. FEBRUARY, 1895. No. 10

A GLANCE AT THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

BY FRANK C. BAKER, SECRETARY.

In 1857, a society for the promotion of science, was formed in

Chicago, taking the name of “The Chicago Academy of Natural

Sciences.” About $1.500 was subseribed, a room taken in the

Saloon Building, corner of Clark and Lake Streets, a few cases were

made, and a museum was begun. In 1859, the society was incorpor-

ated by the name of “ The Chicago Academy of Sciences.”

In the winter of 1863-4, several prominent citizens of Chicago

resolved to found a Scientific Museum in the Metropolis of the

Northwest. A large sum of money was accordingly subscribed, an

Act of Incorporation, (1865) as now published, was obtained and

the Academy was placed upon a solid foundation. Mr. Robert

Kennicott was appointed first Director of the Museum. Collections

rapidly rolled in and rooms were taken at the Metropolitan Build-

ing, corner of Randolph and La Salle Streets. In 1865 Mr. Kenni-

cott, with a party of young naturalists went to Alaska to survey a

route for a telegraph line, then proposed to connect North Amer-

ica with Russia. From this expedition Mr. Kennicott never re-

turned. He died suddenly of heart failure on the banks of the

Yukon River. After the death of Mr. Kennicott, Dr. William

Stimpson was appointed Director of the Museum.

June 7, 1866, the building in which the Museum was placed was

partially destroyed by fire. The collections were much damaged,

110 THE NAUTILUS.

and parts were wholly destroyed. This calamity brought the ques-

tion of a permanent building to head, and a lot on Wabash Ave-

nue, north of Van Buren Street was purchased and a fire-proof

building erected. The first meeting was held January 28, 1868.

The building was of brick 55 feet by 50 in area, and 50 feet high ;

the floors were of brick and iron the stairways and principal doors

of iron, and the windows were covered with iron shutters. The base-

ment was used for laboratory and storeroom; the first floor for

library and offices, while the whole upper part, surrounded by two

wide galleries, was occupied by Museum. From this time until the

great fire the growth of the Academy, under the skillful manage-

ment of Dr. Stimpson was rapid, and much valuable original work

was done.

On the 9th of October, 1871, this building, in spite of the fire-

proof qualities which it was supposed to possess, was totally de-

stroyed in the great conflagration which laid Chicago in ashes,—

specimens, library, manuscripts, and apparatus—all that was left of

the once invaluable collections was a sheet of printed paper and a

few pieces of broken pottery. Within twelve days after the fire,

however, a meeting was held and steps taken towards a restoration

of the Academy. A circular was issued inviting the sympathy and

help of corresponding societies, which elicited many immediate and

liberal responses. The loss of his priceless manuscripts so prostrated

Dr. Stimpson that he died on the 26th of May, 1872.

It was soon determined to rebuild upon the old site, and upon the

same plan modified by such improvements as experience could sug-

gest. Upon the front of the same lot a business block of the first

class, four stories in height was erected. The restored building was

occupied in the fall of 1873. The funds at the disposal of the

Academy being insufficient for their needs, they borrowed such ad-

ditional sums as were necessary, securing the lender by a mortgage

upon the whole property. They estimated that the income from the

property would provide a sinking fund by which the original indebt-

edness would be paid when it became due. The scheme, however,

proved disastrous. |The new building did not pay the interest on

the indebtedness, and after a term of years, in process of law, the

whole property was lost to the Academy.

When, in 1886, the Academy was finally driven from its home on

Wabash Avenue, the Exposition Company received the collections

within its building upon the lake front and paid the expense of their

THE NAUTILUS. 1

maintenance. But in its turn, the exposition company was ousted

and its building destroyed. ‘The property of the Academy was sent

to storage where it remained for several years. In 1891 when the

affairs of the Academy seemed to have reached their lowest ebb, a

proposition was made to unite its fortunes with the University of

Chicago, then just organizing. This the Academy was not willing

to do, feeling that in time the identity of the organization would be-

come lost in that of the University. In 1892 a generous citizen of

Chicago Mr. Matthew Laflin, seconded and aided by his son George

K. Laflin promised to give a sum adequate for the purpose of erect-

ing a building which should stand for all time as the home of the

Academy. In addition to this, it was ascertained that it was pos-

sible for the commissioners of Lincoln Park to aid in the prosecution

of such an enterprise by offering a site and additional endowment.

The result is one of the most perfect museum buildings situated in

one of the most beautiful parks in the world. In June, 1893, the

corner stone was laid and Nov. 1, 1894, the building was formally

thrown open to the public.

The new building is a plain rectangular structure measuring 159

by 50 feet. The material of the building is Bedford stone and the

architecture is Romanesque. Over the central doorway is the in-

scription Marraew Lariin Memortau. The interior is decorated

in old gold and ivory giving a soft tone to the light. There is electric-

ity, running water, electric bells, elevator, and all the modern im-

provements which go to make up a perfect museum.

The library contains 5000 scientific works. It communicates with

the museum by two stairways. The museum hall is 150x50x30 feet,

with one wide gallery. Upon the main floor there are 24 large

cases, in the gallery the same number with the addition of a large

rail case. Unlike most museums there is not a dark corner in the

building, from cellar to garret.

The collections consist for the most part, of North American pro-

ductions, and are most complete so far as the valley of the Mississippi

is concerned. In Mollusca, the collection is rich in North American

forms.

With a new building and the best of facilities, it is believed that

the Academy will again occupy a prominent place among Scientific

bodies, and regain the prestige and fulfil the promise of its earlier

days.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

ON A NEW SPECIES OF HOLOSPIRA FROM TEXAS.

BY WM. H. DALL.

Holospira pasonis n. s)).

Shell white, mostly smooth but hardly glossy, of eleven and a

half whorls; two and a half smooth, inflated, nepionic whorls, the

apex flattish, followed by several whorls which are minutely ribbed

in harmony with the incremental lines, the ribbing gradually becom-

ing obsolete over most of the shell but reappearing on the last whorl,

especially the basal part, sharper and somewhat crowded just behind

the reflected lip ; umbilicus closed or reduced to a minute chink;

suture distinct, sutural edge continuing as a keel to the reflected

margin of the aperture; aperture very short necked, almost circular

broadly reflected ; the pillar, as usualin the genus, tubular above the

last whorl, the axis externally simple but somewhat flexuous. Lon.

22-5, max. diam. 6°5 mm. E] Paso County, Texas, from Mule caiion at

an elevation of 4000 feet. This species is nearest to H. coahuilensis

W. G. Binney, which has one or two more whorls, the last two propor-

tionately more attenuated with more extended, sharper and more dis-

tant sculpture, and obtusely keeled or compressed base resulting in

a much more triangular and narrower aperture. It is not particu-

larly close to any of the other species hitherto described, the H. semi-

striata Stearns being quite distinct. A marked character is the

evenly rounded basal part of the whorl just behind the lip.

The specimens were procured by a correspondent of Mr. J. A-

Singley.

MEGATEBENNUS BIMACULATUS.

BY MRS. M. F. BRADSHAW.

One day last September I found a curious and interesting mollusk.

On a ledge of rocks, so high as only to be reached by the waves at

the highest tides, there was a hollow containing a barrel or more of

water.

Poking around in this I saw what appeared to be a bit of flesh.

I took it out, thinking I had found a small Lucapina crenulata,

THE NAUTILUS. i:

whose shell is—or appears to be—internal. But this one wore his

shell upon his back for what purpose I do not know, for it was too

small for protection, and the creature himself was so unpleasant to

look at, no beauty of shell could redeem his ugliness.

Red-brown in color, warty, even the inadequate shell was a dull

greenish-grey ; not a single pretty feature!

Only an enthusiast could have taken him up with a thrill of

pleasure, instead of a qualm of disgust.

Upon examination at home, it was determined to be Fissurellidea

bimaculata ; yet the shell does not quite tally with the description in

West Coast Shells. Internally it is white, outside gray-green with

fine sculpturing; the rays running from the aperture to the edge

are strong, the circular ribs faint, and the margin is not crenulated.

F, bimaculata is said to be ¢ in. in length ; this one is more than double

that size. And the dark spots on the sides are not visible. If the

green stain could be removed perhaps they would appear; but as

the size is too great for bimaculata, perhaps I have a Fissurella not

credited to this coast.

ON COLLECTING PISIDIA.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

Pisidia, and for a good part Sphaeria, are by far not sufficiently

known, systematically as well as geographically. Requested to do

so, and encouraged by prominent conchologists, the writer is going

to work them up. Already some valuable materials are at hand ;

thus the entire Pisidium-collection of Mr. E. W. Roper, numerous

lots, most from Lake Michigan, sent by Mr. Bryant Walker, others

from Mr. H. Prime and other conchologists, besides my own col-

lection ; and some good results have so far been attained. Yet these

materials are absolutely insufficient for a thorough study and knowl

edge of these small mussels which, with all their minute size, are a

very conspicuous and interesting part of our molluscan fauna. They

should be studied in their different forms, considerably variable

according to their habitats, and all kinds of waters should be searched

for them all over the continent.

Whoever has collected Corbiculidae assiduously will know that

they are, as a rule, present in large numbers, wherever found. The

114 THE NAUTILUS.

best means for collecting them isa rather long (8-12 inches) net of

strong canvas, such as used for embroidery work, fastened toa ring

of strong wire’, five to eight inches diameter, with a handle, to be

used either directly, or fastened to a stick, or pole up to ten or

twelve feet long. For deep waters a dredge should be used. The

“stuff” gathered is shaken and washed until the remains are free of

fine mud, then in a basket, sack, or some other suitable receptacle

brought home, where the mollusks, Corbiculidae and others, may be

picked out at leisure. If they are not to be kept alive, it is best to

spread the materials on large pieces of paper, or cloth (bed sheet e.

g.) and let them become dry. In this way, especially if one or

several fine sieves are used, they are most easily found ; and none of

them should be overlooked, as some forms are very minute, and the

young of all are of interest, while fully grown specimens are compar-

atively scarce, and so are certain species in some places. If sent

for examination, all from a locality are best left mixed up, and not

separated, but with notes on the nature of their habitat.

Hundreds, and thousands of specimens may be secured in a short

time, not to speak of other mollusks, among which, last not least,

very young Unionidse. The best places are, as a rule, among

aquatic plants, and also in deep places, or holes, where the mussels

are washed together. But it must also be said, that they are found

most actively propagating in late fall and early winter.

New Philadelphia, Ohio, Jan., 1895.

Notre. In Dr. Sterki’s article in the January Naurizus, the

word nacre should be read instead of “‘ nave” on page 97, 9th line

from foot of page, and also on page 99, 16th line from top.

Pisidium punctatum has also been found in Lake Michigan and

in Herkimer Co., N. Y.

NEW AMERICAN FRESH-WATER MOLLUSKS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Planorbis alabamensis n. sp.

Shell small, whitish corneous, solid, lens-shaped ; intermediate in

form between P. exacutus and P. dilatatus. Upper surface convex,

‘ Where fastened to the wire, the net should be enveloped with strong cloth,

or leather, lest it will wear off; and the seams should be securely sewed.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

but the apex is slightly sunken; whorls nearly three, slightly con-

vex, rapidly widening, acutely keeled at the periphery, the keel

projecting above the suture on the penultimate whorl in most adult

specimens. On the last whorl the keel is about median in position,

is acute, as if pinched out, and extends to the aperture. Base of

shell convex, rising toward the umbilicus, which is moderately large

and funnel-shaped, with very obtusely angled margin. Aperture

small, oblique, sub-rhombic ; the lip strongly thickened within. Alt.

1:8, diam. 3°4 mm.; width of aperture 1°6 mm.

Woodville, Alabama (Prof. H. E. Sargent). This is a smaller

species than P. exacutus, with much smaller less oblique aperture,

thick lip, and not so flattened. It differs from P. dilatatus in the

acute peripheral keel, ete.

Amnicola olivacea n. sp.

Shell olive-colored, somewhat intermediate in form between an

ordinary Amnicola and Pomatiopsis lapidaria. Spire elevated, the

apex rather acute. Whorls 5, very convex. Aperture ovate, less

than half the length of the shell, angular above; peristome free ex-

cept for a very short distance on the parietal wall; umbilicus

rather large. Surface smooth; coated with iron oxide in the adult

‘Specimens seen.

Alt. 4:2, diam. 2°5 mm. (Male ?).

Alt. 4:2, diam. 3 mm. (Female ?).

Huntsville, Ala. (coll. by Prof. H. E.Sargent; see Nauriuus for

December, 1894, p. 95).

This form is quite distinct from other Amnicola, being of more

elongated contour than any other Northern forms except A. lustri-

ca. Its nearest allies are some of the smaller slender Floridian forms,

but none of these have such convex whorls. As I have seen dry

specimens only, I have not verified the reference of the stouter in-

dividuals to the female sex, but from analogy with other species this

is probable. The supposed males have much the general appear-

ance of Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis.

Planorbis bicarinatus aroostookensis n. var.

Shell having the spire and umbilicus very deep, the latter funnel-

‘shaped as in typical bicarinatus, but both upper and lower keels en-

tirely obsolete or rounded off on last whorl, which has the aspect of

that of P. trivolvis. Surface minutely striated spirally as in P. b7-

carinatus. Aperture less angular and less produced below than in

dicarinatus, in consequence of the rounding of the whorls. Diam.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

15, alt. ataperture 7} mm. Specimens from East branch of Salmom

brook, Woodland, Aroostook Co., Me., coll. by O. A. Nylander,

Caribou, Maine.

Vivipara georgiana limnothauma n. var.

Whorls much swollen around the upper part, sloping below, giv-

ing a shouldered appearance. ‘This is one of the most remarkable

forms of Vivipara yet made known. Types are from an aboriginal

shell-field on Hitchen’s Creek, but it also occurs living in Lake

George, 2 fms., off Drayton’s Island (Pilsbry and Johnson coll.).

MOLLUSKS OF ALLEGHENY C0O., PENNSYLVANIA.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP, PITTSBURGH, PA.

Below is given a list of additional species of land and fresh-water

shells collected in Allegheny Co., Pa., to be added to the list pub-

lished by Mr. S. H. Stupakoff in the Nauriius, April, 1894.

Hyalina cellarius Mull. Unio erassidens Lam.

Hyalina nitidus Mill. Unio luteolus Lam.

Mesodon mitchelliana Lea. Unio gracilis Lam.

Pupa curvidens Gld. Unio rubiginosus Lea.

Suecinea aurea Lea. Unio orbiculatus Hild.

Succinea obliqua Say. Unio securis Lea.

Limneea parva Lea. Unio cornutus Bar.

Gyraulus dilatatus Gld. Unio undulatus Bar. (?) dead

Pleurocera canaliculatum Say. [broken shell.

Goniobasis ? (Young). Unio obliquus Lam.

Unio ovatus Say. Ancylus tardus Say.

Unio rectus Lam. Ancylus rivularis Say.

Unio pilaris Lea.

From the previous list, Mesomphix levigatus Pfr. should be drop-

I } 9

ped. I have found Mesodon sayii Binn. in Beaver Co., but have

not, so far, found it in this county.

NOTE ON UNIO OREGONENSES LEA.

For years I have been puzzled over a shell in the Lea collection

of Naiads which Lea received from Wheatley as coming from the

THE NAUTILUS. aly

Columbia river, Oregon and which the former named U. oregon-

ensis, discribing and figuring it in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. X, p. 275,

pl. 22, fig. 33. The specimen is in bad condition, being somewhat

broken and considerably eroded. Ina paper on the Relationships

and Distribution of the North American Unionide, with notes on

the West Coast Species, which I published in American Naturalist,

Vol. XX VII, No. 316, I stated that I had come to the conclusion

that the specimen in question was a form of the widespread and

variable Unio luteolus Lam, there being examples in the National

Museum from Canada very much likeit. I believed that if it really

came from the Columbia river it was just possible the young might

have been carried in mud on the feet of aquatic birds, from waters

near by which drain into the Missouri, in which stream U. luteolus

is found. But I have never been quite satisfied with my determina-

tion of the shell, since it always seemed to resemble to some extent

a group of the Mexican species. To-day, in carefully going over

all the Mexican and Central American Naiad material in our own

and the Lea collections I suddenly discovered a surprising resem-

blance between the Lea specimen and some others of U. rowelli Lea,

and on careful comparison I found it to be undoubtedly an old, solid,

and inflated female of that species.

Unio rowelli is a remarkably variable form which I cannot for a

moment doubt is exactly synonymous with U. maeneilii Lea, the

types of both species being in the Lea collection. Lea calls atten-

tion in his description to its resemblance to U. sapotalensis, to which

it is closely related, and it may be remarked in passing that in this

group the females and males are separate, the former being inflated

in the posterior ventral region like those in the Luteolus Group.

Some specimens of this protean species are much inflated, others are

compressed ; some are somewhat triangular and pointed at the base

of the posterior slope, without a trace of biangulation, others are

nearly rhomboid and distinctly biangulate; there is considerable

variation in the degree of sulcation, and in the coloring of the epi-

dermis. They may be either uniform greenish-yellow, brownish,

or marked with distinct and delicate radiating stripes asin the type

of U. oregonensis. And all these variations may occur in a lot from

a single locality.

The cardinals are rather compressed, double in the left and single

in the right valve, and have a peculiarly rough, torn appearance ;

while the laterals are somewhat striated longitudinally.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

As Unio oregonensis was described probably about the year 1852,

rowelli in 1859, and Maeneilii in 1874, the former should have pre-

cedence. But it may beset down as an absolute certainty that no

member of the group to which this species belongs was ever found

nearer than 1500 miles from the Columbia river, and the locality is

undoubtedly an error. As the name oregonensis is, therefore, mis-

leading, I think we are justified in applying to the species the next

oldest name, Unio rowelli of Lea. As I have shown in the article

referred to in American Naturalist that Unio famelicus Gld. of the

Columbia region is only a young Unio multistriatus Lea, of Brazil,

I think I am safe in saying that no Unios are known to inhabit

North America west of the great Rocky Mountain chain; this

being the largest area distitute of Unio life in the temperate or

tropical regions of the globe.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Mr. A. A. Hinkiery has removed from Du Bois, IIl., to Rock-

ford, Illinois, which will be his address in future.

Mr. Epw. W. Roper and Mrs. Roper sailed for Jamaica on

Dec. 19, to spend the winter collecting shells and ferns.

A Train Sroprep By Snarirs.—Mr. Laille, an engineer in the

employ of the Tunisian Railway, writes in the Dipeche Tunisienne:

“The train coming east from Suk-el-Arba last Thursday was two

hours late for a very singular reason. ‘The road was literally cov-

ered with snails, the wheels of the locomotive crushing these mol-

lusks into a pulp, which destroyed all adherence and caused the lo-

comotive wheels to skate, so to speak, in their places. We have

seen flocks of locusts stop trains, but I think the fact that snails

can stop a train is without a precedent. These snails are very gen-

eral all through Tunis, especially during the rainy season; the

smallest remainders of green on field or tree are covered with them,

so much so that they appear like a bunch of grapes hung up, only

that their white shells produce a curious etfect.”— Phila. Record.

Mr. Joun B. Henperson of Washington, D. C., has sailed for

Japan, with Mr. John W. Foster, to be absent about three months,

HeLcIoniIscus NIGRISQUAMATUS.—By error, the word “not”

was printed for now, in line 11 from bottom of Mr. Taylor’s article

on this species, October number, p. 66. As it completely changes

the meaning of the sentence, this correction should be made.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

FULGUR PERVERSUM is a rare shell on the coast north of Dela-

ware Bay, if, indeed, it occurs at all living. Mr. Curtis Smith has

recently found dead and blackened (fossil?) specimens at Wild-

wood, N. J.

Pror. H. E. Sarcenr of Woodville, Ala., called upon his friends

in Philadelphia on the 26-—28th inst. He purposes to be in New

England for the next month or more.

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

THe Lire and Writincs oF RAFINEsSQUE, By Richard Ells-

worth Call.’ (Filson Club Publications, No. 10).—To most natu-

nralists, a peculiar charm attaches to the personalities of their

predecessors in the same field of endeavor. And we of to-day, who

may fairly be reckoned as the third generation of nature students

in America, have a natural curiosity to know something of the men

of that first generation, to whom the “ New World” was indeed

new—who enjoyed in such generous measure that intense delight

which can only be felt or apppreciated by the field naturalist in the

presence of forms of life new to him. Rafinesque, the subject of

Mr. Call’s present work, has been much less familiarly known to us

than any of the other pioneers in American zoology; he was mis-

understood by most when living, and scoffed at dead. It is, there-

fore, with unusual interest that we follow the tale of his eventful

life as it is here related. Mr. Call, after telling of his early train-

ing, or rather lack of training, follows his hero to France and then

to Sicily, where Rafinesque’s life work was begun, and his peculiar

characteristics as a naturalist were developed. When he finally

left that sunny island for America, he was already the author of

many works and papers on numerous branches of zoology and_bot-

any, though only thirty-two years of age. His career of misfortune

in America—relieved only by the intense pleasure of his work—is

graphically described, the period covered by his life in Kentucky

being given most space, this time covering Rafinesque’s most im-

portant contributions to American science. Two portraits of

Rafinesque are reproduced, as well as an autograph letter and sam-

ple pages of some of his works, all by good photo process engrav-

ings. The volume concludes with a bibliography, which seems to

be complete.

The character of Rafinesque is appreciatively interpreted by Mr.

Call, and his shortcomings are as leniently mentioned as strict re-

1 Louisville, Kentucky, 1895, 4to. pp. xii, 227

PALE

120 THE NAUTILUS.

gard for right will admit. Acknowledging frankly the great de-

fects of the eccentric naturalist’s work, its value and genius are

still considered by Call to be very considerable. There can be no

doubt that in the appreciation of natural groups, Rafinesque had

great insight, as his biographer claims; but still we can hardly en-

dorse the statement: “considered as a whole, the conchologic work

of Rafinesque was remarkably well done.” From some acquaint-

ance with that work, we would rather call it remarkably badly

done, and only saved from worthlessness by certain glimmers of

genius, in the ability to grasp natural groups. Some facts of value

could have been obtained had Mr. Call corresponded more freely

with Philadelphians, as here Rafinesque spent many years. Among

other things, the statement in regard to the Poulson collection of

Rafinesque’s Unionide on p. 109, would not have been made. This

collection was collected and labelled by Rafinesque, was procured

by Tryon from Poulson’s estate and is now preserved in the collec-

tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Asa whole the volume seems remarkably free from mistakes of

any kind, considering the difficulty of the subject. The typography

issuperb. The proof-reading is almost perfect, though we note a

very few slips, such as “ profligate” for prodigal, on p. 75. It is

printed on fine paper, with wide margins, and is altogether a beau-

tiful piece of book-making. We trust it will find a place on the

shelves of conchologists and naturalists generally, and lead to a

more just appreciation of this great though erratic genius.

THE MecuanicaL CAusE or FOLDS IN THE APERTURE OF THE

SHELL OF GaAsrropopa, By Wm. H. Dall (Amer. Nat., Nov.,

1894).—The plicz and folds found in the aperture and throat of

gastropod shells are explained by the wrinkling of the mantle when

retracted into the gradually narrowing caliber of the shell, and

pressed between the solid foot and the shell wall. The semi-fluid

secretion of which the shell-lining is built up is exuded from the

whole surface of the mantle, but becomes rubbed off where the sum-

mits of mantle-folds press against the shell, gradually accumulating

in the interstices between these folds. It is found that in shells

having the ridges extending far inward, the adductor muscle is at-

tached far within; in those having no folds, or only at the margin

of the aperture, the adductor is attached to columella lower down.

The deeper this attachment, the greater the distance over which

the mantle is drawn, and consequently the greater its folding by

compression, and the more emphatic the shell-ridges deposited by it,

Aue: N@erius.

VoL. VIII. MARCH, 1895. No. 11

UNIO OCHRACEUS AND CARIOSUS.

BY CHARLES TORKEY SIMPSON.

The senior editor of the Nautitus has asked me to point out in

a clear concise way the specific differences between Unio ochraceus

Say, and] Unio cariosus Say. They were both described in Nichol-

son’s Encyclopedia, in an article on conchology, by Say; and the

work, which is now long out of print, is exceedingly rare, and out

of the reach of the ordinary student.

Union oehraeensSay. —

Both belong to a great assembly of North American forms fairly

typified by the well known Unio occidens, it being one of the few

groups that are well represented both in the Mississippi Valley and

122 THE NAUTILUS.

Atlantic drainage areas, which in the main are peopled by very dif-

ferent Unio faunas.

The species which are the subject of this note, though closely re-

lated and having about the same geographical distribution, are no

doubt distinct, and when one has learned to separate them he rarely

has any difficulty in distinguishing them at sight. Asa rule, Unio

ochraceus is the more inflated and thinner shell of the two; it is al-

most invariably dull-colored, and the epidermis, especially at the

posterior end is generally raised into slight irregular folds, which

follow the growth lines. The rays, which are dirty green and ill-

defined, usually cover the posterior part of the shell, and sometimes

extend over the whole disc, becoming fainter towards the anterior

tinted with reddish salmon or purple.

On the other hand, Unio cariosus is generally the more com-

pressed of the two ; often showing’a fairly well-defined angle on the

posterior slope; it is almost invariably smooth and shining; the

epidermis being yellowish or a dirty straw color, sometimes tinted

with brown. Usually above the posterior slope there are a few

wavy, very distinct, dark green rays, and sometimes, though rarely,

this radiation extends over the shell. The interior is usually white

or silvery, and more or less iridescent posteriorly.

In a very large series any of these characters may fail. Speci-

mens of U. cariosus may be inflated, or very rarely slightly rough-

ened; there may be individuals of either species that are uniform

in color, or rayed throughout, but in an extensive set they will, for

THE NAUTILUS. 123

the most part, hold good; and the roughened, dull exterior, feeble

rays, and lurid interior of U. ochraceus, and the shining epidermis

and well defined posterior rays of U. cariosus are very constant.

Unio cariosus, on the whole, approaches much closer to forms of U.

occidens than it does to U. ochraceus.

The latter ranges from the Connecticut River and the state of

New York, south in the waters of the Atlantic drainage to Savannah,

Ga. Two specimens from the latter locality have remarkably red

interiors, and are a little peculiar, but are undoubtedly the species

in question. Unio ecariosus is found in the vicinity of Quebec,

Canada, according to Latchford, and it has been reported from west-

ern New York. A doubtful specimen is in the Lea collection from

Talledega,.Ala. It is in the same collection from Edgefield, S. C.,

Ogeechee River, Ga., and Columbus, Ga., and these are no doubt

correctly named. Other shells in the Lea collection from Nas-

hotch, Wis., and Ontonagon, Mich., are very probably forms of

Unio occidens.

NOTES ON THE REPORTED EXTINCTION OF THE GENUS ACHATINELLA

AND MARVELOUS DEVELOPMENT OF A FLORIDA FASCIOLARIA.

BY JOHN FORD.

A most extraordinary account of a collection of shells, located

somewhere in the interior of New York State, was handed me by a

friend a few days ago.

This purports to have been written by a correspondent of a

Rochester newspaper, in the columns of which the article probably

first saw thelight. The writer, it appears, does not claim any scien-

tific knowledge of shells, nor can it positively be said that his bump of

imagination is abnormally developed. Nevertheless, he has given to

the paper alluded to, and consequently to the world, some very re-

markable bits of information. Information, indeed, which, if true,

shows how puny are the geographical and scientific acquirements of

the general run of conchological students. Of course, for lack of

space in your columns, reference can only be made to one or two of

the marvelous statements embraced in the article. One of these re-

fers to the genus Achatinella, of which the writer says, “ This shell

is confined to the Sandwich Islands and its tenant feeds on the

124 THE NAUTILUS.

herbage of these islands. Since the islands have been pastured, the

‘variety’ has almost entirely disappeared, and probably not more

than a half dozen specimens could be found there to-day.” What

a dire calamity! and how remarkable that these pretty little crea-

tures should have “ shuffled off their mortal coils” in the very sea-

son that less regal robes slipped trom the shoulders of their Island

Queen.

A few flippant students may question this tale of starvation in the

midst of green pastures, but it will perhaps be well for them to.

pickle their opinions, since the positive assertions of “ correspond-

ents” are not to be trifled with. The shell expert who can doubt

this starvation story would quite as likely question the following

narrative said to have been written by the “ experienced collector”

who forwarded the shell referred to, to the aforesaid unparalleled

New York aggregation, viz.; “ The large Florida Fusciolaria father

found one day by accident.

“While drifting about in Florida waters his boat suddenly

touched what seemed to be a rock but it proved to be an immense

specimen of the Fasciolaria (sic), aliveand travelling.” “This speci-

men weighs several hundred pounds.”

A brief statement to be sure, but a graphic one, as the reader

will admit. There is not a word, however, as to whether the boat

was wrecked in its “ sudden ” contact with the limy mass “ weighing

several hundred pounds.”

Nor is there any reference to the final disposition of that part of

“the Fasciolaria ” which, when struck, was “ alive and travelling.”

But this fact matters little, perhaps, since we are assured that the

“several hundred pounds” were gotten safely to the shore, and

finally into that collection of shells which (I quote again) “ is ex-

pected to be in a short time the most complete and valuable une,

from a scientific standpoint, in the world.”

Presumably this monster of “ Florida Waters” is known to.

Science as Fasciolaria gigantea, but alas! how pitiable has been the

ignorance of the scores of so-called conchological experts who have

hitherto believed that this, the largest species of the genus, did not

exceed a paltry ten pounds in weight. Think of it, ye academic

plodders who for years have been gazing with wonder upon a petty

eight pounder, imagining the while that Florida had utterly failed to

produce anything larger in the same line. O, the pity of it! You

that have given years of study and thought to the molluscan world,

THE NAUTILUS. 125

how could you so mistake a pigmy for a giant, a veritable baby for

a grandfather? Far better would it have been had you made a

Mecca of the Empire State and sat at the feet of its astute corre-

spondent, whose present throne is, doubtless, ye same old Fascio-

laria, “alive and travelling” and “weighing several hundred

pounds.”

NOTE ON HELIX SAULIZ PFR (non REEVE)—PALUMBA SOUVERBIE.

BY HUGH FULTON, LONDON.

Owing to an error in Reeve’s Monograph some confusion has

been caused as to the identity of the above species; both Pilsbry

and Hidalgo have taken Reeve’s description and figure (Conch.

Icon., fig. 393) as being that of the type of sawliv, consequently,

and with reason, they have considered the palumba of Souverbie to

be distinct from the former species. The fact is, that when Reeve

described and figured his sauliw, he had not the type of that species

before him ; the type specimen of Pfeiffer’s sauliw in the Cumingian

collection, is identical with the palumba of Souverbie, Journ. de

Conchyl., 1858, p. 369 ; 1862, t. 10, f. 5.

I have not been able to find in the Cumingian collection the

shell figured by Reeve.

SHELLS OF AROOSTOOK CO., MAINE. ~

COLLECTED BY OLOF 0. NYLANDER.

The species listed below were collected in the vicinity of Caribou,

Maine. Aroostook County is the northern county in Maine, and

very few species have hitherto been reported from there. The spec-

imens of Limnea and Planorbis show great variation, the forms of

L. emarginata are especially interesting.

Vitrina limpida Gld. Caribou.

Vitrzea arborea Say.

Conulus fulvus Mull.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Woodland.

Pyramidula striatella Anth.

Pyramidula lineata Say.

Polygyra albolabris Say. Woodland.

Polygyra dentifera Binn. Woodland.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

Polygyra sayi Binn. Woodland.

Polygyra monodon Say. Woodland.

Strobilops labyrinthica Say.

Pupa pentodon Say. Woodland.

Vertigo gouldi Binn. Woodland.

Ferussacia lubrica Mull.

Succinea obliqua Say. Woodland. :

Succinea ovalis Gld. Aroostook Co., Me.

Carychium exiguum Say. Generally diffused.

Limneea humilis Say.

Limnzea desidiosa Say.

Limnea emarginata Say.

Limneza emarginata mighelsi W. G. B.

Planorbis trivolvis Say.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say.

Planorbis bicarinatus aroostookensis Pils.

Planorbis campanulatus Say.

Planorbis deflectus Say. Streams generally. Very large speci-

mens in inlet of Cross Lake.

Physa ancillaria Say. Square Lake.

Physa heterostropha Say. Generally abundant.

Campeloma decisum Say. Lakes and Streams.

Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis Lea. Caribou Lake.

Unio complanatus Sol. Lakes generally. Some are very large.

Margaritana margaritifera L. Aroostook R. (rocky bottom).

Margaritana undulata Say. Square Lake.

Anodonta fragilis Lam. Caribou L. (mud bottom).

Spherium suleatum Lam. Salmon Brook Lake.

Spherium striatium Lam. Square Lake.

Pisidium variabile Prime. Caribou Lake.

Pisidium abditum Hald. Caribou Lake.

NEW SPECIES OF LAND-SHELLS FROM THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS.

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

Bulimulus (Nesiotus) Reibischii n. s.

Shell elevated, slender, of a pale ferruginous tint, rather solid,

with nine whorls; apex funiculate as in other Nesiotes, the first

two (nepionic) whorls finely ribbed and polished, the remainder

with numerous oblique or irregular transverse ribs crossed by nu-

THE NAUTILUS. 127

merous sharp spiral threads, with wider interspaces ; suture distinct,

somewhat appressed; base of last whorl somewhat attenuated ;

whorls little inflated, but not flattened; umbilicus a mere chink ;

aperture oval, higher than wide, rounded in front, the pillar simple,

the margins thickened but not reflected. Lon. 11:0; max. diam.

2°5 mm.

This shell has the sculpture of B. rugiferus Sby., and somewhat

the form of B. chemnitzioides Fbs., though shorter and with fewer

whorls. It is fairly intermediate between Nesiotus and Plewropyr-

gus. Two specimens were collected by the U.S.S. Albatross at

Indefatigable Island. The species is named in honor of Herr Paul

Reibisch who has recently worked up the Wolf collection from

these islands.

Bulimulus (Nesiotus) Fanneri n.s.

Shell short, stout, pointed, with six whorls of which two are nepi-

onic with the usual sculpture, while the others are marked only by

lines of growth and microscopic, inconstant spiral striation, of

which the most prominent lines are regularly spaced and micro-

scopically beaded, when present ; color pinkish or slightly brownish

white, no peripheral pale band visible on the specimens which, how-

ever, are not perfectly fresh ; whorls well rounded, umbilicus large

and deeply pervious; aperture large, with a widely reflected lip,

the outer lip much bent over on the body, closely approaching the

pillar and united to it by a distinet callus. Lon. 11:0; max. diam.

70 mm.

This belongs to the B. jacobi group, and is about the size of small

varieties of jacobi, but is more conical and stouter, and has an aper-

ture very differently shaped and with a more broadly reflected lip

than any other species from these islands. It was found with the

preceding and is named in honor of Capt. L. L. Fanner, com-

mander of the Albatross. The pillar is perfectly plain and with no

sulcus or fold at the base.

NOTE ON TASMANIAN ACMZA AND ISCHNOCHITON.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Acmeza cantharus Reeve.

The habitat of this species was said, by Reeve, to be New Zealand ;

but Prof. Hutton, some years ago, corrected this error, stating that

128 THE NAUTILUS.

it is Tasmanian. Numerous specimens received from Mr. H.

Suter, collected by Mr. W. L. May, at Frederick Henry Bay, Tas-

mania, show a considerable range in pattern of coloring. The in-

terior is very much like that of Lottia gigantea, and the anterior,

marginal position of the apex also forcibly recalls that West Ameri-

can species.

Acmea parva Angas, var. tasmanica n. v.

Shell smaller, wider and higher than “ Nacel/a” parva Ang. (P.Z.

S., 1878, pl. 54, f. 12), opaque white, with radial irregular rays of

bluish or subtranslucent white at the sides and short, transverse bars

of the same on the back. Length 8, breadth 2-2, alt. 1:5 mm.

Estuary of Derwent R., Tasmania,10 fms. Collected by Mr. W. L.

May.

Ischnochiton (Haploplax) Mayi n. sp.

Shell short-oval, moderately elevated, carinated, the side-slopes

slightly convex. Surface smooth to the naked eye, but finely gran-

ular. Color of valves and girdle uniform black above, or slightly

brownish at the beaks when eroded.

The intermediate valves have almost straight sutures, even a trifle

concave in old specimens, the beaks projecting a trifle in young

ones. Lateral areas distinctly raised (the diagonal distinct and rather

wide), sculptured with several arcuate, indistinct growth-marks,

sometimes showing very slight traces of coarse, low pustules, but

these are hardly mentionable; all over minutely granulose in dia-

mond pattern. Central areas with faint growth-strie anteriorly,

distinetly granulose at the sides, the granules arranged to form for-

ward-converging riblets, which, though slight, are apparent on the

outer half of each valve; central portion of central areas smoothish,

with faint granulation only, beaks smooth. End valves sculptured

like lateral areas. Valve viii with mucro projecting, at about the

anterior third; the posterior slope concave below the mucro and

then straight.

Interior dull blue-green, greener behind the rather heavy valve-

callus, the depth of the cavity rather lead-color. Sutural lamine

small, projecting less than half the length of a valve; sinus wide.

Slits in valve i, 11; valves ii to vii, 1-1; valve viii, 12-13. Teeth

sharp, smooth and short.

Girdle black, clothed with densely imbricating, coarse, convex,

smooth scales.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

Length 8, breadth 6 mm.; larger, “ curled” examples would

measure at least 10 mm. long. Divergence the same as in J. smar-

agdinus.

Eagle Hawk Neck, east coast of Tasmania. Collected by Mr. W.

L. May, and communicated to me by Henry Suter.

This species belongs to the group of smoothish Australian species,

such as lentiginosus Sowb., smaragdinus Angas and virgatus Reeve.

It has more distinctly differentiated lateral areas and better de-

veloped pleural sculpture than any of them, and is, moreover, of a

uniform black color. Types in coll. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.

In this connection it may not be out of place to direct attention

to certain errors in the volume on Chitons in the Manual of Conch-

ology. By the study of many specimens received from Messrs BEp-

NALL and Cox, I find that two species were “lumped” under the

name Ischnochiton contractus. (1) JI. decussatus Reeve, of which

castus Rve. and speciosus Ad. and Ang. are synonyms, and (2) con-

tractus Reeve, of which Mr. Sykes considers pallidus Reeve a syno-

nym. On account of the inadequate illustration and description of

Reeve’s C. crispus, I did not recognize it in my Isch. haddoni; but

upon sending specimens of the latter to Mr. E. R. Sykes for com-

parison with Reeve’s type, he informs me that they are the same.

While something might be said in favor of ignoring Reeve’s name

on the score of insufficient definition, it may, in the long run, be

better to receive it and make my own I. haddoni a synonym of J.

crispus. I regret the change, because my intention was to honor

Prof. Happon, whose work on Chitons, as well as in other depart-

ments of Zoology, is of great merit; and a synonym is rather a

doubtful honor.

NEW SPECIES OF LAND SHELLS FROM PUGET SOUND.

BY WM. H. DALL.

In some minute shells sent for examination by Mr. P. B. Ran-

dolph, of Seattle, after eliminating species already known, two forms

appeared to be inedited. Having sent them to Mr. Pilsbry for

criticism, he agrees that they are new, and the following descrip-

tions are submitted.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

Patulastra? (Punctum ?) pugetensis n. s.

Shell minute, pale greenish yellow, nearly smooth, the first whorl

and a half smooth, the others with fine, silky, close-set, hardly ele-

vated lines or minute regular riblets, somewhat flexuous and in

harmony with the incremental lines; form moderately elevated, the

whorls inflated with a deep suture, and, in the adult, rapidly en-

larging near the aperture in the latter part of the last whorl; aper-

ture large, quite oblique, almost circular, the segment of the body

between the two lips about one-sixth of the whole; umbilicus ample,

scalar, exhibiting part of all the whorls which make, in adults, from

three to three and a quarter volutions.

Alt. 0°5; max. diam. 1:5, min. diam. 1°2 mm. Habitat, Seattle,

Wash., under leaves.

Pyramidula? Randolphii n. s.

Shell minute, reddish brown, with dull silky lustre, elevated, with

three and a half rather inflated whorls ; sculpture only of fine incre-

mental lines, barely perceptible under an ordinary triplet lens; su-

ture deep, periphery rounded, slightly less so in the immature shell

but seemingly never angular ; aperture obovate, somewhat oblique,

wider than high, the body segment about one third of the whole;

top dome-like, base full, umbilicus small, subcylindric, deep.

Alt. 0°75, max. diam. 1°4, min. diam. 1:25 mm. Habitat, with

the last.

This little shell recalls Conulus fulvus in form, but wants the

polish and imperforate base, and is more elevated and inflated than

C. fulvus of the same number of whorls. It is not unlike the little

Helix granum Strebel on a smaller scale. It is named in honor of

the gentleman who collected it, who is deeply interested in the mol-

lusk fauna of the Sound region.

NOTES AND NEWS.

PorTRAIT OF RaFrNnEsQquE.—We are informed that portraits,

suitable for framing (12 x 14 inches), may be had fora nominal sum

to cover postage and packing, by addressing Prof. R. Ellsworth Call,

Manual Training High School, Louisville, Ky.

By error, the name of the author was omitted from the paper

“Note on Unio oregonensis Lea,” in the last number of the Nautt-

Lus. It should have been signed Charles T. Simpson.

THE NAUTILUS. 131

Navarcuus.—In working upon the Tectibranchs for Vol. XVI

of the Manual of Conchology, I find that the name Navarchus, ap-

plied to a group of Doridiida, is preoccupied. I propose, therefore,

to substitute Navanaz, the type being N. inermis Cooper.

PLEUROTOMARIA Beryricui.—A specimen of this rare species

has lately been added to the National Museum Collection, which

now possesses three of the four recent forms of the genus.

Nore on PoraMANAx.—The name given to this group of tropical

American Melanians has been used again for a genus of Lepidoptera

(Watson, Hesperida, P. Z.S., 1893, p. 55). As the signature of the

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. containing the description of the mol-

lusk genus was actually distributed on Jan. 24, 1893, and the paper

containing the Lepidopterous genus was printed under the proceed-

ings for Jan. 17, 1893, the latter has apparent priority. However,

the proceedings of that meeting could hardly have been actually

printed until some weeks after the meeting, so that it is extremely

probable that the name of the Lepidopter is later in date of actual

publication, and must, therefore, be changed.

We are indebted to Dr. W. D. Hartman of West Chester, Pa.

for the illustrations of Unio ochraceus and U. cariousus in this

number. They are from his Conchologia Cestrica, an excellent

work describing and figuring the shells of Chester Co., Pa., and

incidentally the majority of those of the Middle States.

Anatomy oF Hemicycia.—Dr. A. Krause (Nachbl. D. M.

Ges. Jan-Feb. 1895, pl. 1) has recently dissected several species of

this Canary Island group of Helices, and finds their anatomy to be

practically identical with that of Tachea. The rank and position

assigned the group in Pilsbry’s “ Guide to the Study of Helices” is

therefore fully confirmed. Its relationships are not with the

Madeira and Azores Helices of the genus Leptazis, but with the

forms of true Helix of the European and N, African mainland.

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

THE ZooLoGicaL Recorp for 1893 has appeared, containing the

records of Mollusca, Brachiopoda and Bryozoa, by Mr. B. B. Wood-

ward. These digests of the literature of zoology are of such great

utility, when well done, that we cannot refrain from congratulating

the Zoological Society upon the admirable manner in which the

present Recorder has performed his difficult task. Mr. Woodward

should have the hearty codperation of all the conchologists. His

foe THE NAUTILUS.

labor would be materially Jessened if authors would send him “ sep-

arates” of their publications, as soon as issued, addressed to The

Editor of the Zoological Record, Zoological Society, 3 Hanover Square,

London W., England.

DESCRIPTION D’UN PERIDERIS NOUVEAU [P. /echatelieri] prove-

nant du Dahomey, par Ph. Dautzenberg (Journ. de Conch., 1893,

pl. I).

Desc. D’UNE NOUVELLE espéce du genre Littorina provenant des

cétes de ]a Tunisie, par Ph. Dautzenberg (J. C.,’95, pl. I. L. ner-

villet.

Desc. D’UNE ESPECE NovUy. du genre Chama prov. des cétes

océaniques de France, par Pb. Dautzenberg (Bull. Soc. Se. Nat. de

louest de la France, 1892, p. 133, figs. ). Chama nicolloni.

ConTRIB. A LA FAUNE MALACOLOGIQUE DES ILES SECHELLES,

par Ph. Dautzenberg (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1893, p. 78). Con-

tains important additions to the records in Martens’ work in Mobius’

Reise nach Mauritius, etc. No new species.

CRUISE OF THE STEAM Yacut “ WILD Duck” IN THE BAHAMAS,

etc., NOTES ON THE SHELLS COLLECTED, by Wm. H. Dall. (Bull.

Mus. Comp. Zool. xxv, No. 9.) It appears that the lagoons of the

Bahama Is. are peopled by a peculiar mollusk fauna, evidently

derived from species living normally in the sea outside. The

number of lagoon species is small, and they are all marked by (1)

thinness of shell; (2) diminutive size; and (3) when colored at all,

by brillianey of color, as compared with their nearest relatives in

the adjacent sea. Among others enumerated by Dall which are

common to the sea and the lagoons, are the following which occur

only in and are characteristic of the latter: Cyrena colorata Prime,

Venus (Anomalocardia) leplalea Dall, Tornatina parviplica Dall,

Cerithium (Pyrazus) T-striatum var degeneratum Dall, Cerithium

tenwis Pfr.

A considerable list of land species is given, among them Chondro-

poma watlingense and Cerion Agassizi are new, the latter fossil.

Dall calls attention to the fact that the name Strophia is preoccupied,

and proposes to substitute Cerion Bolten, 1799, as Mérch had

already done in 1850. He gives names to the subdivisions of the

genus indicated by Maynard, as follows:

CrRION s.s. Parietal lamina short, situated in the angle between

pillar and body-whorl; short internal sets of laminz persistent;

type, uva.

Srropuiops Dall. Parietal lamina penetrating body-whorl to 4,

3 or more its length, central, ete. Type decwnana [not Fér.!=

regia Bens. !—Ed.]

MaynarpiA Dall. Like Strophiops, but parietal tooth short;

type neglecta Mayn.

Dracerion Dall. Parietal lamina double within, and penetrat-

ing one or two whorls; type dalli Mayn.

Eosrroputa Dall, 1890. No teeth or laminze. Type E. anodonta

Dall, fossil in lower Miocene, Tampa Silex beds.

ae N Bees.

VoL. VIII. APRIL, 1895. No, 12

MOLLUSK FAUNA OF PHILADELPHIA AND ENVIRONS.

BY MORRIS SCHICK.

In the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-

delphia for 1861, page 306, Mr. W. M. Gabb has given a list of

Philadelphia mollusks, enumerating 62 species, seven of which are,

however, synonyms or doubtful inhabitants of this region. Having

collected a number of species in this vicinity which are not on Gabb’s

list, the writer thought it well to makea new one, giving exact locali-

ties where the various species have been found during the last two

or three years in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, and including

not only those forms personally collected, but also the species and

localities discovered by other local naturalists—Messrs. Walton,

Vanatta, Stone, Pilsbry, MeGinty, Johnson, Ford, Fox and Eisen-

hardt, all of whom have contributed materially to the list.

The importance of the Philadelphia fauna, as being the type lo-

eality of many of Thomas Say’s species, will always render it

of interest to those who study geographic variation ; and moreover,

an accurate local list is of value to conchologists in the future, in

determining the ever fluctuating geographic limits of species and

varieties. While many of the special localities herein recorded

will be destroyed by the growth of the city, others situated in Fair-

mount Park, especially along the Wissahickon, will doubtless per-

petuate within the city limits most of the species indefinitely ; and

the aquatic forms will survive at least as long as the Schuylkill

furnishes the water supply of the city.

134 THE NAUTILUS.

The west bank of the Schuylkill above Girard Avenue was a

very good collecting ground, where one could find in good numbers

Polygyra hirsuta, P. thyroides, P. tridentata juztidens, Pyramidula

alternata, Gastrodonta ligera, G. suppressa, G. nitida, Vitrea ar-

borea, and Selenites concava. with a few others not so common; but

this place has been destroyed this year by the laying out of a drive.

On the land shells of the park, see Ford, Conchologists’ Exchange,

ip. ¥.

In his list Mr. Gabb refers to Helix labyrinthica as common near

Germantown ; I have been able to find but three specimens of this

species, after a dilligent search of three seasons. He also mentions

H. hirsuta as one of our commonest species, but this is now also un-

common; while others are becoming rare, there are some species

now quite common that are not mentioned in Mr. Gabb’s list, such

as Limax maximus, Pyramidula striatella, Vallonia costata, Pupa

contracta, Succinea obliqua, Spherium striatinum, S. transversum, ete.

Helix egena Say, a depressed form of Conulus fulvus, was described

from ten miles above Philadelphia; and C. chersina—fulvus is re-

ported in Gabb’s list as found near Germantown by Tryon. It has

not occurred to recent collectors.

Helix appressa, admitted by Gabb, on the evidence of one speci-

men found on E. K. Tryon’s estate near Germantown, was evidently a

lost cabinet specimen. Ammnicola lustrica Say of Gabb’s list is the

half grown Pomatiopsis lapidaria. “ Margaritana rugosa Say,” is

an evident pen error for M. marginata Say, which Gabb omits.

Unio fisherianus reported from the Schuylkill above Girard Avenue

bridge, one specimen, may have been an incorrect identification.

TESTACELLIDZ.

[ Testacella maugei Fér. Green house on School Lane, German-

town. |

SELENITIDZ.

Selenites concava Say. Both banks of Schuylkill at Falls, and

below; everywhere rare.

LIMACIDZ.

[Limax maximus L. West Philadelphia and Darby, plentiful in

cellars and green houses (Pilsbry); Wissahickon, uncommon;

Laurel Hill Cemetery, common; Germantown ( Vanatta) ].

Note.—Introduced species dre enclosed in brackets The authority cited

for each special locality refers to that immediately preceding only, but many

of the places have been visited by several collectors.

THE NAUTILUS. 135

[Limax agrestis Mill. Abundant in and around the city, and

varying much in coloration. |

Limax campestris Binn. Common in most suitable localities

around the city.

ZONITIDZE.

Gastrodonta suppressa Say. Belmont glen, common (H. E. Eisen-

hardt); Tulpohocken Valley, Germantown, uncommon ; Perkiomen ;

Glenside (Johnson) ; Fisher’s Station, Germantown (Stone).

“‘T found a few specimens of this shell on the farm of my friend

Mr. Reuben Haines at Germantown.” (Say.).

Gastrodonta ligera Say. Wissahickon, common; also near

Strawberry Mansion and West Falls of Schuylkill.

Gastrodonta ligera Stonei Pils. Westville, N. J., common;

Hollyoak, Delaware (Stone, vyPe locality).

Gastrodonta (Zonitoides) nitida Mull. Wissahickon ; West Park ;

and Westville, N.J.,common. In Nov., 1893, they were found near

Strawberry Mansion, East Park, congregated in immense numbers

under logs (Vanatta).

Gastrodonta (Pseudohyalina) minuscula Binn. Wissahickon,

rare; West Falls of Schuylkill (Vanatta); Westville, N. J. (Fox).

[ Vitree (Polita) cellaria Mill. Wissahickon, uncommon; Con-

shohocken (R. Walton) ; found also in cellars of dwellings.] This

is the Helix glaphyra Say, described in Nicholson’s Encyl., Amer.

Ed., 1818. “ Taken by Mr. G. Ord in his garden in Philadelphia.”

(Say.)

Vitrea arborea Say. Same locality as G. nitida; Fisher’s Sta-

tion, Germantown, common (Stone); Westville, N. J..(Fox).

Vitrea indentata Say. Wissahickon, uncommon; Westville, N.

J.,common; Fisher’s Station, Germantown (Stone).

Vitrea radiatula Alder (viridula Mke.; electrina Gld.). Lans-

downe Valley, a few specimens; Wissahickon, rare; near Falls of

Schuylkill (E. G. Vanatta); Westville, N. J. (Fox).

ENDODONTIDE.

Punctum pygmeum minutissimum Lea. Gloucester Co., N. J.

(Wm. J. Fox, Nautitus, IV, 113).

Pyramidula alternata Say. Wissahickon and Germantown, com-

mon; near Falls of Schuylkill (Vanatta); West Park (Ford) ;

Perkiomen (Johnson) ; a pallid, spotless variety is found along the

Wissahickon.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

Pyramidula striatella Anth. West Park, common; Wissahickon,

common; Westville, N. J., one specimen; near Strawberry Man-

sion, where, in Nov., 1893, they were found congregated in immense

numbers (Vanatta).

Pyramidula (Helicodiscus) lineata Say. Lansdowne Valley, un-

common ; Wissahickon, a few specimens; near Strawberry Mansion

(E. G. Vanatta) ; Germantown (R. Walton; Stone) ; near 58th St.

Station, P. W. & B. R. R. (Pilsbry) ; “ Found by Robert E. Griffith,

near Philadelphia.” (Say.); Westville, N. J. (Fox).

HELICIDE.

Polygyra ( Triodopsis) thyroides Say. West Park, common; Wis-

sahickon, common; Westville, N. J..common; Monument Ceme-

tery (E.G. Vanatta); Fisher’s Station, Germantown, and Fern

Rock (Stone).

Polygyra (Triodopsis) albolabris Say. Wissahickon; Laurel

Hill Cemetery ; Perkiomen (Johnson) ; Fern Rock, rare (Stone) ;

Westville, N. J. (Fox).

Polygyra (Triodopsis) tridentata Say. Wissahickon, moderately

common.

Polygyra ( Triodopsis) tridentata juatidens Pils. West Park, and

Laurel Hill Cemetery, common.

Polygyra (Triodopsis) fallax Say [H. introferens Bld.]. Flat

Rock Dam, rare (R. Walton); Monument Cemetery, rare (E. G.

Vanatta); Atco, N. J. (Fox); “ Presented to the Academy by

Messrs. Hyde and Mason who found it in the vicinity of Philadel-

phia where it is not uncommon.” (Say.)

Polygyra (Stenotrema) hirsuta Say. West Park, uncommon ;

near Strawberry Mansion (E. G. Vanatta) ; Perkiomen (Jchnson).

Polygyra (Stenotrema) monodon Rack. Strawberry Mansion (Ford) ;

Perkiomen (C. W. Johnson).

Vallonia pulchella excentrica Sterki. Ruins near School Lane,

common; Falls of Schuylkill (E. G. Vanatta); Fisher’s Station,

Germantown, common (Stone).

Vallonia costata Mill. East bank of Schuylkill, at Flat Rock

Dam, very common; Falls of Schuylkill (E. G. Vanatta).

-PUPIDE.

Pupa armifera Say. Ruins near School Lane, common ; Falls of

Schuylkill (E. G. Vanatta).

THE NAUTILUS. 137

Pupa contracta Say. Ruins near School Lane, common; east

bank of Schuylkill, at Flat Rock Dam, uncommon; near Falls of

Schuylkill (E. G. Vanatta); Fisher’s Station, Germantown, com-

mon (Stone); Westville, N. J. (Fox).

Pupa pentodon Say. Near 58th St. Station, P, W. & B.R. R,

Pilsbry) ; Falls of Schuylkill (EK. G. Vanatta)..

Pupa corticaria Say. On walnut trees, School Lane, German-

town, rare.

Pupa fallax Say. Tulpohocken Valley, Germantown (John

Ford).

Vertigo ovata Say. Tulpohocken Valley, Germantown (John

Ford) ; ‘‘ Numerous specimens were discovered by Mr. Wm. Hyde,

in the vicinity of this city.” (Say.)

Strobilops labyrinthica Say. Tulpohocken Valley, Germantown,

rare.

ACHATINIDE.

Ferussacia lubrica Mill. (subcylindrica Auct., not Linné). Ruins

near School Lane, common; Falls of Schuylkill (Vanatta).

[ Opeas octona Linné. Introduced in green houses ; Horticultural

Hall (Robt. Walton) ].

~ SUCCINEIDE.

Succinea avara Say. Conshohocken, common (R. Walton);

Westville, N. J., one specimen ; Tabor (Stone).

Succinea ovalis Gould. Wissahickon, uncommon; Westville,

common ; near Strawberry Mansion (Vanatta).

Succinea obliqua Say. Wissahickon, very common; Westville,

N. J.,common. Typical locality.

PHILOMYCIDE.

Philomycus carolinensis Bose. Wissahickon, common; West

Park, uncommon; South of Darby; Glenolden, Delaware Co.

(Vanatta); Fisher’s Station, Germantown (Stone).

AURICULIDZE.

Carychium exile H. C. Lea. Wissahickon, rare (type locality).

Carychium exiguum Say. Wissahickon; Westville, N. J. (Fox).

LIMNEIDZ.

Limnea catascopium Say. Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, and

Canal at Manayunk, common.

Limnea columella Say, Ruins near School Lane, common;

lakes near Memorial Hall, common; Perkiomen Creek (Jobnson) ;

158 THE NAUTILUS.

Tabor (Stone); Ponds along the Darby Creek Branch of the Read-

ing R. R.

Limnea humilis Say. Common in most localities.

Limnea desidiosa Say. Schuylkill River, common.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers;

Canal at Manayunk, common.

Planor bis trivolvis Say. Same localities as P. bicarinatus.

Planorbis deflectus Say. Canal at Manayunk, moderately com-

mon; Kaighn’s Point. N. J., two specimens.

Planorbis exacutus Say. Ditch, South Broad Street, uncommon.

Planorbis dilatatus Gld. Near School Lane, rare; Ponds, South

Broad Street; Fisher’s Station, Germantown (Stone).

Planorbis parvusSay. Ditch at Kaighn’s Point, N.J., common ;

near Strawberry Mansion (Vanatta); Fisher’s Station, German-

town (Stone) ; Westville, N. J. (Fox).

Segmentina armigera Say. Westville, N. J., common; ditch at

Kaighn’s Point, N. J.. common; ponds at Point Breeze (H. A.

Pilsbry).

ANCYLIDE.

Ancylus rivularis Say. Rancocas Creek, N. J., and Schuylkill

R., near Columbia Avenue Bridge (E. G. Vanatta); Perkiomen

Creek (Johnson) ; Westville, N. J. (Fox).

PHYSIDE.

Physa heterostropha Say. This is the most abundant species,

being found in almost all streams, ditches and ponds of this vicinity.

Physa heterostropha ancillaria Say. Delaware and Schuylkill

Rivers. The specimens found show all the stages between hetero-

stropha and ancillaria ; Westville, N. J. (Fox).

Aplexa hypnorum L. Glen Riddle, Del. Co.; ditch at Kaighn’s

Point, N. J., uncommon. This is probably the extreme southern

limit of this species.

VALVATIDE.

Valvata tricarinata Say. Schuylkill River, uncommon; canal at

Manayunk, common. (Typical locality.)

Valvata bicarinata Lea. Same locality as the preceding; West-

ville, N. J. (Fox).

AMNICOLIDE.

Amnicola limosa Say. Canal at Manayunk, common ; Westville,

N.J.; Delaware River, below-Gloucester. Typical locality.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

Amnicola limosa porata Say. Canal at Manayunk, uncommon ;

lakes near Memorial Hall, Fairmount Park, common; Perkiomen

Creek (Johnson).

Amnicola granum Say. Ditch at Kaighn’s Point, N. J., rare;

Corinthian Basin (John Ford).

Gillia' altilis Lea. Common in Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers ;

also canal at Manayunk; Westville, N. J.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Delaware River near Westville, N.

J.,common; near Strawberry Mansion (Vanatta).

VIVIPARIDE.

Lioplax subcarinata Say. Schuylkill River and Canal at Mana-

yunk, common; Delaware River, very abundant.

Campeloma decisum Say. Schuylkill River, and Canal at Mana-

yunk, common; Delaware River, uncommon; Ponds near Point

Breeze (Pilsbry).

PLEUROCERIDE.

Goniobasis virginica Gmel. Common in Delaware and Schuyl-

kill Rivers; fine specimens at the mouth of Wissahickon Creek.

Like many Goniobases, this species is dimorphic, the form with

raised spirals (multilineata Say), occurring with the smooth speci-

mens.

CYRENIDE.

Spherium striatinum Lam. Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers ;

canal at Manayunk, common.

Spherium sulcatum Lam. Cobb’s Creek (John Ford).

Spherium fabale Prime. Canal at Manayunk, uncommon.

Spherium partumeium Say. Greenwich Point, 8S. Philadelphia

(McGinty).

Spherium transversum Say. Mouth of Wissahickon Creek ; Dam

in Tulpohocken Valley, Germantown, abundant; stream flowing

from Lily pond near Memorial Hall (Vanatta); Westville, N. J.

(Fox).

Pisidium virginicum Gmel. Delaware River; canal at Mana-

yunk, uncommon; Rancocas Creek, N. J. (Vanatta).

Pisidium abditum Hald. Rock Run, uncommon; ditch at

Kaighn’s Point, N. J.; stream flowing from Lily pond near Memo-

rial Hall (V.).

'Gillia in Mollusca has seyeral months priority over the same name in Pisces.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

Pisidium variabile Pme. Ditch at Kaighn’s Point.

Pisidium compressum Pme. Canal at Manayunk.

UNIONIDE.

Unio complanatus Solander. Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers,

very common; canal at Manayunk, very fine specimens; Muckini-

pallus Creek, Glenolden, Delaware Co. (Vanatta); Corinthian

Reservoir (Ford).

Unio nasutus Say. Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, common.

Typical locality.

Unio radiatus Lam. Canal at Manayunk, abundant; Delaware

River, not common.

Unio heterodon Lea, Canal at Manayunk, uncommon ; canal in

27th Ward (Jobn Ford); Neshaminy Creek (C. W. Johnson).

Unio ochraceus Say. Delaware River, common. (Type local-

ity).

Unio cariosus Say. Delaware River, rare. (‘Type locality.)

Margaritana undulata Lea. Raccoon Creek, N. J.; Canal at

Manayunk; Muckinipallus Creek, Glenolden, Delaware Co. (Van-

atta); Neshaminy Creek (Johnson); “ Delaware and Schuylkill

Rivers” (Say).

Margaritana marginata Say. Tohickon Creek, Bucks Co.; Ne-

shaminy Creek (C. W. Johnson) ; Muckinipallus Creek, Glenolden,

Delaware Co. (Vanatta).

Anodonta fluviatilis Lea. Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers;

canal, Manayunk, moderately common; Muckinipallus Creek,

Glenolden, Delaware Co. (Vanatta); Wister’s Dam, Germantown

(Stone) ; Lily Pond near Memorial Hall (V.).

Anodonta fluviatilis Tryoni Lea. Typical localities, Schuylkill

River above Phila., and Delaware River at League Island; West-

ville, N. J. (Fox).

Anodonta undulata Say. Canal, 27th Ward (J. Ford).

NOTE ON THE SPECIES OF VERONICELLA FOUND IN CENTRAL AMERICA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL, N. M. AGR. EXP. STA.

It must be confessed that our knowledge of the Central American

forms of Veronicella is singularly inadequate, and the purpose of

this note is mainly to draw attention to the matter, in the hope

that those who have the opportunity will add to our information.

THE NAUTILUS. 141

It may be as well to say at once, that for satisfactory work in

this genus it is desirable to have at least a dozen mature examples

of each species. Working with few examples, there is danger of

taking varietal characters for specific ones, if the species is little

known. Once the true specific characters have been ascertained

from a good series, any single example, if mature, can be deter-

mined ; but it is quite otherwise when the form is new, or belongs to

a species which has been described from only one or two examples.

From necessity, species in this genus have, in the past, usually

been described from one or two specimens. The descriptions, if pre-

pared with reasonable care, even without anatomical details, will, I

believe, be easily recognizable hereafter. But at present we do not

know, in very many cases, which of the characters mentioned in the

descriptions are really specific, and consequently whether the as-

sumed species are valid.

I do not wish to suggest that species of Veronicella ought not to

be described without numerous examples. If naturalists were to

wait in every case until the material was as abundant as they could

desire, our knowledge of tropical species of many groups would

hardly advance atall. When astudent introduces a presumed new

species of Veronicella, having carefully ascertained that it differs

from all previously described forms, and in his description sets forth

that difference, he undoubtedly does good service. We are not to

be prevented from interesting ourselves in the forms of Veronicella

because we do not always know whether we are dealing with spe-

cies, races, or varieties. But we should like to know the real status

of each form, and must consequently urge those who have the

chance to collect material to do their best to obtain sufficient.

The first Central American Veronicella to be named was J. olt-

vacea Stearns, 1871. It was found in Nicaragua and has been

supposed to inhabit California also. Although it is practically cer-

tain that it is not a native of California, it has been described in

works on North American mollusea on the supposition that it be-

longed to that fauna. I have seen a specimen from Nicaragua, and

have given a few descriptive notes in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov.,

1890, p. 389. Mr. W. G. Binney has published a figure of this

same specimen.

The next species was made known in the year following, 1872.

This was V. moreleti Crosse and Fischer, from Mexico; fulvous

with two blackish bands, whereas olivacea has no dark bands.

142 THE NAUTILUS.

In 1875 a second Mexican species was announced, V. mexicana

Pfeffer, in Strebel’s work on the fauna of Mexico, p.130. It was

47 mm. long, red-brown to grey-brown and black-brown.

For many years no more additions were made; until in 1885 (or

Jan. 1886?) Dr. Semper’s elaborate work on the genus appeared.

In this, on p. 293, we find V. mexicanus n. sp., from Mexico; but

the author having discovered, too late to change the text, that there

was already a species of that name, takes the opportunity of writing

V. strebelii instead on the explanation to the plate. This meaicanus

=strebelii is 51 mm. long, 153 broad, with the female orifice 14

mm. from sole and almost exactly equidistant from each end. On

p- 316 of the same work, Semper describes a true mexicanus Pfeff.,

which he had from Strebel. It was found in Vera Cruz, and was

whitish-flesh, only 20 mm. long, with the 9? orifice a little hind of

the middle. If this specimen was really of the same species as orig-

inally described in 1873, it must have been somewhat immature.

In the same work of Semper, p. 295, appears a Chilian species, V.

decipiens Semper. This is supposed to be also a native of Mexico,

but I think the latter habitat must be accepted with some reserva-

tion; unless perchance, it has reached there accidentally through

human agency. It is dark yellowish-brown, with the mantle black-

spotted, 42 mm. long, 163 broad, 9 orifice 1 mm. from sole, and

somewhat anterior to the middle. This V. decipiens is very much

like the Chilian V. adspersa Heynemann; so much so that one

strongly suspects that they are forms of one species. ‘They were

published nearly at the same time, but I think adspersa has prior-

ity. Since Semper’s work no further additions have been made.

In the British Museum are two other forms, which are the more

interesting in that they represent new localities. They do not seem

to be precisely identical with any of the described species, but all

things considered, it seems preferable to leave them unnamed for

the present. Descriptive notes are appended :

(1.) Veronicella sp. nov., vel mexicana var.

Long. (in alch.) 423, lat. 203, sole lat.10 mm. @ orifice from

head 22 (almost median), from sole2 mm. Sole rather rounded

posteriorly, not projecting beyond mantle, finely and closely trans-

versely striate. Mantle above rugose-granulose, not at all papil-

late; color pale grayish-ochreous, above obscurely gray mottled,

with the slightest indication of a dorsal and lateral dark band, only

noticeable when looked for. Back arched, rounded. Upper ten-

tacles grayish, lower pale ochery.

THE NAUTILUS. 143

Honduras. Collector unknown. Heynemann had seen it when

he visited the museum, and had written “nov. sp.?”

(2.) Veronicella sp. noy., vel punctatissima subsp.

Long. (in alch.) 414, lat. 12, sole lat. 4 mm. 9 orifice from

head 21 (almost median), from sole 23 mm. Sole very narrow,

rounded behind, not projecting posteriorly, regularly and strongly

transversely striate its edge longitudinally grooved. Mantle above

thickly but rather irregularly impressed punctate, not papillate.

Superior tentacles gray, lower pale ochrey.

Jaw brown, not very dark, with 36 very strong ribs. Penis ta-

pering. Color variable, as follows:

(a) Pale ochreous, above brown from thick brown mottling, with a

slightly indicated but quite observable pale dorsal line. Below

with sparse black mottling. Six examples.

(b) Similar, but with more or less black spotting also above, though

sparse. Four examples.

Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui. Collector unknown.

The interesting point may here be noted, that whereas the Nicar-

aguan olivacea and the Honduras species are typically Central Am-

erican forms, and show a good deal of resemblance to the species of

the greater Antilles, the Panama species is quite different, and be-

longs with the series of the lesser Antilles, Trinidad, ete.

NOTES AND NEWS,

Unio CARtosus and ocHRACEUS.—By an unfortunate oversight,

the wood-cuts of these two species in the March number were trans-

posed. The figure on page 121 is U. cariosus; that on page 122 is

U. ochraceus. .

BYTHINIA TENTACULATA.—A new locality for this species is

Black Lake, Holland, Michigan, Mr. L. H. Streng having collected

adult and young in all stages of growth there.

Mr. H. E. Sarcent, having spent some weeks in New England,

has returned to his home at Woodville, Ala.

Me. James M. Dr Laney has removed from Rochester to South

Livonia, Livingston Co., N. Y.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSKS OF

THE West InpIAN Recron, and their Evidence with Regard to

Past Changes of Land and Sea. By Charles Torrey Simpson (Proc.

U.S. Nat. Mus., X VII, 1894).—After a statement of the geographic

facts in regard to the region, and the depths of sea between and

around the main islands, Mr. Simpson considers the means of distri-

bution of the land and fresh-water mollusks from island to island,

concluding that while some forms have been transported by drifting

trees, etc., the main means of transport has been by means of former

direct land connection of islands now separated. “There appears

to be good evidence of a general elevation of the Greater Antillean

region, probably some time during the Eocene, after most of the im-

portant groups of snails had come into existence, at which times the

larger islands were united, and there was land connection with Cen-

tral America by way of Jamaica. * * * At some time during

this elevation, there was probably a landway from Cuba across the

Bahama plateau to Florida, over which certain groups of Antillean

land mollusks crossed. * * * There followed a period of general

subsidence. During this the island of * * Jamaica was first

isolated, then Cuba, and afterwards Haiti and Puerto Rico were

separated. The subsidence continuing until only the summits of the

mountains of the four Greater Antilles remained above water; then

followed another period of elevation which has lasted until the pres-

ent time. * * The Bahamas have appeared above the surface of

the sea, either by elevation or growth, and have been peopled by

forms drifted from Cuba and Haiti. The lesser Antilles have been

peopled, for the most part, from S. America.” These conclusions

are based upon tables showing the distribution of species and genera

on the various islands, and the later movements are supported by

well-known geological facts. The evidence for the earlier elevation

should be compared with Spencer’s “ Reconstruction of the Antillean

Continent” (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., VI, Jan., 1895), founded upon

a study of the supposed sunken river-valleys, and altogether support-

ing Mr. Simpson’s conclusions. That the West Indian region ac-

tually stood two miles above its present level, as claimed by Spencer,

is a proposition requiring much more proof than has been offered, to

bring it out of the realm of mere suggestion or hypothesis ; and we

are certainly not prepared to endorse it; but the orogenic move-

ments required to fulfill the conditions asked by Mr. Simpson are far

more moderate, and, it seems to us, by all odds the most reasonable

explanation of the facts of distribution. Mr. Simpson’s paper con-

cludes with the descriptions of Sagda maxima, Neocyclotus bakeri,

Lucidella costata and Plewrodonte bowdeniana n. spp., from Jamaica,

the latter three from the Miocene beds at Bowden.

‘lie

NAUTILUS.

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS.

sl ee

VOL

MAY, 1895. to APRIL, 1896.

le ee

PHILADELPHIA :

Published by H. A. PILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON.

IN ex

THE NAUTILUS, VOL. IX.

INDEX TO TITLES AND SPECIES DESCRIBED.

Acanthochites Matthewsi at St. Vincent’s Gulf, South Yorke

Peninsula .

Agnatha. + ae

Along the iemariscotta 5 ee

Ancylus peninsule Pilsbry and Jokneon, n. sp. .

Ancylus eugraptus Pilsbry, n.sp.. . .

Annotated List of the Mollusca ile ip the Eni of

Clearwater, Wright Co., Minn. . :

Aulacopoda, a Primary Division of the Mousemats aa

Pulmonata .

Bulimulus exilis in Jamaica . sk

Bulimuli, sculpture of the apical aes a new hehe:

for distinguishing groups of .

Bythinella palomasensis ee Nesp. .

California slugs .

Chiton Bednalli Pilger, n. Sp. .

Collecting in Southern California .

Curious Chinese use of shell fish .

Day on the Spoon River in Illinois .

Dispersal of shells . :

Dolabella californica Stearns .

Dolichostyla Pilsbry n.n. for Proehine Alb. preoeeupied

Dorcasia Gray, the earliest ae ray A

Editorial correspondence .

Epiphragmophora californiensis var. Bae uM

Epiphragmophora Remondi Tryon .

Fulgur canaliculatum, a remarkable Me rerresity oe faut

lustrated) .

iv THE NAUTILUS.

Gastrodonta (Pseudohyalina) patuloides Plisbry, n. sp. . 15

Gastrodonta collisella Pilsbry, n.sp. . 123

Goniobasis virginica in the stomach of Ree Golden

Eye. : Es

Gundlachia of aerate a5 notes on Revevican font aie

lustrated) . es 61

Haliotis, West Coast species of . 129

Helices in Illinois. . 28

Holopoda . : : 110

Holospira, synopsis a ihe subdir! isions, ne some eles

genera. Ss ; 50

How to pack specimens it Se 132

Index to the “ Conchologists Exchange” 43, 57

Isaac Lea Department of the Agassiz eeatation 6, 19, 34,

58, 69,78, 102, 117, 128°. 139

Joannisia, note on the genus . 78

Lepidopleurus in New Zealand . : 108

Limneea stagnalis dredged in Lake Michigan . =o 3

Limneea desidiosa var. De Campi Streng, n. var. (Illustra-

ted) . 123

Macoma, ie new species oe the Gulf ef Moxieue 32

Macoma limula Dall, n. sp. 32

Macoma Mitchelli Dall, n. sp. . 33

Macoma leptonoidea Dall, n. sp. . 33

Marine shells on the coast of Maine . 34

Marine shells of Puget Sound . 38

Meretrix Simpsoni Dall, n. sp. . 10

Michigan Fish Commission, a month ries ese 2

Mollusks as purifiers of water . 36

My first year collecting and studying mei 80

New Publications... . : Ree 1 2D oy 96, 105, 144

New forms of American Tone and elicits. 14

Notesand News... . . s). = LT, 35, 83, 94, 107, 1205s

Notes on California hells 69

Notes of a conchologist in Japan . 86

Notes on collecting shells in China . 100

Notes on Washington Spheria and Pisidia, ih decom

of new species . Ree cs ee 97

Ocinebra circumtexta var. aurantia Stearns, n. var. . 16

Omphalina Andrews Pilsbry, n. sp. . es

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

Omphalina Andrews montivaga Pilsbry,n.var.. . . 15

Opalliostyla Pilsbry, n. n. for Eudoxus Alb. SB eereupicdl: 108

Patulastra ? [Punctum?] pugetensis and Pyramnidulay? Ran-

dolphii, generic position of, with suggestions for the

classification of American Zonitide . 17

Pholas truncata from Revere, Mass. 55

Pisidia, description of new . 74, 124

Pisidium Walkeri Sterki, n. sp. . 75

Pisidium politum Sterki, n. sp. . 75

Pisidium milium Held from Michigan . 76

Pisidium idahoense from Seattle, Washington . 98

Pisidium ultramontanum . 98

Pisidium Randolphii Roper, n. sp. 99

Pisidium trapezoideum Sterki, n. sp. . 124

Planorbes, notes on the smaller American. . . ie Ba, 52

Planorbis bicarinatus var. aroostookensis in Micivsan as 5

Planorbis Sampsoni Ancey from Illinois. . . ..... 36

Ebinarbisicentervillensis:; -. . . -. (Meee aes 2 lay 36

Planorbis callioglyptus Vanatta,n.sp.. .. . . ne 54

Planorbis opercularis var. oregonensis Vanatta, n. var... D4

Planorbis costatus De Tarr and Beecher. . . . . 55

Planorbis umbilicatellus, the geographical Bei ation wih NG

Pleurodonte Bainbridgei and other Jamaica shells. . . .. 15

Pleurocera subulare in water mains. ........: 37

Plover caught by a Pinna. . . . viet 107

Polygyra (Stenotrema) stenotrema depilais Bilciry: n. var. 16

Polygyra cereolus sanctijohannis Pilsbry,n. var... . . . 56

Pyramidula alternata and Gastrodonta ligera reversed . . 84

Eyramiduls strigosa reversed. . . eames... 2 4. . 84,108

Raising baby snails. . . . . ey: ar 79

Reversed American Helices, new _reginele e Wee tate 3) 94

Ryder, Dr. John A. (Obituary with portrait) Sits ae ee 29

Ruschenberger, Dr. W.S. W. Oa | 2S ee 31

Scala, some new species of. . . S| Fee meee 111

Seala (Sthenorhytis) Mazyckii Dall itl..j0, as tila

eraliaitanellina Dall,n.sp... . -teeeeee es vs 111

Scala Mitchelli Dall,n.sp.. . . 20: ee 112

Shells of Seattle, King Co., W achive 3S aaa ae 101

enelson Lhunderhead Mt., N.C... Miers... . . 120

Small Land Mollusca from New Mexico. ....... 116

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Solariidee, description of two new Eocene . iy See

Solarium elaboratum Conr. var. bimixta Aldr. n. var. (PI.

Te ieee 512.13) tik A baa

Solarium planiforme huge n. sp. (Pl. I, fi 4, 5,6) .

Sora caught by a Mussel. (Illustrated) .

Spheeria, on certain abnormal .

Spherium Primeanum, 5. ona ,

Study of fossil shells . ee

Teinostoma Hidalgoana Pilsbry, n. sp. .

Thelidomus aspersa .

To conchologists . ha Geb

Trochomorpha fuscata Bence! note on .

Unio borealis Gray in Michigan .

Unio bursa-pastoris Wright, n.sp. (PI. III, a 1, 2) :

Unio ellipsis and U. tenuisimus from Grand Rapid Mich.

Unio Friersoni Wright, n. sp. (PI. III, a 3, 4).

Unios in city reservior (Phila.) .

Unionide, some notes on the genital organs awe eerie:

to systematics

Unios, the size of .

Unios, new Florida . a A. 3) ee

Unio Hartwrightii Wright, n. sp. (PL aL igs. 4, 5, 6) .

Unio Oseari Wright. (PI. I, figs. 1, 2, &

Unionidae, new American .

Vallonia, North American species a ‘

Visit to a vessel that was loaded with shells .

Vitrea Johnsoni Dall, n. sp. . ae

Vitrina limpida in Western Penne ania .

With a dredge [Southern California] .

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.

Aldrich, T. HH. .

Clapp,Geo. H.. . .

Cockerell, T. D. A. .

Dale Win: 2...

Drake, Mrs. Marie .

Gardner, A. H..

kediley, Co 5.)

Henderson, von Bi. -

Johnson, C. W..

Keep, Josiah .

Mowe, H:. = ...

Easpry,. 1, Ay .

IEGStite Ot ne

Randolph, P. B.

Roper, Edw. W...: .

Ruggles, Mrs. T. E. .

Sargent, H. E. .

Shepard, Ida M..

Simpson, Chas. T. ..

Soper, Mrs. E. C. .

Stearns, R. E. C. .

Sterki, Dr. V. .

Sireng, L.A... ..

Strode, Dr. W. S.

Manatta,.E. G. .-:

Walker, Bryant . .

Wentworth, Mrs. E. P.

Wetherby, A. G. .

White, Mrs. G. W. .

Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton .

Wright, Berlin H. .

14 e

30, 94

Se ale 120

At 27, D2 OU, oy sll

119

: 61

. 85, 100

Tapa

ae 80

13, 90, 109, 1112S

107

101

milo “OOMOM

52, 68,7

f 16, 74, 91, 116, 124

ae 123

Seton TD

525 deed

Pepsi lat)

54, 140

: 102

Ye. 19, 69, 78, 102,117, 128

pod. 13

(vil)

Pica:

THE NAUTILU

‘

ALDRICH—New Eocene Solariid

ie: NSeas.

VOL. Ix. MAY, 1895. No. 1

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW EOCENE SOLARIIDZ FROM ALABAMA.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

Solarium elaboratum Conrad vir bimixta. Plate I, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Shell elevated, peripheral margins minutely beaded, flattened,

acute; umbilical rib very small and placed close to suture, umbili-

cal carina prominent and beaded. Base very finely striated with a

strong beaded rib close to the periphery. Spiral ornamentation ap-

proaching Solariwm cupola Heilpr. Max. diam. 15 mm., alt. 7 mm.

Locality: Matthews’ Landing beds near Rosebud, Wilcox Co.,

Ala.

This variety, while belonging to the acutum-elaboratum section,

has a combination of characters approaching other sections. The

drawings executed by Dr. McConnell, of Washington, show this

form so beautifully it is scarcely necessary to describe it.

Prof. W. H. Dall, in Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Science, Vol. 3,

part 2, p. 323, Dec. 1892, has divided the Eocene Solariums into

four sections, and, by letter to me, has lately added a fifth, viz.:

Section Drnaxis Dall. “ Spire flattened, with the circumference

of shell forming the periphery ; the umbilicus wide, nearly funicu-

lar, with thread-like spiral ribbing or none, the umbilical carina

simple or finely granular, forming the base of the shell.” This new

section includes S. alabamense Dall, and the following new species.

2 THE NAUTILUS.

Solarium planiforme n. sp. pl. I, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell flat, whorls six, apical one smooth, the balance with a

beaded spiral boundary followed closely by a smaller spiral likewise

beaded, two faint spirals near suture; lines of growth fine, coarser

nearer aperture, the side of the body-whorl forming an acute angle

with the top and nearly a right angle with the base; the side is

slightly convex, with a granular raised line immediately below the

periphery and two fainter ones near the base; the basal keel

beaded ; umbilicus wide, marked with two or three beaded lines.

Aperture wedge-shaped, narrower at junction with body-whorl.

Max. diameter 19 mm., elevation 6 mm.

Locality: near Rosebud P. O., Wilcox Co., Ala., in Matthews’

Landing beds.

A MONTH WITH THE MICHIGAN FISH COMMISSION.

BY BRYANT WALKER, DETROIT, MICH.

In 1893, the Michigan Fish Commission, in co-operation with the

University of Michigan, inaugurated a systematic biological exami-

nation of the Great Lakes, with special reference to the work of the

Commission in replenishing the rapidly decreasing fisheries of the

State. The headquarters of the field-party for 1894 was established

at Charlevoix, the well-known summer resort, on the east coast of

Lake Michigan, and formerly a fishing station of considerable mag-

nitude. Through the kindness of Prof. Henry B. Ward, the

Director-in-charge, the writer was invited to spend his vacation

with the party as conchologist. In addition to the usual methods

of collecting along the shore and from small boats, considerable

dredging was done in the deeper waters of both Lake Michigan and

Pine Lake. A three days’ trip to the Beaver Islands at the north-

ern end of Lake Michigan, was one of the most interesting episodes

of the summer, and one most fruitful in its results, as it was, un-

doubtedly, the first time the islands had been visited for scientific

purposes. The unusual facilities enjoyed by the expedition in the line

of deep water dredging, have afforded many noteworthy additions

to the fauna of the State in all classes of the invertebrata and es-

pecially in the mollusca; and, at the suggestion of the editors of

Ture Naurivus, the following summary of the results obtained has

FeS

THE NAUTILUS. 3

been prepared in advance of the formal report of the summer’s

work.

Owing to the sandy nature of the soil, so characteristic of that

portion of the State, and the long-continued drought which pre-

vailed during last summer, terrestrial mollusks were not so numer-

ous, either in species or individuals, as might naturally have been ex-

pected. The characteristic feature was the occurrence of many spe-

cies, especially of the Zonitidae, peculiar to the northern region. Thus

Zonites ferreus Mse., binneyanus Mse., and exiguus Stimp., Vitrina

limpida Ged., and Helix harpa Say, are not found in the southern

part of the State. Patula asteriseus Mse. and Strobilops virgo Pils.,

also northern forms, were interesting additions to our fauna. The

local and rare (in this State) Helix sayii Binn., an essentially north-

ern form, also occurred, indicating its probable range across the north-

ern part of the State, as all the examples heretofore known to the

writer have been from the counties bordering on Lake Huron. A

few specimens of the albino variety of Patula alternata Say, were

found associating with the typical form. Two forms of Helix albo-

labris Say were noted, occurring side by side, the one quite typical

in shape and color, but rather below the average size and with a

very thick and broadly-reflected lip ; the other larger and much in-

flated, with a thin, dark purplish brown shell, having the narrowly

reflected lip more or less deeply tinged with purple; a very beauti-

ful form, not seen elsewhere. The only Pupa found was P. con-

tracta Say, while Vertigo was represented by four forms, V. ovata

Say, bollesiana Mse., ventricosa elatior Sterki, and pentodon Say.

In addition to the universally-distributed Succinea obliqua Say and,

avava Say, was found the elongated form of S. ovalis Gld., com-

mon in the northern part of the State, which has been doubtfully

referred to the S. higginsi Bld. (see Naurrius, VII, p. 127). In

all, thirty-one species of land-snails were found, of which two were

new to the fauna of the State.

Among the fresh-water pulmonates, many interested forms oc-

curred. The most noteworthy of them was a single example of a

deep water form of Limnea stagnalis L., dredged from ten metres

depth in Lake Michigan, at High Island Harbor in the Beaver

Islands. It is about 23 mm. in length, exceedingly fragile, of a pure

translucent white, and, though somewhat larger and differently pro-

portioned, appears to be analogous to the var. Bottnica of Clessin

from Sweden. At the same locality occured a small globose form

4 THE NAUTILUS.

of the same genus which may be new. Also a small white Physa

which is provisionally referred to P.gyrina Say. A small elongated

Limnea of the refleca group from the same locality, seems to be

the L. lanceata Gld. No less than seven different species of Lim-

neidae, six of operculates, and many Pisidia were brought up by

one haul of the trawl from this prolific locality. In a small lake

near the south end of Beaver Island, which was simply swarming

with animal life, were found the finest specimens of Limnea ampla

Migh. yet seen from Michigan. The largest example collected

measured 283 mm. in length and 19 mm. in breadth, the aperture

being 19 ? mm. long and 13 mm. broad.

The Limneidae of Pine Lake, which empties into Lake Michigan

at Charlevoix, were also extremely interesting. The bottom of the

lake is composed almost wholly of marl, except where it has been

covered by a thin coating of sand washed in from the shores, and,

as a consequence, both plant and animal life exist under very un-

favorable circumstances. The level of the lake seems to have been

lowered by the canal made by the U. S. Government to connect it

with Lake Michigan, and the former lake terrace is now largely ex-

posed, and, in many places, quite dry. In the numerous pools, how-

ever, which are left along the shore, the Limnwa catascopiuwm Say is

found in great abundance and almost infinite variety. It varies in

shape from the comparatively slender form usually found in the

Great Lakes to the globose form described as L. pinguis by Say, and

seems, in many cases, to run very close to that of LZ. ample Migh.

The Pine Lake examples have usually a very thick, solid opaque

shell, and a large proportion are more or less distorted, the most

common effect of their unfavorable environment being apparently

to induce a very abrupt and rapid expansion of the outer lip, which,

in most cases, is accompanied by a heavy callous deposit all round

the aperture. The dredge also brought up from the marl of the

bottom some other curiously distorted forms of Limnea, whose

specific position has not yet been satisfactorily determined. The

curious Planorbis multivolvis Case also occurred here, rarely alive,

but in great abundance among the dead shells along the shore.

There is reason to suppose that these shells came largely from the

marl deposits under the lake. It also seems probable that this

species will prove to be only a form of P. campanulatus Say, pecu-

liar to localities where the mar] is found. At any rate, all the lo-

calities in this State, from which it is now known, are alike in this

i gs a es

THE NAUTILUS. 5

respect, and specimens were found in places where the marl was less

abundant, which seem to connect the two forms.

Along the Lake Michigan shore, among the stones, Physa ancil-

laria Say oceurred, exhibiting a very heavy, solid, opaque shell.

The same form is found plentifully at Mackinac Island, and seems

to be one of the most characteristic forms of the region. A heavy

malleated form of Limnaea emarginata Say is associated with it in

both localities. Limneea desidiosa Say and Physa integra Hald.

were found plentifully in similar localities.

In one of the smaller inland jakes near Charlevoix, the dark red

form of Planorbis exacutus Say, recently distinguished as var. ru-

bellus by Sterki, was found. ‘The typical form of the same species,

as well as P. bicarinatus Say and parvus Say, occurred abundantly

in the deep-water dredging at High Island. The great similarity

of the Limneid fauna of northern Michigan to that of Maine was

again manifested in the discovery, ina small mill-pond near Charle-

voix, of the ecarinate form of P. bicarinatus recently distinguished

by Mr. Pilsbry as var. aroostookensis. The only species of Aneylus

met with was the A. parallelus Hald., which was common among the

lily-pads in all the smaller lakes. Among the operculates there was

little of special interest. Goniobasis livescens Mke., as usual in the

lake region, was abundant everywhere, and in Lake Michigan was

found in thirty feet of water. Valvata tricarinata Say and sincera

Say were also abundant in deep water, and the latter species from

High Island was unusually large and fine, and might be referred to

the form described as JV. striata by Lewis. The Campolomae were

also abundant. The slender northern form described by Lea as C.

milesii, however, was found only in one lake on Beaver Island. The

Lake Michigan form was C. decisa Say. The Amnicolae were ex-

ceedingly abundant, the two larger forms A. limosa Say and lustrica

Pils. occurring everywhere. A. grana Say was found at High

Island only, as was also a single specimen of Bythinella obtusa Lea.

One of the few disappointments met with was the failure to find the

deep water form, A. sheldoni Pils., originally found in the deep

water of Lake Michigan, at Racine, Wis. The only novelty among

the Unionidae was the occurrence of Unio borealis Gray, in a small

lake on Beaver Island. This is another addition to our fauna, and,

I believe, the most western locality yet cited for the species, which,

as Mr. C. T. Simpson, to whom I am indebted for the identification,

suggests, is apparently only a form of Unio luteolus Lam. The

6 THE NAUTILUS.

Anodonte occurred with their usual abundance and _ perplexing

variety so characteristic of the inland lakes of Michigan. Possibly,

owing to the unprotected character of the shore near Charlevoix,

but few were found in Lake Michigan. A. footiana Lea, however,

was found at Fisherman’s Island near Charlevoix and also at St.

James’ Harbor, Beaver Island, where A. subcylindracea Lea and

ferussaciana Lea also occurred. But it was among the Corbiculidae

that the most interesting finds of the expedition were made. Both

species and individuals were exceedingly abundant. Indeed, there

can be no doubt that the smaller Pisidia form one of the most im-

portant portions of the food of the whitefish. The Sphaeria were

most abundant in the inland waters where S. simile Say and stria-

tinum Lam. were found in profusion nearly everywhere. S. rhom-

boidewm Say and the beautiful little S. rosaceum Pme. also occurred

in one of the smaller lakes. A fine, new species, about the size of

S. occidentale Pme. was dredged from 25 metres off Grand Traverse

Bay. A larger form not yet satisfactorily determined was brought

up from a lesser depth off the south end of Beaver Island. The

Pisidia are now in the hands of Dr. V. Sterki, who has kindly con-

sented to examine and determine them, so that the entire list ecan-

not be yet given. But I am enabled to state that there are, at least,

twelve species represented, of which seven are new to the State, in-

cluding four species new to science. At High Island Pisidia were

particularly abundant. A fine triangular form, as large as P. vir-

ginicum Bgt., proves to be the P. idahoense Roper. At the same

place, Dr. Sterki’s recently-described species, P. punctatum, also

occurred. A most interesting find was that of a form which Dr.

Sterki informs me cannot be distinguished from the P. milium Held.,

of Europe. This, I believe, is the first instance in which a species

of this family has been proved to be an inhabitant of both conti-

nents. The other species found were P. variabile Pme., abditum

Hald., compressum Pme., rotundatum Pme.and ventricosum Pme. In

all, ninety-three species of mollusca were obtained, of which eleven

species and three varieties were new to the fauna of the State, one

species new to this country, and five species new to science.

ISAAC LEA DEPARTMENT.

[Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the Agassiz

Association by its General Secretary, Mrs. M. Burton Williamson.]

The Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the Agassiz Association is

THE NAUTILUS. fi

a corresponding chapter. It is composed of men and women inter-

ested in the study of shells. It also has a juvenile section composed of

boys and girls. It isa working chapter, or society, as every member

is expected to send an annual report of work done by him. These

reports and such papers as the members may furnish are known as

the transactions of the society. Each year the volume of transac-

tions, in manuscript, is forwarded from one member to another

until each member has read the book, but as some time must neces-

sarily elapse before all the members of the chapter can receive it,

the editor of Tat Naurrius has kindly consented to allow space

for extracts from the transactions in THE Nauriius each month.

Each member in this way can have a copy of the annual reports to

himself.

The Chapter is officered as follows:

President, Prof. Josiah Keep, Mills College, Cal.

General Secretary, Mrs. M. Burton, Williamson University, Los

Angeles County, Cal.

SECRETARIES OF SECTIONS :

Section A.—Marine shells of the West Coast, Prof. Keep, Mills

College, Cal.

Section B.—Marine shells of the East Coast, Mr. A. H. Gardner,

Box 84, Fort Hamilton, N. Y.

Section C.—Land shells east of the Rocky Mountains (Sec. not

yet chosen).

Section D.—Fresh water shells east of Rocky Mountains, Dr. W.

S. Strode, Lewiston, III.

Section E.—Land and fresh water shells west of Rocky Mount-

ains (Secretary not yet chosen).

Section F.—Fossil shells, Hon. Delos Arnold, Pasadena, Cal.

Section G.—Juvenile Section, Mrs. Mary P. Olney, Spokane,

Wash.

Section H.—Microscopic shells (Secretary not yet chosen).

A STUDY OF FOSSIL SHELLS.

Report of Josiah Keep. From the Transactions of the Isaac Lea Conchological

Chapter of the Agassiz Association for 1894.

Two years ago last summer, as I was returning to California from

the Atlantic Coast, I had occasion to stop for a number of hours in

the city of Cincinnati. By far the cheapest and most satisfactory

8 THE NAUTILUS.

way to explore a city is to get on a street car and ride until you are

told to get off, and then try another line in like manner.

Acting on this principle I hailed an electric car and was soon

hurrying along the streets, up one hill and down another, and then

over level stretches till I arrived at the “ Burnett Woods” park. I

did not need to be told to get off here, for the condition of things

was evident, and this was, without doubt, the best place to spend

the hot hours of mid-day. I was delighted with the place at once.

What grand old trees were there, beeches and oaks and walnuts,

majestic specimens with huge trunks and great spreading limbs.

Strolling across the little hills and valleys which make up the

park, I came at last to a huge excavation where a new street was

being cut out and an old one widened. A gang of prisoners, under

the eye of armed guards, were working there in the hot sun. Some

were shoveling away the loose soil, others were breaking up hard

strata with their picks and bars, while still others were down to bed-

rock, and were drilling holes for blasting.

The rock looked interesting, and I drew near to a cliff which had

been partly carried away, and was delighted to find that the rock

was full of fossils. In some places it was literally made up of shells

and corals, and, so perfectly were they preserved, that you might

trace every mark of sculpture on the shell, and observe its outline

as perfectly as if it had just been brought up alive from the ocean.

Most of the shells were those of brachiopods, a class of mollusks

that now exist but sparingly, though in ancient times they must

have been as thick as the leaves of a forest.

How I longed for increased facilities for transportation on that

July day. I wanted to take away at least a barrel of the fine speci-

mens! They lay all around me, and it almost broke my heart to

leave some fine pieces of stone studded over with those choice relics.

But when I lifted one of those pieces and found that it weighed

many pounds, I was reluctantly compelled to carefully put it down

and content myself with a few fragments that were not too large for

my coat pockets. One of these fragments is before me as I write.

What a story these old relics tell to one who is able to interpret

their language. How many ages have passed away since each pair

of these shells contained a living occupant, a creature without gills,

indeed, but supplied with a pair of feathery arms which it stretched

out and waved in the warm-waters of the Silurian sea. When its

little life was over, the shell sank down in the mud and was quickly

filled and covered with the soft ooze.

THE NAUTILUS. 9

All this took place when the ocean rolled over what is now the

State of Ohio; before there was any coal, long before there were

any Appalachian Mountains, and so long before the creation of

Adam, that the time since the first man seems but a little while in

comparison.

Century after century went slowly by, the land gradually rose,

and the ocean slunk away.

Then came a time when uncouth monsters ranged over the soil ;

then a period of ice and desolation ; then theage of man. But through

all these uncounted millions of years, one little shell was quietly

waiting—waiting a thousand thousand years, until the blast of the

convict gang threw it up to the surface, and the sun shone down

upon it, and a human being rejoiced to find it there. Could it speak,

how it would inquire what had become of the ocean. Simple little

shell, you have had a long sleep, but the world has been awake and

astir all the time.

Perhaps this paper seems little like a conchological report, but,

during the past year, most of my work with shells has been, not with

modern species, but with fossils. I have been arranging a geologi-

eal cabinet, and have been putting into their places molluscan

species, from the little Zingula cuneata of the Lower Silurian rocks,

down to those species which are now living along the coast.

How important it is for any one who desires to understand the

noble science of geology, to first learn as much as possible of its

handmaid, conchology. The shells of mollusks are the most endur-

ing of fossils. They are the seals impressed upon the stony docu-

ments of the distant past, by which the scholar can tell you, often

in a moment, the age in which those documents were written, and

what of value you will be likely to find therein.

It may not be scientific, but I love to imagine that the mollusks

which secreted these shells are alive once more. I question them

concerning the past, concerning their contemporaries and their sur-

roundings. I open the Devonian drawer of fossils and ask those

revived mollusks to tell me concerning the “Age of Fishes.” The

little Pupa vetusta of the Carboniferous Age tells me a story of its

life in the “ dim watery woodlands” of the Coal Period.

Ammonite and Hippurite discourse concerning the“A ge of Chalk;”

the giant Ostrea details the quiet story of Tertiary times, and,

finally, a little Olivella, such as now sports in the sands of the beach,

tells me how it came to be buried in a little hill that has evidently

been raised from the ocean in comparatively recent times.

10 THE NAUTILUS.

And so the great story of life is narrated; a story so wonderful,

so interesting, so full of suggestion of a great and wise Creator, that

I take up the burden of life once more, encouraged, instructed,

broadened, helped !

THE ANNUAL Reports PRESENT A VARIETY.—As the mem-

bers of the Isaac Lea Chapter are found from Maine to San Diego,

Cal., and while some live on the sea coast, others dwell near lakes

and rivers, while others again reside far from any body of water,

the annual report of work done by each member is varied. Some

members have had years of experience, while others, perhaps, give

us their first years’ experience in collecting and studying molluscan

forms of life; but each report is interesting, and, from month to

month, we hope to give one or two reports of the members of our

Chapter. This month our members will be interested in Professor

Keep’s paper on fossil shells. After reading it, our juvenile mem-

bers will be glad to learn that Professor Agassiz, in his “ Geologi-

cal Sketches,” tells about the Silurian fossils of Cincinnati, Ohio,

and what he says about the fossil beds adds new interest to the re-

port of our President.

University P. O., Los Angeles Co., Cal.

AN UNDESCRIBED MERETRIX FROM FLORIDA.

BY WM. H. DALL.

Meretrix simpsoni n.s.

Shell small, plump, concentrically grooved, but somewhat irregu-

Jar in sculpture, smoother toward the beaks; varying in color ex-

ternally from pure white to livid bluish overlaid with streaks or zig-

zag brown lines, the interior from pure white to deep bluish purple ;

the most common color variety much resembles Sowerby’s figure of

CO. hebrea Lam. (Thesaurus, pl. 134, figs. 145-4), but with the pos-

terior end more rounded, the hinge teeth more compressed and

smaller, and with a well-developed pallial sinus reaching to the ver-

tical of the beaks; the lunule is smooth, long-ovate, marked off by

an incised line, but not differentiated by color or otherwise from the

adjacent parts of the shell; the escutcheon is obscure.

Ee ——<_-

ee ell

THE NAUTILUS. ala

Alt. 15°0; lon. 18:0; long. of post-umbonal part 11:0; diam. 8:0

mm. Habitat from Curacao and St. Thomas, West Indies, to Cedar

Keys, Florida, from low water to 26 fathoms; Chas. T. Simpson

and other collectors, in the U.S. Nat. Museum.

This is probably the species which has been identified by Antil-

lean collectors with Circe (Lioconcha) hebrea (Lam.) Sowerby, but

it is a smaller shell and a true Meretriz, represented by specimens

from seven localities in the Museum collection and noted in Bull.

37, U.S. N. M., p. 56, No. 285 in 1889.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Unto ELLIpsis AND U. TrENUIsstmus.—I have never seen Unio

ellipsis Lea and tenuissimus Lea noted from Grand Rapids, Mich. I

wish to report the finding of 23 specimens of ellipsis and 24 of tenwis-

simus in Grand River, about two miles south of the city ; they were

taken by me last summer.—W. Miuer, Grand Rapids, Mich.

Mr. Wm. B. MarsHatt, formerly on the zoological staff of the

N. Y. State Museum, at Albany, is now in Washington as an assist-

ant in the Dept. of Mollusks.

Dr. Wm. H. Dawu leaves Washington on the 16th of May to

spend the summer in Alaska in field work.

Messrs. Usetma C. SmitH AND ROBERTS LEBouriLuieErR, of

Philadelphia, have returned from a naturalizing trip to Jamaica.

GONIOBASIS VIRGINICA Gmel. occurred in considerable numbers

in the stomach of a specimen of the American Golden Eye ( Claucion-

etta clangula americana) from a Philadelphia market, which I ex-

amined March 28.—H. W. Fow er, Phila.

Mr. Epw. W. Roper, of Revere, Mass., has returned from

Jamaica, where he has spent the winter. Good success in collecting

shells and ferns is reported.

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

Mission ScIENTIFIQUE AU MEXIQUE, ete., Etudes sur les Mollus-

ques Terrestres et Fluviatiles, par MM. P. Fischer and H. Crosse (Vol.

II, pt.7). The present part contains the remainder of the Unionide

12 THE NAUTILUS.

and the Cyrenide (Corbiculide). Like those which have preceded,

the execution of the plates is superb, and the text is prepared with

the attention to detail and accuracy characteristic of its authors.

Many species of Unionide described by Morelet are herein for the

first time illustrated, as well as those of Crosse and Fischer. This

part completes the work, but one more will be issued containing

additions to the fauna, being supplementary to the entire work.

In the Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, VIII, Mr. Charles Hedley

describes a new species of Cecum (C0. amputatum) from Sydney

Harbor, Australia, and gives an interesting paper on Gundlachia.

The latter we will reprint in a future number.

Liste SyYNONYMIQUE ET BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE DES MOLLUSQUES

Terrestres et Fluviatiles de la Nouvelle Zélande. By Henry Suter,

with preliminary note on the affinities of the New Zealand mollusk

fauna by H. Crosse. The land mollusk fauna of New Zealand has

received much careful study during the past few years, and this cat-

alogue of 86 pages, embodying the results of the studies of Hurron,

Surer, Hepiery, Piispry and others, is a complete epitome of

progress to this time. It is prefaced by a note from the experienced

pen of CRossk, contains copious references, and a plate illustrating

some interesting forms. The work is well-done and of great utility.

MonoGRAPH OF THE GENus Srropuia, by C. J. Maynard (Con-

trib. to Science II, Nos. 3 and 4). Mr. Maynard prefaces his de-

scriptions by some interesting observations, inter alia, that Strophia

is found in the Bahamas only on islands and keys where palms grow,

and does not occur on any that are not, or have not been inhabited

by man. The descriptions of many new species follow. The care-

ful and exact record of localities for each species and subspecies, is

a most commendable feature of the work. There can be no doubt

that the forms are in many instances extremely local in distribution,

a fact which we owe to Maynard’s researches. The localities given

in former works on the genus are in a large number of cases wholly

untrustworthy. Maynard proposes a new subgenus Mudtostrophia,

type S. eximea n. sp., for shells with small Maynardia-like tooth and

very fine striations. Among the figures we notice that that of S.

cinerea (p. 119) has the axial lamella on the outer lip, doubtless an

error of the engraver.

SGN I Var gee '

EEE ——————<— ==

‘hoe N Sericwvs.

VOL. Ix. JUNE, 1895. No. 2

PLEURODONTE BAINBRIDGEI AND OTHER JAMAICA SHELLS.

BY EDWARD W. ROPER.

It was the writer’s good fortune, during a recent trip to Jamaica,

to stumble on the metropolis of the large and interesting land shell,

Pleurodonte bainbridgei Pfr.,at Mandeville. The locality, a heavily

wooded hill near the hotel, had been neglected until many hills

more remote were searched, without revealing more than an

occasional dead shell. The numerous low piles of limestone frag-

ments upon the summit were turned over with great success, the

prizes including several white specimens. The common run included

black with splendid purple lip, dark brown with purple or brown

lip, and light brown with lip of the same color. The largest speci-

men was 56 and the smallest only 42 millimetres long. Only two

or three specimens were over 50 millimetres Jong, and the lot

averaged smaller than those in other collections examined by the

writer. There was no variation in shape, all being low depressed

conical, with finely granulated surface, and all were banded, even

the white shells being encircled with a very fine semi-transparent

line. This does not correspund with the typical white form, var.

pretiosa, which is proportionately much more elevated. The Man-

deville white shells differ only in color from their black and brown

fellows. All variations of color are liable to be found under the

same rock heap, so that environment is not responsible for the col-

14 THE NAUTILUS.

oration. Indeed, it is uncertain which is the type color. The vet-

eran Jamaica conchologist, Mr. Henry Vendryes, believes, with

Bland and others, that pretiosa is the type and the dark shells

varieties. The genuine Bainbridgei is said to have come from

Demerara, but this question of disputed nomenclature the writer

will not attempt to solve. Associated with Plewrodonte bainbridget

at Mandeville were other interesting shells, including Pleurodonte

peracutissima, P. anomala, Stoastoma pisum, the giant of the genus

and the little Guppya epistyliulum.

At Port Antonio, Plewrodonte acutu, in shape near the type,

acutissima Lam., but very black even to the lip, was found associa-

ted with P. valida. A form almost equally black, but with light

lip, was found at Manchioneal. These shells were strikingly differ-

ent from the varieties of P. acuta found in other parts of the island.

Bulimus exilis, a very common West Indian shell, but not pre-

viously reported from Jamaica, was found abundantly at Castleton

not far from the botanical gardens. It was probably imported on

plants. :

On the hills at Mandeville, a dagger-leaved plant, which retained

a considerable quantity of rain water in the axils of its large leaves,

was much frequented by Thelidomus aspera. The mollusk was often

found with its body touching the water.

NEW FORMS OF AMERICAN ZONITIDE AND HELICIDE.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Omphalina Andrewsz n. sp.

Shell allied to O. inornata Say in general characters and size.

Rich chestnut colored above, opaque buff below; the surface bril-

liant, polished. Whorls 43, slightly convex, slowly widening, sep-

arated by moderately impressed, margined suture ; spire small, very

low-convex, its width less than half that of the shell; last whorl

very wide, depressed, rounded at periphery, evenly flattened-con-

vex beneath ; convex around the deeply indented umbilical perfora-

tion. Aperture slightly oblique, elliptical-lunate; interior lined

with a heavy white callus which thins out and disappears a few

millimetres from the lip-edge; the latter thin, sharp; columellar

margin concave, expanded in a minute triangle slightly impinging

on umbilicus. Alt. 8, greater diameter 16, lesser 13-2 mm. ; width

of spire 7 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 15

Under plants on the summit of Thunderhead Mountain. (Mrs.

Geo. Andrews, June, 1894.)

With the general aspect of O. inornata, this species is even more

polished, with somewhat rounder aperture and notably narrower

spire. This last difference is very perceptible on comparing the

upper surfaces of the two species. O. andrewse is also in the Acad-

emy collection from Macon Co., Georgia, collector unknown. The

name must not be confused with Zonites andrewsi, which is a species

of Gastrodonta, a genus belonging to quite a different division of the

Zonitide. O.rugeli is a more capacious shell with wider spire than

andrews.

0. Andrewse montivaga n. vy.

Like the type in the shining surface, etc., but with five whorls,

chestnut above, slightly paler and subtranslucent below ; last whorl

more widened toward the aperture, more sloping. Aperture quite

oblique, wider and shorter than in andrewse, the upper and basal

margins sub-parallel ; baso-columellar lip very gently curved, not

deeply rounded as in andrewse. Interior without white lining,

having only a narrow white rib within the lip. Alt. 87; diam.,

greater, 17; lesser, 13°5 mm.; width of spire 8-5 mm.

Same locality and collector. The very much straighter basal lip

and lack of white lining differentiate this from preceding species.

Gastrodonta (Pseudohyalina) patuloides n. sp.

Shell about the size and form of Pyramidula striatella Auth. ;

licht green, hardly transparent; irregularly but closely rib-striate

above, below and in the umbilicus, the first 13 whorls smooth.

Whorls 43, slowly increasing, convex, with impressed sutures; last

whorl rather tubular, rounded at periphery and below; aperture

about the size of umbilicus, round-lunate, flattened above, lip sim-

ple, the upper margin flattened down and arched forward, as in Sele-

nites or Gastrodonta elliotti; retracted at insertion. Umbilicus large,

showing all the whorls very plainly. Alt. 2°5, diam. 5-1 mm.;

aperture, alt. and width about 1°8 mm.

Thunderhead Mountain, under bark of a rotten log with P. alter-

nata (ribbed), P. perspectiva, Gastrodonta elliotti, etc. (Mrs. George

Andrews. June, 1894).

Two adult specimens collected. It is much smaller than G. elli-

ottt Redf., with far larger, open umbilicus and heavier sculpture,

recalling a Pyramidula.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

Polygyra (Stenotrema) stenotrema depilata n. v.

Globose-conic, the spire much elevated ; surface completely lacking

hairs or their scars, showing sparse oblique short wrinkles above

(hardly seen without a high power lens), the base with the luster of

silk, or like the bloom on a grape, and showing indistinct spiral

sculpture. Parietal tooth smaller than in the type, further from the

basal lip, and not connected by a raised callus with the upper ter-

mination of the lip. Notch of basal lip rather shallow and wide.

Alt. 8, diam. 10 mm.

Thunderhead Mountain (Mrs. Andrews), with typical P. steno-

trema of the usual depressed-globose and hirsute form.

A NEW VARIETY OF OCINEBRA CIRCUMTEXTA STEARNS.

BY R. E. C. STEARNS.

A very pretty variety of Ocinebra circumtexta has recently been

detected on the coast of Los Angeles County, by some of the local

collectors. It is of a pale orange color; the bands, which in the

typical form are dark, sometimes almost black, in the variety here-

in described are of a deeper orange. I have named it var. aurantia.

It is noteworthy, the prevalence of the orange hue, pale or dark,

in many of the species of Ocinebra of the west coast.

This color is frequently met with in various shades in Purpura

erispata of the Puget Sound and Alaska region.

Los Angeles, Cal., May 10, 1895.

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF VALLONIA.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

Private inquiries and publications appear to make it desirable to

give a few notes on our Vallonia, in this place. As far as known,

at present, there are the following species in North America:

Group of V. pulchella. Not ribbed; peristome with strong lip.

1. V. pulechella Mull. (=V. minuta Say), North America, east of

the Rocky Mountains; west of them at least scarce. All Europe,

and adjoining parts of Asia and Africa.

2. V. excentrica Sterki. Northeastern North America from

Maine and Quebec to Washington, D.C. All Europe. It is con-

stantly distinct from V. pulchella, and, when once known, can not

1 Conf. Observations on Vallonia, in Proc. Ac. Nat. Se., Phila., 1893, p. 234.

—_”

THE NAUTILUS. dl7/

be mistaken. Generally smaller; somewhat elongate in outline,

and so is the umbilicus; the spire is smaller, lower, and the suture

less deep; the peristome is not everted, as in pulchella, but only

slightly expanded.

Group of V. costata. Ribbed; peristome with strong lip.

3. V.costata Mull. Eastern North America to the Mississippi

Valley, but less common than pulehella, though numerous in some

localities.

4. V.albula Sterki. Quebec, Manitoba to British Columbia.

Larger than costata (2°7-2'8 mill.), whitish, with fine, crowded,

membranous ribs; quite unlike any costata from Europe or North

America. Also jaw and radula show differences, and so it was to be

regarded as distinct, the more so as it has been found in company

with costata at Quebec.

5. V. gracilicosta Reinh. Utah to Dakota. Differs from costata

by the stronger and more oblique ribs on the shell, and small or no

membranous appendages on them; the Jast whorl and the aperture

are more angular at the periphery, and more flattened above; the

color is grayish, and the lip porcelain white, while in costata it is

somewhat glassy transparent.

6. V. parvula Sterki. Illinois to Nebraska and Indian Territory.

Smaller than costata (diam. 2 mill.), the spire flat, the last whorl not

descending.

Group of V. cyclophorella. Peristome without a lip.

7. V. eyclophorella Ancey. Rocky Mountains. Ribs very fine

and crowded ; shell thin, grayish or whitish ; last whorl ascending

and descending ; aperture transversely elongate; peristome thin,

without a lip; diam. 2:7 mill.

8. V. perspectiva Sterki. Appalachian Mountains, in Tennessee

and Alabama; also in Iowa. Membranous ribs rather fine and

crowded ; spire low; last whorl descending; peristome continuous

without a lip; shell thin, pale horn to colorless; diam. 2°0 mill.

ON THE GENERIC POSITION OF PATULASTRA? [PUNCTUM ?] PUGETEN-

SIS AND PYRAMIDULA? RANDOLPHII, WITH SUGGESTIONS

FOR A CLASSIFICATION OF AMERICAN ZONITIDZ.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.!

Specimens of the two species named above preserved in alcohol

by Mr. Randolph, of Seattle, Washington, and kindly forwarded

‘These species were described in NAUTILUS for March, 1895, p. 130.

18 THE NAUTILUS.

to the writer by Dr. Wm. H. Dall, have furnished preparations of

the teeth enabling us to fix the the generic positions of these inter-

esting little species. P. pugetensis proves to be a Zonitid, with the

dentition much like that of Pseudohyalina minuscula and milium,

perfect laterals 4, as in minuscula, while miliwn has 2 or 38. The

jaw, imperfect in my preparation, looks like that of minuscula.

P. randolphii has the characteristic dentition of Punctum, and

with pygmeum (v. minutissimum) and conspectum it makes three

species of this genus for America. There are two in Europe, pyg-

meum Drap. and massoti Bgt., and one in Africa, eryophilum Mar-

tens. Some other minute Patuloids will doubtless prove to belong

to Punctum when their dentition is examined. LP. randolphii has a

narrower umbilicus than our other species.

So ambiguous are the shell characters of these genera of small

Zonitide and Endodontide that, as the event has proved, Dall was

fully justified in the liberal use of question-marks in his provisional

generic references. The moment their soft parts come under the

microscope, broad distinctions between the groups appear, leaving

no uncertainty as to the limits of the genera and families. The

difficulty is to get the animals of these liliputian races alive or suit-

ably preserved for dissection.

The classification of the numerous groups and genera of Zonitide

is still in an embryo condition. The forms with well-developed

spiral shell inhabiting North America fall into groups as follows:

a. 2 System bearing a long dart-sack surmounted by one or more

coronal glands, and usually containing a slender, curved

dart. Subfamily ARIOPHANTIN & Pils.

b. Caudal mucus pore present; shell without opaque color-

markings, Genus GASTRODONTA.

ce. Shell with internal teeth or a layer of callus on the floor

of last whorl, s.-g. Gastrodonta.

cc. No internal teeth or callus.

d. Surface polished, s.-g. Zonitoides.

dd. Surface conspicuously striate or costulate,

s.-g. Pseudohyalina.

bb. No caudal pore; shell with streak, band or flame markings,

Genus Pa:crLozoNIreEs.

aw. Q System lacking dart-sack, ete.

Subfamily ZONITINZ Pils-

tile:

THE NAUTILUS. 19

b. No noticeable shell-lobes developed ; mucus pore present.

c. Shell small, depressed and glassy; lower part of vas

deferens not enlarged, Genus VITREA.

ce. Shell larger, smoky ; lower part of vas deferens greatly

enlarged, Genus OMPHALINA.

eec. Shell smoky, Vitrina-like ; vas deferens not enlarged,

Genus VITRINIZONITES.

bb. Right shell-lobe developed ; no caudal pore,

Genus VITRINA.

The positions of the genera Pristiloma and Conulus cannot be

decided until their genitalia are investigated. The latter may

prove to belong with Microcystis and Guppya in asub-family Micro-

cystine, characterized by obsolescence of the sessile spermatheca.

The Ariophantine are well represented in the Orient by Ariophanta,

Nesta and other genera. The Zonitine by Zonites (restricted),

Rhysota, Trochomorpha, etc. Although the grooves above the foot-

edges are present in all Zonitide, the tail pore is absent in various

members of each prime division, such as the genera Pecilozonites,

Trochomorpha, etc. The greatest defect in our knowledge of Ameri-

can forms is in respect to the Zonitoides and Vitrea groups, the

shells of which offer no diagnostic genera features ; and the nomen-

clature cannot be settled until the presence or absence of a dart-

sack is ascertained in all the small species. The animals should be

drowned, as ordinary alcoholic specimens of these minute forms are

almost impossible to manipulate.

ISAAC LEA DEPARTMENT.

[Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the Agassiz

Association by its General Secretary, Mrs. M. Burton Williamson}

The outlook for the Isaac Lea Chapter for this year is very en-

couraging ; new members are coming in, and all our members are

enthusiastic in regard to the possibilities of the Chapter. With THE

NauvTILvs as our official organ, we hope for a brilliant future for

the Chapter. This little corner of Tor Navritus will ‘always con-

tain articles from the pen of beginners, as well as from those of more

advanced students of conchology.

A DAY ON THE SPOON RIVER IN ILLINOIS.

Report of Dr. W.S. Strode, Lewistown, Ill. From the Transactions of the Isaac

Lea Conchological Chapter of the Agassiz Association for 1894.

Owing to sciatic rheumatism, the writer, during the past summer

and fall, has been unable to do much active work in the collecting

20 THE NAUTILUS.

field. But one trip was made to the Illinois River, and, unfortun-

ately, the stream was on a “ high,” and the conditions unfavorable

for collecting. Excepting the dredging up of some fine Plewrocera

lewisii Lea, nothing of interest was obtained.

However, a trip was made to Spoon River at Bernadotte, twelve

miles from Lewistown, on October 20, which was more fortunate.

The river was at a low stage, and everything favorable for collect-

ing. My partner was Dr. J. M. Maguire, whose hobby was not

shells, but birds. Yet, as is the case with all lovers of nature, when

once within the pale of her magic influence, all her animate crea-

tures met a responsive thrill in the kindly heart of the good doctor,

and I found in him an enthusiastic and efficient helper in my search

for molluscan treasures.

Procuring a boat we pulled up the river to Island No. 1, five

miles from the village. There at the limit of back water from the

mill-dam, we expected to find some shells; nor were we disappointed,

for in the shallow water above and below this island, and on the

banks under clumps of willows where they were carried by the

minks and muskrats, we obtained quite a number of the following

Unios: capax Green, coccineus Hild., cornutus Bar., ebenus Lea,

elegans Lea, lachrymosus Lea, luteolus Lam., levissimus Lea, occt-

dens Lea, parvus Bar., pustulatus Lea, pustulosus Lea, rubiginosus

Lea, trigonus Lea, Margaritana complanata Barnes, Anodonta

inbecilis Say, decora Lea, edentula Say.

Landing on this little island, which covers only about one acre of

ground, we ate our lunch, and the doctor collected two or three each

ruby-crowned and golden-crowned kinglets, that were busily seeking

a dinner in the willows, and we then turned our boat’s head down

stream on our return voyage to the village. Every half mile or so

we would come upon a flock of the beautiful moon ducks or dab-

chicks, and, in the trees along the banks, were many red squirrels,

and when one was particularly saucy, the crack of the doctor’s gun

would fetch him tumbling into the river. When the village was

reached, we-determined to try our luck in the shallow water along

the rocky banks a half mile or so below the mill-dam.

The water-gates of the mills had just been shut down, and this

would give us six inches less water to work in than when they were

open. We soon descried an unexpected advantage from this fact.

A half mile down the river, just above a place called the “ deep

hole,’ we found a large number of Unio donaciformis Lea and

Pleurocera elevatum Say. In thirty minutes we picked up 200 of

Ne e——E— = ee ee. CU

THE NAUTILUS. 21

the little Unios, and over a pint of the univalves. They were evi-

dently making their way up stream, excited to do so by the strong

millrace current. Many of them were busily working their shells

out of sight in the coarse sand, and if we had been an hour or so

later, perhaps none would have been visible.

Having collected all we desired of these two species, we went be-

low the deep hole, and, in water from one to two feet deep, collected

all we cared to haul home of the following species :

Unio alatus Say. A few.

Unio anodontoides Lea. Very plentiful and fine, ranging in size

from full grown ones seven inches long to the very small young ones

an inch in length; and both varieties, the plain brown colored and

the beautifully rayed ones.

Unio occidens Lea. Some very good ones.

Unio gibbosus Barnes. Only a few found, along with its cousin,

the anodontoides, and U. rectus Lamarck, a half-dozen.

U. gracilis Barnes. Quite plentiful.

U. lachrymosus Lea. Some nicely marked ones.

U. ligamentinus Lam, More numerous than any other mussel in

this locality. Specimens 5 to 7 inches long, were nicely rayed and

but little eroded on the beaks.

Unio multiplicatus Lea. Four or five of the gigantic ones, 7 to 82

inches long and a foot in circumference.

U. plicatus Lesueur. Plentiful,and all sizes.

U. tuberculatus Barnes. Plentiful, and all sizes, from 7 inches

down.

Margaritana rugosa Barnes. A few adults found.

M. complanata Bar. Very plentiful and very fine, all sizes, from

the beautifully-rayed young specimens, to the full sized adults pecu-

liar to this river. One lying before me as I write, is 82 inches long

and thirteen inches in circumference.

This water was too swift and the bed of the river too rocky for the

Anodons, and only a few edentula Say and grandis Say were found.

Having loaded our boat with only the finest ones, and as many as

we could get in our buggy, we pulled back up to the town, loaded

up and departed for home, well satisfied with our day’s outing.

A Visit To A VESSEL THAT WAS LOADED wITH SHELLS.—This

winter I was much interested in a vessel which came into the port

of Boston loaded with nothing but shells. I obtained a beautiful

specimen of Spondylus, pink with white spines, and I can find noth-

22 THE NAUTILUS.

ing like it in the museums here nor near Boston. Also a specimen

of Oliva, beautifully marked. I visited the vessel three or four

times, and was kindly allowed to visit the hold of the vessel, which

had to be entered on hands and knees. Tellinas, Conus, Myas and

other shells by heaps and bushels was a sight to behold and never

forget.

I have taken great interest in the Isaac Lea Conchological

Chapter, and have obtained much assistance in my work through

it, and by coming in communication with the other members of it.

—Extract from the Transactions of the I. L. C. C., for 1894, by Mrs.

T. E. Ruggles, Milton, Mass.

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

A MonoGrapu Or THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF

THE BritisH Istrvs. By John W. Taylor, F. L.S.—We have in-

dicated the scope of this long-expected work in a former issue (Dee,

1894, p. 96). The first part is now before us, and well sustains the

expectations excited by the prospectus, the fact that Mr. Taylor has

been devoting the study of years to the subject, and by the knowledge

that a number of excellent observers were co-operating with the

work, and most of the members of the Conchological Society of

Great Britain have contributed data for its pages.

An Anisopleurous Pulmonate Gastropod, Helix aspersa v. zonata Mog.

The present fascicle of 64 pages treats of necessary elementary

facts of the science of conchology ; the broader principles of classifi-

cation ; primary divisions of Mo/lusca; of nomenclature, synonyms,

ete. The she//, its composition, structure and forms are then con-

sidered, and here are defined the terms used in technical descrip-

tions of mollusks, “ turreted,” “ fusiform,” “ depressed,” “turbinated”

and so on, each explained briefly and illustrated by a figure in the

text. This is an extremely valuable feature, for it makes perfectly

clear to the beginner in conchology the whole jargon of descriptive

terms, and, by a well-chosen illustration, fixes it in the mind.

THE NAUTILUS.

A reniform Bivalve, Unio margaritifer v. sinuata Lam.

The parts of the shell and their names are similarly depicted.

Section through the shell

of Clausilia laminata

(Mont.) x 2, showing the

nearly straight columella.

Pyriform univalve, Clau-

silia laminata (Mont.).

The questions of species and varieties are

then discussed at length. The definition of

“species” is good; but that of “ variety”

seems to us to beg the question entirely.

Thus, in one paragraph, a variety is said to

be an incipient species ; in another, “ varie-

ties may be individual, that is, occurring

only in a more or less isolated and sporadic

way, or they may be a sexual character,”

etc. American naturalists, at least, do not

regard such deviations as this as “varieties,”

but use that term for what Mr. Taylor calls

“a sub-species, geographic variety or race.”

We believe that sexual and “random”

variations should have no place in specific

nomenclature. It is also unfortunate that

Mr. Taylor (in common with Mme, Paulucci and others) uses the

term “mutation ” to express a slighter modification than ‘‘ variety,”

as it has a very different significance in paleontology, expressing

the successive stages of a specific form, or genetically related series

of specific forms, in successive formations.

In treating of the causes of form-modification in shells, Mr. Tay-

lor states that fluviatile species tend to develop a lengthened shell

under the influence of a steady and rapid current, and short forms

of otherwise elongated species in lakes and other large bodies of

water.

24 THE NAUTILUS,

Excellent illustrations are scattered freely throughout the text,

illustrating at every point the statements made or the peculiarity

mentioned ; and this is a new departure in conchological treatises

An Equivalve, Inequilateral Pelecypod Unio pictorum (L.). a. s. anal or

excurrent siphon; br. s. branchial or incurrent siphon; f. foot.

which can hardly be too warmly commended. The illustrations

herewith shown are examples, and in beauty and fidelity to nature

they speak for themselves. One would be critical indeed to ask for

anything better than the figure of Unio margaritifer or Planorbis

corneus. Thespecies will be illustrated with colored plates, of which

one accompanies this part. It is a really superb piece of color-

printing.

Vertigo antivertigo Planorbis corneus y. albina Helix nemoralis

(Drap.). Mog. Ihe

Malacologists will look with interest for the succeeding parts; for

that before us leads us to hope that Mr. Taylor will break with the

time-honored but woefully antiquated system of generic and family

classification of former English manuals of land and fresh-water

mollusks, and adopt a nomenclature and classification abreast of

the science. The work will doubtless prove of great utility to those

interested in British malacology, especially on account of the ex-

haustive treatment of variation and distribution contemplated ; and

the features noted above will, moreover, render it useful to eonchol-

ogists generally.

See

Tae N Mees.

VOL. Ix. JULY, 1895. No. 3

A REMARKABLE MONSTROSITY OF FULGUR CANALICULATUM.

Fulgur canaliculatum is one of the most conspicuous Gastropods

of our coasts from Long Island to the Chesapeake. It occurs less

abundantly as far south as Florida (east coast) and northward to

Cape Cod.

Fic. 1. F. canaliculatum, deformed.

In the Tertiary series, F. canaliculatum appears in the Pliocene of

North and South Carolina (Wacamaw and Croatan beds) ; and pass-

26 THE NAUTILUS.

ing downward, we find in Fulgur coronatum var. rugosum Conrad,

from the Miocene of St. Mary’s, Md., its probable ancestor.

F. canaliculatum exhibits but little variation in the recent fauna,

except in point of size, southern specimens becoming much smaller.

Thus, at St. Augustine, Florida, the largest shells found are not

over half the dimensions of the largest from the New Jersey coast.

The typical form of this species is shown in fig. 2. Mr. James A.

Fic, 2. Fulgur canaliculatum’ Say.

canal indicates that the present canal was formed entirely after the

abnormal condition set in, and}is not a case of shell fracture and

subsequent “ patching” of the$pieces, such as is often found. It is

probable that the columellar sideffof the canal in the half-grown

individual was injured, both softfand hard parts being affected ; the

mantle lining of the outer lip}and base of canal being unhurt.

Harkins, of Atlantic City,

has called our attention to

a remarkabledeformed

specimen, which he found

at that locality, illustrated

in fig. 1. It is an adult of

average size, in which the

basal canal is twisted to

the left at a right angle to

the axis of the shell. The

growth-lines are ever y-

where unbroken, no evi-

dence of an early fracture

being visible, either outside

or within the aperture.

There is an abnormal lump

or callus upon the upper

part of the columella, prob-

ably deposited to fill some

space left by the altered

position of the soft parts

in the cavity.

It is difficult to say how

a monster of this sort was

produced. The unbroken

sweep of the growth-striz

from body-whorl upon the

THE NAUTILUS. 27

The specimen has been presented by Mr. Harkins to the collec-

tion of the American Association of Conchologists.

C. W. J. & H. A. P.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW VITREA FROM PUGET SOUND.

BY W. H. DALE.

Vitrea Johnsoni n. s.

Shell small, pale waxen-white or translucent, of three and a half

whorls, rather rapidly enlarging, smooth except for delicate radial

lines of growth which are occasionally visible; suture distinct,

slightly impressed ; spire hardly elevated but not flattened ; periphery

rounded, base convex, imperforate, the pillar lip strongly reflected

close to the axis; aperture semilunar, sharp edged, the peristome

hardly flexuous, the upper edge a little in advance of the lower;

resting stages indicated internally by one or two narrow whitish

streaks where the shell is slightly thickened, but which do not pro-

ject internally. Height of shell 1, major diam. 2, minor diam.

15 mm.

This differs from V. indentata by the absence of the impressed radial

grooves and by its much smaller size for the same number of whorls;

from V. subrupicola Dall by its more rapidly enlarging last whorl

and more ample aperture in specimens of the same size. The latter

species has one whorl less in the same diameter, and attains, when

fully developed, a much larger size, besides having a peculiarly flat-

tened appearance both above and below.

V. Johnsoni was named in honor of Prof. O. B. Johnson who has

done so much to promote interest in the mollusk fauna of the Puget

Sound region. It was collected under chips with Vitrea pugetensis

near Seattle by Mr. P. B. Randolph.

It may be mentioned that the original types of V. subrupicola

were collected at Clinton’s Cave, Utah, by Dr. Packard; while

much larger specimens, though with the same number of whorls,

were collected later at Cave City, Calaveras Co., California, by

Hemphill. After careful study I have found no characters except

size to separate these from the Utah specimens, but in view of this

difference the former may take the varietal name of spelea. Neither

form can be confounded with V. indentata by any one who critically

compares good specimens. A specimen of V. subrupicola with four

28 THE NAUTILUS.

whorls has a major diameter of 2°7 mm.; one of the variety, with

exactly the same number of whorls, measures 4:0 mm., and my

largest specimen 5°5 mm.

HELICES IN ILLINOIS.

BY W. S. STRODE.

In the Spoon river region of central Illinois, Polygyra multilineata

is probably the most numerous of all the Helices. In the heavily

wooded districts bordering the banks of the stream, where rotten

logs, decaying leaves and vegetation are in the greatest abundance,

they attain the largest size. Further back near the bluffs they are

much smaller, not being more than one-half the size of those found

near the river’s bank. This difference which is due probably to

environment, has given rise to the so-called multilineata major and

minor. Not long since while driving across the bottom a mile from

the river, I noticed many snails in the wagon track and crawling

across the road. Just on my left was a tract of swamp prairie land

containing several acres. The previous season this had grown up

with tall prairie grass two or three feet in height, but a day or two

before it had burned over. Going over to it I found the ground

thickly strewn with multilineata which the fire had killed. _Wher-

ever a bit of grass, log or rail had escaped the fire, live ones could

be picked up by the handful. It was the most extensive snailery

I had ever seen. Thousands of them dead and alive, but not an

albolabris nor a profunda nor a Helix of any kind except the multi-

lineata ; and in coloration from those that were almost albinos to

the rubra with scores of lines, and all were the minor variety.

Pyramidula alternata is the next species in relative abundance.

Taking both upland and lowland it probably will outrank the mui-

tilineata. Then comes the appressa, which in some localities is quite

abundant. PP. hirsuta, profunda, mitchelliana and albolabris will

rank in the order in which I have placed them. On the overflow

land of the Illinois River a snail is rarely to be found. Further back

near the foot-hills and on the margins of creeks tributary to this

stream, they are quite common and fine. In these localities are to

be found a few Polygyra elevata Say, quite rare in the Spoon River

region. a

THE NAUTILUS. 29

DR. JOHN A. RYDER.

Dr. John Adam Ryder, Professor of Comparative Embryology at

the University of Pennsylvania, and one of the most eminent em-

bryologists and histologists in the world, died at his residence in

Philadelphia, March 26, after a short illness, at the age of 43 years.

The immediate cause of his demise was a complication of nervous

troubles, which brought on gastric symptoms. Dr. Ryder was a

very hard student, and his death was doubtless caused largely by

over study.

JOHN A. RYDER, PH. D.

Dr. Ryder was born near Loudon, Franklin County, Pennsyl-

vania, in 1852. He received a common school education and en-

tered an academy, where his educational course was interrupted by

financial reverses to his father. He then adopted his life work

30 THE NAUTILUS.

teaching, and entered as a Jessup scholar, under an endowment held

by the Academy of Natural Sciences of this city. He speedily

showed great interest in scientific study and pursuit, and immedi-

ately began original research which has made him prominent in

scientific circles. His mind was stored with a vast accumulation of

facts which he so aptly used afterwards in illustrating his lectures.

Early in life he began the publication of those original investiga-

tions that soon stamped him as one of America’s foremost biologists.

Later he was called, by the late Professor Spencer F. Baird, to the

position of Embryologist to the United States Fish Commission.

The succeeding years, up till 1886, were spent in investigating

the development, habits and breeding grounds of the oyster, stur-

geon and other fishes, and in elaborate investigations bearing on

these. His published papers on the oyster number about fifteen,

and contain suggestions whose economic value is only now beginning

to be recognized. His works and papers on the sturgeons and on

propagation of the salmon are the most exhaustive upon these par-

ticular lines of study extant. These have been published in the

bulletins of the United States Fish Commission, and have attracted

the attention of American and European scientists. By means

of Professor Ryder’s method, the great fresh water lakes are now

annually stocked with many thousand young sturgeon.

Dr. Ryder, four years ago, made an extended investigation of

oyster culture at Sea Isle City, and the results of these studies are

expected to revolutionize oyster culture.

He proved that oysters could be cultivated by artificial methods

by starting with the egg, and, under conditions which can be con-

trolled, and within a prescribed area and cost, that oysters could be

raised by persons possessing the proper knowledge. He also wrote

extensively upon the development of cetaceans and other mammals,

and the thoughts and ideas advanced by him and the line of inves-

tigation opened up have been seized with avidity by scientists.

In 1886, he was invited to take the Professorship of Comparative

Embryology at the University of Pennsylvania, and thereafter,

although actively engaged in undergraduate and graduate teaching,

he still was busy with his pen. The Proceedings of the Academy of

Natural Sciences, of the American Philosophical Society, the Ameri-

can Naturalist, as well as the most prominent of European journals,

were enriched by his contributions. Dr. Ryder was a strenuous

opponent of the Weissmanian school of biological thought, believing,

THE NAUTILUS. ol

as he did, that all phenomena of living organisms could be explained

by the laws of mechanics. He was one of the foremost of mechanical

evolutionists.

His chief writings and papers embrace “ The Inheritance of Mod-

ifications Due to Disturbances of the Early Stages of Development,

Especially to the Japanese Domesticated Races of Golden Carp ;”

“ Dynamics in Evolution ;” “The Mechanical Genesis of the Form

of the Fowl’s Egg ;” “A Physiological Hypothesis of Heredity and

Variation ;” “ The Origin of Sex Through Cumulative Integration,

and the Relation of Sexuality to the Genesis of Species ;” “ On the

Mechanical Genesis of the Scales of Fishes ;” “The Sturgeons and

Sturgeon Industries of the Eastern Coast of the United States, etc. ;”

“The Development of the Common Sturgeon ;” “ Evolution of the

Specialized Vertebral Axes of the Higher Types;” “A Physiologi-

cal Theory of the Calcification of the Skeleton,” and “ The Origin

and Meaning of Sex.”

Dr. McFarlane, speaking of Dr. Ryder, said : “ He was, undoubt-

edly, one of the three greatest embryologists. His true worth was

not known by the public, but the scientists with whom he was asso-

ciated readily appreciated his great genius. His relations with his

friends, colleagues and students were marked by a simplicity, earn-

estness and straightforwardness of purpose that endeared him to all.

He enjoyed a profound reputation in Europe, and the news of his

death will call forth the deepest sympathy from friends of science

everywhere.”

DR. W. S. W. RUSCHENBERGER.

Dr. William 8. W. Ruschenberger, the eminent naval surgeon

and scientist, died March 29, at his home, 1932 Chestnut Street,

Philadelphia, in his 88th year.

Dr. Ruschenberger was one of the most widely known members

of his profession in this country. He was born in Cumberland

County, New Jersey, September 4, 1807. After receiving an

academic education in Philadelphia and New York schools, he en-

tered the medical service of the United States Navy as a surgeon’s

mate, August 10, 1826.

He was commissioned a surgeon in the navy April 4, 1851, and

from 1835 to 1837 was Fleet Surgeon to the East India Squadron,

with which he cireumnayigated the globe. In 1840-42, Dr. Rusch-

32 THE NAUTILUS.

enberger was attached to the naval rendezvous in Philadelphia.

From 1843, he was Superintendent of the United States Naval Hos-

pital at Brooklyn, and, during his term of service there, organized

the Naval Laboratory, for supplying the service with pure drugs.

He was again Fleet Surgeon of the East India Squadron from 1847

to 1850; Fleet Surgeon of the Pacific Squadron from 1854 to 1857,

and of the Mediterranean Squadron from August, 1860, to July,

1861, having served in the intervals between cruises at Philadelphia.

In 1871, he was commissioned Medical Director on the retired

list, with the relative rank of Commodore.

Dr. Ruschenberger has been best known in Philadelphia, per-

haps, for his scientific labors, and particularly for his efforts in be-

half of the Academy of Natural Sciences, which bestowed on him

the highest honors within its gift.

He was elected Vice-President of the Academy in January, 1869,

and President in December of the same year, serving in the latter

office until 1881, when he was succeeded by Dr. Joseph Leidy. At

the time of his death he was one of the curators, and Director of the

Conchological Section.

Dr. Ruschenberger won considerable reputation by the results of

his scientific observations during his various cruises, which he pub-

lished at different times. Some of his works were: “ Three Years

in the Pacific,’ “A Voyage Round the World,” “Elements of

Natural History,” “ Lexicon of Terms Used in Natural History,”

“Notes and Commentaries During a Voyage to Brazil and China.”

Besides these, he wrote “A Notice of the Origin, Progress and Pres-

ent Condition (1852) of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-

delphia,” and various other pamphlets.

Dr. Ruschenberger’s works on Natural History were among the

first American treatises on this subject, and were largely instrumen-

tal in creating an interest in zoology in this country. One of the

most eminent entomologists in America, in speaking of Dr. Rusch-

enberger, said that he had first learned the orders of insects from

Ruschenberger’s Natural History.

THREE NEW SPECIES OF MACOMA FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO.

BY WILLIAM H. DALL.

Macoma limula, n. s.

Shell small, long and narrow, moderately inflated, anterior end

rounded, longer ; the posterior end subrostrate, bent to the right ;

THE NAUTILUS. 33

the pallial sinus deep, reaching more than half way from the verti-

cal of the beaks to the anterior adductor; one bifid cardinal tooth

in the left and two in the right valve, without laterals; ligament

short, strong ; exterior with nearly smooth beaks and no radiating

lines, but most of the valve covered with low elevated concentric ir-

regularly broken lines, which are irregularly swollen or granulose

minutely in a longitudinal sense ; color of the shell pale lemon-yel-

low or white, without distinct epidermis. Alt. 6:0, lon. 13°0, poste-

rior end 6:0, diam. 3°5 mm.

Gulf of Mexico west of Florida in 26 fathoms ; off Cape Lookout,

N. Carolina, in 22 fathoms; Barbados in 100 fathoms.

This curious shell is distinguishable from any other American

species by its peculiar surface. It grows twice as large as the meas-

urements given above.

Macoma Mitchelli, n. s.

Shell small, thin, polished, pinkish-white, moderately inflated ;

teeth as in M. limula but more feeble; valves closely resembling

Tellina versicolor Cozzens, but without the lateral teeth, less solid,

the pallial sinus more distant from the anterior adductor, the pos-

terior dorsal slope less arched and not quite so long, the muscular

impressions less impressed and the anterior end somewhat broader ;

in M. mitchelli the surface is mostly smooth, but near the ventral

margin, especially in front, there are impressed, somewhat distant

and inconstant, concentric lines in harmony with the lines of growth

or nearly so. Alt. 8:25, long. 15:0, post. end 6°0, diam. 4:0 mm.

Habitat, Matagorda Bay, Texas, (I. D. Mitchell).

Macoma leptonoidea, n. s.

Shell very thin, high, short, polished, smooth or with fine silky

concentric striule under a thin iridescent epidermis; hinge very

feeble, teeth as in M. limula; pallial sinus irregular, reaching about

two-thirds the whole length, backward from the front edge of the

valves; outline of valves leptonoid, the anterior slope longer and

more rounded, the posterior shorter and more direct but not ros-

trate, though there are two obscure ridges radiant backward from

the beaks but not modifying the posterior margin ; the shell is some-

what compressed but not flattened. Alt. 13-0, lon. 16, lon. of post.

end 6:0 diam.6°0 mm. Matagorda Bay, Texas, (Lloyd.).

This little shell looks curiously like a Lepton. Its outline, though

larger, differs little from that of Lepton longipes Stm. The types of

34 THE NAUTILUS.

the above mentioned species are in the National Museum, being re-

spectively Nos. 95,619, 124,686 and 125,532.

ISAAC LEA DEPARTMENT.

[Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the Agassiz

Association by its General Secretary, Mrs. M. Burton Williamson.)

MARINE SHELLS ON THE COAST OF MAINE.

Report of Mrs. E. P. Wentworth. From the Transactions of the Isaac Lea Concho-

logical Chapter of the Agassiz Association for 1893.

During the past two years I have been much interested in con-

chology and have devoted my spare hours to collecting and study-

ing mollusks.

I have collected marine shells from the Damariscotta River,

Long Creek, near Portland, Peak’s Island in Casco Bay, and Old

Orchard and Higgin’s Beaches, all these localities being in Maine.

At Peak’s Island the following shells were found in great abund-

ance: Mytilus edulis, Modiola modiolus, Macoma baltica, Mya are-

naria, Saxicava arctica, Buccinum undatum, Nassa obsoleta, Nassa

trivittata, Purpura lapillus, Littorina rudis, L. litorea, L. palliata,

Lacuna vineta, Natica heros, Acmea testudinalis. Occasionally

there would be found hidden in the crevices of the rocks or thrown

upon the beaches, Crepidula fornicata and Anomia aculeata.

The Damariscotta River, some forty or fifty miles east of Port-

land, is somewhat sheltered ; and it contains mollusks which might

once have been plentiful all along the coast of Maine, but which are

now not often found so far north. Among these shells are the

Odostomia bisuturalis Say (if I have made no mistake in the identi-

fication), of which the extreme northern limit is Massachusetts

Bay, according to Bulletin No. 37, U.S. National Museum. Uro-

salpine cinerea is very common in Damariscotta River, and the fol-

lowing shells are also found there: Rissoa minuta, Mya arenaria,

Modiola plicatula, Crepidula convexa, Alexia myosotis, Purpura la-

pillus, Littorina palliata, ete. There are many old shells of Ostrea

virginica and Venus mercenaria buried along the banks of the river

and some of the people who live near by say that within their re-

membrance there were many oysters and quahogs in the river and

— Swed

THE NAUTILUS. 35

that they have been killed out by the sawdust from the mills above.

On this river are the celebrated Damariscotta shell heaps composed

almost wholly of oyster shells, and varying in depth from a few feet

to more than sixty feet. Some of the oyster shells from these heaps

are more than a foot in length.

At Old Orchard and Higgin’s Beaches the shells are very differ-

ent from those found on Peak’s Island or in the Damariscotta

River. Here are found, on the sand, between high and low water

mark, Cyprina islandica, Tellina tenera, Ensis Americanus, Siliqua

costata, Mactra solidissima, Nassa trivittata (very fine specimens), Ly-

onsia hyalina, Scala greenlandica, Bela harpularia, Periploma ( Coeh-

lodesma) leanum, Modiola modiolus, Mya arenaria, etc. Clinging to

the seaweeds thrown up by the surf, I found Trachydermon ruber,

Anomia glabra, Anomia aculeata. Also found at Higgin’s Beach, a

very fine Petricola pholadiformis.

GENERAL NOTES.

————_—

THE collection of Dr. P. P. Carpenter, the well-known authority

on West Coast shells, has been purchased by the Field Columbian

Museum of Chicago.

DispERsSAL OF SHELLs.—In his book on the “ Dispersal of

Shells,’ Mr. Kew mentions floating pumice-stone as a possible

means of dispersal as pointed out by Mr. Bates and Sir C. Lyell.

As a slight contribution to dispersal, or possible dispersal, by this

means, I may say that on November 18th last I picked up a piece

of porous blast-furnace slag, about 8x6x2 inches, that contained 17

individuals of Zonites nitidus Mill., radiatulus Alder and arboreus

Say, all hibernating. This slag was lying among drift on the bank

of the Ohio River and the nearest point from which it could have

come is at least 10 miles above the point where it was found. As

the slag is very light and floats high in the water, it would prob-

ably travel a considerable distance before the shells were all drowned

and thus a colony of Z. nitidus, a northern shell, might be started a

considerable distance down the Ohio.—Gero. H. Ciapp, Pittsburgh,

Pa:

36 THE NAUTILUS.

Pror. H. E. SArcent has Jeft Woodville, Ala., to spend the sum-

mer in Clearwater, Minnesota.

Proressor THomas H. Hux .ey, the most famous of English

biologists, died at 3.35 P.M., June 29, at the age of seventy years.

Dr. W. D. Hartman, of West Chester, is publishing an Illustra-

ted Catalogue of the Mollusks of Chester Co., Pa.,in The Village

Record, West Chester.

PLANORBIS SAMPSONI Ancey, described from Sedalia, Mo., and

hitherto recorded from no other locality, is in the collection of the

Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., from Athens, Illinois, collected by E. Hall.

PLANORBIS CENTERVILLENSIS Tryon.—This very distinct species

seems to be quite widely diffused on the Pacific slope, but most west-

ern collectors call it vermicularis Gld., judging from the labels of

numerous lots before us. It is a small, brown shell, with high

whorls, flat top, concave in the middle, and narrow umbilicus, while

the true vermicularis is a flat, corneous shell, very similar to parvus

or small deflectus, and doubtfully distinct from eastern forms.

Mr. 8S. N. Ruoaps has returned from a collecting trip through

Tennessee, from the Mississippi to Roan Mountain. Land shells,

Unionide and Pleuroceratide were found abundant. Jo spinosa was

rather scarce in the Tennessee, Nolachucky and Holston Rivers

under boulders in swift water. Vitrinizonites was taken at Roan

Mountain, as well as Polygyra andrewse aud major, with other fine

and local species. Helicina occulta Say also turned up in east Ten-

nessee. Mammals were scarce throughout the State, except at Roan

Mountain.

Mouuusks As PurRIFIERS OF WaATER.—Charles Hedley, in the

Journal of Malacology, says: “A use, novel to me, of pond snails by

the Chinese silk-growers, is described in an official work which

caught my eye by chance. This waif of malacological information

is so certain to escape recorders that I transcribe the passage: ‘ The

water used for reeling silk is taken from mountain streams, as being

the cleanest ; the water from wells is never used, and if mountain

water cannot be had, river water is taken, which is cleaned by put-

ting a pint of live shell-fish to one jar of water. There is a special

kind of shell-fish, called the pure-water shell-fish (probably Vivipara

chinensis Gray), found everywhere in ponds, wells and creeks.

They first of all sink to the bottom of the jar, and then by degrees

make their way up its sides, consuming gradually all impurities in

the water within half a day or so. After the clean water has been

drawn from the jar, the shell-fish are cleansed and put to the same

= 999

duty again.

fone NN Aeris.

VoL. Ix. AUGUST, 1895. No. 4

PLEUROCERA SUBULARE IN WATER-MAINS.

BY CHAS. T. SIMPSON.

The U.S. National Museum has recently received from the Han-

nibal Water Co., of Hannibal, Mo. (through Mr. Chas. T. Lewis), a

number of dead shells of Plewrocera subulare Lea, taken from the

mains and pipes of the company in that city.

Mr. Lewis states that they accumulate at the cocks and faucets,

and seriously retard the flow of the water, putting the company to

considerable expense to remove them; also, that none have been

found in their reservoirs or settling-wells, and they have never seen

them in the Mississippi River.

The specimens taken in the company’s pipes are always dead, and

are only found in a space of perhaps 12 to 15 blocks, and not all

the pipes in this area are infested.

This species has been found as far west as the White River, Car-

roll Co., Arkansas, and in the Mississippi River at Davenport, from

which localities specimens were obtained that are now in the Na-

tional Museum Collection, though the range of this form is mostly

to the eastward of these localities. It is probable that the eggs or

very young entered the mains through the strainers and took up

their abode in certain favorable localities in the pipes, where food

was brought to them by the currents, or existed in abundance, and

that a more careful search would disclose them in a living state in

the service pipes.

38 THE NAUTILUS. :

The existence of mollusks in water pipes is no new thing, though

it is always interesting, and this is the first instance I have heard of

in which any of the Plewroceride have such a habitat. M. Locard

found 44 species belonging to 15 genera in the water-mains of Paris,’

and that they possessed certain peculiarities, no doubt the result of

their environment. These were a diminution in size and decrease

of coloration on account, perhaps, of the want of light; a more

slender form, as this would make the least resistance to currents and

enable the mollusks to cling more securely to the pipes. The speci-

mens of Pleurocera sent by Mr. Lewis did not specially differ from

those in the Museum Collection from Davenport, but, as the species

had only been noticed at Hannibal a few years, it is probable that

there has not sufficient time elapsed in its new environment to pro-

duce any important changes.

Many other cases of mollusks living in water pipes are known,

notably that of Dreissensia polymorpha, introduced into England

from the Aralo-Caspian region, and it has proven a serious nuisance

in the mains of London, Birmingham and Manchester.

MARINE SHELLS OF PUGET SOUND.

By Mrs. Marie Drake. From the Transactions of Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter

of the Agassiz Association for 1894.

I have a Glycimeris generosa Gld. which I got from Dr. Pomeroy

of Vashon Is. It weighed 7} lbs. when alive, and was dug from a

depth of three feet. Its length is 72 inches, width 4% inches. Its

longest circumference is 134 inches. It gapes widely at both ends ;

rarely meets when alive. Its edges are covered with a yellowish-

brown epidermis. The pallial sinus, though not very deep, is from

} inch to 2 inch wide. Its distinet concentric grooves or lines are

slightly irregular. The valves of this shell are strongly bulging.

This shell is commonly called “ Goe-duck,” because it is so deep a

burrower. The Indians esteem this shell-fish a great delicacy, and

ornament their houses and yards with the shells. It is highly es-

teemed as an article of food, though quite difficult to obtain; one is

said to furnish food for a whole family. Star-fish are also found by

the hundreds at low tide on the mud flats, and of every hue—bright

scarlet, peacock-blue, sea-green and paler tints.

1See NAUTILUS, Sept., 1894, p. 59.

THE NAUTILUS. 39

I have found three species of Purpura here and many varieties,

but the handsomest one is Purpura erispata Chemn. In my mind,

the finest shell belonging to Puget Sound is this Purpura when

banded orange and white. This shell usually does not see the light

of day. Some persons prefer the deep orange variety. Both live

under the water on the under side of stones or in rocky places, and

are either obtained by dredging or at very low tide. Purpura lae-

tuca Esch. is not found in so deep water, hence its white color; it is

exposed to the rays of the sun sometimes. About September 1st,

you can notice a great many purpuras closely packed together,

clinging to rocks laying their eggs, which are in little capsules and

resemble yellow oats stuck on end thickly over parts of the rock.

Each capsule contains three or four dozen eggs, which require about

four months to hatch, if they are not doomed before by some star-

fish hungry for an egg dinner. You ean find a few egg cases almost

any time of the year, but most of the eggs are laid during the

months of August and September. Purpura lives on mussels, limpets

and barnacles, or, if food gets scarce, it will eat dead fish. But the

Purpura are not always victorious, for, when a crab-wants a “ pur-

ple tea,” he shows no mercy to the destroyer of other homes, but

inserts his strong claws under the operculum of the Purpura and

digs him out and devours him.

One June morning, at Point Defiance, I saw three Calliostoma

costatum eating a sea-weed breakfast. They looked so dainty and

seemed to enjoy the bright sunshine so thoroughly, that it was with

some regret that I placed them in my basket.

One of my friends dug up a fine Priene oregonensis Redf. It was

five inches long and covered with a heavy dark brown epidermis.

When the epidermis is removed, the shell is white. It has a strong

epidermis. I have found a few specimens of Bittium filosum Gld.,

under stones at low tide, and several Margarita pupilla. Crepidula

dorsata Brod. I have found by the hundreds growing on the shells,

especially upon Placunanomia macroschisma Desh. The Littorina

are very plentiful and are large. I have searched for Chrysodomus

dirus Rve., but have seen no traces of it. Perhaps it is found only

on the ocean beach, and does not care for the Sound.

Modiola modiolus L. (Modiolus capax Conr.?) grows to an enor-

mous size in the vicinity of Puget Sound. My husband brought me

several from Henderson Bay; the smallest measured 7 inches in

length, the largest 9 inches, and was 4 inches in diameter. These

40 THE NAUTILUS.

he found growing in the mud, standing perpendicular, only about an

inch being visible at very low tide. They are heavily bearded near

the edge, partially covered with a light brown epidermis (which is

several shades lighter than the epidermis of this same species which

grows in the south), and considerably eroded near the unbones. All

the shells living in the mud here are somewhat eroded. These mon-

sters have an uncanny look ; they are hermits when they grow old,

do not live in clumps or groups as they do when young, or as My-

tilus edulis does. Often I have seen a solitary M. modiolus upon a

pile or log, which was entirely covered with M. edulis. They grow

from ;; inch to 8 inches in a single year. It takes muscle to re-

move one of the huge creatures from a rock or pile when it has

fastened itself with brown byssal threads, which it spins with its

huge tongue-like foot, from a sticky secretion formed at the base of

the foot. They are said to live six hundred feet deep down in the

ocean. Pupuras are death on mussels.

Placunamomia macroschisma Desh. is found here in great num-

bers. They live upon the under side of rocks which lie wholly in or

part in water. A chisel is necessary to separate them from the

rock, and even with this the pear-shaped byssal plug is rarely ob-

tained entire. The interior of the upper valve is of a lovely sea-

green and nacreous. The edges of the valves are thin and crumble

at the least touch, which renders them difficult to clean and send

away. If they grow upon other shells they are not so easily broken,

but are much stronger. I have a fine specimen which I found

growing in an old shell of Cardium corbis Mart. I obtained the

byssal plug and both valves entire. The shells sometimes grow

upon each other; when thus found, a perfect specimen is more read-

ily obtained than from a rock. These shells are often mistaken for

an oyster, especially by those unlearned in shell lore; they do re-

semble the variety known as O. expansa, though they are much

larger and have the byssal opening and plug, which the oyster does

not have. These bivalves are much handsomer than their southern

cousins Anomia lampe. ‘The animal is a bright orange, and is quite

beautiful. To be prepared for the cabinet they are dipped in very

hot water and the animal removed with a tiny steel chisel prepared

for the purpose, then gently closed. This shell requires careful

handling.

I saw a Lunatia lewisii Gld. eating a Cardium corbis very much

larger than itself. I stopped this predatory proceeding, took both

THE NAUTILUS. 41

home in my basket, and, after cremating the bodies, placed both

shells in my cabinet. Both these shells are abundant on the Sound,

and are easily obtained by digging in the sand and mud. The

Macoma family thrives here. I have not found M. secta, but M.

nasuta and M. inquinata are prized by the Indians as food, and M.

inconspicua is found by the hundred, the exterior slightly eroded by

the mud in which it dwells, but the inside of the shell is of a bright,

rich, shiny pink; pale yellow and pure white are also found. The

shell is about the size of a finger-nail.

I was surprised to find upon the rocky beach at Brown’s Point a

living specimen of Lyonsia californica Conr. It was moving about

in a pool of water among pebbles and rocks. It seems marvelous

that its thin, delicate little shell could remain uncrushed an instant ;

but it seemed to enjoy life as well here in the rugged, stormy north

as it does in the warmer waters of the “land of sunshine and blue

skies.”

Cardium corbis is more hardy, though, unlike most of our north-

ern shells, it is smaller than its southern cousins C. quadragenerium

and Liocardium elatum, but it is much more numerous than either

of these species.”

Pecten hastatus Sby. is called by many our “ prettiest shell,” and

with the thousands of little spears (hastatus), toothed edges and dell-

cate coloring, it is indeed a lovely shell. I saw one for the first time

(living) at Point Defiance during the month of April. It was

caught on the top of a rock by becoming entangled by a piece

of sea-weed ; it opened and closed its shell rapidly, making a curi-

ous sound. The orange color of the animal shone and glittered in

the sun. The circulation could be seen and the working of the

heart and other organs. This Pecten is a deep-water species, swims

about freely in the water and moves about at the same angle as a

kite does in the air. It lives among sea-weeds and is found in great

abundance at Fox Island in the spring of the year. The lower

valve is bleached by the sand. It lives in the water and is never

exposed to the rays of the sun, hence the delicacy of the color. This

shell-fish has black eyes, and can tell when a hand or a bird comes

to grasp it. I have seen Amusium caurinum in deep water, but

have never succeeded in capturing one, as it is obtained only by

dredging in very deep water. It is brown outside, white within, and

has 20 ribs, and is not so handsome as P. hastatus.

2 And is also a much heavier shell than the southern Cardium. M. B. W.

4? THE NAUTILUS.

Mya arenaria L. is highly prized here as food, and grows six inches

long. Muchera patula Dixon is sold in our markets. Psammobia

rubroradiata Nutt. is more abundant and larger than in the south,

It is found 5 inches long, here, partially covered with dark brown

epidermis. Tapes and Saxidomus are well represented, and, though

not so prettily marked, are very much larger and stronger (coarser)

than those growing in the warmer waters of the south. They are

almost always to be found in the markets.

Zirphea crispata L. was recently described in one of our Tacoma

daily papers by one of our Government surveyors as “a new clam.”

“We have found a new shell unknown to science,” ete. We

were greatly amused, and sent an article to the paper the next day

saying Zirphea crispata (a new clam”) is found in abundance on

both sides of the Atlantic, and was named by Linnzeus long ago.

Limpets I have found in great abundance and of great size. I

have several specimens of Acmea patina Esch. found here in the

“Narrows,” measuring 2} inches in length and 1} inches across.

Many of this species have bands of translucent tints on their inte-

rior, and are beautifully marked outside.

A. pelta is regularly marked with stripes from the apex, which is

often corroded, in adult specimens, to the base. This is a most

pleasing shell ; is a sort of hermit, lives alone, often easily obtained ;

strong, not easily broken ; often pure white inside, sometimes banded.

I have one with a bright yellow band inside, embossed. Large

specimens measure 13 inches in length, 14 inches wide, 14 inches

high. I have not found A. spectrum Nutt. nor Lottia gigantea Gray,

here. Fine specimens and many variations of A. scabra Nutt. are

abundant. I have found more of A. persona than of any other spe-

cies. At Brown’s point, we find at one spot a variety having a

gray interior with beautiful translucent bands. ‘This is a new var-

iation to me. A. asmi Midd. is found here, and many I have not

been able to classify.

I have one specimen of Fisswridea aspera Esch. 21 inches long,

14 inches wide and nearly 13 inches high.

Limpets are sometimes used for picture frames by setting them

deep in wood and fastening with glue. I saw one valued at fifty

dollars here. ;

> ee

THE NAUTILUS. 43

INDEX TO CONCHOLOGISTS’ EXCHANGE. i

AN INDEX TO THE ‘‘CONCHOLOGISTS’ EXCHANGE.”

The publication of this magazine was commenced by Mr. Wm.

D. Averill, of Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, in July, 1886. The

first number was printed on a postal card. The August number

(No. 2) consists of four pages, without pagination, size 5} x 63

inches. The September number contains six pages, without pagina-

tion. October number contains eight pages, which are numbered,

the first being page 11; the last page (18) is blank. November

number contains six pages. December number, eight pages and

the last page is blank. January and February numbers (1887)

each contain eight pages. March and April (Nos. 9 and 10) were

printed together as a “ double number,” which consists of twelve

pages. The May and June numbers each contain twelve pages and

are a little larger, 53 x 7 inches. Vol. I, complete, contains 84

pages.

Vol. I, Nos. 1 and 2 (July and August, 1887) each contain 16

pages. September number contains 12 pages, and with this num-

ber there was another increase in size to 5% x 73. October and

November numbers each contain 16 pages. December number, 12

pages. January (1888) number, 12 pages, plus a cover (pp. i-iv)

of the same kind of paper. February number contains 8 pages and

a cover (pp. i-iv). March and April were printed together, but as

one number (No. 9); this contains 12 pages and a cover (pp. i-iv)»

and this was the last number published. Vol. II, complete, con-

tains 120 pages, exclusive of cover pages. No index to either vol-

ume was issued. The “ Exchange” contains many new generic or

subgeneric names, with other important changes in nomenclature,

and some new species. The Index herewith given has been ar-

ranged to aid conchologists who have not access to a complete copy

of the original publication. It has been cut into short pages in

order that those who have the Conchologist’s Exchange may bind

this Index with it—H. A. P. & C. W. J.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

il INDEX TO CONCHOLOGISTS’ EXCHANGE.

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES IN THE CONCHOLOGISTS’

EXCHANGE, Vozs. I anp II.

Amnicola porata, A. limosa, A. cincinnatiensis, A. parva,

Anatina papyracea Say, : :

Anceyia Pilsbry, n. subg. (Pristina Ancey being ei

cupied in Vermes), :

Ancylus fuseus Adams; Ancylus paralellus Hald.,

Angasella Ancey, n. subg., ty me Helix Eo toplculel Ptr. ;

Australia,

Angitrema armigera Say, A. verrucosa Raf,

Angrandiella Ancey, n. subg., type Helix angrandi

Morelet ; Andes of Pert u,

Anodonta gibbosa Say and A. couperiana Lea,

Anodonta edentula Say, .

Anodonta ferussaciana Lea, ;

Anodonta imbecilis Say ; Anodonta grandis Say,

Anodonta plana, A. corpulenta, A. suborbiculata,

Arion subfuscus and Helix hispida var. fusca in York-

shire, ; ; ; : : : :

Atlantica Ancey, n. subg., type Helix semiplicata Pfr. ;

Madeira, ; : : ; ,

Averellia Ancey, n. subg. =¢ ‘celospira Ancey non Hall,

Bathyaxis, Ancey, n. subg., type Ceeliaxis Layardi Ad.

& Angas; Cape Colony,

Bermudia, Ancey, n. subg., type Helix Burmudensis

Pfr. ; Bermuda, :

Bertia, Ancey, n. subg., type Nanina cambodjiensis

Reeve ; Indo-China, : ; : 4

Brazieri, Ancey, n. subg., type Helix velata Hombron

et Jacq ; Caroline Isls., :

Bulimini found in Central

Burtonia Bourg., ;

Bythinia tentaculata Linné,

Bythinella obtusa Lea,

Calostropha, Ancey, n. subg., type Helix Saree Tans

Canefri ; New Guinea, ‘

Campeloma subsolida, C. exilis, and C. ‘rufa,

Carychium exiguum Say,

Lot

II, 78

II, 22

Ihe<5

II, 22

_ 11,80, 114

Ile Sk

II, 38

II, 66

5; II, 92, 115

THE NAUTILUS. 45

INDEX TO CONCHOLOGISTS’ EXCHANGE. ili

Gredler ; China, : 4 ; 4 e II, 39

Ceronia arctata Conrad, ‘ II, 89

Chalepotaxis Ancey, n. subg., ty pe Nanina O infantilis

Gredler ; China, : : : : Th.22

Chelidonura Rochebrune non Adams, ¥ Lie2

Chelidonopsis Ancey, n. gen., Chelidonura Rochebrune

being preoccupied, ; II, 22

Chrysodon Ancey, n. subg., type Helix auridens Rang. : :

Martinique, I, 54

Ccelospira Ancey, n. subg., type Helix Macneili Crosse :

Costa Rica, : if 20, 26, 54

Conomitra found living in the West Indies, : II, 9

Corbula contracta Say, : II, 61

Coxia Ancey, n. subg., type Helix Macgregori ‘Cox;

New Ireland, . I, 75

Crystallopsis Ancey, n. subg., types H. Hunteri ‘Cox:

H. Allasteri Cox, ete. ; Solomon Is., . : ‘ iee22

Cumingia tellinoides Conrad, : . 5 : , II, 89

Cypreea, a list of the rarer species, II, 34

Cytherea Sayii Conrad and o) therea (Coulda) mactra-

cea Linsley, 4 : : : II, 109

Ensatella americana Gould, ; II, 34

Entodina Ancey, n. subg., type Helix Reyrei Souver bie ;

Ecuador, . 2 I, 64

Eurystyla Ancey, n. subg., ty pes Helix cerina Mor. petal.

viridis Desh., ; : Nese

Gastrodonta multidentata Binney, var. umbilicaris An-

cey (n. var.), : é : I, 54

Gundlachia ancy liformis Pfr. in Florida, ; F 3 if; 96

Goniobasis costifera Hald., . : i II, 94

Helicina Durangoana Mouss. : : : ; : hie eS

Helicina hanleyana Pfr... : : I, 21

Helicina orbiculata Say, gos Ziel

Helicina subtropica Jan. [Error tor H. tropica Jan. i 1, 83-26

Helix nemoralis in a new locality (Great Skellig Island), Te t2

Helix commutanda Ancey (n. name for Trivdopsis Har-

fordiana W. G. = non Helix er nupa

Cooper), . a Ll; 79S 1S

46 THE NAUTILUS.

iv INDEX TO CONCHOLOGISTS’ EXCHANGE.

Helix (Polygyra) unguifera Mouss. (H. acutedentata

W.G. Binney), ; Tis

Helix salmonensis Ten having priority over H. com-

mutanda Ancey, : . : : , II, 133

Helix verrilli Ancey, n. sp. ; Mexico, II, 63

Helix Levettei Bland, var. Thomsoniana Ancey and

var. oroboena Ancey (a. Vare.)), - . : IT, 64

Helix armigera Ancey, ‘ ; : : : : II, 64

Helix Dschulfensis Dubois, . ; 5 RY

Helminthoglypta Ancey, n. subg., types Helix arrosa

Gld., H. ramentosa Gld., ete. . : : 1, 76

Lejeania Ancey, n. subg., types Helix Darnaudi Pfr.,

Isseliana Mor., H. Jickeliana Nevill, ete.;

Abyssinia, : I, 75

Limnzea reflexa Say and Te: desidipgs Say, : , : IE, 103

Limnzea zebra Tryon and L. caperata Say, ; II, 104

Limnea humilis Say ; L, parva Lea; L. casta Lea, : II, 110

Liogyrus Lehnerti Ancey, ny sp. Washington, Dp; C; . Howes

Lioplax subearinata Say, . ‘ : II, 66

Lithasia obovata Say, é : : 1,56; 1s

Lyogyrus Gill (L. feioides Gd), : : , : Ii; Ts

Lyonsia hyalina Conrad, : ; ; : Wit

Macoma fusca Say, : : ; : II, 101

Mactra solidissima ; Mactra lateralis, . : : % Tis

Margaritana complanata ; M. rugosa Barnes, : ; If, 6

Margaritana confragosa, M. deltoidea, M. LASS : II, 20

Margaritana Hildrethiana Lea, . : : II, 114

Mastus chion Pfr., M. polygyratus Pfr., “ete.,. 4 ; I). %

Melongena fisiformis Blainv.. ; : : ; : I, 83

Mesodon dentiferus Binney, ; : . : I, 55

Mesopleura centralis Say, . : ; : é . II, 46

Mesorhytis, . : 3 : L : 1 fae

Microphysa Ingersolli ‘Bland, var. convexior Ancey

(n. var.), . : , II, 64

Mitra Fergusoni Sby., and Mitra Rivolii Dall, ; : lis

Modiola tulipa found at Cape May, N. J... : ; I, 22

Mollendorfia Ancey, n. subg., types Helix trisinuata

Mart.; H. Hensaniensis Gredler : H. Eastlakeana

Molldf. ; China, zs : I, 64

THE NAUTILUS. 47

INDEX TO CONCHOLOGISTS’ EXCHANGE. Vv

Mya arenaria Linné,_. : : ; : ‘ II, 47

Mytilopsis leucopheata Conr,, attached to Unios, . Bei,

Natica Fordiana Simpson, n. sp.; Florida, . : : IT, 51

Nevra pellucida Stimp., : TY Gu

Nesobia Ancey, n. subg., type Bulimus Helence Q. et

G.; St. Helena, II, 39

Oligospira Ancey, n. subg. , types H. Waltoni Rve. ; ; H.

Skinneri Rve. ; Ceylon, q } i 22

Ophiosphila Ancey, n. subg., types Helix Kuhni Pfr. ;

H. andicola Pfr.; H. catenifera, etc., : f I, 64

Pandora trilineata Say, II, 62

Parmacella valenciennii Webb & Van Ben., var ‘pune.

tulata Cockerell; var. maculata Cockerell ; and

var. olivacea Cockerell (new varieties),. . ; II, 68

Patula strigosa Gld., var. Bruneri Ageey, : : : II, 64

Periploma Leana Conrad, ; : : : . LE

Petricola pholadiformis en. ; ‘ E d ; TT ton

Pholas trunzata Say, . : d p : : I-65, Liets

Pholas costata Linn., . : ; Peas

Physa solida Phil., syn. of P. “heterostropha Say : : I, 20

Physa (“Paludina, ”) sealaris Jay a Elanothic (Heli-

soma), ¢ ; II, 113

Physa gyrina Say ; P. heterostr opha Say : : ; Tiedt

Pilsbrya Ancey, n. subg., in em of Eertldstole, An-

cey, preoccupied, 3 I, 54

Pisidium compressum Prime ; P. variabile Prime, . : II, 49

Pisidinm equilaterale Prime, : : ; : IT, 50

Planorbis dilatatus Gld., in England, F ; ; : hy G3

Planorbis lens Lea, : ‘ A ; = T6326

Planorbis havanensis Ptr. ; P. tumidus, b : T-20F Tie ot

Planorbis exacutus Say, : ; ; 3 : ; I, 76

Planorbis deflectus Say ; P. dilatatus Gld., . : ; i ayave

Planorbis hirsutus Gld., I, 78

Planorbis parvus Say; P. Jenksii H. F. Carpenter

(n. sp.), EE} 52

Planorbis umbilicatellus Cockerell new name for P. um-

bilicatus Taylor, non Miiller, . : II, 68

Planorbis trivolvis Say, ‘ Wy Ces (A

Planorbis (Helisoma) ‘scalaris Jay (Physa scalaris Woe II, 113

Pleurocera subulare Lea, . ae tk Sige

48 THE NAUTILUS.

vi INDEX TO CONCHOLOGISTS’ EXCHANGE.

Pleurocera alveare; P. undulatum; P. moniliferum ;

P. canaliculatum ; P. troostii; P. lewisii; P. ele-

vatum; P. neglectum, ; : : ' :

Pleuroxia Ancey, new name for Angasella, which is

preoccupied in marine shells; type Helix cyrto-

pleura Pfr.; Australia, : : :

Peecilostola Ancey, n. subg., type Helix Farrisi Pfr.,

Andes of Peru, é : 2 :

Polygyrella polygrella Bld. & Cooper, var. montanensis

Ancey (n. var.),

Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say, . ; : : :

Pristina Ancey, n. subg., types Hyalina Stearnsi Bld. ;

H. Lansingi Bld.; North America,

Pristiloma Ancey, n. subg., in place of Pristina Ancey,

and Anceyia Pilsbry, non Anceya Bourguignat, .

Pseudiberus Ancey, nu. subg., types Helix tectum-sinense

Mart.; H. zenonis Gredler; H. plectotropis

Mart.; and H. mataiensis Nevill ; China,

Pupa corpulenta Morse, var. parietalis Ancey, var. nov. ;

Utah,

Rhysotina Ancey, n. subg., type Helix Welwitschi Mor.,

and H. hepatizon Gld. ; Island of Sao-Tome,

Rhyssotopsis Ancey, n. subg., type Helix Haughtoni

Benson ; Andaman Isls., J : :

Saxicava rugosa Linn.,

Segmentina Wheatleyi Lea,

Segmentina armigera Say, ; é ; ‘ ;

Sheldonia Ancey, n. subg., types Helix Trotteriana

Bens.; H. phytostylus Bens.; H. natalensis Pfr.

and perhaps cotyledonis Benson ; S. Africa,

Siliqua costata Say, and Solecurtus gibbus Spleng.,

Somatogyrus subglobosus Say and S. depressus Tryon, .

Spherium suleatum Lam.; 8. solidulum Pr. ; S. striati-

num Lam.; S. Jayanum Pr. . : :

Spherium truncatum Linsley; S. occidentale Pr.; S.

transversum Say, é : : $ :

Sphincterochila Ancey, n. subg., types H. filia, Mouss. ;

H. Boissieri Charp.; near the Dead Sea and N.

Arabia, i

( Zo be concluded in September number.)

II, 94

II, 38

T, 20, 26, 54

II, 80

II, 91

I, 20, 26

I, 54

erie N Bei us.

VOL. Ix. SEPTEMBER, 1895. No. 5

A SORA CAUGHT BY A MUSSEL.!

When hunting in the marshes in this vicinity, September 8, 1894,

Mr. Joseph D. Clark noticed a Sora (Porzana carolina) hopping

along and trying hard to fly. His dog finally captured the bird. It

had a “ fresh-water clam” attached to one toe, being firmly caught

by the bivalve. The poor bird, in its efforts to release itself, had

broken the bone of the toe and nearly severed it from the foot. Mr.

Clark kindly presented me with his rare find, and a photograph,

from which the accompanying cut was made, was taken at once.

The mussel was 2.92 inches long and 1.61 wide.—Jwno. H. Sacer,

Portland, Conn., in The Auk, July, 1895.

lWe are indebted to the editor of The Auk for the illustration of this

article. This mussel is evidently Unio complanatus Sol.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SUBDIVISIONS OF HOLOSPIRA AND SOME RELATED

GENERA.

BY W. HaepDALE.

Genus Hotospira Martens; type H. pilocerei Pfr.

Subgenus Holospira s. s.

Axis large, with an internal fold in the penultimate whorl and

with a parietal, basal and peripheral lamina projecting into the

lumen of that whorl. Besides the type, this includes H. goldfusst

Menke and H. goniostoma Pfr.

Section Bostrichocentrum Strebel & Pfeffer, 1880.

Axis moderate, with a continuous plait, except in the last part of

the last whorl; no lamine. Type H. tryoni Pfr. H. veracruzianus

Dall belongs here.

Section Haplostemma Dall, 1895.

Axis moderate, with, in the penultimate whorl only, a short,

stout axial lamina extending about half a gyration, but no other

lamine. Type H. mearnsii Dall, New Mexico.

Section Eudistemma Dall, 1895.

Penultimate whorl with a parietal and a short axial lamina only,

axis moderate. Type H. arizonensis Stearns.

Section Distomospira Dall, 1895.

Penultimate whorl with a basal and a short, strong axial lamina

only, axis moderate. Type H. bilamellata Dall, New Mexico,

Subgenus Metastoma Strebel & Pfeffer, 1880.

Axis smooth, without plaits, penultimate whorl without internal

lamine. Type H. remeri Pfr. This includes also H. pasonis Dall,

H. coahuilensis Binn., H. semisculpta Stearns, H. pfeifferi Menke, H.

remondii Gabb., HE. crossei Dall, H. pilsbryi Dall.

Subgenus Celostemma Dall, 1895.

Axis vertically ribbed as in Celocentrum, shell otherwise as in

Metastoma. Type H. elizabethe Pilsbry.

The internal characters of the following species are unknown:

H. gealei A. Ads., H. imbricata Martens, H. cretacea Pfr., H. micro-

stoma Pfr. and H. teres Menke.

THE NAUTILUS. 51

Genus CaLocentrum Crosse & Fischer, 1872.

Shell decollate, axis pervious.

Subgenus Celocentrum s. s.

Axis vertically ribbed internally. Type C. turris Pfr. This in-

cludes nearly all the known species.

Subgenus Spartocentrum Dall, 1895.

Axis as in Bostrichocentrum, not ribbed. Type C. irregulare

Gabb., Lower California.

Genus EucaLopium Crosse & Fischer.

Shell resembling Celocentrum, but large, with a solid axis.

Section Eucalodiums.s. Type E. ghiesbrechti Pfr.

Axis sinuous and folded its whole length, except close to the aper-

ture; transverse series of teeth on the radula long (65:1°65 in the

type). |

Section Oligostylus Pilsbry, 1895.

Axis straight and smooth ; radula narrower (36°1'36 in the type).

Type E. blandianum Crosse and Fischer.

Columna ramentosa J. G. Cooper, which might, from the shell, be

assimilated either to Berendtia, Rhodea, or some of the above-men-

tioned groups, proves, from the anatomy, to be merely a section of

Bulimulus closely related to Leptobyrsus. The genuine Rhodea very

probably bears an analogous relation to Otostomus. It is vivipar-

ous, but the Lower Californian species is not. If the latter be

deemed worthy of a sectional name, Pseudorhodea might be used for

it. The new species of Ho/ospira mentioned above are described in

a report on the mollusks of the late Mexican Boundary Survey

(1892-4), by the writer, which will appear, properly illustrated, in

the report of the Commissioners of the Survey.

My special thanks are due Mr. H. A. Pilsbry for kind assistance

rendered during the preparation of the report.

The anatomy of a curious cylindrical Austrian land snail, Pupa

obtusa Drap., has recently been investigated by Mr. A. Protz and

Professor von Martens. It proves to be no Pupa, but a member of

the Helicide, closely allied to the chalky Helices of Europe known

as Helicella or Xerophila.

52 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW TEINOSTOMA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Teinostoma Hidalgoana n. sp.

Shell orbicular, depressed, solid, bright, bluish-white. Spire very

low, wide-conic, the apex acute. Whorls 23, hardly convex, the

last large, rounded at periphery, depressed beneath ; on its latter

third the periphery descends toward the base, and immediately

behind the lip is decidedly pinched into a short rounded keel. Sur-

face closely engraved throughout with spiral lines of close, fine

stippling or punctation. Aperture oblique, rounded, except for the

straight parietal wall; peristome continuous, the outer lip thick,

blunt, strengthened outside by a heavy rib or collar a short distance

behind the edge; parietal wall bearing a low nodule or tooth near

its upper termination. Parieto-umbilical callus heavy, deeply and

coarsely pitted all over, forming a rounded lobe over the umbilical

tract and a band in front of the parietal edge uf peristome proper.

Alt. 2, diam. 3°2 mm.

Singapore (Dr.S.Archer!). This exquisite species is respectfully

dedicated to Dr. J. G. Hidalgo, of Madrid, author of numerous valu-

able contributions to malacological science.

One specimen of the type lot is much smaller than the others (diam.

2 mm.), but in all other respects exactly resembles them, and has the

lip of a fully mature shell.

NOTES ON THE SMALLER AMERICAN PLANORBES.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

Including the species put in the sub-genera Menetus and Gyraulus-

by Binney in “ Land and Fresh-water Shells of the United States.”

The smaller species of Planorbis are, as a general rule, found on

leaves and sticks in small ponds and springs.

The Western Slope species are centervillensis, opercularis, opercu-

laris var. oregonensis and callioglyptus.

P. alabamensis Pils. has so far been found only in Woodville,

Alabama, and Grove, Cooper River, 8. C.

P. sampsoni has been found hitherto only in Pettis and Henry

Co., Mo., and Athens, II.

THE NAUTILUS. 53

P. umbilicatellus oceurs in Manitoba and Montana.

The other species mentioned below are more or less widely dis-

tributed over the United States, except hirsutus, which is restricted

to the northern tier of States.

I think any normal specimen can be identified by the following

key:

I, PERIPHERY ACUTELY KEELED.

a. Shell bi-convex.

b. umbilicus broad, shallow, deflectus Say.

bb. umbilicus small, deep.

c. lip simple, aperture extremely oblique, exacutus Say.

cc. lip thickened within, aperture less oblique,

alabamensis Pils.

aa. Upper surface flat, lower convex.

b. lip thickened within, spiral sculpture distinct,

oregonensis N. V.

bb. lip thin, spiral culture absent, or very indistinct.

ec. umbilicus broad, shallow, exacutus Say.

ec. umbilicus small, deep.

d. shell very small, radially ribbed below,

cristatus Drap.

dd. shell rather large, smoothish, operculuris Gld.

Il, PERIPHERAL KEEL BLUNT OR ABSENT.

a. Radially ribbed below, cristatus Drap.

aa. spiral sculpture distinct.

b. umbilicus broad, shallow; surface with spiral rows of hairs,

hirsutus Gld.

bb. umbilicus small and deep.

ce. shell rather large; aperture oblique, broader than

high, keel indistinct, callioglyptus.

cc. aperture small, nearly vertical, of equal width and

height, periphery more angular, sampsoni Ancey.

aaa. Surface smooth or nearly so.

6. umbilicus broad and shallow

c. aperture oval, whorls rounded, parvus Say.

ce. aperture broétler than high, whorls angular,

eflectus Say.

54 THE NAUTILUS.

bb. umbilicus small, deep.

e. lip thickened within, centervillensis Tryon.

cc. lip simple, thin.

d. whorls angular above the middle, di/atatus Gld.

dd. whorls rounded or angular below the middle.

eé. Spire sunken in center, deflectus Say.

ee. spire level, apex not sunken.

um bilicatellus pl.

Planorbis callioglyptus n. sp. ~ MW enaotle s Ag eee Vaso yw GA (bis

Shell thin, yellowish corneous. Upper side flat, only a trifle con- Gexl|

cave in the middle; lower side convex; periphery very bluntly in-

distinctly angular, and midway between periphery and suture there

is a slight angle; but both angles are obsolete at aperture; base

often spirally malleated. Surface with a beautiful sculpture of fine

spiral incised lines, crenulated by fine growth-lines. Whorls nearly

4. Umbilicus nearly a third the shell’s diameter, deep and funnel-

shaped, its edge bluntly angular. Aperture ovate truncate, mod-

erately oblique. Lip not thickened inside. Alt. 3, diam. 8 mm.

Freeport, Washington, collected by H. Hemphill. ;

Planorbis opercularis var. oregonensis n. v. v L open abe ANAABK Le, > Fen

Shell light yellowish, opaque. Upper surface flattened, aight \eg

convex, the apex sunken; periphery keeled with a slight groove Be

above the keel. Surface finely spirally striated. Umbilicus rather

small and deep, its edge slightly angular. Aperture approaching

vertical, lip thickenad within. Alt. 2, diam. 6 mm.

Salem and Portland, Oregon. This looks very much like typical

opercularis, but may be distinguished by the beautiful spiral sculp-

ture and thickening within the lip. It differs from callioglyptus in

having a decided keel around the nearly flat upper surface and a

distinct thickening within the aperture. I have not seen any typical

P. opercularis from Oregon. There are none in the collection of

the Academy of Natural Sciences.

SYNONYMS.

P. billingsii Lea = parvus Say.

P. brogniartiana Lea = exacutus Say.

P. buchanensis Lea = exacutus Say (fide Simpson).

P. circumstriatus Tryon = parvus Say.

P. concavus Anth., M.S.= parvus Say.

, 1 A

P. costatus DeTarr & Beecher = P. nautileus var. cristatus Drap.

THE NAUTILUS.

P. dilatus Hald. = dilatatus Gld.

P. elevatus Adams = dilatatus Gld.

Paludina hyalina Lea = exacutus Say.

P. lens Lea = exacutus Say.

P. lenticularis Lea = exacutus Say.

P. obliquus DeKay = deflectus Say.

P. planulatus Cooper = opercularis Gld.

P. umbilicatus Taylor (not Mill.) = umbilicatellus Cockerell.

P. vermicularis Gld. = parvus Say.

P. virens Adams = dilatatus Gld.

P. hirsutus Gld. differs from the European albus Mill. in having

the hairs longer and in fewer rows.

P. costatus DeTarr & Beecher, never having been reported from

any locality but Michigan, is very likely introduced specimens of

P. nautileus var. cristatus Drap., with which it seems identical.

P. alabamensis Pilsbry shows light spiral striations under a lens.

In P. sampsoni Ancey, the spiral striation is quite distinct.

GENERAL NOTES.

We have taken advantage of the mid-summer number when

Conchologists, like everybody else, avoid all the desk-work they can,

to insert an Index to the Conchologist’s Exchange. This will afford

malacologists an opportunity of ascertaining the contents of that

periodical, now rare and out of print. We had hoped to reprint the

Exchange in full, but a sufficient number of subscriptions has not

been received to justify us in the outlay.

SEVERAL years ago I collected two young specimens of a delicate

bivalve in a mud bank at Revere, Mass., and put them away labeled

Zirphea crispata. I lately discovered that they are Pholas truncata,

which shell has not, to my knowledge, been previously reported from

north of Cape Cod.—Epwarp W. Roper.

Mr. A. A. Htnkuey, who has been for some time in Rockford,

Ill., has returned to DuBois, Il.

THE Chicago Academy of Sciences has recently purchased of Mr.

John Walton, of Rochester, his collection of Cypreide. It has also

purchased one of the collections of California and Mazatlan shells,

prepared by Dr. P. P. Carpenter, and numbering some 3000 species.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

_ Currous CuHINEsE Ust or SHELL-FISH.—The Chinese have been

students of the habits of animals for many thousand of years, and

the influences of this study have manifested themselves in their art

and their architecture, so much-so, that one can readily recognize

the common form of their animal life through its resemblances to

the objects and pictures with which we are familiar.

One of the most interesting is what is known as the “ joss-shell.”

Every one has noticed the pearly luster of the bivalves of our rivers

and ponds, fresh-water mussels, they are called. These mussels are

lined throughout with the same kind of material as the pearl-oyster,

and, indeed, pearls of value are often to be found in them. In

China and Japan, these mussels grow to great size, in the latter

country being oftentimes seven to ten inches in length, and in China,

fully as large as a small saucer. The shrewd Chinese are aware

that the pearly nacre is a protection of the animal, which has thus

the smoothest of substances against its sensitive skin, and they know

also that any grain of dirt or roughness will be quickly coated with

pearl if it should lie under the mantle. They therefore catch the

animal, and oblige it to make such designs as they desire. These are

usually little josses, images of some one of the Chinese Gods, which

are formed in clay and slipped between the mantle and the shell of

the mollusk. The latter, as soon as it is put into the water again,

begins to cover the model with a coat of pearl, and at some time,

when the process has been carried far enough, the animal is killed

and the shells preserved with their pearly josses and sold as curiosi-

ties. They are, however, very rare in this country, being on exhi-

bition only in a few of the larger museums. It is said that upwards

of one thousand of the Chinese made their living by this industry,

and that they will, on order, insert in the shells models of the

initals of any one’s name, which, after a wait of a year and a half,

will be ready for delivery.— The Happy Thought, July 15, 1895.

Pror. Grupert D. Haruts, of Cornell University, has returned

from a geological trip through Mississippi and Alabama, and is now

spending two weeks at the Academy of Natural Sciences, studying

the “ L2a Collection” of Eocene fossils.

PoLyGyRA CEREOLUS SANCTIJOHANNIS n. var. Shell having the

characters given in Man. Conch. IX, p. 73 for P. cereolus septemvolva,

but periphery pinched out into an excessively acute keel. It is

extremely abundant along the middle St. Johns River, Fla., from

the Lake George region to L. Monroe at Sanford. I have seen

nothing like it from other parts of the State. The shell is very

thin, having very little lime in its composition, never enough to

give a whitish color.—Pulsbry.

THE NAUTILUS. OT

INDEX TO CONCHOLOGIST’S EXCHANGE. Vil

Succinea lineata W. G. B. in Nebraska, ; ; E65

Succinea obliqua Say, and Succinea totteniana Lea, : II, 23

Tellina tenera Say ; T. modestus Verr.; T. tenta Say, . II, 90

Teredo, Notes on, : ; ; : ; : J, 19, I, 84

Tetrodontina Ancey, n. subg., types Helix yantaiensis,

tetrodon and Houaiensis ; N. China, . : I, 64

Thompsonia carinifera Ancey a ‘yay m of Planorbis

scalaris Jay, ‘ : _ : : 1 Os We:

Thracia Conradi Couthony, . s : : P II, 62

Thracia truncata Migh. & Adams, : ; : ; II, 63

Tottenia gemma Totten, : ; : : : II, 109

Traumatophora Ancey, n. subg., type Helix oe

Mart.; China, . ; I, 59

Trihelix Ancey, n. subg. .. type Helix horrida Pfr. ;

Mts. of Laos, . . 3 ; I, 64

Triodopsis Harfordiana W. G. B B., : ; : 3, LE, 795-213

Triton Swifti Tryon, from the Bermudas, . : ‘ I, 65

Unio parvus and U. gracilis from Texas, . : , i2t

Unio anodontoides; U. xsopus; U. alatus; U. arctior;

U. asperrimus; U. capax; I, 42

Unio coccineus; U. cornutus ; U. crassidens ; U. dona-

ciformis ; U. Dorfeueillianus ; U. ebenus; U. el-

lipsis; U.elegans, . : z j : : I, 43

Unio graniferus; U. gibbosus; U. gracilis; U. Hig-

ginsii; U. levissimus; U. lgamentinus, . : T, 50

Unio luteolus; U. lacrymosus; U. monodontus; U.

metanever; U. occultus, : : é : oot

Unio multiplicatus ; W: mississippiensis ; U. occidens ;

U. pustulosus; U. pustulatus ; U. plicatus; U.

parvus, 5 T, 62

Unio pressus; U. rectus, . j ; : : 3 I, 63

Unio rubiginosus; U. solidus; U. spatulatus; U.sub-

ovatus, : ; : : : . , I, 74

Unio securis ; U. schooleraftii, ; ‘ 2 ; i 75

Unio tuberculatus; U.trigonus; U. tenuissimus; U.

undulatus, , ; ‘ ; 5 3 ; Te et

Unio ventricosus ; U. zigzag, , Dao

Unio anthonyi; U.aheneus; U. amygdalum U. an-

gustatus; U. arctatus, ; , . U, 67, 105

[o2)

THE NAUTILUS.

viii INDEX TO CONCHOLOGIST’S EXCHANGE.

Unio Buckleyi; U. Buddianus; U. Blandingianus; U.

coruscus,

Unio cacao Lea; Unio Cunninghami Bou. Wright (n.

Sp: 0 Aeeneneis Lea; U. Jayanus Len,

Unio granulatus Lea in Fla.,

Unio Jewettii ; U. Kleinianus ; Uy. lepidus ; “(uh minor ;

106 modioliformis, ;

Unio Liebii in Lake Erie, .

Unio papyracea Gould in Lake Ashby, Fila., 5

Unio monroensis Lea; U. fuscatus Lea ; U, paludico-

lus Gld., ‘ 5 3

Valvata tricarinata Say and V. bicarinata Lea, :

Valvata mergella Westerlund, only a striate variety of

V. sincera Say, . ; :

Venus mercenaria Linn.,

Vivipara intertexta; V. ‘subpurpurea ; Vi contectoides,

Voluta Gouldiana, found in 150 to 200 fathoms aah:

Rock Light, Fla., : :

Zirpheea crispata Linn.,

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS AND TITLES.

. IT, 95, 105

II, 105

bh Mba

Ite

I, 26

Te St

II, 80

IT, 113

II, 102

II, 65

II, 9, 10

II, 34

Titles in brackets are the general subjects of notes placed under

“* Correspondence.”

Ancey, C. F. Diagnoses of a few subgenera in Helici-

de, : : : ‘ : : : : I, 20

Descriptions of new genera or subgenera of Hel-

icidee, : : : I, 53, 64, 75, II, 22, 38

[Notes on new subgenera, and some American

Helices | I, 54

A Catalogue of ‘the Bulimini found in Central

Asia, é Tiss

On the generic name ofa remarkable bivalve shell

found in the Congo, IT, 22

Description of North American shells, II, 53, 79

Baker, F. C. [A collecting trip to Onset Bay, Mass.], II, 119

Beauchamp, Rey. Wm. M. Erosion of fresh water

shells, I, 49

Notes on American Shells, II, 114

THE NAUTILUS. 59

INDEX TO CONCHOLOGIST’S EXCHANGE. ix

Brown, Dr. J. J. Notes on the mollusea of the Baha-

mas, . . : : : : are

Carpenter, Horace F. The shell-bearing mollusca of

Rhode Island, __ I, 76, II, 2, 18, 34, 46, 61, 77, 89, 101, 109

Cockerell, T. D. A. The Gibraltar and Tangier forms

of Parmacella, . : tl 67

[ Note on Planorbis umbilicatus Taylor], : II, 68

Cooper, Rev. Ebenezer V. Andrew Garrett (obituary),

Dall, Wm. H. [Notes on some rare West Indian Shells], 1 ie

Ford, John, A day among the mollusks, . ‘ : i 2A

Helices in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, : Ree

The Succinea obliqua Say of Fairmount Park,

Philadelphia, with some remarks regarding the

relationship of Succinea Totteniana Lea, . : Il, 23

The fresh water mollusks of Fairmount Park, . eso

Some remarks on the migration of mollusks, , aya

Hinkley, A. A. Record of a collecting trip in oe

Hardin and Gallatin Counties, Ill., . I, 56

Notes on the Strepomatidee of TH, : : ; II, 93

Jones, J. Matthews. The Conchologist in Bermuda, . IJ, 118

Keep, Josiah. Cabinet Notes, . ; A 5 ; II, 107

Loofbet, Adam. A suggestion to our young friends, . I, 80

Marsh, Wm. A. Brief Notes on the land and fresh wa-

ter shells of Mercer Co., Ill., I, 42, 50, II, 4, 20,

36, 48, 65, 80, 90, 103, 110

Michael Jr., Geo. W. [Shells on the coast of San Luis

Obispo Co., Cal.], : II, 68

On collecting and preserv ing Chitons, ; : Tiss

Obituaries and notices of deceased conchologists and

scientists. Prof. Daniel ep Sheldon, : LA

Dr. Isaac Lea, . eae arene Py tips)

Dr. Ezra Michener, . ; : : Lie siet

Prof. Spencer Fullerton Baird, : : : L26

Dr. J. C. McCormick, : , II, 54

Prof, Ferdinand Vanderveer Hayden, ' ‘ 13

60 THE NAUTILUS.

x INDEX TO CONCHOLOGIST’S EXCHANGE.

Andrew Garrett,

Geo. W. Tryon, Jr.,

Wm. L. Mactier,

Pilsbry, H. A. Notes on some New Orleans fresh water

shells, :

[Notes on Ancey’s new w subgenera of Helices],

Lyogyrus Gill, and other American shells .

Rogers, Thos. Planorbis dilatatus Gould in England,

Roper, Edw. W. [Pholas truncata Say at Scarboro,

Me.], d

Rush, Dr. Wm. H. [Notes « on deep sea a dredging],

Shimek, B. Margaritana Hildrethiana Lea,

Simpson, Chas. T. Record of a two- days dredging

cruise in Tampa Bay, Fla.,

[ Notes on Melongena fusiformis],

Suecinea lineata in Nebraska,

On the distribution of land and fresh water ‘shells

in the tropics, : ;

Blacklist them, .

A new Floridian Natica w. Fordiana),

Shell collecting,

The dredge,

C@andlachia ancyliformis Pfr, in Florida,

Singley, J. A. New localities for Unio parvus and (a

eracrlis, 7. ,

Sterki, Dr. V. Collecting shellatn in drift, F

[Pupze found in the vicinity of "New Philadel-

phia, Ohio],

How to collect ermal land shells.

The Faunatic dependence of the Mediterranean upon

the Atlantic, .

The strength of snails (Helix aspersa),

Trombley, Jerome. [Note on Unio Liebii],

Vitality of mollusca (Nassa obsoleta),

Wright, Dr. S. Hart. [New localities for Unionide],

W right, Dr. 8. Hart, and Berlin, H. Notes upon the

II, 81, 92

_ II, 96, 115

II, 103

Ii; 113

I, 63

I, 65

II, 24

1h ae

I, 44, 52

I, 83

I, 65

II, 37, 50

IE 10

II, 51

II, 52

II, 83

II, 96

I, 21

I, 45

I, 54

I, 67

L26

I, 34

I, 26

I, 35

I, 27, 51

mionide of Southern Florida, F , “U1; 67, 95; 104 ;ebie

"eae N Beis.

VOL. IX. OCTOBER, 1895. No. 6

ON THE AUSTRALASIAN GUNDLACHIA|

BY C. HEDLEY, F.LS.,

With note on American forms

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The eccentric shell of Gundlachia, one part shaped like a knife-

sheath, or rather a spectacle-case, plastered askew upon another

part like the shell of an ordinary fresh-water limpet, the creature’s

external likeness and internal unlikeness to Ancylus, and the re-

markable, discontinuous, geographical distribution of the genus,

combine to tempt a naturalist’s curiosity. For a chance to satisfy

such curiosity I am indebted to several friends who have liberally

assisted me with all the material and information at their command,

and without whose kindly aid I should have had to relinquish, un-

profited, the study of the subject. Prof. Tate has kindly loaned me

the actual types of G. petterdi, and given me examples of that

species collected by himself at Mt. Lofty near Adelaide, S. Aus-

tralia. Mr. W. F. Petterd has liberally communicated a large

series of Gundlachia, including the actual type of his species G.

beddomei. Mr. C. E. Beddome has supplied me with a collection

of Gundlachia from various localities. Mr. H. Suter has convinced

1 From Vol. VIII (Series 2nd) of the ‘‘ Proceedings of the Linnean Society

of New South Wales” (November 29th, 1893). We have omitted Mr. Hed-

ley’s descriptions of the Australian species of Gundlachia and his plate illus-

trating them.—ED.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

me of the method by which the primary shell is transformed into

the adult by presenting me with a series showing the passage from

stage to stage collected by him in New Zealand. To Mr. R. H.

Pulleine, of the Adelaide University, who guided me to the spot

and procured me several specimens, I am particularly obliged for

the pleasure of viewing Gundlachia alive at Henley Beach near

Adelaide.

The genus Gundlachia was instituted by Pfeiffer in the Zeits.

Malak., vii, 1849, p. 98, for the reception of immature specimens of

G. ancyliformis Pfr., sent to him by his correspondent, Dr. J.

Gundlach, from Cardenas in Cuba. Troschel supplemented his

friend’s description by an account of an animal which had dried in

the shell. From the dentition he classed the puzzle, not, as Pfeiffer

was inclined to do, with Navicella and Neritina, but with its real

kin the Limneide. Though not recognizing it as such, he dis-

tinguished the jaw as a brown, semitransparent arch, convex in

front and extending from eye to eye. Further remittances from

Gundlach enabled Pfeiffer to describe and figure (op. cit. 1852, p.

180, pl. I, ff. 1-16) the adult and immature shells and to add some

information from the collector of its habits and appearance when

alive. From this species Bourguignat carved (Spicil. Malac., 1862,

pp. 82-87) a new genus, Poeyia, type P. gundlachioides, and two

other species, G. adelosia and G. poeyi; all of which, so Crosse tells

us (Journ. de Conch., xxx, 1890, p. 262), are but stages in the de-

velopment of G. ancyliformis.

In Trinidad the genus occurred to Guppy in the form described

by him (Proce. Sci. Assoc. Trinidad, Dec., 1872) as G. crepidulina,

and figured Am. Journ. Conch., vi, 1870, pl. xvii, ff. 10 and 11.

From Mexico the genus is doubtfully indicated by Gibbons (Journ.

of Conch., iii, p. 267).

An undetermined species was recorded (Am. Journ. Sci. (3), xxiii,

p. 248) by Cook from the State of New York:

On the banks of the Potomae River Stimpson discovered G.

meekiana, which he figured and described (Proc. Boston Soe. Nat.

Hist., 1863, p. 249). This account, the best of the genus that has

appeared, was transferred by W. G. Binney to the pages of “The

Land and Freshwater Shells of North Ameriea,” Pt. ii.

In California the genus is represented by G. californica Rowell,

whose description is also reprinted, with additional figures, by Bin-

ney, from the Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1863, iii, p. 21.

THE NAUTILUS. 63

As a fossil, Gundlachia occurs in 8. Carolina in a quarternary

marl containing mastodon bones (Cook, /.c.).

[In addition to the records of Gundlachia in North America,

compiled by Mr. Hedley, we may instance the finding of numerous

specimens in ponds near Greenport, Long Island, N. Y., by Mr.

Sanderson Smith, recorded in the Annals of the Lyceum of Nat.

Hist. of N. Y., ix, 1870, fig. 6. The specimens differ sufficiently

from G. meekiana to be considered by Smith a distinct species,

which he names G. stimpsoniana.

A Gundlachia, closely allied to, if not identical with, G. meekiana,

Fig. 1. 2

Gundlachia from Rock Island.

occurs abundantly in a lily-covered pond near Rock Island, I]linois.

Specimens are drawn in the illustrations here given (figs. 1, 2), fig.

1 representing a shell with small accessory cap, the other figure

showing one with it large. All imtermediate sizes occur. With

these, are found numerous specimens of like asymmetrical contour,

but lacking the accessory shell! These are, as far as the shells are

concerned, merely Ancylus. They live with the true Gundlachias

on the lower surfaces of the lily-pads, grazing on their watery pas-

ture like little sheep dotting a hillside. Professor B. Shimek has

found something very similar to these near Lincoln, Nebraska (see

Nauriuus, August, 1890, p. 48).

Still another record of Gund/achia is given by Dr. Victor Sterki,

who found it at New Philadelphia, Ohio (see Nauriuus, Jan., 1895,

p. 107).—Pilsbry].

‘Boettger has ventured to name an immature fossil from the May-

ence Basin— G. francofurtana (Fischer’s Manuel, p. 505).

A defective monograph of the genus, by Clessin, appeared in 1882

in the Conchylien Cabinet, Bd. i, Abth., 6, pp. 1-5.

The existence of this genus in Australasia was first announced by

R. M. Johnston, who, in March, 1877, laid before the Royal Society

of Tasmania an account of G. petterdi, from the vicinity of Launces-

64 THE NAUTILUS.

ton in North Tasmania. In the first of two plates attached to

“ Critical Observations on Recent Contributions to our Knowledge

of the Fresh-Water Shells of Tasmania,” Pt.i, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas-

mania, 1888, p. 84, but which Mr. Johnston, perhaps critically omit-

ted to number or explain, are drawings 2a, 2b, 2c, presumably of this

species. Appended to this paper is a table in which, under “ Gen-

eral Remarks,” a Gundlachia beddomei is mentioned as described

“since 1881” by Petterd, which form is asserted to be “ undistin-

guishable from Gundlachia petterdi.” I believe that I am correct

in stating that no species has ever been described under this title.

The Quarterly Journal of Conchology contains, in Vol. iv, p. 150, a

notice of a new and nameless molluse by W. F. Petterd, dated Nov.,

1883, and evidently relating to the form written of by Johnston.

Prof. Tate recorded (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1884, p. 216) G.

petterdi from the hill streams of the Mount Lofty Ranges near

Adelaide.

Finally, in a paper I have had the honor of communicating to

you this evening, Suter declares the existence of an undetermined

and probably new species from New Zealand.

The broken range of Gundlachia has attracted the attention of

several conchologists: Petterd (Journ. of Conch., i, p. 399), Fischer

(Manuel, p. 251), Tate (Rep. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1887, p. 325),

Spencer (op. cit. 1892, p. 96), and Suter (N. Z. Journ. Sci. iii, p. 252)

have each commented thereon. The fluyiatile mollusca of Southern

Australia have, strange to say, a stronger likeness to those of New

Zealand than to those of the northern part of this continent.. Amphi-

peplea, Potamopyrgus and Gundlachia are confined to Tasmania and

to the south-east fringe of Australia; they all reappear in New

Zealand, but the Vivipara and Melania characteristic of tropical

and subtropical Australia have failed to accompany them there.

The extension of Potamopyrgus, Gundlachia, and, according to Tate,

perhaps Amnicola, with another Australian genus, Mycetopus, to

America is even more remarkable.

To explain similar instances, Mr. H. O. Forbes (to whose courtesy

I am indebted for a copy of this very interesting paper) has lately

revived the theory of an Antarctic continent, and supports it by

several weighty arguments, notably the presence in the Patagonian

Eocene of marsupial remains nearest allied to those now existing in

Australia. A strip of land, with a mild climate, extending across

the Pole from Tasmania to Tierra del Fuego, would have afforded a

THE NAUTILUS. 65

possible route’ for the migration from America to Australia of these

Tertiary marsupials. But such a land could not have been con-

nected with New Zealand, or the marsupials would have wandered

there also. A great southward extension of Tertiary New Zealand,

considered probable by Sir J. Hector,’ would, however, have availed

to people the latter with much of the fauna and tora of the suppo-

sitious Antarctic land, in the way that European plants are

believed to have reached the Azores.

This theory of the origin of Australian marsupials would also

account for the discontinuous distribution of Gundlachia.

The Australasian members of the genus known are G. petterdi

Johnston, G. beddomei Petterd, MS.,and G. sp. undetermined, and

probably new, from New Zealand.

At present G. petterdi appears to be known, as adult, from only

three localities: a small, shallow, stagnant pool near the First Basin,

South Esk River, Launceston, Tasmania (Johnston and Petterd) ;

a hill stream at Mt. Lofty, 8. A. (Tate), and a chain of shallow,

stagnant ponds behind the sandhills at Henley Beach, near Ade-

laide, S. A. (Adcock, Pulleine and Hedley). In this latter locality

they were associated with Planorbis, Bulinus and Ancylus, the

latter only determined by the shell. Their habit was to cling

to drowned leaves and sticks, or to the submerged leaves and stems

of water plants. So closely do they resemble Ancylus that a careful

observer may, in the field, easily mistake one for another.

The precise mode of the growth of the shell does not seem to have

been related by any writer. Johnston says (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas-

2 Had the alternative route advocated (‘‘ Island Life,” 2nd ed. p. 497) by

Wallace, “over what is now the Java Sea,” been used by the marsupials, then

Timor and the South-Eastern Austro-Malayan Islands should, as Forbes log-

ically remarks, have preserved some remnants of the migrants amid surround-

ings so like Australia (Vol. iii, p. 22, Supplementary Papers, Royal Geo-

graphical Society, 1893). Spencer has demonstrated (Rep. Aust. Assoc. Ady.

Sci., 1892, p. 118) “that the diprotodonts had their origin in the Euronotian

region,” which also seems to me, though not to him, to indicate the south

rather than the north-west as the point of marsupial ingress into Australia.

In his latest paper Prof. Zittel says (Geol. Mag., Nov, 1893, Vol. x, p. 512) :

‘« For its [i.e., Australia’s] connection at one time with South America, the

abundant occurrence of fossil marsupials in the Santa-Cruz beds of Patagonia

is valid evidence.’’ See also Lydekker, ‘‘ Nature,’ May 5, 1892, Vol. xlvi,

pp. L1-12.

3 Address to the Geological Section of the Aust. Assoc. Ady. Sci., Adelaide,

1893.

66 THE NAUTILUS.

mania, 1878, p. 24): ‘In the young state the shell is simple and re-

sembles the common Ancylus in the same neighborhood.”

From the fact that Ancylus woodsii (op. cit. p. 23) is omitted by

its author from his last catalogue (op. cit. 1890, p. 145) I infer that

he now considers that name to be a synonym, and further that he

considers it a synonym of G. petterdi. If so, it is a matter for re-

gret that Mr. Johnston has withdrawn his species in a manner to

confuse a student of his writings.

The published figures of the juvenile shell only represent the

stage at which the septum is completed and the secondary growth

is about to occur. Thanks to a series of specimens collected by

Mr. Suter in New Zealand, which probably represent the fry of an

undescribed species, I am enabled to detail the process. My friend

supposes that in unfavorable circumstances a septum is never

formed, a view which his American experience had already sug-

gested to Gibbons. If this be the ease, and Gundlachia sometimes

continues to regularly enlarge the ancyliform shell, then only an

anatomical examination could distinguish between the genera; and,

although several supposed species have been named, and more or

less adequately described as Australian, yet this hypothesis would

require proof of the existence of Ancy/us in Australia.

The first deviation shown by young Gundlachia from Ancylus

consists of a fold appearing at the posterior end of the aperture,

No increase occurs round the rim of the ancyliform shell until

the fold is built into a septum flooring half or two-thirds of the

original shell. This septum is flat and grows asymmetrically, the

right margin advancing before the left. At this stage the shell

has much resemblance to a spectacle-case, and has been well figured

by Pfeiffer. Vigorous growth now occurs; in front, but in an

altered plane, the margin of the ancyliform shell is continued out-

wards, behind, the shell is spread beneath the septum floor to form

the roof of the secondary shell, then leaving the septum it is ab-

ruptly bent downwards. A slight inclination to spiral growth is

shown by the increase on the right exceeding that on the left.

Stimpson suggests “that the Gund/achia commences its life as an

Ancylus, . . . it passes the first summer and autumn of its

existence in this smaller shell, and that the septum, which afterwards

partially closes its aperture, is formed during the period of inaction

which ensues during the winter. This septum would, in some de-

gree, serve as a protection to the molluse during this period, in the

THE NAUTILUS. 67

same way as the epiphragm of the Helices. In the following spring

—the period of greatest activity in growth with all the fresh-water

Pulmonates—the animal throws forth its newer and larger shell,

retaining the older one on its back for the protection of its more

tender viscera.”

I regret that I can give but a meagre account of the soft parts.

My only material was some specimens procured at Adelaide, which

died on the voyage to Sydney, and were hastily and badly preserved

on board the steamer. * * * Part of the liver and the herma-

phrodite gland are pinched off into a sort of tail, which occupies

the primary shell. With this exception, as Gundlach and other ob-

servers have remarked, there is no difference from Ancylus. ‘The

form and disposal of the stomach and intestines seemed, as well as I

could ascertain, to agree with those of Ancylus figured by Moquin-

Tandon.

Jaw extremely minute and frail, about $ the length of the radula,

very narrow, composed of a great number of separate imbricating

plates, which appear to be arranged two deep, in contact but un-

attached; each is oblong in shape and serrate at one end, resem-

bling somewhat the scales on some butterflies’ wings.

The difficulty of observing this tender and incoherent organ will

account for the uncertainty that prevails regarding it. Troschel

saw it, described it, and then unfortunately concluded that it was a

piece of hardened skin. Stimpson failed to find it. Johnston

noticed it in G. petterdi. In Latia Hutton asserts (Trans. N. Z.

Inst., XIV, p. 156) that no jaw exists; it has more probably been

overlooked.

Radula a narrow parallelogram, very small, measuring about 3

< 1 hundredths of an inch. Formula, 70 rows of 8:12:1:12:8.

Each half row straight, meeting at a low angle in the centre.

Rachidian with a long, slender basal plate, rounded and slightly

expanded posteriorly ; reflection about a fifth of total length, bi-

cuspid. Laterals with broad basal plates, emarginate at the prox-

imal posterior corner, sloping away from the rachidian, reflection

somewhat pyriform, the wide end proximal, set aslant on the basal

plate and armed with a large proximal and two minor distal cups.

Marginals more upright, with reflection of same pattern, but extend-

ing almost the length of the basal plate.

Conctusion.—The genus Gundlachia contains four American—

G. ancyliformis, meekiana, californica, crepidulina—and two Aus-

68 THE NAUTILUS.

tralian species—G. petterdi and beddomei. It is nearly allied to

Ancylus, from which it differs anatomically by a distinct pattern of

radula, and conchologically by its compound shell. The existence,

variously affirmed and denied, of a jaw, is now demonstrated by fig-

ures. It has been suggested, but not proved, that in unfavorable

circumstances the shell never attainsits compound development, but

remains simple. From an Ancylus of the same size the subcentral

nucleus and regular elliptical outline distinguish young Gund-

lachia.

A fuller knowledge of the development and structure of the

genus is very desirable.

The nearest, in phylogenetic array, to Gundlachia are probably

the New Zealand Latia and the Tasmanian Ancylastrum. Should

Hutton’s Latiide win acceptance, which seems doubtful, it might

include these.

The distribution of Gundlachia agrees in part with that of the

recent marsupials, and the theory of a Mesozoic or older Tertiary

migration to or from Australia across the south pole, when a lost

land with a mild climate united Tierra del Fuego to Tasmania,

would explain its present position.

A NEW MEXICAN BYTHINELLA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Bythinella palomasensis.

Shell small, ovate, rapidly tapering above from the periphery of

body-whorl to a blunt apex ; composed of four very convex whorls,

the last about five-sixths the entire length of the shell, well rounded

out. Surface showing faint growth-wrinkles only. Aperture ovate,

subangular above, its longest axis about half the length of the shell ;

peristome thin, continuous across the parietal wall and nearly

straight there, although not appressed to the body-whorl. Umbili-

cus minutely perforated. Color whitish corneous and somewhat

translucent.

Alt. 2°75, max. diam. 1°80 mm. Longer axis of aperture 1°36 mm.

Two specimens from Lake Palomas, northeastern Mexico, col-

lected by Dr. E. A. Mearns, U.S. A., of the International Boundary

Commission. One of the two specimens has the latter third of a

THE NAUTILUS. 69

whorl free from the body, as in Lyogyrus, a somewhat common

pathologie condition in species of this and allied genera; but in the

other and evidently normal specimen the peristome is quite free from

the adjacent body-whorl, not appressed thereto. Neither example

retains the operculum or dried soft parts, and therefore the generic

reference cannot be verified by examination of the dentition, but the

figure of the shell is that of a Bythinella rather than of an Amnicola.

It isa stumpier species than £B. binneyi Tryon, and has far less

inflated whorls than B. brevissima Pils., but these two species are

conchologically its nearest allies among United States species. Of

the short-spired Mexican forms, A mnicola orizabensis C. & F. is totally

diverse, although the figures in Crosse & Fischer’s work (pl. 50,

fig. 4, a,b) look somewhat like this species. A. guatemalensis C.

& F. is larger, with relatively smaller aperture.

ISAAC LEA DEPARTMENT.

[Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the Agassiz

Association by its General Secretary, Mrs. M. Burton Williamson. |

Every week the General Secretary receives letters from the mem-

bers of the Chapter telling of the benefits of Chapter membership.

A good rule to follow in exchanging specimens is this: “Give a

little more than you receive.” The one who exchanges merely to

add to the number of shells in his own cabinet, loses one of the

great pleasures in life—the blessedness of giving pleasure to others.

NOTES ON SHELLS.

{Report of Mrs. E. C. Soper. From the Transactions of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chap-

ter of the Agassiz Association for 1894. ] ,

My enjoyment in studying shells is greatly lessened by the fact

that tu obtain good specimens I must collect those that are

“alive,” and then go through the intensely disagreeable operation

of killing the helpless animals. Though, as we are told, they are

not so sensitive to pain as the higher organisms, yet the poor, writh-

ing, quivering creatures appeal to my pity in a very great degree.

However, men’s cruelty, perhaps, does not surpass or equal that of

the winds and the waves, and of the stronger animals that prey upon

70 THE NAUTILUS.

the weaker; but, until I overcome my repugnance to the killing

and dissecting of molluscs, I shall take more enjoyment in studying

their homes than in getting acquainted with the inmates themselves.

Being a new member of this Society, and also a novice in concho-

logical lore, I can hardly hope to write anything of much interest

to the older members, but, perhaps, the younger ones may care to

hear about some of my most interesting (to me) “finds.” * * * *

I shall never forget an expedition, taken in the early part of this

year (’94), to Long Beach, in company with a friend, when our

enthusiasm for collecting had just begun. Leaving Long Beach a

short time before noon, we started to walk to Alamitos Bay, neither

of us knowing the distance. We picked up so many shells that, be-

fore we were half way there, we were very tired; but determined to

reach our destination, we pressed on, were caught in a shower, and

finally reached the bay more dead than alive, judging from our

feelings. We found nothing very valuable, but we fairly staggered

under the load of shells we carried home, which place we did not

reach until after dark. We were told the distance was five miles

each way, and we believed it.

Last summer, during a trip taken with the Chatauqua Assembly

School in Conchology, I picked up a shell near a fisherman’s cot-

tage on Tim Point, which proved to be a small specimen of Siphon-

alia kelletti Fbs. While cleaning it, I noticed, about two inches

from the lip, on the inside, a rusty looking spot, through which the

water trickled. After using quite a quantity of acid to take off the

accumulation of foreign matter on the outside which nearly hid the

form of the shell, I discovered opposite the rusty spot, and imbedded

in the hard shell, a tiny mussel, half an inchlong. I thought I had

made a discovery ; but, alas! on turning to “ West Coast Shells,” I

found that these little mussels grow sometimes in large shells. I

think it is Adula stylina Cpr., but so small and delicate! How

did it carve a home to fit it so perfectly ?

I have taken a good deal of pleasure in rude attempts to draw

and paint some of the more simply formed shells, but I find it is

difficult to reproduce them faithfully.

When in San Francisco, I had the privilege of a day in the

Academy of Sciences, of looking at Tryon’s magnificent work,

which was beautifully illustrated in colors. I also had the pleasure

of visiting Mill’s College and the University at Berkeley, and of

seeing the collections of shells at both these institutions, and I shall

THE NAUTILUS. 71

always remember the courtesy shown to me, and the kindly interest

taken in my growing desire to know something about conchology

by those who have long made it a study.

Mrs. Mary P. Dartine has collected, at the various beaches in

Los Angeles County, and reports “one hundred and eighty-three

species; among them are a live Calliostoma splendens and a dead

Nassa inseulpta.”

WITH A DREDGE.

{Report of Miss Ida M. Shepard. From the Transactions of the Isaac Lea Conchological

Chapter of the Agassiz Association for 1894. ]

I have added a number of specimens to my collection during the

year, and had the pleasure of dredging in the bay, with very good

results. It is with impatience we wait the dredge to fill, after drop-

ping it over the stern of the boat; and when it comes up filled with

mud how we watch and exclaim over some treasure we see as the

mud is being washed out. But often we find nothing, and often

many good and rare specimens. I will tell you of what a few

dredges contained. After the dredge is pulled up and the mud

washed out, the contents, if any, are dumped into the tub, and we

look it over, and find nothing but a stone or two and a few Olivella

boetica, Tornatina culcitella, and young Rictaxis punctocaelatus.

After the dredge was dropped over again, J picked up a small stone

and looked it over, and soon gave an exclamation of delight, for, on

one side, snugly in its nest, was a fine, large Lima orientalis Ad. &

Rve. It did not take long to cut the nest from the stone and put it

into a jar of sea-water, and before we reached the shore the Lima

came out of the nest and swam around the jar. I wish I could give

a good description of what a beauty it was swimming. Will do the

best I-can. About 7 of the length of theshell the tentacles are of a

bright rose color, the rest pure white, and, as it swam around, its

beauty can be imagined. The tentacles are about } inch in length.

It would put out its foot at times to help it along.

Another dredge brought up a fine, large Clidiophora punctata

Cpr., and it gave an exhibition after being put into a cup of sea-

water and sand. Other dredges gave live Dentalium hexagonum

Sby., Scala hindsii Cpr., Eulima micans Cpr., Mangilia variegata

Turbonilla tridentata, Macoma yoldiformis, and the pretty Tellina

variegata Cpr.

(ie THE NAUTILUS.

Besides dredging comes the collecting of fine Lunatia lewisi,

Fissuridea aspersa, Acme pelta var. hybrida, Acmea pelta var. nacel-

loides, Diplodonta orbella and nests; Lacuna carinata and two finds

of over 150 Terebratella transversa. Then dead specimens, in good

condition, of Oadulus fusiformis, Parthenia armata, Rissoina in-

frequens, Felania sericata, with quantities of rich drift, not yet

sorted, which doubtless contains many rare specimens new to my

cabinet.

GENERAL NOTES.

Mr. Cuarves W. Jonnsron left Philadelphia, September 24, for

an extended geological trip in the Eocene regions of Louisiana and

Texas.

Dr. Wo. H. Datu has published a resumé of the results of his

systematic studies on Mactride and Mesodesmatide in the last num-

ber of the Proc. Malacological Society of London.

Pror. Girperrt D. Harris has been spending some time in

Philadelphia studying and remounting Lea’s type collection of

Claiborne Eocene fossils.

ACANTHOCHITES MATTHEWS! Bednall & Pilsbry, described in THE

Navutiuus for February, 1894, from “South Australia,” was found

by me in St. Vincent’s Gulf at Giles’ Point, south Yorke’s Penin-

sula, at an unusually low tide-—E. H. Matthews.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA CALIFORNIENSIS VAR. CONTRACOSTA:. —

Smaller than var. diabloensis, but of the same depressed form ; light

yellowish straw-colored, with or without a dark band; surface

rudely striate and cut by irregular spirals into small granules ; not

malleated or slightly so. Whorls 53; outer lip thickened, hardly

expanded, white, basal lip expanded and a trifle impinging on um-

bilicus, which is deep and rather widely open, somewhat as in Poly-

gyra kiawaensis. Locality, Byron Hot Springs, Contra Costa Co.,

California.— Pilsbry.

ErrepHRAGMOPHORA REMONDI Tryon.—This species is, as Cooper

and von Martens have lately recognized, quite distinct from carpen-

teri. Ancey’s H. verrilli (Conch. Exch.) is a synonyn of Tryon’s

species, Ancey having been misled by the misidentification of

Rémondi, which has prevailed since the publication by Gabb of his

Lower California finds.—Pilsbry.

ekHE N@eRiLus.

VOL. Ix. NOVEMBER, 1895. No. 7

ON DOLABELLA CALIFORNICA STEARNS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.. |

The genus Dolabella has long been known as an inhabitant of

the Indian Ocean and Polynesia, but it had not been reported from

American waters until Sowerby described the shell of D. guayaquil-

ensis, from Guayaquil, in 1868.

In 1879 Dr. R. E. C. Srearns deseribed a D. californica from

Mulege Bay, Gulf of California, but unfortunately the shells only

were available for his study. They were found by Mr. W. J. Fisher

“in pools left by the tide” at the locality named.

Part of the specimens collected by Fisher were secured by Mr. W.

N. Lockington, and presented to the Academy, in alcohol; so I am

enabled to give below a description of the animal of this interesting

addition to the West Coast fauna, which proves to be nearest allied

to A. tongana and ecaudata, Polynesian species.

The dentition of Dolabella is excessively peculiar, and together

with the unusual position of the genital orifice, necessitates the for-

mation of a new subfamily, Dolabelline, for this genus.

D. californica Stearns.

Description of alcoholic specimens:—Length 12 to 14 cm.

Oblong-ovate, broadly rounded behind, Aplysia-like in front. Bue-

cal tentacles ear-like, short and folded about at the middle, not pro-

duced toward the mouth; tentacles conic and slit; the very minute

74 THE NAUTILUS.

eyes in front of them and more separated. Mouth a vertical slit in

a papillose disk. Swimming lobes arising at or behind the middle

of the animal’s length, contiguous. Posterior subcircular area de-

fined by a groove with smooth, raised anterior edge, and enclosing a

cord. Mantle having a large shell-foramen and a long posterior

siphonal fold. Genital orifice under the back part of the gill.

Color (in aleohol) dark olive, or dull brown with more or less

black maculation. In life it is said to be ‘a dark brown and the

surface covered with warty papille.”

Shell solid, with a brown cuticle. Apex with a roughened

reflexed callus, continuing along the dorsal margins as a reflexed

border over the cuticle.

In external appearance, this species seems nearest to D. ecaudata

and tongana, but the posterior area is defined by a far less conspic-

uous frill, which does not extend to the edges of the dorsal slit.

Dolabella guayaquilensis, a species known by the shell only, is stated

to have the margins “scarcely reflected, callus small, narrow, not

continued upon the margins,” while in the present species the mar-

gins are bounded by unusually broad retlexed callous bands. Traces

of sparsely scattered wart-like papillz are visible on some specimens,

mainly posteriorly, but these are not very distinct in the alcoholic

examples. Two of the original lot collected by Fisher are before

me, the smaller one being drawn in my figure, and another specimen

of a dark olive color collected by Dr. W. H. Jones on the “ West

coast of Mexico,” has also been examined.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW PISIDIA.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

In looking over more than 20,000 specimens of Pisidium, during

the last twelve months, the writer came across numerous new forms,

and many of them will prove to be new species. But, as some of those

already published are not fixed beyond a doubt, owing to insufficient

deseriptions and figures, and lack of reliable originals, and as new

forms are constantly coming in, it will be advisable not to hurry

with publications. Yet a few of these new species were seen from so

many different places, and come to hand again and again that

it is too unsatisfactory to return them without or only with MS.

THE NAUTILUS. 75

names. Besides, they are not doubtful species, being well defined

and distributed over wideareas. Mr. E. W. Roper having examined

specimens wished the writer to publish these species.

The descriptions will not be exhaustive, especially as to the

hinges, leaving that, as well as figures, for a monograph, but they

will be sufficient for recognition of the species.

P. WALKERI n. sp. Mussel of medium size, elongated, rather in-

flated, resembling P. abditum, but is smaller than good sized exam-

ples of that species ; it is also more elongated, and the smaller and

moderately prominent beaks are more posterior ; thus the anterior

part is comparatively very long, with the end rounded, the posterior

quite short, truncated at the end; scutum and scutellum well

marked. The shell is very thin, translucent, the surface very finely,

and sharply striated, often somewhat scaly, dullish, or with a silky

gloss; color grayish, along the margin more or less yellowish horn.

Hinge moderately strong, of the same type as in Pis. abditum; car-

dinal tooth of the right valve moderately curved, its posterior part

thickened and with a deep furrow; below this tooth, there is a deep

groove formed by the inferior edge of the hinge list raised; and the

same formation is in the left valve below the deep groove between the

two cardinal teeth; ligament comparatively strong.

Long. 4°5, alt. 3°7, diam. 2°8 mill.

In outline, our species has some resemblance with P. virginicum,

by its elongate shape, the beaks situated posteriorly, the long and

below somewhat sacciform anterior part. But it is much smaller,

its shell quite thin, the hinge finer, the striation finer and the beaks

are much smaller.

P. walkeri is quite a characteristic and beautiful species which

cannot be mistaken for any other. It has a wide geographical dis-

tribution but seems to live not in great numbers together, as e. g. P.

abditum, compressum and others do. For the first time I found it

in a lot of Pisidia from Kent County, Michigan, in the collection of

Mr. Byrant Walker—in whose honor it has been named—, and in

another from Utica, Mich. Later it was seen from Grand Rapids,

Mich. (L. H. Streng), Columbia, Pa. (Bryant Walker), Mohawk, N.

Y. (in E. W. Roper’s collection, from E, R. Mayo); Clearwater and

Mississippi rivers, Minn. (H. E. Sargent).

P. potiruM n.sp. Mussel of medium size, well inflated, rather

high, beaks slightly posterior, rather high and prominent, not full

but well rounded ; scutum and scutellum slightly marked. Supe-

76 THE NAUTILUS.

rior margin rather short, rather strongly curved; inferior well

curved, more so in front than behind; posterior margin distinctly

truncated, with a well marked angle where joining the superior, and

a less marked, rounded angle where joining the inferior margin;

anterior end forming a slight but distinet angle situated rather high

up. Surface very finely, irregularly striated, polished; whitish or

straw colored, often leaden-grayish on the beaks, or even all over.

Shell moderately thick, nacre whitish ; muscular insertions not very

distinct; hinge of essentially the same type as that in Pis. abditum.

Long. 4:0, alt. 3-4, diam. 2°4 mill.; 4°7: 4:0: 2-9 mill. from another

place.

Pis. politum is rather variable in size, and more so in color as

noted above, but so markedly constant in its several habitats that a

number of different local forms, or varieties could be described. It

has some resemblance with Pis. abditum Hald. and Pis. variabile

Pr.; from the former it is different by its being somewhat smaller,

comparatively shorter and higher, the beaks being less full, the

surface finer striated and more polished ; from the latter it is distin-

guished by its smaller size, the beaks being less full, the antero-

superior margin less straight, and the angle at the anterior end being

situated higher up; the shell is thinner and the hinge less strong,

the coloration different. With all these differences appearing only

gradual, our Pisidium is a good species beyond a doubt and will

always be recognized.

It was found, in May a. ¢., in the outlet of a small peaty swamp

near New Philadelphia, Ohio, about 200 specimens, in company with

Pis, abditum, varibile and compressum, all, when fresh, being of a

remarkably uniform color and appearance; Philadelphia, Pa.

(Morris Schick) ; Grand Rapids, Mich. (L. H. Streng); Joliet, Ill.

(Jas. H. Ferriss); Clearwater River, and Dallas Lake, Minn. (H. E.

Sargent). ,

P. mitium Held. This is not a new species, but new to our

country. A number of specimens from East Twin Lake, at Charle-

voix, Michigan, dead shells but in perfect condition, in the collection

of Mr. Bryant Walker, were, after careful comparison, found to be

congruent, in shape and appearance, as well as in the hinge char-

acters, with one of the larger forms of Pis. miliwm from England, so

that there can be no doubt in their identity.

New Philadelphia, Ohio, Oct., 1895.

THE NAUTILUS. Vid

EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE.

Natchitoches, Louisiana.

October 6, 1895.

My first work was two miles below Mabelvale (12 miles southwest

of Little Rock, Arkansas) along Fourche creek; an outcrop of

Eocene limestone of the Midway or Clayton stage occurs here, con-

taining Enelimatoceras ulrichi, Ostrea pulaskensis, Oucullea micro-

donta, Cytherea sp., Venericardia planicosta, ete., etc. Most of the

fossils consist of casts only, and are difficult to obtain from the hard

limestone. The situation was very favorable for Jand shells, how-

ever, and the heavy rain of the day before had caused the snails to

start from their hiding places and I found them very abundant,

crawling over the rocks and leaves. Helicina orbiculata, Polygyra

thyroides var. bucculenta, Polygyra inflecta and large fine specimens

of Zonites friabilis were particularly common, while a search brought

to light Polygyra stenotrema, Polygyra divesta, Selenites concava, and

Pyramidula alternata var. mordax. The whole bluffwas strewn with

dead shells, and in turning over a log one of the enemies of the

Helices was found, a large beetle of the genus Cychrus.

At White Bluff on the Arkansas River, in Jefferson Co., Arkansas;

is a bed of Upper Claiborne. The principal fossils collected were

Venericardia planicosta, Nucula ovula, Cytherea discoidalis, Corbula

nasuta, C. oniscus, Turritella arenicola var. branneri, Turritella

clevelandia, Pseudoliva vetusta, Levifusus branneri, Volutilithes

petrosus, Solarium bellastriatum, a fine series of Mazzalina inaurata,

and many others, altogether probably 25 or 30 species.

At Vince Bluff on the Saline River in Cleveland Co., Arkansas, is

a small exposure of the Jackson bed from which about thirty species

were obtained. The river was very low and in many places paved

with Unios. As it was getting late, and a drive of eleven miles was

before me I had very little time to collect ; but upon cleaning the

“catch” next morning, found I had the following species: Unio

pyramidatus, U. crassidens (?), U. trigonus, U. camelus, U. turgidus,

U. pustulosus, U. near castaneus, U. plicatus, U. cornutus, U. metan-

ever, U. trapezoides, U. securis, U. hydeanus, U. aberti, U. tubercula-

tus U. near satur, U. gracilis, U. purpuratus. The first five species

were abundant and many of the others would prove equally so with

more thorough collecting. It is an ideal spot for a “ Uniologist.”

Campeloma subsolidum Anth. and FPleurocera elevatum were also

abundant, and among the former | find one specimen of Vivipara

subpurpurea Say.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

My next collecting was done at Mt. Lebanon, Bienville Parish,

Louisiana. This is the locality discovered by Mr. T. Wayland

Vaughan, and through his kindness in giving me the exact position

of the bed, I was able to find it, after considerable digging, as the

banks had caved down. I succeeded in getting a very interesting

lot of fossils, including fine specimens of Anomia ephippoides.

While waiting for a train as Shreveport I took a stroll along the

Red River and a small tributary (“ Lake”) to the north of the city.

Nothing was to be found along the river except quantities of dead

Helices, etc. among the flood-debris, but which have practically no

value, as their habitat may have been Arkansas, Texas, or Indian

Territory. Along the shores of the “ Lake” I found some beautiful

specimens of Unio alatus and U. anodontoides ; and Campeloma sub-

solidum and Vivipara subpurpurea were quite plentiful. Although

the Red River was extremely low, the ever-changing bars and the

freshet-swept shores are unfavorable situations for mollusca;

while in the smaller rivers and tributaries they are abundant.

CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

NOTE ON THE GENUS JOANNISIA.

BY W. He DALL.

In the Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science vol

III, p. 545, April, 1895, I proposed the name of Joannisia for

Cyrenella oblonga Sowerby and another Philippine island species

which had been referred to Cyrenella (or Cyrenoida Joannis) as the

hinge of these species is quite different from that of the original type

of Oyrenella (or Cyrenoida). The Marquis de Monterosato kindly

calls my attention to the fact that in 1888 he had used the name

Joanisia for a genus typified by Tylodina citrina Joannis (Nom.

Gen. Con. Medit., p. 149).

I would therefore modify the name as applied to the Philippine

bivalve to Joannisiella.

ISAAC LEA DEPARTMENT.

[Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the Agassiz Associa-

tion by its General Secretary, Mrs. M. Burton Williamson. }

Before the November isstie of Tae Nauriius each member of

Chapter will have received a copy of our new printed list of mem-

bers. A number of new names appear upon the list.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

Please bear in mind that our Chapter reports are due next month

(December). It is expected that our volume of Transactions will

be very large this year. Write only on one side of paper eight by

ten inches in size. Leave a margin of one and one-half inches at

the left. Every member is expected to send in a report. A. short

one will be better than none.

The election of officers for the Chapter also occurs in December.

‘The President and General Secretary, who also acts as Treasurer,

are the officers to be elected. Those who have not paid dues in

advance will please bear them in mind.

RAISING BABY SNAILS.

{From the Transactions of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter. |

Prof. Keep once inquired, in the Popular Science News, “ Did

‘any one ever raise baby snails?” I copy from an old note book:

“May 24, 1886, Mesodon thyroides deposited forty-three eggs. All

hatched between 4 P. M., June 8 and noon June 9. June 23 found

fifty-seven eggs.” They were in two nests, and I probably removed

the mother before her day’s work was done, as I found fourteen

more immediately after, making seventy-one. “ July 11, sixty-nine.

-July 20, forty-seven.” Whole number deposited in four days less

than two months by one snail, 230.

Those hatched June 8 show, on July 1,small umbilicus, 2+ whorls,

and on July 8, three full whorls. July 23, four whorls, umbilicus

partly covered. Shell so thin it is almost impossible to handle.

The following January, nearly five whorls, lip thickening and

slightly everted. Callous on the body-whorl, but no tooth.

If any one interested in the study of mollusca could raise young,

from any or all species in their vicinity, it would not only be in-

structive, but would save time and patience, when an undeveloped

shell is found, in trying to find out what it is. The tiny youngsters

have sometimes very little resemblance to an old one. I am rarely

without one or two colonies.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

MY FIRST YEAR COLLECTING AND STUDYING SHELLS.

[Report of H. Lowe. From the Transactions of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the

Agassiz Association for 1894 ]

My knowledge of collecting shells is quite limited as I have only

studied conchology for about a year. I have collected chiefly at

Long Beach and San Pedro, but prefer the latter place for collect-

ing as it offers a great variety of beach, rocks, sand and mud flats.

At Dead Man’s Id. are to be found rock shells in abundance, the

Chlorostoma, Monoceros, and Littorina clinging in dark patches on

the rocks of the breakwater, while among them are bright red star-

fish and Chitons.

The Pomaulax undosus are also plentiful, for at one time I picked

up thirty-five living specimens in one place. On the great pieces of

kelp which are seen floating in the tide pools, are often found colonies

of the beautiful Norrisia norrisit with their strawberry colored

bodies extended from the shell.

I have found beautiful live specimens of Semele decisa in sand

between the rocks on the Bay side of Dead Man’s Id. and good spee-

imens of the Cordium quadrigenarium in the mud flats. Olivella

biplicata may be found at low tide between Rattlesnake Id. and

Terminal Id.

Most of the shells of Alamitos Bay are bivalve, while those of San

Pedro and Dead Man’s Id. are mostly Gastropods.

This Summer Neverita recluziana has been quite plentiful for I

found one hundred and twenty-five in one morning at the Donax

beds at Long Beach, and I found it quite true as Prof. Keep says,

that the Natica eat clams for I caught them while boring into

Donaces. * * * * * Among other interesting relics which I found

this Summer was the house which the Oedalina subdiaphana Desh.,

builds. It is made of sand and some substance which holds the

sand together and covers the shell completely except for two tiny

holes left for the siphons. It is about an inch long, and may some-

times be seen lying on the mud flats at Alamitos Bay, and resembles

lumps of sand. The shell of the little mollusk which lives inside is

pure white and very delicate, the lines of growth are distinct and

the ligament is internal.

You may have wondered in walking along the beach, what the

curious formation of sand, looking like a hone s hoof was. By some

THE NAUTILUS. 81

people they are called “sand dollars.” I was greatly puzzled over

them till this summer when I learned, at the Conchology Class of

the Chautanqua Assembly what they were. They arethe egg cases

of the Natica and are full of microscopic eggs mixed with the sand.

Sometimes on top of the egg cases are found the eggs of the Nassa

lying in long rows.

NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS.

ON THE STRUCTURE AND AFFINITIES OF SOME NEW SPECIES OF

Mo .uuscs FROM Borneo.—By W. E. Collinge and H. H. Godwin-

Austen, P. Z. S., 1895.—This interesting paper gives descriptions

and many figures of three new slugs collected by Mr.. Everett in

Borneo. The fact is brought out, that the slugs of Borneo resem-

ble in their anatomy some of the shell-bearing forms of that island,

rather than the Indian slugs to which they show more outward

similarity. The first species is placed in Damayantia Issel, for all

that it hasa shell. The suggestion that Issel was mistaken in sup-

posing that his genus was shell-less is probably correct ; the present

writer had in Ann. Mag. N.H., Jan., 1891, p. 100, suggested a doubt

as to the validity of this character by quoting it within inverted

commas. Some remarks are given as to Tennentia, which is said to

be “ probably synonymous with Issel’s genus,” but immediately be-

low is correctly shown to be equivalent to Mariaella. It is probable

that the authors meant to say that the so-called Tennentia philip-

pinensis is a Damayantia, but not that Tennentia= Mariaella is Dam-

ayantia! If the latter synonymy held, Mariaedla would of course be

the name of the genus, having long priority. The statement that

Dekhania G.-A. is the same as Mariaella and “ must be suppressed ”

comes rather late in the day, since the present writer had suppressed

it, with all due pomp and solemnity, in 1891 (t. c., p. 103-104),

and again in the check-list of 1893. The other two species are

placed in Microparmarion, a genus or subgenus lately instituted by

Simroth for a species from Java. Curiously, in making comparisons,

Africarion pallens is said to be from South India, whereas it was really

from Abyssinia, vide Godwin-Austen, Moll. of India, 1883.

Simroth’s division of the Javan slugs into Parmarion and Micro-

parmarion may be justified, but a new name is apparently required

82 THE NAUTILUS.

for what he calls Parmarion. If we admit that the Javan slugs are

not Girasia nor Ibycus, then they are assuredly not Parmarion ; for

that genus was founded by Fischer on four slugs, one of which is a

Mariaella one a Girasia (Indian), one an Jbycus (Indian), and the

other a Hyalimax !

In conclusion, we may cordially echo the author’s wish that fur-

ther Bornean material may be obtained by them, for they have cer-

tainly only obtained a glimpse ef the undoubtedly rich slug-fauna

of that region.—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

REVIEW OF OUR PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF THE MOLLUSCAN

FAUNA OF MICHIGAN, by Bryant Walker (address delivered before

the Michigan Acad. Science, Dec. 27, 1894). Michigan has a long

Malacological history, for a Western State, beginning with Dr.

SaGeEr, in 1839, who had worthy followers in MrLEs, CURRIER and

DeCamp, successive historiographers of the rich mollusk-fauna of

that great State. Other Michigan naturalists—McNEIL, STRENG,

Larurop et a/.—have made large additions to our knowledge of the

mollusca, not to mention the Eastern authors Conrad, Anthony, Lea,

Tryon and others, who described material collected by the ardent

and enthusiastic band of Michigan naturalists. All of this is most

interestingly related by Mr. WALKER, in this survey of the history

of Michigan Malacology. In the notes accompanying his tabular

enumeration of all species reported from the State, from all sources,

(284 entries), much valuable information is given, but so condensed

that no useful abstract is possible. A full bibliography of Michigan

conchology concludes the paper.—H. A. P.

A CATALOGUE OF THE Marine Mouiusks oF JAPAN has been

issued by Messrs. Frederick Stearns and Henry A. Pilsbry. It is

a handsome volume of 204 pp., and 11 plates. Suitable notice of —

the contents will be given next mouth.

MoLuusquEs DE LA Basse CALIFORNIE, recueillis par M. Diguet-

déterminés par M. Jules Mabille (Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris,

(8) vii, pp. 54-76, 1895). This annotated list comprises both mar-

ine and inland mollusks, and many supposed new species. In most

cases exact localities are not given. The forms described or men-

tioned as new are: Octopus digueti Perrier & Rochebr. ; Fissuredla

( Cremides) pluridentata and digueti, Patella enigmatica, Crepidula

nebulata Mabille; Pleurobranchus digueti and Doris umbrella

Rochebr. ; Planorbis mysarus, Helix indigena, steganella, invecta,

digueti; H. (Polygyra) solidens, triangularis; Bulimulus (Lepto-

THE NAUTILUS. 83

byrsus) lapidivagus, dentifer, swhspirifer, dismenicus ; B. (Scutalus)

acholus, cosmicus, cacotycus ; B. ( Thaumastus) digueti ; B. (Globulus)

recognitus ; Berendtia digueti, minorina; Barbatia nova, digueti ;

Perna recognita ; Anomya [sic] simplex Mabille; Plicatula spondy-

lopsis, ostreivaga, Chama parasitica, digueti Rochebrune. The

diagnoses are not accompanied by comparisons with known species,

nor are figures given; and the work as a whole, instead of adding

to our knowledge of Lower Californian conchology, quite appreciably

darkens the subject. There are unquestionably some misidentifica-

tions, or possibly mixture of specimens from other localities, among

the marine shells; and numerous typographical errors mar the

paper. There should be a petition in the litany of all good con-

chologists against this sort of dilettante trash.

DE 1’ EXISTENCE DU GENRE BERTHELINIA CROSSE A L’EPOQUE

ACTUELLE, par Ph, Dautzenberg (Bull. Soe. Zool. France 1895).

In 1875 a peculiar, very small, Capulus-like shell was discovered in

the Paris Basin Eocene, and named by Crosse Berthelinia elegans.

It was supposed to be a univalve; but later another was found, and

proved to be a /eft valve of the species, which was then transferred

to the bivalve family Aviculide. The genus has also been surmised

to be an embryonic bivalve, analogous to Sinusigera in Gastropoda.

Now a living representative of Berthelinia has been found, and

named by M. Dautzenberg B. Schiumbergeri, in honor of the dis-

coverer. It is Jess than a millimeter long, white, with spiral beaks

like Isocardia cor; the interior is not pearly, but mat, so that Coss-

mann is probably right in referring Berthelinia to Prasinide rather

than to the pearl oyster group. It was dredged in sand at the island

Nossibé, near Madagascar.— H. A. P.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Dr. Wm. H. Dati, Honorary Curator of the Department of

Mollusks, U.S. Nat. Mus., has returned from a prolonged sojourn in

Alaska, where he has been engaged in an examination of the coal

resources of the country.

MussEts IN A City Reservior.—During the cleaning of the

East Park Reservoir, 33d St. and Columbia Avenue, Philadelphia,

Mr. J. E. Ives observed numerous Unio complanatus in the muddy

sediment in course of removal. Specimens presented to the Academy

of Natural Sciences by him are well-grown and normal. The water

&4 THE NAUTILUS.

supply of this reservoir is pumped from the Schuylkill, where this

species is abundant; and it was doubtless introduced in the state of

free-swimming embryos, which found in the muddy bottom of the

reservoir, a suitable station.—H. A. P.

PyRAMIDULA ALTERNATA AND GASTRODONTA LIGERA, RE-

VERSED.—In the collection of the late Ropert WALTON, of Rox-

borough, Philadelphia, which was presented by his father to the

Academy of Natural Sciences, a reversed specimen of each of these

species occurs, both taken in the vicinity of Philadelphia. In a

former issue we have announced a reversed Z. cellarius found by

the same ardent conchologist.

Another sinistral specimen of P. alternata has been presented to

the Academy, a finely developed shell of the size of ordinary

adults in this locality. It was found by Mr. Jonn Forp in the

West Park (Fairmount) some years ago, in a locality now destroyed

so far as snails are concerned.

It would seem that sinistral individuals occur more frequently in

Pyramidula (Patula) than in our other groups of American

Helices. Binney records a reversed alternata (Man. Amer. L. Sh.

p. 257) in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. I have seen a

fine reversed specimen of P. strigosa, in the collection of the late

Dr. Fr. Srern, of Indianapolis, Ind. I believe that no sinistral

specimens of American species of this genus other than those men-

tioned above, have been put on record, but it is not unlikely that

others exist in collections, unrecorded. If so, we would be pleased

to hear from their possessors, and to record the occurrence of such

sinistral Helices as may come to our knowledge.—Ebs.

Tue Eprror has had the pleasure of very pleasant calls from

Dr. THEODORE GiuL and Pror. A. E. VERRILL, whose attendance

at the meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, of which they

are distinguished members, brings them to this City of Brotherly

Love.

ConcHoLocists who do not already possess a copy of Tryon’s

“ SpRUCTURAL AND SysrEMATIC ConcHOLOGY” should procure it

now. This work is indispensable to the collector who wishes

to gain an intelligent idea of the affinities or structure of shells, or

to classify a collection. The plates illustrate thousands of species

representing all of the genera and subgenera, and the text contains

interesting chapters on geographical and geological distribution,

structure, classification, etc. It is the most complete text book on

the subject in the English language.

ue N Aprius.

W.OE: IX: DECEMBER, 1895. No. 8

NOTES OF A CONCHOLOGIST IN JAPAN.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, WASHINGTON, D. C.

It was my good fortune to accompany the Hon. John W. Foster

on his diplomatic mission to Japan and China last winter. Official

duties and the disabilities placed upon me by a suspicious military

guard prevented me from doing very much collecting, although I

eagerly seized such few opportunities that came my way to gather

in the tempting array of mollusks that generally seemed near at

hand.

There can be no more delightful country in the world to collect

in than Japan. The natives are always pleasant and courteous and

often show a disposition to assist. ven my solemn escort at times

so far forgot pride and dignity as to remove their swords and wade

in the muddy rice fields to capture the “dobukai.” Land and fresh-

water shells are abundant almost anywhere. The mountain sides

are especially rich in that variable Helicid group of Fulota (Eu-

hadra) luhuana, its many forms and varieties. Clausilias cluster

together in old stumps, and the rice fields fairly swarm with Corbi-

cula, Vivipara and Melania. One rainy day at Nikko, a coolie

brought me a branch of mulberry, upon which seventeen fine speci-

mens of Euhadra brandti were crawling.

The only marine collecting I could do was at Shimonoseki, and in

the neighborhood of Nagasaki. Both these localities are delight-

86 THE NAUTILUS.

fully rick in marine forms, especially the latter point, where a larger

number of the true Indo-Pacific species occurs. At Nagasaki crowds

of fisherwives and their children go out every day at low tide

and gather Tapes philippinarum Ry. for the markets. These are

found in great abundance on the pebbly beaches of the bay, an inch

or so under the surface. At a little fishing village called Mogi, on

the Gulf of Simibara, where a small stream meets the sea, I spent

two days in a conchological paradise. I shall not soon forget the

thrill at my first sight of those splendid Indo-Pacific species alive

and moving along, that I had only seen before in collections and

figured in books. Here at low tide an exposed stretch of rocky reef

was covered with Monodonta labio L., Purpura tumulosa, Chloros-

toma lischkei Pils., Chl. turbinatum Ad., Chl. rustica Gmel., Turbo.

coronatus Gmel., and an occasional Turbo cornutus japonica Rve.

In the crevices of the larger boulders, hidden from the light, Huthria

ferrea Reeve clings to the rough surfaces of the granite, and Litor-

ina sitchana Phil. must be sacrificed at every step. Jn the little

pools of clear water left by the receding tide, myriads of Umbonium

glisten in the sunlight like gems, along with the more dingy Potam-

ides. Under the stones are hidden all manner of nice things—the

usual Tupes and a quantity of small species ; occasionally a pretty

Calliostoma consors Lisch., and now and then a fine, large, spiny

Murex (M. axicornis /)

A sand- and mud-bank at the mouth of the little river is most

interesting. Among a wealth of species and a profusion of speci-

mens I stood dazed and excited. Fusus (two large species), with

their brilliant scarlet-red bodies made furrows in the soft sand, and

Siphonalia kellettii seemed quite as abundant. The large, fine

Polinices ampla and Eburna japonica Sowb. thrive in the half mud

half sand. Scattered along the shore and washed in from the deeper

waters of the bay I found good specimens of Hemifusus, Rapana

bezoar, Ranella lampas, Triton tritonis, Fascolaria trapezium, Siphon-

alia cassidariaeformis and longirostris, Cassis pyrum Lam., and

Astralium modestum Rye.

Among a number of bivalves [ remember, in particular, Soletedlina

boeddinghausi Lisch., Tellina praetexta Marts., Arcasubcrenata Lisch.,

Oytherea lusoria, Caecella chinensis Desh., Dosinea japonica, Mactra

veneriformis Pecten japonicus and laqueatus.

While collecting at this charming spot, I was assisted by a swarm

of naked children, who vied with each other in finding specimens,

THE NAUTILUS. 87

and whose little, biack, oblique eyes could almost see around corners,

The market places usually offer a number of the more common

‘species, among which one can often pick out rarer and more desir-

able forms. Hburna japonica and a large Cardium seemed the most

favored as articles of diet.

ANNOTATED LIST OF THE MOLLUSCA FOUND IN THE VICINITY OF

CLEARWATER, WRIGHT CO., MINNESOTA.

BY H. E. SARGENT, WOODVILLE, ALA.

PART FIRST—LAND SHELLS.

Having the past summer at our disposal, and needing rest, our

plans were laid gastronomically to enjoy the fruits of the old home-

stead garden, the pride of our octogenarian parent ; socially, to re-

new the acquaintance of relatives and friends of former years, and,

scientifically, for our own gratification and perhaps that of our

fellow conchologists, to work up as fully as possible the molluscan

fauna of the immediate vicinity of our sojourn. The two first de-

sideratee of the vacation were a pre-eminent success, and our friends

may be our judges as to the latter.

Clearwater, Wright Co., Minnesota, is situated on the Clearwater

River, at its junction with the Mississippi, some 60 miles above the

famous Falls of St. Anthony.

The Mississippi, at this point is, at times, deep, rapid and filled

with loose logs for the Minneapolis saw-mills. At the time of our

investigations it was shallow, quiet and free from logs, thus greatly

aiding in our search. Its bed being in the glacial drift, contains but

little, if any, lime-rock.

Fine granite is quarried from the outcropping of the Archean

rocks at St. Cloud, only 15 miles above.

The several islands which occur at this point are low and densely

overgrown with willows, elms, vines and rank weeds.

Being protected from fires, the undergrowth is a perfect tangle of

‘dead limbs and living weeds. The portions which are overflowed in

high water are cleared and more open.

The Clearwater River, a small stream easily crossed dry shod in

summer, is from 8-10 miles long, and the outlet of Clearwater Lake,

Except in the most rapid portions, it is muddy under its banks, with

an occasional muddy slough connected.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

Clearwater Lake is a beautiful sheet of water. It is 10 or 12

miles long, from a few rods to 3 or 4 miles wide, and very irregular

in outline. Over most of its bed it is pebbly or rocky and quite

shallow, many acres in its centre being less than two feet deep. The

surrounding timber is quite heavy, and furnishes good retreats for

land mollusks, while the maples, elms and oaks, by their abundant

shade, keep the soil somewhat moist.

Belle and Heath Lakes, situated two miles west from Clearwater,

are small, deep, weedy and muddy, and are typical of several other

lakes visited, of which no further mention will be made.

Their floors, at margin, are covered with fine, marly mud deposit,

and are heavily overgrown with rushes and white lillies. Beyond

the water’s edge, the shores are boggy and overgrown with rank

grass. The surrounding country is rolling and sandy; timber,

serub-oak, poplar, birch, and other small shrubby trees—and to still

further render it unfit for molluscan habitation, it is frequently

overrun by forest fires. No shells were found away from the imme-

diate vicinity of the lakes.

Land species were collected at the following stations:

Station B. Belle Lake. Among grass roots on crowns of bogs,

unless otherwise designated.

Station C. Clearwater Lake. Sifted from leaf-mould taken from

banks of small spring rill.

Station I. Islands in Mississippi River at Clearwater.

Station R. Rockford, Minn., 20 miles south of Clearwater.

Station D. Drift in Mississippi River at Bellevue, Ia.

Station E. Vicinity of Bellevue, Ia.

Valuable assistance has been rendered in verifying and identify-

ing by Dr. Sterki.

1. Selenites concava Say. D,

2. Pseudohyalina milium Morse. C.

3. Pseudohyalina minuscula Binn. R, under chips at water’s

edge of Crow Creek. B, D.

4. Zonitoides nitida Mull. C, under boards among the reeds at

lake margin. I, very abundant under fine bark chips at water’s.

edge. E, crawling among weeds near creek.

5. Vitrea radiatula Ald. Common at B and C.

6. Vitrea radiatula Ald. (albino), very closely resembling H.

binneyana. A beautiful variety found at both B and C, ie

with the typical specimens.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

7. Vitrea arborea Say. C, B, I, BR.

8. Conulus fuluus Drap. Very plentiful at B and C under de-

eaying logs. I, R.

9. Strobilops virgo Pils. C, specimens perfectly colorless. D, R-

10. Strobilops virgo Pils. (dark brown variety). At C, in com-

pany with, and at B, without typical specimens.

11. Punctum pygmaeum Drap. C, B.

12. Pyramidula striatella Auth. B,C, I, R.

12a. Pyramidula striatella catskillensis Pils. Clearwater Lake.

13. Pyramidula alternata Say. Under decaying logs at C, I, D.

14. Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Very numerous and rather under-

sized at C, D.

15. Polygyra (Triodopsis) muiltilineata Say. I, E, island in

Mississippi River near Bellevue, la. At both stations mature shells

were very thin and delicate.

16. Polygyra (Tridopsis) clausa Say. D.

17. Polygyra (Stenotrema) hirsuta Say. D.

18. Polygyra (Stenotrema) leai Ward. I, under drift ; E, bogs on

banks of creek ; B.

19. Vallonia perspectiva Sterki. I and R.

20. Ferussacia subcylindrica L. C, B,I, R.

21. Pupa pentodon Say. B, D.

22. Pupa edentula Drap. C.

23. Pupa contracta Say. B,C, D.

24. Pupa holzingeri Sterki. C, D,I.

25. Pupa curvidens Gld. C, D.

26. Pupa corticaria Say. C, under bark of decaying log.

27. Pupa armifera Say.. B, on sandy hillside; D.

28. Pupa procera Gld. D.

29. Vertigo ovata Say. B, C.

30. Vertigo ventricosa Morse var. elatior Sterki. B.

31. Vertigo tridentata Wolf (1 example, 4-dentate) D.

32. Vertigo milium Gld. D.

33. Suceinea ovalis Gld. C,B,R. Crawling on slough grass.

34. Suecinea obliqua Say. I, very fine specimens among under-

brush and weeds; C, E, on island in Mississippi River.

35. Suecinea avara Say. I, very abundant under pine bark chips

at water’s edge.

36. Carychium exiquum Say. C, B.

37. Carychium exiguum Say. var. R, C.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

38. Carychium exile H.C. Lea. D, C.

The aquatic species will be enumerated in a second paper.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW AUSTRALIAN CHITON.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Chiton Bednalli n. sp.

Oblong, strongly elevated, with acute dorsal keel and straight side-

slopes. Cream-white, with a small flesh-pink spot at each beak, and

a sparce mottling of same on lateral areas, the central areas clouded

with green. Girdle flesh-tinted with green bars.

Median valves acutely beaked, the beaks hardly projecting on

the straight or concave posterior margins of valves, which, at the

sides, are regularly serrated. Central areas with a narrow, smooth

band along the ridge (wider and triangular in valve ii), the pleura

with 12 narrow, strong, rounded, longitudinal ribs on each side,

separated by flat grooves wider than the ribs; inner one or two riba

not reaching to anterior margin of valve. Lateral areas well raised,

divided by a median groove (doubled on some valves), which widens

at intervals, forming a series of triangular pits; traces of somewhat

similar pits appear along the diagonal slope, and the posterior border

has a series of transverse undulations corresponding to the denticles

of the sutural margin. Valve i with about 20 radial narrow grooves,

also pitted; and, like the grooves of lateral areas, these do not extend

to the beak, which is surrounded by a smooth area. Valve viii with

central projecting mucro, the slope behind it very concave; anterior

area ribbed, posterior area with pitted radial grooves.

Interior white, blue on the valve-callus. Girdle clothed with

convex imbricating scales, rounded in contour, and measuring about

two-fifths of a millimeter in width, faintly striated toward inner

edge of girdle, blunter and smoother toward outer edge.

Length 25, breadth 11 mm.; angle of divergence 98°.

Yorke’s Peninsula (W. T. Bednall).

This species resembles C. Covi somewhat, but differs in the pecu-

liar pit sculpture of the lateral areas. Its nearest ally is a still un-

described South Australian species collected by Mr. Bednall. The

coloration described will probably be found subject to variation, as

usual.

THE NAUTILUS. 91

“SOME NOTES ON THE GENITAL ORGANS OF UNIONIDE, WITH REFER-

ENCE TO SYSTEMATICS.

BY DR. VY. STERKI.

It is generally known that in a group of Uniones comprising a

great part of our species, such as ligamentinus Lam., rectus Lam.,

subovatus Lea, parvus Barnes, nasutus Say, rangianus Lea, alatus

Say, ete., the females have the posterior part of their outer branchie

peculiarly transformed into “branchial uteri,” and also that in con-

-sequence of this, in almost all instances the shells of the female

specimens are distinctly and decidedly dilated downward at the

posterior end, so as to be distinguished from the males at first glance.

The degree of difference between the sexes is, however, very differ-

-ent among the several species, but it is constant. For convenient

reference in the following, this group is designated as A. There is

another group, say B, in which all four branchie are charged in

their totality with embryones, as already shown by Lea for some

-species,’ but do not show such marked transformation and change

in colors as those of the former group, and cause also no such strik-

ing differences in the shape of the mussel, according to the sexes.

Examples of this group are: U. subrotundus Lea, pustulosus Lea,

aesopus Green, undulatus Barnes.

There are some facts of peculiar interest in connection with this

grouping. The first is that the animals are propagating at certain

seasons quite different for the two groups, as the writer has ascer-

tained by examining thousands of specimens during the last four or

five years. In group A the branchial uteri are charged with embry-

-ones from late summer to the beginning of winter, and probably in

most through the winter, while in early summer they are empty, the

-embryones having been discharged. At that time the ovaries of the

females are charged with ova, and the testes of the males with sper-

matozoa, while the latter are missing, or quite scarce, in the time

from late summer to winter, in which time the embryones attain

their maturity in the branchiz.

In group B, just the reverse is true. During the fall, 7.e., about

from August, and probably winter, the branchiz are empty, con-

‘taining no embryones, while the ovaries are filled with ova, and the

'Yet Huxley, in his valuable “Man. Anat. of Inv. An.,” says: “In Unio

-and Anodonta the young are hatched in the outer gill pouches of the parent

”?

~ .

92 THE NAUTILUS.

testes with the white, creamy sperma (rarely of a different color.)

During early summer, the branchiz will be found filled first with

developing ova and then with embryones, which are discharged

about in July; at that season the ovaries and testes are sterile.

There are slight variations as to the time, but the general rule is as

stated.

This radical difference in the season of producing ova and sperma,

and maturing the embryones, coincident with the differences of the

location and formation of the uterus saes is highly interesting, the

more so as they are in harmony with the differences in the shells,

and thus seem to furnish systematic characters of a high order. In

group A the mussels are generally more or less elongated, or at least

longitudinal, that means with a small angle of torsion of the axis,’

the hinge-teeth are moderately strong, and the epiconch is of a

vivid color, as a rule, with numerous rays. In B, the mussels are,

as a rule, shorter, the axis-torsion is more considerable, the hinge

and hinge-teeth are stronger and of a different shape, and the epi-

conch is generally of a more uniform, dusky color.

Yet there seem to be some real or apparent exceptions, and dissi-

dent members of both groups. In U. lens Lea and ellipsis Lea the

propagating organs are of exactly the same type as in group A, and

also bound to the same season. In the former, which has often been

mistaken for U. cireulus Lea, the male and female mussels are very

different, the latter being strongly dilated downward posteriorly—

Lea’s figure represents a female specimen well; the shell is also not

heavy. In U. ellipsis the female mussel is also dilated and more

full posteriorly, though not so marked, yet, as a rule, recognizable ;

the lighter color and green rays of the younger approaches it to

group A, and more so, in the writer’s opinion, the formation of the

posterior mantle edge, which is of the same appearance as in the

other species ranging under A.

On the other hand, two species, with an elongated mussel, U-

cuneatus Barn. (niger Rat., erassidens v. C. Lam.) and gibbosus:

Barn. range with group B, as to their generative organs, and also in.

the season, while they at least show no downward dilatation of the

female shell (in cuneatus it seems to be decidedly higher in general)

and their shells are comparatively heavy, the epiconch is of a uni-

form deep brown or black, though having some green rays when

young, as do also U. subrotundus, coecineus ete.; the shell is very

2 More about this feature will be said in another place.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

heavy in crassidens, and the teeth very strong and of the same type

with the other species of group B, while the decided downward

curvature at the posterior end in old specimens approaches both

species to the same, and removes them decidedly from A.

In U. multiplicatus the female was found November 1, with evi-

dently mature embryones filling the uterus sacs, which are of rather

the same appearance as those of U. alatus, and occupying the most

posterior part of the outer branchiz. Also, otherwise this species is.

quite different from U. undulatus Barn., in spite of the similar ap-

pearance of the old mussels, as already pointed out by Say.

A few words about U. alatus Say, laevissimus Lea and gracilis

Barn. may be added. Of all three the branchial uteri were found

filled late in October, in the former evidently discharging the em-

bryones, and of a rather different formation from that in the two

others, while the young mussels of the two former species are very

much alike. It is known that in U. alatus the female mussel is

markedly produced downward, and more so in gracilis, while in

laevissimus it is searcely distinct. from the male.

Besides these two main, and, as it seems, most numerous groups,

there are some species of quite different types. In order not to let

this article become too lengthy, they, together with Margaritana and

Anodonta will be considered later.

It is probably known to most conchologists that during the first

two or three years of life, the genital glands are not developed at

all. Yet the specimens are still rather small and young when they

begin producing ova and sperma, and the assertion that the presence

of embryones is a criterion of maturity of the parent is as far from

truth here as it is for the Cycladide, In group A the filled uterus-

or embryo-sacs increase in numbers as well as in size with advancing

age of the mother animal. In U. subovatus Lea, e. g., 18, 25,28, 40

have been counted on a side, in specimens of different sizes, and

these are probably not the lowest and highest numbers to be found,

and correspondingly so in other species. For every one of them

there is, however, an average number the rule for an adult, and

these numbers are very different for the different species.

The embryones, or glochidia, of many species have been exam-

ined and figured long ago, especially by Lea, and they prove to be

of rather different forms. Very probably they would be found more

or less uniform in the several groups, and with the latter show

differences which may also be of value for systematics. Although

94 THE NAUTILUS.

having examined some of them, and their development, the writer

is not prepared, as yet, to speak in a general way about them.

New Philadelphia, Ohio, Nov., 1895.

NOTES AND NEWS.

New Recorps or ReveERsED AMERICAN Heticrs.—I have my-

self found three reversed Helices. First, reversed thyroides. This

specimen I sent to the late John G. Anthony for the Cambridge

Collection. Second, reversed multilineata. This also I sent to

Anthony. I now have another reversed thyroides in my collection.

I also know of a third one, collected near Cincinnati, by the late

Mr. Stannage, and also of a reversed mitchelliana collected by Prof,

F. W. Bryant near Cincianati.

This makes a list of six reversed specimens of Mesodon, which I

have seen. Dr. Lewis had a reversed albolabris in his collection.

This does not indicate that Patu/a has much the start.

—A.G. WerHersy, Magnetic City, N. C.

VITRINA LIMPIDA IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA.—The last time

I saw you I promised to send you some living Vitrina limpida Gld.

if my “colony” had not died out, so I send you a dozen and trust

they will reach you in good shape.

Last year I only found 12 alive, so feared the “ colony ” had died

out, and, up to to-day, had not found a single specimen this year.

It has been exceedingly dry this season, the deficit in rain-fall being

nearly 11 inches up to November 1, but yesterday we had a steady,

soaking rain; so to-day I started out for Vitrina and collected 95

in two hours, so you see, the “ colony ” is still flourishing in spite of

the drought, and burning off the “drift” under which they lived.

I think I told you that this “ colony” came down the river in the

flood of February, 1891, as that was the time the drift lodged in the

hollow where they are found, and the Signal Service records show

that the ’91 flood came from the headwaters of the Allegheny. This

is a good example of “ dispersal by water,” and one that has prac-

tically been proved.

To-day was cold and raw, with slight snow-spits (Signal Service

record for November 10 show maximum temperature 39° F., mini-

mum 86° F.),so V. limpida has the same habits as its European

THE NAUTILUS. 95

cousin pellucida, i. e., out in cold weather. I noticed one or two

eggs among the rotten leaves.

As to the habits of Vitrina limpida, they were very hard to find

yesterday [Nov. 17], as it was much dryer than a week ago, and

most of the shells had crawled into the curled-up leaves. One

specimen was busily engaged in making a meal off of the shell of a

deceased brother or sister, eating right through the shell as is the

habit of the Zonites.—-Gro. H. Ciapp, Pittsburg, Pa., in letters.

Tue Stearns Loan CouLiection In THE Detroit Museum oF

Art.—The citizens of Detroit, Michigan, are to be congratulated

upon the addition to their facilities for scientific and sesthetic edu-

cation, of the great collection of archzological and ethnological

material of Mr. FREDERICK SrEaRNS. We quote the following

from the Detroit Evening News, of November 1 :

“The occasion which last night emphasized the significance of the

gathering at the Detroit Museum of Art is one which the whole

Detroit public ought to recognize. It was the formal dedication to

the public use of the additional gifts lately made to the museum by

Frederick Stearns. The archeological and ethnological collection

which Mr. Stearns placed in the museum last night is in itself valu-

able enough to entitle the donor to public gratitude, but when it is

considered that the presentation of last night’s collection was but an

incident in Mr. Stearns’ past relations to the institution, the event

places Mr. Stearns among the foremost of Detroit’s public benefac-

tors. The very presence in a community of a goodly number of

persons of Mr. Stearns’ tastes and artistic discrimination is a refin-

ing influence, but when such a man is willing to contribute not

only his technical acquirements and skill, but his pecuniary sub-

stance for the common good, the fact goes a long way to negative

the current notions about the crime of being rich and refined in

taste. The reception of last evening was a recognition in part of

the publie’s appreciation of its indebtedness to Mr. Stearns’ munifi-

cence, but the best and real recognition will be given from day to

day by the individuals who are edified and profited by their visits

to the museum. ‘The News tenders its acknowledgements to Mr.

Stearns of all the benefits which he has conferred upon Detroit

through his generosity to the Museum.”

We understand that Mr. Stearns is preparing a series of Mollusca

for exhibition in a special hall of the Museum of Art.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS.

DESCRIPTION D’UNE NOUY. ESPECE DE Moprora (Feuille des

Jeunes Naturalistes, May—June, 1895), M. gallica, Dautzenberg, from

the ocean coast of France.

On THE VALIDITY OF THE GENUS MARGARITANA. By Charles

T. Simpson (Amer. Nat., April, 1895). The author maintains that

Margaritana is not a natural genus, but is of polyphyletie origin,

the species having arisen from various diverse groups of Uniones.

Screntiric ResuLtts oF EXPLORATIONS BY THE U. S. Fisa

Commisston STEAMER ALBATROSS. Report on Mollusca and Brach-

iopoda dredged in deep water chiefly near the Hawatian Islands, with

illustrations of hitherto unfigured species from Northwest America,

By William Healey Dall. Eight hauls of the dredge were made

by the Albatross in between 300 and 400 fms., on approaching Hon-

olulu, securing a number of very interesting new forms of the genera

Scaphander, Pleurotoma, Mangilia, Spergo (a new group) Polinices,

Solariella, Emarginula, Dentalium, Euciroa, Lyonsiella and Pectun-

culus. The anatomy of Euciroa, Halicardia and a new Lyonsiella

is discussed by Dall at some length, and the important point that

the foliobranch type of gill exists in certain members of groups in

which most genera have the reticulate type, is brought forward and

amply fortified by figures. Moreover, the branchial septum is shown

to be of diverse origin in some allied genera, being made up in part

of a reflected nephridial lamina in Halicardia and Lyonsiella. The

facts developed tend strongly to break down the primary division

of Lamellibranchiata based upon the modifications of the gill, as in

the classification of Pelseneer. Huciroa is shown to be different

from Verticordia, of which it had formerly been considered a sub-

genus, and a new family, Euciroide, is furmed for it. In gill strue-

ture it seems to be intermediate between the foliobranchiate and the

reticulate types. “ The discovery of this type may be said to prac-

tically complete the series uniting the foliobranch with the reticu-

late gill, and give the quietus to the classification based solely on

the divergencies of the ctenidia.”

The examination of the soft parts of Mytilimeria fleruosa shows

that form to constitute a new genus now described as Halicardia.

The second part of the paper gives additional information on

Northwest American species of Buceinum, Chrysodomus, Trophon,

etc., described in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1891, with good figures

of many interesting forms. A valuable essay on the north Pacific

Brachiopods concludes the article.

ae! N AE US:

VoL. Ix. JANUARY, 1896. No. 9

TO CONCHOLOGISTS.

We regret the necessity which compels us to start the new year

with an editorial of this nature; but it is nothing new to hear that

the NauTiLus must struggle for existence. This struggle has con-

tinued since the Jura, until now we have but a few species, three or

four in the Indo-Pacific and one in the United States. Do you in-

tend that the only recent Nautiius in North America shall be-

come extinct? We are willing to supply the care, but not the en-

tire environment. It needs feeding once a month in order to add

anotherseptum. You are asked to assist in this important function

once a year; and when you see a slip of paper which reads, “ Inclosed

please find $1.00,” it means that it has come your turn to “ chip in.”

We hope that you will no longer neglect these little reminders.

They mean that your subscription is due. We cannot wait until the

end of the year—we must have it in advance.

Wishing you all a Happy New Year.

PECAL Pk C. Wood

NOTES ON THE WASHINGTON SPHERIA AND PISIDIA, WITH DE-

SCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.

BY EDWARD W. ROPER.

The great State of Washington has been lightly touched by col-

lectors of freshwater shells, but enough is known to indicate that

when its hundreds of lakes and rivers are scientifically explored,

large and interesting collections will be made. ‘The researches of

98 THE NAUTILUS.

Mr. P. B. Randolph at Seattle, and Mr. Henry Hemphill in several

localities, have brought to light a goodly array of Spheria and

Pisidia, and regarding these the following notes may be of interest.

Spherium primeanum Clessin. This shell, described in the Mon-

ograph of the Cyclades, is so little known to collectors that a brief

description will be useful. Shell large, equilateral, dark brown or

black with lighter beaks, shining. Outline rhomboidal, a little

more elongated and the ends more rounded than Sph. rhomboideum

Say, but the dorsal aspect very much like that of the species. The

full, rounded beaks make the vertical section broadly cordate. One

specimen, chestnut colored and with yellow border, is so close to

Sph. rhomboideum as to be held in doubt. That species has been

found in northern Idaho, and may naturally be expected from

Washington. S. primeanum was found in Lake Washington, Seattle.

S. dentatum Hald. Handsome, bright green shells, differing only

in color from brownish Oregon specimens, are doubtfully referred

to this species. Collected at Spokane Falls by Mrs. Mary P. Olney.

Sph. nobile Gould. Identified by Dr. J. G. Cooper. It isa large,

shining, dark brown shell, resembling Sph. dentatum Hald., but less

inflated. The young shells are thin and smooth, while in S. den-

tatum they are more heavily striated than the adult. Abundant in

small streams, Seattle.

Sph. occidentale Prime. Found at Spokane Falls by Hemphill.

Sph. raymondi J. G. Cooper. Small specimens abundant in

streams at Seattle. Larger ones in Lake Washington. Beautiful

specimens from Spokane Falls and Chehalis River (Hemphill).

Also found in Idaho and Vanecouver’s Island. The species was

found originally by Mr. Wm. J. Raymond in Tuolumne Co., Cal.,

at an altitude of 8700 feet, in 1889.

Pisidium idahoense Roper. First found by Mr. Henry Hemphill

at Old Mission, Idaho; in 1890. Found abundantly in streams at

Seattle by Mr. Randolph, and much larger than the types. One

fine specimen has the following dimensions: Long. 0°45 inch ; lat.

0°39 inch; diam. 0°30 inch. This is certainly the largest known

species of Pisidium.

P. variabile Prime. Streams at Seattle. Unusually large.

P. compressum Prime. Green Lake, Seattle.

P. abditum Hald. Common in water courses at Seattle.

P. ultramontanum Prime. Unusually robust specimens from Seat-

tle. As nearly every Pisidium found on the Pacific Slope has been

THE NAUTILUS. 99

sent out under this name, it may be well to say that this shell is

somewhat triangular with rounded margins, nearly as large and

solid as the average P. variabile, horn colored shading to yellow at

the borders, some specimens with dark blotches or stripes near the

basal margin. The California types were described as having

“valves shallow in the cavity,” but the northern shells are more full

and rounded.

P. randolphii n. sp. Shell rounded oval, moderately inflated ;

anterior end elongated and perfectly rounded, no angle indicating

the junction of the anterior and basal margins; posterior margin

sloping abruptly from the very short hinge margin; beaks decidedly

posterior, fairly prominent ; surface very finely and evenly striated,

polished, of a most peculiar greenish-yellow color, different from

other Pisidia, but much like some Corbiculas. ‘This of itself makes

it easy to separate from P. abditum and P. variabile, associated spe-

cies. Long. 0°18 inch; lat. 0°14 inch; diam. 0°10 inch. Found at

Seattle. Dr. J.G. Cooper says the shell most nearly resembling

thisis P. harfordianum Pr., a species practically unknown to collect-

ors, and of which he has only a young specimen.

Pp ?n.sp. A rotund, orbiculate, dull yellow Pisidium,

with prominent beaks and projecting scutellum, was collected by

Mr. Hemphill in Patten Lake, Whateom County. Dr. Sterki con-

siders it identical with a species apparently common in the region

of the Great Lakes, to which he has applied the name P. scutel/atum

(in letters). A deep water form is supposed to be P. abyssorwm Stimp.,

but as Dr. Stimpson’s manuscript was destroyed by fire, and his

types mixed, this can never be certainly known. Figures and more

minute descriptions of this and P. randolphit may be expected in

Dr. Sterki’s coming monograph. Additional specimens are urgently

desired of this and other species of the Pacific Slope, which are, at

present, deplorably scarce.

I believe it is safe to say that P.insigne Gabb., P. harfordianum

Prime and P. angelicum Rowell are unknown, except from the

original lots. P. occidentale Newcomb seems to be only a form of

P. abditum Hald. Additional specimens may confirm that view or

prove the contrary. The most experienced collectors disagree re-

garding the identity of the Spheria. This tangle need not long

remain if sufficient material can pass under the eye of a competent

conchologist. Pacific coast collectors have generally given their

attention to marine and land shells, and it would seem that a field

for discovery is open among the freshwater species.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON COLLECTING SHELLS IN CHINA.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON.

When I saw Mr. Schmacker’s splendid collection of Chinese

mollusks in Shanghai, and looked over Pére Heude’s Unios at Sic-

away, I was laying the foundation for a bitter disappointment when

I took to the field myself. The great alluvial plains extending from

Peking and the Gulf of Pechelli on the north to Shanghai and the

‘lower Yangtsze on the south, are not particularly rich in species.

My good friend, Mr. Schmacker assured me that “the hills” fairly

trembled with molluscan life; but the hills were far away, the sea-

son unfavorable, so I continued my search along the muddy banks of

the rivers and theslimy waters of the canals near Shanghai, with from

fair to poor success, it being then too cold (January) for land shells.

The bulk of Chinese Unios that so closely resemble our Missis-

sippi forms, live almost entirely in the upper waters of the great

rivers and their tributaries that flow through the high lands of the

interior provinces. In the neighborhood of Shanghai, Unio mur-

chisonianus and Anodonta woodiana were the only naiads I met

with, but these were generally abundant. Corbiculas and the two

Viviparas, chinensis Bens. and quadrata Bens. are plentiful in the

eanals. I secured the services of one, Ah Sin, a bland and suave

celestial, to collect for me. Ah Sin brought me, day by day, num-

bers of Cyclina sinensis wrapped in endless papers, that he assured

me were rare and highly desirable Unios from the inaccessible

Thibetan frontier. So Ah Sin proved a failure.

Upon a three days’ journey in a house-boat from Tientsin to

Tungehow (on the Pei-Ho River), I did not observe a single shell

of any kind. From Tungchow to Peking, about 15 miles, I

gathered quantities of Vivipara, Unio and Corbicula in the canal,

and in the dried pools by the roadside many Limnea. The walls of

Peking swarm with Cathaica pyrrhozena ; | even gathered a number

of them in my bed-room, where they clung to the ceiling. This

species has a wide distribution throughout China, as well as Bith-

inia striatula Bens. which I gathered in the canals about Tientsin.

Unfortunately, I had no opportunity to try the good marine col-

lecting of the southern China coast, my only attempts for marines

being in the immediate vicinity of Shanghai and at Che Foo and

Taku on the Gulf of Pechelli in the north. The fauna of this

region is not particularly interesting, consisting only of a limited

THE NAUTILUS. 101

number of boreal forms, some of which can be traced along the

Aleutians to Alaska and down as far as Vancouver.

These northern waters of the Yellow Sea on the Chinese side and

the Gulf of Pechelli are not conducive to molluscan life on ac-

count of the immense quantities of mud poured in by the Yangtsze

and the Hwang Ho Rivers. The amount of this deposit is almost

incredible. ‘The shore line from the mouth of the Yangtsze, several

hundred miles north, is a great mud bank that is rapidly extending

out and filling up the shallow sea. The few Pelecypods that rejoice

in such surroundings must keep awake to avoid being “ snowed

under.” They are exceedingly difficult to obtain, and especially

when the icy winter winds blow as they do in that inhospitable re-

gion. From such stations I secured an Arca, a Solecurtus, Cyclina

sinensis and a Solen.

At Che Foo, where the shore is more bold and rocky, a few Mon-

odonta labiv and Littorina sitehana rewarded a diligent search at low

tide.

I made a desperate attempt to take advantage of the excellent

collecting in the island of Formosa, but the circumstances of my

visit to that most beautiful spot was such that I found it dangerous

to venture out. Some natives, however, brought me quantities of

beach worn shells, out of the lot of which I selected a few fairly

good specimens of Chlorostoma argyrostomum, Patella testudinaria,

two Haliotis, and Cyprea isabella.

The collector in China must be of a patient and amiable disposi-

tion to endure the throng of gaping fools that follow and ply him

with a thousand questions. The quick tempered man is sure to get

into trouble and get no shells.

SHELLS OF SEATTLE, KING C0O., WASHINGTON.

BY P. B. RANDOLPH.

The following species I have collected within the city limits dur-

ing the past year:

Selenites vancouverensis Lea. | Zonites arboreus Say.

Selenites sportella Gld. _ Zonites pugetensis Dall.

Selenites sportella hybrida Anc. | Zonites johnsonii Dall.

Zonites lucidus Drap. (intro- | Conulus fulvus Drap.

duced). ' Pristiloma lansingi Bld.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

Pristiloma stearnsi Bld. Margaritana margaritifera Linné

Punctum conspectum Bld. Sphaerium nobile Gld.

Punctum randolphi Dall. Sphaerium raymondi J. G.C.

Epiphragmophora fidelis Gray. | Sphaerium primeanum Cless.

Epiphragmophora fidelis minor. Pisidium compressum Prime.

Epiphragmophora fidelis albino. | Pisidium idahoense Roper.

Polygyra (Mesodon) townsendi- Pisidium ultramontanum Prime.

ana Lea. Pisidium variabile Prime.

Polygyra (Mesodon) columbiana | Pisidium abditium Hald.

Lea. _ Pisidium randolphii Roper.

Polygyra (Mesodon) devia Gld. | Physa gabbi Tryon.

Polygyra (Stenotrema) germana Limnza tryoni Lea.

Gld. Limneea palustris Linn.

Vertigo simplex Gld. Limnza humilis (introduced)

Vertigo binneyana Sterki. Say.

Succinea oregonensis Lea. Planorbis trivolvis binneyi Try.

Succinea nuttalliana Lea. Planorbis callioglyptus Vanatta.

Carychium occidentalis Pilsbry. _Planorbis vermicularis Gld.

Anodonta californiensis Lea. Ancylus fragilis Tryon.

Anodonta oregonensis Lea. Valvata sincera Say.

ISAAC LEA DEPARTMENT.

[Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the Agassiz Associa-

tion by its General Secretary, Mrs. M. Burton Williamson. }

Next month we will be able to announce the result of the annual

election of officers for the Chapter.

This has been a year of activity along conchological lines in our

chapter, and plenty of good reports are sure to follow enthusiastic

work.

The fraternal spirit expressed by the members of our Chapter

reveals the goodwill of each member, and is a pleasant feature in

work of the Association.

COLLE TING IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

[Report of Mrs. G. W. White. From the Transactions of Isaac Lea Conchological

Chapter of the Agassiz Association for 1894.]

My interest in the science of conchology dates from the summer

of 1898, when Prof. Josiah Keep, of Mills College, taught this sub-

THE NAUTILUS. 103

ject during the Chautauqua Assembly at Long Beach, Cal. Though

unfortunately, not a member of his class, some of my friends were

enthusiastic students under him, and through them, the enthusiasm

or “ craze,’ as we somtimes call it, was communicated to me, and [

very shortly became as eager a student and collector as my circum-

stances would allow. Happily for me, my husband shared my in-

interest, and most of our collecting has been done together, and

many of my choicest treasures were found by him in places I could

not venture—in places where the waves dashed too high for my

courage, or under rocks too heavy for my strength to lift. So this

report must be understood as a record of our joint work.

In the winter of ’93 and ’94, we made a number of visits to Long

Beach and San Pedro, going as far as Alamitos Bay in one direc-

tion and nearly to the old wharf beyond Times’ Point at San Pedro.

We collected quantities of shells, but as it would be impossible and

unprofitable to mention them all, I will speak only of the rarer ones.

Under the rocks at Dead Man’s Island, we found, on our first

trip, a number of specimens of each of the following varieties :

Volvarina varia, Terebratella transversa, and Lazaria subquadrata.

We also dug a number of fine fossil pectens out of the bank. One

of the choicest shells found by us that day has never been fully iden-

tified by me. By some it is called Cerostoma foliatum, by others

Murez trialatus.' At any rate it isa rare and interesting shell, and I

have never seen another like it. On another trip up the beach above

San Pedro we found, by digging in the sand with a trowel, some

fine specimens of Stenoradsia magdalenensis, the largest Chiton on

this part of the coast.

We also found several Hinnites giganteus Gray, Cumingia califor-

nia Conr., Lucapina crenulata Sby., and a fine old Mitra maura

Swains., two iaches in length, of which we are justly proud. In the

spring of ’94 we were on a visit in Ventura County, and when our

friends proposed a trip to the beach, we interposed no objections.

They drove to Punta Gorda, meaning Point of Rocks, most ap-

propriately named, for I have seldom seen such a bed of rocks jut-

ting out so boldly into the sea. They were literally covered with

the largest species of mussels, many of them being nearly, if not, six

inches in length. In the sheltered places in these rocks we found

quantities of Purpura saxicola Val. and Monoceros lapilloides Conr.

Our patient search in the rock pools was rewarded by our finding

Opalia crenatoides Cpr.

1 The shell proved to be Pterorhytis trialatus Shy.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

In the summer of ’94, while attending the class in conchology at

Long Beach, our teacher, Mrs. M. Burton Williamson, kindly

planned an excursion to Dead Man’s Island, and took eighteen

members of her class to San Pedro the evening before we were to do

our collecting. Wespent the night at an old seaman’s hotel on Timm’s

Point, and at 3 o’clock A. M., rose to take advantage of the first

beams of the sun and the tide, which was to be at the lowest point

at about 4.30 A.M. There happened to be a dense fog, and as our

ghostly boatman took one boat load after another of our compan-

ions away from us across the bay, we were strongly reminded of that

other boatman, the Charon of our early studies and the River Styx.

However, by the time we were safely landed on our hunting

grounds, the mist had risen and we could see to begin work. The

most that we found of value was on the mud flats uncovered by the

low tide. There we found, under the grass which lay flat on the

mud, thus concealing thousand of mollusks which lay below, Ham-

inea virescens Sby., and Haminea vesicula Gld. We also found,

partly covered with mud, Cardium quadrigenarium Conr., and

altogether covered with mud except some tiny points of a Chorus

belcheri Has. What a shout went around when some one called

out, “ Mrs. White has found a Chorus,” and how eagerly the mud

in that vicinity was scanned to see if another could not be discov-

ered. But no, I bore off my trophy in triumph alone, for not

another one was found.

On our way home, while walking along the beach, some one, I think

Mrs. Williamson, called our attention to some narrow slits in the

sand, where, upon digging carefully, we found a dozen Lingula

albida Has.

Later, on a walk to Alamitos Bay, I found Periploma argenteria

Conr., Petricola carditoides Conr., Labiosa undulata Gld., Yoldia

cooperi and Clidiophora punctata(?) Cpr. * * * * And now

this account brings us up to the year of our Lord, 1895, and finds

us still enthusiasts in conchology, only waiting for a favorable tide

to go again in search of treasures of the sea. We are of those who

believe that nature has secrets which she reveals only to those who

love her, and we feel that in this kind of communion with her she

has fully rewarded us.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TERTIARY Fauna or Fiorina. TRANs-

ACTIONS OF THE WAGNER FREeE INSTITUTE, OF ScIENCE.— Vol.

III, part 3. By Wm. H. Dall, A.M. This forms an introductory

chapter to Prof. Dall’s work on the Tertiary Pelecypoda of Florida,

and contains a new classification of the Pelecypoda, with an enum-

eration of the differential characters of the Orders, Suborders, Super-

families and Families, a statement of their range in geological time,

and au enumeration under each family of the chief generic groups

believed to be referable to it. The paper is prefaced by a brief dis-

cussion of the features of the Peleeypod organization chiefly avail-

able as diagnostic characters. Continued study of this group has

confirmed the author in the opinion that in its general features the

classification which he proposed in 1889 (founded largely on the

characters of the hinge, see Amer. Jour. Sei., X XX VIII, 445), and

has now revised, comes nearer to meeting the requirements of the case

than any other which has fallen under his notice. In describing

the ligamental characters the term “resilium” is proposed for the

so-called “cartilage” or “internal ligament.” The Steinmann

Formula, based on the teeth, sockets and resilium, is thoroughly ex-

plained. The Pelecypoda are divided into three orders — Prionodes-

macea, Anomalodesmacea and Teleodesmacea. ‘he first order con-

tains thirty-four families, leading factors being Solemyide, Nucu-

lide, Arcide, Ptertide, Ostreidw, Unionide, Trigonide, Pectenida,

Anomiide and Mytilide. Each of the above and of the following

families being the typical representatives of a Superfamily. The

second Order contains fifteen families, typical ones being Anatinide,

Clavagellide, Poromyide. ‘The third contains forty-seven families,

such as Pleurophoride ?, Astartide, Cyrenide, Carditide, Chamide,

Hippuritide, Lucinide, Leptonide, Cardiide, Tridacnide, Isocar-

diide, Veneride, Tellinide, Solenide, Mactride, Myacide and

Pholadide. The paper is concluded with some timely notes on

nomenclature.— CO. W. J.

CATALOGUE OF THE MARINE MOLuusks OF JAPAN, COLLECTED

BY FREDERICK STEARNS. By H. A. Pilsbry. Detroit: F. Stearns,

1895. 8vo, 214pp. and 11 plates.

Every one interested in geographical distribution, or in the fauna

of eastern Asia, will be grateful for the liberality of Mr. Stearns,

who obtained, and the care of Mr. Pilsbry, who has enumerated and

identified, the large collection here treated of.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

Not content with the labor of naming and cataloging Mr. Stearns’

shells, Mr. Pilsbry has searched the literature and made a catalogue,

not only of the shells collected by Mr. Stearns, but of all the species

described from or assigned to Japan by earlier authors, thereby pro-

ducing a most handy list which no student of mollusks can afford to

be without. Notwithstanding the care with which the Monographs

of Dunker and Lischke were made, the present catalogue enumerates

about 20 per cent. more species than the latest of them. In addition

to the list of marine mollusks and brachiopods, the land and fresh~

water shells collected by Mr. Stearns are catalogued, and also a

supplementary series of Loo Choo Island species, obtained by a

native collector in Mr. Stearns employ. The plates and presswork

are excellent, and the work, as a whole, is creditable to all concerned

in its production, and cannot fail to be useful to students.

—W. H. D.

PRELIMINARY CATALOGUE OF THE MARINE MOLLUSKS OF THE

Paciric Coast oF CANADA, with notes on their distribution. By

Rev. Geo. W. Taylor, Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada,

Vol. 1 (2d series), pages 17 to 100. This catalogue is very complete

and full of interesting notes on distribution, etc. The number of

species recorded is 284, to which is added a list of 67 land and fresh-

water species, making the total number of British Columbian Mol-

lusea at present known, 351.

BULLETINS OF AMERICAN PAaLEontoLoey, Vol.I, No. 3. NEo-

CENE Mo.tuusca or TExAs, oR FossiLs FROM THE DEEP WELL AT

Gatveston. By G. D. Harris. In this Bulletin, 19 new species

and 5 new varieties are described and figured, together with notes

and figures of other species. Most of the specimens were obtained

from a depth ranging from 2100 to 2920 feet. Up to this date no

other marine Neocene fossils are known from the Gulf slope west of

the Mississippi. The Bulletin contains 32 pages and 4 well executed

plates.

MOoLLUSQUES RECUEILLIS SUR LES COTES DE LA TUNESIE ET DE

L’ALGERIE, par Ph. Dautzenberg (Mém. Soc. Zool. de France,

1895, p. 363). List, with descriptions of some new varieties of

Mediterranean shells, and full information on the occurrence of

Meleagrina iv the Mediterranean Sea.

ON SOME PLIOCENE FRESH-WATER FossILs OF CALIFORNIA.

On LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS OF LOWER CALIFORNIA,

No: 5:

THE NAUTILUS. 107

On Wesr Mexican LAanp AND FRESH-WAaTER MOLLUsCA.

CATALOGUE OF Marine SHELLS * * * Lower CALIFoR-

nta. By J. G. Cooper (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., IV, V).

In the first of these papers, Margaritana subangulata is described

and figured as new, and the following species are figured: Anodonta

decurtata Conr., Ano. nuttalliana var. lignitica Coop., Limnea con-

tracoste Coop., Planorbis pabloanus Coop. and Amnicola yatesiana

Coop.

In the second, land shells collected about 25 miles north of Cape

St. Lueas are considered. Bulimulus decipiens being described as

new. ‘The generic name Plicolumna is proposed for Rhodea var.

ramentosa Coop.; it is therefore equivalent to Dall’s Pseudorhordea

(Nautilus, Sept., 1895). The Melaniella eiseniana J. G. Coop. is

referred to Strebel’s genus Pseudosubulina, a group of Glandinide,

on evidence of the dentition, which has been worked out by Dall.

In his paper on West Mexican Land Shells, Cooper announces

the presence of the northern forms Conulus fulvus, Hyalinia inden-

tata, Limnea columella, Spherium partumeium var. truncatum, from

Tepec, south of Mazatlan, as well as other species belonging to the

Mexican fauna.

The last paper enumerates marine shells collected mainly by Mr.

W. E. Bryant, including some interesting forms, but no new species.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Prover Caueur By A Pinna—The article in the September

number, “A Sora Caught by a Mussel,” recalls a similar incident

which I observed at New Pass, Sarasota Key, Fla. It was after a

heavy storm, and there was a large number of Pinna muricata

washed ashore. On my return to the boat after collecting some

shells, I observed a Killdeer Plover that seemed very tame, but on

a closer examination I found that it was caught by a Pinna. In

this case it was caught by the bill, Its tongue was bleeding and

the bill was indented by the sharp edges of the shell. It was with

some difficulty that I removed the shell and let the Plover go re-

E. J. Post.

Me. Cuas. LERoy WHEELER has been appointed Curator of the

Lackawanna Institute of History and Science, Scranton, Pa. They

desire to obtain more material in all branches of natural history,

joicing on its way.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

and any assistance from older institutions or their members will be

sincerely appreciated.

LepipoPpLeuRuS IN NEw ZEALAND.—Some months ago we re-

ceived numerous specimens of a Lepidopleurus from Mr. H Suter,

collected by him in Auckland Harbor. The species seemed to us

to be a new one; but on requesting Mr. E. R. Sykes of London to

compare with the types of certain forms in the British Museum, he

found it to be identical with Reeve’s Chiton inquinatus—a result

wholly unexpected. ‘The species was described from Tasmania, but

South Australian specimens we have seen (collected by Mr. Bed-

nall) agree in all respects with those found by Mr. Suter in New

Zealand.—H. A. P.

THe Eartwrest Pusiication or Dorcasia GRAY.—In examining

the appendix of James Edward Alexander’s Expedition of Discov-

ery into the Interior of Africa (London, 1838), I find on p. 268 of

volume II, a description by Gray of the genus Dorcasia and the

species D. alexandri. This group has hitherto been dated from its

publication in the Zeitschrift ftir Malakozoologie, 1845. Helicodonta

sculpturata Gray (== Sculptaria sculpturata) is also described, with

(on p. 269) two alleged Bulimi, B. hottentota and B. eulimoide. All

were collected by the expedition about the Great Fish River in

Great Namaqualand. JB. eulimoide apparently belongs to the Steno-

gyra group. This publication seems to have been unknown to

Pfeiffer and other writers on African land snails—Pilsbry.

On THE NAMES OF CERTAIN SUBGENERA OF Helicostyla.—For

some inscrutable reason, the writer, when considering these groups in

the Manual of Conchology, neglected to ascertain the fact that the

names Prochilus and Eudoxus of Albers have long been preoccupied.

They may stand in future as follows:

Dolichostyla n. n. (= Prochilus Alb., 1860, not of Illiger, 1811,

Mammalia, nor of Brullé, 1835, Orthoptera, nor of Cuvier, 1817,

Pisces).

Opalliostyla n. n. (= Eudoxus Alb., 1850, not of Kirby, 1837,

Coleoptera). The types and limits of the groups remain as stated

in Man. Conch. (2), ix, pp. 229, 231.—Pilsbry.

SrnistRAL ParuLa srRicosa.—My brother, L. M. Cockerell,

took a sinistral P. strigosa at Norwood, Colorado. It was in my

possession for a long while, but is now in the British Museum.

—T. D. A. Cockerell.

dur. Ne@ericus.

Vou. 1x. FEBRUARY, 1896. No. 10

THE AULACOPODA: A PRIMARY DIVISION OF THE MONOTREMATE

LAND PULMONATA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

If the foot of a living or properly preserved Helix or Polygyra

be compared with that of a Zonites, Pyramidula (Patula) or Ario-

imax, a conspicuous point of difference becomes apparent. In the

latter three genera a groove or furrow may be seen running the

whole length of the foot, a short distance above and parallel to its

edges; while no such structure is present in the first named genera.

These furrows are the pedal grooves. ‘They rise slightly at the

tail, and meet above it; and at this point there is often a local

deepening of the groove, and a greater development of the mucus-

secreting cells lining it. This is the “caudal mucus pore,” conspic-

uous in Zonites, Ariolimax, ete. There is vast variation in the

degree of development of this pore,—from a barely visible widening

of the united pedal grooves, to a deep slit or a triangular pit sur-

mounted by a fleshy horn; and in some forms it is extremely difficult

to say whether a pore exists or not, so nicely graduated are the stages

of its development. Consequently, we find genera very closely

allied in other characters, differing in this one. Such are Pecilo-

zonites, without pore, G'astrodonta with it; Ariolimax with pore,

Prophysaon without it; and many similar cases.’ In spite of all the

instances of this kind, the tail pore has been a great bugaboo to the

systematists, while the pedal grooves, of which this pore is merely an

1 Compare also, in this connection, Cockerell’s remarks in Journal of Malacol-

ogy (The Conchologist), Vol. ii, p. 118.

110 THE NAUTILUS.

occasional extra development, have been very generally ignored.”

Even “ families” have been based on the presence or absence of the

caudal pore; but it need hardly be said that such groups are

violently unnatural.

It is now proposed to unite all of the groups having the pedal

grooves developed, into a superfamily to be called AULACOPoDaA,

equivalent in value to the AGNATHA (so-called, including Sedeni-

tide), or to the group composed of Helicide, Bulimulide, Cylindrel-

lide, Pupide aud Achatinide, which may be called HoLopopa.

The American Awlacopoda may be tabulated as follows:

I. Marginal teeth with narrow, lengthened basal-plates, either uni-

cuspid and thorn-like, or bicuspid by elevation of outer on

middle cusp.

a. Foot-margin wide; shell more or less spiral; ovotestis

imbedded in liver, ZONITID.®.

aa. Foot-margin narrow; shell a flat internal plate, not

spiral ; ovotestis free from liver; slugs, LimMacip ®.

II. Marginal teeth with short, wide and squarish basal-plates with

one or several cusps, the outer cusp never elevated on middle

cusp.

a. Shell spiral, usually wholly external, ENpopontTip&%

aa. Shell non-spiral, internal, more or less obsolete or want-

ing; slugs.

b. A vestigial shell present; mantle small, anterior,

ARIONID®.

bb. No shell; mantle covering the whole upper sur-

face, PHILOMYCID®.

Most of these families contain genera with, and genera without a

caudal mucus pore. The Limacide and Arionide are degenerate

so far as the shell is concerned, and have doubtless descended from

the ancestral Zonitide and Endodontide respectively.

North American Genera.

ZONITIDH comprises Omphalina, Vitrinizonites, Vitrea, Gastrodonta,

Pecilozonites, Guppya, Conulus, Pristiloma and Vitrina. See Nav-

TILUS, June, 1895, p. 18.

2 Exceptions need not be noted-here; but I cannot refrain from mentioning

that the importance of the pedal grooves has been fully recognized by a_bril-

liant Australian malacologist in dealing with the Charopa group.

THE NAUTILUS. 111]

Limacip®, Limax only.

Enbovontip&, Pyramidula (alternata, perspectiva, etc.), Pune-

tum.

ARIONID#, Arion (imported), Ariolimax, Prophysaon, Hemp hil-

hia and their immediate allies.

Pattomycip&, Philomycus (Tebennophorus), Pallifera.

The systematic position of the Selenitide, with a revised catalogue

of the species and varieties, will be considered in a future article.

ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF SCALA.

BY W. H. DALL.

Scala (Sthenorhytis) Mazyckii Dall.

Shell solid, stout, rapidly enlarging, with (on the last whorl six)

stout rather carinate varices which increase in size successively, the

last being very heavy, its anterior face sloping backward from the

nearly circular aperture; outer margin of the varix even, rounded,

slightly winged on the axial side; whorls smooth except for a single

faint revolving rib encircling the base at about the level of the top

of the aperture of the succeeding whorl ; specimen decollate, prob-

ably with four or five whorls when complete, the spire probably

short and acute. Height 31°5, diameter 28 mm. in the decollate

shell.

Miocene, Cainhoy, South Carolina, W. G. Mazyck.

This fine species differs from S. pernobilis, S. Stearnsii and others

of the group by its small number of distant rapidly enlarging

varices. The type is in the collection of Mr. W. G. Mazyck, of

‘Charleston, who collected it, and to whom it is respectfully dedicated.

Scala ranellina Dall.

Shell of five or more whorls, rather rapidly increasing, spirally

ribbed with ten or twelve rather feeble flattish ridges which are ob-

solete or absent above the shoulder ; basal area projecting, strongly

marked, overrun by the varices which are angulated and prominent

over the keel; varices of two sorts, one set large, thin, wide set at

the half whorl, continuous up the spire on each side like the varices

of Ranella pulchra, their profiles rounded, the aperture circular,

112 THE NAUTILUS.

the axial edge narrower, not perceptibly angular; the other varices

are much smaller and less prominent, about seven to twelve on each

half whorl between the larger series, sharp edged and subequal.

Height of (decollate) shell 33, max. diameter 23 mm.

Zeuglodon bed of the Jacksonian, near Cocoa P. O., Alabama,

Burns and Schuchert.

This fine species is related to S. octolineata Conrad, which is found

in the same horizon, but has the large varices less conspicuous and

irregularly distributed. S. octolineata is also a smaller, more cylin-

drical shell. The present species is readily recognized by its pecu-

liar flattened aspect recalling Ranella.

Scala Mitchelli Dall.

Shell rather large for the genus, thin, with rounded rather com-

pact whorls, well marked suture and elongated spire; the color is

yellowish white, the basal area and a band somewhat above the

periphery dark reddish brown; surface with numerous low spiral

ridges with wider interspaces covering the whorl, crossed by about 18

distant rather irregular low varical threads, slightly angulated just

in front of the suture; the young whorls show a tendency to periph-

eral angulation; basal area well marked, bordered by a low keel,

its spiral sculpture feeble but the varical ridges unchanged ; axis

imperforate; aperture higher than wide, the peristome interrupted

over the body, the pillar lip strongly reflected, the outer lip narrow,

inconspicuously reflexed ; shell decollate but showing eight whorls,

and originally supplied with three or four more at least; height of

(decollate) shell 36, max. diameter 14, apical diameter at the decol-

lation 1°5 mm.

Found on the beach of Matagorda Island on the Texas coast by

Hon. J. G. Mitchell, to whom it is respectfully dedicated ; the type

is in his collection. This is the finest recent species from shallow

water yet reported from the Gulf coast, and needs no comparison

with any other, as no American or exotic species has been figured

which is at all closely related to it. Ina general way it is somewhat

like S. acuminata Sby. from Japan.

SCULPTURE OF THE APICAL WHORLS, A NEW CHARACTER FOR DIS-

TINGUISHING GROUPS OF BULIMULI.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The elassification of the American Bulimoid snails has been an

extremely intricate problem, but much has been done by Binney,

THE NAUTILUS. 113

Strebel and Pfeffer, von Martens and Crosse and Fischer, toward a

better understanding of it.

With all of this good work, there has remained a vast amount of

confusion. Thus authors almost universally separate Orthalicus as

a family distinct from Bulimulide ; but, in reality, it constitutes

merely a generic group of that family. No anatomical or shell

character can be shown, of greater than generic value, between

Orthalicus and Drymeus.

Again, the genus “Bulimus” of all authors contains forms belong-

ing to two families—Helicide and Bulimulide.

The forms generally grouped under the name Bulimulus have

been shown by von Martens to fall into two groups, based on the

character of the jaw: Bulimulus and Otostomus. Crosse and

Fischer have made the same division, calling the two groups Ortho-

tomium and Goniognathmus. These correspond to the two Martens-

ian groups, the first having a vertically plaited jaw, the second has

the plates angularly converging toward the middle.

Binney has shown that there exist two styles of teeth, and these

correspond to the two forms of jaw, and constitute a far more useful

character, as the jaw forms intergrade pretty completely.

It has not hitherto been noticed that there are certain characters

in the shells, and especially in the sculpture of the apices, by which

the two groups, or genera, may be distinguished.’

In the following synopsis, the leading sections are enumerated,

arranged as they fall into groups according to the sculpture of the

apices. Of course it is not proposed to base a classification on this

single character.

Certain rectifications and substitutions demanded by the law of

priority, and by the proper restriction of the subgenera to species

allied to their types, have been made.

Genus Bulimulus Leach, 1814.

The species of Bulimulus are terrestrial snails, zestivating or hy-

bernating in the ground, crawling on the ground or on plants in

damp weather. There are three distinct types of apical sculpture,

as follows:

1The only especial notices of the apical sculpture of Bulimuli which I have

noticed are by the writer, Nautilus, viii, 1894, p. 35, and by Dall, Proc. U.S.

Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893. Martens also figures a few apices on the last plates of

the ‘ Biologia.”

114 THE NAUTILUS.

A.—Apex irregularly wrinkled or wrinkles dislocated, broken into

granules. Subgenus BuLIMULYs s. str.

All the species are South American and West Indian.

Bulimulus s. str., type B. exilis = guadeloupensis.

Leptomerus Alb., type B. limneeoides.

Rhinus Alb., type B. heterotrichus.

Plectostylus Beck, type B. peruvianus.

Scutalus Beck, type B. proteus.

Nesiotes Alb., type B. nux.

£.—Apex with vertical regular riblets. Subgenus ORTHOTOMIUM.

Species of Lower California and Northern Mexico, extending

into U.S. .

Sonorina Pils., type B. spirifer (Leptobyrsus C. & F., 1875, not

Leptobyrsa Stal., 1873).

Orthotomium C. & F., type B. sufflatus (Rabdotus part, Alb.,

not Rabdota Dej., 1833; Globulinus C. & F., 1875, not Globu- |

lina Orb., 1826. Thawmastus Auct. not Alb.)

Plicolumna Coop., type B ramentosa.

C.—Apex smooth, rather mamillar. Subgenus Bosrryx.

Species South American, mainly of Ecuador, Peru and Chili.

Lissoaeme Pils., type B. erythrostomus.

Ataxus Alb., type B. umbilicaris.

Bostryx Trosch., type B. solutus.

Peroneus Alb., type B. pupiformis.

Geopyrgus Pils., type B. turritus (Pyrgus Alb. not Htibner).

The only group of Bulimulus extending into the United States is

Orthotomium. This includes schiedeanus, dealbatus, baileyi, monte-

zuma, sufflatus, pilula, alternatus and their allies. It is very char-

acteristic of the Sonoran life-area, as originally limited by Merriam.

It is somewhat remarkable that in each of the three subgenera of

Bulimulus, narrow, pupiform species have been independently de-

veloped.

Genus Drymeus Alb., 1850.

= Goniognathmus Cr. & Fisch. ; Otostomus Martens).

Arboreal snails, never found on the ground when living. Apical

sculpture an extremely fine grating formed of vertical and spiral

striz intersecting at right angles. Radula peculiar.

THE NAUTILUS. 115

A.—Lip expanded or flaring.

Zaplagius Pils., type D. navicula (= Otostomus Martens not

Beck & Gray; Navicula Spix not Blainv.).

Semiclausaria Pfr., type D. semiclausus.

Drymeus s. str., types D. xanthostoma and hygrohyleus Orb.

Neopetreus Mts., type D. altoperuvianus.

B—Lip simple, arcuate.

Mesembrinus Alb., type D. virgulatus Fér.

Eudioptus Alb., type D. pseudosuccineus.

(.—Apical sculpture not distinctly grated.

Leivstracus Alb., type D. vittatus (not Liostraca Burm.).

The genus Drymeus is represented within our limits by D. serper-

astrus in Texas, belonging to the restricted section Drymeus, and in

Florida D. dormani and marielinus represent a section perhaps re-

quiring a new name. D. muitilineatus belongs to Mesembrinus.

A certain number of Brazilian and Venezuelan forms, of which

D. vittatus, the type of Albers’ group Leiostracus,is an example,

have superficial vermiculate wrinkles on the upper portion, exces-

sively fine, often indistinct, spirals on the lower portion of the second

apical whorl. This is quite different from the usual evenly grated

sculpture. It is often very indistinct.

THE SIZE OF MUSSELS.

BY W.S. STRODE, M. D., LEWISTOWN, ILL.

Some time since, in conversation with an aged naturalist, I in-

formed him that I had found a valve of Unio alatus Say, in Spoon

River, Ill., that was nine inches long. He expressed surprise and

said that he never saw a mussel of any kind over six inches in

length, and, old as he was, he would walk five miles and go into

water up to his neck to get a specimen above that size. Feeling a

little taken back by his assertion, I determined to go home and make

some measurements of my largest species of Spoon River Uniones.

I was certain that I had several varieties that were above six inches

in length. The following is the result of my measurements :

U. anodontoides Lea, length 7 in., circumference 9 in.

U. ligamentinus Lam., length 7 in., cireumference 103 in.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

U. multiplicatus Lea, length 8 in., circumference 123 in.

U. rectus Lam., length 7 in., circumference 8 in.

U. tuberculatus Barnes, length 73 in., cireumference 9} in.

U. plicatus Les., length 6} in., cireumference 92 in.

U. gracilis Bar., length 7 in., cireumference 11 in.

Ano. grandis Say, length 8 in., circumference 12 in.

Marg. rugosa Bar., length 7 in, cireumference 8 in.

Marg. complanata Bar., length 84 in., circumference 13 in.

These were all from Spoon River, IIl.

Ano. stewartiana Lea, Ripley’s Lake, Tex., 7: x 9.

U. rotundatus Lam., Ask Bayou, Tex., 5} x 82.

SMALL LAND MOLLUSCA FROM NEW MEXICO.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

A few days ago, Mr. Theo. D. A. Cockerell kindly forwarded me

some small and minute shells of Mollusca collected in drift on the

Rio Grande, at S. Marcial, N. M., with the request to publish a list

of them with notes. ‘The species were the following :

Hyalinia minuseula Binn.

Helicodiscus lineatus Say. One example.

Vallonia costata Mull. One example; this find is of peculiar in-

terest.

Vallonia cyclophorella Ane. Rather small form; a few examples.

Pupa fallax Say.

Pupa arizonensis (Gabb.) W. G. Binney.

Pupa hordeacea Gabb. Rather small; variabie in size and color.

Pupa procera Gould. One example, light colored.

Pupa hordeacella Pilsb. Light colored to glassy transparent.

Pupa pilsbryana Sterki. One example; slightly more striated

than those previously seen.

Pupa blandi Morse. A few; light color to colorless.

Vertigo ovata Say. Two specimens, rather typical.

Besides these, there were a few examples of Limnea and Plan-

orbis.

New Philadelphia, Ohio, December, 1895.

THE NAUTILUS. AT.

THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF PLANORBIS UMBILICATELLUS.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

This species was first described by Mr. J. W. Taylor in the Jour-

nal of Conchology, 1883-85, Vol. IV, p. 351, under the name P

umbilicatus ; but since Miiller had previously described a P. wmbili-

catus in 1774, Cockerell renamed Taylor’s shell P. wmbilicatellus in

the Conchologist’s Exchange, November, 1887, p. 68.

It is now known from the following localities :

Manitoba: Brandon and Birtle, R. M. Christy ! Original locality.

Minnesota: Dallas Lake, Wright Co. H. E. Sargent! Coll. A. N.S. P.

St. Michael’s, H. E. Sargent! Coll. A. N.S. P.

Towa: Near Davenport, EeeA Pilsbry !‘Coll. AU IN= SB:

Montana: Mingusville, H. Squyer! Naut. VIII, p. 65.

Colorado: Davidson’s Ranch, Boulder Co., J. D. Putnam! Coll. A. N. 8. P.

From these localities it seems to have a wide range through the

northwestern States, the extreme points being Birtle, Manitoba ;

Mingusville, Montana; Davenport, Iowa, and Boulder Co., Col-

orado.

The shell is grayish-white, with a flat spire and a deep umbilicus.

It may be easily distinguished from P. parvus Say by its deeper and

narrower umbilicus and fewer whorls, and from P. dejlectus Say by

the flat spire, lack of blunt keel at periphery and the heart-shape of

the aperture; deflectus having a rounded aperture.

No doubt this species will be found well represented in the col-

lections of many western conchologists, unidentified or under the

name “‘ deflectus.”

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ISAAC LEA CHAPTER.

[Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the Agassiz Associa-

tion by its General Secretary, Mrs. M. Burton Williamson. ]

The annual election for officers occurs on the last Wednesday in

December, and as Christmas for 1895 occurred on the same day, our

election was postponed for one day. All the members of our Chap-

ter residing in California were invited to be present at the home of

the General Secretary on Thursday, December 26, to elect officers,

as provided for in Article V of our Constitution. As our President,

Professor Keep, lives five hundred miles from Los Angeles, he was

118 THE NAUTILUS.

not able to be present, much to the regret of those present on that

day. The Honorable Delos Arnold presided. <A letter from the

President was read, also one from Dr. M. L. Leach, one of the

founders of our Chapter. It was hoped that Dr. R. E. C. Stearns,

of the National Museum who is at present in Los Angeles, could

meet with us, but his health would not permit him to be present.

Mr. Arnold exhibited a fine Pecten (Janira) floridus Hinds from

Santa Catalina Island, also, Zonites miliwm Morse from his own

garden. They are the first reported from Los Angeles County.

The Secretary canvassed the votes sent in by mail, as well as those

cast by the attending members. The result was as follows:

For President, Professor Josiah Keep, Mills College, California.

For General Secretary, Mrs. M. Burton Williamson, University,

Los Angeles Co., California.

Before this number of THE Naurrius shall have been received,

the volume of Transactions will be on its annual round to the mem-

bers of our Chapter. Excerpts will, however, be published monthly

in THe Navutivus, our Chapter organ.

Rules for the identification of shells were published in THe Nav-

TILUS some years ago, but many of the members of our Chapter may

not have seen them. The following are the rules in substance: 1st.

The number of species in one sending is limited to12. 2d. The

sender is to pay all expenses of transportation, and the specimens are

to become the property of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phil-

adelphia. 3d. Each species must be numbered, so that identifica-

tion may be given by number.

These same rules apply when identification is made elsewhere than

at the Academy, only in this case they become the property of the

one who names them. In sending shells for identification to the

Secretaries of the various Sections, please bear these rules in mind.

Label two sets of shells with the same numbers, retaining the dupli-

cate set for reference when those sent for determination are reported

to you.

We hope to have the best volume of transactions this year that

the Chapter has compiled. A number of fine manuscripts are

promised. The Chapter is in excellent condition as a working

Chapter. This is the case because each member is in earnest, and

because each one feels an interest in the welfare of the Chapter.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

DREDGING IN LONG ISLAND SOUND.

[Report of Mr. A. H. Gardner. From the Transactions of Isaac Lea Conchological

Chapter of the Agassiz Association for 1893.]

Of the species of bivalve mollusea given as dredged in Long

Island Sound, all are common to the waters of New York Bay with

the exception of Pecten irradians and Modiola modiolus. Nucula

proxima has so far only been found by the writer in the curve of

Sandy Hook Bay, the remaining species are more abundant in the

bay than in the sound.

It must be remembered that the portion of the sound dredged in

only constitutes a small section of it contiguous to New York City.

The Odostomia given as bisuturalis and trifida are probably one

and the same thing; the distinguishing character being insignificant.

The specimens dredged in Lloyd’s Harbor are rather smaller than

others, and apparently have a few more revolving lines. The calmer

waters of the sound seem to favor the growth of many small species

of univalve shells, uncommon in New York Bay, where their place

is probably supplied by the larger species of Natica and Fulgur,

which species are taken in almost every haul of the dredge in the

bay, and are not found commonly in the sound.

List of localities and Mollusca dredged in Long Island Sound,

July 15 to 22.

Hempstead Harbor, 2 to 4 fathoms, mud:

Eupleura caudata Say, 3; Pandora trilineata Say, 2; Mulinia

lateralis Say,9; Arca transversa Say, 1; Nucula proxima Say, 12;

Yoldia limatula Say 5.

Matinicock Point, 3 fathoms, mud:

Astyris lunata Say, 3 ; Tritia trivittata Say, 1; Pandora trilineata,

3; Nucula proxima, 34.

Plum Point, Oyster Bay Harbor, 3 to 4 fathoms; oyster beds:

Tornatina canaliculata Say 2; Astyris lunata, 8; Urosalpinx

cinereus Say, 4; Fulgur canaliculatum Say (young), Hupleura eau-

data 7; Solen americana Gould (young), Pandora trilineata, 4;

Arca transversa, 7; Nucula proxima 21; Pecten irradians, 1.

Lloyd’s Harbor, 2 fathoms; mud and eel grass:

Tornatina canaliculata, 35; Bittium nigrum, 29 ; Odostomia trifida,

36; Turbonilla elegans,1; Anachis avara Say, 7; Astyris lunata,

abundant; Nassa obsoleta, abundant; N. vibex, 2; Urosalpinx cin-

ereus 1; Eupleura caudata, 15; Pandora trilineata, 1; Mulinia

lateralis, 12; Lyonsia hyalinia Say,2; Tellina tenera, 1; Arca

transversa, 3; Nucula proxima, 34; Yoldia limatulu, 1; Pecten ir-

radians, 2.

120 THE NAUTILUS.

Huntington Harbor ; shore:

Littorinella minuta,2; Litorina rudis, abundant ; Odostomia bi-

suturalis, 46.

Lloyd’s Point, 5 fathoms, sand :

Lunatia triseriata, 1; Tritia trivittata,2 (young); Pandora tri-

lineata, 8; Mulinia lateralis, 4; Area transversa (young), Nucula

proxima, 56; Yoldia limatula, 5.

Portchester Harbor, shore:

Arca pexata, 1; Modiolus modiolus, 1; Crepidula convexa, 2;

Littorinella minuta, 1; Odostomia bisuturalis, abundant ; Urosalpina

cinereus, abundant.

NOTES AND NEWS.

TROCHOMORPHA FUSCATA Pease. This species was listed in

Man. Conch. (2), IX, but, so far as I know, no description has ap-

peared. It is allied to nigritella and contigua, but the umbilicus is

smaller than either (one-eleventh to one-twelfth diam. of base) ;

spire slightly-convex conic, the apex much more pointed than in

contiqgua; base flattened as in contigua. Alt. 83, diam. 113 mm.

Color uniform blackish-brown, or clear honey-yellow. It is from

Ponape, or Ascension Island, near the Caroline group.

CALIFORNIA SiuGs.—Mr. Edw. M. Ehrhorn has lately sent me

some slugs from California, which may as well be put on record. A

box from Mountain View contained a number of Amalia gagates

(syn. hewstoni) and one Agriolimax campestris, both, in my opinion,

native species. A lot from San Jose, Sta. Clara Co., consisted

wholly of introduced species, namely, Agriolimax agrestis, heavily

mottled forms, and Limax maximus, young and old. The three

adult L. maximus in the box were all different, one being of the

form marmoratus Ckll., one moquini Ckll., and the other an ill-

defined form nearest to czernaevii Kal. These forms are like those

which occur commonly in the southeast of England.

—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

SHELLs or THUNDERHEAD Mr1., N. C.—I went to Thunderhead

again last June, and I found two more specimens of Gastrodonta

patuloides Pils., and more of the other new forms I had taken the

year before [see Nauritus, p. 14]. I found, this time, what I think

is a banded form of Mesodon andrewsi W.G.B. I have never seen

this variety before. A few of the long-looked for Mes. christyi were

found also, but they are very rare.

—Mrs. Gro. ANDREWS, in letter.

THE NAUTILUS, IX.

idee.

1onl

WRIGHT—New Un

VOL. 1X: MARCH, 1896. No. 11

NEW FLORIDA UNIOS.

BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT, PENN YAN, N. Y.

Unio Hartwrightii sp. nov. PI. II, figs. 4, 5, 6.

Shell smooth, elliptical, inflated, pointed or subbiangulated pos-

teriorly, well rounded anteriorly, inequilateral; rather thin and

hard, slightly thicker in front; beaks very prominent, with two or

three obscure wide undulations in one series; epidermis dark chest-

nut-brown with faint green rays, more or less disposed in fascicles

over the entire disk; growth lines barely distinct ; umbonial slope

raised into an abrupt high ridge on the upper half, and rounded

and flattened below; dorsal area wide, carinate, nearly cordate and

usually with numerous heavy wrinkles or sharp folds; cardinal

teeth double in the left and simple in the right valve, divergent,

crested, rather short and subcompressed ; lateral teeth long, striate

and thin; nacre pinkish-purple and in concentric zones towards the

margins, highly iridescent, and especially so on the posterior half;

cavity of the umbones rather deep; posterior cicatrices confluent,

anterior ones distinct, and the dorsal ones few and in a short line

under the hinge plate.

Hab., Lake Beresford, Florida.

Types in the collection of the author, cabinet of Mrs. Geo. An-

drews, Knoxville, Tenn. and Museum Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila.

122 THE NAUTILUS.

REMARKS.—Some fifteen specimens of this shell were taken in

1887, showing quite a disposition to variability, the sharp umbonial

angle being more or less depressed, and the wrinkles less numerous

and prominent. It does not group well with any species, but has

some characters which, perhaps, suggest an affinity with U. Anthonyi

Lea, under which name it has been sparingly distributed, but differs

in being more rounded behind, rayed, in the color of epidermis, loca-

tion of point of greatest diameter, prominence of umbones, elevation

of umbonial ridge, and in the greater cavity of the shell and beak.

The specimen in the cabinet of Mrs. Geo. Andrews is a magnifi-

cent one, and was collected in Florida by the late Mr. F. Rugel. I

dedicate this rare and beautiful species to my father, Dr. Samuel

Hart Wright, A. M., Ph. D., who shared the delights of my Florida

collecting tour, and whose counsel in the study of the Book of

Nature, has always been an inspiration.

Another Florida Unio was given this name by the late Dr. Wes-

ley Newcomb, but it was never published, its specific value being

doubted.

Unio Oscari B. H. Wright. PI. II, figs. 1, 2, 3.

The original description of this species may be found in NauriLus

March, 1892, p. 124.

Habitat: A ereek from Lake Osceola, at Winter Park, Florida.

Collections of G. W. and O. B. Webster, B. H. and Dr. 8. H.

Wright, Museum Academy Natural Sciences, Phila., and National

Museum.

Over 100 specimens of all ages of this well marked and _ beautiful

species were taken by the Messrs. Webster and submitted for exam-

ination. They are remarkably uniform in character and most

nearly related to U. aheneus Lea, from which it differs in having a

smoother and nearly polished epidermis, cavity of the shell very

much deeper and the lateral teeth shorter, heavier and wider. This

shell has been needlessly confounded with U. Hazelhurstianus Lea

of the Satilla River, Ga. from which it differs in being more

roughly furrowed (sides deeply grooved near the umbonial ridge

with concentric rounded furrows) more inflated, thinner, more pointed

behind and more sharply angled on the posterior umbonial angle

and in having a reddish-brown epidermis instead of black, and the

teeth are much slenderer.

This species is here figured for the first time.

THE NAUTILUS. 123

A NEW VARIETY OF LIMNZEA.

BY L. H. STRENG.

Limnea desidiosa var. De Campi.

Shell oblong, subconiec, pale horn color, subdiaphanous, very finely

striated. Whorls about 5, rapidly enlarging, very convex and flat-

tened; suture very deeply impressed, forming a considerable shoul-

der. Aperture about equal in length to the spire, not dilated,

elliptical ; subumbilicate. Labium but a small portion appressed to

the body whorl, and the callus very light ; sinus of the fold not very

prominent. Length 5 mm., breadth 2} mm.

Inhabits Brook’s Lake, Newaygo Co., Mich.

Remarks: The shell is rather slender in

appearance, its main features being the rapid

enlarging of the whorls and the shoulder. It

is most closely allied to L. desidiosa Say, ex-

cept in the prominent shoulder, and it is a great

deal smaller shell. It was discovered by Dr,

De Camp several years ago, and has lain in our

collection ever since. I name it after my

friend Dr. DeCamp, who has done so much for the furtherance

of our knowledge of the Molluscan fauna of Michigan, especially

the western part of the State.

Nov. 22, 1895.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GASTRODONTA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Gastrodonta collisella n. sp.

Shell rather solid, minutely perforate, above elevated and some-

what dome-shaped, below rather flattened, the periphery rounded.

Surface glossy, especially beneath, the base being radially finely

wrinkled, and with faint traces of spiral striation in the slightly ex-

cavated umbilical region; upper surface sculptured with irregular,

arcuate wrinkle-riblets in the direction of growth-lines, and stronger

toward the sutures. Whorls 73, slightly convex, separated by very

shallow sutures, which, under the lens, seemed margined below by

the partial transparence of the shell.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

Aperture mainly basal, lunate, with a lining of white callus a

short distance within, heavier and bearing a small tooth on the

columellar slope, and a rather short white lamella toward the outer

part of the base. Lip-edge thin and acute, suddenly expanded at

the columellar insertion, half covering the umbilical perforation.

Alt. 7, diam. 84 mm.

Alt. 5%, diam. 84 mm.

Described from thirty-four specimens, from Knoxville, Tenn. ;

Citico, Monroe Co., Tenn. (A. G. Wetherby); Knox Co., Tenn.

(Mrs. Geo. Andrews), and Nashville, Tenn. (G. A. Lathrop).

Variation is observed in the height of spire and the degree of de-

velopment and length of the basal lamella. It is most nearly allied

to G. ligera and G. cerinoidea, being smaller than the former, with

different aperture armature, and larger, duller and more elevated

than the latter.

My attention was first called to this form by Mr. A. G. Weth-

erby, although specimens from Nashville had long been in the collec-

tion of the Academy of Natural Sciences. It seems to be a fairly

common species, probably confined to the “ Cumberland Subregion ”

of Binney.

In describing this form, it is a pleasure to add that so competent

an observer as Mr. Wetherby agrees with me that it is a new spe-

cies; for I suppose no living naturalist is more experienced than he

in dealing with the shells of the beautiful mountain region it in-

habits.

NEW NORTH AMERICAN PISIDIA.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

Pis. trapezoideum n. sp.

Mussel of moderate size, rather much inflated, irregularly quad-

rangular in outline; beaks slightly posterior, rather large and prom-

inent, more or less distinctly flattened on top ; superior margin little

curved, with the scutum and scutellum well developed and marked

by distinct angles where joining the posterior and anterior margins ;

the former truncated perpendicularly, and with an obtuse, rounded

angle where passing into the moderately curved and comparatively

long inferior margin; antero-superior margin little curved or

straight and meeting the inferior in a well marked somewhat

THE NAUTILUS. 125

rounded angle situated rather inferior. Surface with irregular,

rather fine striz, slightly shining; color of epiconch pale or grayish

horn ; shell moderately thick ; nacre whitish-glassy ; hinge rather

stout; cardinal teeth lamellar, the right moderately curved, not

reaching the inferior edge of the hinge plate, with a rather deep

groove below; the left anterior cardinal tooth moderately or rather

strongly curved, the posterior oblique, moderately curved, with a

deep groove between them ; lateral teeth rather strong, finely crenu-

lated or rugulose, those of the left valve strongly, those of the right

valve slightly projecting over the valve edge, and the latter also

into the cavity of the mussel ; ligament strong.

Size: long. 4:2-4:7, alt. 2°5-3-0, diam. 2°5-3 mill.

Habitat. The species has a wide geographical distribution ;

Michigan, many places in the Upper and Lower Peninsula; south-

ern Minnesota; Pedan River, Canada; Philadelphia, Pa.; Adams-

ville, N. J.; Comal Co., Texas.

It is surprising that such a well characterized Pisidium has not

been noticed before this. Careful comparison with the earlier de-

scriptions of T. Prime shows that it cannot be identical with any of

those species.

Pis. trapezoideum is somewhat variable in size and shape; the

angles at the scutum and scutellum are more rounded in some forms,

and so the superior margin is more curved, the beaks are more or

less flattened on top, sometimes almost imperceptibly.

New Philadelphia, Ohio, February, 1896.

(To be Continued.)

ANNOTATED LIST OF THE MOLLUSCA FOUND IN THE VICINITY OF

CLEARWATER, WRIGHT CO., MINNESOTA.

BY H. E. SARGENT, WOODVILLE, ALA.

Part Second—Aquatie Species.

In searching for aquatic specimens a ten quart tin pail and a wire

gauze dip net were the implements made use of. Sediment and

specimens were dipped into the pail and washed by repeated stirring

and decantation. By this means the most minute specimens were

retained for future sifting and sorting.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

The stations searched have been fully described and located in

the first part of this article. They will be hereafter referred to by

letter as follows :

Station B. Belle Lake.

Station C. Clearwater Lake.

Station D. Mississippi River at Bellevue, Ia.

Station F. Clearwater River.

Station H. Heath Lake.

Station M. Mississippi River at Clearwater, Minn.

Station R. Crow River, Rockford, Minn.

Station S. A dry meadow at St. Michaels, Minn.

Station T. Among damp moss in tamarack swamp at Clearwater,

Minn.

39. Pleurocera subulare Lea. M.

40. Bythinella obtusa Lea. M.

41. Amnicola lustrica Pils. B,C, H,in all cases feeding upon

weeds.

42. Amnicola limosa Say. B, C, F, R, M, H.

43. Amnicola limosa Say var. porata Say. M.

44. Amnicola cincinnatiensis Anth. R.

45. Valvata tricarinata Say. B, F, M, H, R, T, C.

46. Valvata tricarinata Say var. bicarinata Lea. B, F, H, R, T,

47. Vulvata tricarinata Say var. simplex Gld. C.

Notes.—Typical specimens occurred alone in the Mississippi River

only. Of 132 specimens taken from there, none show any tendency

toward the varieties. The carinz are very prominent ; specimens

mostly large and dark colored. At all the other stations, specimens

were much smaller, light in color and only in exceptional cases hav-

ing three distinct carinze. In most cases the middle one is entirely

wanting. The few specimens taken at Clearwater Lake are about

equally divided among the three forms.

48. Lyogyrus brownet H. F. Carpenter. 5B, F, in muddy bot-

tom.

49. Campeloma rufum Hald. F,M. 3 sinistral specimens of

this species were taken.

50. Campeloma subsolidum Anth. D. Adult specimens are

curiously depressed, closely resembling Vivipara subpurpurea Say

with which it is found.

51. Vivipara subpurpurea Say. D.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

52. Vivipara intertexta Say. D.

53. Limnea megasoma Say. The only station for this species in

this vicinity, so far as known, is a small lily-pond in the bed of the

Mississippi River just below St. Cloud. Is was discovered here a few

years ago by Prof. Hubbard of the St. Cloud State Normal School.

The snails are to be seen floating on the surface or feeding upon the

lily-leaves. They are shy, sinking almost instantly when alarmed.

54. Limnea stagnalis L. C, H, B, feeding upon weeds. R,

found putrifying at the roots of grass in slough near the river.

55. Limnea emarginataSay. C. Two quite distinct varieties of

texture were taken. One corneous, translucent and rather thin in

both young and adult specimens; the other nearly white, opaque

and heavier, with much thickened margin. Both forms were plen-

tiful and near together. One was found on the pebbles, the other on

the sandy bottom.

56. Limnea gracilis Jay. After finding dead specimens of this

beautiful species in Belle Lake, I was told by Prof. Hubbard that

he took it alive in Heath Lake the previous fall upon the under

side of lily-leaves. Later a thorough search was made for them in

the same original locality, but only two dead specimens were found.

Query—where do they keep themselves in summer ?

57. Limnea reflexa Say. C, B,S.

58. Limnea refleca zebra Tryon. B.

59. Limneea columella Say. R.

60. Limnea catascopium Say. M.

61. Limnea caperata Say. S.

62. Limnea palustris Mull. R, on slough grass; D.

63. Limnea humilis Say. C, B, M, F.

64. Limnea desidiosa Say. C, B, M, F.

65. Aplexa hypnorum L. BR, T,S.

66. Physa gyrina Say. D, F, B, M.

67. Physa integra Hald. St. Cloud, Minn. ; D.

68. Physa oleacea Tryon. D.

69. Physa vinosa Glad. F.

70. Planorbis campanulatus Say. Abundant everywhere.

71. Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Abundant everywhere.

72. Planorbis trivolvis Say. Abundant everywhere.

73. Planorbis exacutus Say. C, B, R, F, H.

74. Planorbis hirsutus Gld. C, B, T, F, H.

75. Planorbis umbilicatellus Ckll. B.

—

THE NAUTILUS.

76. Planorbis parvus Say. B, T, F, D.

77. Segmentina armigera Say. Everywhere abundant.

78. Ancylus (sp.?). M, D.

79. Spherium suleatun Lam. B,F, H. Mississippi River at

St. Cloud. Specimens extra large and fine.

80. Spherium striatinum Lam. R, F, D, M.

81. Spherium transversun Say. D.

82. Spherium truncatum Linsley. R, F, 8, B, F.

83. Spherium rhomboideum Say. B, H. Mississippi River at

St. Cloud.

84. Spheriwn solidulum Prime. M, F.

85. Spherium Jayanum Prime. Marshes near Clearwater.

86. Spherium securis Prime. H.

87. Pisidium virginicum Gmel. F.

88. Pisidium abditum Hald. F, H, B, T,C. Spring at Belle-

vue, Lowa.

89. Pisidium Walkeri Sterki. F, M.

90. Pisidiwm politum Sterki. F, B.

91. Pisidiwm variabile Prime. F, C, H.

92. Pisidium compressum Prime. F, M, C.

93. Pisidium ferrugineum Prime. F, M, H.

94. Pisidium rotundatum Prime. B. T.

95. Unio oceidens Lea. M.

96. Unio rectus Lam. C, M, F. Red River of the North, Fargo,

97. Unio luteolus Lam. C.

98. Unio ligamentinus Lam. M.

99. Anodonta footiana Lea.

The Pisidia enumerated above are certified to by Dr. Sterki; the

Spherium by Mr. E. W. Roper; and such other species as there

was any doubt concerning by Prof. H. A. Pilsbry.

”

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ISAAC LEA CHAPTER.

[Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the Agassiz Associa-

tion by its General Secretary, Mrs. M. Burton Williamson. ]

Owing to the delay of some of our reports the volume of Trans-

actions was not started promptly on its annual round, but we hope

our members will make allowance for the delay. The volume will

THE NAUTILUS. 129

be found interesting and suggestive. Extracts from the Transac-

tions will be found in this department of THr Navuritus each

month.

A member who has joined our Chapter during the year, writes

the following when forwarding her report for 1895; “I did it

only because I understood that was the one thing that would insure

me the privilege of reading the ‘ Transactions ’ forthe year. Ihave

read those of 1889 and 1891, and am willing to do anything in my

power for the pleasure and profit of reading another volume.”

Please bear in mind that one week is the limit of time allowed for

the retention of the volume of Transactions.

The Secretaries of Sections for our Chapter have been appointed,

as provided for in Section 1, of our By-Laws, and are as follows:

Section A.—Marine shells of the West Coast, Prof. Keep, Mills

College, Cal.

Section B.—Mrs. E. P. Wentworth, Portland, Maine.

Section C.—Land shells east of the Rocky Mts. (Secretary not

yet chosen).

Section D.—Fresh water shells east of Rocky Mts., Dr. W. S.

Strode, Lewistown, II].

Section E.—Land and fresh water shells west of Rocky Mts.

(Secretary not yet chosen).

Section F.—Fossil shells, Hon. Delos Arnold, Pasadena, Cal.

Section G.—Juvenile Section, Mrs. Mary P. Olney, Spokane,

Wash.

Section H.—Microscopic shells, Mrs. T. 8. Oldroyd, Los Angeles,

Cal.

Section I.—Marine shells of the S.-Eastern Coast, Mr. J. J.

White, Rockledge, Florida.

The Executive Committee consists of the “ President, General

Secretary and one other member” (Art. IV). The Honorable

Delos Arnold has been appointed a member of the Executive Com-

mittee.

WEST COAST SPECIES OF HALIOTIS.

{Report of the President, Professor Josiah Keep. From the Transactions of Isaac

Lea Chapter for 1895].

The recent revision of the genus Haliotis and the changes of some

specific names since the publication of my little book on West Coast

130 THE NAUTILUS.

Shells, make it proper to place the matter anew before the members

of our Chapter. Those who have the opportunity of consulting

Vol. XII of the “ Manual of Conchology,” will find a full discus-

sion of the subject ; but as there are some who cannot consult that

excellent authority, I propose to use some of the statements of Prof.

Pilsbry in connection with this report.

There are six species of the genus in question to be found upon

our Western Coast, only three of which, however, are sufficiently

abundant to be called common. The first of these species, and

probably the best represented in respect to the number of specimens,

is Haliotis Cracherodii Leach. This is the common “black aba:

lone,” so called on account of the dark color of the outer layer of

its shell. The ‘‘ Manual” gives the limits of locality as “ Fallarones

Is. to San Diego.” Probably the Farallones Is. off San Francisco

are meant, a natural mistake having been made in the spelling, but

I think the species reaches much farther to the northward than the

latitude of these islands. I should like to have my suspicions con-

firmed or refuted by those who have made northern observations.

One morning during the last summer I took advantage of the low

tide and explored the granite rocks that form the promentory be-

yond the Point Pinos lighthouse near Montery. The waves have

been breaking for ages over those venerable cliffs, and the results of

their work are distinctly seen. Out in the water, quite far from

land, you get glimpses of sunken rocks, the very bones of the ancient

cape. Nearer are a series of small and precipitous islands, most of

which you can reach at low tide. Strewn all over the bases of the

cliffs are masses of granite, some of them loose boulders, while others

are the seamed and weather-worn outcroppings of the underlying

ledges. Many of the rocks are covered with a thick mat of sea-

weed, but others are gray and bare.

Venturing out as far as safety would allow, I was amazed to find

the available roosting on some of the cliffs almost literally covered

by young specimens of the species under consideration. The shells

averaged, perhaps, three inches in length; a few were twice that

size, but many were much smaller. Their keen instinct teaches these

animals to seek the least exposed positions, a deep and narrow cleft

in the rock being the favorite retreat, and there, away from danger,

they congregate in great numbers. As the tide came in I was ob-

liged to leave them, and so could not continue my observations, but

I fancy that when they were well covered with water they loosened

THE NAUTILUS. 131

their firm hold upon the surface of the rock and began to move

around in search of food. It is evident that this species is very

prolific, and though large specimens are not so common as formerly,

there seems to be no danger that the species will soon become ex-

tinct.

The next species is the red abalone, H. rufescens Swainson. This

animal hasa much larger shell than the last, some of them reaching

the length of nine or ten inches, possibly more. They were for-

merly very common about Pacific Grove, but they have been so

persistently collected that adult specimens are rarely found. They

live at a somewhat lower level than their black brothers, and are

not often seen on the rocks above the water, even at low tide. The

Chinese fishermen cruise around in their boats at such times armed

with a hook on the arm of a long pole, with which they secure the

coveted prize. The large shells are mostly collected from the more

unsettled parts of the coast, and there is danger that the supply will

soon become seriously diminished. Last summer I saw a two-horse

wagon loaded with these shells, which had been drawn up to Pacific

Grove from a point some thirty miles down the coast.

The third species, named from its beautiful internal color the

“ oreen abalone,” has generally been known to scientific circles as

Haliotis splendens. It was given that very appropriate name by

Reeve in 1846, but it has been found that in 1845 it was named by

Philippi H. fulgens, and so the latter name must stand. This

beautiful shell abounds in southern waters, but as I have never had

an opportunity to study its habitat, I cannot report upon its pros-

pective decrease. The only live one I ever saw was an aged speci-

men which was found upon the rocks near Cypress Point. Monterey

Bay seems to mark its extreme northern location, and even then I

have never found a specimen in the Indian shell-heaps, though

rufescens and Cracherodii are found by the thousands in all stages

of decomposition.

H. corrugata Gray, does not come so far north as the last species.

A fine specimen before me from San Pedro, Cal., measures 62 in. in

length, 53 in breadth, and 23 in convexity. The shell has strong

ridges upon its back, and there are four large open holes. I have

never seen a living specimen, and know very little concerning its

habits.

H. assimilis Dall, is now considered to be a distinct species. The

Manual reports it from “ Monterey to San Diego in deep water.” A

132 THE NAUTILUS.

specimen before me from San Diego is 4 inches long and 3} inches

wide. It has seven open holes. The exterior of the shell is marked

by many threads like Brussels carpeting, and the spire is short but

distinct. The interior is smooth, silvery, and without visible muscle-

sear. The shell is tolerably thick, and appears very compact and

‘solid.

The last species to be noticed is Haliotis gigantea Chem. var.

Kamtschatkana Jonas. The large typical form of this species be-

longs essentially to Japan, but the variety seems to have come

around with the warm current past the Aleutian Is., and down the

coast, at least as far as the middle of California. My best speci-

mens I purchased in Victoria, B. C., where I was told that they

were gathered on the west coast of Vancouver Island. My largest

specimen is 5 inches long, 3} inches wide, and 12 inches high. In

shape it appears long and narrow when compared with other spe-

cies. The shell is thin, the edge sharp, the spire quite prominent,

the surface uneven, and the open holes are four in number, large

and surrounded by high walls. A deep channel runs under the

line of holes. The interior is very iridescent, light color prevailing,

The muscle-scar is not distinct.

Concerning at least half of our species there is need of further

information respecting the habits of the living animals, as well as

observations concerning localities where specimens are to be found.

In the gathering of information of this kind, even about our more

common species, I believe the members of our Chapter may be able

to do much good work. While a few great men may do the import-

ant work of determining the correct names and classification of the

species, each one of us in our more humble sphere may make obser-

vations and collect information which will help to swell the total

amount of knowledge concerning the molluscan world. I shall per-

sonally be grateful for any further information concerning any of

our species of the genus Haliotis.

How To PACK SPECIMENS FOR MAILING.—Three times within the

last few days I have received small sendings in which the specimens

were crushed to powder. It is too unsafe to send shells in a letter,

simply packed up in paper or a paper tube, or.weak quill. Strong

turkey quills are better, especially when double, 7. e. one tightly

stuck into another, and fastened in the bottom of the envelope.

Also a piece of thick pasteboard, or a slice of cork is suitable, with

a hole in the middle, and paper pasted on both sides.—It is a pity

how often valuable and even unique specimens are lost by careless-

ness in packing.—Dr. V. Srerkt.

THE NAUTILUS, IX. PLATE

Unio bursapastoris Wright,

Unio Friersoni. Unio Friersoni Wright.

Unio bursapastoris Wright.

tue N@uTILuUs.

Vol. Ix. APRIL, 1896. No. 12

NEW AMERICAN UNIONIDE.

BY BERLIN H. WRIGHT, PENN YAN, N. Y.

Unio bursa-pastoris sp. nov. PI. III, figs. above and below.

Shell rough, disposed to be both nodulose and pitted, very inequi-

lateral, rounded evenly in front, umbonial ridge nearly obsolete,

dorsal margin arcuate, ligament long, thick and much elevated,

epidermis reddish-black, rayless, except when very young; sub-

stance of shell thick ; cavity of shell shallow and uneven, with a

wide flattened area extending from beak cavities to the posterior

angle ; cavity of the beaks very deep, compressed and very wide;

pallial impression very rough and deep ; greatest diameter of shell

over the anterior edge of the cardinals; cardinal teeth low, thick

and rather smooth ; lateral teeth short, thick and widely separated

from the cardinals; dorsal plate long, wide and usually notched

near the cardinals. Terminal cicatrices distinct ; dorsal cicatrices

numerous, shallow and under the posterior cardinal. Nacre white

and usually much blotched with smoky spots; occasionally with a

shade of pink in the center of the cavity.

Size, length 2°5 inches, width 3°6, diameter 1°25.

Hab. Powell River, Virginia.

My Cabinet, National Museum and Mus. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.

Remarks.—This species belongs to the group of which U. argen-

teus Lea is typical. It differs from that species in having a darker

134 THE NAUTILUS.

epidermis, an obsolete umbonial ridge and deep, compressed beak-

cavities. It differs in much the same manner from U. Lesleyi, which

has greater shell cavity. Compared with U. abacus Hald., it is pro-

portionally much wider, deeper and with more compressed beak-

cavities, and has not the checker-board markings of that species.

Old specimens resemble U. Pi/sbryi Marsh, interiorly, but without

alation or undulations. In old specimens the base becomes emargin-

ate, and there is more or less biangulation behind, and the teeth be-

come almost obsolete, and of a dull smoky tinge. Thirty specimens

were received.

Unio Friersoni sp. nov. Pl. ITI, figs. right and left.

Shell smooth, triangular, inflated, nearly equilateral, obtusely

pointed behind ; sides swollen not constricted, rayless or obscurely

radiate when very young; substance of the shell uniformly rather

thick and solid. Beaks angular to the tips and with three or four

close undulations which form parallel V-shaped ridges with the

angle pointing down the umbonial angle, and the long straight arms

of which extend diagonally across the beaks. Ligament very short,

thin and of a lighter red than the epidermis, which is a dark-chest-

nut color, with minute strie and with coarse growth-lines. Um-

bonial slope obtusely angular. Posterior slope rounded on the

margin and with a raised ridge line from beak to posterior end,

forming there, generally, a slight biangulation. Dorsal area wide,

cordate. Cardinal teeth large, erect, with furrowed sides, the ante-

rior branch in the left valve being very thin and broad and with a

long striate edge. Lateral teeth short, slightly curved, the outer

one being the thinner. Anterior cicatrices distinct with a secondary

cicatrix above, and running under the cardinal tooth. Posterior

cicatrices distinct. Dorsal cicatrices few and under the posterior

cardinal. Cavity of the sheil very deep, and quite uniformly hol-

lowed out. Cavity of the beaks broad, roomy, the apex within

being nearly a right angle. Nacre usually white, with a tint of

blue, and iridescent at posterior end ; sometimes the nacre is entirely

pink.

Animal always white. Size, width 2 inches, length 1°75, diameter

1:38.

Habitat Bayou Pierre, an arm of the Red River in De Soto

Parish, Louisiana.

My Cabinet, U. S. National Museum, Academy of Natural

Sciences, Phila. and cabinet of L. S. Frierson.

THE NAUTILUS. 135

Remarks.—This species belongs to the group of which U. trigonus

Lea, may be considered the type, although differing much from that

species in outline, beaks and in the uniform roundness of the sides.

It also has certain characters indicating a relationship with U.

Ridellii Lea, U. Chunii Lea and U. cuneus Con. It differs from the

first in having the posterior apex lower and more or less biangul-

ated; the posterior margin rounded, instead of straight; posterior

margin without the hip peculiar to U. Ridellii; the cardinal teeth

are heavier and not pyramidal; and differs most remarkably in the

character of the beak undulations. From U. Chunii Lea, it differs

in having a greater depth of cavity ; more massive and higher um-

bones and swollen sides without depressions ; much shorter poste- -

rior extension; base not emarginate; entire absence of rays and

the same difference in beak undulations that distinguishes it from

U. Ridellii Lea. It differs from U. cuneus Con. in being smoother ;

lighter colored epidermis; much larger opening to the umbonial

cavity ; cavity of the shell much deeper and more uniformly rounded ;

lateral teeth more slender and the species never attains the extreme

size of U. cuneus, the declivity of the posterior slope is much steeper ;

the ligament shorter; without the anterior subtruncation, and it is

never cuneiform.

The peculiar undulations of the beaks amply distinguish it from

any other known species.

Some twenty-five specimens have been critically examined which

maintain a remarkable constancy in all the characters.

It is named in honor of Mr. Lorraine S. Frierson of Frierson

Mill, La. who is a zealous student and collector of Unionide.

ON CERTAIN ABNORMAL SPHAERIA.

BY BRYANT WALKER, DETROIT, MICH.

The peculiar characteristics of the hinge-teeth of the American

species of Spherium and Pisidium have been almost totally ignored

by Prime and the earlier writers in their descriptions of the various

species which they established. With the exception of some of the

descriptions of the more recently described species, nothing but the

most general remarks upon the subject are to be found in the Amer-

ican literature upon these genera. Among the European concholog-

136 THE NAUTILUS.

ists, however, more attention has been given in this direction, and

while perhaps some have gone to the other extreme and have

accorded too great importance to the hinge characters, there can be

no doubt, but that a careful and conservative study of our Amer-

ican species in this regard would be in many cases a valuable assist-

ance to the determination of the relations and specific validity of

many of the at present poorly defined and ill-understood forms.

In examining some specimens of the common Spherium striatinum

Lam. recently, I was struck in several instances with the occurrence

of an abnormal arrangement of the hinge teeth, and was thereby

iuduced to go further and ascertain if possible to what extent such

_ irregularities were present.

My observations thus far have been confined to two species,

Spherium striatinum Lam., and S. simile Say. Of the former

species one hundred specimens from twenty-four localities, were

chosen at haphazard, the number from each locality varying from

one to eleven. Of these, all the specimens from sixteen local-

ities, forty-six in number, were normal. Of the remaining fifty-four

specimens from eight localities, ten were abnormal. In only one

instance, did more than a single abnormal individual occur in any

one locality, and in that, three out of nine specimens were abnormal

and all in the same particular.

Of Spherium simile Say, sixty-four specimens from nineteen

localities were examined, the number from each locality varying

from one to six. Of these, ten individuals out of thirty from eight

different localities were abnormal. While in those from eleven

localities, represented by thirty-four specimens, no variation occurred

In both species the number of abnormal specimens seems surprisingly

large, amounting to ten per cent in S. striatinum and to nearly

sixteen per cent in S. simile. In no case was any attempt made to

pick out unusual specimens and, indeed, no external variation in ap-

pearance was noticed as being coincident with the abnormal arrange-

ment of the hinge.

The normal arrangement of the hinge-teeth of a Sphzerium is as

follows :

Right valve Cardinal 1 Ant. laterals 2 Post. laterals 2.

Left valve Cardinals 2. Ant. lateral 1 Post. lateral 1.

The variations noticed consisted in the reversing of the position of

one or more pairs of these teeth.

THE NAUTILUS. 137

Of the seven possible variations from the normal arrangement,

but four were noticed. Inno case were the cardinals alone reversed,

but invariably a reversal of these teeth was accompanied by a

reversal of either one or both pairs of laterals. Neither were the

cardinals and posterior laterals alone, nor both pairs of laterals

alone reversed in any case. The following table gives the details of

the different variations observed and their relative frequency.

Normal Spherium—cardinals } Ant. Lat. 7 Post. Lat. ?.

Abnormal S. striatinuwm Lam.

No. of specimens 22: Cardinals } Ant. Lat. 3 Post. Lat. 2.

No. of specimens 32: Cardinals ? Ant. Lat. 3 Post. Lat. 2.

No. of specimens 22: Cardinals? Ant. Lat. 3 Post. Lat. 3.

No. of specimens 32: Cardinals} Ant. Lat. 2 Post. Lat. 4.

Abnormal S. simile Say.

No. of specimens 52: Cardinals ? Ant. Lat. } Post. Lat.

No. of specimens 32: Cardinals ? Ant. Lat. } Post. Lat.

No. of specimens 22: Cardinals } Ant. Lat. ? Post. Lat.

nie NH rite

NEW AMERICAN ANCYLIDE.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Owing doubtless to the difficulty of distinguishing species in this

group, but little work has been done upon the United States forms

since the publication of Haldeman’s monograph in 1842. Clessin,

in the “Conchylien Cabinet,” has added nothing of value to our

knowledge of United States species, his A. oregonensis from Salem,

Oregon, of which I have “ topotypes,” being doubtfully distinct from

Tryon’s A. fragilis. A. caurinus is also, as Tryon states, a synonym

of fragilis.

In naming a series of Illinois mollusks for the Illinois State Lab-

oratory of Natural History, my attention was directed to this genus.

The species of Ancylus fall into two groups, not, I suppose, of

much importance systematically, but of considerable interest in a

broad view of the conditions of mollusk life. One group, which

may be termed the “ petrophilous” Ancyli, live on rocks and shells

in rivers, and usually have a rather highly conic shell. The other

group, “ phytophilous ” Ancyli, live on water plants; some deeply

submerged, as on the “leaves of grass” (to use a Walt. Whitman-

ism), streaming upward from the bottom ; others inhabit the round

138 THE NAUTILUS.

under-world of floating lily-pads ; sometimes they are found on dead

leaves in the water. The species of this group are mainly more

fragile and depressed than those of the first group, and sometimes

they are modified to correspond with their stations, as A. parallelus,

living on narrow stems. It is evident that this difference of station

means also more or less difference of food ; and it will be interesting

to find whether there exists any corresponding divergence in the

dentition. The importance of full information on the station of

every lot of Ancylus collected, will be evident from the foregoing.

Nearly all specimens when collected, are more.or less coated with

foreign matter, sometimes calcareous, but generally ferruginous.

This must be removed before the color and finer sculpture can be

observed. By floating the shell a short time on the surface of a

weak solution of oxalic acid, rinsing it in water and then brushing,

it may readily be cleansed. Nearly all North American species

are then seen to be a clear corneous-white tint; most of them have

growth-lines only, a few have radial strie. Most of those species

which have been described as dark colored, such as A. obscurus

Hald., owe their color entirely to foreign matter, the shell itself

being very pale.

Exhaustive comparisons with specimens of all North American

species, and the types or author’s examples of most of them, con-

vince me of the novelty of the following species.

Ancylus peninsule Pilsbry & Johnson, 7. sp.

Shell thin and fragile, with much depressed, broadly oval contour,

the obtuse, rounded summit somewhat to the right of and behind

the middle. Anterior, posterior and right slopes of the low cone

nearly straight; left slope slightly convex. Color light horny

brown, with a suggestion of olive when cleaned, usually with a very

light brownish coating in a state of nature. Surface with slight,

fine growth-lines and close, fine and conspicuous radial striz.

Length 7, width 5, alt. 1-7 mill., often larger.

St. John’s River and other localities in Florida, usually in creeks,

living on the foliage of aquatic plants.

Somewhat like the northeastern A. fuscus, but readily known from

all other species of the United States by its large size, broadly oval

and depressed form, blunt apex, and the dense radial striation.

Several Antillean and South American species are somewhat similar

to this, but these large and depressed forms have the apex far more

excentric.

EEEe——————_—<£—_—-

Se eee eel TO

THE NAUTILUS. 139

This is by no means rare in collections of fresh-water shells from

Florida, but is generally labelled “A. filosus Conrad,” probably on

account of the conspicuous radial sculpture. Conrad’s filosus, how-

ever, is a stout, very steeply conical species with coarser radial rib-

lets than any other known American form, and totally different from

the low and delicate A. peninsule. It is from the Alabama River,

where it is found living on Melanians. This fact, together with the

texture and form of the shell, indicate that ji/osus is a typical rock

Ancylus, like rivularis ; while the form from Florida is a true weed

dweller.

The types of A. peninsule were collected by the editors of this

journal in Salt Creek, one of those sparkling streams of ‘‘sulphur

water” so characteristic of Florida, arising from great brimming

springs and feeding the St. John’s and other rivers. Salt Creek is

the northernmost stream flowing into Lake George on the west side.

The Ancylus lives on long water-grass, and is abundant.

Ancylus eugraptus Pilsbry, 7. sp.

Shell rather fragile, oval, the right side less arcuate than the left ;

rather elevated, the apex slightly behind and to the right of the

middle, somewhat obtuse, with an indistinct apical depression or

scar, posterior and right slopes straight, anterior and left feebly

convex. Translucent horn colored and glossy when cleaned, with

a blackish coating when collected. Surface with faint growth-lines

and very fine, somewhat irregular radial strize, more distinct toward

the periphery. Length 6, breadth 4, alt. 1:3 mm.

Illinois River at Havana, II].

Types are no. 67791, coll. A. N.S., Phila., from lot no. 13542,

coll. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist.

This species, while resembling A. obscurus and A. fuscus some-

what, differs from both in the sculpture. The apex is far more ex-

centric than in A. borealis or A. ovalis, both of which are very small

species. A. filosus is far rounder, more steeply conic, and has

stronger radial riblets. In A. rivularis the apex is much more

strongly recurved, and the slope behind it notably concave.

ISAAC LEA DEPARTMENT.

[Conducted in the interest of the Isaac Lea Conchological Chapter of the Agassiz Associa-

tion by its General Secretary, Mrs. M. Burton Williamson. |

One of our new members in a letter to the General Secretary

writes as follows in reference to collecting Mollusks in Winter in

140 THE NAUTILUS.

California: “I have discovered that the sunshine has much to do

with finding shells, as they come up much more readily on a warm

day than on a cold cloudy one. Even these little creatures appear

to love the sunshine.” Is this the experience of other collectors

during the winter?

ALONG THE DAMARISCOTTA.

[Report of Mrs. E. P. Wentworth. From the Transactions of the Isaac Lea Con-

chological Chapter for 1895.]

The banks of one of the loveliest rivers in Maine have been the

principal scene of my “shelling trips” this year, and I shall make

these trips the basis of my report. The first warm days in May

found me taking advantage of the low tides. I was not sanguine

enough to hope to find new species, and the object of my search was

merely to lay in a store of Natica heros var. triseriata, Nassa obsoleta

(large uneroded specimens) and to find, if possible, the Skenea plan-

orbis which so far, has eluded my diligent search. Armed with a

wooden tooth-pick, collecting bottle and tin dish, I advanced upon

the unsuspecting mollusks. I found quantities of Naticas under-

neath the sea-weed, crawling on the surface of the mud which coated

the rocks covered by the sea-weed, and thousands of Nassas crawl-

ing on the mud near the low water mark. The Nassa in the water

were waving their siphons in the air as if signaling to one another,

but I knew they were only feeding in their own peculiar fashion.

On turning over some small flat stones near low water mark my

cup of joy ran over, for there, clinging to the edges and under sides

of the stones, were the long looked for Skeneas and associated with

them many of the graceful little Rissoa minuta.

At this period of my search the wisdom of taking a wooden tooth-

pick instead of a larger and more dangerous weapon was impressed

upon me, for it was the most convenient instrument imaginable for

transferring these tiny mollusks to the collecting bottle. Before the

tide turned I had hundreds of specimens, but, better than the shells

was the consciousness that now I knew where to find Skeneas. I

also found an Acmeea testudinalis Mull. clinging to an old bone, and

although it was only moderate size and so fragile that I broke the

edges in dislodging it, I carried it home in triumph, for it was the

first one I had found in this river.

THE NAUTILUS. 141

In July, my husband (who shares my studies with me) and I

went up the river to a rocky point a short distance beyond the place

where I found the Skeneas and here we tried our hand-net. Our

efforts were rewarded by alive Lyonsia hyalina Conr, Our surprise

and delight were unbounded. Never before had we even thought

of Lyonsia as living so far from the sea (15 miles or more), and on

a muddy bottom. This added another species to the many we had

already found in this river. Repeated dredgings with the hand-net

brought us no more Lyonsias, but on a careful examination of a

small patch of mud at low water mark, covered with a hairy green

sea-weed we discovered the hiding place of the fragile Haminea

solitaria Say, and our diligent search resulted in our finding six of

these transparent dainty shells. These the first we ever found alive,

although in the bay at the headwaters of the river two miles away, I

have found quantities of the deed shells. I am not aware that

Haminea solitaria has ever before been found in Maine. It is a

southern species and is not found in boreal waters. Its presence

here along with several other distinctively southern species is

regarded as evidence that the water bathing the coast of Maine was

once much warmer than now, and these mollusks are the survivors

of a fauna now nearly extinct in Maine.

On another trip, a short distance down the river, our net brought

up a dead shell of Nassa trivittata Say.

Asa result of this Summer’s work along the salt water I have

added four species to my list of Damariscotta River shells: Lyonsia

hyalina Cour., Aemea testudinalis Mill, Skenea planorbis Fabr. and

Nassa trivittata Say.

But the river banks are not the only localities in this vicinity rich

in molluscan treasures. On a trip to a brook in South Newcastle

we found forty-one specimens of Margaritana arcuata Barnes. A

second visit to the same locality gave more Margaritanas, Spherium

partumeium Say, Ancylus rivularis Say, and one Limnea which

I have not yet determined. While waiting for our train we found

a number of fossil shells in clay which had been unearthed by men

who had been getting gravel for the railroads. The shells found in

this clay were all bivalves, and did not seem to be at all like the

shells common to this period or locality. One shell somewhat re-

sembled Lyonsia hyalina but it had numerous teeth in the hinge

like the Arca.

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Picture to yourselves a wide, shallow brook bordered on either side

with tall, beautiful flowering grasses, the brilliant cardinal flower

and delicate lavender flowered mints, and you will have some idea

of the scene of loveliness which awaited us, after our nine mile drive

to South Jefferson, one fine day in August. The brook, which is called

Dyer’s River, is rich in Molluscan life, and quantities of Unio com-

planatus were to be found there. The dead shells of Margaritana

arcuata were strewn along the banks, where they had been left by the

pearl hunters. After collecting all the Unio complanatus we desired

we used our hand-net with good success and the following shells

were the result of the dredging: Campeloma decisum Say, Pisidium

cequilaterale Pr., P. rotundatum Prime, var. torquatum Sterki, P. abdi-

tum Hald., Amnicola limosa Say.

My best hunting ground for Jand shells this Summer has been

the crevices of an old ledge, and an old cellar where trees grow out

of the cellar fioor. In the cellar and on and near the ledge I found

Pupas, Vallonias, Succineas, Patulas and Zonites. Under some

bricks near a building on my own place I have for several seasons

found Vertigo pygmea Drap. but the find in land shells which I value

most is Vallonia costata, which I found under rocks near our old sea-

wall. These I have found in quantities since the tenth of November,

finding some as late as the 27th of December. I believe this is the

first time Vallona costata has been found in Maine.

The report of the year’s effort and pleasure in the conchological

line would not be complete if I did not mention our trip to Old

Orchard Beach and Saco, Maine, one day last October. After

reaching the beach it took us but a short time to realize that our

find would be small that day, and, after three hours gleaning, we

had a dozen or two Siliqua costata, one Astarte castanea, three Peri-

ploma cochlodesma and a few other common shells; so, after eating

our lunch and giving a few parting glances to the beach, we decided

to take the electric car for Saco, and call on the Rey. Henry W.

Winkley, whose interesting articles we have read in THe Nav-

Titus. We had never met the gentleman, but our faith in the

kind-heartedness of all true lovers of Nature gave us confidence,

and surely this confidence was not misplaced. Mr. Winkley wel-

comed us most cordially and inviting us into his library gave us the

exquisite pleasure of closely examining the finest collecting of New

England shells we had ever seen. Mr. Winkley has been dredging

for several seasons and the many rare deep water shells in his

THE NAUTILUS. 143

cabinet testify to his success. We gazed with admiration upon the

many rare and beautiful] shells we had many times read about, but

never seen, and were allowed the pleasure—not granted except to

members of the guild, I suspect,—of actually handling these spec-

imens.

After carefully examining the New England marine shells we were

shown a fine collection of land shells, gathered from every country

and every clime, and their various colors, forms and markings were

of the deepest interest to us. But all things come to an end all

too soon, we had to bid our good friend adieu and hurry to the

railroad station (we were to return home by the steam cars). As

we reluctantly took our departure from Mr. Winkley’s home, where

the latch string always hangs out invitingly to every conchologist,

we felt that better than the grand collection of shells we had just

seen, was the simple, generous, kindly spirit which Nature inspires

in all her true disciples.

NOTES AND NEWS.

A SEcTION OF ConcHoLoGey has recently been formed in connec-

tion with the Michigan Academy of Science, the following gentle-

men being members: W. H. Sherzer, Ypsilanti; A. H. Boies, Hud-

son; C. A. Whittemore, R. J. Kirkland, M. D., W. Miller, Charles

Miller, Jr., and L. H. Streng, Grand Rapids; F. E. Wood, Bay

City ; L. T. Schurrer, M. D., Lakeport ; C. D. McLouth, Muskegon ;

Chas. A. Davis, Alma; Jerome Trombly, Petersburg; John M.

Miller, Escanaba; Bryant Walker, Detroit.

The formal organization will not take place until the next regu-

lar meeting of the Academy, but an interesting programme of work

has been planned, which will doubtless lead to substantial additions

to the knowledge of Michigan conchology.

PRESERVATION OF MARINE Motuusca.—Those who were inter-

ested in Mr. Hornell’s paper on formalin (Nat. Sci., vol. VII, p.

416), may like to learn that this fluid has been tried for the preserva-

tion of Aplysia and Pleurobranchus. In both cases, however, a con-

siderable amount of coloring matter was dissolved out of the integu-

ment. Dr. J.D. F. Gilchrist, who contributes this observation to

Professor Herdman’s report, also records a method of killing Aplysia

in an expanded condition, which he says is the only one that can be

144 THE NAUTILUS.

depended upon with certainty. “A few drops of a 5 per cent. solu-

tion of cocain were mixed with the water in which the Aplysias

were. After a time they expanded fully. They were then left in

the solution (twelve hours or more) till no contraction took place

when removed and put into weak alcohol. If contraction took place,

they would be put back into the cocain solution when they again

expanded. ‘This was repeated till no contraction took place, when

they could, after a time, be put into stronger aleohol.”—Natural

Science, March, 1896.

NEW PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A List oF THE SPECIES OF AMPHIDROMUS ALBERS, WITH CRIt-

1cAL Nores AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME HiTHERTO UNDESCRIBED

Species AND VARIETI“uS. By Hugh Fulton (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

January, 1896). The species of this difficult genus of Bulimi are

arranged according to their affinities in groups; the synonymy is

thoroughly overhauled, and several new forms are described. Mr.

Fulton has done good service in reducing to varietal rank a large

number of nominal species, which have caused collectors endless

pains and confusion ; his treatment of the perversus group being espe-

cially commendable. Three excellent lithographic plates illustrate

new or previously unfigured species and varieties.

RECOLTE DES MOLLUSQUES; CONSEILS AUX VOYAGEURS, par A.

Bavay. Instructions for collecting mollusks, land, fresh-water and

marine, with quite full information on where to find them.

CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF CORBICULIDE IN THE COLLEC-

TION OF TEMPLE PRIME NOW FORMING PART OF THE COLLECTION

OF THE MusEuM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT CAMBRIDGE, Mass.

—By Temple Prime, 1895.—The species are arranged geographic-

ally and under each species are arranged by letters, the synonymy

aud the various localities represented. Of the genus Corbicula there

are 58 species; Batissa 8; Velorita3; Cyrena 42 recent, and 25

fossil; Spherium 23 recent and 2 fossil; Limosina 10; Pisidium 31

recent and 2 fossil.

BULLETIN OF THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF ScIENCES, Vol. II, No.

11, 1895.—Preliminary Outline of a New Classification of the

Family Muricide, by F. C. Baker.